:^^# *S^*4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES .jj®mKr it: ;_ : A R " ^ ' "^ ■:■ ,E. ® IS . ■ ' " B. OMV\f Ji _ :, T"nr' PEOTECTORATE OF OLIVER CROMWELL, AND THE STATE OF EUROPE DURING THE EARLY PART OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV. ILLUSTKATED IN A SERIES OF LETTERS BETWEEN DR. JOHN PELL, RESIDENT AMBASSADOR WITH THE SWISS CANTONS, SIR SAMUEL MORLAND, SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART, MR. SECRETARY THURLOE, AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE TIME. Noto first publisijcli from Hjc ©viginals. EDITED BY ROBERT VAUGHAN, D.D. PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT AND .^lODEKN HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. WITH AN' INTRODUCTION ON THE CHARACTER OF CROMWELL, AND OF HIS TIMES. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: HENRY COLRURN, PUBLISHER, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 1830. , c ■ V « .' • ,■ • • • T, C. Sax'iD, Printer, lo', St. Martin's Lane. Charing Cross. f \j .t CONTENTS 01 THE SECOND VOLUME. Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tliurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Colonel Lockhart Colonel Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Colonel Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. IMorland to Mr. Pell Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to I^Ir. IMorland - JNIr. Pell to Colonel Lockhart Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr Pell Sir R. Blake and General Montagu to the Lord Protector . - . Admiral Richard Staynes to Sir R. Blake Zurich, August 7, 1 — Aug. 7-17, - Geneva, Aug. 12, O. S., Zurich, Aug. 14-24, — Aug. 14-24, - [Whitehall] Aug. 14, Zurich, Aug. 21-31, — Aug. 28, — Aug. 28, O.S., - Clermont, Sept. 3-1.3, Whitehall, Sept. 4, Clermont, Sept. 9-19, Geneva, Sept. 9-19, Whitehall, Sept. 11, Geneva, Sept. 16-26, Zurich, Sept. 18-28, — Sept. 18-28, - Geneva, Sept. 23-Oct. 3, Whitehall, Oct. 2, I On board the Naseby, in \ the Bay of Niers, Sept. 19, ) On board the Speaker, 5 near Cadiz, Sept, 9, 656 PACfc 1 3 4 6 7 H 11 12 1.5 16 17 17 1H 20 21 22 24 25 — 26 IV CONTENTS. Mr. Pell to INIr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr, Pell air. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Morland Colonel Lock hart to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe INIr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to INIr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr, Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr, Secretary Tiiurloe Mt. ]\Iorland to INIr. Pell Mr. Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. INIorland to Mr. Pell PACE Zurich, Oct. 2-12, 1656 29 - — Oct. 2-12, — 32 - — Oct. 9-19, — 33 - — Oct. 9-19, — 35 Whitehall, Oct. 9, — 36 Geneva, Oct. 14-24, — 37 Zurich, Oct. 16-26, — 40 — same date, — 41 — Oct, 23, — 42 - [Whitehall], Oct. 23, — 44 Received Oct, 26, — 46 Zurich, Oct, 30, — 47 — Oct. 30, — 49 — Nov. 6, — 50 - — Nov. 13-23, — 54 Whitehall, Nov. 16, — 56 Zurich, Nov. 20-30, — 56 - Lyons, Nov.25-Dec. 5, — 58 - [Zurich], Nov. 27, O.S., — 59 Zurich, Dec. 4-14, — 61 Paris, Dec. 8-18, — 65 - [Zurich], Dec. 11— 21, — 66 Zurich, Dec. 18-28, — 69 Whitehall, Dec. 18, — 71 - [Zurich], Dec. 24,0. S., — 73 - Whitehall, Jan. 1-11, 1656-7 77 [Zurich], Jan. 8-18, 1657 78 - Whitehall, Jan. 8-18, 1656-7 81 [Zurich], Jan. 15-25, 1657 83 - Jan. — 86 - Whitehall, Jan. 15-25, 1656-7 87 Whitehall, same date, — 88 - [Zurich], Jan, 22, O.S., — 90 - Whitehall,Jan.21, O.S., 1657 94 - — Jan. 22, — 95 - Jan. 22 ; Feb. 1, — 96 - Jan. 27, 0.S., — 98 CONTENTS. Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Sir William Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to INIr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Sir William Lockhart Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. IMorland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe . Secretary Thurloe, Mr. Pell - Secretary Thurloe Secretary Thurloe Morland INIr. Pell - Secretary Thurloe Secretary Thurloe Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Sir William Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Sir William Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell VOL. II. - [Zurich], Jan. 29, 0.S., 1G.57 99 Whitehall, Jan. 22, — 102 [Zurich], Feb. — 103 - Paris, Feb. 2, N.S., 1656-7 104 - Whitehall, Feb. 12-22, — lOr. - [Zurich], Feb. 12-22, 1G57 107 — Feb. 19,O.S., — 109 - Zurich, March 1,N.S., — 110 ^ Whitehall, 'I Feb. 19; March 1, — 112 [Zurich], Feb. 26, — 112 ^ Whitehall, ~l Feb. 26; March 7, 1656-7 116 - [Zurich], March 5-15, 1657 117 ([Zurich], same date — 120 Whitehall, same date — 121 - [Zurich], March 12-22, — 122 — March 19-29, — 124 — same date, — 126 Whitehall, same date, — 127 [Zurich], March 26, — 128 — March, — 130 — March 26, — 131 ^ Whitehall, 'I March 26 ; April 5, — 132 - Paris, March 27, O.S., — 134 - [Zurich], April 2-12, — 135 — same date, — 1 38 [Whitehall] — 139 - [Zurich], April 6-16, — 140 — April 9-19, — 142 - Whitehall, April 9-19, — 144 - Paris, March 20, O.S., — 145 - [Zurich], April 16-26, — 146 Whitehall, April 16, — 147 - [Zurich], April 23, 0.S. — 148 ^ Whitehall, 'i April 23 ; May 3, — 1.^0 VI CONTENTS. Sir William Lockliart to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thiirloe Mr, Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Sir William Lockbart Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr, Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. John Dury to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - A Narrative of the Action at Santa Cruz Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Sir William Lockhart Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. John Dury to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. John Dury to Mr. Pell PAGE Paris, May 8, N.S., 1657 150 Zurich], Apr. 30, O.S. — 151 V Whitehall, I Apr. 30 ; May 10, — 153 Zurich, April 30, O.S. — 154 — May 17-27, — 156 — May 7-17, — 158 Whitehall, May 7-17, — 159 [Zurich], May, — 160 — May 14-24, — 162 — May 21-31, — 163 — same date, — 166 Whitehall, May 21-31, — 167 Zurich, May 28, O.S., — 168 — same date. -^ 171 Whitehall, May 28, O.S., — 173 Westminster, May 28, — 173 Whitehall, June 1-10, — 175 — April 20, — 176 [Zurich], June 4, — 179 — same date. — 183 Whitehall, June 4-14, — 184 "Zurich], June 11-21, — 185 Whitehall, June 11-21, — 187 [Zurich], same date — 188 — June 18-28, — 189 Zurich, same date. 192 — same date, — 193 — June 24, — 195 • [Zurich], June 25, O.S., — 196 — same date, — 198 ( Whitehall, ■ t June 25-JuIy 5, — 199 [Zurich], July 2-12, — 200 • Whitehall, July 2-12, — 203 [Zurich], July 9-19, — 204 - Whitehall, same date. — 207 July 9, — 209 CONTENTS. Vll Mr. i'ell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tliurloo Mr. Jolin Diiry to Mr. Pell Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell !Mr. Pol! to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. ]\Ir. Pell to Mr. Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to Mr. Mr. Pell to l\Ir. Mr. Pell to JMr. Mr, Morland to Morland Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell - Morland Mr. Pell - Secretary Thurloe Morland Secretary Thurloe Morland Secretary Thurloe Secretary Tlun-loe Mr. Pell - Sir Williana Lockhart to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Sir William Lockhart Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. ]Morland Mr. Pell to INIr, Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. INIorlaud - Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to ]Mr. Secretory Thurloe PAUK [Zurich], July 9-10, 1657 210 — July IG, — 212 July IG, — 214 Whitehall, July 17-27, — 215 [Zurich], July 23, — 216 S \Miitehall, ( July 23, Aug. 2, 218 [Zurich], July 23, O.S., — 219 Zurich, July 30, O.S., — 220 Whitehall, same date, — 222 [Zurich], July 30, — 223 _ _ _ _ — 225 [Zurich], Aug. G-16, — 225 — same date. — 228 — Aug. 13, — 229 — Aug. 13-23, — 232 — Aug. 20, — 233 — Aug. 27, — 235 \ Boissay, in Normandy, ^ Aug. 27, O.S., 236 Paris, Sept. 1-11, — 237 [Zurich], Sep. 3-13, — 238 — same date, — 241 — Sept. — 242 — Sept. 9-19, — 245 — Sept. 17-27, — 246 — same date. — 248 ^ Boissay, I Sept. 22 ; Oct. 2, ^__ 249 [Zurich], Sept. 17-27, — 2^0 — Sept. 24, — 252 — Sept. 24, O.S., — 254 — Oct. 1-11, — 254 — same date. — 255 — Oct. 8-18, — 256 — same date. — 257 - Whitehall, Oct. 12-22, -i— 258 [Zurich], Oct. 15-25, — 250 VIU CONTENTS. PAGE Mr. Pell to Mr. Moiland - [Zurich], Oct 15-25, 1657 260 Mr. John Dury to Mr. Pell Oct. 15, — 261 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe - Zurich, Oct, 22, O.S., — 263 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — same date. — 266 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — Oct. 29, O.S., — 267 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell -Whitehall, Oct. 22,O.S., — 268 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe - Zurich, Oct. 29, O.S., — 269 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Whitehall, Oct. 30, — 271 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe - Zurich, Nov. 5, O.S, — 272 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe _ Nov. 12, O.S., — 273 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe — Nov. 19-29, — 275 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — same date. — 276 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Whitehall, same date. — 279 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Thurloe -Zurich, Nov. 26, Eng. St. — 280 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - - — same date, — 283 Mr, Morland to Mr. Pell - 5 Whiteliall, " i Nov. 26-Dec. 5, 284 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - [Zurich], Dec. 3, 13, — 285 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlunioe — Dec. 10-20, — 291 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — same date. 294 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe Zurich, Dec. 17-27, — 296 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - — same date, — 293 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Whitehall, Dec. 17, — 299 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe - Zurich, Dec. 24, O.S., — 300 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell ; - - - - [Dec], — 301 Mr. Pell to Mr. Secretary Tlmrloe Zurich, Dec. 31, O.S., — 303 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — same date. — 306 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Whitehall, same date. — 307 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - [Zurich], Jan. 7-17, 1< 357-8 308 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — Jan. 14-24, — 309 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — Jan. 21-31, — 310 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - — Jan. 28, O.S., — 311 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — Feb. 4-14, O.S., — 312 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland — Feb. 11-21, — 313 Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - [Whitehall], Feb. 11, — 314 Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - [Zurich], Feb. 18-28, 1657-8 315 Mr, Pell to Mr. Morland — Feb. 25, O.S , — 316 Mr. George Downing to Mr. I'cll Hague, March 1, 1G58 317 CONTENTS. IX Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Tell Mr. Pell to Mr Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. George Downing Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. INIoiland Mr. Pell to Mr. JNIorland - Mr. Morland to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland - Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Oliver Cromwell to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Mr. Pell to Mr. Morland Papers relating to the Proctector's - [Zurich], March 4-14, 1657-8 318 Whitehall, March 4, — 319 - [Zurich], March 11-21, — 320 — March 18-28, — 321 - Whitehall, March 18, 1658 322 - [Zurich], March 20-30, — 324 - — March 25, O.S., — 325 - — April 1-1 1, — 326 _ _ April 8-18, — 327 - — April 15-25, — 328 - Whitehall, April 16-26, — 329 -[Zurich], April 22, O.S., — 331 . _ April 29, 0.S., — 332 . „ May 6-16, — 333 Wliitehall, May 6, — 334 - [Zurich], May 13-23, — 335 _ May27,O.S., — 336 — June 3-13, — 337 _ June 10-20, — 338 _ June 17-27, — 339 — June24, O.S., — 339 Basil, [June], — 340 Funeral - - Nov. 23, — 341 APPENDIX. Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Sir Charles Cavendisli Mr. Pell to Sir Charles Cavendish Sir William Petty to Mr. Pell Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir \\illiain Petty to Mr. Pell Sir William IJoswell to Mr. Pell • Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. I VII Wellingor, June 26, 1641 345 — Feb. 5, — 346 — Oct. 12, 1642 347 Amsterdam, Aug. 7, 1644 354 Leyden, Aug. 14-24, — 358 Antwerp, Mar. 26, O.S., 1645 361 - Paris, May 1-11 — 363 _ Nov. 1-11 — 365 — Nov. 8, — 367 Hague, August 5, 1646 369 Paris, August 7-17, — 370 — October 12, — 371 CONTENTS. Sir Charles Cavendish to Mr. Pell Sir William Boswell to Mr. Pell - Mr. Richard Wake to Sir W. Boswell Mr. W. Raymond to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. Raymond - Mr. Pell to Sir Charles Cavendish Mr. William Brereton to Mr. Pell Mr. William Brereton to Mr. Pell John Burke to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to airs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Ptll to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to ]\Irs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Pell to Mrs. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Pell to Mr. llurtlih PAUB Paris, Dec. 7, N.S., 1646 372 . January, 1648 376 Madrid, January 8, — 377 - Hague Dec. 13, 1650 379 Dec. 14-24, — 380 Nov ^9, N.S., — 381 London, March 5, O.S., 1651 383 Thiselwortt 1, July 13, 1652 385 - - — 385 Hague, April 14-24 — 387 May 21, O.S., — 308 - Aug. 5, 1654 390 - Aug. 26, O.S., — 390 - Oct. 7, — 392 - Oct. 21, — 393 - Dec. 9, 1657 395 - April 7, — 397 - July 14, 1655 398 Aug. 28, O.S., — 400 Sept. 10, O.S., 1656 401 July 30, O.S., — 403 - January 29, — 404 - February, 1657 405 Zurich, March 27, — 406 - May 26, — 407 - July 15, O.S., — 408 - July 16, 1657 409 - Oct. 15, — 410 - Oct. 2, 1656 411 - Oct. 23, — 415 - - — 417 Nov. 12 , Eng. St. — 420 - Dec. 3, 1657 423 - Dec. 4, — 425 Dec. 17, Eng. St., — 427 Feb . 5, O.S., — 427 Charing Cross , Dec. 14, 1655 429 Ju ly 17-27, — 430 CONTENTS. XI Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. llurtlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to ISIr. Pell Mr. Hartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Hartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Hartlib to Mr. Pell - - . Mr. Hartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell INIr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell INIr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell air. Hartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Ilartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Beale on the Cider of Ilerefordsliire - Mr. Hartlib to Mr. Pell Mr. Anthony Thompson to INIr. Pell Mr. Thomas Brancker to Mr. Pell Mr. Thomas Brancker to Mr. Pell Rev. John Nye to Mr. Pell - Mr. Pell's Diary of his Residence PACK - August 7, 165G 432 Dec. 3, 1657 433 Dec. 31, — 434 Jan. 14, 1658 435 - Jan. 28, 1657-8 437 Feb. 4, 1658 438 - same date, 440 Feb. 11, 1658 441 Feb. 18, — 444 Feb. 25, — 446 - March 11, — 447 - March 18, — 449 - March 25, — 452 April 1, — 453 April 15, — 455 April 22, — 456 Mays, — 458 - 461 - 463 May 27, 1658 464 June 3, — 466 June 10, — 469 - 472 477 November 22, 1658 478 Tottenham, June 1, 1665 479 — Dec. 19, — 481 Lainden, Feb. 10, 1677-8 483 AT ZuRicu - - - 485 L E T T E R S, ETC. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, August 7th, 1656. Sir, — By the last post I wrote that at Baden the deputies of these cantons were expecting what sen- tence the arbitrators w^ould pronounce ; and that at Zurich they had almost finished the scanning of their new draught of articles for a renewed league with France. The same day, after the post w^as gone hence, two of their senators visited the En- glish resident, telling him that the senate had sent them to let him understand that those new articles had been also approved by their several tribes of this city ; and tJiereupon, by order of their senate of two hundred, the copy was sent to their deputies at Baden, with instructions for the treating with the deputies of the other cantons to move them to join with them in that form of league so altered ; that the said senate thought it not convenient to send him a copy of it, till they knew how the other cantons would like those changes. In the mean- VOL. II. B 2 VICTORY OVER THE TURKS. [AUG. time, the senate had commanded them to acquaint him with the heads of each article, which they did immediately, and afterward promised him a copy of them at large, as soon as they knew the mind of the other cantons. They had not then sent copies of the same to the several protestant cantons, but it was done the next day. Neither the cantons nor their Baden deputies have as yet returned any answer hither that I hear of ; only from Baden the Zurich deputies write, that they think it not fit to urge the arbitrators to make more haste than good speed in their sentence, being a business of so great consequence. But in the French treaty, it is not likely that the deputies at Baden can say much to the Zurich alterations, till they receive new in- structions from the senates that sent them thither. August the 1st, the Venetian resident gave the English resident a visit, and acquainted him with the news of the victory which, last June 16th-26th, the Venetian fleet had over the Turkish. Two days after, with street-fires, he gave this whole town occasion to speak of it. The extraordinary courier that brought him the first news posted into France with other letters for that court ; the ordi- nary that came since brought him a relation of that sea-fight, printed at Venice by the duke's printer. I have sent Mr. Morland a copy of it, but perhaps he will not think it necessary to send it to White- hall, because the Venetian resident at London will 165G.J MOVEMENTS OF THE EMPEROR. 3 not be backward to make known tidings of that nature. Sir, yours of the 17th of July is come to your faithful servant. From a sure hand at InshriKj. The emperor intends to send into Italy this summer no small number of horse and foot. Their major-general had audience hei'e, July 28th, old style ; ho desired that the said imperial forces may pass through the Tyrol, which was granted ; so that we look to see them in this country shortly. From Chur, in R/tcetia, Aug. 5. — Last Friday, \\& had here a courier, who had been sent from Vienna to Milan, to assure that city that the emperor was resolved to send nine thousand foot and three thousand horse against the Duke of Modena, because he, being a feudatory of the empire, had exercised hos- tility against the duchy of Milan, which is also a fee of the empire. The young Count Casati went hence the next day towards Insbrug, to order the soldiers' way, and the places where they should rest ; some of them are to pass through the Valtolin and some through the Engadin. From Nurimberg. — The emperor hath already crossed the French in the Low Countries ; he is now sending twelve or fourteen thousand men to stop them in Lombardy ; the rest of his forces are to march into Silesia, where his brother the Arch- duke Leopold shall be generalissimo. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, August 7th-l 7th. Sir, — Besides that which Mr. Secretary wrote to you in the letter w^hereof you sent me a copy the last week, in his to me of the same date, he writes B 2 4 PEACE WITH PORTUGAL. [aUG. thus : — " The ratification was delayed till our fleet came before Lisbon river, and then the king, not knowing what their intentions might be, signed the peace and paid the 50,000Z. The Spaniard hath a very great army at land to defend himself." Other letters from London, of the same date, say, " That there had been newly a general muster of the foot, with an intention to block up Dunkirk ; the next week after that, in the Thames, some Dutch ships had been arrested for importing prohibited Spanish wares. That the peace between us and Portugal shall not be published in England till the English agent be safely returned to London." August 3rd, the Venetian resident made fires of joy at Zurich for the victory described in the papers which I send you herewith. I know not whether it be necessary that you send them to Whitehall, because the Venetian resident that is there will be forward enough to make known any tidings of that nature. August 4th, Mr. Grassel brought a greeting from yourself, and from Mr. Tronchin, to your faithful servant, John Pell. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Geneva, 12th August, old style, 1656. Sir, — I have received yours of the 7th- 17th August, and therein enclosed one for M. A. P., 1656.] QUEEN CHRISTINA IN FRANCE. 5 and another for Colonel Lockhart (both which I shall faithfully send by the ordinary post to-morrow morning), as likewise three Italian papers, for which I return you most humble and hearty thanks, and shall communicate into England the substance of them, at least, all those things which I shall con- ceive to be any way considerable, as I have hitherto done the other Italian papers, which you have been pleased formerly to send me. All that I have received this week from the court (that is, from Mr. Secretary), I have sent you here enclosed. From Colonel Lockhart I have received nothing. I have received this week a letter from Mr. Sadler, w^ho has commanded me to present you w'ith his most kind salutation ; and because it might be the more authentic, I have sent you enclosed the form thereof, written with his own hand, which I cut off from the letter. Here is nothing of news, but that the Queen Christina of Sw^eden is passed into France through Lyons to finish her comedy ; I wish it have not in the end a sad catastrophe. The time calls upon me to make an end, but I cannot leave off without assuring you that I am, in all sincerity, Sir, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. 6 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [aUG. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, August 14-24, 1656. Sir, — In my last week's letter, I wrote that the Zurich draught of articles was sent to their depu- ties at Baden. They shewed it to the other depu- ties, August 4th ; some of them seemed much pleased with it, others disliked some parts of it ; but at the last they all agreed that it should be presented, in the name of all the protestant cantons, to the French ambassador, together with a memo- rial of their arrears, demands, &c. This was done August 7-17. He presently commanded his inter- preter to translate them both into French against the next morning. He sent them an answer in writing, August 8-18; wherein, amongst other things, he told them, that he liked their draught so ill, that he should be sorry that ever the king should know the contents of it. They told his secretary that brought it, that they expected that the am- bassador should have shewn them the translation, and heard their reasons for all these alterations, &c. The secretary answered, that he would send them the copies of the French translations of their papers, &c. The next day, August 9-19, they sent the am- bassador a short reply in writing, wherein they said, they made some question whether they should acquaint their principals with his answer, yet they 165G.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 7 would, &c. He sent back no answer to this, but went away from Baden, August 10-20, towards Soloturn. The next day, the arbitrators delivered to the deputies of Zurich, &c., their recess, or final resolu- tion for that time, and so concluded that session ; telling them, that they desire to meet alone the next time to consider all that hath been exhibited. So that there will be no more meetings of the adverse parties till the arbitrators call for them ; thus that assembly was dissolved August 11-21, afternoon. Yesterday, the two hundred of Zurich met, and heard their deputies make a report of that which had been done all this while at Baden. That report being finished, they appointed their chief secretary to go to the English resident, and to make the like report to him, as also to give him copies of the principal papers of Baden, some of which he hath delivered ; but none of them can be translated and sent to Whitehall before the post go away to-day. The last week, there came no letters out of England to your humble and faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAXD. Zurich, August 14-24. Sir, — I thank you for conveying Colonel Lock- hart's letter to me ; in it he makes no mention of 8 THE WALDENSES. [aUG. Piedmont. You write that the poor people there must of necessity perish, without a speedy deHver- ance. I conceived them out of danger of perishing, if they would sell their lands beyond the river Felice, and live according to the late treaty ; which some would advise them to do, rather than to pull inevitable ruin upon themselves. But there are others of another opinion, whose reasons I never heard. I give you thanks for your care of my money business with Mr. James Tronchin. If he had had any certain and ordinary correspondent in London, I could have given order to my wife to pay him whatsoever she receives. Four hundred pounds are due, but I doubt she will not get it all at one payment. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. 14th August, 1656. Sir, — Affairs here have been of late, and still are, so quiet, that it is not worth while for me to write, or you to read, the occurrences here, which is the cause you have not of late heard from me ; and this now is but to let you know of the receipt of all yours, and to give you some answer to a demand formerly made, whether theprotestant cantons were concluded 1656.] ELECTION OF PARLIAMENT. 9 ill the peace with France. They are not included, not but that his highness did endeavour it, but the French refused, unless we also would include the popish cantons, which his highness was unwilling to do, and so that matter rests. The general election for the parliament is the next Wednesday ; there is much expectation of what that parliament will do ; we hope it will settle. I suppose it is no news to you to tell you of the great defeat given to the Turks by the Venetians, near the Dardanelles, nor of the victory obtained by the Swedes upon the King of Poland, near Warsaw, upon the 29th or 30th of July, the particu- lars whereof we have not yet received, and for the certainty of the thing, we expect the next week's confirmation, this being the first news. The French have lost Conde to the King of Spain. I am, Sir, your most affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thurloe. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, August 21-31. Sir, — Three of the Baden papers, mentioned in my last, I have sent this week to you, but not im- mediately. The arbitrators' recess I have sent to Mr. Mor- land in High Dutch, for he desires to have all such 10 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [aUG. papers in their original language. He will easily get it turned into French at Geneva. I have advised him to send Col. Lockhart the French translation of it ; but to send it in English to Whitehall. The two other papers I have sent to Colonel Lockhart in French, praying him to send them to you, either as they are, or Englished. One of them is a memorial of those things which the protestant cantons would have done by the French king, before they will ratify the renewed league. The other is the French ambassador's answer, both to that memorial, and to their project or draught of the articles for the league. The protestant cantons desire that these papers of theirs may not be made common. When the chief secretary of Zurich delivered them to the English resident to be communicated to Colonel Lockhart, and to Whitehall, he prayed him that nothing of them might be put into the English Courants and Mercuries, as being not yet ripe for the public view. If I cannot get a translation of the whole draught against the next week, I shall endeavour to send you the sum or heads of the arti- cles, though the French ambassador accounts all that labour lost ; for he says, his king will never accept such a league. He would not have them change one word of the old one, save Louis XIV. for Henry IV., and the like. On the contrary, Zurich will not hear of the old alliance, nor will they be 1656.] VICTORY OVER THE POLES. 11 brought to a new one, unless it be very unlike the old. By that time that this letter comes to your hand, the beginning of the parliament will be so near, that nobody at Whitehall will be at leisure to hearken to these disputes in Switzerland concerning a league, which, for aught I see, will not be concluded before the end of this year. The emperor is treating with our neighbours the Grisons for passage for his forces into Italy, against the Duke of Modena. Some are already passed through that country. Yesterday, we here received probable relations of the Swedes' and Brandenburgers' victory over the Poles and Tartars, July 21-31, between Warsaw and Lublin. I am. Sir, your humble and faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, August 28th, 1656. Sir, — At the usual time, I received yours of the 19th kujus, with your German letter to the An- tistes ; Mr. Tirbank's letters to you and to me, both of the same tenour ; and Mr. Aldworth's letter to us jointly, enclosing another from General Montagu to us jointly. To which I wrote an answer, and sent it to you four days ago, in liope that by your 12 ATTACK ON MALAGA. [aUG. means it might come to Marseilles time enough to be sent to the fleet with your answer to the same letter. Two days ago, here was a rumour spread that the English had taken Malaga. I inquired the author of that report ; he sent me letters from Genoa, dated 2nd- 12th Augusti, wherein I found written, that letters of Malaga, dated twenty days before, had signified that the English were thunder- ing with their cannons before their port. More than this was not in those letters ; so that our letters from the fleet, dated 2 1-3 1st July, are later than those of Malaga by eight days. I have this week received a hundred pounds, by the way mentioned in mine of July 31st, and di- minished after the rate of the former sum. If you were at leisure to teach this adjoined paper to speak French, it might be communicated to my old friend Mr. Tronchin. The man that wrote it at Amsterdam is well known to Your faithful servant, J. P. MR. PELL TO COLONEL LOCKHART. Zurich, August 28th, old style. Right Honourable, — I hope your honour hath received mine of August 21-31, with the two French papers. The French ambassador's secre- tary hath not yet sent the translation of the Zurich 1656.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 13 draught of articles. They do not believe that ever he will send it hither, or to the court of France, the ambassador having, in his answer at Baden, told them, that he should be sorry that ever the king should know the contents of that draught. The deputies, in their short reply at Baden, promised to report his answer, that their superiors might make reflections upon it, which should be communicated to him. A larger reply than this he is not likely to receive from them, till they have contrived it by a meeting of deputies sent for that purpose to Arraw. But that meeting will hardly be before the solemn day of fasting and prayer, which is to be observed all over the country upon Thursday, the 11th of September, old style. Those of Zurich have given notice of it to the Orisons, their confederates in Rhsetia, and have received an answer, wherein they promise concurrence. Berne usetli to give notice to Geneva, which, no doubt, will observe the same day also. When that solemnity is past, it may be, they will begin to think upon the French ambassa- dor, and to tell him the reasons of all the differences of this draught from the former leagues. Though perhaps the court of France would not much stick at any, save these two : — First, that the protestant cantons will have the naming and appointing of their colonels, and other officers. Secondly, that they will not permit their subjects to serve the king for the defence of the 14 THE EMPEROR AND THE FRENCH. [aUG. conquests in Flanders, Alsatia, and Catalonia, much less for offence and extension of his dominions. Whereas, heretofore, the kings of France had the naming of all the officers, and have made use of the Switzers in the said conquests. Some think that neither France will ever like these two articles, nor these cantons ever change them ; so that they w411 never be able to come to a new^ league. But new emergencies may alter the resolutions on either side. From Frankfort, August 20th, they write thus : — M. Gravelli, deputy for the King of France, hath made a very notable remonstrance to the assembly here, shewing how punctually the king had hitherto observed the articles of the peace at Munster ; that, notwithstanding the solemnity of that treaty, the emperor is going about to disannul it, and make it merely void, by sending forces into Flanders and Italy ; that the king, his master, would endeavour to cross his designs, and assured himself that the electors, and other princes of the empire, would second him, for the maintenance of that peace so established ; in which resolution his ma- jesty would continue with all constancy. From Vienna they write, that the emperor was to go from thence, August 17th, towards Bohemia, intending to crown the empress at Prague, September 10th, and his son four days after. That he had, in plain terms, told the Polonian agent, that King Casimir must expect no assistance from him. Here they say, that, since the news of the Swedes' great suc- cess in Polonia, the emperor wishes he had kept all his forces 165G.] QUEEN CHRISTINA IN FRANCE. 15 by him ; saying, if they wero not so far on their way towards Milan, he would have recalled them. But tliey make haste into Italy; that is to say, the horse, for the foot go not so will- ingly thither; two regiments of them revolted, and most of them ran away ; as many of them as were overtaken by the horse were hanged. Count Casati, the Spanish ambassador, went from Chur in Rha^tia, August 23rd, to meet Count Enkcnfort, their general. Here everybody seems to believe the report, that King Casi- mir is now a prisoner to the Swedes. I am, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, John Pell. COLONEL LOCKHART TO iMR. PELL Clermont, September 3-13, 1656. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of August 24th, and return my humble thanks for the trouble you have given yourself in it ; and must beg pardon for my own silence of late, which I hope you will the further grant, when you know that for my health's sake I have been forced to leave the court, and retire to a place in the country to drink some mineral waters that have the reputation of being good for the stone. The court here doth busy themselves with no- thing at present, save what relates to their magniti- cent entertainment to the Queen of Sweden.* * In England, all men's expectations are upon the * The Queen of Sweden was lodged in the Louvre during her residence in Paris. IG SIR HENRY VANE. [SEPT. ensuing parliament. Sir Henry Vane is ordered to give in security for keeping the peace, occasioned by his writing a book against the government.* All our enemies are very active, and look upon this juncture of time as favourable for their wicked de- signs ; but I hope the Lord will disappoint them. If I had a list of the members elected, it should have been sent you in this by, right honourable. Your most humble and obedient servant, Will. Lockhart. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 4th September, 1656. Sir, — Yours by the last post, with the enclosed to Mr. Dury, is received ; the telling you whereof is the sole errand of this letter, the affairs in which being such as do occasion no new instructions, and ours here administering nothing of news. What here is, you wdll find in the enclosed print, to which I am enforced to refer you at this present, and to make an end of your trouble at this time, by signing myself. Your very affectionate friend and servant, Jo, Thurloe. * This book was entitled, " A Healing Question ;" its author, refusing to enter into a bond for the payment of the fine laid on him by the council, was committed to prison in Carisbrook Castle, in the Isle of Wight. 1G5G.] THE QUEEN OF SWEDEN. 17 COLONEL LOCKHART TO iMll. PELL. Clermont, September 9-1 9tli, 165G. Right Honourable, — I have received your last, with the enclosed papers, which I have sent by yesterday's post to Mr. Secretary. There being no other news, save what relates to the high entertain- ment the court gives to the Queen of Sweden, at Compeigne, I know a long narration of what hath passed here cannot be very savour}'' to you, and therefore I shall sum up all I have to say on that subject in this one w'ord : it hath been suitable to her humour, which is more extravagant than is imaginable. I shall trouble you no further, except by giving you my best assurance, that I am, right honourable, your most humble and obedient servant, Will. Lockhart. I have sent the list of the members elected for the ensuing parhament to Mr. Morland, who will send it to you. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Geneva, 0-19tIi September, 165G. Sir, — I have received yours of the 4-14th Sep- tember, with one to Mr. A. P., and the other to Colonel Lockhart, both which I shall faithfully send VOL. II. c 18 THE PARLIAMENT. [SEPT. by the ordinary. I received likewise the Italian, for the which I return you humble thanks. I have received this week no letter or news either from Mr. Secretary or Colonel Lockhart, but I have sent you a copy of that letter which I received last week from Colonel Lockhart's secretary, written in Colo- nel Lockhart's name, by which you will be able to judge of those affairs. I have no news from the valleys, save only that in a short time they are like to quit their dwellings and goods beyond Pelice. What will be the end of these affairs, the Lord only knows. When I shall receive my orders for my return, 1 shall acquaint you with all particulars ne- cessary for the conveyance of your letters, and whatsoever else I can imagine myself capable to serve you in entreating you to believe that I am. Sir, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, Uth September, 1656. Sir, — The papers which yours mentions to have been sent to Colonel Lockhart are transmitted by him hither by this post, which I give you notice of, that you may spare the pains of sending duplicates unto Whitehall. The parliament is to begin on Wednesday next. The elections have been very quiet, and that gives us hope that peace and settle- 1050.] DESIGNS OF CHARLES STUART. 19 ment will be the issue of this assembly, altbou^li enemies of all sorts do not omit to use all tlieir artifices to put us into new broils. The pretended king, in conjunction with the Spaniards, threatens us an invasion from abroad, and an insurrection at home,* and is levying forces for that end in Flan- ders ; but I hope they will not find us asleep, nor the Lord departed from us, without whom we shall watch in vain. I suppose you hear that the French and Spanish army do but look one upon another, having no disposition to fight, as also how matters go in Prussia and Poland, so that I need not be par- ticular therein. From the West Indies we have nothing ; nor have I further to add at this time, save the assurance of my being Your affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thurloe. * King Cliarles, who now moved from Cologne to Bruges, had conchuled a treaty with the King of Spain, who was to furnish him witii men and money for the invasion of England from Flanders. Missionaries were, during the summer, sent into England to stir up another insurrection ; but Cromwell obtained, by his own emissaries, early information of all their plots. Lockhart himself, who alludes to it in a preceding letter, was busily employed in unravelling the conspiracy. Charles raised four English regiments in Flanders, by means of Spanish money, under the command of the Marquis of Ormond, the Earl of Rochester, Lord Wentworth, and Lord Newburgh. In England, various royalists of consequence were arrested on the 12th of September. c 2 20 THE WALDENSES. [SEPT. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Geneva, 16-26th September, 1656. Sir, — I have received no letter from you, either to ]\Ir. Secretary, or Colonel Lockhart, or myself, this week. Just now comes one for you from England, which 1 have sent enclosed. In Mr. Se- cretary's letter to me, there are these following ex- pressions : — " I earnestly desire you will make all the haste you can in the distribution of the money. After which it will be necessary for you to return home, and give an account of all you have done of that nature." I have received nothing of news from the valleys since my last ; the present state of their affairs is, that they are upon the point of selling their lands beyond Felice. I have nothing else of importance to trouble you with at present, more than to assure you, that neither during my abode here, nor after my return to England, shall I fail to approve myself, Sir, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MoRLAND. As I was closing this letter, I received two letters from Colonel Lockhart, directed to yourself, both in one and the same packet, which I have sent en- closed. I would willingly send you the substance of his two letters which he has also written to me. 1()56.] CAPTURE OF VALENZA. 21 but the messenger will not by any means grant me that favour. In general, it is only this, that Colo- nel Lockhart desires to know what success his mediation has had in the court of Savoy. In one of his letters, he also marks, that Sir Henry Vane is ordered to give in security for keeping the peace, having wTitten lately a book against the present government. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, September 18-28th, 1656. Sir, — That the emperor intended to send a resi- dent hither, I gave you and Mr. Secretary notice the last week, though some here thought it a thing so incredible, that they endeavoured to persuade me, that either there w-as no such matter, or, at the ut- most, it w^as but a verbal honour conferred upon one that should only appear with that title at all their Baden assemblies, but never come to Zurich. I know not what they will now say to the w^eekly news printed in Milan, 10-20th September, wherein I find these words : — " Se ne veniva ad habitare, in qualita di Residente della Maesta dell' Imperatore, a Zurigo, il fratello del Vescovo di Basilea, per tutto cio, che possa bisognare in quelle parti i\ gli in- teressi dcUa medesima Maestil." The same ]\Iihm print assures us, that Valenza was delivered to the French on Saturday morning, (J- Kith September. 22 THE WALDENSES. [SEPT. Yours of the 9- 19th of September tells me, that you had no English letters or news that week. I have therefore sent you such as came hither by the last post. As for the lands beyond Pelice, I confess I am one of those that would advise their owners to take their money while they may have it ; for Mr. Swyft's letter puts me in no great hope of their stay there. I did never understand why the merchant here should think that it belonged not to me to pay the post of your letters hither, or what should first give him occasion to dream of receiving it from Geneva, unless he so misunderstood some passage in one of Mr. Tronchin's letters. Having money of Mr. Tronchin's in his hands, he had rather deduct thence what he list for postage, than trouble himself to give me an account. I have sent him word that you are shortly to go from Geneva, and then I will reckon with him once for all. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO COLONEL LOCKHART. Zurich, September 18-28. Right Honourable, — The last week I had so httle to write, that I thought it unfit to trouble your honour with so empty a letter. 1G50.] THE SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 23 Whilst the deputies were at Arraw, the French ambassador's secretary brought them a letter from his lord, shewing them that he continued in the same mind that he had expressed in his written answer at Baden, and praying them that they would all meet him at Arraw the 1-1 1th of November next. It is likely that he named so long a day, because he knew that they would not willingly come to any public assemblies till the end of the vintage. The deputies sent him an answer in writing, wherein they signified that the protestant cantons do conceive the articles presented by their deputies at Baden to be honest, reasonable, just, and such as they ought not to recede from, &c. As for their meeting at Arraw in November next, they could give no answer till they had acquainted their prin- cipals with his excellency's desire, &c. This week's Italian post brought hither the weekly news from Milan, printed there Septem- ber 10-20th. It assures us that Valenza was de- livered to the French September 6- 16th. The same paper tells us, that a brother of the Bishop of Basil is to be sent to dwell at Zurich in quality of resident for the emperor, &c. If that resolution hold, it is not unlikely that he may endeavour something here to the disadvantage of France. As for the renewins; of the leairue with the French, Berne is grown much cooler in that bu- 24 THE WALDENSES. [SEPT. siness, and almost as backward as Zurich. No- thing will be done in it till the vintage be past. The arbitrators have met alone ; they have put off their next meeting till the 1st of November. I am, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, John Pell. MR. MOllLAND TO MR. PELL. Geneva, 23rd September — 3rd October. Sir, — I have received yours of the 1 8-28th Sep- tember, with the two enclosed, one for Mr. A. Peters, and the other for Colonel Lockhart, both which I shall faithfully send to-morrow morning. I have likewise received your Italian paper, for the which I return you many thanks, as also for the extract of English news. What the business of the poor people's lands wall come to in the end I am not able to foresee, having received nothing of late from them, but expect it very suddenly ; and so soon as it comes to my hands, I shall not fail to com- 'municate the same to you in my next letter. I have just now received a packet from England for you, which I have sent you enclosed, but no letter for myself. I have also received none this post from Colonel Lockhart. I have heard some whis- pering here, as though he weie upon his departure from France back to England ; but 1 believe no 1()56.] WAR WITH SPAIN. 25 such matter till I have better grounds. I, for my- self, I am preparing all things for my journey home, and only attend my orders. In the meantime, I entreat you to be assured of what in me lies to ap- prove myself, Sir, your most humble and faithful servant. I entreat you to do me the favour to present my humble service to Mr. Ulrich, and to assure him that I have received his civil and kind letter, and nothing troubles me but that I am at present necessarily hindered from writing him an answer. I shall not fail to do him, or any of his children, any service that lies in my power. By the en- closed, from Mr. J. Aldworth, you will find that our letters to General Montagu are in a fair way to be conveyed to him. SECRETARY TIIURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 2iul October, 1656. Sir, — To what you will find in the enclosed print, I shall at this time only add, that the parlia- ment, having received an account of the war with Spain, did yesterday declare, that that war was undertaken ui)on just and necessary grounds, and lor the good of the people of this commonwealth, and that they approved thereol, and would*, by 26 A VICTORY AT SEA. [SEPT. God's blessing, assist his highness therein. About two or three hours after the passing of that vote, we had news brought by an express from our gene- rals on the Spanish coast of the success God hath given us against the Spaniard. Eight of his ships, coming from the West Indies, and being got within a few leagues of Cadiz, were espied by three of our frigates, who making up to them, fought them, and, after a very hot dispute, took two of them, burnt and sunk three, are in the chase of two, and one got away. In the ships taken, there is six hundred thousand pounds sterling, and upwards. We have great cause to bless God for this seasonable mercy, and hope it is an earnest of further good to the commonwealth. I remain, your affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thurloe. SIR R. BLAKE AND GENERAL MONTAGU TO THE LORD PROTECTOR, On board the Naseby, in the Bay of Niers, 19th September, 1656. May it please your Highness, — Being out of water, and our victuals almost spent, and having not heard from your highness since the receipt of your commands by the Griffin, we found it requisite to sail for this place, with the greatest parts of our fleet, as well to recruit our wants as to be in the 1656.] A VICTORY AT SEA. 27 way of further orders. Accordingly, we arrived here the 1 1th instant ; and the 17th following, in the night, received the enclosed account from the com- mander of the squadron left before Cadiz, which we humbly present to your highness, hoping we shall shortly be able to inform your highness more par- ticularly thereof, having sent out what frigates we could, as well to reinforce the guard before Cadiz, as to secure the prizes hither to us. In the mean- time, the providences that have already come to our knowledge concurring to bring those ships into our hands, do very much convince us it is of God in more than ordinary manner ; and we trust it will by the same good hand be sanctified unto us. We liumbly take leave, and remain, your highness's very faithful and obedient servants, Rob. Blake, E. Montagu. ADMIRAL RICHARD STAYNES TO SIR R. BLAKE. On board the Speaker, near Cadiz (in haste), 9th September, 1656. Right Honourable, — After my service pre- sented to your honour, these are to acquaint you, that upon the 8th instant, at night, it blew hard westerly, by means whereof we, with our squadron, (only the Providence, she being gone to water,) 28 A VICTORY AT SEA. [SEPT. weighed out of the bay of Cadiz, and pHed to sea. In the evening, we espied eight sail, some five or six leagues to the westward of Cadiz, we using the best means we could to meet with them the next day, which we did, it being little wind at N.E. It was nine of the clock before we came up with them, but, having a fresh gale in the night, all but we and the Bridgewater were to leeward, and could not come to us. But when we came to the fleet, it proved to be the Spanish fleet come from the West Indies, which were four of the King of Spain's, three merchantmen, and one prize, which they had taken by way of the Wester Island, being a Portu- guese, which were eight in all. We engaged the fleet, but, being within four leagues of Cadiz, could not stay for our ships ; but we, the Bridgewater and Plymouth, engaged them, and had a sharp dis- pute some of US; but the admiral being the smallest ship, we slighted her, for we conceived there was policy used in the flag, by which means their ad- miral and the Portugal prize got into Cadiz. The vice-admiral and one more were sunk, and burnt two. We took one ; the captain of her, which we have on board, saith they have in her two millions of ducats ; the vice-admiral had as much. I be- lieve the Plymouth chased another, who came ashore between St. Peter's and Cape Degarr ; but it seems, by the prisoners' information, they had no 1656.] A VICTORY AT SEA. 29 silver in her. The ship we took was as good as all the fleet besides. The other, that Captain Harman hath taken, is very rich, hut little silver in her. Both the prize and our ship are severely wounded, both in mast and hull. The commanders advise us not to take the silver out of her ; I do intend to take farther advice about it. There is no news ; only the fleet, I believe, will follow us. The gal- leys came out, because of the riches, and disabihty of our ship. We will come towards you, except your honours send further orders, for we are in no capacity to stay here. I shall leave two or three of the best sailing ships off" the Cape, and I and the rest will come to Lisbon, where I hope to find your honours. There is the Nova-Spaniola fleet at the Havanna ; but when they will come home is not known. This is all ; only there is loss of men in some ships ; the number I know not. I am, your honour's most humble servant, Richard Staynes. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October '2-\-2. Sir, — The last week, I prayed ]\Ir. Morland to tell you, that I had nothing to write, save that I had received your letters ; except some Italian news, which I sent to him. 30 THE NICODEMITES. [oCT. September 25th, at night, two of the Earl of Bed- ford's sons came hither from Geneva, with a train of near forty persons. I heard not of them till the next day a little before dinner time. As soon as they had dined they took horse, so that I saw none of them. They went towards Schaffhausen ; but whither they are gone since, I have not heard. I was glad to find, in yours of the 11th of Sep- tember, that there was so great hope of the parlia- ment, then near its beginning, and so great w^atch- fulness against the restless designs of the irreconcil- able party. The printed news of Milan speak but of forty thousand ducats sent from Spain, and paid at Antwerp to his British majesty. Methinks eighteen thousand pounds sterling should not suffice to raise and maintain an army till it be fit to invade Eng- land. Here is no imperial resident come as yet. The Venetian resident prepares for his return ; he thinks his successor will be here within two days. The poor Nicodemites of Switz have been hitherto maintained by Zurich ; Berne will not contribute anything toward their maintenance. The prince elector offered them land in the palatinate. Zurich sent two of them thither with an ambassador. They are returned this week ; they like not the land ; but the ambassador dislikes not the gold chain which the elector gave him. This week also returned another Zurich ambassa- 1G5G.] THE AUSTRIANS IN ITALY. 31 dor from Insbrug, with a gold cliaia and a good answer ; namely, that the archduke will send some of his counsellors to meet Zurich's deputies at Con- stance, for the hearing and determining the contro- versies concerning tithes in the borders, which otherwise might serve for the beginning of a quarrel. Till the vintage be past, here will be hardly any- thing done in public affairs. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. From Chiir, in Rhceiia, one writes thus : — The pope's nuncio, Borromei, is here with a great court. He is often, and very familiarly, with the Count Casati, (the Spanish ambassador.) He lodgeth in our bishop's palace. Our people say, so many strange birds flocking hither is a sign of ill-luck. It makes the papists insolent. The young Count Casati hath been at Insbrug to help forward the emperor's soldiers into Italy. He is returned. He saith, those that are behind are not likely to see Italy ; they that arc there already disband on every side. They run from the Spanish service to serve the Venetians ; that republic is beholden to the emperor for sending them so many soldiers, at such easy rates. From the same place : another, Wth September. — The imperial troops designed for Italy, which rebelled, and refused to go thither, are now recalled to go towards Vienna ; so that at this time there will be no more sent into Italy. Those that are already passed thither, through Rhaitia, were but about six thousand, horse and foot, which ran away in great numbers to the French army. 32 COLONEL LOCKHART. [oCT. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, October 2nd-12th, 1656. Sir, — The packet which you received from Eng- land for me had no great public news in it. There was a long letter from my wife, a printed Mercury, &c. Mr. A. Peters writes great hopes of the par- liament on one side, and of a deep plot on the other side. An invasion from Flanders", and an insurrec- tion all over England, at once. Is this no small matter? But he speaks more seriously: — "I trust," saith he, " they will not find us asleep, nor the Lord departed from us, without whom we shall watch in vain." Concerning Colonel Lockhart's return into Eng- land, I can say nothing certain. But if he be chosen one of the representers for Scotland in this parliament, it will be no great wonder if he return, and give an account of his sense of the French counsels, before France see him again. I must thank your care that my letter is gotten safe to Marseilles. I will hope that Mr. Aldworth will do his part, that at last our good and great friend may receive it. Mr. Ulrich prays me to commend his son Caspar to your care. I believe that he seems more solicitous for him than he is indeed, to satisfy the mother, who hath no more children ; for otherwise, he will not doubt of your good will towards him and his. 1G5G.] ITALIAN NEWS. 33 They that use to convey our Italian news are either grape gatherers, or owners of vineyards, or lovers of new wine ; so that I have no great hopes of Italian news all this month ; yet, to keep the old wont, I have sent you a little, which I think you will account little worth. Milano, I Ottohre, 1656. — In Lonclra era poi stata fatta I'elettione cle nuovi parlanientarii, et il simile in tutte le altre provincie vicine, ma in alcune per6 con non poco contrasto, per le discrepanze nate tra 11 presbiterali, gli anabatisti, et inde- pendenti, il che era anche stato disturbo alio stesso Cromuel, il quale per haver tutti mcdesimi parlanientarii a sua dispositione, sera e con presenti, e con altri mezi adoprato, ma senza conse- guirne intieramente I'intento ; onde pretendeva hora di astrin- gerli con giuramento a dare il lore voto, secondo il suo desiderio, per esser eletto sovrano signore di quei regni. In Anversa erano stati sborsati 40 M. Ducati Ongari d'ordine della Maesta del Re N. S. al Re d'lnghilterra, per levare 5 reggimenti per suo servitio, che saranno comandati dal Duca di lorch suo fratello, e dai primati cavaglieri, che seguitano il Dartito di S. M. Britanica. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October 9-19th. Sir, — October 3rd, the new Venetian resident arrived here. October 6th, the old resident took his leave of this senate, and presented his successor to them. The next morning, he took his leave of the English resident, who, the same day after noon, VOL. II. D 34 THE ABBOT OF ST. GALL. [oCT. repaid his visit. The said old resident went from Zurich homeward this morning. Yesterday, one of the senators and the second secretary were sent from this senate to give me notice that they had newly read letters from the protestants of Glaris, on the behalf of their neigh- bours, the protestants of Toggen-burg, who being subjects to the Abbot of St. Gall, have been lately much oppressed and molested by him. He ques- tions them for acting in the war the last winter, although the arbitrators included them in the amnesty. Some of them have been heavily fined, though nothing was proved against them, but that they were in the country of Turgow, or in the city of St. Gall, during the war. Others fear that he will take away their lives. The senate of Zurich looks upon this business as not merely proceeding from the abbot, but arising from the suggestions and provocations of some incendiaries, who would give occasions to a new war before the arbitrators declare their sense of the old. The said deputies prayed me to signify this un- certain state of their affairs in my letters to White- hall. Before the beginning of the late war, the four protestant cantons had resolved to send a com- mittee of deputies to the abbot to treat with him, and to set his spirit in a better posture toward his protestant subjects ; but this was then put out of 1650.] ENGLISH NEWS. 35 their minds by their thoughts of war. What they will now resolve to do, we shall shortly see. In the meantime, I remain. Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, October 9-19tli. Sir, — I hear that Colonel Lockhart shall return into England to sit in parliament, being chosen by the city of Glasgow. How true this is, I cannot tell. Some say, my Lord Protector's speech to the parliament shall be shortly printed ; as also the de- claration made by the parliament, September 18th, against Charles Stewart and his adherents. Before this time, it is likely you will have another printed Mercury. That will tell you more than I can know of English news ; as, of an ambassador arrived from the Duke of Churland, &c. Since my last, a new resident from Venice is come hither. The old one went hence this morning. The French paper adjoined belongs to your his- tory. I have added the title of the book, that, if you think good, you may read it as you pass through Paris : it is but of four sheets of paper. The Abbot of St. Gall troubles his protestant sub- jects in the country of Toggenburg for going from home into Turgow and into the city of St. Gall, D 2 36 THE PARLIAMENT. [oCT. during the late winter war. Some have been heavily fined ; others fear he will take their lives. They have pitifully complained of this molestation to their neighbours, the protestants of Glaris, who have written to Zurich. This senate prays me to write of it to Whitehall, and also to pray you to speak a good word for them when you come home. I have, in your name, promised them, that, whilst you are near the court, you will be ready to serve them, or any other of their Glaubens-genossen, with your speech, &c. But I said, I was not sure that you should tarry long there. They, having now tried your abilities, might think fit to send you abroad again ere long. Whether at home or abroad, I pray you believe that I am, and shall be, Sir, Your well-wishing and faithful servant, John Pell. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 9th October, 1 656. Sir, — This serves only to send you a more par- ticular relation of the good news we have received from our fleet upon the coast of Spain, than my last could give you. The Protector and the parliament do agree very well. The bill for disclaiming Charles Stewart and his family is perfected, and so is another for erect- 1656,] morland's illness. 37 ing a high court of justice for trying of treason, it being thought more safe to try them in this way than by the ordinary juries. These are the chief things which are doing yet ; and, indeed, they are matters of great consequence, in reference to the affairs of this commonwealth, at this time. This is all I have to write by this occasion. Our letters from Hamburgh by this post say, that the Musco- vite has left the siege of Riga for want of pro- vision, and by reason of great sickness fallen in his army. I rest, your affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thukloe. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Geneva, 14-24th October, 1656. Sir, — Thursday next will be just a fortnight, when, finding my body much distempered and out of order, by having kept my chamber about a month before, and, indeed, taken overmuch pains in the rectifying all my accounts and history for my return, I thought to repair my health by taking the air about sixteen miles along the lake side, towards the Pays de Vaud ; but, coming to my journey's end, I fell sick of a high fever, and was fain to keep my bed till the Wednesday following, when I was brought to Geneva in a litter. When 1 came 38 GASPAR ULRICH. [oCT. home, I found a letter from yourself of the 2nd of October, and others from England, wherein was a packet for yourself. That from England to your- self, together with that letter which was written to me, I immediately sent away post to Zurich, but was so ill that I could not write. Yours to England I was not able to send in its due season, for which I ask your pardon, and shall faithfully send it this post, together with your other which I received the last night, and also take the whole blame (as I justly ought) for the retarding of the same upon myself, in my letters to Mr. Secretary, whom I shall ac- quaint with what befel me. The truth is, I have been very ill ever since, and forced to keep my chamber ; and I have very much pain to write this letter. I humbly thank you for the French paper in relation to my history, and the other Italian papers, which I have received in your letter of the 9- 19th of October. As for Mr. Ulrich's son, having no small regard unto your mentioning the business, and willing heartily to serve Mr. Ulrich in anything which lays in my power, I immediately received him into my family, and intended to have taken him along with me into England ; but the plain truth is, I find him a youth extremely given up to idleness, and also addicted to drinking; the first day, indeed, he wrote something, but ever since, counting one with another, he has not written a page a-day. I have 165G.] CASPAR ULRICH. 39 sometimes spoken to him in such terms as I could, considering that lie was but a stranger to me, and he would promise all things ; but my back has been no sooner turned, than he has gone out idling into the town. In sum, he is one that has been so bred up to idleness, that he will never stick close to any- thing ; and I shall have no satisfaction in his com- pany, and his father but little comfort afterwards. Wherefore I am resolved by no means to take any charge of him, and therefore humbly entreat you, Sir, to order the matter so with his father, that, as he came in quietly to me, so he may go out without the least noise, for that would be a very great trouble to me ; neither would I that ever the youth should know that I complained against him. His father may find some other pretext to send for him away. Sir, I refer all to your prudence, beseeching you to assist me therein, for I clearly find I shall never do any good with such a youth, and that he will be a continual vexation to me. I have received no letters from England this post, or from Colonel Lockhart. Just now, I received a letter of three or four lines from Mr. Aldworth, of Marseilles, di- rected to us jointly, the original whereof I have sent you enclosed. I am. Sir, Your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. 40 THE SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [oCT. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October 16th-26tli. Sir, — Some letters from Venice tell us, that since the Venetian fleet took Tenedos from the Turk, it hath also taken the island of Lemnos, or, as they now call it, Stalimene ; but the new Venetian resi- dent here tells me, that no letters from any officer or minister of state have yet assured him of the truth of this report. The senate of Zurich hath written to the French ambassador residing at Soloturn, that (because they must send some to meet the archduke's ambassa- dors at Constance) they cannot send fit deputies to meet his excellence at Arraw, upon the 1st- 11th of November, as he desired ; but they intend to order the matter so, that they may meet him there three days after, that is, November 4th- 14th. The popish cantons begin to fear that the pro- testants will renew the league with France shortly. A few days ago. Colonel Tsweyer* of Uri, went to Lentzburg, (a castle subject to Berne, not far from Arraw,) where he endeavoured to persuade the governor to oppose the renewing of that league. The governor, having given him a long hear- ing, replied only thus : " Why did the popish can- tons disregard all these reasons when they renewed * Who hath been the eniperor*^s agent in these countries. 1650.] COLONEL LOCKHART. 41 with France ?" It is said, the colonel was so sur- prised with this unexpected question, that he could not find what to answer ; nor have I, at this time, anything more to say, save that I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, October 16tli-2Gtii. Sir, — By Mr. Schmid's letter, of which I send you a copy, you will perceive that some care hath been taken to procure the papers which you de- sired. Some letters out of France the last week said expressly, that Colonel Lockhart, being recalled by his master (and ours), was gone to the French court, pour prendre conge de leur majeste's. Letters out of England the last week told us, that Monsieur Rossin, who carried a letter from his highness to the states-general, was returned from the Hague to Whitehall, assuring them that at the Hague they had received the accord between them and Sweden, signed at Elbing by their ambassa- dors ; and that if my Lord Protector's speech be printed, some passages shall be left out, as not fit to be seen by the eyes of all the world, though very con- venient for the ears of the parUament and of every true Englishman. 42 CAPTURE OF LEMNOS. [oCT. Our booksellers are returned from Frankfort mart, but they have hitherto been so busy in un- packing that they have not yet been at leisure to let us see what they have brought, and whether they have anything worthy to be sent hence to you from Your faithful servant, J. P. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October 23rd. Sir, — Mr. Morland writes that by the last post he received no letters out of England for himself or me ; but he sent me a letter from Marseilles, written to us jointly, wherein Mr. Aldworth tells us of two Spanish galleons sunk by our frigates, and two others taken wdth a great deal of silver in them. If this be true, I shall hope to hear it con- firmed by a letter from Whitehall ere long, and then I shall more boldly communicate the news than now I have done here. The letters from Venice continue the news of their taking the island of Lemnos, which, they say, hath fifty villages. They also add, that they have taken many other lesser isles, and repulsed the Turks that came to recover Tenedos. Four days ago, the new Venetian resident feasted the senators after their usual manner when they first come hither ; they say, he had in all about seventy or eighty guests. 1050.] AUSTRIAN NEWS. 43 This morning, the deputies of Zurich went hence toward Constance, where the archduke's deputies have promised to meet them to-morrow night. From Vienna, they write that the emperor, em- press, and their son (the King of Hungary and Bohemia) , are returned thither ; that the Swedish resident hath heen at court with a congratulation for the late coronation at Prague ; that, they say, there will shortly come hither a new deputy from the Moscovite, and General Hatsfeld with an am- bassage from Poland. Other letters from the same place tell us of the continuation of levies, contributions, and persecu- tion of protestants there ; that the Prince of Tran- sylvania shall certainly marry the Holstein lady, the Queen of Sweden's sister ; that the Poles intend to try their fortune against the Swedes once more this year, and if they fail, they will oblige themselves to maketheirkingdomhereditarytothehouse of Austria, if it free them of the Swedes ; or if Austria refuse, thev will offer the same conditions to the Moscovite, with wdiom some have already been tampering.* Of the remonstrance which the French agent made to the assembly of deputies at Frankfort against the emperor, I made mention in that which I wrote to you Aug. 28th ; but till to-day I could * In these taniperiiigs we see some of the circumstances which prepared the way lor the niemorabh^ division of PoKind. 44 MORLAND RECALLED. [oCT. not get a copy of the memorial which he tlien gave them in writing. I have sent it to Mr. Morland by this post. I am, Sir, your humble and faithful servant. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. MORLAND. 23rd October, 1656. Sir, — Supposing that you have fully perfected the disposing of the last 5000/. among the poor people of Piedmont, his highness hath commanded me to sig- nifyto you that his pleasure is that you return to Eng- land. The motives that have induced him to send vou those commands are, 1st, that you may give a full and particular account of your whole negotiation since your residence in those parts ; as also that he may be truly informed of the state and condition of the aforesaid poor people, whereby his highness will be the better enabled to take a measure of what is fit to be done on their behalf for the future, as well for the employing of the money that yet remains undisposed of, as the considering what may be fur- ther done for their help and encouragement ; for, although his highness hath called you away for the present from this employment, yet he hath not laid aside his affection and care towards them ; and this you are to let those of Geneva know^, as also such of the ministers that belong to the valleys as you 165G.] MORLAND RECALLED. 45 have occasion to converse with ; his highness's in- tention being on all occasions to consider and have regard to their interest and welfare equally with his own. And as concerning Geneva itself, you are to take your leave of them before your coming away, giving them assurance of his highness's affection and good will towards them, and that he will be ready to demonstrate the same according as he hath opportunity, thanking them for the civilities they have shewed to you during your residence there. I have spoken to Mr. Noell to send you a bill of ex- change for 250Z. sterling, which I hope will defray your charges home ; and I pray you make all the haste you can, for your presence here at this time would be of use to me in particular, having much business upon my hands. For news, I refer you to the enclosed print, there being nothing extraor- dinary at this time, and for that reason I have omitted to write to Mr. Pell by this post. I pray let him know so much, and excuse my not writing to him. Before you come away, lay things so with your friends at Geneva that you may have a con- stant correspondence with them, and thereby the weekly knowledge of all affairs in those parts,* and * In the following reign, the party in opposition frequently dwelt on the exact intelligence which Cromwell constantly had of what was going on in foreign parts. On the 14th of February, 1G67-8, Pepys tells us, " Secretary Morrice did this day in the house, when thoy talked of intelligence, say, that 46 THE VICTORY AT SEA. [oCT, by whom also we may send letters to Mr. Pell. Let me know what time you think you shall be at Dieppe, where a vessel shall be appointed to bring you over. This being all I have to trouble you with, I rest, your very affectionate friend, Jo. Thurloe. COLONEL LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Received at Zurich, October 26th, 1656. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of Sept 28th, and now beg pardon for my not wTiting to you. So seldom doth anything occur here worthy of your knowledge, that in civility to you I am many times obliged to silence, lest I should give you too many troubles. For to make this excuse meet with the better recep- tion, I shall accompany it with the good news of the success God hath blessed our fleet with near Cadiz. I have sent the particular account of it to you as I had it from Mr. Secretary ; and, for Mr. Morland's perusal, have sent the papers in his packet to be conveyed to you with this. It may be no news to you, but have this apology for me, so good news he was allowed but 700^. a-year for intelligence ; whereas, in Cromwell's time he did allow 70,000/. a-year for it ; and was confirmed therein by Colonel Birch, who said, that thereby Cromwell carried the secrets of all the princes of Europe at his girdle." — Pepys, vol. iii. p. 41. 165G.] THE REPORTED EARTHQUAKE IN PERU. 47 cannot be too often told ; and I shall pray God that all concerned may have hearts to bless him for so great and so seasonable mercies. I am, right honourable, Your most humble and faithful servant, Will. Lockhart. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October 30. Sir, — It seems the contrary wind hindered your last week's letters, for I have now received two at once from you, with printed news, &c. Mr. Mor- land and I have caused the parliament's narrative to be printed in French and High Dutch, and the copies to be dispersed. Neither that narrative nor your letters have made any mention of that horrid story concerning Lima, in Peru, which I find in Merc. Politic, page 7293.* To say the truth, it * General Montagu, in his despatch to tlie Protector, (printed in Thurloe, vol. v., p. 434,) gives an account of the pretended earthquake in Peru from the relation of the son of the Marquis of Baydex, which latter nobleman, with the greater part of his family, had perished in the vice-admiral's ship. He said, that the mines of Potosi were utterly destroyed, and the city of Lima swallowed uji, with all the king's treasure there ; so that there was no longer any possibility of having gold or silver in any part of Peru. This wonderful story M'as much noised about, and generally credited. 48 THE EARTHQUAKE IN PERU. [oCT. deserves to be thoroughly sifted, and well circum- stantiated, before it be printed by public authority. When the Spanish prisoners have been severally examined in England, the world will expect some account of that relation, whether it be true, or were but a Spanish fiction to amuse and abuse English seamen. I have here before me two Italian letters, written at Madrid, in Spain, September 26th and October 4th, new style : they both speak of the unhappy return of their West-Indian fleet, but add not a word concerning Lima, or any earth- quake, &c. Of the latter of those two Madrid letters I have sent a copy to Mr. Morland, that he may read it, and then send it, or an English trans- lation of it, to Whitehall. England's enemies will be as much troubled at the news of our unanimous proceedings in parliament, as at the narratives of our great successes abroad ; their greatest comfort consisting of hopes to see us ruined by civil discord. From Constance we hear nothing, save that the deputies from Insbrug and Zurich did meet the first time, October 25th, and the next time, Octo- ber 27th. Some of them must return hither within two or three days, that they may meet the French ambassador at Arraw, November 4-14, as they promised him. If the emperor continue in the mind to send a resident to Zurich, he hath now an opportunity at Constance to feel their pulse, 1G5G.] THE EMPEROR. 49 whether they be willing to receive him ; of which I intend to inquire as soon as I hear of their return. In the meantime, I continue, Sir, your humble and faithful servant. From Vienna, October 19 — Two Polish ambassadors are come hither ; they cause new clothes of the German fashion to be made here for all their train. They offer to make their king- dom liereditary, if the house of Austria free them of the Swedes ; whereupon the emperor hath called the archduke, and all his most secret council. The rebellion continues among the soldiers, though many have been shot and hanged. Both the emperor, and his son the king, were very ill at their return out of Bohemia, but they are now recovered. He hath newly received French letters, wherein the King of France doth, almost in plain terms, denounce war. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Zurich, October 30. Sir, — I hear that you have another answer to the Archbishop of Sens. I hope also we shall see it shortly. I have seen none yet but the Parisian's letter. Monsieur Schmid saith he sent you more papers the last week, and will send me some other for you this week. (He hath sent me seven.) Yours of 21-31 October was written so fair, as if you had a mind thereby to let me understand that your fever was gone ; of which I shall be glad to hear by your next. Your new scribe hath been bred much from VOL. II. E 50 YOUNG ULRICH. [nOV. home, out of his father's sight ; perhaps, lest his mother, having no more children, should utterly mar him with cockering ; but thereby, I fear, both father and mother know him not so well as I could wish. He was laying hold of a handsome oppor- tunity of taking him from you, but it slipped through his fingers : I hope ere long he will find another. He hath not yet given me an answer to my question, how much he thinks fit to be given to the clerks. I thank you for your care in conveying the letters to me. October 26th, I received your second packet. Your extract of Colonel Lockhart's letter being in French, was fit to be presentlj' com- municated to the Antistes, the Burgomaster, &c. Your twelve French copies of the narrative, I soon dispersed all over this country. In lieu of them, I here send you as many in the language of this country, though I think you are hardly ac- quainted with so many that understand that lan- guage. Your humble and faithful servant. J. P. