COU11SE OF MATHEMATICAL W011KS, 
 
 BY GEORGE R. PERKINS, A. My, 
 
 Professor of Mathematics and Principal of the State Normal School 
 
 I. PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. Price 21 cts. 
 
 A want, with young pupils, of rapidity and accuracy in performing operations upon wn' ei 
 .lasers ; a-n imperfect knowledge of Numeration ; Inadequate conceptions of the nature i < 
 (e.tttions of Fractions, and a lack of familiarity with the principles of Decimals, have indu *" 
 
 thf author 10 prepare the PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. 
 
 The firs', part is devoted to MENTAL EXEROISES and the second to Exercises on the S v 
 n<7 Blackboard. 
 
 While the minds of young pupils are disciplined by mental exercises (if not wearisome 
 prolonged), they fail, in general, in trusting to "head-work" for their calculation?; and in t> 
 sorting to written operations to solve their difficulties, are often slow and inaccurate .Vom a w " 
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 oart of his book to primary written exercises. 
 
 It has been received with more popularity than any Arithmetic heit-iofore issued. 
 
 II. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC. Price 42 cts. 
 
 Has recently been carefully revised and enlarged. It will be found concise, yet lucid, ftieac).*' 
 the radical relations of numbers, and presents fundamental principles in analysis and examp ei 
 ) It leaves nothing obscure, yet it does not embarrass by multiplied processes, nor er.feeble ->i 
 ' minute details. 
 
 In this work all of the examples or problems are strictly practical, made up as they are i ; 
 great measure of important statistics and valuable facjs in history and f hilosophy, which i i> 
 thus unconsciously learned in acquiring a knowledge of the Arithmetic. 
 
 Fractions are placed immediately after Division ; Federal Money is treated as and with lii 
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 its application in their solution. Every rule is marked with verity and simplicity. The ; 
 swers to all of the examples are given. 
 
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 operai ions and interesting properties of numbers are fully discussed. The work is what its nai 
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 6 
 
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PERKINS' SERIES. 
 
 THE 
 
 PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC: 
 
 DESIGNED FOR SUCH 
 
 INSTITUTIONS 
 
 A3 REQUIRE A GREATER NUMBER OF EXAMPLES THAN ARE 
 GIVEN IN THE 
 
 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE R. PERKINS, A.M. 
 
 PRINCIPAL AND PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN NEW YORK STATE NORMAl 
 
 SCHOOL, AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC," "HIGHER 
 
 ARITHMETIC," " ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA," 
 
 ETC. ETC. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 200 BROADWAY ' 
 
 M DCCC LII. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in Ine yoar U5i 
 BY GEORGE R. PERKINS, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern 
 District of New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 WHILE many distinguished teachers unite in pronouncing 
 my Elementary Arithmetic as the best work of the kind, 
 well adapted to the purpose of teaching the science, as well 
 as the art, of Arithmetic ; others have often expressed to 
 me their belief that its usefulness would be greatly in- 
 creased by the addition of more examples of a practical 
 kind ; and in many cases I have been strongly urged to 
 omit.the answers. 
 
 I am convinced that for certain grades of institutions it 
 would be well to have a greater variety of examples for 
 practice, but I do not so readily see the advantage of omit- 
 ting the answers. I have always been inclined to believe 
 the omission of the answers gave an opportunity for the 
 pupil, and in some cases for the teacher, to pass over many 
 principles without thoroughly understanding them, since a 
 result would frequently be obtained which might perhaps 
 be quite erroneous ; and having no answer with which to 
 compare it, he dismisses the subject with the belief that he 
 has conquered the difficulty, and that he understands clearly 
 the principle especially designed to be brought out by the 
 example. 
 
 With these facts in view, I have prepared the Practical 
 1* 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 Arithmetic, which is designed not to supply the place of 
 the Elementary Arithmetic, but is designed for the use of 
 such institutions as require a greater number of examples 
 than are given in that work. 
 
 In many cases the rules have been rewritten and con- 
 densed, so as to bring the same rule to apply to as large a 
 class of operations as possible. 
 
 The arrangement of the subjects is in many respects dif- 
 ferent from that given in the Elementary Arithmetic. The 
 whole is divided into chapters, and under each chapter the 
 examples begin a new numbering, so that under the same 
 chapter there are no two examples of the same number. 
 
 In forming these examples, great care has been taken to 
 make them as practical as possible. The answers have been 
 omitted in the body of the work, but they are given in. the 
 Appendix, where they are arranged in reference to the 
 chapter and section. 
 
 The questions designed to test the pupil's knowledge of 
 the principles and rules, are also given in the Appendix. 
 In the construction of these test questions, care has been 
 taken to draw out the actual knowledge of the pupil, as in 
 many cases they cannot be correctly answered without a 
 thorough knowledge of the subject. It is believed these 
 questions will be found of valuable assistance to the teacher 
 in reviews. 
 
 GEO. R. PERKINS. 
 
 ALBANY, JUNE, 1851. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Page 
 
 Arithmetic defined 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Notation 2 
 
 Roman Notation 2 
 
 Arabic Notation 4 
 
 Numeration 9 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Addition 11 
 
 Proof of Addition 14 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Subtraction 20 
 
 Proof of Subtraction 24 
 
 Questions involving Addition and Subtraction 26 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Multiplication 27 
 
 Proof of Multiplication 33 
 
 Questions involving Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication... 35 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Division 38 
 
 Proof of Division 43 
 
 Questions involving the four ground rules ...".. 47 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Page 
 
 General Problems and Principles 50 
 
 Principles evolved from Division 53 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Prime Numbers 54 
 
 Greatest Common Divisor 57 
 
 Least Common Multiple 60 
 
 Cancelation 63 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Fractions defined 65 
 
 Reduction of Fractions , 67 
 
 Addition of Fractions 74 
 
 Subtraction of Fractions 75 
 
 Multiplication of Fractions 76 
 
 Division of Fractions 77 
 
 Reciprocals 78 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples in Common Fractions 79 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Decimal Fractions 82 
 
 Addition of Decimals 86 
 
 Subtraction of Decimals 87 
 
 Multiplication of Decimals 88 
 
 Division of Decimals 90 
 
 Promiscuous Examples in Decimals 93 
 
 Reduction of Common Fractions to Decimals 95 
 
 Reduction of Decimals to Common Fractions 97 
 
 Federal Money 98 
 
 Promiscuous Examples in Federal Money 101 $ 
 
 Abridged Method for operations in Federal Money 107 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Denominate Numbers. 109 
 
 English or Sterling Money 110 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Page 
 Troy Weight ................................................................ Ill 
 
 Apothecaries' Weight ...................................................... Ill 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight ....................................................... 112 
 
 Long Measure ................................................... ........... 112 
 
 Cloth Measure ............................................................... 113 
 
 Square Measure ............................................................ 114 
 
 Solid or Cubic Measure ................................................... 115 
 
 Wine Measure ............................................................... 116 
 
 Ale or Beer Measure ...................................................... 116 
 
 Dry Measure ................................................................ 116 
 
 Time ........................................................................... 117 
 
 Circular Measure ............................................................ 118 
 
 Table of particular Weights and Measures .......................... 119 
 
 Reduction of Denominate Quantities .................................. 123 
 
 Promiscuous Exercises in Reduction of Denominate Quantities... 127 
 Addition of Denominate Numbers ..................................... 132 
 
 Subtraction of Denominate Numbers .................................. 135 
 
 Exercises in Addition and Subtraction ................................. 137 
 
 Multiplication of Denominate Numbers ............................... 139 
 
 Division of Denominate Numbers ...................................... . 142 
 
 Questions involving the four preceding rules ........................ 143 
 
 Duodecimals ................................................................ 146 
 
 Addition and Subtraction of Duodecimals ............................ 146 
 
 Multiplication of Duodecimals ........................................... 147 
 
 Division of Duodecimals ................................................... 150 
 
 Addition of Denominate Fractions ..................................... 152 
 
 Subtraction of Denominate Fractions .................................. 153 
 
 Exercises in Denominate Fractions ..................................... 154 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Percentage .................................................................. 156 
 
 Commission, Brokerage, and Stocks .................................... 159 
 
 Assessment of Taxes ...................................................... 162 
 
 Custom-house Business .................................................... 164 
 
 Insurance ..................................................................... 167 
 
 Profit and Loss ............................................................. 169 
 
 Simple Interest ............................................................ 173 
 
 Interest when the time is estimated in days ........................ 179 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Partial Payments 181 
 
 Problems in Interest 186 
 
 Discount 191 
 
 Compound Interest 192 
 
 Banking 193 
 
 Bank Discount 194 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Analysis 198 
 
 Ratio 200 
 
 Practice 205 
 
 Reduction of Currencies 207 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Proportion 214 
 
 Single Rule of Three, first form 216 
 
 Single Rule of Three, second form 220 
 
 Compound Proportion 224 
 
 Rule for Compound Proportion 226 
 
 Arbitration of Exchange 229 
 
 Partnership or Fellowship 231 
 
 Double Fellowship 233 
 
 CHAPTER XY. 
 
 Average 235 
 
 Equation of Payments 238 
 
 Rule for finding Cash Balance of Book Account v 242 
 
 Alligation Medial 246 
 
 Alligation Alternate 248 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Involution ,. 253 
 
 Evolution iy. 254 
 
 Rule for extracting the Square Root 260 
 
 Examples involving the principles of the Square Root...-, 262 
 
 Demonstration of Rule for extracting Cube Root * 268 
 
 Examples involving the principles of the Cube Root 275 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Page 
 
 Arithmetical Progression 277 
 
 Geometrical Progression 280 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Mensuration 284 
 
 Promiscuous Questions .j 294 
 
 APPENDIX.. ,. 305 
 
THE 
 
 PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ARITHMETIC. 
 
 1. EVERY single thing is called a unit, A NUMBER, then, 
 must represent one or more units. 
 
 If the units represented by a number have no reference 
 to particular things, the number is called an abstract number. 
 
 Thus, the number Eight is an abstract number, because 
 it does not mean eight apples, or eight dollars, or eight any 
 particular things, but, simply, eight. 
 
 If the units represented by a number have reference to 
 particular things, the number is called a concrete or denom- 
 inate number. 
 
 Thus, the number Eight, meaning eight apples, or eight 
 dollars, or eight any particular things, is a denominate num- 
 ber. 
 
 NOTE. Units or numbers are called denominate, because they de- 
 nominate or name particular things. 
 
 $ 2. ARITHMETIC treats of numbers, whether abstract or 
 denominate. As a science, it is a knowledge of the proper- 
 ties and relations of numbers ; as an art, it is a practical 
 facility in computing by numbers 
 
NOTATION. 
 
 [CHAP. n. 
 
 Numbers^ may be expressed by words, by letters, or by 
 figures. These two latter methods form different systems 
 of notation. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 NOTATION. 
 
 3. NOTATION is the expressing of numbers by letters 
 or figures. 
 
 The use of letters for this purpose was adopted by several early 
 nations, especially by the Romans ; hence called the 
 
 ROMAN METHOD. 
 
 This method employed seven capital letters, viz. : I for one ; 
 V for five ; X for ten ; L forffty; C for a hundred ; D for Jive hun- 
 dred; M for a thousand. By means of these letters, repeated or 
 variously combined, any number may be expressed ; thus : 
 
 I stands 
 
 for One. 
 
 XV stands for Fifteen. 
 
 II " 
 
 " Two. 
 
 XVI " 
 
 " Sixteen. 
 
 III 
 
 Three. 
 
 XVII " 
 
 " Seventeen. 
 
 IV " 
 
 V 
 
 " Four. 
 " Five. 
 
 XVIII " 
 XIX " 
 
 " Eighteen. 
 " Nineteen. 
 
 VI " 
 VII " 
 VIII " 
 
 IX 
 
 Six. 
 " Seven. 
 " Eight. 
 " Nine. 
 
 XX 
 XXI " 
 L " 
 
 C " 
 
 " Twenty. 
 " Twenty-one. 
 " Fifty. 
 " One hundred. 
 
 "X" " 
 
 Ten. 
 
 D 
 
 " Five hundred. 
 
 XI " 
 
 " Eleven. 
 
 DO 
 
 " Six hundred. 
 
 XII 
 
 " Twelve. 
 
 M " 
 
 " One thousand. 
 
 XIII 
 
 " Thirteen. 
 
 MM 
 
 " Two thousand. 
 
 XIV 
 
 " Fourteen. 
 
 MMM 
 
 " Three thousand. 
 
 A letter placed before another letter of greater value, takes away 
 its own value from the greater ; as V, five ; IV, one from five, or four. 
 
 A letter placed after another letter of greater value, adds its own 
 value to the greater ; as V, five ; VI, five and one, or six. 
 
3.] ROMAN METHOD. 3 
 
 The repeating of a letter repeats the value of the letter. 
 
 A horizontal line over a letter increases it a thousand-fold ; thus, 
 
 D, five hundred ; D, five hundred thousand. 
 
 1-5. Write, after the Roman method, seventeen ; forty- 
 two ; twenty-six ; ninety-eight ; one hundred and three. 
 
 611. Write eighty-two ; fifty-seven ; seventy-nine; four 
 hundred and thirty ; six hundred and eighty ; two thousand 
 and seven. 
 
 12-14. Write three hundred thousand ; nine hundred and 
 sixty thousand ; one million. 
 
 15. How many dollars are represented by bank bills, 
 marked as follows : X ; XX ; V ; I ; II ; III ? 
 
 16. How many dollars are represented by bank bills, 
 marked X ; C ; V ; L ; I ? 
 
 17-28. Read the following numbers : XXVI; CXLIY ; 
 XCVIII ; MCCCXII ; MDCCCL ; MDCCCCLXXII ; 
 
 D; DMMDCCLXX; M; XXCIV ; MDCLXXXVIII ; 
 MDCCLXXV. 
 
 Roman numbers are now used chiefly to mark volumes, 
 chapters, or lessons ; to indicate the hours on clock or watch 
 faces ; for dates upon tombstones, tablets, &c. ; and to des- 
 ignate the year of the Christian era. 
 
 NOTE. Among the Romans each I represented a finger ; the 
 whole hand spread out, thus, \\JA represented fve. This character 
 was afterwards written V. X, ten, is merely two fives written one 
 above the other ; thus, (V.) 
 
 C, the initial of Centum, the Latin for one hundred, was often 
 written C ; this character cut in two, will leave L, fifty, for its 
 lower half. 
 
 M, the initial of Mille, the Latin for one thousand, was originally 
 written CIO. The right-hand portion of this character is 10, which 
 represents five hundred, and is now expressed by D. 
 
NOTATION. [CHAP. n. 
 
 ARABIC NOTATION. 
 
 4. The method of notation in common use is the Ar.a,bic. 
 This method employs ten characters, viz. : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. 
 
 One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Naught. 
 
 Each of these characters, except the Naught, is called a 
 digit ;* and the first nine taken together are called the nine 
 digits. 
 
 The digits are also called significant figures. 
 
 $ 5. The significant figures have unchanging values ; that 
 is, they always represent Units or Ones; but the units 
 which they represent differ in value. 
 
 If a significant figure stand disconnected from other fig- 
 ures, the value of its unit is called its simple value. Thus, 
 6 means six units of simple value. 
 
 But if a significant figure stand in connection with other 
 figures, the value of its unit is called its local value, because 
 this value depends upon the place which such figure occu- 
 pies, in relation to the figures with which it is connected. 
 
 Thus, in the number 3456, which consists of four signifi- 
 cant figures standing in connection with each other, each 
 figure expresses units ; but units of different values. 
 
 The 6 occupies the right-hand or first place ; and its units 
 are said to be of the first order : their value is their simple 
 value ; that is, they represent six single ones. 
 
 The 5 occupies the second place ; and its units are said to 
 be of the second order : their value is ten times greater than 
 
 * From the Latin, digitus, a finger ; because the ancients used to do their reck 
 oning on their fingers. Originally 10, ten, was also called a digit. 
 
6.] ARABIC NOTATION. 5 
 
 the value of the units of the first order ; that is, they repre- 
 sent 5 tens. 
 
 The 4 occupies the third place ; and its units are said to 
 be of the third order : their value is ten times greater than 
 the value of the units of the second order, and one hundred 
 times greater than the value of the units of the first order ; 
 that is, they represent 4 hundreds. 
 
 The 3 occupies the fourth place ; and its units are said to 
 be of the fourth order : their value is ten times greater than 
 the value of the units of the third order, and one thousand 
 times greater than the value of the units of the first order ; 
 that is, they represent 3 thousands. 
 
 Each unit, then, of the 6, represents a simple unit : each 
 unit of the 5 represents a ten : each unit of the 4 represents 
 a hundred : each unit of the 3 represents a thousand. 
 
 So we might proceed with any number of figures thus 
 connected together. Hence we discover this fundamental 
 property : 
 
 Every fyure in a number represents a value ten times 
 greater than that of the fyure next to it at its right hand. 
 
 6. The naught, 0, represents the absence of number. 
 It shows that in the place which it occupies, no value is to 
 be expressed. 
 
 Thus, in the preceding number 3456, for the 4 and 5, 
 substitute naughts, thus, 3006. These naughts show that 
 there are no units of the second order, or tens, and no units 
 of the third order, or hundreds, in the number. 
 
 Again, 7 standing alone, represents seven units of the first 
 order, or of simple value : a naught written at the right of 
 the 7, thus, 70, shows that there are no units of the first 
 order in the number. The 7 now occupies the second place, 
 and represents units of the second order, or 7 tens. 
 
 1* 
 
6 NOTATION. [CHAP. n. 
 
 Two naughts written at the right of the 7, thus 700, 
 show that there are no units either of the first or of the sec- 
 ond order in the number. The 7 now occupies the third 
 place, and represents units of the third order, or 7 hundreds, 
 and so on. 
 
 Hence this property : 
 
 Every naught at the right of a significant figure increases 
 the value which that figure represents ten-fold. 
 
 And conversely : 
 
 Every naught removed from the right of a significant 
 figure, diminishes the value which that figure represents 
 ten-fold. 
 
 NOTE. It will be seen that the office of the naught is to keep the 
 significant figures in their proper places ; so that they shall correctly 
 express the order of units which they are intended to represent. 
 Annexing them to, or taking them from, the right of a digit, increases 
 or diminishes its value, by causing that digit to occupy a place fur- 
 ther to the left or further to the right. 
 
 7. We have already seen that the first place of a num- 
 ber is occupied by units, the second place by tens, the third 
 place by hundreds, and the fourth place by thousands. 
 
 In writing numbers, then, which do not contain more than 
 four places, the pupil will probably find no difficulty. 
 
 Begin with the units of the highest order mentioned, 
 and in whatever place no units are required, be careful to 
 write 0. 
 
 Express in figures seven thousand nine hundred and four. 
 
 In this example the highest order of units is thousands, 
 of which there are 7 : the next order is hundreds, of which 
 there are 9 : the next order is tens, of which there are : 
 the next order is simple units, of which there are 4. The 
 whole number is 7904. 
 
8.] ARABIC NOTATION. 7 
 
 29-43. Express in figures : 
 
 Twenty. (Two tens and no Eight thousand and seven. 
 
 units.) Nine thousand and twenty- 
 Thirty-seven. (Three tens and seven. 
 
 seven units.) Four thousand and six. 
 
 Ninety-eight. Three thousand. 
 
 Three hundred and thirty- One thousand and one. 
 
 seven. One thousand and one hun- 
 Four hundred and seven. dred. 
 
 Two thousand four hundred One hundred and one. 
 
 and thirty-seven. One thousand one hundred 
 Six thousand four hundred and one. 
 
 and seven. 
 
 8. Suppose it be required to express in figures the num- 
 ber Sixty-one millions, nine hundred and thirty-four thou- 
 sands, four hundred and sixty-five. 
 
 There are three denominations in this number : Millions, 
 Thousands, and Units. 
 
 Write, first, the figures that express how many millions 
 there are in the number: 61. Write, next, the figures that 
 express how many thousands there are in the number : 934. 
 Write, finally, the figures that express how many units there 
 are in the number : 405. Connecting these groups in a line, 
 
 61,934,405, 
 
 we have the number that was to be expressed. 
 
 The following are the names of the first eight groups, or 
 periods, counting from the right towards the left : Units, 
 Thousands, Millions, Billions, Trillions, Quadrillions, 
 <J H 'nit i Until*, Scxtillions, Sejitil/i(mx, Octillions. These pe- 
 riods may be extended indefinitely. 
 
 Each period contains three places. In the first or right- 
 
8 NOTATION. [CHAP. n. 
 
 hand place, the units of the period must be written : in the 
 second place, the tens must be written : in the third place, 
 the hundreds must be written. 
 
 In expressing large numbers, then, by figures, begin with 
 the highest denomination, and write out its period as re- 
 quired, and so proceed with all the periods ; taking care that 
 each period except the left-hand one, has its three places oc- 
 cupied either by digits or by naughts. 
 
 Express in figures the number Seven trillions, six millions, 
 and thirty-one. 
 
 This number involves five periods, (although but three 'are heard 
 in reading,) Trillions, Billions, Millions, Thousands, and Units. In the 
 highest or trillions' period, the unit's place only is occupied : 7. In 
 the next, or billions' period, there are no hundreds, tens, or units ; 
 therefore write 000. In the millions' period, there are no hundreds, 
 no tens, but simply G units ; tlterefore write for this period 006. The 
 thousands' period requires no digits ; therefore write for that period 
 000. In the units' period there are no hundreds to be expressed ; 
 therefore write in the hundreds' place : in the tens' place write 3 : 
 in the units' place write 1. 
 
 The whole number, then, is 7,000,006,000,031. 
 
 The following will exhibit the periods, and the places in each 
 period, as high as Octillions. 
 
 a |s| 1 s | is 1 1|| i|| | 1 1 1 | i| i in il 
 
 3 2 1, 4 G 8, 9 7,8 4 3, 1,0 00,^7 4 1,8 01, 4^*2 21 
 4449. Express in figures the following numbers : (two 
 
9.] NUMEKATION. 9 
 
 periods.) Twenty-seven thousand three hundred ; nine hun- 
 dred and forty thousand and two hundred ; thirty-six thou- 
 sand four hundred and fifty-six ; five hundred and one thou- 
 sand ; ninety-eight thousand ; eleven thousand. 
 
 50-53. (Three periods.) Forty-six millions, nine hundred 
 and thirty thousand, six hundred and fifty-nine ; three hun- 
 dred and seven millions, eight hundred and two thousand, 
 five hundred and nine ; nine hundred and eighty-one mil- 
 lions, seven hundred ; ten millions, ten thousand and ten. 
 
 54-57. (Four periods.) Ninety-six billions, forty-eight 
 millions, seventy three thousand and ninety-eight ; eight 
 hundred and seven billions and six ; ninety billions and four 
 thousand and ten ; eight hundred billions, six millions and 
 seven. 
 
 58-62. (Five periods.) Forty-eight trillions ; six hundred 
 and nine trillions ; nine hundred and eighty trillions, four 
 billions and seven ; three trillions and two ; nine trillions 
 and two thousand. 
 
 63-68. Thirty-six sextillions and ninety-eight ; four quad- 
 rillions, eight trillions, five thousand and ninety-four ; thirty- 
 five quadrillions, ninety-eight billions and sixty-three ; nine 
 hundred millions, seven hundred thousand, five hundred and 
 ninety ; eighty-six septillions and five billions ; nine hundred 
 billions and forty-six thousand. 
 
 NOTE. The preceding method of Notation is the French, which ia 
 now in almost universal use. The English method counts six places 
 in the period. 
 
 NUMERATION. 
 
 9. NUMERATION is the reverse process of Notation. 
 Notation is the method of expressing in figures numbers 
 that are written in words ; Numeration is the method of 
 expressing in words, numbers that are written in figures. 
 
10 NOTATION. [CHAP. n. 
 
 Notation answers to writing, and Numeration answers to 
 reading. 
 
 To read large numbers with facility, separate them, as 
 before, into periods of three places each, counting from units. 
 Then commencing at the left hand, read the figures in each 
 period, adding the name of the period. The name of the 
 unit's period need not be added. 
 
 Thus, for example, read the following : 37192854675. 
 Separate the figures into periods as directed. This may be 
 done in the imagination, or by the aid of the comma. The 
 number will then be read, 
 
 37 billions, 192 millions, 854 thousands, 675. 
 
 69-75. Read the following numbers : 678210 ; 5493678 ; 
 456321980; 779146005; 42567000123901; 327980060; 
 32987654300000*098. 
 
 76-80. 563428670009; 358920761; 987678932; 
 4560007980540068 ; 33492677005316896321. 
 
 Let the following sentences be read : 
 
 81. The distance of the earth from the nearest fixed star 
 is supposed to be about 20000000000000 miles. 
 
 82. The distance of the moon from the earth is 236847 
 miles. 
 
 83. The planet Mercury is distant from the sun 36814721 
 miles. 
 
 84. Yenus is distant from the sun 68791752 miles. 
 
 85. Mars is 144907630 miles distant from the sun. 
 
 86. Jupiter is 494499108 miles distant from the sun. 
 
 87. The diameter of the sun is 883246 miles. 
 
 88. The circumference is 2774799 miles. 
 
10.] ADDITION. 11 
 
 89. The square miles on his surface is 2450830241208. 
 
 90. The number of cubic miles is 360781001204398299. 
 
 91. The amount of tea consumed in the United States for 
 the years 1842-1846, was 73376290 pounds. 
 
 92. The amount of coffee consumed for the same time 
 was 561707046 pounds. 
 
 NOTE. To convey some idea of the number in a trillion, it may be 
 stated that not a trillion seconds have eVpned since the birth of Christ, 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ADDITION. 
 
 10. ADDITION is the process of uniting two or more num- 
 bers so as to form one number ; thus, 8 and 6 are 14. 
 
 Numbers of the same ldnd or denomination only can be 
 added ; thus we may add 8 oranges to 6 oranges, or 8 dol- 
 lars to 6 dollars, or, simply, 8 (units) to 6 (units) ; but we 
 cannot add 8 oranges to 6 dollars, or 8 dollars to 6 units. 
 
 The single number, formed by uniting two or more num- 
 bers, is called the SUM. 
 
 The sign or symbol used for addition is + Thus, 6 + 8 
 Kieans 6 added to 8. The symbol =, which is not confined 
 to addition, means equal to; thus, 6 + 8 = 14, is the same 
 as if written 6 added to 8 is equal to 14. The expression 
 be read 6 and 8 are 14.* 
 
 * The symbol + is often read plus, which is a Latin word, meaning more. 
 
12 ADDITION. [CHAr. HI. 
 
 Let the pupil commit to memory the following 
 
 ADDITION TABLE. 
 
 2+ 2= 4 
 
 8- 
 
 - 2= 5 
 
 4+ 2= 6 
 
 5+ 2= 7 
 
 C+ 2= S 
 
 2-j- 3= 5 
 
 ; V 
 
 - 3= 6 
 
 4+ 3= 7 
 
 5+ 3= 8 
 
 6+ 3= 9 
 
 24- 4= 6 
 
 3- 
 
 - 4= 7 
 
 4+ 4= 8 
 
 5+ 4= 9 
 
 6+ 4=10 
 
 2+ 5= 7 
 
 3- 
 
 - 5= 8 
 
 4+ 5= 9 
 
 5+ 5=10 
 
 6+ 5=11 
 
 2+ 6= 8 
 
 Jj+ 6= 9 
 
 4+ 6=10 
 
 5+ 6=11 
 
 6+ 6=12 
 
 2+ 7= 9 
 
 3+ 7=10 
 
 4+ 7=11 
 
 5+ 7=12 
 
 6+ 7=13 
 
 2+ 8=10 
 
 3- 
 
 - 8=11 
 
 4+ 8=12 
 
 5+ 8=13 
 
 6+ 8=14 
 
 2+ 9=11 
 
 3- 
 
 - 9=12 
 
 4+ 9=13 
 
 5+ 9=14 
 
 6+ 9=15 
 
 2+10=12 
 
 8- 
 
 -10=13 
 
 4+10=14 
 
 5+10=15 
 
 6+10=16 
 
 2-j-H=13 
 
 3- 
 
 -11=14 
 
 4+11=15 
 
 5+11=16 
 
 6+11=17 
 
 2+12=14 
 
 3+12=15 
 
 4+12=16 
 
 5+12=17 
 
 6+12=18 
 
 7+ 2= 9 
 
 8+ 2=10 
 
 9+ 2=11 
 
 11+ 2=13 
 
 12+ 2=14 
 
 7+ 3=10 
 
 8+ 3=11 
 
 9+ 3=12 
 
 11+ 3=14 
 
 12+ 3=15 
 
 7+ 4=11 
 
 8+ 4=12 
 
 9+ 4=13 
 
 11+ 4=15 
 
 12+ 4=16 
 
 7+ 5=12 
 
 8+ 5=13 
 
 9+ 5=14 
 
 11+ 5=16 
 
 12+ 5=17 
 
 7+ 613 
 
 8+ 614 
 
 9+ 6=15 
 
 11+ 6=17 
 
 12+ 6=18 
 
 74- 7=14 
 
 8+ 7=15 
 
 9+ 7=16 
 
 11+ 7=18 
 
 12+ 7=19 
 
 7+ 8=15 
 
 8+ 8=16 
 
 9+ 8=17 
 
 11+ 8=19 
 
 12+ 8=20 
 
 7+ 9=16 
 
 8+ 9=17 
 
 9+ 9=18 
 
 11+ 9=20 
 
 12+ 9=21 
 
 7+10=17 
 
 8+10=18 
 
 9+10=19 
 
 11+10=21 
 
 12+10=22 
 
 7+11=18 
 
 8+11=19 
 
 9+11=20 
 
 11+1122 
 
 12+11=23 
 
 7+12=19 
 
 8+12=20 
 
 9+12=21 
 
 11+12=23 
 
 12+12=24 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Let the foregoing table be thoroughly committed to mem- 
 ory. Time bestowed here will save time in all after arithmetical 
 processes. The preceding combinations of digits lie at the founda- 
 tion of the combinations of larger numbers. Thus, if the scholar see 
 instantly that 7 and 6 are equal to 13, he will also instantly see that 
 17 and 6 are equal to 23 ; the right-hand figure being the same in 
 all sums that differ by one or more tens. 
 
 It will be well for the teacher to skip about in examining the pu- 
 pil, and to require prompt answers, preventing, if possible, the ob- 
 taining of the sum required by adding one at a time. 
 
 After having exercised the pupil in adding two numbers, let the 
 question combine three, four, or more ; thus, 7+8+6+9 ? 
 
11.] 
 
 ADDITION. 
 
 IS 
 
 11. Where the sums of the several columns are less 
 than ten : 
 
 Add together 2432, 3343, and 4122.. 
 
 Write the numbers so that the figures of the same kind shall fall 
 in the same column ; that is, so that units may be under units, tens 
 under tens, <fcc. Draw a line under the whole, as in the example. 
 
 Add, first, the column of units. "Write the 
 sum, 7, underneath. Next, add the tens ; write 
 their sum, 9, under the column of tens. Next, 
 add the hundreds ; write the sum, 8, under the 
 hundreds. Lastly, add the thousands, and set the 
 sum, 9, under the column of thousands. -The 
 whole sum is nine thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-seven. 
 
 1. Add 6264, 2532, and 1203. 
 
 2. Add 4132, 1001, and 1423. 
 Add the following : 
 
 (3.) (4.) (5.) 
 
 5153 3642 2001 
 4245 6037 3658 
 
 3 I w 
 
 os:*; 
 
 ? 5 r _ 
 H B H & 
 
 2432 
 3343 
 4122 
 
 9897 
 
 3026178 
 2513421 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil prepare himself in his seat to perform the 
 addition in the class. At the recitation, let one be required to add, 
 say, the sums in Ex. 3. The scholar called upon, will answer, at 
 once, eight, nine, three, nine, which figures the class will write in 
 their proper places. 
 
 12. Where the sums of the several columns equal or 
 exceed ten : 
 
 Find the sum of the following numbers : 3758, 4903, 
 7006, 3713, 3721. 
 
 -3 
 
23101 
 
 14: ADDITION. [CHA.P. IIL 
 
 Place the numbers as directed in (11) the 
 preceding example. The sum of the numbers 
 in the units' column is 21 ; that is, 2 tens and 1 
 unit. Set the 1 under the units' column, and 
 carry the 2 to the next, or tens' column. The 
 sum of the tens' column, thus increased, is 10 
 tens ; that is, 1 hundred and no tens. Place a 
 naught under the tens' column, and carry the 1 
 to the hundreds' column. The sum of the hun- 
 dreds' column, so increased, is 31 hundreds; that 
 is, 3 thousands and 1 hundred. Set the 1 under 
 the hundreds' column, and carry the 3 to the 
 thousands' column. The sum of this column, so increased, is 23 
 thousands, or 2 tens of thousands and 3 thousands. Set the 3 
 under the thousands' column, and carry the 2 to the tens of thou- 
 sands' place ; or, what is the same thing, set down the whole of the 
 sum of the last column. 
 
 From what has thus far been explained, the pupil will be 
 able to understand the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the numbers to be added so that the figures of the 
 same kind shall fall in the same column. 
 
 II. Commence at the right, and add each column suc- 
 cessively : if the sum of any column be less than 10, place 
 each sum under the column added; but if it equal or exceed 
 10, place the right-hand figure of the sum under the column 
 added, and carry the left-hand figure or figures to the next 
 column. 
 
 III. Write down the whole sum of the last column. 
 
 PROOF OF ADDITION. 
 
 Begin at the top, and add the columns downward. This 
 will vary the order in which the figures were added, and 
 will be likely to rectify error. 
 
12.] 
 
 ADDITION. 
 
 15 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Prepare the following before recitation, and let them be 
 performed aloud in the class ; thus (Ex. 8), " twelve, twen- 
 ty :" the class writes the proper figure in its place ; " four, 
 nine, eighteen, twenty-one," and so on. 
 
 (8.) 
 
 (9.) 
 
 56430 
 
 7921341 
 
 12798 
 
 82345678 
 
 34457 
 
 79013265 
 
 21325 
 
 7890275 
 
 (10.) 
 
 62849765 
 98765432 
 23456789 
 64698705 
 
 (11.) - 
 
 2809576832 
 
 95300765 
 
 298 
 
 46543298764 
 
 (12.) 
 
 7920658437 
 5987693219 
 1439758436 
 2870129876 
 5432194562 
 
 (13.) 
 
 49827088221 
 
 30765098762 
 
 25421765765 
 
 379866 
 
 2996 
 
 (14.) 
 
 54952138017 
 79876320441 
 57632768719 
 28495762804 
 998799 
 
 (15.) 
 
 34567890 
 
 2357911 
 
 234567 
 
 24897 
 
 64 
 
 (16.) 
 
 43345678 
 
 21123355 
 
 27893 
 
 54689 
 
 734321 
 
 (17.) 
 
 123423434 
 
 23785432 
 
 9876543 
 
 751002 
 
 10200 
 
 18. Add 123405, 2354210, 794327, and 36547, together 
 
 19. Add 275602, 345607, 4567801, and 365, together. 
 
 20. Add 100375, 406780, 4673005, 4112, and 2478, to- 
 gether. 
 
16 ADDITION. [CHAP. III. 
 
 21. Add 1034001, 78954, 379205, 367001, and 45637, 
 together. 
 
 22. What is the sum of the following numbers : Three 
 thousand six hundred and fifty, seven thousand eighl, hun- 
 dred and thirty-two, eleven thousand five hundred and sixty- 
 seven, ten thousand and fifty-six, four hundred and seventy- 
 two ? 
 
 23. What is the sum of the numbers, four thousand three 
 hundred and seventy-three, three thousand one hundred and 
 fourteen, one thousand two hundred and twenty-three, six 
 hundred and fifty-four ? 
 
 24. Find the number of days in a year the days of the 
 respective months being as follows: January 31, February 
 28, March 31, April 30, May 31, June 30, July 31, Au- 
 gust 31, September 30, October 31, November 30, Decem- 
 ber 31. 
 
 25. A man drew five loads of bricks : in the first load 
 he had 1209, in the second load 1453, in the third load 
 1101, in the fourth load 1212, and in the fifth load 1303. 
 How many bricks were there in all ? 
 
 26. If there are shipped from the United States, 15624 
 barrels of flour to Sweden, 250 barrels to Holland, 205154 
 barrels to England, 6401 to Texas, 19602 to Mexico, what 
 is the whole amount ? 
 
 27. In 1837 the United States exported 100232 hogs- 
 heads of tobacco; in 1838 they exported 100592 ; in 1839 
 they exported 78995 ; in 1840 they exported 119484 ; in 
 1841 they exported 147828. How many hogsheads of to- 
 bacco were exported during these five years ? 
 
 28. If the cotton crop of the United States is estimated 
 at 1360532 bales for the year 1839, 2177835 bales for the 
 year 1840, 1634945 bales for the year 1841, and 1683574 
 
12.] ADDITION. 17 
 
 bales for the year 1842, how many bales will the four years' 
 crops amount to ? 
 
 29. In 1839 the Onondago Springs produced 2864718 
 bushels of salt; in 1840 they produced 2622305 bushels ; 
 "in 1841 they produced 3340769 bushels; in 1842 they 
 produced 2291903 bushels. What is the whole number of 
 bushels during the above four years ? 
 
 30. The United States exported in bullion and specie in 
 1838, 3508046 dollars ; in 1839, 8776743 dollars ; in 1840, 
 8417014 dollars; in 1841, 10034332 dollars. How much 
 was exported during these four years ? 
 
 31. The amount of tea consumed in the United States, 
 during 1842, was 1348265 pounds; in 1843, it was 12785748 
 pounds ; in 1844, it was 13054327 pounds ; in 1845, it was 
 17162550 pounds; and in 1846, it was 16891020 pounds. 
 What was the whole number of pounds during these five 
 years ? 
 
 32. The amount of coffee consumed in the United States, 
 during the year 1842, was 107383567 pounds ; in 1843, it 
 was 85916666 pounds; in 1844, it was 149711820 pounds; 
 in 1845, it was 94358939 pounds ; and in 1846, it was 
 124336054 pounds. What was the whole number of pounds 
 during these five years ? 
 
 33. The number of acres of public land sold by the 
 United States government, in the year 1841, was 1164796 
 acres; in the year 1842, it was 1129217 acres; in 1843, it 
 was 1605264 acres ; in 1844, it was 1754763 acres ; and in 
 1845, it was 1843527 acres. What was the whole number 
 of acres sold during these five years ? 
 
 34. The United States revenue for letter postage, under 
 the new law, was as follows: for the year 1842, it was 
 3953315 dollars; for 1843, it was 3738307 dollars; for 
 184-f, it was 3676162 dollars ; and for 1845, it was 3660231 
 
18 ADDITION. [CHAP. ILL 
 
 dollars. What was the whole number of dollars during these 
 four years ? 
 
 35. In 1843, the amount of gold coined at the United 
 States mint and branches was as follows : at Philadelphia, 
 4062010 dollars; at the branch at New Orleans, 3177000 
 dollars ; at Dahlonega, 582782 dollars; at Charlotte, 287005 
 dollars. How many dollars of gold were coined in all ? 
 
 36. The population of Europe is estimated at two hun- 
 dred and thirty-three millions, two hundred and forty thou- 
 sand and forty-three ; of Asia, at six hundred and eight 
 millions, five hundred and sixteen thousand and nineteen ; 
 of Africa, at one hundred and one millions, four hundred 
 and ninety-eight thousand, four hundred and eleven ; of 
 America, at forty-eight millions, seven thousand one hun- 
 dred and fifty ; of Oceanica, one million, eight hundred and 
 thirty-four thousand, one hundred and ninety-four. What 
 is the population of the globe ? 
 
 37. The number of square miles in Europe is estimated 
 at three millions, eight hundred and seven thousand, one 
 hundred and ninety-five ; in Asia, seventeen millions, eight 
 hundred and five thousand, one hundred and forty-six ; in 
 Africa, eleven millions, six hundred and forty-seven thou- 
 sand, four hundred and twenty-eight ; in America, thirteen 
 millions, five hundred and forty-two thousand, four hundred ; 
 in Oceanica, three millions, three hundred and forty-seven 
 thousand, eight hundred and forty. What is the number 
 of square miles of land upon the globe ? 
 
 38. An army consists of 52714 infantry, 5110 horse, 6250 
 dragoons, 3927 light-horse, 928 gunners, 1410 pioneers, 250 
 sappers, and 406 miners. What is the whole number of men ? 
 
 The quantity and value of teas and coffee consumed an- 
 nually, from 1821 to 1846, in the United States, were as 
 follow : 
 
13.] 
 
 ADDITION. 
 
 19 
 
 
 TEAS CONSUMED. 
 
 COFFEK CONSUMED. 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1821 
 
 4586223 
 
 $1080264 
 
 11886063 
 
 $2402311 
 
 1822 
 
 5305588 
 
 1160579 
 
 18515271 
 
 3899042 
 
 1823 
 
 0474934 
 
 1547695 
 
 16437045 
 
 2835420 
 
 1824 
 
 7771619 
 
 2224203 
 
 20.797069 
 
 2513950 
 
 1825 
 
 7173740 
 
 2346794 
 
 20678062 
 
 1995892 
 
 1826 
 
 8482483 
 
 3443587 
 
 25734784 
 
 2710536 
 
 1827 
 
 3070885 
 
 942439 
 
 28354197 
 
 1130607 
 
 1828 
 
 6289581 
 
 1771993 
 
 39156733 
 
 3695241 
 
 1829 
 
 5602795 
 
 1531460 
 
 33049695 
 
 3052020 
 
 1830 
 
 6873091 
 
 1532211 
 
 38362687 
 
 3180479 
 
 1831 
 
 4656681 
 
 1057528 
 
 75700757 
 
 5796139 
 
 1832 
 
 8627144 
 
 2081339 
 
 36471241 
 
 2516120 
 
 1833 
 
 12927043 
 
 4775081 
 
 75057906 
 
 7525610 
 
 1834 
 
 13193553 
 
 5422275 
 
 44346505 
 
 4473937 
 
 1835 
 
 12331638 
 
 3594293 
 
 91753002 
 
 9381689 
 
 1836 
 
 14484784 
 
 4472342 
 
 77647300 
 
 7667877 
 
 1837 
 
 14465722 
 
 5003401 
 
 76044071 
 
 7335506 
 
 1838 
 
 11978744 
 
 2559546 
 
 82872633 
 
 7138010 
 
 1839 
 
 7748028 
 
 1781824 
 
 99872517 
 
 9006685 
 
 1840 
 
 16860784 
 
 4059545 
 
 86297761 
 
 7615824 
 
 1841 
 
 10772087 
 
 3075332 
 
 109200247 
 
 9855273 
 
 1842 
 
 13482645 
 
 3567745 
 
 107383567 
 
 8447851 
 
 1843 
 
 12785748 
 
 3405627 
 
 85916666 
 
 5923927 
 
 1844 
 
 13054327 
 
 3152225 
 
 149711820 
 
 9054298 
 
 1845 
 
 17162550 
 
 4809611 
 
 94358939 
 
 5380532 
 
 1846 
 
 16891020 
 
 3983337 
 
 124336054 
 
 7802894 
 
 TOTALS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 39-42. What number of pounds of tea was consumed for 
 the 10 years commencing 1821? for the 10 years com- 
 mencing 1831 ? from 1841 to 1846 inclusive? What num- 
 ber from 1821 to 1846 inclusive ? 
 
20 SUBTRACTION. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 43-46. What was the value of teas consumed during the 
 same periods of time ? 
 
 47-50. What number of pounds of coffee was consumed 
 for the 10 years commencing 182] ? for the 10 years com- 
 mencing 1831 ? from 1841 to 1846 inclusive? from 1821 
 to 1846 inclusive? 
 
 51-54. What was the value of the coffee consumed dur- 
 ing the same periods of 'time ? 
 
 NOTE. The preceding table furnishes ample materials for all ne- 
 cessary discipline of the pupil in addition. It is recommended that 
 exercises from the table be performed in the following manner. Let 
 one pupil be called upon to add eight, ten, or twelve of the num- 
 bers ; another pupil a different set of numbers ; or ono pupil one 
 column of figures, another the next column, and so on ; or *.et one 
 pupil add a column upward, another add the same column down- 
 ward. Let these exercises be performed aloud : the pupil omitting 
 all intermediate words, and uttering only the sum as it is increased 
 by the addition of the successive figures. The pupil must not be al- 
 lowed to delay at each figure. If he cannot run the column rapidly, 
 he should be drilled again in the Table, 10. 
 
 55-58. Add the columns in the preceding table, two fig- 
 ures at a time. 
 
 Thus (commencing at the right hand), " six, twenty-one, 
 twenty-five, thirty-four," &c. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SUBTRACTION. 
 
 13. SUBTRACTION is the process of taking a less number 
 from a greater, to find the difference ; as, 5 from 14 leaves 9, 
 
 The greater number is called the Minuend ; the smaller 
 number is called the Subtrahend. 
 
 NOTE. The termination nd means to be. Thus Minuend means the 
 
$ 14.] SUBTRACTION. 21 
 
 number to 'be diminished ; Subtrahend means the number to be sub- 
 tracted. 
 
 The difference of two numbers is also called the remainder. 
 
 The symbol for subtraction is . Thus 5 3 = 2, is the 
 same as if written 5 diminished by 3 equals 2. The ex- 
 pression may be read, five less* three is two. 
 
 1-12. How many are 3 from 5 ? 3 from 12 ? 3 from 7 ? 
 3 from 9 ? 3 from 13 ? 3 from 20 ? 3 from 8 ? 3 from 11 ? 
 3 from 10 ? 3 from 14 ? 3 from 19 ? 3 from 17 ? 
 
 13-25. How many are 4 from 6 ? from 8 ? 10? 20? 
 18? 17? 14? 16? 19? 11? 7? 9? 12? 
 
 26-39. How many are 5 from 7? from 10? 13? 16? 
 19? 8? 11? 14? 17? 20? 9? 12? 15? 18? 
 
 40-52. How many are 6 from 8? from 11? 14? 17? 
 20? 9? 12? 15? 18? 10? 13? 16? 19? 
 
 53-64. How many are 7 from 9? from 12? 15? 18? 
 10? 13? 16? 19? 11? 14? 17? 20? 
 
 65-75. How many are 8 from 10? from 13? 16? 19? 
 11 ? 14? 17? 20? 12? 15? 18? 
 
 76-85. How many are 9 from 11? 14? 17? 20? 12? 
 15? 18? 13? 10? 19? 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil be exercised on the preceding questions un- 
 til he can answer with great promptness. 
 
 14. In which no figure of the subtrahend is larger than 
 the corresponding figure of the minuend. 
 
 From 796 subtract 375. 
 
 Place the subtrahend under the minu- 
 end, as in the example ; units under units, 
 
 Commence at the units' column and sub- 
 tract : 5 from 6 leaves 1 ; place the 1 un- 
 
 derneath, and so proceed with each suc- 
 
 421 Difference. 
 ceedmg column. 
 
 796 Minuend. 
 375 Subtrahend. 
 
 * The symbol is often read minus, a Latin word, meaning lest. 
 
8053 
 4967 
 
 3086 
 
 22 SUBTRACTION. [CHAP. IV 
 
 (86.) (87.) (88.) (89.) (90.) 
 687 7649 69985 879465 987654321 
 486 5438 59831 729355 821350011 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil prepare himself in his seat to perform the 
 subtraction in the class. At the recitation, let one be required to 
 subtract, as in Ex. 88. The scholar called upon will answer at once 
 the results, without any intermediate words, thus : " four, five, one," 
 <fcc., which figures the class will write in their proper places. 
 
 15. In which figures of the subtrahend are larger than 
 their corresponding figures of the minuend. 
 
 From 8053 subtract 4967. 
 
 "We cannot subtract 7 from 3 ; therefore we add 10 to 
 the 3, and say, 7 from 13 leaves 6. Having thus increased 
 the minuend figure 3 by 10 units, we balance that excess 
 by adding 1 ten to the 6 of the subtrahend, making 7 
 tens. But the 7 cannot be subtracted from the 5 tens. Add, then, 
 10 tens to the 5, making 15 tens, and then say, 7 from 15 leaves 8. 
 Having added 10 tens to the 5 of the minuend, we restore the bal- 
 ance by adding 1 hundred to the 9 of the subtrahend, making 10. 
 But we cannot subtract 10 from 0. Then we add 10 hundred to the 
 0, and say 10 from 10 leaves 0. Before subtracting the thousands, 
 we must add 1 to the 4 thousands, to compensate for the 10 hun- 
 dred added to the 0. We then say, 5 from 8 leaves 3.* 
 
 * The following is another mode of performing this example: 
 
 We cannot subtract the 7 from the 3. We there- 
 fore take 1 ten from the tens' figure of the minuend, 
 leaving that figure, 4 (which we place in brackets 
 over the 5, marking out the 5), and counting the 1 ^ 
 
 ten as ten units, we add it to the 3 units, making 13 
 units, which sum we place in brackets over the 3, 
 and mark out the 3. We can now subtract the 
 7 from the 13. We next seek to subtract the 6 
 from the 4, which we cannot do. We must then 
 seek one from the hundreds' place to be added to 
 the 4. But there are no hundreds there. We then 
 go to the thousands' place. Taking one from the 8, 
 we have 7 left. Place the 7 in brackets over the 8 
 and mark out the 8. The 1 thousand we carry to 
 
 : W [14] : 
 
 [7] [10] [fl [13] 
 
 3 
 
 4967 
 
 3086 
 
15.] SUBTRACTION. 23 
 
 (91.) 
 
 (92.) 
 
 (93.) 
 
 (94.) 
 
 (95.) 
 
 9034 
 
 8087 
 
 87315 
 
 64281 
 
 5987650 
 
 7941 
 
 4759 
 
 19848 
 
 38796 
 
 4898562 
 
 (96.) 
 
 (97.) 
 
 (98.) 
 
 (99.) 
 
 34678 
 
 789347 
 
 10345678937 
 
 9345678201. 
 
 13787 
 
 120305 
 
 902134124 
 
 3279609167 
 
 NOTE. See note, 14. Let the teacher, also, write exercises upon 
 the blackboard, to be performed by the pupil, or by the class in uni- 
 son. Let promptness, as well as accuracy, be aimed at. While one 
 pupil is calling out the results, another may be appointed to watch, 
 and correct any error, while a third may write down the answers 
 with the corrections under them, <fcc. 
 
 From what has thus far been explained in subtraction, the 
 pupil will be able to understand the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the less number under the greater, so that units 
 may stand under units, tens under tens, &c. 
 
 II. Commence at the right, and subtract each figure of the 
 subtrahend from the corresponding figure of the minuend. 
 
 the hundreds' place, where it counts 10 hundred ; place the 10 over the naught, 
 and mark out the 0. Then take 1 hundred from the 10 in the brackets, leaving 9, 
 which place in second brackets above, and mark Out the 10 ; then add the 1 hun- 
 dred, counting it as 10 tens, to the 4, and you have 14 tens, which place within 
 second brackets over the 4 and mark out the 4. 
 
 Now we proceed with the subtraction : 6 from 14 leaves 8 ; 9 from 9 leaves ; 
 4 from 7 leaves 3. 
 
 It will be noticed that the minuend appears in three different forms; yet the sum 
 is the same in all. Thus, in the minuend proper, the sum is 8 thousands, hun- 
 dreds, 5 tens, 3 units; in the minuend in the first brackets, the sura is 7 thousands, 
 10 hundreds, 4 tens, 13 units ; in the second brackets, 7 thousands, 9 hundreds, 14 
 tens, 13 units ; each form being equal to 8053. 
 
 These explanations are intended to show the reasons of the process. The pupU 
 Khould perform similar operations without writing down the steps. 
 
24: , SUBTRACTION. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 If a figure of the subtrahend be greater than the correspond- 
 ing figure of the minuend, add 10 to the minuend figure be- 
 fore subtracting, and then carry 1 to the next figure of the 
 subtrahend. 
 
 PROOF OF SUBTRACTION. 
 
 16. If the work be correct, the difference added to the 
 subtrahend will equal the minuend. 
 
 Perform and prove the first 8 of the following 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (100.) (101.) (102.) (103.) 
 7654321 549876509 7950042689 8877665938 
 0578906 498763218 6592719897 1988329876 
 
 (104.) (105.) (106.) (107.) 
 8947629 976807136 8765421987 4987670981 
 98421 7690234 400000901 768432108 
 
 108. From seven millions, three hundred and sixty-five 
 thousand, two hundred and thirty-nine, take three hundred 
 and forty-two thousand and thirteen. 
 
 109. From one million and eleven, subtract thirteen. 
 
 110. From three hundred and sixty-five thousand, take 
 three hundred and sixty-five. 
 
 111. America was discovered in 1492. How many years 
 from that time till the year 1844. 
 
 112. If a man receive 11345 dollars, and pay out of it 
 9203 dollars, how much will he have remaining ? 
 
 113. In 1842 the Onondaga Salt Springs yielded 2291903 
 bushels of salt, and in 1826 they yielded 827505 bushels. 
 How many more bushels were produced in 1842 than in 
 1826? 
 
16.] SUBTRACTION. 25 
 
 114. In 1842 the United States shipped to England 
 205154 barrels of flour, to Scotland 3830 barrels. How 
 many more barrels were sent to England than to Scot- 
 land? 
 
 115. Two men start together from the same place, and 
 travel in the same direction ; one goes 63 miles each day, 
 and the other goes 37 miles. How far apart will they be 
 at the end of the first day ? 
 
 116. George Washington was born in the year 1732 ; he 
 died in the year 1799. To what age did he live ? 
 
 117. At an election 12572 votes are taken, of which the 
 successful candidate received 7391. How many votes did 
 the other candidate receive ? 
 
 118. And what was the first one's majority? 
 
 119. The coinage of the United States mint for 1843 was 
 in value 11967830 dollars, and in 1846 it was 6633965 dol- 
 lars. How much greater in value was the coinage in 1843 
 than in 1846 ? 
 
 120. The total number of pieces coined in 1843 was 
 114640582, and in 1844 it was 9051834. How many more 
 pieces were coined in 1843 than in 1844. 
 
 121. In the year 1846, the value of the gold coin pro- 
 duced at the mint was 4034177 dollars ; the value of the sil- 
 ver coin was 2558580 dollars ; and the copper coin was 
 41208 dollars. How much greater was the value of the 
 gold than the silver, and how much greater than the copper ? 
 Also, how much did the silver exceed the copper ? 
 
 122. In 1835, the number of post-offices in the United 
 States was 10770; extent of post-roads 112774 miles: in 
 1845, the number of offices was 14183 ; and extent of roads 
 143940 miles. How many offices were added during these 
 10 years, and how many additional miles of road were 
 added ? 
 
26 SUBTRACTION. [CHAP. IV. 
 
 123. In 1840 the population of New York was 2428921, 
 and in 1830 it was 1913006. What was the increase du- 
 ring this 10 years ? 
 
 QUESTIONS INVOLVING ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION. 
 
 124. A. lets B. have 60 bushels of wheat, worth 70 dol- 
 lars, a fine horse worth 150 dollars, and 27 dollars' worth 
 of butter. B. in turn gives A. his note for 110 dollars, and 
 the rest in cash. What is the amount of cash ? 
 
 125. A. borrows of B., at one time, 375 dollars ; at a 
 second time he borrows 95 dollars, and at a third time he 
 borrows 413 dollars ; he has paid him 319 dollars. How 
 much does he still owe him ? 
 
 126. A person left a fortune of 10573 dollars to be di- 
 vided between two sons and one daughter ; the first son 
 received 4309 dollars, the other son had 4987 dollars. 
 How much did the daughter receive ? 
 
 127. Two persons are 375 miles apart; they travel to- 
 wards each other ; at the end of one day, one has travelled 
 93 miles and the other 57 miles. How far apart are they? 
 
 128. A farmer sold a span of horses for 150 dollars, a 
 cow for 27 dollars, some cheese for 83 dollars, and 7 tons 
 of hay for 56 dollars. He purchased 10 yards of broad- 
 cloth worth 45 dollars, a cook-stove for 23 dollars, and a 
 pleasure carriage for 80 dollars. How much money will 
 he have left ? 
 
 129. In the year 1840, the coinage of the United States 
 mint was as follows: 1675302 dollars of gold, J 72 6 703 
 dollars of silver, and 24627 dollars of copper ; in the year 
 1841 the gold coin amounted to 1091597, the silver to 
 1132750, and the copper to 15973. How much was the 
 whole value for each year ? How much greater was the 
 
17.] MULTIPLICATION. 27 
 
 whole coinage in 1840 than in 1841 ? In each year, how 
 much greater was the value of the silver than that of the 
 gold and copper respectively ? 
 
 130. A person dying, left 60000 dollars, to be divided 
 among his widow, two sons, and two daughters, in the fol- 
 lowing manner : To each son he gave 10500 dollars, to each 
 daughter 9250 dollars, and the residue to the widow. What 
 was the widow's portion ? 
 
 131. In 1836 the number of volumes in the Royal Li- 
 brary of Paris was 700000, and the number of manuscripts 
 80000. In the same year the Vienna Library consisted of 
 300000 volumes and 16000 manuscripts. How many vol- 
 umes and how many manuscripts in both libraries ? How 
 many more volumes and how many more manuscripts in the 
 Paris library than in the Vienna ? The total number of vol- 
 umes exceed the total number of manuscripts by how many ? 
 
 132. At a certain election the number of votes polled 
 for two opposing candidates was 544 and 431 respectively. 
 What was the total number of votes polled, and what was 
 the majority of the successful candidate ? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 17. MULTIPLICATION is 'the process of repeating one of 
 two numbers as many times as there are units in the other. 
 
 The number to be repeated is called the multiplicand. 
 
 The number denoting how many times the multiplicand 
 is to be repeated is called the multiplier. 
 
MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 [CHAP, v 
 
 Both multiplicand and multiplier are called factor** The 
 result obtained is called the product. 
 
 The symbol for multiplication is X . Thus 3x"7 means 
 3 times 7, or 3 multiplied by 7. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION TABLE. 
 
 2X 1= 2 
 
 4X 1= 4 
 
 6X 1= 6 
 
 8 X 1= 8 
 
 nx 1= n 
 
 2X 2= 4 
 
 4X 2= 8 
 
 6X 2=12 
 
 8 X 2= 16 
 
 JlX 2= 22 
 
 2X 3= 6 
 
 4 X 3=12 
 
 6X 3=18 
 
 8 X 3= 24 
 
 11 X 3= 33 
 
 2X 4= 8 
 
 4X 4=16 
 
 6X 4=24 
 
 8 X 4= 32 
 
 11 X 4= 44 
 
 2X 5=10 
 
 4X 5=20 
 
 6X 5=30 
 
 8 X 5= 40 
 
 11 X 5= 55 
 
 2X 6=12 
 
 4x 6=24 
 
 6x 6=36 
 
 8 X 6= 48 
 
 11 X 6= 66 
 
 2X 7=14 
 
 4X 7=28 
 
 6X 7=42 
 
 8x 7= 56 
 
 11X 7= 77 
 
 2X 8=16 
 
 4x 8=32 
 
 6X 8=48 
 
 8X 8= 64 
 
 11 X 8= 88 
 
 2X 9=18 
 
 4X 9=36 
 
 6X 9=54 
 
 8X 9= 72 
 
 11X 9= 99 
 
 2X10=20 
 
 4x10=40 
 
 6X10=60 
 
 8X10= 80 
 
 11X10=110 
 
 2X11=22 
 
 4x11=44 
 
 6X11=66 
 
 8X11= 88 
 
 11X11=121 
 
 2X12=24 
 
 4X12=48 
 
 0X12=72 
 
 8X12= 96 
 
 11X12=132 
 
 3X 1= 3 
 
 5X 1= 5 
 
 7X 1= 7 
 
 9X 1= 9 
 
 12X 1= 12 
 
 3X 2= 6 
 
 5X 2=10 
 
 7 X 2=14 
 
 9X 2= 18 
 
 12 X 2= 24 
 
 3X 3= 9 
 
 5X 3=15 
 
 7x 3=21 
 
 9X 3= 27 
 
 2X 3= 36 
 
 3X 4=12 
 
 5X 4=20 
 
 7X 4=28 
 
 9X 4= 36 
 
 2X 4= 48 
 
 3X 5=15 
 
 5X 5=25 
 
 7X 5=35 
 
 9X 5= 45 
 
 2X 5= 60 
 
 3X 6=18 
 
 5X 6=30 
 
 7x 6=42 
 
 9X 6= 54 
 
 12 X 6= 72 
 
 3X 7=21 
 
 5X 7=35 
 
 7x 7=49 
 
 9X 7= 63 
 
 2X 7= 84 
 
 3X 8=24 
 
 5X 8=40 
 
 7X 8=56 
 
 9x 8= 72 
 
 2X &= 96 
 
 3X 9=27 
 
 5X 9=45 
 
 7X 9=63 
 
 9X 9= 81 
 
 12 X 9=108 
 
 3X10=30 
 
 5X10=50 
 
 7X10=70 
 
 9X10= 90 
 
 12X10=120 
 
 3X11=33 
 
 5X11=55 
 
 7X11=77 
 
 9X11= 99 
 
 12X1 i=l 32 
 
 3X12=36 
 
 5X12=60 
 
 7X12=84 
 
 9X12=108 
 
 12X12=144 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 The product of a factor multiplied by itself is called a square. A 
 factor, which, multiplied by itself, produces a given number, is called 
 the square root of that number. Thus 16 is the square of 4, because 
 it is the product of 4 by itself; 4 is the square root of 16, because 4 
 multiplied by itself produces 16. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1-11. What is the square of 2 ? of 3 ? of 4 ? of 5 ? of 
 6 ? of 7 ? of 8 ? of 9 ? of 10 ? of 11 ? of 12 ? 
 
 12-22. What is the square root of 25 ? of 49 ? of 4 ? 
 
 * From a Latin word, signifying to make ; because multiplied together they 
 make the product. 
 
18.] MULTIPLICATION. 29 
 
 of 9 ? of 16 ? of 36 ? of 64 ? of 81 ? of 100 ? of 144 ? of 
 121? 
 
 23-27. Multiply 8 by the square root of 16; 9 by the 
 square root of 4 ; 12 by the square root of 49 ; 8 by the 
 square root of 64 ; 9 by the square root of 81. 
 
 28-36. How many are 3 times 4 ? 3 times 6 ? 8 ? 10 ? 
 12? 3? 9? 7? 5? 
 
 37-47. How many are 4 times 2 ? 4?6?8?10?12? 
 3? 5? 7? 9? 11? 
 
 48-58. Multiply by 5 the following numbers : 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 
 12; 2; 5 ; 8; 11 ; 4; 7; 10. 
 
 59-69. Multiply by 6 the following numbers: 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 
 12; 2; 5; 8; 11; 4; 7 ; 10. 
 
 70-80. Multiply by 7 the following numbers : 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 
 12; 2; 5; 8; 11 ; 4; 7; 10. 
 
 8 1-1 3 5. v Multiply the following numbers : 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; 
 2;5;8;11;4;7; 10 first by 8 ; then by 9 ; then by 
 10; then by 11 ; then by 12. 
 
 136-142. What numbers must be written on the right 
 of the sign = in the following expressions ? 6x5= ; 
 6X6= ; 9x2 4= ; (6 3)*X5 = ; (8 + 2)x5 = ; 
 (4 + 9 2)xll= ; (12 + 4 Il+3)x7 = . 
 
 NOTE. The pupil will remember that the multiplier and the mul- 
 tiplicand may be interchanged without altering the product ; thus, 
 8X7=7X8=56. 
 
 18. When the multiplier consists of one figure. 
 
 * When a parenthesis is made to embrace two or more terms, the whole is to be 
 considered as one quantity. In the above expression, the 6 3, which is 3, is to 
 be multiplied by 5; so in the expression (12 + 4 11 +3) X 7, we first find tha 
 value of 12+ 4 11 + 3, which is 8, and then multiply 8 by 7, and find 56. 
 
 3* 
 
MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 [CHAP, v 
 
 Multiply 697 by 3. 
 
 Place the multiplier under the unit 
 figure of the multiplicand. First, 
 multiplying the 7 units by the 3 units, 
 we obtain 21 units, or two tens and 
 1 unit. We write the 1 unit under 
 the units' column, and reserve the 2 
 tens for the tens' column. We next 
 
 697 Multiplicand- 
 3 Multiplier. 
 
 2091 Product. 
 
 multiply the 9 tens l?y the 3 the product is 27 tens ; adding the 
 2 reserved, we have 29 tens, or 2 hundreds and 9 tens. Write the 9 
 under the tens' columns, and reserve the 2 to carry to the hundreds 
 Finally, we multiply the 6 hundreds by the 3, and find the product 
 18 hundreds, to which, adding the 2 reserved, we have 20 hundreds, 
 or 2 thousands and hundreds. Write the naught under the hun- 
 dreds and the 2 in the thousands' place. Our product then is 2091 * 
 
 (143.) (144.) (145.) (146.) (147.) 
 1234 234156 612378 897654 1003456 
 2345 6 
 
 (148.) (149.) 
 205670678 6531023456 
 
 7 8 
 
 (150.) (151.) 
 891030756078 6289376 
 
 9 7 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil prepare, in his seat, to perform the preceding 
 examples in his class. The recitation will consist in his answering 
 the figures successively, as they are to be written in the product. 
 Let the teacher dictate examples for the slate, and make free use of 
 the blackboard until the operations can be performed very promptly 
 and accurately. 
 
 * Annexed is a different illustration of the principles 
 involved in the above operation. The product of the 7 
 by the 3 is 21 units, or 2 tens and 1 unit ; the product of the 
 9 tens by the 3 is 27 tens ; the product of the 6 hundreds 
 by the 3 is 18 hundreds : which are written in their appro- 
 priate columns and added together. The whole product 
 is as before. 
 
 697 Multiplicand. 
 3 Multiplier. 
 
 21 Units. 
 
 27 Tens. 
 18 Hundreds. 
 
 2091 Product. 
 
19.] MULTIPLICATION. 31 
 
 152-160. Multiply 31486 by 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 
 9 ; and add the products, 
 
 161-169. Multiply 8976201 by 9 ; 8;7;6;5;4;3; 
 2 ; and add the products. 
 
 170-172. Multiply 652081 by 8, and by 3 ; then give 
 the difference of the products. 
 
 173-180. What is the sum of the following products ? 
 8x7654; 9x872150; 8624 X6 ; 9021763 X9 ; 5765 X3 ; 
 1453217x7; 7x7123541. 
 
 19. When the multiplier consists of more than one 
 figure. 
 
 Multiply 367 by 84. 
 
 Place the multiplier under the multipli- ^ Multiplicand, 
 
 cand, units under units, and tens under tens. ,, . . .. 
 
 Multiplying first by the 4 units, we find 
 1468 for the product. We are next to 
 multiply by the 8 tens. Now, it is obvi- 
 ous that 1 unit, taken ten times, that is, 
 
 1468 
 2936 
 
 30828 Product. 
 
 multiplied by 1 ten, must produce 10 units 
 or 1 ten. So 7 units (as in the example), 
 multiplied by 8 tens, must produce 56 tens, or 5 hundreds and 6 
 tens. Therefore, set the first figure, 6, of this second product under 
 the tens' column, and reserve the 5 to carry to the hundreds. The 
 next step is the multiplication of tens by tens, which must produce 
 hundreds, since 1 ten, taken 1 ten times, is equal to 1 hundred. 
 Therefore 8 tens times 6 tens are 48 hundreds ; to which add the 5 
 hundreds reserved, and we obtain 53 hundreds ; equal to 5 thou- 
 sands and 3 hundreds. Place the 3 under the hundreds' column, and 
 carry the 5 to the next column, and so proceed throughout. The 
 sum of these partial products will give the total product, 30828. 
 
 NOTE. If the multiplier consists of three figures, its left-hand or 
 hundreds' figure, multiplied into the units of the multiplicand, will 
 give hundreds for the first figure of the product, which must of 
 course be set down under the hundreds' column ; hundreds and tens, 
 
32 MULTIPLICATION. [CHAP. V. 
 
 multiplied together, will give thousands ; hundreds and hundreds, 
 multiplied together, will give ten thousands, <fcc. 
 
 If the multiplier consists of four figures, its left-hand or thousands 
 figure multiplied into units, will give thousands for the first figure of 
 the product, which must be set down under the thousands' column. 
 Thousands multiplied into tens, gives tens of thousands ; into him 
 dreds, gives hundreds of thousands ; and so on. 
 
 It would be necessary to annex ciphers to the figures in these sev- 
 eral products, to show their true places, if these places were not de- 
 termined by the position of the figures with relation to other figures, 
 whose places are known. 
 
 20. Take again the first example, viz. the 
 multiplication of 697 by 3. Since 697 is to be 
 repeated 3 times, this may be done by writing 
 the 697 three times, and then performing the ad- 
 
 697 
 697 
 697 
 
 2091 
 
 dition as in the example. 
 
 All questions in multiplication may be performed by ad- 
 dition. Hence, multiplication is sometimes defined as being 
 a concise way of performing several additions. 
 
 21. The pupil will now be able to apply understand- 
 ingly the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 4 
 
 I. Place the multiplier under the multiplicand, units un- 
 der units, &c. 
 
 II. If the multiplier consists of one figure, multiply by it 
 each figure of the multiplicand successively. Place under- 
 neath, the right-hand figure of each product, and carry the 
 left-hand figure or figures to the succeeding product. 
 
 III. If the multiplier consists of more than one figure, 
 multiply by each figure successively. Place the right-hand 
 figure of each partial product under the figure by which 
 
22.] MULTIPLICATION. 33 
 
 you multiply. The sum of these partial products will be 
 the total product sought. 
 
 PROOF OF MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 22. Interchange multiplicand and multiplier, and see if 
 the same result "be obtained. 
 
 Or, carefully repeat the multiplication. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (181.) 
 
 (182.) 
 
 (183.) 
 
 (184.) 
 
 36984176 
 
 809653217 
 
 97654321 
 
 87509313349 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 97 
 
 45 
 
 (185.) 
 
 (186.) 
 
 (187.) 
 
 (188.) 
 
 80265947 
 
 79829054 
 
 320008999 
 
 1357902684 
 
 356 
 
 289 
 
 794 
 
 936 
 
 NOTE. See note under 18. 
 
 189-195. Multiply 123456789 by 4287; by 98321 ; by 
 65943 ; by 876542 ; by 7689769 ; by 987654321 ; and 
 add their products. 
 
 196. What is the difference of 20946781x87634 and 
 598421765X308%? 
 
 197-198. Write the proper number on the right of the 
 sign = : (9426176 4319832) X 3426 = 
 69428 X 876 98140 X 34 = 
 
 199-200. Multiply 69821 by the square of 22 ; by the 
 square root of 144. 
 
 A 
 23. We know from what has been said ( 6), that the 
 
 annexing of a naught to a number is the same as multiply- 
 
34: MULTIPLICATION. [CHAP. V 
 
 ing that number by 10 ; that the annexing of two naughts 
 is the same as multiplying by 100, <fec. Hence, 
 
 When the multiplier or multiplicand, or both, have one 
 or more naughts at the right, 
 
 Multiply by the significant figures, as by 21, and to the 
 product annex as many naughts as there are at the righl 
 of both multiplier and multiplicand. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 201-204. Multiply 76429 by 10; by 100; by 1000; 
 by 10000. 
 
 205-208. Multiply 98740 by 20 ; by 200 ; by 2000 ; 
 by 20000. 
 
 209-212. Multiply 654200 by 30 ; by 300 ; by 3000 ; 
 by 30000. 
 
 213-216. Multiply 800032000 by 40; by 400 ; by 4000; 
 by 40000. 
 
 217, 218. Multiply 307210000 by 3780000; by 
 93600700. 
 
 24. When the multiplier is a composite number. 
 
 A composite number is one which may be produced by 
 multiplying two or more numbers together. Thus, 35 is a 
 composite number, since it may be produced by multiply- 
 ing together 5 and 7. The 5 and 7 are called the compo- 
 nent parts or factors of 35. 
 
 Multiply 48 by 35. If we multiply 48 by 5, one of the 
 factors of 35, we obtain 240 for a product. This product 
 multiplied by 7, the other factor of 35, will give 1680 ; that 
 is, 1680 is 7 times 5 times 48, or 35 times 48. Hence this 
 
 KULE. 
 Multiply the given number by one of the factors of the 
 
24.J 
 
 MULTIPLICATION. 35 
 
 multiplier, and the product thus obtained by another factor, 
 and so on. The last product will be the one sought. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 219. Multiply 365 by 28. The factors of 28 are 4 and 
 7, or 2 and 2 and 7. 
 
 220-224. Multiply 374 by 24 ; by 18 ; by 36 ; by 63 ; 
 by 108. 
 
 225-230. Multiply 987623 by 84 ; by 35 ; by 81 ; by 
 77 ; by 64 ; by 40. 
 
 231-237. Multiply 829 by 144 ; by 21 ; by 99 ; by 30 ; 
 by 15 ; by 24 ; by 12. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES I INVOLVING ADDITION, SUBTRAC- 
 TION, AND MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 238. Suppose I buy 15 loads of bricks, each load con- 
 taining 1250 bricks : how many bricks have I ? 
 
 239. In an orchard there are 107 apple- trees, each pro- 
 ducing 1 9 bushels of apples. How many bushels does the 
 whole orchard yield ? 
 
 240. If a person travel 17 days at the rate of 37 miles 
 each day, how many miles will he travel in all ? 
 
 241. If a person buy 175 barrels of salt, each weighing 
 304 pounds, how many pounds in all will he have ? 
 
 242. Suppose I purchase the following bill of merchandise : 
 
 3 Firkins of butter, at 15 dollars each. 
 7 Hogsheads of molasses, at 23 dollars each. 
 12 Bags of coffee, at 11 dollars each. 
 5 Boxes of raisins, at 2 dollars each. 
 3 Boxes of lemons, at 5 dollars each. 
 
 How many dollars must I give for the whole ? 
 
36 MULTIPLICATION [CHAP. V. 
 
 243. How many dollars will the following bill of goods 
 amount to ? 
 
 52 Yards of black broadcloth, at 4 dollars per yard. 
 
 40 Yards of Brussels carpeting, at 2 dollars per yard 
 
 2 Sofas, at 56 dollars each. 
 
 9 Mahogany chairs, at 5 dollars each. 
 
 5 French bedsteads, at 7 dollars each. 
 
 244. If the railroad extending between Albany and Buf- 
 falo, a distance of 326 miles, cost 25649 dollars per mile, 
 what was the entire cost ? 
 
 245. How many bushels of potatoes may be produced 
 from 13 acres of land, if each acre produces 212 bushels? 
 
 246. How much must be paid for constructing 18 miles 
 of plank-road, at 4211 dollars per mile? 
 
 247. How much will 543 cords of wood cost, at 5 dollars 
 per cord ? 
 
 248. In one year there are 8766 hours. How many hours 
 in 1848 years? 
 
 249. In one cubic foot there are 1728 cubic inches. How 
 many cubic inches in 1 7 cords of wood, each cord containing 
 128 cubic feet? 
 
 250. What will 13 square miles of land cost, at 17 dol- 
 lars per acre, there being 640 acres in one mile ? 
 
 251. How many miles will a steam locomotive pass in 7 
 days of 24 hours each, if it move at the rate of 45 miles each 
 hour? 
 
 252. If the earth move in its orbit 68000 miles per hour, 
 how far will it move in 365 days of 24 hours e*ach ? 
 
 253. If one mile of railroad require 116 tons of iron, worth 
 53 dollars per ton, what will be the cost of sufficient iron to 
 construct a road of 78 miles in length? 
 