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, November 6. Sir, — November the 2nd, at night, the three Zurich deputies came home from Constance. November 4th, in the morning, three deputies (only IG5G.] TITHE CONTROVERSY. •') 1 one of the former changed) went from Zurich, witli an intent to lodge at Arraw that night, that they might be ready the next morning to join with the deputies of the other protestant cantons, to treat with the French ambassador concerning the renew- ing of the league. November the 3rd, after they had in the senate given account of their Constance business, I spake with the chiefest of them. He told me, that the archduke's deputies were three of his chiefest coun- selk)rs of state ; that they had two businesses witli them ; the former, concerning tithes, was ended. " Not," said he, " out of any regard to us, but in consideration of the money which our subjects of the city of Stein had sent to the archduke's court, after they perceived that their business would prove troublesome and tedious ; and did stick there only for want of a little Indian oil to make it move without difficulty." The other controversy w^as not so easy to be com- posed. " We," said he of Zurich, " permit thirty monasteries to receive yearly profits out of our dominions ; but we have but one monastery to which Austria ought to pay revenues, and we could never get anything out of their hands ; yet they pay to cloisters in the dominion of Berne, Basil, and SchafFliausen ; only Zurich hath been thus hardly used. But," said he, " the truth is, the donation from the emperor Henricus Pius was so large to E 2 52 CONTROVERSY WITH AUSTRIA. [nOV. that cloister, that (notwithstanding the horrible im- precations expressed in the Deed of Gift against all intercepters or diverters of that revenue) the Austrians would never be persuaded to part with so much yearly rent. We have now at the last brought it to a compromise, that both sides shall stand to the award of four arbitrators, two chosen by the archduke, and two by us ; so that though he, as lord of the soil, do send a deputy to be present at their consultations, yet that deputy shall be no umpire ; his vote shall not be reckoned. This," said he, "seems to be something, and yet may, perhaps, prove nothing ; for the number of arbitrators being even, their votes may be equal, and then we are never the nearer for want of a super-arbiter." I asked the Zurich deputy, whether the news of the Spanish plate-fleet came to them whilst they were at Constance. "Yes," said he, "the eldest of the archduke's deputies first told me of it ; and shewed it me, written in a letter out of Spain." I then asked him, whether any of the archduke's deputies had spoken to them of a public minister from the emperor to reside at Zurich. He an- swered, that none of them spake a word of the em- peror, or of any resident. "Without doubt," said he, " the news written from Vienna, and printed at Milan, was but a mistake ; for the Bishop of Basil's brother appeared at Baden, at the last general meeting of all the cantons. And he then 165G.] MEETING AT ARRAW. 53 presented credentials to the thirteen cantons (not to the protestants alone), and in his speech signi- fied, that if the Corpus Helveticum had any busi- ness with the emperor, he should be ready to serve it. But the title of resident deceived some at Vienna, as if that title did oblige him to reside at Zurich ; where they knew two were already, (from England and Venice.) But this man, the bishop's brother, is governor of four towns upon the Rhine, between Basil and Baden, which belong to the archduke ; so that he thinks himself so near to us, that this new title from the emperor needs not oblige him to change his dwelling, or relinquish his government." Lastly, I asked the same Zurich deputy, how long he thought they should tarry at Arraw. He an- swered, about three days. "For," said he, "the instructions which we received in the senate to-day do only give us power ad audiendiim et referendum, so that we may spend some time to shew the French ambassador the reasons of the changes made by us in the articles ; but we having no power to con- clude with him, much time cannot be spent in hearing what he hath to say to us, so that this Arraw journey will hardly cost us above five davs in all." Sir, you shall at this time receive no further trouble from Your humble and faithful servant. 54 MEETING AT ARRAW. [nOV. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. November 13-23. Sir, — I received no letters from England by the last post. It is likely the wind was contrary. The last Monday (November 10th), two of the deputies returned hither from Arraw ; the third went to Basil, because of some affairs of Mulhausen. It is thought that his absence is the chief cause why here is not yet a public account given of what was done at Arraw with the French ambassador. I deferred my writing thus long in expectation of some account from them. The principal secretary of state, who was one of the three deputies, now sends me word, that to-morrow he will come to me, and tell me all. But the council of two-hundred shall hear the account at their assembly the day after, that is, November 15th. The second secretary went from me just now. He was sent from the senate of Zurich to shew me a letter received to-day from the senate of Berne, praying them to read and consider the new com- plaints of the poor men in the valleys of Piedmont, of which they adjoined a copy. He prayed me earnestly, in the name of the senate, to signify these things to all whom I conceived likely to help those poor men. I answered, that I made no question but that Geneva had copies of those new com- plaints ; yet, as soon as I had a copy I would send 1650.] COLONEL MEY. 55 it to Mr. Morland, by whose means it would also come to the hands of Colonel Lockhart in the court of France, and to the principal secretary of state at Whitehall. He replied, that the senate in their answer to Berne would write that, for the present, they could not resolve upon any other course than to recommend the business to the English resident, who had promised to make it known, &c. The post will be gone before I can get a copy of this Piedmont letter ; but it shall be sent to Mr. Morland to-day, by an extraordinary. By the ordinary, I intend to send him a copy of the High-Dutch passport which the Prince Elector Palatine lately gave to Colonel Mey, who was in England above a year ago. It seems he despairs of getting a regiment after the league shall be renewed between France and his canton of Berne ; for by that passport it appears that he hath accepted the title of captain of that prince's guard, consist- ing of 150 protestant Switzers. Mr. Morland will not fail to English it, and to send it to you shortly ; for I believe he desires no less than myself to bear the title of, Sir, your faithful servant. 56 THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT. [nOV. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 16th Nov., 1656. Sir, — The parliament do mostly intend the re- formation of the law, and the raising of money for prosecuting the Spanish war, which they have heartily declared themselves in. This and the agreement which is between H. H. and them is a great cause of the quiet we have in all the parts of this nation. Nothing of news hath occurred of late worth the writing, which is the reason I refer you to the print. I rest, your affectionate friend and servant, J. Thurloe. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, Nov. 20-30. Sir, — Mr. Morlandhath given me notice that he is recalled, and intends to leave Geneva November 21st ; wherefore (unless something alter his resolu- tion) the letters that I send to him by this ordinary will not find him at Geneva. But I hope he hath taken order that they may be sent after him, and overtake him somewhere in the way. Yesternight, I received another from him, whereby I perceived that he hath taken a sure course for the conveying of my letters to W. H. So that I hope 1650.] THE ABBOT OF ST. GALL. 57 they will come hereafter as certainly to you, as hitherto they have done under his covert. In my last to yourself, I made mention of Colonel Mey and his 150 Switzers for a guard at Heidel- berg. By a letter of his, I have since understood that that prince elector would not have those 1 50 all of one canton, but out of Zurich and Berne fifty a-piece, and from Basil and Schaftliausen twenty-five a-piece. By the way expressed in my last, I have learned that the principal secretary of Zurich had lately been with the Abbot of Saint Gall to speak in the behalf of his protestant subjects of Toggenburg. He there found three of them condemned to the galleys for intermeddling in the late war, but the abbot had commuted their penance into a long im- prisonment at home, which, upon the intercession of the said Zurich deputy, he also remitted. At Arraw, the French ambassador said, that he had only power to renew the league and conclude it according to the old form, nothing altered. The protestant cantons' deputies, especially Zurich, said they had no power to conclude upon those condi- tions, or to recede from the articles which they had delivered to his excellency at the former meeting. Whereupon, for want of full power on each side, the assembly ended ; the ambassador saying, that he would write to the French court, and when he had received an answer thence, he would give them 58 CHANCELLOR OXENSTIERN. [nOV. notice of it, that another day of meeting at Arraw might be then appointed, &c. This delay makes it probable that the league will not be renewed before the end of this year, as I wrote to you three months ago. Nor will the arbitrators say anything more before new-year's day ; now at Arraw they gave notice that their next meeting should be January 6th- 16th, at Olten, a town about seven English miles from Arraw. Some say, they will then give their defini- tive sentence concerning the last year's controversy and civil war ; only time will assure us. In the interim, I remain, Sir, your humble and faithful servant. We have news here, I know not how true, that by the contagion the Swedes have lost their chan- cellor, Oxenstiern, and many other men of great abilities. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Lyons, 23th November, 5th December. Sir, — Yesterday, in the evening, I arrived safe here (I praise God) with all my company and bag- gage. Some ten hours after I had been in my lodging, I received a packet from England, where was a letter for you, which I have sent you here enclosed. Mr. Secretary in his letter to me only 1656.] MORLANP AT LYONS. 59 says, that he hopes now ere long to see me, liaving some weeks since sent me orders ; and in a post- script, that hishighness and the parliament will agree. I intend either this evening or to-morrow morning to set out for Paris, and from thence to London, \Yhere I shall be very joyful to serve you in what- soever lays in my power, and to approve myself, Sir, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MoilLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. November 27th, old style. Sir, — My last week's letter I enclosed in a covert to Mr. Firbanck, hoping that it would come safe to your hands, which way I intend to continue, till a letter from yourself or him do teach me a better address. As soon as Mr. Morland's letters had told me the time of his departure, I wrote to him, demand- ing his advice, &c., but it seems he was gone from Geneva a day before my letter could get thither, though it were sent by the most extraordinary speed that this country affords. In hope that he will be w^ith you before this comes to your hands, I have now adjoined another to him. The Helvetian arbitrators will not meet till January 6th, old style. Nor is it yet known when the French ambassador will call the protcstant can- GO VARIOUS NEWS. [nOV. tons to another assembly for the renewing of the league. What I wrote the last week, concerning the death of the Swedish realms-chancellor Oxenstiern, is now confirmed by letters from Frawenburg. Letters from Venice say, that the King of Spain hath sent vessels westward to command the other Indian fleet to tarry there till further order, or, if they be upon the way, to advise them to land in Biscay. They add, that the pope doth, by Cardinal Bragadin, much press the Venetians to receive the Jesuits again into their city and dominions. Some believe that it will be granted, because of the pope's earnestness, and of the offer which the Jesuits make to pay down a million (of ducats, I think,) toward the war against the Turk. Picolomini, a new nuncio, is upon the way to France. Monseigneur Bagni, who hath been nuncio there these fourteen years, is returning to Rome, where the pestilence increaseth very much, as also it breaks out again in the city of Naples. In Genoa it spreads terribly, so that the fear of it hath put them upon new strains of devotion. The republic hath made a solemn vow to the Virgin Mary to build a church in honour of her immaculate con- ception, and to fast the three vigils of her principal holidays. Cardinal Durazzo, their archbishop, standing upon the steeple of their greatest church, hath blessed the people three several times, shewing 1G5G.] MISFORTUNES OF THE POLES. 01 them the ashes of John the haptist ; and a great multitude of masses have heen sung to appease the wrath of God, as also very rich alms have heen dis- tributed to the same end. From Vienna they write thus : — The Polish ambassadors have been magnificently feasted at court, but have not been answered tliere according to tlieir desire ; so that they speak of departing very shortly, having here heard the unwelcome news, that the Transylvanian army is now marching into Poland. Letters from the city of St. Gall, dated three days ago, assure us that some of their merchants have received tidings of a late battle between the Swedes and the Poles ; where King Casimir stayed till he saw his army so totally defeated, that with great difficulty, and with a small train, he escaped into Dantzig. If this be true, we shall have a confirmation the next week, of which you may then expect a further account from Your humble and faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, December 4th-14th. Sir, — The last post from Geneva brought me a letter signifying Mr. Morland's departure from thence, upon Friday, Nov. 21st. Another letter from the same place speaks thus : — The parliament of Thoulouse endeavours, by all means possible, to hinder the establishment of a new parliament at Nismes, because it will divert a great part of their profits. We have reason to wish the mortifying of those of Thoulouse, being G2 THE ELECTOR OF SAXONY. [dEC. such deadly enemies of the reformed churches ; but we have cause to fear that those of our rehgion at Nismes will be no gainers. They now make the more considerable part of that town, but the popish part will be much strengthened by the accession of so many presidents, councillors, advocates, and proctors, as belong to the composing of such a stand- ing high court of justice, which the French call a parliament. When I last wrote to you, November 27th, I knew that the two hundred were assembled, but I was not then sufficiently informed of the occasion, &c., and therefore I made no mention of it. I have since learned that their burgomaster told them, that a gentleman of Vevay (in the canton of Berne) was newly come hither with letters from the Prince Elector of Saxony, desiring fifty of this canton to be adjoined to as many of Basil for a life-guard in his court ; that this gentleman, being of the said elector's bed-chamber, was to be a captain of that guard, and he intended to make a kinsman of his own ensign-bearer, but he desired to have a lieute- nant named to him by the senate of Zurich. Here- upon that assembly, having read his letters, pass- port, and capitulation (of which I now send copies to Mr. Morland), agreed in the choice of a valiant, proper gentleman, out of one of their most ancient families ; him they named for a lieutenant, and gave him leave to take his fifty men where he 1050.] MONSIEUR DE MAGNY. 03 pleased in their dominion. This business being thus despatched, the next day the said captain of the guard went towards Basil, where it is said, he intends to tarry some time, I think, till these fifty Tigurines be ready to march. In the meantime, he will easily find twenty of Basil to go along with them ; for he saith, he hath already thirty of Basil, that were in livery, service, and pay, before the old elector died. I did not see this captain ; but a friend, that dis- coursed a good while with him, gave me the account, which I have here adjoined in the follow- ing leaf. I am, Sir, your humble servant. Zurich, November 28th, 16.56. — Monsieur de Magny shewed me a great chain of gold, with this elector's counterfeit,* in a medal encompassed with i-ich diamonds. He said, the old elector had left a far greater treasure than his son expected. Of himself and this unexpected business, he spake thus : — «' Persuading myself that my studies and travels had made me fit for some good employment, I resolved to offer my service to the King of Sweden, and to that end, above a year ago, I went to Heildelberg to make known my intention to my cousin Monsieur d'Olivier, whom I knew to be very much esteemed by that prince elector ; by his means I had access to that prince, from whom I received arguments of great favour, and obtained letters of recommendation to the king. ^Vith these I went directly to Dantzie, where I left my letters till I might conveniently deliver them. In the meantime, I would need see Denmark. As I returned towards Dantzie, I fell into the hands of a Polish troop that stripped me ; this made me resolve to return to Leipsic, from whence I might signify to my friends * i. e. portrait. 64 MONSIEUR DE MAGNY. [dEC. in what estate I was. In the way, I met two earls of that country, who had known me well in France ; they advised me to go to the court of Saxony, and finding me unwilling, im- portuned me so long that at the last they got me into their coach, in which they brought me to the court, and presented me to the young prince, now elector, who having discoursed with me, was pleased to say I was fit for his turn, and thei-efore offered me conditions of several sorts ; but I was too much obliged to Heildelberg to accept conditions elsewhere without leave from thence. By letters I obtained it, and then the prince, now elector, gave me a blank to write what conditions I pleased ; from that time I was continually near him, so that I had the opportunity to observe his singular generosity ; his great zeal for the protestant cause ; his favourable inclinations toward the Calvinists ; his aversion from wranglers in matters of religion ; absenting himself from the sermons of those railers that seemed to have no intention to edify their hearers. I waited upon his highness in his progress into Lusatia, where I had an opportu- nity to speak of his guard, being a medley of Lutherans, papists, pagans, &c. ; I said it would be more honourable and safe for his highness to have a guard of our Swisses. He approved the motion, and found the elector, his father, willing to have it pro- secuted presently, especially because there was an appearance that his highness must shortly make a new journey to Prague. Hereupon, thirty men were sent for out of the canton of Basil. The old elector saw them once wait in their liveries, and was much pleased with them, commanding his son to make up an entire guard of the like, which his highness is now about to do, not only out of obedience, but also for his own affection to the protestant cantons. He hath also received particular informa- tion of the good designs of England, and hath a great opinion of them. His highness hath already laid aside one of his coun- cil for grumbling at his admission of (me) a Calvinist into his bed-chamber," 1656.] MORLAND AT PARIS. 65 MR. INIORLAND TO MR. PELL. Paris, 8-18 Dec. 1656. Sir, — The last night, about an hour after my arrival in this city, I received one of yours of the 20th-30th of November, with another enclosed to Mr. Firbank, the which I shall send according to your desire, having already taken off the blank cover. I must beg your pardon for this enclosed from England, which was, by a mistake, sent back from Lyons to me at Paris, and by consequence it will come so much later to your hands ; this was an accident which was occasioned by my journey, which you need not at all fear for the future, I having taken the most punctual order I could pos- sibly for the conveyance of your letters to England, and those of Mr. A. P. to vou : and so soon as ever I get into England, I shall settle the matter in a certain and sure method, and accordingly give you notice thereof. While I am upon the way, it may be there may arrive accidents that I am not aware of. The last post, there came no letters at all from England, either for you or me. Colonel Lockhart is gone from Paris about a fortnight since for England ; but he went aboard at Dieppe but four days since, being forced to stay the remainder of the time for a ship. I hear that he has not taken leave of the king, but only of the cardinal, foras- much as the subject of his return was chiefly to VOL. II. F 66 MORLAND AT PARIS. [dEC. visit his lady, who at present lies in, or at least is very near the time. How true all this discourse is, I know not, save only that he is gone for London ; neither shall I adventure to make any comments. I entreat you to present my humble service to Mr. Ulrich, and assure him, that if I can serve him or his son in anything in England, I shall not be want- ing to the utmost of my pow er. To-morrow morn- ing, I intend (God willing) to set out for Dieppe, and so to make what haste I can to London, whence I shall sometimes take the boldness to write you a word or two to inform you of our affairs in England, and where I shall always be ambitious of having any oj^portunity of giving you a real testimony how much I am, Sir, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MoRLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. December 1 1-2L Sir, — From Lyons, November 25th, old style, Mr. Morland wrote to me, that, a few hours after his coming thither, he had received your letters, dated November 13th ; and in them he had found another from yourself for me, that came to my hands December 6-16. I was very glad to find in it such good parliamentary news, and desire the continuance of the like. 1050.] DEATH OF THE KING OF PORTUGAL. G7 Here, some have told me of a coronation in- tended shortly at Westminster, and an invasion of Flanders the next spring ; to which I only answered, that I find not yet one word to such purpose in any of my letters, either from court or city. The guard for the Saxon court, mentioned in my last, marcheth hence to-day toward Dresden. The French ambassador at Soloturn hath not yet told the protestant cantons when he would have them meet him again, to speak concerning the re- newing of the league. But he hath lately written a letter to a captain (who, perhaps, hath order to give out copies to all that desire them) concerning Al- satia, which, he says, was so annexed, at Munster, to the crown of France, that the cantons ought not to exclude it in the renewing of the league. In the adjoined, to Mr. Morland, I have sent a copy of that letter. The last news from Milan say, that the Duke of Braganza (they mean the King of Portugal) is dead at Lisbon. That a formidable fleet is preparing in Spain to quell the English next summer. That the Jesuits have persuaded the remaining inhabitants of Naples, that the pestilence was stayed there by St. Francis Xavier. That the citizens of Parma do also believe that he hath a peculiar power against that sickness, so that they have newly taken him for their protecting saint. But Mantua makes ex- V 2 68 MURDER OF THE POSTMAN. [dEC. traordinary addresses to the Lady of Loretto for the same end. In the last news from Venice, I find that a Spanish galley, called Saint Lorenzo, is arrived at Genoa ; but being asked what money they brought, they an- swered, that in the way they w^ere forced by a storm to cast overboard, not only all the merchandise in her, but also four great guns, and two hundred chests of reals, and 100,000 crowns, &c. Some hereabout have observed, that the popish cantons continue their journeys to Feld-kirk, in the archduke's county of Tyrol, buying there great quantities of salt and corn, which some take for a token of some hostile design against Zurich, where they were wont to buy. These suspicions were in- creased yesterday by the news that our honest foot- post was found murdered near Mellingen, and all his letters, which he brought from Berne, taken from him, and carried we know not whither. Letters from Nuremberg say, that the Swedes have taken the Dantzickers' fort at the mouth of the Vistula (and thence called Weixel-mund), wherein G. Konigsmarck was kept prisoner. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. 1656.] MURDER OF THE POSTMAN. 69 MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, December 18-28. Sir, — We do not yet hear that the French am- bassador hath named a day for a new meeting of deputies from the protestant cantons. Most men think that he will not call them together till their other great assembly be past, January 6th, old style, in which the arbitrators are to declare their verdict concerning the last year's war. Some say, it will not much meddle with condemning or ap- proving what is past, but will prescribe a way for preventing the like enmity for the time to come. The old foot-post, mentioned in my last, was found with his brains beaten out, as with some club, and all his letters taken away, save only one letter, superscribed both in French and in High Dutch, to M. Tschudi, secretary and interpreter for the French king at Chur, in Rheetia. Perhaps the murderer did not see this letter. But others sus- pect that he left it out of respect to the person to whom it should be sent ; for they think he was hired by some of the French faction to intercept all the letters, that by them it might be found who were the secret enemies to the league. In the meantime, here was a rumour of a great sedition in the city of Berne, and therefore many longed for the coming of their post with his Berne letters. When this senate heard of his death, and saw but that one 70 SEDITION AT BERNE. [dEC. letter, they brake it open, to see whether it made any mention of that sedition, or the causes of it. The letter was written by another Tschudi to his brother, to signify in what danger a third brother was, because many in Berne sought his life. The senators being also divided ; some urging an act of oblivion for all miscarriages in the last year's war ; others saying, that Captain Tschudi, and some other officers, ought to be first called to account. This latter opinion had, by five voices, outvoted the former party. Of other sedition than this, that letter made no mention. But others say, that they have since heard that there was a conspiracy in one night to massacre divers persons ; that their names and the time were determined ; and that the magis- trates of Berne know this, but dare not make in- quiry into it. In the meantime, some of Zurich have apprehended a very poor countryman, whoin they suspect guilty of the murder ; but I do not yet hear any sufficient grounds of their suspicion. The last week's letters from Nuremberg do not confirm their former news, that the Swedes had taken Weixel-mund from the Dantzickers ; but they say, that the Jesuits are busy in making way for the choice of a king of the Romans. From Geneva they write thus : — We have German soldiers passing through this city every day. They come out of the country of Milan. They say, that they did belong to General Enkenfort, but are forced to leave him, because the Spaniards 165G.] ILLNESS OF THE EMPEROR, ETC. 71 gave them not one penny of money. They return into Germany, having refused to serve the Venetians and the French. From Beryamo they write, that so many German soldiers are run away, that there are not above three thousand of them left. But tliey do more hurt in the country than ten times as many well-paid and well-governed soldiers would do. That Spain is about to sell tiie port of Final to the Genuenses. That the pope hath an iiiHammation in one of his legs ; some of his dependents fear it will prove a plague-sore. From Vienna, December 2nd. — Prince Robert is come out of the palatinate hithei", and hath offered his service to the em- peror, who hath over-tired himself with hunting, so that he is very ill since he came hither. The earl whom he sent to Dresden is now coming home to tell his imperial majesty his opinion of the new Elector of Saxony and his council. The Prince of Transylvania is sending some troops towards the borders of Poland. From Venice, December 5-l5th. — Here are two ambassadors come from Muscovy with great pomp. One of them is sixty years old. They shall have audience as soon as they will. We know the Turks and Muscovites are at this time no good friends. From. Casal, December Z-Vitli. — The Duke of !Modena is now at Pignerol. We believe he will go into France. Poland hath ottered the title of generalissimo of that kingdom, and many great advantages, to the Prince of Conde. He will accept their offers, and leave the Spaniards. I am, Sir, your humble and faithful servant. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 18th December, 1656. Sir, — We have very httle news at this time. In parliament, little hath been done for these ten days 72 NAYLOR AND THE ENGLISH SECTARIES. [dEC. last past, most of which time having been spent about James Naylor, a Quaker, who being found guilty of horrid blasphemies, the parliament sentenced him, on Tuesday, to be pilloried, whipped, stigmatized in the forehead, bored through the tongue with a hot iron, and imprisoned till he shall be released by parliament.* We have heard nothing lately from the fleet. Several petitions were this day in parliament against Quakers, Socinians, Arians, Arminians, and Antisabbatarians, and praying they may be punished and suppressed. The petitions are re- ferred to a committee to consider what bill is fit * Some of the sects which arose at this time were becoming very troublesome, and several deluded men had been imprisoned. Naylor seems to have been a madman. He rode about the coun- try, with men and women, singing hosanna ! &c., and was taken into custody at Bristol. The letters found about him, and pi'inted in the Mercurius Politicus,dive as absurd as they are blasphemous. The parliament, however, would have shewn more wisdom, as well as humanity, had they placed the deluded man under such treatment as might have restored him to his right mind, instead of passing so barbarous a sentence upon him. Naylor began his career with the Quakers, and returned, after a time, to so- briety and his old friends. Admiral Montagu, writing to Eng- land from Lisbon, about this time, says, " There is an English ship come in here from Newfoundland. The master hath been on board of us. There is not, they say, one person in the ship, officer or mariner, but are all Quakers. I fear they will meet with affronts from these people ; and I hear they have been in danger already, for not putting oft' their hats to the Portuguese when they have saluted them in the streets." — Thurloc Papers, v. 422. 1656.] DEATH OF THE KING OF PORTUGAL. 73 to be brought in against them. The death of the King of Portugal, I suppose, is well known to you ; the queen is declared regent till the young king be seventeen years of age ; he is now about fourteen years old. We hear no news from the fleet of late. I remain, your most aftectionate friend and servant, J. T. Mr. Morland, with all his company, arrived here this night. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. December 24th, old style. Sir, — December 18th, the senate of Zurich re- ceived a letter from Soloturn, wherein the French ambassador told them, that he had received an an- swer from court concerning the alterations pro- posed by the deputies of the protestant cantons at their last meeting ; and therefore he prayed them to name a day for their next meeting at Arraw, &c. Hereupon, this senate wrote to the burgomaster of Basil (as chairman of the arbitrators), telling him, that, because the arbitrators had appointed to meet about eighteen days after, they desired to know what day he conceived might be so chosen for this assembly at Arraw, that it might be no hindrance to that other at Oltcn, nor be hindered by it. De- cember 21st, they received his answer, which I have not yet seen. But I hear, that he desired that the 74 AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. [dEC. deputies, or rather plenipotentiaries, might meet at Arraw as soon as might he, that they might have two or three days to consult there, before the French ambassador come to them. That so, stay- ing but a little at Arraw, he might go thence to Olten at the time appointed, January 6th. This business of renewing the league with France now seems to draw to a period ; so that ere long we may see the final conclusion of that treaty. But that other, of composing their quarrels at home, may take them up another year. I perceive it is not expected that the arbitrators, at their next meeting at Olten, should publish their sentence concerning those controversies. It is only wished that they may there well agree in the form of it ; and then resolve to give notice to the other can- tons, that they are ready to declare it to their depu- ties in a grand assembly at Baden, as soon as they please to meet there. The same day, December 21st, notice was given in all the churches here, that, December 28th, there should be a collection of money in all the churches of the city of Zurich for those persons which, about fifteen months ago, left their goods, houses, and lands in Switz, and came hither, where they now intend to settle, and to take in hand such employ- ment as they find themselves capable to learn. And, because it is likely that some liberally-minded and well-afFected to this contribution are not well i 165G.J CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE NICODEMITES, 75 stored with ready money, a place was at the same time named, where the senate had appointed over- seers to receive such clothes, houseliold-stuff, corn, &c,, as should be sent in, which might be as useful as money to these poor exiles, who are now going to take houses, and to live in distinct families ; for hitherto they have lived together, full of irresolution what course to take, having been only bred graziers, and ignorant of all trades fit for this place. They were not altogether out of hope, that the protestant cantons might obtain a restitution of some part of their estates confiscated and detained by the canton of Switz ; but now they give over those hopes, as also their thoughts of going into the palatinate; and do resolve to learn some occupations fit for this town. It is generally desired here, that these may now be so helped by supplies and counsel as that they may visibly thrive, and thereby may give encourage- ment to more of those Nicodemites to come hither, forsaking all that they have in the popish cantons, rather than to continue longer there among their kindred, who have devoted themselves to wilful ignorance and irreligious superstition. It is observed, that of the great number of those Italians which, above a hundred years ago, left Lo- carno, and settled in Zurich, for the like cause, here are now divers rich famiUes, so that they have inter- married with the chiefest families of Zurich, though they and theirs were, at their first admission, ex- 76 MURDER OF THE POSTMAN. [dEC. eluded from all hopes of any promotion to places of government, and so they continue. As for the murder mentioned in my last, the suspected man is still in prison, but not yet con- victed. The suspicion still continues, that the old man was killed, not for his money, but merely for his letters, because none of Berne write that they did give him any money to carry ; nor do any of Zurich say, that they expected that he should bring them any, or that they have now lost any money by his death. This makes men so much the more desirous to find out the murderer ; hoping thereby to discover them that hired him to intercept the letters, and to whom he delivered them, &c. From Paris, December 2-12, one wrote thus hither : — " The English resident (for the ambassa- dor is gone) hath received letters, that their frigates have taken three other galleons of Spain, whereof one was fraught with ingots of silver; and they have sunk two." To those that inquire of me whether this be true, I have nothing to answer, but that I have received no English letters of so late a date. I am ashamed to tell every one, that the last English letter that I received is now six weeks old. Three days hence, I hope I shall receive letters from Whitehall, dated December 11th, accompanied with those which, for these three post-days last past, were in vain ex- pected by Sir, your faithful servant.. 1G5G.] PARLIAMENTARY NEWS. 11 SECRETARY TIIURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, January 1-11, 1656-7. Sir, — I have received yours of the 4th of Decern- her, and all the papers whereof it makes mention, which gives me no occasion for enlarging myself at this time. There has lately fallen out some ques- tion between his highness and the parliament, as to the jurisdiction of the parliament as to their judi- cature without the Protector's consent ;* but that business is like to end in love. Yesterday, the house was called ; and upon the call, several mem- bers did appear who had formerly withdrawn them- selves out of some discontent, but now rest satisfied to act with us. For other news, I refer you to the enclosed print, and remain, Your affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thurloe. * This refers to the barbarous decision of the hou.se in the case of poor Naylor. Cromwell's letter on the occasion was as follows : — " Having taken notice of a sentence by you, given against one James Naylor, albeit we do abhor such wicked opinions and practices, we, being interested in the government, desire to know the grounds and reasons how you proceed herein without our consent." — Burton s Diary, i. :246. 78 SWISS NEWS. [JAN. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. January 8-18, 1657. Sir, — About a week ago, the canton of Berne wrote to Zurich, praying them to put off their Arraw meeting till January 15-25, but they scarcely added any reason for that delay ; wherefore the senate of Zurich answered, that it could not be put off. So that January the fifth, in the morning, the Zurich deputies went toward Arraw, in hope to find the deputies of the other protestant cantons there at night. How long the French ambassador will hold them there is uncertain. A private letter from Berne tells me, that there they had a rumour that some forces of the emperor were coming toward Alsatia ; and that others said, a peace, or at least a long truce, would be very shortly concluded between France and Spain. Some think that a major part of the senate of Berne desired to have some assurance of the truth of these reports, before they gave new instructions for their treaty with the French ambassador ; and that therefore they desired to put off that meeting ten days longer. Howsoever, it is commonly said here, that Berne will not consent to include Alsatia in their renewed league with France. I know that SchafFhausen hath received a letter from the late Bishop of Basil's brother, who hath the title of the emperor's resident, admonishing them to look upon 1657.] FRENCH TROOPS FROM ITALY. 79 Alsatia as a piece of Germany, and not yet so fully annexed to the crown of France as some would make them believe, France having not yet per- formed all the conditions requisite, and therefore the house of Austria not having perfectly quitted all pretensions, &c. But I do not hear that Zurich hath received any such letter ; perhaps that resident thinks it unnecessary to dissuade the other cantons, believing them to be backward enough of themselves. From Geneva, December 2dth, old style. — Many unwelcome French guests are newly come to winter among our neighbours of Gex. It is the regiment of the Duke of Mercceur, consist- ing of one-and-twenty companies of foot in pitiful equipage. All tattered ; most without swords. They look as ghastly as if they were newly come out of their graves. They make bold to take all that they can carry, and will, without doubt, be very troublesome to the poor peasants, whom they would constrain to buy clothes for them all, saying, " Many of our fellows are dead by the way, starving for want of clothes." The troops of horse that came out of Italy are quartered in Dauphine, Bresse, and Lyonnois, where they live after the old disorderly fashion. From Rome they write, that the pope is grown pale by his much fasting, and often praying for the removal of the pesti- lence ; and that the senate of Rome was gone in procession to Sancta Maria in Porticu, where there is an image of her, which, they say, fell from heaven, and hath oftentimes hereto- fore delivered Rome from the pest. They have vowed to bestow twenty-five thousand scudi d'oro in the building of a new chapel to her honour. The senate of Milan hath begun this new year with extra- ordinary devotions to the protecting saints and the guarding angel of their city, because of the pestilence and war so near them. 80 VARIOUS NEWS. [jAN. At Venice, January 4th, new style, the pope's nuncio made a proposition in the senate, that the Jesuits might again be re- ceived into the favour of their most serene republic ; adding, that the pope earnestly desired that the Jesuits might be heard speak for themselves. They have privately promised to pay a very great sum of money into the public treasury at their ad- mission. Bolonia and Ferrai'a, and their territories, are now accounted free from all contagious diseases, and therefore are now ad- mitted to trade freely at Venice and Milan, as formerly. In the end of the old year, Behnont, one of the chiefest magistrates of the canton of Switz, fell mad. He says, the devil hath told him he will shortly fetch him away. He often cries out of innocent blood spilt. Many strange circumstances are spoken of; but, till they are confirmed, they are not fit for the pen of Your humble servant. From Zurich, January 1-\1. — By the last ordinary post that went hence to Geneva, our senate sent the French ambassador an answer to the letter which our deputies brought hither from him ; in which they prayed him to give more credit to what their deputies had said, than to the private suggestions of some malcontents. Five days ago, the elder consul complained to the senate that two of the common-council had spoken very dishonourably of him ; they were therefore condemned to prison. But one of them, a captain, left his cloak in the Serjeant's hand, and ran home in cuerpo. From Basil, December dOth, old style. — Four regiments of French horse are already come into Alsatia. Colmar and Strasburg fear some design against them, and have therefore strengthened their garrisons, and are labouring at their fortifi- cations. We have no less cause to suspect the intentions of France against Mulhausen, which the protestant cantons are obliged to maintain against all enemies. 1657.] MORLAND IN ENGLAND. 81 From Chiir, in Rhcetia, December '2^)(h, old style. — Count Al- fonso Casati passed from Milan through this country. lie is going to the Spanish ambassador, Pigneranda ; at whose inter- cession, it is hoped,* that the house of Austria will send now supplies to Milan this next spring, if they can find madmen that will serve in that country, knowing how much the Spaniards have abused all those Germans that were sent thither those two years last past. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, January 8-18, 1656-7, 11 o'clock at night. Sir, — I beseech you be not offended with a person who has, and shall, with all sincerity, serve you to the utmost of his power. I am afraid you begin to have hard thoughts of me by yours of De- cember 18-28, which I received about a quarter of an hour since from Mr. Secretary. I have been so hurried, both upon the way, and also since I came home, that I hardly know what I write. I have not eat one meal of meat in season since my arrival, which was December 18-28. I have taken all the care possible about the letters, and trust that here- after all shall be well. Mr. Secretary has com- manded me to excuse him for not writing to you this week, being exceedingly weary, and full of business. I will assure you he has a singular * The word hojte was at this time commonly used in the sense of to expect. VOL. II. G 82 morland's accounts. [jan. respect for you. I shall not fail to serve your lady, or any that has relation to you, with all my might. I intend, God willing, within a few days, to visit her, and to deliver your children their tokens in your name. Yesterday, I gave the committee for the valleys an account of the state of those affairs in a discourse of an hour long ; and all this day I attended my Lord Protector and the council to give them an account at large in another discourse of all my negotiations ; but they were too busy, and I must do it another day. I have given in my book of accounts, and hope to come off with honour, notwithstanding all Mr. Chamberlain's accusations. Mv lord and the council have much taken to heart the condition of the poor people, and will send them the rest of the money, as I do believe, very speedily. Mr. Sadler (between you and I) is extremely ill, and distempered more than you can well imagine ; you would wonder to hear some discourse which I have heard come from him, which has troubled me exceedingly, as much as if he were my own father : but, silence, I beseech you. I beg of you to be patient with me for the failing of my letters, and the miscarriage of things in this troublesome interval, and I shall redouble my dili- gence for the future, to give you all satisfaction possible. I asked Mr. Secretary's leave to com- municate with you every week, and he most will- 1657.] THE ACT OF DECIMATION. 83 ingly consented, and commanded me to do it ; and you may promise any service that lies in the power of, Sir, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. I am sorry exceedingly for Holts Hall. There is no news here, but only that there is some little difficulties concerning the act of deci- mation.* MR PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. January 15-25, 1657. Sir, — Yours of December 18th, with two en- closed, came to my hands January 10th. I am glad to hear that Mr. M. is arrived. I hope, by his care, your letters will come hither more orderly and more speedily than they did whilst he was on his journey. The senate of Zurich named one of the greater senate or common council to be lieutenant of the prince elector's guard. I hear he hath his fifty Tigurines now ready to march towards Heidelberg. From Berne, one writes thus : — TJie new bailili' of Lentsburg hath order to come to his bailiwick * Tliis was tlic act for a tax on tlic wliolo body ol' the royalists to support the militia, M'liich was warmly defcndod by those who supported the major-generals, but was iinally aban- doned by the government. G 2 84 THE SWISS SOLDIERS. [jAN. within a week, not only to take possession, but also to reside in that castle, because of the fear that we have of troubles in Alsat'a, Sun 15,0 w, &c., which will bring new inconveniences upon the city of Basil. Colonel Mey will be going to Heidelberg with all his family within these few days. The new Bishop of Basil hath a very good report. It is hoped he will be as peaceable a neighbour as his predecessor was. From Chur, in Rhcetia, January 6th, old style. — At the grand assembly of the Grisons at Tavos, Count Casati, the Spanish ambassador, with solemn protestations, pressed them to recall those four companies which serve the French in Italy against Spain. The deputies of the three Rhaetian leagues consented, and sent a letter to the captains of those companies. The messenger that carried it is now at length returned with this account : " When I with one trumpeter came to the gates of Valentia, I was let in, with one corporal and two musqueteers, who brought me to the governor's lodgings. He took my letter, and commanded me to be shut up in a chamber, where I was guarded eight days, so that I could not speak with anybody; meat and drink 1 had enough and good enough, but I lived all the while in great fear of their threatenings to make me pass through the arms, or to hang me for coming to such a garrison to debauch the soldiers. At length, they turned me out of the town without giving me any answer, or letting me see any one of our Grison soldiers." The Spanish ambassador is very angry that he hath thus lost his labour. He hath threatened to stop the yearly pensions which he is wont to pay in Rha^tia. One of those four Grison captains is gone from Valentia to Paris ; where, no doubt, he shall have occasion to speak of this revocation. Captain Peter Plant is returned out of Engadine; he arrived here yestei'day. 1657.] SWISS NEWS. 85 It seems he will serve under Colonel Salis, who (it is said) hath agreed with General Enkenfort to bring him a regiment of cuirassiers. The said colonel went awaj three days ago toward Vienna, for he is to have his patent from the emperor ; but he must be paid with Spanish money by Count Fuentes, who is at Vienna. The last letter that I had from Vienna tells me, that notwithstanding so many soldiers have been there executed for mutiny, yet the rest swear they will not serve the Spaniard, neither in Italy nor in Flanders. From Arraw, January 13-23. — The deputies of the protes- tant cantons, by common agi-eement, framed a draught of a league with France ; and yesterday morning they delivered it to the Fi'ench ambassador, with a resolution not to recede from it. They continue also unanimous in the point of satisfaction for arrears, &c. The protestant arbitrators are yet here ; but they intend to meet the other at Olten to-morrow night. The canton of Switz would not, all this while, seal the In- strumentum Pads, hoping to draw the other popish petty- cantons to the same mind ; but finding them all resolved to the contrary, they are, at last, brought to concur. So that the arbi- trators now received it here, signed and confirmed with the seals of those five cantons. Zug and Switz continue in their ill-will towards Colonel Tsweyer. Wherefore he prayed his own canton of Ury to invite Zug and Switz to send deputies that might be present at a full assembly, wherein he would make his defence against all that could be objected against him. At the day appointed, seeing no deputies sent from the two adversary cantons, they proceeded to give him a hearing ; wherein he gave them so good satisfaction, that they have, with general consent, pro- nounced him guiltless ; and promised him all manner of pro- tection against all men. You shall, at this time, be put to no further trouble by Sir, your humble and faithful servant. 86 DISSENSIONS AT ZURICH. I JAN. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. From Zurich, January 14-24. — The letter which our senate sent last week to the French ambassador at Soloturn was penned with some signs of resentment ; signifying, that we took ourselves to be a free people, and not slaves to France, so as to be awed and over-awed by the imperious commands of a French ambassador, taking upon him to prescribe us what time we should take for the trying of our delinquents ; that none of his predecessors had ever used such language to our ancestors, or to ourselves ; and that we thought it would more conduce to the service of the king, his master, if he returned to such a way of treating with us, as he had used at his first coming into this country. Our senate (having received letters from the other protestant cantons, expressing a desire to meet at ArraAv, there to consider the French letters) hath appointed January 20th, old style, for the day. But we do not yet know what deputies can be sent to Arraw from hence. Our consul and proconsul, who were wont to be sent, are lately so fallen out, that some think they can never be reconciled. The proconsul lays many things to the charge of the consul, of which he must clear himself, or else he will be thought unworthy of his honour and trust. Many endeavour to make them friends, and to send them again together to Arraw, six days hence. A few nights ago, one of the walking watchmen (a bellman) found a sheet of paper, which one of his fellows read to all the rest. It was a bitter libel against the consul, the general, and some few eminent persons of this city ; adding, that if those were not shortly removed from their places by form of law, it should be done by force of arms, sixty already having sworn to shew that consul no more favour than had been shewn to Sir John Woodman* 169 years ago. The proconsul disavows this libel, protesting that he knows not the author ; and if ever he find him out, he will dis- cover him, whosoever he be. * " Ritter Hans Wald-man, burgomaster of Zurich, was beheaded, April 6th, 1489."— Pe//'s note. 1657.] NEW PLOT AGAINST CROMWELL. 87 This week, the senate of Zurich hath received another letter from the King of France concerning the jewels ; wherein he requires them to be delivered, at Paris, into the hands of Colonel Rhon. This Colonel is an old man now in Zurich, not fit for travel, and having no intention ever to see France again. He will think himself hardly used if he be constrained to return into Franco for no other cause but that he may there receive the jewels which he hath now in his hands here. Some Tigu- rines say, it is a letter framed at Soloturn by that cursed am- bassador ; for they cannot believe that the king or cardinal would make so unseasonable a demand, unless that ambassador had suggested it, and advised it. SECRETARY THURLOE TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 15-25 Jan., 1656-7. Sir, — I have received yours of the 4th- 14th December, and have nothing of consequence to trouble you with at present, save only in reference to our seasonable and happy discovery of a late bloody design to murder my Lord Protector. Tlie persons who were to have put it in execution were employed and set on work by the Spaniard and Charles Stuart ; and were indeed men rightly quali- fied for so hellish an enterprise, being exceedingly bloody-minded, resolute, and desperate. Part of this business was, to have fired Whitehall ; and the truth is, it was come to such a maturity and ripe- ness, that the firework was placed in the chapel, and at work, before it came to be discovered, which was on Thursday night last, about eight or nine of 88 PLOT TO MURDER CROMWELL. [jAN. the clock. And (as near as can be guessed) by the length of the matches which were then burning, it was to have taken fire about midnight. The parties who did this are apprehended, and confess very much more.*" For the transactions of the parliament, and such like affairs, I refer you to the enclosed print, and rest, Your affectionate friend and servant, Jo, Thurloe. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, January 15-25th, 1656-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 4-24th December, with the papers enclosed, Italian and High Dutch, and shall communicate the same as soon as possible, as I can, to Mr. Secre- tary. I have said in several of my letters that I received the great packet at Geneva, and now return you my most humble thanks for the same. For Mr. Ulrich's son, I shall serve him in whatever * Some of the chief persons engaged in this conspiracy were violent republicans, but were acting under the direction of the Spaniard, and the English royalists, with whom they had been led to form a league, by their disgust at the present govern- ment of England. A chief instrument was one Miles Sinder- combe, who was taken, tried, and condemned, for high treason. Many references to this occurrence may be seen in Thurloe, Burton's Diary, and the newspapers of the time. 1G57.] LOCKHART KNIGHTED. 89 lays in my power. The truth is, as yet, before my business is over, I cannot do what I would. My book of accounts for the monies remitted, where you are also mentioned, has been put to be exa- mined, and found just and right, and my way of remitting better much than Major Chamberlain's, who, as the committee now confess, made too hard a bargain with them, and they say, he was not so cha- ritable to the poor as he pretends. I am yet to give my accounts at large in a discourse before my Lord Protector and the council. Sir William Lockhart, who was knighted before his departure, set out for France about a week since in quality of his high- ness's ambassador ; what his instructions are, I know not ; but hope he will press the affairs of Piedmont Avith life. Mr. Secretary has written you the story of the late plot to murder his highness, and I need not repeat it. There is nothing else of consequence. I thought really to have waited on your lady this day, but was necessarily hindered by a multitude of business ; to- morrow, God willing, I shall not fail to go and pre- sent your five children with five gold angels accord- ing to your order, as I have this evening sent her ladyship a note, though it were after I received the enclosed from her to you. I also sent her word that I had minded Mr. Secretary twice or thrice about the 250/. sterling, which she recommended to my care ; and M, S. told me, he would do it as soon as 90 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [jAN. possible he could. In all things of that nature, I shall not fail to do you the best service I can. I entreat you to send your letters to me distinctly, for I do not receive them always in time. If you please, you may enclose Mr. Secretary's in a cover to me hereafter, and so send them, and when they come to Paris, I have taken punctual order for their safe and speedy conveyance to me ; if you please, you need not put them in a cover to Mr. Firbanck, as I before mentioned ; you may also enclose the letter to your lady, and I hope you shall not fear the miscarriage of them. I humbly beg pardon for this scratching, and rest, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. January 22, old style. Sir, — The last post brought me yours of January 1-1 1th, with a print. January l7-27th, the Zurich deputies came home from Arraw, where they, with the deputies of the other protestant cantons and their allies, had met about the renewing of their league with France, with an intention to come to a conclusion ; but they are now parted without it, and without speaking of a day for a new meeting. The French ambassador said, Zurich had marred all the treaty, and yet he found the other cantons 1G57.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 91 of the same mind with Zurich ; for excepting Alsatia ; for choosing their own colonels and cap- tains ; and in all other material differences between the old league and the new draught. The protestant part of the canton of Claris had given their depu- ties such large instructions that they seemed ready to relinquish the other protestant cantons, and to promise for themselves alone according to such conditions as the ambassador required. But, when he told them that he desired a league, not only defensive, but also offensive, they were offended ; and became as averse from further treating with him as any of the rest could be. It is believed that all the deputies of all the cantons, when they went towards Arraw, did hope that they should make a full end of this treaty before they came back. The French ambassador seemed to think no less. Many colonels and captains were there seek- ing employment, and waiting to step in for the first promise, as soon as they could know whence it was to be had, from the ambassador as formerly, or from the respective cantons, according to the new draught. But their hope suddenly vanished ; and those officers now please themselves with laughing at one another. The protestant cantons wish that the king were truly informed of their offers, for they fear that his ambassador will send no true report of this treaty ; but they have not now any 92 SWISS NEWS. [jAN. public minister at the French court ; and therefore they have begun to think of writing to the Marshal de Turenne, praying him to represent the whole business, &c. If Sir William Lockhart were now at that court, they would crave the like favour of him, especially if they were encouraged by your faithful servant. From Venice, January YO-'iOih.. — Yesterday, the Jesuits were re-established here. To-day, the Moscovitish ambassador is to enter this city. From Vienna, January 7-1 7th. — Some write that the Tran- sylvanian prince Ragotzi is fallen into Polonia, with the consent of the Turks ; and that the Swedes have surrendered Cracow into his hands. Moravia is afraid he will come thither also. From Zurich, January 2 1 -3 1st. — Deputies from the protestant cantons should have met yesterday at Arraw ; but, by letters from Zurich to the rest, that assembly was put off till another time not yet named. It is said, that letters from Berne to the senate of Zurich desired that it might be deferred, some new disorders beginning in Berne and disturbing their councils, otherwise Berne seemed readier to meet than Zurich. For the enmity continues between the consul and the proconsul, who were wont to be sent as deputies from Zurich to all such assemblies of the cantons, nor doth there yet appear any sure sign of unfeigned reconciliation. Till the affairs of each canton be well settled at home, they will be unfit to think of any in- structions for deputies to be sent to Arraw, where it was intended that they should consult concerning the letters lately sent from the court of France, and also should draw up a form of nearer union among themselves, having in their late war found great inconveniences for want of it ; and being taught by their neighbours (the popish cantons), who have within these three years made a new and strict union, and are likely to observe it more strictly than any league the protestant can- 1G.57.] FRANCE AND THE AUSTRIANS, 93 tons will make. Somo think tiierc is a design to separate Zurich iVo'u the rest, because it was written out of France very lately, that the cardinal told the Basil deputy that the king would not trouble iiimself any longer with thoughts con- cerning a league with Zurich, hoynng to come quickly to a conclusion wirh the rest of the protestant cantons, by leaving out Zurich, which never was in league witli France till January IG14, (or 1G13, as the English reckon.) The same letters from Paris tell us, that the prince elector of Heildelberg hath promised that he will receive a French garri- son into Tranhendal ; and the King of France hath promised to piit Brisac into that elector's hands, with the government of Alsatia, and sufficient supplies of money, arms, &c., to keep it. If this prove true, Basil will hope for good neighbourhood from those that shall govern Alsatia under him. But other letters from Paris of the same date say, that the French court begins to despair of keej)ing the Austrians from the imperial dignity ; and that their councils tend only to stand upon their defence in Alsatia ; to which end eighteen thousand men shall be there kept in pay all the next summer. Yet some that pre- tend to know more, write that the French king will enter into a league which many German princes are forming against the house of Austria, obliging themselves to maintain an array of twenty thousand always complete, of which army the Prince Elector of Ileildelberg shall be generalissimo, the Marshal de Clarembaut shall be general, and the Count of Grand I're shall be lieutenant- general. Another writes, that the French ambassadors at Frankford have newly received order to tell the elector of Mentz that a French army will fall into his country as soon as he forsakes the French interest, and falls to the Austrian party. We hear that Don .John shall be recalled out of Flanders, and shall command the Spanish army in Portugal, and that our neighbour (the younger brother of the archduke, who resides at Insbrug) shall be governor of Flanders. Some add, that he shall marry the Spanish infanta and have those Netherlands settled upon her and her chililren, wiiich is more likely than that they will marry her to the Frencii king, for if their late born prince die before he have children, the crowns of Spain 94 sindercombe's conspiracy. [jan. would all become accessaries to the crown of France, which the privy council of Spain will hinder with the best of their under- standing ; and to that end will endeavour to procure the imperial crown for the King of Hungarj' and Bohemia, and then give him their infanta for a consort. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 21st Jan. 1657, old style. Right Honourable, — The packet marked A. has been detained from me at least three weeks by the gross negUgence of my servant, who never brought it me, nor should I ever have known of it but by accident. One of the other, I think, was not sent by the last post, by reason that I was em- ployed so close by Mr. Secretary that my man could not come at me to give it me ; the other two I received this day. The parliament met yester- day ; there is nothing done as yet considerable ; what there is, I suppose you have in the enclosed news books. The cavaliers had fain designed an effusion of blood, but blessed be God that their design is in part prevented by a surprisal of a good part of them, as they were hatching mischief ; and by making good provision against the rest.* Mr. Secretary has been very ill this three weeks ; he has * This reference is to Sindercombe's conspiracy. — Burton s Diary, I. 368. 1657.] THE DECIMATION. 95 besides lost two of his youngest children within these eight days. We have no French letters this week. I rest, in haste, Your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. I have received all yours every w^eek but this, (I know not what occasions the stoppage of the French letters ;) yours of the 24th December was the last received. SECRETARY THURLOE TO :\IR. PELL. Whitehall, January 22, 1556-7. Sir, — I have received yours of the 24th and 31st of December ; but have neither time, nor indeed matter, of further enlargement at present ; we being very barren of all sorts of news. The parliament have spent this whole week in debates concerning the decimation, and to-morrow they have appointed for the further consideration and decision of the question.* For all other news I refer you to the enclosed print, and rest. Your affectionate friend and servant, Jo. Thurloe. * The proposed measure required the payment of one-tenth from the annual income of every known royalist toward defray- ing the extraordinary expenses said to have been imposed ou the government by tlie restless disatfection of that jiarty. 96 MORLAND IN LONDON. [jAN. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 22nd Jan., 1st Feb., 1656-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 24th and the 31st of December, both together, from Mr. Secretarv, this afternoon, and am ex- tremely troubled at the slow pace of our letters, especially having done all in me to prevent the same ; I am afraid the bad weather may be some cause. I will write again, and hope for all this to procure a remedy. I humb]y thank you for the enclosed papers, the which shall be translated and given to Mr. Secretary. Yours to Mr. Hartlib the elder I sent the same hour, but I believe too late for him to send you an answer, I have sent the enclosed one from your lady, another from Mr. Se- cretary Thurloe, another from Mr. Hartlib the elder. The last week, I performed the commands as to your presents you ordered to your five children, but had not an opportunity of staying so long as I could have desired, or expressing to the full my affection to serve your lady, or any that relate to your honour : I hope, ere long, to have one. In the meantime, I am most ready to perform any service that lies in my power. I en- treat you to direct your letters to me for the future, for if they be directed to Mr. Secretary, and put in a cover, it may be well two or three days many times ere I receive them. If you put them in a IGT)?.] THE NICODEMITISII WOMEN. 97 cover to me, he shall quickly receive his, and so your lady hers, and Mr. Hartlib his ; when they come to Paris, I have taken order with my merchant there for the conveyance of them hither. The last night, the final sentence was given upon my accounts of the remitted moneys, as well for what you had a hand in, as the other ; and it was this (which is to be represented by the committee for the valleys to his highness and the council at the next meeting) : — That the whole was managed with all possible faithfulness and prudence, and to the great advantage of the poor people ; and that the way I chose of remitting was far before that of Major Chamberlain ; and that Major Chamberlain should never touch more of those moneys. They have also designed to order me to make over imme- diately (as I think the next week) two thousand pounds sterling more for their present relief. I believe they will also give me a thousand pounds towards the printing of my history.* My humble service to Mr. Ulrich. I have pre- sented his paper of the Nicodemitish women. We have no women prisoners of the Spaniards ; but his highness, I believe, will try to exchange them for men ; wherefore it will be requisite that Mr. Ulrich send me the exact number, and their names, and * 'TM This history was printed with a miinbor of engravings, in the manner of the " Book of Martyrs." Some of them otienil against decency as much as against humanity. VOL. II. H 98 THE MAJOR-GENERALS. [jAN. then I shall do what in me lies to answer his desire ; and also when I have an opportunity to serve his son here, which I have not yet, I will assure you and him. I beseech your honour pardon my scratching, and believe that I am, right honour- able, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. Mr. Secretary is still examining prisoners about the last plot, and could not possibly write more largely to you at present. Here is really nothing of news. I know not what will become of the busi- ness of the major-generals :* you know the business, I presume. When it is decided, I shall give you information of the whole. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, January 27th (old style), Thui'sday night, 9 of the clock. Right Honourable, — I have been employed in Mr. Secretary's business all this evening, and so been hindered almost from telling you that I have received yours of January 7-17, with the enclosed to Mr. Secretary and Mr. Hartlib, which were de- livered so soon as I received them, which was about half an hour since. The parliament have done no- * The act of decimation. 1G57.] THE NEW HOUSE OF LORDS. 99 thing as yet, save only they have somewhat disai^reed ahout having and owning the House of Lords ; hut it is hoped that will he hlown over. Mr. Secretary has heen ill this month, and this is the first time of his coming ahroad. Time calls me short, and suffers me to say no more, hut that 1 am, right honourahle, your honour's most humble and faith- ful servant, S. Morland. The royalists are high, and threaten sudden ac- tion ; but I hope, an evil foreseen may be an evil prevented. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. January 29th, old style. Sir, — This place hardly affords any news this week. The last week, fifty went from Zurich to- ward Heidelberg, to make up that elector's guard. In the protestant cantons, many seem much dis- pleased that nothing is yet concluded in their two great businesses of restoring quiet at home, and re- newing their league with France. It is said, the arbitrators, the next time that they meet, will openly declare how near they are come to an agreement. The common people murmur, and seem to fear a new civil war. To increase their discontent, the last letters from Nuremberg speak confidently that the imperial troops, which are now in Bohemia, H 2 100 THE PLAGUE IN ITALY. [jAN. shall shortly come into Alsatia ; from whom the Switzers can expect no good neighbourhood. From p^enice, January 17-27. — Here we have no pest, but a very great number sick of the pleurisy. Our duke keeps his bed because of the gout. This hinders the Moscovitish am- bassador's audience. The pope's nuncio hath given thanks to the senate for receiving the Jesuits again into their dominions. They are admitted upon certain conditions, whereof the nuncio hath a copy ; but they are not yet commonly known. It is said, that four of the most considerable men of that society will shortly be sent to this senate to lay a foundation for others, which will soon follow. Some say the plague increaseth again in Rome. From Rome, January 10-20. — Haifa million is taken out of the treasury in the castle of St. Angelo, because of the extra- ordinary necessities. The common people know not which way to turn them : all comjilain of want of money. Fifty have been lately sent to the galleys for robbing of houses during the great contagion. From Milan, January 21-31. — At Naples, they are all freed from the pestilence by the intercession, as they say, of Beato Gaetano, the founder of the order of Theatines. Wherefore, as they made public and solemn vows to him in the time of the contagion, so now they begin to express their thankfulness. Those whom they call the elects of the city have gone in pro- cession with the twenty-nine companies, each of them bearing a standard, whereon were painted the graces of that holy man, and these words : — Ob urbem liheratam d peste, anno 1657. They will also set up his statue in brass. The last week's post brought no English letters to, Sir, your faithful servant. Hitherto, many have thought the popish cantons did but feign a disagreement ; but now Switz proceeds violently against Colonel Tsweyer, of Uri. They have proclaimed him to be a traitor and heretic ; banished from their territories, and pro- 1G57.] COLONEL TSWEYER. 101 scribctl, with a reward of two hundred dueats to him that brings Tsweyer's head. The eanton of Uri hath written to all the uninterested cantons complaining of this violence, and ap- pealing to the Jus Ilclveticum. It is said, the canton of Un- dcrwald holds with Uri. What Lucerne and Zug will do is yet unknown. This division may be useful to some of their neigh- bours. Merc many wonder that Tsweyer is counted a heretic. But some remember, that about three years ago he passed through this town, and desired to speak with our burgomaster, Waser, who prayed him to come in, telling him that the English resi- dent was there, whom lie might see. " No," said Monsieur Tsweyer, " I dare not s])eak with him. INIy enemies begin to say I am a heretic. Curiosity must not persuade me unneces- sarily to give advantages to them, who make it their business perversely to interpret all that I do or say." It was commonly reported at Berne, that one of our Zurich burgomasters was imprisoned. But to-day their deputies at Arraw will see him there, with those two who were said to be his greatest enemies, the chief secretary of state, and his elder brother, a proconsul. They are reconciled, and rode away to- gether yesterday from hence toward Arraw, having no other instructions than those which they had the last time that they were there together ; and, therefore, we cannot see how the French ambassador will now advance his design for renewing the league, unless it be true which some whisper, that Cardinal Mazarin liath sent him order to yield in some particulars, rather than defer the treaty any longer. Out of Germany they write hither, that the French have de- nounced war against the Elector of Mentz ; intending to turn their greatest forces upon him, leaving Flanders to tlie English. Some say the court of \'ieiina hath amused the Saxon elector with a motion of giving his duugliter in marriage to the King of Bohemia. She is now almost fourteen years old. But other circumstances make us less apt to believe that report. 102 THE MAJOR-GENERALS. [jAN. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, January 29th, 1656, [-7.] Thursdaj^ 10 at night. Right Honourable, — Just now I received yours of January 8-18 from Mr. Secretary. I hope for the time to come you will be pleased to put all under my cover. M. Pictet was very much mis- taken, for General Montagu is still at his house at Hinchingbroke ; neither do I hear at all of his return to sea as yet. I have not missed you a week for this long time, and shall not for the time to come, save only, it may be, the next week, at which time I think to go into the country to visit my friends. However, I desire you not at all to change your letters. I have taken punctual order about the letters, and my intimate to open the packet in my absence, and to give Mr. Secretary his, your lady hers, and to send me mine, for I go not far, and shall not stay long. Here is very little news stir- ring here, save only that the major-generals are voted down by the parliament.* I believe Mr. Se- cretary, who is now with my Lord Protector, will not write to you this night, and therefore I have sent you the enclosed news-book. The last night, it was publicly voted in the coun- cil, that all my negotiations, during my abode be- * These were the local collectons of the decimation tax, re- ferred to in a preceding page. 1G57.] morland's accounts. 103 yond sea, was managed with all faithfulness, and to their full satisfaction ; in particular, that my book of accounts is exact, perfect, and satisfactory. I shall send you, in the next letter, the copies of these and several other orders. I bless God I am come off with honour. I shall procure also, if pos- sible, a particular order for your particular dis- charge, or, at least, a copy of a general inclusive one, which may include all your negotiations as to the collected moneys. They have ordered me, like- wise, to send away this night orders for to remit two thousand pounds sterling to the valleys to supply their present wants. I am forced to say no more than that I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. From Zurich, February 11th. — A week ago, the Venetian resident here gave notice to this senate, that the republic of W'nice desired tlie cantons of Zurich and Berne to send them six companies of foot, each of them consisting of two hundred soldiers, to be emj)loyed only in Italy or Dalmatia. The deputies now assembled at Arraw conceived it fit, that the i)rotestant cantons should write to the King of France and to Carilinal Mazarin ; anil to tliat end, they there penned two letters, and sent copies of them to their principals, without whose approbation they might not be sent to France. The two hundred, or common-council, of Zurich have approved the substance of the letters ; but they dislike some passages, which 104 SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. [fEB. seem to express too great submission. They have therefore re- quired their deputies to abstain from such excessive compli- ments, and to resume the forms of Switzerland. As for tlie alliance with France, the deputies of Zurich are commanded to make no alteration in the articles which they delivered to the French ambassador in August last. They have also admonished their deputies, now at Arraw, to consider with the deputies of the other cantons what answer is to be made to the ambassador's pretences that we have violated the perpetual peace of 1516, and what is to be done on our part to move France to confirm that perpetual peace, so that it may be observed when we are not in league with France. At the same assembly of the two hundred, there was also read the contra-manifest of the canton of Uri against the can- ton of Switz, in the controversy concerning Tsweyer ; but they came not to any resolution concerning it or the Venetian pro- position. Many here are of an opinion that we should do very ill to send out many soldiers at such a time as this. Others say, we may, without any inconvenience, send the Venetians four hundred men, it being likely that Berne will send the other eight hundred, especially seeing it is their turn to name the colonel of the whole regiment. SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Paris, February 2nd, 1656-7, styl. nov. Right Honourable, — The advantage I received from the good correspondence I had Vvith you before I left Paris hath encouraged me to desire the con- tinuance of the same, and in the lieu of the trouble I shall hereby give you, I promise to acknowledge my obligations unto you by diligence in comnmni- catin": unto vou the news of this court. And if 1657.] GENERAL xMOiNTAGU. 