 254. In an orchard of 105 apple-trees the average pro- 
 
2i.] MULTIPLICATION. 37 
 
 duce of each tree is 7 barrels of fruit, worth 3 dollars per 
 barrel. What was the income of the orchard ? 
 
 255. A ship, after sailing 23 hours with the velocity of 
 8 miles per hour, encounters a storm, by which she is driven 
 directly back during 5 hours, with a velocity of 15 miles per 
 hour. At the end of the 28 Sours, how far is the ship from 
 the place of departure ? 
 
 256. A man owing 1213 dollars, gives in payment 3 
 horses, valued at 150 dollars each, 15 cows, at 27 dollars 
 each, and 143 dollars in cash. How much remains unpaid? 
 
 257. A person purchased a farm of 126 acres, at 36 dol- 
 lars per acre: at one time he sold 57 acres, for 43 dollars 
 per acre ; at another time he sold 37 acres, for 51 dollars 
 per acre. How many acres has he left, and at what cost ? 
 
 258. A person having a journey of 600 miles to perform, 
 travels 47 miles daily for 5 days ; during the next 4 days 
 he travels 54 miles each day. How many more miles must 
 he go to complete his journey ? 
 
 259. If I give 3 horses, each worth 150 dollars, and 13 
 cows, each worth 29 dollars, for 50 acres of land, valued at 
 16 dollars per acre, do I gain or lose, and how much ? 
 
 260. In one year there are 31557600 seconds. How 
 much does one trillion exceed the number of seconds in 
 1850 years? 
 
 261. A person bought two farms : one of 87 acres, at 
 54 dollars per acre, the other of 101 acres, at 37 dollars per 
 acre : he paid 8140 dollars. How much is still due ? 
 
 262. How many cubic inches in a hogshead of wine of 
 63 gallons, there being 231 cubic inches in one gallon? 
 
 4 
 
38 DIVISION. [CHAP. vi. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 25. DIVISION is the process of finding how many times 
 one number is contained in another. 
 
 The number to be divided is called the dividend. 
 
 The number by which we divide is called the divisor. 
 
 The number of times which the dividend contains the di- 
 visor is called the quotient. 
 
 The number which is left over after the division is per- 
 formed, is called the remainder. 
 
 The symbol for division is -f- . Thus 8 -=- 2, means 8 di- 
 vided by 2. Division is also often represented by placing 
 the divisor under the dividend with a line between them ; 
 
 o 
 
 thus denotes that 8 is to be divided by 2. 
 
 2 
 
 NOTE. This symbol is often employed to express an accurate quo- 
 tient where there is a remainder after division. Thus 13 -f- 3 =4 ; 
 which means that the quotient of 13 divided by 3 is 4 ; to which the 
 remainder 1, divided by 3, or a third part of 1, is to be added. 
 
 1-12. How many times is 2 contained in 2 ? in 6 ? in &? 
 in 12 ? in 4 ? in 10 ? in 14 ? in 18 ? in 16 ? in 20 ? in 24 ? 
 in 22? 
 
 13-24. How many times is 3 contained in 3 ? in 9 ? in 
 15 ? in 21 ? in 27 ? in 33 ? in 36 ? in 6 ? in 12 ? in 18 ? 
 hi 24? in 30? 
 
 25-34. How many times is 4 contained in 8 ? in 16 ? 24 ? 
 32? 40? 48? 12? 20? 28? 36? 
 
 35-45. How many times is 5 contained in 10 ? 20 ? 30 ? 
 40? 50? 60? 15? 25? 35? 45? 55? 
 
26.] DIVISION. 39 
 
 46-54. How many times is 6 contained in 12 ? 24 ? 36 ? 
 48? 60? 18? 30? 42? 54? 
 
 55-65. How many times is 7 contained in 14? 28? 42? 
 56? 70? 84? 21? 35? 49? 63? 77? 
 
 66-76. How many times is 8 contained in 16? 32? 48? 
 64? 80? 96? 24? 40? 56? 72? 88? 
 
 77-87. How many times is 9 contained in 18? 36? 54? 
 72? 27? 45? 63? 81? 99? 90? 108? 
 
 88-100. How many times is 10 contained in 20 ? 40 ? 60 ? 
 90? 80? 70? 30? 50? 100? 130? 120? 110? 140? 
 
 101-109. How many times is 11 contained in 22 ? in 44 ? 
 in 66 ? in 33 ? in 77 ? in 110 ? in 88 ? in 121 ? in 132 ? 
 
 110-120. How many times is 12 contained in 24? 48? 
 60? 96? 84? 144? 120? 132? 36? 72? 108? 
 
 121-129. What is the quotient of 108 -r- 12 ? 36 +- 9 ? 
 
 77 + 11? 63 + 9? 100 + 5? ^? y? y? y? 
 
 130-134. What numbers are to be written on the right 
 of the symbol in the following expressions?* (5 + 7) + 4 
 = ? (6 + 8 2) + 3 = ? (12 + 12 
 (8 4-f-7)x4 + ll:= ? [(9 3) 
 
 26. When the divisor consists of one figure. 
 Let us divide 973 by 7. 
 
 Arrange the numbers as in the example. 
 First, see how many times the 7 is contained 
 in the 9 hundreds : we find it contained 1 
 time, and 2 hundreds remainder. "Write the 
 1 underneath. To the next figure, 7, which is 
 
 5 S 
 7 ) 973 
 
 139 Quotient, 
 
 tens, add the 2 hundreds, or 20 tens, remain- 
 
 der. "We then have 27 tens, the same result as if we had prefixed 
 
 the 2 to the 7. Next, we see how many times 7 is contained in 27 
 
 * See note at the bottom of page 29. 
 
4:0 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 [CHAP. vi. 
 
 which is 3 times, and 6 tens remainder ; we place the 3 for the next 
 figure of the quotient, and conceive the 6 to be prefixed to the next 
 figure of the dividend, making 63, which is the same as adding 6 
 tens or 60 units to the 3 units. Finally, we find 7 is contained in 63 
 9 times. 
 
 We find, then, 7 to be contained in 973, 139 times. Hence 7 re- 
 peated 139 times, or, what is the same thing, 139 repeated 7 times 
 must equal 973. 
 
 NOTE. The above example might have been performed another 
 way. We know that 7 is contained in 973 at least once. Subtract- 
 ing 7 from 973, we have 966 for a remainder. 7 must be contained 
 in 966 at least once. Subtracting 7 from 966 we have 959 for a re- 
 mainder. We might go on thus until we had performed 139 sub- 
 tractions, which would exhaust the number, 973. Hence 7 would 
 be contained in 973, 139 times. Division may therefore be called a 
 concise way of performing several subtractions. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (135.) (136.) (137.) (138.) 
 
 3)36903 4)6728910 5)8931069 6)31894372 
 
 (139.) (140.) (141.) 
 
 7 ) 897654321 8 ) 921076865 9 ) 234567890 
 
 (142.) (143.) (144.) 
 
 9 ) 76421068 8 ) 765324816 7 ) 890123456 
 
 (145.) 
 6)7890123456 
 
 (146.)' 
 5)6789012345 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil practice on the preceding and similar exam- 
 ples, performing the operation aloud in the class, by naming at once 
 the successive quotients which go to make the entire quotient. 
 
26.] DIVISION. 41 
 
 147-154. Divide 347891 by 2 ; by 3 ; 4; 5; 6; 7; 
 8; 9. 
 
 155-162. Divide 76541307 by 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 
 8; 9. 
 
 163-170. Divide 897643 by 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9. 
 
 171-178. Give the quotients of 7653908 -f- 2; ^3; +4; 
 + 5; -7-6; -r-Y; -f-8; -4-9. 
 
 179-183. Divide the following numbers by 6: 543218; 
 39876541; 79654870002; 46895318; 9998887. 
 
 184-213. Divide the preceding numbers by 3 ; by 4 ; 7 ; 
 8; 9; 5. 
 
 The foregoing method is called Short Division. The 
 pupil will now understand the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the divisor at the left of the dividend, keeping 
 them separate by a curved line, and draw a straight line 
 underneath the dividend. 
 
 II. Seek how many times the divisor is contained in the 
 left-hand figure or figures of the dividend, and place the 
 result directly beneath, for the first figure of the quotient. 
 
 III. If there is no remainder, divide the next figure of the 
 dividend for the next figure of the quotient. But when there 
 is a remainder, conceive it to be prefixed to the next succeed- 
 ing figure of the dividend before making the next division. 
 If a figure of the dividend, which is required to be divided, 
 is less than the divisor, write in the quotient, and con- 
 sider that figure as a remainder. 
 
 NOTE. The final remainder, if there be one, may be placed over 
 the divisor with a line between them, and annexed to the quotient. 
 ( 25, note.) This will denote that the remainder is still to be di- 
 vided by the divisor. 
 
 4* 
 
DIVISION. 
 
 [CHAP. vi. 
 
 Quotient. 
 
 354 ) 4703598 ( 13287 
 354 1st product. 
 
 1163 Thousands. 
 1062 2d product. 
 
 1015 Hundreds. 
 708 3d product. 
 
 3079 Tens. 
 
 2832 4th product. 
 
 2478 Units. 
 
 2478 5th product. 
 
 27. When the divisor consists of more than one figure, 
 or Long Division. 
 
 Divide 4703598 by 354. 
 
 It requires 3 figures, 470, of the 
 dividend, to contain the divisor. 
 This is contained once in 470 ; we 
 place the 1 at the right of the divi- 
 dend for the first figure of the 
 quotient. Multiplying the divisor 
 by this quotient figure, and sub- 
 tracting the product from 470, we 
 have 116 for a remainder, to which 
 we annex the next figure, 3, of the 
 dividend, thus forming the number 
 1163. We now seek how many 
 times the divisor is contained in 
 1163, which is 3 times. We place 
 the 3 for a second figure of the quotient. Multiplying the divisor by 
 this second figure, and subtracting the product from 1163, we find 
 101 for a second remainder ; to which annexing 5, the next figure of 
 the dividend, we have 1015. Thus we proceed till all the figures of 
 the dividend have been brought down. 
 
 From the above work we readily deduce the following 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the divisor at the left of the dividend, keeping 
 them separate by a curved line. 
 
 II. Seek how many times the divisor is contained in the 
 fewest figures of the dividend that will contain it ; set the 
 figure expressing the number of times at the right of the 
 dividend for the first figure of the quotient, keeping dividend 
 and quotient separate by means of a curved line. 
 
 III. Multiply the divisor by this quotient figure, and sub- 
 tract the product from those figures of the dividend used, 
 and to the remainder annex the next figure of the dividend ; 
 
28.] DIVISION. 43 
 
 then find how many times the divisor is contained in this new 
 number, and write the result in the quotient. 
 
 IV. Continue the operation, as before, until all the figures 
 
 of the dividend have been brought down. 
 
 I 
 NOTE 1. Having brought down a new figure, if the number thus 
 
 formed be less than the divisor, it will contain it times ; we there- 
 fore write in the quotient, and bring down another figure. 
 
 NOTE 2. If in multiplying the divisor by any quotient figure we 
 obtain a product which exceeds the number we sought to divide, wo 
 must make the quotient figure smaller. 
 
 NOTE 3. If a remainder should be found larger than the divisor, 
 the quotient figure must be taken larger. 
 
 PROOF. 
 
 28. The dividend, when there is no remainder, is a com- 
 posite number, of which the divisor and quotient are fac- 
 tors. The final remainder, if any, is evidently part of the 
 dividend. Consequently, if the work be right, the product 
 of the divisor and quotient, with the remainder, if any, add- 
 ed, will equal the dividend. Or, we may prove or test the 
 work as we proceed, by adding together the successive 
 products and the remainder, if any. If the work is right, 
 this sum will equal the partial or entire dividend, as the 
 case may be. Thus, in the previous example, 354, the first 
 product, and 1062, the second product, with the remainder, 
 101, when added together, the sum is equal to 4703, the 
 partial dividend, &c. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 214-218. Divide 826190 by 24; 48; 96; 112; 144; 
 and annex the remainders, if any, to the quotients, according 
 to 26 ; " Note," under the rule. 
 
 219-224. Divide 9281746 by 27; 44; 98; 76; 236; 
 294 ; and annex, <fec. 
 
44 DIVISION. [CHAP. vi. 
 
 225-235. Dividend 829765149. Divisors 486 ; 928 ; 
 714; 386; 403; 907; 6172; 8316; 5793; 2405 ; 3006. 
 Give the exact quotients. 
 
 236-243. Divide 7200651897 by 2498 ; 76389; 32174; 
 98263; 45208; 301987; 5678W ; 890123. 
 
 244-250. Divide 8976014236 by 298701 ; 4853684 ; 
 9130821; 1280319; 7600994; 3268753; 91465923. 
 
 251-257. Divide 123456789 by 789 ; 5763447 by 
 678509 ; 1521808704 by 6503456 ; 243166625648 by 
 3471032; 166168212890625 by 12890625 ; 11963109376 
 by 109376 ; 24892456 by 36546. 
 
 29. When the divisor ends with one or more naughts. 
 We have seen ( 6) that a number is multiplied by 10, by 
 annexing a naught ; by 100, by annexing two naughts, &c. 
 Conversely, a number is divided by 10, by cutting off one 
 naught from the right ; by 100, by cutting off two naughts 
 from the right, &c. 
 
 So if, instead of naughts, significant figures are cut off 
 from the right of a number, the number is still divided by 
 10, 100, &c., while the figures cut off, are remainders after 
 the division. 
 
 Let us divide 2475 by 20. 
 
 Having cut off the 5 from the right 2|0 ) 247 1 5 
 of the dividend, and the from the 
 right of the divisor, which is, in ef- 
 fect, dividing both dividend and di- 
 visor by 10, we divide 247 by 2. We obtain 123 for a quotient and 1 
 for a remainder. This remainder is 1 ten, since it is a part of the 7 
 of the dividend which occupies the tens' place ; annexing the 5 units 
 which was cut off to the 1 ten which remained, we have 1 ten and 5 
 units, or 15 for the true remainder. 
 
 NOTE. This case may be comprised under that wherein the divi- 
 sor is a composite number. (See forward, 29.) Thus, taking the 
 
 123 15 remainder. 
 
29.] DIVISION. 45 
 
 preceding example, the divisor 20 = 2 X 10. Dividing 2475 first by 
 10, which division is effected by cutting off the right-hand figure, 5, 
 we have 247 for the first quotient, and 5 for the first remainder. 
 Next, dividing 247 by 2, we find 123 for the quotient sought, and 1 
 for the second remainder. 
 
 Now, by the rule under the case referred to, we find the true re- 
 mainder to be 1 X 10 + 5 = 15. 
 
 Hence the following 
 
 o 
 
 RULE. 
 
 (Jut off from the right of the dividend as many figures as 
 there are naughts at the right of the divisor ; divide what 
 remains by the divisor without the naughts at its right. To 
 the final remainder annex the figures cut off from the divi- 
 dend, for the true remainder. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 258-263. Divide by 20 tbe following numbers : 1*7284 , 
 365920; 9873542; 345678901; 135794680; 379653219. 
 
 264-271. Divide 69543218937 by; 240; by 300; by 
 480 ; by 700 ; by 690 ; by 4000 ; by 80000 ; by 900000. 
 
 272-273. Divide 7123545 by 421000; 1212121212 by 
 42000. 
 
 274-275. Divide 123456789 by 12300; 7296148731 
 2498000. 
 
 276-279. Divide 87369841 by 3000; 970000; 8103030; 
 6090300. 
 
 280-285. Divide 943821900 by tbe following numbers: 
 78910 ; 36800 ; 42700 ; 9865200 ; 437001000 ; 9843020. 
 
 286-289. Divide 376549281 by 370x480; by 630 X 
 30^-10; by 82X500-4-100; by 8700x300-^-1000. 
 
 When a divisor is a composite number, it may sometimes 
 be convenient to divide by its factors. 
 
46 DIVISION. [CHAP. vi. 
 
 Thus, if we wish to divide 944 by 105, we 
 may resolve the 105 into its factors, 3X5X7, 
 and divide as in the example. The only dif- 
 ficulty lies in obtaining the true remainder ; 
 that is, the remainder which would have re- 
 sulted from dividing by 105 at once. 
 
 3 ) 944 
 
 5 ) 314 2, 1st rem. 
 
 7 ) 62 4, 2d rem. 
 
 8 6, 3d rem. 
 
 Since each unit of the 62 is 5 times as great as each unit of 314, it 
 follows, that each unit of the 3d remainder, 6, which is a part of 62, 
 is also 5 tunes as great as each unit of 314. Hence the remainder 6 
 is the same as 5 times 6, or 30 units of the same kind as those of 314 ; 
 but the 2d remainder, 4, being a part of 314, and of the same order, 
 should be added to 30, making 34, for the true remainder arising 
 from dividing 314 by 35 or 5X7. Again, since each unit of 314 is 3 
 times as great as each unit of 944, it follows, that each unit of the 
 34 is also 3 times as great as each unit of 944. Hence the remain- 
 der 34 is the same as 3 times 34 = 102 units of the same kind as 
 944 ; but the first remainder, 2, being a part of 944, is of the same 
 order ; so that 102 + 2 = 104, is the true remainder required. 
 
 The operation may be arranged thus : (6X5+4) X 3+2=1 04. 
 
 Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide t?ie given sum by one of the factors of the divisor, 
 and the quotient thus obtained by another factor, and so on. 
 The last quotient will be the quotient required. 
 
 Multiply the last remainder by the divisor preceding the . 
 last, and add in the preceding remainder ; multiply this sum 
 by the next preceding divisor, and add in the next preceding 
 remainder ; and so on. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 290-295. Divide 8217 by 35 = 5x7; 33678 by 15 = 
 5X3; 9591 by 72 = 9x4x2; 10859 by 49 = 7x7; 
 926541 by 81 = 9x9; 987654 by 63 = 7x3x3. Give 
 the true remainders of the preceding. 
 
29.] DIVISION. 47 
 
 QUESTIONS INVOLVING THE FOUR GROUND-RULES. 
 
 296. A person owes to one man 375 dollars, to another 
 he owes 708 dollars, to a third man he owes 911 dollars. 
 How much does he owe to the three men ? 
 
 297. A farmer has sheep in five fields: in the first, he 
 has 917; in the second, 249; in the third, 413; in the 
 fourth, 1QOO; and in the fifth, he has 197. How many 
 sheep has he in the five fields ? 
 
 298. A person owes to one man 302 dollars, to another 
 man he owes 707 dollars, and has owing to him 2000 dol- 
 lars. How much will remain after paying his debts ? 
 
 299. A farmer receives for his wheat 103 dollars, for his 
 corn 60 dollars, for his butter 511 dollars, for his cheese 
 1212 dollars, for his pork 601 dollars. He pays towards 
 a new farm 1000 dollars, for a new wagon 50 dollars, for 
 hired help on his farm 290 dollars, for repairing house 173 
 dollars. How much money has he remaining ? 
 
 300. A person wills 1200 dollars to his wife, 300 dollars 
 for charitable purposes, and what remains is to be equally 
 divided among 6 children. Allowing his property to amount 
 to 8562 dollars, how much would each child have ? 
 
 301. A man gave 13558 dollars for a farm : he then sold 
 73 acres, at 75 dollars per acre ; the remainder stood him 
 in at 59 dollars per acre. How many acres did he pur- 
 chase ? 
 
 302. Four boys divide 336 apples as follows: the first 
 takes- one-sixth of the whole ; the second takes one-fourth 
 of what was left ; the third takes one-half of what was then 
 left ; the fourth has the remainder. What number of apples 
 did each boy have ? 
 
 303. Three men are to share equally in the sum of 1236 
 dollars. How many dollars will each have ? 
 
48 DIVISION. [CHAP. vi. 
 
 304. Divide 1245 acres of land equally between five 
 brothers. 
 
 305. It is about 95000000 miles from here to the sun. 
 JSTow, admitting that it requires 8 minutes for light to "pass 
 from the sun to the earth, how many miles does it pass in 
 one minute ? 
 
 306. Allowing 22 bricks to be sufficient to make one cu- 
 bic foot of masonry, how many cubic feet are there in a 
 work which requires 100000 bricks? 
 
 307. The circumference of the earth is about 25000 miles. 
 How long would it require for a person to travel around it, 
 if he could pass uninterruptedly at the rate of 200 miles 
 per day? 
 
 308. In 1845 the extent of post-roads in the United 
 States was 143940 miles, and the amount paid for "the trans- 
 portation of the mail during the same year was 2905504 
 dollars. How much was the average expense per mile ? 
 
 309. The distance of Uranus from the sun is about 
 1860624000 miles. How many hours would it require to 
 pass this distance at 1 8 miles per hour ? Also, how many 
 days, and how many years, counting 24 hours to the day, 
 and 365 days to the year ? 
 
 310. How many barrels of apples, at 3 dollars per bar- 
 rel, can I buy for 2568 dollars? And if one tree produce 
 8 barrels, how many trees will yield the required amount ? 
 
 311. An estate of 8100 dollars was divided among nine 
 children in the following way : the first had 100 dollars and 
 one-tenth of the remainder ; after this the second had 200 
 dollars and one-tenth of the residue ; again, the third had 
 300 dollars and one-tenth of the remainder, and so on : each 
 succeeding child had 100 dollars more than the one imme- 
 diately preceding, and then one-tenth of what still remained. 
 What was the share of each ? 
 
29.] DIVISION. 49 
 
 312. A. and B. each owe C. : A. owes 1472 dollars, 
 which is less than what B. owes him, and yet the difference 
 between A.'s and B.'s debts is 719 dollars. How much 
 does B. owe C. ? 
 
 313. Admitting the earth to move 68000 miles per hour, 
 how far will it move in one day ; and how far in a year of 
 365 days? 
 
 314. If the President of the United States expends daily 
 60 dollars, how much will he be able to save at the end of 
 the 365, out of his salary of 25000 dollars ? 
 
 315. An army, consisting of 4525 men, have 1030*75 
 loaves of bread. At the end of 21 days, 500 men are killed 
 in a battle. Now, if each man in each day eat one loaf of 
 bread, how many days after the battle will the bread sus- 
 tain the army ? 
 
 316. Two locomotives start from the same place, and 
 move in the same direction ; the first goes 25 miles each 
 hour, the second only 15 miles. After the first has passed 
 a distance of 100 miles, it commences a backward motion, 
 maintaining the same velocity until it meets the second loco- 
 motive. How many hours after starting will they meet ? 
 And at what distance will they meet from the starting- 
 point? 
 
 317. One hundred miles of railroad track are to be laid 
 with heavy rail, requiring 116 tons to the mile. After re- 
 ceiving iron, at 52 dollars per ton, to lay 58 miles, the price 
 per ton was increased so as to make the whole cost of the 
 entire road 612944 dollars. What was the latter price per 
 ton of the iron ? 
 
 318. A person bought two farms, one of 97 acres, at 51 
 dollars per acre, and the other of 111 acres, at 47 dollars 
 per acre. He paid 9539 dollars cash, and for the balance 
 he gave 5 horses. What were the horses valued at ? 
 
50 GENERAL PROBLEMS. [CHAP. VII. 
 
 319. A person having a salary of 17 00 dollars saves 970 
 dollars at the end of the year. How much on an average 
 were his daily expenses, if we count 365 days to the year ? 
 
 320. A man travelled 832 miles in 20 days : during the 
 first 9 days he went 37 miles daily ; during the next 5 days, 
 he went 41 miles daily. How many miles each day did he 
 travel during the last 6 days ? 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 GENERAL PROBLEMS AND PRINCIPLES 
 
 PROBLEMS FOUNDED UPON THE FOREGOING RULES. 
 
 30. a. The sum of two numbers, and one of those num- 
 bers being given, to find the other number : Subtract the 
 given number from the sum. 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil illustrate by an example this and each sue 1 
 ceeding problem. 
 
 b. The difference between two numbers and the larger 
 number being given, to find the smaller number : Subtract 
 the difference from the larger number. 
 
 c. The difference between two numbers and the smaller 
 number being given, to find the larger : Add the smaller 
 number and the difference together. 
 
 d. The sum and the difference of two numbers being 
 given, to find the two numbers : The difference added to 
 the sum will give twice the larger number. 
 
 NOTE. Let the pupil illustrate and explain ; and show how the 
 Bmaller number may be found. 
 
 e. The product of two numbers, and one of those num- 
 
30.] GENERAL PROBLEMS. 51 
 
 bers being given, to find the other number : Divide the 
 product by the given number. 
 
 f. The dividend and quotient being given, to find the di- 
 visor : Divide the dividend by the quotient. 
 
 g. The quotient and divisor being given, to find the divi- 
 dend : Multiply the quotient and divisor together. 
 
 . Let the pupil be required to illustrate each of the above 
 problems. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. The sum of two numbers is one hundred and forty- 
 seven millions, two hundred and eight thousand, eight hun- 
 dred and sixty-six ; one of the numbers is twenty-three 
 millions, seven hundred and eighty-five thousand, four hun- 
 dred and thirty-two. What is the other number ? 
 
 2. A gentleman dying bequeathed 387984 dollars to his 
 two children : one obtained 44836 dollars. What was the 
 share of the other ? 
 
 3. The difference between two numbers is 10144; the 
 minuend is 69975.- What is the subtrahend? 
 
 4. The difference between two numbers is 150110 ; the 
 subtrahend is 729355. What is the minuend? 
 
 5. The sum of two numbers is 1809004332 ; their differ- 
 ence is 166304310. What are the two numbers ? 
 
 6. A product is 539902 ; one of its factors is 23. What 
 is the other factor ? 
 
 7. Divide the sum of the following numbers by 147 : 
 31969217, 182681240,456703100. 
 
 8. A person was desirous of knowing the amount of 
 money bequeathed to each of two children. He ascertained 
 that together they had received 48465 dollars ; and that 
 one had received 20891 dollars more than the other. How 
 much did each receive ? 
 
52 GENEKAL PROBLEMS. [CHAP. VII 
 
 9. The product of two numbers is 374671924092 ; one 
 of the numbers is 302014. What is the other number ? 
 
 10. A dividend is 4703598 ; the quotient is 13287, 
 What is the divisor ? 
 
 11. A divisor is 6503456; the quotient is 234. What 
 is the dividend ? 
 
 12. At a certain election the whole number of votes re- 
 ceived by two opposing candidates was 8737 ; the success- 
 ful candidate's majority was 375. How many votes did 
 each receive ? 
 
 13. If the distance between two planets is 239000000 
 miles when they are on opposite sides of the sun, and 
 49000000 miles when on the same side of the sun, how 
 far is each from the sun, if we suppose their orbits perfectly 
 circular ? 
 
 14. In an orchard of 1813 trees, there are 37 rows. How 
 many trees in each row ? 
 
 15. A certain number of dollars is divided among 365 
 persons, each person receiving 97 dollars. How many dol- 
 lars was divided ? 
 
 16. The construction of 13 miles of plank road cost 74334 
 dollars. How much was that per mile ? 
 
 17. In a field of maize there are 243 rows of 187 hills in 
 each row. How many hills in all ? 
 
 18. I have two casks of wine, which together contain 67 
 gallons, and one contains 17 gallons more than the other. 
 How many gallons does each contain ? 
 
 19. Two persons starting from the same place find that 
 when they travel in opposite directions they are at the end 
 of one hour 18 miles apart, but when they travel in the 
 same direction they are at the end of one hour only 4 miles 
 apart. How far does each go in one hour ? 
 
 20. After taking 371 dollars from a certain sum of money, 
 
31.] GENERAL PEOBLEMS. 53 
 
 I find 2*75 dollars remaining. How many dollars were 
 there at first ? 
 
 21. Two brothers being asked their ages, the elder said 
 he was 59 years old, and that his brother was just 15 years 
 younger. What was the age of the younger ? 
 
 22. If I give 785 dollars for 157 barrels of apples, how 
 much do I pay per barrel ? 
 
 23. How many barrels of apples can I buy for 785 dol- 
 lars, at 5 dollars per barrel ? 
 
 24. In one cubic foot there are 1728 cubic inches. HOTT 
 many cubic feet are there in 174528 cubic inches? 
 
 25. In 101 cubic feet there are 174528 cubic inches. 
 How many cubic inches in one foot ? 
 
 PRINCIPLES EVOLVED FROM DIVISION. 
 
 31. We arc now prepared to understand certain im- 
 portant relations which divisor, dividend, and quotient bear 
 to each other. 
 
 The product of the divisor and quotient is always equal 
 to the dividend. Hence, 
 
 a. The divisor and the quotient may be interchanged ; 
 that is, if the dividend be divided by the quotient, the result 
 will be the divisor ; thus, 4)36(9 quot., 9)36(4 quot. 
 
 b. If the divisor remain the same, multiplying the divi- 
 dend by a given number has the effect to multiply the quo- 
 tient by the same number ; thus, 36, the same dividend as 
 above, multiplied by 2 and divided by the same divisor, 4, 
 will give 18 for a quotient, or 2 times the quotient above. 
 
 c. If the dividend remain the same, multiplying the divi- 
 sor by any number has the effect to divide the quotient by 
 the same number. Thus, retaining the dividend, 36, if we 
 
54: PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [CHAP. VIH. 
 
 multiply its divisor by 3, 3x4 = 12, the quotient is 3, or 
 the same as 9-^-3. 
 
 d. If the divisor and dividend be multiplied by the same 
 number, there will be no change in the quotient ; thus, 
 36x3 divided by 4 x 3 will give 9 for the quotient, as before. 
 
 Still further : 
 
 e. If . the divisor remain the same, dividing the dividend 
 by a given number has the effect to divide the quotient by 
 the same number; thus, 36-^3, or 12 divided by 4, will 
 give 9 -h 3, or 3 for a quotient. 
 
 f. If the dividend remain the same, dividing the divisor 
 by any number has the effect to multiply the quotient by 
 the same number ; thus, 4-i-2, or 2 is contained hi 36, 9x2 
 or 18 times. 
 
 g. If dividend and divisor be divided by the same num- 
 ber, the quotient will remain the same ; thus, 36-f-2, or 18 
 divided by 4 -:- 2, or 2 will give 9 for a quotient as before. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. 
 PRIME NUMBERS. 
 
 $ 32. A COMPOSITE NUMBER, 24, is one which can be 
 resolved into other factors besides itself and units ; thus, 12 
 is a composite number, because it may be resolved into 
 2X3X2. 
 
 A prime number is one that cannot be resolved into other 
 factors besides itself and unity. Thus, 1 1 is a prime num- 
 ber, because no two or more numbers, less than 11, and 
 greater than 1, multiplied together, will produce 11. 
 
33.] 
 
 PRIME NUMBEKS. 
 
 55 
 
 Two numbers are said to be prime to eacli other when 
 they have no common factor. Thus, 8 and 9 are prime to 
 each other, although neither is a prime number. 
 
 The following are some of the prime numbers : 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 71 
 
 113 
 
 173 
 
 229 
 
 281 
 
 349 
 
 409 
 
 463 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 73 
 
 127 
 
 179 
 
 233 
 
 283 
 
 353 
 
 419 
 
 467 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 79 
 
 131 
 
 181 
 
 239 
 
 293 
 
 359 
 
 421 
 
 479 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 83 
 
 137 
 
 191 
 
 241 
 
 307 
 
 367 
 
 431 
 
 487 
 
 7 
 
 43 
 
 89 
 
 139 
 
 193 
 
 251 
 
 311 
 
 373 
 
 433 
 
 491 
 
 11 
 
 47 
 
 97 
 
 149 
 
 197 
 
 257 
 
 313 
 
 379 
 
 439 
 
 499 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 101 
 
 151 
 
 199 
 
 263 
 
 317 
 
 383 
 
 443 
 
 503 
 
 17 
 
 59 
 
 103 
 
 157 
 
 211 
 
 269 
 
 331 
 
 389 
 
 449 
 
 509 
 
 19 
 
 61 
 
 107 
 
 163 
 
 223 
 
 271 
 
 337 
 
 397 
 
 457 
 
 521 
 
 23 
 
 67 
 
 109 
 
 167 
 
 227 
 
 277 
 
 347 
 
 401 
 
 461 
 
 523 
 
 33. The pupil may be aided to determine whether a 
 number is prime or not by remembering the following facts : 
 
 1. If any number terminate with or an even* digit, the 
 whole will be divisible by 2. 
 
 2. If any number terminate with or 5, the whole will 
 be divisible by 5. 
 
 3. When the number expressed by the two right-hand 
 figures is divisible by 4, the whole will be divisible by 4. 
 
 4. When the number expressed by the three right-hand 
 figures is divisible by 8, the whole will be divisible by 8. 
 
 5. If the sum of the digits of any number be divisible by 
 3 or 9, the whole number will be divisible by 3 or 9. 
 
 NOTE. "We see that any number formed by a succession of zeros 
 placed at the right of 1, as 10, 100, 1000, <fec,, will contain 9 a certain 
 number of times and 1 over. If the numbers are formed by zeros 
 placed at the right of 2, as 20, 200, 2000, <fec,, 9 will be contained a 
 
 * An even digit is one that can be exactly divided by 2 ; as, 2, 4, 6, 8. An odd 
 digit is one that cannot be so divided. 
 
56 PBIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [CHAP. VIH. 
 
 certain number of times and 2 over. In numbers of the form of 30, 
 300, 3000, <fcc., the remainders will be 3 ; and so on, for other similar 
 kind of numbers. 
 
 Now let us seek the remainder, when 2846 is divided by 9. The 
 number 2846 is made up of 2000, 800, 40 and 6. 2000 will contain 
 9 a certain number of times and 2 over ; 800 a certain number of 
 times and 8 over ; 40 a certain number of times and 4 over. If then 
 the sum of these remainders, together with the 6 units, will exactly 
 divide by 9, the whole number is divisible by 9 ; that is, a number, 
 is divisible by 9 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. 
 
 The same will be true of 3, since 3 is a divisor of 9 ; that is, a num- 
 ber is divisible by 3 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. 
 
 Find the prime factors of 868. 
 
 We see at a glance that 868 is divisible by 
 2. Again, that the quotient 434 is divisible 
 by 2. Dividing the second quotient 217 by 
 7,* we obtain the prime quotient 31. There- 
 fore the prime factors of 868 are 2, 2, 7, 31 ; 
 so that 2X2X7X31 = 868. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 2)868 
 
 2)434 
 
 7)"217 
 
 31 
 
 1-8. What are the prime factors of 12? 14? 15? 16? 
 18? 20? 22? 24? 
 
 9-16. What are the prime factors of 25? 26 ? 27 ? 28 ? 
 30? 32? 33? 34? 
 
 17-24. What are the prime factors of 35 ? 36 ? 38 ? 39 ? 
 40? 42? 44? 45? 
 
 25-32. What are the prime factors of 46 ? 48 ? 49 ? 50 ? 
 51? 52? 54? 55? 
 
 33-41. Find the prime factors of 56 ; 57 ; 58 ; 60 ; 62 ; 
 63 ; 64 ; 65 ; 66. 
 
 * Having determined by inspection that a number is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, 8, 
 9, or 10, we must try the prime numbers in succession, beginning with 7. 
 
34.] GREATEST COMMON DIVISOK. 57 
 
 42-50. Find the prime factors of 68 ; 69; 70 ; 72 ; 85 ; 
 87; 90; 96; 98. 
 
 51-57. Find the prime factors of 102 ; 111; 119; 125; 
 138; 146; 155. 
 
 58-63. Find the prime factors of 154 ; 166 ; 178 ; 209 ; 
 234; 259. 
 
 64-69. Find the prime factors of 309 ; 366; 375; 404; 
 473; 524. 
 
 70-76. What are the prime factors of 984? of 1040? 
 of 1368? of 1224? of 6584? of 78903 ? of 62148 ? 
 
 77-83. What are the prime factors of 6918? of 76540? 
 of 63142 ? of 78900 ? of 6432 ? of 97563 ? of 89706 ? 
 
 84-90. Resolve into their prime factors the following 
 numbers: 7498; 56234; 49750; 3333; 99939; 48765; 
 92890. 
 
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 
 
 34. The numbers 12, 24, 48, 60, can each be divided 
 by 2, 3, or 6 ; 2, 3, 6 are therefore common divisors of 
 those numbers ; but 12 is the greatest number that will di- 
 vide them all; therefore 12 is their greatest common di- 
 visor. 
 
 To show the principle of this, let us resolve the above numbers into 
 their prime factors : 
 
 12 = 2X2X3; 24 = 2X2X3X2; 48 = 2X2X3X2X2; 
 60 = 2X2X3X5. 
 
 Now, evidently, each of these numbers may be divided by one of 
 its factors, or by the product of two or more of them. Thus each 
 may be divided by 2 ; but this will be then* least common divisor 
 above unity.* So each may be divided by 2 X 2. 
 
 * When numbers are prime to each other, 30, they have no common divisor 
 greater than unity. 
 
58 PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [CHAP. VIET. 
 
 f 
 
 But the greatest common divisor must be the product of all the fac- 
 tors common to all the numbers; thus, 2X2X3=12, the greatest 
 common divisor. 
 
 Take another example. "What is the greatest common divisor 
 of 492, 744, 906? 492=2X2X3X41; 744=2X2X3X2X31; 
 906=3 X 2 X 151. The factors common to all the numbers are 3 X 2 ; 
 therefore 3X2=6 is their greatest common divisor. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 91-94. What is the greatest common divisor of 360 and 
 276? of 592 and 599? of 315 and 405 ? of 1825 and 2655 ? 
 
 95-99. Find the greatest common divisor of 506 and 308 ; 
 of 404 and 364; of 1112 and 616; of 808 and 728; of 
 1518 and 924. 
 
 100-103. Find the greatest common divisor of 492, 744, 
 and 906 ; of 246, 372, and 522 ; of 1476, 2232, and 2718 ; 
 of 738, 1116, and 1566. 
 
 104-106. Find the greatest common divisor of 252, 380, 
 454, and 500; of 756, 1140, 1362, and 1500; of 1764, 
 2660, 3178, and 3500. 
 
 107-109. Find the greatest common divisor of 632, 706, 
 834, and 8834 ; of 1896, 2502, 2862, and 1640 ; of 3528, 
 4424, 1942, and 5164. 
 
 Hence we have the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Resolve each number into its prime factors. The product 
 of all the factors common to all the numbers will be the 
 greatest common divisor. 
 
 35. There is another mode of determining the greatest 
 common divisor. 
 
 a. Any number that will exactly divide the less of two 
 
35.] GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 59 
 
 numbers and their difference, will also divide the greater 
 number. Suppose the two numbers to be 18 and 48. 6 
 will divide the less number 18, and the difference 30 ; con- 
 sequently it will divide 48. For the number of times the 
 divisor is contained in the less number plus the number of 
 times it is contained in the difference, must be the number 
 of times it is contained in the larger number. 
 
 b. The same may be said of any number that will exactly 
 divide the less number and the difference between any num- 
 ber of times the less number and the greater number. Thus 
 taking the number above : 18, the less number, x2 = 36 ; 
 36 subtracted from 48 leaves 12 ; 6 will divide the remain- 
 der 12, and the less number 18. Consequently it will di- 
 vide the larger number 48. 
 
 What is the greatest common divisor of 276 and 360 ? 
 
 The greatest divisor cannot ex- 276 ) 360 ( 1 
 ceed the less number 276. But 276 
 
 276 will not divide the other num- 
 
 ber 360 without a remainder 84. 84: ) 2 76 ( 3 
 
 Therefore 276 is not a common di- 252 
 
 visor. 
 
 Now the number that will ex- 
 actly divide 84 and 276 (a) will 
 
 also divide 360. We seek such a 12 } 24 ( 2 
 
 divisor. It cannot exceed 84. 
 Trying 84, we find it will not di- 
 vide 276 without a remainder, 24 ; 
 84 is therefore not the greatest common divisor. 
 
 Again, the number that will exactly divide 24 and 84 (6) will also 
 divide 276. This divisor .cannot exceed 24. But 24 will not divide 
 84 without a remainder 12 ; 24 is therefore not the greatest common 
 divisor. 
 
 Lastly, the number that will exactly divide 12 and 24 will also 
 divide 84 (6). Trying the less number 12, we find it exactly divides 
 the other. Therefore 12 is the greatest common divisor of 276 
 rend 360. 
 
60 PELME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [~CHAP. VIII. 
 
 L 
 
 Hence the following 
 
 R'JLE. 
 
 Divide the greater number by the less, then the less number 
 by the remainder : thus continue to divide the last divisor by 
 the last remainder, until there is no remainder. The last 
 divisor will be the greatest common divisor. 
 
 NOTE. If the greatest common divisor of more than two numbers 
 be required, find first the greatest common divisor of t\9 > of them, 
 then of the divisor so found, and one of the remaining numbers, and 
 BO on. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 110-117. Find the greatest common divisor of 365 and 
 511 ; of 115 and 161 ; of 203 and 261 ; of 145 and 185 ; 
 of 120 and 350 ; of 420 and 864 ; of 560 and 768 ; of 936 
 and 1170. 
 
 118-121. Find the greatest common divisor of 805 and 
 1127 ; of 1421 and 1827 ; of 1015 and 1295 ; of 888 and 
 999. 
 
 122-124. Find the greatest common divisor of 345, 483, 
 and 609 ; of 783, 435, and 555 ; of 2842, 3654, and 2030. 
 
 125-127. Find the greatest common divisor of 1602, 1603, 
 1604; of 311, 400, 510; of 823, 800, 6?2. 
 
 128-130. Find the greatest common divisor of 185, 259, 
 407 ; of 86, 430, 473 ; of 505, 707, 4343. 
 
 131-132. What is the greatest common divisor of 2233, 
 2030, 1827, 3045, 4060? of 3885, 5550? 6105? 
 
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE. 
 
 36. The multiple of a number is a product of which such 
 number is a factor. Thus, 4, 6, 8, are multiples of 2. 
 
37.] LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE. 61 
 
 A common multiple of two or more numbers is a product 
 of which all such numbers are factors. Thus, 48 is a com- 
 mon multiple of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8. 
 
 The least common multiple of two or more numbers is the 
 least product of which all such numbers are factors. Thus, 
 while, as above, 48 is a common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 
 because it can be exactly divided by each of those numbers, 
 24 is their least common multiple, because it is the least 
 number that can be so divided. 
 
 Evidently a number or a series of numbers can have an 
 infinite number of multiples. 
 
 The multiple of two numbers prime to each other, is their 
 product. 
 
 Find the least common multiple of 8, 16, 24. 
 
 Let us resolve these numbers into their prime factors. 8=2 X 2 X 2 ; 
 16=2X2X2X2; 24=2 X 2 X 2 X 3. The least common multiple of 
 these numbers must contain all their prime factors once. We then 
 note, first, all the factors of 8 : 2X2X2. Next, seeing that 16 has 
 an additional factor, 2, and that 24 has an additional factor, 3, we 
 take the product of all these different factors : 2 X2X2X 2X3=48, 
 which is the least common multiple of 8, 16, 24. "We have then this 
 rule, for finding the least common multiple of two or more numbers. 
 
 Resolve each number into its prime factors. Multiply 
 these factors together, using such as are common to two or 
 more numbers BUT ONCE. The product so found will be the 
 least common multiple. 
 
 NOTE. If a factor be used more than once, though the result would 
 be a multiple of the given numbers, yet it would not be the least 
 common multiple. 
 
 37. It may be sometimes more convenient to adopt the 
 following method. 
 
62 PKIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [CHAP. VIH. 
 
 Find the least common multiple of 10, 18, 21. 
 
 We divide first by the prime factor 2, 
 
 since it will divide two of the numbers 3)5 9 21 
 
 without a remainder, and place the quo- 
 
 tients 5 and 9 together with the undivided 
 number 21, in the line below. We then 
 
 2 ) 10, 18, 21 
 
 5, 3, 7 
 2X3X5X3X7=630 
 
 divide by another prime number 3, for the 
 same reason, and set the quotients, with the undivided number 5, 
 below. There can be no further division since no two of the remain- 
 ing numbers have a common divisor. The divisors multiplied into 
 the quotients in the last line, will give the least common multiple 
 required. 
 
 NOTE. The principle of this operation is the same as before. T it 
 consists in finding the prime factors of a series of numbers and taking 
 their product. Thus, 10=2X5; 18=2X3X3; 21=3X7. 2 being 
 a common factor of 10 and 18, as in. the above divisor, is used but 
 once. One of the 3's being common to 9 and 21, is used but once 
 as in the second division above. These multiplied into the 5, the re- 
 maining 3 and the 7, will produce the result sought. Hence the 
 following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Write the numbers in a horizontal line; divide them by 
 any prime number which will divide two or more of them 
 without a remainder ; place the quotients with the undivided 
 numbers, if any, for a second horizontal line ; proceed with 
 this second line as with the first ; and so continue until there 
 are no two numbers which can be exactly divided by the same 
 divisor. The continued product of the divisors, and of the 
 numbers in the last horizontal line, will give the least common 
 multiple. 
 
 133-138. What is the least common multiple of 12, 16, 
 and 24 ? of 12, 15, and 24 ? of 11, 77, and 88 ? of 37 and 
 41 ? of 24, 60, 45, 180 ? of 2, 4, 6, 8 ? 
 
 139-143. What is the least common multiple of 3, 5, 
 
38.] CANCELLATION. 63 
 
 7, 9 ? of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ? of 7, 14, 16, 18, 24 ? of 1, 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 ? of 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24? 
 
 144-147. What is the least common multiple of 36, 40, 
 45, 60, 72, 90 ? of 10, 20, 25, 50 ? of 5, 9, 15, 18, 36, 135, 
 1^2? of 115, 184, 230, 460? 
 
 148-151. What is the least common multiple of 140, 168, 
 210, 280, 420? of 3, 5, 7, 14, 35, 42? of 17, 19, 34, 38, 
 209? of 11, 13, 26, 99, 100? 
 
 152-156. What is the least common multiple of 8, 10, 12, 
 13, 375? of 34, 75, 88, 99? of 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17? of 
 4, 6, 8, 10, 19 ? of 20, 21, 24, 48 ? 
 
 CANCELATION. 
 
 38. Suppose we are required to divide 35 tinus 99 
 by 63. As these numbers are composite, we have 
 
 35X99 5X7X9X11 AT 
 
 = -. . Now we know (6 3 1 , g. ) that divi- 
 
 63 7x9 vy 
 
 dend and divisor may be divided by the same number with- 
 out altering their relation to each other ; in other words, 
 without affecting the value of the quotient. We then divide 
 the dividend and divisor of the preceding expression by 7 
 
 5X1 Xl Xll 
 
 and by 9 ; it becomes = 55. We may per- 
 
 1X1 
 
 form this division by drawing a line through the common 
 
 5X^X0X11 
 
 factors, thus, - , and operating upon the re- 
 
 /* X $ 
 
 maining ones ; the expression then becomes =55. 
 
 This rejecting of common factors is called cancelation. It 
 is a great saving of labor. 
 
 When all the factors in either dividend or divisor are can- 
 celed, write 1 in their place. 
 
64 PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS. [CHAP. VIII 
 
 Divide the product 21 times 22 times 65 by 1001. 
 21X22X65_3X7X2XllX5Xl3_3X/X2X>'iX5Xly4_30_ 
 
 Tool 7x~iixi3~ /rx]/ x X~ ~~~^~ 
 
 or the process may be arranged thus : 
 
 First cancel the factor 7 in 1001 and in 21, wri- 
 ting the other factors 143, and 3 below and above 
 the respective numbers. Next cancel the 11 in 
 143 of the divisor and 1 1 of the dividend, writing 
 the other factors, 13 and 2, below and above the $ 
 
 respective numbers as before. Next, cancel the 
 13 of the divisor and the 13 of the dividend, writing the other factor 
 
 O }S Q V> K O A 
 
 5 over the 65. The expression will then stand - = =30. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 157. Divide 2X3X8X5X7 by 2x4x15. 
 
 158. A man had 34 filberts in each of 49 different piles. 
 He was to distribute these among 7 boys and 7 girls. How 
 many did each boy and girl receive ? 
 
 159-160. 8X12 is how many times 8 ? -how many times 
 12? 
 
 161-162. 4 X 72 is how many times 6 ? how many times 
 12? 
 
 163-169. 72x48 is how many times 6? 8? 12? 16? 
 24? 32? 48? 
 
 170-172. What is the value of 36x100 divided by 
 10X18? divided by 2 X 20 ? divided by 9 X 10 ? 
 
 173-175. What is the value of 99x360x365 divided 
 by 11 X 73 ? divided by 33 X 18 ? divided by 44 X 5 ? 
 
 176-179. What is the value of 33 X 77 divided by 121 ? 
 divided by 21 ? divided by 7 ? divided by 3 ? 
 
 180-183. What is the value of 36x42x52 divided by 
 2X3X4? divided by 32X13? divided by 9 X 21 ? divided 
 by 21X13? 
 
39.] FRACTIONS. 66 
 
 184-187. What is the value of 12X11X10 divided by 
 2x3x4? divided by 3 X 5 ? divided by 3x11? divided 
 by 4x5? 
 
 188-190. What is the value of 9x40x100 divided by 
 2X3X4X5? divided by 6X8X10? divided by 3 X 6 X 25 ? 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ' FRACTIONS. 
 
 39. A FRACTION is a part* of a unit. If an apple be 
 divided into 2 equal parts, each part will be one-half of the 
 apple ; that is, 1 2, or J. If the apple be divided into 
 3 equal parts, each part will be- one- third of the apple ; that 
 is, 1-^-3, or ^, &c. 
 
 Suppose 3 apples are to be divided among 5 boys. Cut 
 each apple into 5 equal parts or fifths, and give one part or 
 fifth of each apple to each boy. He will then have one- 
 fifth of three apples, or, what is the same thing, three-fifths 
 of an apple : in figures, |. 
 
 We see, then, that the number of parts into which a thing 
 or a unit is divided, is expressed by the figure below the 
 line, while the number of such parts as are taken or used is 
 expressed by the figure above the line. 
 
 The expression f may be read, one-fifth of three ; or 3 
 divided by 5 ; or three-fifths. The latter is the usual mode. 
 
 Read the following expressions: f, ^, r \, T 9 T , f, , 
 
 The number above the line is called the numerator : the 
 
 * The term fraction is from a Latin word signifying to break, meaning a broken 
 part of a unit. 
 
 6* 
 
66 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. ix. 
 
 number below the line is called the denominator. These are 
 also called the terms of the fraction. 
 
 If the numerator and the denominator of a fraction be 
 equal, the value of the fraction is unity : Jff=l. If an ap- 
 ple be divided into 12 equal parts, the 12 parts or twelfths 
 will make the whole apple. 
 
 If the numerator be less than the denominator, the frac- 
 tion is called a proper fraction ; as |, ^, J. 
 
 If the numerator equal or exceed the denominator, the 
 fraction is called an improper fraction ; as -J, if, |f. 
 
 When a whole number* and a fraction are connected, the 
 expression is called a mixed number. Thus, 4J, 3-i, 48 T 3 T 9 T , 
 are mixed numbers. The whole number is called the inte- 
 gral part of the expression, and the fraction is called the 
 fractional part. 
 
 A fraction of a fraction is called a compound fraction. 
 Thus, i of f of f , f of I of | of ^i f of | of f of f , &c., 
 are compound fractions. 
 
 Any number may be made to assume the form of an im- 
 proper fraction, by writing under it a unit for the denomi- 
 nator. Thus, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, &c., are the same as 'j-, %., -, ^, 
 
 fcM 
 
 Fractions sometimes occur, in which the numerator or 
 denominator, or both, are themselves fractional ; such ex- 
 pressions are called complex fractions. 
 
 Thus, ~, , f^, Y~, &c., are complex fractions. 
 
 A fraction is said to be inverted when the numerator and 
 denominator exchange places. Thus, the fractions J-, |-, |-, 
 To' i> f' when inverted, become f, |, f, ^O-, f, f. 
 
 These fractions are called COMMON or VULGAR FRACTIONS, 
 
 * A whole number is also called an Integer ; thus, 5, 9, 24, 146, are integers. 
 
4:1.] REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 67 
 
 as distinguished from another kind, to be hereafter treated, 
 called Decimal Fractions. 
 
 $ 40. It will be seen that Common Fractions are founded 
 upon Division. The numerator is the dividend, the denom- 
 inator is the divisor. The fraction itself expresses the, quo- 
 tient, or the value of the quotient resulting from the division. 
 Thus, divide 6 by 3 ; the quotient may be represented by 
 f = 2. Divide 3 by 6 ; the quotient -f, three-sixths. 
 
 From the relations of divisor, dividend, and quotient, as 
 seen in 31, we may readily infer the following 
 
 PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 I. That, multiplying the numerator by any number is the 
 fame as multiplying the fraction by the same number. 
 
 II. That, multiplying the denominator by any number is 
 the same as dividing the fraction by the same number. 
 
 III. That, multiplying both numerator and denominator 
 by any number does not alter the value of the fraction. 
 
 IV. That, dividing the numerator by any number is the 
 same as dividing the fraction by the same number. 
 
 V. That, dividing the denominator by any number is the 
 same as multiplying the fraction by the same number. 
 
 VI. That, dividing both numerator and denominator by 
 the same number does not alter the value of the fraction. 
 
 REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 
 
 41. REDUCTION is the process of changing the form of 
 an expression without altering its value. Thus, the integer 
 1 may be reduced to the fraction f ; the fraction j-f may 
 be reduced to the integer 1. 
 
 Suppose an apple be cut into 12 equal parts : 6 of those 
 
68 FRACTIONS. [CHAP, ix. 
 
 parts are equal to one-half the apple ; that is, T %=i. It 
 will be seen that ^ is the result of the division of the nu- 
 merator and denominator of -%, by 6. 
 
 There is evidently the same relation between 1 divided 
 into 2 parts, as there is between 6 divided into 12 parts. 
 We may therefore find an equivalent value of a fraction, in 
 lower terms, by dividing numerator and denominator by the 
 same number. ( 40, Prop. VI.) 
 
 Hence to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, Divide its 
 numerator and denominator by their greatest common di- 
 visor. 
 
 Reduce |f f to its lowest terms. The greatest common 
 divisor of 492 and 744 is 12. 34, 35. Dividing by 12, we 
 have -|^- for the answer. 
 
 NOTE. We may frequently discover numbers, by inspection, 
 which will divide both numerator and denominator without a re- 
 mainder. When this is the case', we need not resort to the rule for 
 obtaining the greatest common divisor, until we have divided by 
 such numbers. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1-5. Reduce to then* lowest terms |- ; J ; j 3 ^ ; ^ T ; -J|-. 
 6-11. Reduce to their lowest terms f f ; f f ; 
 
 ToT ' "2To 
 
 12-16. Reduce to their lowest terms 
 
 17-20. Reduce to their lowest terms g-||g- 
 fff; H^a 
 
 21-25. Reduce to their lowest terms Jf- ; ||f ; fff ; 
 
 rHff 
 
 26-30. Reduce to their lowest terms f $| ; Jf ; 
 
 31-40. Reduce to their lowest terms 
 
 1764. 3378. 834 . 1896. 1640.3528.1942. 5826 
 
 ~23~G"o ' TTTffcT ' "SI'ST ' 2T OT ' 2 6" 2 ' TT2T ' 5T6T ' T5T9"? 1 
 
43.] REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 69 
 
 42. To reduce an improper fraction to a whole or mixed 
 number. 
 
 Reduce -- to a whole number. 
 
 As there are four-fourths, -J, in a whole thing or unit, in 
 JL2- there will be as many whole things or units as 4, the 
 denominator, is contained times in 12, the numerator, which 
 is 3. Therefore ~V 2 -=3. 
 
 Reduce f f to a mixed number. 
 
 As there are -}f in a whole one, there will be as many 
 whole ones in f f as 13 is contained times in 95, which is 7, 
 and 4 thirteenths over. Therefore jf =7 T \. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the division expressed by an im- 
 proper fraction may be actually performed as in division 
 proper. Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Perform the division expressed by the fraction. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 41-50. Reduce to whole numbers the following fractions : 
 
 -- -- 2 a s - 
 
 55550 
 
 51-64. Reduce to mixed numbers ff ; -If- ; f f ; 
 
 4 A- ; - 
 
 -V- ; H 1 - 4 - - 
 
 65-68. Reduce to a whole or mixed number 
 
 76818 
 Y5606"' 
 
 43. To reduce a whole or a mixed number to an im- 
 proper fraction. 
 
 Reduce 5 to fourths. In a unit there are 4 fourths. In 
 5 there will be as many times 4 fourths as there are units ; 
 that is, 5 = 5X4 fourths = 
 
70 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. IX. 
 
 Reduce 5f to fourths. 5 =-- as before ; to which, if 
 the 3 fourths be added, the sum will be 23 fourths ; that is, 
 
 The denominator of the required fraction being given, find 
 fhe numerator by the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the 
 fraction to which it is to be reduced. To the product add 
 the numerator of the fractional part, if any. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 69-75. Roduce 9 to 4ths ; 5ths ; 6ths ; 7ths ; 8ths ; 
 9ths ; lOths. 
 
 76-86. Reduce to improper fractions 4^- ; 3 J ; 7f ; 8^- ; 
 
 87-96. Reduce to improper fractions 81ffJ ; 
 
 : "T'T! 
 
 97-99. Reduce 484 T 3 6 to an improper fraction ; 
 298||. 
 
 44. To reduce compound fractions to simple ones. 
 
 Take the compound fractions f of -f-. This expression is 
 the same as |- taken f of a time, or f X J. f is evidently 
 2 X J : the expression then becomes 2 x % X f ; of f is the 
 
 same as f-^3= - - ( 40, Prop. II.), 2 times =(Prop. 
 
 X o 7 X o 
 
 2x5 10 
 I.) - ^=777- Thus, the numerators of the compound 
 
 3x7 21 
 
44.] REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 71 
 
 fraction have been multiplied together and the denominators 
 together. 
 
 Reduce f of f of $ of T 7 ^- to a simple fraction. 
 
 Canceling the factors common to numerator and denomi- 
 nator, the expression becomes 
 
 3 
 
 # _7__ 3x7 _ 21 
 3 X 5 X I0 X 1?~5X5X4~TOO' 
 
 5 4 
 
 Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 First, cancel the factors common to the numerators and 
 denominators of the given fraction ; then multiply the re- 
 maining numerators together for a new numerator, and the 
 remaining denominators together for a new denominator. 
 
 NOTE. When a fraction is to be multiplied by a whole number, 
 the whole number may be changed to an improper fraction by wri- 
 ting 1 for its denominator ; thus, 4=^. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 100-101. Reduce of ; T 8 g- of ? to simple fractions. 
 
 102-109. Reduce to their simplest forms the following 
 fractions : f of f| ; -| of of T 5 T ; J of f ; f of J of f ; 
 foffof Jofi;f ofif ; Mof f of ft; 1 of f of -tfL 
 
 fM- 
 
 110-116. Simplify the following : J of f of f of ^ ; j 
 off off of if of |f; ioff ofl|; l-off of 41; iof 
 of | of |; f off of | off; T 9 o of If of J of ff. 
 
 117-121. Simplify f of & of f of jf ; ff of ^ of if ; 
 4 O f A of f| of 21 ; f of f of |f of 19 ; f of if of f| 
 of 62. 
 
72 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. ix. 
 
 45. To reduce fractions to a common denominator. 
 We know (Prop. III.) that the value of a fraction is not 
 changed by multiplying its numerator and denominator by 
 the same number. If, then, we multiply the numerator and 
 denominator of each of a series of fractions by the product 
 of the denominators of all the other fractions, we shall retain 
 the values of the respective fractions, and at the same time 
 they will have a common denominator. 
 
 Reduce J, J, and -f to a common denominator. 
 The numerator of i becomes 1x3x7 = 21 
 The denominator of i " 2x3x7 = 42 
 The numerator off " 5X2x7 = 70 
 The denominator of f " 3x2x7 = 42 
 The numerator of f " 4x2x3 = 24 
 The denominator of-f- " 7x3x2 = 42 
 The fractions, then, are \ J, \\, \ f 
 Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply each numerator by all the denominators except its 
 own for a new numerator, and all the denominators together 
 for a common denominator. 
 
 NOTE. Mixed numbers must be reduced to improper fractions, 
 compound fractions to their simplest form, and all the fractions to 
 their lowest terms, before multiplying. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 122-129. Reduce to common denominators % and f ; | 
 and f ; f and | ; f and & ; JJ and JJ. ; ff and } ; {$ 
 and; and if 
 
 130-136. Reduce to common denominators l, J, and -*-; 
 J, i and i ; j, f , and $ ; f , J, and | ; T V if and JJ ; 
 
46.] DEDUCTION OF FKACTIO^S. 73 
 
 137-139. Reduce to common denominators J of f, 4J, 
 51 ; f of |, of 5, 71 5i ; f of f , f of 4j, f of 7f 
 
 46. When the Zeastf common denominator is required. 
 
 Find the least common denominator of T 5 ^, T 7 g-, -Jl. The 
 l^ast common multiple of 12, 16, 24 ( 36), is 48. It is 
 evident that the denominator of each fraction is multiplied 
 by a certain factor to produce this multiple : that is, 1 2 by 
 1 ; 16 by 3 ; 24 by 2. Now if the numerator of such frac- 
 tion be multiplied by the same factor, each fraction will re- 
 tain its value, and all will have a common denominator ; thus, 
 
 2.0 2JL 22. 
 
 48' 48' 48* 
 
 Hence, the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Find the least common multiple of the denominators for 
 the least common denominator. 
 
 For each new numerator multiply the numerator of each 
 fraction by that factor of the multiple, of ivhich the denomi- 
 nator of such fraction is the other factor. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 140-146. Reduce to the least common denominator , -|, 
 and f ; J, f , and f ; f and f ; f and f ; f , f , and f ; f , 
 T Vandif;f,|,andf. 
 
 147-155. Reduce to the least common denominator T 5 ^, 
 
 A, it; i of j of A, A. a *d TV; sMjhf ; irVi*; 
 A. TV e A ; i> * H' and i ; A. i \, A ; f . I' f f A ; 
 
 J' i> i' I' T 9 o> TZQ- 
 
 156. Reduce 1, l, i, i, i, 1, i, l to equivalent fractions 
 having a common denominator. 
 
 7 
 
74: FRACTIONS. [CHAP. IX. 
 
 ADDITION OF FRACTIONS. 
 
 47. In addition of whole numbers, we have seen that 
 units can only be added to units, tens to tens, &c. 3 units 
 and 4 tens will make neither 7 units nor 7 tens ; but 4 tens 
 =40 units; and 40 units+3 units=43 units. 
 
 So in fractions, 3 fourths cannot be added to 4 sixths, for 
 the result will be neither 7 fourths nor 7 sixths. But 3 
 fourths = 9 twelfths and 4 sixths = 8 twelfths ; and 9 twelfths 
 and 8 twelfths =17 twelfths, or 1 and 5 twelfths; that 
 i s> f+|-= T 9 2+T 8 2 = H 1 lV Hence, for the addition of 
 fractions, the following 
 
 , RULE. 
 
 JReduce the given fractions to a common denominator. Over 
 this denominator place the sum of their numerators. 
 
 NOTE. Seek the least common denominator of the fractions. If 
 the result be an improper fraction, it must be reduced to a whole or 
 mixed number. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 157-162. What is the sum of 1, i, 1, and l ? of 1 and 
 
 i? *, T V A?-rf*. M? of j, i i A? off, J,H? 
 
 163-168. What is the sum of f , }, f ? of $, |l, if ? of 
 , , ? of ||, fi A? of T V, *,*? off, |, / ? 
 169-174. What is the sum of 1 J, 2j, 3} ? of 4J, 3j, i ? 
 
 175-180. What is the sum of 10J, 12^-, 15 J? of T 3 T , 
 I? of fi , |f? of ff, |8, i? of |, 4 f 39 of 
 
 ^aV ? 
 
 181-186. What is the sum of 2j, 4J, 6-f? of 2^, 4J-, 
 of 3J, 51 6} ? of 5J, 10 T V, 15 T V ? of 3J-, 61, 9-J ? of 2J 
 
48.] SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS. 75 
 
 SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS. 
 
 48. Subtract \ from -J. This cannot be done, because 
 the fractions have different denominators. If we reduce 
 both to thirty-fifths, \ becomes -f^, and J becomes ^ ; and 
 ^j-j=^. Hence, to subtract one fraction from an- 
 other, the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Heduce the fractions to a common denominator : over this 
 denominator place the difference of the numerators. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 187-] 95. Find the difference between l and i ; f and f ; 
 t and T 7 T ; f and f ; T V and if ; |- and ii ; f and T 8 T ; | 
 and f ; f and T 8 T . 
 
 196-203. Subtract J from % ; \ from \ ; \ from \ ; J 
 from | ; i from il ; ^ from T V ; H from }^ | ; T 5 ^ 
 from ||^. 
 
 204-209. 1 of } of |- T V - 5 f-4 of J|= ; 1 of 
 3_i of | = . 3i-2i^ ; 1 of f of |-ioff^ ; 
 f of | off of f-f of | of | off = . 
 
 210-213. 
 
 214-218. What is the value of (+-J) (}+J) ? of 
 ? of +-+? of 
 
 219-222. What is the value of (2j+3j)-(lJ+2j-) ? 
 ? of of I- of ? of 
 
70 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. IX. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 
 
 49. Multiply f by |. 
 
 We know, 44, that J multiplied by , or f Xf, is the 
 same as J of . Hence, for multiplication of fractions, we 
 must use the same rule as for reducing compound fractions 
 to simple ones. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 First, cancel the factors common to the numerators and 
 denominators of the given fraction ; then multiply the re- 
 maining numerators together for a new numerator, and the 
 remaining denominators together for a new denominator. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 223-233. Multiply J by J ; J by J ; j- by f ; by ; 
 *l>y; f byf; i by tf ; . by f ; J by f f ; by 
 
 234-240. Multiply together i, i, and i ; i, J, and | ; 
 f , | ? and f ; f , - , and T V ; |, -f-, and T 6 T ; f , J, and ^f ; 
 f , T \, and if. 
 
 241-243. What is the product of f of | by ^ of f ? of 
 fofllbyfofH? J of | by | of T ^ of 1-1? 
 
 244-246. 3jx4xA= ; 4^X3^= ; 3ix4i X }= . 
 
 247-249. Multiply together the fractions i, |, J, f ; 
 
 f i i -V- ; sj, 4j, sj. 
 
 250-254. Multiply together ^ T 7 , -f- ; f by 4 ; 7 by | ; 
 7Jby3j; 16jby5. 
 
 255. Multiply the sum of ^, j, J, A, by the sum of ^, i, 
 
50.] DIVISION OF INACTIONS. 77 
 
 256. Multiply the sum of -J of J, f of f by the sum of 
 
 257. Multiply f of | of f of T 4 r by } of f of f . 
 
 258. Multiply the sura of 3, 3j, 3j, 3j, by the sura of 
 
 DIVISION OF FRACTIONS. 
 
 50. Divide ~ by -|. First method. If the fractions be 
 reduced to a common denominator, their numerators may 
 be operated upon as if they were whole numbers. Thus, 
 = !!; |- =ff-. And | divided by |-| is the same as 32 
 divided by 35, or f f . 
 
 Second method, -f- divided by 1 will give T for a quo- 
 tient; divided by -J- (3 1,/), will give 8 times as large a 
 quotient as when divided by 1, or yXy=- 3 y 2 -; divided by 
 f- (31, c), will give one-fifth as large a quotient as when 
 divided by -J-, or ^ x ^-= Jf , the same result as found by 
 the first method, we see that in fact the dividend y has been 
 multiplied by f ; that is, by the divisor with its terms in- 
 verted. Hence, for dividing one fraction by another, the 
 following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Invert the terms of the divisor, and proceed as in multipli- 
 cation. 
 
 NOTE. If either dividend or divisor be a whole number, make it 
 a,n improper fraction by giving to it 1 for a denominator. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 259-269. Divide J by i ; \ by ; y by } ; j- by ^ ; 
 A by A; TWiVi A by &; fbyj; fbyA; | by f ; 
 
 I- by T V 
 
 7* 
 
Y8 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. ix. 
 
 27U-274. Dividefbyi; $ by T ' T ; 
 
 275-278. Divide 4j by 17 ; if by 10 ; \ of by 
 4- of | ; 3i of 2i by 4}. 
 
 279. Divide Jbyf of |. 
 
 280. Divide the sum of f , , f , f , by the sum of 1, J, J, 
 
 281. Divide the sum of f , f , *, f , f , -^-, ft, if, if, if, 
 by the sum of 1, J, A, i j, i, i, ^ ^ y L j-L. 
 
 282. Divide J of of f of f by f of f of | of f . 
 283-287. Divide the sum of 1, Ij, 2J, 3j, by the sum 
 
 of 1J, 2^, 3^- ; the sum of ^ of ^, J of -|, by the sum of 
 i-of f, iof|; | of if of ff byjof f of f; -I of if of 
 i by f of | of 12 ; i of f of f of by J of J of 8. 
 
 RECIPROCALS. 
 
 51. The reciprocal of any number is found by dividing 
 1 by the number. Thus, the reciprocals of 2, 3, 4, are 
 
 i- i. * 
 
 The reciprocal of a fraction, for example, of |- is l--^ = 
 lxf=f. Hence, the reciprocal of a fraction is the frac- 
 tion inverted. 
 
 Operations in division may therefore be included under 
 those of multiplication, by making the reciprocal of the di- 
 visor the multiplier. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 288-295. What are the reciprocals of 7, 8, 9, 11, 18, 24, 
 96, 108? 
 
 296-303. What are the reciprocals of f, f, |, f, f , f, 
 
51.] FRACTIONS. 79 
 
 304-309. What are the reciprocals of 1^, 2j, 3j, 5|, 9f , 
 12 T 9 r ? 
 
 310-313. What are the reciprocals of f of f- ? f of J? 
 fof ji? f off? 
 
 314-318. Perform the following by using the reciprocals 
 of the divisors : f -4-4 ; T 9 o^f; f-r-8; 4^7 ; 3j-r-2f 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES IN COMMON FRACTIONS. 
 
 319-324. Reduce to their lowest terms ff ; f f fj ; 
 
 . 15636. 505. 18999 
 > TF93 9- > 5T5 ' ^TTTO" 
 
 325-329. Reduce to mixed numbers flf ; -?/- ; f f ; 
 
 330-334. Reduce to improper fractions 3-| ; 15-^- ; 3 T 7 T ; 
 
 ; IOOH- 
 
 335-339. Reduce to their simplest forms \ of f of f ; 
 f of | of |f ;. ofi of A of 3; T V of f of fi of 3j ; f of 
 jy*_ of iof 100. 
 
 340-344. Reduce i, J, j, to equivalent fractions having 
 a common denominator ; so \, ^, -J-, -J, |- ; 3 J, f, f , j 3 ^- ; 
 
 111 1.35 7 11 
 U> T' T' TT ' 5> T TT TTT- 
 
 345-346. What is the sum of \, i, \ ? of f , |, f ? 
 
 347. From a piece of cloth -J and J- of the whole was cut 
 off. What part of the whole was thus taken away ? 
 348-350. From \ subtract \ ; from ^ subtract ^ ; 
 from f subtract \. 
 
 351. A tree 150 feet high had -J broken off in a storm. 
 What was the length broken off ? 
 
 352. A. and B. together possess 1477 sheep, of which A. 
 owns |- and B. 3.. How many belong to each man ? 
 
 353. A. owns T 3 T of a ship, valued at 15422 dollars: he 
 sells to B. f of his share. What is the value of what A. 
 has left ; also, what is the value of B.'s part? 
 
80 FRACTIONS. [CHAP. ix. 
 
 354. A cotton-mill is sold for 30000 dollars, of which A. 
 owns J of the whole, B. and C. each own J of J of the whole. 
 How many dollars does each one claim ? 
 
 355. A. and B. have a melon, of which A. owns f and 
 B. f : C. offers them one shilling, to partake equally with 
 them of the melon, which was agreed to. How must the 
 shilling be divided between A. and B. ? 
 
 356. A farmer had J of his sheep in one field, in a sec- 
 ond field, and the residue, which was 779, in a third field. 
 How many sheep had he in all ? 
 
 357. If I divide 616 dollars between A., B., C., and D., 
 by giving A. of the whole, B. T 5 T of the remainder, C. | 
 of what then remained, and D. the balance, how much will 
 each receive ? 
 
 358. In Fahrenheit's thermometer there are 180 degrees 
 between the boiling and freezing points ; in that of Reau- 
 mur there are 80. What fraction of a degree in the latter 
 expresses a degree of the former ? 
 
 359. The receipts of Jenny Lind's first concert in New 
 York were 26000 dollars ; the expenses were 4000 dollars. 
 Jenny received 1000 dollars as her regular nightly stipend, 
 and \ the net* proceeds in addition. How much did she 
 receive ? 
 
 360. Of the proceeds of her first concert Jenny Lind do- 
 nated as follows : to the Fire Department Fund T 6 ^ ; to the 
 Musical Fund Society -^ ; Home for the Friendless j 1 ^- ; 
 Society for Relief of Indigent Females y 1 ^- ; Dramatic Fund 
 Association j 1 ^ ; Home for Colored Aged Persons j 1 ^ ; Asy- 
 lum for Destitute Females j 1 ^ ; Orphan Asylum jL ; Ro- 
 man Catholic Orphan Asylum T ^ ; Protestant do. -f^ ; Old 
 Ladies' Asylum, the remainder, 500 dollars. How much 
 
 * Net or neat means over and above expenses. 
 
51.] FRACTIONS. 81 
 
 did the generous singer give away ? and how much did 
 each society receive ? 
 
 361. In the year 1850 there were probably 800000 bas- 
 kets of peaches brought into New York city. If the popu- 
 lation were 510000, what fraction will express how many 
 baskets that was to each person ? 
 
 362-363. A journeyman's wages per week were 10 dol- 
 lars : of that sum he spent \ for the 6 working days for 
 meat. What fraction will express the amount he spent each 
 day ? If 10 dollars are 1000 cents, how many cents did he 
 spend each day ? 
 
 364. Paid 137 dollars for flour, at 6f dollars a barrel. 
 How many barrels did I buy ? 
 
 365. There were 37 bushels of potatoes in a cart : J of 
 them were divided among 3 families of 4 persons each j -J- 
 of them among 2 families of 7 persons each ; j- of them 
 between 3 persons; and the remainder among 18 persons. 
 What part of a bushel had each person by the 1st division ? 
 What part had each by the 2d ? what by the 3d ? what by 
 the 4th ? 
 
 366. Two persons, A. and B., being 95 miles apart, travel 
 towards each other, both starting at the same time. They 
 meet at the end of 6 hours, when they discover that A. 
 travelled Ij miles more than B. each hour. How many 
 miles did each go ? 
 
 367. A boy, after losing 1 of his kite string, added 30 
 feet, and then found that it was just |- of the original length. 
 What was the length at first ? 
 
 368. A person commencing business with a certain capi- 
 tal, found at the end of the first year that he had increased 
 it -J, but at the end of the next year, having been unfortu- 
 nate in business, his capital amounted to 3000 dollars, which 
 
82 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 was -J of what he had at the end of the first year. What 
 was the capital he commenced with ? 
 
 369. A. owns \ of J of \ of a ship ; B. owns \ of of f 
 of the whole ; C. owns J of f of \ of the whole ; D. owns 
 the remainder. How much does A.'s part exceed J of the 
 whole ? How much does B.'s part fall short of \ of the 
 whole ? How much does C.'s part fall short of J of the 
 whole ? How much does D.'s part exceed i of the whole ? 
 
 370. Divide 88 dollars as follows : to A. give 1 dollar 
 more than J of the whole ; to B. give 10 dollars more than 
 1 of the remainder ; to C. give 14 dollars more than \ of 
 the second remainder ; and to D. the balance. What is 
 each one's part ? 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 
 
 52. SUPPOSE 1 to be divided into 10 equal parts ; each 
 one of these parts is 1 tenth, or ^ ; two parts are 2 tenths, 
 or T 2 Q-, &c. Now, if each tenth be divided into ten equal 
 parts, each of these subdivisions will be a hundredth ; that 
 *> To--r-= rVxA=T*ir- So ^+^.=J nfX & = 
 
 ToVo' &c - 
 
 Such fractions as the above, which decrease or increase 
 
 only in a tenfold ratio, are called Decimal* Fractions. So 
 that Decimal Fractions must always have denominators of 
 the following form : 10, 100, 1000, 10000, &c. 
 
 In treating of whole numbers, we saw (5) that the suc- 
 cessive orders of units had a tenfold increase from right to 
 
 * Decimal, from a Latin word signifying ten. 
 
52.] DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 83 
 
 left, or decrease from left to right. This being true, also, 
 of decimals, they may be written down and operated upon 
 as if they were whole numbers ; that is, their denomina- 
 tors may be omitted. The only care necessary is to distin- 
 guish the decimal from the integer by a separatrix or point. 
 Thus, seven and 3 tenths is written 7 '3 ; six and 9 hun- 
 dredths is written 6 '09. 
 
 The first place at the right of the decimal point is tenths ; 
 the second place is hundredths ; the third place, thousandths ; 
 the fourth place, ten- thousand ths ; the fifth place, hundred- 
 thousandths ; the sixth place, millionths, &c., as in the fol- 
 lowing 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 In notation, where a decimal place does not require a digit, 
 must be written. Thus, 3 hundredths is written 0*03, the 
 naught showing that no tenths are to be expressed ; 7 thou- 
 sandths is written O'OOY, the naughts showing that no tenths 
 and no hundreds are to be expressed, &c. We also write 
 a naught at the left of the decimal point when there are no 
 units. The naught is thus necessary to keep the decimal 
 digit in its proper place. 
 
 Every naught prefixed to a decimal carries it one place 
 further to the right, and thus decreases its value 10 times. 
 Thus, 0-1=^; 0-01 = ^; 0-001 = ^, &c. 
 
 Naughts annexed to a decimal do not alter its value, since 
 
84: DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 they multiply it. 5 numerator and denominator by the same 
 number. Thus, 0-1=-^; 0-10 = ^; 0'100= T WV 
 
 53. To express decimals in figures. 
 
 Write the decimal as a whole number. Prefix as many 
 naughts as are necessary to make the decimal places equal 
 to the number of naughts of the denominator. Be careful 
 to place the POINT at the left of the number. 
 
 For example : Express in figures three hundred and fifty- 
 seven millionths. I write first the 357. There are 6 naughts 
 in lOOOOOO^s (T^IJWO)- * tnen P refix to tne 3 decimal 
 places already written, 3 naughts, 0*000357. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1-9. How many decimal places in 1 hundredth ? in 1 
 thousandth ? in 1 millionth ? in 1 ten- thousandth ? in 1 hun- 
 dred-thousandth ? in 1 billionth ? in 1 ten-millionth ? in 1 
 hundred-millionth ? in 1 ten-billionth ? 
 
 10-19. Write 37 thousandths ; 3 hundredths ; 48 mil- 
 lion/.hs ; 95 hundred-millionths ; 490 hundred-thousandths ; 
 1240 ten-millionths ; 10000004 hundred-millionths ; 96 bil- 
 lionths ; 9301 hundred-millionths ; 27101 millionths. 
 
 20-27. Write eight hundred and four^ thousand ten-mil- 
 lionth^ ; seven million and four hundred millionths ; seven- 
 ty-four million and eighty-one billionths ; eight hundred and 
 ninety-six thousand hundred-millionths ; four thousand and 
 seven hundred-thousandths ; eight hundred million and four 
 thousand ten-billionths ; sixty billions and seventy-four tril- 
 lionths ; eight hundred billions and ninety-nine ten-bil- 
 lionths. 
 
 NOTE. The teacher will exercise the pupils in similar number^ 
 until they can write them with rapidity and accuracy. 
 
54.] DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 85 
 
 28-37. Express decimally the following fractions : -f^Q ; 
 To to" ' ToVo o ' ToVo'W 5 ToV/oV 5 nn$%Wo > ToWo cflTO '> 
 
 12 . 1365 
 
 o~o~o"o > To oooo"- 
 
 38-50. Express the following decimally : f 8 T 4 Q-=8'4 : 
 
 NOTE. Perform the division indicated by the fraction. 
 
 54. To read decimals expressed in figures. 
 Read the figures as if they were whole numbers, and add 
 the name of the right-hand decimal place. 
 
 Thus, 0*7 is read seven tenths ; 0*06 i read six hun- 
 dredths ; 0*004 is read four thousandths ; 0*1070004 is read 
 one million, seventy thousand and four ten-millionths. 
 
 NOTE. If the pupil numerate, beginning at the left, thus, " tenths," 
 " hundredths," " thousandths," <fcc., till he reach the last figure, he 
 will ascertain the name of the right-hand decimal place. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 51-78. Read the following expressions : 
 0-8 0-10876 3-0017 
 
 0-90 0-0001007 4-90018 
 
 0-407 0-1000012 6-000001 
 
 0-001 0-6750912 49-100007 
 0-^945 0-80700176 86*0010007 36'21i 
 
 0-87601 0-80000001 44-62000016 48*4081^ 
 
 0-00076 0-901010101 O'lOOlOOOlOO 
 
 An expression made up of an integer and a decimal is 
 called a mixed number ; as, 26-41. 
 
 8 
 
86 
 
 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 
 
 [CHAP. X 
 
 ADDITION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 55. Add 7-8, 9*04, 78*005, 801*7604. 
 
 We arrange the numbers so that tenths 
 will stand under tenths, hundredths under 
 hundredths, <fec., as units stand under units, 
 tens under tens, <fec. We then add as in 
 whole numbers. As many figures must evi- 
 dently be pointed off on the right of the sum 
 for decimals, as are equal to the greatest 
 number of decimal places in any of the num- 
 bers added. 
 
 896-6054 
 
 Hence, for the Addition of Decimals, the following 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the numbers to be added so that the figures occu- 
 pying the same decimal place shall fall in the same column. 
 Add as in whole numbers. 
 
 II. From the right of the sum, point off for decimals as 
 many figures as equal the greatest number of decimal places 
 in any one of the given numbers. 
 
 NOTE. If the numbers are properly set down, the decimal point 
 in the sum will fall directly under those in the numbers added. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 79-81. Add 0-123, 0*012, 0*675, and 0*0045; 0*14145, 
 0*23235, 0*34345, and 0*45455 ; 0*617, 9128, 76435, and 
 476280. 
 
 82-87. What is the sum of 0*3456, 0*3465, 0*3546, 
 0*3564 ? of 0*3645, of 0*3654, 0*4356 ? of 0*4365, 0*4536, 
 0*4563? of 0*4635, 0*4653, 0*5346, 0*5364? of 0*6345, 
 0*6354, 0*6435, 0*6453 ? of 0*6534, 0*6543, 0*8765, 0'9876 ? 
 
 88-93. What is the sum of 1*234, 6*0045, 10*034? of 
 
$ 36.] SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 87 
 
 0-0036, 0-01701, 0-4005 ? of 37*38, 365'1, 63*36, 67*1 ? of 
 100-001,19-001, 48-5, 3*47? of 12*2001, 21*012, 212-1, 
 122-11 ? of 401-104, 365, 390*91, 1000*1 ? 
 
 94-98. What is the sum of 256-7, 365-07, I7'07l, 3*365? 
 of 0-1924, 0-4501, 0'7512, 0*78301, 0'00019? of 884-12, 
 100-001, 303-044, 6'398, 48'485 ? of 97l'914, 87*372, 
 547-006, 533-014, 384-009 ? of 203'145, 207*37, 0*017, 
 0-099, 0-083 ? 
 
 99-103. What is the sum of 12078'5, 60075*8, 6'085, 
 66-07, 301-38? of 44'369, 27'036, 64'027, 125*125? of 
 105-317, 206-004, 6*001, 0'009, 0'478 ? of 17*286, 3704, 
 1076, 1710-1, 0-03457? of 34689'14, 40057'82, 6078-65, 
 47083-9, 34-567 ? 
 
 - 
 56. SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Place the numbers as in addition of decimals, subtract as 
 in whole numbers. Point off in the result as in addition of 
 decimals. 
 
 Subtract 0-000001 from 0*1. 
 
 In examples of this kind naughts may be sup- O'l 
 posed to be annexed to the minuend, which O'OOOOOl 
 ( 40, Prop. III.) does not change the value of 0*099999 
 the decimal. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 104-110. From 898-7604 subtract 47-9631 ; 701-0001; 
 37-2896; 0-4972; 1-0001; 897'6795 ; 2-461. 
 
 111-116. From 92581*31 subtract 8461*1; 94-0009; 
 0*655816; 82000; 0*000036; 41*498. 
 
 117. From 3 millions and 1 millionth subtract 1 tenth. 
 
88 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 118. From 96 billions, 2 thousand and 7, subtract 84 ten 
 millionths. 
 
 119. From 82 millions 3 hundred, subtract 7 and 9 hun- 
 dred-thousandths. 
 
 120-122. From 345-345 subtract 54-123; from 1245*3478 
 subtract 340*0122; from 3456-12347846 subtract 479' 
 100345. 
 
 123-125. Subtract 99'9 from 1023'4 ; 0'13047 from 
 0-4785 ; 0-00675 from 0-11232. 
 
 126-129. Subtract 10'9807 from 219*307 ; 365*365 
 from 4017-37 ; 301-627 from 505'0005 ; 404*3737 from 
 900-1301. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 57. A tenth taken once must give 1 tenth for a product ; 
 if taken only one-tenth of a time, the product will be one- 
 tenth of a tenth, or one-hundredth ; that is, ro x To rio^* 
 or decimally expressed, O'l X0'l=0-01. This is evidently 
 true, since if the tenth part of any thing be divided into 10 
 equal parts, each subdivision will be a hundredth part of 
 the whole. So ^ of r o = T Wo- and so on - 
 
 Multiply 0*136 by 0*78. If we supply the denominators 
 of these decimals, which denominators are always under- 
 stood, we shall have O'l 36 = T Vo% J O^S^ 
 
 Hence, multiplying ^fifo by ^, we find 
 
 X = 
 
 From which we see that the number of decimal places in 
 the product, always denoted by the number of naughts in 
 the denominator which is understood, is equal to the num- 
 ber of decimal places in both factors. Hence we have this 
 
58.] ' MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 89 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply as in whole numbers. From the right of the 
 product point off as many figures for decimals as there are 
 decimal places in both the factors. If there be not enough 
 figures in the product, prefix naughts. 
 
 Multiply 0-125 by 0'37. 
 
 In this example, the multiplicand has 3 deci- 
 mal places, and the multiplier 2. Therefore the 
 product must have five places. And since there 
 are but 4 figures in the product, we prefix 1 
 naught before placing the decimal point. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 130-138. Multiply 943-078 by 8; by 12; by 14 ; by 28; 
 by 39 ; by 121 ; by 696 ; by 1240 ; by 67932. 
 
 139-147. Multiply 270-4601 by 2'1; 7'09; 6'003 ; 
 92-804; 0-073*0-2946; 0-94820; 0-765921 ; 1023'6921. 
 
 148-154. Multiply 0-49801 by 36-296; 492*12 ; 37'009; 
 6-219786 ; 0*000006 ; 0*0000009 ; 0-000000008. 
 
 155-163. Multiply 0'00074 by 0*19; 0'028; 0*0036; 
 0*00048 ; 0-000096 ; 0*0000084 ; 0*00000097 ; 3648*1 ; 
 8936*0004. 
 
 58. A decimal number may be multiplied by 10, 100, 
 1000, &c., by removing the decimal point as many places 
 to the right as there are naughts in the multiplier. If the 
 number do not contain so many figures, annex naughts. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 164. Multiply 82*146 by 10. 
 
 165. Multiply 76*92 by 1000. 
 
 166-171. Multiply* 4610-4 by 10; 100; 1000; 10000; 
 100000: 1000000. 
 
 8* 
 
90 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 172-179. Multiply 0-47692 by 10; 100; 1000; 10000; 
 100000; 1000000 ;. 10000000 ; 100000000. 
 
 180-187. Multiply 3-7 by 10 ; 100; 1000; 10000; 
 100000; 1000000; 10000000; 100000000. 
 
 DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 59. In multiplication of decimals, we know that the 
 number of decimal places in the product is equal to the sum 
 of those in both the factors. Now, since the product di- 
 vided by one of the factors must produce the other factor 
 or quotient, it follows that in division the decimal places of 
 the dividend must be equal to the number of places in both 
 divisor and quotient. Hence, the number of decimal places 
 in the quotient must equal the excess of those in the divi- 
 dend over those in the divisor. 
 
 Divide 5*81224 by 5'432. 
 
 Dividing 581224 by 5432, we find 107 for the quotient. 
 Since 5 figures of the dividend, and only 3 figures of the 
 divisor are decimals, it follows that two figures of the quo- 
 tient 107 must be decimals, so that 1'07 is the quotient 
 sought. Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide as in whole numbers ; point off as many decimal 
 places in the quotient as those in the dividend exceed those 
 in the divisor ; if there are not as many, supply the defi- 
 ciency by prefixing naughts. 
 
 NOTE. Division of Decimals may be explained' as follows : 
 
 Suppose dividend and divisor to be whole numbers, the quotient 
 
 will be a whole number. If the dividend be divided by 10, that is, 
 
 if it contain one decimal, the quotient ( 3l, e) will be divided by 
 
 10 ; that is, it will contain one decimal ; and generally as many times 
 
60.] DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 91 
 
 as the dividend is divided by 10 will the quotient be so divided. 
 But if the divisor also be divided by 10, the quotient just obtained 
 will be multiplied by 10 ( 31, /), and in general as many times as 
 the divisor is divided by 10, so many times will the quotient be mul- 
 tiplied by 10 ; that is, for every decimal place in the divisor one de- 
 cimal place in the quotient must be cancelled. 
 
 It is thus seen that in the effect upon the quotient, each decimal 
 place in the divisor cancels a decimal place in the dividend, and that 
 the excess of decimal places in the dividend over those in the divi- 
 sor, that is, the number of uncancelled 10's by which it is divided, 
 must be expressed by the same number of decimal places in the 
 quotient. 
 
 Divide 0-123428 by 11'8. 
 
 In this example, tbe divi- ii-$ ) 0*123428 ( 0*01046 
 
 dend contains 6 decimal 
 places, and tbe divisor but 1 ; 
 the quotient must, therefore, 
 contain 5. As there are but 
 4 figures in the quotient, sup- 
 
 118 
 
 542 
 
 472 
 
 708 
 708 
 
 ply the deficiency by prefix- 
 ing a naught before placing the decimal point. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 188-192. Divide 7'11 by 3'1 ; 24-06 by 8'02 ; 67*2336 
 by 6*003 ; 96*97662 by 37*2987 ; 2146-078488 by 37*84. 
 
 193-198. Divide 3'810688 by 1'12 ; 0'109896 by 0*241 ; 
 1-12264556 by 1-0012 ; Q'01764144 by 0*0018 ; 0*07056545 
 by 0-0073 ; 0-1411309 by 0'00365. 
 
 60. When there are not as many decimal places in the 
 dividend as in the divisor, naughts may be annexed ( 40, 
 Prop. III.) to the dividend. When the number of decimal 
 places is the same in dividend and divisor, the quotient will 
 be a whole number. Thus, j%-^T 2 ^~f =3 '> ^ iafc ' ls > ' 6 ^- 
 0-2 = 3. 
 
92 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 199-205. Divide 0'7 by 0'07 ; 0'25 by O'OOOo ; 0'25 by 
 0-00005; 0'125byO-000005; 122-418 by 3*4005 ; 244-431 
 by 1-2345; 365' 2 by 9'13. 
 
 206-213. Divide 234-31 by 0'4967 ; by 0'28160 ; by 
 2-00076; by 7'892165 ; by 22*872003; by 41'9865432; 
 by 221-762Q80 ; by 3-4076321. 
 
 214-225. Divide 827640-32167 by 8'2 ; by 9'03 ; by 
 11-416; by 327-0489; by 7260-19876 ; by 9831-00014; 
 by 63-222219; by 92-4234767; by 38'9l765890; by 
 21814-26; by 8'4 ; by 9*701. 
 
 NOTE. The annexing of naughts to the dividend is obviously to 
 reduce dividend and divisor to a common denominator. 
 
 Where the decimal places of the divisor are fewer than 
 those of the dividend, naughts are always supposed to be 
 annexed to the divisor; thus,0-8215-f-0'5 = 0-8215~0-5000. 
 Of course, then, if the dividend contain the divisor, the first 
 figure of the quotient will be a whole number. 
 
 61. When there is still a remainder, we may continue to 
 annex naughts to it and to divide, until a sufficiently accurate 
 result is obtained. The sign -f- annexed to the quotient shows 
 that it is larger than is written. 
 
 NOTE. The pupil will remember that every naught annexed to a 
 remainder adds another decimal place to the dividend. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 226. Divide 0'8215 by 0'5. 
 
 227-231. Divide 4-1175 by 0-5 ; by 25 ; by 35 ; by 45 ; 
 by 55. 
 
 232-238. Divide 20 by 0'003 ; 37'4 by 4'5 ; 7'85 by 
 3-43 ; 0-478 by 0'58 ; 0'9009 by 0'405l ; 68'283 by 9'22 ; 
 845-6501 ; by 37'37. 
 
62.] DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 93 
 
 62. To divide a decimal by 10, 100, 1000, &c. 
 
 T*o--TT*o X rV^ToVo ; that is > O'Ol -0-1 = 0-001. 
 Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Remove the decimal point as many places to the left as 
 there are naughts in the divisor : when there are not figures 
 enough in the dividend prefix naughts. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 239-242. Divide 41497'6 by 10; by 100; by 1000; 
 by 10000. 
 
 243-247. Divide 67'4 by 10; by 100; 1000; 10000; 
 100000. 
 
 248-253. Divide 0-341 by 10; 100; 1000; 10000; 
 100000; 1000000. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES IN DECIMALS. 
 
 254. Bought 4 loads of wood : the first contained 0'97 
 cords, the second contained 1*03 cords, the third contained 
 0'945 cords, the fourth contained T005 cords. What did 
 the four loads measure in decimals ? 
 
 255. In the month of May the amount of rain was 3*15 
 inches, in June it was 4'05 inches, in July it was 2 '9*7 
 inches, and in August it was 3 '03 inches. How much rain 
 fell during these four months ? 
 
 256. During three successive days the mean* range of 
 
 * If the sum of a scries of unequal quantities be divided by the number of quan- 
 tities, the quotient is called the mean or average of these quantities, since it will, 
 when repeated as many times as there are unequal quantities, just equal their sum. 
 Thus, the average of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 (5 quantities), is (2 -f 4 + G + 8 + 10) -*- 5 
 
 :_; 30 4-5=0. 
 
94 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 the barometer was 29*04 inches, 29*51 inches, and 29*73 
 inches respectively. What is the sum of these heights ? 
 
 257. In 1844, the whole number of school districts of 
 New York was 10990, and the whole number of children 
 in said districts, between the ages of 5 and 16 years, was 
 696548. What was the average* number for each district ? 
 
 258. In New York, the total number of volumes in the 
 11018 school-district libraries was 1145250. What was the 
 average number for each library ? 
 
 259. In one mile there are 1760 yards, and in one rod 
 there are 5-J = 5*5 yards. How many rods in one mile ? 
 
 260. If light passes 191515 miles in a second, how many 
 seconds will if require to pass from the sun to the earth, a 
 distance of 95500000 miles ? 
 
 261. If a cubic inch of pure water weigh 252*458 grains 
 avoirdupois, of which 7000 make one pound, what is the 
 weight of the Imperial or English gallon, which contains 
 277*274 cubic inches ? 
 
 262. If one Imperial gallon contain 277*274 cubic inches, 
 how many cubic inches in 8 gallons or one bushel, and how 
 many cubic feet of 1728 inches each ? 
 
 263. If one cubic inch of pure water weigh 252*458 grains 
 avoirdupois, how many grains will 1728 cubic inches, or 
 one cubic foot, weigh, and how many pounds of 7000 grains 
 each ? 
 
 264. If at each stroke of the piston-rod of a locomotive 
 engine a distance of 13*25 feet is passed over, how many 
 strokes must be made in passing a distance of 93 miles ? 
 
 265. In one mile there are 5280 feet, and in one rod 
 there are 16*5 feet. How many rods in one mile ? 
 
 266. How many feet in circumference must a wheel be 
 
 * See note on preceding page. 
 
63.] FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS. 95 
 
 so as to roll over just 100 times in going a distance of one 
 mile? 
 
 267-269. If the circumference of the forward wheel of 
 a carriage is 15 '25 feet, and the circumference of the hind 
 wheel 17'75 feet, then in a journey of 10 miles, how many 
 times will each revolve ? and how many more times will 
 the one revolve than the other ? 
 
 270. If 37-03 acres of land cost 2000 dollars, how much 
 was it per acre ? 
 
 271-274. If I purchase 43'25 acres of land at 55'5 dol- 
 lars per acre, and sell 31 '25 acres for 2500 dollars, then how 
 much did I give for the whole ? How much did I receive 
 per acre for what I sold ? How much more did I receive 
 for what I sold than the whole cost me ? and how many 
 acres remained unsold ? 
 
 275. From a cistern containing 3000 gallons, 73'5 bar- 
 rels, of 31'5 gallons each, are drawn off. How many gal- 
 lons remain ? 
 
 REDUCTION OF COMMON FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS. 
 
 63. Reduce f to a decimal. 
 
 We cannot divide 3 by 8 ; but reducing the 3 to tenths, 
 that is, multiplying it by 10, we have 3 = 30 tenths, which 
 divided by 8 gives 3 tenths for a quotient. But there are 
 6 tenths remainder. Reducing these to hundredths, we have 
 60 hundredths, which divided by 8 gives 7 hundredths for 
 a quotient. But there are 4 hundredths remaining. Re- 
 ducing these to thousandths, we have 40 thousandths, which 
 divided by 8 gives 5 thousandths for a quotient. 
 
 Thus, f 3 tenths + 7 hundredths + 5 thousandths 
 
96 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 =0*375. Hence, to reduce a common fraction to a deci- 
 mal, we have this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Perform the division expressed by the fraction, annexing 
 as many naughts to the numerator as are necessary to pro- 
 duce a sufficiently exact quotient. In the quotient point off 
 as many decimal places as there have been naughts annexed. 
 
 NOTE. After having annexed one 0, if the dividend will not con- 
 tain the divisor, write in the quotient, and so on. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 276-297. Reduce to their equivalent decimal fractions 
 the following common fractions : ^ ; J ; i ; -J ; -j-L ; |- ; J ; 
 
 298-329. Reduce to decimals the following : f ; f ; f- ; 
 
 3.3.4.4.4. 4.5.5.5.5. 6 . fi . 6 . 
 
 T<5" T3~> T TTMT3"' T> > 9 ' TT ' TT T3~ T7 
 J ' T 7 T ' T 7 3 ' TT rV ' TT ' TT '> TT 5 TV ' TT > if 5 if ' 
 
 330-333. What is the decimal value of | of f ? of J of 
 TT of T 7 2 ? of f of 1 divided by f of | ? of J of f diminish- 
 ed by f of I ? 
 
 334-336. Find the decimal value of T+A+f +T+TT 
 of fx T 9 T xfxfx T 4 T ; of (f+ T 9 T )xf 
 
 337. A man received 7 T 2 j of a dollar at one time, 3j dol- 
 lars at another, and 5^ of a dollar at another. How much 
 did he receive in all ? 
 
 It will he seen, as in some of the preceding examples, that the 
 figures of the quotient are repeated: giving 0*33 3, <fcc., and | 
 giving 0-1428571428, <fec. ; giving 01666, <fec. ; -^ giving G'08333, (fee. 
 
64.] DECIMALS TO COMMON FRACTIONS. 97 
 
 These are called repeating decimals. The figures that are repeat- 
 ed are called the repetend, and are distinguished bj a dot placed over 
 the first and last ; as 0'333, &c.=O3 ; 0142857 1428, <fcc.=od42857 ; 
 0-08333, <fcc.=0-OS3 ; <fcc. 
 
 When decimal figures precede the repetend they are called the 
 finite part of the decimal. Thus, in 0-08333, <fcc., which is the decimal 
 value of y , 0'08 is the finite part. 
 
 REDUCTION OF DECIMALS TO COMMON FRACTIONS. 
 
 64. Change 0'375 to a common fraction. 
 0'375= T 3 o 7 ( j 5 ^=f . Hence, to reduce a decimal to a com- 
 mon fraction, the following 
 
 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Erase the decimal point ; supply the decimal denomina- 
 tor, and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 338-351. Reduce to their equivalent common fractions 
 the following decimals: 0*5; O'lo ; 0'25 ; 0-375; 0'225 ; 
 0-435 ; 0-575 ; 0'486 ; 0'656 ; 0'0025 ; 0-00375 ; 
 0-000225 ; O'lOOl ; 0'36984. 
 
 352-357. Reduce to decimals the following: 0*0982; 
 0-00764; 0*00025; 0-5005; 0*0125; 0'01250505. 
 
 65. To reduce repeating decimals to common fractions. 
 
 ^=0*1111, <fec. ; ^ J = =0 ' 010101 01, <fcc. ; ^=0-001001001001, <fcc. ; 
 
 j = o-3333, <fcc. ; 5 ^=0'03030303, <fcc. ; ^=0-003003003003, <fec. ; 
 
 |=0'6666, <fec. Hence we see that the numerator of the fraction 
 is the repeating decimal (omitting the useless naught or naughts at 
 the left), while the denominator of the fraction is as many 9's as there 
 are figures in the repetend : 0-0909, <fec.=^ ; O'i42857=f f f ; 
 
 I 2 
 
 8-1666, <fcc.=3-16=3-l|=3+-jU=3-|. Hence this 
 
 
 
98 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Make the repetend the numerator, and as many 9*5 as there 
 are figures in the repetend the denominator, of the required 
 fraction. 
 
 NOTE, If there be a finite part to the decimal, write the whole 
 decimal as a complex fraction (as above), and reduce it to a simple 
 fraction. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 358-370. Reduce to common fractions the following re- 
 peating decimals : 0'3 ; 0'3456 ; 0'4356 ; 0'6543 ; O'l ; 
 
 0-12; v O-083= ^-; 0*06; 0*243; 0*0142857; 0*9 J 
 
 0-0*12345679 ; 0'123321. 
 
 371-385. Reduce to common fractions the following : 
 
 0-123456; 0*0714285; 0*03571428; 0*027; 0*123; 
 0-321; 0-36; 0'63 ; 0*0398; 0*6345; 0*6534; 0*5643; 
 0-5634; 0*72; 0*54. 
 
 FEDERAL MONEY. 
 
 66. Federal Money is the currency of the United States. 
 This currency is expressed decimally. Its unit takes the 
 name of dollar ; its tenth is the dime ; its hundredth is the 
 cent; its thousandth is the mill. Thus, 2*345 expresses 
 (52) 2 units, 3 tenths, 4 hundredths, and 5 thousandths, 
 or 2 and 345 thousandths. Now writing the symbol, $,* 
 before the sum, thus, $2-345, it becomes at once 2 dollars, 
 
 * This symbol probably represents a U placed upon an S to denote the currency 
 of the U. S. (United States). It must always be written before numbers express- 
 ing dollars ; and before numbers expressing parts of a dollar, unless these are de- 
 noted by the sign cts. placed after them. 
 
titi.] FEDERAL MONEY. 99 
 
 3 dimes, 4 cents, 5 mills ; or 2 dollars, 34 cents, 5 mills. 
 The dime is always read as cents. There is another denom- 
 ination of this currency, answering to the ten, called the 
 eagle. This is read as dollars. Thus, $23 expresses 2 eagles 
 and 3 dollars, but it is read 23 dollars. $84-6923 is read 
 84 dollars, 69 cents, 2 mills, and 3 tenths of a mill. 
 The following is the table of Federal Money : 
 
 10 mills* (marked m.) make one cent, marked ct. 
 10 cents . . " dime, " d. 
 
 10 dimes . . " dollar, " $. 
 
 10 dollars . . " " eagle, " E. 
 
 The coins of the United States are the double-eagle, engle, 
 half-eagle, quarter- eagle, dollar, made of gold ; the dollar, 
 half-dollar, quarter- dollar, dime, half-dime, and three cent 
 piece, made of silver ; the cent and half cent, made of copper. 
 
 The mill is not coined. 
 
 NOTE. The gold for coinage is not pure, but consists of of pure 
 gold, -J^- of silver, and Jj- of copper ; or, as usually expressed, 22 carats 
 of gold, 1 of Silver, and 1 of copper. A carat is ^ part of the whole. 
 
 The standard for silver is 1489 of pure silver to 179 of pure cop- 
 per ; which, in carats, is 21 T 5 / of silver, and 2 T 8 ^ f copper. 
 
 The copper coins are of pure copper. The three cent piece is | sil- 
 ver and 4 copper. 
 
 By an act of Congress, approved January 18, 1837, the gold and 
 silver coin must consist of y^o 77 pure metal, and ^^=-^ w 
 alloy. The alloy for silver must consist of pure copper, and the alloy 
 for gold, of copper and silver, provided that the silver does not ex- 
 ceed one-half of the whole alloy. 
 
 The weight of the Eagle was fixed at 258 grains ; the weight of 
 the Dollar at 412$ grains ; that of the Cent at 168 grains. 
 
 * The word mill is from the Latin mille, meaning a thousand ; cent from the 
 Latin centum, meaning a hundred ; dime is from the French word disme, mean- 
 ing ten. 
 
100 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 386-392. Read the following : $7'84 ; $92'06 ; $672'123 ; 
 $8961-006; $4180'9673; $901'001 ; $3'03. 
 
 393-401. Read the following: $6'82; $7'448 ; $9'02 ; 
 $3-01; $4-07; $6'93 ; $48'761 ; $2l7'001; $36'987. 
 
 402-408. Express in figures thirty-seven cents ; forty- 
 four cents, three mills ; six dollars, two cents ; four dollars, 
 eight mills ; nine dollars, twenty cents, six mills ; five thou- 
 sand dollars, eight cents, nine mills ; one million dollars, one 
 and one-half cents. 
 
 NOTE. Write the half-cent always as 5 mills. 
 
 409-412. Write 37 cts. ; 2 dolls. 12^ cts. ; 4 dolls. 
 cts. ; 5 dolls. 87 cts. 
 
 67. From the table it is seen that a number expressing 
 dollars will express cents by annexing two naughts to it, and 
 will express mills by annexing three naughts ; thus 3 dolls. 
 become 300 cts. and 3000 mills. 
 
 So cents become mills by annexing one naught ; thus, 
 7 cts. = 70 mills. 
 
 Reversely, mills become cents fey cutting off a naught 
 from the right ; and become dollars by cutting off three 
 naughts ; thus, 8000 mills = 800 cts^S dolls. 
 
 Cents become dollars by cutting off two naughts from 
 the right ; thus, 700 cts. = 7 dolls. 
 
 NOTE. It is obvious that this reduction of dollars to cents or mills 
 is simply the multiplication of the sum expressing dollars by 100 or 
 1000 ; and that the reduction of cents or mills to dollars is simply 
 the division of the sum given by 100 or 1000. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 413-419. Reduce first to cents, then to mills, the follow- 
 ing sums: $8; $894; $620; $34; $936273; $841904; 
 $123456. 
 
68.] FEDERAL MONEY. 101 
 
 420-426. Reduce the following sums to mills : 83 cts. 
 91cts. ; 4 cts. ; 378 cts. ; 1234 cts. ; 9100 cts. ; 875618 cts 
 
 427-441. Reduce to dollars the following sums : 841 cts. 
 928 cts.; 4670 cts.; 12986 cts.; 4810 mills; 1234 m. 
 4968 cts. ; 321946m.; 135792 cts. ; 9800m.; 9800 cts. 
 3918762 m. ; 4987621 cts.; 3076009 cts.; 4876543 m. 
 
 442-450. Reduce to cents the following sums : 8940 m. 
 92801 m. ; 1234567 m. ; $81*07; $83*96; $487'80 
 $9654-21; $13498*20; $482*31. 
 
 451-456. Reduce to mills the following sums : $0*83 
 $98-436; $2'076 ; $28T296 ; $4812*37; $69874*983. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES IN FEDERAL MONEY. 
 
 68. The rules that apply to operations in Decimals 
 apply without change to operations in Federal Money. 
 
 457. Bought a box of raisins for $1'75, a bushel of ap- 
 ples for $0-375, a cheese for $3 - l75, a barrel of sugar for 
 $15'50. What did the whole amount to ? 
 
 458. A farmer receives $15'375 for a cow, $75 for a horse, 
 $3 '125 for some potatoes, $5 '5 5 for some poultry. How 
 much did he receive in all ? 
 
 459. A person bought some velvet for $3*333, some 
 broadcloth for $18'75, some silk for $12*50, some cotton 
 cloth for $5-405, a shawl for $12*25, some carpeting for 
 $30*05. What did the whole amount to ? 
 
 460. A person borrowed $2 13 '3 75, of which he has paid 
 $107-18. How much does he still owe ? 
 
 461. Bought a cow for $13-25, paid $6*875. How much 
 remains unpaid ? 
 
 462. What will 185 pounds of coffee cost, at $0'138 per 
 pound ? 
 
 9* 
 
102 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 463. Bought 8-375 cords of wood, at $2'50 per cord. 
 What did it cost ? 
 
 464. What will 121 '5 gallons of molasses come to, at 41 
 cents per gallon ? 
 
 465. The length of the Erie Canal is 364 miles, and 
 it cost $7143790. What was the average expense per 
 mile? 
 
 466. The Crooked Lake Canal is 8 miles long, and cost 
 $156777. How much is this per mile ? 
 
 467. In 1842, the whole number of children taught in the 
 district schools of the State of New York was 598901 ; 
 the whole amount disbursed for common schools was 
 $1155419'90. How much was that per scholar? 
 
 468. The salary of the President of the United States is 
 $25000. How much is that each day ? 
 
 469. In one rod there are 16 '5 feet. How many rods in 
 3573 feet ? 
 
 470. Bought a farm of 137 acres for $5324. How much 
 was that per acre ? 
 
 471. If 35 miles of railroad cost $400000, how much was 
 the average cost per mile ? 
 
 472. A farmer sells his butter for $0'21 per pound, re- 
 ceiving $1613-22. How many pounds did he sell ? 
 
 473. The butter made from the milk of 53 cows, during 
 the summer, having been sold for $0'20 per pound, brought 
 $1579'40. How many pounds were sold, and what was the 
 average produce of each cow ? 
 
 474. In a dairy of 46 cows, suppose each averages 2*5 
 gallons of milk daily, and that each gallon produces 1*1 
 pounds of cheese, how many pounds will be thus made in 
 5'7 months of 30 days each, and what will the whole bring 
 at 15 cents per pound ? 
 
68.] FEDERAL MONEY. 103 
 
 475. A farmer sold as follows : 
 
 15127 pounds of cheese, at 6*75 cents per pound. 
 
 400 " " butter, "15 " " " 
 
 2400 " " pork, " 5 " " " 
 
 53 bushels " wheat, " 125 " " bushel. 
 
 73 " " barley, " 50 " " " 
 
 231 " " corn, " 50 " " " 
 
 262 " " oats, " 30 " " " 
 
 What did the whole amount to ? 
 
 476. In 1845, the revenue or interest from the School 
 Fund of the State of New York was $86828*96. During 
 the same year there were employed 7147 teachers. If the 
 above sum were equally divided among those teachers, what 
 would each one receive ? 
 
 477. A compositor worked nine months, and during that 
 time set up at the rate of 7000 m's per day. How many 
 thousand m's did he set up, reckoning 25 working days to 
 the month? and how much did he receive at 15 cents per 
 1000 m's? 
 
 478. A man, in balancing his family accounts for one year, 
 found his expenses as follows : for January, $9 8 '41 ; for 
 February, $81*33 ; for March, $102*28 ; for April, $125*26 ; 
 for May, $74*38 ; for June, $73*47 ; for July, $65*98; for 
 August, $87'21 ; for September, $70*34 ; for October, 
 $122*08; for November, $79'68 ; for December, $52*77. 
 His salary was $1050 per annum. What had he left at the 
 end of the year ? 
 
 479. A butcher, a shoemaker, and a tailor gave orders 
 on each other in the way of their business, and at the end 
 of a year settled accounts. The butcher's bill against the 
 tailor was $61*84 ; against the shoemaker, $39*44. The 
 shoemaker's bill against the butcher was $24*30 ; against 
 
104: DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 the tailor, 819*15. The tailor's bill against the butcher was 
 $42*07 ; against the shoemaker, $39*39. Who received 
 balances in cash ? 
 
 480. Bought 116 feet of pine wood, at $4*50 per cord of 
 128 feet. How much did I pay for the load? 
 
 481. I bought 19 baskets of coal, at 12 J cents per bush- 
 el ;* lj cords of wood, at $8 per cord ; 3 tons hard coal, at 
 $6 '50 per ton ; and paid 91 cts. for sawing and splitting the 
 wood. How much did I pay for my fuel ? 
 
 482. Mr. Holden's expenses for February were as fol- 
 lows : for the table $28*28 ; for sundries $45*83 ; for cloth- 
 ing $32*73 ; oil $0*68 ; rent $14'50 ; wages $6*50. How 
 much in all ? 
 
 483. A man takes 50 dollars to pay his grocer's bill, 
 which is as follows : 38 doz. eggs, at 12^ cts. a dozen ; 34 
 pounds of white sugar, at 11 cts. a pound; 42 pounds of 
 brown sugar, at 7 cts. a pound ; 27 pounds codfish, at 3j 
 cts. a pound ; 3 brooms, at 1 8 cts. a piece ; 7 gallons ale, 
 at 25 cts. a gallon ; 40 pounds butter, at 18 cts. a pound ; 2 
 galls, molasses, at 40 cts. a gal. ; J gross matches, at 62| cts. 
 a gross. How much change must the man receive ? 
 
 484. The largest gold coin known is the dobraon of Por- 
 tugal, of the value of $32*706. How many double-eagles 
 are there in 75 dobraons? 
 
 485. A piece of silk is two-thirds as wide as a piece of 
 mousseline-de-lain. It requires 10 yards of the latter for a 
 dress. The mousseline is 87-| cts. a yard, and the silk 62^. 
 What is the difference in price betweeen two dresses of equal 
 fulness, one of the silk and the other of the mousseline ? 
 
 486. The receipts from United States customs for tlje year 
 1847-8 were $31757071 ; and from lands, &c., $3679680. 
 
 * Each basket contains 3 bushels. 
 
68.] FEDERAL MOSEY. 105 
 
 The expenditures for the same time were for the army 
 $27280163 ; navy, $9406737 ; civil and miscellaneous, 
 $5585070. What was- the excess of receipts over expen- 
 ditures ? 
 
 487. Receipt the following bill for its true amount. 
 
 HENRY PHELPS To AARON MUNDIN, Dr. 
 
 To 75 yds. Brussels carpeting, at $T42 per yard; 
 " 63 skeins silk, at 2 cts. a skein ; 
 " 1 piece cotton, 31 yds., at 11 cts. a yard ; 
 " 1 Mousseline dress, 10 yds., at 92 cts. yd. ; 
 " 1 box hooks and eyes, at $2'30 ; 
 " 1 Piano cover, $7'12i; Table do., $3'25. 
 
 488. Receipt the following bill for its true amount. 
 
 JOHN Cox To PHIL. BRADY, Dr. 
 
 To 1 sup. broadcloth coat, $22 ; 
 " 1 vest, $5-37 ; 1 pair pants, $8'50 ; 
 " Overcoat, $26 ; 6 pairs gloves, at $O33 per pair ; 
 " Suspenders, $0'50 ; 4 pairs of drawers, 0'S8 per pair ; 
 " 1 doz. shirts, $1-87 each ; 18 prs. socks, at $0'22 per pair. 
 
 489. What was the amount of my butcher's bill ? The 
 items were as follow : 
 
 10 pounds beef, at 14 cts. per pound ; 6 pairs of fowls, average 2 
 pounds each, at 18 cts. per pound; kit mackerel, 25 pounds, at 5$ 
 cts. a pound; 38 pounds sausages, at 11 cts. a pound; fore-quarter 
 lamb, 7 pounds, at 8 cts. a pound ; 1 bushel of potatoes, 75 cts. ; 30 
 pounds lard, at 10 cts. a pound. 
 
 490. How many volumes of good books, averaging 50 
 cts. a volume, could a man purchase with the sum he would 
 spend for rum (two glasses a day, at 3 cts. a glass), during 
 30 years of his life, allowing 365 days to the year? 
 
 491. If a man spend 9 cts. a day for cigars, how much 
 will he spend during a life of 70 years, in that worse than 
 useless indulgence.? 
 
106 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 492. Bought 28J barrels of beef for $285, and sold them 
 at a profit of $1*78 per barrel. How much did I sell 
 them for ? 
 
 69. To find the value of articles estimated by the 100 
 or 1000. 
 
 What is the value of 9425 bricks, at $3'25 per 1000 ? 
 
 Supposing the price to be $3'25 for each brick, we 
 multiply the price per brick by the number of bricks ; 
 that is, $3'25 by 9425 ; or, what is the same thing, 
 9425 by 3*25, the number of dollars, since this is more 
 
 9425 
 3-2o 
 
 47125 
 18850 
 
 convenient. 28215 
 
 The product 30631'25 is evidently 1000 times too 
 great. We therefore divide it by 1000 ( 62), by re- 30631-25 
 moving the decimal 3 places to the left. The true 
 result, then, is $30-63125. Had the bricks been $3'25 per 100, the 
 decimal should have been removed two places to the left. Hence 
 this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the number of articles by the number expressing 
 the price per 100 or 1000. From the right of the product 
 point off two figures when the articles are estimated by the 100, 
 or three figures when they are estimated by the 1000. 
 
 NOTE. The decimal figures pointed off by this rule are in addition 
 to those which are pointed off by the usual rule for multiplication 
 of decimals. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 493. What is the value of 1300 feet of hemlock boards, 
 at $5-50 per 1000 ? 
 
 494. What is the value of 6Yo feet of clear pine stuff, at 
 $25 per 1000 ? 
 
 495. What is the value of 11035 feet of timber, at $2'25 
 per 100 ? 
 
70.] FEDERAL MONEY. 107 
 
 496. What is the value of 90422 bricks, at $3'75 per 
 1000? 
 
 497. What must be paid for laying 875 bricks, at $3*25 
 per 1000? 
 
 498. What cost 1689216 laths, at 8 cts. per 100? 
 
 499. A man carted 575 loads of bricks, each load con- 
 taining 1800 bricks. What cost the whole, at $8 '25 per 
 1000? 
 
 500. What must be paid for planing 4976280 feet of 
 boards, at 42 cts. per 1000 feet? 
 
 AN ABRIDGED METHOD FOR OPERATIONS IN FEDERAL MONEY, 
 
 by the aid of aliquot parts. (See 116.) 
 
 70. What cost 704 yards of cloth, at 12^ cts. per yard ? 
 
 The question may be answered in the usual way by multiplying 
 704 by 0-125, the cost of one yard in dollars. But there is a shorter 
 method. 
 
 If the price of the cloth had been 1 dollar a yard, the 704 yards 
 would have cost 704 dollars. But 12^ cts. is | of a dollar ; conse- 
 quently, the 704 yards must cost 1$ dollars=f 88. 
 
 At 12^ cts. a yard, how many yards of cloth can be bought 
 for $88 ? 
 
 This question might be answered in the usual way by dividing 88 
 by 0-125. But as 12 cts. is | of a dollar, 1 dollar would buy as 
 many yards as is contained times in 1 ; that is, l-)-i=8, and 88 
 dollars would buy 88 times as many yards ; that is, 88-r|=704, the 
 number of yards. Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 As the conditions of the question require division or mul- 
 tiplication, divide or multiply by the fractional part of the 
 dollar which the price expresses. 
 
108 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. [CHAP. X. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Of fractional parts of a dollar, called aliquot or exact parts. 
 
 cts. $ cts. $ eta. $ cts. $ 
 
 5 =&. 16|= i. 33J= i. 62i=f. 
 
 6J=A- 18f=A- 371= a. 66=f . 
 
 8J=A. 20 = J. 50 = A 75 =J. 
 
 10 = T V 25 = ]> 66J= T V 83j=f 
 
 121= .. 3U=#. 58J=&. 871=}. 
 
 NOTE. 121 cts. would, by the table, be of a dollar; $1-1 2$ 
 would be ; $2-31* would be $aj ; $4-75 would be -'/-, <fca 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 501-514. What would 678 baskets of peaches cost, at 
 12 cts. a basket ? at 16f cts. ? at 18f cts. ? at 20 cts. ? at 
 25 cts. ? at 31-i cts. ? at 33j cts. ? at 37J cts. ? at 50 cts. ? 
 at 62 cts. ? at 66f cts. ? at 75 cts. ? at 83j cts. ? at 87 
 cts. ? 
 
 515-521. What would 840 yards of cloth cost, at one 
 shilling, New York currency (12j cts.), per yard ? at 3 shil- 
 lings ? at 4 ? at 5 ? at 6 ? at 7 ? at 2 ? 
 
 NOTE. It would be more simple and more consistent that all ac- 
 counts in the United States should be kept in Federal Money. Yet 
 in most of the States the old colonial denominations of shillings and 
 pence are more or less used. The unit of these denominations is not 
 of the same value in all the States ; thus, in New York, 1 shilling= 
 12 cts. ; in New England =16 cts. The reason of this is, that at the 
 time of the adoption of Federal Money in 1786, the paper currency 
 of the several colonies had depreciated in value. A colonial pound 
 or shilling was not worth so much as a sterling (English) pound or 
 shilling. But this depreciation being unequal in the several colonies* 
 their shillings and pence varied in value. This variation continues 
 to this day. 
 
 522-527. At one shilling, N. E. currency (16 J cts.), per 
 pound, how many pounds of butter can be bought for $0 ? 
 
71.] DENOMINATE NUMBitt&. 109 
 
 for $12? for $54? for $926? for 8217 dolls.? for 98127 
 dolls. ? 
 
 528-538. How many pecks of apples will $37 buy, at 
 fourpence-ha'penny, N. E. currency (6j cts.), a peck ? at 
 ninepence (12J cts.) a peck? at one shilling a peck? at 
 sixpence (8- cts.) a peck? at 4 and 6 pence a peck? at 2 
 and 6 pence ? at 3 and 6 pence ? at 5 and 6 pence ? at 8 
 shillings ? at 4 shillings ? at 5 shillings ? 
 
 539-549. How many brushes will $50 purchase at a six- 
 pence, New York currency (6j cts.), a piece ? at a shilling 
 a piece? at 18 pence (18$ cts.) apiece ? at 2 shillings ? at 
 2 and 6 pence ? at 3 shillings ? at 3 and 6 pence ? at 4 shil- 
 lings ? at 5 ? at 6 ? at 7 ? 
 
 550-562. For 656 dollars, how many yards of carpeting 
 can I buy, at 37^ cts. per yard ? at 50 cts. ? at 56^ cts. ? 
 at 58J cts. ? at 62| cts. ? at 66f cts. ? at 75 cts. ? at 83j 
 cts.? at$l-12i?at$l'25? at$l'33-J-? at$l'50? at$l'62? 
 
 563-575. What will 98 yards of carpeting cost, at 
 cts.^eryard? at$l-05? at$l-06i? at$l'08? 
 at$l'16f ? at $1-25? at$l'33j? at$l'62? at 
 at$l-56i? at $1-50? at$l'87? 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 71. WE have thus far treated of abstract numbers; 
 that is, of numbers as simple units, or as parts of a unit. 
 We shall, in the present chapter, treat of denominate num- 
 bers, or numbers having reference to particular things. 
 
 (MO 
 
 10 
 
110 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 . Federal Money, when considered as units, tenths, hun- 
 dredths, &c., has an abstract character ; when considered as dollars, 
 cents, and mills, has a denominate character. 
 
 In multiplication, the multiplicand being repeated a certain num- 
 ber of times, or a certain fraction of a time when the multiplier is a 
 fraction, it follows that the multiplier, considered as a multiplier, 
 must always be regarded as an abstract number. And since the 
 product is a repetition of the multiplicand, it must be like the mul- 
 tiplicand ; that is, if the multiplicand is an abstract number, the 
 product must be an abstract number ; if the multiplicand is a de- 
 nominate number, the product must be a denominate number of the 
 same kind. 
 
 In division, when the quotient shows how many times the divisor 
 is contained in the dividend, or what fraction of a time when the di- 
 visor is greater than the dividend, it follows that the quotient must 
 be regarded as an abstract number, and that the divisor and divi- 
 dend must be alike. 
 
 When, however, the process of division is rather the di- 
 viding of a dividend into as many equal parts as are indi- 
 cated by the divisor, the quotient expressing the units in one 
 of those parts is of the same kind as the dividend, while 
 the divisor is to be regarded as an abstract number. See 
 Example, 91. 
 
 The following are the most important tables of weights 
 and measures, &c., and must be thoroughly learned by the 
 pupil. 
 
 72. ENGLISH OR STERLING MONEY;. 
 
 4 farthings (qr. or far.) make 1 penny, d. 
 12 pence " 1 shilling, s. 
 
 20 shillings " 1 pound, 
 
 NOTE 1. Farthings are often expressed as fractions of a penny 
 Thus, Ifar.^d. ; Ifar.^d,; 3/ar.=f< 
 
 NOTE 2. The pound sterling was originally a bank note ; but the 
 
73, 74.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. Ill 
 
 note has fallen into disuse ; and a gold coin, called a sovereign, of 
 the value of $4-84, supplies its place. 
 
 NOTE 3. The symbol is used because it is the first letter of the 
 Latin word libra, which signifies a pound ; s. stands for solidus, which 
 signifies a shilling ; d. for denarius, a penny ; g. for quadrans, a quarter. 
 
 The stroke /of ten written between shillings and pence is a corrup- 
 tion of the long/. 
 
 73. TROY WEIGHT. 
 
 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, pwt. 
 20 pennyweights " 1 ounce, oz. 
 
 12 ounces " 1 pound; Ib. 
 
 NOTE 1. The original of all weights used in England was a grain cf 
 wheat, gathered out of the middle of the ear ; 32 of these, well dried, 
 were to make one pennyweight. But at a later period, it was 
 thought sufficient to divide the same pennyweight into 24 equal 
 parts, still called grains, being the least weight now in common use. 
 
 Coins, precious metals, jewels, and liquors, are weighed by Troy 
 weight. 
 
 NOTE 2. This scale of weights is said to have been borrowed from 
 Troyes in France hence its name. Some, however, contend that the 
 name has reference to the monkish title given to London of Troy 
 Novant. 
 
 74. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 
 
 20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple, 3 
 
 3 scruples " 1 dram, 3 
 
 8 drams " 1 ounce, % 
 
 12 ounces " 1 pound, ftr 
 
 NOTE. This weight, as its name would imply, is used in weighing 
 medicines in small quantities, as for prescriptions. But drugs and 
 medicines in gross are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight. The 
 pound and ounce Apothecaries' Weight are the same as in Troy 
 Weight. 
 
112 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 75. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 
 
 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce, - oz. 
 
 16 ounces " 1 pound, Ib. 
 
 25 pounds " 1 quarter, qr. 
 
 4 quarters " 1 hundred weight, cwt. 
 
 20 hundred weight " 1 ton, T. 
 
 NOTE 1. By this weight are weighed all things of a/ coarse or 
 drossy nature, as bread, butter, cheese, flesh, groceries, and some 
 liquids ; all metals, except gold and silver. 
 
 NOTE 2. Formerly 28 pounds were estimated as 1 qr., 112 pounds 
 1 cwt., and 2240 Ibs. 1 ton. These weights are still used for cheap 
 and heavy articles, such as iron, coal, plaster, <fcc. 
 
 NOTE 3. The pound Avoirdupois contains 7000 grains Troy, while 
 the Troy pound contains only 5760 grains. 
 
 76. LONG MEASURE. 
 
 12 inches (in.) make 1 foot, ft. 
 
 3 feet " 1 yard, yd. 
 
 5l yards " 1 rod, perch, or pole, rd. 
 
 40 rods " 1 furlong, fur. 
 
 8 furlongs " 1 mile, mi. 
 
 3 miles " 1 league, L. 
 
 69 \ miles, nearly, " 1 degree, deg. or . 
 
 NOTE 1. 4 inches make 1 hand ; 9 inches, 1 span ; 18 inches, 1 cu- 
 bit ; 6 feet, 1 fathom ; 3 feet, 1 pace. 
 
 NOTE 2. The inch is subdivided sometimes into tenths ; sometimes 
 into halves, quarters, eighths, sixteenths ; and sometimes into 
 twelfths, called lines or primes. 
 
 NOTE 3. A nautical or geographical mile is -J- Q of a degree of the 
 earth's circumference. And since one degree is 69^ statute or legal 
 miles, we have 1 nautical mile equal to 11^=1'1527 statute miles 
 s=6086 feet. 
 
77.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 113 
 
 A knot, in nautical language, is a division of the log-line of ji y 
 of a nautical mile. A half-minute glass is used in connection with 
 the log, by observing how many knots of the log -line are run, while 
 the sand is running from the glass. As half a minute is ^ of an 
 hour, it follows that the number of knots thus run will be the num- 
 ber of miles the ship is making hourly. Hence, it is frequently said 
 that a ship was running at the rate of a certain number of knots, by 
 which is meant the number of nautical miles she was making hourly. 
 In this sense, knot is used for a nautical mile. 
 
 NOTE 4. The standard length of the yard in the United States, 
 from which all other measures of length are derived, is the same as 
 that of the Imperial yard of Great Britain. This yard is deduced 
 from that of a pendulum which vibrates once in a second in vacuum 
 at the level of the sea at London. Such a pendulum is found to be 
 39-13929 inches. 
 
 NOTE 5. The French government derive their linear unit of meas- 
 ure from one quarter of the circumference of a great circle of the 
 earth passing through the poles. Having determined by actual sur- 
 veys the length of that portion of a quarter circle, which is comprised 
 between the parallels of Dunkirk and Barcelona, they deduced the 
 length of the entire quarter from the equator to the pole, and took 
 one ten-millionth part of it for a metre. This method gave for the 
 French metre 39-37079 English or United States inches, equal 3 '2809 
 feet, nearly. 
 
 77. CLOTH MEASURE. 
 
 2j inches (in.) make 1 nail, na. 
 
 4 nails " 1 quarter of a yard, qr. 
 
 3 quarters " 1 Ell Flemish, E. Fl. 
 
 4 quarters " 1 yard, yd. 
 
 4 qr. 1 J in. " 1 Ell Scotch, E. S. 
 
 5 quarters " 1 Ell English, E. E. 
 
 6 quarters " 1 Ell French, E. Fr. 
 
 10* 
 
DENOMINATE MTIMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 78. SQUARE MEASURE. 
 
 144 square inches (sq. in.) make 1 square foot, sq.ft. 
 
 9 square feet " 1 square yard, sq. yd. 
 
 30 J square yards " 1 square rod or pole, P. 
 
 40 square rods 
 
 4 roods 
 640 
 
 acres 
 
 1 rood, 
 1 acre, 
 1 square mil< 
 
 R. 
 A. 
 M. 
 
 1 foot=12 inches. 
 
 NOTE 1. This measure is used for measuring surfaces such as 
 boards, glass, pavements, plastering, flooring, painting, and any kind 
 of materiel or work where length and breadth only are concerned. 
 It is always employed for measuring land, and for this reason is 
 sometimes called Land Measure. 
 
 A square is a figure having four 
 equal sides, and all its angles right 
 angles ; that is, the sides are per- 
 pendicular to each other. 
 
 If the length of one of the sides 
 is one inch, it is called a square 
 inch; if the length of one of the 
 sides is one foot, or 12 inches, it is 
 called a square foot, which by the 
 figure we see -is composed of 12 X 
 12=144 square inches. 
 
 In a similar manner, if we had a square, each of whose sides was 
 
 3 feet, it would contain 3X3=9 sq.feet, or one yard. 
 
 NOTE 2. The acre is always applied to surface or area. There is 
 no such thing as an acre long. It is of such a magnitude as not to 
 admit of being accurately given in the form of a square. The same 
 is true of the rood. 
 
 NOTE 3. In measuring land, Gunter's chain is used ; its length is 
 
 4 rods, or 66 feet. It is divided into 100 links. 
 
 7y^ inches make 
 
 100 links, or 4 rods, or 66 feet, " 
 
 80 chains " 
 
 iOOOO square links " 
 
 10 square chains " 
 
 1 link, /. 
 
 1 chain, c. 
 
 1 mile, mi. 
 
 1 square chain, sq. c. 
 
 I acre, A. 
 
79.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 115 
 
 79. SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 
 
 1728 solid inches (S. in.) make 1 solid foot, S. ft. 
 
 27 solid feet " 1 solid yard, S.yd. 
 
 40 feet of round timber or ) .. , rp 
 50 feet of hewn timber j 
 128 solid feet " 1 cord of wood, C. 
 
 1. This measure is used in measuring solid bodies or spaces ; 
 that is, things having length, breadth, and height or thickness : such 
 as earth, stone, timber, bales of goods, the capacity of rooms, <fcc. 
 
 NOTE 2. A cube is a solid bounded 3 f eet> 
 
 by six equal squares, resembling a 
 common tea-chest. 
 
 If the sides of a cube are each one 
 inch long, it is called a cubic inch. If 
 each side is one foot long, it is called 
 a cubic foot, <fec. 
 
 The figure represents a cut^e, each 
 side of which is 3 feet or one yard in 
 length ; consequently, it represents one solid or cubic yard. 
 
 The top, which is equal to the base, contains 3 X3=9 square feet ; 
 hence, if this was only one foot in height, it would contain 9 cubic 
 feet ; but as it is 3 feet in height, it must contain 3 times 9=27 cu- 
 bic feet. Hence, one cubic yard is equivalent to 3X3X3=27 cubic 
 feet. 
 
 In the same way one cubic foot is equivalent to 12X12X12=1728 
 cubic inches. 
 
 NOTE 3. A ton of round timber is such a quantity of timber in 
 its natural state as, when hewed, will make 40 cubic feet. 
 
 NOTE 4. A pile of wood 4 /V. wide, 4ft. high, and 8ft. long, makes 
 a cord. One foot in length of such a pile is sometimes called a cord 
 foot. It contains 16 solid feet: consequently, 8 cord feet make 1 
 cord. 
 
116 
 
 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XL 
 
 80. WINE MEASURE. 
 
 4 gills (ffi.) make 1 pint, 
 
 2 pints 
 
 4 quarts 
 
 31^ gallons 
 
 63 gallons 
 
 2 hogsheads 
 
 2 pipes 
 
 NOTE. The wine gallon contains 231 cubic inches. The Imperial 
 gallon of Great Britain contains 277'274 cubic inches. 
 
 pt. 
 
 I quart, qt. 
 1 gallon, gal. 
 1 barrel, bar 
 1 hogshead, hhd. 
 1 pipe, pi. 
 1 tun, tun. 
 
 81. ALE OR BEER MEASURE. 
 
 2 pints (pt.) make 1 quart, qt. 
 
 4 quarts " 1 gallon, gal. 
 
 36 gallons " 1 barrel, bar. 
 
 1J barrels " 1 hogshead, hhd. 
 
 NOTE. The beer gallon contains 282 cubic inches. Milk is, or 
 should be, measured by this measure. 
 
 82. DRY MEASURE. 
 
 2 pints (pt.) make 1 quart, qt. 
 
 8 quarts " 1 peck, pk. 
 
 4 pecks " 1 bushel, bu. 
 
 32 bushels " 1 chaldron, ch. 
 
 NOTE 1. By this are measured all dry wares ; as grain, seeds, 
 roots, fruits, salt, coal, sand, oysters, <fec. 
 
 NOTE 2. The standard unit of dry measure adopted by the Uni- 
 ted States is the Winchester bushel. This is made, by English stat- 
 ute, to contain 2150^ cubic inches. It is a measure of cylindric 
 form, 8 inches deep and 18 J inches in diameter. 
 
83.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 117 
 
 83. TIME. 
 
 60 seconds (sec.) make 1 minute, tnin. 
 
 60 minutes " 1 hour, hr. 
 
 24 hours " 1 day, da. 
 
 7 days " 1 week, wTc. 
 
 4 weeks " 1 month, mo. 
 
 13 mo., 1 da., 6 hr., or ) * V 
 
 v " 1 J ulian year, yr. 
 365 da., 6 7w. J 
 
 NOTE 1. The true length of the solar year is 365-242217 days, or 
 about 365 da. 5 hr. 48 tnin. 47-J- sec. 
 
 NOTE 2. As the year exceeds 365 days by very nearly 6 hours, 
 at the end of every 4 years an additional day is given to the month 
 of February. The years containing this extra day are called Bissex- 
 tile or Leap Years. But since the excess of which we speak is not 
 quite 6 hours, the addition of the extra day will in time give too 
 many days to the calendar ; therefore every closing year of a cen- 
 tury (called a centennial year) that is not divisible by 400 is regarded 
 as a common year. 
 
 Every year (except a centennial) that may be divided by 4 is a 
 Leap year, and has 366 days. Thus, 1840, 1844, 1848, were leap 
 years, as 1852, 1856, cfec., will be ; 1800 not being divisible by 400 
 was a common year, but the year 2000 will be a leap year. 
 
 NOTE 3. In business transactions 30 days are considered a month, 
 and 12 months a year. 
 
 The following lines will help the pupil to remember the number 
 of days in each month : 
 
 Thirty days hath September, 
 April, June, and November ; 
 All the rest have thirty-one, 
 Excepting February alone : 
 To which we twenty-eight assign, 
 Till leap year gives it twenty-nine. 
 
 NOTE 4. It is very desirable to be able readily to determine the 
 number of days from any particular date to any other date. For 
 this purpose, we will give the following 
 
118 
 
 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 [CHAP. xi. 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY OF ONE MONTH TO THK SAME DAY 
 OF ANY OTHER MONTH IN THE SAME YEAR. 
 
 FROM ANY 
 DAY OF 
 
 JANUARY .... 
 FEBRUARY... 
 
 TO THE SAME DAY OF 
 
 Jun. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Ap'l 
 
 May. 
 
 June 
 
 July. 
 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 .Vov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 365 
 334 
 306 
 275 
 245 
 214 
 184 
 153 
 122 
 92 
 61 
 31 
 
 31 
 365 
 337 
 306 
 276 
 245 
 215 
 184 
 153 
 123 
 92 
 62 
 
 59 
 28 
 365 
 334 
 304 
 273 
 243 
 212 
 181 
 151 
 120 
 90 
 
 90 
 59 
 31 
 365 
 335 
 304 
 274 
 243 
 212 
 182 
 151 
 121 
 
 120 
 89 
 61 
 30 
 365 
 334 
 304 
 273 
 242 
 212 
 181 
 151 
 
 151 
 120 
 92 
 61 
 31 
 365 
 335 
 304 
 273 
 243 
 212 
 182 
 
 181 
 150 
 122 
 9J 
 61 
 30 
 365 
 334 
 303 
 273 
 242 
 212 
 
 212 
 181 
 153 
 122 
 92 
 61 
 31 
 365 
 334 
 304 
 273 
 243 
 
 243 
 212 
 184 
 153 
 123 
 92 
 62 
 31 
 365 
 335 
 304 
 274 
 
 273 
 242 
 214 
 183 
 153 
 122 
 92 
 61 
 30 
 365 
 334 
 304 
 
 304 
 273 
 245 
 214 
 184 
 153 
 123 
 92 
 61 
 31 
 365 
 335 
 
 334 
 303 
 275 
 244 
 214 
 183 
 153 
 122 
 91 
 61 
 30 
 365 
 
 
 MAY 
 
 
 
 AUGUST -. 
 SEPTEMBER 
 OCTOBER.. 
 NOVEMBER 
 DECEMBER 
 
 As an example, suppose we wish the number of days from No- 
 vember 6th to the 15th of next April. We find November in the 
 left-hand vertical column, and April at the top line of the table, and 
 at the intersection we find 151 days. So that from November 6th 
 to April 6th is 151 days ; consequently, adding 9, we find 160 for the 
 number of days between November 6th and April 15th. 
 
 This table is constructed on the supposition of 28 days to Febru- 
 ary. When there are 29 days in February the proper allowance 
 must be made. 
 
 84. CIRCULAR MEASURE. 
 
 make 1 minute, ' 
 
 " 1 degree, 
 
 " 1 sign, s. 
 
 " I circle, cr. 
 
 60 seconds (") 
 60 minutes 
 30 degrees 
 12 signs or 360 
 
 NOTE 1. By this measure latitude and longitude, and the motions 
 of the heavenly bodies, which appear to move in circles, are esti- 
 mated. 
 
 NOTE 2. Every circle, whether great or small, is supposed to be 
 divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 
 
85.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 119 
 
 NOTE 3. The sun appears to pass completely around the earth in 
 24 hours ; that is, it appears to move westward over an entire circle 
 or 360 of longitude in 24 hours. Consequently, in one hour it will 
 move over ^ of 360=15 of longitude. Hence, if the difference in 
 the longitudes of two places is 15, it will be noon at the more east- 
 erly place, just one hour before it is noon at the other place. And 
 in all cases, the difference in time of any two places will be at the 
 rate of one hour for every 15 of longitude between the two places. 
 As an example, suppose the city of Washington to be 77 west of 
 Greenwich : it is required to find what time it is at Washington, 
 when it is noon at Greenwich. 
 
 Dividing 77 by 15, we have 5 T 2 ^ for the number of hours differ- 
 ence in tune ; that is, 5h. 8m. And as the apparent motion of the 
 sun is westward, it must be earlier at Washington than at Green- 
 wich. Therefore, when it is noon at Greenwich, it is 5h. 8m. before 
 noon at Washington ; that is, 6h. 52m. A. M. 
 
 85. Measures, &c., not included in the foregoing tables. 
 
 12 individual things make 1 dozen. 
 
 12 dozens or 144 "1 gross. 
 
 12 gross " 1 great gross. 
 
 20 individual things " 1 score. 
 
 112 pounds " 1 quintal of fish, 
 
 196 " " 1 barrel of flour. 
 
 200 " " 1 barrel of pork or beef. 
 
 24 sheets of paper " 1 quire. 
 
 20 quires " 1 ream. 
 A sheet folded in 2 leaves makes a folio. 
 
 " " " " 4 " "a quarto or 4to. 
 
 " " " " 8 " " an octavo or 8vo. 
 
 " " " "12 " " a duodecimo or 12mo, 
 
 " " " 18 " " an 18mo. 
 
120 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE TABLES. 
 
 1-10. How many farthings in 2 pence? in 4? in 5 ? in 
 8? 10? 15? 20? 25? 50? 100? 
 
 11-20. How many farthings in 1 shilling ? in 2 shillings ? 
 in 3? 5? 8? 15? 20? 25? 50? 100? 
 
 21-30. How many pence in 2 shillings? in 3? 5? 7? 
 9? 15? 20? 25? 50? 100? 
 
 31-40. How many shillings in 2 pounds ? in 3? 5? 7? 
 9? 15? 21? 25? 50 ? 100? 
 
 41-42. How many pence in 3qr.-}-2qr.-}-6qr.-+-1qr.-{- 
 
 43. In a sovereign how many shillings ? how many 
 pence ? how many farthings ? 
 
 44. How many farthings in 2 / 6 -f 4 / 9 + 35. + 6qr. ? 
 45-60. How many grains in Zpwt.t in 5? in 7? 15? 
 
 25? 50? How many in 1 02. ? 202. ? in 5? 7? 15? 25? 
 50? in 1/6.? 2/65.? 5/65.? 
 
 61-74. How many pennyweights in 202. ? in 5? 7? 9? 
 15 ? 20 ? 25 ? 50 ? in 1/6. ? in 3/6s. ? in 5 ? 9 ? 15 ? 25 ? 
 
 75-81. How many ounces in 2/6$. ? in 4/6s. ? in 9 ? in 
 15? in 25? in 50? in 100? 
 
 82-101. How many grains in 33 ? in 5 ? 7 ? 12 ? 18 ? in 
 13? in 5? 7? 12? 18? in 15? in 5? 7? 12? 18? in 
 lib? in 5? 7? 12? 18? 
 
 102-110. How many scruples in 23 ? in 5 ? in 9 ? in 15 ? 
 in 5 ? in 9 ? in lib ? in 5 ? in 9 ? 
 
 111-118. How many drams in 2! ? in 5 ? in 7 ? in 12 ? 
 in6ib? in 9 ? in 15 ? in 16? 
 
 119-128. How many drams avoirdupois in 2oz. ? in 7 ? 
 in 9 ? in 1/6. ? in 2 ? in 9 ? in 20 ? in Iqr. ? in Icwt. ? in 1 T. ? 
 
 129-136. How many ounces avoirdupois in 2 /6s. ? in 7 ? 
 in 9 ? in 15 ? in 25 ? in 100 ? in Icwt. ? in IT. ? 
 
85.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 121 
 
 137-141. How many pounds in IT. ? in 3? n 20 ? in 
 50? in 100? 
 
 142-150. How many inches in 2ft. ? in 7ft. ? in 20 ? in 
 lye?.? in 5 \yds. ? in 1 rod? in 1 furlong? in 1 mile? in 
 1 degree? 
 
 151-153. How many feet in 100 yds. ? in 1 mile ? in 100 ? 
 
 154-158. How many inches in 18 hands ? in 7 spans ? 
 in 20 cubits ? in 1 fathom ? in 40 paces ? 
 
 159-164. How many inches in 16 nails? in 1 qr. ? in 
 1 E. FL ? \E.SA 1 E. E. ? 1 E. Fr. ? 
 
 165-167. How many sq. in. in 42 sq.ft. ? in 1 rood? in 
 1 acre? 
 
 168-169. How many sq. yds. in an acre ? in 1 sq. mi. ? 
 
 170-172. How many sq. in. in 1 sq. yd. ? in 1 T. hewn 
 timber ? in 1 C. ? 
 
 173-177. In 6 tuns, wine measure, how many hhd. ? how 
 many bar. ? how many gal. ? how many qt. ? how many pt. ? 
 
 178-180. How many pts. in 1 Me?.? how many qts. ? 
 how many gi. ? 
 
 181-182. How many more pints in 1 bar., beer measure, 
 than in 1 bar., wine measure ? in 1 hogshead wine than in 
 1 hhd. beer ? 
 
 183-186. How many quarts in 1 bu. ? in 1 ch. ? in 15 ch. ? 
 in 25? 
 
 187-189. How many pecks in 50 bu. ? in 50 cA.? in 
 100 ch.% 
 
 190-197. How many seconds in 5 mm. ? in 15 min. ? in 
 30 mm. ? in 45 min. ? in 1 hr. ? 12 hr. ? 24 hr. ? in 1 wk. ? 
 
 198-200. How many hours in 1 wk. ? 52 wks. ? 365 days ? 
 
 201-207. How many seconds, Circular Measure, in 2' ? 
 in 8' ? in 15' ? in 2 ? in 8 ? in 15 ? in 1 cr. ? 
 
 208-211. How many minutes in 2 ? in 12? in 25? 
 in 1 cr, ? 
 
 n 
 
122 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 212-214. How many units in 6 doz. ? in 6 gross? in 6 
 great gross ? 
 
 215-218. How many units in 5 score? in 25 score? in 
 100 score ? 
 
 219-221. How many pounds in 5 bar. flour? in 25 ? in 
 100? 
 
 222-225. How many sheets paper in 5 quires ? in 1 
 ream ? in 7 reams ? in 8 reams ? 
 
 226-233. How many pence in 100 fartli'ngs ? in 96/ar. ? 
 in 48/ar. ? in 112/ar. ? in 360/ar. ? in 24/ar. ? in 36/ar. ? 
 in 72/ar. ? 
 
 234-239. How many shillings in 144^. ? in 480<#. ? in 
 96c?. ? in 1 40d. -f 1 6/frr. ? in lOOrf. -f 80/ar. ? in 94d. + 8/ar. ? 
 
 240-246. How many pounds sterling in 360s, ? in 2405. ? 
 in 60s.? in 4005.? in 6405.? in 585. + 144rf. ? in 855.+ 
 
 247-250. How many sovereigns in 1005. ? in 7505. ? in 
 3725. ? in 2005. ? 
 
 251-262. How many pennyweights of gold in 96,07*. ? in 
 300#r.? in lOO^r. ? in 10000T. ? in 1T280T. ? How many 
 ounces of gold in WQpwt. ? in lOOOport.? in 2 1 Opart. ? in 
 400j?urt. ? How many pounds of gold in 36502. ? in 72002. ? 
 in 17002.? 
 
 263-265. How many drams in 213? in 453 ? in 1003 ? 
 
 266-268. How many ounces in 483 ? in 363 ? in 6003? 
 
 269-272. How many pounds in 1445 ? in 3651 ? in 100! ? 
 in 4605 ? 
 
 273-276. How many tons in 400cw>. ? in lOOOcw^. ? in 
 840cwtf. ? in 780cwtf. ? 
 
 277-281. How many pounds avoirdupois in 160002. ? in 
 36002.? in500o2.? in 36502. ? in 7llo2. ? 
 
 282-286. How many yards in 132/f. ? in 600//. ? in 
 927/f. ? How many feet in 100m. ? in 750m. ? 
 
80.] 
 
 UKDUCTIOX. 
 
 123 
 
 D< 
 
 , 
 
 287-289. In 600 quarters of cloth, how many yards ? 
 how many English Ells ? how many French Ells ? 
 
 290-292. In one square mile of land, how many acres? 
 ow many roods ? how many sq. rods ? 
 
 293-295. How many chains in 500 links ? how many 
 feet ? In 660 feet how many chains ? 
 
 296. How many cords of wood in 1280 cubic feet ? 
 
 297. In a pile of wood 4 feet wide, 4 feet high, and 100 
 feet long, how many cords ? 
 
 298. How many bushels in WQpk. ? 
 
 299-300. How many hours in SOOmin. ? in 1000mm. ? 
 
 REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE QUANTITIES * 
 
 86. When the quantity is to be reduced from a higher 
 to a lower denomination, the process is called Reduction 
 Descending; when from a lower to a higher, Reduction 
 Ascending. 
 
 REDUCTION DESCENDING. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 Reduce 7 55. IQd. 3far. to farthings. 
 
 There are 20s. in a pound ; therefore 7 X 20 
 will give the shillings in 7. But the 5s. of 
 the given quantity are also to be reduced. 
 Adding these to the shillings already found, 
 we have 145s. in 7 5s. Multiplying 145, 
 the number of shillings, by 12, because there 
 are \2d. in a shilling, we obtain the number 
 of pence in 145s. ; adding the IQd., we have 
 1750c?. in 7 5s. IQd. Multiplying 1750 by 4, 
 
 7 5s. IQd. Sfar. 
 20 
 
 140s. 
 
 5s. 
 
 145s. 
 
 12 
 
 1740(/. 
 IQd 
 
 7000/ar. 
 ifar. 
 
 7003/ar. 
 
 * The terra quantity is used here in preference to the term number, because it 
 may include denominate fractions as well {is denominate integers ; and because 
 numbers of different denominations often form but one quantity. 
 