105 there be anything else which may balance accounts between us, or make me capable of doing you fur- ther service, be pleased to be assured that my faith- ful endeavours shall not be wanting to witness that I am cordially, right honourable, your humble and most aftectionate servant, Will. Lock hart. My letters from England mentioned a discovery of two great i)lots against his highness, but the par- ticulars are not yet come to my hands ; when they are, I shall send them to you. I entreat you (for the safer and speedier conveyance of my letters to Zurich) to send me the way of your address. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, February 12-22, 1656-7. Right Honourable, — On Monday last, I re- ceived at the same time yours of January 15-25, and that of January 22 (February 1), with all the papers of Italian news enclosed, and other letters, which I have safely delivered. I return your honour my humble thanks for the intelligence, but have not so much to return vou back, as a recom- pence, from this place. General Montagu, who has now been in London about a week, commanded me yesterday to present you with his humble and 106 sindercombe's plot. [feb. affectionate service, after he had much inquired of me concerning you and of your health, and returns you thanks for the mathematical papers you formerly sent him ; but he complains that he can- not answer the problem about the hand-breadth. I have given the best order that I am able concern- ing the letters, and trust that there will be none stick so by the way as to be lost. Here, of late, all our post letters have been extremely retarded by foul weather at sea, or, at least, very cross winds. I believe Mr. Adrian Peters will hardly write this night, being so extraordinarily taken up with the affair of the last plot, which I believe was laid very deep, and persons of quality the chief contrivers of it. The man* who should have killed my Lord Protector is condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered ; this was appointed for the day of execution, but it is deferred, hoping that he may confess something considerable. There is no other news that I can think of at present worth the communicating, besides what is in the enclosed news-book. I remain, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. * Sindercombe. 1657."] sindercomee's plot. 107 MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. February 12-22, 1657. Sir, — The last post brought me, at once, two letters from you. The latter, of January 22, was very short ; but the former, dated January 15, gave me a large account of the happy discovery of that horrid design, discovered the week before, in Whitehall chapel. I made an extract of all, and sent copies of it to some of the chiefest here and at Berne, deferring all further circumstances till I should receive a copy of that narrative, which the committee was preparing. In the meantime, my extract is here printed in the language of the coun- try, and published to-day, that all may read it, and so much the better understand the preachers of Zurich and Berne, when, to-morrow, in their [ordi- nary] sermons, they shall make mention of that great mercy, and shall tell their hearers that, at the same time, in so many thousands of English con- gregations, thanks are given to the great and never- slumbering Protector of his people, &c. As for the French league here, it is at a stand, neither part making any mention of a new meeting. Four days ago, the senate here called upon the committee of secret counsels for an account of the business of Olten, where the arbitrators have met so often about their civil war. After the senate had heard the account, tlicy found reason to ap- 108 DISSENSIONS IN SWITZERLAND. [fEB. point tlieir committee for war to meet. They met the next day. What their resolution was is un- known ; but it is guessed that this canton must again be put into a posture of war shortly. The papists brag that they will make Zurich refund all the costs of the late war ; and the subjects of Zurich say, they will rather fight it out to the last man. From Berne, February 9-19 About eight or ten days ago, between the mountain Gothard and the lake of Thun, oar people felt sixteen or seventeen shakes of the earth ; and not only they, but many others also among us, say, that such earth- quakes are signs of greater calamities. Yesterday, the lords of Berne caused again to be published, in all the churches of their dominions, a very strict prohibition, that no subject of theirs do enter into any military service of any confederate state or prince whatsoever. They fear we shall shortly be constrained to make use of all our fighting-men for our own defence. Here men commonly say, that if the arbitrators cannot agree in the question concerning the charges of the late war, so that we must needs choose a super arbiter, then we of Berne shall name either the new Bishop of Basil or else the governor of the county of New-Castle (Newenburg), who hath carried him- self very fairly towards the four towns of our religion in that country. But yet we pray God to keep us from needing any popish super-arbiter in such a controversy. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. IGT)?.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 100 MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. February lOtli, old stylo. Sir, — Three or four days ago, some here received letters from Soloturn, wherein the French ambassa- dor gave notice that he had received letters from the court ; whereupon it was believed that he would, as formerly, write hither for a new meeting at Arraw. But a little after, his secretary came hither, and is yet in the town. It is likely that he has come to prepare all things, that at the next meeting his lord may be more certain of a desired conclusion of the treaty. And yet, perhaps, that is farther off than he is aware of. Yesterday, I read a copy of a decree of the canton of Uri, dated April 1 1th, 1655 ; wherein they seem to express an irrevocable resolution to renew the league upon no other terms than those that were agreed upon with King Henry the Fourth, in the year 1602 ; adding, that they will not furnish France with soldiers to offend their other neighbours, or to maintain any late encroachments, but merely to defend those dominions in their more ancient bounds ; and that no captain shall go out of their country, without solenm promise by his corporal oath (they are their words), that he will not serve the French king otherwise. It is likely that this is the sense of the other popish cantons, esi)ccially those five old ones which ordinarilv run all one wav. The 110 AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. [mARCH, house of Austria hath always some among them to solicit and admonish upon all occasions. The protestant cantons are also unwilling to promise France any assistance for Flanders, Cata- lonia, or Milan, but especially for Alsatia ; saying, that it is too palpably against the house of Austria, and inconsistent with their ancient Austrian leagues, &c. But, for want of a good understanding between the protestant and popish cantons, no man in Zurich knew this resolution of Uri ; but believed the French ambassador's emissaries, that all was concluded between him and all the popish cantons. But now they see it was not true then, and, for aught we know, it remains yet undone. As for the other business of composing their quarrels at home, it is said, that shortly the arbi- trators will send copies of their awards to all the cantons. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. Zurich, March 1st, new style. Right Honourable, — Letters from Whitehall come to my hands here ordinarily sixteen days after their date ; but yours from Paris have not found so short a way since Mr. Morland left Geneva. Yours of December 1st was fifty days 1G57.] SIR WILLIAM LOCKIIART. Ill upon the way liithcr, but yours of February 2ncl was but twenty-two days old when I received it. Mr. Morland writes, that for the conveyance of letters between Westminster and Zurich he hath taken order with Mr. Jaques Tronchin (a banker of Geneva), and his correspondents in France. I therefore believe, that your letters will safely and speedily find the way hither, if they be directed to the said Tronchin ; as you did, when Morland lodged in his house. For aught I know, there is no change made in the addresses at Paris or Lyons, so that a more particular direction is needless. Be pleased to send me an answer to this as soon as may be, that thereby I may know whether that way be so safe and speedy as we desire, or whether we must seek other intermedial hands more careful and diligent ; that we may, without fear of mis- carriage, maintain such a correspondency as the nature of our employments require th. Wherein I hope to give sufficient proofs that I am, right honourable, your most faithful and humble servant. J. P. Of the plots mentioned in yours, the parliament intended to publish a narrative ; whereof I hope to receive a printed copy from Mr. Secretary by the next post.* * This narrative was published, see Burton's Diary, I., 368. 112 DEATH OF SINDERCOMBE. [mARCII, MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, Feb. 19, March ], 1656-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of 29th January, old style, together with the Italian papers (for the which I return you my most humble thanks), and a packet for Mr. Ulrich, which I have delivered him. All the news we have at Whitehall is, that all the parliament dine here to-morrow, being invited by his highness. General Montagu has com- manded me to present you with his kind respects and humble service. I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant. He* that should have been hanged, drawn, and quartered, for his murderous design of killing his highness, poisoned himself the night before his execution. My humble service, I entreat your honour, to Mr. Ulrich. Employments are not so common or easy to get for strangers as 1 fear he imagines. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. February 26, 1657. Sir, — The secretary mentioned in my last came to me a few hours before he left this city, and * Miles Sindercombe. 1657.] THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR. 113 brought me a short letter of mere compliment from the French ambassador, which seemed written only to give hiin occasion to come and see me, lest others should blame him for staying three or four days in the toAvn, and taking no notice of me. He came but a little before the post went away, when my despatches would not give me leave to cast away much time in ceremony with him who had no serious business with me. For it was not likely that he would tell me any secrets of the French court concerning the alliance with these cantons, whose minds he believed that I knew better than himself. I have not yet heard how much he hath pre- vailed upon this city by coming hither. But I know that, February 22nd, an express brought letters to this senate from the senate of Berne, sig- nifying that the French ambassador had sent a secretary to them, who proposed nothing new ; that they would not treat with that secretary, but prayed Zurich to call another meeting of the pro- testant cantons as soon as may be, that they may agree upon a message to the King of France, and may choose a man to carry it ; for they would not willingly have anything more to do with this am- bassador. I have not yet learned what the senate of Zurich answered. The arbitrators have not yet given any copies of their award ; but by their discourse it appeareth VOL. II. 1 114 DISSENSIONS IN SWITZERLAND. [mARCH, that they cannot agree in one sentence ; the pro- testant arbitrators condemning the popish cantons to repay Zurich and Berne the expenses of the war ; and the popish arbitrators pronouncing as favourably for Switz and their adherents. They also disagree in the other great controversy, con- cerning the grievances of the common prefectures. The protestants will decree such an explication as was desired by Zurich ; but the popish arbitrators will leave the treaties of religion as they were before the war ; which indeed are sufficient, if the papists will sincerely observe them ; but without a particular explication of them, Zurich cannot hope to be free from continual disputes. Many are troubled to hear of this disagreement of the arbitrators. The five popish cantons (L. U. S. V. Z.) are afraid of a new storm out of Zurich and Berne ; and therefore dare not yet accept of the fair offer from the city of Milan, which desires a regiment or two of popish Switzers, under officers of the cantons' choosing. The city will undertake to see them constantly paid ; so that they shall be at far greater certainty than if they depended upon Spanish payment. From Vevay, in the dominion of Berne, a captain wrote hither, February 17-27th, thus : — " Here we have a bruit, that Zurich will have another bout with the petty cantons. I pray you, let me have news with the first, for I like their cause so well that I shall willingly sacrifice my life before Rapperswill. 1657.] AUSTRIAN NEWS. 115 From C'hur,in Rhcptia, Febriiarij 17-27/A. — The Count Casati liath deniandod a pass for six thousand foot, and time thou- sand horse, now ready to march from the emperor iutu Italy. Tlie heads of the country have not yet given him an answer, but they have written to the next communities, that it is fit that two deputies be sent from each of the three leagues of Ixha'tia to meet in this town the next Thursday to consider what answer is to be given to the Spanish ambassador, &c. As for tlie tiiree persons sent to the inquisition of Milan by those of Switz, I shall make enquiry after them as you desire. Though, when one falls once into the hands of those inquisi- tors, we make no more reckoning to hear of him again, than of one that was never born. From Lindaw, in Sucvia, February 2\st, old style. — The emperor hath named his young son, Ferdinando Aloysio Josepho. The court feasts were much troubled by the coming of an express from Constantinople, sent from the emperor's resident there, who wrote that the grand-signor made exceed- ing great preparations for war, and had resolved to force his way through Frioul, into Dalmatia, against the Venetians. This intelligence was also confirmed from the borders ; where- upon they all went to council, and the young king of Hungary was called to sit with them the first time, February ll-2Lst. The Spaniards fear that this will wholly divert the promised assis- tance for Italy and Flanders. The emperor hath given out patents for ten new regiments. From Zurich, Frbruary 26th, old style. — The last letters from Lyons tell us, that there, by the king's order, it is declared that the merchants of Zurich, Glaris, Basil, Schaft'hausen, and Appcnzel, shall no longer enjoy in France any of the immuni- ties and privileges which heretofore were granted them, in con- sideration of tlie perpetual peace, or later leagues ; and that at Lyons, a great number of bales of merchandize are aU'eady stopped. It is observed, that Glaris and Appenzel are named, though they have no merchants, l)ut Berne is not named ; which some take for a sign, that this prohibition was principally aimed at Zurich. Others say, the king can reach Zurich no 1 2 116 ALDERMAN pack's PROPOSAL. [mARCH, otlier way ; but France borders upon part of the dominions of Berne ; he can tread upon their toes when he lists. I have received and answered two letters from Sir William Lockhart since his return into France. The last post brought me nothing from Whitehall. But another way, I received a printed copy of the declaration for a day of public thanksgiving, Fe- bruary 20th, &c. It is now printed in the language of this country, and published to-day. I am, Sir, your humble servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 2Gtli Feb., 7th March, 1656-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of February 5- 15th, with all the enclosed, especially that to M. A, P., which I have delivered, as likewise that to Mr. Hartlib. As for the calculation of the letters of the 8- 18th January, truly, I never missed one as I know of since my coming home of writing to you at the due time ; if contrary winds or other ac- cidents have hindered their arrival, I cannot possibly help it ; never a man could have taken greater care. If I can, I shall write to your honour every week. I desired leave of my own accord of Mr. Secretary to do it, to the end that I might have an occasion of serving you faithfully ; and if my other occasion will possibly permit me, I shall not fail. These 1657.] ALDERMAN PACK'S PROPOSAL. 117 two or three last days in parliament have been spent in a debate concerning the changinj^ of the title of protector to that of king, and so establishing the nation according to the ancient laws ; this has been only proposed as yet ; what w ill be the issue, time will shew. There is no news besides this con- siderable. The business of the major-generals is not yet ended. To-morrow, there is a fast in parlia- ment for a blessing upon their debates and coun- cils. Mr. Secretary, I fear, will hardly write this night to you. I am not very well at present, and can say no more than that I am, in much sincerity, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant. I have sent you the printed news-book. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. 5-15 March, 1657. Sir, — Four days ago, an express came hither from Lucerne, sent in the name of those five popish can- tons (L. V. S. U. Z.), whose deputies were then assembled there. He brought a letter to the senate of Zurich, (saying, that another of the same tenour was sent to Berne,) wherein they complain that Zurich and Berne are preparing for a new war, contrary to the last year's instrument of peace, which enjoins good neighbourhood and quiet ex- pectation of the arbitrators' sentence. They add, 118 DISSENSIONS IN SWITZERLAND. [maRCH, that here order is given to all, both foot and horse, to be ready at a day's warning, and that nobody go from home ; that the cannon and ships of Zurich are ready ; that the people are stirred by a detestable slanderous report that the last year some from Berne were carried away from Vilmerguen to Lucerne, and there long kept in a cave, and, at last, had their heads chopped off with a wood-cleaver's axe ; that the highways in this canton are levelled for the drawing of cannon, &c. They conclude with a desire to know the intentions of this canton, and a protestation that they are lovers of peace, &c. The council of Zurich asked the messenger, "what preparations for war he had seen all the way as he came ?" He answered, " that he found all quiet and saw no guards, or any sign of such stirs as they talked of at Lucerne." He said, he was but newly returned from Vienna, whither he had carried let- ters from the senate of Lucerne. Whereupon Zurich sent away that messenger, and gave order to their chief secretary to draw up a punctual answer to those of Lucerne, proving that they themselves are the authors and causers of all these reports. The same day, this senate received a letter from the governor of Kingsfield (a senator of Berne), wherein he tells them, that the cantons assembled at Berne had resolved to put soldiers into Mellin- gen and Bremgartin ; but he would have an eye upon all their motions. 1657.] FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND. 119 Also letters from Vevay (a town subject to Berne, near the lake of Geneva) signify that near St. Maurice there is now a meeting of deputies from Fribourg, Soloturn, Valesia, and Savoy. The senate hath also received a letter from one of their arbitrators, burgomaster of Basil, telling them that Lucerne wrote to him, praying him to admonish Zurich and Berne not to make any new broils, but to observe the articles of the late peace. As for the French business mentioned in my last, the merchants of these cantons were sending a great number of bales of merchandize towards France, but now have stayed them and laid them up at Morges (a town standing upon the Berne side of the lake of Geneva), intending to let them lie there awhile, in hope that the court of France will shortly revoke these new orders for exacting great and unusual imports, contrary to the immunities which they liave enjoyed so many years. The greatest complaints came from the merchants of Saint Gall, in whose favour letters are now sent, in the name of all the protestant cantons, to the king, to the cardinal, to the Archbishop of Lyons, and to the French ambassador at Soloturn. Zurich hath also resolved to write to the other protestant cantons to send deputies to meet theirs at Arraw, March 17th. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. 120 pell's negotiations. [march, MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE, OR MR. MORLAND. March 5-15th, 1656-7. Sir, — The last post brought me a letter from Mr. James Tronchin to accompany yours of Feb. 12-22, and to excuse the rough handhng which it had undergone. He says, it was ronge d'un coste dans une valize mouillee dez Londres a Paris. Indeed, one end of the cover was wholly rubbed away, so that it was easy to take out all the en- closed letters ; but I do not perceive that anybody had touched them : the seals of Mr. Hartlib's three letters were unbroken ; but I could not know whe- ther somebody had not taken out your unsealed letter and read it ; if they did, they found no secret in it. They might trouble themselves to find out what great mysteries of state were hidden under those dark terms of a problem about a hand- breadth propounded to a general, who complained that lie could not answer it ; yet, I think, both he and you can answer it, if ye would vouchsafe to go about it in good earnest. I hope I shall have leisure the next week to give you my reasons why T think so ; in the meantime, I pray you present my most humble service to the general. Sir, you w^ill thereby obhge your faithful servant. 1G57.] ALDERMAN PACK's BILL. 121 I have sent Sir W. Lockhart copies of these French j)apers. I pray you let M. A. P. know their contents. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitcliall, March 5-15, 1G56-7. Right Honourable, — Though I am thronged with a multitude of business, yet I shall not omit the opportunity to assure your honour of the re- ceipt of yours of the 1 2-22nd February, with yours to M. A. P., which (as all of that superscription) I have faithfully delivered to him ; whether he can write to you this post, I know not. I humbly thank you for your Italian papers, as also that of Switenses. There has been lately a bill presented in parlia- ment by Sir Christopher Pack, an alderman, for the re-establishing a kingly government, the scan- ning whereof takes up all their time, and causes many serious debates, (I was about to have written hot debates, by some particulars.) They have nevertheless, as I hear, passed several articles or heads thereof. They leave the article wherein his highness is desired to assume the titles, dignity, &c., of king till the last.* A little time may pro- * The postponement of this article was the result of an in- terview between the jirotector and the officers of the army, who were opposed to the measure. 122 AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. [mARCH, (luce great matters, and then you shall have them more at large from, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. If Mr. Hartlib's letters are unnecessary, it will better come from you than me to let him know so much. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. March l-2-2'2nd, 1657. Sir, — I have not heard that the affairs of these countries have made any progress this week. The merchants in this country fear that the court of France will not rest contented with arresting their goods at Lyons, and forcing them to pay imports as high as any other merchant. They doubt they shall be also constrained to lend the king some great sum of money, as in the year 1 639 ; but, others hope that the king will shortly revoke all these new commands, especially if the turn of his affairs compel him to seek the friendship of this people, rather than disoblige them. Out of Suevia some write, that, at Vienna, there is a great abate- ment of the rumours concerning the Turks falling into the emperor's dominions ; so that now eight regiments of imperialists are marched towards Milan, and more shall be sent after them ; some 1657.] SWISS NEWS. 123 think this change may alter some of the French councils concerning these countries. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. P. S. Since I wrote this, I hear that the senate here hath just now received letters from Lucerne, thanking them for their friendly answer to their former letters mentioned in mine of last week. All popish cantons have deputies now at Lucerne, consulting with Crivelli, a Spanish agent, concern- ing sending two thousand Swisses to Milan, this spring. From Zurich, March ll-21st. — This week hath afforded no state consultations here, and intelligence from abroad comes in slowly, because the ways are everywhere so filled with water that the messengers cannot arrive at their usual time. The letters out of France say, that some of our Swisses went from Paris towards Mardike and Bourbourg ; that the popish Swisses are ready to mutiny, saying, they will not be witii the English,* whose good success they desire not to see, as being the greatest enemies they have in the world. Other French letters tell us, that Mareschalde la Ferte is designed for this sum- mer in Flanders, and Turenne against Germany, where the French think tlieniselvcs sure of the Heidelberg Elector, the Duke of Wirtemburg, and the Margrave of Durlach ; but they cannot yet find any bait sweet enough to entice Hessen to bite. That Monsieur Balthasar shall be lieutenant-general of the French army against Germany ; he is now in the French court treating for the Elector of Heidelberg. Monsieur Jaesch, who would be called the deputy of the protestant can- * The English troops who were sent to aid the French against the Sjjaniards, in accordance with Cromwell's treaty with France. 124 FRENCH LEAGUE WITH ENGLAND. [mARCH, tons, finds very cold entertainment and small respect at that court, nobody there vouchsafing to acquaint him with anything, so that he begins to suspect that the French have some design upon Mulhausen, or some other place in our borders, that they may bring us and force us to stand in fear of them. Out of Germany men write, that the ambassadors of France and Spain have order to visit one another, and to use all civility on both sides ; so that the Spanish ambassador, having sent some officers before him to Frankford, Mai'shal de Grammont feasted them, and, amongst the healths that went about, said aloud, the devil take all them that hinder the peace between the two crowns; this gave occasion to much discourse in Frank- ford, where they say, the Venetian ambassador solicits very hard at the French court for a peace with Spain, pretending that, without it, the Turks will get Candia, and then all Italy will be open to them. The jDope's nuncio seconds him, adding, that France, by joining arms with England, shall certainly pull upon itself these two unspeakable mischiefs — the extermination of the catholic religion in Flanders, and the support of the seditious Huguenots and all malecontents in France. These things are believed by many, especially those who, from the beginning, said that the French councils really tended to peace with Spain, and that their tampering with England served only to force the Spaniards to give them better conditions than otherwise they would have done. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. March 19-29th, 1657. Sir, — The last week, in a postscript, I made men- tion of letters sent from Lucerne to the senate of Zurich ; in them the senate of Lucerne promised to communicate the Zurich letter to their four neighbouring catholic cantons, which it seems they 1657.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 125 have now done. For, yesterday, the senate of Zurich received a letter from Lucerne, wherein the deputies of those five cantons there assembled had written very friendly, protesting their desire and in- tention to keep the peace. That assembly is now dissolved, tliat the deputies may keep their (new style) Easter at home, three days hence ; but they have promised the Spanish agent that, after Easter, they will return to Lucerne, as soon as the city of Milan hath sent them money for their levies. Two days ago, deputies went from Zurich to Arraw, there to meet the deputies of the other pro- testant cantons, and to consult concerning their treaty with France ; but they gave the French ambassador no notice of that meeting, as not de- siring his presence there. Some are very forward to conclude the league ; others are not much averse from it, but are unwilling to treat with this ambassa- dor. They believe he does them all manner of ill offices in the court of France, wliither they would have an ambassador sent from hence forthwith. The last letters from Bergamo contradict what was written concerning the Duke of Mantua in the last letters from Milan, of which I have sent Mr. Morland a transcript ; whether of them gave the truer intcUigence, the (hike's actions will shortly discover. In the nieantiinc, I remain, Sir, vour faithful servant. 126 ALDERMAN PACK's BILL. [mARCH, From Saint Gall they write, the imperial troops begin to march towards Italy, through several ways. The most of them are to pass through Suevia, Lin- daw. Bregents, and the Valtoline. MR. PELL TO MR. xMORLAND. March 19-29tli, 1050-7. Sir, — The last week's Geneva post brought me two letters from you, dated February 19th and 26th. They tell me that mine of January 29th and February 5th are come to your hand. That great business which the parliament had then in hand fills all men here w^ith expectation of the issue •* and therefore I thank you for speaking so plainly of it. Mercurius Politicus speak so darkly that no man could possibly have found out what it was. I shall hope in your next to hear more of it. In the meantime, I remain. Sir, your faithful servant. Letters from Bergamo say, that the Duke of Mantua will remain neutral, which contradicts that which I here send you, written at Milan. * The project of restoring the monarchy in the person of Cromwell. 1G57.] ENGLISH NEWS. 1 '27 MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. WhiU-lmll, 19-29tli March, 1G:)G-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 19th and 2Gth Fehruary, old style, with all the papers and letters enclosed ; but the truth is, 1 neither was the last week, nor am I at present, in a condition to give you a very large answer. As for my accounts, tliey will be very suddenly printed, and then, I hope, you will see to your satisfaction all that can concern yourself therein. The pope's two letters are translated, and the French ambassa- dor's also, and shall be presented to M. A. Peters ; but the plain truth is, he is hardly at leisure either to read or think of anything else but the great business of kingly government, which the parlia- ment has already very far advanced. These last two days, they have been upon the matter of reli- gion. The soldiers remain very faithful to his highness, and have declared to live and die with him.* Here is nothing else of news that I can think of at present. Mr. Meadows, wlio was sent to Portugal, is now going agent to the King of Denmark very suddenly ; but, it may be, he will stay till his highness be proclaimed king, if he be * Yot tlio ofRrors fjonorally woro opposed to Sir Clnistopher Pack's bill for investing liini with thi> title and authoiitv of king. 128 THE COUNT OF HOHENLOE. [mARCH, at all ; which is something uncertain as yet, but very probable. I have sent your honour two en- closed packets from Mr.* , (I profess I cannot think of his name on a sudden.) Your lady told me yesterday, that you desire I should remit your moneys from hence to Zurich, by way of M. Tronchin ; if you please to give me your punctual directions in it, I shall endeavour to acquit myself, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. I humbly beg your excuse and pardon for this my odd kind of writing, being, indeed, not very well at present, and having very much to write. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. March 2Gth. Sir, — The last post-day (after I had sent away my letters to you), the young Count of Hohenloe came to me. He jDrayed me to give notice of his being here, and of his resolution to return shortly into England. He went hence the next morning, to Basil, intending to pass through Arraw, that he might there speak with the deputies of the protes- * Ilartlih, as Pell has noted in the original. 1G57.] THE SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 129 tant cantons. But I doubt he found not one of them there ; for the same day, in the evening, the deputies of Zurich came home. Whilst they were at Arraw, they wrote letters to Soloturn, to the French ambassador, not at all touching the league, but complaining of the hard usage of their mer- chants at Lyons. The next day, he sent them an answer, wherein he would persuade them that of that innovation at Lyons he had not heard any- thing, save by their letters ; that he knew not what answer to make till he had received letters from the court concerning it. He also put them in mind of the league. At Arraw they all agreed to except Alsatia, and thought it fit to send a deputy to the French court to represent their reasons why they cannot include it, if they renew the league ; and also to intercede for their merchants. But they did not proceed to name some man for that journey, because they would first see how that king will answer that letter. The arbitrators have put them in hope of a quiet composure of all at home, so there shall be no need of super-arbiter. They say, that after Easter week, they will meet again at Olten about it. From Vienna, some write that they are frighted with fresh reports of the Turks drawing near, to I'all into part of the emperor's dominions. VOL. II. K 130 SWISS AND ITALIAN NEWS. [mARCH, What I have from Milan and Geneva, I have sent in Italian to Mr. Morland ; and therefore you shall here receive no further trouble from Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. From Zurich, March, 25th, old style. — The French court hath not yet sent us an answer to the letters written hence, concerning the league, in the name of all the protestant can- tons. In the meantime, we have some companies in the French service never recalled ; but, as they were out, recruited by connivance. The last week, one of those captains returned hence into France ; his company had been much weakened this last summer in Italy, but he had secretly gathered above eighty men ; and, at his going hence, appointed them a place to meet him, out of the limits of this canton. This last week, there hath been an assembly at Baden of all the colonels and captains that pretend to a share in the French jewels ; they stayed there but a day and a half. It is not yet known what they have resolved to do with those jewels that are at Zurich, or the rest which have been all this while kept at SchafThausen. Two of the Zurich captains appointed to serve the Venetians this summer are said to be ready to march ; the third hath not his number yet complete ; he Avent into the country to seek soldiers, but was brought home sick. The Berne colonel and cajitains have been here with the Venetian resident ; we think it will be hard for them to find six hundred men willing to go into Dalmatia, the boors of Berne being averse from the Venetian service, and choosing I'ather to serve the French. Here we begin to say, that the Venetians are not in so great danger as they have given out ; for we see that the letters from 1G57.] ALDERMAN PACK's BILL. 131 Vienna expross a great fear that the Turk will invade Hungary and Austria, though he pretend his design to he only against the Venetians. From lieidelbenj, March 11-:21. — Tiie Spanisli ambassador, Pigneranda, entered Frankford, March 4-14 ; and the King of Hungary, eight days after. He is much displeased with those that persuaded liim to move so slowly ; he believes that the aews of tiie Swedish success in Denmark may much hinder the Austrian counsels. To facilitate his election, some pretend assurance that he will quit the Spanish party and interest, em- bracing only counsels of peace, and such as may prevent all new troubles in Germany. We hear that neither Bradenburg nor Bavaria will appear at Frankford ; nor do we see any great sign that our elector resolves to be there. Whensoever he goes, during his absence, the Prince of Landsberg is to be lieutenant- governor of the palatinate. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. March 26th, 1657. Sir, — In yours of March 5-15, I received one from Mr. Hartlib, containing a Mercurius Politicus, as you guessed. If I were sure that it were not troublesome or burdensome to you to send me one every week, I sliould pray him to spare that labour hereafter. What you wrote concerning Alderman Pack's bill was useful here, for others had received news that all was concluded and finished. Thousrh I believe you are overcharged with business, yet I hope you will be able every week to spare a few minutes for me, that I may know what progress is made in that great consultation. K 2 132 THE CROWN OFFERED TO CROMWELL. [mARCH, The last week, I wrote you that men wrote hither from Bergamo, otherwise than from Milan, con- cerning the Duke of Mantua ; but from Milan they continue the same intelligence, as you will see in the adjoined Italian, which I pray you communicate to Mr. A. Peters. If that from Genoa be true, before this can come to your hands, you may re- ceive letters from the fleet concerning some action. You have not yet told me how I must now superscribe my letters to Sir William Lockhart ; I pray you forget it not the next time that you write to your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, March 26th, April 5th, 1656-7. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of March 5-15, with the enclosed letters and papers, and return you many thanks. The last night, the parliament passed the great article, to propound to his highness the title, dignity, &c., of king. So that that business will now be very shortly ended. Other news we have none here. I entreat you to present my humble service to Mr. Ulrich, and many thanks for his kind letter. About two or three days ago, I procured of Mr. Meadows to accept of Mr. Ulrich's son for his se- 1657. J YOUNG ULRICH. 133 cretary in this negotiation to Denmark, and the thing is ahsolutely concluded ; he has already given him twenty pounds to buy him a suit of clothes ; and if there be any accidental charges in the journey, he will not bear it. And when they re- turn, if he oblige Mr. Meadows by his faithful service, he intends to give him an honourable gra- tuity, according to the time. I have informed him of all things that will be required on his part, and desire his father to give his son good instructions (as I know he will) ; for this is not an unlikely way for his future advantage. If he pleases Mr. Mea- dows, he intends to recommend him to his highness and the council at his return. I came in the very nick of time, for I found another person of con- sideration recommending another pretty man to Mr. Meadows for the same employment ; but he being my friend, I took him off, and now it is past fear or doubt. There were also some that had very like to have spoiled the business since, by putting it into Mr. Ulrich's head to capitulate with Mr. Meadows about certain conditions, &c. And I had something of difficulty to keep Mr. Meadows after from some disgust about it ; but now all is well. Mr. Secretary is wholly taken up about the kingly affair, and I believe will scarce write this post. There were several bitter speeches made last night in parliament against this business ; but they could 134 THE CROWN OFFERED TO CROMWELL. [mARCH, not carry it, there being almost two to one against them and for it.* Your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. I entreat you to excuse my not writing to Mr. Ul- rich ; you may guess the reason by this scratching letter to yourself. SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Paris, March 27th, old style, 1657. Right Honourable, — Yours of March 19-29 came just now into my hands, and I have received the tliree others you were pleased to take notice of, and return my humble thanks for the many favours of that nature you have honoured me with. My letters from England bear what the first article of the remonstrance (which relates to king- ship) was, after the passing of all the rest debated in the house upon Wednesday last, and was brought to a vote on the Thursday, and carried in the affirmative ; there were one hundred and twenty- four for it, and sixty-two against it. The whole re- * The numbers on the division upon the article offering the Protector the title of king (March 25) were, according to the Journals, one hundred and twenty-three in favour of the measure, and sixty-two against it, as mentioned in the next letter. 1657.] FRANCE AND HOLLAND. 135 monstrance is ordered to be engrossed, and is to be presented to his highness this week, the title of which is voted to be, The Honourable Pel'dion and Advice of the Parliament to His Highness the Lord Protector. The particulars of the arrest and seizure here of all Holland's goods and vessels will be with you before this can come to your hands, and therefore I shall not trouble you with any account of tliat affair ; only I hope the business shall come to an accommodation . The Duke of Mantua hath quit all pretence of neutrality, and has declared for the Venetians. The alliance and good correspondence betwixt England and France rather increaseth than diminisheth. Having nothing else of importance to impart, I am bold to renew the assurances of my being, Sir, your most faithful <^nd humble servant, Will. Lockhart. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. April 2-12, 1657. Sir, — Yesterday, I was visited by an Italian, that calls himself Hippolyto Gabriclli de Beccaresca. He said, that he was sent by the generalissimo of Sweden (the king's brother) to all the princes and estates of Germanv. He had been in the armv six 136 THE KING OF SWEDEN'S EMISSARY. [aPRIL, weeks ago ; was but twenty days in the w^ay from Stettin hither ; passed through SchafFhausen ; had brought letters from General Wrangel to the two Werdmullers (the general of Zurich and his bro- ther), who had shewn him all the fortifications of this town. He intended to go hence to Berne, and then homeward, through Heidelberg. He said, he had been in England and in Scotland, knew all our chief men, both soldiers and senators, &c., and those about King Charles too, Dr. Browne, Dr. Earles. I asked him what picture it was that he wore. He said, it was the new King of Sweden. He shewed me also the queen's picture. If he hold his resolution, he is now gone hence. Men trouble themselves to guess at his business ; but, when I consider his rambling way, of staying but a day or two in a place, he seems to me to be only sent to make a running view of Germany, and to mark whether there be any preparations for war any- where, and to observe the discourse of others con- cerning the actions and intentions of the King of Sweden. From Cliiir, in Rhcetia, March 30th, old style. — Some imperial troops are passed into Italy. At Como, there are twelve hun- dred foot. It is thought they shall stay there till all the rest come to them, that they may go altogether to their place of employment. The King of Sweden hath dismissed the em- peror's resident, and the emperor hath sent away the resident of Sweden ; which we take for a sign the emperor will take King Casimir's part. 1G57.] SIEGE OF VALENTIA. 137 From another hand, the same place and day. — ^Tlio Duke of IMautua hath coinnuuiclod all his subjects to abstain from all coininerce with Valeiitia ; so that nothing can enter that town from the side of Casal. If the French army do not bravely beat their way into the plain of the state of Milan, Valentia will soon be quite blocked up. Some letters tell me, that the im])erial troops, which begin to pass towards Italy, are very in- considerable. For want of money, they sell their horses where- soever they can find a buyer by the way. The men are most of them less than twenty-four years old, having never seen the war, to which they have no inclination, but are constrained to turn soldiers, because they cannot get their bread by the trades to which they were brought up. From Zurich. — We think the arbitrators are now at Olten. In hope of some news from them, I de- ferred the writing of this as long as the post would give me leave. I hear that the burgomasters here have just now received the instrument of peace, sealed, brought by one of the city riders of Basil. I have not time to inquire more into circumstances. I guess that it is no other than the instrument agreed on about a year ago, and delivered, three months ago, to the arbitrators, signed and sealed by the five little popish cantons (as I wrote to you January 15-25), but kept in the hands of the arbi- trators till now, for reasons better known to them- selves than to Your faithful servant. 138 THE WALDENSES. [aPRIL, MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 2-12, 1657. Sir, — I hope the next post will bring me two letters from you, for this week I received none out of England. You will easily believe, that many here are inquisitive after English news at this time, because others have written hither, that great changes are there endeavoured by some, and vio- lently opposed by others. I have this week sent to Sir William Lockhart copies of two French letters concerning the poor Waldenses ; one from themselves to the French am- bassador at Turin, dated March 3-13; the other from a minister in Dauphine to Messieurs Leger and Turretini, of Geneva, dated March 6-16. If you answer to this, and tell me that they have not sent you copies of them, I will send them to you, for it is not fit you should be without them. Yesterday, one Gabrielli, an Italian, that says he hath been in England, but is now an officer in the Swedish army, told me, that, a few days ago, one had shewn him a letter, wherein Mr. Secretary Thurloe had written, that Sir Oliver Fleming would be at Zurich shortly, and was making great preparations for his journey. I did not believe him, because, if it were true, I think you could not be ignorant of it, and would not conceal it from Your faithful servant. 1657.] THE CROWN OFFERED TO CROMWELL. 130 Mil. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Right Honourable, — I return you my humble and hearty thanks for yours of March 12-22, espe- cially for the answer to the problem concerning Solomon's sea, which I know will likewise be most acceptable to General Montagu. On Tuesday last, a certain number of select persons of the parliament had a solemn meeting and audience of his highness, in Whitehall, in the ban(|ueting-room ; where Mr. Speaker, in the name of all the rest, propounded unto him a new model of a kingly government, and to his own person the title and dignity of king. To which his highness made answer, that, as it was a ■serious affair, so he required some time to give them a categorical answer, which, notwithstanding, should be as soon as might be. Opinions are very various, whether he will accept it or no ; but that a little time will shew. This is all the news here ; indeed, there is nothing else done and talked of here. Your lady did exceedingly expect some letters from you by this post. My humble service to Mr. Ulrich. I shall tell you a secret, and entreat you to keep it so, till you hear it from other hands, or lurther from me, especially from his father (I being obliged thereto by a promise.) Mr. Ulrich's son here has run in debt, as it seems, these three years, to the hostess where ho has lodged, the sinn of 140 DEATH OF THE EMPEROR. [aPRIL, sixty pounds sterling, and thought to have gone without paying, as it seems. But his hostess, per- ceiving he was making his clothes for a journey beyond sea with Mr. Meadows, arrested him ; and he is now in the hands of the Serjeants, and I fear it will not only spoil his reputation here for ever, but hinder his journey. Mr. Dury and Sir O. Fleming are trying what course may be taken to extricate him. I wonder the son should be so void of sense, and the father of care, as to let a score run for three years. But I entreat you, once more, not to say anything till you hear further from me. Your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. April 6-16, 1657. Sir, — The emperor's death begins already to put our neighbours into action.* At Heidelberg, the prince elector hath printed and published a pro- clamation, as vicar of the empire in a great part of Germany. I have, this week, sent a written copy of it to Mr. Morland ; as also a copy of that which the Duke of Mantua published at Casal, eight days * Ferdinand III. died ISIarch 23rd (old style), 1657. His successor was not elected until the year following, on account of the disputes about the electors, &c. 1G57.] CLAIMS TO THE EMPIRE. 141 before the emperor died, wherein he styles himself general of the Keisar's armies, and his imperial vicar in Italy. Yesterday, I received a letter from Lindaw, wherein one writes thus : — " I hear that this pope begins to speak of calling a council, wherein he will grant the chalice to all the laity, who have been so many hundred years admitted only to the half- communion." The Elector of Bavaria hath published a pro- clamation to signify that he is vicar of the empire, and hath sent a printed copy of it to Augsburg, where it stands fastened to the senate-house door. The drummers beat up and doAvn the streets of that city for soldiers for the Elector of Bavaria, who gives out that he will raise six thousand horse, and as many foot, to keep Germany quiet. Of the other electors, we have not heard anything. The Elector of Mentz hath not yet prescribed the day for their meeting at Francfort for the new election. The last letters out of Italy say, that the popish electors intend that Archduke Leopold shall be emperor, and his nephew (the King of Hungary and Bohemia) shall be chosen King of the Romans at the same time. But some say, the Elector of Bavaria seeks the imperial crown for himself, and shall have France to help him in it. If all these designs fail, they will choose the Elector of Saxony for emperor, upon condition that he will turn ca- 142 , DEATH OF THE EMPEROR. [aPRIL, tliolic, which, they say, he hath alread}^ promised them, and, it seems, was feared by his subjects ; for a book (written by a well-known author, a Lu- theran, and printed, this spring, at Francfort) tells us, that, when they did homage and took their oath of allegiance to this new Elector of Saxony, they did it with this caution, that they would stand disobliged and absolved from their oath if he made any altera- tion in religion. 1 have, to-day, sent Mr. Morland a copy of the sentence of the protestant arbitrators of Basil and Appenzel, printed at Zurich, in High Dutch. I have not yet heard that the popish arbitrators' sen- tence is printed. I hope I shall be able to send them both, in Latin, the next week. In the mean- time, I remain. Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL. TO SECRETARY THURLOE. April 9-19. Sir, — April 5-15, an extraordinary post brought here the first news of the emperor's death. He died at Vienna, the Monday before our English Easter, (that is, March 23, old style,) between four and five in the morning ; at which time, a fire be- gan in the palace, but was soon quenched, having done little hurt ; which some take for a sign, that 1G57.] DISPUTES IN SWITZERLAND. 143 tlioiigh, upon this sudden change, some fire of dis- cord, and perhaps war, may arise, yet the house of Austria shall receive no damage therehy. But it is said, Flanders and Poland shall not now receive as- sistance from Vienna, as was intended if the em- peror had lived. Nor will they send any more soldiers into Italy against Modena and the French, this spring ; all their counsels now only aiming at the keeping of the imperial crown in that family. April G-16, a secretary of the state, hy the coun- cil's order, brought me the originals of the sentences of the arbitrators, subscribed by them January 20-30, but not sent hither till a few days ago. We read them over together. They are in High Dutch, and not yet translated into any other language. The protestants have condemned the other side to pay the charges of the war ; the popish arbitrators do as much on the contrary. So that their verdict is but little worth as yet. But the arbitrators have written, that they will shortly call a general meeting of all the cantons at Baden. If they desire the English resident to appear also., it will be an occa- sion of extraordinary expenses, and, I fear, much greater than those of the same place this time twelvemonth. I am. Sir, your humble and faithful servant. 144 Cromwell's dark speech. [april, MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, April 9-19, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have but this moment to assure you of the receipt of yours of the 19-29th March, with the enclosed, which are delivered. Not many days ago, his highness denied the crown, after the parliament made a vote of adherence to their former resolution, and thereupon sent a com- mittee, yesterday, to his highness, to whom, in the banqueting-house, his highness made a speech so dark that none knows whether he will accept it or no ; but some think he will accept it. The Lord knows the issue of these things ! The parliament are, I think, providing reasons to persuade him. I am cut off, and rest, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. Mr. Ulrich is in prison, and Mr. Meadows has heard of it by Mr. Hartlib, who came this day to recommend another. Mr. Meadows is troubled for the 20/. he gave him, which turns to my great dishonour, and I fear will prove Mr. Ulrich's ruin. I have tried by all means to appease Mr. Meadows for a day or so, till I can see what may be done. 1G57.] A HOUSE OF LORDS VOTED. 14.5 SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Paris, March 20, 1657, new style. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 1st instant (new style) ; it was seventeen days coming to my hands, and no longer, which makes me wonder that mine were so long on the way to you. I shall endeavour hereafter to convey my packets unto you according to your directions, and with more speed, by the means of Mr. Tronchin, if he will grant me the favour by taking the trouble upon him. The letters which came this day unto me from Mr. Secretary import that a vote for the reesta- blishing a house of lords, and giving power to his highness at any time during his life to nominate his successor, hath past the parliament in the affirma- tive ; and we have hopes that they will proceed in the farther settlement of the government to the glory of God, and the people's great advantage. I have nothing more at present but to acquaint you that, the last week, I had my audience from the king, queen, and cardinal ; and that I was received in this court with much honour and civility. I desire (if you prove the way I have taken of sending unto you to be the best) to hear from you as often as there shall be occasion, and do entreat you to believe that your favours of that kind shall VOL. TI. L 146 MR. MEADOWS. [aPRIL, be always faithfully answered in the like nature by, right honourable, your most humble and affec- tionate servant, Will. Lockhart. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 16-26th, 1657. Sir, — Mr. Ulrich hath promised to write to you to-day ; he sent me his son's letter, wherein he acknowledgeth the great arguments of your good will towards him and endeavours for him. It may be for his advantage hereafter, though now some- thing should intervene and hinder his journey into Denmark. When you have leisure, I pray you tell me a little more concerning that Mr. Meadows, with whom he should go, for I never saw the man ; I have two or three blind conjectures concerning him, which are not worth the writing. Together with this, I send you the proclamations of two vicars of the empire (Modena and Heidel- berg.) The next week, I hope to get that of the Elector of Bavaria, for his is also printed and pub- lished, but not vet come hither. The printed sentence which I have adjoined may be laid up in your archives. I have not yet heard that the popish arbitrators' sentence is printed. I hope I shall be able to send them both in Latin 1657.] THE WALDENSES. 147 the next week. Some say, there will be a general assembly at Baden, for those affairs, May 18-28th. The last letters of Geneva tell us, that the poor men in Piedmont are again so hard pressed to sell what they have beyond the Pelice, that they have now resolved to take the money that is offered, though they know not where to bestow it, to buy other land. The Turin court puts them to another trouble concerning their ministers. They have but thirteen ; nine of them are strangers ; these are cited to appear at Lucerne, where they fear they shall be ill-used ; and yet if they go not, they shall be outlawed and forced to forsake the country. I hope your correspondents at Geneva have written hereof more at large, I am, Sir, your humble servant. P. S. I thank you for your parliament news in yours of March 26th. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Wliitehall, Hkh April, 1657, between eleven and twelve at night. Right Honourable, — I have not possible time to write distinctly of anything this time. Mr. Ulrich's son is still in prison, and so like to be ; he has sold the clothes he bought with the 20/. Mr. Meadows gave him upon my word, and so J. 2 148 Cromwell's hesitation. [april, cheated Mr. Meadows and disgraced me. I am obliged to Mr. Meadows for the money. I hope Mr. Ulrich of Zurich will immediately pay it to me, or to Mr. Meadows ; otherwise I shall have great reason to repent of ever having recommended his son ; if he pay it not, I must, and so be cheated of 20/. I entreat you to use your power and inter- est that I may not be caught in such a trap ; his son's debt is, besides that, 85/. sterling here, and utterly disgraced here, and never may look for any employment ; whereas otherwise Mr. Meadows and I had designed, as we had set his foot in the stirrup, to set him on horseback. My Lord has not yet accepted the crown, but gives dubious an- swers, so that we know nothing as yet. I beseech the Lord to bless him ; if ever man deserved a crown, I think he does. I am, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. April 23rd, eld style. Sir, — At Frankfort, the assembly of German deputies began to dissolve as soon as they heard of the emperor's death. The deputy of Bavaria posted away presently. Saxony was next ; then Wirtem- berg and Casal. The tenth of this month there were but few left. 1G57.] DISPUTES IN GERMANY. 149 Whilst I am writing this, I receive a copy of the Bavarian elector's proclamation, wherein he claims the title and authority of vicar in the same part of the empire which the Elector of Heidelherg names in his proclamation, which I sent last week. The Bavarian proclamation was hrought to Ratisbon by the secretary, April 7th, and there re- ceived by that senate with much respect ; thence he went with other copies for Nuremberg and Frankfort, where he might find the Heidelberg proclamation set up before he came thither. As these two electors disagree for the vicariat, so do the ecclesiastical electors of Mentz and Cologne strive for the right of crowning the em- peror. Mentz and Heidelberg are at daggers- drawing about the toll upon the Rhine ; and rather than one would yield to the other, they both lost many thousands of Reichsdalers this last Lent, by hindering the passage of goods to the Frankfort mart. The Elector of Brandenberg is hated by all the popish electors for his league with Sweden. The Elector of Saxonv hath an ill name amon2;st them all ; the papists say he promised to turn catholic, and is not yet so good as his word. The other side fears that this report of such a promise is true. I have, this week, read a letter from Dres- den, complaining how much the Elector of Saxony is injured by this report, whereas he is a pious prince and zealous for his rehgion. Sir, I am your faithful servant. 150 Cromwell's hesitation, [april, MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, April 23, May 3, 1657, between 10 and 12 at night. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 2- 12th April, and have but this moment to tell you that the report concerning Sir Oliver Fleming is a mere sham and chimera, yea, I have it from Mr. Secretary's own mouth, (talking by-the-bye, I ac- quainted him I had been so informed.) Mr. Secre- tary has commanded me this time to desire you to excuse his not writing of late, because his multipli- city of affairs has been the sole cause, and no other. His highness has not yet given his positive answer, but will do now suddenly ; they have had, indeed, many meetings of late. Those letters concerning the Waldenses, I have had already, but God knows I have no room for any business till this great one be ended. I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Paris, May 8th, new style, 1637. Right Honourable, — Though I have not much of any importance to trouble you with by this, yet I esteem myself bound to let you know that yours of April I6th-26th came to my hands this day. Before my receipt of it, I was persuaded by some of 1657.] THE DUKES OF VENDOME AND EPERNON. 151 the Switzers' officers here, that all the differences betwixt the protestant and popish cantons were brought to a friendly conclusion ; it seems they have been misinformed. The business betwixt the Dutch and the French is like to have no better issue. I am confident next post will bring an account of his highness's last resolution concerning the petition and advice of his parliament. The court removed from hence yesterday. His majesty, before he parted, reconciled the dukes of Vendome and Epernon, after they had been imprisoned in the Bastile for the space of twenty-four hours. I am, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, Will. Lockhart. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. April 30th, old style. Sir, — I hear that the German deputies which remain still at Frankfort abstain from meddling with any business till they have received new in- structions. Some hope that the Bavarian elector will be contented to be acknowledged vicar of the empire in his own country and in Austria ; and will permit the Elector of Heidelberg quietly to exercise the authority of vicar in the rest of the portion, which heretofore was under the palatines 152 DISPUTES IN GERMANY. [aPRIL, of Heidelberg. A letter out of the Saxon court at Dresden assures me that an ambassador is come thither from Vienna ; and that the Elector of Saxony is preparing considerable forces that he may be able to preserve his own dominions in safety, and to maintain the right of being vicar in a great part of Germany near to his country. But others say, that if any have a mind not to acknow- ledge him for a vicar, they have a just pretence ; because he hath not yet done homage for his fief, and so hath not been admitted by the emperor as a prince of the empire. The fear of new troubles in Germany among these vicars makes many men wish that they may soon see a new emperor chosen, and so an end of all these vicarages. A week ago, letters came to Zurich as to the presiding canton, but written to all the thirteen cantons, from the King of Hungary and Bohemia, as also from his uncle the archduke, signifying the emperor's death. The king and the archduke have been sick of the measles, or children spots, as they call them ; but are now so well-recovered that they have named May I6th-26th for the day of their depar- ture from Vienna towards Lintz, and so to Prague ; where they may be much nearer the place of elec- tion. Some of that court report that the emperor said upon his death-bed, that the imperial crown caused such vast expenses that the house of 1657.] DISPUTES IN GERMANY. 153 Austria were better without it ; and let some other prince try whether he could bear so much trouble, envy, and want of treasure, as accompanies the name of emperor. The palatine, the archbishop, and other lords of Hungary, are come to Vienna to consult concerning the government till their king be of age. The Polish ambassador desires nothing now at Vienna but four thousand men, which Poland will pay ; and yet it is thought he will not be able to obtain so much ; they gather men as fast as they can, but will find occasions of other employment for them. It is confidently reported there, that Prince Rupert (of Heidelberg) hath laid down his patent, being now to seek what new course to take. At Zurich and Berne, men talk so much of the German and English crowns, that they seem not to think of renewing their league wdth France. Sir, I am vour faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 30th April, 10th May, 1(357. Right Honourable, — I have received vours of the 9th- 19th April. I shall not fail to acquaint Mr. Secretary with your journey to Baden, and to send vou whatever money vour ladv shall order me here through Mr. Tronchin's hands. I 154 Cromwell's hesitation. [april, humbly thank you for the French paper you sent me. I delivered long smce your letter to my lord president, but it was only as he was passing in the gallery, having at that time no other or better opportunity ; he took very courteously and asked kindly after you. I durst not speak to him for an answer yet, because I had not your directions therein (only to observe countenance) ; if you choose to order me, I shall do it. His highness has not yet given his final answer, but it is believed he will do now very suddenly, and then you shall have the news from, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. His highness lately propounded his difficulties to parliament, who have considered them, and will suddenly bring his highness their reflections there- upon ; and then it is thought he will be obliged to give his final answer. MR. PELL TO SIR WILLL\M LOCKHART. Zurich, April 30th, old style. My Lord, — The Latin papers which I promised in mine of April 16th-26th were not finished the last week, I have therefore now sent them herewith. They are translations of the ill-agreeing sentences of the arbitrators, concerning the controversies 1657.] SWISS AND GERMAN AFFAIRS. 155 which produced the late civil war in these coun- tries. Soloturn is always well furnished with such as can translate anything out of the language of this country into French ; so it was easy for the ambassador who resides there to get both sentences translated into French for his own reading ; and, no doubt, he hath sent them so to the court of France, where your lordship's secretary may procure a copy of them. There are no other public minis- ters in this citv than the residents of Great Britain and Venice ; for whose sakes, no man here thinks it worth his while to translate such papers into English or Italian. These sentences thus crossing one another are fitter to set them together by the ears again, than to confirm their peace. Yet here is no appearance of war ; all men's eyes being turned towards Germany. A week ago, letters came hither (as to the presiding canton), but written to all the thirteen cantons from the King of Hungary and Bohemia, as also from the archduke, to make known the emperor's death. An ambassador from Vienna was arrived at the Saxon court at Dresden four weeks ago. That elector is arming himself to maintain his right of being vicar in the parts near to his dominions. The fear of new troubles in Germany among those vicars makes many men wish a new emperor, and so an end of these vicarages. I am, your excellency's most humble and faithful servant, John Pell 156 DISPUTES IN THE EMPIRE. [mAY, MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. May 17-27, 1657. Sir, — Since my last, the protestant cantons have received a letter from the King of France, and an- other from the cardinal, in answer to theirs which they wrote not long since in favour of their mer- chants. They hoped to have this ambassador recalled, and another sent in his place ; but these answers give them no cause to continue in that hope. A letter is also come to Zurich, as to the presi- ding canton, but written to all the thirteen cantons from the Bavarian elector, to signify his right to be vicar, from the emperor's death, till a new one be chosen. The 4th- 14th of August next is named for the beginning of the diet at Frankfort for the election of an emperor. In the meantime, the palatine electors of Bavaria and Heidelberg continue their claims of the vicariat. A manifesto is in the press at Heidelberg to shew the right of that house. At Augspurg, Memmingen, and other places, they gather all the soldiers that they can get for the Elector of Bavaria. One of the Abbot of Saint Gall's subjects, a colonel, hath undertaken to bring the said elector a regiment of horse. Aken, though lately burnt, is designed for the place of coronation ; not out of a desire to help 1G57.] GERMAN NEWS. 157 the poor citizens, who so lately lost all by so terrible a fire, but because the electors of Mentz and Cologne do both of them claim the right to crown the new emperor ; which dispute will be avoided by choosing Aken for the place. At Heidelberg, the court is much out of order. Prince Rupert returns not thither, but remains irreconcilable. The elder sister (Elizabeth) is going to the court of Brandenburg ; it is thought her sister will soon follow her. The electrice hath often threatened to return into Hessen, believing the elector cares not for her, because her physicians and midwives say, that she can never have any more children ; she thinks the people wish her dead that the prince might marry another, and beget more sons, and so diminish their fear of being subject to one of the remaining brethren, Rupert or Edward, who are both papists. From Milan, they write that there they much fear that the Duke of Mantua will fall back to the French, having no such tie upon him now as when the emperor lived. And therefore the Spaniards have sent out some troops into Montferrat to observe the actions of that duke, more than for any other design. From Vienna, they write that the Polish ambassa- dor gets no satisfactory answer ; that the council intends to settle the government in Hungary, without calling a diet, if it be possible ; that in 158 QUEEN HENRIETTA-MARIA. [mAY, Upper Hungary, they have refused to receive the soldiers which were sent to quarter in some of their towns ; that the persecutions against the protes- tants in Vienna and the whole of Austria is not at all abated by the emperor's death. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAXD. May 7-17. Sir, — Yours of April 16th tells me that you are in danger to pay 20/. for H. Ulrich, and entreats me to take a course here to save you harmless. I hope my letters of April 23rd and 30th are come to your hands ; whereby you will see that I have so ordered the matter, that it will be in your own power to help yourself ; and therefore I have not yet spoken of it to his father, who still keeps his chamber. The goldsmith, mentioned in my last week's letter, sent me the expected money three days ago. Some letters from Basil told us that the Elector of Mentz was killed with a harquebuss as he was mustering his subjects. I believe not that it is true. We hear that the French clergy hath given but twelve thousand crowns to the Queen Dowager of Great Britain, who expected a far greater sum. But IG57.] Cromwell's hesitation. 159 they say, the Queen of Poland and the famous Queen Christina, late of Sweden, do also call upon them for pecuniary aid. The last Spanish letters say, that their king has kept his fifty-third hirthday ; what they add be- sides, you will find untranslated in the next leaf. This shall only tell you that I am. Sir, your faithful servant. Madrid, 11 jlpril. — E gionto aviso spedito in diligenza dal Duca Medina Celi dal salvo arrivo di tutta la flotta delle Nuove Spagne* all' Isole Canarie : onde tutta la corte ne da segni d'al- legrezza, 3(i vascelli cariche di pretiosis. mercantie. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, May 7-17, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have hardly time to tell you that 1 have received yours of April lG-26, with the enclosed papers. His highness has not yet given his final answer. I believe he will suddenly. There w^as a committee with him this day ; I think he told them so much. The enclosed letter was sent me last week, an hour after my packet was made up and gone to the post- house. His highness has commanded my Lord Ambas- * This was the fleet soon after destroyed by Blake, in the harbour of Santa Cruz. IGO SWISS NEWS. [may, sador Lockhart to press the affair of the valleys in the French court, if possible, to obtain some relief for them. What will be the success, the Lord knows. I am forced to break off, and say no more, but that I am, right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. I have also written to my Lord Lockhart touching the valleys. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Sir, — A while ago, it was said, that, May 18-28, there would be a meeting of deputies from all the cantons at Baden for the final pacification of these countries ; but now the day is uncertain. It is thought fit that, before that general assembly, the protestant cantons do first meet alone at Arraw ; but the day is not yet determined. We hear that the protestant part of Glaris hath renewed the league with France, notwithstanding that they had promised us to do nothing in that business without the concurrence of the evangelical cantons. From Berne, May 9. — Many die here of burning fevers and headache. We are much afraid that the pestilence will come among us shortly. Here, no man speaks of renewing the al- liance with France, or of the settling of the peace with the popish cantons. All the discourse is of our prefectures and baili- wicks, which will be vacant in the end of next Jidy. 1657.] ITALIAN NEWS. IGl From Geneva, May 5. — No doubt, our good neighbour, tlie Duke of Savoy, will now be stirring to employ all his friends and power to get the imperial crown for his sister's husband, the Duke of Bavaria. We believe the counsels of France have the same design. We are extremely sorry to hear that Mr. Morus* is called by the church of Paris to be one of their pastors and ordinary preachers at Charenton. From Casal, May 9, new style. — The Marquis de Ville is in Montechio, with six thousand men. He cuts down all the green corn round about. The Duke of Mantua calls for the army to chase him thence. There are very great recruits coming out of France hither. From Mantua, May 8. — Men say here, that the army shall into the field within these two days. But their horses will find the grass very short. All the German officers who were sent hither from the emperor are to take a new oath, to be faithful to the King of Hungary. From Bergumo,May^i. — At Genoa, the pestilence begins anew, contrary to the hopes which they had, when lately, with great solemnities, they laid the first stones of a new church vowed to the Virgin Mary, in honour of her immaculate conception. A silver image of her, with four protecting saints of that city, were let into the stone that was first laid, with the inscription of the year, day, occasion, &c. Here men talk of a great league between the house of Austria, Denmark, Poland, Hol- land, Moscovia, and Tartary. From Rome, May 5. — The King of Spain hath recalled his ambassador from hence, lest the pope should be beforehand with him in dismissing him, because his nuncio, Bcnelli, is not received in S])ain. The cardinal, the landgrave, shall manage the affairs of Spain till another ambassador come. From Stutgard, May (i-lG. — Here came proclamations of vicariat from Heidelberg and Bavaria ; but our duke (of Wir- temberg) would not permit either of them to be set up here. From Jl'orms, May 5-15. — Here and at Frankfort the vicariat of the Elector of Heidelberg is admitted ; but Spire * The opponent of INIilton. VOL, II. M 162 VARIOUS INTELLIGENCE. [mAY, refuseth him, having received proclamations of Saxony and Ba- varia. The Elector of Mentz levieth some forces at Wirtsberg. At Frankfort, men begin already to seek lodgings, because of the approaching diet. From Vienna., May 3. — The Polish ambassador hath had audience lately. He was prayed to have patience for two months. He sells his pearls, and offers to pawn his jewels. He will go to the baths, that he may live as privately and sparingly as is possible, till this court be at leisure to give him such an answer as he desires. The protestants here are warned to turn catholics, or to leave the country within eight days. Out of Bavaria., May 2. — The Bishop of Freising hath re- ceived the Heidelberg proclamations, as well as the Bavarian. He saith, he will make himself judge of the controversy. All the towns of this country receive garrisons of new soldiers. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. May 14-24, 1657. Sir, — Mr. Ulrich still keeps his chamber. Your short letter of April 23 makes no mention of his son ; but it confirms my opinion concerning the state of Sir O. Fleming's coming hither. The Italian that told it me was suspected for a knave in all the great towns of this country ; but, return- ing through Heidelberg, he was there stripped and searched. Some say, there were strange matters found about him ; but I have not yet heard any particulars. That Mr. Secretary is overwhelmed with a multiplicity of affairs, I easily believe. I pray you present my humble service. 1G57.] AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. 1G3 We long to hear the final resolution concerning the government, as also the particulars of the late conspiracy, when the prisoners have been ex- amined. In the meantime, I remain, Sir, your faithful servant. I have here a copy of the French credentials, which Monsieur de Thou delivered at the Hague to the states-general. I was about to cause it to be written out for you ; but I thought it was very likely that you would have it from the Dutch am- bassador, and also, perhaps, from Sir William Lockhart. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. May 21-3L Sir, — Yesterday, three deputies went from Zu- rich to Arraw ; there to meet the deputies from all the other protestant cantons, save Glaris, which was not invited to that assembly. Nor have they given any notice of it to the French ambassador. If he come thither to them, they have order only to give him audience, and to make report to the senate of Zurich, but not to treat with him, or to say any- thing to him, difiering from the instructions which they had from the assembly last past ; their chiefest business at this time being, not the French league, but their own peace at home : to consider how that M 2 164 COLONEL MEY. [mAY, may be maintained, according to the late sentence of the arbitrators ; to draw a solemn promise from them all to execute that sentence, and hereafter not to suffer any popish prefect to oppress the pro- testants in the common prefectures, but to appre- hend him presently, and punish him, if he trans- gress any of those limits which that sentence pre- scribeth. The palatine elector's agent, who resides at Basil, intends to come to them at Arraw, and to present some Rhenish wine, which that prince sent them. Perhaps he hath no other business with them. But at the same time, Colonel Mey (a man not unknown at Whitehall), captain of that prince's guard, in- tends also to be there, to give notice, that the elector hath sent him to the four evangelical can- tons to pray them to let him raise some companies to make up a regiment of guards, because of the extraordinary levies of Bavaria, and other princes near the palatinate. The council of Heidelberg is most solicitous for Veiden, which, they say, is at the wolf's nose ; and if it were taken by the Ba- varian, or any other popish prince, it (and all the towns and villages depending thereon, being about eighty-three in all,) would be compelled to go to mass. The Bavarian and Heidelberg proclama- tions, in some cities, stand quietly by one another ; but in Spire and Worms, they have been both pulled down. Some sav, those two electors sent men 1657. J SWISS AFFAIRS. 105 thither to pull down one another's papers. Otiiers think it was done without their order by such as desire, by this means, to set those princes together by the ears. The palatine* is also jealous of the French, because lately France hath made treaties with the Electors of Mentz, Trier, and other princes, not including Heidelberg in any of them. I know not whether the protestant cantons will be forward to send a regiment to Heidelberg ; for the present, all listing of soldiers is forbidden. Those of Zug are gathering men for Milan ; to spare their own, they take up all the vagabonds that come into their country ; and having new clothed them, they deliver them to a captain, for Milan ; for the other cantons will not consent that they shall list any in the common prefectures. Claris is, in like manner, troubled to find their pro- mised number of soldiers for France, because they cannot obtain leave to make up their number else- where. A few days ago, the three deputies of the pro- testant part of Glaris returned from Soloturn home- ward. Two of them went another way, but the third w'as constrained to pass through Zurich, be- cause of some private affairs. The senate sent their second secretary to his inn to salute him. He en- * It was not many years after, that the palatinate suffered greatly from tlu' barbarous ravages of Louis XIV. 166 MEETING AT BADEN. [mAY, deavoured, by discourse, to draw out of him a confession how much they had received of the French ambassador ; but the deputy was reserved. He only said, that they had renewed the league for their own parts, but with this proviso, that if the other protestant cantons obtained better conditions, Glaris should speed never the worse for their for- wardness, but should share with those that made less haste and more ado in bargaining than the protes- tants of Glaris had done. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. May 21-3L Sir, — Yours of April 30 takes notice of my journey to Baden. I begin to lay aside the thoughts of that journey. Some think now there will be no extraordinary meeting at Baden this year. To-day, the evangelical cantons begin an assembly at Arraw, where some will endeavour to persuade the rest, that an extraordinary assembly at Baden will do more harm than good, and that it will be better to stay a little longer at the annual Baden meeting, next Midsummer-day. Here we have had but little news this week, and most of it improbable. We have heard of a battle between the Swedes and the Poles, wherein the 1657.] THE KING OF PORTUGAL. 167 Poles have lost at least seven for one ; and I have read a High-Dutch narrative of it, printed I know not where. But to me it seems not sufficiently cir- cumstantiated ; and therefore, in my letters to Mr. A. Peters, I have made no mention of it. Some emissaries of Spain give out that the young King of Portugal says that the title of Duke of Braganza is great enough for him ; and that he will go to Madrid, and resign his crown to King Philip, whom he dares trust with his life and liberty, as having never offended him, nor being bound to answer for his father's actions. But I find not a word to that purpose in the last letters from Madrid, whereof I send you a copy herewith. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. I desire not to put my Lord President to the trouble of an answer. It sufficeth me, that I am sure that he had my letter. The adjoined for Mr. Dury concerns Mr. Ulrich. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, May 21-31, 1657. Right Honourable, — Had I not been extremely sick all the last week, I had not failed you ; but, I will assure you, I escaped death very narrowly, though I had two or three able physicians about 168 CROMWELL REFUSES THE CROWN. [mAY, me. My Lord Protector has absolutely refused the crown ; the parliament has thereupon, with much ado, acquiesced and voted to accommodate all other articles to the title of Protector. Here is no other news stirring that I know of. Mr. Meadows is not yet gone to Denmark. I something question whe- ther he will go at all. I have received no moneys at all as yet to return you. Mr. Ulrich's son has undone himself merely by his folly. I hope his father will save my credit, at least, for the twenty pounds his son defrauded Mr. Meadows of. I have received your two letters, the last whereof was dated April 30, and return you my humble thanks for all the enclosed. I am so pressed that I cannot en- large. Right honourable, your honour's most hum- ble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, May 28, old style. May 24, in all the churches of this canton, a printed edict was read ; wherein they command all their subjects to stay at home, and not to list them- selves for foreign service in the wars of any prince whatsoever, under pain of confiscation of all their goods, and death if they be taken ; but if they be not taken, they shall be perpetually banished, 1657. J MEETING AT ARllAW. 1 09 not only themselves, but also their wives and children. May 25, the two hundred, or common-council, of this city were assembled to hear the account of what had been done by their deputies at Arraw. They told them, 1. That the French ambassador, being not in- vited, had taken no notice of that assembly ; so that they had no message from him whilst they Were there. 2. That the deputies of the other evangehcal cantons had approved their motion for making a more strict union than formerly for the defence of their religion, not only in the common prefectures, but also among their neighbours, especially of those of the county of Toggenburg, who have been, and are still, intolerably molested by their lord (the Abbot of St. Gall) for what they said or did during the late war among the cantons. Seeing, therefore, that he will not observe the amnesty, they had pro- posed it as a thing worthy of their consultation, what course is to be taken for the easmg of those oppressed men. 3. That Colonel Mey, of Berne, captain of the prince elector's guard at Heidelberg, appeared at Arraw, in the name of that elector, praying them to let him raise a regiment of one thousand soldiers of the protestant cantons' subjects as soon as might be ; and to lend him seventy thousand reichs dollars 170 THE PRINCE elector's GUARD. [mAY, (about sixteen thousand pounds sterling), offering, for security, to pawn jewels of great value. The deputies answered him, that for raising the soldiers they would not take upon them to give him an answer till they had reported it to their principals ; but they knew the public treasuries were not in case to lend money. To which the colonel replied, that he accounted his whole desire obtained if he might have the soldiers ; for, as for the money, he believed that among his own acquaintance in this country, he should find private persons, who, upon such good caution as those jewels, would willingly lend the sum desired. The two hundred, having heard this relation, ap- proved the proceedings of their deputies at Arraw ; and, because the sending soldiers to Heidelberg seemed a business of great importance, they re- ferred the preparatory deliberation to the privy- council, — that is, to their two consuls, four pro- consuls, and two treasurers. From Frankford, May 16.— In the public deliberations, no- thing hath been done here these six or seven weeks, because many of the deputies are absent ; and those that are yet here have no new instructions concerning the present state of affairs. In the meantime, the levies continue, especially for the vicariat. The Bavarian elector is owned by the Saxon as con-vicar. Their new seal is a spread eagle, upon whose wing are the arms of those two electors, with these words circumscribed : — " Ba- varus et Saxo Vicarij vacante Imperio. Ao. 1657." This seal was first sent to the Elector of Mentz, as chancellor of the empire in Germany. He approved it. It was then sent to the 1657.] DISPUTES ABOUT THE EMPIRE. 171 judges of the chamber at Spire, who had broken the late em- peror's seal as soon as they lieai'd of his death. Eight days ago, there came a herald thither, in a cassock of blue velvet, with the arms of Bavaria and Saxony before and behind ; lie pulled down the Heidelberg elector's proclamation, and tore it to pieces. The next day, eight palatine horsemen did as much to the Bavarian proclamation. Some say, the King of France ■will not only take Bavaria's part in all quarrels, but also endea- vour to get the imperial crown for him.* In the meantime, the elector palatine hath coined money with the title of vicar- He hath printed a declaration, shewing his right to that title ; and hath published a second proclama- tion, dated May 12, warning all men to refuse all mandates, citations, &c., coming from Spires with the Bavarian seal. MR. PELL TO xMR. MORLAND. May 28th, old style. Sir, — I have received yours of May 7-1 7th, with two enclosed from Mr. Hartlib. The deputies, * When the power of the Emperor of Germany ceased, whether by death, by abdication, or by deposition, the Germanic constitution provided, that the vicars of its several departments should take the reins of government into their hands, until the new emperor should be formally elected and crowned. The eldest son of the late emperor, Ferdinand HI., whom, as his in- tended successor, he had caused, in the usual manner, to be elected King of the Romans, having died, his other son, Leo- pold, King of Hungary and Bohemia, found a competitor in I.,ouis XIV., which occasioned much passionate negotiation, during a period of fifteen months. The end Mas, the election of Leopold, and an adjustment, known by the name of " The Alliance of the Rhine." 172 ASSEMBLY AT BADEN. [mAY, being returned from Arraw, tell us, that they there endeavoured to persuade the deputies of the other cantons that there need not be an extraordinary assembly of all the cantons at Baden this year ; but they found most of those deputies of another mind, saying, that the restoring the peace of this country, and preventing the like controversies hereafter, is a business that concerns them all, and therefore can- not be sufficiently finished and confirmed without a general assembly ; so that I am likely to see Baden again this summer, which will put me to extraordi- nary expenses. I hope, before that time, my wife will receive some money from Mr. Firbanck, and will deliver it to you to be made over to me by M. Tronchin. In mine of April 23rd, I prayed you to deduct 60/. out of it, and to pay it to Mr. Dury for the use of Mr. Henry Ulrich ; but since that time his friends here have received other letters, whereby they perceive he needs a greater sum. I therefore now pray you to dehver to Mr. Dury as much as he shall require for the setting of Henry Ulrich at liberty ; this being done, I hope there will be some money left in your hands to be made over hither by the correspondents of Mr. Tronchin. Your faithful servant. 1G57.] CROMWELL ACCEPTS THE ARTICLES. 173 MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 28th May, 1657, old style. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 7-1 7th instant, with the enclosed, and humhly beg your pardon for my silence, or, at least, con- fused letters of late. The truth is, I have been lately sick nigh unto death, and on Monday last, I heard of the sudden death of my dear mother, which made me ride post into the country, to come timely to her burial ; but, to my great grief, came too late : just now I am again arrived in London. His high- ness has accepted the parliament's offer of all the articles accommodated to the title of protector. I believe there will be shortly a proclamation, and new solemnities about it, and so they will proceed to settle all things. This is all the news we have here worth relating, at least, that I know of. I have sent you the enclosed marked A ; I believe there is a news-book in it. I am, right honourable, your honour's most hum- ble and faithful servant, S. Morland. MR. JOHN DURY TO MR. PELL. Westminster, 28th May, 1657. Sir, — I wrote last on the 14th of this month ; in it you had one from me to the old man Tronchin. I begin to despair of the tinding of his Idea Har- 174 CROMWELL ACCEPTS THE SETTLEMENT. [mAY, monia, which you sent me the last year in August ; and, it being but an index of what is to be offered to the churches, it is not very material whether it be found or not. Monday last (the 25th), the parliament presented the settlement again to his highness, with a new preface, and the title of king left out, or rather altered in the title of supreme magistrate, which they give unto the Protector, that he may administer the laws of the state to all intents and purposes with as much authority and right as ever any king before him did. We hope upon this agreement (for his highness hath accepted this offer) we shall now begin to look into other matters; and that my negotiation may come into some consideration, which hitherto could not be taken up. Mr. Morland has not as yet delivered me any money for Mr. Ulrich's son ; but when he doth deh- ver it, I shall add some to it, and see to get him out of his straits. My man, David Withlaw, is gone into France, as a servant to my Lady Ranalagh's* son, who is going to travel with his tutor for some years into France and Italy ; perhaps you may see them also where you are, if the states continue still there for a year or two longer ; where I wish you may be * Katherine Boyle, sister of Lord Broghill. The name was spelt Raiuikujh at this time. 1G57.] BATTLE OF SANTA CRUZ. 175 always in health, and prosper for the public good, and the private comfort for yourself. Sir, your affectionate friend and servant, J. D. MR. INIORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, June l-IO, 1657. Right Honourable, — After I had despatched my last week's letters to your honour (though they were but scragged ones) and was gone to bed, being indeed very weary of riding post so many days together, Mr. Secretary sent a messenger to my lodgings with the enclosed, but he had not the wit to wake me, only left the letter upon my bed, and in the morning I found it, which troubled me, for- asmuch as I suppose there is in it the new's of General Blake's late firing and sinking sixteen great Spanish ships in the road of Santa Cruz, which I had forgotten to insert, being exceeding weary. I thought it good, however, to send it this post, and give order that it be carried from Lyons to Geneva, and from thence to Zurich, by an ex- press, if they can find no other way, not knowing what may be in it of moment. His highness, about a week since or more, desired, by a letter, the par- liament to adjourn on the 20th of June until Michaelmas. This is all at present from, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faith- ful servant, S. Morland. 176 BATTLE OF SANTA CRUZ. [jUNE, A NARRATIVE OF THE ACTION AT SANTA CRUZ. After taking in the supply of victuals that was brought us the latter end of March, we spent two or three days before the town of Cadiz ; and finding the enemy there in no great forwardness to come forth with a fleet as was expected, the General, on the 13th of April, 1657, called the commanders together, and communicated his thoughts to go for Santa Cruz, on the island of Teneriffe, laying before them the reasons that induced him to it, which they all approved of; and a favourable gale just at the time presented to carry us thither. On the 18th following, in the evening, we discovered land, sup- posed to be point Negro, but being thick and hazy, could not certainly make it till noon next day, whereby the enemy had longer notice of our being on the coast than we designed he should, before we came to action. On Monday, the 20th of April, 1657, w^e were, by break of day, fair in the offing of Santa Cruz ; and as soon as it was light, perceived by a signal from one of our frigates ahead, that the West India fleet were in the bay, w^hereupon, after a short confer- ence how to order the attempt, and earnest looking to the Lord for his providence, we fell in amongst them, and by eight of the clock w^ere all at an anchor, some under the castle and forts, and others by the ships' sides, as we could birth ourselves to 1657.] BATTLE OF SANTA CRUZ. 177 keep clear one of another, and best annoy the enemy. They had five or six galleons (whereof were the admiral, vice-admiral, and rear-admiral, with their standard and flags aloft,) and other con- siderable ships, making up the number of twenty- six ; some of them having goods brought from the Indies still on board them ; others had taken in goods and provisions to carry back again. Most of them were furnished wdth brass ordnance, and (as we have been informed since) had their full com- panies of seamen and soldiers kept continually on board them from their first coming thither, which was about the beginning of February last ; their general himself in all the time lying but one night off the ship. They were moored close along the shore, which lies in the manner of a semicircle, commanded as far as the ships' end by the castle, and surrounded besides with six or seven forts, w^ith almost a continued line of musketeers and great shot as the ground between admitted ; and we were forced to come so near to do our w^ork that many of the men we have slain and wounded were shot by the musketeers from the shore. Notwithstand- ing, it pleased God that in four hours' time their men were beaten out, and all their ships put ashore, except the admiral's and vice-admiral's, who made the most considerable resistance. About two of the clock, the vice-admiral's was set on fire, and the VOL. II. N 178 BATTLE OF SANTA CRUZ. [jUNE, admiral's, by some happy shot or other accident, suddenly blown up, having (as we perceived just before) many men on board her. By the evening, all the rest were fired, only two that sunk down to rights, and had little but their masts appearing above water. It remained to complete this mercy that our own ships should come off well, wherein the greatest hazard and difficulty lay, for some riding near unto the shore and being sorely maimed did require to be warped off; others, when we came to weigh, drove with the wind, all the while blow- ing right into the bay ; and one of our best frigates struck. The enemy, in the meantime, supplied fresh men into his forts for those we had killed and beaten out in the heat of the action, and from them and the castle continued plying upon us till, about seven of the clock at night, every ship and vessel belonging to our fleet were, by the good hand of God, got safe out of command. In this service we had not above fifty slain outright, and one hun- dred and twenty wounded ; and the damage to our ships was such as in two days' time we indiflferently well repaired for present security, which w^e had no sooner done, but the wind veered S. S. W. (which is rare among those islands), and lasted just to bring us to our former station near Cape Mary, where we arrived the 2nd of May following ; for which merciful appearance all along with us, we 1657.] THE ELECTOR PALATINE. 179 desire the Lord may have the praise and glory, and tliat all that hear of it may turn and say (as of truth we have found), that among the gods there is none like unto liini, neither are there any works like unto his works. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. June 4, 1057. Sir, — When I wrote to you by the last week's post, May 28, Colonel Mey, who was come to this town the evening before, had not given me notice that he was here. But some hours after my letters were gone, he sent his brother to signify his desire to come to me, who carried back such an answer that he soon came himself. He told me, that the prince elector palatine had sent him hither to desire soldiers of this canton, and consequently of all the other protestant cantons, and of their allies, to the number of two thousand, to lay them in garrison in some places which he accounted most in danger. That his interest obliged him to desire the friendship of all protestants, but he scarce durst seek it openly, because of his situation in the midst of so many papists, who watch for a pretence to fall upon him, knowing him weak and low, and therefore easily trodden down. Towards England, he continues in that mind, "which," said N 2 180 THE ELECTOR PALATINE. [jUNE, he, "I made known to you this time twelvemonth, at Baden ;" that is, that he sent Monsieur Olivier on pretended business into France, but with order to slip into England with as little noise as might be, and there to give my Lord Protector assurance of the elector's great desire of amity and confident correspondence with England. But Monsieur Olivier, within a few days after he came to Paris, fell sick of a burning fever and died there. The elector, having no man else about him whom he could trust in such a business, " told me," said the colonel, " that he would send me thither, but that I was too well known, and it would make too great a noise among his ill neighbours." He there- fore wished that the Protector would send over some gentleman to Heidelberg, under pretence of seeing the new-planted palatinate, and the revived university, and who might tarry awhile there, as pleased with the abilities of Dr. Hottinger, or some other of his professors, or his skilful riding-master. " If such a one," said the prince, " were here, I would soon find out means to speak with him pri- vately, and give him assurances of my propension to close with England in as near correspondency as I am capable of." "The prince elector," said the colonel, " is now more free from domestic intrigues than he was when I spoke with you the last year. His brother Rupert is gone to Vienna, and there he abides ; his sister Elizabeth is gone to Berlin, in 1657.] THE ELECTOR PALATINE. 181 Brandenburg, to her aunt the old electrice, both which professed irreconcilable hatred against Eng- land. The prince cannot hinder his mother, bro- ther, and eldest sister, to continue their animosities for kindred's sake ;* but he himself prefers the interest of his people and their religion before kin- dred or any other consideration in the world." The colonel prayed me to make known this de- sire of his master the prince elector, that so the Protector might receive truer impressions of his affection to the present government of England ; of which he had given some proof in that he kept no manner of correspondence with his royal cousin Charles. The next morning, the colonel went hence to- wards Berne to treat with them also for levies ; the council here having answered him, that in that business they could do nothing without the con- currence of the other evangelical cantons. The other Heidelberg agent, who resides at Basil, did nothing at Arraw but present fifteen vessels of Rhenish wines to the deputies there assembled ; three for themselves, and three a-piece for the pro- testant cities. Those of Zurich had rather drink * The mother of the elector was Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England. The marriage of that princess to the elector palatine Mas singularly unfortunate to herself, but at- tended by consoqucnces of great moment to this country as supplying sub^otpiently, in the house of Brunswick, the nearest protestant line of succession to the throne of Great Britain. 182 THE POLES. [JUNE, their own verjuice than the best wine in the elector's cellar, and therefore they would not have been at the cost to bring it from Arraw to Zurich, but would have given it to the deputies of Basil, if they had not feared that it would much displease the prince elector, who had taken the pains to order the whole business, and to appoint which vessels should be sent to each place. I hear that the citizens of Soloturn, where the French ambassador resides, are very much discon- tented to hear that he gave money to the pro- testants of Glaris, whereas they cannot get a penny of him. From Vienna, May 19. — The house of Austria will accept the Poles' offer of their crown, not considering that thereby they will inevitably pull upon their heads the enmity of Mos- covy, Sweden, and Transylvania. The Austrian forces upon the frontiers of Silesia expect order to fall into Poland. The deputies of Hungary are departed ; nothing was concluded, but that a fortnight hence they would meet again to consider what was to be done against Ragotzi, who had written to the Palatine (the viceroy) of Hungary a very smart letter, with threats what he would do to Hungary if the Austrians disturbed his proceedings in Poland. Here about Vienna the levies con- tinue ; they find horsemen, but no foot ; they are sending a deputy into Denmark to persuade the king to break with Sweden. From Frankfort, May 19. — The judges of the chamber at Spire have already given out nine or ten sentences in the name of Bavaria and Saxony, and sealed with his new vicar seal, whereupon the Heidelberg elector goes about to lay a garrison in the city of Spire. The French forces fill us with jealousies by their drawing near to the rivers Moselle and Rhine. I am, Sir, your humble and faithful servant. 1657.] MEETING AT BADEN. 183 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 4, 1657. Sir, — It is to-day just a year since I returned hither from Baden, where, twenty days hence, the ordinary yearly assembly for accounts will meet, and then they will consider whether it be necessary to have an extraordinary assembly there this year. In mine of May 14th, I told you of an Italian that had been with me, and was searched afterwards at Heidelberg. Letters from thence tell me, that he pretended to be sent thither from the King of Sweden's brother, but being discovered to be a liar, the prince elector caused all his papers to be taken from him, and sent the knave to Frankford, to M. Snolsky, the Swedish deputy. What he hath done with him I have not yet heard. The last week's post brought me no letters from Whitehall, but I received one from Mr. Dury, dated 14th May; whereby I perceived that mine of April 23rd was come to hand ; for he tells me that, in my wife's presence, you had promised to deliver 60/. to him. I hope you have now received my last week's letter, wherein I prayed you to deliver to him as much as he shall require for the setting Henry Ulrich at liberty. You want leisure, and have little need of this accession of trouble, from Sir, your humble servant. 184 KILLING NO MURDER. [jUNE, MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, June 4-14, 1637. Right Honourable, — I have received vours of the 14-24th May. Mr. Ulrich is still in custody. As soon as I receive any money from your lady for you, I shall do my utmost endeavour to have him set free. My dangerous sickness of late, which brought me very near death's door, and the un- expected death of my mother, has caused me to be remiss in my writing to you of late ; but, hereafter, I shall be more punctual. To-morrow, (as I take it) a committee of the parliament is to wait on his highness about the settling of the affair of moneys, and, indeed, all the articles of the whole advice, lately presented by them to his highness (only the title of protector instead of king.) This is hastened much the more, because his highness signified his intentions of adjourning them the 20th of this month, till the beginning of Michaelmas term, which they are much joyful at. This is all the news that is stirring, only, between you and me, there has been the most dangerous pamphlet lately thrown about the streets that ever has been printed in these times.* I have sent you the preface, which * This pamphlet was the celebrated libel intitled, Killing no Murder, designed to persuade the soldiers to kill the Protector. Its authorship was afterwards claimed by Colonel Silas Titus ; it was also attributed to Sexby, who died in the Tower at the beginning of 1658. 1657.] THE FRENCH PROTESTANTS. 185 is more light, but, believe me, the body of it is more solid ; I mean, as to shewing the author's learning, though the greatest rancour, malice, and wicked- ness, that ever man could shew, nay, I think, the devil himself could not have shewn more. So I am forced to break off, and only assure you that, I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. I entreat you to let no living soul know that I sent you the enclosed. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY TIIURLOE. June 11-2L Sir, — The last week, the Venetian resident sig- nified to the senate of Zurich the victory obtained over some great ships of Barbary. Here was a report of a second fight, wherein the Venetian general was slain ; but this week's Venetian letters take no notice of any such news, so that we believe it is false. French letters say, that those of the reformed religion in Languedoc oppose themselves to the king's declaration, obtained by the now dissolved assembly of the clergy ; that the synod of Montpe- 186 QUEEN CIIRISTINIV. [jUNE, lier hath excommunicated the counsellors which consented to the verification of that declaration ; that Montauhan will not suffer Monsieur de 1' Abadie, their pastor, to go out of their town, though they were commanded by the king to put him away, because he had been a Jesuit ; that the reformed churches of France desire to meet in a national synod ; that the Spaniards have gotten a copy of the treaty between France and Portugal. From Rome, June 2nd, new style. — It was believed that we were quite rid of the pestilence, but now we see it breaks out again. New orders are taken against it. All bishops, as well cardinals as others, are commanded to retire to their own cathedrals. Perhaps this news of the pestilence returning, will divert Queen Christina, who is ready to come hither, having caused her lodgings to be provided in the palace of Farnese, but hanged and furnished by the Jews, because the keeper of Parma's wardrobe refused to do it, saying, they had misused and spoiled those which he lent her the last year. The pope is very pensive ever since he heard of the emjjeror's death ; he hath commanded the Portugal ambassador to leave Rome. From Venice, June 9th, new style. — Here are a hundred gentlemen chosen to reside in the borders, to look Avell that no passengers or merchandise enter this signory from infected places. For the pest increaseth in Genoa, and spreads towards Milan. From Vienna, May 26th, old style. — Many die here, as it were suddenly. The court is busy in diminishing the number of counsellors and courtiers. The King of Hungary hath been called into Spain the third time. Some troops are coming hither out of Carinthia. They are to go into Silesia, and from thence in all likelihood into Polonia ; for the articles of the 1657.] MR. tronciiin's misfortune. 187 Polish treaty arc agreed on and subscribed here. General Hatsleld is to fall into the territory of Cracow with 18,000 men, and Count Montecuculi* shall go against Transylvania with some thousands of Germans and Hungarians. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, June 11-21, 1G57. Right Honourable, — I have received yours with the enclosed, and return you humble thanks. We have no news at all stirring. The parliament have lately presented some bills about money to his highness, who has signed them, and the 20th of June they adjourn till Michaelmas. I suppose you have heard what has befallen Mr. J. Tronchin. I am verily persuaded it is pure malice and jealousy that has brought it upon him. If you know nothing to the contrary, I entreat you to lend him your helping hand to some eminent person of Berne to allay their wrath against him ; and to let him, at least, have a fair trial to clear his innocence, if he be so, as I trust he is. I have sent you enclosed a copy of his letter to me, and remain, in much haste, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. * The general who afterwards distinguished himself against Turcnne. 188 morland's health. [june, Your lady can procure, as yet, no money to return you ; and now, if I had it, I know not whe- ther I durst to return it by Mr. Tronchin or no till he has cleared himself. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 11-21, 1657. Sir, — Yours of May 21-31 gives notice of your dangerous sickness and speedy recovery ; at least, so far as that you were able to write to me. Your body is not able to bear so much labour and watching as your active mind would impose upon it. When I was about the same age that you are now, I gave an old man occasion to say to me, " You would fain be at your inn ; but if you have no care for the beast you ride on, you may lodge under the blue sky, and be laughed at for an ill- horseman." Now men begin to lay aside the thoughts of a coronation, more necessary councils may ripen faster, of which I hope your letters will not suffer me to be wholly ignorant. It hath been told, for a great secret, that the Genevois have determined to send two syndics. Monsieur Pictet and Monsieur de Dane, to Berne and Zurich. The cause of this journey is not yet known. I guess that it is occasioned by the 1657.] THE pope's pedigree. 189 rumour that the Duke of Longueville will shortly be at Neufchastel, whose inhabitants may, perhaps, desire to obtain some favours from him (their prince) by the intercession of these three consider- able neighbour-cities of the same religion. One hath taken the pains to shew that this present pope's grandfather's grandfather was brother to the present Great Turk's grandfather's grand- mother. If you desire the pedigree I will send it. By mine of May 28th and June 4, you will see that Mr. Ulrich is not abandoned by his friends here. I wish that you may receive some money for me shortly, that he may be set at liberty as soon as may be. If, in the meantime, he want money for his necessary expenses where he is, I hope, between Mr. Dury and yourself, so much may be advanced upon the credit of Your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. June 18-28. Sir, — The last post brought me a letter from Mr. Secretary, dated May 28, and in it a narrative of the action at Santa Cruz, under the conduct of General Blake. They are here generally glad to hear it, and wish frequent occasions of reporting no worse news. 190 THE ENGLISH AUXILIARIES IN FRANCE. [jUNE, They were also glad to hear that his highness and the parliament agree so well, without returning to the name of king, and so relapsing into the inconveniences from which we seemed to have been freed. Men now long to know the articles of this parliament's advice concerning the government. They have heard of six thousand English soldiers in France ; * but when I am asked who pays them, and upon what conditions they are to assist or to serve that king, I am not able to give a satisfac- tory answer, having never heard anything to that purpose. Yesterday, two of the magistrates of Geneva came hither. After dinner, they went to the con- sul's house and delivered their credentials, desiring audience privately. Wherefore, the consul sent to all the senators of the privy council to come to his house, where they were heard. What they said hath not yet been related to me. At my lodgings they made no long stay, not offering to speak to me of business, but only salutations and compliments. But, from one that discoursed with them before they had seen the consul, I learned that they had })assed through Soloturn, and there saluted the French ambassador, telling, that they were going to Zurich to liquidate the accounts concerning the * These were the auxiliaries sent to the aid of Louis XIV. against the Spaniards in Flanders. 1G57.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 191 soldiers which they had sent to help Zurich in the late war. But they did not tell him they had received very particular informations from Paris ; that he (the ambassador) had done all that he could against the protestant cantons to make them odious in the French court ; that the king and most of the grandees of France seemed to believe that the said cantons had a design to make a straight alliance with the house of Austria ; that the king had WTitten to the said ambassador, that if they did not presently make an end of this business of the league, he should speak no more of it to them. The cantons should find that all their interests in France w^ere lost ; and for their sakes, all the Hugue- nots in France and Piedmont should speed the worse. These, and other such informations, made the senate of Geneva think it necessary to send some deputies to their allies of Zurich and Berne to tell them these particulars, and to advise. It seems that, after their audience, the privy council of Zurich resolved to make use of the English ambassador. For they sent a secretary of state, both yesterday in the evening, and again this morning, to me, praying me to write this week to my Lord Ambassador Lockhart ; and to signify that this senate desired to know whether his lordship had any command in England to do good offices for the protestant cantons in the court of France ; 192 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [jUNE, whether his excellency had any inclination to inter- meddle in that business of the league ; and to repre- sent to the king and cardinal the true impediments of this affair. MR. PELL TO SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. Zurich, June 18-28, 1657. My Lord, — I have been prayed to write to your excellency in the behalf of the protestant cantons, who seem resolved shortly to send me some written declaration of their resolutions concerning the league of France. For they take it for granted that his highness continues willing that his public ministers should be ready to do good offices for them ; and they desire that the king and his counsellors may be fully informed concerning the true cause of their slowness to conclude the alliance in that manner as it hath been proposed by his ambassador, with whom they are so unwilling to treat ; that although they were resolved to make an end of that treaty this summer, yet they would endeavour to do it without him ; and (if they could be assured that your excellency had no par- ticular command from Whitehall not to intermeddle with the league) some of them would endeavour to persuade the rest to pass by the French ambassa- dor, and to put that business into your lordship's hands. For, if they send a deputy of their own to 1G57.] DEATH OF MORLAND's MOTHER. 193 the court of France, they fear it would be a journey in vain, he returning with no answer, or one as good as none. Deputies from all the cantons are to meet at Baden three days hence ; no doubt the French am- bassador will be there also. We shall shortly see what resolutions will be taken there. In expecta- tion of them, I should have deferred my writing to your lordship, but a secretary of state yesterday, and again this morning, sent from the senate, im- portuned me to write this week. I am, your ex- cellency's most humble and faithful servant. John Pell. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 18-28. Sir,— Yours of May 28th and June Ist-lltb are both come safe to my hands. The death of your mother is a sufficient argument for a long letter of consolation ; but my memory is unready to heap up all the reasons that I have heard or read fit to persuade men to moderation of sorrow. My mother died above forty years ago, and my father fourteen months after her. You will easily believe that the reasons which were then used to pacify me are not now fit for you, if I did remember them. Yesterday, Monsieur Pictet was VOL. II. o 194 BATTLE OF SANTA CRUZ. [jUNE, with me ; he was in mourning for his mother, who died about a month ago ; all women must not ex- pect to live to see their sons as old as he is, nor need they fear they shall all leave their sons so young as I was. Your case falls near the middle of this great difference, and there let it rest. To return to Monsieur Pictet. He was accom- panied with Du Pan, who was chosen prsetor while we were together at Geneva. Their discourse was only salutations, compliment, &c. They did not tell me what business brought them hither, but I shall come to know it without them ; and then I shall not conceal it from Mr. A. P. In his letters of May 28th, he enclosed a narra- tive of the action of Santa Cruz, sent from General Blake after his return to the Spanish shore, May 2nd- 12th. The Spanish court had not heard where he had been, or that he was returned, when the enclosed was written at Madrid, May 13th-23rd. But I hope, two days hence, to receive one of May 20th- 30th, which will, perhaps, speak otherwise. In the meantime, I remain. Sir, your faithful servant. The prince elector hath sent from Heidelberg eighty soldiers, under the command of your Gaspar Ulrich, to lie in garrison in Frankendal, to see the fortifications repaired, ditches scoured, palisades renewed, &c. 1057.] HENRY ULRICH. 195 Mil. .TOHN DURY TO MR. PELL. June 24th, 1657. Sir, — I owe you an answer to yours of the 29th of May and of tlie 4th of June. The chief matter of both is concerning H. Ulrich and David Whitelaw. Of this latter, I have told you, in my former of the 28th of May, that he was gone into France with a nobleman's son, in the quality of a servant ; and of the former, I can say no more, but that, as soon as Mr. Morland receives money for you, I shall set him at liberty ; for I am not able to do it sooner. I am three quarters of a year in arrear, which are to be paid shortly ; the want of that money hath put me in debt here ; other in- cumbrances also in my absence have been brought upon my private affairs, so that I am not able to disburse that which will satisfy his creditors ; if I can, I will see him to-day, and encourage him to be patient, till God so order it that money be received from the state. In the meantime, we must all w^ait and be suspended in our affairs. We expect that, to-morrow, the parliament wuU be adjourned till October 21st. I have endeavoured to bring in my business to be considered by them, and approved of and recom- mended to his highness. Whether their pressing affairs for money matters will suffer them to take it into consideration, 1 know not ; but I have the o 2 196 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [jUNE, chief of the leading men engaged to watch an opportunity to offer it, and all promise to further it ; and if it receive countenance from the parliament, I may begin to act again, for hitherto I have been out of action in a manner. Mr. Dinslaw doth not yet find the Idea Harmo- nics Confessionum which was sent to, Sir, your most humble servant, J. D. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. June 25th, old style. Sir, — The last post constrained me to break off my relation of the discourse which I had here with the secretary who was sent from the senate. I answered him, that the English ambassador was not yet sufficiently informed concerning their present state of their treaty with France, so that he could not venture to speak of it to the king or the cardi- nal, for fear of mistaking the canton's intentions, and so doing them more harm than good. He replied, that the senate would send something in writing which should supply that defect ; but they desired me to write to my lord ambassador presently, which I have done, telling him, that if these can- tons should resolve to make an end of the treaty this summer, yet they would endeavour to do it 1G57.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 197 without the French ambassador. And (if they could be assured that his excellency had not re- ceived a particular command from Whitehall, not to intermeddle with their league) some of them would endeavour to pursuade the rest to pass by the French ambassador, and to put that business in an Enghsh ambassador's hands. For they despair of doing it by a deputy of their own sent to the court of France, where he should, perhaps, not be admitted ; so that he must return with no answer, or with such an answer as they esteem equal to none at all ; namely, that the ambassador at Soloturn perfectly knew his majesty's mind con- cerning the affairs of Swisse, they should treat with him ; for so they were once served in the days of Cardinal Richelieu, which sticks in their stomachs to this day, Three days ago, I sent to Baden printed copies of the narrative of the action of Santa Cruz, trans- lated into High Dutch. There is now a general meeting of deputies from all the cantons concern- ing the yearly accounts. But when that audit is over, they intend to tarry there longer than is usual, that they may consult concerning the arbi- trators' sentences, &c. ; and, perhaps, also of the French league. I hope they will not pray me to go to Baden to be present at these extraordinary consultations. If they do, I do not yet know where to borrow so 198 MR. TRONCHIn's affair. [JUNE, much ready money as that journey will cost me. Mr. Frost hath, I think, three warrants in his hand for money for Your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MK. MORLAND. June 25, old style, 1657. Sir, — My last made mention of Monsieur Pictet. Amongst other things, I told him, that I had heard that Monsieur Celladon was at Berne. " Yes," said he, " for Jacques Tronchin's business; of which you have, perhaps, heard." I answered, that I had heard nothing. " Oh !" said he, " negotium moles- tissimum !" He said no more of it. But, two days after, I received a letter from old Mr. Theo. Tron- chin, wherein he prays me to be helpful to his kins- man to the utmost of my power. Out of that letter I gather, that Jacques Tronchin hath paid some false batses (Berne coin) to somebody. Berne hath cited him, both at Geneva and at Lyons, to answer it, esteeming him the coiner, till he makes known where he received them. Monsieur Jacques com- plains that they have given him too short a day in their citations, and troubles all his friends to inter- cede for him at Berne, that they give him longer time to seek his witnesses. I have seen a leaf of an English book dedicated 1G57.] PARLIAMENT PROLONGED. 199 to his highness by one that calls himself William Allen. I guess it printed in Flanders, perhaps at Douay. No doubt malice and sophistry are the principal ingredients of the book itself. But in what manner such cursed ware are presented to the public view. I cannot guess, having seen no more but that first leaf. I commend the enclosed to your care. In one of them I have written that I want money. Perhaps it may give occasion that you may shortly receive some money for Your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, June 25- July 5, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of May 28, old style, with the enclosed papers and letters to Mr. A. Peters. Your lady has not yet re- ceived your moneys for you, although both she and I have not failed or ceased to solicit for the same ; neither do I believe it has been yet in Mr. Secre- tary's power to procure it, so full of extraordinary business has all the world been for these many weeks. So soon as ever I receive it from your lady, I shall pay Mr. Dury so much as he thinks necessary. The parliament have prolonged their sittings for two or three days more, else they were to adjourn this very day. They are hastening what 200 FRANCE AND HOLLAND. [jULY, they can to settle the business of moneys. I sup- pose you hear, long ere this, that the peace is abso- lutely concluded between the French and Dutch ; that is to say, they are to conform both the one party and the other, as concerning their sea affairs, to the treaty made concerning the Hans Towns, in the year 1655 (as I take it), and longer, if they make not some other agreement. We are all very quiet here ; I do not hear of the least disturbance or alteration of affairs in the least. The report goes here, that the Spaniard has gotten some advantages of the Portuguese. The French are down before a town •* what the event will be, time will shew. They say, the prince and D. John are very near the French army ; we expect shortly to hear of some engagement. If I come to hear anything else of moment, you may be assured to hear it upon all occasions from, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. July 2-12, 1637. Sir, — The last letters from Baden say, that the deputies of the cantons could not yet come to make a general session, because Tsweyer (chief magis- * Montmedy. 1657.] AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. 201 trate of Uri) was one of the four deputies sent from that canton to Baden. His other three colleagues say, they dare not sit without him. The deputies of the other four popish cantons protest they will not sit with him, as being a person whom their principals have accused of infidelity and treachery in the late civil war. Some protestants say, that this is a feigned disagreement between the popish cantons that they may gain time, and frustrate this assembly as long as they can ; fearing that, when they come to consider the sentences of the arbi- trators, Zurich will speak as high in defence of the sentence of Basil as Switz can speak on the other side. In the meantime, those little cantons grum- ble, and swear they will make Zurich refund the charges of the last war. The French ambassador is at Baden. But when he demanded audience, the deputies prayed him to have patience till they could agree among them- selves to sit together. He invited them to a feast ; to which they all came, save the deputies of Switz, who would not come because they knew that Tsweyer would be there. They can do little busi- ness thus separated. They have divided themselves into committees to hear the accounts of their seve- ral prefects apart. But committees will hardly be thought sufficient to hear and determine the contro- versies which are brought thither by those who have appealed to a general assembly. 202 VARIOUS INTELLIGENCE. [jULY, The palatine elector hath recalled Colonel Mey out of these countries. He is gone to Baden, that there he may receive his despatches from the pro- testant cantons together. In the meantime, Mon- sieur Pelier is sent from Heidelberg down the Rhine ; none of the courtiers know whither. But the elector's agent who resides at Basil writes, that he believes he is gone into England. " Quod," said he, " dictum in aurem." For he knows that his master, the elector, would not have such a thing spoken of. It is said, that Colonel Mey hath obtained a pro- mise at Berne, that the prince elector shall have a regiment out of their canton. The deputies at Baden have received from the French ambassador a copy of the decree of June 10-20, at the Hague, wherein the states- general promise to restore the two French ships. I make no question but that a copy of it was soon presented at Whitehall ; so that I need not send one from hence. But I have sent Mr. Morland a copy of the deliberation of the synod held at Montpelier, in May last, which may produce much trouble in France, if great heed be not taken by those that have power to prevent it. The last week's post brought no English letters to Your faithful servant. 1657.] INAUGURATION OF CROMWELL. 203 MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, July 2-12, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of June 11-21, and return you most hearty thanks for your good counsel. I am sure I am ill at present for not observing your good rules, by some late nidit watches and unseasonable hours. Now the parliament is over, I hope to get your moneys. I was to-day to meet with Mr. Dury, about the releasing of Mr. Ulrich upon Mr. Dury's and my own private account, according to your de- sire, but found him not at the house ; and, indeed, finding him afterwards, he told me, that it would be necessary to examine Mr. Ulrich first concerning a bond he has lately squandered away of Sir Oliver Fleming's, for one hundred and seven pounds ster- ling. He is a sad soul, and a very simple youth as ever I heard of. However, upon your account, I shall do my part for his relief speedily. By the en- closed you will have an account of our yesterday's solemnities through the city, the proclamation being made by the mayor and aldermen (that is, by their officers), and they themselves being present, as likewise many of the lords of the council, and other persons of quality, who assisted in the solemnity. The last week was the inauguration in West- minster ; whereof tlie speaker presented my Lord Protector with an imperial sceptre, a rich robe, 204 MR. TRONCHIN. [jULY, such as the kings formerly wore, and, lastly, a sword, and all under the title of the Lord Protector and Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth of England. I wrote to your honour, not long since, in favour of Mr. Tronchin, of Geneva. I trust you have recommended his cause to the Bernenses. I be- lieve in my soul it is a pure effect of M. Turchin's and some others' malice. I am something ill, and must leave off, notwithstanding Mr. Secretary com- manded me to write to you, as you may see by the enclosed note. If Mr. Tronchin should be dis- graced, it would hinder one from conveying any more moneys beyond the seas, and gratify the devilish malice of his and our enemies. So I humbly beg your pardon, and remain, in all sincerity, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. We have no other news stirring here ; but you will hear sooner. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. July 9-19. Sir, — For the cause mentioned in my last week's letter, they could not agree to make a session at Baden. But they appointed to meet there again 1657.] AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. 205 in the beginning of August, and there to con- sider the ill-agreeing sentences of the arbitra- tors. The popish hope, by that time, to see the house of Austria repossessed of the imperial crown, and then they will speak big, and stand stift' upon their higli demands of the charges of the late war. Mr. Stockar (who is now no longer secretary, but newly chosen treasurer of his canton) was at Baden. He came thence eight days ago, and stayed two days in this town. He told me, that his canton was the most backward to renew the league with France ; that all the other deputies had dined with the ambassador ; but the deputies of Schaffhausen, being invited, went not to him. The deputies of Zurich did not return till the 4th of July. They have since had two assemblies here in the two hundred, wherein it was expected they should have given an account of what had been done at Baden. But there was nothing spoken of it ; those two days being taken up with other business; as, choosing of new prefects, and supplying their places in the council. It is said that, six days hence, the two hundred are to meet expressly for the business of Baden, and of the league of France. Tn the meantime, it is reported that the deputies did conclude the league with the French ambas- sador at Baden. He told them, that he would strive 206 THE DUKE OF LONGUEVILLE. [jULY, with them concerning Alsatia ; the king was con- tent that they should except it, so that there remained only the question concerning the choice of officers. Some say, that the other cantons referred that to his excellency ; only Zurich depu- ties said, that they had not power to do so ; hut they would propose it to their principals, and hoped they might be brought to the same opinion. Others believe that Zurich will not easily be brought to let the French ambassador choose their officers. Perhaps some temperament will be found out ; as, that they shall name a set num- ber, out of which he shall choose whom he likes best. But of this we can have no assurance till a week or two be past. The Duke of Longueville is newly come to Neufchastel, (or Newenburg, as the Swisses call it,) where he was solemnly received by his citizens ; for they will hardly be endured to be called subjects. The senate of Berne hath sent some of their own members to welcome him, and invite him to come to their town. The reason of his coming is unknown. Some thought it was to see his eldest son installed there; but then they think he would have come with a far greater train. Others say, that his coming hath hastened the conclusion of the league, the ambassador fearing that the protestant cantons would treat with the 1657.] THE AUSTRIANS IN POLAND. 207 duke, and by him make their resolutions known to the king. The Bavarian elector hath, at Weiden, begun a war upon the Elector of Heidelberg, who is scarce ready to oppose him. The Austrians are marched into Poland. They would also fall into Transylvania, but many Hun- garians are against it, especially one Swerin, an Hungarian earl, and therefore many of his villages have been lately burnt by the king's forces. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, July 9-19, 1657, Thursday, 8 at night. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 18th-28th June with the enclosed, which I have faithfully delivered about a quarter of an hour since. I have received a 100/. of your lady, and shall, God willing, to-morrow morning, deliver it to Mr. Dury according to your honour's order, and not only so, but send enclosed by the next the receipt of Mr. Ulrich's creditor for what money Mr. Dury demands. I had released him upon my own account, but that Mr. Dury desired time to inform himself of some other particulars concerning 208 INAUGURATION OF CROMWELL. [jULY, the said Ulricli. I hope to be able to give you more light into all things the next week. By my last, I gave you a broken account of his highness's inauguration. It was about a fortnight since that his highness was sworn by the parliament in Westminster Hall ; their speaker putting upon him a royal robe, and presenting him with a bible, a sceptre, and a sword ; and, three or four days after, the inauguration was proclaimed and published in London by the lord mayor and alder- men, and a great number of gentlemen being there present, as there was likewise before at West- minster Hall, where were also the judges all in their robes. In sum, the ceremony was performed with a very great deal of solemnity, and I hope will prove much to the satisfaction of that which was the discontented party. At present all is quiet ; w^e have no news stirring. Here is an agent lately arrived from the palatinate about the business of vicarii for the empire. The other day, among my papers, I found the enclosed of Mercator de Emendatione annua. I should be glad to have your opinion concern- ing it ; I know not whether you have seen it, and therefore take the boldness to send it your honour. General Montagu went, as I take it, last Tues- day morning to sea, from Whitehall. I suppose he may stay out three or four months. He 1657.] HENRY ULRICII. 209 commanded me to present you with his humble and hearty service. I rest in haste, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant. S. MORLAND. MR. JOHN DURY TO MR. PELL. July 9tli, 1G37. Sir, — I believe you know the cause why H. Ulrich is not yet relieved, but as soon as moneys are gotten out of the treasury, it shall be done without delay ; but when he is out, he cannot remain here in hope of preferment, he must needs be disposed of another way ; for no man will be able to recommend him to any place who knows him. He is of a disposition which is not fast, but sleepy, and in a manner senseless ; and his miscar- riage being know^n, will make all men afraid of him. I know no better way for him than to be in some army as a surgeon, which is his trade ; or if he has neglected to entertain thoughts of that trade, he may trail a pike till adversity awakens him from his drowsiness, and put life into him, and activity, if he be any ways capable of it. General Montagu is gone to sea with a squadron of ships ; whither is unknown. I dined with him at my lord president's two days VOL. II. P 210 MR. DURY. [jULY, before he went, and at table he made khid mention of you. Here you have the copy of that which the parlia- ment has done in my business, which will open a door for action unto me as I suppose,* who am. Your most humble servant in Christ, J. DURY. MR. PELL TO MR MORLAND. July 9-19, J657. Sir, — I have received yours of the llth-21st June, wherein was enclosed Jacques Tronchin's letter to you concerning his Berne business, of which I have heard but little from other hands. One of the letters which the Berne post brought hither yesterday, hath this passage : — " De Berne ce 6 de Juillet, 1657. — Monsieur le * Dury, of whom mention has been made before, was the friend and correspondent of Boyle. Dr. Birch mentions liim as having ''spent many years in his travels, engaged in his scheme for reconciling the Lutherans and Calvinists." — Life of Boyle, pp. 77, 299. The proceeding in parliament referred to above is recorded in Burton's Diary. " Ordered, that it be recom- mended to his highness the Lord Protector, as the desire of the parliament, that his highness will be pleased to encourage Christian endeavours for assisting the protestant churches abroad ; and that the Lord Deputy, Lord Lambert, Mr. Secre- tary, Major- General Disbrowe, and Colonel Jones, be desired to present this vote to his higiinessthe Lord Protector." — ii. 313. 1057.] MR. TRONCIIIN. 211 baillif de Lausanne est encor affaird avec les affaires du Signor Tronchin, qui s'est retire en France pour estre I'autheur convincu des fausses batses fabriques dans Orange, &c." If he cannot prove the witnesses to be false, he stands convicted, as this Bernois speaks. I know not what yet can be done for him, till I hear what cause is taken to sift their testimonies. I shall be very willing to do anything for him that lies in my power ; because it seems probable to me that he is innocent. I think there will be no great necessity to return money by him a good while, if, according to my former letters, you free Mr. H. Ulrich, and send me an account hither, that I may receive it again of his friends. If there remains any overplus in your hands, be pleased to keep it till further order from, Sir, your faithful servant. What you will find in the next leaf was tran- scribed out of a sheet printed at Milan, that you may see in what manner men speak there of the aflairs of En2;land. Milano, JiKjUo 4, 1G57. — Datasi, come si scrivc da Lonclra sotto li 7 del passato, la nogativa dal Protottore Croinvcl al Parlanicnto sopra il ricevere il Titolo di i\c> con la Corona, s'eia iniposto nuovaniente silcntio sopra I'affare; non ostante, che alcuiii de Parlamentarii insistessero tuttavia, die .-^i dovesse essequire quclio clio gia era state delibcrato, coll obligare lo stesso Cromvel h lasciarsi Coronare, seiiza poriiiittere che la p 2 212 THE DUKE OF LONGUEVILLE. [jULY, volonta de' Capi dell Armata sopra vanzasse all autorita del assemblea composta de mcmbri de' tre Regni, ma essendo cio contrario alle leggi fondamentali di essi, clie dispongono, che quando non si voglia conoscere per Sovrano il Re legitinio, noii si possa farlo d'altro Personaggio, rimaneva il tiitto sopito. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. July 16th, 1657. Sir, — Yesterday was appointed for the assembly of the common council of Zurich concerning the French league ; but they did not meet, because this senate had two days before received two letters from Berne, wherein that signified their hopes of obtaining better conditions by the Duke of Longue- ville, than ever had been offered them by the French ambassador ; the duke came to Neufchastel July 1 . The next day, the deputies of Berne came to him thither ; he told them, that the only cause of his coming was, a desire to see his good subjects of that city once more before he died, he being now in his climacterical year. I perceive, by private letters from Berne, that most of that town look upon this duke as an excellent opportunity for the four evangelical cantons to make known to the French court their just complaints against the ambassador, whom this duke doth not love. Howsoever, whether he do them any good or no, his coming hath hanged plummets upon their resolutions, and retarded the 1657.] THE ELECTOR OF HEIDELBERG. 213 treaty, which seemed to be come to a conclusion. I do not perceive that any of the other three are so forward in that business as to do anything in it without Berne. The prince elector of Heidelberg hath drawn all his soldiers out of Weiden, upon the Bavarian elec- tor's jiromise that no others shall be put into it from any other side ; but that it shall stand free and void from all garrison. The truth is, that prince is too poor to maintain a war. He recalled Colonel Mey, having obtained nothing among these can- tons or their allies ; save only a grant from the senate of Geneva, that he shall raise one company in their city. Nor had he found any private persons that would lend him money upon the jewels which he brought into these countries, with power to mortgage them. The said colonel went from Basil towards Heidelberg just ten days ago. Sir, I am your faithful servant. From Chut; in Rlicctia, July 7-17. — In the last general assembly of the Grisons, the Count Casati (the Spanisli am- bassador), by Iiis secretary, again proposed, that captains whicli serve the French in the state of Milan be recalled ; and if thoy will not obey, their goods and lands be confiscated, whereupon such a decree was made. It will be a fair occasion for a new combustion and revolution in these countries, if they ])rocced to execution of this sentence ; the Count will find it unsafe for him to reside in llhastia. 214 MR. DURY. [jULY, MR. JOHN DURY TO MR. PELL. July 16, 1657. Sir, — With yours of June 25 I received the Idea, for which I thank you. At last, Mr. Ulrich is freed, as by the particular quittances and the ac- count given to Mr. Morland, no doubt, you will perceive. The prince elector palatine hath an agent here, the son of Monsieur Pelier, of Lausanne ; with him Monsieur Ulrich, as he told me, will lie ; which comes well, for we know not else what could be done with him, for the reasons of his miscarriage, and his natural temperament, which is dull, as I formerly wrote unto you. By the adjoined copy, which may be shewed to Mr. Stackins, you will see what he says of Gesner, and what Sir Oliver has endeavoured to do for him. The Dane, traversing the common interest of the protestant cause, will put my business, as to any negotiation with the Germans, to a stand, till he be taken off. How far the Hollanders have set him on, together with the house of Austria, and we will do to take him off, time will shew. In the mean- time, my negotiations at home will be to prepare our own men to concur jointly, when time shall be. Here is like to be some alterations in the members of the council. I rest, your most humble servant in Christ, J. DuRY. 1657.] IIENllY ULRICH. 215 MR. MORLAND TO iMIl. PELL. Whitehall, July 17-27, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of June 23, with the enclosed. Your one hundred pounds I faithfully delivered to Mr. Dury, and im- mediately Mr. Ulrich was delivered out of prison. After the discharge of all, there remains 71. 8s. bd., which Mr. Dury has returned hack to me, which I receive as part of what I must give Mr. Meadows for his twenty pounds. I hope Mr. Meadows will be content with fifteen pounds, or less. The en- closed paper states the accounts It rains so extremely hard, and Mr. Secretary has en- joined me to attend him, that I cannot step to my lodging out of Whitehall for the more particular ac- count wdiich Mr. Dury delivered me, with an at- testation under Mr. Ulrich's own hand. I shall send it by the next. So soon as ever I get more money, I shall faithfully return it to you by Mr. Tronchin, who, I hope, will acquit himself of all the malicious and (I am persuaded) the false calumnies of his sworn enemies. I entreat you to mediate in his behalf at Berne, whereby you will extremely oblige me. Mr. Pictet speaks merely out of favour to his cousin Turche : the man is extremelv just in all other matters, but it is observed of him, that he cannot forbear being partial when his kin- dred are concerned. 216 THE LORD LAMBERT. [jULY, We have no news stirring here, hut that the council are now sworn ; they are not all assemhled as yet (being very many of them out of town), so that we know not what alterations will be. It is observed by some here, that the Lord Lambert* has not yet taken the new oath. The Churland agent has, this afternoon, taken his leave, and has given him a present of one hundred and twenty pounds. I am, in great haste, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. July 23, 1657. Sir, — Since my last, they have here made no great progress in any business of consequence. Three days ago, the two hundred met, but spent most of the time in questioning one of their ministers for preaching against the renewing the league with France. They deferred their final sen- tence against him till another time, being desirous to hear the contents of the letters which were come hither, the night before, from the senate of Berne, wherein they expressed a desire to have an extra- * Lambert deserted Cromwell at this j^eriod, and retired al- together from 2)ublic business. 1657.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 217 ordinary assembly of deputies from the four pro- testaiit cantons, to meet at Berne or Aarberg (about twelve English miles from Berne), for causes, as they said, not fit to be written. The senate of Zurich knew not well what to resolve upon such a motion. At the last, they decreed that their third secretary of state should ride away early the next morning towards Berne, and there learn more parti- cularly the reasons of such an assembly. Till he come back, nothing will be done here in the busi- ness of the league. Out of private letters from Berne I gather, that the senate is resolved to draw the Duke of Longue- viile to Berne, and there to make known to him all their interests, grievances, and complaints against the French ambassador, if they can persuade Zurich and the rest to do the like ; for they seem to be- lieve the duke is willing to speak very plainly and affectionately for them to the king. It is not un- likely that this conspiracy against the ambassador is the cause which the Bernenses would not write in their letters. In the meantime, Geneva presseth very eagerly the renewing the league, seeming to fear that some great mischief will befall them and the reformed churches of France, if the king be a little more pro- voked to displeasure by their delays. The letters from Vienna say that, July 0-1 G, the king, with his 218 SIEGE OF MONTWEDI. [jULY, uncle the archduke, went thence toward Prague, with a resolution to tarry in Bohemia till he fully know the inclination of the princes electors. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, July 23, August 2, 1657, past 1 1 of the clock, at night. Right Honourable, — According to promise, I have sent you enclosed Mr. Ulrich's accounts ; as also a letter wdiich I received for the last post, which, in a crowd of business, escaped my packet, for which I humbly beg your pardon. Mr. Secre- tary presents his service to you, but that the truth is, there is nothing here to write of. We have no news at all from France. The French forces are still, before Montmedi, but what they intend doing the Lord knows. I hope Mr. Secretary will sud- denly procure you some money, and I shall im- mediately convey the same to you. There w^ere lately commissions treated about the affairs of Sweden and Brandenburg, but what was the result of that meeting, I know not. I perceive the King of Sweden is encompassed with enemies, but hope God will give him victory over all. The night draws on, and I am forced to say no more, but 1657.] Mil. TRONCHIN. 219 that I am, in all sincerity, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. July 23, old style, 16o7. Sir, — The last week, I sent you, under a blank cover, some Italian news, with three letters for M .A. P., M. I. D., M. I. P., but none for yourself; yours of July 2-12 contained letters from yourself, with the humble petition in folio, and others from Mr. Hartlib, with a printed Mercury ; by all which I perceive the present state of affairs with you. I hope these alterations w^ll settle the spirits of many malecontents, for nothing can please all. I have written to Berne in the behalf of Mr. Jacques Tronchin, in such a manner as, I hope, will do him no harm there, but may do him much good. He must not be wanting to himself, but endeavour to demonstrate the malice of his ac- cusers, and the falsehood of the testimonies against him. If you have occasion to send money into Piedmont before he be so well cleared as you desire, Mr. d'Ize will be able to take such a course with the whole body of the reformed church in Lyons, as that you may send money safely by them to Gre- noble, without the help of any merchant or banker at Geneva. 220 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [jULY, Mr. Ulrich's friends here long to hear that he is at liberty. As for the bond which you speak of, I hope Sir O. Fleming hath a good account of it be- fore now. In his letters hither, he made mention of such a bond, which Sir O. Fleming had given to Monsieur Gesner, to procure ready money for it. What Gesner did with it at last, I know not. I hear he is on the way hither. As soon as he comes hither, I shall endeavour to get it out of him, if be- fore that time your letters give me not assurance that Sir O. Fleming is contented with what he did in that business. I pray you send me a superscription for letters to Mr. Sadler, for I am thinking to write to him. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, July 30, old style. Here the two hundred have met twice this week, and have heard the report of their deputies who were at Baden a month ago. They have read the form of the renewed alliance with France, as it was offered by the French ambassador at Baden. They have compared it with that draught which was penned a year ago. But they are not yet come to a final resolution. Yesterday, a Frenchman came hither, who says he is of our religion, a soldier belonging to the 1G57.] SURRENDER OF MONTMEDI. 221 garrison of Brisach. He said, that town was in very good condition, but the soldiers saw but Httlc money ; that in Brisach tliere are many of our re- ligion, captains, soldiers, merchants, and inn- keepers ; that all the chief officers of Brisach were gone to Frankfort, because of the election of an emperor there ; that before he came out of Brisach, that news was come thither that Montmedi was delivered up to the king, who was the first that entered it, with his guards. The enemy wanted water. They had meal, but, to make bread of it, they were forced to mingle it with beer. In that manner, they could have kept the place a little longer ; but hearing of so many English coming, they resolved to accept good conditions whilst they might liave them. It was said, those English should now be trusted with the keeping of Montmedi.* From Nuremberg, July 20-30. — Yesterday, the Prince Pala- tine llupcrt came hither, with a small train, from Vienna. To- day, the senate sent him a present of twenty-eight pots of wine. They say he intends to go to Heidelberg. The Swedisli resident, George de Snolski, hath insinuated a memorial at the directory of Mentz of this tenor: — Although many protested against the instrument of peace niatlc in the year 1G48, because of several pretensions, yet, hitiierto, none have gone about to break, that peace; but now Denmark hath done it, witii his arms troubling a part of the empire, having attacked the dutcliy of Bremen, saying, that it ought not to have been granted to the Swedes at Munster ; and, in his ma- * The English referred to were the six tliousand sent to the aid of Louis by Cromwell. 222 THE SWEDES AND DANES. [jULY, nifesto, he declares this as the chief reason of his war, calling it his bishoprick, which is contrary to the possession given to the Swedes, together with a right of session among the states of the empire. It is also contrary to the guarantee. Wherefore the King of Sweden desires to know the intention of the states of the empire, assuring himself that Denmark shall find no support or countenance of the empire from any that in- tends to keep the peace. He expects their speedy resolution to preserve the empire's tranquillity. From Berlin, July 1-11 — The Princess Elizabeth is come hither from Heidelberg. She is going to Crossen, to her aunt, our elector's mother. Y. H. S, MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, July 30, old style, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of July 9-19, with the enclosed, which I have faith- fully delivered. I hope, ere this, that you have re- ceived, by my former letter, the news of the de- livery of Mr. Ulrich, with his accounts in particu- lar. There was but seven pounds of the hundred I received left, which Mr. Meadows expects, with nine or ten more, at least, for his twenty pounds. I have not sent any money to your honour, as yet, by Mr. Tronchin, till I have your further com- mands ; though I am just now giving him an order to remit (as formerly) a thousand pounds to the poor people of Piedmont, believing all his accusa- tions to be mere forgeries, and effects of malice and envy. Your lady has been soliciting for money, but has received none since that two hundred 1G57.] RICHARD CROMWELL. 223 pounds. If the council had sat this day, I liad in- tended to have sent in a note to Mr. Secretary about it, who is now a member of council, lately sworn, and has a vote, which before he had not. We have no news at all stirring that I know of, or, at least, can think of. Yesterday, came the vice- chancellor and six doctors of Oxford, to White- hall, most of them in their robes, to inaugurate (if the term be proper) my Lord Richard as chancellor of Oxford, which was done with much solemnity. We have no news from France. All is quiet here. I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. Mr. Secretary has lately taken one Colonel Sexby, an arch conspirator.''*' MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. July 30, 1657. July 30, or August 9, or August 19, for so we must write hereafter, if your Mercator might have his will ; as if we were not enough troubled with the Gregorian calendar, but we must have another, far more troublesome ; so that every time that any man hath occasion to write or name a day of the * Sexby was deeply eoncernetl in Siiuierconibe's plot. 224 DIFFERENCE OF STYLES. [jULY, month, he must express it in three several ways. But, by calhng this day August 19, what shall I get more than he that calls it July 30 ? A great matter ; for thereby I shall, without calculation, know, that the sun is about the nineteenth degree of Leo ; for that is the huge advantage of annus coslestis (as he calls it in the printed sheet you sent me), or annus, si diis placet, Christianus, as he calls it elsewhere.