124 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 because there are 4 farthings in a penny, and adding the 3/ar. to 
 the product, we have 7003/ar. in 7 5s. 10c?. 3/ar. 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 Reduce ^-Q to its value in farthings, or in the fraction 
 of a farthing. 
 
 "We proceed as in Case I. Multiplying s ^ by 20, we obtain for 
 a product the value of 5^ in the fraction of a shilling ; that is, 
 j&n^=^j^*>=-jY* > Multiplying this by 12, we obtain its equiva- 
 lent value in the fraction of a penny ; that is, ^s.=%d.=%d. Mul- 
 tiplying this by 4, we obtain its equivalent value in the fraction of a 
 farthing ; that is, $d.=%far. t or 2/cr. 
 
 By cancelation the process becomes 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 Reduce -| yd., cloth measure, to its equivalent value in 
 lower denominations. 
 
 "We proceed as before, multiplying f , the number of yards, by 4, 
 because there are 4 quarters in a yard, we obtain the number of 
 quarters equivalent to f of a yard ; that is, %yd. =- l ^-gr.=l^qr. 
 Reducing the fractional part only of this result, we have ^qr.=$X4na. 
 na.=2na. Collecting the integers we have Iqr. 2na. for the an- 
 swer. 
 
 CASE iv. 
 
 Reduce 0-778125 to its value in lower denominations. 
 
 We first, multiply the given decimal by 20, as in cases 1 and 2, 
 and obtain a product in shillings, and the decimal of a shilling. Re- 
 ducing the fractional part of this product still further, we obtain 
 
87.] REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 125 
 
 its equivalent value in pence, and the decimal 
 of a penny. Multiplying the decimal part of 
 this second result by 4, to reduce it to farthings, 
 we obtain 3/ar. for a final product. Collecting 
 the integers, we have 15s. Qd. 3/ar. for the an- 
 
 15-5625005. 
 12 
 
 6-7500000 1 . 
 ewer. 
 
 From the foregoing examples, we may deduce 
 
 0-778125 
 
 20 
 
 8-000000/ar. 
 
 the following rule for the reduction of higher to lower denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 I. Multiply the single quantity of a higher denomination, 
 or the highest term of the compound quantity, by the number 
 of the next lower denomination required to make one of that 
 higher ; the product will be in the lower denomination. 
 
 II. To this product add the term (if there be any) in the 
 given quantity, which is of the same denomination as the 
 product, and multiply as before, and so on. 
 
 III. The final product, or (if the single quantity be a 
 FRACTION) the integers, if any, of the successive products, 
 taken collectively, will give the result required. 
 
 87. REDUCTION ASCENDING. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 Reduce 7003 farthings, to pounds, shillings, pence, and 
 farthings. 
 
 Obviously the process of Reduction Ascending is the reverse of 
 Reduction Descending. 
 
 In 7003/r., there can, of course, be 
 but \ as many pence, since 4 farthings 
 make 1 penny. Dividing, then, by 4, 
 we obtain 1750o*. for a quotient, and 
 3/ar. remainder. Next we divide the 
 
 4 ) 7003/ar. 
 12 ) 17500 7 . 3/ar. rem. 
 210 ) 1415s. lOct rem. 
 7 5s. 10(7. 3/ar. 
 
 number of pence by 12, since there are 
 12 pence in a shilling, and obtain 145s. for a quotient, and 10e. re- 
 
 11* 
 
126 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 mainder. Lastly, dividing the number of shillings by 20, we obtain 
 7 for a quotient, and 5s. remainder. We have, then, for a total 
 result, 7 5s. IQd Sfar. 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 Reduce %far. to the fraction of a pound sterling. 
 
 We proceed as in Case I. Dividing 3 /err. by 4, we obtain for a 
 quotient the value of %far. in the fraction of a penny ; that is, 
 -Ad Dividing this by 12, we obtain for a quotient the value of 
 JjjG?. in the fraction of a shilling ; that is, -^^s. Dividing this by 20, 
 we obtain for a quotient the value of -,f . in the fraction of a ; 
 
 that is, 2^.=o 3 oo== iirW 
 
 By cancelation, the process becomes, 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 Reduce 2da. Whr. bmin. to the fraction of a week. 
 
 As there are 60 minutes in 1 hour, to reduce any number of ftin- 
 utes to hours, we divide by 60. Then 5min.= s 5 ^, or ^hr. Adding 
 to this quotient the 107* r. of the quantity to be reduced, we have 
 IQj-hr. Dividing this by 24, to reduce it to days, we have 10 T V*o. 
 = VV/<r., and yj-:-24=iJ; that is, 10 T y*r.=lf J<to. Again," di- 
 viding this quotient with the 2da. added in, by 7 to reduce it to weeks. 
 ^lda,=^lda., and 4^H-7=^ T V, that is, ^{da.=^^wk., 
 the required fraction. 
 
 CASE IV. 
 
 Reduce 15s. 6d. 3far. to the decimal of a pound sterling. 
 
 This example is similar to the preceding. The only difference is, 
 that the answer here is required in a decimal instead of a common 
 fraction. 
 
 Dividing 3, the number of farthings, by 4, and expressing the quo- 
 tient decimally, we have |=0-7o that is, 8far.=Q- t l5cL Then 6ct 
 
87.] REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS, 127 
 
 3/ar.=675< Dividing by 12, we have ^-=0'5625 ; that is, 
 6-75c.=0-5625s. Adding to this quotient the 15s., we have 15s. 6d. 
 3/ar. = 15-56255. Dividing by 20, we find - =0-778125 ; 
 
 that is, 15-5625s.=0'778125, for the required decimal. 
 The work may be conveniently arranged as follows : 
 We place the different denominations in j 4|3/r. 
 a column, with the smallest denomination 12'6'75d 
 
 at the top ; we then suppose naughts an- j 2l0 1 15 > 5625$. 
 
 nexed to the 3 farthings, and divide by 4, 
 
 0-778125 of a. 
 
 and the quotient, which must be a decimal, ' 
 we place at the right of the 6d ; we next divide 6'75f/. with naughts 
 annexed, by 12, and the quotient, which is also a decimal, we pkce 
 at the right of the 15s. ; finally, we divide the 15'5625s. by 20. In 
 dividing by 20, we cut off the naught, and divide by 2, observing to 
 remove the decimal point one place to the left. 
 
 From the foregoing examples we may deduce the following rule 
 for the reduction of lower to higher denominations. 
 
 I. Divide the single quantity of a lower denomination, or 
 the lowest term of the compound quantity, by the number ivhich 
 is required of such denomination to make one of the next high- 
 er ; the quotient will be in that higher denomination. 
 
 II. To this quotient add the term (if there be any) in the 
 given quantity, which is of the same denomination as the quo- 
 tient ; and divide as before, and so on. 
 
 III. The final quotient, or (if the single quantity be a 
 whole number) the final quotient with the intermediate re- 
 mainders, will give the answer required. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE QUAN- 
 TITIES, INCLUDING APPLICATIONS OF THE TABLES. 
 
 301. In 47 5s. Id. Ifar. how many farthings ? 
 
 302. In 118567 farthings, how many pounds, shillings, 
 and pence ? 
 
128 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 303. Reduce 75 to shillings. 
 
 304. Reduce 195. Qd. to pence. 
 
 305. Reduce 25s. 3d. 2/ar. to farthings. 
 
 306. In 48926 grains, Troy Weight, how many pounds, 
 ounces, pennyweights, and grains ? 
 
 307. In 3605 pennyweights, how many pounds, ounces, 
 and pennyweights ? 
 
 308. In 1000 ounces, Troy Weight, how many pounds 
 and ounces ? 
 
 309. In 4lb. 6oz. ISpwt. 5gr. how many grains? 
 
 310. In 100/6. \gr. how many grains? 
 
 311. In 4fo 53 13, how many drams? 
 
 312. In 1000 grains, Apothecaries' Weight, how many 
 ounces, drams, scruples, and grains ? 
 
 313. In 11 5 21 grains, Apothecaries' Weight, how many 
 pounds ? 
 
 314. In 873450 drams, Avoirdupois Weight, how many 
 tons? 
 
 315. Reduce 5cwt. 21/6. 4o2. to ounces. 
 
 316. Reduce IT. Icwt. Idr. to drams. 
 
 317. Reduce 856702 drams to tons. 
 
 318. In 4355 inches, how many yards ? 
 
 319. In 248 miles, how many inches ? 
 
 320. How many inches in 360 degrees, of 69 miles to 
 each degree, which is the circumference of the earth, nearly ? 
 
 321. Reduce 12 Ells French to nails. 
 
 322. Reduce 11 Ells English, 3 quarters, to quarters. 
 
 323. Reduce 10 Ells Flemish, 3 quarters, 1 nail, to nails. 
 
 324. Reduce 4 yards to quarters. 
 
 325. In 1000 nails, how many yards ? 
 
 326. How many inches in 6 yards, 3 quarters? 
 
 327. How many square inches in 10 square feet? 
 
 328. In 3 square miles, how many square rods or poles? 
 
87.] KEDXrCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 129 
 
 329. In 3 acres, 27 rods, how many square feet ? 
 
 330. In 26025 square feet, how many square roods? 
 
 331. In 70000 square links, how many square chains ? 
 
 332. Kfow many square links in 5 acres ? 
 
 333. In 17 cords of wood, how many cubic feet ? 
 
 334. In 17 tons of round timber, how many cubic inches ? 
 
 335. Reduce 17900345 cubic inches to tons of hewn 
 timber. 
 
 336. In 1000 cord feet of wood, how many cords ? 
 
 337. In 19 cubic feet, how many cubic inches ? 
 
 338. In 16 hogsheads of wine, how many gills ? 
 
 339. In 10000 gills of wine, how many barrels ? 
 
 340. Reduce 2 pipes, 7 barrels, 3 quarts of wine, to pints. 
 
 341. Reduce 31752 gills of wine to barrels. 
 
 342. Reduce 201600 gills to tuns of wine. 
 
 343. Reduce 11 hogsheads of beer to pints. 
 
 344. In 100000 pints of beer, how many hogsheads? 
 
 345. In 10 hogsheads, 1 quart, 1 pint of beer, how many 
 pints ? 
 
 346. In 36 bushels, how many pints ? 
 
 347. In 25 chaldrons, 29 bushels, how many quarts ? 
 
 348. In 10000 pints, how many chaldrons? 
 
 349. In 1597 quarts, how many bushels ? 
 
 350. In 30 days, how many seconds ? 
 
 351. In 19 years, of 365 J days each, how many hours ? 
 
 352. In 25 years 6 days, how many seconds ? 
 
 353. How many days from the birth of Christ to Christ- 
 mas, 1843, allowing the years to consist of 365 days 6 
 hours ? 
 
 354. A person was born May 3, 1795. How many days 
 old was he May 3, 1821, paying particular attention to the 
 order of leap year ? 
 
 055. Suppose a person was born February 29, 1796 ; 
 
130 DENOMINATE NITMBEKS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 how many birthdays will he have seen on February 29, 1844, 
 not counting the day on which he was born ?* 
 
 356. In 3 signs 18 degrees, how many seconds? 
 
 357. In 6 signs 9 degrees, how many degrees ? 
 
 358. In 1000' how many degrees ? 
 
 359. In 10000'' how many degrees ? 
 
 360. Reduce 45 45' 35" to seconds. 
 
 361. In 1000 things, how many dozen ? 
 
 362. How many buttons in 6 dozen ? 
 
 363. In 80000 tacks, how many gross? 
 
 364. In three score and ten years, how many years ? 
 
 365. In 15 quires of paper, how many sheets ? 
 
 366. In a ream of paper, how many sheets ? 
 
 367. Reduce J| of a yard to a fraction of a mile. 
 
 368. Reduce |~J of a gill to the fraction of a gallon. 
 
 369. Reduce J-|- of a pound to the fraction of a ton. 
 
 370. Reduce ^ of a mile to the fraction of a foot. 
 
 371. Reduce J of J of f of a yard to the fraction of a mile. 
 
 372. Reduce ^ of -J of J| of a gallon to the fraction of 
 a gill. 
 
 373. Reduce j- of |- of a hogshead of wine to the fraction 
 of a gill. 
 
 374. Reduce J of | of 4J yards to the fraction of an 
 inch. 
 
 375. Reduce ^ of -f^ of a farthing to the fraction of a 
 shilling. 
 
 376. Reduce -/^ of an ounce to the fraction of a pound 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 377. Reduce -J of J of 1 rod to the fraction of an inch, 
 of a foot, and of a yard. 
 
 * It must be recollected that the year 1800 was a common year, having no SJ9th 
 of February. 
 
87.] REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 131 
 
 378. Reduce J of f of 1 hour to the fraction of a month 
 of 30 days, and to the fraction of a year of 365 days. 
 
 379. Reduce ^ of 1 yard to lower denominations. 
 
 380. What is the value of % of f of 1 mile ? 
 
 381. Reduce f of -| of 1 cwt. to lower denominations. 
 
 382. What is the value of -J of 14 miles, 6 furlongs ? 
 
 383. What is the value of J- of f of 2 days of 24 hours 
 each ? 
 
 384. What is the value of ^ of |- of T 3 T of an hour ? 
 
 385. Reduce if ^ of a solar day to lower denominations. 
 
 386. What is the value of }-|-g- of a pound avoirdupois? 
 
 387. What is the value of T ^ of a bushel ? 
 
 388. What is the value of -f^ of a year of 365 days ? 
 
 389. What is the value of of of f of an acre ? 
 
 390. Reduce 8 5s. 2d. Iqr. to the decimal of a . 
 
 391. Reduce Sqr. 2na. to the decimal of a yard. 
 
 392. Reduce 1ft. 4m. to the decimal of a yard. 
 
 393. Reduce 3lb. 4t>2. 8pwt. Igr. Troy to the decimal of 
 a pound. 
 
 394. Reduce QSfur. Ird. 4yd. 2ft. to the decimal of a mile. 
 
 395. Reduce 3k. 30mm. IQsec. to the decimal of a day. 
 
 396. Reduce 3 55. Od. 2far. to the value of a . 
 
 397. Reduce 28 gallons of wine to the decimal of a hogs- 
 head. 
 
 398. Reduce 4s. 6d. to the decimal of a . 
 
 399. Reduce 18s. 3%d. to the decimal of a . 
 
 400. Reduce 3 pecks, 5 quarts, and 1 pint to the decimal 
 of a bushel. 
 
 401. Reduce llkr. 16m. I5sec. to the decimal of a day. 
 
 402. Reduce 20 rods, 4 yards, 2 feet and 6 inches to the 
 decimal of a furlong. 
 
 403. Reduce 42;?im. 36sec. to the decimal of an hour. 
 
132 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 404. Reduce 30 days, 3 hours, 27 minutes, 30 seconds, 
 to the decimal of a year, of 365*24224 days. 
 
 405. Reduce 5kr. 48min. 49*536sec. to the decimal of a day. 
 
 406. Reduce 0*9075 A to its value in lower denominations. 
 
 407. What is the value of 0*125 ? 
 
 408. What is the value of 0*66f ? 
 
 409. Reduce 0*375 of a hogshead of wine to its value in 
 lower denominations. 
 
 410. Reduce 0-121212 of a year of 365 days to its value 
 in lower denominate numbers. 
 
 411. What is the value of 0*3355 of a pound avoirdupois ? 
 
 412. What is the value of 0'3322 of a ton ? 
 
 413. What is the value of 0'2525 of a mile ? 
 
 414. What is the value of 0*345 of a ? 
 
 415. What is the value of 0*121212 of a day ? 
 
 416. What is the value of 0*3456 of a ? 
 
 417. What is the value of 0*9875 of a ? 
 
 418. What is the value of 0*24224 of a solar day ? 
 
 419. What is the value of 0*375 of a great gross ? 
 
 420. What is the value of 0*75 of a score ? 
 
 421. What is the value of 0*485 of a quintal of fish ? 
 4-22. What is the value of 0*3434 of a barrel of flour ? 
 
 423. What is the value of 0*7575 of a barrel of pork ? 
 
 424. What is the value of 0*985 of a quire of paper? 
 
 425. What is the value of 0'555 of a ream of paper ? 
 
 ADDITION or DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 88. If we wish to find the sum of 6 5s. 3d. Ifar., 
 7 Is. Wd. 2far., l 13s. 5d., 4 18s. Qd. 2far., we pro- 
 ceed as follows : 
 
 Placing the numbers of the same denomination in the same col- 
 umn, we add the column of farthings, which we find to be 5. But 
 
6531 
 7 1 10 2 
 1 13 5 
 
 4 18 2 
 
 19 18s. 7d Ifar. 
 
 88.] ADDITION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 133 
 
 we know that 5 farthings are equivalent to 1 
 penny and 1 farthing ; we therefore write s ' ' f ar ' 
 
 down the 1 farthing under the column of far- 
 things, and carry the penny into the next col- 
 umn, whose sum thus becomes 19 pence, which 
 is the same as 1 shilling and 7 pence ; we write 
 down the 7 pence under the column of pence, 
 and carry the shilling to the column of kil- 
 lings, whose sum then becomes 38 shillings, 
 which is the same as 1 pound and 18 shillings ; we write down the 
 18 shillings under the column of shillings, and carry the pound to 
 the column of pounds, whose sum then becomes 19 pounds ; and since 
 pounds is the highest denomination, we write down the whole. 
 Hence we deduce this general 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the numbers so that those of the same denomina- 
 tion may stand beneath them in the same column. 
 
 II. Add the numbers in the lowest denomination ; divide 
 their sum by the number expressing how many of such de- 
 nomination are required to make one of the next higher. 
 Write the remainder under the column added, and carry the 
 quotient to the next column ; which add as before. 
 
 III. Proceed thus through all the denominations to the 
 highest, whose sum must be set down entire. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (426.) 
 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 (427.) 
 
 (428.) 
 
 (429.) 
 
 7 13 3 
 
 s. d. 
 
 5. d. 
 
 Ib. oz.pwt.gr. 
 
 3 5 101 
 
 11 5 
 
 555 
 
 10 10 10 10 
 
 6 18 7 
 
 2 4 4~ 
 
 8 1 7f 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 5 
 
 5 6| 
 
 " 2 1 
 
 3 17 
 
 403 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 13 ll| 
 
 2210 
 
 17 15 41 
 
 10 10 10 
 
 666 
 
 1 2 20 
 
 12 
 
134 
 
 DENOMINATE NUMBEES. [CHAP. XI- 
 
 (430.) (431.) 
 Ib. oz.pwt.gr. Ib. oz.pwt. gr. 
 6541 7305 
 1 11 19 13 11 2 17 22 
 0304 40 20 
 8912 2 10 15 17 
 4 4 19 6 18 16 
 
 (432.) 
 fij 3 3 gr. 
 8 10 7 2 19 
 10 6 10 
 1 2 1 15 
 5 1 2 1 15 
 8 5 1 13 
 
 (433.) 
 ft 33 
 2 11 6 
 10 8 3 1 
 14 10 2 2 
 650 
 7541 
 
 (434.) (435.) 
 
 (436.) 
 
 (437.) 
 
 3 3 gr. ton. cwt. qr. Ib, oz. dr. cwt. gr. Ib. oz. L. mi. fur. rd. yd. 
 
 1 18 10 18 
 
 2 23 15 1 
 
 4 3 20 5 1 
 
 2 6 37 4 
 
 2 1 15 1 15 
 
 14 15 
 
 5 12 3 6 
 
 30 5 
 
 3 2 13 12 
 
 1 3 10 
 
 1208 
 
 1403 
 
 400 13 
 
 24 1 11 
 
 3 24 13 2 
 
 0110 
 
 617 22 
 
 2078 
 
 1 2 20 10 3 
 
 2 25 1 
 
 (438.) 
 
 (439.) 
 
 (440.) 
 
 (441.) 
 
 rd. yd. ft. in. 
 
 yd. qr. na. 
 
 E. Fl. qr no. 
 
 E. E. qr. na. 
 
 10 4 2 8 
 
 15 1 2 
 
 323 
 
 422 
 
 1305 
 
 13 3 
 
 15 1 2 
 
 10 1 1 
 
 8216 
 
 20 2 2, 
 
 920 
 
 920 
 
 1104 
 
 030 
 
 8 1 
 
 13 2 
 
 0219 
 
 8 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 15 1 1 
 
 (442.) 
 
 (443.) 
 
 (444.) 
 
 (445.) 
 
 Sq.yd.Sq.ft.Sq.in. M. A. 
 
 R. 
 
 P. 
 
 8. yd. 
 
 s./t. 
 
 S.in. 
 
 a s. ft. 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 1000 
 
 10 
 
 120 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 600 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1541 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 59 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
89.] SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 135 
 
 (446.) 
 
 (447.) 
 
 (448.) 
 
 (449.) 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 c.ft. 
 
 7 
 
 hhd.gal. qt.pt. 
 4 30 3 1 
 
 tun. 
 1 
 
 pi. hhd. gal. qt. pt. gi. 
 1 1 37 3 1 3 
 
 hhd. gal. 
 2 50 
 
 gt.pt. 
 3 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 25 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 1 2 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 020 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 60 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 25 2 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 45 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 1 3 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 3 1 
 
 (450.) 
 
 (451.) 
 
 (452.) 
 
 (453.) 
 
 bar. gal. qt. 
 10 30 1 
 
 ch. bu. pk. qt. pt. 
 1 30 3 7 1 
 
 bu. pk. qt. pt. 
 10 1 1 1 
 
 da. hr. m. sec, 
 15 18 50 49 
 
 6 20 
 
 30 2 3 
 
 2360 
 
 1 13 59 59 
 
 1 5 2 
 
 10 19 1 1 
 
 5230 
 
 4 23 2 
 
 10 3 
 
 5 10 2 4 
 
 8001 
 
 10 11 1 4 
 
 4 25 1 
 
 44051 
 
 15 '2 4 
 
 2 10 15 
 
 (454.) (455.) (456.) (457.) 
 
 vk. da. hr. m. sec. cr. 8. ' " s. ' ' 
 
 I 
 
 2 13 40 30 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 10 19 
 
 2 
 
 6 10 8 3 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 40 35 
 
 
 
 5 22 55 45 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 48 39 
 
 2 
 
 3 4 1 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 30 40 
 
 1 
 
 2450 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 45 45 
 
 SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 89. Subtract 15 135. lOdL from 20 5s. Sd. 
 
 We place the numbers of the subtrahend di- 
 rectly under the numbers of the same denomina- 
 tion in the minuend. We cannot subtract 10c?. 
 from Sd. ; we therefore increase the Sd. by \1d. 
 making 20d. ; then subtracting 10c?. from the 20d. 
 we have the difference 10c?., which we write under 
 the column of pence. Having added 12</. to the minuend, we must 
 equally increase the subtrahend, which we do by adding 1. (the 
 
 s. d. 
 
 20 58 
 
 15 13 10 
 
 4 11 10 
 
136 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI, 
 
 same as the 12d) to the 13s., making 14s. This cannot be subtract- 
 ed from 5s.; we therefore increase the 5s. by 20s., making 25s. 
 Now, subtracting 14s. from 25s. we have 11s., which we write under 
 the column of shillings. Before subtracting the pounds, we add 1 
 to 15 to compensate for the 20s. added to the 5s., and then say 
 16 from 20 leaves 4. 
 Hence, we have this general 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Place the less number under the greater, so that the 
 same denominations may stand in the same column. 
 
 II. Begin at the right, and subtract each number in tlie 
 lower line from the one directly above it, and set the remain- 
 der below. 
 
 III. If any number in the lower line is greater than the 
 one above it, add so many to the upper number as make one 
 of the next higher denomination ; then subtract the lower 
 number from the upper one thus increased, and set down the 
 remainder. Carry 1, expressing the increase of the upper 
 line, to the next number in the lower line ; after which sub- 
 tract this number from the one above it, as before ; and thus 
 proceed till all the numbers are subtracted. 
 
 PROOF. 
 
 If the work be right, the difference added to the subtra- 
 hend will equal the minuend, as in simple subtraction. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (458.) (459.) (460.) 
 
 T. cwt. qr. Ib. oz. dr. A. R. P. EJ % 3 3 gr. 
 
 13 18 1 20 13 69 3 25 24 7 2 1 16 
 
 10 3 21 12 10 38 16 10 3 2 17 
 
89.] SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 137 
 
 (461.) 
 L. mi. fur. rd. 
 16 2 7 39 
 5078 
 
 (464.) 
 
 (462. 
 E. Fr. qr. 
 10 5 
 5 1 
 
 ) (463.) 
 na. ch. bu. pic. qt. pt. 
 30 10 1 1 
 3 10 8 3 6 1 
 
 V 465.) 
 
 (466.) 
 
 tun. pi. hhd. gal. 
 10 1 1 50 
 
 qt. da. 
 1 100 
 
 hr. m. sec. 
 10 1 
 
 yr. mo. wk. da. 
 17 8 3 1 
 
 (467 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 3 60 
 
 
 
 40 45 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 (468.) 
 
 
 (469.) 
 
 (470.) 
 
 
 m. fur. 
 60 
 
 rd. 
 
 
 
 C. S.ft. 
 45 126 
 
 
 G. Cord ft. 
 100 6 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 d. 
 \ 
 
 40 7 
 
 39 
 
 
 10 127 
 
 
 80 7 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 (471.) 
 
 (472 
 
 .) (473.) 
 
 yr. 
 1838 
 
 mo. 
 9 
 
 da. 
 6 
 
 yr. mo. 
 1839 2 
 
 da. 
 4 
 
 yr. 
 1840 
 
 mo. 
 9 
 
 da. 
 15 
 
 1837 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1838 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1837 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 (474.) 
 
 (475.) 
 
 (476.) 
 
 yr. 
 1840 
 
 mo. 
 3 
 
 da. 
 5 
 
 yr. mo. 
 1850 9 
 
 da. 
 3 
 
 yr. 
 1850 
 
 mo. 
 11 
 
 da. 
 2 
 
 1836 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1796 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1776 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 EXERCISES IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION. 
 
 477. Bought 20 yards of broadcloth for 18 5s. 3d., 30 
 pounds of feathers for 8 25. 4d., 100 yards carpeting for 
 45 17s. 8d., 10 pieces of cotton cloth for 8 18*. Id., 50 
 yards of calico for 2 05. Wd. What was the cost of the 
 whole ? 
 
 478. Bought four hogsheads of sugar, weighing as fol- 
 lows: 1st weighed 8cwt. Iqr. 23lb. 1002. ; 2d weighed 
 
 12* 
 
138 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 Qcwt. 2qr. Gib. 3oz. ; 3d weighed Wcivt. Oqr. Olb. 8oz. ; 4th 
 weighed 8cwt. 3qr. 23lb. How much did the four weigh ? 
 
 479. A man owns three farms : the first contains 69 acres, 
 3 roods, 10 rods; the second contains 100 acres, 5 rods; 
 the third contains 150 acres, 2 roods. How many acres are 
 there in all ? 
 
 480. Suppose a note given August 3d, 1838, to be paid 
 November 10th, 1843. How long was the note on interest, 
 if we count 30 days to the month ? and how long if the time 
 is accurately computed ? 
 
 481. A person buys I5cwt. 3qr. 206. of sugar, and sells 
 Wcwt. Oqr. 11/6. How much remains unsold ? 
 
 482. From a piece of cloth containing 3*lyd. 3qr. 2nd. 
 there has been taken at one time 6yd. Iqr., at another time 
 IQyd. 3qr. 3na. How much remains ? 
 
 483. From a pile of wood containing 100 cords, I sold at 
 one time 10(7. 1005. ft. ; at another time 18(7. 59$. ft. 
 How many cords remain unsold ? 
 
 484. A farmer raises WQbu. 3pk. 2qt. of wheat from one 
 field ; 8lbu. \pk. Iqt. \pt. from another field ; he sells 53bu. 
 to one person, and 37 bu. 2pk. Iqt. to another person. How 
 many bushels has he remaining ? 
 
 485. Bought 5 loads * of coal. The first weighed 2056 
 pounds ; the second, 2250 ; the third, 2240 ; the fourth, 
 2310 ; the fifth, 2330. What was the entire weight ? And 
 how many tons of 2000 pounds each ? 
 
 486. A person engages to build 100 rods and 10 feet of 
 stone fence : at one time he builds 1 7 rods, 5 feet ; at an- 
 other time 37 rods, 15 feet. How much still remains to be 
 built? 
 
 487. How much cloth in 3 pieces, measuring as follows : 
 first piece 37 yards, 3 quarters, 1 nail ; second piece 41 yards, 
 1 J Flemish Ells ; third piece 43 yards, l| English Ells ? 
 
90.] MULTIPLICATION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 139 
 
 488. Bought 3 loads of wood : the first was 8 feet long, 
 4 feet wide, and 3 feet high ; the second was 7 feet long, 
 4 feet wide, and 2 feet high ; the third was 9 feet long, 3 
 feet wide, and 3 feet high. How many solid feet in the 
 whole ? How many cord feet, and how many cords ? 
 
 "489-491. George Washington was born Feb. 22, 1732 ; 
 John Adams Oct. 19, 1735. How much earlier was the 
 birth of the former than that of the latter ? How long a 
 time from the birth of each to January 1, 1851 ? 
 
 492. William Shakspeare was born April 23, 1564. How 
 long since was that, estimating from January 1, 1851 ? 
 
 493. How long from the birth of Milton, Dec. 9, 1608, 
 to the birth of George Washington ? 
 
 494. The latitude of New Orleans is 29 57' 30", that 
 of Portland is 43 36 '. What is the difference in latitude 
 of these two places ? 
 
 495-496. The latitude of New York is 40 42' 40". How 
 far is it north of New Orleans ? and how far south of Port- 
 land ? 
 
 497-499. The latitude of Boston is 42 21' 23". How 
 far is it north of New York ? how far north of New Or- 
 leans ? how far south of Portland ? 
 
 500. Henry Jenkins, of England, died Dec. 8, 1670, at the 
 advanced age of 168 years, 9 months. When was he born ? 
 
 501. America was discovered by Columbus Oct. 14, 1492. 
 How long was that before the landing of the New England 
 Pilgrims, Dec. 20, 1620 ? 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 90. Multiply 13 5s. IQd. by 5. 
 
 First, -we say 5 times 10c?. is 50d., which equals 4s. and 2c. ; we 
 set down the 2d. and reserve the 4*. We then say 5 times 5s. equals 
 
140 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 25s., to which, adding the 4s. we have 29s., which s. d. 
 
 equals 1 9s. ; we set down the 9s. and reserve 13 5 10 
 
 the 1. Finally, we say 5 times 13 is 65, to 5 
 
 which adding the 1, we have 66 ; this being ~~ ~ 
 
 the highest denomination, we set it down entire. 
 Hence this general 
 
 , RULE. 
 
 Commence at the right hand, and multiply the number in 
 each denomination by the multiplier. Divide each product 
 by the number expressing how many of the denomination of 
 suck product are required to make one of the next higher de- 
 nomination. Write the remainder, if any, under the num- 
 ber multiplied, and carry the quotient to the next column. 
 
 The entire product of the highest denomination must be 
 set down. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 502-507. Multiply 10 105. IQd. by 3 ; by 5 ; by 6 ; by 
 7 ; by 8 ; by 9. 
 
 508-514. Multiply 8cwt. Oqr. 2lb. 4oz. 5dr. by 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 
 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9. 
 
 515-523. Multiply 8cwt. Gib. Idr. by 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 
 8; 9; 11; 12. 
 
 524-529. Multiply Sgal. 3qt. Ipt. 3gi. by 35 ; 42 ; 30 ; 
 54; 81; 49. 
 
 NOTE. The multipliers in the preceding example may be regard- 
 ed as composite numbers. 
 
 530. In 3 hogsheads of sugar, each containing Wcwt. 3qr. 
 5lb., how many hundred weight? 
 
 531. How much cloth will it take for 7 suits of clothes, 
 if each suit require 1yd. 3qr. Ina. ? 
 
 532. How much wood can a horse draw in 13 loads, if he 
 draw 1 C. IQS.ft. at each load ? 
 
90.] MULTIPLICATION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 141 
 
 533. How long will it take a man to saw 6 cords of wood, 
 if he employ Ihr. 3Qmin. 45sec. to saw one cord, allowing 
 10 working hours for each day ? 
 
 534. The circumference of a wheel is 15 feet 2 inches. 
 What distance will this wheel measure on the ground, if it 
 is rolled over 365 times ? 
 
 535. Allowing the year to coilist accurately of 365 days, 
 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49^ seconds, what will be the true 
 length of 1843 years? 
 
 536. What will 35cwt. of cheese cost, at 155. Qd. per hun- 
 dred weight ? 
 
 537. How much brandy in 84p., each containing 128gal. 
 2qt. Ipt. 3gi. ? 
 
 538. In 21 loads of wood, each 1C. Ic.ft., how many 
 cords ? 
 
 539. Suppose the piston-rod of a steam-engine to move 
 3ft. 4jm. at each stroke. Through what distance will it 
 move in making 1000 strokes ? 
 
 540. Bought as follows : 
 
 Ib. s. d. 
 
 18 of green tea, at 12 3 per pound. 
 
 12 of raisins, " 12"" 
 
 27 of loaf sugar, " 14" " 
 
 15 of English currants, " 23" " 
 
 14 of citron, " 36" " 
 What is the amount of the whole purchase ? 
 
 541. What is the amount of the following bill of goods? 
 
 s. d. 
 
 15 yards of broadcloth, at 1 3 6 per yard. 
 12 " " silk, 18 3 " " 
 20 " " calico, " 19" " 
 24 " " sheeting, " 13" " 
 22 " " muslin, " 34" " 
 
142 
 
 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 [CHAP, 
 
 DIVISION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 
 
 17 ) 100 10s. 3d: ( 5 
 _86 
 
 ~15 
 
 20 
 
 17 ) 310 (18s. 
 17 
 140 
 136_ 
 4 
 12 
 
 17 ) 51 ( 8d. 
 51 
 
 Collecting, we have 
 5 ISs. 3d 
 
 91. Divide 100 10s. 3d. equally among 17 men. 
 
 First, we say 17 in 100, is contained 
 5 times and 15 remaining; and since 
 these 15, as well as the 10s., are yet to 
 be divided among the 17 menjpre reduce 
 the pounds to shillings, and add the 10s., 
 making 310s. ; we find 17 to be contained 
 18 times in 310s. with 4s. remainder. "We 
 reduce the 4s. to pence, and add the 3d, 
 making 5 Id, which divided among the 
 17 men, gives 3d each. 
 
 NOTE. "We do not divide 100 pounds 
 by 17 men, which is impossible ; but we 
 separate 100 into 17 equal parts. Each 
 part is expressed by the quotient, and 
 contains 5, 71. 
 
 Or, adhering to the general definition of Division, we suppose a 
 pound set apart for each man, and then find how many times 17, 
 the number thus set apart, is contained in 100 ; the quotient will 
 be an abstract number. The answer will, of course, be as many 
 pounds to each man as there are parcels of 17 in 100 ; that is, as 
 there are units in the quotient. 
 
 Had the divisor been a single digit, the work might have been 
 performed by Short Division. 
 
 We therefore have this general 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Place the divisor on the left of the dividend, as in Simple 
 Division. Divide first the number of the highest denomina- 
 tion by the divisor. Reduce the remainder, if any, to the 
 next lower denomination (adding the number in the dividend 
 of that denomination), and divide the sum by the divisor, 
 and so on. 
 
 If there is a final remainder, express its division in a 
 fractional form, and annex it to the quotient. 
 
91.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 143 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 542-548. Divide 25yd. 3qr. Ina. by 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 
 8; 9. 
 
 549-562. Divide 2lcwt. 3qr. 20/6. 13oz. 9dr. by 2 ; 3 ; 
 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; by 27 ; 63 j 81 ; 64; 42 ; 49. 
 
 NOTE. The pupil will observe that these latter divisors are com- 
 posite numbers. 
 
 563-567. Divide Wlb. Soz. IQpwt. 3gr. by 13 ; 19 ; 23 ; 
 29; 31. 
 
 568. A man has 23 days allowed to walk lOQmi. 4fur. 
 SOrd. \\yd. 2ft. How far must he walk each day ? 
 
 569-572. Divide 10 tuns 2hhd. l^lgal. 2pt. by 67 ; 51-4. 
 Ift. IIP. by 51 ; 4gal. 2qt. by 144 ; 113 13*. 4d. by 31. 
 
 573. Divide 673141c?a. 9kr. 58m. 24sec. by 1843. 
 
 574. Divide Imi. 255ft. Win. by 365. 
 
 575. Bought 15 sheep for 5 12s. 6d. How much did 
 one sheep cost ? 
 
 576. If 24yds. of cloth cost 18 6s., how much is that 
 per yard ? 
 
 577. From a piece of cloth containing 128yc?s. Iqr., a 
 tailor made 18 coats, which took one-third of the whole 
 piece. How many yards did each coat contain ? 
 
 QUESTIONS INVOLVING THE FOUR PRECEDING RULES. 
 
 578. Twenty-four men agree to construct 7mi. Ifur. 24rd. 
 of road : after completing |- of it, they employ 8 more men. 
 What distance does each man construct before and after the 
 8 men were employed ? 
 
 579. A silversmith has seven tea-pots, each weighing lib. 
 Soz. I3pwt. llgr. What is the whole weight ? 
 
144 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XL 
 
 580. A farmer has 1000 bushels of apples, which he puts 
 into 350 barrels. How many does each barrel hold ? 
 
 581. If it require 1 sheet of paper to print 24 pages of 
 a book, how many reams, allowing 1 8 quires to the ream, 
 will it take to print 3000 copies, of 250 pages each ? 
 
 582. An estate worth 2570 is to be divided as follows: 
 the widow has one-third of the whole, the remainder is to 
 be divided equally between seven children. How much does 
 the widow receive, and how much does each child have ? 
 
 583. Divide 100 acres, 3 roods, 8 rods of land, between 
 four persons, A., B., C., and D., so that A. shall have one- 
 sixth of the whole, B. one-fourth of the remainder, C. one- 
 third of what then remains, and D. the rest. How much 
 does each one have ? 
 
 584. A., B., C. and D., having I3cwt. Iqr. 4lb. of sugar, 
 they agree to divide it as follows : A. is to have one-half 
 of the whole, B. is to have one- third of the remainder, C. is 
 to have one-fourth of what then remains, and D. is to take 
 what is left. What were their respective portions ? 
 
 585. What is the weight of the following coins : 10 
 guineas, each weighing 5 pwt. 9 J grains ; 7 sovereigns, 
 each weighing 1 pwt. 8 J grains ? 
 
 586. What is the weight of 13 crowns, each weighing 
 18 pwt. 4 T 4 T grains; 14 shillings, each weighing 3 pwt. 
 
 gr m 9 sixpences, each weighing 1 pwt. 19 T 7 T gr. ? 
 
 587. In one eagle there are 232-j^ grains of pure gold, 
 grains of silver, and 12 T 9 Q grains of copper, and the 
 
 same proportions of gold, silver, and copper for all other 
 American gold coin. In 10 eagles, 7 half-eagles, 5 quarter- 
 eagles, how many grains of gold, silver, and copper ? 
 
 588. One pound of pure gold is sufficient for how many 
 dollars of gold coin, if it require 23 -22 grains for one 
 dollar? 
 
91.] DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 14:5 
 
 589. One pound of pure silver is sufficient for how many 
 dollars of silver coin, if it require 371 '25 grains for one 
 dollar ? 
 
 590. The aggregate ages of 35 individuals amount to 
 964yr. llmo. 3wk. Qda. 13Ar. 47mm. 35sec. What would 
 be the age of each of the 35, supposing their ages were all 
 equal ? 
 
 591. For 13 successive years a man peddled his wares 
 from Nov. 7 to March 16 inclusive, in the Southern States ; 
 from March 21 to June 29, in the Western States ; from 
 July 14 to Oct. 2, in the Northern States ; and 20 days of 
 each year he passed in the Middle States. How long was 
 he in each section of the country ? and how long in all ? 
 
 592. If one solar year is 365da. 5kr. 48mm. 47'588sec., 
 what will be the length of 1000 years ? 
 
 593. The moon occupies about 2 9 '5 3 days, on an average, 
 from change to change. How long will be required to make 
 235 changes or lunations ? 
 
 594. The moon moves through an entire circumference 
 of 360 in 27c?a. 7Ar. 43mm. 1 l'5sec. How far does it move 
 each day ? 
 
 595. If 1000 10s. 5d. Sfar. be divided equally among 
 23 individuals, how much will each receive ? 
 
 596. Bought 5 casks of sugar, each weighing 400/6. 
 13oz. ; 4 casks of 375/6. lOoz. each. What was the weight 
 of the 9 casks ? 
 
 597. If a ship sail 3000 miles in lOda. 13hr., what is the 
 average hourly rate? 
 
 598. If we estimate one degree of the earth's equator 
 at 69 miles, what will be the length of an arc of 14 18' ? 
 
 599. If the circumference of the earth at the equator is 
 24899 miles, through what distance is a point of the equator 
 carried each hour by the earth's daily revolution ? 
 
 13 
 
146 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XL 
 
 600. If each individual of a city of 50000 inhabitants 
 requires 4'75 gallons of water daily, how much will be an- 
 nually required to supply the city ? 
 
 DUODECIMALS. 
 
 92. DUODECIMALS* are a kind of denominate numbers, 
 whose denominations increase or decrease in a twelve-fold 
 ratio. They are applied to the measurement of surfaces and 
 solids. 
 
 The denominations of Duodecimals are the foot (/.), which 
 is the unit ; the inch or prime ('), which is T *^ of the/. ; the 
 second ("), which is j 1 ^ of the prime ; the third ('"), which 
 is yJj of the second, &c. The accents which are used to 
 distinguish the denominations below feet are called indices. 
 
 The Addition and Subtraction of duodecimals are per- 
 formed like addition and subtraction of other denominate 
 numbers. It need only be remembered that 12 of any de- 
 nomination make 1 of the next higher. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (601.) (602.) 
 
 17/. 7' 8" 365/. I 7 7" 9'" 
 
 25/ 0', 2" 521/. 10' 10" 11"' 
 
 30/. 10' 11" 605/ 8' 8" 1 
 
 29/. 6' 6" 731/. 3' 0" 8 
 
 '" 
 
 603. What is the sum of 3/. 6' 4", 8/. 3' 4", 9/. 1' 3", 
 and 10/. 10' 10"? 
 
 604. What is the sum of 100/. 8' 8", 135/. 0' 1", 65/ 
 9' 2", 45/. 3' 3", and 200/. 6' 6" ? 
 
 * From a Latin word, duodecim, meaning tirefae. 
 
93.J DUODECIMALS. 147 
 
 (605.) (606.) 
 
 From 8V/. 3' 4" 100/. 10' 10" 
 
 Subtract 35/ 8' 9" 90/. 6' 3" 
 
 607. From 25/ 6' 6" subtract 18/. 9' 10". 
 
 608. From 100/. subtract 58/. 2' I". 
 
 609-612. WJiat is the sum, and what is the difference of 
 37/ 11' 3" and 13/. I'll"? of 99/ 9' 9" and 3 1/. 10' 10" ? 
 
 613-615. From 100/. subtract 11/11' 1"; from the re- 
 mainder subtract ll/ 11' 1" ; and from this remainder sub- 
 tract ll/ 11' 1". What are the three successive remain- 
 ders? 
 
 616-619. What is the sum and difference of 47/ 1' 1" 1'" 
 and 13/ 11' 11" 11'"? of 10 1/ 10' 10" 10'" and 19/ 3' 
 3" 1'"? 
 
 620. What is the sum of 6/ 3' 4", 4/ 4' 0" 4'", and 
 13/ 6' 6" 2 /;/ ? 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF DUODECIMALS. 
 
 93. Suppose we wish to multiply 14/ 7' by 2/ 3', we 
 should proceed as follows : 
 
 14/ 7' 
 2/ 3' 
 
 3/ 7' 9" 
 29/ 2' 
 
 . 32/ 9' 9" 
 
 We begin on the right hand, and multiply the multiplicand througli, 
 first by the primes of the multiplier, then by the feet of the multi- 
 plier ; thus, 3'X7'= f 3 2X T 7 2= r 1fV of a foot > which is 21"=!' 9"; we 
 write down the 9", and reserve the 1' for the next product ; again, 
 14/.X3'=14X -, 3 2 -=Tl of a foot which is 42'; now adding in the 1', 
 
148 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 which was reserved from the last product, we have 43'=3/. 7', which 
 we write down, thus finishing the first line of products. 
 
 Again, we have 2/.X7'=2X T 7 2=ff of a foot, which is 14'=1/. 2' ; 
 we write the 2' under the primes of the line above, and reserve the 
 If. for the next product ; 2/.Xl4/.=28/., to which, adding in the I/. 
 reserved from the last product, we have 29/., which we place under- 
 neath the feet of the line above. Taking the sum, we find 32/. 9' 9" 
 for the answer, or 32/.+ T 2/.-{- fff/. 
 
 It will thus be seen that, in the multiplication of Duode- 
 cimals, the sum of the indices of the factors is the number 
 of the indices of the product, just as in decimals the sum 
 of the decimal places in multiplier and multiplicand forms 
 the number of decimal places in the product. Or each in- 
 dex (') might be regarded as denoting the factor 12 in the 
 denominator of a fraction, of which the number having the 
 
 2 
 index is the numerator. Thus, l f =^f. ; 2"= f- = 
 
 A/- =mf- = i " ; 2 " x 
 
 12302" i2 
 
 "2T81T T2 /- I O'""- The foot, being the unit, or integer, has 
 no index. 
 
 NOTE. It must be remembered that in Duodecimals, when not 
 used to express linear measure, but surfaces or solids, the foot con- 
 tains 144,s<7. in. or 1728s. in. Consequently, in the measurement of 
 surfaces, 2' would be equal, not to 2sq. in., but to ^ of 1445^. in., or 
 24:sq. in. In the measurement of solids, 2' would be T 2 ^ of 1728s. in.= 
 288s. in. The prime (square measure) is a strip of surface of 1 inch 
 wide and 12 inches long ; the prime (solid measure) is a slab 1 inch 
 thick, 12 long, and 12 broad. 
 
 From what has been said, we infer the following 
 
 RULE. 
 Place the several terms of the multiplier under the corre- 
 
93.] DUODECIMALS. 149 
 
 sponding ones of the multiplicand. Beginning at the right 
 hand, multiply the several terms of the multiplicand by the 
 several terms of the multiplier successively, placing the right- 
 hand term of each of the partial products under its multiplier. 
 To each product- term annex as many indices as are in both 
 its factors. The sum of the partial products will be the re- 
 sult required. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 621. What is the product of 3/. 7' 2" by 7/ 6' 3"? 
 622-623. Multiply 7/. 8' by 6/. 4' 3" ; 6/. 9' 1" by 
 4f. 2'. 
 
 624. What is the area of a marble slab whose length is 
 If. 3', and breadth 2/. 11' ? 
 
 625. How many square feet are contained in the floor of 
 a hall 37/. 3' long, by 10/. 7' wide ? 
 
 626. How many square feet are contained in a garden 
 100/. 6' in length, by 39/. 7' in width ? 
 
 627. How many yards of carpeting, one yard in width, 
 will it require to cover a room 16/. 5' by 13/. 7' ? 
 
 628. How many yards of Brussels carpeting, 27 inches 
 wide, will be required to cover a room 15/. 9' by 16/. 7' ? 
 
 629. How many square feet in 12 boards, averaging 12/1 
 8' long by I/. 9' wide, each ? 
 
 630. What will it cost to veneer a surface 7/. 6' 3" long, 
 by 5/. 2' 7" wide, at S7J cts. per square foot? 
 
 031. How many cubic feet in a wall 80/. 9' long, I/. 8' 
 wide, and 3/. 4' high ? 
 
 632. How many solid feet in a pile of wood, 156 feet 
 long, 4/. 8' high, 6/. 4' wide ? 
 
 633. In one side of a house are 12 windows; in each 
 window 12 lights: each light is ]/. 3' by ll x . How many 
 square feet of glass in the whole ? 
 
 13* 
 
150 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 634. A room is 18/ long, 14/. 6' wide, 9/. 8' high. There 
 are 4 windows in the room, each 5/. 6' long by 3/. wide ; 
 and 2 doors, each 6/. 9' high by 2/. 10' wide. What will 
 be the cost of plastering said room at 12^- cents per square 
 yard ? 
 
 635. What will it cost to paint a house 42/. 6' long, 28/. 
 6' wide, 19/. 6' high, at 13 cts. per square yard ? 
 
 NOTE. No deduction is made for windows. The painting of the 
 sashes is considered equivalent to the painting of the surface over 
 which the sashes stretch. 
 
 636. What is the square of 23/. 8' 7"? What is the 
 cube of the same ? 
 
 637. How many bricks, each 8m. long, 4m. wide, and 
 2m. thick, are required to build a wall 180 feet long, 6/. 6' 
 high, and three bricks wide, no allowance being made for the 
 mortar ? 
 
 DIVISION OF DUODECIMALS. 
 
 94. There are 27/ 0' 7" 9"' 6"" in the surface of a piano-cloth. 
 The breadth of the cloth is 3/. 7' 2". What is its length ? 
 
 3/. 7' 2") 27/. 0' 7" 9'" 6""(7/ 6' 3" 
 25/. 2' 2" 
 
 If. 10' 5" 9'" 
 ]/. 9' 7" 0'" 
 
 10" 9' 
 10" 9' 
 
 Dividing the product 27/. 0' 7" 9'" 6"" by 3/. 7' 2", one of its fac- 
 tors must give the other factor. 
 
 We therefore divide first the 27/. by 3/., and find the quotient 7 
 feet. Multiplying the whole divisor by the quotient, we have 25/1 
 2' 2", which we subtract from the corresponding denominations of the 
 dividend. To the remainder we annex another term of the dividend. 
 
94.] DUODECIMALS. 151 
 
 Dividing If. 10' or 22' by 3/., we obtain 6' for a quotient, by which 
 we multiply the whole divisor. The product, If. 9' 7" 0'", we sub- 
 tract from the corresponding denominations of the dividend, and to 
 the remainder annex the remaining term of the dividend. Dividing 
 10" by 3/1 we obtain 3" for a quotient ; multiplying the whole divi- 
 sor by this, and subtracting, we find no remainder. The length of 
 the cloth, then, is 7/. 6' 3". 
 
 There can be no difficulty as to how many indices we shall annex 
 to any term of the quotient, if we remember that the indices of the 
 quotient added to those of the divisor must equal those of the dim- 
 
 S 
 
 dend. Thus, 9'"" divided by 3"= : 
 
 12X12X12X12X12 ' 12X12 
 
 or 3'" : so 36""""-r-6""=6"' 
 
 12X12X12 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Arrange the numbers as for denominate division. Di- 
 vide the highest term of the dividend by the highest term of 
 the divisor. Multiply the WHOLE divisor by the quotient 
 thus obtained, and^ subtract the product from the correspond- 
 ing terms of the dividend. To the remainder annex the 
 next denomination of the dividend. Divide the highest term 
 of this partial dividend by the highest term of the divisor, 
 as before, and so proceed, till the division is complete. 
 
 NOTE 1. If, on the multiplication of the icholc divisor by the quo- 
 tient figure, this is found too large, the quotient figure must be taken 
 smaller. 
 
 2. If the highest term of a partial dividend will not contain the di- 
 visor, such term may be reduced to the next lower denomination, 
 and the number in that denomination added, and the division then 
 performed. 
 
 EXAMPLE'S. 
 
 638-640. Divide 32/. 9' 9" by 14/. 7'; by 29/ 2'; by 
 7/. 3' 6". 
 
 641. The area of a marble slab is 2 1/. 1' 9" ; its length 
 is 7/ 3'. What is its breadth ? 
 
152 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 642. A carpenter bought 920 square feet of boards. He 
 knew that their united length was 480 feet. What did he 
 find their average breadth to be ? 
 
 643. There were 4283cw.ft. 4' of earth thrown out of a 
 cellar. The cellar was 42/. 10' long and 12/6' wide. How 
 deep was it ? 
 
 644. I have a board fence containing 51Qsq.ft. 10^ 8". 
 Its height is 6ft. 4m. What is its length ? 
 
 645. A block of marble for the Washington monument 
 is 3/. I' wide, 2/. 3' thick, and contains 37./. 6' 11" 3'". 
 What is its length ? 
 
 ADDITION OF DENOMINATE FRACTIONS. 
 
 95. We have seen ( 88) that whole numbers of differ- 
 ent denominations cannot be added together ; the same is 
 true of fractions of different denominate values. Thus, |- of 
 a peck and f of a quart cannot be added together. But if. 
 both quantities are made fractions of a pccJc, or both fractions 
 of a quart, their sum may be found. 
 
 %pk. = %qt. ; and %qt.+iqt. = 6%qt. Again, ^qt.=-f^pJc. ; 
 and $pk. +-fspk.=^pk. +^ P 1c. =ftpk. =-^-qt. = 6^qt., 
 the same result as before. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 646-648. Add Is. to \d. ; \qt. and %pk. ; da. and f hr. 
 649-650. Add \yd. %ft. and $in. ; J |s. f d. and &qr. 
 651-652. Add \wk. \da. and ^hr. ; \yr. %wlc. ^da. 
 
 653. What is the sum of -| of a cwt., i of a qr., J of a Ib. ? 
 
 654. What is the sum of -^ of a bushel, -J of a peck, 
 ^ of a quart ? 
 
 655. What is the sum of T ^ of a yard, and J of a foot ? 
 
96.] DENOMINATE FRACTIONS. 153 
 
 656. What is the sum of f- of a week, of a day, and 
 of an hour ? 
 
 657. What is the sum of | of a bushel, J of a peck, and 
 1- of a quart ? 
 
 658. An invalid laborer worked during the first week of 
 harvesting, ^wJc., counting 6 days to the week ; during the 
 2d, T 7 QC?a., counting 10 hours to the day ; during the 3d, 
 ^da. ; during the 4th, 6 \hr. ; during the 5th, \hr. How 
 much did he earn at the rate of 12 \ cts. per hour? 
 
 SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE FRACTIONS. 
 
 $ 96. As in addition, the fractions must be first reduced 
 to the same denomination, afterwards to a common denom- 
 inator. The operation is then the same as subtraction of 
 common fractions. 
 
 From \ of a pound sterling subtract \ of a shilling. 
 l=fs. ; and ^ s .-ls. = ^s.-^s.=^s. = ^s. Or, 
 
 and i- T Jo = %Vz>-rfo=^o=H*. 
 the same result as before. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 659-660. From %da. subtract ^min. ; from -f^da. sub- 
 tract ^hr.-\-^min. 
 
 661. From of f of 15 yards of cloth subtract \ of -^ 
 of 1 quarter. 
 
 662. From 1 of 5 acres of land, subtract J of 3 roods. 
 
 663. From J of an ounce, take f of a pennyweight. 
 
 664. From i of a hogshead, take f of a quart. 
 
 665. A man had a field to plough, containing 3 A. ^JR, 
 iP. ; |-A f R. |P. was ploughed the first half-day. How 
 much remained to be ploughed ? 
 
154 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. [CHAP. XI. 
 
 666. A grocer lost from ^ of a hogshead of molasses 
 \gal. and \qt. How much of the hogshead, expressed de- 
 cimally, leaked out ? 
 
 667. Suppose a man consume ^ of every day in sleep ; 
 f- of every day in eating ; %hr. each day in amusement ; 
 JAr. each day in idleness : how many days, of 10 hours each, 
 < a^> he, for work in the course of the year ? 
 
 EXERCISES IN DENOMINATE FRACTIONS. 
 
 668. .\ person gave \ of a pound sterling for a hat, J- of 
 a shilling f >r some thread, and ^ of a penny for a needle. 
 What did lie pay for all ? 
 
 669. V7hat is the value of -J of a week, J of a day, and 
 i of a minate ? 
 
 670. WLat is the value of -J of a pound, of an ounce, 
 and i of a pennyweight, Troy ? 
 
 671. If ^ pounds of sugar cost 43j cents, how much 
 is it per nound ? 
 
 672. If I pay $4 '04 for 8-f- bushels of apples, how much 
 do I give per bushel ? 
 
 673. Four persons, A., B., C., and D., own a ship : of 
 which A. owns ^ of -| of the whole ; B. owns |- of as much 
 as A. ; C. owns J as much as B. ; and D. owns the remain- 
 der. What are the respective parts owned by each ? 
 
 674. From i of J of a day of 24 hours, take J of lj 
 /iour. 
 
 675. To f of 4J days of 24 hours each, add J of i of 3j 
 hours. 
 
 676. A certain sum of money is to be divided between 4 
 persons in sucn a manner that the first shall have i of it, 
 the second J, the third ^, and the fourth the remainder, 
 *vhich is $28. What is the sum ? 
 
96.] DENOMINATE LUMBERS. 155 
 
 677. A. received -J- of a legacy, B. T ^, and C. the remain- 
 der. Now it is found that A. had $80 more than B. How 
 much did each receive ? 
 
 678. Eight detachments of artillery divided 4608 cannon- 
 balls in the following manner : the first took 72 and J of 
 the remainder ; the second took 144 and ^ of the remainder ; 
 the third took 216 and J of the remainder ; the fourth took 
 288 and of the remainder. The balance was equally di- 
 vided among the remaining four detachments. How many 
 balls did each detachment receive ? 
 
 679. Five persons divide 100 pounds of sugar as follows : 
 the first takes ^ of f of the whole ; the second takes i of 
 | of the remainder ; the third takes J of -J of the remain- 
 der ; the fourth takes ^ of f of the remainder ; and the fifth 
 had what was left. How much did each receive ? 
 
 080-681. A person owning 100 A. 3R. 4P. of land, bought 
 of a farm of 97A lit. 30P., and then divided J of the 
 whole equally among 3 sons. How much did each son 
 have ? and how much remained with the father ? 
 
 682. What is i of the sum of J of -f- of 13 weeks, and 
 | of i of 30 days ? 
 
 683. What must I pay for 38 eggs, at 25. 2c?. per dozen ? 
 
 684. How much cheese, at 9d. 3far. per pound, ought I 
 to receive for 13/6. 5os. of veal, at 4^d. per pound ? 
 
 685. What is the value of J of a year of 36oi days -f J 
 ,of 7 days of 10 hours each ? 
 
 686. Add | of 4 degrees of 69| miles each, and of 4 
 furlongs. 
 
 687. If I buy 113/6. 13oz. of butter, at lOjc?. per pound, 
 and use 30/6., how much per pound must I sell the remain- 
 der so as to receive as much as the whole cost ? 
 
 688-691. A person gave J of all his money for a dress 
 coat, $ of the remainder for a pair of pantaloons, and i of 
 
156 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 what then remained for a hat. He then found that he had 
 remaining 3 14s. 60?. What was the cost of each article? 
 and how much money had he at first ? 
 
 692. From a piece of cloth containing 20yd. 2qr. 2na., 
 3 suits, each requiring 4%yd., were taken ; and J of the 
 remainder was sold for $10'68f . How much was that per 
 yard? 
 
 693. How many feet in f of a statute mile +- ^ of a 
 nautical mile ? 
 
 694. How many inches in ^ of a yard -f- | of a metre ? 
 
 695. How many feet in J of a chain -{- T ^ of a furlong ? 
 
 696. How many inches in ^ of a hand -f- ^ of a span 
 4- i of a cubit ? 
 
 697. How many inches in 1 Ell Scotch -f | of an Ell 
 English + j- of an Ell French ? 
 
 698. How many cubic inches in 3 gallons, 2 quarts, and 
 1 pint of wine ? 
 
 699. How many cubic inches in f of a gallon -f- % of 
 a quart of beer ? 
 
 700. How many cubic inches in 1 bushel 3 pecks ? 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PERCENTAGE. 
 
 97. THE termer cent, is an abbreviation of the Latin 
 words per centum, which mean by the hundred. Thus, 
 
 2 per cent, signifies 2 out of a hundred, or 2 hundredths ; 
 
 3 per cent. 3 out of a hundred, or 3 hundredths, &c. Per 
 cent, is applied to money, apples, beans, the pupils of a 
 school, or to any thing else. 
 
97.] PERCENTAGE. 157 
 
 We have seen that hundredths may be expressed either as a com- 
 mon or as a decimal fraction; thus, 2 hundredths = T | 6 =0*02 ; 
 3 hundredths = T ^=0'03, <fec. It is the decimal form that we use 
 in all operations in percentage ; 0'02, 0'03, <fec., are called the rates 
 per cent. 
 
 When the rate per cent, is more than 100, that is, more than 1J, 
 it is expressed as an improper fraction ; or, decimally, as a mixed 
 number: thus, 106 per cent. = |j{ 8=1-06. 
 
 When the rate per cent, is less than 1, that is, less than y-l^, 
 it may be expressed by a decimal of three or four places. Thus 
 J of 1 per cent. = 0*005 ; which is read, not 5 thousandths per cent., 
 but y s ff of 1 per cent. ; 4 of 1 per cent. = 0'0025 ; which is read T 2 / w 
 of 1 per cent. Reduce the common fraction to a decimal, writing the 
 first quotient figure as the tenth of a hundredth, or as a thousandth, 
 &c. 
 
 We have seen, 44, that to obtain a fractional part of any num- 
 ber, we must multiply the number by the fraction ; thus, 0'06 of 25 
 is 0-06X25; 0'0025 of 50 is 0'0025X50. Hence, to compute the 
 percentage of any number, 
 
 Multiply the given number by the rate per cent, expressed 
 as a decimal. The product, pointed off by the rule for deci- 
 mals, will be the percentage required. 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 1-8. Express in figures the following : 2 per ct. ; 8 per 
 ct. ; 12 per ct. ; 50 per ct. ; 106 per ct. ; 140 per ct. ; 260 
 per ct. : 1800 per ct. 
 
 9-17. Express in the required form 
 
 18-25. Express in decimals ^ per ct. ; J per ct. ; f per 
 ct. ; T 9 Q per ct. ; f per ct. ; f per ct. ; 1 per ct. ; | per ct. 
 
 26-32. Express in decimal form 2| per ct. ; 3j per ct. ; 
 5 per ct. ; 36^ per ct. ; 220 per ct. ; 500f per ct. ; 
 946f per ct. 
 
 14 
 
158 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP XII. 
 
 33-37. What is 0-05 of $1122? 0'06 of 79468? 0'07 
 of $8912-50? 0'08 of $34567-62,3? 0'09 of $3479021'05 ? 
 
 38-47. Find the percentage of $987654-37 at each of the 
 following rates : J per ct. ; 2j per ct. ; J per ct. ; 3 J per ct. ; 
 f per ct. ; 6f per ct. ; 25 per ct. ; 412 per ct. ; 1900 
 per ct. ; 43 per ct. 
 
 48-53. Find 38 per ct. of 4 ; 97 per ct. of 16 ; 500 per 
 ct. of 7 ; 840 per ct. of 28j ; 365 per ct. of i ; 92 per ct. 
 
 54. What is 3 per cent, of 5789 pounds? 
 
 55. What is 4^ per cent, of $7o'03 ? 
 
 56. W T hat is 7 per cent, of 2345 ? 
 
 57. What is 30 per cent, of $495 ? 
 
 58. A person laid out $222 as follows: he gave 21 per 
 cent, of his money for calicoes ; . 1 5 per cent, for thread ; 
 45 per cent, for silks ; and the remaining 19 per cent, for 
 broadcloths. How many dollars did he expend for each ? 
 
 59. A merchant having 500 barrels of flour, sold at one 
 time 25 per cent, of it ; at another time he sold 20 per cent, 
 of the remainder. How many barrels did he sell at each 
 time, and how many remained ? 
 
 60. A farmer raising 1097 bushels of wheat, gives 10 
 per cent, of it for thrashing ; 10 per cent, of the remainder 
 for flouring. What per cent, of the whole will he have left ? 
 
 61. A California miner having secured 15j pounds of 
 gold dust, finds that it loses 5 per cent, in refining ; he then 
 gives 6 per cent, for coining. How much ought he to re- 
 ceive after it is coined ? 
 
 62. Suppose at each stroke of the piston of an air-pump 
 10 per cent, of the air in the receiver is exhausted, what 
 per cent, of the air will remain after the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 
 4th strokes, respectively ? 
 
 63. A man laid out 25 per cent, of $100 for clothing ; at 
 
98.] COMMISSION, BROKERAGE. 159 
 
 the same time a sum of money was paid him equal to 25 
 per cent, of what he had after his purchases. How much less 
 money did he bring home than he had when he left home ? 
 
 64. A merchant invested $6480 in trade, but lost 0'7o 
 of it. How much did he save ? 
 
 65. A. and B. invested $100 each in a speculation. A. 
 lost 100 per cent, of his investment, and B. made 100 per 
 cent, on his. How much better off was B. than A. ? 
 
 66. Out of a hogshead of molasses 36 per cent, leaked. 
 How many gallons remained ? 
 
 67. A coal dealer bought 17180 tons of coal, and sold 
 62 per cent, of it at $4 '50 per ton, and the remainder for 
 $4 '8 7 per ton. How much did he sell the whole for ?' 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE. 
 
 98. The principle of percentage has a very extensive 
 application to mercantile transactions, and to the calcula- 
 tions of practical life. Commission and Brokerage, Rise 
 and Fall of Stocks, Assessment of Taxes, Duties, Insurance, 
 Profit and Loss, Interest, Discount, &c., involve chiefly the 
 computation of percentage. 
 
 COMMISSION, BROKERAGE, AND STOCKS. 
 
 99. COMMISSION is an allowance made to an agent for 
 the purchase or sale, or care of property. This agent is 
 called a factor, or correspondent, or commission merchant. 
 Commissions are estimated at so much per cent, on the 
 money employed. 
 
 BROKERAGE is merely the commission paid to a Broker, 
 or dealer in stocks, money, or bills of exchange, for trans- 
 acting business. 
 
160 PERCENTAGE. [cHAP. XII. 
 
 STOCKS are Government Funds ; State Bonds ; the capi- 
 tal of Banks ; of Insurance, Railroad, and Manufacturing 
 Companies, &c. 
 
 This capital, or money paid in, is divided into shares, which are 
 owned by stockholders. The original cost of a share is its par value. 
 If it sell in the market for more than its original cost, it is said to be 
 above par, or at an advance ; if it sell for less, it is below par, or at 
 a discount. 
 
 The original cost of a share is usually $100, though it is sometimes 
 $25, $50, $500, <fcc. 
 
 The rise or fall in stocks is a per cent, on the par value. Thus, a 
 share, whose par value is -}-, at 16 percent, advance, will bring 1|. 
 of its original cost ; at 16 per cent, discount, will bring but T 8 ^ of its 
 original cost. 
 
 The profits of these companies are, every year, or every half-year, 
 divided among the stockholders. The amount so paid out is called 
 a dividend. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 68. A lady had a bequest of $10500 ; she paid an agent 
 2j per cent, commission, per annum, to take care of the 
 money for her. How much did the commission amount to ? 
 
 69. I bought 27 shares of Providence Railroad stock at 
 13 per cent, discount, and sold them again at an advance 
 of 2 per cent. How much did I gain by the operation ? 
 The par value was $100. 
 
 70. A gentleman paid a broker -J per cent, to invest 
 $19278 in government funds. How much was the bro- 
 kerage ? 
 
 71. A man owns 46 shares of bank stock, par value $50, 
 on which he received 4 J per cent dividend. What was the 
 amount of his dividend ? 
 
 72. A factor sells 43 bales of cotton, at $375 per bale, 
 and charges 2 per cent, commission, How much money 
 must he pay to his principal ? 
 
99.] COMMISSION, ETC. 161 
 
 73. A. sends to B., a broker, $3605 to be invested in 
 stock : B. is to receive 3 per cent, on the amount paid for 
 the stock. What was the value of the stock purchased ? 
 
 Since B. is to receive 3 per cent., it is plain that $103 of A.'s 
 money would purchase $100 worth of stock. Hence, the amount ex- 
 pended for stock must be 1P-J of $3605. 
 
 In such cases as the above, when the given sum includes the fac- 
 tor's commission, and we desire to know what amount he must invest 
 for his principal so that the balance may be his commission on the 
 amount invested, we must divide the given sum by the percentage 
 of the commission increased by a unit. 
 
 74. A factor receives $60112, and is directed to purchase 
 cotton at $289 per bale : he is to receive 4 per cent, on the 
 money paid for the cotton. How many bales did he pur- 
 chase ? 
 
 75. The par value of 125 shares of bank stock was $100 
 per share. What is the present value, if the stock is worth 
 1 8 per cent, above par ? 
 
 76. What is the value of 50 shares of bank stock, the par 
 value of which was $200 per share, on the supposition that 
 it is 12 per cent, below par, or that it is worth only 88 per 
 cent, of its par value ? 
 
 77. A bank fails, and has in circulation $108567. It 
 can pay only 13 per cent. What amount of money has it 
 on hand ? 
 
 78-81. A person fails, who owes to A. $3563*75, to B. 
 $4062-35, and to C. $6723-33. He finds that he can pay 
 65 per cent, of his debts. How much ought A., B., and C. 
 to receive respectively, and how much collectively ? 
 
 82-84. A person in trade finds, during three successive 
 years, that at the end of each year his money has increased 
 30 per cent. If he commenced with $3000, how much 
 will he have at the close of each successive year ? 
 
162 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 85. A tax of $7593-50 is to be collected. For collecting, 
 5 per cent, is given, which must be collected along with the 
 tax. What was the whole sura collected ? 
 
 86. Of $1000 worth of gold in California, 5 per cent, is 
 paid for transportation to the United States, and 5 per cent, 
 of the balance is paid for coining. What is the value of 
 the coin received ? 
 
 87. During a voyage at sea, the first week 20 per cent, 
 of the provisions are consumed. During the second week 
 40 per cent, of the balance is used. What per cent, of the 
 whole remains at the end of the second week ? 
 
 88. How much is 30 per cent, of 30 per cent, of $999 ? 
 
 89. A person purchased 350 barrels of flour, and sold 
 20 per cent, of it at $6 per barrel. How much money did 
 he receive ? 
 
 90. Of 1000 fruit-trees 4 per cent, die the first year, 
 and 5 per cent, of the remainder die the second year. How 
 many died during the two years ? 
 
 \ 
 
 ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. 
 
 100. TAXES are moneys paid by the people for the sup- 
 port of government. They are assessed on the citizens in 
 proportion to their property ; except the poll-tax, which is 
 so much for each individual, without regard to his property. 
 
 Before taxes can be assessed, an inventory of all the taxable prop- 
 erty must be made. 
 
 Next the sum of the poll-taxes must be deducted from the whole 
 sum to be raised, and then the remainder must be apportioned ac- 
 cording to each individual's property. 
 
 To effect this apportionment, find what per cent, of the taxable 
 property the sum to be raised is ; then multiply each one's inven- 
 tory by this per cent, expressed in decimals, and the product will bo 
 his tax. 
 
100.] 
 
 ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. 
 
 163 
 
 Suppose a tax of $600 is to be raised in a town contain- 
 ing 60 polls. If the whole taxable property amounts to 
 $37000, and each poll-tax is $0'75, what will be A.'s tax, 
 whose property is inventoried at $653, and who pays one 
 poll? 
 
 "We find the sum of the polls to be $45 '00, 
 which we deduct from the $600, the amount 
 to be raised. Dividing the remainder $555 
 by $37000, the value of the taxable proper- 
 ty, we shall have the tax or per cent, on 1 
 dollar, expressed in decimals. Multiplying 
 each individual's property by this per cent, will give each one's tax. 
 
 Having determined this per cent., assessors facilitate their business 
 by making out a table as follows : 
 
 $0-75 
 60 
 
 $45-00 
 
 555 
 
 37000 
 
 $600 
 45 
 
 $555 
 = $0-015 
 
 $1 pays $0-015 
 2 " 0-03 
 3 " 0-045 
 4- " 0-06 
 5 " 0-075 
 6 " 0-09 
 7 " 0-105 
 8 " 0-12 
 9 " 0-135 
 
 $10 pays $0-15 
 20 " 0-30 
 30 " 0-45 
 40 " 0-60 
 50 " 0-75 
 60 " 0-90 
 70 1-05 
 80 " 1-20 
 90 " 1-35 
 
 $100 pays $1-50 
 200 u 3-00 
 300 " 4-50 
 400 " 6-00 
 500 " 7-50 
 600 " 9-00 
 700 " 1050 
 800 " 12-00 
 900 " 13-50 
 1000 " 15-00 
 
 The pupil can easily understand the application of the table. 
 
 91. By the above table, what would be the tax on $425, 
 there being no poll-tax ? 
 
 92. By the same table, what must B. pay, who has 2 
 polls, and whose real and personal property is assessed at 
 $762? 
 
 93. If C. pays 3 polls, and is assessed at $1250, how 
 much ought he to pay ? 
 
 94. What is the tax on $375, there being no polls ? 
 
 95. How much is the tax on $1875 ? 
 
 96. How much is the tax on $1100 ? 
 
164 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 97. How much is an 8 per cent, tax on an estate valued 
 at $17000 ? 
 
 98. If a state tax of ^ of 1 per cent, is levied on all 
 the property of the state, how much must that county con- 
 tribute whose property is valued at $9 863473? 
 
 99-100. If all the taxable property of New York is esti- 
 mated at $666089526, what would be the whole tax, if 
 levied at 83 per cent, of 1 per cent. ? What would the tax 
 be at 31 per cent, of 1 per cent. ? 
 
 101-103. If a town raise a tax of 2 mills on the dollar, 
 how much must A. pay, whose property is estimated at 
 $10500? How much must be paid on $37950? How 
 much on $1500 ? 
 
 104. I own real* property to the amount of $45650, and 
 personal* property to the amount of $4500. What will 
 be the amount of my taxes if my state tax is 2^ per cent. ; 
 my town tax 3 per cent., my city tax 4 j- per cent, and my 
 school tax | per cent. ? 
 
 105. What is the difference between a tax of 37 per cent, 
 on $9876, and a tax of '3 7 per cent. ? 
 
 CUSTOM-HOUSE BUSINESS. 
 
 101. DUTIES are taxes levied by government upon goods 
 imported into the country. 
 
 These duties, established by Congress, and collected by custom- 
 house officers at the various ports of entry, constitute the revenue of 
 a country. 
 
 Duties are either specific or ad valorem. A specific duty is a fixed 
 sum imposed on a ton, hundred weight, hogshead, gallon, yard, <fec., 
 without regard to the value of the commodity. 
 
 * Real estate or property consists of lands, houses, &c., which cannot be moved. 
 Personal estate is property consisting of stocks, mortgages, money, furniture, 
 goods, &c. 
 
lUl.] CUSTOM-HOUSE BUSINESS. 165 
 
 An ad valorem duty is a percentage computed on the cost of the 
 article in the country from which it is imported. 
 
 Gross weight is the entire weight of merchandise, with the cask, 
 box, bag, <fcc., containing it. Net weight is the weight of the mer- 
 chandise after all deductions. Duties are computed on the net 
 weight. 
 
 Draft is an allowance for waste. Tare is an allowance for the 
 weight of the cask, box, <fec., deducted after the draft. Leakage and 
 breakage is an allowance of 2 per cent, for the waste of liquors in 
 cask, paying duty by the gallon ; of 10 per cent, on beer, ale, and 
 porter in bottles ; and of 5 per cent, on all other liquors in bottles. 
 
 The following is the allowance for draft : 
 
 Ib. Ib. Ib. Ib. 
 
 On 112 1 Between 336 and 1120. ..4 
 
 Between 112 and 224 ....2 " 1120 and 2016. ..7 
 
 " 224 and 336 ....3 Above 2016 9 
 
 NOTE. Though not mentioned in a question, draft or leakage must 
 be deducted before the other specific allowances are made. 
 
 In estimating ad valorem duties, no deductions of any kind are to 
 te made. \ 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 106. What is the duty on 150 bags of coffee, tbe gross 
 weight of each bag being 158/6., invoiced* at 1 cents per 
 pound, the tare being 4 per cent, and duty 20 per cent. ? 
 
 107. At 40 per cent, ad valorem, what will be the duty 
 on 346Z&S. sewing- silk, bought at Florence at $2 '50 per 
 pound ? 
 
 108. What is the duty on 114 barrels of olive oil, at 9 
 cts. per gallon, allowing 2 per cent, for leakage ? 
 
 109. When there is a specific duty on tea of 12 cts. per 
 pound, what must be paid on 175 chests, each weighing 
 112/&S., tare 8 per cent. ? 
 
 110. What is the duty, at 3 per cent., on 47 bags of 
 
 * An invoice is a schedule of the articles imported, with the cost thereof. 
 
166 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 pepper, each weighing 130 pounds gross, invoiced at 5 cts. 
 per pound, the tare being 3 per cent. ? 
 
 111. What is the specific duty on 20 chests of tea, at 
 10 cents per pound, the gross weight of the whole being 
 378 pounds, and tare on the whole being 5 6lbs. ? 
 
 112. What is the duty, at 3 cents per pound, on 40 bags 
 of Madeira nuts, each weighing 50 pounds, the tare being 
 3 per cent. ? 
 
 113. What is the ad valorem duty, at 30 per cent., on 
 an invoice of $3400 of broadcloths ? 
 
 114. What is the ad valorem duty, at 55 per cent., on a 
 case of silks invoiced at $8532 ? 
 
 115. What is the ad valorem duty, at 17 per cent., on 
 50 bags of coffee, each weighing 97 pounds, and which is 
 invoiced at 9^- cents per pound ? 
 
 116. What is the ad valorem duty, at 37 J per cent., on 
 2 gross of cutlery, invoiced at $352 ? 
 
 117. What is the ad valorem duty, at 40 per cent., on 
 a case of silks, invoiced at $3192? 
 
 118. What is the ad* valorem duty, at 50 per cent., on 
 a case of Leghorn hats, invoiced at $1370 ? 
 
 11'9. What is the duty on 325 dozen . bottles of porter, 
 at 3 cents per bottle, allowance for breakage being made ? 
 
 120. What is the duty on 400 dozen bottles of London 
 Brown Stout, at 4 cents per bottle ? 
 
 121. What is the duty on 1000 bottles of Madeira wine, 
 at 8 cents per bottle ? 
 
 122. What is the duty on 20 casks of wine, each con- 
 taining 42 gallons, at 13 cents per gallon ? 
 
 123. What is the duty on 5 barrels of Spanish tobacco, 
 the gross weight of the whole being 637 pounds, tare 5 per 
 cent., at 5 J cents per pound ? 
 
 124. What is the duty on 15 hogsheads of molasses, each 
 
102.] INSURANCE. 167 
 
 containing 63 gallons, at 8 cents per gallon, usual allowance 
 of 2 per cent, for leakage being made ? 
 
 125. What is the duty, at 3 per cent., on 7 hogsheads 
 of sugar, the gross weight of the whole being 9430 pounds, 
 tare being 1 5 per cent. ? 
 
 126. What is the duty, at 37 J per cent., on a bale of 
 Jnen, invoiced at $2333 ? 
 
 127. What is the duty, at 15 per cent., on a package 
 of indigo, invoiced at $200 ? 
 
 128. What is the duty, at 30 per cent., on 10 cases of 
 French broadcloths, invoiced at $8575 ? 
 
 129. What is the duty, at 13 cents per gallon, on 35 
 casks of wine, each containing 56 gallons, usual leakage 
 being deducted ? 
 
 130. What is the duty, at 25 per cent., on a quantity of 
 lace, invoiced at $9863 ? 
 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 102. INSURANCE is a contract, by which an individual, 
 or a company, bind themselves to make good any loss or 
 damage of property by fire, or storms at sea, or other cas- 
 ualties. 
 
 Ships and their cargoes, houses, furniture, cattle, &c., are insured. 
 
 Life-insurance is a guaranty for the payment of a certain sum of 
 money on the death of the insured. Health-insurance secures a 
 weekly allowance during the sickness of the insured. 
 
 This insurance is effected in consideration of a sum of money, 
 called the premium, which is paid beforehand, to the insurers or un- 
 derwriters. The written agreement of indemnity is called a policy. 
 
 The premium is estimated at a certain rate per cent, on the amount 
 insured. 
 
168 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 131. If A. gets his house insured for $1800, at 41 cents 
 on $100, what will be the amount of the premium ? 
 
 132. An insurance of $12000 was effected on the ship 
 Ocean, at a premium of 2 per cent. What did the premium 
 amount to ? 
 
 133. I effected an insurance of $5230 on my dwelling- 
 house and furniture for 1 year, at f of 1 per cent. What 
 did the premium amount to ? 
 
 134. What is the amount of premium for insuring $34567, 
 at 60 cents on $100 ? 
 
 135. What would be the premium for insuring a ship and 
 cargo, valued at $46370, from Boston to Liverpool, at 2j 
 per cent. ? 
 
 136-140. What is the insurance on a dwelling and fur- 
 niture, valued at $15000, at 1 per cent. ? at 1^ per cent. ? 
 at 2 per cent. ? at 2 J per cent. ? at 2 J per cent. ? 
 
 141-142. A house, valued at $2800, is insured at 45 
 cents on $100. What was the premium? At 48 cents on 
 $100, what would have been the premium ? 
 
 143. A person at the age of 38, effects an insurance on his 
 life for a period of 7 years, for the sum of $5000, at the rate of 
 $1*70 on $100 per annum. What is the annual premium ? 
 
 144. An insurance is taken for a person aged 21 years, 
 for life for the sum of $7500, at $1'82 on $100. What is 
 the annual premium ? 
 
 145. A person at the age of 18 years effects an insurance 
 during life for the sum of $10000, at the rate of $1'69 on 
 $100. How much is the annual premium? 
 
 146. A life-insurance for the sum of $8000 during life, 
 is taken by a person 50 years old, at the rate of $4*60 on 
 $1 00. What is the annual premium ? 
 
103.] PEOFIT AND LOSS. 169 
 
 147. A person going to California, with the intention of 
 returning at the end of 3 years, effects an insurance of $5500 
 on his life for the benefit of his family, at 1 \ per cent, per 
 annum. What was the annual premium ? 
 
 148-150. What is the annual premium on a life insurance 
 of $18000, at \\ per cent. ? what at 2 per cent.? what at 
 2 J per cent. ? 
 
 PROFIT AND Loss. 
 
 103. Profit and Loss signify the amount which the 
 merchant gains or loses in his business transactions. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 A. bought 20 yards of broadcloth, at $1'50 per yard, 
 and sold the same at $2*50 per yard. How much did he 
 gain? Regained $2'50 $r50=$l'00 per yd. ; $l'00x20, 
 the number of yards, =$20, the whole gain. 
 
 Suppose A. sold the cloth at $1*25 per yard. How much 
 did he lose? He lost $1'50 8l'25=$0'25 per yard; 
 $0-25X20=$5-00, the whole loss. 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 What per cent, did A. gain by the first operation, and what 
 per cent, did he lose by the second operation ? 
 
 Original cost per yard $1'50: gain per yard $1*00 ; per 
 cent, gain f.f{j = ' 66 f> or 66f per cent. 
 
 Original cost per yard $1'50 ; loss per yard $0'25 ; per 
 cent, loss T 2 / 7 =0'16|, or 16| per cent. 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 How much per yard did A. sell his broadcloth for, at 66f 
 per cent, profit? How much for, at 16f per cent, loss ? 
 
 15 
 
170 PERCENTAGE. [cHAF. XII, 
 
 The gain per yard is $1'50 X 0'66f , which added to H'oO, 
 the original cost, gives for the selling price $l'50-f-$l'50 x 
 0'66f, or, which is the same thing, $l'50x l'66f =$2'50. 
 
 Again, the loss per yard is 3>r50xO'16j, which sub- 
 tracted from $1'50, the original cost, gives for the selling 
 price $1-50 $1-50 xO'16f, or, which is the same thing, 
 
 CASE IV. 
 
 What was the cost per yard of the broadcloth, if A. sold 
 it at $2 '50 per yard, gaining 66| per cent. ? 
 
 What if he sold it at $1'25 per yard, losing 16f per cent. ? 
 
 The gain is evidently 0*66f of the original cost, and $2'50, 
 the selling price, is equal to the original cost, -f 0'66f of 
 the original cost, or, what is the same thing, equal to T66f 
 of original cost ; hence, the original cost was $2'50-Hl-66f 
 =$1-50. 
 
 Again, the loss is 0'16| of the original cost, and $1'25, 
 the selling price, is equal to^the original cost 0-16J of the 
 original cost, or, what is the same thing, equal to 0'83j of 
 original cost ; hence the original cost was 8l-25-^0'83^= 
 $1-50. 
 
 NOTE. The preceding might be solved by the use of the ratio^ 
 
 100 
 
 114. In the case of gain the cost was - of the selling price ; 
 
 1065 
 
 that is, $2-50 XTTT? ; in the case of the loss, the cost was - of the 
 1005 oof 
 
 i no 
 selling price, or $1'50 X -r^-. 
 
 005 
 
 From the preceding demonstrations, we deduce the fol- 
 lowing 
 
 RULES. 
 
 I. The total gain or loss is the difference between the first 
 and the selling price. 
 
103.] PROFIT AND LOSS. 171 
 
 II. The gain or loss upon a part, divided by the cost of 
 that part, or the -whole gain or loss, divided by the whole 
 cost, will give the gain or loss per cent. 
 
 III. The first cost multiplied by 1, plus the gain per cent. f 
 or by 1 minus the loss per cent., expressed as a decimal, will 
 give the selling price. 
 
 IV. The selling price divided by 1 plus the gain per cent. y 
 or by 1 minus the loss per cen{., expressed as a decimal, will 
 give the cost. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 151. Bought 300 yards of broadcloth, at $2 -25 per yard, 
 and sold the same at $3 '50 per yard. How much was 
 gained ? 
 
 152. A merchant bought 320 barrels of flour, at $5 per 
 barrel, but finds that he must lose 10 per cent, in the sales. 
 How much will he receive for the whole ? 
 
 153. Suppose I buy 25 cords of maple wood, at $2'50 
 per cord, and sell it so as to make 25 per cent. What must 
 I receive for the whole ? 
 
 154. Bought a house and lot for $1400, and sold it for 
 $1200. How much per cent, did I lose ? 
 
 155. Bought 225 gallons of molasses for 26 cents per 
 gallon, and sold the whole for $6 4 '3 5. What did I gain 
 per cent. ? 
 
 156. Bought 75 pounds of coffee, at 10 cents per pound. 
 At how much per pound must I sell it so as to gain $3 on 
 the whole ? 
 
 157. Bought 25 hogsheads of molasses, at $18 per hogs- 
 head, in Havana : paid duties, $16-30 ; freight, $25; cart- 
 age, $5'50 ; insurance, $25'25. What per cent, shall I gain, 
 if I sell it at $28 per hogshead ? 
 
172 PERCENTAGE, [CHAP. XIL 
 
 158. If I buy broadcloth for $3*50 per yard, how much 
 must I sell it at per yard so as to gain 25 per cent. ? 
 
 159. If I buy cloth at $3'50 per yard, how much must 
 I sell it at per yard so as to lose 25 per cent. ? 
 
 160. A person bought a city lot for $800, and sold it so 
 as to gain 40 per cent. How much did he sell it for ? 
 
 161. A house which cost $3000 was sold for $2400. 
 What per cent, was lost ? 
 
 162. A house which cost $2400 was sold for $3000. 
 What per cent, was gained ? 
 
 163-164. If I buy an article for 25. and 6c?., and sell it 
 for 35., what per cent, do I gain ? But if I sell it for 2s., 
 what per cent, do I lose ? 
 
 165. If I buy eggs at 13 cents per dozen, and sell the 
 same at 19 cents per dozen, what per cent, do I make ? 
 
 166. If eggs which cost 19 cents per dozen, are sold at 
 13 cents per dozen, what is the loss per cent. ? 
 
 167. I sold a house for $4800, on which I gained 20 per 
 cent. What did the house cost me ? 
 
 168. I bought a railroad bond for $1055, which was 5^ 
 per cent, above par. What was the par value ? 
 
 169. Bought 50 shares of plank road stock at 3^ per cent, 
 below par, for $4825. What was the par value of one share ? 
 
 170. If I buy stock at 3j per cent, below par, and sell 
 the same at 5^ above, what per cent, do I gain ? 
 
 171. If I buy a city lot for $3150, at what price must 
 I sell it so as to gain 40 per cent. ? 
 
 172. I buy 500 barrels of flour, at $5'37J, but am obliged 
 to sell it at a loss of 15 per cent. What do I receive for 
 the whole ? 
 
 173. A. buys $1000 worth of stock, which he sells to 
 B. at a gam of 5 per cent. B. in turn sells the same to C. 
 at a gain of 5 per cent. What did the stock cost C. ? 
 
IGtt.J SIMPLE INTEREST. 173 
 
 174. A. buys $1000 worth of merchandise, which he 
 sells to B. at a loss of 5 per cent. ; B. in turn sells the same 
 to C. at a loss of 5 per cent. How much did C. give for 
 the merchandise ? 
 
 175-176. A. buys an article for 2 3s. 6d., and sells it 
 to B. at a gain of 10 per cent. ; B. in turn sells it to C. at 
 a loss of 10 per cent. How much did C. pay for the same ? 
 What per cent, of original cost did he give ? 
 
 177-178. If I buy 600 barrels of flour, at $5'25 per bar- 
 rel, and sell 33^ per cent, of the same at a profit of 10 per 
 cent., and the balance at a profit of 12 J per cent., how much 
 shall I receive for the whole ? And what per cent, shall I 
 gain on the whole ? 
 
 179. Sold a city lot for $1750, and find that I have lost 
 12 J per cent. What did the lot cost ? 
 
 1 80. Sold a city lot for $2000, and find that I have gained 
 15 A P er cent - What did the lot cost ? 
 
 SIMPLE INTEREST. 
 
 104. INTEREST is the sum paid for the use of money, 
 by the borrower to the lender. It is estimated at a certain 
 rate per cent, per annum that is, a certain number of dol- 
 lars for the use of $100, for one year. Thus, when $6 is 
 paid for the use of $100, for one year, the interest is said 
 to be at 6 per cent. ; when $5 is paid for the use of $100 
 for one year, the interest is said to be at 5 per cent., <fec. 
 
 The rate per cent, is generally fixed by law. In the New 
 England States it is 6 per cent., while in the State of New 
 York it is 7 percent. 
 
 The sum of money borrowed, or upon which the interest 
 is computed, is called the principal. The principal, with 
 the interest added to it, is called the amount. 
 
 15* 
 
174: PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 To find the interest on any given principal, for any whole 
 number of years, at any given rate per cent. 
 
 What is the interest of $3 6 5 '50 for 3 years, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 The interest of $3 6 5 '50 for one year at 7 per cent, is 
 $365'50 X 0'07 =$25'585 ; which multiplied by 3, the num- 
 ber of years, gives $76'755 for the interest of $365'50 for 
 3 years at 7 per cent. Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the principal by the rate percent, and the prod- 
 uct so obtained by the number of years. Point off as usual. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 181-185. What is the interest of $27 for 5 years, at 6 
 percent.? of $98? of $279*50 ? of $33120'01 ? of 
 $6958290-035 ? 
 
 186-190. What is the interest of $68 for 13 years, at 7 
 per cent. ? of $142, for the same rate and time ? of $987*41 ? 
 of $654201*90? of $9412860-007? 
 
 191-197. Find the interest on $69582*57 for 2 years, at 
 5 per cent. ; at 6 per cent. ; at 7 per cent. ; for 9 years, at 
 8 per cent. ; at 10 per cent. ; at 15 per cent. ; at 24 per cent. 
 
 198-203. Find the interest of $9812*17 for 48 years, at 
 1 J per cent. ; at 2-J- per cent. ; at 3^- per cent. ; at 4j per 
 cent. ; at 5% per cent. ; at 6j per cent. 
 
 204-210. What is the interest of $375, at 5^ per cent., 
 for 11 years? for 13 years? for 15 years? for 17 years? 
 for 19 years ? for 23 years ? for 27 years ? 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 To find the interest on any given principal for any given 
 time, at 6 per cent. 
 
104:.] SIMPLE INTEREST. 175 
 
 The interest on $1 for one year, is ^O'OG ; and since 2 
 months is j 2 j=|- of a year, the interest on $1 for 2 months 
 is 80-01 ; again, since 6 days is &=-$ of 2 months when 
 we reckon 30 days to each month, it follows that the inter- 
 est on $1 for 6 days is $0-001, Hence, if we call half the 
 number of months CENTS, and one-sixth the number of days 
 MILLS, we shall obtain the interest of$l for the given time, at 
 6 per cent. Then the interest of $1 being multiplied by the 
 number of dollars in the given principal, will give the in- 
 terest sought. As an example, suppose we wish the interest 
 of $125 for 1 year, 5 months, and 18 days, at 6 per cent. 
 
 $0-085 =int. of $1 for 1 y. 5 m. = l7 months. 
 3= " " " 18 days, 
 
 $0-088 =int of $1 for 1 y. 5 m. and 18 days. 
 
 If now we multiply $0'088 by 125, the number of dollars 
 in the principal, or, which is the same thing, if we multiply 
 $125 by 0-088, we shall find $125XO'088=$11, the in*-er- 
 est sought. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 211. What is the interest of $49*37 for 13 months and 
 15 days, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 212. What is the interest of $608'62 for 1 year and 9 
 months, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 213. What is the interest of $341*13 for 7 years and 9 
 days, at G per cent. ? 
 
 214. What is the interest of $100 for 16 years and 8 
 months, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 215. What is the interest of $591 '03- for 4 years, 3 months, 
 and 7 days, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 216. What is the interest of $0'134 for 4 months and 3 
 days, at 6 per cent, ? 
 
176 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XIL 
 
 217. What is the interest of $7 '50 for 7 months, at 6 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 218. What is the interest of $3 71 '01 for 4 years and 15 
 days, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 219. What is the interest of $57*92 for 3 years, 7 months, 
 and 9 days, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 220. What is the interest of $329 for 5 years and 13 days, 
 at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 221. What is the interest of $4 7 '3 9 for 1 year and 7 
 months, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 222-224. At 6 per cent, what will $4650 amount to in 
 1 year and 3 months ? in 2 years, 5 months, and 10 days? 
 in 2 years, 1 month, and 6 days ? 
 
 225-227. In 1 year, 6 months, and 6 days, at 6 per cent., 
 how much will $350 amount to ? How much will $490 
 amount to ? How much will $375 amount to ? 
 
 228-230. At 6 per cent, what will $1000 amount to in 
 3 years and 6 months ? in 3 years and 6 days ? in 4 years 
 and 4 months ? 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 To find the interest on any given principal for any given 
 time, at any given rate per cent. 
 
 First method. 
 
 Find the interest of $300 for 1 year, 3 months, and 12 
 days, at 4^ per cent. 
 
 At 6 per cent, the interest would be $23*10 ; at 4j per cent, 
 it would be 4^ sixths or T 9 2=} of $23'10=$17'325 ; at 7 
 per cent, the interest would be 7 sixths of $23*10 $26'95, 
 <fec. Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Find the interest on the given principal for the given 
 
104:.] SIMPLE INTEREST. 1YT 
 
 time at 6 per cent, as by Case II. Then take as many SIXTHS 
 of such interest as will equal the given per cent. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 231. What is the interest of $19'41 for 1 year, 7 months, 
 and 13 days, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 232. What is the interest of $530 for 3 years and 6 
 months, at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 233. What is the interest of $5 '3 7 for 4 years and 12 
 days, at 8 per cent. ? 
 
 234. What is the interest of $4070 for 3 months, at 9 
 per cent. ? 
 
 235. What is the interest of $3671 for 6 months, at 10 
 per cent. ? 
 
 236. What is the interest of $4920'05 for 3 months, at 
 
 4 per cent. ? 
 
 237. What is the interest of $40'l7 for 3 months and 18 
 days, at 3 per cent. ? 
 
 238. What is the interest of $3 7 '13 for 5 months and 12 
 days, at 4^ per cent. ? 
 
 239. What is the interest of $489 for 3 years and 4 
 months, at 5^ per cent. ? 
 
 240. What is the interest of $700 for 1 year and 9 months, 
 at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 NOTE. When the principal is given in English money, we must re- 
 duce the shillings, pence, and farthings to the decimal of a ; and 
 then proceed as in Federal Money. 
 
 241. What is the interest of 75 135. 6d. for 3 years and 
 
 5 months, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 242. What is the interest of 14 55. 3d. for 4 years, 6 
 months, and 14 days, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 243. What is the interest of l 75. Qd. for 2 years and 
 
 6 months, at 4 J per cent. ? 
 
178 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 244. What is the interest of 105 10s. 6c?. for 9^ months, 
 at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 245-247. What is the amount of $503'50 for 1 year and 
 8 months, at 5 per cent. ? what at 6 per cent. ? what at 7 
 per cent. ? 
 
 248-250* What is the amount of 8401 '13 for 3 months, 
 13 days, at 5j per cent. ? at 6j per cent. ? at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 Second method. 
 
 * Find the interest of $12(J for 3 years, 5 months, and 15 
 days, at 7 per cent. 
 
 TABLE OF ALIQUOT PARTS OF A YEAR OR MONTH. 
 mo. yr. 
 
 6 = I5da.= Joflmo. 
 
 4 = i- 10 = J 
 
 3 = } 6 = i 
 
 2 = 5 = " 
 
 $126 
 0-07 
 
 $8-82 =1 year's interest. 
 3 
 
 $26-46 = 3 years' 
 
 4 mos.=of ayr. 2'94 = 4 months* " 
 
 1 mo. = J of 4 mos. 735 = 1 " 
 
 15 dys. =4 of 1 mo. 3675 = 15 days' " 
 
 Ans. $30-5025 = 3 yrs. 5 mos. and 15 days' int. 
 Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply as by rule, Case I. Then find the interest for 
 months and days by means of aliquot parts. 
 
105.] SIMPLE INTEREST. 179 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 251-254. What is the interest of $39*42 for 1 year, 5 
 months, and 11 days, at 7 per cent.? of $678*24? of 
 $9872-86? of $27541-03? 
 
 255-257. What is the interest of $47'13 for 7 months and 
 21 days, at 7 per cent. ? at 9-| percent. ? at 14 J per cent. ? 
 
 258-259. What is the interest of $321*21 for 3 months 
 and 15 days, at 6 per cent. ? for 5 years, 9 months, and 21 
 days? 
 
 260-262. What is the interest of $270 for 2 months and 
 8 days, at 7 percent. ? of $57602-01 ? of $4930016'02 ? 
 
 263-265. What is the interest of $404'44 for 1 year, 
 5 months, and 4 days, at 7 per cent. ? of $808*88 ? of 
 $297654-03? 
 
 266. What is the interest of $99*99 for 11 months and 
 29 days, at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 267. What is the interest of $37*50 for 6 months and 10 
 days, at 6J per cent. ? 
 
 268. What is the interest of $49*49 for 8 months and 8 
 days, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 269-271. What is the amount of $4650, at 7 per cent., 
 for 1 year and 10 days? for 2 years and 3 months ? for 3 
 years, 4 months, and 1 2 days ? 
 
 272-275. What is the amount of $317*12 for 2 years, 5 
 months, 1 8 days, at 3 J per cent. ? at 4 per cent. ? at 5 per 
 cent. ? at 5^ per cent. ? 
 
 INTEREST WHEN THE TIME is ESTIMATED IN DAYS. 
 
 105. Thus far, we have considered the time, for which 
 interest is to be computed, as estimated in months and days, 
 counting a month as j^ of a year, and a day as -fa of a 
 month, or 7 fa of a year. But as some months have 31 days, 
 
180 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP XII. 
 
 while February has but 23 or 29, we, by the previous meth- 
 ods, obtain sometimes too much interest, and sometimes too 
 little, though the error must always be small. 
 
 There is a more accurate method of computing interest 
 by means of days. 
 
 Suppose we wish the interest of $500 from May 15th to 
 November 20th, at 7 per cent. We find $500xO'07=$35 
 for one year's interest of $500, at 7 per cent. By Table 
 under 83, note 4, we find 189 days from May 15th to No- 
 vember 20th. 
 
 The interest for 189 days must be the same fractional part 
 of one year's interest that 189 days is of 365 days. Hence, 
 $35xf =-**-|$p-2- = $18-123-}- for the interest of $500 
 from May 15th to November 20th, at 7 per cent. 
 
 Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Find the interest for one year. Multiply this by the 
 time expressed in days, and divide the product by 365 ; the 
 quotient will be the interest sought. 
 
 A note of $3 7 '3 7 was given May 3, 1848. How much 
 was due on it Dec. 27, 1848, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 By the table under 83, note 4, we find 238 days from 
 May 3 to Dec. 27. 
 
 $3 7 '3 7= principal. 365)622-5842(l'705=int. sought. 
 0-07= rate per cent. 365 37'37 =principal. 
 
 $2'6159= one year's int. 2575 $39'075=am'nt. Ans. 
 238=time in days. 2555 
 
 209272 2084 
 
 78477 1825 
 52318 259 
 
 622-5842 > 
 
106.] PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 181 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 276. A note of $365 was given July 4, 1847. What will 
 it amount to June 1, 1849, interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 277. What is the interest on $100 from January 13th to 
 November 15, it being leap-year, and interest being 6 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 278. What is the interest on $216 from March 10th to 
 December 1st, interest being 5 per cent. ? 
 
 279. What is the interest on $107 from April 12th to 
 July 4th, interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 280. What is the interest on $1000 from June 20th to 
 August 13th, interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 281. What is the interest on $730 from July 4th to De- 
 cember 25th, interest being 6 per cent. ? 
 
 282. What is the interest on $6 3 '3 7 from August 9th to 
 December 31st, interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 283-284. What is the amount of $210 at 5 percent., 
 from March 1st until the 25th of the following December? 
 What is the amount of the same sum from July 4th until 
 January 1st, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 285-287. What is the interest at 5^ per cent, of $325 
 from April 1st until August 10th? from August 10 until 
 Oct. 5th ? from Oct. 5th until Dec. 8th ? 
 
 288-290. From May 3d until August 8th, what is the 
 interest on $75, at 5 per cent. ? at 6 per cent. ? at 7 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 
 
 106. When notes, bonds, or obligations receive partial 
 payments, or indorsements,* the rule adopted by the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States is as follows : 
 
 * From a Latin phrase, in dor so, meaning "upon the back ;" because tho pay 
 ments are written across the back of the note. 
 
 16 
 
182 PERCENTAGE. [cHAP. XII 
 
 RULE. 
 
 " The ride for casting interest, when partial payments have 
 been made, is to apply the payment, in the first place, to the 
 discharge of the interest then due. If the payment exceed 
 the interest, the surplus goes towards discharging the prin- 
 cipal, and the subsequent interest is to be computed on 
 the balance of principal remaining due. If the payment be 
 less than the interest, the surplus of interest must not be 
 taken to augment the principal ; but interest continues on the 
 former principal until the period when the payments taken 
 together exceed the interest due, and then the surplus is to be 
 applied towards discharging the principal ; and interest is 
 to be computed on the balance, as aforesaid" 
 
 4 
 
 The above rule has been adopted by New York, Massa- 
 chusetts, and by nearly all the other States of the Union. 
 
 CONNECTICUT RULE. 
 
 " Compute the interest on the principal to the time of the first pay- 
 ment ; if tJtat be one year or more from the time the interest com- 
 menced, add it to the principal, and deduct the payment from the sum 
 total. If there be after payments made, compute the interest on the 
 balance due to the next payment, and then deduct the payment as 
 above ; and in like manner, from one payment to another, till all the 
 payments are absorbed ; provided the time between one payment and 
 another be on ? year or more. But if any payments be made before 
 one year's interest hath accrued, then compute the interest on the prin- 
 cipal sum due on the obligation, for one year, add it to the principal, 
 and compute the interest on the sum paid, from the time it was paid 
 up to the end of the year ; add it to the sum paid, and deduct that 
 sum from the principal and interest added as above. 
 
 " If any payments be made of a less sum than the interest arisen at 
 ilie time of such payment, no interest is to be computed, but only on 
 ^he principal S'^mfor any period" 
 
106.] PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 183 
 
 $ 620 - UTICA, Nov. 1, 1837. 
 
 For value received, I promise to pay Thomas Jones, or 
 order, the sum of six hundred and twenty dollars, on de- 
 mand, with interest. CHARLES BANK. 
 
 The following indorsements -were made on this note : 1838, Oct. 6, 
 received $61-07; March 4, 1839, $89'03 ; Dec. 11, 1839, $107-77; 
 July 20, 1840, $200'50. 
 
 What was the balance due, Oct. 15, 1840, allowing 7 per cent, in- 
 terest, according to the U. S. rule ? 
 
 The pupil will find it convenient to arrange the work for finding 
 the multipliers at 6 per cent, as follows : 
 
 Date of note . . . 
 
 year. mo. da. 
 ...1837 10 1 
 
 mo da 
 
 Multipliers 
 
 1st indorsement.... 
 2d indorsement 
 
 ...1838 9 6 
 ...1839 2 4 
 
 11 5 
 
 4 28 
 
 0-055. 
 0'024f 
 
 
 ...1839 11 11 
 
 9 7 
 
 0*0464 
 
 4th indorsement ... 
 Date of settlement 
 
 ...1840. 6 20 
 ...1840 9 15 
 
 7 9 
 2 25 
 
 0-0365. 
 0-014 
 
 35 14 0-177$. 
 
 The intervals of time are found by subtracting the earlier date 
 from the one next below it, 89, Ex. 471, <fec. 
 
 To test the accuracy of the work, we may add the intervals to- 
 gether, making 35mo. I4da. ; and the multipliers together, making 
 0'177J Now, subtracting the time when the note was given from 
 the time of settlement, we also obtain 35 months and 14 days, which 
 time gives 0-177J for multiplier. 
 
 It is well, in all cases where interest is to be cast on a note of many 
 indorsements, to follow the above method, since by so doing, there 
 is less chance for committing errors. In each particular computation 
 of interest, when the value beyond the third place is one-half or 
 more, add a unit to the decimal in the third place ; when that value 
 is less than one-half, neglect it. 
 
 Having found the multipliers, we continue the work as follows : 
 
184: PERCENTAGE. [CHAP XII, 
 
 The amount of note, or principal, is $620-000 
 
 Int. on the same to Oct. 6, 1838, at 7 per cent., is 40'386 
 
 Amount due on note, Oct. 6, 1838, is 660'386 
 
 The first indorsement is 61*070 
 
 599-316 
 Interest from Oct. 6, 1838, to March 4, 1839, is 17-247 
 
 Amount due March 4, 1839, is 616'563 
 
 The second indorsement is 89030 
 
 527-533 
 Interest from March 4, 1839, to Dec. 11, 1839, is 28*414 
 
 555-947 
 The third indorsement is..., .. 107-770 
 
 448-177 
 Interest from Dec. 11, 1839, to July 20, 1840, is 19-085 
 
 467-262 
 The fourth indorsement is... .. 200-500 
 
 . 266-762 
 
 Interest from July 20, 1 840, to Oct. 15,1 840, is 4'409 
 
 Ans. 271-171 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 UTICA, May 1, 1836. 
 
 291. For value received, I promise to pay Isaac Clark, 
 or order, three hundred and fifty dollars, with interest, at 
 6 per cent. IS". BROWN. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1836, there was indorsed $50; June 30, 1837, $5; Aug. 
 22, 1838, $15 ; June 4, 1839, $100. 
 
 How much was due April 5, 1840, if interest is computed 
 according to the U. S. rule ? 
 
 292. How much was due according to the Connecticut 
 rule ? 
 
 NOTE. We will here indicate the steps of the process under the 
 Connecticut rule. First, find the amount of the principal sum for 
 
106.] PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 185 
 
 one year; that is, to May 1, 1837. Then find the amount of the first 
 payment to the same date. Deduct the latter amount from the for- 
 mer. Next, find the amount of the new principal thus obtained for 
 another year, that is, to May 1, 1838 ; then find the amount of the 
 second payment to the same time, and deduct as before, and so on. 
 
 $ 1Q8 T 4 o 3 o- UTICA, Dec. 9, 1835. 
 
 293. For value received, I promise to pay Peter Smith, 
 or order, one hundred and eight dollars and forty-three 
 cents, on demand, with interest, at 7 per cent. 
 
 JOHN SAVEALL. 
 
 March 3, 1836, there was indorsed $50*04 ; Dec. 10, 1836, $13'19 ; 
 May 1, 1838, $50-11. 
 
 How much remained due, according to the U. S. rule, 
 Oct. 9, 1840? 
 
 294. How much according to the Connecticut rule ? 
 NOTE. After several steps, there will be a new principal, Dec. 9, 
 
 1838. The interest is to be computed upon this, not for one year, 
 since there is no indorsement within the year, but up to the time of 
 settlement. 
 
 { Too- UTICA, Aug. 1, 1837. 
 
 295. For value received, I promise to payD. Budlong, or 
 bearer, one hundred and forty-three dollars and fifty cents, 
 on demand, with interest. W. GOULD. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1837, there was indorsed $37'40 ; July 1, 1838, $7'09 ; 
 Dec. 22, 1839, $13'13; Sept. 9, 1840, $50'50. 
 
 How much remains due, according to U. S. rule, Dec. 28, 
 1840, the interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 296. How much according to Connecticut rule ? 
 
 NOTE. After a few steps we shall find a new principal, Aug. 1, 
 1838. We compute the interest on this up to Dec. 22, 1839, as there 
 is no payment witlu'n a year. From the amount deduct the payment 
 made Dec. 22, 1839. We have, then, another new principal, the in- 
 terest on which is to be computed for ono year, that is, to Dec. 22, 
 
 16* 
 
186 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 1840, and added ; we find also the amount of the last payment to 
 that date ; deduct, and find amount of the balance, Dec. 28, 1840. 
 
 297. A note of $486 is dated Sept. 7, 1831. 
 
 March, 22, 1832, there was paid $125 ; Nov. 29, 1832, $150; May 
 13, 1833, $120. 
 
 What was the balance due, according to U. S. rule, April 
 19, 1834, the interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 298. What was due according to Connecticut rule ? 
 
 PROBLEMS IN INTEREST. 
 
 $ 107. The principal, the rate per cent., the time, and 
 the interest, are so related to each other, that any three of 
 them being given, the remaining one can be found. 
 
 PROBLEM I. 
 
 Given the principal, the rate per cent., and the time, to 
 find the interest, 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the interest of $1, for the given time and given 
 rate per cent by the number of dollars in the principal. 
 
 PROBLEM II. 
 
 Given the time, the rate per cent., and the interest, to 
 find the principal. 
 
 It is obvious that the interest on a given sum is as many times 
 greater than the interest on $1, as the given sum is times greater 
 than $1. Hence the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the given interest by the interest of $1 for the given 
 time at the given rate per cent. 
 
107.] PROBLEMS IN INTEREST. 187 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 299. The interest on a certain principal for 9 months and 
 10 days, at 4J- per cent., is $1'01605. What was the prin- 
 cipal ? ' 
 
 300. What principal will, in 1 year, 7 months, and 15 
 days, at 6 per cent., give $9 '7 5 interest? 
 
 301. What principal will, in 7 years and 9 days, at 6 per 
 cent., give $16 '86 interest ? 
 
 302. What principal will, in 3 years and 6 months, at 5 
 per cent., give $92*75' interest ? 
 
 303. What principal will, in 3 months and 9 days, at 8 
 per cent., give $90 interest ? 
 
 304. If a man's property be invested at 5j per cent., 
 how much is he worth, supposing his annual income to be 
 $4372-50 ? 
 
 305. A widow is receiving $848 per annum. What is her 
 property, supposing it invested at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 306. The annual expenditures of an orphan asylum are 
 $2753*00. What fund invested at 7 per cent, will produce 
 that amount ? 
 
 PROBLEM III. 
 
 Given the principal, the time, and the interest, to find the 
 rate per cent. 
 
 If the rate per cent, be doubled, other things being the same, the 
 interest will be doubled ; if the rate per cent, is tripled, the interest 
 will be tripled. And, in all cases, the interest at any particular rate 
 per cent, is as many times greater than the interest at 1 per cent, as 
 the given rate per cent, is times greater than 1 per cent. Hence we 
 have this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the given interest by the interest of the given prin- 
 cipal for the given time, at 1 per cent. 
 
1&8 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 307. The interest of $100 for 9 months and 10 days is 
 $3 '50. What is the rate per cent. ? 
 
 In this example, we find the interest of $100 for 9 months and 10 
 days, at 6 per cent., to be $4'66. The interest at 1 per cent, is 
 $0'77 ; therefore, dividing $3'50 by $0'77, we obtain 4 for the 
 rate per cent, required. 
 
 308. At what rate per cent, will $530, in 3 years and 6 
 months, give $92*75 interest? 
 
 309. At what rate per cent, will $19 -41, in 1 year, 7 
 months, and 13 days, give $2'200339 interest? 
 
 310. At what rate per cent, will $5 '3 7, in 4 years and 12 
 days, give $1 '73 272 interest? 
 
 311. At what rate per cent, will $4070, in 3 months, give 
 $91-575 interest? 
 
 PROBLEM IV. 
 
 Given the principal, the rate per cent., and the interest, 
 to find the time. 
 
 If the time for which interest is computed be doubled, other things 
 being the same, the interest will be doubled ; if the time is tripled, 
 the interest will be tripled. And in all cases, the interest for any 
 particular time is as many times greater than the interest for one 
 year, as the particular time is greater than 1 year. Hence, we have 
 this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the given interest by the interest of the given prin- 
 cipal, for 1 year, at the given rate per cent. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 312. In what time will $37' 13, at 4j per cent., yield 
 $0-7518825 interest? 
 
10 TJ PJROBLEMS IN INTEREST. 189 
 
 In this example, we find the interest of $37'13 for 1 year, at 4 
 per cent, to be $1-67085 ; therefore, dividing $0*7518825 by $1*67085, 
 we get 0*45 years ; this reduced to months and days gives 5 months 
 and 12 days. 
 
 313. In what time will $700, at 7 per cent., give $85'75 
 jrest ? 
 
 314. In what time will $100, at 6 per cent., give $100 
 iterest ? That is, in what time will a given principal double 
 
 3lf at 6 per cent, interest ? 
 
 315-329. In what time will a given principal double 
 
 3lf at 5 per cent, interest ? at 6 per cent. ? at 7 ? at 8 ? 
 at 9? at 10? at 11 ? at 12 ? at 5j per cent.? at 6j? at 
 71? a t si? a* 9^? at 10? at llj? 
 
 330-333. In what time will $848 amount to $965, at 4 
 per cent, interest ? at 5 per cent. ? at 6 per cent. ? at 7 
 per cent. ? 
 
 334-336. A note for $636*50, at the time of its settle- 
 ment, amounted to $1748. How long was it on interest at 
 4 per cent. ? at 5^ per cent. ? at 6^ per cent. ? 
 
 PROBLEM V. 
 
 Given the time, rate per cent., and amount, to find the 
 principal. 
 
 This is the same as finding the present worth of a debt payable at 
 some future time, without interest; that is, such a sum of money as 
 will, if put at interest, for the given time, amount to the debt. 
 
 At 6 per cent? interest, the amount of $1 for one year is $1*06 ; 
 therefore, the present worth of $T06 due one year hence is $1. If 
 the present worth of $1*06 is $1, the present worth of $1 will be the 
 
 same fractional part of $1 that $1 is of $1 -06 ; that is, of $1, or 
 
 ; so the present worth of $2 is , <kc. 
 
 1*1)6 1*06 
 
190 PERCENTAGE, [CHAP. XII. 
 
 Had the time been 6 months, the present worth of 81 -would be 
 
 At 7 per cent, interest, the present worth of $1 for one year would 
 
 Si $2 
 
 i~oT ' * ^ 2 ' T-OT"' ^ c ' 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the sum, whose present worth is required, by the 
 amount of $1 for the given time at the given rate ; the quo- 
 tient will be the present worth. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 337. What is the present worth of $622'75, due 3 years 
 and 6 months hence, at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 338. What is the present worth of $4161-575, due 3 
 months hence, at 9 per cent. ? 
 
 339. What is the present worth of $7'10272, due 4 years 
 and 1 2 days hence, at 8 per cent. ? 
 
 340. Sold goods for $1500, to be paid one-half in 6 
 months, and the other half in 9 months. What is the pres- 
 ent worth of the goods, interest being at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 341. Sold goods for $1500, to be paid at the end of 
 7^ months. What is the present worth of the goods, in- 
 terest being at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 342. What is the present worth of $50, payable at the 
 end of 3 months, at 4^ per cent. ? 
 
 343. What is the present worth of $3471 '20, due 3 years 
 and 9 months hence, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 344. Bought a bill of goods for $1200, one-third payable 
 in 3 months, one-third in 6 months, and the remaining one- 
 third in 9 months. How much ready cash ought to pay 
 for the goods, if we consider money worth 6 per cent. ? 
 
108.] DISCOUNT. 191 
 
 345. The amount of a note due 2 years, 7 months, and 
 13 days after date, is $7l298'68. What is the principal, 
 the rate being 6 per cent. ? 
 
 DISCOUNT. 
 
 108. DISCOUNT is an allowance made for the payment 
 of money before it is due. It is found by subtracting the 
 present worth of the debt from the amount of the debt at the 
 time when due. 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 346. What is the discount on $100, due 6 months hence, 
 at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 347. What is the discount on $750, due 9 months hence, 
 at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 348. What is the discount on $150, due 3 months and 18 
 days hence, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 349. What is the discount on $961 '13, due 1 year and 
 5 months hence, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 350. What is the discount on $3 7 '40, due at the end of 
 7 months, at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 351-353. Bought a bill of goods, on 6 months' credit, 
 amounting to $9 7 3 '50. How much ought to be deducted 
 if cash is paid at the time of receiving the goods, interest 
 being considered at 6 per cent. ? How much if interest is 
 7 per cent. ? How much if interest is 8 per cent. ? 
 
 354-356. A man purchases a farm of 97 acres, at $110 
 per acre, on a credit of 9 months. How much would he 
 save by paying cash down for it, if interest is counted at 
 5 per cent. ? How much if it is estimated at 6 per cent. ? 
 and how r^uch if at 6j per cent. ? 
 
 357-359. Bought a bill of goods of $1400, one-half on 
 
192 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 a credit of 6 months, and the other half on a credit of 9 
 months. If payment is made at the time of the purchase, 
 how much ought to be deducted if 7 per cent, interest is 
 considered ? How much if 5 per cent, is reckoned ? How 
 much if 5-J per cent. ? 
 
 360-361. A person at the age of 18 years has a legacy 
 of $500, which is to be paid to him when he is 21 years of 
 age. How much ought to be discounted for ready cash, 
 interest being 6 per cent. ? How much, interest being 7 
 per cent. ? 
 
 COMPOUND INTEREST. 
 
 109. In making contracts, it is often stipulated that the 
 interest shall be paid annually or semi- annually, <fec. If not 
 paid at the specified time, the interest is added to the prin- 
 cipal, forming a new principal, on which the next interest is 
 to be computed. The final amount is called the amount at 
 compound interest. If from this the original principal be 
 subtracted, the remainder will be the compound interest. 
 
 What is the compound interest of $1000 for 3 years, at 
 7 per cent. ? 
 
 Principal $1000 
 
 Interest on $1000 for one year 70 
 
 First amount, or second principal 1070 
 
 Interest on $1070 for one year 74-90 
 
 Second amount, or third principal 1144'90 
 
 Interest on $1144-90 for one year 80'143 
 
 Third amount 1225'043 
 
 Original principal 1000 
 
 The compound interest required Ans. $22o;043 
 
110.] * BANKING AND BANK DISCOUNT. 193 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 362. What is the amount of $100 at 6 per cent, per an- 
 num, compound interest, for two years, the interest being 
 payable semi- annually ? 
 
 363. What is the compound interest of $630 for 4 years, 
 at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 364. What is the amount, at compound Interest, of $50, 
 for 3 years, at 5 per cent. ? 
 
 365. What is the compound interest of $1000 for 4 years, 
 at 6 per cent. ? 
 
 366-368. What will $1700 amount to in 2 years, at 6 
 per cent, per annum, compound interest, the interest being 
 payable semi-annually ? How much, if interest is payable 
 quarterly ? How much, if payable annually ? 
 
 369-370. What will be the compound interest of $333 
 for 2 years and 6 months, at 5 per cent, per annum, if in- 
 terest is payable semi-annually ? How much if the interest 
 is payable quarterly ? 
 
 BANKING, AND BANK DISCOUNT. 
 
 110. A BANK is a corporation, chartered by law, for 
 the purpose of receiving deposits, loaning money, dealing in 
 exchange, and issuing bills or bank-notes, representing specie. 
 
 The money paid in to form the basis for the business of a bank is 
 called the capital stock. This is divided into shares, and is owned 
 by various individuals. 
 
 The affairs of a bank are managed by a board of directors, chosen 
 annually by the stockholders. This board elect one of their num- 
 ber as president, 
 
 The cashier, appointed also by the directors, superintends the 
 books, payments, and receipts of the bank. He and the president 
 sign all the bills that are issued. 
 
 The teller is an officer who receives and pays money. 
 
 17 
 
194 PERCENTAGE. [CHAP. XII. 
 
 Money is borrowed from banks, on notes. These are promises to 
 pay a certain sum at a specified time. The person who signs the 
 note is called the drawer or maker. The person to whom the note 
 is made payable, is called the payee. A note to be negotiable, that 
 is, to pass from one to another and retain its value, must be in- 
 dorsed by the payee. When so indorsed, a bank will discount it ; 
 that is, will deduct the interest from the amount for which the note 
 is given (which amount is called the face of the note), and will lend 
 the remainder. 
 
 This remainder is called the present worth or proceeds. 
 
 It is usual for the banks to take the interest for 3 days more than 
 the time specified in the note ; and the borrower is not obliged to 
 make payment till these three days have expired, which are for this 
 reason called days of grace. 
 
 The States establish the rate of interest by law. In New Eng- 
 land it is 6 per cent. ; in New York 7 per cent., though banks in this 
 State are not permitted to take over 6 per cent., unless the notes 
 discounted have more than 63 days to run. 
 
 111. Bank Discount is the same as simple interest paid 
 in advance* It is interest upon interest, and is, strictly 
 speaking, usurious. Hence, to compute bank discount, 
 
 Cast the interest on the face of the note for 3 days more 
 than the specified time ; the result will be the discount. 
 
 The discount deducted from the face oj&the note will give 
 the present worth or proceeds of the note. ^** 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 371. What is the bank discount on $1000 for 3 months, 
 at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 372-376. Find the bank discount on each of the following 
 sums for the time and at the rate specified : $150 for 6 wo., 
 
 * This method of taking interest in advance, being usurious, has been discon- 
 tinued by most banks, and instead thereof they deduct true discount, as found by 
 $108. 
 
111.] BANK DISCOUNT. 195 
 
 at 6 per cent. ; $375 for 3 mo. 9 da., at 7 per cent. ; $400 
 for 9 mo., at 7 per cent. ; $2 9 '30 for 7 mo., at 5 per cent. ; 
 $472 for 10 mo., at 7 per cent. 
 
 377. A note for $1800, payable in 60 days, was discounted 
 at a bank at 6 per cent. What was received for the note ? 
 
 JSToiE. Compute interest always for the three days' grace. 
 
 378. What is the present worth of a note for $6720 dis- 
 counted at a bank, payable in 90 days, at 7 per cent. ? 
 
 379. What will be the proceeds of a note for $887'50, 
 payable in 30 days, discounted at 6 per cent, at a bank ? 
 
 380-383. What will be the proceeds of the following 
 notes, if discounted at a bank ? 
 
 ALBANY, Nov. 1, 1850. 
 For value received, I promise to pay John Norton, or 
 order, six hundred and fifty dollars, in sixty days from date, 
 the discount being made at 6 per cent. 
 
 HORACE ASHAM. 
 
 $848-25. ROCHESTER, Aug. 3, 1850. 
 
 Ninety days after date, I promise to pay Eli Stetson, or 
 order, eight hundred and forty-eight dollars and T 2 ^g-, for 
 value received, the discount being made at 7 per cent. 
 
 ABRAM MOORE. 
 
 $69-28. LOCKPORT, Dec. 20, 1850. 
 
 Four months from date, I promise to pay Enoch Strasby, 
 or order, sixty-nine dollars and twenty-eight cents, value 
 received, the discount being made at 7 per cent. 
 
 ELLERY STRONG. 
 
 NOTE. When the rate of interest is not specified, it is understood 
 to be the legal rate of the State in which the transaction takes place. 
 
196 PERCENTAGE. [oilAP. XII. 
 
 84280-75. BOSTON, Oct. 26, 1850. 
 
 Ninety days after date, we promise to pay Edwin Nich- 
 olson, or order, four thousand two hundred and eighty dol- 
 lars and 7 , for value received. NAHUM & WALKUM. 
 
 $400. UTIOA, Feb. 1, 1851. 
 
 Ninety days after date, I promise to pay at the Oneida 
 Bank, to the order of Charles A. Mann, four hundred dol- 
 lars, value received. JOHN JOHNSON. 
 
 384-385. What is the bank discount of the above note? 
 And what the true discount as found by 108 ? 
 
 $ 6QO - ALBANY, June 10, 1850. 
 
 Six months after date, I promise to pay at the Commer- 
 cial Bank, to the order of Albertus Williams, six hundred 
 dollars, value received. HIRON HARTER. 
 
 ALBANY, June 10, 1850. 
 Three months after date, I prcjaise to pay at the Com- 
 mercial Bank, to the order of Alberfus Williams, three hun- 
 dred dollars, value received. HIRON HARTER. 
 
 386-389. What is the bank discount of each of the two 
 foregoing notes ? And what their true discounts ? 
 
 390. What would be the bank discount of $900, the sum 
 of both notes, for 4J months, the average time for which the 
 above notes are made ? 
 
 112. When the present worth of a bankable note, the 
 tune for which it is to be discounted, and the rate per cent, 
 are given, to find the amount or face of the note. 
 
 What must be the face of a bank-note which, when dis- 
 
112.] BANK DISCOUNT. 197 
 
 counted for 4 months and 15 days, gives a present worth 
 of $100, interest being 6 per cent. ? 
 
 If we suppose the note to be $1, the bank discount for 4 months 
 and 15 days will be $0'023 ; hence, $1-$0-023=$0'977, is the pres- 
 ent worth. 
 
 If, then, $0-977 require $1 for the face of the note, $200 would 
 require as many times $1 as $0'977 is contained times in $200. 
 &200-7-$0-977=:$ 102-35 Ans. Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the present worth, or the amount required to be 
 raised., by the present ivorth of '$1 for the given time, and at 
 the given ra,te of bank discount. The quotient will be the 
 face of the note. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 391. What must be the amount of a bankable note, so 
 that when discounted for 3 months, at 6 per cent., it shall 
 give a present worth of $600 ? 
 
 392. What must be -the face of a bankable note, so that 
 when discounted for 2 months, at 7 per cent., the borrower 
 shall receive $50 ? 
 
 393. What must be the face of a bankable note, so that 
 when discounted for 10 months, at 5 per cent., the present 
 worth may be $1000 ? 
 
 394. What must be the face of a bankable note, so that 
 when discounted for 7 months, at 7 per cent., the present 
 worth may be $70 '50 ? 
 
 395. What amount must I make my note, so that when 
 discounted at the bank for 12 months, at 7 per cent., I may 
 receive $100? 
 
 396. What must be the amount of a note, so that when 
 discounted at the bank for 6 months, at 6 per cent., the bor- 
 rower may receive $365 ? 
 
 17* 
 
198 ANALYSIS AND RATIO. [CHAP. Xin. 
 
 397. A man bought a house for $3287 cash. How large 
 a note, payable in 90 days, must he take to a bank to real- 
 ize that amount, at 6 per cent, discount ? 
 
 398-401. For what sum must I draw my note, so that 
 the bank proceeds, at 6 per cent, for 3 months, may be 
 $150 ? For what sum that the proceeds may be $300 ? 
 For what sum that the proceeds may be $450 ? For what 
 sum that the proceeds may be $500 ? 
 
 402-403. I buy a bill of goods for $675'50, withc-at 
 credit, and wish to make a bank-note for 60 days, which, 
 discounted at 7 per cent., shall yield this sum. What must 
 be the face of the note? What would be its face if dis- 
 counted at 6 per cent, for the same time so as to give the 
 same proceeds ? 
 
 404. If a bank-note is discounted at 5 per cent, for 4 
 months, and yield $101 '75, what was its face ? 
 
 405-407. I have three bank-notes, each discounted at 6 
 per cent. : the first for 3 months, the second for 4 months, 
 and the third for 6 months ; their proceeds were $600, $400, 
 and $300 respectively. What were their respective amounts ? 
 
 408-410. I have three bank-notes, each discounted for 6 
 months : the first at 5 per cent., the second at 6 per cent., 
 and the third at 7 per cent. They give equal proceeds, 
 namely, $1000. What was the face of each note ? 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 ANALYSIS AND RATIO. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 113. IF 4 men can do a piece of work in 9 days, in how 
 many days will 6 men do the same work ? 
 
113.] ANALYSIS, 199 
 
 If 4 men can do the work in 9 days, 1 man will do it in 
 4x9 = 36 days. If 36 days be required for 1 man to do 
 the work, 6 men will do it in of the time ; that is, in 36 
 days H- 6=: 6 days. 
 
 This process of solution is termed ANALYSIS, 
 NOTE. The word Analysis means the separating of any thing into 
 its component parts or elements. It is applied here because the 
 question is taken to pieces, and its various factors and their relations 
 to each other are determined by the pupil's common sense rather 
 than by any formal rule. It will be noted that the first thing to be 
 ascertained in questions of this kind, is the value of 1 of each of the 
 unknown quantities. This being found, the value required by the 
 conditions of the question can be determined by multiplication. 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 1-9. If 6 men can dig a field of potatoes in 1 2 days, in 
 how many days will 2 men dig the same field ? will 3 men ? 
 4 men? 8 men? 9 men? 12 men? 18 men? 24 men? 
 36 men? 
 
 10-16. If 12 barrels of cider cost 18 dollars, what will 
 15 barrels cost? 18 barrels? 20 barrels? 25 barrels? 30 
 barrels ? 50 barrels ? 100 barrels ? 
 
 17-22. It required 30 hands 8 days to load a vessel. 
 How many days were required for 6 hands to load it ? 8 
 hands? 10 hands? 12 hands? 20 hands? 60 hands ? 
 
 23-28. It required 30 hands 8 days to load a vessel. 
 How many hands were required to load it in 2 days ? hi 3 
 days ? in 6 days ? 10 days ? 12 days ? 16 days ? 
 
 29. If a wheel revolve 12 times in going 10 rods, how 
 many times will it revolve in going a mile ? 
 
 30. A man paid 28 dollars for 16 gallons of wine. How 
 much did he pay for 4 hogsheads ? 
 
 31. If 20 sq.ft. of land cost $60, what would be the price 
 of an acre at that rate ? 
 
200 ANALYSIS AND RATIO. [CHAP. xm. 
 
 32. A merchant invested in trade $830, which was -| of 
 all he possessed. What was his property ? 
 
 NOTE. $830=| of his property ; | of it is S3(H-7. 
 
 33. A dying man bequeathed for public uses 8490000, 
 which was T 3 F of his property. How much did he possess ? 
 
 34-40. If 10 yards of cloth cost $12, what cost 15 yards ? 
 What cost 20 yards? What cost 25 yards? What cost 
 35 yards? What cost 45 yards? What cost 55 yards? 
 What cost 65 yards? - 
 
 41-44. If the interest of $100 for one year is $6, what 
 will be the interest of $50 for the same time ? What will 
 be the interest of $100 for 6 months ? what for 2 months ? 
 what for 4 months ? 
 
 45-47. If 4 men mow a field in 12 hours, how many 
 must be employed to mow it in 3 hours ? How many to 
 mow it in 4 hours ? How many to mow it in 6 hours ? 
 
 48-50. If a locomotive can run 4(^jfriles in one hour, how 
 far can it go in 10 minutes ? How far in 12 minutes ? How 
 far in 1 5 minutes ? 
 
 RATIO. 
 
 114. Examples like the preceding may be performed by 
 RATIO. 
 
 Ratio is the relation which one quantity bears to another. 
 It is expressed as a quotient arising from the division of the 
 first quantity by the second ; thus, the relation of 7 to 8 is 
 seven-eighths, or, expressed as a ratio, -J, 7-f-8, 7 : 8 ; the 
 latter and most common form, being the division symbol with 
 the horizontal line between the dots omitted. 
 
 In any example, to obtain the required value by the use 
 of ratio, it is simply necessary to multiply the number which 
 is of the same denomination as the value sought, by the 
 
115.] RATIO. 201 
 
 ratio between the other quantities, which ratio the conditions 
 of the question will determine. Thus, 
 
 If 4 men consume 20 Ibs. of meat in 3 weeks, how many 
 pounds will 1 2 men consume in the same time ? The de- 
 nomination of the value sought is pounds ; hence the num- 
 ber to be multiplied is 20. The ratio between the 12 and 
 the 4 is -f . Therefore 20 pounds X -^f=ihe. value sought. 
 
 By cancelation, ^ pounds X -=60 pounds. 
 
 /^V ft 
 
 NOTE. Every question must be carefully examined, to see wheth- 
 er the ratio is correctly expressed by the division of the greater 
 number by the less, or of the less number by the greater. 
 
 If 4 men can do a piece of work in 9 days, in how many 
 days will 6 men do the same work? 
 
 The denomination of the value sought is days ; hence 9, 
 the number of days, is to be multiplied. 
 
 The only difficulty now is to determine the ratio. The 
 ratio cannot be |-, for this would give a result showing that 
 a longer time would be required for the 6 men to do the 
 work than was required for the 4 men. The true ratio is . 
 This may be proved by analysis. If 4 men do the work in 
 9 days, it will take one man 4 times as long, which is 9 x 4 
 days ; and 6 men can do it in one-sixth of this time, that 
 is, in &J-i days = 9 daysx. In general, when it is not 
 perfectly clear what the ratio is, ascertain it by analysis. 
 
 115. There is no ratio between quantities of different 
 denominations ; as, for example, between 2 yards and 4 feet, 
 between 7 dollars and 13 cents, or between 3 4s. and 3s. 4d. 
 Before the ratio of two quantities, whether consisting of one 
 or more denominations, can be determined, they must be re- 
 duced to the same lowest denomination. 2 yards =6 feet; 
 
202 ANALYSIS AND KATIO. [CHAP. XIII. 
 
 $7 = 700 cents ; 3 4s. = 768c/. ; 3s. 4d. = 40d. Hence, tho. 
 ratios of the preceding quantities are -|- ; 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 51-55. What is the ratio of 6 inches to 9 inches? to 2 
 feet ? to 6 feet ? to 3 rods ? to 1 mile ? 
 
 56-60. What is the ratio of 7 pence to 8 shillings ? to 
 9s. 6d. ? to 18 shillings ? to 3 ? to 2 2s. 2d. 2?/. ? 
 
 61. What part of 50 men is 2 men ? that is, what is the 
 ratio of 2 men to 50 men ? 
 
 62-65. What is the ratio of 7 per cent, to 8 per cent. ? 
 to 4i per cent. ? to 5^ per cent. ? to 7J per cent. ? 
 
 66. What part of 3 miles, 40 rods, is 27 feet, 9 inches ? 
 that is, what is the ratio of 27/3f. 9m. to 3m. 40rd. ? 
 
 67. What part of 1 day, 9kr. is 17 minutes, 4 seconds? 
 
 68. What part of $700 is $5'30 ? 
 
 69. What part of 2 hogsheads is 3 pints ? 
 
 70. What part of $3 is 2| cents ? 
 
 71. What part of 10 shillings, 8 pence, is 3 shillings, 
 one penny ? 
 
 72. What part of 100 acres is 63 acres, 2 roods, 7 rods 
 of land ? 
 
 73. In the Eagle there are 232 J grains of pure gold, and 
 12 T 9 Q- grains of silver, and the same quantity of copper. 
 The silver and copper is each what part, by weight, of the 
 gold ? And the silver and copper together is what part 
 of the gold ? 
 
 74. In the United States standard silver coin of one dol- 
 lar, there are 37 lj grains of pure silver, and 41-J grains of 
 copper. What fractional part is the copper of the silver ? 
 
 75. The silver in standard gold coin is what part of the 
 silver in the same value of standard silver coin ? 
 
 76. The pound Troy contains 5760 grains, the pound 
 
115.] RATIO. 203 
 
 Avoirdupois contains 7000 grains. A pound Troy is what 
 part of a pound Avoirdupois ? 
 
 77. The Imperial gallon contains 277-J cubic inches, near- 
 ly ; the old wine gallon contains 231. What part of the 
 Imperial gallon is the old wine gallon ? 
 
 78. The solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 48 
 seconds. By what part of a day does this exceed 365 days ? 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 79-83. If a ship's crew of 30 men consume $900 worth 
 of provisions during a voyage of 60 days, how many dollars 
 worth would they consume during a voyage of 1 1 7 days ? 
 of 30 days ? of 45 days ? of 72 days ? of 99 days ? 
 
 84-88. If a ship's crew of 30 men, during a voyage of 
 60 days, consume $900 worth of provisions, how many dol- 
 lars worth would a crew of 7 men consume in the same 
 time? how many would 15 men? 45 men? 72 men? 117 
 men? 
 
 89. If f of a man's furniture be worth 860 dollars, what 
 is the whole of it worth ? 
 
 90. Five men earn $32 in a week. How much can 84 
 men earn in the same time ? 
 
 91. Five men earn $32 in a week. How many weeks 
 will it take 20 men to earn the same sum t? 
 
 92-94. Five men earn $32 in a week. How many men 
 will it take to earn the same sum in a day, or one-sixth part 
 of a week ? in an hour, allowing 10 working hours hi a day ? 
 in a minute ? 
 
 95. If a post 4 feet high cast a shadow of 12 feet, how 
 long will that pole be that casts a shadow of 240 feet ? 
 
 96. If a post 4 feet high cast a shadow of 1 2 feet, how 
 long a shadow will a pole 90 feet high cast ? 
 
204 ANALYSIS AND EATIO. [CHAP. XIII. 
 
 97. How high is yonder steeple ? Its shadow is 14 feet 
 long ; and the shadow of this fence, 4j feet high, is 8 inches. 
 - 98. Suppose a poll-tax of $1344 be laid on a town con- 
 taining 4370 inhabitants. What proportional tax must be 
 laid on a town containing 721 inhabitants? 
 
 99. It took 140 laborers 9 days to dig a canal 14 rods 
 long. How long would it take the same laborers to dig a 
 canal Im. 17n. 2yd. 2ft. long? 
 
 100-106. If one gross of lead pencils is worth $1 50, what 
 is 1 dozen worth? 2 dozen? 3J dozen? 4j dozen? 5f 
 dozen ? 7 J dozen ? 9 dozen ? 
 
 107-112. If it require 84 bushels of apples to make 8 
 barrels of cider, how many barrels will 42 bushels make ? 
 How many will 100 bushels make? How manvjrfll 168 
 bushels make ? How many bushels will be required to 
 make 1 barrel ? How many to make 6 barrels ? How 
 many to make 10 barrels ? 
 
 113-121. If there are 165 feet in 10 rods, how many feet 
 are there in 2 rods ? in 4 rods ? in 6 rods ? in 15 rods ? in 
 20 rods ? in 25 rods ? How many rods in 330 feet ? How 
 many rods in 66 feet ? How many rods in 132 feet ? 
 
 122-126. If 5 men can reap a field of grain in 3 days of 
 10 hours each, how many men would reap it in 10 hours ? 
 How many in 15 hours? How many in 25 hours ? How 
 many in 6 hours ? How many in 30 hours ? 
 
 127-137. If $100 gain $7 interest in 12 months, how 
 much will it gain in 3 months ? how much in 5 months ? in 
 7 months? in 11 months? in 17 months? How much will 
 $300 gain in 12 months ? How much will $500 gain in 12 
 months? How much will $700 gain in 12 months? How 
 much will be required to gain $10 in 12 months? How 
 much to gain $18 in same time ? How>much to gain $24 ? 
 
 138-141. If -I of a ship is worth $49000, what is the. 
 
.16.] PRACTICE. 205 
 
 lole worth? what is ^ of it worth? what is f \\orth? 
 rhat is 4 worth ? 
 
 o 
 
 142-150. If a person can count 300 in one minute, how 
 long will he require to count 45 ? how long to count 75 ? 
 how long to count 225 ? How many can he count in 5 sec- 
 onds ? how many in 13 seconds ? how many in 50 seconds ? 
 how many in 75 seconds? how many in 17 seconds ? how 
 many in 37 seconds ? 
 
 PRACTICE. 
 
 116. PRACTICE is the employment of the ratio of a mul- 
 tiplier or divisor to its unit of the same kind, instead of the 
 employment of the given multiplier or divisor itself. Thus, 
 if a bushel of apples be worth 50 cents, what will 18^- bush- 
 els be worth ? This answer may be obtained by multiply- 
 ing 50 cents by 18^- giving $9 '25. But the ratio of 50 cents 
 to $1.00 is YO = J. Therefore, to find how many dollars 
 1 8 J bushels are worth, it is only necessary to multiply 1 8 J, 
 the number of bushels, by \ ; that is, to divide 18 by 2. 
 
 What is the interest of $740 for a year and 6 months ? 
 
 For a year the interest is $740 x 0'06 =$44-40. Now as 
 6 months is \ of a year, we find the interest for 6 months, 
 by taking \ of $44'40, which is $22'20. Hence the interest 
 for one year and 6 months is $44'40-f $2^-20 = $66'60. 
 
 For tables of the ratios of particular parts of a dollar to 
 their unit, see 70, and of fractional parts of a year or month, 
 to their units respectively, see 104, Case III., Second 
 method. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 151. What will 435 yards of cloth cost, at $0'7o per yard ? 
 
 152. If I receive 7 dollars for the use of $100 for one 
 
 18 
 
206 ANALYSIS AND KATIO. [CHAP. XIII 
 
 year, how much ought I to receive for the use of $100 for 
 7 months and 1 8 days ? 
 
 153. What cost 7-J cords of wood, at $2 '75 per cord ? 
 
 154. What is the value of 28f pounds of butter, at 11 
 cents per pound ? 
 
 155. What is the value of 500 J yards of tape, at 2j cents 
 per yard ? 
 
 156. What must I give for 13f bushels of oats, at 43| 
 cents per bushel ? 
 
 157. What cost 18f pounds of ham, at 8 cents per pound ? 
 
 158. What cost 15f gallons of oil, at SO'75 per gallon? 
 
 159. What cost 4000 quills, at $>2'25 per 1000 ? 
 
 160. What cost 27| yards of carpeting, at 87 J cents per 
 yard? 
 
 161. What is the value of 25 bushels of potatoes, at 
 $0-3 lj per bushel? 
 
 162. What is the value of 54 spelling-books, at 12-J cents 
 per copy ? 
 
 163. What is the value of 47J reams of paper, at $3'25 
 per ream ? 
 
 164. What is the value of 30 gross of almanacs, at $2 '2 5 
 per gross ? 
 
 165. What cost 16| gallons of vinegar, at 16-| cents per 
 gallon ? 
 
 166. What is the value of 5^ bushels of walnuts, at $1-62^ 
 per bushel ? 
 
 167. What cost 3| gross of matches, at $1'125 per 
 gross ? 
 
 168. What cost 325 bushels of apples, at 37J cents per 
 bushel ? 
 
 169. What cost 16J yards of cloth, at $3j per yard ? 
 
 170. If the interest on a certain sum of money is $7*35 
 in one year, how much will it be for 5 \ months ? 
 
117.] REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 207 
 
 171. If the interest of $100 for one year is $6, how much 
 is it for 10 months and 10 days? 
 
 172. If a steam locomotive pass 18 miles in 1 hour, how 
 far will it move in 50^ minutes ? 
 
 173. If the interest of $100 for 12 months is $7, how 
 much is it for 4 J months ? 
 
 174. What must I pay for l cords of wood, 128 feet in 
 a cord, at 6j cents per foot ? 
 
 175-180. For $360 how many bushels of apples can I 
 buy at 50 cents per bushel? how many at 25 cents per 
 bushel ? how many at 12 cents ? how many at 33 J cents ? 
 how many at 20 cents ? how many at 16 J cents? 
 
 181-185. Among how many beggars can $12 be distrib- 
 uted by giving 6J cents to each ? how many if each receive 
 10 cents ? how many if each receive 12^ cents ? how many 
 if each receive 16 j- cents ? how many if each receive 20 cents ? 
 
 186-190. If my income is $600 per annum, how much 
 will it be for 3 months ? how much for 15 days ? how much 
 for 10 days ? how much for 5 days ? how much for 1 day ? 
 
 191-195. How many yards of carpeting can be bought 
 for $300 at $1'12 per yard ? how many at $1'25 per yard ? 
 how many at $T87i per yard ? how many at $2'06-J- per 
 yard ? how many at $2'16f ? 
 
 196-200. If the earth move 68000 miles per hour hi its 
 orbit, how far will it move in 35 minutes ? how far in 45 
 minutes ? how far in 55 minutes ? how far in Ihr. 35min. ? 
 how far in 1h. 10mm. ? 
 
 REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 
 
 117. Currency is money, whether specie, consisting of 
 domestic and foreign coins, or bank-notes, redeemable in 
 specie. 
 
208 ANALYSIS AND RATIO. [CHAP. XIII, 
 
 Foreign coins have, first, an intrinsic value, determined 
 by their weight and purity ; secondly, a commercial value, 
 which is the price they will bring in the market ; thirdly, a 
 legal value, which is the value established by law. 
 
 Thus, the Pound Sterling (English) is represented by a 
 gold coin called a sovereign. Its intrinsic value, as com- 
 pared with our gold eagle of latest coinage, is $4'861. Its 
 commercial value depends upon the state of trade between 
 this country and England. If the balance of trade be 
 against us, requiring the transportation of coin to pay our 
 debts, the sovereign will command a higher price than if we 
 owe nothing abroad, and consequently require no specie for 
 shipment. This mercantile value varies from $4 '83 to $4'86. 
 
 The legal or custom-house value of the sovereign is $4-84, 
 as fixed by act of Congress in 1842/ 
 
 118. To reduce Sterling to Federal Money. 
 
 First method. lz=$4'84; consequently, multiplying 
 $4*84 by the number of pounds, will give their value in 
 Federal Money. 
 
 NOTE. If there arc shillings, pence, or farthings in the given quan- 
 tity, they must he reduced to the decimal of a pound before multi- 
 plication. 
 
 Example. What is the value of 9 5s. in Federal Money ? 
 9 5s. = 9'25 
 
 119. To reduce Federal to Sterling Money. 
 
 $4'84 = l ; consequently, dividing the given number of 
 dollars by 4'84, the number of dollars in a , will give a 
 quotient in pounds and the decimal of a pound. The deci- 
 mal must be reduced to its equivalent value in shillings, 
 pence, and farthings. 
 
120.] REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 209 
 
 Example. Reduce $44*77 to its value in Sterling Money. 
 44'77-f-4"84:=9 < 25, the number of pounds sterling = 9 5s. 
 
 120. Method by ratio. There is another mode of per- 
 forming these reductions, which is a more accurate mercan- 
 tile method. 
 
 The original value of the pound sterling, as fixed by act 
 of Congress in 1799, was $4f or $4'444 + . This value is 
 called the par value of l ; but it is now too small by a va- 
 riable percentage of itself. Consequently this percentage, 
 called the premium of exchange, must be added to the par 
 value to give the current mercantile value of the pound. 
 
 Thus, suppose exchange on England is at 9 per cent, pre- 
 mium, l=$4^ x l'09=par value of l plus the premium 
 of exchange ; if exchange be at 10 per cent, premium, 
 l=$4xl-10, &c. So conversely, $l = T 9 o^-l'09, &c. 
 
 Example. Reduce 9 5s. to Federal Money, when the 
 premium of exchange is 9 per cent. 
 
 9 5s. = 9'2o ; $4x9-25=$41-lll + . And $41-111 
 Xl-09=$44-81099-f Ans. 
 
 Reduce $44'81099-f to British currency. 
 
 44-81099-^4^=44-81099 X T 9 o = 10'08249-f, the num- 
 ber of pounds at par value. lO-OS249-f-l'09 = 9-25 
 nearly. So that 9 5s. is the answer. 
 
 Hence to change Sterling to Federal Money, 
 
 Reduce the pounds and decimal of a pound at their par 
 value to dollars ; then multiply the result by a percentage 
 that will express the par value plus the premium of exchange. 
 
 To change Federal to Sterling Money. 
 
 Reduce the dollars and decimal of a dollar to pounds at 
 their par value ; then divide the result by a percentage that 
 will express the par value plus the premium of exchange. 
 
 18* 
 
210 ANALYSIS AND KATIO. [CHAP. XIJI. 
 
 121. Many of the States, at the present day, make use 
 of the denominations of Sterling Money to some extent. 
 But the value of the pound and its parts, as will be seen by 
 the table, is not the same in all the States. (For the rea- 
 son of this, see 70, Note.) 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 $1 ' m 
 
 { Georgia^ 01 ^' [=45. 8fc^, caUed Georgia currency 
 " ' m { Scotia, | = 5,=i called Canada cm-rency. 
 
 .r New England States, -^ 
 SI in J ^guila, 1=6*.^^, called New England 
 
 1 Kentucky, currency. 
 
 L Tennessee, 
 
 r New Jersey, ^ 
 
 Pennsylvania, = Vs. 6<=f, called Pennsylvania cur- 
 
 $1 in -{ _ . J ^ 
 
 Delaware, rency. 
 
 I Maryland, J 
 ( New York, ) 
 
 $1 in < Ohio, f == 8s.=|, called New York currency. 
 
 ( North Carolina, ) 
 
 We have, by the table, the value of $1, expressed as the 
 fraction of a pound in the various currencies. It is obvious 
 that by inverting the ratio expressed by those fractions, we 
 shall obtain the value of 1, of each of the above currencies, 
 in the fraction of a dollar. 
 
 Hence, to reduce Federal Money to Canada or to any 
 State currency, 
 
 Multiply the sum in Federal Money by the value of $1 
 expressed as the fraction of a pound of the currency to which 
 the sum is to be reduced. If the product contain the decimal 
 of a pound, reduce it to shillings and pence. 
 
122.] REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 211 
 
 To reduce Canada or any State currency to Federal Money, 
 Multiply the given sum, reduced to pounds and the deci- 
 mal of a pound, by the value of l of the given currency, 
 expressed as the fraction of a dollar. 
 