* By this time you foresee my opinions, which you desired to know. Yet I will speak more plainly. My opinion is, that you and I may very easily find some better employment for our few spare hours, than to bestow them upon an inquiry whether the contents of that sheet be true or false. Be they never so true, yet his superscriptions (if publicly re- ceived, as he desires,) would bring upon us such intolerable inconveniences as could not be counter- vailed by the petty advantages of his new cycles. But if vou desire to see what other men have written of them, Mr. Hartlib can give you copies of some letters written from Oxford to Mr. Mercator, and his replies. They say Gesner is come home. I have not yet seen him. I hear that the palatine agent will enter- * The confusion created by the different modes of reckoning dates is very great at this period ; and we need not wonder at Pell's dislike to the innovation proposed by Mercator. 1057.] MR. MEADOWS. 225 tain Mr. Ulricli as soon as he is at liberty, and will take him along with him to Heidelberg. I believe you remember that, whilst we were to- gether at Geneva, Mr. Secretary sent me England's manifesto against Spain, both in English and Latin. I have the Enghsh still ; but I gave the Latin to Mr. Holtshalb, the Zurich deputy, who was then w'ith us there. I could never see it since. I pray send me another copy of the Latin only ; and cut it in pieces, to make it fold more handsomely, and lie closer; than whilst it continues sewed together in a book. I wish General Montagu a happy voyage. I pray you, when you have any news of or from him, forget not to impart it to Your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Right Honourable, — I received your packet this post, but not any from yourself; the enclosed are faithfully delivered last Tuesday. Mr. Mea- dows was ordered to prepare again for his journey to Denmark, and a major-general of the army (I forget his name) to go to the King of Sweden ; the business I cannot tell, but I believe both you and I may easily divine. Yesterday morning, there was one Gardner ai)prehended in Whitehall, with two VOL. II. Q 226 AN EMBASSY SENT TO RUSSIA. [aUG. pistols charged in his pockets to have murdered his highness, whose hfe God Almighty preserve ! Your lady can get no more money as yet. This is all the news at present from, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. Mr. Bradshaw, who was sent as ambassador to Muscovy, is now there lately arrived ; what his success will be, time will shew. The Duke of Churland has been very civil to him in his way, viz., inviting him from Riga to his quarters, be- cause the plague is hot at Riga. The enclosed packet was sent me too late the last time to my lodging, viz.j at nine or ten at night ; all which time I was locked up in Mr. Secre- tary's study. I must get them to send their letters sooner. I fear they will not send timely also this night. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. August 6-16, 1657. Sir, — The secretary mentioned in mine of July 23rd, returning from Berne, made a report of his reception and message. He said, they refused to tell him their reasons why they desired an assembly at Berne or Aarberg. He asked whether they had discovered any cause to distrust him, whom they 1G57.] AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. 22 111 bound by an oath of secrecy to all the protestant cantons, whom he had long served in their assem- blies. They replied, they did not distrust him, but some of" those to whom he must give account v;hen he came home ; that at Zurich there were some of the council who could not keep counsel, but would discover all before the time. He savs, he asked them whether there were not such at Berne. They answered, too many, but therefore they should know the less of such affairs as those now in hand. The sena|;e of Zurich, seeing themselves never the better informed for this journey of his, called the council of two hundred, where it was decreed that they would treat again with the French ambassador concerning the league, but first their deputies should consult, not with Berne alone, but with all the protestant cantons together at Arraw, August 4th. Those that are most addicted to France were glad of this vote, and thought they had gained their whole desire in that business ; but the next day, July 30th, when the two hundred met again, it was resolved upon the question, — that the choice of the colonels and ca])tains to serve in France shall be made by the magistrates of Zurich, and not by the king or his ambassador, as hitherto ; and that they will not renew the league till the king agree to this, although all the other cantons should renew without this condition. This resolution was not unanimous, many dissent- q2 228 AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. [aUG. ing, but not able to hinder, being very much over- voted, so that they begin to fear that they shall always continue the lesser number, and then Zurich will again return to its old singularity of standing out, when all the other cantons are in league with France. Yet some hope that the common council of Zurich will be contented to subscribe the league as other protestant cantons, if the king will give letters of re vers, promising to accept always those officers of war whom the magistrates of Zurich shall from time to time secretly recommend to him- self or his ambassador. In the meantime, the deputies are together at Arraw, where it is thought the deputies of Berne will, to some of the rest, secretly discover more than they will say in the open assembly ; which proceeding, being unusual, may cause them to stay longer than they are wont to do ; otherwise, the deputies of Zurich will be at home to-night. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. August 6-16, 1657. Sir, — Yours of 17-27th July assures me of Mr. Ulrich's liberty ; I hope your next will bring me the particular account with his attestation which you mention. Mr. Gesner was with me yesterday ; 1657.] AFFAIRS OF SWITZERLAND. 229 he tells me that Sir O. Fleming very well knows what he did, and with whom he treated for money ; so that Mr. Ulrich ought not to be questioned at all about any obligation of his, &c. I hope I shall also, the next week, have a letter from Mr. Dury, to whom I pray you convey this enclosed ; it is from Monsieur Stockar, who is now no longer secretary, but treasurer, and therefore privy councillor of his canton. Of foreign news I have none worth sending. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. August 13, 1637. Sir, — ^The last week, I wrote that the deputies of the protestant cantons were at Arraw ; they are not yet gone thence. One of the Zurich deputies re- turned home last week, that he might, in the com- mon council of the two hundred, shew the draught of the league, and of the letter which the deputies had penned at Arraw ; wherein they tell the French ambassador that the protestant cantons cannot agree in any conditions but those ; and, therefore, they desire to know whether his excellency have full power to conclude with them according to that draught, from which they cannot at all recede by any alteration. The two hundred of Zurich (in 230 SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. [aUG. their assembly, August 8- 18th) approved the draught and the letter, and commanded four copies of both to be written fair, and to be sent to Arraw to the deputies. Whereof one copy was for the French ambassador, another for the Duke of Lon- gueville, to whom they intended to make addresses in case the ambassador refused to accept that draught, which they now offer him as their final and unchangeable resolution. At Arraw, three days ago, the state of affairs was thus: — 1. The deputies were agreed in all points concerning the league with France, save only that Zurich and Berne would have the nomination of the colonels, and captains, which should command their subjects abroad. But Basil and Schaffhausen (being much smaller, and therefore sending fewer soldiers) did not think fit to contest with the King of France for the command of so few. 2. They resolved to send from Arraw one deputy of each canton to salute the Duke of Longueville ; and the men were named. But August 9-19 at night, they received letters, which assured them he was gone from his town of Neufchastel, upon their borders. He went only with six post-horses, leaving all the rest of his train without any order when they should follow him. It was reported that this sudden departure was caused by a letter, which assured him that the prince of Conde had made an irrup- tion into Normandy, whereof the duke is governor. 1657.] THE ELECTOR OF HEIDELBERG. 231 But here men suspect it was rather a letter from the French court, procured by the ambassador at Soloturn, who could not be ignorant of the inten- tions of this people to treat with the duke ; and therefore it concerned him to endeavour that he might be forbidden to meddle with that business, or else might be hindered by revocation. 3. As for their intestine quarrels with the popish cantons, the deputies of those that are least inter- ested profess all readiness to cooperate ; but they advise Zurich and Berne to take heed of precipita- tion, because they believe that time and patience must be the principal ingredients of remedy fit for that sore. 4. They had been also consulting what is fit for the cantons to do for the taking away that great scandal, arisen by the disagreement between the Prince Elector of Heidelberg and his lady ; but that rent seems too great to be amended. Some begin to foresee very sad consequences, with which it is not yet time I should trouble you. I will therefore rather take my leave, resting. Sir, your faithful servant. 232 THE WALDENSES. [aUG. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. August 13-23, 1657. Sir, — I earnestly looked for letters from you the last week, both for Mr. Ulrich's accounts, &c., and because of reports here from popish towns con- cerning great changes made in the council at Whitehall, by reason of the new oath. I did believe that, in your letters, I should find something to that purpose more worthy of credit. But the post brought none for me. James Tronchin useth to send yours hither under the cover of a merchant of this town. That merchant sent me word that the post had brought none from him, which he wondered at ; and if he should miss the next week also, he should suspect all was not well with Mr. Tronchin. This made me almost afraid to write this week, yet I have adventured in hope that this will come to your hands. Yet I will not send you the copy of the late supplication of our Waldenses against Gastaldo's late prohibition, which diminish- eth some of that liberty which they conceived clearly enough comprehended in the concessions of the patent of 1655. I hope Mr. Leger, of Geneva, though he be now rector of that little academy, will find time to send a copy to Whitehall, as well as hither. We hear that the soldiers of this country go to wrack before Montmedi and Alexandria. Yet the 1G57.] SIEGE OF MONTMEDl. 233 French seem to hope the taking of both sliortly. This morning, letters from Basil say confidently that Montmedi is taken. Of which you will have more certainty from other places before this can come to your hands. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. August 20, 1657. Sir, — Since my last, the assembly at Arraw is dissolved. August 6-16, somewhat late, the Duke of Longueville went out of his town of Neufchastel to lodge at his castle of Colombier, and thence hastened forward into France ; by which sudden departure he defeated the designs of many in these cantons who intended to have entered into a treaty with him. So the deputies at Arraw sent their draught only to the French ambassador, who answered them that his hands were bound, so that he had not power to accept the draught, nor could he give them any other answer till he had received new instructions from the court. Last week, the divines of Zurich wrote a letter to the ecclesiastical senate of Heidelberg, concern- ing the notorious scandal in their electoral court, praying them to use all possible endeavours to remove it ; and telling them that, if they desire it, 234 QUEEN CHRISTINA AT AVIGNON. [aUG. the political senates of the protestant cantons will write to the prince elector about it ; but they desire first to receive from them a fuller information. The Baden meeting for pacifying these countries shall be Oct. 16. No doubt you have heard of Queen Christina's journey to Avignon, where the pope hath caused fair lodgings to be provided for her. She pro- fesseth an intention to abide there a long while. She entered Lyons without giving notice of her coming, so that she was not received there with any ceremony ; she lodged in the house of an Italian barber. From Vienna, they write that the Earl of Traut- mansdorf hath commanded the Swedish resident, Klay, to tarry no longer in Vienna, or any part of Austria. Others write thence, that the Swedish resident at Constantinople hath found much favour there, so that the Turkish Chiaus, at Vienna, hath pressed the council to recall all their troops out of Poland. He protests that, otherwise, the grand seignior will send forty thousand Turks to assist Ragotzi. Letters from Milan assure us that on Saturday night, August 8-18, the French raised their siege before Alexandria, and marched towards Asti. Sir, I am your faithful servant. 1657. J DISPUTES ABOUT THE EMPIRE. 235 MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Aug. 27, 1G57. Sir, — All affairs of state are here at a stand. In the French league, nothing will be done till the ambassador receive new instructions from the court. At Berne, they are already preparing for their vintage, though they have no great hopes of much wine. The tempestuous summer hath, at one time or other, weather-beaten most of their vineyards with hail or lightning. The Earl of Dona, Governor of Orange, is now at Berne with a great train. He hath lately bought the barony of Coppet, and the lordships of Prengin and Grenolier, all which lie in the dominion of Berne. He came thither to do homage, and swear fidelity. His fine came to about eight thousand crowns of the sun. They have used him with a great deal of courtesy, contenting themselves with four thousand crowns, and offering to make him freeman of their city, which, I think, he hath accepted. From Frankford, we have hardly anything worth writing. They tell us how many trumpets, mules, sumpter-horses, pages, lackeys, coaches, and carts, entered Frankford with each ambassador. But greater matters are yet uncertain. Some say the Bavarian elector, others say the arch-duke, who resides at Insbiug, hopes to be emperor. But 236 morland's marriage. [aug. both the French and Swedish ambassadors say, they will declare open war, if there be a new emperor chosen before satisfaction be given them for the breach of the peace at Munster. The last letters from Rome tell us that the pope in going to Mount Cavalla, his cross-bearer, Cas- taldo, rode before him, not holding his cross so fast as he was wont, for it fell and broke in pieces upon the stones in the street. His holiness expressed much discontent. The poor prelate keeps his bed, and, it is feared, will die for grief. The pope is also very sad to see that there is no ambassador from any king now at Rome. A Portuguese is there, but he is not acknowledged for an ambas- sador, nor his master for king. Sir, I am your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Boissay, in Normandy, Aug. 27, 1657, old style, 2 of the clock in the morning. Right Honourable, — It is now about a fort- night since I set out from Whitehall to this place, in order to the changing of my condition ;* which, being something sudden, has made me not be so punctual with you as otherwise I should have been ; however, I gave punctual orders about your letters, * He went into France to be married. 1657.] SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. 237 that they should not any way miscarry, or be hui- dered in their way. As for Mr. Tronchin, I verily believe you need not at all fear, for he writes me word that all the danger is past; besides I have word that the 1000/. I sent lately through his hands are safely delivered at Grenoble ; I look upon all as the inveterate malice of his enemies. I know not what news you have heard of alteration in the council at Whitehall, about the new oath. I heard of none before my coming out, saving only the laying aside the lad, which was done without the least noise in the world, beyond many men's expectations. I hope to finish my business here quickly, and then you shall be more particularly served by, Your most humble and faithful servant, S. MORLAND. SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART TO MR. PELL. Paris, September 1-11, 1657. Right Honourable, — At my return to this place, I received yours of June 18th-.'28th, which mentions a resolution in the protestant cantons to employ me in some things that concern them here, (if from Whitehall I had no particular command not to meddle with their league.) It is not tit for me to seek employment, nor will the little interest I have at this court give me leave to promise great 238 SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. [SEPT. success from my endeavours in their service ; but I think (in duty to our master) both you and I are obliged to assure them in general, that not only I, but all our master's ministers abroad, are both authorized and enjoined to do them all the good offices we can. Though this be my humble opinion in general, yet it is with this salvo, that in the par- ticular mentioned, you (who, by being upon the place, are best able to make a true judgment of their inclinations) may either encourage or dis- courage any resolutions they may have that way, as you find them less or more engaged in their dependence upon, and affection for, his highness. I will not trouble you with any apology for my silence during my absence from this place ; from henceforth I shall give myself the advantage of keeping a more frequent correspondence with you, and shall omit nothing that may express my being, right honourable, your most humble and affec- tionate servant, William Lockhart. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. September 3-13, 1657. Sir, — Since my last, dated August 27th, I have received from Basil a copy of a contra-manifesto newly printed there, penned by the burgomaster of 1G57.] THE ABBOT OF ST. GALL. 239 Basil in defence of that sentence wliich he and his colleague of Appenzel had published, as arbiters. For, three months ago, Gallus, the Abbot of Saint Gall, had printed and published a manifesto against that sentence of theirs, wherein he undertakes to shew its nullity and injustice {salvo semper honors Dominorum Judiciim), in respect of him and his abbey. Wherefore this new contra-manifcsto under- takes to defend that sentence, and to shew his com- plaints to be unseasonable and without cause ; and his adjoined protestation to be unseasonable, unne- cessary, and null ; salva semper reverentia principi debita, for the Abbot of Saint Gall is a prince. If this abbot, with his princely monastery (or God's House as they call it), have a mind to reply in print, they have time enough ; for this contro- versy will not be pleaded at a general assembly of the cantons before the vintage be past, about six or seven weeks hence. The last Monday, August 31st, the two hundred of Zurich met to hear two letters read which wTre received a day before ; namely, one from the French king to the four cities, Zurich, Berne, Basil, and Schatfhausen, dated, Sedan, the 20th of August, (new style.) The other letter was from the senate of Berne, dated 26th of August, old style, to the senate of Zurich, to this purpose : — " The French ambassador hath sent us a large writing, which ex- presseth a resolution toabide by his former proposals, 240 THE SWISS TREATY WITH FRANCE. [SEPT. somewhat amplified : he hath adjoined something that looks like threatenings ; we have therefore thought fit to send you a copy of it, praying you to communicate it to the other two cantons, and (as soon as may be) to let us know your opinions and sense of this business." The ambassador's letter to the consul and senate of Berne is dated Soloturn, August 19th-29th, 1657. In the conclusion whereof he tells them, that if they do not agree to that form of the league which he sent them, the king hath commanded him to recede from all that which he hath hitherto proposed, because it was not accepted ; that so the whole treaty being brought to a new beginning, his majesty may be free to give him such new instruc- tions concerning Switzerland as may seem most convenient. The king's letter tells them that he hath seen their draught of the league ; but his ambassador's draught is such that there can no further change be made in it ; and therefore he hath now ordered his said ambassador to call upon them for a final resolution, without any further treaties, conferences, or diets, save only one ; to conclude all with their plenipotentiaries. Seeing it is time to make an end of a treaty which hath been so many years in hand. When all these letters had been read, the first resolution of the common-council of Zurich was, 1657.] SIR GEORGE CARTERET. 241 that lienccforth they would not treat with Monsieur de la Barde ; but they did not then agree upon the way to be taken hereafter. The secretaries have not yet sent copies of those letters, &c., to the English resident, but it is likely they will do it. I shall then be able to send you a fuller account. In the meantime, I remain, Sir, your faithful servant. Letters from Paris say, that Sir George Carteret,* who was governor of Jersey, is apprehended and sent to the Bastile, for giving intelligence to King Charles, and to other English favourers of the Spanish faction. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. September 3-13. Sir, — The last week, I sent you a half sheet full of Italian news, with two letters for Mr. A. Peters, and Mr. Hartlib, but none for yourself, for want of time ; otherwise I should have told you that, August 22nd, I received one from yourself, un- dated ; but by the former I guessed it was written * Sir George Carteret, the grandfather of the first Lonl Carteret of Hawnes, was a distinguished naval officer, and had been appointed governor of Jersey in the beginning of the reign of Charles 1., who created him a baronet in 1(J45. Soon after the restoration, he was made vice-chamberhiin, and was afterwards member for Portsmouth : he died in lG7i). VOL. II. R 242 MR. MEADOWS. [SEPT. August 6th. It told me of intentions to send to the kings of Denmark and Sweden, and of the apprehension of Gardiner. Spain maintains whole seminaries full of teachers and admirers of such doctrine as is fit to make them, in time, resolute assassins. I have written to Mr. Hartlib to send you his letters for me more early, that they may not be left out of your packet. I hope the next post will bring me three of his at once, with two of yours ; for the last week's post brought none at all to me, or my merchant, Mr. Tronchin's correspondent. If Mr. Meadows make haste to be gone, it may be he may call upon you for Mr. Ulrich's money, before the court treasurer be willing to part with any more for me. I hope you have, ere now, re- ceived mine of August 20, wherein I prayed you to content Mr. Meadows, and to deduct ten pounds for Mr. Haak out of the next money you shall re- ceive for me. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Sir, — One of the secretaries hath been with me, and hath shewed me the letters mentioned in my last, but he did not offer to give me a copy of them. Copies 1057.] DR. HOTTINGER. 243 have been sent to the other protestant cantons, who have returned their answers to Zurich : some of them woukl have a meeting at Arraw before they resolve to write to the French king. Berne saith, no resolutions can be taken before they can see what answer the Duke of Longueville will send them ; for thereby they shall be able to guess whether he be a man likely to stand them in stead at the French court. They have no hopes of the French ambassador, whose long letter to Berne of August 19-29th, being communicated to the rest, hath nettled them all. Some passages seem to have been intended for threatenings, others only to amuse them, which seem so unreasonable here, that they say, surely his excellency begins to doat. Letters from Heidelberg tell us, that the scan- dalous business in that court seems past all remedy. The prince elector hath told his ecclesiastical senators that they are busybodies, meddling with that which they have nothing to do withal. A third person, as in the prince's name, hath said as much privately to Doctor Hottinger, of Zurich,* who is divinity professor at Heidelberg, and one of the ecclesiastical senate, but was not present when the elector spoke to the rest. They are all nmch * John Henry Hottinger was a very celebrated oriental scholar, and a most prolific writer. Ho was born at Zurich in 1520, and was accidentally drowned in the river Linias, in 1G67. R 2 244 THE NEAPOLITAN BANDITS. [SEPT. troubled to see their prince keep a concubine so openly, and shew so great unkindness to that gal- lant Hessian lady, his consort, without any regard to their admonitions. From Rome, August Q-\Qth. — The bandits of Naples* are gathered into a body of divers troops, with ensigns displaj-ed. They have brought many little towns and villages under contribu- tion, and have taken some of the gentry in their country-houses of pleasure. They levy troops, giving every horseman fifty crowns a-month ; many run to join themselves to them. Till the viceroy have crushed these outlaws, he cannot send any troops to Milan. Out of Bavaria^ September 4th, new style. — In these parts it is confidently reported that Ragotzi is agreed with the Poles, and is going homeward. That the French intend to begin a new war in Germany ; that the prince elector of Heidelberg hath received two millions of French livres ; that the other elector's think Frankfort too near France, and will therefore choose the emperor at Auspurg, Regensburg, or Nurimberg. Form Frankfort, August'25th. — Here is little sign of unani- mity, and no hope of a speedy election ; it is thought the Elec- tor of Mentz is altogether for France. He hath been magnifi- cently entertained by the French ambassador, Mareschal de Grammont, who is posted away to Philipsburg. Snolski, the Swedish resident, at the same time took post for Frankendal. Some here have received letters very confidently affirming that Ragotzi hath denounced war against the King of Hungary, for crossing his proceedings in Poland. * The proceedings of these bandits were the subject of much talk at the time ; they are described in the Mercurius Politicus as " strongly bodied men ;" " they say," adds the same autho- rity, " that there are above eight thousand of them ; they march on the hilly countries, with displayed colours and beat- ing of drums, demanding great contributions from the inha- bitants of the plain countries." 1657.] MR. TRONCHIN. 245 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. September 9-19, 1657. Sir, — I write with an intention to send it in a letter to Mr. H. Ulrich, that he may deUver it to your hands, hecause I have some reason to suspect the ordinary way, which I have used all this while, by Mr. Tronchin. His correspondent, a merchant of this town, hath received none from Lyons for himself or me these two weeks last past ; he sends me word that he conceives this happens because of Mr. Tronchin's absence from Lyons, he being gone to Paris to procure firmer protection for himself than the governor of Lyons can give him. The Bernenses pursue him eagerly, and have arrested his house in Geneva. He fears that, at length, they will get leave to do as much at Lyons, and so will constrain him to deliver himself into their hands to be tried for his life. My merchant protests that he believes Mr. Tronchin to be altogether innocent, and the ac- cusation to be mainly and wholly false, proceeding from the malice of a widow at Geneva, whom J. Tronchin had sued for debt, as old ^Ir. Tronchin wrote to me three months ago : — Patrueli meo novam molestiam adversarii quidam credrunt, qui non exiguo cere sunt ei ohsb'icti, et apud ampUi>simum senatum Bernensem, S)C. I pray you let Mr. Jac(pics Tronchin know that I have complained to you that his correspondent 246 MR. TRONCHIN. [SEPT. in Zurich received no letters from him or from me, neither the 8th nor the 15th of September, new style ; Avhich made me fear that he had not taken sufficient order at Lyons for the conveying of yours hither, and mine to London. If you write a few lines to this purpose, and leave the paper unsealed, his son or servant at Paris, may read it, though he himself be, perhaps, then returned to Lyons again. The poor man is much troubled, and may be excused if he sometimes for- get other men's business, unless he be now and then admonished. Sir, I am, your faithful servant. As soon as you have satisfied Mr. Meadows, and so finished H. Ulrich's accounts, I shall be glad to see it, that so his father and I may come to a reckoning here. I intend to write to Mr. A. Peters to-morrow, and send it to J. Tronchin as formerly. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. September 17-27, 1657. Sir, — Since my last, Basil hath made a collation of the two draughts of the French league, for the more easy and clear discerning all the particulars wherein the French ambassador's draught differs from that which the protestant cantons offered to 1057.] TIIR FRENCH AMBASSADOR. 247 him. Copies of this collation have been sent from Basil to Zurich and the other cantons, but no an- swer has yet been returned. It is commonly reported that the French ambas- sador intends shortly to go to Basil, not to treat with them singly, but only to pass through their town, as lying directly in his way from Soloturn to Brisach, whither, it is said, he intends to go. Some think he shall never be sent back into Swit- zerland, but shall be employed in some other place, where he may be better liked, for here he is per- fected hated by a great number; others say, he only goes to meet the king at Brisach. I know that he hath written to some that the king, his master, was going to Metz, and from thence would pass into Alsatia with a very considerable army. The said ambassador hath very lately sent a patent to a senator of Zurich, who hath heretofore been a colonel and gotten great riches in the ser- vice of France, but is now so gouty that he cannot go a step ; in which patent he is made a gentleman and a knight. It is also said, that he hath given to Monsieur WerdmuUer (who was general of Zurich in the late civil war) a patent for the raising of two regiments where he can get them. For it would cost him his head if he should go about to gather soldiers in any part of the dominion of Zurich without leave from the senate of Zurich, 248 SIR WILLIAM LOCKHART. [SEPT. and he will find it very hard to get leave at this time. The last letters from Insbrug say, that Pigne- randa, the Spanish ambassador, was gone from thence by water towards Prague, where he is to consult with the late emperor's council what is now to be done to continue the imperial honour in the house of Austria. Your faithful servant. MR PELL TO SIR WILLL\M LOCKHART. Sept. 17-27, 1657. My Lord, — Five days ago, I received a letter from your excellency, dated September Ist-Uth; by which I learned that mine of June 18th-28th was at length come safely to your lordship's hands. Since that time, the French treaty here hath had some varieties of ebbs and flo wings, of which I have from time to time given account to Mr. Secretary. The 1st of July, the Duke of Longueville came to Neufchastel, (or Newenburg, as the Swisses call it,) which is about thirty English miles distant from the city of Berne. The senate of Berne sent some of their own numbers to welcome him, and to invite him to come to their town, hoping to obtain better 1657.] SWISS LEAGUE WITH FRANCE. 249 conditions by the duke than ever had been offered them by the Frencli ambassador ; and believing that the duke would speak very plainly and affectionately for them to the king, in making known their griev- ances and complaints against his ambassador. To that end they endeavoured to draw the other protestant cantons to join with them in the draught of such a complaint, and in treating with that duke. But before the deputies could meet from all the cantons in the common-council of Zurich (they call it the senate of two-hundred), it was resolved upon the question (July 30th, old style), that the choice of the colonel and captains to serve in France shall be made by the magistrates of Zurich, and not by the king or his ambassador as hitherto ; and that they will not renew the league till the king agree to this, although all the other cantons should renew without this condition. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. At Boissay, Sept. 22-Oct. 2, 1657. Right Honourable, — I have received yours of the 20th-30th August and 3rd- 13th September with the enclosed ; and although I have been out of my station unexpectedly for the space of near five weeks, and so been deprived of an opportunity of answering your letters so constantly as other- 250 MR. MORLAND. [SEPT. wise I should have done, yet I can assure you that I have sent them very carefully ; as also that they have been all received in their due time, excepting what the contrary winds have of late occasioned. Besides, if I had any opportunity of writing, I had no news to send you, I being in a place where there is none stirring. It is true, I heard, the last week, accidentally, that Mr. Secretary was well, and that all things are in peace and quiet. I have been this fortnight in expectation, first of a ship, and now of a wind, to carry me into England, where I hope, with God's help, to be very speedily, and then I shall redeem the time, and be more punctually with you. In the meantime, I beg your pardon for all my failings, and remain, right honourable, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. MoRLAND. At my return, I shall satisfy Mr. Meadows as well if he be abroad as if he be at home. I heard, notwithstanding, that he has been gone this three weeks. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Sept. 17-27, 1657. Sir, — The last post brought me yours out of Normandy, dated 27th August, old style ; by which I understand the reason why I had received no let-ters 1657.] Mil. TRONCIIIN. 251 out of England in two weeks before. I perceive that Mr. Troncliin wrote not to his correspondent here, because he had no private occasion to write to him, and had no letters to enclose for me ; so that we here unjustly suspected him to be negligent, as those of Berne unjustly suspect him to be dis- honest. In which business, you say, he writes, all the danger is past. It may be, he hath obtained at Paris sufficient protection against the Bernenses ; but I shall not account that business ended till he have vindicated his reputation, and discovered the villany of his adversaries with their false witnesses, and so have set himself as free as he was when we first knew him. You tell me your journey into Normandy was in order to the changing of %j our condition. When you have more leisure, I hope you will write more clearly, that I may understand you, unless you desire I should know it from others rather than from yourself. Whatsoever your change is, I hope it will give me leave to continue unchanged, Your faithful servant. 252 THE DUKE OF MODENA. [SEPT. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. September 24, 1657. Sir, — Tlie last week, the Duke of Modena's son (who hath married one of Cardinal Mazarin's nieces)* came to Zurich with thirty horse and some mules. He had passed through Geneva, where it was said he intended to go to Frankford. But at Zurich he said he came from the camp near Alexandria, and intended to go to Modena, but was forced to take such a crooked course because he could not safely get home by any other way. Yesterday, a senator of Zurich with a secretary of state delivered to the English resident copies of those writings which the senate had promised him, and prepared to be sent by him to the English ambassador at Paris. But they said, all the other protestant cantons had, by letters, admonished them not to make haste till their deputies had con- sulted at their next assembly at Baden, which will not be till October 18th ; adding that there could be no inconvenience arising from that delay as long as the English ambassador was so far from the French court, which is now at Metz. The said writings are both in High Dutch and in French. * This was the lady whom Louis XIV. proposed to marry, had he not been dissuaded from his project by his mother and the cardinal. 1G57.] AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE. 253 1. 2. The draught of the league and of the letter annexed to he subscrihed both at one time, as they were sent, August 10, 1G57, to Soloturn, to the French ambassador, from the deputies of Zurich, Berne, Basil, Schaffliausen, and Appenzel, then assembled at Arraw. 3. The letter sent to the said ambassador from the same deputies with the two aforesaid draughts. 4. The French ambassador's answer to those deputies, dated Soloturn, August 12-22. 5. The deputies' second letter, dated August 13, 1657, in answer to the French ambassador. From Heidelberg, September \o, old style. — The prince elector is at Frankendal. It is tliought he will be at Frankford by the end of this month ; all the electors will be there, save Branden- burg. The French commonly say, their king shall dispose of the voices of the electors of Cologne, Trier, and Bavaria ; and that the voices of Brandenburg and Heidelberg will follow. The Bavarian hath declared that he will not refuse the empire if he be chosen. It is very likely that the French king will shortly go from Metz to Brisach, and, perhaps, as far as Philipsburg. When he comes so near Swit7-erland, the protestant cantons may do well to treat with his majesty, who, perhaps, looks for it, and hath therefore bound the hands of his ambassador at Soloturn. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. 254 THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR. [oCT. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Sept. 24, old style, 1657. Sir, — The last week I received three letters from Mr. Hartlib (containing Mercuries of August 13, 20, 27), all enclosed in a cover superscribed by Mr. Firbank, I think. From yourself I received none. By which I guessed that you had left Normandy, but were not yet come to Whitehall. Of your safe arrival there I shall be glad to hear as soon as may be. I also desire to know what letters of mine you find there received in your absence, and, I hope, carefully reserved for you till your return. These letters to M. A. P. and to Mr. John Dury I recommend to your care, and yourself &c. to the Almighty. Resting, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, Oct. 1-11. Sir, — Men are so taken up with their vintages in this country, that they seem to think of nothing else till that business be past. The French ambassador is not yet gone from Soloturn to Basil. Perhaps he is not to remove till he hear that the king, his master, is come to Brisach, where he is expected by some, whilst others think that resolution altered. An emperor will not soon be chosen, as some hoped. Bavaria 1657.] INTELLIGENCE FROM GERMANY. 255 had reason to be confident that he should have the Elector of Cologne for him. But he being now dead, perhaps the successor will be of another mind. From Frankford, they write that many persons of quality begin to leave that town, not having patience to wait there till the election be past. From Heidelberg, one writes thus : — The French say, their king is resolved to treat no more with the protestant cantons concerning the renewing the league ; but he will make them sue and petition that they may be admitted to a new alliance upon any terms. The prince elector, besides his guard of Swisses, hath prepared a company of gentlemen pensioners to wait upon him at Frankford, Avhither he intended to go shortly ; but the news of Cologne's death may cause some delay. Letters from Vienna say, that there is manifestly a great jealousy between the officers of the king of Bohemia and his uncle the archduke ; because some believe that the uncle seeks the imperial crown for himself. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Octo1)or 1-11. 1G.")7. Sir, — The last post brought me nothing from England or France. But Mr. Tronchin wrote to 256 morland's marriage. [oct. his correspondent here, that if I had no letters it was not his fault ; he and his being careful to con- vey all my letters to and fro. From Paris, some write that the Lord Ambassa- dor Lockhart is gone in post to the court. But I hear not from Metz that he is yet come thither ; only that the French king came thither Septem- ber 8-18, and that the pope's nuncio and Venetian ambassador were come thither to the king. September 21, Mr. Pictet wrote, that he had learned that M. M. was returned from Normandy into England, '' et ne scay pas sHl aura conclu son marriage ou non.^' 1 should be glad to hear that that business w^re well ended ; and that you were in your former sta- tion, wherein you have so many opportunities to oblige Your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. Zurich, October 8-18. The senate here hath received letters, that the five small popish cantons cannot send deputies to Baden so soon as the day formerly named, Octo- ber 18; wherefore now, November 15-25 is ap- pointed for that general meeting at Baden. Letters from Soloturn say, that some recruits are going thence to France ; and that the French am- 1657.] THE KING OF FRANCE. 257 bassador's followers and servants speak no more of their master's going thence to Brisach ; but they say, that he hath lately received notice from the court, that it is the king's pleasure that he shall continue in Switzerland two years longer. He will not alter anything in his draught of the league. From Basil, September 30, old style. — The King of France and the cardinal are at Nancy, in Lorraine. ]\lost men think tliat, from thence, they will turn westward towards Paris, rather than eastward toward Strasburg or Brisach. Yet the magis- trates of Strasburg have received letters from the French court, signifying, that by reason of some important affairs his majesty was necessitated to come into Alsatia, and the parts near the Rhine, and therefore to think of a large and commodious city for the lodging of himself and his court ; wherefore his majesty desired to lodge in Strasburg ; and, for the safety of his royal person, to have one of the gates guarded only by Frenchmen, his majesty's subjects. Tlie Strasburgers are much troubled at this demand. They have sent three ambassadors to treat with the king about it. The last letters from Frankfort say, that a courier from Prague brought letters to Count Wolmar ; whereupon he posted presently to Bonn, that he might have influence upon the spirits of those who have the power to choose a new Elector of Cologne. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. October 8-18, 1657. Sir, — October 3, I received blank covers from Whitehall, containing three letters from Mr. llartlib, VOL. II. s 258 COLLECTIONS FOR THE PROTESTANTS. [oCT. wherein were the Mercuries of September 3, 10, 17, but no letter from yourself. We have here more complaints out of Piedmont, of which I could now have sent you copies, but that I thought it likely that your acquaintance at Geneva had already sent them to Whitehall, as well as hither. I have here adjoined what I had from Milan, October 2 and 9. From Madrid, this last post brought nothing to Your humble servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, Oct. 12-22, 1657, 9 at night. Right Honourable, — This very moment, and not before, I received yours of October 22, st. ve., and have but one moment more to say, that two deputies are here lately arrived to complain of the late persecutions of the Polonian and Silesian pro- testants, for which here is a present collection to be made throughout England. I believe I shall like- wise send one thousand five hundred pounds ster- ling, the next week, to Grenoble, for the valleys, having solicited what I can for their relief in all particulars, but doubting there is not very much to be done, unless by obliging the King of France to take pity on them. We are now printing the ac- 1657.] MARRIAGE OF CROMWELl's DAUGHTERS. 2^)\) count I formerly gave in, for tlie satisfaction of tlie people. Yesterday was the wedding-day of his highness's daughter, the Lady Frances, to the Earl of Warwick's grandchild, Mr. Rich. Within a month will he another of his eldest daughter, Mary, to the Earl of Falconhridge. I rest, your honour's most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. MR. PELL TO SECRETARY THURLOE. October 15-25, 1G57. F'rom Basil, October 6-16. — I am newly returned from Frank- fort, where they expect shortly to see the Spanish ambassador, Pigneranda, M'ith a great train. The misunderstandings be- tween the electors and the states of the empire do so retard the election that none can tell wh(Mi or where it will be ; for it seems lilioly that it will not l)c at Frankfort, and, perhaps, not without a new war. The King of France is still at Metz; he intends not to see Brisach this year. The lords of Strasburg have deputed some to congratulate his coming into the parts near them. F'rom Soloturn, October 8-18. — The French ambassador is to tarry here two years longer. We believe the protestant can- tons will find no advantage by skipping over his head, and making other addresses to the king, his master, who needs not to take any great thought for Switzerland. As long as he hath money, he will find soldiers enough elsewhere. Here we have begun levies for Venice; they have good clothes, but little money in their pockets. From Berne, October 11-21 — Tlie alliance with France hath already drawn two wars upon us, and, in all probability, will cost us a third. This canton is divided into two parts, almost equally, about the question of renewing the league. In the s 2 260 VARIOUS INTELLIGENCE. [oCT. meantime, we are encompassed with enemies. Monsieur . . ., newly returned out of Valesia, assures us that he finds tliat, both there and all over the popish cantons, they have lost all the affection which heretofore they bore toward the protestant cantons. From St. Gall, October 12. — Here we have a report that the King of Hungary will send a gi'eat army into Suevia ; we know not for what design. He hath great correspondence with the popish cantons, as we can perceive here by the great packets that pass to and fro by every ordinary post ; those for Switzer- land being always superscribed for the Colonel and Landamman Zweyer. This makes us suspect some dark design in hand. Our abbot hath commanded all his subjects to provide new am- munition for war. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. October 15-25, 1657. Sir, — Your second, from Boissay, made me hope that you were well in England ere 1 received it, for it was twelve days old when it came to my hands. It tells me, that you have received mine of August 20 and September 3. In both of them I prayed you to deduct ten pounds for Mr. Haak, which I must now unsay again ; for, the last week, I received a letter from him, acknowledging that my wife had de- livered so much to him because of your absence. From Madrid, the last post brought nothing but this : that the English were again gone from Cadiz , but they feared they should soon see them again ; 1G57.] MR. nuRY. 261 supposing they were only gone to some Portugal haven to supply some wants. The last letters from Milan say, that the old Prince Maurice, of Savoy, is dead at Turin. It is he that resigned his cardinal's hat and married his niece, this duke's sister. The next leaf will tell you what the last Venetian letters brought hither concerning Tenedos. Sir, I am your faithful servant. Mil. JOHN DURY TO MR. PELL. October 15, 1G57. Sir, — Yours of September 23 I received two days ago, with the enclosed to Mr. Rochefort. The title of Dr. Hottinger is Smeyna Orientale. I thank you for the communication of this ; and, yesterday, I caused to be delivered to Mr. Stoupe that, because Mr. Rochefort was not to be found in these quarters of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. Let Marcus, to whom my hostess's kinsman wrote, know so much. Mr. Morland is in France, committing matri- mony ; hath been there this month and above. I know not how he dealt with Mr. Meadows. As for H. Ulrich, it may be he is eeii icacker Bengne de Henry Smeetattribueaupr. conquerant) auquelcas il s'offre se souuiettre a payer le tribut proniis au St. Siege par Jean Sans- terre et d'accorder la liberte de conscience. On ne doubte pas que cette nouvellc ne fut bien receue, s'il promcttoit outre cela de se faire catholique. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, March 4, 1657-8. Right Honourable, — I received both yours the day before yesterday, the one bearing the date 4th-14th February, and the other llth-21st Feb- ruary, with the enclosed, which were immediately delivered according as they w^ere directed. Tlie reason whv vou have not mine so constantly of late 320 THE KING OF SWEDEN. [maRCH, has been partly the winter weather, and partly Mr. Secretary's illness, which, blessed be God, is now quite over, and he has been well and abroad almost a week ago. The truth is, many times when I set down to write, and think to do it distinctly, I am called off, and altogether disappointed. All the talk of late has been concerning the King of Swe- den's late success, but that you have better from other ways. All that I have to send you from hence new is, the enclosed proclamation. "^ We have received lately very sad complaints from the valleys ; but how they will be relieved, God alone knows. Affairs are much troubled here since the breaking of the parliament ; some discourse of calling a new parliament, but it is impossible for me to divine what will come to pass. I can assure you of nothing, but that I am, right honourable, your honour's most humble servant, S. MORLAND. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. March 11-21, 1657-8. Sir, — The last week, I received a letter from Mr. Leger of Geneva, complaining that his countrymen * The purport of this proclamation, which was published toward the end of February, was to command all royalists and catholics not to depart more than five miles from their place of fixed abode. 1G58.] THE WALDENSES. 321 iterum in prasentisstmiim periculum conjiciuntur ; and praying me to write for them to his highness, uty si fieri possit, intercessione sua illorum cxcidium antevertat ac avcrtat. No doubt, many of the Pied- mont papists do long to see such another April as they had in 1G55. His letter had two papers en- closed ; of the lesser, I have sent you a copy here- with. I have advised him to send you copies of them both, if he have not done it already. You do so well know their condition, and the malice of their bad neighbours, that after you have read those papers, you will not need any of my heat to incite you, or of my light to direct you, in your solicita- tions for them. The good effects whereof, I shall be glad to hear, as being their unfeigned well- wilier, and, Sir, your faithful servant. I have not seen any letter out of England of later date than February 4th. Mil. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. March 18-2S, 1G57-8. Sir, — Yours of February 11th tells me that it is a very busy time at Whitehall. You had not leisure to write at large concerning the late altera- tions. In the adjoined, you will see what they print in Italy concerning the present state of affairs VOL. II, Y 322 MONSIEUR WYSS. [mARCH, in England. Yours professeth hopes of a way for our speedy establishment, of which I long to hear. Your Piedmont acquaintance, Monsieur Wyss, is, by the Venetian senate, chosen for the colonel of the new Berne regiment, which is shortly to be sent hence. Lerber, his rival, had just as many voices at Berne as Wyss ; but had never seen the Turks or Dalmatia, where Colonel Wyss had served the Venetians before. From Berne, one writes thus : — " Monsieur le Colonel Lerber est fort altere de n'avoir peu obtenir la charge de colonel (en Dalmatie.) II pressera a present vivement le renouvellement de I'alliance Fran9oise, avec plusieurs autres." Of Piedmont, I have nothing this week, but that the pope hath sent a nuncio to Pinarolo, to the Princess of Baden (daughter to Prince Thomaso), with an apostolical breve, commanding her to leave her mother (the widow), and to go into Germany with the marck-grave, her husband. Fu il iiuncio nella valle di Luserna a visitare quella inissioni, la muggior parte rouinate delli Heretici. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, 18-20th March, 1G58. Right Honourable, — I have received, though late, yours of the 28th February, old style. I have 1058.] CHARLES STUART. 323 received, also, Mr. Leger's complaints, and rom- miinicatcd them ; but much fear there can be nothing done but what has been already done, which, I doubt, has but little effect ; 1 mean, solici- tations in the French court. Our accounts are printed in this method ; 1 . there is a preamble in his highness's and the council's name. 2. The trea- surer's accounts, wherein are set down the name of every parish that gave, and the sum. 3. My accounts, namely, what has been contributed amongst the poor people, wherein are set down the acquittances, but without any name ; indeed, I have avoided all individual circumstances, or any- thing else which might give the least light to those who would take advantage. 4. An exhortation of mine to those who gave nothing to begin now, where I give an account of their present necessities. The printing this account was absolutely necessary for the making a new collection for those of Bo- hemia. The account is twenty-three or twenty-four sheets, and in folio, or else I would send it you, if you desire it. I shall send it at several times. We have no news, but that the King of Scots would fain be doing ; he has an army, such as it is, ready to be shipped at Ostend, and so to come to England, and stays but for a good wind, but I trust they will be received here according to their merit. Right honourable, your most humble and faithful servant, S. Morland. Y 2 324 MR. DOWNING. [mARCH, All the world rings of the Swede's victory over the Dane, and the advantageous peace he has made with him. MR. PELL TO MR. GEORGE DOWNING. March 20-30, 1658. Sir, — Yours, dated March 1st, offers me a cor- respondence by an ordinary intercourse of letters ; but tells me no way of safely conveying mine to you. I do not see any great likelihood that there will be occasion that either of us should write weekly, yet it is fit that, while we are abroad in such employment, we should have a certain and ready way of writing to one another as often as our master's service shall require it. I say, a certain way, for otherwise, the places of our residence being so far asunder, a letter may sometimes lose its way and fall into hands for which it was not intended. Our superscriptions may easily tempt some man to open our letters that he may see what secrets are written to us. To prevent such curiosity, it will be good to send them under some merchant's cover. I know not how yours came hither, but if you have no better way, your next to me may be first sent to Amsterdam to the merchant from whom you receive this. He can send your letters hither under a cover superscribed to his father, a 1G58.] THE WALDENSES. 325 mercliant of this city, that so they may certainly come to the hands of, Sir, Your faithful servant, John Pell. MR. PELL TO iMR. MORLAND. March 23, 1658, old style. Sir, — Yours of the 4th of March assures me that Mr. Secretary is recovered, and goes abroad again in good health, which I pray God to continue. I have received a letter from the Hague, from Mr. Downing, and have answered it. From Piedmont we have heavy complaints of their flight with their wives and children in an extraordinary deep snow. They who wrote the adjoined, from Verona and Frankford, are so well known to me that I could add their names if I thought it necessary or useful to you. The last posts have brought fuller confirmation of the news of the peace concluded between the kings of Sweden and Denmark ; but the several copies of the articles are very different. Perhaps no true copy hath yet been published, and there may be some secret articles which shall never come into common hands. I long to hear what course is now steered at 326 GERMAN NEWS. [aPRIL, Whitehall ; for the world hereabouts is very full of horrid fables concerning England. I pray you let this enclosed be sent to Mr. Dury. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 1-11, 1658. Sir, — I thank you for sending me Mr. Hartlib's letter of March 11-21 , though yourself had not then leisure to write. I pray you convey these enclosed to him and to Mr. Dury. Besides the adjoined news in French and Italian, we had this in High Dutch. From Frankford, March 20-30. The Electors of Bavaria, Mentz, and Trier, are here. The Elector of Saxony will be here on Mon- day, March 22. Brandenburg will not come, but will send his ambassador, Grave Maurits von Nas- sau, who was governor for the Dutch West India Company in Brazil, and is now governor of Cleve for the said elector. The French and Spanish ambas- sadors do not visit one another, but they drink one another's healths openly at their tables. We hear that the King of Denmark subscribed the articles of the Swedish-Danish treaty with tears in his eyes. And that the King of Sweden, as soon as his army is 1658.] morland's accounts. 327 ready to march, intends to hasten into Silesia. The King of France is expected at Metz witli twenty thousand men, within a fortnight. Here we say, that the French, the Swedes, and the Turks, will declare war against the house of Austria, all at one time. And; at the same time, the Elector of Hei- delberg will send General Balthasar against the Elector of Bavaria. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 8-18, 1658. Sir, — Yours of l8-28th March offers to send me, at several times, the new book of Piedmont accounts, &c. ; it would be very tedious to be twenty-four weeks in reading it, receiving every week a sheet ; in six months, it may be, some opportunity will be offered for the sending it to me all at once ; in the meantime, I will content myself with the description of it, which I find in your letter. The weekly news printed at Milan these two weeks last past make large mention of Eng- land, the Protector, the parliament, Lambert, &c. ; I shall not trouble you with any of it, being all prodigious lies. I will rather conclude with a cer- tain truth, that I am, Sir, your faithful servant. 328 THE ELECTOR OF FRANKFORT. [aPRIL, MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 13 25, 1658. Sir, — In your packet of March 25tli, I found none from yourself; I hope it was business, and not sickness, that hindered you from writing. An in- credible number all over this country have had short sicknesses with colds, coughs, &c., this win- ter and spring. I hoped to escape all, but on Good Friday they here use to have a sermon more early than any other day in the year ; I went to hear it, and, I think, caught cold then, for the next day I was very hoarse, which, with tooth-ache, &c., have kept me in ever since, nor do I think fit to go abroad to-day to see the soldiers that are marching hence towards Venice. I have not seen Secretary Schmid this fortnight (I mean him with whom you spake at Geneva.) He buries his wife to-day. She was sister to treasurer Holtshalb, who was with us at Geneva in December, 1655, and died just a twelvemonth after; she hath outlived her brother hardly sixteen months. Some others of my acquaintance here are sick, so that I have hardly seen anybody this week ; but letters tell me that the Elector of Frankfort had had four sessions all kept very secret. In the first, the vicarship was considered, to see whether the controversy between Bavaria and Heidelberg can be composed ; for neither of them will think fit to appear at Frank- 1G58.] THE LAST PLOT AGAINST CROMWELL. 329 fort till that be decided. In the second session, they came nearer to their business. The Elector of Saxony would have despatched the election of an emperor before other affairs. Mentz said, it were better, pro securitate imperii, to begin with the French and Swedish memorials. What was done there since is unknown to Your faithful servant. MR. MORLAND TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, April 16-2G, 1658. Right Honourable, — I have been so exceed- ingly full of business of late that I have been forced to fail your honour in my correspondency. The news we have here at present is, for the most part, about the bringing in and examining prisoners about the late plot which I have formerly mentioned.* In sum, their designs, by the good hand of provi- * The design of this ])lot, which was very extensive and deeply laid, was to raise an insurrection in England, and bring an army from Flanders raised by the Spaniards, and at the head of which was Charles Stuart, at the moment when Cromwell was expected to be in the greatest difficulty. Great pains had been taken also to corrupt Cromwell's army ; but the Pro- tector had his eye upon the conspirators, and he blocked up the coast from Mhich the foreign troojis were to come with his fleet, while he was seizing upon the chief conspirators at home, and committing them to the Tower. 330 ENGLISH NEWS. [APRIL, dence, broke in a thousand pieces, and their spirits are quite down, both at home and beyond sea ; they had all things prepared and shipped at Ostend, men and arms for England, but our ships kept them in till they were quite consumed ; besides, all their contrivances are discovered here, and most of the chief contrivers in hold. Many speak as though we should yet have another parliament, but the Lord knows what he has ordained. I trust we are now in a way of settlement. The news of the poor people's grievances and miseries is arrived here much sooner, I fear, than there will or can be remedy found for them. Mr. Secretary has been something ill of late, but now, I bless God, he is something better. I know there have gone strange tales and fables of the com- bustion of our affairs here, but they wall hnd, I hope, that they are mistaken. This week, there are published his highness's and the council's order for a new collection for the Bohemian and Polonian protestants. I am, in haste, right honourable, your honour's most faithful and humble servant, S. MORLAND. I have received yours every w^eek, though I have them not here, whereof I am forced to wait to an- swer them distinctly. 1658.] ELECTION or THE EMPEROR. 331 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. April 22, 1658, old style. Sir, — This last week's post brought no letters hither from England, for which we here blame the wind till we hear some other cause. I have not yet been abroad since my indisposi- tion, cold, &c. From Basil, they write that the Elector of Heidelberg intended to enter Frankfort, April 21st; so that men believe he is now there. The other electors desired to see him there, and therefore, in the first place, they removed the cause of his absence ; for they have made a partition of the vicariat between him and the Bavarian, with which he of Heidelberg is contented. They also perceived that the Elector of Cologne would not be present, unless they would assure him that no other should crown the emperor ; they have, therefore, pronounced that it is his right to do it, wherefore, it is said, that he will be at Frankfort speedily, and then, some think, an emperor will be soon elected and crowned. The Portugals have these many years threatened to recall their ambassador from Rome, and to do all their ecclesiastical business without the pope henceforward. But now, men write out of Italy that, seeing the pope will not receive Don Francesco de Sosa as an ambassatlor iVoni a king, but as sent from the Duke of Braganza, he lialii dismissed 332 THE WALDENSES. [aPKIL, his household, consisting of one hundred and twenty persons, and hath sold his coaches and horses, in- tending to return by sea into Portugal very shortly. Sir, I am, your faithful servant. I pray you let this enclosed be delivered to Mr. Dury. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAXD. April 29, 1658, old style. Sir, — Your last was March 18-28th, but I have, through your hands, received letters from others of two later dates, namely, March 25th and April 1-1 1th. Besides that which I have here adjoined from Milan, we have from Naples, that in the island of Malta the knights and all their subjects live in ex- cessive fear, by reason of an earthquake, wdiich continues there day and night. And from Turin, that, April 2- 12th, one Giacimo Giacero of Premollo, a heretic, was arrested as he was going out of one of the gates of Pinarolo, driving eight horses heavily laden with lead, as it was found by the searchers ; whereupon he was constrained to lead his horses to the commander's lodgings, and there leave his lead. The Waldenses must not have materials to make bullets of. I am. Sir, your faithful servant. 1G58.] PIEDMONT ACCOUNTS. 333 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. May 6-16, 1658. Sir, — Yours of April lG-2Gth gives me but a short but pithy account of the principal news at Whitehall. To be in the right way of a settlement is a great matter, of which I shall hope to see a more particular explication from your pen at your better leisure. In Bourne's French half-sheet, printed at Lon- don, called, Nouvelles Ordinaires, Numero 240, I find mention made of the printing of your ac- count for the money of Piedmont, &c. I wisli that the Baron de Greisy, or some Turin courtier, do not thence take occasion to do that poor people some great mischief. Together with yours, I received a letter from Mr. Hartlib, dated April 15th, wherein he makes men- tion of his written April 8th, but that is not come to my hand. I have reason to think you never saw it, because Mr. Tronchin wrote thus to me : — '' Pre- sent ement je viens de recevoir une lettre de Monsieur Morland du 8-18 Avril, mais il n'y en a point jiour vous.'^ I hope it is not lost, but rather that it is in your man's pocket, which so carefully kept that of December 3rd that it came not to my hands till 334 PELL RECALLED. [mAY, February 13th. If it be not mislaid among your papers, I shall hope to see it in time. I am, Sir, your faithful servant. OLIVER CROMWELL TO MR. PELL. Whitehall, May 6, 1658. Sir, — The state of affairs being much altered in those parts, so that your longer abode there seemeth not so necessary, and that your return hither may be more serviceable to us, I have thought fit hereby to recall you ; therefore you will do well, having taken your leave there in the best manner, to re- pair homewards, that we may receive from you the account of your whole negotiation, and you from us the encouragements which you have deserved.* So I rest, your loving friend, Oliver P. By his highness's command. — Jo. Thurloe. * The tedious negotiations at Baden ended in a peace, which left the cantons in the same relation to each other and to Europe as before. 1658.] PESTALOZZA AND IIIS SHIP. 335 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. May 13-23,1058. Sir, — The last week's post brought me no English letters. From Geneva, one wrote thus : — " Nous sortons cles promotions ; ou Monsieur Leger, recteur, a pris pour subject de sa harangue : L'estat ancien et moderne des Eglises Vaudoises ; et a fort Men fait.'' I hope he will send you a copy of it. One Pestalozza, a merchant of Zurich, hath a son at Amsterdam, who had an eighth part in a ship called the Peace, which was taken by the English, and delivered to General Penn, above three years ago. This Zuriclier, with the rest of the sharers, have sued in England for the restoring of this ship, &c. They obtained letters from the states (general, I think,) to his highness for them in September last, and the ambassador, Nieuport, was commanded to speak to his highness for them ; which, it seems, he did ; but no effect following, they obtained new letters, dated April 7, 1658, whereof they have sent a copy to me, of whose being here they knew no- thing before Mr. Downing came to reside at the Hague. They have an imagination that my letters may do them good at Whitehall. I have promised this Pestalozza to write ; but I told him that I saw no reason to hope that a letter of mine should promote such a business, which had reaped no ad- vantage from the letters written by the states, and 336 pell's recall. [may, from the solicitations of their ambassador. If those men's demand be not so unreasonable as that it be adjudged unfit to make them any restitution, I will hope that they shall speed never the worse for my writing in their behalf, but rather that, if their busi- ness fall in your way, you will be helpful to them, as remembering that they were once recommended by, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. May 27, 1658, old style. Sir, — The last week, being much troubled with a catarrh, toothache, &c., I took the liberty to write but one line to you. The last post brought me yours of May 6, and in it three letters enclosed, one from his highness, one from Mr. Secretary Thurloe, and one from Mr. Hartlib. None of them made any mention of letters to the cantons ; and therefore I much wondered to find these words in your letters : — " The enclosed are from his highness to yourself and to the evangelical cantons." This uncertainty makes me unable to resolve when to begin my journey homeward. But if there were any such letter written at Whitehall, I suppose it was intended that it should be delivered before I go hence, and therefore I shall hope to receive it with your next. In the meantime, I remain, your faithful servant. 1658.] THE WALDENSES. 337 MK. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 3-13, l<;r)8. Sir, — Yours of May 6 makes mention of a letter concerning Piedmont. If his highness write to Turin, it is easy to foresee what kind of answer shall he returned. In the adjoined, you will see what that duke wrote very lately to the cantons. It was accompanied with a long letter of the president, Truchi, to the ambassadors which were sent from the four cantons to Turin in 1655; and with an- other from Monsieur Servient, the French ambassa- dor, who continues still at Turin. I have copies of them both, but tliink it unnecessary to send them now, because you may have them already from Mr. Leger. If not, I hope I may safely bring them with me, and deliver them to you with my own hand at my return, which shall be when it pleaseth God. If I had received one letter more from Whitehall, I think I should soon resolve when to begin my journey. The last week's post brought no English letters to Your faithful servant. Some here have received letters that the King of Polonia is dangerously sick ; others say, dead. VOL. II. 338 '*'" pell's return. [june, MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 10-20, 1658. Sir, — I hope the next post will bring me two of yonrs, that is, of May 20 and May 27. The last brought only yours of May 13. None of yours do take any notice of my return, as if you did not know that I am recalled. I have in a manner re- solved to go through France. I have some reason to reckon that the 1 5th of July will bring me to Dieppe, in Normandy. Mr. Secretary, in his letter of May 6-16, makes me hope that order shall be given, that I may find a ship there ready to receive me. I pray you, Sir, procure that I may pass un- molested, and not be forced to unpack all hordes and baggage to satisfy the curiosity of our English searchers. Because it is uncertain where I shall land, I desire that an order may be enclosed in a letter from yourself to me, which may be sent to the captain or master of the ship that shall be com- manded to come to Dieppe for me, that I, having received it from him, may be armed against that inconvenience wheresoever I shall be landed in England. You will hereby very much oblige. Sir, your faithful servant. Henry Ulrich is now come hither. He hath been with me once. 1G58.] pell's return. 339 MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. June 17-27, 16.58. Sir, — Your last was of Mav 20-30. It tells me of very pathetic letters from his highness to these parts. I long to see them. I have almost decreed to be going hence July 3-13, endeavouring to be at Dieppe July ^, old style ; where, if I find a ship, and such a letter as I desired of you last week, I shall hope that shortly after you may see, Sir, your faithful servant. MR. PELL TO MR. INIORLAND. June 24, 1G58, old style. Sir, — Tlie last post brought me yours of May 27. The enclosed {CoiisuUbus etc. Cantonum) I delivered, though I had no copy of it. I hope it will come in yours of June 3 or 10 ; both which ought to be here by the next post. If they contain no stop, I intend to leave this town the same day. My last week's letter told you, that I would en- deavour to be at Dieppe July 23. But perhaps, when I come to Basil, some of the merchants there will say, as they do here, that it will be safer for me to go down the Rhine into Holland, than at this time to travel across France to the Norman shore. By the next post, I hope to write to you from Basil, and with more certainty. In the meantime, I rest, Sir, your faithful servant. z2 3^0 DISORDERS IN FRANCE. [jUNE, MR. PELL TO MR. MORLAND. Sir, — The last Saturday brought me yours of June 3, (as I guess, for it had no date.) It contained copies of his highness's letters to the King of France, to the cantons, andtotheLord Ambassador Lockhart. I have taken order at Zurich that yours of June 10 and 17 be sent to me here. If I had ?eceived them, I believe I should not tarry one day longer at Basil. In the meantime, I intend to provide for my journey down the Rhine into Holland ; which way every one here prefers before the way through France, which I intended, till I was deterred by the follow- ing papers. UOrleans, Jiiin 24. — II y a icy grand bruit a tause dos Sou- lonnois. On a pille sept bateaux reraplis de sel ; et on a fait garde pour conserver le reste ; de quoy la populace s'est esniue d'avantage et ne croit pas qu'on puisse eviter le pillage du reste quelque guarde que Ton puisse faire. Son Altesse qui estoit venu pour appaiser le desordre et pacifier tout, a recu un pacquet de la Cour, qui I'a oblige de sortir de cette ville raescontent de la dite Cour. On ne scait encore le secret de ce sousleveaient. Perm, Juin 25. — Le desordre des paisans de Soulogne con- tinue et s'cstend jusques a Orleans, ou ils pillierent la nuit de Vendredi an Saniedi dernier un bateau de sel ; et S. A. R. voy- ant ce desordre s'eu alia a Blois. 1G58.] Cromwell's funeral. 341 rAl'ERS RELATING TO THE PROTECTOR'S FUNERAL.* Gardiner's Lane, near King's Street. I DO hereby request that the proportion of clotli allowed unto me by the right honourable council, as mourning for his late highness, the Lord Pro- tector', may be delivered unto my neighbour, Mr. Samuel Ilartlib, the younger. AVritten with mine own hand, September 25, iG58. John Pell. Whitehall, at the Green Cloth, Sept. 27, 1658. Mr. Clerk Comptroller, — I desire you to direct the delivering of nine yards of black cloth of twenty-four shillings per yard, and six yards of fifteen shillings per yard, for John Pell, Esq. Barrington. John Pell, Esq., — You are desired to attend the funeral of the most serene and most renowMied Oliver, late Lord Protector, from Somerset House, on Tuesday, the 23rd of November instant, at eight of the clock in the morning at the furthest, and to * Cromwell died on the 3rtl of September, just three weeks after Pell's arrival in Enudand, wliieh was on the 13th of Au- gust. 342 Cromwell's funeral. [1G58. bring with you this ticket; and that, by Friday night next, you send to the Herald's Office, near Paul's, the names of your servants that are to attend in mourn- ing, without which they are not to be admitted ; and also to take notice that no coaches are to pass, on that day, in the streets between Somerset House and Westminster. APPENDIX. APPENDIX. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH* TO MR. PELL. WelIingor,t June 26, 1641. Sir, — I perceive our business of making the perspective glass proceeds not, and I know not well how to help it, unless there be some as good matter to make glass in some other place to be bought ; for it seems that at Broad Street will not be had. I am not willing to trouble Sir Robert Mansfield about it, though I think he would not deny me. Therefore, if you or Mr. Reaves can find fitting matter for us somewhere else, you should do me a great favour. Broad Street, I suppose, will be the best place to make the glass, when ye have bought the stuff' to make it of. I shall write to Mr. Reaves to give us his help herein. I must again thank you for your way of ordering equations, * The eldest son of the Earl (afterwards Duke) of New- castle. He was an able scholar in algebra and analysis. Many of his letters to Pell are preserved among the Birch papers in the British Museum. f Wellingore, in Lincolnshire. 346 ENGLISH MATHEMATICIANS. [fEB. and do desire that you will proceed in your intended analytical work, as your occasions will give you leave. I desire to know if Mr. Warner's* analo- gical work go on or not. And so wishing you all happiness, I remain, Your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. If you know an easy and ready way to measure the refraction in water, you should do me a favour to let me know it ; for I confess I know none. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Wellingor, Feb. 5, 1641. Worthy Sir, — I thank you for your letter, and the transcript of Mersennus'sf problem ; if he hath read Mr. Brigges or Mr. Oughtred,| I wonder he * Walter Warner, a distinguished English mathematician, of the beginning of the seventeenth century. He published the works of his friend Harriot, who had accompanied Sir Walter Raleigh to Virginia. Both were patronised by the Duke of Northumberland. f Marin Mersenne, whom Sir Charles calls in one or two instances, Father Mersen, was an eminent mathematician, born in the famous year 1388. He died in 1648, seven years after the date of the present letter. Father Mersenne, Fermat, and Roberval, carried on a very regular corresj^ondence. :j; Henry Brigges and William Oughtred were the two most famous mathematicians who had published in England. The 1G41.] pell's analytical work. 347 would send it ; but it may be be batb found it tlic analytical way himself. I am glad Mr. Reaves was in such forwardness when you wrote, but I doubt the glass (which I hope is now finished) is not of the same which you tried your refraction in, because Mr. Reaves hatli broken in his trial so much glass, that I doubt there is none left of that which you tried your refraction in ; but, I hope, fire-glass differs so little in refraction that it will not do us much harm. I hope you go on with your own analytical work as your occasions will permit you. I have no more at this time to trouble you with, but remain. Your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. MR. PELL TO Oct. 1-2, 164-2. Sir, — It is well nigh three years ago since I first took notice, in Paul's church-yard, of the Elzevirs' notion concerning the printing of all latter was still alive when Pell wrote, anil did not die till IGGO, when he had reached the advanced age of eighty-seven. He was also well known as a divine, and was a native of Eton in Buckinghamshire. He is now chiefly known by his works on dialling. Brigges was a native of Yorkshire, born in 156G, and died in 1630. He is well known by his labours on logarithms. He published various mathematical work.