 122. A table of some of the foreign coins at tlieir cus- 
 tom-house value. 
 
 Pound Sterling or Sovereign $4'84 
 
 Guinea, English 5*00 
 
 Crown, " 1-06 
 
 Shilling piece, English -23 
 
 Louis-d'or, French 4'56 
 
 Franc, " -186 
 
 Doubloon, Mexico 15'60 
 
 Silver Rouble of Russia 0'75 
 
 Florin or Guilder of the United Netherlands 0'40 
 
 Mark Banco of Hamburg 0'85 
 
 Real of Plate of Spain 0-10 
 
 Real of Vellon of do 0'05 
 
 Milree of Portugal 112 
 
 Tale of China T48 
 
 Pagoda of India 1-84 
 
 Rupee of Bengal 0'50 
 
 Specie dollar of Sweden and Norway 1-06 
 
 Specie dollar of Denmark T05 
 
 Thaler of Prussia and N. States of Germany 0'69 
 
 Florin of Austrian Empire and City of Augsburg, 0'48 
 
 Lira Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom and of Tuscany, 0'16 
 
 Ducat of Naples 0'80 
 
 Ounce of Sicily 2'40 
 
 Pound of British Provinces, Nova Scotia, New 
 
 Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Canada 4'00 
 
 Rix-dollar of Bremen 0'78 
 
 Thaler of Bremen 0'7l 
 
 Mil-rees of Madeira TOO 
 
 " of Azores 0'83 
 
 Rupee of British India 0'4H 
 
 10 Thalers, German , 7'80 
 
212 ANALYSIS AND RATIO. [CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Foreign coins may obviously be reduced to Federal Money, by 
 multiplying the United States value of one coin by the number of 
 coins. Federal Money may be reduced to its value in a required 
 foreign coin, by dividing the given sum of money by the value of on* 
 such coin expressed in Federal Money. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 
 
 201-210. Reduce the following sums, U. S. currency, to 
 Sterling Money, at custom-house value: $4'84 ; $19"605; 
 $32-48; $59-00; $876'49; $27'18 ; $1264-36 ; $22096'27 ; 
 $446987-84; $2768912-76. 
 
 211-218. When the premium of exchange on England 
 is 9 per cent., what is the value of the following sums in 
 British currency? $8'72 ; $24'986 ; $79'484; $712'45 ; 
 $8694-36; $79823'12j; $8942T07 ; $216549'48. 
 
 219-234. What is the value of the preceding sums, in 
 British currency, when the premium of exchange is 10 per 
 cent. ? What, when it is 8^- per cent. ? 
 
 235-240. Reduce the following sums, Sterling Money, at 
 custom-house valuation, to U. S. currency : 9 5s. ; 27 3s. 
 4d. 3qr. ; 39 Qd. ; 270 14s. Qd. 2qr. ; 4180 12s. -Sd. ; 
 69480 9c?. 
 
 241-258. Find the value of each of the preceding sums, 
 in U. S. currency, when the premium of exchange on Eng- 
 land is 8 per cent. ; is 9 per cent. ; is 10 per cent. 
 
 259-263. Reduce $100'20 to Canada and to the different 
 State currencies. 
 
 264-268. Reduce $3 7 '3 7 to Canada and State curren- 
 cies. 
 
 269-273. Reduce $1000 to its equivalent value in Can- 
 ada and State currencies. 
 
 274-278. Reduce 75 15s. 6d. of the respective curren- 
 cies mentioned in the table to Federal Money. 
 
122.] REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 213 
 
 279-283. Reduce 80 55. 3c?. of the different currencies 
 to Federal Money. 
 
 284-288. Reduce 1000 of the different currencies to 
 Federal Money. 
 
 289. How many sovereigns in $8496 ? 
 
 290. How many 5 -franc pieces in $10765? 
 
 291-295. In $9284'47 how many Mexican doubloons? 
 how many 10-Thaler pieces ? how many Canada pounds ? 
 how many rupees of Bengal ? how many ducats of Naples ? 
 
 296-301. Reduce to Federal Money 7498 rix-dollars of 
 Bremen ; 25480 rupees of Bengal ; 4879^ silver roubles of 
 Russia; 79682 sovereigns; 729810f pagodas of India; 
 1987629 francs. 
 
 302. Suppose I owe a Liverpool merchant 17496 85., 
 what sum in Federal Money must I pay him, when exchange 
 on England is 9 per cent, premium ? 
 
 303. I am indebted to a Liverpool house in the sum of 
 $25000*75. How many pounds sterling must I pay to his 
 order, when exchange on England is 1 per cent, premium ? 
 
 304. A New England merchant wished to pay 784 105., 
 Georgia currency, to a merchant in Savannah. What sum 
 in N. E. currency must he remit? 
 
 305. How many 5 -franc pieces must a Paris house remit 
 to pay 9841 7s., N. Y. currency? 
 
 306. The rate of duty on imported dried plums, in 1842, 
 was 1 8s. per cwt. How much is that per lb., U S. cur- 
 rency ? 
 
 307. The duty on grain, not rated as corn or seeds, was 
 185. per cwt. What is that per cwt., U. S. currency ? 
 
 308. The duty on rose-wood was 6 per ton. Wliat is 
 that per cwt., U. S. currency ? 
 
 309-314. In $1000 how many Ounces of Sicily ? how 
 many ducats of Naples ? how many florins of Augsburg ? 
 
214: PROPORTION. [CHAP. XIV. 
 
 how many rix-dollars of Bremen ? how many Mexican doub- 
 loons ? how many Louis d'ors ? 
 
 315-325. In 1000 Mexican doubloons how many dollars ? 
 how many crowns ? how many sovereigns ? how many spe- 
 cie-dollars of Denmark ? how many specie-dollars of Nor- 
 way ? how many pagodas of India ? how many rupees of 
 Bengal ? how many milrees of Portugal ? how many Mark 
 bancos of Hamburg ? how many English guineas ? how 
 many francs ? 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PROPORTION. 
 
 123. WHEN the ratio of two quantities is the same as 
 the ratio of two other quantities, the four quantities are in 
 proportion. Thus, the ratio of 8 yards to 4 yards is the 
 same as the ratio of 1 2 dollars to 6 dollars ; therefore, there 
 is a proportion between 8 yards, 4 yards, 12 dollars, and 6 
 dollars. 
 
 The usual method of denoting that four terms are in pro- 
 portion, is by means of points or dots. Thus, the above 
 proportion is written, 
 
 8 yards : 4 yards : : 12 dollars : 6 dollars. 
 
 Where two dots are placed between the first and second 
 terms, and between the third and fourth ; and four dots are 
 placed between the second and third. 
 
 The two dots are equivalent to the sign of division, and 
 the four dots correspond with the sign of equality. Thus, 
 the above proportion may be written, 
 
 8 yards H- 4 yards = 12 dollars -f- 6 dollars. 
 
123.] PROPORTION. 215 
 
 Either of the foregoing forms of this proportion may be 
 read, 
 
 8 yards is to 4 yards as 12 dollars is to 6 dollars. 
 
 The first term of a ratio is called the antecedent ; the sec- 
 ond is called the consequent. 
 
 The first and fourth terms of a proportion are called the 
 extremes ; the second and third terms are called the means. 
 
 Since in a proportion the quotient of the first term di- 
 vided by the second, is equal to the quotient of the third 
 term divided by the fourth, we have, using the above pro- 
 portion, l-nr- 1 ^-. If we reduce the fractions to a common 
 
 8X6 12x4 
 denominator, they become = , or omitting the 
 
 common denominator 4x6, which is, in effect, multiplying 
 each fraction by 4 X 6, we have 8 X 6, or 48 = 1 2 X 4 or 48 ; 
 that is, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of 
 the means. 
 
 8X6=48 _ 8X6 = 48 
 Again, =4, and ^ = 12. 
 
 Hence, if the product of the extremes be divided by either 
 mean, the quotient will be the other mean.* 
 
 12X4 j!2x4 
 
 Again, ^ = 6, and Q =8. 
 
 Hence, if the product of the means be divided by either 
 extreme, the quotient will be the other extreme. 
 
 * It is often required to find a mean proportional when the extremes are given ; 
 that is, one mean of a proportion iij which the means are equal. Thus, 4 and 9 
 being the extremes, give a product of 36, which is equal to the product of the means. 
 Hence the means may be 2 and 18, 3 and 12, or 6 and 6 ; of these 6 and 6 are the 
 equal means ; thus, 4 : G : : 6 : 9. 
 
 Therefore, to find a mean proportional when the extremes are given, the square 
 root of the-'r product must be found ; that is, the number which being multiplied 
 by itself will produce that product. 
 
216 SIMPLE PROPORTION. [CHAP. XIV 
 
 From the above properties, we see that if any three of th 
 four terms which constitute a proportion are given, the re- 
 maining term can be found. 
 
 The method of finding the fourth term of a proportion, 
 when three terms are given, constitutes the RULE OF THREE. 
 
 Let us now apply what has been explained. 
 
 If 8 yards of cloth are worth $12, what are 24 yards 
 worth ? 
 
 The value sought must be as many times greater than 
 $12, as 24 yards is greater than 8 yards. Hence, there is 
 the same ratio between $1 A 2 and the value sought, as there- 
 is between 8 yards and 24 yards. Consequently, we have 
 this proportion : 
 
 8 yards : 24 yards : : $12 : value sought. 
 
 Taking the product of the means, we have 24 X 12 = 288. 
 This, divided by the first term, which is one of the extremes, 
 gives -2.jp-=36 for the other extreme or fourth term sought, 
 which must be of the same kind as the third term ; there- 
 fore $36 is the value of 24 yards. 
 
 NOTE. When we take the product of the means we do not multi- 
 ply the 24 yards by 12 dollars, hut simply multiply 24, the number 
 denoting the yards, by 12, the number denoting the dollars. The 
 product, 288, is neither yards nor dollars, but 288 units. When we 
 divide this product by the first term of the proportion, we do not 
 divide by 8 yards, but simply by 8, the number denoting the yards. 
 The quotient, 36, gives the fourth term of the proportion ; and since 
 the fourth term is of the same denominate value as the third term, 
 our fourth term, or answer, must be 36 dollars. 
 
 From the foregoing explanations, we deduce this first 
 form of the 
 
 RULE FOR SIMPLE PROPORTION, OR SINGLE RULE OF THREE. 
 
 I. Form a proportion by placing for the third term the 
 
 quantity which is of the same denomination as the answer 
 
J 123.] SIMPLE PROPORTION. 217 
 
 sought. Of the two remaining quantities, the larger must 
 be taken for the second term, when the answer is to exceed 
 the third term ; but the smaller must be taken for the second 
 term, when the answer is to be less than the third term. 
 
 II. Having written the three terms of the proportion, or, 
 as usually expressed, having stated the question, then multi- 
 ply the second and third terms together, and divide the prod- 
 uct by the first term. 
 
 NOTE. Since there is a ratio between the first and second terms, 
 they must be reduced to the same denominate value. Also, the 
 third term must be reduced to its lowest denomination ; then the 
 quotient found by dividing the product of the means by the first- 
 term will be of the same denomination as the third term. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. If 25 Ibs. of coffee cost $3 '2 5, what will 312 Ibs. cost ? 
 
 2. What cost 6 cords of wood, at $7 for 2 cords ? 
 
 3. What will 9 pairs of shoes cost, if 5 pairs cost 2 
 25. Qd. ? 
 
 4. If there are 9 weeks in 63 days, how many weeks in 
 365 days ? 
 
 5. If a railroad cargoes 17 miles in 45 minutes, how far 
 will it go in 5 hours ? , 
 
 6. If $100 will gain $7 in one year, how long will it re- 
 quire to gain $100 ? 
 
 7. If 3 paces or common steps of a person are equal to 
 2 yards, how many yards will 480 paces make ? 
 
 8. If 15 men can raise a wall of masonry, 12 feet, in one 
 week, how many will be necessary to raise it 20 feet in the 
 same time ? 
 
 9. If 7 tons of coal, of 2000 pounds each, will last 3^ 
 months, of 30 days each, how much will be consumed in 3 
 weeks, or 21 days? 
 
 19 
 
218 PROPORTION. [CHAP, xiv 
 
 10. If 9J bushels of wheat make 2 barrels of flour, how 
 many bushels will be required to make 1 3 barrels ? 
 
 11. If a steamboat of 242 feet in length move 15 miles 
 in one hour, how many seconds will it require to move its 
 own length ? 
 
 12. If a steamboat of 242 feet in length move 15 miles 
 an hour, how many times its own length will it move in 1 1 
 hours ? 
 
 13. A reservoir has a pipe capable of discharging 30 gal- 
 lons in one minute. What time will be necessary to dis- 
 charge 1 5 hogsheads ? 
 
 14. If a man can mow 9 acres of grass in 3 J days, of 10 
 hours each, how long will it require for him to mow 21 acres ? 
 
 15. If 100 pounds of galena, or lead ore, yield 83 pounds 
 of pure metal, how much pure metal will 7 tons of galena 
 produce, if we reckon 2240 pounds to the ton ? 
 
 If 12 barrels of flour are worth $54, what is the value of 
 42 barrels at the same rate ? 
 
 In this example it is obvious that 2 times 12 barrels would be 
 worth 2 times $54 ; 3 times 12 barrels would be worth 3 times $54 ; 
 4 times 12 barrels would be worth 4 times $54, and so on for other 
 ratios. * The ratio of 42 barrels to 12 barrels is i|. 
 
 If we multiply $54 by this ratio, it will evidently give the value 
 of 42 barrels. 
 
 "We may now employ the same rules for simplifying this expres- 
 sion as were used under 114; that is to say, vre may reject such 
 factors as are common to both numerators and denominators. Thus, 
 dividing the denominator 12, and the numerator 42, each by 6, it 
 becomes 
 
 7 
 jfi 
 
 XT-, or$54x$. 
 
 A. ft 
 
123.] SIMPLE PROPORTION. 219 
 
 Again, dividing the denominator 2 and $54 of numerator each by 
 2, we have 
 
 27 
 
 $xl, or $27x7 = $189. Ans. 
 
 If 200 sheep yield 650 pounds of wool, how many pounds will 825 
 sheep yield ? 
 
 In this example, the answer is required to be in pounds ; we there- 
 fore take 650 pounds for the third term. The ratio of 825 sheep to 
 200 sheep is |||. Hence we have 
 
 650Z6. X 
 Cancelling, we have 
 
 33 
 
 -, or, 650/6. 
 
 8 
 Again, cancelling, we have 
 
 4 
 
 If 11 of a pound of sugar cost %% of a shilling, how much will 
 of a pound cost ? 
 
 In this example, our third term is f of a shilling. And since -^ 
 of a pound is less than 11, we must obtain our ratio by dividing ^ 
 by 11, which gives ^ X f f . Multiplying the third term by this ratio, 
 we have ff of a shilling X Xjf To reduce this with the least 
 labor, we must resort to the method of cancelling. Thus, cancelling 
 the 23, which occurs in both numerator and denominator, also 13 of 
 the numerator against a part of the 26 of the denominator, our ex- 
 pression will, by this means, become -J of a shilling XfXy l y=^ 
 of a shilling. 
 
 NOTE. This method of cancelling should be used when the nature 
 of the question will admit, since it will always simplify the operation. 
 
 From the above explanation, we deduce this second form 
 of the 
 
220 PROPORTION. [CHAP. xrv. 
 
 RULE OF THREE. 
 
 Of the three quantities which are given, one will always 
 be of the same kind as the answer sought ; this quantity will 
 be the third term. Then, if by the nature of the question, the 
 answer is required to be greater than the third term, divide 
 the greater of the two remaining quantities by the less, for 
 a ratio ; but if the answer is required to be less than the third 
 term, then divide the less of the two remaining quantities by 
 the greater, for a ratio. Having obtained the ratio, multi- 
 ply the third term by it, and it will give the answer in the 
 same denomination as is the third term. 
 
 NOTE. Before obtaining the ratio, by means of the first two terms, 
 we must reduce them to like denominations. See 116. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 16. If a tree 38 feet 9 inches in height, give a shadow of 
 49 feet 2 inches, how high is that tree which, at the same 
 time, casts a shadow of 71 feet 7 inches? 
 
 17. If 3^- pounds of coffee cost 2j shillings, how much 
 will IQi pounds cost ? 
 
 18. If 6 men earn $25 in 6 days, how much can they 
 earn in 25 days ? 
 
 19. If a locomotive move 95 miles in 4 hours, how far 
 does it go each hour ? 
 
 20. If it take 10 hours for 6 men to do a piece of work, 
 how long will it take 15 men to do the same work ? 
 
 21. Gave $72 for 11 barrels of fish. How much will 88 
 barrels cost at the same rate ? 
 
 22. If 431 pounds of cheese cost $2'20, what will 216- 
 pounds cost at the same rate ? 
 
 23. If I pay $3 -90 for sawing 7 cords of wood, how much 
 ought I to give for sawing 23-J- cords ? 
 
123.] SIMPLE PROPORTION. 221 
 
 24. If T % of a ship is worth $2853, what is the whole 
 worth ? 
 
 25. If T 4 g of my income is $533, what is my whole income ? 
 20. A person failing in business, finds that he owes $7560, 
 
 and that he only has $3100 to pay the debt with. How 
 much can he pay to that creditor whose claim is $756 ? 
 
 27. If it require 5^ bushels of wheat to make one barrel 
 of flour, how many bushels will be required for 100 barrels 
 of flour? 
 
 28. If 7 barrels of flour are sufficient for a family 6 months, 
 how many barrels will they require for 1 1 months ? 
 
 29. If it take 25 yards of carpeting, a yard wide, to cover 
 a certain floor, how many yards of -| carpeting will be ne- 
 cessary to cover the same floor ? 
 
 30. If a person travel 8 miles in 10 hours, how far will 
 he travel in 5 days, by travelling 8 hours each day ? 
 
 31. If 35 pounds of feathers cost $15, what will 100 
 pounds cost at the same rate ? 
 
 32. If a man perform a certain piece of work in 18 days, 
 when he works 8 hours per day, how many days will he 
 require if he work 1 hours each day ? 
 
 33. If a piece of board 12 inches wide and 12 inches 
 long make one square foot, how many inches of length must 
 be taken from a board 15 inches wide to make a square foot ? 
 
 34. If 8 men can mow a field in 5 days, in how many 
 days can 5 men mow it ? 
 
 35. If 27 J yards of cloth cost $60, how many yards can 
 I buy for $100? 
 
 36. If 271 yards of cloth cost $60, what will 45f yards 
 cost? 
 
 37. 'If fof a ship is worth $9000, what is her whole value '? 
 
 38. If T 3 F of a city lot is sold for $500, what would T 7 ^ 
 of the same lot sell for at the same rate ? 
 
 19* 
 
222 PROPORTION. [CHAP xiv 
 
 39. Admitting that the earth moves in its orbit about the 
 sun, a distance of 597000000 miles, in 365 days 6 hours, 
 how far on an average does it move each hour ? 
 
 40. If the diurnal rotation of the earth move its equato- 
 rial portions about 24900 miles each day, how far is that in 
 each hour ? 
 
 41. If it require 10 years of 365J days, for light to pass 
 frcto a fixed star to the earth, how many miles distant is it 
 on the supposition that light moves 192090 miles in one 
 second ? 
 
 42. If by a leak of a ship, f enough water run in, in 4 
 hours, to sink her, how long can she survive ? 
 
 43. If I pay $25 for the masonry of 4000 bricks, how 
 much ought I to pay for the work which requires 100000 
 bricks ? 
 
 44. If a steamship require 14 days to sail a distance of 
 3000 miles, what time, at the same rate of sailing, would 
 she require to sail 24900 miles ? 
 
 45. Admitting the diameter of the earth to be 8000 miles 
 and the loftiest mountain to be 5 miles in height, what ele- 
 vation must be made on a globe of 16 inches diameter to 
 represent accurately the height of such mountain ? 
 
 46. If $100 in 12 months bring an interest of $7, how 
 much will be the interest of $100 for 8 months? 
 
 47. If the interest of $100 for 12 months is $7, what will 
 be the interest of $75 for the same time ? 
 
 48. If in 12 months the interest of $100 is $7, how long 
 must $100 be on interest to gain $10 ? 
 
 49. If a glacier of 60 miles in length move 50 inches per 
 annum, in what time will it move its whole length ? 
 
 50. If a staff of 10 feet in length give a shadow of 15 feet, 
 how high is that tree whose shadow measures 90 feet ? 
 
 51. Suppose sound to move 1100 feet in a second, how 
 
123.] SIMPLE PROPORTION. 
 
 many miles distant is a cloud, in which lightning is observed 
 16 seconds before the thunder is heard, no allowance being 
 made for the motion of light ? 
 
 52. If it require 30 yards of carpeting which is ^ of a 
 yard wide to cover a floor, how many yards of carpeting 
 which is lj yards wide will be necessary to cover the 
 same floor ? 
 
 53. If the earth move through 12 signs, or 360, in 365-J- 
 days, how far will it move in a lunar month of 29J days ? 
 
 54. Suppose a steamboat capable of making 15 miles 
 each hour, to move with a current whose velocity is 2^ miles 
 per hour, what will be the whole distance made during 13^ 
 hours ? And what distance will the boat move in the same 
 time against the same current ? 
 
 55. If the magnetic influence move through the tele- 
 graphic wires at the rate of 200000 miles in one second of 
 time, how many times could it pass around the world in 
 one second, allowing the circumference of the earth to be 
 24899 miles? 
 
 56. If A. can do a piece of work in 7 days, and B. can 
 do it in 8 days, what part of it can both do in 3 J days ? 
 
 57. A reservoir, whose capacity is 1000 hogsheads, has 
 a supply-pipe, by means of which it receives 3-00 gallons 
 each hour ; it also has two discharging pipes, the first of 
 which discharges |- of a gallon each minute, the second dis- 
 charges 1} gallons per minute. The reservoir being empty, 
 in what time will it be filled if the supply-pipe alone is 
 opened ? In what time, if the supply-pipe and the first 
 discharging pipe are opened ? In what time, if the supply- 
 pipe and the second discharging pipe ? And in what time 
 if all three are opened ? 
 
224: PROPORTION. [CHAP. XIV. 
 
 COMPOUND PROPORTION. 
 
 124. A Compound Proportion is an expression of the 
 equality between the product of several ratios and a simple 
 ratio. 
 
 If 6 men can mow 30 acres of grass in 5 days, by 
 working 8 hours each day, how many acres can 4 men mow 
 in 9 days of 10 hours each ? 
 
 Before performing this example by the Rule of Compound 
 Proportion, or Double Rule of Three, let us solve it, first 
 by Analysis and then by Ratio. 
 
 ANALYSIS. If 6 men can mow 30 acres in 5 days of 8 
 hours each, 1 man will mow -^p~=5 acres in 5 days of the 
 same length : 4 men will mow 4x5 acres or 20 acres, in 
 5 days. 
 
 If 4 men mow 20 acres in 5 days, in 1 day they will 
 mow -2-r= acres ; in 9 days, 4 X 9 = 36 acres. 
 
 If 4 men mow 36 acres in 9 days of 8 hours each, they 
 will mow -^- or 4j acres, by working but 1 hour each day, 
 and 4jxlO or 45 acres, by working 10 hours each day. 
 The answer, then, is 45 acres. 
 
 NOTE. In this Complex Analysis, as in Simple Analysis, we reason 
 from the given quantity back to 1, then from 1 to the quantity re- 
 quired. 
 
 RATIO. Had the number of days, as well as hours in 
 each day been the same in both cases, the question would 
 have been equivalent to the following : 
 
 If 6 men mow 30 acres of grass, how many acres will 
 4 men mow ? 
 
 It is evident the number of acres sought would be the 
 same fractional part of 30 acres that 4 men is of 6 men ; 
 that is, the quantity required is 
 
 of 30 acres. 
 
124.] COMPOUND PROPORTION. 
 
 If, now, we take into account the number of days, still 
 supposing the number of hours in each day to remain the 
 same in both cases, our question would become : 
 
 If -g- of 30 acres can be mowed in 5 days, how much can 
 be mowed in 9 days ? 
 
 The answer in this case is obviously 
 
 f of of 30 acres. 
 
 Now, taking into account the number of hours in each 
 day, our question will become as follows : 
 
 If of | of 30 acres can be mowed in a certain time, 
 when 8 hours are reckoned to each day, how much could 
 be mowed when 10 hours are reckoned to each day? 
 
 This leads to the following final result : 
 
 J^_ of f of | of 30 acres. 
 By cancelling, we reduce this last expression to 45 acres. 
 
 As a second example, we will solve the following by ratio : 
 
 500 men, working 12 hours each day, have been employed 
 57 days to dig a canal of 1800 yards long, 7 yards wide, 
 and 3 yards deep, how many days must 860 men, working 
 10 hours each day, be employed in digging another canal 
 of 2900 yards long, 12 yards wide, and 5 yards deep, in a 
 soil which is 3 times as difficult to excavate as the first ? 
 
 In this example, the odd term is 57 days. 
 
 The different ratios will be as follows : 
 O f t 
 
 f ratio of the hours. 
 
 2| ratio of lengths of the canals. 
 
 -J- ratio of widths of the canals. 
 
 ^= ratio of depths of the canals. 
 
 J= ratio of the difficulty in excavation. 
 
22j5 PROPORTION. [CHAP. xrv. 
 
 Multiplying successively these ratios and the odd term, 
 we have 
 
 57 daysxffxf XffX-y-Xfxf. 
 
 This becomes, after cancelling factors, 
 
 From the above work we see that questions of Compound 
 Proportion may be solved by the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Among the terms given, there will be but one like the an- 
 swer, which we will call the odd term. The other terms will 
 appear in pairs or couplets. Form ratios out of each couplet 
 in the same manner as in the Rule of Three ; then multiply 
 all the ratios and the odd term together, and it will give the 
 answer in the same name and denomination as the odd term. 
 
 NOTE. Before forming ratios from the couplets, they must be re- 
 duced to the same denominate value. See 115. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Solve the following problems, first by Analysis, and then 
 by the Rule for Compound Proportion : 
 
 58. If a person travel 300 miles in 17 days, journeying 
 6 hours each day, how many miles will he travel in 15 days, 
 journeying 10 hours a day ? 
 
 59. If a marble slab 10 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 
 inches thick, weigh 400 pounds, what will be the weight 
 of another slab of the same marble, whose length is 8 feet, 
 width 4 feet, and thickness 5 inches ? 
 
 60. If the expenses of a family of 10 persons amount to 
 $250 in 23 weeks, how long will $600 support a family of 
 8 persons at the same rate ? 
 
 61. 15 men, working 10 hours each day, have employed 
 
124.] COMPOUND PROPORTION. 227 
 
 18 days to build 450 yards of*stone fence. How many 
 men, working 12 hours each day, for 8 days, will be re- 
 quired to build 480 yards of similar fence ? 
 
 62. If it require 1200 yards of cloth -| wide to clothe 
 500 men, how many yards which is |- wide will it take to 
 clothe 960 men ? 
 
 63. If 8 men will mow 36 acres of grass in 9 days, by 
 working 9 hours each day, how many men will be required 
 to mow 48 acres in 12 days, by working 12 hours each day ? 
 
 64. If 11 men can cut 49 cords of wood in 7 days, when 
 they work 14 hours per day, how many men will it take to 
 cut 140 cords in 28 days, by working 10 hours each day? 
 
 65. If 12 ounces of wool make 2j- yards of cloth that is 
 6 quarters wide, how many pounds of wool will it take for 
 150 yards of cloth, 4 quarters wide? 
 
 66. If the wages of 6 men for 14 days be 84 dollars, 
 what will be the wages of 9 men for 16 days ? 
 
 67. If 100 Inen in 40 days of 10 hours each, build a wall 
 30 feet long, 8 feet high, and 2 feet thick, how many men 
 must be employed to build a wall 40 feet in length, 6 feet 
 high, and 4 feet thick, in 20 days, by working 8 hours each 
 day? 
 
 68. In how many days, working 9 hours a day, will 24 
 men dig a trench 420 yards long, 5 yards wide, and 3 yards 
 deep, if 248 men, working 11 hours a day, in 5 days dig a 
 trench 230 yards long, 3 yards wide, and 2 yards deep ? 
 
 69. Suppose that 50 men, by working 5 hours each day, 
 can dig, in 54 days, 24 cellars, which are each 36 feet long, 
 21 feet wide, and 10 feet deep, how many men would be 
 required to dig, in 27 days, 18 cellars, which are each 48 
 feet long, 28 feet wide, and 9 feet deep, provided they work 
 only 3 hours each day ? 
 
 70. If 40 yards of cloth 3 quarters wide cost $45, what 
 
 14 
 
228 PROPORTION. [CHAP. xiv. 
 
 will 36 yards of the same quality cost, which is 5 quarters 
 wide? 
 
 71. If 8400 will in 9 months gain $21, when the rate of 
 interest is 7 per cent, per annum, how much will $360 gain 
 in 8 months, if the rate per cent, is 6 ? 
 
 72. If $400 require 9 months to gain $21, when the 
 rate per cent, is 7, how long a time will $360 require to 
 gain $14-40, if the rate per cent, is 6 ? 
 
 73. If $400, to gain $21 in 9 months, require a rate of 
 7 per cent., what must be the rate per cent, for $360 to 
 gain $14-40 in 8 months ? 
 
 74. If it require $400 to gain $21 in 9 months, when 
 the rate per cent, is 7, how much will be required to gain 
 $14-40 in 8 months, when the rate per cent, is 6 ? 
 
 75. If the freight on 72 barrels of flour, for a distance 
 of 95 miles, is $7 -60, what would it be at the same rate 
 on 120 barrels for a distance of 144 miles ? 
 
 76. If from a dairy of 30 cows, each furnishing 16 qts. 
 of milk daily, 24 cheeses of 55 pounds each are made, in 
 36 days, how many cows will be required, if each gives 4^ 
 gallons of milk daily, to produce in 30 days 33 cheeses of 
 100 pounds each ? 
 
 77. If I pay $45 for 40 yards of cloth which is 3 quar- 
 ters wide, how many yards of the same quality of cloth 
 which is 5 quarters wide ought $60 to buy ? 
 
 78. If 6 persons eat 21 dollars' worth of bread in 4 
 months, when flour is sold at $7 per barrel, in how many 
 months will 10 persons eat 50 dollars' worth, when flour is 
 $5 per barrel ? 
 
 79. If 21 dollars' worth of bread, when flour is $7 per 
 barrel, will supply 6 persons 4 months, how many persons 
 can be supplied for 8 months for 50 dollars, when flour is 
 $5 per barrel ? 
 
125.] ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE. 229 
 
 80. If 21 dollars' worth of bread, when flour is $7 per 
 barrel, will supply 6 persons for 4 months, how many dol- 
 lars' worth will be required to supply 10 persons during 8 
 months, if flour is 85 per barrel ? 
 
 ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 125. It sometimes happens that a merchant desires to 
 pay a debt to a foreign creditor through three or four agents 
 or brokers in different countries. There must, m such cases, 
 be a chain of exchanges called arbitration of exchange ; for 
 example : 
 
 A merchant in Denmark owes a New York merchant 
 $280. How many specie- dollars of his own country must 
 he remit through houses in Hamburgh, Amsterdam, and St. 
 Petersburgh, if $0'35 = 1 mark banco; 8 marks = 7 guil- 
 ders ; 15 guilders =8 silver roubles ; 21 roubles = 15 specie- 
 dollars of Denmark ? 
 
 28000 X 3*5 X |- X T 8 5 X 2T> which, after cancelling, be- 
 comes 266J-, the number of specie-dollars. Since 35 cts.= 
 1 mark, there will be ^ as many marks as cents ; as 8 
 marks = 7 guilders, there will be |- as many guilders as 
 marks ; in like manner there will be -fj as many roubles as 
 guilders, and if as many specie-dollars as roubles. 
 
 It will be seen that examples of this kind require the 
 multiplication of a given term by the product of a series 
 of ratios ; and that the process is the same as that of Com- 
 pound Proportion, 124. No independent rule is necessary. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 81-83. A New York merchant owes in London 375. 
 How many dollars must he remit through houses in Naples 
 and in Paris, if 20=121 ducats ; 90 ducats =41 4 francs ; 
 
 20 
 
230 PROPORTION. [CHAP. xrv. 
 
 500 francs=91 dollars ? How many dollars must he remit 
 directly to London if the premium of exchange is 9 per 
 cent, above the par value of $4 to the ? And how 
 much was lost by the former circuitous method of remit- 
 ting ? 
 
 84-86. A merchant in New York orders 1000 due him 
 in London to be forwarded to him by the following route : 
 to Hamburgh, at 15 mark bancos per ; thence to Copen- 
 hagen, at 100 mark bancos for 43 rix-dollars; thence to 
 Bourdeaux, at 4 rix-dollars for 18 francs; thence to New 
 York, at 500 francs for 93 dollars. How many dollars did 
 he receive ? How many dollars would he have received 
 had he ordered the 1000 direct to him, the premium of 
 exchange being 7 per cent, above the par value of $4|- to 
 the ? And how much did he save by the above circui- 
 tous route ? 
 
 87. If a man receives $27 for 16 barrels of cider, and he 
 can buy 2 barrels of flour for $11, and 3 tons of coal .for 
 4 barrels of flour, and 45 pounds of tea for 2 tons of coal, 
 how many pounds of tea ought he to receive for 7 barrels 
 of cider ? 
 
 88. If 25 pears can be bought for 10 lemons, and 28 lem- 
 ons for 18 pomegranates, and 1 pomegranate for 48 almonds, 
 and 50 almonds for 70 chestnuts, and 108 chestnuts for 2j 
 cents, how many pears can I buy for $1*35 ? 
 
 89. If 121 English guineas are equal to 125 pounds ster- 
 ling, and 23 = 61 pagodas of India, and 5 pagodas =$9, 
 how many English guineas will be equal to $100 ? 
 
 90. If 74 francs = 9 tales of China, 10 tales of China=6 
 ounces of Sicily, and 5 ounces of Sicily =$12, how many 
 francs will be equal to $172 ? 
 
126.] PARTNERSHIP. 231 
 
 PARTNERSHIP OR FELLOWSHIP. 
 
 126. Fellowship is the union of two or more individuala 
 in trade, with an agreement to share the losses and profits 
 in the ratio of the amount which each puts into the partner- 
 ship. The money employed is called the capital stock. The 
 loss or gain to be shared is called the dividend. 
 
 A., B., and C. entered into copartnership. A. put in $180, B. put 
 in $240, and C. put in $480. They gained $300. What is each one's 
 part of the gain? 
 
 $180 A.'s stock-f $240 B.'s stock-f-$480 C.'s stock=$900 wliole 
 stock. 
 
 8 = * =A.'s part of the entire stock. 
 
 Hence, A. must have of $300= $60 for his gain. 
 
 B. T \ of $300= $80 " " " 
 
 C. " T 8 -jof$300=$160 " " " 
 
 $300 verification. 
 From the above we may deduce the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Make each partner's stock the numerator of a fraction, 
 and the sum of their stock a common denominator ; then 
 multiply the whole gain or loss by each of these fractions, for 
 each partner's share. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 91. A. and B. purchase a house for $2500, of which sum 
 A. furnished $1200 and B. $1300. They receive $210 rent 
 for the same. What part of this sum ought each to share ? 
 
 92-94. A person failing in business finds that all his debts 
 amount to $4500, and that he has. only $2500 to meet these 
 
232 PROPORTION. [CHAP. xiv 
 
 claims. How much ought A. to receive, whose claim is 
 $360 ? And how much B. whose claim is $400 ? And 
 how much is he able to pay on the dollar ? 
 
 95. Two brothers, the one 18 years old and the other 21 
 years old, contribute in the ratio of their ages $300 towards 
 the support of an aged parent. What did each contribute ? 
 
 96. Two persons, A. and B., hire a pasture for $30, into 
 which A. turned 3 cows and B. 5. What part of the $30 
 ought each to pay ? 
 
 97. Five persons, A., B., C., D., and E., are to share be- 
 tween them $2400. A. is to have l ; B. is to have J ; C. 
 is to have -f ; D. and E. are to divide the remainder in pro- 
 portion to the numbers 5 and 7. How much does each one 
 receive ? 
 
 98. There are three horses belonging to three men, em- 
 ployed to draw a load of plaster a certain distance for $26'45. 
 It is estimated that A.'s and B.'s horses do f of the labor ; 
 A.'s and C.'s horses T 9 ^ ; B.'s and C.'s horses if. They 
 are to be paid proportionally according to these estimates. 
 What ought each man to receive ? 
 
 99. A., B., and C. agree to contribute $365 towards 
 building a church, which is to be at the distance of 2 miles 
 from A., 2-J- miles from B., and 3^ from C. They agree 
 that their shares shall be proportional to the reciprocals of 
 their distances from the church. What ought each to con- 
 tribute ? 
 
 100. A person wills to his two sons and a daughter the 
 following sums : to the elder son $1200, to the younger son 
 $1000, and to his daughter $600 ; but it is found that his 
 whole estate amounts to only $800. How much ought 
 each child to receive ? 
 
 101. Four persons, A., B., C., and D., together contribute 
 $500 towards the erection of a school-house, which is placed 
 
127.] DOUBLE FELLOWSHIP. 233 
 
 a,t the distance of -J of a mile from A.'s residence, \ of a mile 
 from B.'s, f of a mile from C.'s, and 1 mile from D.'s. They 
 contributed in the reciprocal ratio of their respective dis- 
 tances from the school- house. How much did each give ? 
 
 DOUBLE FELLOWSHIP. 
 
 127. When the stock of the several partners continues 
 in trade for unequal periods of time, the profit or loss must 
 be apportioned with reference both to the stock and time. 
 In such cases the fellowship is called DOUBLE FELLOWSHIP. 
 
 Three partners, A., B., and C., put into trade money as follows : 
 A. put in $400 for 2 months ; B. put in $300 for 4 months ; C. put 
 in $500 for 3 months. They gained $350. How must they share 
 this gain ? 
 
 It is evident that $400 for 2 months is the same as $400X2=$800 
 for one month; $300 for 4 months is the same as $300X4=$1200 
 for one month; $500 for 3 months is the same as $500X3=$ 1500 
 for one month. 
 
 Hence $800 A.'s money for one month,-{-$1200 B.'s money for one 
 month,-f$1500 C.'s money for one month=$3500. 
 
 Therefore, by Single Fellowship, 
 
 A. must have ^fy=^g of $350=$80. 
 
 B. " J|oo_i_3 of 350=120. 
 0. " " f=^ of 350=150. 
 
 $350 verification. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply each partner's stock by the time it was in trade ; 
 make each product the numerator of a fraction, and the sum 
 of the products a common denominator ; then multiply the 
 whole gain or loss by each of these fractions, for each part- 
 ner s share. 
 
 20* 
 
234 PKOPOKTION. [CHAP xiv. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 102. Two persons, A. and B., enter into partnership, A. 
 furnishing $325 for 6 months, and B. $200 for 8 months. 
 What ought each to contribute to meet a loss of $100 ? 
 
 103. In the construction of a piece of road, A. furnished 
 5 laborers, each of whom worked 9 days ; B. furnished 7 
 laborers, each working 1 1 days : for the whole work they 
 received $150. What was each one's share of this sum ? 
 
 104. To a certain school, A. sends 5 scholars during 35 
 days, and B. sends 4 during 38 days, and has to pay a rate 
 bill of $3-04. What was A.'s rate bill ? 
 
 105. If I borrow $300 for 7 months of A., $400 for 8 
 months of B., and $450 for 9 months of C. ; for this ac- 
 commodation I wish to divide $100 among the three. What 
 ought each to receive ? 
 
 106. For the transportation of 100 barrels of flour a 
 distance of 93 miles, I have to pay $46 '50 to 5 individuals, 
 who performed the labor as follows : A. carried 50 barrels 
 a distance of 70 miles, B. carried 10 barrels a distance of 
 93 miles, C. carried 40 barrels a distance of 53 miles, D. 
 carried 50 barrels a distance of 23 miles, and E. carried 40 
 barrels a distance of 40 miles. How much ought I to pay 
 to each ? 
 
 107. Three farmers hired a pasture for $55*50 for the 
 season. A. put in 6 cows for 3 months, B. put in 8 cows 
 for 2 months, C. put in 10 cows for 4 months. What rent 
 ought each to pay ? 
 
 108. On the first day of January, A. began business with 
 $650 ; on the first day of April following, he took B. into 
 partnership with $500 ; on the first day of next July, they 
 took in C. with $450 : at the end of the year they found 
 they had gained $375. What share of the gain had each ? 
 
128.] AVERAGE. 235 
 
 109. A., B., and C. have together performed a piece of 
 work for which they receive $94f A. worked 12 days of 
 10 hours each ; B. worked 15 days of 6 hours each ; C. 
 worked 9 days of 8 hours each. How ought the $94 to be 
 divided between them ? 
 
 110. A ship's company take a prize of $4440, which they 
 agree to divide among them according to their pay and the 
 time they have been on board. Now the officers and mid- 
 shipmen have been on board 6 months, and the sailors 3 
 months: the officers have $12 per month, the midshipmen 
 $8, and the sailors $6 per month ; moreover, there are 4 
 officers, 12 midshipmen, and 100 sailors. What will each 
 one's share be ? 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 AVERAGE. 
 
 128. IF the sum of a series of unequal quantities be di- 
 vided by the number of quantities, the quotient will be one 
 of a series of equal quantities, whose sum will equal that of 
 the former series. The value of this quotient is called the 
 AVERAGE of the given quantities. Thus, 
 
 A laborer worked 5 hours on Monday, 6 on Tuesday, 3 
 on Wednesday, 9 on Thursday, 9 on Friday, and 10 on Sat- 
 urday. How many hours work did he average each day ? 
 5 + 64-3 + 9 + 9+10=42; and 42 hours -=- 6 = Y hours' av- 
 erage work per day. Proof, Yx6=:42. Hence the fol- 
 lowing rule for determining the average : 
 
 Divide the sum of the given quantities by the number of 
 quantities. The quotient will be the average. 
 
236 AVEitAGh. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1-5. What is the average of 1, 2, 3 ? of 2, 3, 4, 7 ? of 
 5, 3, 4, 9, 4 ? of 4, 9, 8, 7, 2, 6 ? of 8, 4, 3, 9, 7, 12, 6 ? 
 
 6-10. Find the average of 4, 7, 6, 2, 12 ; of 12, 14, 19, 
 18, 21 ; of 6, 8, 13, 24, 30 ; of 36, 42, 96, 104 ; of 3, 4, 
 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12. 
 
 11. A gentleman expended in 1845, $1250'75 ; in 1846, 
 $1196-38; in 1847, $1341-67; in 1848, $1275'96 ; in 1849, 
 $1060-07 ; in 1850, $1196-27. What was his average yearly 
 expenditure ? 
 
 12. The following was the record of attendance for one 
 week in a certain school : Monday A. M. 109, P. M. 94 ; 
 Tuesday A.M. 109, P.M. 103; Wednesday A.M. 97, 
 P. M. 91 ; Thursday A. M. 104, P. M. 100 ; Friday A M. 
 88, P. M. 36. What was the average half-day attendance 
 in that school ? 
 
 13. Seven men weighed each as follows : 212/65., I35lbs., 
 167J&S., 196}Z6s., 121JZ&S., 102/fo., 229^5. What was 
 their average weight ? What was their aggregate weight ? 
 
 14. What was the average cost of the following articles ? 
 The first cost 2 45. 3d. ; the 2d, 5 18s. 6d. 3qr. ; the 
 3d, 14 35. 2d. ; the 4th, 19s. 2qr. 
 
 15. Your grandfather's age is 78 years 8 months; your 
 father's is 54 years, 7 months, 22 days; your brother's 21 
 years, 3 months, 29 days ; your sister's 16 years 4 months ; 
 your own 1 1 years, 6 months, 1 7 days. What is the average 
 age of each ? 
 
 16. At sunrise on 5 successive days the barometer was 
 as follows: 29'38 inches; 29'41 ; 29'63 ; 29'87 ; 30'06. 
 What was the average height of the mercury during this time? 
 
 1718. The declination of the sun at noon on the first 7 
 days of January, 1851, was as follows: 23 2' 14" ; 22 
 
128.] AVERAGE. 237 
 
 57' 10"; 22 51' 38"; 22 45' 39"; 22 39' 12"; 22 
 32' 19" ; 22 24' 59". What was the average declination 
 of the sun during this time ? At the same times respect- 
 ively the sun was slow of clock 3m. 44s. ; 4m. 12s. ; 4m. 
 40s. ; 5m. 8s. ; 5m. 35s. ; 6m. 2s. ; 6m. 28s. What was 
 the average time which the sun was slow of clock ? 
 
 19. By observation the length of a pendulum vibrating 
 once in a second of time, is found to be, at the equator, 
 39-01612 inches; at the Cape of Good Hope 39'07815 
 inches ; at New York 39-10120 inches ; at Paris 39-12929 ; 
 at London 39*13929 inches. What is the average length 
 for these five places ? 
 
 20. The mean distances of the four satellites of Jupiter 
 are as follows, the radius of Jupiter being taken as the unit : 
 6-04853 ; 9'62347 ; 15'35024 ; 26'99835. What is their 
 average mean distance ? 
 
 21-22. A locomotive made 7 successive trips over a track 
 of 17 miles in the following times: 50m. 32s. ; 49m. 3s. ; 
 48771. 10s. ; 40m. 30s. ; 41m. 35s. ; 45m. 45s. ; 44m. 20s. 
 What was the average time of one trip ? What was the 
 average time of running one mile ? 
 
 23. A company of 6 California gold diggers find on a cer- 
 tain day gold as follows: the 1st, 702. I3pwt. ; the 2d, 9oz. 
 I4pwt. ; the 3d, 6oz. IQpwt.; the 4th, 4oz. 4pwt. ; the 5th, 
 lOoz. 8pwt. ; the 6th, 3oz. 2pwt. What was the average 
 for each man ? 
 
 24-25. On a certain day in January I noticed the ther- 
 mometer to be as follows : at 6 A. M. 20 ; at 7, 23 ; at 
 8, 25 ; at 9, 30 ; at 10, 36 ; at 11, 40o ; at noon, 44 ; 
 at 1 P. M. 45 ; at 2, 48 ; at 3, 46 ; at 4, 44 ; at 5, 39 ; 
 at 6, 33. What was the average during the forenoon, 
 and what during the afternoon, if the observation at noon 
 is not taken into the account ? 
 
238 AVERAGE. [CHAr. 
 
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 
 
 129. EQUATION OF PAYMENTS is a process by which we 
 ascertain the average time for the payment of several sums 
 due at different times. 
 
 Suppose I owe $1000, of which $100 is due in 2 months, $250 in 
 4 months, $350 in 6 months, and $300 in 9 months. If I pay the 
 whole sum at once, how many months' credit ought I to have ? 
 
 A credit on $100 for 2 months is the same ) n 
 
 J-2io.XloO= 2007WO. 
 as a credit on $1 for 200 months. ) 
 
 A credit on $250 for 4 months is the same 
 as a credit on $1 for 1000 months. 
 
 A credit on $350 for 6 months is the same ) 
 as a credit on $1 for $2100 months. [ 6*X850=2100mo. 
 
 A credit on $300 for S > months is the same ) = 
 
 as a credit on $1 for 2700 months. f 
 
 $1000 6000wo. 
 
 Hence, I ought to have the same as a credit on $1 for 6000 months. 
 But if I wish a credit on $1000 instead of $1, it ought evidently to 
 be for only one-thousandth part of 6000 months, which is 6 months. 
 
 Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply each sum by the time that must elapse^before it 
 becomes due ; divide the amount of these products by the 
 amount^ of the sums ; the quotient will be the equated time. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 26. I purchased a bill of goods amounting to $1500, of 
 which I am to pay $300 in 2 months, $500 in 4 months, and 
 the balance in 6 months. What would be the mean time 
 for the payment of the whole ? 
 
 27. A merchant owes $500 to be paid in 6 months, $600 
 to be paid in 8 months, and $400 to be paid in 12 months. 
 What is the average time of payment ? 
 
 
129.] EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 239 
 
 28. A. owes B. a certain sum : one- third is due in 6 
 months, one-fourth in 8 months, and the remainder in 1 2 
 months. What is the mean time of payment ? 
 
 NOTE. It makes no difference what the amount is which A. owes 
 B., since it is certain fractional parts which becomes due at particular 
 times. If we suppose the sum to be $1, then our work will be 
 
 mo. mo. 
 $ X 6 = 2 
 4 X 8 = 2 
 Remainder is y 5 ^, and y 5 ^Xl2 = 5 
 
 29. A merchant has due him $300 to be paid in 2 months, 
 $800 to be paid in 5 months, $400 to be paid in 10 months. 
 What is the average time for the payment of the whole ? 
 
 30. A merchant owes $1200, payable as follows: $200 
 in 2 months, $400 in 5 months, and the remainder in 8 
 months. He wishes to pay the whole at one time. What 
 is the average time of such payment ? 
 
 31. A merchant bought goods to the amount of $2400, 
 for one-fourth of which he was to pay cash at the time of 
 receiving the goods, one-third in 6 months, and the balance 
 in 10 months. What was the equitable time for the pay- 
 ment of the whole ? 
 
 32. Suppose I owe $100 payable on January 1st, $150 
 on February 5th, $300 on April 10th. If we count from 
 January 1st, and allow 29 days to February, it being leap 
 year, on what day ought the whole sum in equity to be 
 paid? 
 
 NOTE. Estimate the time in days. The 1st payment is $100 due 
 in days. 
 
 33. A merchant bought a bill of goods amounting to $1000. 
 He agreed to pay $250 the first day of the next March, $250 
 on the 3d of the following May, $250 on the 4th of the 
 following July, and the remaining $250 on the 15th of the 
 
240 AVERAGE. [CHAP. A 
 
 following September. What would be the equitable time 
 for paying the whole ? 
 
 NOTE. As the sums are equal, it will simplify the operations tc 
 consider each payment $1. 
 
 34. A person purchased a bill of goods amounting to 
 $3450, and agreed to pay as follows : $1000 at the end of 
 3 months, $1000 at the end of 6 months, and the balance 
 at the end of 9 months. What was the average time for 
 which he received credit on the whole sum ? 
 
 35. A person owes as follows : $300 due the 10th of 
 March, $250 due the 28th of March, $450 due the 31st 
 of March, and $100 due the 25th of the following April. 
 At what time could the whole sum in equity be paid ? 
 
 36. A person owes a certain sum of money, ^ of which 
 is due in 3^ months, J is due in 4J months, J is due in 5 
 months, and the balance is due in 8 months. What is the 
 mean time of payment ? 
 
 37-38. A person purchases a farm for $7000, and agrees 
 to pay as follows : $1000 at the end of 3 months ; $1500 
 at the end of 4 months ; $2000 at the end of 5 months ; 
 $2500 at the end of 6 months. At what time in equity 
 ought he to pay the whole ? Suppose he had agreed to 
 pay $2500 at the end of 3 months, $2000 at the end of 4 
 months, $1500 at the end of 5 months, and $1000 at the 
 end of 6 months ; then, in equity, at what time ought the 
 whole to be paid ? 
 
 39. A sum of money is due as follows: -i on the 1st of 
 July, } on the 1st of August, -J on the 1st of September, 
 jJg- on the 1st of October, and the balance on the 1st of No- 
 vember. At what time, estimating from the 1st of July, 
 ought the whole in equity to be paid ? 
 
 130. Suppose $1000 to be due at the end of 6 months; 
 
130.] EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 241 
 
 that 3 months before it is due $100 was paid, and that 1 
 month before the expiration of the 6 months $300 was paid. 
 How long after the end of the 6 months may the balance 
 of $600 remain unpaid ? 
 
 NOTE. The problem here is, when a debt due at some future pe- 
 riod has received several partial payments before the time due, to 
 find how long beyond this time the balance may in equity remain 
 unpaid. 
 
 3wo.XlOO=300wo. ; lmo.X300=300/o. ; that is, $1 must have 
 a credit of 300mo.+300mo.=600mo. The balance due is 600, which 
 must have a credit equal to 600/o.-7-600=lmo. beyond the 6 months. 
 
 Hence this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply each payment by the time it was paid before due ; 
 then divide the sum of the products thus obtained by the bal- 
 ance remaining unpaid ; the quotient will be the equated time. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 40. Suppose $1496-41 to be due at the end of 90 days : 
 that 84 days before it is due there is paid $500 ; 32 days 
 before the 90 days expire there is paid $502'50. How long 
 after the 90 days before the balance of $493 '91 ought to 
 be paid ? 
 
 41. A. lent $200 to B. for 8 months ; at another time he 
 lent him $300 for 6 months. For how long a time ought 
 B. to lend A. $800 to balance the favor ? 
 
 42. A person owes $1000, due at the end of 12 months. 
 At the end of 3 months he pays $100, one month after that 
 he pays $100. How long beyond the 12 months may the 
 balance of $800 remain unpaid ? 
 
 43-44. A credit of 6 months on $500, and of 4 months 
 on $1000, is the same as a credit of how many dollars for 
 
 21 
 
24:2 AVERAGE. [CHAP, xv 
 
 8 months ? It is the same as a credit on $800 for how many 
 months ? 
 
 131. It is customary with many merchants to give a 
 credit of from 3 to 6 months, on their bills of sale. In 
 such cases, in settling up their accounts, which generally 
 consist of various items of debit and credit at sundry times, 
 it is very desirable to have some simple rule by which the 
 cash balance can be found. 
 
 Suppose A. has the following account with B. : 
 1848. Dr. i 1848. ( r . 
 
 Jan. 10. To Merchandise . . $ 100 Feb. 8. By Merchandise ... $50 
 March 2G. " " . . 400 I April 23. " ... 375 
 
 What is the cash balance, July 10, 1848, if interest is estimated 
 at 7 per cent., and a credit of 30 days is allowed on all the different 
 sums ? 
 
 If interest were not considered, the above account could be bal- 
 anced as follows : 
 
 1848. Dr. 
 
 Jan. 10. To Merchandise . . $100 
 March 20. " 400 
 
 $500 
 
 1848. Cr. 
 
 Feb. 8. By Merchandise . . . $50 
 April 23. " ... 375 
 
 " Balance .... 75 
 
 $500 
 
 To Balance $75 
 
 Had no credit been given, the debits should be increased by the 
 following items of interest. ( 83, note 4, and 105.) 
 
 On $100 for 182 days, at 7 per cent.=100X182X|^ 7 
 " 400 " 106 " " " =400X106X^T- 
 
 In like manner the credits should be increased by interest : 
 On $50 for 153 days, at 7 per cent.= 50X153X|^ 7 . 
 " 375 " 78 " =375 X 78 X^ 7 . 
 But, since 30 days' credit is given on all sums, it follows that by the 
 above, we should increase the debits by an excess of interest equal 
 to the interest of the sum of debits, $500 for 30 days=500 X 30 X 
 f^5 . In like manner we should increase the credits by an excess of 
 interest equal to the interest of sum of credits, 425, for 30 days= 
 
131.] EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 243 
 
 Now if, instead of diminishing the debit items of interest by 500 
 X30Xfff 3 7 , and the credit items of interest by 425X30X |^ 7 , we 
 merely diminish the debit items of interest by the interest on mer- 
 chandise balance, $75 for 30 days, which is 75X30XVVi tlie resulfc 
 will be the same. And since taking any sum from one side of a book 
 account has the same effect as adding the same sum to the other 
 side, it follows, that instead of diminishing the debit items of interest 
 by 75X30Xj^3 7 , we may increase the credit items of interest by 
 this same quantity. 
 
 From which we see that the difference between 1 00X182 X^j 7 + 
 400X106X^ 7 and 50Xl53X^7+375X78Xf y+75X30XfV3 
 is the interest balance. 
 
 The operations indicated in the foregoing work may be exhibited 
 in a more condensed form, as follows : 
 
 DEBITS. CREDITS. 
 
 $ Days. $ Days. 
 
 100X182=18200 50X153= 7650 
 
 400X106=42400 375 X 78=29250 
 
 75 X 30= 2250 
 
 60600 
 
 39150 39150 
 
 2U50=$4-ll=mteres* balance. 
 Hence the foregoing account will become balanced as follows : 
 
 1848. Dr. 
 
 Jan. 10. To Merchandise . $100-00 
 
 March 26. " ** 400-00 
 
 July 10. " balance of interest 4-11 
 
 $504-11 
 
 July 10. " Cash balance . . $79-11 
 From the above, we deduce this 
 
 1848. Cr. 
 
 Feb. 8. By Merchandise . . $50-00 
 
 April 23. " . . 375-00 
 
 July 10. " balance .... 79-11 
 
 $504-11 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Place such sum on the debtor or credit side as may be 
 necessary to balance the account, which sum may be regarded 
 as MERCHANDISE BALANCE. Then multiply the number of 
 dollars in each entry by the number of days from the time 
 such entry was made, to the time of settlement ; observing to 
 
AVERAGE. 
 
 [CHAP. xv. 
 
 multiply the merchandise balance by the number of days for 
 which credit is given. 
 
 Multiply the difference between the sum of the debit prod- 
 ucts, and the sum of the credit products, by the interest of 
 $1 for 1 day ; the product will be the number of dollars in 
 INTEREST BALANCE, which ivill be in favor of the debit side of 
 account, when the sum of debit products exceeds the sum of 
 credit products ; but in favor of the credit side when the 
 sum of credit products exceeds the sum of debit products. If 
 then, the interest balance be added to, or subtracted from, the 
 merchandise balance, as the case may require, it will give the 
 cash balance. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 45. Suppose A. has the following account with B. : 
 
 1848. 
 
 Jan. 1. To Merchandise . 
 
 March 3. " 
 
 May 10. " 
 
 June 6. " 
 
 $200 
 500 
 100 
 300 
 
 1100 
 .950 
 
 1848. 
 
 Jan. 15. By Merchandise 
 March 20. " ** 
 
 May 
 July 
 
 Cr. 
 
 $300 
 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 50 
 
 $950 
 
 Merchandise balance $150 
 
 What is the cash balance of the above account on the 
 1st of July, 1848, provided each individual is allowed 90 
 days' time on his purchases, if interest is estimated at 7 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 NOTE. The interest balance will be found in favor of the credit 
 side ; the merchandise balance is in favor of the debtor's side. 
 
 46-47. A. has the following account with B : 
 
 1850. 
 
 March 9. To Merchandise 
 April 4. 
 June 12. 
 July 17. " " 
 
 Dr. 
 $18-38 
 56-41 
 105-03 
 
 88-13 
 
 $267-95 
 
 1850. 
 
 March 28. By Merchandise 
 July 2. ** 
 
 " 30. " " 
 
 Aug. 20. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 $60-20 
 
 100-00 
 
 2C3-40 
 
 75-75 
 
 499-35 
 267-95 
 
 Merchandise balance $231-40 
 
131.] 
 
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 
 
 245 
 
 What was the cash balance of the above account, and in 
 whose favor, on the 1st day of October, 1850, provided each 
 individual is allowed 90 days' time on his purchases, interest 
 being 6 per cent. ? 
 
 What was the cash balance of the above, on the 1st day 
 of January, 1851, the other conditions remaining the same ? 
 
 48. Suppose A'.'s account with B. to have been as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1848. 
 Jan. 10. 
 Feb. 25. 
 March 1. 
 
 To Merchandise 
 
 Dr. 
 
 $250-37 
 113-04 
 405-59 
 
 1848. 
 June 25. 
 July 20. 
 July 28. 
 
 By Merchandise 
 
 t; u 
 it tc 
 
 769-00 
 
 688-52 
 
 
 
 $80-48 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 $37-51 
 
 50-98 
 60003 
 
 $688-52 
 
 What is the cash balance, and in whose favor, on the 1st 
 of August, 1848, provided 6 months, or 180 days' time is 
 given,' interest being 6 per cent. ? 
 
 NOTE. In practice, when the cents Jn any of the entries, as in this 
 example, are less than 50, we may, without sensible error, omit them ; 
 but when they are 50, or greater, we may consider them as an ad- 
 ditional dollar. 
 
 49-50. A.'s account with B. is as follows 
 
 1850. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 September 2. To Merchandise, $212-14 
 
 25. 
 
 October 24. 
 Novemb'r21. 
 Decerab'r 24. 
 
 405-21 
 303-60 
 140-80 
 28-30 
 
 1090-05 
 916-92 
 
 1850. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 September 13. By Merchandise, $300 00 
 
 October 
 
 30. 
 
 28. 
 
 212-12 
 404-80 
 
 $916-92 
 
 Merchandise balance $173-13 
 
 What was the cash balance, and in whose favor, of the 
 above account, on the 1st day of January, 1851, if each in- 
 dividual had a credit of 4 months or 120 days, interest being 
 7 per cent. ? 
 
 21*. 
 
246 AVERAGE. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 What was the cash balance on the 21st day of June, 1851, 
 the other conditions remaining the same ? 
 
 ALLIGATION MEDIAL. 
 
 132. ALLIGATION MEDIAL teaches the method of finding 
 the average or mean value of a compound, when its several 
 ingredients and their respective values are given. 
 
 A grocer mixes 140 pounds of tea, worth 8s. per pound; 200 
 pounds, worth 6s. per pound ; and 160 pounds, worth 10s. per pound. 
 What is a pound of the mixture worth ? 
 
 140 pounds of tea, at 8s. per pound, are worth 140X8=1120s. , 
 200 pounds, at 6s., are worth 200X6=1200s. ; 160 pounds, at 10s., 
 are worth 160XlO=1600s. Therefore, the mixture, which is 500 
 pounds, is worth 1120+1200+1600=3920s. ; and one pound must 
 he worth 3 A 2 o^!^ 
 
 Hence, to find the mean value of a compound, composed of several 
 ingredients of different values, we have this 
 
 Divide the sum of the values of all the quantities by the 
 sum of the quantities. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 51. A wine merchant mixed several sorts of wine, viz: 
 32 gallons, at 40 cents per gallon ; 15 gallons, at 60 cents 
 per gallon ; 45 gallons, at 48 cents per gallon ; and 8 gal- 
 lons, at 85 cents per gallon. What is the value of a gallon 
 of the mixture ? 
 
 52. A farmer mixed together 7 bushels of rye, worth 72 
 cents per bushel ; 15 bushels of corn, worth 60 cents per 
 bushel; and 12 bushels of wheat, worth $1*20 per bushel. 
 What is the value of a bushel of the mixture ? 
 
 53. A goldsmith melts together 11 ounces of gold 23 
 
132.] ALLIGATION MEDIAL. 247 
 
 carats fine, 8 ounces 21 carats fine, 10 ounces of pure gold, 
 and 2 pounds of alloy. How many carats fine is the mixture ? 
 NOTE. A carat is a 24th part. Thus, 21 carats fine is the same 
 as |] pure metal. 
 
 54. On a certain day, the mercury in the thermometer 
 was observed to stand 2 hours at 62 degrees, 4 hours at 70 
 degrees, 5 hours at 72 degrees, 3 hours at 59 degrees, and 
 1 hour at 75 degrees. What was the mean temperature 
 for the 15 hours ? 
 
 55. Suppose a ship sail at the rate of 5 knots for 3 hours, 
 at 7 knots for 5 hours, and 8 knots for 4 hours. What is 
 her rate of sailing during the 1 2 hours ? 
 
 56. A grocer mixes 30 pounds of sugar, worth 10 cents 
 per pound; 40 pounds, worth 10^ cents per pound; 24 
 pounds, worth 11 cents per pound; and 60 pounds, worth 
 13 cents per pound. What is a pound of the mixture worth ? 
 
 57. A person bought 4 dozen of eggs, at 18J cents per 
 dozen; 6 dozen, at 21 cents per dozen ; 3 dozen, at 24 cts. 
 per dozen ; 5 J dozen, at 25 cents per dozen. What was 
 the average cost of one dozen ? 
 
 58. A flour merchant bought 300 barrels of flour, at $3 '75 
 per barrel ; 250 barrels, at |3'87i per barrel; 500 barrels, 
 at $3'93-j per barrel. What did the whole average per 
 barrel ? 
 
 59. A dairyman made during the first month, 26 cheeses, 
 each weighing 85 pounds; during the second month, he 
 made 25, each weighing 83 pounds ; and during the third 
 month he made 20, each weighing 80 pounds. What was 
 the average weight of his cheese for the 3 months ? 
 
 60. A dairyman having 30 cows, finds at a certain milking 
 that 6 give 12 quarts of milk each ; 8 give 10^ quarts each ; 
 10 give 9j quarts each ; and the others give only 8 quarts 
 
 What did each cow on an average give ? 
 G 
 
248 AVEKAUE. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 NOTE. It will be seen that the principle of Equation of Payments 
 and that of Alligation Medial are the same : in the one case, we oper- 
 ate upon debts, and payments, and time ; in the other, upon ingre- 
 dients or quantities and values. 
 
 ALLIGATION ALTERNATE. 
 
 13$. ALLIGATION ALTERNATE is the reverse of Alligation 
 Medial ; that is, it teaches the method of determining the 
 proportional quantities of several ingredients, so that the 
 compound shall have a given value. 
 
 Suppose we wish to mix teas, which are worth 4 and 6 shillings per 
 pound, so that the mixture may be worth 5 shillings per pound ; it 
 is obvious that we must take equal quantities of each, since the price 
 of the one is as much less than the average price, as the other is 
 greater. 
 
 Again, suppose we wish to mix teas which are worth 4 and 7 shil- 
 lings per pound, so that the mixture may be worth 5 shillings. In 
 this case the 7 shilling tea is 2 shillings above the average price, 
 whilst the 4 shilling tea is but 1 shilling below. It will be necessary 
 to use twice as much of the 4 shilling tea as of the 7 shilling tea ; and 
 in all cases it is obvious that the quantities to be used will be in the 
 inverse ratio to the differences between their prices and the mean price. 
 
 When there are more than two simples they may be compared 
 together in couplets, one term of which must obviously exceed the 
 average price, while the other must be less. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 The rates of the several ingredients being given, to make 
 a compound of a fixed rate. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Write the rates of the simples in a vertical column. 
 Connect the rate of each ingredient which is less than the 
 rate of the compound, with one or more rates greater than the 
 rale of the compound ; connect in the same icay, each rate 
 
133.] ALLIGATION ALTERNATE. 249 
 
 which is greater than the rate of the confound, with one or 
 more rates which are less. 
 
 II. Write the difference between the rate of each one ingre- 
 dient and the value of the compound, opposite the rate of 
 each other ingredient with which the former is connected. If 
 only one difference stands against any rate, it will be the re- 
 quired quantity of the ingredient of that rate ; but if there 
 be several, their sum will be the quantity required. 
 
 How much sugar at 5, 6, and 10 cents per pound, must 
 be mixed together, so that a pound of the mixture may be 
 
 worth 8 cents ? 
 
 5 
 
 3+2=5 
 
 Therefore, if we take 2 pounds at 5 cents, 2 pounds at 6 cents, 
 and 5 pounds at 10 cents, we shall satisfy the conditions of the ques- 
 tion. It is obvious, that any other quantities of the several ingre- 
 dients which are to each other as the numbers 2, 2, and 5, will satisfy 
 the question equally well ; so that in Alligation Alternate the num- 
 ber of solutions are indefinite ; all that we can do is to find the ratios 
 of the quantities required. 
 
 In many cases the ingredients will admit of being connected in 
 several ways, and then we shall obtain as many sets of ratios as there 
 are methods of connecting them ; for example : 
 
 How many pounds of raisins at 4, 6, 8, and 10 cents per pound, 
 must be mixed, so that a pound of the compound may be worth 1 
 cents ? 
 
 In this question the terms may be connected in seven distinct 
 ways ; therefore, we shall obtain seven sets of ratios, as follows : 
 
250 AVEKAUE. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 How much tea at 5 shillings, 6 shillings, and 8 shillings per pound, 
 must be mixed, so that the mixture may be worth 7 shillings per 
 pound ? 
 
 If we compound only the 5 and 8 shilling teas, we must take them 
 in the ratio of 1 to 2, since 7 shillings is 1 shilling less than 8 shillings, 
 and 2 shillings greater than 5 shillings. Hence, any one of the com- 
 pounds in the following group (A) will be worth 7 shillings per pound. 
 
 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 
 
 5 shilling tea 1 2 3 4 5 6, Ac. I ... 
 8 shilling tea 2 4 6 8 10 12, Ac. | l ' 
 
 Sums, 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; 15 ; 18, Ac. j 
 
 If we now mix the 6 and 8 shilling teas, we see that it will be ne- 
 cessary to take equal quantities of each, since the average price is to 
 be as much above 6 shillings as it is belov 8 shillings. Hence, the 
 following compound will also be worth 7 shillings per pound. 
 
 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 
 
 6 shilling tea 1 2 3 4 5 6, Ac. 
 8 shilling tea 1 2 3 4 5 6, Ac. 
 
 Sums 2 ; 4 ; 6 ; 8 ; 10 ; 12, Ac. J 
 
 Now, it is obvious, we may combine any one of these last results 
 with any one of the former results. Thus, if we combine (1) of group 
 (A) with (1) of (B), we have 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 5 shilling tea 1 
 
 6 " " 1 
 
 8 " " 2+1=3 
 
 If we combine (1) of (A) with (2) of (B), we have 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 5 shilling tea 1 
 
 6 " " 2 
 
 8 " " 2+2=4 
 
 Combining (2) of (A) with (3) of (B), we have 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 5 shilling tea 2 
 
 6 " " 3 
 
 8 4+3=7 
 
133.] ALLIGATION ALTERNATE. 251 
 
 Combining (5) of (A) with (4) of (B), we have 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 5 shilling tea 5 
 
 6 " " 4 
 
 8 * " 10-f-4=14 
 
 The number of combinations which could be made in this way ia 
 unlimited; hence the above class of questions in Alligation admit 
 of an infinite number of answers. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 61-66. How much wine, at $1-12 per gallon and 48 cents 
 per gallon, must be mixed together, that the composition 
 may be worth 60 cents per gallon ? 65 cts. ? 72 cts. ? 84 
 cts.? 91 cts.? $1-02? 
 
 67. How many gallons of wine and water must be mixed 
 together, that the mixture may be worth 60 cents per gal- 
 lon, the water being considered of no value, and the wine 
 with which it is mixed being worth 90 cents per gallon? 
 
 68-71. Having gold of 12, 16, 17, and 22 carats fine, 
 what proportion of each kind must I take, to make a com- 
 pound of 18 carats fine ? 19 ? 20 ? 21 ? 
 
 72-76. How much of each sort of grain, at 56, 62, and 
 75 cents per bushel, must be taken, so that the mixture may 
 be worth 60 cents per bushel ? 65 cts. ? 68 cts. ? 70 cts. ? 
 72 cts. ? 
 
 77-81, How much tea at 4 shillings, 5 shillings, 6 shillings, 
 and 12 shillings per pound, must be mixed that the mixture 
 may be worth 7 shillings per pound ? 8s. ? 95. ? 105. ? 115. ? 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 When one of the ingredients is limited to a certain quantity. 
 
 A person wishes to mix 10 bushels of wheat, worth $1 per bushel, 
 with rye, worth 70 cents per bushel, and oats, worth 30 cents per 
 
252 AVERAGE. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 bushel, so that the. mixture may be worth 60 cents per bushel. How 
 many bushels of r\ e and oats must he use ? 
 
 Proceeding, according to Case I., we find the proportionate numbers 
 to be 30, 30, and 50. Hence, 
 
 30 : 30 : : 10 : 10 
 30 : 50 : : 10 : 16 
 
 So that he must make use of 10 bushels of rye and 16 bushels 
 of oats. Hence, this 
 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Find ike proportionate quantities of each ingredient, by 
 Case I., as though there was no limitation ; then, as the dif- 
 ference against the simple whose quantity is given, is to each 
 of the other differences, so is the given quantity of that simple 
 to the quantity required of each of the other simples. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 82-85. A grocer has 90 pounds of tea, worth 90 cents 
 per pound, which he wishes to mix with three other quali- 
 ties, valued at 80 cents, 70 cents, and 60 cents per pound. 
 How much must he take of these three kinds, so as to be 
 able to sell the mixture at 65 cents per pound ? at 68 cts. ? 
 at 85 cts.? at 8 7 Jets.? 
 
 86-91. A merchant has 90 pounds of spice worth 86 
 cents per pound, which he wishes to mix with three other 
 sorts which are worth 30, 40, and 50 cents per pound, re- 
 spectively. How many pounds must be used so that the 
 compound may be worth 55 cents per pound ? 60 cts. ? 65 
 cts. ? 70 cts. ? 75 cts. ? 80 cts. ? 
 
 92-96. A merchant wishes to mix 100 pounds of sugar, 
 worth 10 cents per pound, with three other kinds worth 9, 
 8, and 5 cents per pound, respectively. How many pounds 
 must he use so that the compound may be worth 5 J cts. ? 
 6 cts. ? 6J cts. ? 7 cts. ? 7| cts. ? 
 

 $134.] 
 
 INVOLUTION. 
 
 253 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. 
 
 INVOLUTION. 
 
 134. THE product arising from multiplying a number 
 into itself is called the second power, or the square of that 
 number. Thus, 3x3=9: 9 is the square of 3. If the 
 square of a number be again multiplied by that number, the 
 result is called the third power, or the cube of the number. 
 Thus, 3x3x3 = 27: the number 27 is the cube of 3. 
 
 The word power denotes the product arising from multi- 
 plying a number into itself a certain number of times ; and 
 the number thus multiplied is called the root. Thus, 9 is 
 the second power of 3, and 3 is the square root of 9. In 
 the same manner 27 is the third power of 3, and 3 is the 
 cube root of 27. 
 Involution is the process of raising a number to a given power. 
 
 To denote that a number is to be raised to a power, a 
 small figure, called the index or exponent, is placed above and 
 to the right of the number whose power is to be found, as 4 2 . 
 Here the exponent is 2, and denotes the 2d power of 4, 
 or 4x4. So3 3 =3x3, &c. 
 
 The second power of a number 1 foot=12 inches, 
 
 is called the square of that num- 
 ber, because the surface of a geo- 
 metrical square may be obtained 
 by multiplying the number, ex- 
 pressing one side, by itself. Thus, j 
 if the side of the adjacent square 
 is 12 linear units, or, as here, 12 
 inches long, its entire surface will 
 be denoted by 12 X 12=144 square 
 units, which in this case will be 144 
 square inches. 
 
 22 
 
254 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Tlie third power of a number is 3 feet- 
 
 called the cube of that number, be- 
 cause the solid contents of a geomet- 
 rical cube, as hi the adjacent figure, 
 can be obtained by raising the num- 
 ber expressing one side, to the 3d 
 power. Thus, 3X3X3=27 cubic 
 feat. 
 
 To raise a number to any power, multiply the number by 
 itself as many times as there are units less one in the expo- 
 nent; the last product will be the power sought. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1-10. Find the square of each of the following numbers : 
 14; 19; 24; 36; 48; 57; 93; 111; 168; 233. 
 
 11-20. Cube each of the following numbers : 13; 18; 
 23; 35; 44; 56; 91; 148; 336; 221. 
 
 21-22. What is the 5th power of 47 ? the 9th power 
 of 9? 
 
 23-26. What is the square of 0'75 ? of 1'14 ? of 34'09 ? 
 of 4-781? 
 
 27-31. What is the cube of 0'61 ? of 0'13 ? of 0*202 ? 
 of 0-65? of 3-021? 
 
 32-36. Find the the square of 2i ; of 3| ; of 4| ; of 7| ; 
 
 37-41. Find the cube of 1 ; of J ; 3 T 4 T ; of 5-f ; of 9f . 
 42-44. What is the 5th power of 2-f- ? the 4th power of 
 0-25? of 0-375? 
 
 EVOLUTION. 
 
 135. Evolution is the reverse of involution. It is the 
 process of finding the root of a given power. Thus, 6 is the 
 square 'root of 36, because 6 raised to the 2d power, that 
 
136.] EVOLUTION. 255 
 
 is, 6 2 =36, is the square of 6. So 4 is the cube root of 64, 
 because 4 raised to the 3d power, that is, 4 3 =64, is the cube 
 root of 4. 
 
 The symbol V, called the radical sign, is used to denote 
 the square root of a number, as \/Q 3; ** / 36 = 6. The 
 3d or cube root is denoted by the figure 3 written over the 
 radical sign, \S8 = 2 ; v 64 = 4. In like manner \/ signi- 
 fies the 4th root, &c. 
 
 136. Before explaining the method of extracting the SQOARE ROOT, 
 we will involve some numbers by considering them decomposed into 
 units, tens, hundreds, &c. 
 What is the square of 25 ? 
 
 25=20 +5 The 2 tens are written as 20 units. 
 20+5 
 
 20 2 +20X5=product by the units in the tens. 
 +20X5+5 2 =product by the units. 
 
 20 2 +2 X 20~X 5+5 2 =square of 20+5. 
 
 That is, the square of a number consisting of tens and units equals 
 the square of the tens (expressed in units), plus twice the product of 
 the tens (expressed in units) into the units, plus the square of the units. 
 
 What is the square of 252 ? 
 
 252=200 +50+2 The 2 hundreds are written as 200 units, and 
 200 +50+2 the 5 tens as 50 units. 
 
 200 2 +200X50+200X2=product by hundreds (expressed 
 
 in units). 
 
 200X50+ 50 3 + 50 X2=product by tens (express- 
 ed in units). 
 +200 X2+50X2+2 2 =product by units. 
 
 200 3 +2 X 200 X 50+50 2 +2 X (200+50) X 2+2' 
 
 That is, the square of a number consisting of hundreds, tens, and 
 
 units, is equal to the square of the hundreds (expressed in units), plus 
 
 twice tlie product of the hundreds into the tens (expressed in units), 
 
 plus the square of the tens (expressed in units), plus twice the product 
 
256 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 of the sum of the hundreds and tens (expressed in units') into the units, 
 plus the square of the units. 
 
 Continuing in this way, we could show that the square of the sum 
 of any number of numbers is the square of the first number, plus twice 
 the product of the first number into the second, plus the square of the 
 second ; plus twice the product of the sum of the first two into the third, 
 plus the square of the third ; plus twice the product of the sum of the 
 first three into the fourth ; plus the square of the fourth ; and so on. 
 
 137. We will now extract the square root of 625. But first let 
 us ascertain how many figures its root must have. 
 
 The smallest digit is 1 ; its square is 1. The largest digit is 9 ; its 
 square is 81. The square of the units, then, must be either one or 
 two figures ; either units or units and tens. 
 
 The smallest number of 2 figures is 10 ; its square is 100. The 
 largest number of 2 figures is 99 ; its square is 9801. The square of 
 2 figures or tens must, then, be 3 figures or hundreds, or 4 figures 01 
 thousands, <fec. 
 
 Hence, if a number consist of 1 or 2 figures, its root must consist of 
 1 figure ; if of 3 or 4 figures, its root must consist of 2 figures ; if of 
 6 or 6 figures, its root must consist of 3 figures, and so on. That is, 
 the square will contain twice as many figures as the root, or twice as 
 many, less one. 
 
 Then, dividing any number into groups by placing a dot over the 
 first or unit figure, and one over each second figure towards the left, 
 we shall have as many figures in the root as there are dots. Thus 
 the square root of 7620016 will contain 4 figures; of 625, 2 figures, 
 units, and tens. 
 
 Then 625=square of the tens plus Tens, 
 
 twice the tens into the units plus the 
 
 square of the units. The square of 
 the tens must be found in the hun- 
 dreds of the number. The greatest 
 number of tens whose square can be 
 found in 6 (hundreds) is 2 tens, 
 which we write in the quotient. Subtracting the square 4 (hundreds) 
 our remainder is 225=twice the tens into the units plus the square 
 of the units, or, what is the same thing (twice the tens plus the units), 
 Xthe units To find the units' figure, by way of trial, we divide 225 
 
 2 625(25 
 
 Twice the 
 
 tens. Units. 
 4+5 4 
 
 =45 225 
 225 
 
138.] 
 
 EVOLUTION. 
 
 257 
 
 M P 
 
 (400+80; X7 7 2 
 
 400X80 H 
 
 K 
 
 802 
 
 c 
 
 G~ 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 4002 
 
 $ X 
 
 ~J 
 
 E L, 
 
 by twice the tens ; the quotient is 5. Adding, then, these units, 5, to 
 twice the tens or 40, we have 45 ; which, multiplied by 5, will give 
 a product that exactly equals 225. 
 
 Before giving a rule for the extraction of the square root, it may be 
 well to illustrate, geometrically, the involution and evolution of a num- 
 ber. 
 
 487 2 =(400+80+7) 2 =400 2 -{-2X40CXSOX80 2 + 2 X(400-f80) 
 X7 + 7 2 . 
 
 The square ABCD may be en- 
 larged to the square AEKF, by the 
 addition of the two equal rectangles 
 BG and DH, whose lengths axe each 
 equal ^o the side AB of the original 
 square, and whose widths are equal 
 to BE, the quantity by which the side 
 of the square has been augmented, 
 also a little square, CGKH, whose 
 side is the same as the width of one 
 of the equal rectangles. 
 
 Again, the square AEKF, having its side increased by EL, be- 
 comes augmented by the two rectangles EN", FP, and the little square 
 KR. Thus we might continue to augment the square last found by 
 the addition of two equal rectangles, and a little square ; the length 
 of each rectangle being equal to the side of the square which is to be 
 augmented, and the width equal to the quantity by which the side 
 of the square is increased ; and the side of the little square being the 
 same as the width of one of the rectangles. The diagram is adapted 
 to the case of squaring 4004-804-7=487. 
 
 138. We will now reverse the above process. 
 
 Let it be required to extract the square root of 527076 ; that is, 
 we will seek the number of feet in the side of a square whose area 
 shall contain 527076 square feet. 
 
 In this example there must be three figures in the root. 
 
 We know that the side of the square sought must exceed 700 linear 
 feet, since the square of 700 is 490000, which is less than 527076 ; we 
 also know that the side of this square must be less than 800 linear feet, 
 since the square of 800 is 640000, which is greater than 527076. Hence 
 the first, or hundreds' figure of the root, is 7 ; which is the greatest num 
 ber whose square can be contained in 52, the first or left-hand period. 
 
 22* 
 
258 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 F ! - 
 
 If we suppose each 
 side of the square 
 ABCD to be 700 lin- 
 ear feet, its surlace 
 will be 700X700= 
 490000 square feet, 
 which, subtracted 
 from 627076 square 
 feet, leaves 37076 
 square feet. 
 
 Hence it is neces- 
 sary to increase the 
 square ABCD, by 
 37076 square feet. 
 We have seen that 
 such increase is effect- 
 ed by the addition of EL 
 two equal rectangles, and a little square. The surface of the two 
 rectangles will evidently make by far the largest portion of the whole 
 increase. The length of one of these rectangles is the same as the 
 length of a side of the square ABCD, which has already been shown 
 to be 700 linear feet. The length of the two rectangles taken to- 
 gether will be twice 700 linear feet, or, what would be the same 
 thing, 700 linear feet added to 700 linear feet. If to BC, which is 
 700 linear feet, we add CD, which is also 700 linear feet, we shall 
 have BC-f-CD, equal to 1400 linear feet, for the length of the two 
 rectangles. Were we to multiply 1400 by the width of a rectangle, 
 we should obtain the number of square feet in these rectangles, or 
 nearly the 37076 square feet which require to be added. Conse- 
 quently, if we divide 37076 by 1400, the quotient will give the ap- 
 proximate width of the rectangles. Using 1400 as a trial divisor, we 
 find it to be contained between 20 and 30 times in 37076 ; hence the 
 second or ten's figure of the root is 2. But besides the rectangles, 
 there must be added the little square CGKH, each side of which is 
 20 linear feet ; we will therefore add 20 to 1400, and thus obtain 
 1420 for the total length of the two rectangles and the side of the 
 little square. Now, multiplying 1420 by 20, we obtain 28400 square 
 feet for the total additions, which, subtracted from 37076, leaves 
 
138.] EVOLUTION. 259 
 
 8676 square feet. The square AEKF thus completed is 720 feet on 
 a side. 
 
 Again, a side of this square is to be further increased so that the 
 added surface will amount to 8676 square feet. And, as before, the 
 parts added will consist of two equal rectangles and a little square. 
 The trial divisor, which is the sum of the length of the two new rect- 
 angles, is the same as the sum of two sides of the square AEKF. 
 
 If, now, to 1420 already found, we add 20, we shall have 1440, 
 which is the sum of EK and KF, and which is our second trial divi- 
 sor. We find this divisor contained between 6 and 7 times in 8676 ; 
 hence our third or units' figure of the root is 6. Therefore 6 is the 
 width of the second set of rectangles. The second little square 
 KNRP, of the same width as the rectangles, must be 6 linear feet on 
 a side ; therefore, adding 6 to 1440, we find 1446 for the whole length 
 of the new rectangles and a side of the second little square. Multi- 
 plying 1446 by 6, we obtain 8676 square feet as the sum of the se- 
 ries of additions to the square AEKF, thus forming the square ALRM, 
 which is the square sought; each side being 726 feet. 
 
 The above work may be arranged as follows : 
 
 NUMBER. ROOT. 
 
 Linear feet. Square feet. Linear feet. 
 
 700 527076(700+20+6=726 
 
 1400=lst trial divisor 490000 
 
 1420 37076 
 
 1440=2d trial divisor 28400 
 
 1446 8676 
 
 8676 
 
 
 
 If we omit the ciphers on the right, the work will take the follow- 
 ing condensed form : 
 
 NUMBER. ROOT. 
 
 Linear feet. Square feet. Linear feet. 
 
 7 527076 (726 
 
 14 =lst trial divisor 49 
 
 142 ^370 
 
 144=2d trial divisor 284 
 
 1446 8676 
 
 8676 
 
 
 
260 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CIIAP. XVI. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 From the above process, we deduce the following rule for 
 the extraction of the square root of a whole number. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Separate the given number into periods of two figures 
 each, counting from the right towards the left. When the 
 number of figures is odd, it is evident that the left-hand, or 
 first period, will consist of but one figure. 
 
 II. Find the greatest square in the first period, and place 
 its root at the right of the number, in the form of a quotient 
 in division, also place it at the left of the number. Subtract 
 the square of this root from the first period, and to the re- 
 mainder annex the second period the result will be the FIRST 
 DIVIDEND. 
 
 III. To the figure of the root, as placed at the left of the 
 number, add the figure itself, and the sum will be the FIRST 
 TRIAL DIVISOR. See how many times this trial divisor, with 
 a naught annexed, is contained in the dividend ; the quotient 
 will be the next figure of the root ; this must be annexed to 
 the TRIAL DIVISOR; the result will be the TRUE DIVISOR. 
 Multiply the true divisor by this last figure of the root, and 
 subtract the product from the dividend, and to the remainder 
 annex the next period, for a NEW DIVIDEND. 
 
 IV. To the last TRUE DIVISOR add the last figure of the 
 root j the sum will be a new TRIAL DIVISOR. Continue to op- 
 erate as before, until all the periods have been brought down. 
 
 NOTE 1. In case any dividend is not so great as its trial divisor, 
 with a cipher annexed, write as the next figure of the root ; also 
 place at the right of the divisor, and form a new dividend by an- 
 nexing a new period. 
 
 NOTE 2. Approximate roots may be found by annexing decimal 
 periods of two naughts each. 
 
138.] EVOLUTION. 261 
 
 What is the square root of 11390625? 
 
 3 li390625(3375 
 
 63 9 
 
 667 
 
 6745 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 45. What is the square root of 11019960576 ? 
 
 46. What is the square root of 276793836544 ? 
 47-52. What is the square root of 12321? of 53824? 
 
 of 30858025 ? of 16983563041 ? of 852891037441 ? of 
 61917364224? 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 To extract the square root of decimals. 
 
 Annex one cipher, if necessary, so that the number of deci- 
 mals shall be even ; then, point them off into periods of two 
 figures each, counting from the units' place towards the right. 
 Extract the root, as in Case I. 
 
 NOTE. If the given number has not an exact root, there will be a 
 remainder after all the periods have been brought down, in which 
 case the operation may be extended by forming new periods of 
 ciphers. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 53. What is the square root of 3486-78401 ? 
 
262 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 54-57. What is the square root of 6 '553 6 ? of 
 0-00390625? of 17? of 37'5 ? 
 
 58. What is the square root of 0'0000012321 9 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 To extract the square root of a common fraction, or mixed 
 number. 
 
 Reduce the vulgar fraction, or mixed number, to its sim- 
 plest fractional form. Extract the square root of the numer- 
 ator and denominator separately, if they have exact roots ; if 
 they have not, reduce the fraction to a decimal, and proceed 
 as in Case II. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 59-60. What is the square root of ff J? of }^\ ? 
 61-62. What is the square root of f of of f of J ? of 
 4J1? 
 
 63-65. What is the square root of 4f? of \\ ? of if ? 
 
 EXAMPLES INVOLVING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SQUARE ROOT. 
 
 139. A triangle is a figure having three sides, and con- 
 sequently three angles. 
 
 When one of the angles is right, like the corner of a 
 square, the -triangle is called a right-angled triangle. In 
 this case the side opposite the right angle is called the hy- 
 potenuse. 
 
 It is an established proposition of geometry, that the square 
 of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the 
 other two sides. 
 
 Hence itfoUoivs that the square of the hypotenuse, dimin- 
 ished by the square of one of the sides, equals the square of 
 the other side. 
 
139.] KYOLUTION. 263 
 
 By means of these properties, it follows that two sides of 
 t\ right-angled triangle being given, the third side can be 
 found. 
 
 How long must a ladder be to reach to the top of a house 40 feet 
 high, when the foot of it is 30 feet from the house ? 
 
 In this example, it is obvious that the ladder forms the hypotenuse 
 of a right-angled triangle, whose sides are 30 and 40 feet respective- 
 ly. Therefore, the square of the length of the ladder must equal the 
 sum of the squares of 30 and 40. 
 30 2 = 900 
 40^=1600 
 
 \/2500=50, the length of the ladder. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 G6. Suppose a ladder 100 feet long, to be placed 60 feet 
 from the roots of a tree ; how far up the tree will the top 
 of the ladder reach ? 
 
 67. Two persons start from the same place, and go, the 
 one due north, 50 miles,. the other .due west, 80 miles. How 
 far apart are they ? 
 
 68. What is the distance through the opposite corners of 
 a square yard ? 
 
 . 69. The distance between the lower ends of two equal 
 rafters, in the different sides of a roof, is 32 feet, and the 
 height of the ridge above the foot of the rafters is 12 feet. 
 What is the length of a rafter ? 
 
 70. What is the distance measured through the centre of 
 a cube, from one corner to its opposite corner, the cube be- 
 ing 3 feet, or one yard, on a side ? 
 
 We know, from the principles of geometry, that all similar 
 surfaces, or areas, are to each other as the squares of their 
 like dimensions. 
 
 7 1 . Suppose we have two circular pieces of land, the one 
 
264 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 100 feet in diameter, the other 20 feet in diameter. How 
 much more land is there in the larger than in the smaller ? 
 NOTE. The circles will be to each other as the squares of their 
 respective diameters. 
 
 72. Suppose, by observation, it is found that 4 gallons of 
 water flow through a circular orifice of 1 inch in diameter 
 in 1 minute. How many gallons would, under similar cir- 
 cumstances, be discharged through an orifice of 3 inches in 
 diameter, in the same length of time ? 
 
 73. What length of thread is required to wind spirally 
 around a cylinder, 2 feet in circumference and 3 feet in 
 length, so as to go but once around ? 
 
 NOTE. It is evident that if the cylinder be placed upon a plane, 
 and be caused to roll once over, it will describe a rectangle, whose 
 width is 2 feet, and length 3 feet ; while the thread will form its 
 diagonal, or line running from corner to corner. 
 
 74-77. A room is 16 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 10 feet 
 high. What is the diagonal distance measured on the floor ? 
 What is the diagonal distance measured on the wall which 
 forms the side of the room ? What is the diagonal distance 
 measured on the wall which forms the end of the room ? 
 And what the diagonal passing through the centre of the 
 room? 
 
 78-80. There are three circular pieces of ground, the 
 diameters of which are 697 feet, 185 feet, 153 feet. What 
 is the diameter of a circular piece whose area is equal to the 
 difference between the first and second ? What the diame- 
 ter of one whose area is equal to the difference between the 
 first and third ? What the diameter of one whose area is 
 equal to the difference between the second and third ? 
 
 140. Before explaining the method of extracting the CUBE ROOT, 
 we will involve the number 45, consisting of 4 tens and 5 units to the 
 third power. 
 
141.] EVOLUTION. 265 
 
 45=40 -f 5 
 40+5 
 
 40 2 +40X5=product by the units in the tens. 
 40X5+5 2 =product by the units. 
 
 40 2 +2X40X5+5 2 =squaro of 40 -f 5 
 40 +5 
 
 40 3 +2X40 2 X5+40X5 2 
 
 40 2 X5+ 2X40X5 2 +5 3 
 
 40 3 +3X40 2 X5+3X40X5 2 +5 3 =cube of 40+5. 
 That is, the cube of a number consisting of tens and units, equals 
 the cube of the tens (expressed in units), plus three times the square of 
 the tens (expressed in units') into the units, plus three times the units 
 in the tens into the square of the units, phis the cube of the units. 
 And in general, the cube of the sum of any number of numbers is 
 equal to the cube of the first number, plus three times the square of 
 the first number into the second, plus three times the first into the 
 square of the second, plus the cube of the second ; plus three times the 
 square of the SUM OF THE FIRST TWO into tJie third, plus three times the 
 SUM OF THE FIRST TWO into the square of the third, plus the cube of the 
 third, &c. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 81-90. Express by symbols as above, 75 3 ; 89 s ; 142 3 ; 
 365 s ; 47 3 ; 96 3 ; 221 3 ; 496 3 ; 879 3 ; 999 3 . 
 
 141. We will now extract the cube root of 91125. It 
 is first to be determined how many figures the root must 
 have. 
 
 The smallest number of 2 figures is 10 ; its cube is 1000. 
 
 The largest number of 2 figures is 99 ; its cube is 970299. 
 
 A number, then, consisting of 4 to 6 figures must have a root of 2 
 figures. So, a number consisting of 7 to 9 figures, must have a root 
 of 3 figures. If, then, we divide a number into groups, by placing a 
 dot over the first or unit figure, and one over each 3d figure towards 
 the left, we shall have as many figures in the root as there aro dots, 
 91125 has therefore 2 figures in its root. 
 
 23 
 
266 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI 
 
 91125(45 
 64 
 
 3Xsq. of tens =4800 trial div. 27125 
 3XtensXunits= 600 27125 
 
 sq. of units = 25 
 
 5425 true divisor. 
 
 The root must con- 
 sist of tens and units ; 
 then 91125=cube of 
 the tens plus 3 times 
 the square of the 
 tens into the units 
 plus 3 times the tens 
 into the square of 
 the units plus the cube of the units. The cube of the tens will be 
 found in the 91 (thousand). The greatest cube contained in 91 is 4 
 (tens), which we write in the quotient. Subtracting the cube 64 
 (thousands), our remainder is 27125=3 times the square of the tens 
 into the units plus 3 times the tens into the square of the units plus 
 the cube of the units. Or, what is the same thing (3 X square of the 
 tens plus 3Xthe tens X the units plus the square of the units), as one 
 factor X the units as the other factor. 
 
 To find the units' figure of the root, by way of trial, we divide 
 27125 by 3 X square of the tens; that is, by 4800. The quotient is 5. 
 
 Having now, as we suppose, the correct units' figure of the root as 
 the one factor, let us ascertain the value of the other factor, or the 
 true divisor. 3Xsq. tens=3 XI 600=4800 ; 3 X tens X the units= > 
 X 40X5=600; sq. of units=5 2 =25. Then 4800+600-f 25=5425, 
 the completed divisor. This, multiplied by 5, the quotient figure, 
 gives 27125 : a result showing that our quotient figure was neither 
 too large nor too small. The cube root, then, of 91125 is 45. 
 
 Before giving a rule for the extraction of cube root, we will illus- 
 trate geometrically the involution and the evolution of a number. 
 
 Let it be required to cube 45, the number before employed, or 
 suppose we are required to find the number of cubic inches in a cube 
 
 whose side is 45 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 inches. Separating 
 
 45 into 40+5, we 
 will suppose the 
 cube (fig. 1) to be 40 
 inches on a side ; 
 then 40 X 40 X 40 
 will give the solid 
 contents of this cube, 
 represented by 40 s . 
 
 40 3 =40X 40X40 
 =64000 
 
141.] 
 
 EVOLUTION. 
 
 267 
 
 24000 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 3X40=120 
 X by 5 2 = 25 
 
 600 
 249 
 
 Let fig. 2 represent Fig. 2. 
 
 the cube increased 
 by three equal slabs; 
 then 3 (the number 
 of slabs) times 40 a 
 (the surface of one of 
 the slabs) multiplied 
 by 5, the thickness of 
 a slab, will give the 
 solid contents of the 
 slabs, represented by 
 3X40 2 X5. 
 
 Let fig. 3 represent 
 the solid (as in fig. 
 2), further increased 
 by three equal corner 
 pieces ; then 3 (the 
 number of corner 
 pieces) times 40 (the 
 length of one corner 
 piece) multiplied in- 
 to 5 2 , the surface of 
 an end of a corner 
 piece, will give the 
 solid contents of the 
 corner pieces repre- 
 sented by 3X40X 
 5 2 . 
 
 Let fig. 4 represent 
 the solid (as in fig. 
 3), further increased 
 by a little corner 
 cube, each side of 
 which is 5 inches ; J;hen 5X5X5 will give the solid contents of this 
 cube, represented by 5 3 . 
 
 Then the whole cube thus increased will be represented by 45 3 = 
 40 3 +3X4l/ l X5+3X40X5 2 +5 3 
 
 =64000+24000+3000+125=91125. 
 
 3000 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
268 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 142. Let it now be required to find the cube root of 382657176 
 "We will suppose 382657176 to denote the number of cubic feet in a 
 geometrical cube ; we are required to find the number of linear feet 
 in a side of this cube, that is, the length of one of its sides. 382657176 
 must give 3 figures for the root. 
 
 We know that the side of the cube sought must exceed 700 linear 
 feet, since the cube of 700 is 343000000, which is less than 382657176 ; 
 we also know that the side of this cube must be less than 800 linear 
 feet, since the cube of 800 is 512000000, which is greater than 
 382657176. Hence the first figure of our root, or the figure in the 
 hundreds' place, is 7 ; whose cube, 343, is the greatest cube contained 
 in 382, the first or left-hand period. 
 If we suppose each side of the cube, 
 represented by figure 1, to be 700 
 linear feet, one of the equal faces, 
 as the upper face DEFG, will be 
 denoted by 700 X 700 = 490000 
 square feet. The solid contents of 
 the cube will be represented by 700 
 X 700 X 700 = 700 2 X 700 = 490000 
 X 700343000000 cubic feet. Sub- 
 tracting 343000000 cubic feet from 382657176 cubic feet, we find 
 39657176 cubic feet for a remainder. 
 
 Hence it is necessary to increase the cube (figure 1), by 39657176 
 cubic feet. We have seen that such increase is effected by the ad- 
 dition of three equal slabs, three equal corner pieces, and an addition- 
 al cube ; and that the contents of the three slabs will make by far the 
 largest portion of the whole increase. 
 
 The number of square feet in the 
 face of one of these slabs will be 
 the sain j as the 'number of square 
 feet in the face of the cube (figure 
 1), which has already been shown 
 to be 490000 square feet. The sur- 
 face of the three slabs will be three 
 times 490000 square feet ; or, which 
 would be the same thing, twice 
 490000 square feet, added to 490000 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 

 142.] EVOLUTION. 269 
 
 square feet.* If to AB (fig. 1), which is 700 linear feet, we add 
 BC, which is also 700 linear feet, we shall have AB+BC equal to 
 1400 linear feet, which, multiplied by DB, equal to 700 linear feet, 
 will give 980000 square feet, for the area ABDG+BCED, which, 
 added to DEFG, which is 490000 square feet, will give 1470000 
 square feet, for the area of three faces of the cube (figure 1), which is 
 the same as the area of the three slabs. "Were we to multiply 1470000 
 by the thickness of the slabs, we should obtain the cubic feet in these 
 slabs. And since the contents of the slabs make nearly the whole 
 amount added, it follows that 1470000 multiplied by the thickness 
 of slabs, will give nearly 39657176 cubic feet. Consequently t rf we 
 divide 39657176 by 1470000, the quotient will give the approximate 
 thickness of the slabs. Using 1470000 as a trial divisor, we find it 
 to be contained between 20 and 30 times in 39657176; hence the 
 second or tens' figure of the root is 2. 
 
 We have already remarked that 1470000 multiplied by 20, the 
 thickness of the slabs, will give their solid contents. But besides the 
 slabs, there must be added three corner pieces, each of which is 700 
 feet long, and of the same thickness as the slabs, that is, 20 feet. 
 Since each corner piece is the same length as a side of the cube, fig- 
 ure 1, it follows that adding 700 to 1400 or 700+700, the sum 2100 
 will represent the total length of 
 the three corner pieces. Were we 
 to multiply 2 100 by 20, we should 
 obtain the area of the three cor- 
 ner pieces, which might be added 
 to 1470000, the area of the three 
 slabs. But, since there is also to 
 be added a little cube, each of 
 whose sides is 20 linear feet, we 
 will add 20 to 2100, and thus ob- 
 tain #120 for the total length of 
 the three corner pieces, and of a 
 
 * It will be noted that the peculiar steps throughout this demonstration have 
 reference to the mode of extracting the Cube Root which follows. The object of 
 these processes is, to make use of what has been obtained in one ftage of tho 
 work for the stage next succeeding ; to obtain a new quantity by adding to one al- 
 ready in hand, instead of m.-:ftiplyiiiff an original quantity; thereby saving much 
 time and labor. 
 
270 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 side of the little cube. Now, multiplying 2120 by 20, we obtain 
 42400 square feet for the surface of the three corner pieces and a 
 face of the little cube; which, added to 1470000, the number of 
 square feet in the faces of the three slabs, will give 1512400 square 
 feet in all the additions. 'If we multiply 1512400 by 20, the thick- 
 ness of these additions, we shall obtain 30248000 cubic feet for all 
 the additions, which, subtracted from 39657176, leaves 9409176 cubic 
 feet. The cube thus completed is 720 feet on a side, and is repre- 
 sented by figure 4. 
 
 Figure a. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 The surfaces now obtained may be represented (figure a) by the 
 parts included within the heavy lines. The three divisions of the 
 figure, including the dotted lines, may be supposed to be three entire 
 faces of the cube, figure 4. 
 
 But this cube is to be further 
 increased by 9409176 cubic feet. 
 And as before, the parts added 
 will consist of three equal slabs, 
 three equal corner pieces, and a 
 little cube. The trial divisor, which 
 is the area of the faces of the three 
 slabs, is the same as three times 
 the area of a face of the cube, fig- 
 ure 4, each of whose sides is 720 
 feet. 
 
 Now, to obtain this area, we 
 
 have only to add to the surfaces already obtained, and represented 
 within the heavy lines (figure a), three rectangles, each 700 feet by 
 20, and two little squares 20 feet by 20 feet. 
 
 If to 2120, a number which we already have, we add 20, we shall 
 
f <7L -f- , 
 
 142.] EVOLUTION. 271 
 
 obtain 2140, the linear extent of the rectangles and squares desired, 
 as in the dotted portions (figure a). And as these dotted portions 
 have all the same width of 20 feet, if we multiply 2140 by 20, we 
 shall obtain 42800 square feet for the area of the dotted portion 
 (figure a), which, added to 1512400, the area of the parts included 
 within the heavy lines, will give 1555200 square feet for the area of 
 three slabs, each equal to one* face of the cube (figure 4)., This will 
 be a second trial divisor. We find this divisor contained between 6 
 and 7 times in 9409176 ; hence our third figure of the root, or the 
 figure in the units' place, is 6. "Were we to multiply 1555200 by 
 6, it would give the cubic feet in the second set of slabs. But before 
 multiplying, we will increase that sum by the surface of the second 
 set of corner pieces, and of the second little cube. The length of 
 each corner piece is the same as a side of the cube, figure 4, which is 
 720 feet; hence, adding 20 to 2140 already found, we obtain 2160, 
 which, being 3 times 720, will be the linear extent of the three cor- 
 ner pieces. Were we to multiply 2160 by 6, we should find the sur- 
 face of these three corner pieces, but as we wish also the area of one 
 of the faces of the second little cube, we add 6 to 2160, and thus ob- 
 tain 2166, which, multiplied by 6, will give 12996 for surface of sec- 
 ond set of corner pieces and of second little cube ; this added to 
 1555200, gives 1568196 for the surface of the whole second series of 
 additions. Multiplying 1568196 by 6, we obtain 9409176 cubic feet, 
 which have thus been added to the cube represented by figure 4 ; 
 hence the cube whose side is 726 feet is the one sought. The above 
 work may be arranged as follows : 
 
 1ST COLUMN. 2D COLUMN. NUMBER. ROOT. 
 
 linear feet. Square feet. Cubic feet. Linear feet. 
 
 700 490000 382657176(700+20+6=726 
 
 1400 1470000=lst tr. divisor, 343000000 
 
 2100 1512400 39657176 
 
 2120 1555200=2d tr. divisor, 30248000 
 
 2140 1568196 9409176 
 
 2160 9409176 
 
 2166 0~ 
 
272 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVI. 
 
 If -we omit the ciphers on the right, and omit unnecessary terms, 
 the work will take the following condensed form : 
 
 1ST CQLUMN. 2D COLUMN. NUMBER. ROOT. 
 
 Linear feet. Square feet. Cubic feet. Linear feet. 
 
 7*' 49 382657176( 726 
 
 14 147=1 st trial divisor, 346 
 
 212 15124 39657 
 
 214 15552=2d trial divisor, 30248 
 
 2166 1568196 9409176 
 
 9409176 
 
 NOTE. In the extraction of the cube root, as just illustrated, it will 
 be noticed that each divisor is a geometrical surface ; that is to say, 
 the product of two dimensions, width and breadth, for example ; and 
 of course the quotient must be the other dimension, that is, the thick- 
 
 But it is important to remember that it is only squares and cubes, 
 square roots and cube roots, that can have any relation to geometrical 
 dimensions ; any higher power of a number, as 4 5 , or any other root 
 as ty, cannot be illustrated by blocks. The principle, therefore, of 
 involution and evolution is, strictly speaking, independent of surfaces 
 and solids ; it is purely arithmetical. 
 
 From the foregoing demonstration we may deduce the following 
 
 RULE. 
 
 I. Separate the number whose root is to be found, into 
 periods of three figures each, counting from the units' place 
 towards the left. When the number of figures is not divisible 
 by 3, the left-hand period will contain less than 3 figures. 
 
 II. Seek the greatest figure whose cube shall not exceed the 
 first or left-hand period ; write it after the manner of a quo- 
 tient in division for the first figure of the root. Place this 
 figure for the head of a first left-hand column, and its square 
 for the head of a second left-hand column, and subtract its 
 
142] EVOLUTION. 273 
 
 cube from the first period. To the remainder bring down a 
 second period for the FIRST DIVIDEND. Add the figure in the 
 root to the term of the IST COLUMN already found, for its 
 next term, which multiply by the same figure, and add the 
 product to the term already found in the 2o COLUMN, for its 
 next term, which will be a TRIAL DIVISOR. 
 
 (III. Find how many times the trial divisor, with two 
 naughts annexed, is contained in the dividend ; write the quo- 
 tient for the next figure of the root. Annex this figure to the 
 last term of the IST COLUMN, after having added to that term 
 the preceding quotient figure ; this ivill give the next term of 
 the IST COLUMN. Multiply this term by the last found fig- 
 ure in the root, and add the product, after advancing it two 
 places to the right, to the last term of the 2o COLUMN, for its 
 next term. Multiply this term by the last found figure of 
 the root, and subtract the product from the dividend, and to 
 the remainder bring down the next period for a NEW DIVI- 
 DEND. 
 
 Proceed as before until all the periods have been brought 
 down. 
 
 NOTE 1. When any dividend is not so great as the corresponding 
 trial divisor with two ciphers annexed, write for the next figure of 
 the root, and to the dividend bring down the next period. Use the 
 same trial divisor as before, but with/owr ciphers annexed. 
 
 NOTE 2. The trial divisor, being less than the true divisor, will 
 sometimes give too large a quotient figure ; when the multiplication 
 of the true divisor by this figure shows such to be the case, this figure 
 must be made smaller. 
 
 NOTE 3. By the above rule, which is different from the rule usu- 
 ally given by the aid of geometrical diagrams, we keep distinct all 
 the geometrical magnitudes ; thus our first column represents the nu- 
 merical values of lines, the second column represents the numerical 
 values of surfaces, and the third column corresponds to solids. And, 
 ;is vre are never required to multiply by any number greater than a 
 
274 
 
 INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [(JIIAP. XVI. 
 
 digit, the labor of multiplying and adding results to the terms of the 
 successive columns is far simpler than at first might be supposed. 
 
 By means of these auxiliary columns, the -work bears a close analo- 
 gy to Horner's method of solving numerical cubic equations. (See 
 Treatise on Algebra.) The use of auxiliary columns becomes very 
 apparent in the extraction of roots of the higher orders, as the fifth 
 root, the seventh root, <kc. (See Higher Arithmetic.) 
 
 What is the cube root of 913517247483640899 ? 
 
 1ST COLUMX. 2D COLUMN. NUMBER. ROOT 
 
 81 
 
 913517247483640899(970299 
 729 
 
 18 
 
 277 
 
 284 
 29102 
 
 29104 
 291069 
 
 291078 
 2910879 
 
 243 184517 
 26239 183673 
 
 28227 
 282328204 
 
 282386412 
 28241260821 
 
 28243880523 
 2824414250211 
 
 844247483 
 564656408 
 
 279591075640 
 254171347389 
 
 25419728251899 
 25419728251899 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 91. What is the cube root of 10077696 ? 
 92-95. What is the cube root of 2357947691 ? of 
 42875? of 117649? of 7256313856 ? 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 To extract the cube root of a decimal, annex ciphers, if 
 necessary, so that the decimals may be separated into equal 
 periods of 3 figures each. 
 
 Point off into periods of 3 figures each, counting from 
 units towards the right, and proceed as in whole numbers. 
 
143.] EVOLUTION. 275 
 
 NOTE. If the given number has not an exact root, there will be a 
 remainder after all the periods have been brought down. The pro- 
 cess may be continued by annexing ciphers for new periods. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 96. What is the cube root of Q'469640998917 ? 
 
 97. What is the cube root of 18'609625 ? 
 
 98. What is the cube root of 1-25992105 ? 
 
 99. What is the cube root of 2 ? 
 
 100. What is the cube root of 9 ? 
 
 101. What is the cube root of 3 ? 
 
 CASE III. 
 
 To extract the cube root of a common fraction, or mixed 
 number, reduce the fraction, or mixed number, to its simplest 
 fractional form. Extract the cube root of the numerator and 
 denominator separately, if they have exact roots ; if they have 
 not, reduce the fraction to a decimal, and extract the root by 
 Case II. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 102-104. What is the cube root of \\\ J ? of T VWjftr ? 
 of 17|? 
 
 105-110. Find ^5|; ^ff; ^f ; ^J; N 3/ 4f ; 
 
 EXAMPLES INVOLVING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CUBE ROOT. 
 
 143. It is an established theorem of geometry, that all 
 similar solids are to each other as the cubes of their like di- 
 mensions. 
 
 111. If a cannon-ball, 3 inches in diameter, weigh 8 
 
276 IN SOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. [CHAP. XVL 
 
 pounds, what will a ball of the same metal weigh, whose 
 diameter is 4 inches? 
 
 By the above theorem, we have 
 
 S 3 : 4 3 : : 8 pounds : the answer. 
 
 112. The celebrated Stockton gun, which, in bursting, 
 proved so fatal to many of our distinguished citizens, is said 
 to have carried a ball 12 inches in diameter, which weighed 
 238 pounds. What ought to be the diameter of another 
 ball of the same metal, which should weigh 32 pounds ? 
 
 113. There are three balls, whose diameters are respect- 
 ively 3, 4, and 5 inches. What is the diameter of a fourth 
 ball, which is equal in weight to the three balls ? 
 
 114-115. Which will weigh the most, three balls whose 
 diameters are respectively 15, 22, and 41 inches, or three 
 balls of the same metal whose diameters are respectively 20, 
 25, and 39 inches ? What is the diameter of a ball whose 
 weight is the average of the weights of the six balls ? 
 
 116. A cooper having a cask 40 inches long and 32 
 inches at the bung diameter, wishes to make another cask 
 of the same shape, which shall contain just twice as much. 
 What will be the dimensions of the new cask ? 
 
 117. What is the side of a cube, which will contain as 
 much as a chest 8 feet 3 inches long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet 
 7 inches deep ? 
 
 118. How many cubic quarter inches can be made out 
 of a cubic inch ? 
 
 119. Required the dimensions of a rectangular box, which 
 shall contain 20000 solid inches, the length, breadth, and 
 depth being to each other as 4, 3, and 2. 
 
144.] ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 277 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 PROGRESSION. 
 ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 
 
 $ 144. A SERIES of numbers, which succeed each other 
 by a common difference, is said to be in arithmetical pro- 
 gression. When the terms are constantly increasing, the 
 series is an arithmetical progression ascending ; when con- 
 stantly decreasing, the series is an arithmetical progression 
 descending. Thus, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, <fec., is an ascending arith- 
 metical progression ; and 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, is a descending 
 arithmetical progression. 
 
 The terms of an arithmetical progression may be frac- 
 tional ; as, 
 
 i, 1, H, 2, 2J, 3, 3}, 4, 41 &c.; 
 J, f, 1, 1J, If, 2, 21, 2f, 3, &c. 
 
 The first has a common difference of J ; the second has a 
 common difference of ^. 
 
 In arithmetical progression, there are five things to be 
 considered : 
 
 1. The fast term. 2. The last term. 3. The common 
 difference. 4. The number of terms. 5. The sum of all the 
 terms. 
 
 These quantities are so related to each other, that any 
 three of them being given, the remaining two can be 
 found. We will demonstrate two of the most important 
 cases. 
 
 CASE. I. 
 
 By our definition of an ascending arithmetical progression, 
 it follows that the second term is equal to the first, increased 
 
 24 
 
278 PROGRESSION. [CHAP. XVII. 
 
 by the common difference ; the third is equal to the first, 
 increased by twice the common difference ; the fourth is 
 equal to the first, increased by three times the common dif- 
 ference ; and so on, for the succeeding terms. 
 
 Hence, to find the last term, when the first term, the 
 common difference, and the number of terms are given, to 
 the first term add the product of the common difference into 
 the number of terms, less one. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. What is the 10 Oth term of an arithmetical progression, 
 whose first term is 2, and common difference 3 ? 
 
 2. What is the 50th term of the arithmetical progression, 
 whose first term is 1, the common difference J ? 
 
 3. A man buys 10 sheep, giving $1 for the first, $3 for 
 the second, $5 for the third, and so on, increasing in arith- 
 metical progression. What did the last sheep cost at that 
 rate? 
 
 4. The first term of an arithmetical progression is |-, the 
 common difference -|-, and the number of terms 26. What 
 is the last term ? 
 
 5. A tapering board, 6 inches wide at the narrow end, 
 and 12 feet long, is found to increase -J an inch for every 
 foot in length. What is the width of the wide end ? 
 
 6. A field of maize, consisting of 50 rows, has 20 hills in 
 the first row, 23 in the second row, and so on, each row 
 having three hills more than the preceding row. How 
 many hills were in the last row ? 
 
 7. A person makes 12 monthly deposits in a savings 
 bank ; the first deposit consisted of $25, the second of $30, 
 the third of $35, and so on in arithmetical progression. How 
 much did he deposit the 12th month ? 
 
144:.] ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 279 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 From the nature of an arithmetical progression, we see 
 that the second term added to the next to the last term is 
 equal to the first added to the last ; since the second term 
 is as much greater than the first as the next to the last is 
 less than the last. So we infer that the sum of any two 
 terms equidistant from the extremes, is equal to the sum of 
 the extremes. 
 
 Hence, it follows that the terms will average just half the 
 sum of the extremes. 
 
 Therefore, to find the sum of all the terms, when the first 
 term, the last term, and the number of terms are giver, 
 multiply half the sum of the extremes by the number of 
 terms. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 8. The first term of an arithmetical progression is 2, the 
 last term is 50, and the number of terms is 17. What is the 
 sum of all the terms ? 
 
 9. The first term of an arithmetical progression is 13, the 
 last term is 1003, the number of terms is 100. What is the 
 sum of the progression ? 
 
 10. A person travels 25 days, going 11 miles the first 
 day, 135 the last day; the miles which he travelled in the 
 successive days form an arithmetical progression. JIow far 
 did he go in the 25 days ? 
 
 11. Bought 7 books, the prices of which are in arithmeti- 
 cal progression. The price of the first was 8 shillings, and 
 the price of the last was 28 shillings. What did they all 
 come to ? 
 
 12. What is the sum of 1000 terms of an arithmetical 
 progression, whose first term is 7 and last term 1113 ? 
 
280 PROGRESSION. [CHAP. XVII. 
 
 13. The first term of an arithmetical progression is -|, and 
 the last term 365-f, and the number of terms 799. What 
 is the sum of all the terms ? 
 
 14-15. How many strokes does the common clock make 
 in 12 hours? How many strokes would be made by a 
 clock which continues to strike through all the hours from 
 1 to 24 ? 
 
 16. A falling body moves 16 T ^ feet during the first sec- 
 ond, and 144J feet during the fifth second. How far did it 
 fall during the 5 seconds ? 
 
 17. A person makes 12 monthly deposits, which are in 
 arithmetical progression, in a savings bank. The first de- 
 posit is $20, the last $75. What is the whole sum thus 
 deposited ? 
 
 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION. 
 
 145. A series of numbers which succeed each other by 
 a constant multiplier, is called a geometrical progression. 
 
 This constant factor, by which the successive terms are 
 multiplied, is called the ratio. When the ratio is greater 
 than a unit, the series is called an ascending geometrical pro- 
 gression ; when less than a unit, the series is called a de- 
 scending geometrical progression. Thus, 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, &c., 
 is an ascending geometrical progression, whose ratio is 3. 
 And 1, J, -j-L, Jj, <fec., is a descending geometrical progres- 
 sion, whose ratio is J. 
 
 In geometrical, as in arithmetical progression, there are 
 five things to be considered : 
 
 1. The first term. 2. The last term. 3. The common 
 ratio. 4. The number of terms. 5. The sum of all the 
 f erms. 
 
14:5.] GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION. 281 
 
 These quantities are so related to each other, that any 
 three being given, the remaining two can be found. 
 We will demonstrate two of the most important cases. 
 
 CASE I. 
 
 By the definition of a geometrical progression, it follows 
 that the second term is equal to the first term multiplied by 
 the ratio ; the third term is equal to the first term multi- 
 plied by the second power of the ratio ; the fourth term is 
 equal to the first term multiplied by the third power of the 
 ratio ; and so on, for the succeeding terms. 
 
 Hence, to find the last term, when the first term, the 
 ratio, and the number of terms are given, multiply the first 
 term by the power of the ratio, whose exponent is one less than 
 the number of terms. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 18. The first term of a geometrical progression is 1, the 
 ratio is 2, and the number of terms is 7. What is the last 
 term? 
 
 19. The first term of a geometrical progression is 5, the 
 ratio is 4, and the number of terms 9. What is the last 
 term? 
 
 20. A person travelling, goes 5 miles the first day, 10 
 miles the second day, 20 miles the third day, and so on, 
 increasing in geometrical progression. If he continue to 
 travel in this way for 7 days, how far will he go the last 
 day? 
 
 21-23. A person in business found that he was able to 
 double his capital once in 3 years : if, then, he commence 
 business with $1000, what will his capital amount to at the 
 end of the 12th year ? How much will it amount to at the 
 
 24* 
 
282 PROGRESSION. [CHAP. XVII. 
 
 end of the 18th year ? How much at the end of the 24th 
 year? 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 Let it be required to find the sum of all the terms of the 
 geometrical progression, 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486. 
 
 A second progression is, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, 1458 ; which 
 is the result of the multiplication of each term of the first, 
 by the ratio 3. The sum of the terms of this 2d progres- 
 sion is evidently three times as great as the sum of the terms 
 of the first progression ; while the difference between the 
 sums of the terms of these two progressions must be (3 1) 
 = 2 times the sum of the terms of the first progression. 
 
 If we omit the first term of the first progression, it will 
 agree with the second progression, after omitting its last 
 term. Hence, the difference between the sums of the terms 
 of these two progressions may be found by subtracting 2, 
 the first term of the first progression, from 1458, the last 
 term of the second progression, leaving 1456. And as this 
 difference = 2 times the sum of the terms of the first pro- 
 gression, dividing the difference by 2 = 3 1, will give the 
 sum of the terms required. 
 
 Therefore, to find the SUM OF THE TERMS of a geometrical 
 progression, when the first term, the last term, and the ratio 
 are given, divide the difference between the first term and the 
 last term multiplied by the ratio, by the difference between the 
 ratio and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 24. The first term of a geometrical progression is 4, the 
 last term is 78732, and the ratio is 3. What is the sum of 
 all the terms ? 
 
 25. The first term of a geometrical progression is 5, the 
 
145.] GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION. 283 
 
 last term is 32*7680, and the ratio is 4. What is the sum 
 of all the terms ? 
 
 26. A person sowed a peck of wheat, and used the whole 
 crop for seed the following year ; the produce of the second 
 year again for seed the third year, and so on. If in the last 
 year his crop is 1048576 pecks, how many pecks did he 
 raise in all, allowing the increase to have been in a fourfold 
 ratio ? 
 
 NOTE 1. "When the ratio of a geometrical progression is le&s than 
 a unit, the first term will be the largest, and the last term the least ; 
 the progression will, in this case, be descending ; but we may consider 
 the series of terms in a reverse order ; that is, we may call the last 
 term the first, and the first the last, and treat the progression as as- 
 cending. 
 
 NOTE 2. If a descending series be continued to infinity, the last 
 term may be considered 0. 
 
 What is the sum of all the terms of the infinite series 1, 
 
 *,*,*, Ac.? 
 
 In this example, the difference between the ratio and 1, is 1 i=, 
 and the first term, 1, divided by -J, gives 2, for the sum of all the 
 tyrms. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 27. What is the sum of the infinite series 1, i, -J-, -Jy, &c. ? 
 
 28. What is the sum of the infinite series T ^, 
 ToVo , *c. ? 
 
 29. What is the sum of the infinite series T 2 ^, 
 
 30-31. A ball falling from the height of 10 feet, by its 
 elasticity bounds 5 feet ; and again falling, bounds 2 J feet, 
 and so on," continuing to bound J as high as it fell. What 
 will be the whole distance made in the successive falls be- 
 fore coming to a state of rest ? And what the whole dis- 
 tance made by its successive bounds 9 
 
284 
 
 MENSURATION. [CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 8 8 2 8 s 
 
 32. Find the sum of the infinite series 1, , , -5-, &c. 
 
 99 9 
 
 4 4 a 4 8 
 
 33. Find the sum of the infinite series 1, -, , -5-, &c. 
 
 55 5 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 MENSURATION. 
 
 146. FOR the reason of many of the rules which we 
 shall give for measuring surfaces and solids, we shall refer 
 to the principles of geometry. The reference being in all 
 cases to the " Elements of Geometry." 
 
 PROBLEM I. To find the area of a rectangle. 
 
 Suppose ABCD to be a 
 rectangle whose length is 5 
 feet, and width 3 feet. 
 
 If we divide this rectangle 
 into portions of one square 
 foot each, by means of lines 
 drawn parallel to the sides of 
 
 D 
 
 B 
 
 the rectangle, we shall obtain 15 such squares ; that is, the rectangle 
 will contain 15 square feet. In this example there are 3 strips of 5 
 square feet in each, or 5 strips of 3 square feet each. 
 Hence, to find the area of a rectangle, 
 
 Multiply the length by the width, and the product will de- 
 note the number of squares of the same kind as the measure 
 used in estimating the sides of the rectangle. If the measure 
 be feet, the product will be square feet ; if inches, square 
 inches, &c. (B. IV., Prop. II., Scholium.) 
 
146.] 
 
 MENSURATION. 
 
 NOTE. When the width of the rectangle is the same 
 as its length, it becomes a square ; in which case we mul- 
 tiply the side of the square into itself. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. How many square feet in a floor which is 16 feet wide 
 and 23^- feet long ? And how many yards of carpeting, 
 one yard wide, will cover the floor ? 
 
 2. In a table 5 feet 3 inches long, and 3 feet 2 inches 
 wide, how many square inches ? And how many square 
 feet? 
 
 3. In a rectangular field which is 13 rods long, and 7 
 rods wide, how many square rods ? And what part is it of 
 an acre ? 
 
 4. How many square inches in a square board '10J inches 
 on a side ? 
 
 5. Which is the greater, a square board of 9 inches on a 
 side, or a rectangular one 12 inches long and 7^ wide ? 
 
 PROBLEM II. To find the area of a parallelogram. 
 
 Let ABCD be a parallelo- 
 gram having AB for its base 
 and DE its altitude. If 
 from C we draw CF perpen- 
 dicular to the base A B, 
 meeting it produced, at the 
 point F, the figure EFCD 
 
 will be a rectangle equivalent to the parallelogram, since the triangle 
 AED is obvioush equal to the triangle BFC. The base EF of the 
 rectangle is equal to AB, the base of the parallelogram. The area of 
 the rectangle is found (Paou. I.) by multiplying its base by its alti- 
 tude ; and since the parallelogram is equal to the rectangle, and since 
 its base and altitude are respectively equal to the base and altitude 
 
 E 
 
286 
 
 MENSURATION. 
 
 [CHAP. xvin. 
 
 of the rectangle, it follows that the area of the parallelogram may be 
 found by multiplying its base by its altitude. 
 Hence, to find the area of a parallelogram, 
 
 Multiply the base by the altitude. 
 
 PROBLEM III. To find the area of a triangle. 
 
 Let ABC be a triangle, 
 having AB for its base and 
 CD its altitude. By draw- 
 ing CE parallel to the base 
 AB, and BE parallel to the 
 side AC, we shall form a 
 parallelogram ABEC, evi- 
 dently double the triangle ABC. The area of the parallelogram is 
 found (PROB. II.) by multiplying the base AB into the altitude CD. 
 And as the triangle is one-half the parallelogram, to find its area, 
 
 Multiply half the base by the altitude. 
 
 NOTE 1. Either side of the tri- 
 angle may be regarded as the 
 base, and the altitude will be the 
 perpendicular drawn from the 
 opposite angle to the base, or to 
 the base produced. In the an- 
 nexed diagram, the perpendicu- 
 lar meets the base produced. The above rule applies equally well 
 in this case, the area being found by multiplying half the base AB 
 into CD. 
 
 When the three sides of a triangle are known, the area 
 may be found as follows : From the half sum of the three 
 sides, subtract separately each side, take the square root of the 
 continued product of the three remainders and half sum, and 
 it will give the area. (Geometry, B. II., Prop. IX.) 
 
 14 
 
146.] 
 
 MENSUKATION. 
 
 287 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 6. What is the area of a triangle whose base is 12 feet, 
 and altitude 3 yards ? 
 
 7. What is the area of a triangle whose sides are respec- 
 tively 7, 11, and 12 feet? 
 
 8. What is the area of a triangle whose base is 14 rods, 
 and whose altitude is 12 rods ? 
 
 9. What is the area of a triangle whose sides are re- 
 spectively 13, 14, and 15 yards? 
 
 10. In a triangular field, whose sides are 18, 80, and 82 
 feet, how many square yards ? 
 
 NOTE 2. The area of any figure 
 which is limited by any number of 
 right lines, as the field ABCDEF, 
 may be found by dividing it into tri- 
 angles, and then computing each tri- 
 angle separately, and taking their 
 
 PROBLEM IV. To find the area of a trapezoid. 
 
 Let ABCD be a trapezoid, 
 having AB and CD for the par- 
 allel sides, CF for its altitude. 
 If we draw AC, it will divide 
 the trapezoid into two triangles 
 ABC, CDA. The area of the 
 triangle ABC may be found (PROP. III.) by multiplying half the base 
 AB into the altitude CF ; and the area of the triangle CDA is found 
 by multiplying half the base CD into the altitude AE, or into its 
 equal CF. Hence, to find the area of the trapezoid, which is the 
 sum of the two triangles, 
 
 Multiply half iln> .??/???, of the two parallel sides by the 
 attitude. 
 
288 MENSURATION. [CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 NOTE. This rule has a fine 
 application in measuring a 
 tapering board, as ABCD. 
 In this case half the sum of 
 the parallel sides, AD and 
 BC, is found by measuring 
 
 the width GH at the middle of the board. This average width GH 
 being multiplied by the length EF, will give its area. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 11. If the parallel sides of a trapezoidal garden are re- 
 spectively 4 and 6 rods; and the perpendicular distance 
 between these sides is 8 rods, how many square rods in the 
 garden ? 
 
 12. How many square feet in a tapering board 16 feet 
 long, measuring 15 inches wide at one end, and 10 inches at 
 the other ? 
 
 PROBLEM Y. The diameter of a circle being given, to find 
 its circumference. 
 
 If the diameter of a circle is taken as a unit, the circumference will 
 be 3*1415926, nearly. The exact value of the ratio of the circumfer- 
 ence to the diameter has never been found. Its approximate value 
 has been extended to more than 200 places of decimals. (Geometry, 
 B. V., Prop. XIII, Scholium.) 
 
 Hence, when the diameter of a circle is known, to find its circum- 
 ference, 
 
 Multiply the diameter by 3*1416. 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 13. What is the circumference of the earth, on the sup- 
 position that it is 8000 miles in diameter ? 
 
 14. Suppose a cart wheel be 4ft. 9m. in diameter, over 
 what distance would it pass in making 8 revolutions ? 
 
146.] 
 
 MENSURATION. 
 
 289 
 
 15. The hoop you drive is 3ft. Win. in diameter. How 
 many times will it revolve in being trundled to school, half 
 'a mile distant ? 
 
 PROBLEM VI. To find the area of a circle, when its diam- 
 eter is known. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the circumference by one-fourth of the diameter. 
 Or, what is equivalent, multiply the square of the diameter 
 by 0-7854 = J o/3'1416. (Geometry, B. V., Prop. XI.) 
 
 NOTE. If a circle be inscribed in a square, 
 its area will be to the area of the square as 
 0-7854 is to 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 16. How many acres in a circle one mile in diameter ? 
 NOTE. In a square mile there are 640 acres. 
 
 17. Which is the greater area, a circle 5 feet in diameter, 
 or the sum of the areas of two other circles, the one being 
 4 feet in diameter and the other 3 feet ? 
 
 From the preceding rule we may 
 deduce a simple method of rinding 
 the area comprised between the 
 circumferences, of two concentric 
 circles, which area is the difference 
 between two circles. 
 
 The area of the circle whose di- 
 ameter is AB, is found by multiply- 
 ing its square by 0'7854. And the 
 circle whose diameter is DE, is 
 found by multiplying the square of 
 
 25 
 
MENSUJRATIOX. [CHAP XVIII. 
 
 this diameter by 0'7854. Hence, the difference of these areas is 
 equal to the difference of the squares of the diameters multiplied by 
 0-7854. 
 
 PROBLEM VII. To find the volume of a prism, or of a. 
 cylinder. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the area of tho base by the altitude. (Geometry, 
 B. VII., Prop. XI.) 
 
 EXAMPLES. , 
 
 1 8. How many cubic feet in a rectangular stick of timber 
 10 inches by 12 inches, and 36 feet long ? 
 
 19. In a cylindrical log 14 feet long, and 14 inches in 
 diameter, how many cubic feet ? 
 
 20. How many cubic inches hi a round bar of iron 20 
 feet long, and J of an inch in diameter ? 
 
 PROBLEM VIII. To find the volume of a pyramid, or of 
 a cone. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the area of the base by one-third the altitude. 
 (Geometry, B. VII., Prop. XVII. ; and B. VIII., Prop. V.) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 21. The Egyptian pyramid Cheops covers a square of 
 763|- feet on a side, and is 480 feet perpendicular height. 
 How many cubic feet does it contain ? 
 
 22. Suppose the mast of a ship to be a regular cone 87 
 feet long, and 2 feet in diameter at its base, how many <*ubic 
 feet will it contain ? 
 
146.] MENSURATION. 291 
 
 PROBLEM IX. To find the surface of a sphere, when its 
 diameter is given. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the square of the diameter by 3 '141 6. (Geome- 
 try, B. VIII., Prop. XIII., Schol.) 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 23. How many square miles on the surface of the earth, 
 on the supposition that it is an exact sphere of 8000 miles 
 in diameter ? 
 
 NOTE. In order to obtain a value true to a unit, we must use, for 
 our multiplier, 3-14159265, instead of 3-1416. 
 
 24. How many superficial inches has a ball 6 inches in 
 diameter? 
 
 PROBLEM X. To find the volume of a sphere, when its 
 diameter is given. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the cube of the diameter by 0'5236, which is ^ of 
 3-1416. (Geometry, B. VIII., Prop. XIII., Schol.) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 25. How many cubic inches in a ball 6 inches in diameter ? 
 
 NOTE. Compare the number of superficial inches and of cubic 
 inches in a sphere 6 inches in diameter. 
 
 26. How many cubic inches in a ball of the celebrated 
 Stockton gun, the diameter of which is 12 inches? 
 
292 MENSURATION. [CHAP. XVIIL 
 
 The following table of multipliers will be found very convenient 
 for solving nearly all problems which can arise in mensuration of cir- 
 cles and spheres. 
 
 TABLE OF MULTIPLIERS. 
 
 1. Radius of a circle X 6-28318531 = Circumference. 
 
 2. Square of the radius of a circle X 3-14159265 = Area. 
 
 3. Diameter of a circle X 3-14159265 = Circumference. 
 
 4. Square of the diameter of a circle X 0-78539816 = Area. 
 
 5. Circumference of a circle X 0-15915494 = Radius. 
 
 6. Circumference of a circle X 0-31830989 = Diameter. 
 
 7. Square root of area of a circle X 0-56418958 = Radius. 
 
 8. Square root of area of a circle X 1*12837917 = Diameter 
 
 9. Radius of circle X 1'73205081 = Side of inscribed equilateral triangle. 
 
 10. Side of inscribed equilateral triangle X 0-57735027 = Radius of circle. 
 
 11. Radius of a circle X 1-41421356 = Side of inscribed square. 
 
 12. Side of inscribed square X 70710678 = Radius. 
 
 13. Square of radius of a sphere X 12-56637061 = Surface. 
 
 14. Cube of radius of a sphere X 4-18879020 = Volume. 
 
 15. Square of diameter of a sphere X 3-14159265= Surface. 
 
 16. Cube of diameter of a sphere X 0-52359878 = Volume. 
 
 17. Square of circumference of a sphere X 0-31830989 = Surface. 
 
 18. Cube of circumference of a sphere X 0-01688686= Volume. 
 
 19. Square root of surface of a sphere X 0-28209479 = Radius. 
 
 20. Square root of surface of a sphere X 0-56418958= Diameter. 
 
 21. Square root of surface of a sphere X 1 '77245385 = Circumference. 
 
 22. Cube root of volume of a sphere X 0-62035049 = Radius. 
 
 23. Cube root of volume of a sphere X 1-24070098 = Diameter. 
 
 24. Cube root of volume of a sphere X 3-89777707 = Circumference. 
 
 25. Radius of a sphere X 1-15470054 = Side of inscribed cube. 
 
 26. Side of inscribed cube X 0-86602540 = Radius. 
 
 PROBLEM XI. To find the volume of a frustum of a pyr- 
 amid, or of a cone. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 .Find a mean proportional between the area of the two 
 bases, to which add the sum of the bases, and multiply the 
 result by one-third the altitude of the frustum. 
 
 Suppose a cistern in the form, of a frustum of a cone to 
 
146.] MENSURATION. 293 
 
 be 9 feet deep, having for diameters 10 feet and 6 feet. How 
 many cubic feet will it contain ? 
 
 10 2 XO-7854=100XO-7854=area of one base. 
 6 2 XO-7854= 36X0-7854= " other" 
 
 60XO'7854=mean proportion between bases. 
 
 196XO-7854=sum. 
 And 196XO-7854X of 9=461-8152 cubic feet for its volume. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 2*7. Suppose a measure to be in the form of a frustum of 
 a regular cone. If its top diameter is 6 inches, and the bot- 
 tom diameter 9 inches, and it is 12 inches deep, how many 
 cubic inches will it contain ? and how many beer gallons of 
 282 cubic inches each ? 
 
 28. There is a stick of timber in the form of the frustum 
 of a regular pyramid, which is 30 feet long, and 30 inches 
 square at one end and 13 inches square at the other. How 
 many cubic feet does it contain ? 
 
 PROBLEM XII. To find the area of an ellipse. 
 
 NOTE. A line drawn through 
 
 the centre of an ellipse is called ^___ 
 
 its diameter. The longest diam- 
 eter is called the transverse diam- 
 eter ; the shortest is called the 
 conjugate diameter. Thus AB is 
 the transverse diameter, and CD 
 is the conjugate diameter. 
 
 The area of an ellipse may be found by this 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the product of the transverse and conjugate di- 
 ameters by 0'7854. 
 
 25* 
 
PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 29. How many square feet in the surface of an elliptical 
 pond, whose transverse diameter is 100 feet, and conjugate 
 diameter 60 feet ? 
 
 30. How many square inches in an elliptical table whose 
 transverse diameter is 5 feet 3 inches, and conjugate diam- 
 eter 3 feet 6 inches ? And how many square feet ? 
 
 NOTE 1. If an ellipse be inscribed 
 in a rectangle, its area will be to 
 the area of the rectangle as 0*7854 
 
 is to 1. 
 
 NOTE 2. We also infer that, if a 
 circle be inscribed in an. ellipse, and 
 another circle be circumscribed about 
 the same ellipse, the ellipse is a mean 
 proportional between the areas of 
 the two circles; that is, we shall 
 have, area of inscribed circle is to 
 the area of ellipse, as area of el- 
 lipse is to the area of circumscribed 
 circle. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 147. 31. Suppose I purchase $1200 worth of goods, 
 J of which is on a credit of 3 months, J on a credit of 6 
 months, and the remaining ^ on a credit of 9 months. 
 How much ready money ought to pay the purchase, inter- 
 est being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 32. In the above example, by the principles of equation 
 
14:7.] PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 295 
 
 of payments, how much credit ought I to have on the whole 
 sum of $1200? 
 
 33. Now, what is the present worth of $1200 due at the 
 end of 6 months, interest being 7 per cent. ? 
 
 34. I employed A. and B. to ditch my meadow. A. was 
 to receive 87 -J cents per rod, and B. was to have 112 J cents 
 per rod ; each wrought until his wages amounted to $50. 
 What was the amount of ditch dug by both ? 
 
 35. Three merchants, A., B., and C., enter into partner- 
 ship. A. advances $1200, B. $800, and C. $600. A. 
 leaves his money 8 months, B. 10 months, and C. 14 months 
 in the business. They gain $500. What is the share of 
 each ? 
 
 36. A. and B. have the same income : A. saves of his, 
 but 3., by spending $120 per annum more than A., at the 
 end of 10 years finds himself $200 in debt. What was the 
 income ? 
 
 37. Suppose a book to contain 365 pages, averaging 40 
 lines of 10 words each on each page. How many words 
 would the book contain ? 
 
 38. There are 31173 verses in the Bible. How many 
 days will it require to read it through, if 30 verses are read 
 daily ? 
 
 39. After expending i of my money, and -J- of the re- 
 mainder, I had remaining $72. How much had I at first ? 
 
 40. If I sell cloth at $1'50 per yard, and gain 25 per 
 cent., how ought I to have sold it so as to lose 20 percent. ? 
 
 41. Sold cloth at $T50 per yard, and gained 25 per 
 cent. What should I have lost per cent., if I had sold it at 
 $0'96 per yard ? 
 
 42. If I buy cloth at $1'20 per yard, how must I sell it 
 so as to gain 25 per cent. ? 
 
 43. A merchant has to make the following payments 
 
296 PKOMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP. XVIH. 
 
 at three different periods: $2832 in 3 months, $2560 in 9 
 months, and $1450 in 16 months. The creditor wishes to 
 receive the whole sum of $6842 at once. When ought the 
 payment to be made ? 
 
 44. A father gives to his five sons $1000, which they 
 are to divide according to their ages, so that each elder son 
 shall receive $20 more than his next younger brother. What 
 is the share of the youngest ? 
 
 45. A company of 90 persons consists of men, women, 
 and children. The men are 4 in number more than the wo- 
 men, the children 10 more than the adults. How many men, 
 women, and children are there in the company ? 
 
 46. The common-school fund for the State of New York 
 was $1975093-15 in 1843, and during the same year there 
 were in the State 677995 children between the ages of 5 
 and 16 years. How much would the above fund amount to 
 per child ? 
 
 47. Two persons, A. and B., being on opposite sides of 
 a fish-pond, which is 536 feet in circumference, begin to 
 walk around it at the same time, both in the same way : A. 
 goes at the rate of 31 yards per minute, and B. at the rate 
 of 34 yards per minute. In what time will B. overtake A. ? 
 And how far will A. have walked ? 
 
 48. How much money which is 23 per cent, below par 
 will pay a debt of $450 ? 
 
 49. A., B., and C. commence trade with $3053'25, and 
 gain $610*65. A.'s stock, together with B.'s, is to the sum 
 of A.'s and C.'s stock as 5 to 7 ; and C.'s stock, diminished 
 by B.'s, is to C.'s increased by B.'s as 1 to 7. What was 
 each one's part of the gain ? 
 
 50. A., on preparing for a voyage to California, purchased 
 of B. specie-dollars, at a premium of 3 per cent., to be paid 
 in 1 8 months, with interest at 5 per cent, per annum, which 
 
147.] PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 297 
 
 was to be added into the note. The amount of the note was 
 $22145. How many specie-dollars did he receive ? 
 
 51. Sold goods to the amount of $3000, one half to be 
 paid in 3 months, the other half in 6 months. How much 
 ought to be discounted for ready money, when money is 
 worth 7 per cent, per annum ? 
 
 52. The Falls of Niagara have receded nearly 50 yards 
 within the last 40 years. How long, at this rate, has it ta- 
 ken them to recede from Queenstown, 7 miles below their 
 present site ? 
 
 53. It is found that the diameter of every circle is to 
 its circumference very nearly in the ratio of 113 to 355. 
 What, then, is the earth's circumference, its diameter being 
 7912 miles? 
 
 54. How many men must be employed to perform in 
 26 days what 60 men could do in 39 days ? 
 
 55. If 72 sheep can graze in a field 36 days, how long 
 might 144 sheep graze equally well? 
 
 56. If a locomotive pass from Albany to Schenectady, 
 a distance of 17 miles, in 45 minutes, what time will it re- 
 quire, at the same rate, to go from Schenectady to Utica, a 
 distance of 78 miles ? 
 
 57. If A. and B., with C. working half time, can build 
 a wall in 21 days ; B. and C., with D. working half time, in 
 24 days ; C. and D., with A. working half time, in 28 days ; 
 D. and A., with B. working half time, in 32 days ; in what 
 time would it be built by all together, and by each alone ? 
 
 58. One- third of a quantity of flour being sold to gain 
 a certain rate per cent., one-fourth to gain twice as much 
 per cent., and the remainder to gain three times as much 
 per cent. ; it is required to determine the gain per cent, on 
 each part, the gain upon the whole being 20 per cent. 
 
 59. A servant draws off one gallon each day, for 5 
 
298 PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP XVIII. 
 
 days, from a cask containing 10 gallons of wine, each time 
 supplying the deficiency by the addition of a gallon of wa- 
 ter ; and then, to escape detection, he again draws off 5 
 gallons, each time supplying the deficiency by a gallon of 
 wine. It is required to find how much water still remains 
 in the cask. 
 
 60. Find the four smallest numbers, such that when 
 each is divided successively by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the 
 remainders shall in each case be 1. 
 
 61. Find the four smallest numbers, such that when 
 each is divided by 2 the remainders shall be 1 ; when di- 
 vided by 3, the remainders shall be 2 ; when divided by 4, 
 the remainders shall be 3 ; and so on, until divided by 9, 
 when the remainders shall be 8. In each case the remain- 
 der being 1 less than the divisor. 
 
 62. If 750 men require 22500 rations of bread for a 
 month, how many rations will a garrison of 1200 men re- 
 quire for the same time ? 
 
 63. How many yards of paper that is ,30 inches wide 
 will hang a room that is 20 yards in circuit, and 9 feet high ? 
 
 64. There is a ladder with a hundred steps : on the first 
 step is seated 1 pigeon ; on the second 2 ; on the third 3 ; 
 and so on, increasing by one for each step. How many 
 pigeons were seated on the ladder ? 
 
 65. If 9 porters drink in 8 days 12 casks of wine, how 
 many casks will serve 24 porters for 30 days ? 
 
 66. If 3 pounds of tea be worth 4 pounds of coffee, and 
 6 pounds of coffee be worth 20 pounds of sugar, how many 
 pounds of sugar may be had for 9 pounds of tea ? 
 
 67. If 48 feet of Cremona equal 56 English feet, 3 9 '3 71 
 English inches equal one metre of France, how many Cre- 
 mona feet is the French metre ? 
 
 68. If a certain number of men can throw up an intrench- 
 
14:7.] PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 299 
 
 ment in 10 days, when they work 6 hours per day, in what 
 time would they do it if they work 8 hours per day ? 
 
 69. If 12 men reap a field of wheat in 3 days, in what 
 time can the same work be done by 25 men ? 
 
 70. A ship's crew of 300 men were so supplied with 
 provisions for 12 months, that each man was allowed 30 
 ounces per day ; but after sailing 6 months, they find that 
 it will take 9 months more to finish their voyage, and 50 of 
 the crew have been lost. Required the daily allowance of 
 each man for the last 9 months. 
 
 71. A., B., and C. are to share $1000 in the ratio of the 
 numbers 3, 4, and 5 ; but C. dying, it is required to divide 
 the whole sum equitably between A. and B. 
 
 72. The expense of repairing a school-house to the 
 amount of $600 is paid by three individuals, A., B., and C., 
 in the ratio of their nearness to it. What did each pay, if 
 we suppose A. lived 1 mile distant, B. 2 miles, and C. 3 
 miles ? 
 
 73. A merchant bought a piece of cloth for 240 dollars, 
 and sold a portion, exceeding three-fourths of the whole by 
 2 yards, at a profit of 25 per cent. He afterwards sold the 
 remainder at such a price as to clear 60 per cent, by the 
 whole transaction ; and had he sold the whole quantity at 
 the latter price he would have gained 175 per cent. How 
 many yards were there in the piece ? 
 
 74. The whole number of volumes in the common-school 
 libraries of New York, in 1843, was 874865. What would 
 be their value at 37 J cents per volume ? 
 
 75. The whole number of children taught in New York 
 during the year 1843, was 657782, and the whole number 
 of schools was 10860. How many scholars on an average, 
 would each school consist of ? 
 
 76. Suppose the Erie Canal to be 60 feet wide, and 6 
 
300 PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP. XVHI. 
 
 feet deep, how many miles in length will it require to make 
 one cubic mile of water ? 
 
 77. A person owning of a copper-mine, sells f of his 
 interest in it for $1800. What, at this rate, is the value of 
 the whole ? 
 
 78. Suppose I buy a certain lot of oranges at 3 cents 
 a piece, and as many more at 5 cents a piece, and sell them 
 at 4 cents a piece ; do I gain or lose by the operation ? 
 
 79. Suppose I buy a certain number of oranges at 3 
 for one cent, and as many more at 5 for one cent, and sell 
 them at 4 for one cent ; do I gain or lose by the operation ? 
 
 80. Suppose I expend a certain sum of money for oranges 
 at J of a cent a piece, and another equal sum for another 
 lot of oranges at -J of a cent a piece, and sell them at ^ of a 
 cent a piece, do I gain or lose by the operation ? 
 
 81. Suppose I expend a certain sum of money for oranges 
 at 3 cents a piece, and another equal sum for another lot 
 at 5 cents a piece ; how much do I gain on each cent ex- 
 pended, if I sell them at 4 cents a piece ? 
 
 82. If A. can do a piece of work in 3 days, B. in 4 days, 
 and C. in 5 days, how many times longer will it take B. to 
 do it alone, than it will take A. and C. together to do it ? 
 
 83. If A. can accomplish a piece of work in J of a day, 
 
 B. in 1 of a day, and C. in J of a day, how many times 
 longer will it take B. to do it alone, than it will take A. and 
 
 C. together to do it ? 
 
 84. What is the shortest piece of cloth which shall be 
 at the same time an even number of yards, an even number 
 of Ells Flemish, an even number of Ells English, and an 
 even number of Ells French ? 
 
 85. A man died, leaving $1000, to be divided between 
 his two sons, one 14 and the other 18 years of age, in 
 such a proportion, that the share of each being put to in- 
 
$ 147.] PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 301 
 
 terest at 6 per cent., should amount to the same sum when 
 they should arrive at the age of 21. What did each one 
 receive ? 
 
 86. Divide $100 between A., B., and C., so that B. may 
 have $3 more than A., and C. $4 more than B. How much 
 must each one have ? 
 
 87. A. can do a piece of work in 4 days, and B. can do 
 the same in 3 days. How long would it take both together 
 to do it ? 
 
 88. A person wishes to dispose of his horse by lottery. 
 If he sells the tickets at $2 each, he will lose $30 on his 
 
 'horse ; but if he sells them at $3 each, he will receive $30 
 more than his horse cost him. What is the value of the 
 horse, and the number of tickets ? 
 
 89. Thomas sold 150 pine -apples at 33 J cents a piece, 
 and received the same amount of money that Henry did 
 for watermelons at 25 cents a piece. How much money 
 did each receive, and how many melons did Henry sell ? 
 
 90. A man bought apples at 5 cents a dozen, half of 
 which he exchanged for pears, at the rate of 8 apples for 
 5 pears ; he then sold all his apples and pears at a cent 
 a piece, and thus gained 19 cents. How many apples did 
 he buy, and how much did they cost ? 
 
 91. A person expended $23*40 for eggs. With one- 
 half of his money he purchased a lot at 13 cents per dozen ; 
 with the other half of his money he purchased another 
 lot at 9 cents per dozen. He afterwards sold them all to- 
 gether at 11 cents per dozen. Did he gain or lose by the 
 operation ? 
 
 92. Divide $1200 between A. and B., so that A.'s share 
 may be to B.'s as 2 to 7. 
 
 93. A gentleman spends ^ of his yearly income for 
 board and lodging, f of the remainder for clothes, and f of 
 
 26 
 
302 PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP. XVIIL 
 
 the residue he bestows for charitable purposes, and saves 
 8100 yearly. What is his income ? 
 
 94. If I buy an article for $4, and sell it for $5, how 
 much per cent, do I gain ? 
 
 95. If I give $5 for an article, and sell it for $4,, how 
 much per cent, do I lose ? 
 
 96. What is the interest of $175 for 3 months, at 6 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 97. How many yards of Brussels carpeting, which is J 
 of a yard wide, will it require to cover a floor 18 feet by 20 
 feet? 
 
 98. Admitting the velocity of a cannon-ball to be 1600 
 feet per second, what time, at this velocity, would it require 
 to move 95 millions of miles, which is the distance from the 
 earth, to the sun, counting 365J days to the year. 
 