*;, and also a book on the northwest passage, which was a subject much canvassed 348 vieta's works. [oct. Vieta's works,* together with later men's illustra- tions thereon. I then told the booksellers, that England was not likely to afford any manuscripts of Vieta's, which might not more easily be had in France ; but for notes, I made no question that this country could contribute a share. Since, hearing no further of it, I supposed they had given over those thoughts, being taken up with the impression of more known wTiters ; till Mr. Morian's letters to you told us, not only that they still continue in the same mind, but also they looked upon me, desiring to know how able or willing I am to further that design of theirs. To which I thus answer in writing as you desired : — I can hear of nothing of Vieta's in manuscript in England, but such pieces of his as are already printed, and were transcribed for the most part out in the earlier part of the seventeenth century. He was admitted at Cambridge in 1579, and was the first professor of geometry at Gresham college. * Vieta was an able French mathematician, born at Fontenai, in Lower Poitou, in 1540. Fie is said to have been the first author of special analysis. He died in 1603. An edition of his Opera Mathematica, was published in folio at Ley den, in 1646, four years after Pell's letter on the subject. This edition, printed by Bonaventure and Abraham Elzevir, was edited by Francis van Sehooten, professor of mathematics at Leyden, and dedicated to James Golius, " professor of mathematics and the oriental languages' at the same place. The notes are few and brief. The Elzevirs, in their preface, say, that they had received aid from " V. Marinus Mersennus" and James Golius. 1642.] vieta's works. 349 of the printed books, because they could not be had for money. Here is also a manuscript of his notce priores ad Lor/isticen Speciosam, transcribed many years ago, at Paris, out of a written copy; but since that time, le Sieur de Beaugrand hath caused it to be printed in 24mo at Paris, anno 1G31, with a few notes of his own thereon. It is true, I have in mine own hands an imperfect astronomical manuscript of six sheets of paper, entitled Hypotheses Francelinidis, said to be a piece of a great work of Vieta's, called by him Harmonicum Cceleste, which may, perhaps, be found complete in France, whence mine came. I have been told here, that the Englishman that, at the time of Vieta's death served him as a scribe, under the counterfeit name of John Poltrier, being kindly offered by Vieta's heirs to take what he pleased to keep as a remembrance of him, took not a leaf of any of his writings. And Thuanus tells us, that the heirs did put all his papers in the hands of Peter Alelmus of Orleans. I never enquired whether this Peter were the father to Jacobus Alelmus, the French king's engineer ; from whom, fourteen years after Vieta's death, Alex. Anderson* acknowledgeth * Alexander Anderson was an eminent mathematician, native of Aberdeen, in Scotland. The dates of his birth and death are not certainly known, but Ids last publication appeared in 1619. He was j)rofessor of niatheniatics in the University of Paris. He published an Apollonius, and an edition of " Fran- 350 vieta's works. [oct. that he had those two tracts, de equationum recogni- tione et emendatione, which he first pubhshed at Paris, anno 1615. And, though it is likely that Monsieur Aleaume (for so I think the French call him) be now dead, yet I hope a diligent enquirer may learn who was his heir, and what is become of Vieta's adversaria. It would be very well, if, by this means, some- thing of his could be found that might save all other men the trouble of writing notes upon him ; otherwise it will not be amiss to take the pains to add some notes, if they can get any worthy to be adjoined with his works. For, if I be not much mistaken in Vieta's writings, there are many dark and unusual expressions fit to be illustrated ; and a considerable number of truths merely afiirmed by him, not all, or not sufficiently demonstrated; and, perhaps, a few things (but not so many as some suppose) affirmed for truths, which are not so, at least in so large and general terms as we find them there set down — these ought to be limited. To these three sorts of notes, for illustration, confirmation, limita- tion, may be added the fourth sort, for vindication, where we find any sciolus in print unjustly blaming Vieta after his death, when he cannot defend himself. cisci Vietse de equationum recognitionect emendatione Tractatus duo," 4to. Paris, 1G15. Anderson appears to have been a friend and disciple of V^ieta. 1642.] THE FRENCH MATHEMATICIANS. 351 But cVery one that calls himself a mathematician, is not 7rpo5 Tccvra, Uxvo;. A good memory may serve for notes of collation, to shew us where any of those that wrote before Vieta have affirmed, proved, searched, solved the same thing, though in a different manner ; or have reasoned after the same manner, though on a different subject. But to discern where light, strength, or limits, are wanting in his discourse, and fully to supply that want, requires a concurrence of other kind of abili- ties not everywhere to be found. The likeliest that I can tell you of are, in France, M. Fermat, of Tholoze,* M. de Beau- grand,! M. de Beaulne,! and M. Roberval,§ in * Peter Fermat, well known, not only as a mathematician, but as an universal genius, was born at Toulouse in 1590, and died in 1664. His collected works were published in two volumes, in folio, in 1679. -j- M. de Beaugrandhad considerable reputation as a mathema- tician, and wrote upon the cycloid. But Des Cartes speaks somewhat contemptuously of him. j^ Florimond de Beaunc was born at Blois in 1601, and died in 1652. He was counsellor of the presidial of that town. He published, in 1649, notes on the geometry of Des Cartes, of whom he was a staunch friend and partisan. He first started tlie cpiestion of determining a curve, by the properties of its tangent. § Giles Personier de Roberval, one of the most eminent of the older French mathematicians, born at Roberval, in the diocese of Beauvais, in 1602 ; he died in 1675. He was a great opponent of Des Cartes, and pretended to be the inventor of the method of indivisibles. 352 vieta's works. [oct. Paris ; in Hamburgh, Mr. Tassius ; in England, Mr. Oughtred, (and Mr. Warner, if his great age did not hinder him ;) in the Netherlands, M. Des- cartes,* and Mr. Goolf at Leyden ; and it may be, J. Wassenaer, of Utrecht,J and J. Sampisen at the Hague. Now suppose the printer could procure notes upon Vieta from all these, it is not unlikely that the same things would be observed by the divers men, which to repeat as often in the printing, would make a very distasteful crumb, besides the needless aug- mentation of the bulk and price of the book. It may be, some of those notes would also be such as these now famous men wrote when they were first studying those things, and so no way representing the now abilities of their authors. It is also pos- sible that those notes, which some of them write now. may give us cause to say dormitat Homerus, considering the great age and many diversions of most of those men. Whereas, these studies, above all others, secessum scribentis et otia qucerunt; whence * The celebrated Rene Descartes was born at La Haye, in Touraine, in 1596, and died in 1650. t James Gool, more ordinarily called Golius, the Orientalist. He was professor of Arabic at Leyden. He was born at the Hague in 1596, and died in 1667. Among other things, he published Alfragau's Elements of Astronomy, with a very learned commentary. % Vassenaar was one of the most zealous disciples of the geometry of Descartes. 1G42.] VI eta's wouks. 353 it comes to pass, that many times, men of unques- tionable abilities have, notwithstanding, failed grossly ; whilst they would not go to the full cost of a search, but hoped to find some hidden truth in less time, or with less labour and intention of mind than is thereunto necessary. Wherefore, unless the learned Golius, or some other no less versed in those studies, do oversee the impression, and rigorously examine all the notes before the print- ing, it is to be feared that it would have been better to have adjoined no notes at all. Lastly, Mr. Morian adds, " or if he have any- thing else tending to the art itself." I know not whether the printers desire this or not, because this might increase the price of the book, and yet displease many lovers of Vieta. But, perhaps, it is only his own motion, both because he hatli seen my letter to you, which you caused to be printed just this time four years ; and also because he knows that analysis is not the only way to find truths ; nor algebra the only field wherein to exercise analysis ; nor is Vieta's way the only algebra ; nor liath Vieta perfectly taught all that belongs to his way, as, perhaps, I should have shewn clearly ere this time, had I not been hindered by the continuance of innumerable diversions, which I need not mention to you, that have so well known me above these thirteen years. Howsoever, there lies by me no small apjiaratusto this purpose, being VOL. II. A A 354 SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH. [aUG. the work of all the spare minutes of many years. For there is no such lp7o5ico>tT7]j as a man's own genius, which, at every little vacancy, calls upon him with Pliny's poteras has horas non perdere ; and is still setting him upon some particle or other of that study which he most affects, not permitting him to remember how uncertain it is who shall reap the fruit of all that labour, whether it shall ever be gainful to himself, or procure him viventi decus atque sentienti ; or whether he must not leave it to them that come after, who, perhaps, will never un- derstand or regard the effects of all that labour wherein he hath travelled. MR. PELL TO SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH. Amsterdam, Aug. 7, 1644. Right Honourable, — Nine days ago was your answer to mine left at my lodgings by a man that would have nothing for postage. Had I seen him, perhaps I might have learned some conveniency of sending back to you again, so that my letters might be less chargeable than if they come thus single to you by the ordinary post. I had sent you Descartes' new book* forth- * His Pri/icipia Philosophia; wliicli was first printed at Am- sterdam in 1G44, in 4to. 1G44.] DESCARTES. Sfif) with, if your letter had given me direction how to convey it to you, which seeing you have not done, I resolve to send it to Hamburg by the next ship, to be left for you either at Berthold OfFerman's, a book- seller's, or else at some other friend's house which I shall signify by letter. Though the title page of the other part tells us that it is ah auctore perfecta variisque in locis emendata, yet I have given order to leave it out and to bind his Principia Philosophioe apart for you. Whereby half the price is abated. Descartes himself is gone into France. Monsieur Hardy * tells us, in a letter lately written, that Des- cartes met him in Paris and blamed him for offering so much money to our Arabic professor, at Utrecht, for his Arabic manuscript of Apollonius, which Mr. Hardy interprets as a sign of envy in M. Descartes, as being unwilling that we should esteem the ancients or admire any man but himself for the doctrine of lignes courhes. But I think France alone will afford me argument for a large letter, and therefore I leave it till the next time. Come we therefore to England. And first for Mr. Warner's Analogies, of which you desire to know whether they be printed. You remember that his papers were given to his kinsman, a mer- * Moiisiour Hardy was a Im-oucIi matlieniaticiaii. ami a varm partisan of Doscurtos. 356 MR. Warner's papers. [aug. chant in London, who sent his partner to bury the old man, himself being hindered by apoplectic gout, which made him keep out of their sight that urged him to contribute to the parliament's assistance, from which he was exceedingly averse. So he was looked upon as one that absented himself out of malignancy, as his partner managed the w^hole trade. Since my coming over, the English merchants here tell me that both he and his partner are broken, and now they both keep out of sight, not as malignants, but as bankrupts. But this you may better inquire amongst our Hamburg merchants. In the mean- time, I am not a little afraid that all Mr. Warner's papers, and no small share of my labours therein, are seized upon and most unmathemalically divided between the sequestrators and creditors, who (being not able to balance the account where there appear so many numbers, and much troubled at the sight of so many crosses and circles in the superstitious algebra and that black art of geometry) wdll, no doubt, determine once in their lives to become figure-casters, and so vote them all to be thrown into the fire, if some good body do not reprieve them for pie bottoms, &c., for wdiich purposes you know analogical numbers are incomparably apt if they be accurately calculated. I cannot tell you much better news of my analy- tical speculations, of the finishing of which you desire to hear. I came over hither in December 1G44.] PELL AT AMSTERDAM. 357 last, not bringing any of my books or papers with me, nor hardlv clothes, for the worst I had seemed good enough to wear a' shipboard. I then thought not to stay here above a fortnight. Nor did I ima- gine that, before I got out of this town again, I should be persuaded to climb the Cathedra, and make inaugural orations and prselusions, and after- wards read publicly, five days in a week, an hour every day in Latin. Which, had I foreseen, I think that all the books and papers that I had, both yours and mine, should have come along with me, to enable me to do those things more easily.* And yet I have no great mind to go fetch them, nor to send for them; as long as they are there unstirred, they seem to be safe. But the disasters of the whole kingdom put me in mind of what Me- lancthon used so often to say : Non est tutum quieta movere. What may happen to them in the removal, by searchers, pirates, &c., I am not willing to try. Yet so long as they are there, we cannot count them out of danger. But should that befal Mr. Warner's papers and mine, which we fear, it would put me into a humour quite contrary to that in which I have hitherto been. I have thought nothing elaborate enough to be printed till it were so com- plete that no man could better it, and did, therefore, so long keep my name out of the press. But now * Pc'U was; luaclt: prol'cssor ol" inathciiiatics at Aiusterdain. 358 THE QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. [aUG. I begin to count nothing safe enough till it be printed ; and, therefore, I have almost resolved to secure my thoughts, not by burying my papers in England, nor by fetching them hither, but by pub- lishing the same notions here that I have com- mitted to paper there. I had thought here to have given you account of what I have now in hand, but being desirous by this post to let you know that your letter came safe to my hands, I am constrained to break off here, deferring the rest till my next. In the meantime, I remain. Sir, your humble servant, John Pell. SIR WILLIAM PETTY TO MR. PELL. Leyclen, Aug. 14-24, 1644. Sir, — On Sunday noon, I received your letter of Friday, together with nine copies of your refuta- tion of Longomontanus,* the which, according to your desire, I have distributed as followeth, namely. To Golius, who, upon perusal of it, said * On the Quadrature of the Circle. Longomontanus, born at Langbcrg, in Denmark, in 1562, was professor of astronomy at Copenhagen, and a disciple and supporter of Tycho Brahe. In his old age, he ran wikl upon the Quadrature of the Circle, in which problem he conceived tiiat he had discovered the most extraordinary mysteries. He died in 1647. 1644.] LONGOMONTANUS. 359 it was a most solid refutation, thanking you very much that you remembered him with a copy ; and said withal, that he, at his last being at Amsterdam, much endeavoured to have waited on you there. But he told me that it is well thirty years since Longomontanus's doctrine first saw light ; since which time he hath, by many letters, been adver- tized of his error, but being strangely enamoured with his invention, could not be made to retract it, and so hath grown extreme old in his dotage thereon. " Wherefore," said Golius, " 'twere scarce religion to trouble the obstinate old man any more, since other thoughts would better become his years than the mathematics." 1 then went to Salmatius,* professor honorarius, who likewise shewed many tokens of his kind acceptance, and told me (among other discourse, whereof I had nmch with him) that the age of the author of this false opinion would set an authority on it, and therefore it had the more need of refutation. Walseus f thanks you very much, expressing no faint desires to have the honour, as he said, of your acquaintance. I have * The famous Claude Sauiuaise, tlic antagonist of Milton. He M'as born at Semur-en-Auxois, in Burgundy, in 1588, and died in 1653, not many months after the appearance of Milton's answer to his Defensio Regia. t John Walajus was professor of medicine at Leyden, and we owe to him some discoveries relating to the circulation of the blood. 360 pell's answer to longomontanus. [aug. presented one to Monsieur cle Laet but this morn- ing,* for at the many other times that I had formerly been to wait on him, I was not so happy as to find him. Van Schootenf also thanks you, but he being very old and indisposed, I had not much talk with him, as I had with the others. To Dr. Kyper, | being a man reasonably versed in those studies, and not of low esteem here, I presented one ; I have given two to Joncher Hooghland, a chemist and physician, Descartes' most intimate friend and correspondent, who hath promised, at his next writing, to send one to Descartes. And so, having retained only one to shew my friends up and down wdiere I go, I hope they are all disposed of to your mind. If you please to send twelve more, I can dispose of them to some other professors. Three or four I would send to England to Mr. Oughtred, Mr. Barlow, and others, if you do not yourself. I judge, by the leaves, that these copies are part of some book which you will shortly bless the world with, and hope that my expectation shall not be in * If this be John de Laet, the historian and geographer, the ordinary date of his death (1640) must be wrong. He was born at Antwerp. f Francis Van Schooten, professor of mathematics atLeyden. See p. 348, n. He wrote a commentary on the geometry of Des- cartes, of which he was a zealous supyjorter. X Albert Kyper, who published several medical books at Leyden and Amsterdam from 164.5 to 1654, in which latter year he seems to have been resident at Amsterdam. 1645.] SIR WILLIAM BOSWELL. 3G 1 vain. Now, Sir, I must thank you for the honour you have done me by using me as an instrument in this your business. Truly I do so well like your employment and so resent * this your favour, that I confess myself obliged to be your most affec- tionate friend and humble servant, W. Petty. There are some in whom (as in him qui ex pede Herculem, &c.) this your mmjnum opusculum hath begotten such an opinion of your merit, tliat they resolve to go live at Amsterdam to receive your instructions. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Antwerp, March 26, 1645, old stylo. Worthy Sir, — Not to trouble vou with more particulars of our journey than that, at Rotterdam, Sir William Boswell* came to us, whom I found to be tliat which 1 supposed him formerly to be, a discreet, civil gentleman. I perceive he thinks Monsieur Descartes' last book to be full of fancy, though he esteems much of him. Here 1 * The woril resent was at this time used in a good sense, as commonly as in a bad one. t Sir William BoswcU was Ciiarlc:> tlic First's resident at the Hague. 362 SIR KENELM DIGBY. [mARCH, met with Sir Kenelm Digby's book,* but had no time to read it all, but it appears to me to have some things in it extraordinary. We met here with the famous capuchin Rieta ; his book is now in the press here, almost finished. He solves the appearances of the planets by eccentrics without cequants or epicycles, and yet not according to Copernicus' system of the world. He teaches also in this book the making of his new telescope ; his tube for his best glass was spoiled, so that we could not see it, but we saw another made by his directions, but had not the opportunity of looking at a convenient object far distant ; but, as I guess, it is not better than mine ; it represents objects reversed. I had not discourse enough with him alone to ask him many queries, but, doubtless, he is an excellent man and very courteous, and I found him free and open in his discourse to me. He says, he can easily and infallibly find the longitude, but he discovers not that in this book. He says, the satellites of Jupiter are little suns, and divers other novelties he hath observed, many of which he will not discover in this book. I have no more * Sir Kenelm Digby's " Two Treatises on the Body and Soul of Man" were printed at Paris in 1644, and reprinted at London in 1645. Evelyn speaks with great contempt of Sir Kenelm, and on one occasion characterizes him as " an errant mountebank." — Diary, vol. ii., p. 42. He was born at Got- hurst, in Buckinghamshire, in 1603, and died in 1648. 1G45.] IIOBBES OF MALMSBURY. 363 now to trouble you with, but to desire that you will think of publishing some of your rarities, espe- cially in the analytics. And so wishing you all ha})piness, I remain, your assured friend and servant, Charles Cavendyssue. We are now going towards Brussels. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Paris, May 1-11, 1645. Worthy Sir, — After our parting from you, we made no haste hither, but went little journeys and made our stay by the way. Since my coming hither, I have not yet made any near acquaintances "Avith the learned men here, but my old acquaint- ance and friend, Mr. Mydorge* hath been with me, who complains of some diversions which have hin- dered his studies, so that I doubt wx must yet awhile longer expect the rest of his conies. I perceive he hath a very great opinion of Monsieur Descartes. Mr. Hobbesf is so averse from a friendship with Monsieur Descartes that he would not see him * Claude Mydorge was an able French mathoniatician, born at Paris in 1585 ; he died in 1647. He published a work on conies. f The famous Hobbes of Malmcsbury, who took up his resi- dence at Paris during the struggles. 364 HOBBES OF MALMSBURY. [mAY, when he was here. Mr. Hobbes commends Mr. Roberval extremely. I send you here a problem solved and demonstrated by Mr. Hobbes ; the figures were made in haste by himself, only to express the demonstration to me ; I thought to send you better figures, but when I had made them, I liked them worse than these. He cites one pro- position demonstrated by himself in his intended work ; that is, that the arithmetical mean is greater than the geometrical mean between the same ex- tremes ; it is obvious enough, but he takes it by the way in his philosophy, following out of his principles, which are some of them peculiar to him- self. I doubt it will be long ere Mr. Hobbes pub- lish anything ; so far as I have read, I like very well ; he proceeds every day somewhat, but he hath a great deal to do. I hope you advance your analytic work on Dio- phantes, so that I hope you will be the first of my acquaintance that will publish anything. I desire that you will do me the favour to send this enclosed letter to my worthy friend M. Dr. Jungius,* at Hamburg. And so wishing you all happiness, I rest, your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. * Joachim Jungius celebrated as a mathematician, a physi- cian, and a botanist. He was born in 1387, and died at Ham- burg in 16.57. 1045.) SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH. 3(J5 SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PEEL. Paris, Nov. 1-11, 1G45. Worthy Sir, — I give you many thanks for your letter, and telling me of my error ; but I should have been glad if your leisure had permitted that you would have shewed me where I went out of the way, for though I believe I have, because you tell me so, yet I perceive not wherein, and therefore am bold to trouble you again with this enclosed paper. I am glad to understand by your letter to Mersennus, that Vieta is now printing, but should be gladder to hear that some of yours w^ere print- ing. Mersennus hath your letter and papers to him, and I hope he will do that at your request which I could not get him to do, which is, to get you more testificates of the truth of your theorem. I have read some of Tauricell,* and I esteem him one of the most admirable men that ever I read, so that I have sent for his book to Florence, for there is none here to be bought. We received Rieta's book yesterday, and I have looked over his manner of making perspective glasses, and I believe it is good, and so I must for him, for he demonstrates nothing, nor meddles with the speculative part of * Torioolli, a most cniinont mechanist and matlicniaticiaii, the friond and disciple of Galilei. He vas born at Faenza in 1618, and died in 1G47. 3G6 GERARD GUTSCHOVEN. [nOV. optics ; I have not had time to read the rest, hut I doubt not but you have the book, and therefore no more of it, only thus much, he infinitely commends Gerardus Gutschovius,* a doctor of physic in the Low Countries, for a rare mathematician, and his invention for describing hyperbolas fitting to the several lengths of tubes of perspectives ; if he have printed anything, I pray you give me notice of it by your next. He also mentions that the quad- rature of the circle is also published, but names not the author, but when I was at Antwerp I heard there was a Jesuitf in those parts publishing such a book ; if there be any such, I desire you will give me notice of it by your next. And so wish- ing you all happiness, I remain, your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. Mr. Hobbes intends to publish, as soon as he can, a treatise of optics ; he hath done half of it, and Mr. Petit hath written it fair ; it is in EngUsh, at my brother's request. * Gerard Gutschoven was professor of mathematics and anatomy at Lovaine. f Father Gregoire de St. Vincent (Latinized Gregorius a Sancto Vincentio), a famous mathematician of the Low Coun- tries. His treatise, entitled, Opus Geometricum Quadratitrcc Cir- culi et Sectionum Coni, published in folio at Antwerp, 1647, though wrong in its aim, is full of interesting discoveries. It caused much controversy among the mathematicians of the age. 1045.] SIR WILLIAM PETTY. 307 Mr. Ilobbes promised to give me all the names of Roberval and Carcavi* and their titles, but not having yet done it, and the post going away, I must do it by the next. My services to Doctor Jungius when you write to him. I hope he will shortly pubhsh his Apollonius Saxonicus, Logic and Phoranomics ; doubtless he is an incomparable man. SIR WILLIAM PETTYt TO MR. PELL. Paris, November 8, 1645. Sir, — Father Mersen's desire to convey this en- closed to you serves me for a happy occasion to express my thankfulness for the good of that ac- * M. cle Carcavi was an eminent French mathematician of this age. t Sir William Petty was one of the most extraordinary men of his time. Evelyn has given a very interesting account of him in his Diary, vol. ii., p. 401. He was born in Sussex, (or, according to others, in Hampshire,) of mean parents, and was educated at Oxford. " There is not," says Evelyn, " a better Latin poet living, when he gives himself that diversion. Nor is his excellence less in council, and prudent matters of state ; but he is so exceeding nice in sifting and examining all possible continjrencies, that he adventures at nothing which is not demon- stration. There were not in the whole world his equal for a superintendent of manufacture and improvement of trade, or to govern a plantation. If I were a prince, I should make him my second counsellor at least. There is nothing difficult to him." This was in 1(575. Sir William died in 1682. He publislu-d several books, and contributed many papers to the Philosophical Transactions. 368 THE EARL OF NEWCASTLE. [nOV. quaintance with Mr. Hobbes which your letters pro- cured me; for, by his means, my Lord of Newcastle* and your good friend Sir Charles Candish have been pleased to take notice of me ; and by his means also, I became acquainted with Father Mer- sen, a man who seems to me not in any mean de- gree to esteem you and your works, and who wishes your studies may ever succeed liappily, hoping (as others also do) that the world shall receive light and benefit by them. Sir, I desire you not to conceive that any neglect or forgetfulness hath caused my long silence, for the often speech I have of you, either with Sir Charles, Mr. Hobbes, or Father Mersen (besides the courtesy I received from you), makes me sufficiently to remember j^ou. But, to speak the truth, it was want of business worthy to make the subject of a letter of sixteen pence post- age, especially since Mr. Hobbes served you in pro- curing and sending you the demonstrations of other French mathematicians. I could wish, with Sir Charles, that we could see your way of analytics abroad ; or, if a system of the whole art were too much to hope for, for my own part, I could wish * William Cavendish Earl (afterwards Duke) of Newcastle, father of Sir Charles Cavendish, and husband of the celebrated Duchess of Newcastle, so much talked of for her writings and her eccentricity in the days of Charles II. He had borne arms in the royal cause, but retired to the continent after the battle of Marston Moor, as mentioned in the Introduction to this publication. 1640.] STR WILLIAM BOSWELL. 3G9 we had your Diopliantus, which was ready for the press before my departure from you. Those rules of algebra (though few) which you gave me, and exercise, have made me able to do many pretty questions. I intend to read no author of that sub- ject until I may be so happy to read something of yours. Sir, if there be anything wherein I might serve you, I desire you to use Your thankful friend and humble servant, William Petty. SIR WILLIAM BOSWELL TO MR. PELL. Hague, August 5, 16 16. Worthy Mr. Pell, — Since my last, I have re- ceived the enclosed from Dr. Johnson, wherein you may see his sense of your business at Breda, of which I have not yet had any speech with Myn H. de Willim, though I hear he be come back to the Hague, because my occasions have kept me either wholly within doors, or led me out of town. To yourself I cannot say more than the doctor doth ; wherefore, wishing you heartily and perfectly well, and being most ready to do you all possible good offices in my way and power, I rest, Your most affectionate friend and servant, William Boswell. To Mr. John Poll, Professor of Mathematics, in Amsterdam. VOL. II. B B 370 DESCARTES AND ROBERVAL. [aUG. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Paris, August 7-17, 1646. Worthy Sir, — I give you many thanks for your letter. I thought to have written to M. Descartes, but I thought best to defer it awhile, till I might know somewhat of the opinion of some of our learned men here concerning the controversy be- tween him and M. de Roberval, touching the centre of agitation. I find them hitherto loath to give their judgment, therefore it becomes me not to give any ; but I shall presume, God willing, shortly to return M. Descartes many thanks for his favours to me, both concerning that quaere and otherways ; and I assure you I esteem as highly of him as I did before this controversy, and more, for if there be further considerations, yet what he hath said is most ingenious. I long to hear if Vieta's works be yet printed,* and Vincentio,t of the quadrature of the circle, &c., but most of all, of somewhat of yours, especially your analytics. Both you and I are beholden to Monsieur Mydorge, w^ho sent me this enclosed last week, I expecting but a line or two of his approbation of your refutation of Longo- montanus. I have troubled you enough at this time ; and so, wishing you all happiness, I rest, your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. * See before, p. 348, note. f See before, p. 366, note. 1040.] MYDORGE AND VIETA. 371 SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Paris, October 12, lG4f5. Worthy Sir, — It is so long since I heard from you, that I doubt you have not received my two last to you ; in the latter of which there was a little treatise of Mr. Mydorge's, concerning his opinion of your refutation of Longomontanus. I desire to know by your next if you have received it. I de- sire you will also do me the favour to let me know whether Vieta's works be all yet reprinted together, as was intended; and the Jesuit's* book, at Antwerp, of the quadrature of the circle, &c. But I desire most to know where you are, and how you do ; and next, what you have ready for the press ; for if this new college at Breda have not diverted you, I assure myself you would have had somewhat in the press by this time. Mr. Hobbes reads mathe- matics sometimes to our prince, but I believe he hath spare time enough besides to go on with his philosophy. I saw lately a book of the Jesuit Kircher'Sjf of light and shadow ; it hath so many fine figures in it, that I suspect it hath no great matter in it ; and Monsieur GassendesJ doth not * Vincentio. t The famous Athanasius Kircher, who wrote so much on Egyptian antiquities. He was born in 1601, and died in 1680. X Peter Gassendi, or Ga.ssondos, I^rofessor Royal of Mathe- matics at Paris, but more famous as a philosopher even than as a matliematician. He was born in Provence, in 1592, and died in 1655. BB 2 372 MONSIEUR MYDORGE. [dEC. much commend it, so that I have no encourage- ment to buy it or read it. I should be glad to hear of Doctor Jungius ; it is so long since I wrote to him, and having never received any answer from him, that I am almost discouraged from writing to him again ; yet I may not forget the favours I re- ceived from him when I was with him, and shall shortly again return him my thanks for them, hoping he will at last bestow some favours on me at a distance, as well as near hand. I desire also to know how and what Mr. Tassius doth. I have troubled you enough for once ; and so, wishing you all happiness, I rest, your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH TO MR. PELL. Paris, December 7, 1646, new style. Worthy Sir, — Many thanks for yours of No- vember 7-17, by which I perceive you have re- ceived all mine, and in one of them Monsieur My- dorge's discourse of your theorem, which, I confess, was more than I expected from him, for I believe he studies not mathematics much now, and there- fore we are the more obliged to him ; though, as you write, a few lines of his approbation would have satisfied you as well, yet we must take our 1G40.] TELL AT BREDA. 373 friends' expressions as they are pleased to give them, especially proceeding from an affectionate care to give full satisfaction, as I dare say his did ; and I conceive no fault in it, but that it would make your book bigger than you mean it, if you should print it with it. I esteem it a great honour you do me to admit my demonstrations in your book, though I desire, as I formerly did, not to be named, otherwise than a friend, scholar, and countryman of yours ; and this I desire, to avoid the impertinent aspersions which foolish tongues may produce ; but I remit it to your better judgment. I am glad to hear you are so well at Breda,* for I hope it is much to your advantage as well in profit as in honour. I long much for your book, but ex- tremely for the second part of it, for there I suppose we shall have somewhat of your analytics. I long also to hear whether you proceed with your Apol- lonius and Diophantus. I am in despair of Golius' Apollonius, at least for many years. Vieta's works are newly come hither. f You are obliged to P. Mersen for Monsieur PalHeur's Christian name, whose note to Mersen I here send you. I hope M. Descartes hath received my letter of thanks for his favours ; I have desisted from troubling him * He left Amsterdam to take a professorship at the new college Ibuiuled by the Prince of Orange at Hreda, in KUG. t They were just published. See p. 348, note. 374 HOBBES OF MALMSBURY. [dEC. more concerning the business of vibration in ques- tion between him and Monsieur Roberval ; for the expression of Mr. Roberval's last reply was, I con- ceive, too sharp, so that I remitted it to P. Mer- sennus, to send it if he pleased, which he did, and M. Descartes hath replied to it accordingly. The business is too difficult for me to judge of, for it puts our learned men here to the gaze. Regius* follows M. Descartes in his philosophy almost ver- batim, so far as he hath wTitten, and I suppose he hath got the rest (of trees and animals) from him by way of discourse. Pere Vincentio's book is not yet arrived here that I know^ of, but daily expected. Mr. Hobbes's journey to Montauban was stayed, being implored to read mathematics to our prince. f My Lord Jermanj did, I believe, do him that favour and honour ; for his friends here, I am confident, had no hand in it. Mr. Hobbes's lodging being uncertain, I repent not you directed your letters to Monsieur du Bose, whose abode is constant. I am lately acquainted with your friend Mr, Gilbert, who seems to be an able and honest man ; I am very * Peter Sylvan Regius was a great partisan of the philosophy of Descartes. He is said to have been born at Agenois, in 1632, Avhich must be an error, or he was very young at the date of this letter. He died in 1707. •f- Prince Charles, who was at Paris. X Henry Lord Jermyn, afterwards Earl of St. Alban's. 1640.] M. ROBEKVAL. 375 glad of his acquaintance. I hear Mr. Oughtred's Clavis* is now reprinted, with some additions, as dialling, and Euclid's tenth hook after his manner, and, I hope, something more of analytics, though I heard not that mentioned ; but I expect the great addition to analytics by yourself. I doubt Mr. Hobbes will not finish and publish his physics this twelvemonth. I long to hear what Doctor Jungius doth, and also Mr. Tassius. Mr. Roberval hath half pro- mised to publish the Geometria by Indivisibles, which Cavalierof hath begun ; for he says, he in- vented and used that way before Cavaliero's book was published, and that he can deliver that doctrine much easier and shorter, and shew the use of it in divers propositions which he hath invented by the help of it ; but I doubt it will be long before he pub- lish it, though I assure myself he is very skilful in it. Sir, I have troubled you enough at this time ; * Onghtred's Clavis Math e mat ica, lirst printed in 1631. An enlarged edition appeared in 1648. Two successive editions were afterwards printed at Oxford. •f- Bonaventnra Cavalleri, or C'avallerius, was an eminent Italian niatlieniatician, born at Milan, in 1598. He died in 1647. His famous Geonielria Indii-iaibilibus continiiorum nova (juadam raiione promota was first printed in (juarto, at Hologna, in 1()3."). A new edition, tlie one, probably, here referred to, appeared in 165U. 376 DR. GILBERT. [jAN. therefore, wishing you all happiness, I commit you and us all to God's holy protection, and remain, Your assured friend to serve you, Charles Cavendysshe. To my very worthy friend, Mr. John Pell, Public Professor of the Mathematics, at Breda ; Ten huyse van Mr. Buck, in den gulden Eenhoren, op de markt, in Breda. SIR WILLIAM BOSWELL TO MR PELL. January, 1648. Worthy Mr. Pell, — I must give you, as I do, many thanks for your several letters, particularly that about the level, which comes in one part to my purpose for the water-pass ; so as I am likely, when I can get my thoughts free, to trouble you with a gentle question or two further upon that point. Heulii Selenographia &c. I have not seen ; but a Neapolitan, which a friend hath lent me, I send herewith, and pray you, after four or five wrecks, to return it by some convenient messenger or friend. So soon as I may hear of Apollonius from Spain, you may know what I receive. I pray, do you think Gilbert's Physiologia MS. (which I believe you have seen in the King's Library, at St. James's)* * William Gilbert, M.D., born at Colchester, in 1540, was physician to Queen Elizabeth, and the discoverer of several 1648.] FASTIDIUS PRISCUS. 377 would make anything to his or the renown of our nation, if printed in these wild times. I find he had the start of many of our modern madcaps, and so may challenge precedence ! When that may he a recreation to you, to let me know your sense in word to this effect, you will very much oblige me, to be, as I am, and mathematical be. Your assured friend and servant, William Boswell. I must thank you for your kind respects unto this bearer. In haste. MR. RICHARD WAKE TO SIR W. BOSWELL. Madrid, January 8, 1648. Honourable Sir, — Yours of the 14th I had by this last ordinary, which brought us letters of the 21st of November from Antwerp. I am very sorry I cannot at present give you any account about Fastidius Priscus, the British bishop, though I have properties of the loadstone. He died in 1603. There were three editions of his Physiologia nova, which is a learned treatise on magnetism. A posthumous work of his was edited by Sir William Boswell, and published in 1651, in quarto, entitled, De Mundo nostra sublnnari Phitusvphia nova. Amst. ap. Lud. Elzev. A beautifully written manuscript of this latter work, dedicated to l^rince Henry (son of James I.), is still preserved among the king's MSJ>. (now in the British Museum), 12, V. xi. 378 APOLLONIUS PERGJiUS. [jAN. written very particularly about the said book to the president of the English Benedictines, in Rome, by name of il Padre Giovanni Wilfordo. His answer, as yet, I have not received. But, I think, one word of yours to him, by my father's means (if so yourself have no mind to be seen in the busi- ness), will clear all. As for Pr. Richardo, he was but newly arrived at Madrid that night from Ant- werp when I received your letter ; with which ac- quainting him, he told me that he had been at Antwerp purposely to get Apollonius Pergseus' eight books, printed with large annotations ; but, before the peace be published, the printer, which is Jeronymus Verdusen, will not put him to press. In the meantime, the copy of the book is in the hands of a friend of mine, named Vincentio de la Salio, who has a brother, a Jesuit, that waits upon Don John de Austria, one of the rarest mathema- ticians in the world. If you be pleased to write to him, by my father's means, he being a very gallant gentleman, shall particularly inform you of the work which Pr. Richardo is now setting forth. In the meantime, if anything in Spain comes to light in that science, I shall be watchful to comply with your commands ; and so, not having anything else at present, I shall wish you this and many more happy new years, and always subscribe myself, Sir, your humble servant, Ricn. Wake. 1650.] MR. RAYMOND. 379 Here is no news at all, only that the decreto which was made the past October is like wholly and only to fall upon the Portuguese, whom, I fear, at length they will banish Spain. The other day died Georgio de Paz, and left the king in his debt four millions seven hundred V. P. He had besides, in Juras, above eighty thousand ducats per annum. He was the richest subject in Europe, for such a man of quality. MR. W. RAYMOND TO MR. PELL. Hague, December 13, 1G50. Mr. Pell, — Having perused some of the papers in Sir Wdliam Boswell's study, amongst them I found a letter of yours, dated the 14th of Septem- ber, 1640, wherein there is mention made of some papers left in your hands, at the end of your letter, in these \vords : — " The papers of J. D., wiiich you were pleased to leave in my hands, I shall carefully keej) for you, that you may have, at least, your prin- cipal, if no interest, whensoever you shall call for it." My lady, not knowing how long she shall stay here, desireth you would restore what books or papers you have in your custody with what speed you can, especially the MS. of Gilbertus de Mag- nete, if in your hands ; if not, to inform her, if you 380 SIR WILLIAM BOSWELL. [dEC. can, unto whom it was lent. My lady presents her kind love unto you by me, who, with my brother's respects remembered, shall remain, Your friend to serve you, Will. Raymond. A Monsieur Pell, Professeur des Mathematiques, au C'oUege d'Orange, a Breda. MR. PELL TO MR. RAYMOND. December 14-24, 1650. Mr. Raymond, — In answer to yours of Decem- ber 13, wherein you call for papers of J. D., and a manuscript of Gilbertus de Magnete, give me leave to tell you, that I have not any book or papers in my custody belonging to Sir William Boswell, or his heirs, &c. I have here a letter from Sir William Boswell to me, dated, Hague, January 10-20, 1641-2, in wdiich he acknowledgeth that he hath received the papers mentioned in that letter of mine, September 14, 1640, which you have seen. I never saw Gilbert de Magnete in MS. ; the MS. which I had here was Gilberti Physiologia nova, which I sent back about a year ago. And, in Sir William's last letter to me (written but twenty days before his death), I find that he had delivered it to a friend, whom he there names not, to fit it for 1651.] DEATH OF THE PRINCE OF ORANGE. 381 the press. But I have since heard, that Louis Elzever, of Amsterdam, hath it now under his press.* I pray you present my service to my Lady Boswell and your hrother, when you next write to him. Your friend to serve you, John Pell. MR. PELL TO SIR CHARLES CAVENDISH. November 9, new style. Right Honourable,^ — In my last, sent eight days ago, by Sir William Vavasour's son, I did make half a i)romise to send something else the next week, by our old carman. That something then in- tended was such as you expected from me ; not this unexpected news of the death of my master, the Prince of Orange, who fell sick of the small-pox, at the Hague, on Monday, the last of October ; and the next Sunday night, about nine o'clock, died there. The news came but yesterday morning to this town, where all men's eyes are upon the behaviour of those that depended more immediately upon him. Some of my colleagues tell me that I am well enough ; because they know that, about ten weeks ago, two of the magistrates of Utrecht were here with me, sent from the whole senate of that city to offer me two hundred guilders a-year more than * See before, p. 377, note. 382 THE COLLEGE AT BREDA. [jULY, they had given to Mr. Ravenshurg, yet requiring no more service of me than he had done. I then answered, that the prince gave me more than they offered me, and that his highness had never given me notice that he had rather dismiss me than keep me any longer here. About four weeks after, they were sent to pray the prince to let them have me. I have been told that his highness, instead of grant- ing their request, sent them home with a very harsh answer. How true this is, I know not. Sure I am that they neither came nor sent to me since they spake with the prince. It may be they will now think that business more feasible, because none is in their way whose displeasure they regard. But, in the meantime, I am in the same predica- ment with my colleagues, uncertain what will be- come of this Schola Aiiriaca, and how long it will be ere all the professors shall be warned to seek their fortunes elsewhere. I am not out of hope that, because of this extra- ordinary accident, I may yet a week longer defer the obeying of your commands, without losing the title of Your honour's most humble and obedient servant. 1G51.] MR. BRERETON. 383 JNlll. WILLIAM BRERETON* TO MR. PELL. London, March 5, 1051, old stylo. Worthiest Master, — Yours of February 2 came safe to my hands, to which I had sooner made are- turn, but that I love not to make more haste than good speed. I was glad to see that you thought it not amiss to come hither yourself ; for (by what I find) there can be no such advantageous conditions offered you at this distance as when you are here : you may propose for yourself, and (for ought I see) have them granted, which I the rather believe, be- cause some powerful men jirofess themselves really bent to do you good ; and it shall be my task to put them in mind of their promises, till yourself be here to do it, which Mr. Hartlib judges your best course ; though (I doubt not) the doctor will tell you here is no encouragement for learned men, or else, that all places are filled. But the truth is, he loves not to take much pains for others ; and there- fore thinks he hath sufficiently discharged the part of a friend in inquiring of such men as, being gotten into good places themselves, will endeavour to keep * The son of the second Tiord Brereton, of Leaghlin, in Ire- land, to Mhoso title he succeeded, and was member for Ciieshire in the reign of Charles II. He was educated at Breda (where Pell was professor of mathematics), and was one of the founders of the Iloyal .Society. Evelyn says, in September, 1659, " Came to see Mr. Brereton, a very learned gentleman, son to my Lord Brereton." He died in 1679. 384 PELL INVITED TO LONDON. [mARCH, out all others, though never so much their friends. For the truth is, there are yet some men who study their own profit more than the good of others, and, having gotten a reputation of learning amongst in- competent judges of it, engross all rewards due to it. But I hope there hath heen such a course taken as that they shall not be able to oppose, or at least to hinder, your advancement ; and that there is nothing wanting but your presence to make an end of this business, wherein there neither hath, nor shall be, anything wilfully omitted by me. I must not forget myself, but let you know that the money is now at London, but I cannot receive it this fort- night ; as soon as I receive it, I shall send over John for my trunks, which, I hoj)e, may come over with you, unless (which I should be glad of) you resolve to come sooner. You will hear more from Mr. Hartlib. My hopes of seeing you here make me not write something which I could wish you knew. I will only tell you, that I have been with Sir Charles Cavendish and Mr. Hobbes several times, who are both here. Mr. Fleetwood told me he would write to you to-day ; and so did the doctor, of whom I have said enough, though not too much. I rest, your ever faithful scholar to serve you, W. B. HJ.')2.] BURKE TUK lUISIIMAX. 38') MR. WILLIAM BRERETON TO MR. PELL. Thiselwortli, July 13th, Ifio'J. Worthiest Master, — I should not have troubled you with reading this, could I conveniently have come to London, before your appointed time of going into Sussex. But that drawing so near, I thought it not amiss to inquire of you, whether you yet hold that resolution ; and how long you think your absence from London is likely to be ; or whether, since I saw you, something hath fallen out to stay your journey ; and if you think it is in my power to do you service, and when. If you please to write an answer, I have ordered this bearer to call for it, and I shall endeavour to let you see that I am yet, your faithful scholar to serve you, William Brereton. I have read over the book you lent me, and find some thinirs which I think worth a review. JOHN BURKE* TO MR. PELL. My Lorde, — I ame here in payne of death ; if your greatnesse will locke upon me, and to pray the prences of Souricke that they may give me grace ; th'is true that I have very ill done to lay with your * Several troops of Irish were concerned in the massacres in Picchnont and the petty warfare which followed. Tiiis John Burke, as appears from other notes among Pell's papers, was an impostor. VOL. II. C C 386 BURKE THE IRISHMAN. [aPRIL, lieyness. Nowe uppoii mee kneese I ax you pardon, if plese your mayte ambassador to give it me ; and to tacke pittie of a poure youth that is in a strange contry. For, to tell you the truth, I am a marchant sonne from Limbricke, which is called William Bourke, and that was proteston, and me- selfe alsoe, untell the Quine of England made mee goe to masse ; but yett for all, I had no intansion to it at all. I came from Eirland with Sir Robert Wilse, that was lounge thime in England. The foresayde Robert brought a regiment with heem to France, and it is a marchant that was me captine, which I was his clarke for to write the billetts. Now, Sir, I pro- meese you to goue for England, and to live in me one religion, which I was before, pray inge your heynesse to lett me not to deth for God his sake ; and to write with me to England your passe, and if you have anney bisnesse your selfe to sende to your freinds. Soe I reste, this presente day, your humble servant to command, for ever and ever, John Bourk. Me livinge is in your hands none, prayinge your mayte lett me not to deth, send a litill wourd to the conselle. To the right honuorable lorde and ambasador for his mayste Crommel in the cittie of Sou- ricke, called my Lord Pelle. At Souricke. Mr. Pell's answer. — I have spoken just now with the principal secretary. I do not perceive that they intend to take away your life. ICj-I.] VE].]. at TlfR HAGUE, 387 MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. Hague, April 14-24, being our eldest daughter's birthday. Thursday morning, we came to Gravesend betimes. Not long after we set sail, the wind turned against us, and so continued the whole voyage ; so that we could not get to land anywhere till Satur- day ; then we landed at Dunkirk. From whence, through Veurn, Nieuport, Bruges, Sluys, Middel- burg, Rotterdam, and Delft, we came to the Hague yesterday. Since I came into this country, I have written to Capt. Arnold, and Capt. T. To-day, being post-day here for London, I thought it fit to lay hold on the opportunity to let you know we are come thus far safe, and in good health. Perhaps sometimes, during my travel, a post may give me the slip, but I shall endeavour to give you account of our healths as often as I may. But you cannot send me answers till I send you word whither to direct them. Yet you shall do well in the meantime to keep a paper by you, wherein you may set down all such things as happen to any of our acquaintance, and which you shall think fit to be written to me, as soon as you shall have op})or- tunity. God all-sufficient keep you all. Remember my respects to all, &c. This is only to assure you that we are come safe and in good health toFrankford. To-morrow morn- c c 2 388 pell's arrival at zurich. [may, ing, we intend, God willing, to set forward, in hopes to come to the end of our journey in less than a fortnight more. Mr. Hartlib knows how to send to me. Almighty God direct and preserve us and you all. May 7th, old style. To Mrs. Pell, at her house behind six trees, in Gardiner's Lane, near King's Street, West- minster. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. May 21, old style. This day fortnight, I wrote to you from Frank- ford. I hope you received it from Whitehall. This last week, in a letter to Mr. Hartlib, I prayed him to tell you that I was in health. All the way hither- to, we have had no thoughts of abiding, and there- fore lodged in inns ; but now we are come to a place where we resolve to take lodgings. I could easily tell you the name of the place,* if I thought it might do you any good to know it ; but it may do me harm to have it known, even to the hazard of my life. To all those that ask you where I am, you may answer, that you have had one letter from me, dated from Frankford, but that all my letters since, have not had the name of the place expressed. If * Zurich. 1G54.] MR. AND MRS. PELL. 389 they ask how you can write to me, you may answer, that there is a merchant of Frankford that knows how to send to me. I shall now and then send you a letter hy way of Whitehall, and for them you are to pay nothing ; but for such letters as come through Mr. Ilartlib's hands, you must pay him for their carriage from Antwerp ; for I shall make them free to Antwerp, as we did when we wrote from Breda. When you write to me, leave your letter to Mr. Hartlib, and pray him to send it. I desire to hear of all your healths, our friends, our children, our kindred, as also to know who comes to you now to visit you, and inquire after me. When you see Mr. Haak, tell him that I thank him for helping me to make over the money to Frankford, where it w^as well paid. The merchant that paid it would have me stay two days longer there, that I might have been present at the mar- riage of two of his daughters at once. I believe I shall have occasion, ere long, to write to Mr. Haak, to help me again for another bill of exchange. Foriret not to let me know what course is taken about your sister's house-rent, &c., as also when you were paid at Whitehall. Almighty God, who hath so safely brought us hither, protect and direct you. 390 pell's money affairs. [aug. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. August 5, 1654, not 1653, as you write. Yesterday, I received your second, bearing date July 13th, so that it was three weeks upon the way. If you would have the messengers of White- hall careful to bring you your letters, you must give them something for their labour ; and young Mr. Hartlib would have more mind of your busi- ness, if he did not think he wrought for nothing ; his advice to petition my Lord President Law- rence is good ; he promised me to help you when- soever you came to him. Mr. Thurloe, in his last letter to me, tells me, care shall be taken to send me money. I wrote to Mr. Haak three weeks ago ; I am loath to put Mr. Haak to the charge and trouble of conveying all my letters to you. When you write to Thomas Bushy, you may give him the same directions for writing to me that I gave you in mine of June 1 7th. God keep you all ! Mr. Dury is gone, but I hope to see him again about a month hence. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. August 26, 1654, old style. Yesterday, I received a letter dated August 3rd, in which you tell me of another of yours dated June 22nd ; but I have received but three from 1654.] pell's children. 391 you in all, and those were dated June 16th, July 13th, and August 3rd. I see you acknowledge the receiving of mine of July 8th, since which time I have written but two others to you, and those were dated July 15tli and August 5th ; that of July 1 5th was enclosed in one of mine to Mr. Haak, which was enclosed in one from Mr. Dury to Mrs. HartUb. Let Mary learn to cut and carve with her right hand. Take heed that John lose not his Roman with learning Secre- tary, or else get a rambling hand, writing neither of them well. My service and love to Mr. Wrench, Mr Haak, &c. My duty, love, and service, to our Sussex friends. Deliver this enclosed, and with it present my love and service. I cannot write this week to Colonel Montagu. Though M. M. say she will do well enough with her landlord, yet that is not enough for you, till she get the lease off his hands and deliver it^ to you ; for by that lease he may make me pay the rent many years hence. It ex- pired the last midsummer day. You tell me of one that is dead ; if I understand you well, he was hanged ; if his father-in-law be cleared, I pray you let me hear of it. I hope my money is received and delivered to some merchant by this time. God all-sufficient direct and preserve you all. 392 pell's money affairs. [oct. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. October 7. My last to you was dated August 26th ; since that time, I have received two from you ; your fourth dated August 18th, and your fifth dated September the 1 St. By that fourth, you gave me notice that you had received 200/., whereof you had paid 145Z. to Mr. Corcellis to be repaid to me by Mr. Balde of Frankfort ; but I have not yet seen any money from him, only in a letter to Mr. Dury, dated September 2nd, he tells me he is to pay lOOZ. sterling to him, and 140/. to me. I wrote to him for 145/., and Mr. Dury tells me that he also wrote to him, claiming no less for me than 145/. ; whether this conference be the cause or no, I know not, but sure I am I have none of the money yet. If you sent me a bill of exchange, or of receipt, signed by Mr. Corcellis, I could by that have known what sum to demand. Now I shall be this twelvemonth, it may be, inquiring whence this difference of 5/. cometh. Mrs. Dury sent her husband's 100/. unnibbled. I thought I had reason to look for 1 50/. You say, you sent 145/. ; the merchant says 140/. Out of 200/. a-year you cannot abate the fees of the money-teller, solicitor, &c. ; but out of my money you must abate 5/. (it may be 10/.) a-quarter. I have reason to thank you that you did not keep it 1G54.] PELL AND HIS WIFE. 393 all ; without my order you take some, and thereby you make me uncertam of the rest. In both your letters, you inquire when I will come home. I cannot tell you. When it pleaseth him to recall me that sent me. In the meantime, I pray you to order our aftairs so that, when I do come, I may not have occasion to wish that I had always tarried abroad. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. Oct. 21. A FORTNIGHT ago I wrotc to you, and enclosed one for Mr. Br. The last week, I intended to have written again, but w^anting time, I only prayed Mr. Ilartlib to tell you that I had received my money. But now I can find time to say, that Mr. D. received the value of 100/., and I, after the same rate, re- ceived the value of 140/. sterling. Wherefore I expect that, in your answer to this, you let me know whence it comes that you delivered 145/. to Mr. Corcellis (as you write in yours of Aug. 18), and yet my merchant speaks only of 140/. This 5/. must be incjuired after, for either it is in your hands, or in the hands of Mr. Corcellis, or of one of the Baldes ; and, surely, I think he of Frankford would not keep money in his hand in such a manner. 1 was about to write to Mr. 394 pell's money affairs. [oct. Haak about it, but I would first hear what you say of it. But if I had to do with some other merchant, I might have lost the whole sum of 140/. For it seems it was made over to be paid to one Mr. Pellis. Why, then, should the merchant pay it to me, that had nothing to shew for it, nor ever wrote my name so, nor anybody else that I know of, till now when it most concerned to have my name written without error ? Whose advice was it to give me another name than that which you and every body else superscribes on their letters which pass through the same merchant's hands to me ? Let the next be made over whole, 150/. ster- ling, with an account of the 51. that I now write of, and without miscalling me. I have heard of some that steal a goose and stick down a feather. This is beyond it, to send me 10/. short, and make my name two letters too long. Thus much was intended to have been written to you last week. But I have since received a letter from you without date. It tells me that you have received mine of August 26. I wrote the last week to Mr. Secretary for money. I hope you will have it by that time this letter comes to your hands. I hear Mr. Strickland is captain of the guards. It may be, Colonel Montagu hath, by this time, some new title also. Pray young Mr. Hartlib to send me word how letters are superscribed now-a-days 1654.] MR. STRICKLAND. 395 to that Colonel. You do not tell mc how long you tarried at my uncle's. I shall endeavour to find time to write to him and some other friends. You may remember that I told you, many years ago, that Judith would soon make everybody weary of her. I doubt you will always find it true of her, so that I know not what service you can get fit for her. As for M. M., you can hardly fall upon a foolisher resolution than to let her come to lodge where you have power to keep her out. Your best Way will be to have nothing at all to do with her for fear of Had I ivist. God Almighty keep you ! MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. December 9, 1657. Yesterday, I received a letter from you, dated November 18, in answer to my last of October 21. The last week, in a letter to Mr. Hartlib, I sent you word that the 51. which I wrote of were at the last paid me by order from Amsterdam. So that not Mr. Corcellis, but old Jacob Balde, of Amsterdam, was the first mistaker of 140/. for 145/., when he was casting how many rix-dollars to allow me for it ; if you had left the sum of 150/. he could have no colour for such a mistake. I would not have my money abated, for other 396 pell's money affairs. [dec. reasons that you think not on. There are some that take notice what money is made over to me, and out of such observations may draw conse- quences of greater inconvenience than you can foresee or remedy. Mr. Secretary, in his letter of November 10, wrote thus to me : — " Nobody yet makes any ap- plication for any of your allowances ; when they do, you shall be sure to have my assistance." In his letter of November 17, he writes thus : — "Care shall be taken to have your money timely paid here, and I hope those you trust with the returning of it to you will be careful to do their parts in time." I marvel that my lord president should tell you that he expected a letter from me. Neither he nor anybody else did ever express to me the desire that his lordship had to read any of my letters. As for M. M., if any demand why you refuse to deliver the goods you may answer that I can bet- ter tell how to deliver them in such a manner as that I may be sure not to be forced to give account of them a second time. Whensoever her son comes, you may safely answer that he never delivered any goods to you, nor will you deliver any but to his mother, and with that acknowledgment under her hand that she hath received them, lest some of them should call for them again after you had once restored them. 1G57.J PELL AND IIIR WIFE. 397 If she will give you such a receipt, I think you were better to let her have all away than be so often troubled with her and hers. God direct and keep you. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. April 7. Yours of March 16th came to my hands whilst I was telling M. D.* that it was just a year since we had seen our wives. As soon as I opened it, you fell finding fault with the superscription of my last letter, Avhich labour you might have spared, for I shall not learn of you how to direct my letters. A superscription is large enough if it be sufficient to make it find the way to the hands for which the letter was written ; whatsoever is more than so, oftentimes causeth letters to be broken up and miscarried, because it discovers from whence and to whom ; for which cause I strive to write in such a manner that if a stranger break up my letters he shall not understand much of the con- tents, nor from whom they were written. I shall not easily be brought to leave that way of writing, though you dislike it. A fortnight ago, in a letter to M. H.f I en- * Mr. Dmv. t ^I'-- Haak. 398 SUPERSCRIPTIONS OF LETTERS. [jULY, closed a note for you, that so you might know that I had received money mentioned in j^ours of February 23rd and March 2nd. I cannot dislike your care of the children's education, but I do not perceive that any endeavour or contrivance of yours will much help towards the procuring of considerable portions for them, and therefore you may do well to leave that care to whom it belong. What I have already written to Mr. Thurloe will, I hope, be sufficient for the procuring of timely pay- ment. I pray you let the enclosed be delivered. God keep you ! MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. July 14, 1655. That my last of May 26th is come to your hands I perceive by yours of June 15th, which I received ago ; at which time also I received the money that you delivered to the merchant in Lon- don, May the 25th. Three other merchants (each of them neglecting one post-day) have been six weeks doing that which might have been done in three. In your former letter, you tell me that you were about to keep 10/. of my money in your hands ; if you had done so, I should presently have written to Whitehall that you should never receive any more there for me. I shall be able to find 1055.] Warner's i'ai'ers. 399 some other that will be content to receive money for me, and to detain none of it, without my order. I had thought that Mr. Braunsell would have written to me. I have again put Mr. Secretary in mind of the warrant of money. I hope you remember that the box with the broken cover in my study hath Mr. Warner's papers in it. I would have you deliver it, as it is, to Mr. Thorndike, whensoever he calls for it ; I have received a letter from him this week, and have answered him that, although you do not know him, yet you will make no difficulty to deliver it to himself, if he be accompanied with Mr. H. or any other whom you know ; but if he send for it by a messenger unknown, and not so accompanied, tell him you must not deliver it till he bring you that letter of Mr. Thorndike's, which came to me with those papers, and was sent back to Mr. Thorn- dike subscribed by me, in a line or two acknow- ledging that porter had safely delivered them to me. If any messenger bring you that letter, take it and keep it safe to be delivered to me at my return, which shall be when it plcaseth Almighty God, to whose protection I commend you all. 400 PEARLS AND JEWELS. [aUG. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. August 28, old style. Six days ago, I received a letter from you dated August 1st, with Ab. Balde's acknowledgment that you had paid him 100/. ; for which, three days after, I received here 420 rix-dollars, after the new rate mentioned in mine of June 31st ; but you send me no word when you received it at Whitehall, nor how much you have received in all, without which account it is impossible for me to know what is due to me there, or to write clearly of it to Mr. Secretary. You have no reason to thank the councillor that persuaded you to write to me for pearls and jewels. You tell me, you know I have rich presents, — you might do well to tell me who gave them me, when and where, and what they are, for I know none of all these. Nobody wears pearls or jewels here. If they were here to be sold, they cannot be sent safely to you in a letter through the hands of many posts, and I have no other way to send to you from hence. It would a great deal better become you to advise your daughters to cast off all thoughts of such bravery as would not be fit for them, though their father were worth twenty times as much as he is ; all his just claims being reckoned with that which he hath now in his power. This letter will come to Whitehall about the 105G.] GENERAL MONTAGU. 401 very beginning of the parliament, so that Mr. Secre- tary and those about him may be so full of business that they may forget to send you this letter in due time, and then it may miscarry, which is the cause that this time I tell you no more of my mind con- cerning Ma. and the rest, of whom I cannot think without much sadness. God Almighty bless them and direct you. This week, I received a letter from General Mon- tagu ; it was dated July 21st, aboard the Naseby ; he was then in good health. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. September 10, 1656, old style. Yours dated 14th August came to my hands 30th August, according to the usual difference of time, sixteen days from you to me, though mine to you be a little longer on the way. That letter of yours is large in excusing you for writing so seldom. July 17th, I acknowledged that I had received yours of April 23rd. You tell me that since that letter you have written, one in May, one in June, and two in July, 3rd and 28th. In the end of this last letter, you acknowledge the receipt of mine dated July 24th ; in that 1 told you I had yours of July 4th, but I never had any from you dated in VOL. II. D u 402 DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE. [SEPT. May or June, nor any of July 28th, but one of July 10th, which you name not. I see you keep no good account of the dates of your letters ; if you mistake also in the dates of your warrants, and in the sums that you receive and pay, you will make a confusion of accounts that all the auditors in London and Westminster will not be able to rectify. You may do well to write numbers in words at length, for I do not trust your skill in cyphering. You tell me old Mr. Ev .... is dead, and hath left our cousin, his widow, worth 10,000/., that is ten thousand pounds ; I am afraid it was but one thousand. Although I always accounted him much richer than he seemed to be, yet I do not believe that he was so rich as to leave her so much, besides his other legacies to his own and his first wife's kin- dred. I perceive Betty's nurse is dead. You have sent word of three or four old women's deaths, but of no old man till this last letter. If Mr. Bishop be alive and at his old lodging, I pray you make a journey to him, and tell him I sent you of purpose to see how he did, that you might give an account in your next letter. My last to you was dated August 28th, in which I acknowledged that, August 25th, I had received here 420 rix-dollars, for the 100/. which you paid to A. B. in the end of last July, though his acquit- 1650.] pell's money affairs. -403 tance which you sent me he a year older ; for lie hath dated it July 28th, 1G5.5, as I shall shew you when I return to you, whicli shall be when it pleaseth our Heavenly Father, to whom I com- mend you and ours. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. July 30, old style. To yours dated July 4th, I answered the last week. Tlie next day, I received a letter from F. Balde, of Frankford, telling me that you had paid I.'jO pounds sterling to his brother's son at London, for which I should shortly receive six hundred and thirty Reich-dalers, which is eighteen Reich-dalers less than ever he had sent me before for the same sum. But he tells me that the exchange is now fallen from eighty-six HoUandish shillings to thirty-five for every pound sterling ; so that I must lose one in every thirty-six. As for the eight Rix- dalers abated in the former bill of exchange, he tells me, he had laid out so much for postage of letters for me ; of which he will give me an account in his next letter. Which, no doubt, he thought would be very speedily, because you had told his nephew that you should shortly bring him so much more to make over to me. But by yours of July 10th, I see no likelihood of such hasty payment. D D 2 404 GENERAL MONTAGU. [jAN. It may be the exchange may alter again before you get any more money for me ; so long as the exchange continues at this last rate, I lose six Hol- landish stivers in every English pound more than I did any time since I last saw you. But it is to no purpose to trouble you with these matters. You will not be able to bear out the mystery of the ebbs and flows of exchange. An hour after your foresaid letter of July the 10th, I received the money itself; just 630 rix- dalers. So that this time I cannot blame the mer- chants for slowness, as heretofore. They were now speedy enough, being, it seems, content with their extraordinary gains for exchange. Adieu. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. January 29. Since I wrote to you last, I have received two letters from you; the one dated December 21st, the other January 18th. This last came to my hands to-day. In the former, you tell me that Mr. Haak would have me correspond with him ; he seemed to be of another mind when I saw him last. You also pray me to write to Colonel Montagu, and tell me that he hath no other title than he had when I first knew him ; but I find that there is a General Montagu, General for the sea, and I believe it is no other than he, to whom you would have me 1657.] MR. MORLAND. 405 write. He received a letter from me the 2nd or 3rd of January ; but I had not heard of that title when I wrote to him. I have also let Mr. Secretarv know how slow they are in paying you ; but by your last letter, I see that you received half your expectation in the last week of December. Mr. Corcellis hath dated his receipt the last of December. I understand not why you kept it by you till January 18th before you sent it me. In the end of the year, court payment is slow ; you may remember that, the last year, you were paid for the Michaelmas quarter but one week sooner than now ; but as you got the next payment, February 22nd, so I hope you will now get it by that time. God Almighty keep you all ! MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. February 1657. My last was dated February 5. Since that time, I have only received three from you : one dated December 23 (it should have been January 22) , the second dated February 12, and a third dated Fe- bruary 25. This last assured me that you had received mine of February 5. Mr. INIorland hath already received the letter wherein I thanked him for visiting you, and de- livering the tokens, &c. The money which you 406 MR. RAVEN. [march, paid to Mr. Balde, February 9, came to my hands twenty-five days after, but diminished by him and his correspondents after his new rate. If Mr. Sayres have a son capable of my service, I beHeve I could provide better for him than he himself can, or his neighbours will. Your letter tells me what you have paid Mr. Raven ; but I see no mention of it in any letter of his. You may do well to take quittances of him. I thought I had reason to expect more money from you the last time ; but I perceive I have a receiver that uses me at pleasure. You will constrain me to warn everybody to deliver no money to you for me. I perceive Mrs. Mack, hath found the way to you again. Her counsel, added to your own in- clinations, will make you altogether unfit to meddle with any money of mine ; so that I shall be forced to seek some other, who will dispose of it punc- tually, according to my order. Adieu. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. Zurich, March 27. At Geneva, February 12, 1 received a letter from you, without date. Here I received another from you, dated February 21, by which I perceived that you had mine of January 29 and February 5. You importune me to write to Mr. Secretary for money. 1G57.] pell's money affairs. -107 I have (lone it, and received promises from him. If you send me a copy of the next warrant that you receive, I shall a little the better know in what manner to write to him. You should also punc- tually tell me the days that you receive the money. For want of the knowledge of such circumstances, I cannot write to him as I would. For the hundred and fifty pounds that you paid to Mr. Corcellis, December 31, I received here, March 7, six hundred and ninety rixdoUars. I have written to Frankford to know why he sent me less now than ever heretofore. I might have re- ceived it sooner, but I made no haste to write for it till I was come hither. I hope you have, before now, received as much more ; of which, if you make over one hundred to me, and deliver ten to Mr. Haak, there will be forty left, according to your letter of February 2 1 . God keep you. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. ^L^y '26. Since my last, of April 20, 1 have received two of yours. In them you ask advice concerning my son. If he be not fit to get long lessons by heart, he will never be tit for that school ; but you must take heed that you displease not Mr. B. by taking him away. If our friends can help you to find out a 408 pell's son at school. [july, good school for him, you may send him thither in the school vacation ; or else my uncle may help you to an excuse, by pretending a desire to see him ; and then (as if it were his humour in my absence to have him better grounded before he re- turn to such a great school) , he may be sent to some other school, where there are fewer boys ; for in huge schools, the masters are forced to ease them- selves by laying great burdens upon their scholars' memories. But it will be very hard to find a good school. God Almighty direct you, and bless him and his sisters. MR PELL TO MRS. PELL. July 15, old style. The last week, I received your first, and sent an answer in a letter to Mr. Hartlib. This week, I have received none from you. I could wish that you had made an end with your sister Makin ; you know she is a woman of a great acquaintance, and no small impatience. She will not stick to rail at me and you wherever she comes. You do not tell me why old Mr. Cooke came again to London. I desire also to know whether you have heard anything of Thomas Bushy, of Breda, by Cooke, or any other way. This week, Mr. D. received a long letter from Mr. HartUb. I think he now resolves to write 1057.] pell's money affairs. 409 ordinarily to one of us. If lie do, it will be no hard matter for you to write, and leave your letters with him, to be sent to our merchant at Frankford. God Almighty keep you all. MR. PELL TO xMRS. PELL. July IG, 16.57. Last week, I prayed Mr. H. to tell you, that 1 had received three of yours, dated March 12, April IG, and June 4. Haste made me omit yours of May 7. Two days after, I received a fifth of yours, dated June 25, wherein you tell me what you received May 22. But you keep it for your use ; because, as you say, it is too little to make over, nor can you spare it. Too little to make over? It was not less than what you made over to me in August and in February last. Besides, I gave you no order to make it over ; but wdiatsoever you receive for me (be it much or little), I would have you pay it to Mr. Morland, for he knows to whom in West- minster that must be repaid which I have taken up here, and what I would have him do with the over- plus, if there be any. Your second reason, that you could not spare it, is not much better than the first. It is not tit for me to live in that uncertainty, that I must depend on your courtesy, and never look for money till my receiver can spare if. Having paid 410 MR. PELL AND HIS WIFE. [oCT. yourself so much, I hope you will now think it reasonable that I should receive four hundred pounds, before you detain any more for yourself ; take heed you go not beyond what I have allowed you. If from any money of mine, without my order, you abate anything, upon what pretence soever, I shall give order that you shall touch no more of my money, but that it be paid to another, whom I may better trust. Adieu. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. October 15. Since my last, of July 16, I have received seven of yours, dated July 9, 15, 23, August 6, Septem- ber 4, 21 (for 17), 24. The first of them tells me of a forward lad, born before his mother had been married full thirty-one weeks. The second had a note from Mr. Morland, acknowledging that he had received one hundred pounds of you. The third had nothing new. The fourth tells me that you like mine of July 16 so ill, that you may well con- tent yourself without my letters. In it you sent me a Latin letter, inquiring whether he that wrote it will be a scholar or a 'prentice ; that question will be better answered three years hence ; they that will now judge of him may be very much mistaken in him ; with your next, let him send me the 1()50.] MARRIAGE OF pell's DAUGHTER, 411 names of the books which he now learns at school. The fifth tells me of a linen-draper ; I hope he will not turn out a herring-man. The sixth says, you keep one hundred pounds for yourself, and four hundred I shall have. In your seventh, I found en- closed a promise, under the merchant's hand, for sending three hundred and ninety pounds ; he having paid ten pounds more to you, which you delivered to Mr. H., as he acknowledgeth in a letter sent by you. When I have received this money, I will send you word. In the meantime, God keep you. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. October 2, 1656. September 27, I received your long letter, dated September 12, and in it one from M., and another from an unknown hand, not sealed, and therefore you have here my answer to it unsealed. You see I refer him to you to tell him my resolution, which I hope you will be able to do without shewing him this that I now write to you. I perceive by yours that M. hath much abated the height of her first flight. First, a rich husband, or none at all ; then, two hundred pounds a-year at least ; now, a younger brother, that hath no land, but some monev in other men's hands, almost enough to purchase fourscore pounds a-year free 412 MARRIAGE OF PELl's DAUGHTER. [oCT. land. Now she hath found one rich enough for her, you must try whether he will account her rich enough for him. You may therefore tell him or her that you have order to pay him two hundred pounds upon the day of her marriage, without pro- mise that she or hers shall receive any more from me, or by me, till I am dead. (Understand me right, I do not threaten that she shall have no more ; but I abstain from promising that she shall have more.) If this will not please, let him leave her for those that will be contented with it, or will tarry till I have appointed a greater bag of ready money for her. I believe you read his letter to me before you enclosed it in yours. In it I find not one word of conditions ; and in your long letter to me, you tell me, he will take her upon what conditions I please. If he be contented to take her so, I do hereby give you power to stop so much of the first money that you shall receive for me at Whitehall. I say, so much : just two hundred, and no more ; make over the rest to me hither. I will not allow any over-measure, for marriage feast or wedding- clothes, or any needless expense ; let him look upon her as fatherless, that hath no greater portion for the present ; all that she may have hereafter may be as uncertain as the legacies of uncles, and other kindred. Let him look upon you as a widow, having many other children, whose portions are also limited, and cannot, mav not, be diminished 1G5G.] MARRIAGE OF PELl's DAUGHTER. 413 by you in favour of any one of them. Let tlie marriage be private. Let him give her such new clothes as he accounts fit for his wife, and as he in- tends, and hopes, to maintain her hereafter. If he leave it to your ordering, you will be sure to overdo it, as you have done all this while, for which I give you little thanks. Hitherto, her clothes have been the public arguments of her mother's vanity and improvidence ; henceforward, they ought to be an- swerable to her husband's ability and discretion. As for his promises to you what he will do for her, I care not for them ; nor will I require him to pro- mise it again in writing, or before witnesses. If he do it of his own accord, it is well. If not, I will not urge him. Let her behaviour incline to exceed his promise, rather than to break it. It was little to the purpose to shew his writings to you or to her. If the counsellor you write of will come to your house, you may tell him that you are not able to judge of obligations and securities ; but you have a friend, an attorney, who, if they please, shall look upon them. If they consent, send to Clifford's Inn, to Mr. Th, H., her godmother's husband. If they think not fit that he should see them, it is no great matter, let them take their course. If they have an intent to deceive you, I cannot well prescribe an antidote against scriveners' knavery. I hope, by that time that this comes to your 414 MARRIAGE OF PELL's DAUGHTER. [oCT. hands, you will know your intended son-in-law a little better than you did when you first wrote of him to me ; otherwise, some will call you fool- hardy, for matching your daughter to a man so un- known to you. The woman whom you name in the end of your long letter does otherwise ; she hath long known, and well studied, the father and mother of her whom she would make her daughter-in-law. She knew her birth and her breeding. She hath con- sidered her since she grew up ; and, in all this time, finds no reason why she should wish that her only son would seek no other wife. In your long letter, you spent much of your time and paper in that which was little to the chief pur- pose and scope of it. All that you wrote of Ju. and Be., &c., might have been said another time soon enough. It had been more seasonable to have told me of what country he is ; where he intends to dwell when he is married ; where his elder brother lives ; where those two uncles dwell ; what reason to think they will die bachelors ; of what age he is ; how affected to the present government of England, &c. But of these things, perhaps, your next will give me better information. In the meantime, I cannot but put you in mind of the great inconvenience which H, R. and his daughters found in the boarding of R. M. and his w^ife B. ; and therefore I praise not your intention 1G5G.] MARRIAGE OF PELL's DAUGHTER. 415 to give them two months' board ; you may be troubled to get them out. Nor can I like your frivolous contrivance of marrying them upon such and such a day of the month. That day is best that best fits all your other conjunctures. When all requisites are ready and well ordered, then, and not before, determine your day. In the meantime, you shall have my prayers to our Father which is in Heaven to deliver you from evil, and to direct you. I pray you write to me by the next opportunity, though you should have nothing to WTite, save that you had received this. Adieu. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. Oct. 23, 1656. Six weeks ago, I sent you an answer to your long letter, dated September 12th. I have seen none from you since, though I thought the nature of that business had been such as that it would have given you occasion to write again concerning him, wdien you came to know him better. For aught I know, he may be in debt twice as much as he saith he is worth ; and yet you both write as earnestly for him as if you had certain knowledge that he is a rich man. She thinks he will give her 416 MARRIAGE OF PELL's DAUGHTER. [oCT. five hundred pounds, but she misunderstands him. He says, he will lay out so much to buy land for her ; that is to say, the yearly rent of so much land shall be settled upon her for life. A great jointure ! Five hundred pounds will vouchsafe about five-and- twenty pounds a-year, and that she shall have from him if she outlive him, and if he be as good as his word. What portion can he expect upon such a promise. Her present portion of ready money I expressed in my aforesaid letter, dated October 2nd ; which, as I hear, lay still a week by the way, because the gentleman who used to convey my letters, being gone from home, fell sick, and was brought home in a litter, a day after the post was gone ; by which means he could not send it forward till the next week ; but I hope you now have it. In it you will find my resolution concerning all that she is like to receive from me at this time, notwith- standing her letter of September 17th, sent by an- other way, which I received almost a fortnight ago. That long letter of yours tells me of a letter of mine which you had received, but because you did not add the date of it, I am as uncertain as if you had said nothing. When you answer this, I pray you tell me whether you have received mine, dated July 31st, August 28th, September 10th, and Octo- ber 2nd. God keep you. 1G5G.] MUS. PELL ANU HER DAUGHTER, 417 MR. PEfJ. TO MRS. PELL. Yours dated September I2th I answered largely. I hope you now have it ; it was dated October 2nd. By the last post, I wrote you another, dated Octo- ber 23rd. Two days after, I received your second concerning the same business ; it was dated Octo- ber 3rd. By which I perceived how backward they are at Whitehall to pay you any money ; and how forward you are to marry your daughter. So that I have reason to suspect that by this time she is married, unless the backwardness of Whitehall have laid a block in the way of your forwardness. In mine of October 2nd, I advised you to get a quarter's money into your hands before you let them marry, by which you might avoid great incon- veniences, upon which you may be cast for want of ready money. If she be not married when this comes to you, I pray you consider well what I said in mine of October 2nd concerning clothes. Leave it to the bridegroom to make such as he thinks will be fit to be worn by his wife. I hear the parliament has be2:un to take into consideration the vanitv of gay clothes in England. It will be great folly for you to make the bride such wedding-clothes as she may not wear afterwards, unless she desire to see her husband pay much money every time that she is seen in them. For surely they will not forbid VOL. II. E E 418 MRS. PELL AND HER DAUGHTER. [nOV. excessive price of clothes, without setting a penalty upon all transgressors, as often as they exceed. If he make them beyond the limits of the statute that is now in hand, and his purse afterward smart for it, let him thank himself, not blame the dotage of his wife's mother, who loved to see her chickens decked in peacock's feathers. You say, they will go and live in the country ; you may tell them our proverb, little cost makes a great show in a country church ; besides, you may let them understand that I have allowed but a certain sum of money for that extraordinary occasion. The more they spend of it in gay clothes, feasting, coaching, &c., the less will be left of it for more serious uses. You now see that some of that money which you have spent upon her might have been spared to furnish her house, and yet she would have been no less fit for the neighbourhood where she now must dwell. He might better have taken her next sister, who is, without question, fitter for the country than this, that always dreamed of the court or city. But it is too late to speak of these things now ; he hath made his choice, and you and she are pleased with it. You tell me, how much he hopes I will give her ; I have nothing to do with his hopes. If he do not account me a madman, he cannot hope that I will presently give her all that I meant to give her. 1050.] MARRIAGE OK PELL's DAUGHTER. 419 For aui^ht I know, within a month after he is married, he may be clapped up in prison for debt, or brought before the high court of justice now erected, and may there be condemned to lose his life and all his estate ; then the old woman may receive her daughter witli a great belly, and wish that so great haste had not been made to match her ; or, at least, to pay him all her portion. You will answer me that he is no such man. But I may reply, that is more than I know, or can know of him at this distance, without better intelligence than I use to find in your letters. Of the rest of your contrivances, I told you my mind in my former. Mr. H. might have served the turn of a father in the marriage, or any other of my acquaintance, without troubling Mr. B. The choice of the day, as I wrote to you before, ought not to be made, till you have all other requisites in readi- ness ; or, if you would needs have an extraordinary of the year, I see not why you should prefer the day of your arriving at London ; you might as well take the day of your first lodging at that house, or your own birthday, or mine, or hers. But I doubt all this is too late ; for tliough, perhaps, she be not now married according to your first resolution, yet it is not unlikely she will be so before this paper come to your liands. The rest of your letter is spent in complaints that E E 2 420 pell's money affairs. [nov you want money. To which I must answer that you may thank yourself. Your allowance was sufficient for your reasonable expenses, and it is a shame that you have not laid up something in a corner to be now brought to light upon such an occasion. If I had in a like manner lived bevond the compass of my allowance, I should not now have been able to give a penny towards her mar- riage. As for that which is due, I account it your fault that you have it not, because you give me not such information as may enable me to write for it. But you have me in a maze of wild accounts, not sending me a copy of any warrant, or doing any- thing else according to my directions. Adieu. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. Nov. 12, English stjle. In my last, dated October 15th, I told you that I would send you word when I received the money mentioned in the paper which came from Mr. Noel, enclosed in your letter of September 4th. The last w^eek, I received about half of it ; I shall hardly receive the rest till about a month hence. It may be, the next week I shall be more at leisure to tell you more particularly how this business has been carried ; and how little reason I have to desire that 165G.] MARRIAGE OF PELl's DAUGHTER. 421 any more money should pass through the same liands. In the meantime, you shall do well to say nothing of it to Mr. Noel, or anybody else. In your soliciting money at Whitehall, ask Morland's advice ; and take heed of being oppor- tunely troublesome, for that may not only hurt me here, but can also make me so unwelcome there that they will avoid speaking with you. The last post brought me yours of October 15th, with two enclosed unsealed ; and therefore I make no question you have read them. Both yours and theirs crave consent, but mean money ; but whom shall I trust to receive and pay it, and to give me account of tlie payment. Above thirteen months ago, I gave you power to stop two hundred pounds of Whitehall money ; you stopped three hundred, and threw it all into the Thames for aught I know, for in all this time, neither you nor anybody else hath given me notice that either M. or her husband ever touched one penny of that three hundred pounds. Yet I am content once more to try how you will use me in another business ; and therefore hereby give you power to stop two hundred pounds of the first money you shall receive for me at Whitehall, and pay it to the young people on the day of their marriage. I say two, not three hun- dred. If two hundred will not satisfy the old folks (as you call them), let them seek a match for their nephew elsewhere. 422 MARRIAGE OF PELl's DAUGHTER. [nOV. When you next speak with the uncle, you may say : " Sir, I have received a letter from my husband, wherein he gives his consent that his daughter shall marry. I know not what he will give her husband or her children when he sees them hereafter, but he hath appointed me to pay two hundred pounds to her at the day of her marriage." If he be content with this offer, then you may say again : " but I have not this money in my hands ; perhaps I shall not get it before new-year's day. By that time there will be 550 pounds due to us at Whitehall, of which sum, I hope, I shall then receive two or three hundred pounds." But of his answer, you will soon gather whether he be content to defer the marriage till the money be in your hand, or whether he will hasten it for fear of some new resolutions that may cross it, re- calling the consent. If the marriage go on, and they must needs have a man to give her away, I pray you not trouble Mr. B. again, but take Mr. Haak, or Mr. HailHb, or some of the uncle's ac- quaintance. Presently after the marriage, the old folks will expect that the bride should begin to call them uncle and aunt ; and that you should call them brother and sister ; and therefore all your children must also call them uncle and aunt. Let her brother write a letter to me in English, describing the marriage, time, place, and company. 1G57.] MARRIAGE OF TELl's DAUGHTER. 423 I would see what he could do by his mother wit, in his mother tongue, without his mother's help. If he omit any considerable circumstance, you may supply it in a letter from yourself. Almighty God bless and direct you all. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. December 3, 16.57. To my last, of November 12th, I hope not to see your answer till sixteen days hence ; but I did hope before this to receive some other letters from you, if not in answer to mine of October 15th, yet in continuation of yours written the same day, con- cerning that new business of consequence as you there call it. I cannot guess why, since that time, you have omitted four post-days, and have written no more concerning that business, unless it be turned into smoke, and there be no more to be said of it, as I shall be apt to believe if I receive no letter from you next week. Howsoever, I thought fit to write to you now, that you might know that, in my letters to Mr. Morland, I have prayed him to endeavour that, as soon as may be, you may receive 300/. ; that is, one whole warrant and an odd 50/., due upon an old warrant. If you receive so much, I would not have you ignorant how 1 would have it disposed of ; 424 pell's money concerns. [dec. first 50/. to yourself, for the quarter ending with the old year ; of the remaining 250/., Mr. Morland will call for ten hy my order. The 240/. left, I would have you deliver to Mr. Haak, telling him that I pray him to keep it hy him till he receive letters from me, shewing how I would have it made over to me through Germany ; for the French king having laid an arrest at Lyons upon all the merchandize and money of the merchants of this place, I dare not use the way of France. I am in danger to lose near half of that which you made over last, or, at least, to wait so long for it that I may have reason to wish that you had more punctually observed my order, which was, not to meddle with making of bargains with French merchants, but to deliver my money to Mr. Morland, whose return you should have expected. He would have made use of other hands that would have sent it me roundly all at once ; so that I should not have been put to so much trouble for the first 200/., and, perhaps, I must un- dergo a hundred times more for the remaining 190/. But if the business you wrote of go on, I would not have you deliver that 240/. to Mr. Haak, but only 10/., which I have given him order to call for. The other 230/. you keep in your own hand, namely, 200/. to be disposed of according to my letter of November. I am content to try how you will manage the odd 30/., and what a trim account you will give me of it. 1657.] pell's family. 425 MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. December 4, lGo7. Four days ago, I received at once three letters from you, with a copy of a warrant in one of them. The letters were dated October 23rd, October 31st, and November 4 th. In them you have received mine of August 28th, September 10th, and October 2nd ; but you say nothing of mine dated July 31st. You tell me, I make no mention of John's epistle, sent in May. I saw no such ; but in July 19th, I received one from you, dated July 4th, in which was an epistle from him, dated July 2nd ; of which I made mention in my answer, July 24, which you received, as you confess inyours dated August 14tli. You say, you hope I am not angry that you write about jewels. No, but I am very sorry that you are no wiser ; and that it is w^hich makes me sad always, when I think upon the children, because they are so foolishly educated with their heads full of vanities, dreaming of great matters that their father w411 do for them. If that hope fail, what will become of them, that have been so vainly and idly bred ; how heavily will they then set themselves to get their living honestly, by their own nidustry? Such thoughts were fit for your condition and theirs, rather than empty imaginations of castles in the air. Methinks you should also think it unrea- sonable that all that can now be spared shoukl be 426 pell's family, [dec. squandered away upon the eldest, as if the rest were not of the same kindred. But by yours of November 4th, I perceive you are resolved to do what you list, without any regard to w^hat I prescribe. You would have me write to G. Mo., which I have not leisure to do this week ; nor would I have written to you now, but that I was willing that you should know that I had, at the last, received those three letters. God keep you. Thus much I had written last week, but had not time to send it then. I have now time to tell you further that, December 6th, I received another from you, dated November 13th ; wherein you speak as if you were likely to receive money within a day or two, and intended to have the marriage upon November 27th ; so that I may now reckon that it is past, for, you say, M. R. presseth and hasteneth it. But if, according to your former letters, he and his then came to abide in your house till next Ladyday, you may have cause to think those four months very long ones. I am sorry to hear of Mr. Sadler's indisposition. Return my respects to S. W. Dr., and all others that enquire of my health. Adieu. 1657.] A CAMBRIUGK SCHOLAR. 427 Mil. PELL TO MR8. PELL. December 17, Englisli style. In mine of December 3rd, I wrote that I was in danger to lose near half of that money which you had left in Mr. Noel's hands for me ; but now I dare tell you that I hope that danger is past, yet I see no sign that I shall receive it here before De- cember 24th. Since the last post-day, a minister's widow of this city hath sent me a little money, praying me to make it over to her son at Cambridge. He came into England with Mr. Dury, to whom I have written this week concerning that money. I pray you therefore pay 5/. English to Mr. Dury as soon as you can ; if he be not in town, you may pray Mr. Hartlib to send it to Cambridge by the first opportunity. I expect your letters, assuring me that mine of October 15th, November 12th, December 3rd, are come to your hands, as well as this. MR. PELL TO MRS. PELL. February ;>, old style. You have received mine of December 11th, and 1 have received your large letter, dated the same day. In it you make mention of a letter written 428 MARRIAGE OF PELL's DAUGHTER. [fEB. by you the week before, that is to say, December 4th, which I have received, as I have given notice to Mr. Morland, through whose hands it ought to pass ; but, I doubt, it missed him, so it is lost, and with it, all your account concerning the money and marriage, &c. And therefore I know not what you have done in it, save that yours of December 11th tells me that you are gone beyond your allow- ance, but it says not how much. I have also received a note from you, dated December 15th, with letters from the new married couple ; it will be time enough to answer them when I hear that they are returned out of the coun- try. In the meantime, you may advise Mr. Raven to take some occasion to make himself known to Mr. Morland. Five days ago, I received a letter from you, dated June 8th, by which I perceived that they were not yet returned out of the country, nor had Mr. Morland then delivered my letter to you of November 17th. Send not the next money through Frankfort, but through Geneva, by the hands of the merchant that conveys all our letters now. Mr. Morland lodged in his house at Geneva, and therefore you must crave his direction for the finding out his correspondents in London. I am glad to hear of our Suffolk friends. I pray 1655.] THE ART OF FLYING. 429 you continue fair correspondence with those of Sussex also. John is now thirteen years old ; Almighty God bless him, and his sisters, and his mother. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Charing Cross, Doc. 14, 165o. Sir, — Your last was of fourteen lines, from Geneva, November 6. The letters come no more so currently (as Mr. Ulrich here complains) as they were wont to do out of Switzerland. Therefore, at this time, I shall not communicate any state-matters, but only tell you what Mr. Borel, the Frenchman, writes unto me from Paris, Nov. 1 5, 1655 : — Lihenter qucedam audirim de Arte Volandi, si quondam Domino innotescerint. Hahemus lihrum novum de Arte Vo- landi ; credo esse ex Anglico traductum. Thus far he, who is a most curious wit. I pray remember my service to Mr. Morland,* and acquaint him with this passage, and what you learn from him be pleased to communicate the same unto me. For he hath professedly studied this point and made many experiments in it, as himself confessed to him who subscribes himself ever your most faithful, assured friend to serve you, S. Hartlib. * Morland was not yet rcturiicil from Switzerland. Tlie art of flying was a subject to wliicli nuicli attention was paid by the meclianicians of this period. 430 DESTRUCTION OF LESNA. [jULY, MR. PELL TO ... . July 17-27. Sir, — Five days ago, I received from you a letter dated Dantzic, Junii 1 7th, containing a letter from Mr. Comenius, dated the 22nd of May, wherein he describes the sad estate of those protestants that escaped from Lesna, where he, for his own part, besides his writings, lost in money, books, and household stuff, above three thousand reichs-dalers, (near seven hundred pounds sterling.) He had, with incredible labour and no small journeys, gotten the favour of some liberal persons, and hoped, per- haps, to leave his children two hundred pounds a-piece, which, among so many poor exiles, would have seemed great riches. I hear he is sixty-five years old ; and, it seems, hath nothing left but the clothes on his back. Those papers which have been found in the ashes and rubbish of Lesna, since he fled thence, are little worth in comparison of those which he accounts irrecoverably lost. Every body that reads his letter will not understand JJjii- tatis Bihiiothecas , though you and I know he means two libraries belonging to the Bohemian reformed churches which are called Fratres Unitatis. The burn- ing of those libraries must needs be an inestimable and, indeed, irreparable loss to them. Four days ago, I shewed his letter to two Bohemian ministers that were newly come hither ; they said, that the 165G.] coMENius. 431 inhabitants of Lesna had promised one anotlier to abide there and not to remove any of their persons or goods to any safer pkice, lest they should seem to forsake those that had no means to fly, espe- cially Comenius, whose ecclesiastical relation obliged him, as their ancientest pastor, to stay by his flock in the midst of so many hungry and enraged wolves. They did not fear that he would abandon them as long as his books and writings were not sent from thence. Thus they have lost both his manuscripts and their own records, &c., which might have deserved an exception from their general resolution of sending nothing out of Lesna. I should have been willing to read over his refu- tations of the Copernicans and Cartesians, but with that prejudice that I do not believe him to be a com- petent judge of all the differences between them and other writers. And therefore, of all his papers, there is none for whose loss I am less sorry ; though he say of them, *' me valde dolet, siquidem in iis multum posiieram operas et diligenti(c." 1 have caused his letter to be fairly written out, and have sent it to the divines (pastors and professors) of Zurich, who esteem him, and have introduced his Janua * into their higher school some years ago. I make no question but they will do something for * The celebrated and once popular school-book, entitled Janua Linguarum, of whicli Comenius Mas the author. 432 COMENIUS. [AUG. him. When you hear whither he has gone, and what place he resolves to settle in, I pray you give notice of it to Your well-know^n friend and servant. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Aug. 7, 1656. Sir, — Last Thursday, I sent unto you, the second time, that which the Lord Medminsky did send to the King of Sweden, and was transmitted to me that it might be imparted to his highness. I hope you will not fail to give me notice of it as soon as it is come to your hands. Two days ago, I received your last of the 17th of July, which was very refreshing. Here you have the Visiones Les- nenses. The Excidium is to follow by the next jDost, God willing. I have also received from Mr. Come- nius * fresh letters dated at Hamburg, as also from Schmidt, of which you shall have copies in due time. Only continue to refresh me with some large letters of your own now and then. I have given a full account this afternoon concerning Morus to * The celebrated John Amos Comenius, a protestant divine of Moravia, who is well known as the author of various Morks of use in education. He was born in 1592, and suffered much in the various persecutions of the Moravian and Polish churches. 1656.] THE NEW HOUSE OF LORDS. 433 Mr. Ulrich's son, which I have procured from Amsterdam, according to that memorial which Mr. Ulrich's father sent unto him. And though the answer be nothing but truth, yet the answerer of it desires to be concealed, though you should be able to guess at him. Mr. Dury has returned to Am- sterdam, and promises with all possible expedition to hasten unto us, and it is very like Mr. Comenius will come along with him to Your well-known faithful friend to serve you. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Dec. 3, 1657. Sir, — I know^ nothing so pertinent to be added for the present to the enclosed, as to tell you that the great Swedish-Danish news, of which I wrote last Thursday, is no more confirmed, neither by shipping nor any of the posts. Only of Fueren the last letters speak as if it would shortly be in the possession of the Swedes. Mr. Downing is sent as envoy to the states-general. The House of Lords is to be called the House of Peers. I labour with all the interests I have that Mr. Brer, may receive a hint. His father is still so cross that they cannot be married. After I had sealed mv letter to vou on Thursday last and sent it away, Mr. Dalyarno brought me tliat which he had promised for you. VOL. II. F F 434 DEATH OF EDWARD LAWRENCE. [dEC. I having superscribed it with my own hands, sent it to Mr. Morland, who promised it should be sent with all care. I last, as long as I am able to write, Sir, yours unfeignedly to serve you, S. H. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Dec. 3J, 1657. SiR; — Here you have a large representation of foreign affairs from no vulgar hands. The other papers contain likewise many notable passages, and not unworthy your best considerations. In my last, I told you of the sad Providence befallen my lord president's * family, his eldest son, Mr. Edward Lawrence, dying of the small-pox within six or seven days. I have not heard how Mr. Secretary doth this day, but the two or three days foregoing, he was so sick as that he was forced to keep his bed. Mr. Rich, who lately married one of my Lord Protector's daughters, is said also to be very sick. Mr. Downing went from hence last week. There was a report of the departure of Mr. Rous, but it proved only to be his wife, who was near a hundred years old. Dr. Worthington is married, and Vice-chancellor of Cambridge. * Henry Lawrence, president of the privy council. Milton wrote a sonnet on his son's death, beginning, '' Lawrence, of virtuous father virtuous son." 1657.] THE UNIVERSAL CHARACTER. 435 Next week, God willing, I shall impart unto you a copy of his letter which I got from him yesterday. Mr. Boyle* writes from Oxford : — "The Universal Character Dr. Wilkinsf has now brought to that perfection that he is pleased to promise me sometime next w^eek to shew it to Dr. Ward | and me toge- ther, that it may be jointly considered by us all ; and if he be as wary in his affirmations about it as he used to be about other things, I make no doubt but it will be found extraordinarily ingenious, though I confess I yet distrust the practicableness of it in divers cases." Thus far he. /- Last Thursday, as I told you, I received your letter from Mr. D. to Mr. Mor. which I sent gtway the day after. My pains come upon me, and tfiere- fore I must hasten to subscribe myself, Sir, Your ever faithful friend to serve you, S. Hartlib. i\IR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. January 14, 1658. Sir, — I have been most wonderfully tormented these three or four days of the stone piles, but especially of the ulcerative ; the inflammation of it * The famous Robert Boyle, who was one of Ilartlib's con- stant correspondents. -j- The celebrated Bishop Wilkins, who was, during the pro- tectorate, warden of Wailhani College. |. AfttMwards professor at Greshani College. ff2 436 RICHARD CROMWELL. [jAN. was grown to such an extremity this night, that I had taken fully my leave of this world ; but behold I live again, the Lord having turned wonderfully the sharpest pains to so much ease and mitigation, as that I am able to testify to you also my wonted respects. All my former, for many weeks together, have been fraughted with considerable papers, of which you are pleased to acknowledge the receipt in your last, which was December 17-27th, of mine November 1 8th. By the very next post, I hope you have received (for it was sent from hence) Dalyarno's own letter, a large one written by him, wherein his whole invention is discovered unto you. I long to hear of the safe receipt of it. By what you write of Censura Paradigmatis a Leunschles, methinks I have known the author at Eleutheropoli. The city-statesmen here begin to talk as if my Lord Richard, the eldest son to his highness, is to be made k.,* and that very shortly, his father remain- ing still Lord Protector till the government be more and more settled, I have heard no more of Mr. Ulrich, but that he was like to remain at Calais to exercise chirurgery. I am, as long as I am able to stir either my heart or hands, Sir, yours most faithfully to serve you, S. H. N.B. A word, I pray, of the receipt of this packet. * So it is in the original, apparently an abbreviation for king. Hartlib's liantlwriting is not always easy to decypher. 1658.] THE AUDIENCE AT WHITEHALL. 437 MR. HARTLIIJ TO MR. PELL. January 28, 1657-8. Sir, — Though I be full of pains, yet it is some comfort that I am so far supported as that I can continue my respects of writing and communi- cating. I hope all my former, with considerable papers, are safely arrived. I long to see your ap- prehensions and affections of and towards Mr. Dalyarno's Universal Character.* Last Thursday, I sent you a large extract out of Mr. Mor.'s letter. I pray remember to take notice of a pretty book, just now brougW to my hands from Oxford, called " Observations upon some part of Sir Francis Bacon's Natural History, as it concerns Fruit-trees, Fruits, and Flowers, especially the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries ; improving the Experiments men- tioned to the best advantage, by Ra. Austin, Prac- tiser in the Art of Planting, Oxford, 1G58," in 4to, pp. 46. Mr. Comen sent me one printed sheet last week, " De Principis TransylvanicB Ruina {ejusque occadone, De Ldbro Lux in Tenehris) Judicium Amid ad Amicum.'' I suppose he will send some copies also to Zurich. Parliament is met before my Lord Protector at Whitehall, to be reconciled ; the * George Dalyarno published at London, in 1661, a work entitled, .hs- Sif/norum, vulgo Character universalis, et Liiujua PJiiloaophica. 438 MR. JOHN BEALE. [fEB. Commons refusing to acknowledge the House of Lords. His highness made a most pathetic speech, shewing a necessity of laying aside formalities, and to mind to the protestant interest beyond seas, and the settling of the commonwealth at home. If I can get a copy, which will be somewhat hard, I purpose to send you a transcript, as being ever Your most humble and faithful friend to serve you. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. February 4, 1658. Sir, — Since my last of January 28th, I received your last of January 17th. I see by it that you have missed, between Nov. 26th and Dec. 10th, one of my packets, containing a large but sad relation of the Transylvanian affairs, with some observations of Mr. Beale's, the Herefordian,* on Lux in Tenehris, the packet being dated December 3rd. I am glad that Dalyarno's letter (the date should have been Novem- ber 26th) is come safe to your hands ; he is much your servant, and ready to give you further satisfaction to * John Beale Mas born in Herefordshire, in 1603, and was the author of" various books on gardening and agriculture. His Treatise on Fruit Trees went through several editions. In 1657, he published " The Hereford Orchard, a pattern for the Avhole of England," of which a new edition appeared in 1724. He made many communications to the Royal Society be- tween 1666 and 1677. 1G58.] MR. JOHN BEALE. 439 any objections or demands tliat you shall please to make at any time. My Hereford friend (with whom I correspond w^eekly, both by post and car- riers) is Mr. John Beale, once fellow of King's Col- lege in Cambridge, now minister of the gospel near Hereford. Thus I use to superscribe my letters with this addition, — "to be left at Dr. Harford's house in Hereford." Whenever you shall make your application unto him, whether I be alive or dead, I know you will be most welcome and valuable unto him ; for my part, I cannot put a sufficient rate upon him ; he is a very honest man, and an uni- versal, solid, and most real scholar. Concerning dreams and antichrist, none hath studied that point so professedly and accurately as he hath done it, which subjects he hath imparted unto me several shares; of some of which I have given a copy to Mr. Duret, who is even transported or ravished with his work. I have received above six sheets of his Art of Memory ; for he is like to perform more that way also than ever Caleb Morley hath under- taken ; of this and of all his other communications (which are not a few) you shall have a perfect share in them. It may be, I shall find somebody that shall serve the mechanical paradoxa here adjoined, as hath been done with the Mille Paradoxa Mathe- matica. My Lord Protector's last speech, though desired 440 BEALE ON WINES. [fEB. by the Commons, will not be printed. I shall en- deavour to send you a true copy. Mr. Secretary sent one of it to the Swedish ministers here. Vale et salve. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. February 4, 1657-8. Sir, — Here you have the promised letter, men- tioned in mine of Thursday last, from the gold- smith's journeyman. The Swedish minister here is advertised from the Hague, that the states of Hol- land have forbidden the praying for the Prince of Orange in public. In mine of February 4th, I im- parted unto you an extract of Mr. Beale's letter of January 18th, concerning wines ;* he continues as followeth : — " I am very much delighted in the Ger- man Augustus Haubtman's philosophy ; he search- eth the foundations and depths of nature ; he spurs on our desires for more of his writings. I wish we could know what he hath found in his further experi- ments concerning wines ; and in that point, I would rather hear of their experiences than of their rea- sons. Surely you did mistake my words concern- * Hartlib, in a letter to Robert Boyle, printed in Bircli's edition of that philosopher's works, dated April 8th, gives a long extract from Pell's answer to this letter of Beale on the winy liquors. 1G58.] HESITATIONS AT WHITEHALL. 441 ing wines ; for I said, I would not discourage others, but I undertake to raise richer wines from the wildest English fruit which will bear abun- dantly in hilly and waste grounds, than can be raised from any English grape wdiich hath been ripened by the multiplied rays of retlexing walls, and our wild fruit carries the general applause. This I must shortly enlarge and explain to Mr. Austin ;* and I believe I shall prevail with my Lord Scudamer and with W. Pyef to give you a full proof of it in London before as many witnesses as you please." The letter is dated February 5th, 1657-8. Every hour we are now expecting to know the effects of the great debates now at Whitehall, con- tinued for some days without any determination whether a parliament or no parliament. I rest, ever your very faithful and assured friend to serve you, S. H. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. February 11, 1658. Sir, — On Thursday last, I sent away my letter to Mr. Morland about six o'clock ; half an hour * The author of tlio work before mentioned, see p. 437. t The Scuduniorcs anil tlie Pycs were Herefordshire families. 442 DISSOLUTION OF THE PARLIAMENT. [fEB. after, I received the news of the parliament being dissolved. I durst not make another letter to signify the same, hoping also that some of the pub- lic persons would acquaint you with so sudden and great a matter ; but believe it, it was of that neces- sity that, if their session had continued but two or three days longer, all had been in blood, both in city and country, upon Charles Stuart's account. An army of twenty thousand might have appeared w4th an ugly petition (for the re-establishing of Charles Stuart), presuming they should find a party amongst them ; whilst another army of ten thou- sand men was landing in England by the jealousy (to say no worse) of our good neighbours. Besides, there was another petition set on foot in the city for a commonw^ealth, which would have gathered like a snowball ; but by the resolute sudden dis- solving of the parliament, both these dangerous designs were mercifully prevented. Whether we shall have another parliament shortly, or a grand council of only optimates in the meantime, we can- not tell. All the officers of the army attended his highness on Saturday last in the banqueting-hall, where they were entertained with a speech of two hours long, which made them afresh to resolve to stand and fall, live and die, wdth my Lord Protec- tor. Here you have his highness's two last speeches to both houses, as they w^re taken at his elbow ; 1G58.J MR. BEALE ON DREAMS. 443 there is much nonsense * &c., in the last, hut there are very few men yet that have any copy at all of them. My faithful correspondentf answers thus : — *' I cannot he unwilling that my name should be known to the worthy Mr. P., but I am much more desirous that my heart were able to serve him. If you communicate my loose discourses, that the truth may not lose due lustre by my defect, I en- treat you to represent that the discourse of anti- christ was written as a letter at one hasty draught ; the discourse of dreams was a collection out of holy records, and some little experience at the first dawning of that kind of light, with which I am now much more practically and experimentally ac- quainted ; and I dare say that very many Chris- tians who serve the Lord with fasting, alms, and prayers, in the day of great distresses, do find the presence of the Lord in dreams ; if I should deny it, I should deny God's merciful providence towards me in the preservation of my life, and in other near concernments. I know not to what purpose I or any man should devise these things if they wanted truth." The letter is dated February 5th. * He means nonsense arising from its being a faulty and in- correct copy. t Mr. Bcale, see bL-foro j). 438. 444 DEATH OF MR. RICH. [fEB. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Feb. 18, 1658. Sir, — Though I voided yesterday ten stones (five or six pretty big ones), and this day, three great ones, yet I am able, God be thanked, to con- tinue my writing respects. Last Thursday, I sent a packet with many considerable papers, my Lord Protector's two speeches in Whitehall, &c., which I shall long to hear how they arrived. On Tuesday last, Mr. Rich* (who lately married one of my Lord Protector's daughters) departed this world at Whitehall. Nothing is yet visible of the great con- sultations in secret as to a council of optimates, or the calling of a new parliament, &c. My Lord Richard is made one of the colonels of the army, and, perhaps, shortly is to be made general of it. Mr. Comen writes with others of a Swedish vic- tory obtained in Schonen, (Scania ;) but last Thursday night, there arrived an express from our resident Downing at the Hague, that the King of Sweden hath beaten also the army in Fueren, taking prisoner the general, and is now master of that whole island, and of eight Danish men-of-war which * The honourable Robert Rich, grandson of Cromwell's stanch friend the Earl of Warwick, married the Lady Frances, youngest daughter of the Protector. He died on the 16th of February, 1657-8, about two months after his marriage, to the great grief of his father, and of his father-in law. 1058.] KING OF Sweden's successes. 445 he found there frozen in. He writes also, that the Swedish general in Livonia, De la Gardie, hath beaten the Polonian army near Riga. The King of Sweden hath written with his own hand, that the peace is made between him and Muscovia. We long extremely for the confirmation of Mr. Down- ing's new^s, but the post of last w^eek is not yet arrived. At Whitehall, the news is firmly believed, for he W'Ould not send, as he writes, the express, till the new^s w^ere confirmed. Mr. Brereton delivers to me a commission as follows : — " I pray let Mr. P. know in your next, that though I have been pen- tied as to him these tw^o years, and almost a half, yet I have hope I shall shortly write to him ; the cause of my silence hath been my continued dis- traction, which some interpret madness, but it seems not so to me as yet." The letter is dated, at Brereton, February 3rd, 1657. Yesterday was brought unto me an excellent dis- course, whose translation I much desired, called an answer to two Danish papers, the one called Jus Finale armata Dania ; the other, a manifesto faith- fully translated out of the Latin original, which was published by the King of Sweden. Vale et salve. 446 hartlib's health. [feb. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. Feb. 25, 1657-8. Sir, — I am risen again this day as it were from my grave, it being now also apparent that I have as well the stone in the bladder as in the kidneys, both which do put me into inexpressible torments. I void still every day five, six, or seven stones, pretty big ones, and some of them very white. But as long as I am able to stir or breathe in any mea- sure, I shall not fail, God supporting me in it, to continue my sincere and faithful respects unto you. Since mine on Thursday last, I received j^ours of January 21st, with a commission to your wife, which part of the letter I cut off, and sent it with all care unto her. I also sent a messenger with the enclosed letter to the journeyman goldsmith, who w^as found out according to your direction, promi- sing to bring an answer himself unto me at this day ; if it comes before this be sent away, you shall find it here adjoined with Mr. M.'s, which I received by the last post. I hope you have received the re- mainder of all my letters and papers, which I have not failed to impart weekly. I wish your leisure would serve to take some of them into your best con- sideration, by way of animadversions or observa- tions. The London accounts have letters that the King of Sweden is residing at Copenhagen ; but the 1G58.] pell's commission, 447 post of this week is not yet arrived, wbich, if it be true, will, no doubt, bring the confirmation to Your very faithful servant, S. Hartlib. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. March 11, 1657-8. Sir, — I have received a commission from Hereford in these words : — " I dare tell Mr. Pell, in God's name, that the work which God hath put into his hands is the Protector's glory, and one of the best grounds of his preservation by God's out- stretched arm ; and I do believe, that this genera- tion shall not pass away before the reformation shall be refined as gold in a furnace, and then appear in far greater lustre, to the acknowledgment of multitudes of Mahometans and idolaters. For when our guises of faction and garbs of human inventions are laid aside, and our hearts brought to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God, as in Micah, vi., then we shall best and most fully be taught of God, as is promised, Heb. viii. ; and yet be no despisers of tlie outward ministers of the word, as it is builded up in true holiness." Thus far Mr. Beale. J\Ir. Comenius hath answered at last to our main query, for he writes : — " Quod attinet invitationem cxulium gentis nostrcc in H'lhcr- niam conditionesque forte requirendus rogabam 448 coMENius. [march^ D7\ Rulitium ut perscriheret, quas etiam leges in epistola ejus. Ego quidem a nostris dispersis nondum in hoc puncto responsum habeo, at quid sit facile intelligOy nempe spes recoUectionis in Patria quam plerique pertinaciter fovent, et in his (ut verum fatear) ego quoque.'' What Mr. Rulice writes is here adjoined. I do not well remember whether I have already imparted those passages unto you ; I am sure not these fol- lowing. M. de Gerre invites two of the .... with Figulus to come to Amsterdam, as also Drabicius. He will also give all the profits that come from Mr. Comen's didactical work in folio (which is now abroad) , to pay for the printing of the bible in the Polish language. Mr. Comen, to retire himself to give himself wholly to his Pansophia, goes this Spring (March 8th) to be at Monsieur de Gerre's house for a certain time,* where he is provided for * Comenius was a great dreamer and enthusiast. He spent much of his time on what he called Pansophia, or, a new method of teaching youth ; of which he first published a specimen, under the title of Pansophice Prodromvs. By this publication, he reaped so much fame that he was invited into England, just before the breaking out of the civil wars. He spent the latter part of his life at Amsterdam, where, after many vicissitudes, he had taken shelter from persecution. He pxiblished there, in 1657, the different parts of his new method of teaching, at the expense of Lawrence de Gear, whose father, Charles de Geer, a noted Swedish scholar, had formerly sup- ported him in Sweden. He died at Amsterdam, in 1671. Comenius published many wild notions concerning Antichrist. 1658.] SWEDEN AND DENMARK. 449 as a prince, but nobody knows he is there, but we three, and one of Comen's amanuenses. The par- ticulars in the printed news were sent by the Swedish minister, Appelbrem, to the Swedish mi- nisters here. The peace is certainly concluded between Sweden and Denmark. O wonder ! Of our public affairs, I hear nothing to add, but that they are passed the civil council, and if they be passed also by the council of war, w^e shall know, it may be, suddenly the particulars. Vale et salve. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. March 18, 1657-8. Sir, — Last Friday, I signified the beginning of the great work which the Lord hath wrought to- wards my health. The weather is still exceeding fierce, and liker a winter than a spring, yet all this while I am rather grown better than worse. But who should have thought that a delegate from twenty poor and distressed families should have been the instrument of my recovery, or any sent to his highness from the confines of Bohemia, to solicit a collection for them, which also hath been granted, they being added to the number of the other Polonian and Bohemian exiles.* But thus the only * The protcstants who had Hod from the porsociitions which ed there. VOL. II. G G raged there 450 PROPHECIES OF DRABICIUS. [mARCH, faithful God delights to shew mercy, and to make good his promises to all such whom he hath enabled to believe and perform the conditions of them, especially of that in the psalm, " Blessed is he that considereth the poor," &c. The Lord continue this blessing to a perfect work. I long to hear whether all my letters, accompanied with many choice papers (amongst so many inundations, &c.), are come safe to your hands. I pray let me know the dates of every one of them. Here you have a con- fiding letter, written by Mr. Beale to Mr. Comen, of whom I gave you a large account in my last. To me, he adds, " This last week, I have twice read the book of Drabicius,* and I cannot at all doubt but, in the main, God is in it. Howsoever, by the good man's defect of memory and other human frailties, it may have some misapprehensions or mis- applications." Thus far he. The Swedish suc- cesses were sent last week by Mr. Downing to his * This Drabicius was a wild enthusiast, who had dreams of the vengeance which was to fall upon the house of Austria, for their enmity to the reformed churches. He formed a great friendship with Comenius, who partook of the same species of enthusiasm, and together they went preaching war through Hungary and Transylvania. Comenius collected the dreams of Drabicius, and, in 1657, published them at Amsterdam, under the title of Lux in Tenebris, the work so frequently mentioned in Hartlib's letters. Drabicius was persecuted by the court of Austria, and is said, in the end, to have been burnt, though his real fate is very uncertain. 1658.] ORMONd's VISIT TO ENGLAND. 451 highness, and hy Apelbreme, at the Hague, to tlie Swedish minister here, as he had received them from the king, his master. And since, they have been confirmed out of Fueren, by Colonel Jepson ; so that we need not doubt of the certainty of them, for all the abominations of the lies of the Dutch. A wrong vessel, next to another where Ormond was in, was seized upon, else he had been caught.* The adjoined should have been sent last week, but it came too late to the hands of Your most faithful friend to serve you, S. H. * Ormond had been sent over by Charles Stuart to obtain certain information of the strength of his adherents, and to assist in organizing tlie plot, wliich, had it not been prevented by Cronnvell's vigilance, would soon have broken out. It was on this occasion that occurred thq anecdote told by Lord Brog- hill, who was one of the Protector's intimate friends : — Ormond came in disguise ; took lodgings in a mean house in the city ; and was commissioned, if lie found an occasion, to endeavour to gain over Broghill himself. But Cromwell was per- fectly well acquainted with all Ormond's movements. One day the Protector met Broghill in tlie gallery at Whitehall. " Well, Broghill," says he, " so I understand there is an old friend of yours come to town." Broghill asked, in surprise, " Who is that?" " The Marquis of Ormond," was the reply. Broghill protested tiiat he was entirely ignorant of the matter. " I know that very well," said the Protector; " but he is here, anil lodges in such a place ; and, if you have a mind to save your old acquaintance, let iiim know that I am informed where he is, and what he is doing." Broghill went to the jilaee which Ciom- McU had pointed out. and found Ormond, on whom the hint was not til row n away. G G 2 452 THE MAKING OF BREAD. [mARCH, MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. March 25, 1638. Sir, — These three weeks, I have seen no letters from your hands. On Thursday last, I told you of a beginning, which hath been again terribly shaken by fits of two or three days, occasioned by the drink- ing of a muddy and strong ale. Mr. Carter (whom you observed to me so like Dr. Preston) died of the wind colic about four or five days since : a great loss, being a public-hearted man, and a very sober and judicious divine. Mr. Beale proposes thus : — " I crave leave to trouble your dear daughter (Clodius*) wdth one inquiry upon a point of good housewifery. Bread and drink are the two chief pillars and funda- mental necessaries of a good housekeeper. Now, here, in this country, where none but the best gentry and some foremost houses do brew beer or ale, being generally accustomed to cider, we are often distressed for want of barm to bake our bread. Leaven is not in use among us, as too harsh and sour. Hence I inquire, how we shall bake our finest bread without barm, as they do in France and Italy, and all over the southern world, where there is an excel- lant variety of bread, and no barm at all." Thus far my real philosopher. Mr. Rulice continues to commend Mr. de Gerre in these words : — " I still * Clodius, the chemist, so often mentioned in these letters, seems to have married Hartlib's daughter. 1658.] LUX IN TENEBRIS. 453 more and more admire the zeal and piety of that admirable man. I must tell you, in aurem, if Comen do not mention it, he hath called also Figulus, with his family, hither, and will maintain him only to assist his father-in-law, and to know all concerning pansophia, that if Comen should die, or be carried away, he may finish it. Truly, 1 do daily admire God's singular providence in bringing Comen hither to this new jewel. There is no prince or state in the w^orld who would have assisted him so really, and furthered all these things, as he doth. I doubt not but God will from Heaven pour down his blessings upon him. Just now, I heard that one of our preachers here had been still railing against Comen. What ! such a man to come and prescribe us a new method here ! And, oh ! what a crime it is, in his eye, that he published Lux in Tenebris .'" Thus, in our greatest triumphs, we have our checks. There will be either no parliament no more, or a parlia- ment upon a sudden. Thus I rest, ever your very faithful servant, S. Hartlib. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. April 1, 1638. Sir, — In my last, I told you that I was surprised again with all my tormenting diseases, especially the pains of the ulcer, which was like to prove the 454 CLODius THE physician. [april, truest harbinger of death. But these twenty-one days, I have begun to mend, for which I am bound to acknowledge the goodness of God. My son Clo- dius remembers his humble service, and presents himself to be much your servant; and so I assure you he shall be more and more, with all his philosophical hopes. He is looked upon as a very sure physician ; and, having been very successful in the cures of many desperate diseases, he is gotten into great credit and practice among our great ones. I have begged of him to impart to you the true preparation of the medicine of goat's blood, held by many as the most sure and only sovereign way to cure and prevent the stone. The Helvetian goats are judged the best for this medicine ; and thereof w^e shall entreat, that when you cause it to be prepared, that you will please to bestow a good quantity hither upon us. The secret of the said preparation you shall have either by this or the next post, God willing. There is come forth a Greek-English lexicon, containing the derivations and various significations of all the words in the Greek Testament, with a complete index, in Greek and English, annexed thereunto ; whereunto is added a praxis, or an explanation, of the twentieth chapter of Romans, and the Greek dialects contained in the Greek Testament. By T. C., late of C. C. C., in Oxford. London : printed and are to be sold by Ludowick Lloyd, near the Castle, in Cornhill^ 1658, in great octavo, about 1658.] MR. BEALE. 455 five shillings price ; the words in ordine alphabet ico ; so that there is still a better place left for the lexicon (Greek and English) of your own contrivance, which hath been, and is still, so passionately desired, and will be yet of more universal use. The great coun- sels at Whitehall are not yet determined, but will be within a few days, for another parliament, as is generally apprehended, and by him also who is ever, Sir, your most faithful servant, S. Hartlib. MR. HAHTLIB TO MR. PELL. April 15, 1658. Sir, — April 8th, I acknowledged the receipt of your last, of March 18-28, wherein you promised to write to Mr. Beale. He is one of a thousand for all manner of solid and useful knowledge and ex- perience ; a man of a most excellent spirit ; and therefore I ^Yould advise you to find time (as you proposeth) to write unto him, according to the pattern of divine love — Ipse dilexit prior. By some of the adjoined papers, you will see how kindly he hath entertained your communications tlu'ough me. Mr.Haak presents his hearty civilities, entreating me to let you know that I had scon the acquittances sent by Mr. Morland. I hope you have received mine, wherein was enclosed a letter from Mr. Mor- land. Mr. Secretary hath promised to pay, very 456 A WEATHER-WISE TOAD, [aPRIL, shortly, a considerable part of your arrears. For the present, I cannot have a more sovereign medi- cine for the stone than that which I now use, through God's blessing, with so great success, of which more hereafter. Of our pubUc affairs, no- thing yet known when a parliament shall be called, only a general securing of all the cavaliers through- out all England. I rest ever, Sir, your most assured faithful servant, Sam. Hartlib. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. April 22, 1658. Sir, — I hope you receive all mine, which 1 have not failed to send weekly, with many considerable papers. Since your last, of March 18-28, 1 received none from your hands. Here you have the continua- tion of Mr. Beale's letter, in answer to the extracts of some of your last. I have nothing to add, but that your natural weather-glass (I mean your weather- wise toad) is very considerable, but somewhat short, and would be more largely explained. First, what those colours and varieties of appearance were. Second, what alterations they did portend, whether rain, storms of wand, change of heat and cold ; all those, or only some one of them. Third, how the toad was maintained, fed, or kept alive in that cell. I pray vouchsafe your answer, if you can, to those 1658.] THE GREAT PLOT. 457 particulars. We are still troubled with the old royal political toads.* Stapeleyf (once a member of the council of state), vice-admiral of Sussex, is close prisoner, there being no less than four com- missions from Charles Stuart found in his study. Dr. Chenel is said to have begged the life of Dr. Hewit.j Both Howard and Stapeley, to save their lives, are the more ready to discover the rest of their fellow-conspirators. The Earl of Peterborough's brother^ will go to pot ; but the Lord Bellasis|| (now prisoner at Windsor) is like to be the first man to be tried before the High Court of Justice. All the gentry of Sussex are suspected to have been in the plot. It was not so strongly and universally con- trived as it hath been again as strongly and uni- * This letter adds something to our information on the great plot against the Protector in 1658, in which the republicans had been brought to make common cause with the royalists ; and to organize which, Charles Stuart had sent the Earl of Ormond into England. f The person concerned in this plot was John Stapeley, sou of the Stapeley who had been a member of the council of state. J Dr. Hewit was an episcopal clergyman, who had been in- defatigable in enlisting partisans in the j)lot. He was brought to trial, condemned, and executed with ^)ir Henry Slingsby, on the 8th of June, on Tower Hill. § John Mordaunt, brother to the Earl of Peterborough, a youth of only twenty years of age. He owed his life to the heroic exertions of his wife, a young lady whom he had recently married. II John Bellasis, created Lord Bellasis by Cliarles I. Ho was uncle to Lord Fauconbridge, who had lately married Crom- well's daugiiter. 458 DEATH OF THE EARL OF WARWICK. [mAY, versally discovered, before it could be executed, by most strange and signal providences. I suppose the printed papers will tell you the death of the most honestly-noble Lord of Warwick, dying sud- denly in a fit of the cholic. His eldest son, my Lord Rich, is fallen very sick ; as likewise my Lord (I mean the Lieutenant of the Towxr.*) There is yet no public speech of parliament at Whitehall ; but the Swedish resident here tells that it will sit the 4th of June next. Vale et salve. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. May 5, 1658. Sir, — Since my last, April 29, 1 got your last, of April 8. I have not failed one week, by which you will be able to know whether all mine be come safe to your hands. I am still very much afflicted with my three tormenting diseases. I believe that, against the stone, 1 can scarce have a better than that which now I use with so great success, through God's blessing, voiding, a few days ago, sixteen little stones, and almost every day abundance of them, with store of sand and gravel. My son Clo- dius tells me that, by a singular providence, he hath now lighted upon veram prceparationem Mercurii, as * Sir John Barkstead, Knight, was Lieutenant of the Tower. 1658.] A NEW HEBREW BIRLE. 459 to curing of ulcers, which, hy all clicuiical phy- sicians, is held the only and most sovereign medi- cine in the ulcers, which, by the Galenists, are counted incurable. These particulars, I mention for your and your friends' sake, in case of need. What mercies the Lord shall further vouchsafe, I shall not fail to signify. Your four little papers are very wel- come, and would be more if they had been in quarto. The French extract is very severe against Comenius and Lux in Tenebris, but I shall not send it to Amsterdam till Mr. Beale hath given me his notes upon it. Mr. Rulice writes thus : — " The vast Hebrew Bible which is printing at Leyden will not be ready till next year. It may be, he wdio prints it may come to Amsterdam ; for he is much envied at Leyden by Golius and others, and all the book- sellers. He is a man wonderfully seen in the Per- sian, Arabian, Hebrew, and Greek languages. I pray let your friend at Hereford tell you his judg- ment, what he thinks of Lux in Tenebris, in case the emperor's son be chosen and crowned emperor, and if the King of France be not, as we have had in some visions since the publishing of Lux. Here some make this interpretation : that it matters not, although he be chosen and crowned, if he continue not long. Others conceive the contrary, seeing it is so absolutely set down, that there shall be no more of that house ; and that the King of France 460 SIR THOMAS COTTON. [mAY. shall be. I confess that business in Denmark ; and some other things are fulfilkd that were predicted ; and that in all there is no averting from, but all tending to, conversion to God, makes me the more suspense." Thus far that good man. Mr. D.* was just with me when I received your last, and therefore you may be sure he read that extract from Paris ; but himself hath not yet perused Lux in Tenebris. Your other lines I sent to Dr. Worthing- ton, which I know will be extremely w^elcome and satisfactory. The calling of a parliament is cer- tainly resolved upon, but not the time ; only my Lord Protector said, not long ago, that it would be very shortly. Sir Thomas Cotton's son (Sir Robert's grand- child), a married gallant gentleman, stabbed him- self ; but may yet recover. He is very penitent for doing that vile act upon himself. Dr. Cheynell received three bullets, at Petworth ; but I do not hear yet that they have taken away his life. Some lawyers had found a flaw in the act for erecting a court of high justice for trying the conspirators in the plot ; but my Lord Protector's counsel hath outflawed them. The collection for the Bohemians, &c., is begun, but will not deserve to be named with the former of Piedmont. Vale et salve. * Probably Dury. 1658.] BEALE ON ORCHARDS. 4G 1 MR. IIARTLIB TO MR. PELL.* Sir, — Your last is dated April give was faithfully deli[vered .... and] was very welcome as [are all your commu]nica- tions. Last [night I received] these adjoined, [which are, perhaps,] worth your ac[ceptance, with others from] Dr. Worthington ;t [but I will now send you no] more papers, for I am filled with all [these, which I fear will] make the packet too great. You have real compassion to my tormented condition that I have prevailed for getting .... Solaris or (stein tincture) I en ... . used for the stone. I pray God you nor yours [may never undergo the same] torments, but if any be, my son Clodius or [ . . . will be] able to help you or them to that medicine. Mr. Beale [writes thus] May 4th : — " 'Tis in the bottom of some of ... I intend to communicate to your son, when I hear [more of] the fore-mentioned treatise of Oswald CroUius. I hav[e sent another] discourse concerning orchards ; it may be more wel[come than the o]ther dis- courses to Mr. P. I hope it will be fit also to [send] to some of your other chosen friends. Two * This letter is much torn in the original, but a good part of it may be easily supplied, as is here done between brackets. f Dr. \Vorthington vas the master of Jesus College, Cam- bridge, and vice-oiiancellor of the university during this year. 462 THE COTTONIAN LIBRARY. [mAY, more like dis [courses follow] close in the heels of one another, that friends may hav[e the pro] fit and flower of them before they fly in public. Thus [far that] excellent and sublime soul. Mr. Cotton (son to Sir Thomas Cotton, child to Sir Robert), of three thousand a-year, that stabbed himself, is dead of [his] wounds, by which means, that famous library is fallen to the hands of my Lord Protector.* Our foreign letters of last week are not yet arrived, being [de]tained by those of Ostend. My Lord North presented his highness, this week, with two most stately horses. The minister of Petworth, Dr. Cheyne[llt is] not shot (as was reported), but certain that he is fallen dis- tracted, and is sent to Bedlam. S. H. V.j is said to have done an extra piece of service of [late] to the state ; but Mr. Brereton hav- ing hindered me, I must conclude with the remem- brance of his service ; and am Your unfeigned faithful servant, S. H. * This letter supplies us a link in the history of the Cotto- nian library, which was not previously known. t Francis Cheynell was a well-known nonconformist, and wrote many controversial tracts. :j; Sir Henry Vane. 1G58.] LOUIS XIV. AT MARDYKE. 403 MR. IIARTLIB TO MR. PELL. * # * * Por not long ago [ . . en- quired ur] gently after the present condition of Mr. M[orland, I let] him know how your love had surprised him. The s[ecretary] came himself unto me, delivering the like sum to be . . . You see by this what one generous example can do. O wel]come will this arrive again at Hulhestein ! Here yo[u have the copy] of a notable phytological letter, written originally unto me, [and sent by Mr.] Comen to Mr. Beale. Last Thursday, I sent you a [letter in answer] to yours, with two other more in vindication of Lux in T\enehris, with co]pies of originals to Dr. Worthington and Mr. Shade- worth. [The whole liisto]ry of the new horrid plot will be sufficiently presented, I suppose, by [the enclo]sed papers. I hope that by reason of its vileness this will be ultim[us crepijpitus Diaholi. The Kin2; and Cardinal of France beina; come to Mar- dyke, my Lord Protector hath sent them a good present of venison. The French ambassador sent a hundred bottles of the best Rhenish wine he could get.* They are commencing the formal siege of Dunkirk, the French and English having [al]ready taken some of their best outworks, wherein they * Tlio king, attackoii hy tlic small-)H)\, soon after retired to Calais. 464 THE JANSENISTS IN FRANCE. [mAY, found fifty [pie] ces of brass ordnance ; but if there be a rebellious infuriation of [the] people, and of the Jansenists at Paris (as just now the news is said to come by the last French post), all the affairs and present concerts are very like to be sent about. I do not remember whether I have told you in my last that Mr. Cotton was not dead of his wounds, but had begun to shew himself in Westminster Hall. I can say no more, but rest, as long as there is any breathing, Your faithful servant. MR. HARTLIB TO MR. PELL. May 27, 1658. Sir, — I am still wonderfully distempered and tormented in my body, yet I am adventuring to write a few lines. Your last is dated 6-1 6th of May, wherein you tell me very unpleasant news that my letter of April 8th is never come to your hands, which also is no small trouble unto me. There were many remarkable things in that letter, and amongst others, a discourse of Mr. Beale's, March 30th, resolving a question whether any set- tlement could be expected from another parliament, with some other particulars concerning the con- version of the Turks and [the Jan]senist party in France. There was also a letter [concerning the] 1658.] CARIUAGES WITHOUT HORSES. 405 discoveries of Mr. Wren's* new weather- glass, [for indicating"! dryness and moistness, and of Dr. Lake's water [clepsydra, an] invention of which Mr. Dym[ock] and Brereton will also be [able to give you a] fuller account. Of domestic news I told y[ou that] the king of Sweden had bestowed upon Mr. Mead[ows . . . ]gen the sum of 9000 rix-dollars, who hath [received in]structions to go, instead of resident Bradshaw, [to the] Duke of Muscovia. I have written every week. [Clodius] is really your servant. Mr. Brereton takes very great [interest in] him, and commends hugely his physic. I shall tell [him what] you have written concerning the Helvetian goats. I thank [you for the] Dialectologia Sacra, having never before heard of such [a work.] The Count of Hohenloe is in the retinue of the Oect. (?) of Hun[ . . ], and, as is confirmed again, no papist. Dr. Home hath been [a] great while silent, but here you have a copy of his last, con[tai]ning, methinks, very pretty observations. . I wish he would write oftener, but I perceive he is afraid of the postage. He sends me also a scheme or picture of carriages moving with- out beasts, but adds, they were merely for pleasure ; but I shall tell him that Martindal's motion is both for recreations and real uses and accommodations. * Aftenvard.08. 494 pell's diary. [1657. Sept. 7. Frankfort Mart. 23, 24. Mardyke taken. — 29. Rebellionis Hibernise finis, 1653. Oct. 18. Six ducats sent to A. Costa. — 23. Rebellionis Hibernise initium, 1641. — 24, Frederick Oede. — 27. Princeps Auriacus moritur, 1650. Nov. 1 1 . The Lady Frances married. — 18. Princeps Hispanus nascitur. — 19. The Lady Mary married. 0=o^. Tronchin moritur Genevae. Dec. 5-15. Princeps Hispanus baptizatur. — 5,6. Sir John Reynolds drowned. — 6,7. Odontalgia acerrima. Jan. 9. Augli Caleto excedunt, 1557-8. — 20. English parliament begins with two houses. — 23. Peyer of Schaffhausen with me. — 25. Tooth drawn. — 26. I first saw Andr. Costa. Feb. 4. Parliament of two houses dissolved. 1658. March 1. I was forty-seven years old. April 27. Child cut at Gasner's. May 4. Sy nodus verna Tiguri. — 14. Schneeberger Senator moritur. — 18. Ten quires of paper from Secretary Schmid. 1G58.1 pell's diary. 495 May 22. Revocatory letters received. — 23. David Whitlaw come to me at Zurich. — 24. I made even with Yonker Schmid. June 16. Ferdin. Aloysius moritur Viennae. — 23. Tigurinis valedixi in Curia. — 26. Zurich .... Baden. — 27. Tigurini ablegati Badam veniunt. — 28. Valedixi Cantonum Evangelicum depu- tatis. Illi mihi. Kingsfeld. — 29. I come that night to Basil. — 30. Basileenses mecum prandent. Postedap. July 1 . Dimitto Tigurinos. — 2. to Dr. Passavant Keller came to me-. — 5.1 see the library of Basil. — 8. Five doctors of Basil dined with me. — 9. Torques et Credentiales &c. Socin. — 15. Basil. Brisach. Strasburg. — 16. Schreck in Palitinatu. — 17. I sent Paravicini to Heidelberg. — 20. Colonia. — 21. Colonia discedo. — 23. Arnhem. — 26. From Arnhem to Utrecht. — 27. I came to Utrecht. — 29. Roterdam. — 30. To Middelburg. Aug. 2. To Flushing. — 3. I send Keller to Dunkirk. — 11. I go aboard the Drake. 49G pell's diary. [1G58. Aug. 12. Aboard the Naseby. — 13. I came home about midnight. — 17. I spake with Mr. Secretary * — 18. I spake with f — 20. Gravelin surrendered to the French. — 24. I went first to London. His hidmess returned to Whitehall. — 27. I spake with * * *| at his lodgings. Sept. 1. I dismissed Marcus Feeghe. — 3. Olivarus Protector obiit Alb. aulae. — 4. Ricardus Westmonasterii et Londini proclamatur. — 9. Ilium primo vidi et allocutus sum. Dec. 4. secundo . I delivered the three Helvetian letters to him. Jan. 14. tertio . I delivered the Helve- tian letter written to himself. * A cypher. t A cypher. J A cypher, THE END. INDEX Abadie, Monsieur de 1', protestant pastor at iSIoiitauban, ii. 186 Allen, AVilliain, work written by, ii. 199 Allured, Colonel, accusation against, i. 78, 85, 88 Alsace, excepted from a Treaty [France with Switzerland], i. 24, 103 ; its an- nexation to France by tlie peace of ISIunster, ii. C7 ; the emperor's claims on, 78; French troops enter, 80; affair of, OS, 100, lt29, '206. America: — the I'mitans emigrate to New Enjrland, in, i. p. Ixiv. A my rant, jirotestant minister, his ser- mon on an eclipse, &c., i. 65, 75 ; his tenet of universal grace, 73, 76 Anabaptists, restrictions against, i. 120 Angrogne, Piedmontese martyrs at, i. 140, 211, &c. Apjiendix, the, containing some account of mathematical and literary works, ii. 345, &c.,478, &c. Appenzel, Canton of, i. 282; protects St. Gall against the abbot, 299, 305 ; joins Zurich and Berne, ib. ,- com- merce of, ii. 281 Army, its overtures to Charles T., i. p. i, Ixxvii ; intrigues in the, 78; de- claration by the officers of adherence to Cromwell, 80, 87 ; attenijit to cause a revolt in, 119; opinion of the officers in, ii. 121, 127; its fidelity to Cromwell, 127 ; 3Iajor Packer and others dismissed the service, 314 ; Cromwell's sjieech to the officers, and their resolution of faithful attachment to him, 442. Arraw, assemblies of tlie Helvetic Can- tons at, i. 5, 135, 195, 283. 297, 371 ; ii. 13, 23, 51, 78. 125, 129, 104. 228, 2;30 Arras, battle of, i. 13 VOL. II. Arundel, Earl of, i. p. x, xviii. Ashburnham, Colonel, and his brother, furnish Charles II., in exile, with money, i. 10 Astley, Sir Jacob, i. p. xlii, xlviii. Bacon, Sir Francis, his Natural History, ii. 437 Baden, general assembly of the Swiss deputies at, i. 5, 10, 32, 113,207, 222, 289, 297 ; violent debates, 305, 332 ; preparations for the defence of, 298; attempt at a pacification uncer- tain, 357; umpires appointed, 364; grand assembly of the cantons at, 377, 386; a catholic town, 409; a new assembly to confirm the pacifica- tion, ii. 143,205 Basil, Bishop of, his politics, i. 110, 223, 283 ; of the inhabitants of, 248; various influences at, 249 ; affiiir of the monasteries, ii. 51 ; the bishop's brother named resident for Austria, 21, 52,78; a new bishop, 84, 108; negotiations with France, 238, 246 Bass, Monsieur, suspected of tampering in Gerard's plot, and sent home, i. 15 Barde, M . de la, French ambassador to the Swiss cantons, i. 6, 16; negotiates sue cessfully, 98, 104, 107, 207, 223,289 his general policy, 242, 347, 352; the Swiss demand payments of money from him, 242, 243; he exhorts them to preserve peace, 304 ; sujiposcd to have encouraged the rebellion of the boors, or rustics, and to have excited the ca- tholics of Switz to arms, 331 ; ojiinion entertained of Ids ministry, 367; his speech at Baden, 386; willing to con- clude tlie treaty, 42,5 ; rejects the Swiss demands, ii. 6, 10, 13, 23; in- sists on a renewal of the old league, 57 ; his alterations therein, 73, 7S ; refers Iv K 498 INDEX. to the treaty with Henri IV., 109 ; his sinister conduct suspected, 125; his reply to the cantons, 233, 239; his peremptory memorial to the senate at Zurich, 304. Bavaria, Elector of, i. 115 ; declares himself vicar of the Empire on the death of Ferdinand III.,ii. 141, 146; his dispute with the Elector of Hei- delberg, 207, 213, 266. Beale, Rev. Mr., of Hereford, ii. 438; on apple-trees and cider, 440; his works, 443 ; his communications to Mr. Pell, 447,456 ; and to Mr. Hart- lib, 452, 461, 466; his high character, 4.55, 464; his paper on winy liquors, or cider of Herefordshire, 472. Beccaresca, H. G., de, his mission from Sweden to the German states, ii. 135, &c. Bedford, Earl of, i. p. xxiii, xlix ; his son visits Zurich, ii. 30. Berne, Mr. Dury's mission to, i. 99; politics of the inhabitants of, 100; of the magistrates of, 106, 109, 111,252; treaty of, with France for the sake of French money, 129; sends commis- sioners to Savoy, 207 ; prepares an army to enforce the protestant cause, 214 ; conferences proposed to take place at, 248 ; the senate of, takes part with Zurich against the popish canton of Switz, 283, ; the assembly at, 284 ; prepares for war, 298 ; its zeal therein, 329, 330; smart action with the men of Lucerne, 338, 349 ; the loan from England, 375, 381 ; the senate votes tlie renewal of the league with France, 382 ; obstacles to it, ii. 23 ; revenues of certain monas- teries, 51 ; rumour of a great sedi- tion in, 69 ; a postman to Zurich murdered, to intercept his letters, 76 : earthquake at, 108 ; its position near France, 116; rumours of war, 118; fear of pestilence at, 160; negotiations at, 212, 217,226, 240; the barony of Coppet, &c., 235 ; politics at, 259 ; money lent to the Grisons, 274. Beverningh, ambassador from Holland to Cromwell, i. 9, 86. Blake, Sir R., i. 67; sent against the Algerines and Tunisians, 75 ; reports respecting him, 95; of his joining the Spaniards, 99; which Mr. Pell re- futes, 100 ; cruises in the Straits of Gibraltar, 108, 219; a descent by him dreaded in Tuscany, ib. ,- his object, 109; in the Mediterranean, 129; fur- ther reports respecting, 130 ; successes of, ii, 26; at Santa Cruz, 159, 175; liis and General Montagu's letter to Cromwell, 26. Boreel, Mr., ambassador from Holland to France, i. 29, 348 , Earl of, i. p. xxix, xxxiv. Borromeo, the nuncio in Switzerland, i. 189,368, 409,416,418; ii. 31 St. Carlo, patron of the Swiss catholics, i. 289 ; comedy, ridiculing, 299 Boswell, Sir William, ii. 361 ; his letters, 369, 376 Bourdeaux, Monsieur, the French am- bassador, i. 15, 105, 274 , second Earl of, character of Digby, i. p. XXXV, xxxvi. Boyle, Robert, character of, i. 7 ; ii. 210; extract of a letter from, 435; preface by, 470 Bradshaw, the ambassador to Muscovy, ii. 220 ; superseded, 465 Brandenburgh, the Elector of, i. 224, 254,341,446; ii. 149 Brancker, Mr. T. , his letters to Mr. Pell, ii. 479, 481 Bremen, affairs of, i. 61 ; the Hans- Towns treaty, ii. 200 ; claimed from the Swedes, 221 Brereton, William (afterwards Lord), his letter to Mr. Pell, ii. 3S3, 385, 445; Mr. Pell resides with, 481 Brigges, Henry, ii. 346 Brienne, the Count de, ii. 305 Brisac, garrison of, ii. 221 Bristol, city of, declares its fidelity to Cromwell, i. 152 Broghill, Lord, anecdote of, ii. 451 Brooke, Lord, i. p. xlix ; his religious feelings, Iviii ; shot at Lichfield, ib. Brounker, Lord, President of the Royal Society, ii. 478 Buckingham, Duke of, character and power of the, i. p iiij assassination of, vi, xiii ; charges against, 14; re- ports respecting, 162; ii. 283, 298 Burke, John, his letter to Mr. Pell, ii. 385 ; Mr. Pell's reply to it, 386 Calandrin, Mr., i. 302, 308, 354, 391 Calixtus, Dr., tenet of, i. 49 Calvinists, i. 55. (See Geneva, Protes- tants) Candal, Duke of, i. 160 INDEX. 499 Canto!!*:, tlic thirteen, of Switzcrlaiul, j inclined to renew a lornier league with France, i. lOfi, 1 l"J, 1.}I ; inter- ests of the catholic ones, 105; the protestant, 106; their policy at va- riance with the pretensions of the catholics, 180, 181 ; the treaty for renewal of the league witli France, iSo, '289, (see Treaties;) war, for re- ligion, hetween the pojjish and pro- testant cantons, 28;3, '290, &c. ; new civil war threatened, ii. 114, 124. See Zuricli, Heme, Switz, St. Gall, &c. Capel, Lord, death of, i. p. xliii, xlviii Cappel, near Zug, a former battle at, al- luded to, i. .'3(J0 ; new redoubt at, ib., 305 Carcw, John, the regicide, arrested, i. 144, 154 (^arleton, Sir Dudley, i. p. xiii, xvii Carlisle, Earl of, i. p. xii, xvii , Countess of, i. p. Ixiii Carnarvon, Earl of, i. p. xlii Carteret, Sir George, sent to the Bas- tille, ii. 241 Casati, Count de, Spanish ambassador, liis intrigues in Switzerland, i. 123, .^J07; ii. 15,31,81,84, 115, 213 , the young Count, i. 132; ii. 3, 31 Casimir, King of Poland, ii.9, 15, 61 Castel-a-Mare, seized by the Duke de Guise, i. 90 ; action at the Tower of Annunciata, near, 94 Cavaliers, royalist party, severities against the, i. 12; their preparations frustrated, 121 ; dispersed in many counties, 145 — 152; general rising of, defeated, 147 — 153 ; confiscation of their estates, 152, 159; trials of, at Salisbury and Exeter, 167; tried by jury, hitherto disused, 171 ; and con- demned, 173; Sindercombe's conspi- racy, ii. 87 ; arrested. 94, 241 ; their designs, 303 ; their troubles, -157 Cavalleri. Bonaventura, account of, ii. 375 Cavendish. Sir Charles, his letters to iVIr. Pell, on scientific subjects, &c., ii. 345, 346, 361, 363, 365, 370, 371, 372 Chanut, Blonsieur, ambassador to Hol- land, i. 73 Charles I., court and ministers of, i. p. iv ; his reign, v ; resolves to be in- dependent of parliament for supplies, vi, iScc. ; endeavours to conciliate the patriotic party, xviii ; the ship-money. xvii, xix ; he dismisses his ])arlianient. xxi ; his arbitrary government, xxii ; consents to the death of the Earl of Strafford, xxiv; opens liis parliament in Scotland, ib. ; resolves to draw the army to London, xxv ; he retires to York, xxvii ; Scarborough and Ports- mouth delivered to him, xxix, xxx ; the civil war, xxxiii, xxxix, &c., I xviii ; the King surrenders to the Scots, Ixxiii ; his conference with the re- publicans at Hampton Court, Ixxvi ; his new hopes conduce to his final ruin, ib. ; his execution, Ixxvii ; sus- picion against, i. 14 Charles IL proclaimed by the Scots, i. p. Ixxx ; defeated at Worcester, ib. cv, al- luded to, Ixxxv; insurrection in Scot- land in favour of, 4 ; which he promotes, 8 ; design to proclaim him , 10 ; he visits Spa, 15 ; Prince Rupert quits his ser- vice, 16 ; he quits Paris, designing an expedition, 22; his intrigues abroad, 115; his residence at Cologne with his adherents, 118, 136 ; his approach- ing restoration credited in Germany, 155; reported to have landed in Eng- land, 165; his return to Cologne, 170; banished from France, 389 ; at Bruges, receives a pension from Spain, and the government of Ostcnd, Sec-, 412 ; levies forces for an invasion, ii. 19 ; bill carried in parliament against him, 36 ; has an army at Ostend des- tined to invade England, 32.3 ; frus- trated by the English navy, 329, 330 ; various conspiracies of the cavaliers, 329, 442, 457, 463 Cheynel, Dr. Francis, ii. 460, 462 Christ, second advent of, a prediction of the time of the, i. 156 Christina, Queen of Sweden, her abdi- cation, i. 72; satires on, 7.3; visits France, 94; her conduct and recep- tion at Rome, 438 ; proceeds to Mar- seilles, 442 ; ii. 5 ; magnificent en- tertainment to her at the court of Louis XIV. , 15, 17 ; marriage of her sister, 43; 159; again expected at Rome, 186; at Avignon. 2.'J4 Cholmely, Sir Hugh,i. p. xxix Churdi affairs, civ, cvii, protestant books on the, i. 28. (See Protestants.) Clarendon, Earl of, i. pp. v, viii, xvii, xxix, xxx ; his writings in support of the King's prerogative, I've, xxxi ; im])cachment of, xxxv ; his " History," xlii, I, Ix, Ixv K K 2 500 INDEX. Clepsvtlra, or waterelouk, of Dr. Lake, ii. 477 Coke, Sir Edward, i. p. xix, Ixii Colepeper, Master of tiie Rolls, i. p. xxxvii Cologne, the Archbishop Elector of, ii. 149, 157 ; a new elector to be chosen, 257 ; the death of the elector a false report, 270; explanation, ib. Coliimbanus, guardian of the Capuchins, at Solothurn, or Soleure, i. 1 15 Comenius, Rev. Mr., his property and writings destroyed in the persecution at Lesna, ii. 430; his works, 431, 437 ; account of him, 432, 444, 447 ; his '^ Pansophia,'' a celebrated work on education, 448; his" Lux in Tene- bris," 262, 438, 453, 463 Cond6, Prince de, levies of, i. 128 ; in concert with Don John of Austria he defeats Turenne at Valenciennes, 447 ; offered the post of generalissimo by the Poles, ii. 71 ; alluded to, 200; attacks Normandy, 230 Coney, Mr., refuses to pay duties on merchandise, i. 175 Constance, Bishop of, i. 283 ; news from, ii. 48 Cooke, Sir John, i. p. xiii, xvii Cottington, Sir Francis, Chancellor of the Exchequer, his character, i. p. XV. xvi Cotton, Mr., son of Sir Thomas, ii. 460, 462, 464 Coventry, Sir Thomas, Lord Keeper, i. p. viii Courtenay, Mr., committal of, i. 144, 154 Crivelli, Colonel, a Spanish agent, i. 397, 402 ; ii. 123 Cromwell, Oliver, descended from the family of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, i. p. i ; is returned for Hun- tingdon, ib. iii ; acquainted with Latin and with history, ii ; sits for Cambridge in the Long Parliament, xxiii ; contemplatesemigration, xxvii ; gains ascendancy over the various factions, xxviii ; his great military successes, Ixviii, &c., &c. ; mutual accusations of Cromwell and Craw- ford, the Scottish major-general, Ixix ; Cromwell proposes the self-denying ordinance, Ixxi, Ixxii ; in danger of committal to the Tower by the par- liament, Ixxv ; constrained to his severity against Charles I., Ixxvii; suppresses a mutinous spirit in the army, ib, ; he conducts the war in Ireland, Ixxix ; puis the garrisons of Drogheda and Wexford to tiie sword, ib. ; his return, ib ,- and victory at Worcester, Ixxx ; his conduct towards the parliament, ib. ; his principles, Ixxxi; his counsels, Ixxx v, conferences, Ixxxvi ; account of the parliaments convoked by, xc ; he is inaugurated as Protector of the Commonwealth, xci ; Ills second inauguration, and the instrument of government, xciii ; he peremptorily dismissed parliament, xciv ; his arbitrary collection of re- venue, xcvi, his administration as it regarded religion and toleration, xcvii ; apology for his conduct, xcviit; l>is political vi ws and prejudices, cv ; he interferes in favour of the persecuted Waldenses, cxii; his popularity, cxiv ; his high and domestic character, cxv ; accused of dissimulation, ib. ; extenu- ation of this alleged duplicity, cxviii ; his death peaceful, as to his conscience and conduct, cxix ; plot of Sir Gilbert Gerard and others against. 4,8, 10; enters into secret articles against the House of Orange, 1 1 ; encourages Swiss protestant students in England, 19, 20 ; his care of the protestant church throughout Europe, 21, 192; endeavours to adjust the differences in Holland, 2.3; protects the Hu- guenots in his treaties, 25, 86, 96 ; his great seal, 33 ; his law reforms, 37; reliance of the Swiss protestants on his protection, 45, 184, 302; his speech in the Painted Chamber re- quiring a bond of allegiance to be signed by members of parliament. 62, 64 ; is thrown from his coach-box, himself driving, in Hyde Park, 69; his executive authority affirmed by parliament, 71, 74; allegiance to, generally subscribed, 71 ; the offi- cers of the army declare their fidelity to him, 80 ; powers vested in him, ib. ; his mother's death, 81 ; Colonel Shap- cot prints a speech against granting kingly power to, 85, 97; dissolves parliament, 118, 125; foreign kings court alliance with, 127 ; reported conspiracy against, 123; his interces- sion with Savoy for the persecuted protestants, 137, 138, 140, 191, &c. ; supplies those of the Valais, who fled to Switzerland, 141 ; his proclamation against disturbers of ministers of reli- gion in England, 139; his prepara- INDEX. 501 lions to resist any invasion by Charles I I., 144 ; quells the insurrection ill tlie west of Enjiland, I.JO, 153, 1 j9; advantages resulting from his success against the cavaliers. \5'2; he willingly looks to the confiscations accruing therefrom, ib. ; tries the rebels by juries, l(j3 ; suspects the French king of being privy to the insurrection, 164; makes pretensions to Canada, 162; sends letters to the Duke of Savoy in behalf of the persecuted I'ied- montese, 18o; and forwards a large sum of his own to the protestants, l!>2; his letter to the senate of Zu- rich, 'JOO, '2'2o ; insists that France shall not abet the Duke of Savoy, 219; assists the Waldenses with money, 286, &c. ; and by counte- nancing their cause. 29'2; bis declara- tion against S])ain, 29o ; regrets the religious dissensions of Switzerland, 302 ; his letter to the Swiss, Soo, 362, 364; sends troops under Lockhart to aid the King of France, 377 ; his new ministry, 413 ; calls a new parliament, 4.")3 ; his speech, ii. 41 ; his expenses in procuring foreign intelligence, •J6 ; quest ions the jurisdiction of iiarliament without his consent, 77; new con- spiracy for his death, 87 — 94; whether he is to be declared king, 121 — 126 ; the army-officeis a])pear ojiposed to it, ib. ; petition and advice of the par- liament to his Highness the Lord Protector, 13j; the crown oftered to him, 139 ; his speech in the banijuet- ting house, ib., 144 ; he refuses to be king, 168; and accepts the other ar- ticles in favour of his authority, 173, 174; ])rorogues the parliament, 184; •' Killing no jMuider, ' a pamphlet against him, by Colonel Silas Titus, ib. ; solemnities in Westminster on his inauguration, 203 ; Uardner ap- prehended for a design against, 22o ; dissolves parliament, 314; endeavour at a reconciliation, 436, 437, 441 ; blame of the parliament, 442 ; another coach accident to, ^68 ; papers relating to liis funeral, 341 Cromwell, his letter recalling ]\Ir. Fell from his residence in the Swiss pro- tcstant cantons, ii. 334 -, Lord Richard, chosen chan- cellor of the I'niveisity of Oxford, ii. 223; pro])i)sal lo declare him king. 436; is made colonel in the army, 444 ; accidents that befall him, 469 Cromwell, Lady Frances, married to Mr. Rich, ii. 259 , Lady 3Iary, married to the Earl of Falconbridgc, ii.2.J9, 279 Crook, Colonel Unton, defeats a body of the cavaliers, i. 1.53 Dalyarno, Mr., his treatise on a Uni- versal Character, ii. 433, 437 Darcy, Lord, implicated in an insurrec- tion, i. 147 Denmark, King of, ii. 214, 221,262; sustains reverses in the war, 317 ; peace, 324 Derby, Earl of, i. p. xlv. Descartes, Monsieur, ii. 355, 360, 370, 374 Digby, Lord, i. p. xxix; becomes Earl of Bristol, XXXV ; impeaches Clarendon, ib. , Sir Kenelm, his " Treatise on the Body and Soul of i\Ian," ii. 362 Digges, Sir Dudley, imprisonment of, i. ]). xviii Dorset, Earl of, i. p. xi Dove, Colonel, wounded by the cava- liers in their insurrection, i. 149; he refuses to proclaim Charles 11., I.j0 Downing, "Sir. [afterwards Sir George] sent to Geneva by Cromwell, i. 227 ; account of him, ib., 255, 256, 268; be is recalled, 264, 266; appointed risi- dent at the Hague, ii. 299, 433 ; re- news correspondence with iMr. Pell, 317 ; his letter to Mr. Pell, ib. Drabiiius, the enthusiast, account of, ii 450 ; the " Devil of Mascon," ab- surd visions of Drabitius and others, 470 Dimkirk, port of, i. 412, ii. 4 ; siege of, by the French and English, 4(>3 ; after a "victory, is delivered into the possession of Cromwell, 471 Dtiry, John, a Scottish Divine, his writ- ings, i. 1 ; sent with .Mr. Pell on a mission to Switzerland, by Cromwell, I — 5; his negotiations, however, se- parately conducteil, 19, 27, 31 ; in- terests himself in the atlairs of the pro- testant churches, 48; his mission to the clergy of Berne, Basil, and Schafl- liausen, 37, 38; alluded to, 70, 74; approval from home o\' his conduct, ^\ lepairs to St. CJ.ill, 8() ; next to Geneva, 87; again to Berne, 99; his 502 INDEX. opinion on the politics of the Swiss, 104; news transmitted by him to liis colleague, 106, 110, 138; his negotia- tion at Lausanne, 117; his reception at Geneva, 122 ; solicits the Protector's intercession with the Duke of Savoy for the persecuted protestants, 137 ; affairs of the protestants committed to his care, 173 ; high approval of his diplomatic endeavours, 186, 221 ; ii. 195, 203, 207; account of his views and expectations, 210; informs Mr. Pell of the liberation of Henry Ulrich, 214 ; his exertions in behalf of the protestant interest abroad, ib., 262 ; correspondence on this subject, 266.— His letters to Mr. Pell, i. 116, 136; ii. 173, 195,209,214,261 Eclipse, M. Amyraut's sermon on an, i. 66, 75 Edgehill, battle of, i. p. xlv Emigration, a means to quiet malcon- tents, i. 136 England, introductory view of the state of, i. p. i, &c; the parliament sum- moned by Charles I., v ; enumeration of the chief courtiers, vi to xvii ; the petition of right, xx ; popular feeling, xxii ; secret conferences of Cromwell, Hampden, Pym, and other patriots, xxiii ; revolutionary measures of the Long Parliament, xxvi; the civil war, xxxviii, &c ; the royalist nobility and generals, xxxiv to xlviii ; nobles who sided with the parliament enumerated, xlix; chief men of influence in the Commonwealth — Hampden and Pym, Ixii ; Sir Harry Vane, Ixiii; Oliver St. John, Ixvi ; Prynne, Ixvii ; Selden, ib., Ixviii ; career of Oliver Cromwell generally described, Ixviii, &c. ; details of the war, 26., Ixxii, &c., &c. ; death of Charles L, Ixxvii ; hostilities with the Scots, Ixxx ; who are routed in the battle of Worcester, ib. ; the protectorate, Ixxsi, &c., see Cromwell, parliament ; differences of English and Dutch merchants referred to the mediation of Switzerland, 30 ; satisfaction is given to the English East India Company by the Pensionary de Witt and the commissioners, 73; in- trigues in Switzerland against English interests, 115; state of the Common- wealth, 125, &c. ; reduction of taxes, 127 ; insurrection of the Stuart par- tisans, 143, 145, Sec. ; the people not desirous of a restoration, 151 ; treaty with France nearly settled, 171, 173; protects the jjrotestants of Savoy and of Switzerland, 184,200,206,215; a fast and general collection for the poor Piedmontese refugees, 185, 215 ; how to be distributed, 226, 233, 264, 286, 298, 302; state of affairs with foreign powers, 303 ; the fifth-monarchy men, 374; the war with Spain. 295, 4.33; menaced with invasion by Charles II., ii. 19; arrest of royalists, ib. ; Blake and Montagu make some valuable prizes off Cadiz, 26, 27 ; question of the decimation, or tax on the royalists for support of militia, 83, 95, 102, 107; new conspiracy to murder the Protector and burn Whitehall, 87, 94; the royalists ripe for action, 99; narrative by parliament of Sinder- combe's plot. 111 ; the crown offered to Cromwell, 134, 139; he declines it, 144 — 168; is invested with great au- thority, 203, 208; copy of the decla- ration against Spain, 225 ; Mardyke, captured by the French and English, is delivered to the English auxiliaries, 271, 279; the Spaniards try to retake Mardyke, 284 ; exertions of the Stuart party, 303; Cromwell dissolves parlia- ment, 314; account published at Mi- lan and Paris of English affairs, 318 ; plot for an insurrection and an inva- sion, 323, 329, 442, 457, 460 Erlacli, General, favours a league be- tween France and Switzerland, i. 106; commands the troops of Berne, 298 Essex, Earl of, i. p. xlix, lii ; commander of the parliamentary forces, liii ; death and funeral of, ib. ; his troops, and command, Ixxi, cii Fairfax, Lord, general of the parlia- mentarians, i. p. Ixxii, 135 ; his daughter married to the Duke of Buckingham, ii. 284, 298 Faith, Articles of a Confession of, agreed upon by the parliament, i. 70, 77, 84 Falconbridge, Earl of, his marriage with Mary, daughter of Cromwell, ii. 259 Falkland, Lord, i. p. xxix, his fortune, and studies, xxxii ; his death in the battle of Newbury, xxxiii Finch, Sir John, his character and con- duct, i. p. xvi INDEX. iO:3 FIt'clwooil, soil- in-law of CromwuU, i. ]). cii, G; I.Did-Deinity of Ireland, 77 Fleming, Sir Oliver, master of the ceremonies at Wliiteliall, i. 41 ; his debts in Switzerlaiul, 1210, 4'jy ; re- ports relative to him, ii. I'-iS, 1 JO, 2UJ3, '2-20, 2-29 Flying, inquiry on the art of, ii. 429 Fox, Somerset, tried for a conspiracy, i. 10, 15, 2-2, 26 France, state of, compared with that of England, i. \i. xxii ; treaty with Eng- land, ai tides insisted on by Cromwell for the protection of the Huguenots, 2, 4, 13, "iJ ; delays and obstacles, 76, 86, 98, 1J9; Louis XIV. wishes to remain in amity with Cromwell, 96; and to promote a general pacification, 98; his declaration as to religion, 132; rumours of hostilities, 162; war with Spain, 47 ; the French victorious at Arras, 43 ; the Duke de Guise sails with an armament against Naples, 89 —94; frustrated, 92, !)4; treaty with the Swiss for a renewal of their league with France, 6, &c., J9, 124, 190, &c.; the queen's jewels consigned to Swiss officers of the guards, 17, 24 ; they treat with Cromwell for the sale of the jewels to him, 45 — 53,58,76; letter from INIazarin to the Swiss cantons, 179; the Prince of Cond6, 128; the Cardinal de lletz, 49, 93, 97; the Stuart family expelled from France, 136, 155 ; Louis disavows being privy to the massacre in the Valais, 198 ; Cromwell insists upon his not aiding the Duke of Savoy, 219; the king agrees that his sul>jects shall be neutral as to the contest in Piedinont, 222, 235 ; treaty with Cromwell con- cluded, 288, and ratified, 303, 411 ; defeat of \'alenciennes, 447 ; town of Conde taken, 449, ii. 9 ; ill-appointed infantry of, 79 ; the quecn'sjewels, 87 ; military all'airs of France, 123; the English auxiliaries, i7;. ; question of a peace with Spain, 124 ; amity of Louis with Cromwell, 135; his army in Italy, 161 ; favours the Elector of Bavaria, /6. ,• the protestants of Lan- guedoc oii|)()se the king's declaration, 185; the synod at Monti)elier, ib., 202; Louis \ IV. enters Montmeili, 218,221, 233; the siege of Alexan- dria, 234. (See Louis XIV.) Frankfort, city of, ii. 42; an assembly of German deputies, 43, 131, Ijl ; de- parture of the electors from, on the death of Ferdinand HI., 148; the Germanic diet at, 1.j6, 235, 326 Fribourg, Soleure, and Lucerne, willing to serve [with hired soldiers] the King of France, i. 98; their apjiarent mo- deration, 304 Gassendi, account of, ii. 371 Geneva, i)reparations for defence at, i. 174; danger apiirehcnded from the Duke of Savoy at, 181 ; the fortifica- tions, 182 ; conference between -Mr. Downing and Mr. Fell, by Cromwell's order, at, 228 ; keeps fair with Louis XIV., 277; commemoration of the escalade of, by the Savoyards, being frustrated, 310 ; fortifications and pro- vision of arms at, .31 1,401 ; relies on Cromwell's munificence. 312 ; aids Zurich with some infantry, 326 ; and increases its own garrison, 330 ; re- ceives an assurance of Cromwell's afT'ection and protection, ii. 45 ; de- sirous of a speedy conclusion of the French league, 217 Genoa, affairs with Spain, i. 23; dreads the Spanish monarch, 47 ; sends an ainbassador to Cromwell, 127; jilague in, ii. 60 ; religious .solemnity there- upon, ib., 161 Gerard, Sir Gilbert, consi)iracy against Cromwell, i 4; plan of, and his abet- tors, 8; enumeration of the conspi- rators, 10; trial of, 13, 15, 22; Mr. John Gerard beheaded, 10, 26 Germany, the Emperor of, i. 29, 31,51, 67, 155 ; his pretensions to Alsatia [Alsace], 103; cavalry easy to be ob- tained out of, 314 ; the jK-ace of Muns- ter, ii. 14; the Imperialist infantry revolt on their march to Milan, 15, 31, 49; coronation at Prague, 14, 43; the deserters from IMilan return home to, 70; illness of the emperor, 71 ; question regarding Alsace, 67, 78 ; the Austrian soldiers refuse to serve the Spaniards, at IMilan, iXc, 85; death of the Einperor Fer- dinand III., 140; the disputes of the electors, ib. ; the vicar of the em- pire, question of, 141, 146, 149, 151, 155 ; Ferdinand declared the House of Austria better without succession to him as emperor, 152; diet for election of a new emperor, 156; co- 504 INDEX. ronation at A ken, 156, 157 ; Savoy and France in the Elector of Bavaria's interest, 161 ; Leopold, of Hungary, elected emperor, 171 ; the " Alliance of the Kliine,'' ib ,■ hostilities among the various electors, 207 ; interference of the PVench king, 275; the diet at Frankfort, 235, 326; summary of German affairs, &c., 331. (See Vi- enna) Gex, the pays de, ii. 79 Gilbert, William, M.D.,his Physiologia, ii. 376 Glaris, politics of the canton of, i. 131 ; religion, 393 ; protestants of, ii. 34, 36, 160, 165 Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, son of Charles I., i. 83; educated in the Jesuits' college, 94 ; Romish churcii preferment promised him, 97, 100; j(jins Charles II. at Cologne, 124 Golius, the Professor of Arabic at Ley- den, ii. 352, 358, 373 Goring, Colonel, i. p. xxix Grafenriedt, IMr. , consul of Berne, i. 106, 110, 117 Grammont, INIarshal de, ii. 124, 244 Grande, Jaques, of Bobbio, recantation of, i. 199,200 Grenoble,collections for the Piedmontese and other protestants transmitted to, and thence distributed, i. 141, 298, 304; ii. 219, 286 Grenvil, Sir Bevil, slain at Lansdown, i p. xxxix , Sir Richard, i. p. xxxix, his cruelties, xl Grisons, Swiss protestants of the, i. 45, 277, 299; Highlanders of, are good in- fantry, 314; their mercenarv troops, ii. 84, 21.3, 274 Guise, Duke de, sails with the Toulon fleet against Naples, i. 71, 75, 87, 89; takes Castel-a-Mare, 90; subse- quent actions, 92, 94, 96 ; retires in good order, but disap])ointed, 100 Gunning, Dr., and his ejiiscopal congre- gation in the Strand, ii. 307 Gutshoven, Gerard, or Gutshovius, ii. 366 llabutman, Augustus, his " Philoso- phy," ii. 440 Hacker, P., a name assumed by Mr. 'i'hurloe in his correspondence, i. 177 Hamilton, Marquis of, i. p. ix ; his views, xvi, xvii Hampden, Mr. John, advocates liberty in the Long Parliament, i. p. xxiii, Ix ; Clarendon's character of, Ixi. Harrison, Colonel, i. p. Ixxxviii ; com- mitted by Cromwell to prison, 144, 154, 155, 164 , Sir Thomas, i. 148 Hartlib, Mr. Samuel, his scientific pur- suits, i, 7; ii. 224, 267, 437, 439; speaks of a book on the art of flying, 429 ; on chariots without horses, then a new invention, 468 ; his clepsydra, or water-clock, 477. — Letters to Mr. Pell, 120, 122, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 438, 440, 441, 444, 446, 447, 449, 452, 453, 455, 456, 458, 461, 463, 464,466,469,477 Heidelberg, the elector at, offers lands to such Piedmontese as had saved pro- perty wherewith to cultivate, i. 190, 230; his Swiss guards, ii. 63, 165; military transactions and state affairs of, 93, 164; proclaims himself vicar of the empire, 140 ; his title disputed by the Bavarians, 141, 146, 149; the electress and her court, 157 ; his levies of troops, 169, 179; his mo- ther, Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, 181 ; his policy, 202 ; attacked by Bavaria, 207, 213; his behaviour to the electress, 231, 233, 243 Henrietta Maria, Queen, her marriage with Charles I., i. p. xii, xiii ; her advice to the king, xxvii; ordered to quit France, 155 ; declares to King Louis that Charles II. had become re- conciled to the church of Rome, 402 ; allusion to, 437 ; grant of money by the French clergy to, ii. 158 Hertford, Marquis of, i. p. xxix, xxxiv Hirtzell, Swiss ambassador to Turin, promotes a hasty and unsatisfactory pacification, i. 272, 275 Hispanioia, Admiral Penn defeated on landing in, i. 229, 259 Hohbes, JMr., his aversion to JM. Des- cartes, ii. 363, 364; his " Treatise on Optics,'' 366; his Philosophy, 371; teaches mathematics to Prince Charles, 374 Hohenloe, Count of, ii. 128, 465 Holland, Earl of, i. p. xii, xvii, 1 , troubles of the States of, i. 8 ; secret article against the Prince of Orange, 9 ; embassy to Switzerland, 33; mercantile diflerences with the INDEX. 50j East India Company of En<;lancl, 44 ; the House of Orange, 10!); Dutch commissioner dispatclied to 'ruriii, -2'2o ; to Geneva and Zurich, '277; spirited conduct of, in the cause of the protestants, 279 ; grant of money for Piedmont, 298 ; treaty with Swe- den, ii. 41 ; Dutcii ships and goods arrested, 135; Mr. Dury complains of the Dutch, 2«2 Holtshalb, ^Ir., Secretary of Zurich, i. 312, 3o7 ; his conferences with Mr. Pell, 360 ; ii. 225 ; his death, 328 Hopton Heath, action at, i. p. xxxix Hopton, Sir llalpii, i. p. xlii, lix Home, Dr., discourses of, ii 465 Hettinger, Dr. John Henry, ii. 243, 261 Huldrick, Kev. Mv., the Antistes, [so named] of the clergy of Switzerland, i. 40. (See Ulricli) , jun.,scnt to England, i. 40 Hummel, INIr. J. H., intercedes for tlie protestants of Savoy, i. 197, 324 , his letters to INIr. Pell, i. 196,204,217, 323 Hull, reported resistance to Cromwell's authority, at the port of, i. 136 Hungary, an elective kingdom, i. 29, 30 ; the son of Ferdinand III. elected king of, 154; Swerin.an Hungarian count, ii. 207. (See Vienna) Hutchinson, Colonel, i. p. Ixxvi, Ixxviii ; his high character, xcix , IVIrs. i. p. Ixxiii, Ixxv, Ixxx Independents, the, i. p. ixxiv; clergy of the, 78 Ingraham, Sir William, i. 147 Innocent X., Pope, i);is(juinade on, i. 133 Ireland, the Earl of StraHord, viceroy of, i. p. XX ; massacre in 1640, of the protestants, xxv ; Charles I. negoti- ates in 1645 witii the catholics, xlvi ; Cromwell's campaign in, Ixxix Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwell, i. p. Ixxv, Ixxvi ; account of, p. c Jamaica taken by Penn and Venables, i. 229, 246, 259; reinforcement sent out to, 303, 344, 406 James I., weak character of, i. p. ii, xi ; rumour of his having been poisoned, 14; his daughter Elizabeth, ii. 181 Jayer and Jenavel, caj)tains of the Pieil- montese ])rotestants, i. 188, 193 Jermyn, Lord. i. p. xlvii Jesuits, the, at Venice, ii. 60; their po- litical intrigues, 70 ; in London. 309 Jungius, Dr. Joachim, ii. .364, 372 Juxon, Dr., Bishop of London, i. p. XV ; Lord Treasurer, xvii Kircher, the Jesuit, his works, ii. 371 Kvnaston, Mr. Ilalph, made prisoner, 'i. 148 Kyper, Dr., ii. 360 Lambert, the parliamentarian general, i. |). ci ; his retirement, ii 216, 298 Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, i. p. xlv Lalin language, Mr. Pell makes it a medium of dijilomacv, i. 27, 28, 114, 187, 247, 278, 382, 392 Laud, Bishop, conduct of, i. p. xiv ; his power, xvi, xvii ; impeachment of, xxiii ; he endeavoured to put down the Puritan ministers, Iv Lawrence, Mr. Henry, Lord President of Cromwell's council, ii. 434 j death of Edward Lawrence, ib. Leger, Monsieur, his account of tlie Waldcnses, i. 220, 274, 394 ; ii. 138 ; master of an academy at Geneva, 232, 276,303,316 Leghorn, IJIake blockades the port of, i. 129, 130 Lemnos and Tenedos, islands of, ii. 40, 42 Lemos, Comte de, i. 33 Lentzburg, castle of, ii. 40; the bailill' of, 83 Leopold, the Archduke, i. 29,30,47; elected emperor, ii. 141, 171. (Sec Vienna, Germany) Lesna, burning of the village of, ii. 430 ; the " \'isiones Lesnenses," and " Ex- cidium,"432 Levellers, party of the, i. 120 Lilburne, Colonel, reports an insurrec- tion in Northumberland, i. 146 ; takes Sir Henry Slingsby prisoner, 147 Lima, report of an earth-.iuake at, ii. 47 Lisle, Sir George, put to death on the surrender of Colchester, i. p. xliii Littleton, Solicitor- General, i. p- lix Lockhart. Sir William : — Colonel Lock- hart, a Scotchman, sent ambassador to ^'ersailles, i. •"176 ; memoir of him, i6. ; commands six thousand men, sent to aid Louis XI V.. 377. 380 ; his inriu- ence at Paris, 411 ; exerted in favour of Zurich, 424 ; and of the Piedmon- lese, ii. 21 ; his return home, 24, 41 ; 506 INDEX. represents Glasgow, 32,35 ; sails from Dieppe, 65; knighted and sent am- bassador to Louis XIV., 89; liis re- ception at the French court, 145, 151; his instructions, 160; the Swiss cantons apply for his suj)port, 191, 192 ; his reply, 237, 256 ; visits Lon- don, 271 ; his good conduct in the action of the Dunes decides the vic- tory, 471 Lockhart, his letters to INIr. Pell, i. 447, 448; ii. 15, 17, 46, 104, 134, 145, 150, 237 Longomontanus, refutation of, on the quadrature of the circle, ii. 358, 370 Longueville, Dukede, visits Neufcliatel, ii. 189,206, 212,217; his return to France, 230, 233, 243, 248, 269, 273 Louis XIV., his accession, i. p. cvi ; his conduct in the case of the Walden- ses, cxiii ; avoids a breach with the Protector Cromwell, 25, 96,219; his declaration on religion, 132; consents to dismiss the Stuarts from France, 136, 155; his conduct as to Savoy and the Waldenses, 194, 222, 235, 292, 363; offers his mediation to the Swiss, 341, 343, 350, 366; Swiss letter of acknowledgment to, 367 ; satire on his court, 437 ; recon- ciles the Dukes de Vendome and d'Epernon, ii. 151 ; the Elector Pala- tine in fear of, 165 ; suspects the Swiss of courting an alliance with Austria, 191 ; his interest in Germany, 244 ; expected at Philipsburg, where the Swiss might find opportunity to treat with him, 253, 254 ; his stay at Nancy, 257 ; at Metz, 259; requires the restitution of the queen's jewels from the Swiss, 272 ; Cromwell sends venison to him when at Mardyke, 463; besieges Dunkirk, ?i, ; troubles arise betwixt him and his protestant subjects, 464 ; gains a victory over the Spaniards 417 Lucerne, persecution in the valley of, i. 211 ; once assisted by Zurich in the hour of trouble, but ungrateful, 304, 330 ; action with the Bernois, wlio suffer a defeat, 338 ; the pope's nun- cio, 368 ; deputies of the popish can- tons at, ii. 125, 272 Ludlow, the parliamentarian officer, i. p. Ixxv, Ixxviii ; his character, xcix Lux in Tenebris, hoc est prophetise do- num : — Mr. Pell writes respecting this book, ii. 262 , observations on it, 437, 438, 453, 459, 463 Magny, Monsieur de, account of, ii. 63 Maleverer, Sir Richard, i. 147 Malta, earthquake in, ii. 332 Manchester, Earl of, character of the, i. p. ix, xvii ; joins the cause of the par- liament, xlix, liii ; his conduct and principles, liv, Iv ; a commander of the parliamentarian forces, Ixx Mantua, Duke of.ii. 125, 132, 135, 137, 157 ; the city besieged, 318 Marston Moor, battle of, i. p. xliv, Ixix, 146, 147 Maynard and Twysden, serjeants-at- law, committed to the Tower, i. 176 Mazarin, Cardinal, i. p. cxi, 59, 95, 107; asks the Huguenots if they would de- fend France, 133 ; his niece, 160 ; com- plains of the internal dissensions of France, as delaying a new treaty with Switzerland, 179; IMachiavelism of, 190; marriage of his niece, ii. 252; allusion to, 305; silly calculation of his death, 308 Meadows, Mr., his negotiations at Lis- bon, i. 406; wounded in the streets of that capital, 432, 447, 452; sent as agent to Denmark, ii. 127, 133, 146, 148,215,225; rewarded, 465,471 Mentz, the ecclesiastical Elector of, contests with that of Cologne, the right of crowning the Emperor, ii. 149, 157, 158, 244, 283 Mercator " de emendatione annua," ii. 208; Mr. Pell's opinion of this work on the Calendar, 223, 224 Mercoeur, Duke of, his French troops, ii. 79 Mersen, le Pere, mathematician, ii. 346, 368 Mey, Colonel, i. 391, 394, 397; ii. 55, 57,164, 169, 179, 180,213 Middleton, the royalist chief, pursued to the Highlands, i. 3, 4, 11 ; avoids an action, 22 ; his Scottish followers dispersed by Colonel Morgan, 34, 36 ; pursued to Caithness, 41 ; his party routed, 98; his deserted condition, 102 ; he flies beyond sea, 176, 212 Milan, news from, i. 71 ; conflagration at, and records burnt, 129> 132; the Inquisition at, 224 ; French troops in, 235 ; the plague and the war at, ii. 79 ; some Swiss imprisoned by the Inquisition at, 97, 115 INDEX. 507 Modena, Duke of, ii. JJ, 11,71, 146; his son marries a niece of Cardinal IMazarin, 2,03; besieges Mantua, 318 INlonibrun, iNIanjuis of St. Andre, a protestant noble, i. 194, '2'24 I\lonk, General, marclies into the llij;li- lands, i. '22; represses the disaffection of the army of Scotland to Cromwell, 129 ftlontagu, General E. [the same as Ad- miral the Earl of Sandwich], i. 244 ; commands in the Mediterranean, 428; ii. 11 ; communications to liim, 25; dispatch from, 47 ; his report of the quakers, 72; alluded to, 102, 105, 208, 209, 271 ; ii. 396, 401, 404 , his and Sir R. Blake's letter to the Lord Protector, ii. 26 Montpelier, the synod iield at, cause of religious troubles in France, ii. 185, 202 Montrose raises the royal standard in Scotland, i. p. xxxvii Morgan, Colonel, pursues Middleton to Caithness, i. 4, 43 IMorland, Mr. [afterwards Sir Samuel], envoy to the Duke of Savoy, history written by, i. ji. cxi, 220 ; his jour- ney, 221 ; his instructions, 22G ; his communication to Mr. Pell on his arrival, 244 ; negotiations at Turin, 245; and at Geneva, 250, 256; fears that the pacification of Pied- mont is unjust in some of its terms, 258; makes some complaint of ]\Ir. Pell's indifterence, 276 ; assists INIr. Pell in distributing the Englisli remittances to the Waldenses, 287 ; and in bringing the afl'airs of Switzer- land and Savoy to maturity, 294, 327 ; his dispatches rcaii in council, 334 ; his account of moneys, 354 ; his ac- count of the situation of the Wal- denses, 363; accords with the Gene- vese for a loan to them, 375 ; his " History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont, 380, 383 ; uneasy on account of ^Lijor Cham- berlain's remarks, 390, 400, 404 ; studies German [Iligli Dutch], 417; ii. 9 ; ordered to conclude the distri- bution to the Piedmontesc, and to return to England, 20, 25 ; illness of, 37, 38; instructed, on his taking leave, to speak of Cromwell'^ regard for the Genevans, 4.0 ; arrival at Lyons, 58 ; writes from Paris to Mr. Pell, 65 ; arrives at W'hiteliall, 73 ; declares the state of affairs in Piedmont to Cromwell and the committee, 82; his own accounts, ib. ,- corresponds with Mr. Pell, 81 ; sends news from Eng- land, 89 ; his accounts as to moneys for Piedmont approved, 97; Cham- berlain's charge refuted, ib.; his praise of Cromwell, 148; seriously ill, 167 ; his marriage, 236, 249, 261,268, 278 ; reply to Mr. Pell on printing the Piedmontese accounts of money, 301, 323 Morland, letters to Mr. Pell his col- league, from Geneva, i. 244, 250, 255, 256, 258, 265, 272, 273, 275, 358, 362, 379, 383, 390, 399, 417, 433, 449, 451 ; ii. 4, 17, 20, 24, 37 ; from Lvons, 58 ; from Paris, 65 ; from Whitehall, 81, 88, 94, 96, 98, 102, 105, 112, 116, 121, 127, 132, 139, 144, 147, 150, 153, 159, 167, 173, 175, 184, 187, 199, 203, 207, 215, 218, 222, 225 ; from Boissay, in Nor- mandy, on his own marriage, 236, 249 ; resumes his correspondence from Whitehall, 258,268, 271,27!*, 284, 299, 301, 307,314, 319,322, 329 IMorus, the antagonist of Milton, i. 73 ; ii. 161 Mulhausen, territory belonging to the town of, i. 418; ii. 80, 124 Munster, treaty of, ii. 14, 67, 221, 236 Muscovy. (See Russia.) Mydorge, IMonsieur, mathematician, ii. 363,371,372 Naples, kingdom of, French invasion of, i 71. 75, 87, 89, 90 ; protestants cx- ])elled from, 193; the plague in Ronie and, 420; ii. 67, 100; banditti of, 244 Naseby, battle of, i. p. xxxvii, Ixxiii Naylor, James, a quaker, punishment awarded to him, ii. 72; Cromwell's letter to parliament on tlie case of, 77 Netherlands, government of the Spanish or Austrian, ii. 93 Neufchatel, the Duke de Longueville, sovereign of this town,ii. 189, 206 Newbury, the battles of, i. ]). xxxiii, xli Newcastle, Duke and Duchess of, ii. 368 , Earl of, serves King Charles I. in the war, i. p. xliii News, cautions against, false, i. 160, 165, 196, 444; ii. 327 508 INDEX. Newspapers, censorship of, in Switzer- land, IGl Nicodemites of Switz, their Confession of Faith, i. 282; fly to Zmich, ih. ; confiscation of their chattels, 284 ; a few of them are put to death b)' tlie people of Switz, 299 ; charitable collec- tion for the fugitives, ii. 74 ; Nicode- initish women imprisoned by the In- quisition, 97; some still in Switz, 264 Nieuport, ]\Ir., ambassador from Hol- land to O. Cromwell, i. 9, 11, 86, 279, 346, 348 Nismes, question of establishing a par- liament at, ii. 61 Northampton, Earl of, his conduct in the civil war, i. p. xxxviii ; is slain at Hopton Heath, xxxix Northumberland, Earl of, i. p. xviii Nottinghamshire, rising of the royalists in, i. 146 Noy, an eminent lawyer, i.p. xix Nye, Rev. John, letter to Rev. Mr. Pell, ii. 483 Okey, Colonel, court-martial on, i. 78, 85,88 Oinmeren, Mr. H. Van, commissioner from Holland to the Swiss cantons, i. 2.57 ; his negotiations on the Pied- montese affairs, 277; answer made him bv the assembly at Payerne, 280, 281,280 ; Mr. Pell is ordered to con- sult him, 293 ; their interviews re- specting the treaty of Pignerol, 321 ; for what reasons he contemplates re- turning home, 327 ; ordered to remain at Geneva, 333 ; and to forward peace, 34.5; his credentials and designation, 370, 379; colloquy with Mr. Pell, 381 ; goes to tlie meeting at Baden, 385; punctilio amongst ministers, ib., 392 ; departure for Ilolland, 395, 400 Orange, House of, i. 9 ; college at Breda founded by the Prince of, ii. 373; the Prince of, dies of the small- pox, 381 Ormond, James, Duke of, i. 13,97; ii. 19; his daring mission to London, anecdote of Cromwell's generosity, 451 Oughtred, Mr. William, works of the celebrated mathematician, ii. 346, 375 Overton. >\Iajor-general, sent to the Tower, i. 119, 120, 136 Oxenstiern, the Swedish chancellor, dies of a contagion, ii. 58, 60 Pack, Alderman Sir Christopher, his Bill for setting up Cromwell as king, ii. 121, 127, 132, 134 Palatinate, the Elector Palatine offers refuge to persecuted protestants of the Valais, i. 170, 190; the elector's Swiss guards, ii. 55, 57 ; jealousy of France, 165, 182; reports resi^ecting a treaty with Louis XIV., 275 Parliament, the popular party in, i. p. iv ; their views, v ; the long parlia- ment, xvi ; question of ship money, xix ; measures advocated by Hamp- den and the popular leaders, xxiii ; they fear the vengeance of Charles I., xxv ; revolutionary bills, xxvi ; the " Remonstrance," ib.; distrust of the king's sincerity, xxvii ; what members quit the parliamentary cause, xxix ; the nobles who remain by it, xlix ; the house of peers, lix ; the commons, Ixii ; popular leaders, Ixii — Ixviii ; the par- liament inclined to treat with Charles I. at Hampton Court, if he were sin- cere in good purposes, Ixxvi ; scheme of representation, Ixxxiii ; crisis, Ixxxiv ; condition of the house of commons, ib. ; not to be confided in by Cromwell, Ixxxix ; parliaments convoked by the Protector, xc ; dis- solution of, by Cromwell, xciv; the first summoned by Cromwell, 12 ; elections satisfactory to the Lord Protector, 37; committee agree to Articles of the Confession of Faith, 70, 77, 78, 84; form of government in the Protector and two houses of, 71 ; question of the negative voice, 77 ; divines consulted by, on the Con- fession of Faith, 78; question of dura- tion of, 80, 84; of the militia, 80; regu- lations for the, 88 ; who excluded from being elected members, ib. ; descen- dants of Charles 1. incapacitated from the office of protector, or chief of the executive, 89; election of the council, 101 ; contemplates a war with France, 105 ; negligent of Cromwell's interest or wishes, he dissolves it, 1 18 ; the instrument of government, 125; re- port of proceedings in, ib. ; general election, ii. 9, 16, 18; approves of the declaration against Spain, 25 ; reports respecting, 33; its accord with Cromwell in state affairs, 56 ; law reform, ib. ; question as to its power to adjudicate without Crom- INDEX. 509 wfll's consent, case of Naylor tlie ^ (jiiukcr, 72, 77; alliiir of the de- | cinialion tax, 83, 9.>, 102, 117; ' Hill moved for estal)lisliin<;f Oliver as kinj;, 121, 120, 127; passes tlic article ofleriiif); ttie crown, 132, 134; the " Petition and Advice'' to the Pro- tector, 135 ; the Speaker propounds the new model of a kinjjly government, 139 ; Cromwell's rejily to, 144—168 ; lie re-establishes the house of lords, 14J; power granted to Cromwell to nominate his successor in the protec- torate, ih.: articles to sui)port his au- thority, 174; supplies of money, 184; adjournment of, ib. ; the Speaker in- vests Cromwell with the insignia of royal authority, 203, 208; causes of the dissolution of, 314 ; causes of Cromwell's quarrel with, and probable results, 436, 437, 441, 442; a new one called, 460 Parisian news, i. 73, 100 ; footmen of Paris demand the privilege of wearing swords, 128 Paycrne, evangelical cantons of Swit- zerland assemble their deputies at, i. 277—279 Pell, Rev. Ur. John : — hisjourneythrough Holland on his mission to the Swiss Cantons, i. 1 : arrives at Strasburg, 3 ; his negotiations with the protestants of Switzerland, 5, 14, 19, 27, 186, 3.>3 ; moneys transmitted to him, 18, 124; his letters miscarry, 21; in- structed to forward documents and weekly information to Whitehall, (/'. ; and to be cautious in conversation, 30 ; he exi)lains the term " principals,'' liow applied, 36 ; communicates with Prince Uakotski, of Transylvania, 38 ; commissioned by Swiss officers of tlie guards in France to offer certain jewels for sale to Cromwell, 51, 38, 76 ; his reply to the senate of Zurich, on an address, 60 ; speaks of various false rumours from Cologne. 95, &c. ; re- ports that the .Swiss require moneys to enter on any action, IKi ; presents CromweH's letter to the senate of Zurich, 200, 208; negotiates to ad- vance the protestant interests, 209, &c. ; receives Thurloe's instructions for his conduct and motions, 214, 219, 247, 253, .361 ; ordered to (leneva, 228, 252 ; sends the replies of Zuricli to the letter Cromwell addressed to the Swiss, 232, 2.36, 247 ; cojjy of Thurloe's instructions to him, '2G0 ; his want of zeal complained of, 276 ; takes horse for Geneva, 279 ; his con- ference with Messrs. IMorland and Van Ommeren, ih., 280, 296 ; is com- missioned to distribute jiait of the English collection to the Waldenses, 286 ; narrates the origin and progress of the war of religion in Switzerland, 282 — 285 ; requests a remittance of salary for his heavy additional expenses, 290, 369; sufficient monevs promised him, 295, 341, ;i49, .350, 350 ; ordered to reside at Zurich, 3U8 ; inspects the fortifications of Geneva, .311 ; a depu- tation from Zurich solicit aid from, 312,315; and offer security foraloan, 316; he consents to send an express to Cromwell with this requisition, 317; writes particulars of the war, .328; manifesto of the protestant party, 329; his instructions, 332, 334, 355, 373; his journey to Zurich from Geneva, 357 ; Secretary Holt- shalb, with an escort, conducts him into Zurich, ib.; negotiations resumed, 364; Cromwell's intended loan to the protestant cantons, 372, 375, 381 ; suspended on the pacification, 384, 405, 414; present at the Baden as- sembly, 385; communicates weekly with Colonel Lockhart, 400,404; left with insufficient resources, 422 ; trans- mits Swiss news to Lockhart at Paris, 426 ; ii. 2.3 ; and to Secretary Thur- loe and Mr. Morland, 33, 35; distri- butes a printed narrative, 47, 50; ne- gotiates, 51; his reports, 107, 113, 137 ; on German, as well as Swiss state affairs, 140; election of the Em- peror Leopold, 149, 164; repairs to IJadcn, 143, 153; the sentences of popish and protestant arbitrators transmitted by, 154 ; his interview with Colonel Mey, on the Ileidelburg affairs, 179; causes Henry L'lrich to be released from prison in London, 172, 183, 207 ; describes the state of Helvetian affairs, 190; his replies to the senate of Zurich, 196; his dispatches, 238, 242, 246, 29 1 . 300 ; he announces a new quarrel between Switz and Zurich, 263, I'tc. ; his advice not to print the I'iedmont accounts, 285 ; his own receipt of money, 28*^ ; re- ceives his letter of recall,. 334 ; attends 510 INDEX. at tlie funeral of Cromwell, 341, 487 ; correspondence witli, when a Pro- fessor of Mathematics at Amsterdam and Breda, previously to his mission to Switzerland, 345; is invited to a meeting of men of science, 478 ; his later residence at Brereton, 481 ; his parish church, 483 ; the diary of his residence at Zurich, and his journey home, 485 — 496 Pell, his letters to Secretary Thur- loe, i. 1, 5, 16, 23, 27, 31, 35, 37, 42, 44, 48, 49, 56, 58, 62, 65, 71, 74, 81, 86, 89, 93, 95, 99, 102, 105, 109, 113, 121, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171, 173, 177, 183, 186, 188, 192, 197, 200, 207, 212, 214, 220, 222, 229, 231, 247, 257, 276, 279, 282, 288, 296, 303, 306, 309, 311, 315, 320, 326, 328, 337, 339, 341, 347, 351, 363, 370, 374, 377, 381, 384, 391, 395, 400, 407, 410, 413, 418, 421, 424, 429, 434, 439, 443, 453 ; ii. 1, 6, 9, 29, 33, 40, 42, 47, 50, 54, 56, 59, 61, 66, 69, 73, 78, 83, 86, 90, 99, 103, 107, 109, 112, 117, 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, 135, 140, 142, 148, 151, 156, 160, 163, 168, 179, 185, 189, 196, 200, 204, 212, 216, 220, 226, 229, 233, 235, 238, 242, 246, 252, 254, 256, 259, 263, 269, 272, 273, 275, 280, 291, 296, 300, 303 ■ , his letters to Mr. Morland, i. 357, 359, 394, 404, 412 ; ii. 3, 7, 11, 21, .32, 35, 41, 49, 120, 126, 131, 138, 146, 1.58, 162, 166, 171, 183, 188, 193, 198, 210, 219, 223, 228, 232, 241, 245, 250, 254, 255, 257, 260, 266, 267, 276, 283, 285, 294, 298, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318, 320, 321, 325, .326, 327, 328, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340 -, his letters to Colonel Sir William Lockhart, i. 426 ; ii. 12, 22, 110, 154, 192, 248 , his, and Mr. Morland's joint let- ter to Secretary Thurloe, i. 345 , his letter to Mr. Downing, ii. 324 -, his letter to- — on the burning of the village of Lesna, in Piedmont, ii. 430 ,his letter to on some mathe- matical and literary subjects, ii. 347 Pell, his letters to Sir Charles Caven- dish, ii. 354, 381 , Mrs., i. 343, 438; ii. 8, 89, 139, 207,290; Mr. Pell's letters to her, 387, 388, 390, 392, 393, 395, 39'7, 398, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410 ; on his daughter's marriage portion, 411, 415; respect- ing the marriage, 417, 420, 423, 425, 427, 469; his allusions to his son, 407, 410, 422, 429 Pembroke, Earl of, high reputation of the, i. p. X, xviii, xlix Penn, Admiral, sails for the invasion of the island of Cuba, i. 128, 129; fails in an attack on St. Domingo, but makes the conquest of Jamaica, 229, 246; his return home, 265 ; ii. 335 Penruddock, Jones, and Grove, made prisoners, i. 153 Peters, Adrian, merchant: a name as- sumed in correspondence by Secretary Thurloe, i. 2, 359; ii. 106. (See many of Tlnirloe's letters.) Petty, Sir William, works of, i. 7 ; ac- count of, ii. 367 ; his letters to IVIr. Pell, 358, 367 Pianessa, Marquis of, i. 188, 199 Picolomini, the pope's nuncio in France, ii. 60 Piedmont, the protestants of, com- manded by the Duke of Savoy to quit his dominions, i. 137 ; they ask Crom- well's protection, 140 ; and take up arms to defend themselves, ib., 187; collections of money for them in Eng- land, Geneva, Zurich, &c., 139, 174, 177, 185, &c. &c. ; importance of their cause, 158; they petition their sove- reign for mercy, 165 ; he commands a massacre in the Valleys, or Valais, 169, 170, 193; warfare 'between the persecuted and persecutors, 187; the villages burnt, 192 ; the Waldenses rebel, 204; their sufferings, 281 ; re- lieved from England, 286; Cromwell's compassion for them, 292, 335 ; Louis XIV. urges the Piedmontese to submission, 363 ; the Inquisition, 419; the treaty of Pignerol, ii. 8; the people commanded to sell their lands beyond Pelice, 18, 22, 147; their new grievances, 54 ; more Eng- lish money for the sufferers, 103, 222, 258; their ministers, 147,4-30; the churches of, 276 ; letters from, ib.; new perils, 321, 325; Morland's INDEX. 511 slateinentsof account, 301, 32'); dcs- 1 ruction of I.csna, 430 ri;igue, the, in Italy, i. 420; pervades all tho states, 4-23 ; severe, in Rome, 437; ii. (JO, 7!), 186; its ravages at Naples and Mantua, 67; religious ceremonies and invocations for its re- moval, ib., 100 ; it attacks the Swe- dish army, and the Chancellor Oxen- stiern falls a victim, j8 ; it increases in Genoa, 186; precautions against, at Venice, »6.; the great one in Lon- don, 481 I'oland, affairs of, i. 2.j4 ; Swedish vie-- tories in, 416; ii. 9, 14, 61; entry of the Austrian army into, 207 Poles, defeat of the, i. 413, 415; offer their crown to the house of Austria for protection against the Swedes, ii. 43; embassy for this purpose, 49, 61, 162 ; the Emperor favourable to, 136; willing to accejJt the crown, 182; de- feat at Riga, 445 Portugal, vacant benefices in, i. 47 ; treaty of, with England, ratified, i. 144, 406, 432; ii. 4; death of John of Braganza, 73 ; the Queen of, ap- pointed Regent during the minority of his successor, ib. ; the ambassador of, at Rome, 331 Praguela, persecution in the valley of, i. 183, 188 Presbyterians. (Sec Sects.) Protestants in Ireland, massacre of, in the great rebellion, i. p. xxv of Austria persecuted by the Emperor of Germany, i. 31, 114 ; ii. 158 of other parts of the Ger- man States, i. 55; the popish league in Germany against the, 115 of Bohemia, persecutions of the, i. 114; ii. 323,330, 449; col- lection for, 460 of Hungary, disturbed by the Romish prelates, i. 67 of France, i. 49, 75, SG, 96 ; Mazarin demands of them if they would stand by their king in any English invasion of France, 133; the Huguenots of Languedoc, 60 ; schism among them foreboded respecting the tenet of universal grace, 73 ; their synod held at Nismes, 174 ; send troops to aid the Piedmontese protes- tants, 194; interest themselves greatly for their suffering brethren, 298; .i storm impending over them, 4.36 ; of Languedoc, ii. 1 8.5 Protestants of Piedmont and Savoy, i. 137. 184, 188, 190, &c. &c. ; take up arms at Pinasche, near Pignerol, 140, 211 ; the massacre of, in the Valais, 169 — 177; a fast observed by the Genevese on this account, 174 ; a fast, and collections, also in England for the refugees in Switzerland and those remaining in Piedmont, 185 ; collections from house to house in Geneva, 174; and at Zurich, 177; their waifare against (heir jiersecutors, 184, &c., 197, 212, 231 ; pacification, 256,258, 270; destitution of the emi- grants, 281 ; Cromwell relieves them, 286, 302 of Switzerland, i. 113, &c. (See Pell, Zurich, Geneva, and Swit- zerland.) of Sweden, i. 74 of Poland and Silesia, col- lections for the persecuted, ii. 258, 330, 449 Prussia, the Elector of Brandenburg, i. 224, 254,341, 446; ii. 149 Prynne, Bastwick and Burton, sentence on, i. p. xiv, Ixvii Puritans, the. (See Sects.) Pym, his secret conferences with Crom- well and others, i. p. xxiii ; his influ- ence with the house of commons, Ixii ; committed to the Tower, ib. ; his death, Ixiii Quakers, an account of this new sect, ii. 72, 309 Rakotsi, S., Prince of Transylvania, a supporter of the Reformed church, i. 38; ii. 43, 182,234,244 Rapperswill, bridge of, i. 305, 342 ; siege of, 328, 338, 340 ; the winter severe to the Zurich besieging army at, 342 ; the fortifications at, demo- lished. 396, 408 ; complaint of losses at, 445 Raymond, IMr. \V., letter to Mr. Pell, ii. 379 ; with Pell's answer, ^380 Regius, Mr. Peter Sylvain, ii. 374 Retz, Cardinal de, e-;capes from prison, i. 49 ; flies to Italy, 93, 97 Reynolds, Sir John, shipwrecked on his return from Mardvke, ii. 299 512 INDEX. Rhffitia, affairs of, i. 187, 221,299; in- lial)itants of the Rhetiaii Alps, 314; ii. G9 ; the deputies of, 84 Rich, Colonel, arrested, i. 144, 154 , Lord, i. p. xlvi , Mr., espouses the Ladv Frances Cromwell, ii. 259, 434 ; his death, 444 Richmond, Duke of, i. p. xliv Roherval, I\I. de, his controversy with M. Descartes, ii. 370, 375 Rochefoucault, Duke de la, sent by Louis XIV. to reconcile the Swiss, i. 341,343,348.354 Rochester, Earl of [Lord Wilmot], his conduct in tlie civil war, i. p. xl ; chief of a rising of the cavaliers, 146, 153; with the king in Flanders, ii. 19 Romans, title of King of the, i. 29; in- trigues for the election of one, ii. 70 Rome : — the pope irresolute in the affairs of Spain and Portugal, i. 47; illness of Innocent X., ib. , 64, 75; both French and Spaniards allowed to traverse the papal dominions, 82; death of Innocent X., 108; pasqui- nade on his decease, 133; tlie con- clave, and election of his successor, 75, 130, 133; the new pope's great sanctity, and pretension to justice, 189; a jubilee proclaimed at, !&. ; re- joicings for the extermination of the protestants of Calabria, and the Val- toline at, 193; tlie pope of, offends Louis XIV., 306; takes umbrage at the peace between that monarch and Cromwell, 343 ; encourages the Swiss catholic cantons, 307 ; measures and policy of Rome, 378 ; the plague dreadful and long-lasting in, 423, -1.37 ; his Holiness exposes himself to it by visiting the sick in the hospitals, 438 ; ii. 60 ; inflammation in his leg, feared to be the plague-spot, 71, 79 ; invoca- tion of the Virgin to remove the pes- tilence, lb.; permits the communion in both bread and wine to the laity, hitherto denied the chalice, 141 ; the l)lague renews its violence in, 186 ; ])e(iigreeof his Holiness, 189 Rubbati, Mr., of Piedmont, i. 166 Rupert, Pri nee, his character as a general, i. p. xli,xliv; abandons the service of Charles II., 16; enters that of the Duke of Modena, 170, 190 . ■, of Heidelberg, ii. 153, 137 Russia, Muscovite affairs, ii. ,37, 43 ; Mr. Bi'adshaw sent ambassador to, 226; peace with Sweden, 445 Sn, Don Pantaleon, beheaded for a murder, i. 22, 26 Salio, Vincentio de la, the mathema- tician, ii. 378 Salisbury seized bv the partisans of Charles II., i. 149 Salt, commerce in, i. 129 Santa Cruz, Blake's success at, ii. 159, 175; narrative of the action at, 176, 189 Saville, Lord, i. p. xvii Savoy, tlie Duke of, persecutes the pro- testants, i. p. cviii, cxii, 1.37 ; his edict against them, 138, 140; causesalleged by him, 168; commands a massacre, 169, 175, 193; countenanced in his crueltiesbypopisli princes, 176 ; Swiss design of invading Savoy, 181; con- sequences of his persecutions, 188; envoys sent to, by Cromwell, and by the Swiss protestant cantons, 191 ; anec- dote of the duchess, mother of, 194, 198; not to be trusted, 213; Mr. Morland's expostulations inef- fectual with, 221 ; he pleads that his subjects had been rebellious, and says he is yet willing to grant an amnesty, 245; consequent settlement of these disputes, 2.56 ; little benefit expected to result from the pacification, 258; it is guaranteed by Louis XIV., 2.39 ; and stands good, 269, 270 ; the duke's measures consequent thereon to be dreaded, 273, 2^^8, 293, 294; said to have urged the Swiss catholics to a civil war, 319; rumoured mar- riage of, with the Infanta of Spain, and of his sister with Louis XIV., .331 ; his family likely to be extinct, 339 ; his ambassador in Swit7.erland endeavours to promote a peace among the cantons, 352, 367, 368 ; the Pied- montese protestants ordered to sell their lands near Pelice, b\', ii. 8, 18, 22, 24; favoin-s the Bavarian's pre- tensions to the empire, 161 , Prince Maurice of, his death, ii. 261 Saunders, Colonel, i. 85 Saxony, the Elector of, life-guards out of Switzerland, ii. 62, 8-3, 141 ; un- popular, 149; his forces, 152 INDEX. 513 Say, Lord, politics and comliict of, i. ]). xlix, Ivi ; proscribed l)y Cliarlcs 1., Ivii Scliatriiausen, embassy from, to the Duke of Savoy, i. 'JIO, ^38; monastery of, ii. 51,2Hl ; arrest of mercliandise, 282 Schmidt, Andrew, Secretary of State at Zurich, i. 137; ii. 41, 49 Selincberi^er, Junker, letter from IMr. Hummel to, i. '205; the reply, '217 Schooten, Francis Van, I'rofessor, ii. 3G0 Scotland, visit of Charles I. to, i. p. xxiv; the Scotch army, Ixix ; the Scots proclaim Charles II., Ixxix ; royalist insurgents in tlic Highlands, under Middleton, 4, II, 15, 22, 102; dispersed, 34, 36 ; affairs of this king- dom, 13 ; Colonel Morgan lays waste some highland districts, 44 ; agitation endeavoured in the English army of, 119, 129; printed narrative of Scot- tish affairs, 103 Sects: — the Puritans, i. p. ii ; prosecution of, xxii, Iv ; emigration of, Ixiv; the Presbyterians, Ixix, Ixx, Ixxiv ; the Independents, Ixxiv ; Soeinians, Armi- nians, &c., and Quakers, ii. 72, 309 Sclden, IMr., i. p. Ixii ; his principles, Ixvii, Ixviii Servient, Monsieur, envoy to Turin, i. p. cxiii, 18."J ; his instructions from Versailles, 224, 231, 232; his success in negotiation, 275, 292 Sexby, Colonel, accused of treason against Cromwell, ii. 184,223 Shapcot, Colonel, i. 8j Sherwood Forest, cavaliers in, i. 146 Shrewsbury, designs of tiie Stuart party on the town of, i. 148 Sibthorpe, 3Ianwaring, and other court divines, opposed to the puritans, i. p. ii Sindercombe, Miles, condemned for plotting against O. Cromwell, ii. 88, 106 ; his death by poison, 1 12, 223 Slingsby, Sir Henry, beheaded, i. 147 Soissons, the Count de, ii. 3()j Solothurn renews the old league witli France, i. 6 ; its politics, 304 Somersetshire faithful to Cromwell, i. 151 Southamjiton, Earl of, joins the cause of Charles I., i. p. xxix, xxxiii Spain, treaty witii France, i. p. cv, 9; difliculties thereto, 16; negotiations with Cromwell, 13, 45, 127, 128, VOL. II. 175, 177, 187, 189; affair with the Genoese, 23 ; defeated by the French at Arras, 43; affairs of the kingdom of, 47, &.c. ; the Spanish \'iceroy attacked in Naples, by an armament from Toulon, 92, 94 ; the English take Jamaica from, 229, 246 ; Cromwell's declaration of war against, 295, 303 ; protects Charles Stuart, 390; the Galleon fleet of, 399, 400, 406 ; at war with England, 447 ; victory of the Spaniards over Turenne, ih.; take Conde, ii. 9; threaten Eng- land, 19; ships and treasure of, cap- tured ofT Cadiz, 26—29, 42, 46, 76 ; the war prosecuted against, 56, 60 ; the Infanta of, 93, 94 ; rich convoy of, destroyed by Blake at Santa Cruz, 159, 175 ; narrative of this action, 176; Don John of Austria's cam- paigns in concert with Conde, 200 ; evil counsels of, 242 ; birth and names of an iiiflmt of, 319, 312 St. Gall, commerce of the town of, i. 117 ; prepares for defence against the surrounding papists, 299; the Abbot barricades the town of, in order to coerce the protestant townsmen, 305; internal dissensions of, 307; the Abbot of, refuses to sign an amnesty, 375, 379 ; his oppression of i)rotestants in Toggenburg, ii. 34; commerce of, 115, 119; the Abbot of, 239, 274 St. John, Oliver, i. p. xxiii ; a popular advocate, Ixvii St. Vincent, Father Gregoire de, ma- thematician, ii. 366 Staynes, Admiral Richard, letter to Sir U. IJlake, ii. 27 Stein, city of, ii. 51 Stockholm, news from, i. 72, 74 Stockar, Mr., Swiss envoy, concludes a treaty with England, i. 5, 17, 27, 31, 39 ; sent from Schafl'hausen to Turin, 210; declares he was no party to tiie hastv pacification witii the Duke of SavJy, 272 ; ii. 205. 274 Stoupe, i\Ir., minister of the French Reformed Church in London, i. 12, 14, 32, 40, 42 ; negotiations of, 48, 173 StrafFord [Thomas Wentworth], Earl of, his talents and eloquence, i. ]). xix ; his ])ntriotic advocacy, xx ; sent as Viceroy to Ireland, ib. ; trial and beheading of, xxiv ; some account of his trial, xxxviii L L 514 INDEX. Strickland, Colonel of tlie Protector's guards, i. 412 ; ii. 396 Stuart family incapable of the protec- torate, i. 125; expelled from France, 136,155,389; bill against the, ii. 36. (See Charles II.) Stutgard, city of, i. 55 Sweden, treaty of, with Cromwell, i. 3, 11 ; Queen Christina's abdication, 1] ; state of religion in, 74 ; treaty of, with England ratified, 167 ; the King of, wishes to possess Ingoldstadt, 115; his warlike preparations, 219, 230, 254; his differences with the Elector of Brandenburgh settled, 341 ; victory of, in Poland, 413, 415; book against the invasion of Poland by, 416; de- feat of Casimir, ii. 9, 15, 43 ; the ravages of a contagion in, 58 ; new victory over Casimir by, Gl ; Becca- resca an agent of, in Switzerland and Germany, 135; differences of the Emperor with, 136; the King of, encompassed with enemies, 218, 222, 234 ; defeats the Danes, and takes Fueren and Langeland, 317, 444 ; advantageous peace with Denmark, 324, 449 ; also peace with Russia, 445 Swiss, their general assembly at Baden, i. 16, 8ic. ; students encouraged in England, 19, 20 ; designs of the ca- tholic, 113, 114; officers of the guards in France receive jewels as a pledge for their pay, 45, 46, 50 ; soldiers serving in the French armies, 177; demand their arrears of pay, 179; their other demands, ii, 13 ; soldiers serving the Elector Palatine, 55 ; and the Elector of Saxony, 63, 165; mer- cenaries eager for foreign service, 91 ; Venice employs the, 103, 130 ; and the Spaniards at Milan, 123, 165; many thousands perish in this latter service, 273 Switz, Canton of, i. 178; persecution of the Nicodemites by the papists of Switz, 282, 299, 300; civil war of the, with Zurich and Berne, 283, 290; obstinacy of the, 306, 408; blame of the war imputed to the, 407, 421, ; collection at Zurich for the Ni- codemites who had fled out of Switz, ii. 74 ; Belmont, a magistrate of, stricken by conscience of his per- secutions, goes mad, 80 ; this canton at length listens to the arbitrators' de- cision, 85 J aflair of Colonel Tsweyer, 100, 272 ; Switz, Lucerne, and other popish cantons, complain against Zu- rich, 117; their accusations dis- proved, 118; they demand Turgow for the charges of the war, 263 Switzerland, mission of Mr. Pell to, i. 5, &c. ; temper of the Swiss, 106; po- licy of the various cantons of, 121, 130, 297, 301 ; the popish cantons of, willing to renew the league with France, 103, 107, &c., 289; causes tending to a civil war in, 132, 301 ; general affairs of, and negotiations, 178, &c., 239; articles of the union of, revised, 180 ; indignation of, against the Duke of Savoy for his cruelties, 181 ; the Swiss contemplate an invasion of his dominions, ib., 214 ; send ambassadors to him, 191, 220 ; Swiss papists oppress the protestanis, 202 ; and are hostile to the evangelical cantons, 233 ; replies of Zurich and other cantons to Cromwell's letter to them, 200, 214, 219, 225, 232, 263 ; Cromwell irritated by their supine- ness, 266, 26fi; the evangelical can- tons of, dissatisfied with Mr. Hirtzell and his colleagues for the untoward pacification of Savoy, 272; assemble their deputies at Payerne, 276, 277 ; state of agriculture in, 240 ; com- merce of, 241, 440; vexatious be- haviour of the popish cantons of, causes a civil war with the jjrotes- taiit Helvetic cities, 278, 283 ; pro- gress of the contest, 299, 306, 328, 338, 342 ; the evangelical cantons of, request money of the English and Dutch ambassadors for carrying on the cause, 278, 280 ; cruelties in the canton of Switz to the Nicodemites, 283 ; the popish cantons of, renew the league with France, 289 ; the pro- testants of, observe a fast, 296 ; form a confederacy against the opposing popish confederates, 297 ; the civil war in, 304 ; Zurich applies for aid from England, 812, 315 ; first suc- cesses of the evangelical party in, 328; they publish a manifesto, 329; Cromwell promises encouragement (o Zurich, Berne, and Geneva, 333,336 ; considers the religious feuds in Pied- mont and, to have alike arisen from Romish interest, 332, 335; siege of Rapperswyl, 328, 338, 340, 342 ; the catholics of, expect their regiments INDEX. 515 home from Milan, 342 ; a truce of sis days, ;i 17, 3r)2 ; the calliolics in this interval devastate a part of the terri- tory ol Zurich, (7;. ; CronuvcU's letter to the Corpus Ilclveticun^, 355, 3G4 ; lie transmits supplies ol money, 359; peace made by the cantons at baden, 360 ; the umpires and proceedings, 36 I ; the Instrumentum Pacis, 3li6, 36'J, 377, 378 ; I'resii alarm of, 397 ; expected decision of the arbiters of, 4()'2 ; their judicial sittings, 107, 411, 414; their recess for tliat session, 418; the common prefectures, Tur- gow, &c.,387, 893, 415, 434; the ar- bitration re-commenced, 440 ; ii. 1,7 ; demands made by the Swiss for a new treaty with France, 13 ; their demands on Austria regarding monasteries, 51 ; Austrian resident, 52 ; negotiations at Arraw, 54 ; the arbitration, 58, 74, 114, 129, 137 ; the popish cantons of, 68 ; the Instrumentum I'acis signed, b5 ; the jewels in deposit, 87; nego- tiations with de la liarde, 91 ; state of all'airs in, 92 ; the protestant can- tons of, send letters to Louis XIV. and Mazarin, 103 ; league with Austria, 110; fear of a new contest between the popish and protestant cantons^ 114, 117 ; Swiss merchants not to enjoy their old privileges in France, 115, '273; the Swiss instrument of peace signed, 137 ; the French league wiih, long in agitation, 212 ; the ulti- matum of Zurich, 5^29 ; a new com- motion at hand in, 263 ; the French king's letters to, unfavourable, 272 ; wishes of each canton, 281 ; allair of the jewels, 291, 292; the negotiations end in a pacification, 334 'Jaxes in Cromwell's time, i. 127; deci- mation tax on the royalists thrown out by parliament, ii. 83, 95, 102 Telescopes, glass for constructing, where then to be had, ii. 3-16 Thou, Monsieur de, at the Hague, his credentials, ii. 163 Thurloe, Mr. John, secretary to Oliver Cromwell, i. 12; cautions Mr. Pell to secrecy in his diplomatic mission, i/>. ; and to learn llie intciiiions of the Swiss protestants, 13,25; his leg in- jured by a coach accident, ()9, 74 ; urges Mr. I'ell to frcsii exertions, I 24 ; commiserates the poor I'iedmoiitcse, 141; hopes the protestants of Switzer- land will prove stanch to their true interests, 186 ; considers them remiss in their reply to Cromwell s letter, '214, 219, 263 ; urges them to invade Savoy, 215, 216; sends instructions to Mr. Pell, 225, 26o, to obtain an amendment of the pacification more favourable to the protestants, 288, 292 ; replies lavourably to the desire of a loan for Zurich and Berne, 336 ; instructions to Mr. Pell, on hearing of the Swiss pacification, 373; dis- patch recalling Mr. Morland, ii. 44 ; his illness, 94, 307 ; his recovery, 325 Letters to Mr. Pell, i. 2, 3, 7, 9, 12,14,20,34,36, 41, 43, 68, 76, 79, 83, »7, 97, 101, 118, 124, 143, 145, 158, 162, 166, 171, 172, 174, 176, 181, 191, 206, 218,225,227, 240,253, 259, 285,290, 291,301,308, 322, 325, 334, 341, 349, 355, 361, 873, 376, 383, 389, 398, 405, 413, 420, 428, 432, 438, 442, 446; ii. 8, 16, 18, 25, 36, 56, 71,77,87,95 Letter to Mr. Pell and Mr. Dury, i. 25 Letters to Mr. Pell and Mr. Morland, i. 332, 343 Letter to Messrs. Downing, Pell, and Morland, i. 268 Letters to Mr. Morland, i. 141, 142. 262; ii. 14 Toggenburg, the protestants oppressed at, ii. 34, 35, 57, 169 Toricelli, discoveries of, ii. 365. Toulon, an armament sails from, i. 71, 90, 100 Toulouse, parliament of, ii. 61 Transylvania, army of. i. 30, 38 ; Prince of, 38; ii. 43, 71; military enter- prises of the Prince of, 92 ; the Aus- trians hostile to, 207 ; book respect- ing, 437 Travelling, locomotive carriages without horses, an old idea, ii. 465, 468 Treaties Ijetween England and P'rance, i. 127, 128, 171. 177, 219; ratifica- tion of, 303, 343 ; the Swiss desire to be included in the, 321, 331, 316 between England and Switzer- land, i. 39, 200 between England and Portu- gal, i. 406 ; raiitii-d, 432, 416, 451 between England and Sweden, i. 3, 11, 167, 351, 453 516 INDEX. Treaties, between Sweden and the Elec- tor of Brandenburgh [Prussia], i. 350 between Sweden and Ilolland, ii. 41 between France, and Switzer- land, [the popish cantons,] i. 107, 112, 114, 135, £23; concluded, 2^:9, 425 • between France, and Switzer- land, [the protestant cantons,] i. 42, 106, 289, 353, 382, 410, 425, 435, 453; ii. 6, 10, 23, 40, 73, &c., 85; the terms debated, 9 1 , 205 ot Pignerol, between Savoy and the Swiss, i. p. cxiii, 256, 270, 32 1 of Munster, ii. 14, 67, 221, 234 . between France and Holland, ii. 200 Tronchin, Mr., professor of divinity at Geneva, i. 122; ii. 173, 245, 277, 284 Mr. .laques, banker, i. 354 ; ii, 22, 111, 120, 187 ; serious accusa- tion ag.iinst, 198, 204, 210, 215; its consequences, 222, 245, 251,267 ; defence of his honesty, 277, 295 Tschudi.a French interpreter, suspicion as to a letter addressed to him, ii. 69 , Captain, ii. 70 Tsweyer, Colonel, of Uri, ii. 40 ; ac- quitted of charges made against him, «5; called a heretic, 100, 104,201, 264 ; deputies refuse to meet him at Baden, 269, 270, 269, 270, 272, 305 Turenne, Marshal, i. 436, 448 Turgow, or Turgovia, religious dis- putes in this canton, i. 202 ; declares itself neutral, 3(15 ; seized by the army of Zurich, 3',^8 ; custom in, of appoint- ing their prefect, 387, 393 , religion of the inhabitants of, 389; question of the allegiance of, 415; ii. i^63 Turks and Venetians, war between the, i. 416 ; ii. 2, 4, 1 15, 129 ; threats of the, 234 Tuscany, military preparations of the Grand Duke of, i. 67, 75, 97, 108, 129 Tyrol, the, ii. 6« Valenza, or Valence, delivered to the French, ii. 2l, 23; a trumpeter im- prisoned, 84, 137 ] Vane, Sir Henry, account of, i. p. xvi, Ixiii. Ixiv ; opposed to the execution of Charles 1., Ixvi ; his weight in the Commonwealth, Uj. ; his death, ib. ; imprisoned in Carisbrook Castle, for his book, " A Healing Question," ii. 16, 21 Venice hostile to Spain, i. 161; per- mitted by the pope to suppress eighty small convents, for resources in the war with the Turks, 416; death of the Doge of, 423 ; their fleet defeats the Turkish, li. 2 ; rejoicings, 4 ; envoys of, 33 ; takes Lemnos and Tenedos, 40, 42 ; the Jesuits at, 60, 80; Muscovite ambassadors to, 71; the Grand Signior's preparations against, 115; Swiss troojis in the pay of, 130 ; their success against some ships of Barbary, 185 Vienna, news trom, i. 28, 67; persecu- tion of the prolestants at, 31 ; money due to the Swiss cantons from, 55 ; deputies to the cantons from, 178; favour ot the Romish cantons with, 304 ; deputies sent from, to Con- stance, ii. 51 ; Ferdinand HI. dies at, 140; the palace at, injured by fire, 142 ; new aspect of politics at, 143; religious persecution at, 158, 162; (See Germany) Vieta, French mathematician, ii. 318; his "Opera Mathemalica," ib., 353, 371 Ulrich, General, subdues Turgow, i. 328 ; ii. 194 , Mr., ii. 25, 32, 146 , his son, ii. 32, 3s ; an appoint- ment oftered him, 133 ; is arrested for debt, 139, 144, 147, 168; his debts paid by Mr. Fell, 172, 183, 22U ; Lis ill behaviour, 203, 209, 261, 436 Uri, canton of, i. 28. 304 ; ii. 101 ; case of Colonel Tsweyer, 100, 264, 270 Usher, Archbishop, interred in Henry Vllth's Chapel, i. 377 Wagner, General, commands in the southern parts of Switzerland, i. 330, 343 Wagstaffe, Mr., violence and rebellion of. i. 149 ; he es-capes, 153 ' Wake, Mr. Richard, to Sir William Boswell, ii. 377 Ward, Dr., professor at Gresham col- lege, ii. 435 Walteus, John, professor, ii. 359 Waldenses, persecution of the, i. p. cviii, &c.. 137, 169, 175, 194,203; protect their corn in the mountains, 212, 221 ; INDEX. •17 I,eger'9 history of tJie, 220, 27 J ; the IrvMy of pacilication disadvantageous to them, '>i>5, 27 1 ; privations ol those who had tied, 281 ; relief sent them by theEnghsh,286, 302; urged to submit to tlie treaty of Tigiierol, 363 ; new ci)m|)laint3 of the, ii. 5 I, 1 38 ; moneys transmitted for them, 103, 2'-i2, 258 ; Ciastaldo's prohibiii n, 232, 2h5, 312 ; flight across the snows, 3^1, 325, 332. Waller, Sir William, general for the par- liament, i. p. lix, Ixx Wallis, or Valesia.in Switzerland, perse- culion in, i. 2t)-..' ; the bishop of, his edict against the protestants, 213 Warner's, Mr., "Analogies,'' ii. 355, 357 Warwick, Earl of, i. p. xii, xlix; his re- ligious toleration. Iv ; Lord High Ad- miral, Ivi ; his friendship lor Crom- well, ib. AVaser, spirited conduct of the burgo- master, of Zurich, i. 3ti5 Weixel-mund, fort on the Vistula, ii. 6B, 70 Werdnuiller, General, attacks and defeats a body of catholics who were laying waste the Zurich territory during a truce, i. -^52 ; raises two regiments for France, ii. 247 ; the jewels carried by him from France, demanded, '^92 ; dis- pute between the two Werdmullers on this point, ^93, 296, 3uO, 3o3 ; the general cited to appear, 304, &c. West of England, royalist insurrection in the, 119 Wesion, Sir Richard, account of, i. p. vi, is. xvii Wetsten, burgomaster of Basil, i. 364, 408 Wharton, Lord, i. p. xlix; his unblem- ished repiuaiinn, lix , Mr. Juhn, plot in favour of Charles n.,i. 18 -, Sir George, his loyal almanac. i. 18 Whitehall, con-piracy to burn, ii. 87, 94; CromweH's speech in the ban- qutting-hoiise, 139, 144 \\ hite;uck. Lord, i. p. i ; his advice to Cromwell, Ixxxv ; concludes a treaty with Sweden, S, 11, 13; Treasurer, 412 Wilkin.'i, Bishop, his *' Universal Cha- racter'^ccimniunicateil to Boyle, ii.435 Willis, Sir Uithard, committed to the Tower, i. 10 Windebanke, Secretary of Stale to Charles 1., i. p. xvi Windham, Counsellor, committed, i. 176 Wiseman, Mr.,cons|iiracy of. i. 1 1 Witt, the grand-pensionary, de, i. 73 Worcester, Herbert, Marquis of, i. p. xlvi Worihington, Dr., ii. 434, 461 Wren, Sir Christopher, scientific in- quiries uf, ii. 465 Wyss, Major, envoy to Turin from the Swiss, i. 195, 198 ; urges a cessation of arms, 203 ; negotiations of, 220, 230, 250, 384, 394; ii. 315 ; serves Venice, 316,322 Xavier, St. Francis, ii. 67 York, Duke of [James H.], i. 162 Yorkshire, rising in, i. 146, 147 Zallinguer and Tsweyer, magistrates of Lucern and Uri, i. 307 Zug, canton of, i. 304 ; ii. 165 Zurich, Mr, Pell's negotiations at, i. 5, &c., 178, &c. ; the city authorities at, hesitate respecting the new treaty with France, 6, 25, 106, 1 10, 122 ; confer- ences at, 27; affairs of, 177, &c. ; assembly of deputies at Baden, 130; its resources for an expected war with Switz, 181, 184 ; grateful to the Eng. lish for their support, 195; sends am- bassadors to Savoy, on the persecution of the Waldenses, 208, 212, 220, 224, 230, 238, 2 jO ; who conclude a hasty treaty at Pignerol, 272, 275, 277 ; their reply to Mr. Pell's propositions, 232, 242 ; moneys due by Germany and France to, 239, 242 ; prepares lor war, 283, 290, 300, So4 ; the council of two-hundred at, 307, 309 ; on obtain- ing resources from England, could obtain cavalry from Germany, and loot from the highlands of ihe Grisons, 311, 314; Cromwell uilling to lend 20,000/. to Berne and, 336 ; message from, transmitted by Mr. Fell, 339 ; a second answer from, to Mr. Pell, 3i'0, 371 ; interests of, maintained after the conclusion of the «ar, 360, &c., 407, 421, 422 ; Colonel Lockhart ready to support the views of, in France, as to , the treaty, 411, 424; violent debates in the senate at, 429 ; still imporlu- 1 niift' for a loan, 439 ; negotiations at 518 INDEX. Constance regarding the revenues of certain monasteries, ii. 51 ; negotia- tions at Arraw, 53, 54; murder of the foot-postman, 69 ; apprehension of a rustic charged with the crime, 7(), 76; collection tor those who fled from Swilz, 74 ; Italian protestant refugees established at, and pros- perous, 75 ; resentment as to the French ambassador's conduct, 86 ; quarrel among the magistrates, ib. ; warned not to prepare for a new war, 117, 119; question of commerce with Trance, 115, 119, 273; de- cree against serving foreign states as soldiers, 168, 247 ; report by its de- puties of proceedings at Arraw, 169; Colonel Mey's proposals deliberated on, 170; the council of two-hundred, 205, 216 ; the terms they demand of France, 227, 239, 252 ; they prepare lor a renewal of ciyil war, 263*; 269 ; Louis has Zurich merchandise seized, on account of the jewels, 282 ; affair of General WerdmuUer 292—297; Mr. Pell quits Switzerland, and peace con- cluded among the cantons, 334. THE END. T. C. Savill, PrintLT, 107, St. Martin's Lane, Charing Crobs. t ^ This book is DUE on the last date stamped b^low WSCHARGME MAY 5 1949 ^^N- 29 1949 119SA 9 iRlC'D ^ ^' i. fee 3 1882 •^ A' EfflTOHHTOTO 9, Form L-9-15m-7,'32 ^CSB I.t-Ii 3 1158 00749 4817 A2.0 ^ fc QniiTucord HfninKjAi i irraRv Pirn iTv AA 000 509 506 2 UNIVERSITY JFORNIA L06 AiNbELErf LIBRARY & > -«* vV'J \\ ^ *^ i' ^ ■it's ¥ ^W. '■A **■*. S^^