 99. The Winchester bushel measure is of a cylindric form, 
 8 inches deep, and 18^ inches in diameter, containing 2150f 
 cubic inches. What must be the size of a cubical box which 
 shall contain the same quantity ? 
 
 100. The clocks of Italy go on to 24 hours ; then how 
 many strokes do they strike in one revolution of the index ? 
 
 101. There is an island 20 miles in circumference, and 
 three men, A., B., and C., start from the same point, and 
 travel the same way around it ; A. goes 3 miles per hour, 
 B. goes 7 miles per hour, and C. goes 11 miles per hour. 
 In what time will they all be together ? 
 
 102. What is the discount of $175 for 3 months, at 6 per 
 cent. ? 
 
 103. If a ship and its cargo are worth $30000, and the 
 cargo is worth 5 times as much as the ship, what is the 
 value of the cargo ? 
 
 104. What is the difference between six and one half 
 times 7, and seven and one half times 6 ? 
 
147.] PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. 303 
 
 105. Three persons, A., B., and C., form a partnership : 
 
 A. furnishes $1000, B. $600, and C. $450; at the end of 
 
 6 months, C. withdraws his capital, but no dividend is made 
 until the end of the year, when it is found that the firm 
 has gained $244*16. How is this gain to be divided be- 
 tween the partners ? 
 
 106. Three persons, A., B., and C., engage to build a 
 certain piece of wall for $244*16. While A. can build 10 
 rods, B. can build but 6, and C. but 4^. When the wall 
 is half completed, C. ceases to labor upon it, and A. and 
 
 B. finish it. What part of the $244-16 ought each to re- 
 ceive ? 
 
 107. A. and B. together can build a wall in 4 days, A. 
 and C. can together build it in 5 days, B. and C. can to- 
 gether build it in 6 days. What time would it require for 
 all together to accomplish it ? 
 
 108. A note of $10000 given January 1st, 1840, has re- 
 ceived the following indorsements : January 1st, 1841, in- 
 dorsed $2952-28; January 1st, 1842, indorsed $2952'28; 
 January 1st, 1843, indorsed $2952 -28. How much re- 
 mained due January 1st, 1844, interest being computed at 
 
 7 per cent. ? 
 
 109. Two hunters, A. and B., kill a deer, whose weight 
 they are desirous of knowing. For this purpose they rest 
 a stick across the limb of a tree ; then suspending the deer 
 at the shorter extremity, they find that its weight is just 
 counterpoised by the" weight of A., who suspends himself 
 by his hands at the other extremity. Without changing 
 the point of support of the stick, they take the deer from 
 the shorter extremity, and suspend it at the longer extrem- 
 ity of the stick, when it was found to be exactly balanced 
 by B.'s weight, when suspended to the shorter extremity 
 of the stick. Now, supposing A. to weigh 147 pounds, and 
 
304: PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. [CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 B. to weigh 192 pounds, what must have been the weight 
 of the deer ? 
 
 NOTE. By the principle of the lever, when different weights at 
 its extremities balance each other, they are to each other inversely 
 as the lengths of the arras to which they are attached. Hence, in 
 the first experiment, we know that the weight of A. is to the deer's 
 weight, as the shorter arm is to the longer arm. In the second ex- 
 periment, the deer's weight is to B.'s weight, as the shorter arm is 
 to the longer arm. Consequently, A.'s weight is to the deer's weight 
 as the deer's weight is to B.'s weight. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1. WHAT is a unit ? What is a number ? Give an instance 
 of a number. What is an abstract number ? If a number be not 
 abstract, what is it ? What is the difference between an abstract 
 and a denominate number ? Give examples of each kind. What 
 does denominate mean ? If I say there are 365 days in a year, 
 what kind of a number do I make use of? Why? How will 
 you use the number 365 to make it an abstract number ? 
 
 $ 2. Of what does Arithmetic treat ? What is it as a science ? 
 As an art ? How many methods of expressing numbers are there ? 
 What are the different methods ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 3. What is Notation ? What is Roman Notation ? What 
 letters stand for 3 ? for 8 ? for 10 ? for 16 ? for 52 ? for 70 ? 
 &c., &c. What effect has a letter of less value when placed 
 before a letter of greater value ? when placed after ? What ef- 
 fect has the repeating of a letter ? What effect the horizontal 
 line over a letter ? For what are Roman letters used ? What 
 is the origin of the character I? V? X? L? C? D? Show 
 this upon your slates. Write the present year of the Christian 
 era on your slates. 
 
 5 4. Wherein does Arabic differ from Roman notation ? Write 
 on the board in backward order the Arabic characters. Write 3 
 digits and 2 naughts. What do you mean by a digit ? What 
 does the word significant mean ? 
 
 26* 
 
306 APPENDIX. [CHAP. n. 
 
 $ 5. How many values have figures ? What do they always 
 represent ? What connection have their units with their values ? 
 What is meant by a simple value ? Explain the local value of a 
 figure. Write upon the board a number of 4 figures, and illus- 
 trate what is meant by first place, second place, &c. ; first order, 
 second order, &c. Does " place" apply to figures, or to the units 
 which they represent ? To which does " order" apply ? What 
 does the first order of units represent ? the fourth ? the third ? 
 the second ? What property pertaining to figures in a number is 
 inferred from the illustration given ? What property pertains to 
 figures with respect to the figure at its left hand ? 
 
 \ 6. Illustrate the value of the in the following number, three 
 thousand and three. Illustrate the value of the at the right of 
 a number ; also, the effect of cutting off a from the right of a 
 number ; two 00, three 000. What does the represent, and 
 what is its office ? 
 
 \ \ 7. 8. How do you write a number that contains but 4 
 places ? How will you write a number containing three denom- 
 inations of figures ? What is the difference between " places" 
 and " denominations ?" Suggest a number containing 5 denom- 
 inations. Express it in figures. What is meant by " periods ?" 
 What is the difference between " periods," " denominations," and 
 " places ?" In expressing numbers by figures, what particular 
 mistake will you be likely to make, against which the text cau- 
 tions you ? Must the left-hand period always be full ? Why ? 
 What is meant by a period's being full ? What is the service of 
 the in notation ? Recite the first 10 periods, beginning with 
 units. Which system of notation have you been using ? How 
 does it differ from the other system ? and what is the name of 
 that other ? 
 
 \ 9. Wherein do Notation and Numeration differ ? What is 
 necessary in order to read large numbers with facility ? Write a 
 number of 27 figures on the board and read it, and explain its di- 
 visions or groups. Give a rule in your own language for the 
 reading of numbers. 
 
CHAP. II.] APPENDIX. 307 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 3. (1-5.) XVII; XLII; XXVI; XCV1II ; CIII. 
 (6-11.) LXXXII; LVII; LXXIX ; CCCCXXX ; DCLXXX ; 
 MMVII. (12-14.) CCC; DCCCCLX ; M. (15.) XLI. 
 (16.) CLXVI. (17-28.) Twenty-six ; one hundred and for- 
 ty-four ; ninety-eight ; one thousand three hundred and twelve ; 
 one thousand eight hundred and fifty ; one thousand nine hundred 
 and seventy-two ; five hundred thousand ; five hundred and two 
 thousand seven hundred and seventy ; one million ; one million 
 and ninety-four ; one thousand six hundred and eighty-eight ; 
 one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five. 
 
 7. (29-43.) 20 ; 37 ; 98 ; 337 ; 407 ; 2437 ; 6407 ; 8007 ; 
 9027; 4006; 3000; 1001; 1100; 101; 1101. 
 
 8. (44-49.) 27300; 940200; 36456; 501000; 98000; 
 11000. (50-53.) 46930659 ; 307802509 ; 981000700 ; 10010010. 
 (54-57.) 96048073098 ; 807000000006 ; 90000004010 ; 
 800006000007. (58-62.) 48000000000000 ; 609000000000000 ; 
 980004000000007; 3000000000002; 9000000002000. 
 (63-68.) 36000000000000000000098 ; 4008000000005094 ; 
 35000098000000063 ; 900700590 ; 86000000000000005000000- 
 000; 900000046000. 
 
 9. (69-75.) Six hundred and seventy-eight thousand two 
 hundred and ten ; five millions, four hundred and ninety-three 
 thousand, six hundred and seventy-eight ; four hundred and fifty- 
 six millions, three hundred and twenty-one thousand, nine hun- 
 dred and eighty ; seven hundred and seventy-nine millions, one 
 hundred and forty-six thousand and five ; forty-two trillions, five 
 hundred and sixty-seven billions, one hundred and twenty-three 
 thousand, nine hundred and one ; three hundred and twenty-seven 
 millions, nine hundred and eighty thousand and sixty ; thirty-two 
 quadrillions, nine hundred and eighty-seven trillions, six hundred 
 and fifty-four billions, three hundred millions, and ninety-eight. 
 (76-8O.) Five hundred and sixty-three billions, four hundred and 
 
308 APPENDIX. [CHAP. in. 
 
 twenty-eight millions, six hundred and seventy thousand and nine ; 
 three hundred and fifty -eight millions, nine hundred and twenty- 
 thousand, seven hundred and sixty-one : nine hundred and eighty- 
 seven millions, six hundred and seventy-eight thousand, nine 
 hundred and thircy-two ; four quadrillions, five hundred and sixty 
 trillions, seven billions, nine hundred and eighty millions, five 
 hundred and forty thousand and sixty-eight ; thirty-three quintil- 
 lions, four hundred and ninety-two quadrillions, six hundred and 
 seventy-seven trillions, five billions, three hundred and sixteen 
 millions, eight hundred and ninety-six thousand, three hundred 
 and twenty-one. (81.) Twenty trillions. (2.) Two hundred 
 and thirty-six thousand, eight hundred and forty-seven. (3.) 
 Thirty-six millions, eight hundred and fourteen thousand, seven 
 hundred and twenty-one. (4.) Sixty-eight millions, seven hun- 
 dred and ninety-one thousand, seven hundred and fifty-two. 
 (85.) One hundred and forty-four millions, nine hundred and 
 seven thousand, six hundred and thirty. (86.) Four hundred 
 and ninety-four millions, four hundred and ninety-nine thousand, 
 one hundred and eight. (87.) Eight hundred and eighty-three 
 thousand, two hundred and forty-six. (88.) Two millions, seven 
 hundred and seventy-four thousand, seven hundred and ninety- 
 nine. (89.) Two trillions, four hundred and fifty billions, eight 
 hundred and thirty millions, two hundred and forty-one thousand, 
 two hundred and eight. (9O.) Three hundred and sixty quad- 
 rillions, seven hundred and eighty-one trillions, one billion, two 
 hundred and four millions, three hundred and ninety-eight thou- 
 sand, two hundred and ninety-nine. (91.) Seventy-three mil- 
 lions, three hundred and seventy-six thousand, two hundred and 
 ninety. (92.) Five hundred and sixty-one millions, seven hun- 
 dred and seven thousand and forty-six. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 10. What do you mean by Addition ? Add 4 books to 3 
 slates. What is the one resulting number ? Reasons ? What 
 is this number called ? Write an expression on the board illus- 
 
CHAP. III.] APPENDIX. 309 
 
 trating the sign plus, and the sign of equality. What is meant by 
 numbers being of the same kind or denomination ? 
 
 $ 11. In setting down figures for addition, why must those of 
 the same kind fall in the same column ? Give an example of fig- 
 ures of different kinds. Write out an example of 3 numbers of 
 4 figures each, where the sum of each column shall be less than 
 10 ; add and explain. 
 
 12. Set down 6 numbers of 7 figures each ; add and explain. 
 Give the rule for addition. Why must you commence at the 
 right hand to add ? On what principle must you set down the 
 right-hand figure of the sum under the column added ? Why 
 carry the left-hand figure to the next column ? What directions 
 does the note give you as to the mode of adding ? What is the 
 proof of addition ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 $11. (1.) 9999. (2.) 6556. (3.) 9398. (4.) 9679. 
 (5.) 5659. (6.) 99968. f7.) 5539599. 
 
 $ 12. (8.) 125010. (9.) 177170559. (1O.) 249770691. 
 (11.) 49448176659. (12.) 23650434530. (13.) 106014335610. 
 (14.) 220957988780. (15.) 37185329. (16.) 65285936. 
 (17.) 157846611. (18.) 3308489. (19.) 5189375. 
 (2O.) 5186750. (21.) 1904798. (22.) 33577. (23.) 9364. 
 (24.) 365 days. (25.) 6278 bricks. (26.) 247031 barrels. 
 (27.) 547131 hogsheads. (28.) 6856886 bales. (29.) 11119695 
 bushels. (3O.) 30736135 dollars. (31.) 73376290 pounds. 
 (32.) 561707046 pounds. (33.) 7497567 acres. (34.) 15028015 
 dollars. (35.) 8108797 dollars. (36.) 993095817 inhabitants. 
 (37.) 50150009 square miles. (38.) 70995 individuals. 
 (39-42.) 61630939 pounds; 117274121 pounds; 84148377 
 pounds; 263053437 pounds. (43-46.) 17581225 dollars; 
 34807174 dollars; 21993877 dollars; 74382276 dollars. 
 (47-5O.) 252971606 pounds; 746063693 pounds; 670907293 
 pounds; 1669942592 pounds. (51-54.) 27415498 dollars; 
 
310 APPENDIX. [CHAP. rv. 
 
 68457397 dollars; 46464775 dollars; 142337670 dollars. 
 (55-58.) 142337670 dollars; 1669942592 pounds; 74382276 
 dollars ; 263053437 pounds. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 $ $ 13, 14, 15, 10. What is meant by Subtraction ? of the 
 numbers 6 and 8, one requiring to be subtracted from the other ; 
 which is the minuend ? Why ? What is the other called ? 
 Why ? What is there peculiar in the termination of these words ? 
 After subtracting, what is the result called ? Why ? Write an 
 expression on the board illustrating the symbols plus, minus, and 
 equality. Write an example, r.herein each figure of the subtra- 
 hend shall be less than its corresponding figure of the minuend ; 
 subtract and explain. Write an example, wherein figures of the 
 subtrahend are larger than corresponding figures of the minuend ; 
 subtract and explain. Give the rule and the reason for every 
 statement in it. How do you prove your work in subtraction ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 $13. (1-12.) 2; 9; 4; 6; 10; 17; 5; 8; 7; 11; 16; 
 14. (13-25.) 2; 4; 6; 16; 14; 13; 10 ; 12; 15 ; 7 ; 3 ; 5 ; 
 8. (26-39.) 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 11 ; 14 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; 15 ; 4 ;- 7 ; 
 10; 13. (40-52.) 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 11 ; 14 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; 4 ; 7 ; 
 10; 13. (53-64.) 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 11 ; 3 ; 6; 9 ; 12 ; 4 ; 7 ; 10 ; 
 13. (65-75.) 2; 5; 8; 11; 3; 6; 9; 12; 4; 7; 10. 
 (76-85.) 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 11 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 4 ; 1 ; 10. 
 
 14. (6.) 201. (7.) 2211. (8.) 10154. (89.) 150110. 
 (9O.) 166304310. 
 
 1 15. (91.) 1093. (92.) 3328. (93.) 67467. (94.) 25485. 
 (95.) 1089088. (96.) 20891. (97.) 669042. (98.) 9443544813. 
 (99.) 6066069034. (1OO.) 1075415. (1O1.) 51113291. 
 (102.) 1357322792. (1O3.) 6889336062. (1O4.) 8849208. 
 (105.) 969116902. (1O6.) 8365421086. (1O7.) 4219238873. 
 C1O8.) 7023226. (1O9.) 999998. (11O.) 364635. 
 
CHAP. V.] APPENDIX. 311 
 
 (111.) 352 years. (112.) 2142 dollars. (113.) 1464398 
 bushels. (114.) 201 324 barrels. (115.) 26 miles. (116.) 67 
 years. (117.) 5181 votes. (118.) 2210 votes. (119.) 5333865 
 dollars. (12O.) 105588748 pieces. (121.) Gold exceeded 
 silver by 1475597 dollars ; gold exceeded copper by 3992969 
 dollars ; silver exceeded copper by 2517372 dollars. (122.) 3413 
 post-offices; 31166 miles of road. (123.) 515915 inhabitants. 
 (124.) 147 dollars. (125.) 564 dollars. (126.) 1277 dol- 
 lars. (127.) 225 miles. (128.) 168 dollars. (129.) In 
 1840 total value was 3426632 dollars ; in 1841, 2240320 dollars ; 
 1840 exceeded 1841 by 1186312 dollars ; in 1840, silver exceed- 
 ed gold by 51401 dollars, silver exceeded copper by 1702076 dol- 
 lars ; in 1841, silver exceeded gold by 41153 dollars, silver ex- 
 ceeded copper by 1116777 dollars. (13O.) 20500 dollars. 
 (131.) 1000000 total volumes ; 96000 total manuscripts ; 400000 
 excess of volumes in Paris library above those in Vienna library ; 
 64000 excess of manuscripts ; 904000 total excess of volumes 
 above manuscripts. (132.) 975 total number of votes; 113 
 number of votes in majority. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 17. What is Multiplication ? What is the difference be- 
 tween the multiplier and the multiplicand ? What are they called ? 
 Why ? What is the difference between a factor and a product ? 
 Write an example by means of symbols, and show which is mul- 
 tiplier, which is multiplicand, which are the factors, which is the 
 product. Suppose multiplier and multiplicand change places, 
 what is the result ? What is a square ? What is a square root ? 
 Illustrate. 
 
 18, 19. Perform an example, with a multiplier of one fig- 
 ure, and explain the process. Perform an example with a multi- 
 plier of 3 figures. Suppose there is a in the multiplier, how 
 do you proceed ? Of what denomination is the product, if you 
 multiply together units and units ? units and hundreds ? tens and 
 hundreds ? tens and tens ? hundreds and thousands ? tens and 
 
312 APPENDIX. [CHAP. -v. 
 
 ten-thousands ? How does the denomination of a product guide 
 you as to the place which the first figure of any partial product 
 should occupy ? 
 
 $ 20, 21. What is another definition of multiplication ? Show 
 how this is true. What is necessary with regard to the numbers 
 added that an exercise in addition might be turned into an exer- 
 cise in multiplication ? What is the rule for multiplication ? 
 
 22. What is the method of proof ? 
 
 $ 23. Sometimes one or both factors will have O's at the right ; 
 what must be done in such case ? Why ? 
 
 24. What do you understand by a composite number ? Give 
 an instance of a number that is composite, and of one that is not. 
 If a multiplier be composite, how may you proceed ? . Give an 
 example. Give the rule in your own words. 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 17. (1-11.) 4 ; 9 ; 16 ; 25 ; 36 ; 49 ; 64 ; 81 ; 100 ; 121 ; 
 144. (12-22.) 5; 7; 2; 3; 4; 6; 8; 9; 10; 12; 11. 
 (23-27.) 32; 18; 84; 64; 81. (28-36.) 12; 18; 24; 30 
 36 ; 9 ; 27 ; 21 ; 15. (37-47.) 8 ; 16 ; 24 ; 32 ; 40 ; 48 ; 12 
 20 ; 28 ; 36 ; 44. (48-58.) 15 ; 30 ; 45 ; 60 ; 10 ; 25 ; 40 
 55; 20; 35; 50. (59-69.) 18 ; 36 ; 54 ; 72 ; 12; 30; 48 
 66; 24; 42; 60. (7O-O.) 21; 42; 63; 84*; 14; 35; 56 
 77 ; 28 ; 49 ; 70. (81-135.) 24 ; 48 ; 72 ; 96 ; 16 ; 40 ; 64 
 88 ; 32 ; 56 ; 80 ; 27 ; 54 ; 81 ; 108 ; 18 ; 45 ; 72 ; 99 ; 36 
 63; 90; 30; 60; 90; 120; 20; 50; 80; 110; 40; 70; 50 
 33 ; 66; 99 ; 132 ; 22 ; 55 ; 88 ; 121 ; 44 ; 77 ; 110 ; 36 ; 72 
 108 ; 144 ; 24 ; 60 ; 96 ; 132 ; 48 ; 84 ; 120. (136-142.) 30 
 36; 14; 15; 50; 121 ; 56. 
 
 18. (143.) 2468. (144.) 468312. (145.) 2449512. 
 (146.) 4488270. (147.) 6020736. (148.) 1439694746. 
 (149.) 52248187648. (15O.) 8019276804702. (151.) 
 44025632. (152-16O.) 62972; 94458; 125944; 157430; 
 188916; 220402; 251888 ; 283374 ; 1385384. (161-169.) 
 
OHAP. V.] APPENDIX. 313 
 
 80785809 ; 71809608 ; 62833407 ; 53857206 ; 44881005 ; 
 35904804 ; 26928603 ; 17952402; 394952844. (17O-172.) 
 5216648; 1956243; 3260405. (178-180.) 61232; 7849350; 
 51744; 81195867; 17295; 10172519; 49864787; 149212794. 
 
 $ 22. (11.) 1542382864. (182.) 55056418756. (183.) 
 9472469137. (184.) 3937919100705. (185.) 28574677132. 
 (186.) 23070596606. (1ST.) 254087145206. (188.) 
 1270996912224. (189-195.) 529259254443 ; 12138394951269 ; 
 8141111037027; 108215060743638; 949354188891741; 
 121932631112635269; 123011009127513387. (196.) 1665- 
 3188645286. (197-198.) 17494334544; 57482188. (199- 
 2OO.) 33793364; 837852. 
 
 23. (2O1-2O4.) 764290 ; 7642900 ; 76429000 ; 764290000. 
 (2O5-2O8.) 1974800; 19748000; 197480000; 1974800000. 
 (2O9-212.) 19626000; 196260000; 1962600000; 19626000000. 
 (213-216.) 32001280000; 320012800000; 3200128000000; 
 32001280000000. (217-218.) 1161253800000000; 
 28755071047000000. 
 
 24. (219.) 10220. (220-224.) 8976; 6732; 13464; 
 23562 ; 40392. (225-23O.) 82960332 ; 34566805 ; 79997463 ; 
 76046971; 63207872; 39504920. (231-237.) 119376; 
 17409; 82071; 24870; 12435; 19896; 9948. (238.) 18750 
 bricks. (239.) 2033 bushels. (24O.) 629 miles. (241.) 
 53200 pounds. (242.) 363 dollars. (243.) 480 dollars. 
 (244.) 8361574 dollars. (245.) 2756 bushels. (246.) 75798 
 dollars. (247.) 2715 dollars. (248.) 16199568 hours. 
 (249.) 3760128 cubic inches. (25O.) 141440 dollars. (251.) 
 7560 miles. (252.) 59568000 miles. (253.) 479544 dollars. 
 (254.) 2205 dollars. (255.) 109 miles. (256.) 215 dollars. 
 (257.) 32 acres at 198 dollars. (258.) 149 miles. (259.) Lose 
 27 dollars. (26O.) 941618440000. (261.) 295 dollars. 
 (262.) 14553 cubic inches. 
 
 27 
 
314 APPENDIX. [CHAP. vi. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 { $ 25, 26. What is Division ? In the example 6-1-2, what is 
 the 6 called ? What the 2 ? Why ? What is the result called ? 
 What is the remainder ? Write an example containing the sym- 
 bol of division, and the symbol of equality. How is an accurate 
 quotient sometimes to be expressed ? Under what circumstances 
 must it be so expressed ? Give an example of your own upon 
 the board, of the division of a number by a single digit. Explain 
 as you go along. Show, by an example, the reason for the state- 
 ment that division is a concise way of performing several subtrac- 
 tions. 
 
 27. What is the difference between short division and long 
 division ? What is the rule for short division ? What for long 
 division ? Perform an example in each, and apply the rule step 
 by step as you proceed. Illustrate the notes after rule for long 
 division. 
 
 $ 28, 29. How do you prove your work in division ? How 
 do you proceed when your divisor ends with one or more naughts ? 
 Suppose a digit be cut off from the right of a number, what effect 
 has it ? What does the digrit so cut off represent ? How is the 
 true remainder found after dividing by a divisor with naughts cut 
 off? If there be a remainder after such division, is it of the same 
 denomination as the digit or digits cut off? Illustrate by an ex- 
 ample on the blackboard the division of a number by a composite 
 divisor. Show how you find the true remainder, and give the 
 reason for each step. 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 25. (1-12.) 1 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 2 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9 ; 8 ; 10 ; 12 ; 1 1. 
 
 (13-24.) 1 ; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11 ; 12; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 
 (25-34.) 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 3;. 5; 7; 9. (35-45.) 2 
 4; 6: 8; 10; 12; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11. (46-54.) 2; 4; 6; 8 
 10 ; 3 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9. (55-65.) 2 ; 4 ; 6 ; 8 ; 10 ; 12 ; 3 ; 5 ; 7 
 9; 11. (66-,76 f ) 2; 4:6; 8: 10: 12: 3; 5: 7: 9; 11 
 
CHAP. VI.] 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 315 
 
 (77-87.) 2; 4; 6; 8; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11; 10; 12. (88-1OO.) 
 2; 4; 6; 9; 8; 7; 3; 5; 10; 13; 12; 11 ; 14. (1O1-1O9.) 
 2; 4; 6; 3; 7; 10; 8; 11; 12. (11O-12O.) 2; 4; 5; 8; 
 7 ; 12 ; 10 ; 11 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9. (121-129.) 9;4;7;7;20;7; 
 12; 5; 9. '(13O-134.) 3 ; 4 ; 4 ; 4 ; 4. 
 
 $26. (135.) 12301. (136.) 1682227f. (137.) 1786213. 
 (138.) 5315728|. (139.) 128236331^. (14O.) 115134608|, 
 
 (141.) 26063098 
 
 (142.) 8491229. 
 
 (143.) 95665602. 
 
 . . . . . . 
 
 (144.) 127160495^. (145.) 1315020576. (146.) 1357802469. 
 (147-154.) 1739451; 115963|; 86972 ; 69578}; 5798lf ; 
 49698^ ; 43486| ; 38654f. (155-162.) 38270653^; 25513769 ; 
 191353261; 15308261f; 12756884f; 10934472^; 9567663f ; 
 8504589|. (163-1TO.) 44882U; 2992141 ; 224410|; 179528^; 
 149607}; 128234f ; 112205J; 9"9738i. (171-17.) 3826954: 
 2551302f ; 1913477; 1530781|; 1275651f ; 1093415| ; 956738| ; 
 850434|. (179-183.) 90536f ; 6646090^; 1327581667; 
 7815886f ; 1666481 j. (184-213.) 181072; 13292180^; 
 26551623334; 15631772f; 33329621; 
 11723829f; 2499721^ 
 6699331J; 1428412^; 
 5861914; 1249860|; 
 
 19913717500f 
 113792671431 
 
 9956858750|; 
 8850541 11 If; 
 
 5210590|; 
 
 1110987^; 
 
 15930974000f ; 9379063|; 1999777|. 
 
 135804f 
 
 77602^ 
 
 67902| 
 
 60357| ; 
 108643^; 7975308}; 
 
 9969135J ; 
 5696648f; 
 49845671 ; 
 4430726^ ; 
 
 28. (214-218.) 34424|f; 
 
 ? p (219-224.) 3437681^; 210948|f; 947ll 
 
 122128l; 
 
 894143|f ; 1162136^; 
 
 (236-243.) 
 
 2882566f Jf ; 
 15927811^.; 
 (244-250.) 
 
 (225-235.) 
 ; 2058970|-Jf ; 
 345016 J}}|; 276036^%- 
 
 98HHi 
 70056.; 
 
 Hf 
 
 2746^ 
 
 (251-257.) 156472f|i; . 8J?|J}J; 
 12890625; 109376; 681j 4 /AV 
 
 234 
 
316 APPENDIX. [CHAP. vir. 
 
 29. (25-263.) 864^; 18296; 493827^ ; 17283945^. 
 6789734; 18982660^, (264-271.) 289763412^; 231810- 
 729f|; 144881706//o; 99347455*j&; 100787273{$; 17385- 
 804f$gJ; 869290&J}}; 77270ft JgjfJ. (272-273.) 16- 
 IfffM; 28860 AVA- (274-275.) 10037^%; 
 (276-270.) 29123 j'AV; 90jftW; 10}?Ji& 
 (280-285.) 11960f|jfJ; 25647lf^ ; 22103fff; 95- 
 9 A7o; 95S}Hfjf. (286-289.) 2120 T 3 ,%V T ; 
 918412|f^; 144271i^. (29O-295.) 234, r. 27 ; 
 2245, r. 3; 133, r. 15; 221, r. 30; 11438, r. 7; 15677, r. 3. 
 (296.) 1994 dollars. (297.) 2776 sheep. (298.) 991 dollars. 
 (299.) 974 dollars. (3OO.) 1177 dollars. (3O1.) 210 acres. 
 (3O2.) 1st 56, 2d 70, 3d 105, 4th 105. (303.) 412 dollars. 
 (3O4.) 249 acres. (3O5.) 11875000 miles. (306.) 4545f 
 cubic feet. (3O7.) 125 days. (3O8.) 20 T 2 /3 7 g ( V 4 g- dollars! 
 (3O9.) 103368000 hours, 4307000 days, 11800 years. (31O.) 
 856 barrels, 107 trees. (311.) Each had 900 dollars. (312.) 
 2191 dollars. (313.) 1632000 miles in one day, 595680000 
 miles in one year. (314.) 3100 dollars. (315.) 2 days. 
 (316.) They will meet in 5 hours, at a distance of 75 miles. 
 (317.>54 dollars. (318.) 125 dollars. (319.) 2 dollars. 
 (32O.) 49 miles. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 3O. What do you understand by a problem ? by a principle ? 
 Show how problem a is founded upon the preceding rules. 
 Illustrate problem b. Illustrate problem c. Illustrate problem d. 
 Illustrate problem e ; problem jf; problem g. Can you give a 
 practical example (not taken from the book) of the use of any one 
 of the preceding problems ? 
 
 5 31. What are the names of the quantities used in division ? 
 What effect has the multiplication of a divisor upon the result in 
 division ? What the division of a divisor ? What the multipli- 
 cation or division of a dividend ? How is the remainder affected 
 
CHAP. VIII.] APPENDIX. 317 
 
 by such operations upon divisor or dividend ? What relation has 
 the quotient to the divisor ? to the dividend ? to the remainder ? 
 If the remainder be as large as the divisor, what is to be done ? 
 Can the remainder ever be as large as the quotient ? Can it ever 
 oe exactly equal to the quotient ? Give examples. Illustrate 
 each principle in the section ; in #, b, c, d, e,f, g. 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 30. (I.) 123423434. (2.) 343148. (3.) 59831. (4.) 
 879465. (5.) 1037654321,771350011. (6.) 23474. (7.) 4567031. 
 f.) 34678 dollars, 13787 dollars. (D.) 1240578. (IO.) 354. 
 (II.) 1521808704. (12.) 4556 votes, 4181 votes. (13.) 
 144000000 miles, 95000000 miles. (14.) 49 trees. (15.) 35405 
 dollars. (16.) 5718 dollars. (17.) 45441 hills. (1.) 42 gal- 
 lons, 23 gallons. (19.) 11 miles, 7 miles. (2O.) 646 dollars. 
 (21.) 44 years old. (22.) 5 dollars. (gJI.) 157 barrels. 
 (24.) 101 cubic feet. (25.) 1728 cubic inches. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 \ 32, 33. What is the difference between a prime and a 
 composite number ? Give examples. To what extent can you 
 determine upon inspection whether a number is prime or not ? 
 What is an even number ? an odd ? Show how and why it is 
 that a number, the sum of whose digits is equal to 9, is itself di- 
 visible by 9. Show how and why the same thing is true of 3. 
 
 \ 34. What is a divisor ? a common divisor ? the greatest 
 common divisor ? Show this, by analyzing numbers. Can prime 
 numbers have common divisors ? Give reason. What is the 
 common divisor of two numbers that are prime to each other ? 
 
 \ 35. How is the greatest common divisor found by the process 
 of long division ? Explain this process, giving the reasons for 
 each step as they ara explained in (a) or (b). How would you 
 proceed to find the greatest common divisor of three or four num- 
 bers? 
 
 27* 
 
318 APPENDIX. [CHAP, vm 
 
 36. What is a multiple ? a common multiple ? the least com- 
 mon multiple ? What is the difference between the least common 
 multiple and the greatest common divisor ? Is the greatest com- 
 mon divisor of two or more numbers a factor of their least com- 
 mon multiple ? If so, show how. What would be the other fac- 
 tor of such multiple ? How many multiples may any number 
 have ? Show how to find the least common multiple by decom- 
 posing into primes. 
 
 37. Show the same by the process under present section. 
 Explain how this process agrees with the former. 
 
 $ 38. What is cancelation ? Is it employed in subtraction or 
 in addition ? Give an example of cancelation. In what way is 
 it useful ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 533. (1-8.) 2X2X3; 2X7 ; 3x5 ; 2x2X2X2 ; 2X3X3; 
 2X2X5; 2X11; 2X2X2X3. (9-16.) 5x5; 2X13; 3X3 
 X3; 2X2X7; 2X3x5; 2X2X2X2X2; 3X11; 2X17. 
 (17-24.) 5X7; 2X2X3X3; 2X19; 3X13; 2X2X2X5; 
 2X3X7;2X2X11; 3X3X5. (25-32.) 2X23; 2X2X2X2X3; 
 7X7; 2X5X5; 3X17; 2X2X13; 2X3X3X3; 5X11. 
 (33-11.) 2X2X2X7; 3X19; 2X29; 2X2X3X5; 2X31; 
 3X3X7; 2X2X2X2X2X2; 5X13; 2X3X11. (42-5O.) 
 2X2X17; 3X23; 2X5X7; 2X2X2X3X3; 5X17; 3X29; 
 2X3X3X5; 2X2X2X2X2X3 ; 2X7X7. (51-57.) 2X3X17; 
 3X37; 7X17; 5X5X5; 2X3X23; 2X73; 5X31. (5-63.) 
 2X7X11; 2X83; 2X89; 11X19; 2X3X3X13; 7X37. 
 (64-89.) 3X103; 2X3X61 ; 3X5X5X5; 2X2X101; 11X43; 
 2X2X131. (70-76.) 2X2X2X11X13; 2X2X2x2x5x13; 
 2X2X2X3X3X19; 2X2X2X3X3X17; 2X2X2X823; 3X3 
 X11X797; 2X2X3X5179. (77-83.) 2X3X7X13X19; 
 2X2X5X43X89; 2X131X241; 2X2X3X5X5X263; 2X2X 
 2X2X2X3X67; 3X17X1913; 2X3X14951. (4-9O.) 2X23 
 X163; 2X31X907; 2X5X5X5X199; 3X1111; 3X7X4759; 
 3X5X3251: 2X5x7x1327. 
 
CHAP. IX.] APPENDIX. 319 
 
 34. (91-94.) 12 ; they have none ; 45 ; 5. (95-99.) 22 ; 
 4; 8; 8; 66. (1OO-1O3.) 6; 6; 18; 18. (1O4-1O6.) 2; 
 6; 14. (1O7-1O9.) 2 ; 2 ; 2. 
 
 35. (110-117.) They have none; they have none; they 
 have none; 5; 10; 12; 16; 234. (118-121.) 161; 203; 
 35; 111. (122-124.) 3; 3; 406. (125-127.) They 
 have none; they have none; they have none. (128-13O.) 
 They have none ; they have none ; 101. (131-132.) 203 ; 555. 
 
 ^37. (133-13.) 48; 120; 616; 1517; 360; 24. (139- 
 143.) 315; 2520; 1008; 27720 ; 720. (144-147.) 360 ; 
 100; 1620; 920. (148-151.) 840; 210; 7106; 128700. 
 (152-156.) 39000 ; 336600 ; 510510 ; 4560 ; 3360. 
 
 38. (157.) 14. (158.) 119. (159-16O.) 12; 8. 
 
 (161-162.) 48; 24. (163-169.) 576; 432; 288; 216; 
 144; 108; 72. (17O-172.) 20; 90; 40. (173-175.) 
 16200; 21900; 59130. (176-179.) 21; 121; 363; 847. 
 (18O-183.) 3276; 378; 416; 288. (184-187.) 55; 88; 
 40; 66. (188-190.) 300; 75; 80. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 39. What is a fraction ? What does the word mean ? In 
 how many ways may a given fraction be represented ? In how 
 many ways may a fraction in the common form be read ? What 
 is the name of the term above the line ? and what does it denote ? 
 What the term below the line ? Express by a fraction the value 
 of unity. Show the difference between a proper and an improper 
 fraction. Write a mixed number. What is meant by an inte- 
 ger ? Write a compound fraction. What is the difference be- 
 tween a compound and a complex fraction ? When is a fraction 
 inverted ? Write the nine digits as improper fractions. What 
 two kinds of fractions are spoken of ? 
 
 5 40. Upon what are common fractions founded ? Illustrate. 
 What, then, does a fraction express ? What connection has 31 
 
320 APPENDIX. [CHAI . IX. 
 
 with the subject, of fractions ? What propositions are deduced 
 from that section ? Illustrate each proposition by reference to 
 the principle in division on which it is founded. 
 
 41. Define reduction. Illustrate it. What is meant by 
 lower terms ? by lowest terms ? What have these expressions to 
 do with reduction ? What has the greatest common divisor to do 
 with reduction to lowest terms ? 
 
 42. Define an improper fraction, a whole number, a mixed 
 number. How do you reduce the first to the second or the third ? 
 Give the rule. 
 
 \ 43. Illustrate the reduction of a whole or mixed number to 
 an improper fraction. Give rule. 
 
 44. Illustrate the reduction of compound fractions to simple 
 ones. Give rule. In multiplying a fraction by a whole number, 
 what form may the whole number take ? 
 
 } 45. Define the term common denominator. How is this 
 found ? What is the change produced upon fractions by this 
 process ? Give the rule. Give an example, on the board, of the 
 reduction of a mixed number and a compound fraction to a com- 
 mon denominator. 
 
 \ 46. How does the least common denominator differ from the 
 common denominator ? Of what service is the least common 
 multiple in this connection ? Give the rule. 
 
 \ 47-50. What is necessary before fractions can be added ? 
 Rule. What is necessary before fractions can be subtracted ? 
 Rule. Give the rule for the multiplication of fractions. Explain 
 and illustrate each step. Illustrate the two methods of division of 
 fractions. What is the principle involved in the first method ? 
 What principles are involved in the second method ? Give rv^e. 
 Is this inversion of the terms of the divisor a mechanical he* - 
 does it involve a principle ? 
 
CHAP. IX.] APPENDIX. 321 
 
 51. What is a reciprocal ? of an integer ? of a fraction ? 
 How may an operation in division be included under that of mul- 
 tiplication ? Illustrate. 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 41. (1-5.) f; J; J; i; \. (6-11.) f ; |; i; J; f; }; 
 
 (12-16.) l; Ifff; flf; &V; f. (1T-2O.) T I T ; f-'fj; 
 jllli; f. (21-25.) iff; f; |6; 1; 3 ff (26 -3O.) if; 
 AVs T 7 A; T 9 oV; it- (31-40.) f; ffl; |; ffj; A'Ai IWi 
 
 820 . 441 . 971 . 971 
 T43T> 3S3> 2SS2> 2a$2' 
 
 42. (41-5O.) 3; 3; 12; 12; 48; 46; 8; 12; 1000; 
 11110. (51-64.) 2f; 11?; 7J; 9^; 1J; 18f; 10 T 5 r ; 10J4; 
 699?; 8lf|f ; 34^; 32 T V T ; 39f|; lOjfJf. (65-68.) 
 6; 203f ; 3. 
 
 c XI O /rfJQ yi^ 36. 45. 54. 63. 72. 81. 90 
 
 $ W. (t>^-7.; -4-, -5-, -tf~ m , -if-, ~I-> ~-j To^- 
 
 taN9. 10. 37. 25. 15. 75. 64. 50. 295. 1183. 
 "OV 2 "3~ '5-> T-J 1T ~U" ~J" T 3~J -T2-> ~32 ' 
 3 "4 5 /'ft*? O<F> ^ 29817. 1554. 1314. ISO . 30376. 38283. 
 
 iW- (87-.^ -3^5-5 -41- 53T > ~T-> -r~ > -3-y > 
 
 _ W _; 104364 . 7_1_0^_0 . 38113. (97 _ 9 9.) 164.5J . 1J.09J . 
 
 5 45. (122-129.) }, f ; tf, # ; J}, || ; fj, fj ; |f J, Jfi ; 
 
 Hi. iff ; if*. Ill J UJ, ill- (iso-ise.) T v 7 , AV, VA ; if, 
 
 8 6 . 40 45 48 . 360 378 384. 1188 1200 1210. J2520 J35_35 
 o4"> ^4 J tfO' 70" ' 32" 4~S2> 4"J2" ' T3^2F' T3"2"(F' 1 3 2^ ' 273"D' 27T(7' 
 
 Iff! ; J, ?W, J- (137-139.) A, f|, ft ; JJ, ^3%-, -V^ 6 - ; 
 
 (100-101.) |; f. (102-109.) fa T 3 /,; }; J; 
 
 f; A; W-=Mi- (no-iie.) A; A; A; -W-= 
 
 ; i; I; orV (HY-121.) J}}; ^3; Yfe a =3JU; jff 
 
 ^ 46. (140-146.) T L, T <L T \ ; *|, Jf, | ; *,* ; If, H ; If, 
 
 45. 195 234 240. 100 144 135 (I/W t ftS ^ 5 - - 5 - fi _5 _S . 
 
 If J 26"Ti' 26"o' "2o J To> T^O' T'So-' V- 11 *-.>*; JOQ-, 12 <T' 12^ ' 
 
 1.5 18 56. 10<i 130 3R.1RO S4 117. 88 1502025. 
 T2(F' T20' T2~(" ' ~3^"~ ~3"iT~5 Uff ' T^T-' TUTT' Tlio' 3":1T>' 3"37 ? 55fl > 
 
322 APPENDIX. [CHAP, ix 
 
 30 40 195 1 i . 21 70 30 40". 40 45 48 SO 27. 80 
 
 S(T> FOJ ~Tff-> -60 > 2Ti> ^nr> ^nr 2105 ST> 0? FOJ *T> tftfj ITUJ 
 
 30 72 100108 7 /I ^ft "\ 1260 840 630 fi 4 420 
 
 T20> T2~ff> T2~in T20" T2ff' l***y 2~S20' 252tf' 252TT' ^320"' 2S2ff 
 
 $47. (157-162.) | = ii ; A; A .^33. =2 ,3. _7_ V . f|= j 
 =2J. (163-168.) 21; 2 5 % ; 2|J}; SjifrJ fj; 1&. (169- 
 174.) 7 T V; 8 5 V; fi; lf!J; W!i; l-r 4 A 
 
 r V; 3011; 18H; 
 
 (187-195.) A; *; H; iJ; *f T ; If; A; A; ii- 
 (196-203.) A; j; !; A ; i; sV n o ; AV; - (204-209.) 
 
 i ; if ; 3 9 ^ ; 1 A ; r 3 A ; ^i- (210-213.) 4 ; A ; 6A ; AV 
 
 (214-218.) ff; /A; //^ . _47_ . _ 2 ^ (219-222.) 
 
 549. (223-233.) J; J; A; ^5 i; ?5 A? *5 T\> K; 
 Jj. (234-240.) ASriir; ! 5; ; T A J oV (241- 
 
 243.) 7 %; T 4 A;^V (244-246.) 1 T L; 15; 2|. (247- 
 249.) J; f;73|. (25O-254.) A; If; 5J ; 26J ; 82J. 
 (255.) 1 T A- (256.) ,V (257.) ^. (258.) 127?J}. 
 
 550. (259-269.) 2; 1J; 1|; 1J; 1 T ' T ; lA; 1A S I; Ai 
 
 If! if- (270-274.) 2j; 1^-; l; |6. ^ (2T5 _278.) 
 
 AV; A; sf; iff. (279.) i. (280.) $#. (281.) 
 
 4jff*fi- (282.) 3|. (283-287.) 1^5 Ifff 5 8-^; T ^; 
 
 5 51. (288-295.) | ; i ; J ; A J A 5 A 5 A 5 rh- 
 303.) |; |; |; f ; }; ; |; JJL. (3O4-3O9.) f ; 1; T \; 
 3 7 ff5 f ; yVV (310-313.) 31; 1J 4 -; l^j 3|. (314-318.) 
 
 i- 3 ^; iJ; A; T 9 ^; H- (319-324.) }; f ; fff}; tf; |*j; 
 
 A- (325-329.) l T |- f ; 7f ; 3 T 8 T 5 2|fl ; 1^. (33O-334.) 
 
 1 1 W-; ft; Ht; ^T 1 - (335-339.) j ; ; / F ; 2 3 7 ; 200. 
 
OHAP. X.J APPENDIX. 323 
 
 (340-344.) T <i, A. A; K. K. 4* * W; K f*. tf. A; 
 AV* A% iVA, AA; SJJi, fttf. ii MM- (345-346.) 
 
 1A;2. (347.) f (348-350.) ; T -J T ; ^. (351.) 30 
 feet. (352.) A.'s 844, B.'s 633. (353.) A.'s 1402 dollars, 
 B.'s 2804 dollars. (354.) A.'s claim 6000 dollars, B.'s 5000 
 dollars, C.'s 5000 dollars. (355.) A. must have 1, B. J. (356.) 
 1230 sheep. (357.) A. had 154 dollars, B. 165, C. 264, and D. 
 33. (358.) J. (359.) 12000 dollars. (36O.) She gave away 
 in all 9500 dollars. To the Fire Department Fund 3000 dollars ; 
 to the Musical Fund Society 2000 dollars ; and to each of the 
 other societies 500 dollars. (361.) Iff baskets. (362-363.) 
 / T dollars; 23^- cents. (364.) 19J barrels. (365.) lj v bush- 
 els, || of a bushel, 1^ bushels, T 3 ^ of a bushel. (366.) A. went 
 52 miles, B. 43 miles. (367.) 100 feet. (36.) 4000 dollars. 
 (369.) , jh, T V\, AVVv (3*-) A.'s 23 dollars, B.'s 23, 
 C.'s 21, andD.'s21. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 52. What is the difference between a common and a Decimal 
 fraction ? What gives the name decimal to the fraction ? Which 
 is the most, 3 units or 4 hundredths ? Wherein does a decimal 
 require a different treatment from a whole number ? What is the 
 use of the point ? What are the names of the first six decimal 
 places, beginning at the left hand ? What is the difference in 
 value between 1 ten and 1 tenth ? between 1 hundred and 1 hun- 
 dredth ? What is the use of the in decimal notation ? of the 
 naught prefixed ? annexed ? 
 
 5 $ 53, 54. How do you express decimals in figures ? Give 
 an example. How do you read decimals expressed in figures ? 
 Give an example. 
 
 5 55. Is the rule for the addition of decimals in any wise simi- 
 lar in principle to the rule for the addition of common fractions 
 and of whole numbers ? Why must as many figures in the prod- 
 
324 APPENDIX. [CHAP. x. 
 
 uct be pointed o.7 as are equal to the greatest number of decimal 
 places in any of : iie numbers added ? 
 
 56. Is the principle in subtraction of decimals like that in 
 subtraction of common fractions and of whole numbers ? Show 
 this. How must the difference be pointed off? 
 
 \ 57. Give an example of the right mode of pointing off, in the 
 product of one decimal by another, with reasons. Show the ser- 
 vice of prefixing naughts to the product in certain cases. 
 
 58. How may a decimal number be multiplied by 10, 100, 
 1000, &c. ? 
 
 \ \ 59j 60j 61, 62. Give the rule for pointing off the quo- 
 tient in division of decimals. Give the reason for the rule. 
 When is the quotient a whole number ? When there is a re- 
 mainder, what is to be done ? What does the sign -f- mean an- 
 nexed to a quotient ? How do you divide a decimal by 10, 100, 
 &c. ? Give rule. 
 
 \ 63. What is the difference between a common fraction and a 
 decimal ? How do you reduce a common fraction to a decimal ? 
 How do tenths become hundredths ? Explain the reason for the 
 rule. Are a repetend and a repeating decimal the same thing ? 
 What is the difference between them ? What is the finite part ? 
 
 \ 64. Give the reasons for the rule. 
 
 \ 65. How do you reduce repeating decimals to common frac- 
 tions ? Give the reason for the rule. What is to be done if there 
 be a finite part to the decimal ? 
 
 66. What is Federal Money ? What is its symbol ? What 
 is the difference between 7'682 and $7*682 ? Are the denomi- 
 nations of Federal Money to be explained by decimals ? If so, 
 how? Is the gold or the silver, of which the United States 
 coins are made, pure ? Why is it not pure ? What is the alloy ? 
 
 67. Illustrate how the annexing or the cutting off of O's 
 changes the denominations of Federal Money. 
 
CHAP. X.J APPENDIX. 325 
 
 69. Explain the method and the principle of dividing deci- 
 mals by 10, 100, or 1000, &c. 
 
 70. What are aliquot parts ? Explain the method of obtain- 
 ing results by aliquot parts. Explain the rule. What is the 
 origin of our denominations of shillings and pence ? Why are 
 the shillings of the different States of unequal value ? In what 
 year \vas Federal Money adopted ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 *53. (1-9.) 2; 3; 6; 4; 5; 9; 7; 8; 10. (1O-19.) 0-037 ; 
 0-03 ; 0-000048 ; 0-00000095 ; 0-00490 ; 0*0001240 ; 0-10000004 ; 
 0-000000096; 0-00009301; 0-027101. (2O-27.) 0-0804000; 
 7-000400; 0*074000081; 0-00896000; 0-04007; 0*0800004000; 
 0-060000000074; 80-0000000099. (28-37.) 0'84 ; 0-096; 
 0-0077; 0-00104; 0-10007; 0-000044; 0*0000007; 0-0000012; 
 0-01365. (38-50.) 9-4; 8-13; 41-8; 418-9; 46-74; 8-961; 
 0-7461; 54-982; 4786-19; 2-826018; 18-9765; 8-4108; 
 8976-54821. 
 
 54. (51-78.) Eight tenths ; ninety hundredths ; four hun- 
 dred and seven thousandths; one thousandth; six thousand nine 
 hundred and forty-five ten thousandths ; eighty-seven thousand 
 six hundred and one hundred thousandths ; seventy-six hundred 
 thousandths ; ten thousand, eight hundred and seventy-six hun- 
 dred thousandths ; one thousand and seven ten millionths ; one 
 million and twelve ten millionths ; six million, seven hundred fifty 
 thousand, nine hundred and twelve ten millionths; eighty million, 
 seven hundred thousand, one hundred and seventy-six hundred 
 millionths ; eighty million and one hundred millionths; nine hun- 
 dred and one million, ten thousand, one hundred and one bil- 
 lionths ; three, and seventeen ten thousandths ; four, and ninety 
 thousand and eighteen hundred thousandths ; six, and one mil- 
 lionths; forty-nine, and one hundred thousand and seven mil- 
 lionths ; eighty-six, and ten thousand and seven ten millionths ; 
 forty-four, and sixty-two million and sixteen hundred millionths ; 
 one billion, one million and one hundred ten billionths ; twenty- 
 seven, and forty-six thousand, eight hundred and twelve hundred 
 
 28 
 
326 APPENDIX. [CHAP. x-. 
 
 thousandths; nine, and four hundred and sixty-seven ten thou- 
 sandths ; eight and forty-two ten thousandths ; twenty-one, and 
 one ten millionths ; thirty-six, and twenty-one and one-sixth hun- 
 dredths ; forty-eight, and four thousand eighty-one and one-ninth 
 ten thousandths ; nine, and ten million, one hundred one and sixty- 
 nine seventieths of hundred millionths. 
 
 55. (79-81.) 0-8145; 1-1718; 561843-617. (82-7.) 
 1-4031; 1-1655; 1-3464; 1-9998; 2-5587; 3-1718. (8-93.) 
 17-2725; 0'42111; 532-94; 170-972; 367-4221; 2l57'114. 
 (94-98.) 642-206; 2-1769; 1342-048; 2523-315; 410-714. 
 (99-1O3.) 72527-835; 260*557; 317-809; 6507*42057; 
 127944-077. 
 
 56. (1O4-11O.) 850-7973; 197-7603; 861*4708 ; 898*- 
 2632; 897-7603; 1-0809; 896'2994. (111-116.) 84120-21 ; 
 92487-3091 ; 92580-614184 ; 10580-31; 92581-309964; 92539'- 
 812. (117.) 2999999-900001. (118.) 96000002006*9999916. 
 (119.) 82000302-9999L (12O-122.) 291-222; 905'3356 ; 
 2977-02313346. (123-125.) 923-5; 0'34803 ; 0'10557. 
 (126-129.) 208-3263 ; 3652*005 ; 203-3735 ; 495-7564. 
 
 57. (13O-138.) 7544*624; 11316-936; 13203-092; 
 26406-184; 36780-042; 114112-438 ; 656382-288 ; 1169416-720; 
 63065174-696. (189-147.) 567*96621; 1917-562109; 1623*- 
 5719803; 25099-7791204; 19-7435873; 79'67754546 ; 256*- 
 450266820; 207-1510702521; 276867-86773521. (148-154.) 
 17-07577096; 245-0806812; 18-43085209; 3-09751462586; 
 0-00000298806; 0-000000448209; 0*00000000398408. (155- 
 163.) 0-0001406; 0*00002072; 0-000002664; 0'0000003552 ; 
 0-00000007104; 0*000000006216 ; 0-0000000007178 ; 2*699594; 
 6-612640296. 
 
 58. (164.) 821*46. (165.) 76920. (166-171.) 
 46104 ; 461040 ; 4610400 ; 46104000 ; 461040000; 4610400000. 
 (172-179.) 4-7692 ; 47*692 ; 476*92 ; 4769*2 ; 47692 ; 
 476920; 476900; 47692000. (18O-187.) 37; 370; 3700; 
 37000: 370000; 3700000: 37000000; 370000000. 
 
CHAP. X.] APPENDIX. 327 
 
 559. (188-192.) 2-3; 3; 11-2; 2'6; 56-71457. (193- 
 198.) 3-4024; 0*456; 1*1213 ; 9-8008; 9-6665; 38-666. 
 
 I 6O. (199-205.) 10; 500; 5000; 25000; 36; 198; 40. 
 (206-213.) 471-73+ ; 832-07+ ; 117-11+ ; 29-68+ ; 
 10-24+; 5-58+; 1-05+; 68-46. (214-225.) 100931*7465+; 
 91654-520+ ; 725003-53+ ; 2530*6+; 114+; 84+ ; 13090+ ; 
 8954+ ; 20126+ ; 37-940+ ; 98528-6097+; 85314-94+. 
 
 61. (226-231.) 1-643 ; 8-235 ; 0'1647; 0-1176+; 0-0915 ; 
 
 0-0748+. (232-238.) 6666-666+; 8-3111+ ; 2'2886+ ; 
 0-824+ ; 2-223+ ; 7-405+ ; 22-629. 
 
 62. (239-242.) 4149-76; 414-976; 41*4976; 4-14976. 
 (243-247.) 6-74 ; 0'674 ; 0-0674 ; 0'00674 ; 0-000674. (248- 
 253.) 0-0341 ; 0-00341 ; 0'000341 ; 0'0000341 ; 0*00000341 ; 
 0-000000341. (254.) 3'95 cords. (255.) 13*2 inches, 
 (256.) 88-28 inches. (257.) 63-38 nearly. (258.) 103-94+ 
 volumes. (259.) 320 rods. (26O.) 498-65+ seconds. 
 (261.) 70000-039492 grains = 10-000005 pounds, nearly. 
 (262.) 2218-192 cubic inches == 1-283 cubic feet, nearly. 
 (263.) 436247-424 grains=62-32106 pounds, nearly. (264.) 
 37059-62+ times. (265.) 320 rods. (266.) 52'8 feet. 
 (267-269.) 3462-29 times, nearly; 2974-65 times, nearly; 
 487-64 times, nearly. (27O.) 54-01+ dollars. (271-274.) 
 2400-375 dollars ; 80 dollars ; 99-625 dollars ; 12 acres. (275.) 
 584-75 gallons. 
 
 63. (276-297.) 0-5; 0-333+ ; 0-14285714+ ; 0-1666+ ; 
 0-08333+ ; 0-666+ ; 0'75 ; 0-8 ; 0'8333+ ; 0-85714285+ ; 
 0-875 ; 0-888+ ; 0*8181+ ; 0-90909+ ; 0'91666+ ; 0-92857+ ; 
 0-9333+ ; 0-9375; 0-941 17+; 0-9444+ ; 0-94736+ ; 0'95. 
 (298-329.) 0-6 ; 0-42857+ ; 0-375 ; 0'3 ; 0-230769+ ; 
 0-571428+ ; 0-4444+ ; 0-3636+ ; 0-307692+ ; 0-71428+ ; 
 0-625; 0-5555+; 0-4545+ ; 0-5454+ ; 0-461538+; 0-352941+ ; 
 0-7777+; 0-6363+; 0-53846+; 0-7272+ ; 0-61538+; 0'5333+; 
 0-470588+ ; 0-692308+ ; 0-52941+ ; 0*785714+ ; 0-590909+ ; 
 0-57142+ ; 0*575757+; 0-921568+ ; 0*734513+ ; 0*160112+ 
 
328 APPENDIX. [CHAP. x. 
 
 (330-333.) 0-685714+ ; 0-31818; 0*85069+ ; 0*349205+ . 
 (334-336.) 3-256277+; 0'080148+; 1 '256493+. (337.) 
 15-716666+ dollars. 
 
 $64. (338-351.) f 5 o=l; !*&=&; *=i; iVA-i; 
 
 225 _ 9 . 4:15 _ 87 . 575 _ 23. 486 - 243 . 656 - 82 . 
 
 TinnF - 40' TOTO - 2~0~0~ TO"00 - 4 0" J TTToTr 31Tff ' ToW - 125~> 
 
 25 _1 , 375 __3 . 225 _ 9 . 1001.36984 __ 
 
 TTlFoD oT ' ToTooT So'fF ' TZFTFcToinF 7oT7T ' TooTo" > nFffoinr 
 
 rWoV (352-357.) yJi* =; ^&T> TiWW-- iJHrJ Tiffs ?nr 
 
 1 . 5005 _ 1001. 125 _ 1 . 1250505 250101 
 
 > roo^oo 5fro~o > TTTCTO? so"' To"ooo(rooo" ^ 
 
 (358-370.) J; T VA 5 T Vr 5 rWr 5 *5 A; A? 
 
 T V; i i A ; iW- (371-385.) ^VVVV ; A ; A ; A ; 
 
 55 J ' TT TT' 3 6 8 9"J T 7 TT 5 r' TTT 5 TTTT > jViT > TTJ IT' 
 
 ^ 66. (386-392.) Seven dollars and eighty-four cents ; nine- 
 ty-two dollars and six cents ; six hundred and seventy-two dollars 
 twelve cents and three mills ; eight thousand nine hundred and 
 sixty-one dollars and six mills ; four thousand one hundred and 
 eighty dollars ninety-six cents and seven and three-tenths mills ; 
 nine hundred and one dollars and one mill ; three dollars and three 
 cents. (393-4O1.) Six dollars and eighty-two cents; seven 
 dollars forty-four cents and eight mills; nine dollars and two 
 cents ; three dollars and one cent ; four dollars and seven cents ; 
 six dollars and ninety-three cents ; forty-eight dollars seventy-six 
 cents and one mill ; two hundred and seventeen dollars and one 
 mill; thirty-six dollars ninety-eight cents and seven mills. 
 (4O2-4O.) $0-37; $0'443; $6'02; $4-008; $9-206; 
 $5000-089; $1000000-015. (4O9-412.) $0'375 ; $2-125; 
 $4-625; $5-875. 
 
 67. (413-419.) 800c*.=8000 mills ; 89400cZ.=:894000m.; 
 62000^. = 620000m. ; 3400c. = 34000m. ; 93627300c. = 
 936273000m. ; 84190400cZ. = 841904000m. ; 12345600cZ. = 
 123456000m. (42O-426.) 830m. ; 910m. ; 40m. ; 3780m. 
 12340m. ; 91000m. ; 8756180m. (427-441.) $8'41 ; $9-28 
 $46-70 ; $129-86 ; $4-81 ; $1-234 ; $49'68 ; $321*946 ; $1357'92 
 $9-80; $98; 3918-762; 49876-21; $30760-09; $4876-543. 
 
CHAP. X.] APPENDIX. 329 
 
 68. (457.) -$20-80. (458.) $99'05. (459.) $82'288. 
 (460.) $106-195. (461.) $6'375. (462.) $25'53. (463.) 
 $20-9375. (464.) $49-815. (465.) 19625'796-f. (466.) 
 $19597-125. (467.) $1'929+. (468.) $68-493+. (469.) 
 216-5454+ rods. (47O.) $38-861+. (471.) $11428-571. 
 (472.) 7682 pounds. (473.) 7897 pounds sold ; average for 
 each cow, 149 pounds. (474.) 21631-5 pounds, $3244'725. 
 (475.) $1497-9225. (476.) $12-149+. (477.) 1575 thou- 
 sand m's ; he received $236-25. (478.) $16'81. (479.) -Butcher 
 receives from tailor $19-77, receives from shoemaker $15-14, and 
 the tailor receives from shoemaker $20-24. (48O.) $4*078125. 
 (481.) $41-535. (482.) $128'52. (483.) $27'0225. (484.) 
 $122-6475. (45.) $0'625. (486.) $2164781. (487.) $133'36. 
 (488.) $94-27. (489.) $16'665. (49O.) 1314 volumes. 
 (491.) $2299-50. (492.) $335'73. 
 
 I 69. (493.) $7-15. (494.) $16-875. (495.) $248-2875, 
 (496.) $339-0825. (497.) $2-84375. (498.) $1351-3728. 
 (499.) $8538-75. (5OO.) $2090-0376. 
 
 57O. (5O1-514.) $84-75; $113; $127-125; $135-60; 
 $169-50; $211-875; $226; $254'25 ; $339; $423-75; $452; 
 $508-50; $550-875; $593-25. (515-521.) $105 ; $315 ; $420 ; 
 $525; $630; $735; $210. (522-527.) 54 pounds; 72 
 pounds ; 324 pounds ; 5556 pounds ; 49302 pounds ; 588762 
 pounds. (528-538.) 592 pecks ; 296 pecks ; 222 pecks ; 444 
 pecks; 49i pecks; 88 pecks; 63f pecks; 40 T \ pecks; 74 
 pecks; 55| pecks; 44f. (539-549.) 800 brushes; 400; 
 266f ; 200; 160; 133^: 114^; 100; 80; 66f ; 57 j. (55O- 
 562.) 17491 yards; 1312;1166f; 1124f; 1049 ; 984 ; 874f ; 
 787}; 583^; 524f ; 492; 437^; 403 &. (563-575.) $85'75 ; 
 $102-90; $104-125; $106'66|; $110-25; $114-33^; $122-50; 
 6130-66|; $159-25; 8134-75 ; $153-125; $147; $183-75. 
 
 28* 
 
330 APPENDIX. [CHAP. XL 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 71. Explain the difference between an abstract and a denom- 
 inate number. Which of the two is Federal Money to be con- 
 sidered ? Which, any multiplier ? Which, the product of two 
 numbers ? When is a quotient to be considered an abstract num- 
 ber, and when a denominate number ? Give an example. 
 
 72. What is meant by Sterling Money ? Is the pound in 
 circulation ? What do the symbols , s.,/., d., qr., express ? 
 
 73. What was the original of all weights ? Whence the 
 term Troy ? What are weighed by this weight ? 
 
 74* Draw upon the board the symbols of the grain, the dram, 
 the scruple, the ounce, the pound, Apothecaries' Weight ? For 
 what is this weight used ? 
 
 75. Wherein does Avoirdupois Weight differ from Troy ? 
 What is said concerning the qr. ? 
 
 76. Whence was our standard yard obtained ? What is the 
 French standard or unit of measure ? How was it obtained ? 
 How is the inch often divided ? How on the carpenters' rules, 
 which you commonly see ? What is the difference between a 
 knot and a nautical mile 1 
 
 \ 77. Repeat the table of Cloth Measure. 
 
 \ 78. Explain what is meant by Square Measure. Is an acre 
 square ? Why not ? How long is Gunter's chain ? 
 
 79. What is the difference between square and solid meas- 
 ure ? between a square foot and a solid foot ? Give examples. 
 What is meant by round timber ? What is a cord foot? 
 
 8O. Repeat the table of Wine Measure. 
 
 81. Which is the larger, the wine or the beer gallon ? the 
 wine or the beer quart ? How much larger ? In which should 
 milk be measured ? 
 
CHAP. XI.J APPENDIX. 331 
 
 o 82. Repeat the table of Dry Measure. What articles not 
 mentioned in the note are measured by this measure ? What is 
 the U. S. standard of Dry Measure ? 
 
 83. What is leap year ? What is the centennial year ? 
 What is the difference between a lunar, a calendar, and a business 
 month ? 
 
 5 84. Divide a. circle in halves by a straight line. How many 
 degrees in each half? How many in a quarter-circle ? Explain 
 latitude longitude. How many miles in a degree ? How many 
 miles does the sun pass over in an hour ? 
 
 85. Repeat the table. 
 
 86. Explain the difference between Reduction Ascending 
 and Reduction Descending. Repeat the rule, and apply it to each 
 of the four cases of reduction descending,viz. : (1st.) of a compound 
 quantity toils lowest denomination; (2d.) of the fraction of a 
 higher to the fraction of a lower denomination ; (3d.) of the frac- 
 tion of a higher to its value in lower denominations ; (4th.) of the 
 decimal of a higher to its value in lower denominations. 
 
 87. Give the rule for Reduction Ascending. Specify the 
 four cases to which it may be applied, and apply and illustrate it. 
 
 5 88. Wherein does the principle involved in addition of de- 
 nominate numbers differ from that of simple addition, and of ad- 
 dition of fractions ? Give rule and explain it. 
 
 89. Why must a number of the subtrahend be placed under 
 a number of the same denomination in the minuend ? What dis- 
 tinct principles are embodied in the rule ? 
 
 SO. Give the rule and explain its principles. 
 
 5 91. Show in what way a divisor may be an abstract or a de- 
 nominate number. Show how a quotient may be an abstract or a 
 denominate number. 
 
332 APPENDIX. [CHAP. XL 
 
 92. What is the meaning of Duodecimals ? What are their 
 denominations ? To what are they generally applied ? What is 
 there peculiar in the addition or subtraction of duodecimals ? 
 
 93. Illustrate the multiplication of duodecimals by the multi- 
 plication of decimals. What may the index (') be considered ? 
 What is the rule for the annexing of indices to the product ? 
 Explain this. What is the strict value of 1' in the measurement 
 of surfaces ? What in the measurement of solids ? What as a 
 linear measure, for which it is sometimes used ? 
 
 94. Give an instance of the practical use of division of duo- 
 decimals. Go through with an operation, applying the rule and 
 explaining each step. How can you illustrate the indices of the 
 quotient by the decimal places in decimal division ? 
 
 95. 96. In the addition or suotraction of denominate frac- 
 tions, what principle is involved different from that in addition 
 and subtraction of common fractions ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 $85. (1-10.) 8; 16; 20; 32; 40; 60; 80 ; 100; 200; 
 400. (11-20.) 48; 96; 144; 240; 384; 720; 960; 1200; 
 2400; 4800. (21-3O.) 24; 36; 60; 84; 108; 180; 240; 
 300; 600; 1200. (31-4O.) 40; 60; 100; 140; 180; 300; 
 420; 500; 1000; 2000. (41-42.) 6 ; 1050. (43.) 1 
 8overeign==20s.=240d.=960/0r. (44.) 498. (45-GO.) 48; 
 120; 168; 360; 600; 1200; 480; 960; 2400; 3360; 7200; 
 12000; 24000; 5760; 11520; 28800. (61-74.) 40; 100; 
 140; 180; 300; 400; 500; 1000; 240; 720; 1200; 2160; 
 3600; 6000. (75-l.) 24; 48; 108; 180; 300; 600; 1200. 
 (82-1O1.) 60; 100; 140; 240; 360; 60; 300; 420; 720; 
 1080; 480; 2400; 3360; 5760; 8640: 5760; 28800; 40320; 
 69120; 103680. (1O2-I1O.) 6; 15; 27; 24; 120; 216; 288; 
 1440; 2592. (111-118.) 16; 40; 56; 96; 576; 864; 1440; 
 1536. (119-128.) 32 ; 112 5 144 ; 2 ^6; 512; 2304; 5120 ; 
 6400; 25600; 512000. (129-130.) 32; 112; 144; 240; 400; 
 
CHAP. XI.] APPENDIX. 333 
 
 1600 ; 1600 ; 32000. (137-141.) 2000 ; 6000 ; 40000 ; 100000 ; 
 200000. (142-15O.) 24; 84; 240; 36; 198; 198; 7920; 
 63360; 4382400. (151-153.) 300 ; 5280 ; 528000. (154- 
 15.) 72; 63; 360; 72; 1440. (159-164.) 36; 9; 27; 
 37; 45; 54. (165-167.) 6048; 1568160; 6272640. 
 (168-169.) 4840; 3097600. (170-172.) 46656; 86400; 
 221184. (173-177.) 24 ; 48 ; 1512; 6048; 12096. (178- 
 180.) 504; 252; 2016. (181-182.) 36; 72. (183-186.) 
 32; 1024; 15360; 25600. (187-189.) 200; 6400; 12800. 
 (19O-197.) 300; 900; 1800; 2700; 3600; 43200; 86400; 
 604800. (198-2OO.) 168; 8736; 8760. (2O1-2O7.) 120; 
 480; 900; 7200; 28800; 54000; 1296000. (2O8-211.) 120; 
 720; 1500; 21600. (212-214.) 72; 864; 10368. (215- 
 218.) 100 ; 500 ; 2000 ; 4000. (219-221.) 980 ; 4900 ; 19600. 
 (222-225.) 120; 480; 3360; 3840. (226-233.) 25; 24; 
 12; 28; 90; 6; 9; 18. (234-239.) 12; 40; 8; 12; 10; 8. 
 (240-246.) 18; 12; 3; 20; 32; 31; 5. (247-25O.) 5; 
 37|; 18f ; 10. (251-262.) 4; 121 ; 4 ; 41f ; 72 ; 5 ; 50; 
 101; 20; 30 T % ; 60; 14. (263-265.) 7; 15; 33|. (266- 
 268.) 6; 41;" 75. (269-272.) 12; 30 T % ; 81; 381. (273- 
 276.) 20; 50; 41; 39. (277-281.) 100; 22J; 31' ; 22f|; 
 44 T V (282-286.) 44; 200; 309; 81; 621. "(287-289.) 
 150; 120; 100. (29O-292.) 640; 2560; 102400. (293- 
 295.) 4; 330; 10. (296.) 10. (297.) 12-J. (298.) 25. 
 (299-300.) 5; 16|. 
 
 87. (301.) 45369. (3O2.) 123 10s. Id. 3far. (303.) 
 1500. (304.) 234. (305.) 1214. (306.) Sib. 5oz. ISpwt, 
 Ugr. (307.) 15/6. Ooz. 5pwt. (3O8.) 83/6. 4oz. (3O9.) 
 26237. (310.) 576001. (311.) 425. (312.) 2^ 03 23. 
 (313.) 2Ri 03 03 03 Igr. (314.) IT. Ucwt. Oqr. 11/6. 
 lOdr. (315.) 8340. (316.) 512257. (317.) IT. 
 Iqr. 21/6. 7oz. 14f/r. (31.) 120yd. 2ft. 11 in. (319.) 15713280. 
 (32O.) 1577664000. (321.) 288. (322.) 58. (323.) 133. 
 (324.) 16. (325.) 62yd. 2qr. (326.) 243. (327.) 1440. 
 (32.) 307200P. (329.) 138030J. (33O.) 2R. 15P. 161| 
 sq.ft. (331.) 7. (3SS2.) 500000. (333.) 2176. (334.) 
 
APPENDIX. [CHAP, xi 
 
 1175040. (335.) 207 tons, 8 cubic feet, 1721 cubic inches 
 (336.) 125. (337.) 32832. (33.) 32256. (339.) 9 bar 
 rels, 29 gallons. (34O.) 3786. (341.) 31 barrels, 15 gallons, 
 3 quarts. (342.) 25. (343.) 4752. (344.) 231/iArf. ZQgal. 
 (345.) 4323. (346.) 2304. (347.) 26528. (348.) 4ch. 
 24bu. Ipk. (349.) 49/;w. 3pk. 6qt. (35O.) 2592000. (351.) 
 166554. (352.) 789458400. (353.) 6731 55da. IShr. (354.) 
 9496da. (355.) 11 birthdays. (356.) 388800''. (357.) 189.' 
 (358.) 16 40'. (359.) 2 46' 40". (36O.) 164735". 
 (361.) 87i</oz. (362.) 76 buttons. (363.) 555 gross, 6doz. 
 (364.) 70 years. (365.) 360 sheets. (366.) 480 sheets. 
 (367.) IT'- (368.)^. (369.)^- (37O.) 1760 feet. 
 (371.) w ^ ff . (372.) $. (373.) 5971 gills. (374.) 34f 
 inches. (375.) TJ ,Y F . (376.) ff J T . (377.) 129f| inches^ 
 10 feet=3j$ yards. (378.) ^fa of a month^^ir of a year. 
 (379.) Iqr. 2?-n. (380.) 1/ur. 20rrf. (381.) Igr. 42|ZA. 
 (382.) 2mi. 3>r. 26rrf. ll//!. (383.) 9hr. 36min. (384.) 5min. 
 37^sec. (385.) 5/tr. 48min. 48sec. (386.) 13oz. 2f^|^r. 
 (387.) -3J7/. (388.) 30rfa. (389.) 25P. (39O.) 8-259375. 
 (391.) 0-875 of a yard. (392.) 0-4444+ of a yard. (393.) 
 3-36684027777+ pounds. (394.) 10-3995265151+ miles. 
 (395.) 0-145949074074+ of a day. (396.) 3-2520833+. 
 (397.) 0-4444+ of a hogshead. (398.) 0-2270833+. (399.) 
 0-915625. (400.) 0-921875 of a bushel. (4O1.) 0-469618055+ 
 of a day. (4O2.) 0-5219696+ of a furlong. (4O3.) 0'71 of 
 an hour. (4O4.) 0*0827617+ of a year. (4O5.) G'24224 of a 
 day. (406.) 3/2. 25'2P. (4O7.) 2s. 6d. (4O8.) 13*. 4d. 
 (4O9.) 23g-aZ. 2qL \pt. (41O.) 44cfo. 5hr. 49min. l'632sec. 
 (411.) 5oz. 5'888^r. (412.) 6cwt. 2qr. Ulb. 4'8oz. (413.) 
 2/wr. On/. 4yd. \ft. 2'4m. (414.) 6s. 10^. 3'2/ar. (415.) 
 2ftr. 54mm. 32'7168sec. (416.) 6s. 10^. 3'776/ar. (417.) 
 19s. 9d. (418.) 5hr.4.Smin. 49'536sec. (419.) 648. (42O.) 
 15. (421.) 54-32 pounds. (422.) 67-3064 pounds. (423.) 
 151Z6. 8or. (434.) 23-64 sheets. (425.) 11 quires 2-4 sheets. 
 
 88. (426.) 39 15s. Q$d. (427.) 25 4s. 5d. (428.) 
 34 14s. 8d. (429.) 17ZA. 3oz. Wpwt. 5gr. (43O.) 21Z6. lOoz. 
 
CHAP. XI.] APPENDIX. 335 
 
 3pwt. 20gr. (431.) 61/6. lloz. IZpwt. 8gr. (432.) 321b 85 
 03 23 120-r. (433.) 361b 65 53 13. (434.) 183 09 13.gr. 
 (435.) 27 T. 9cM>Z. 2?r. 21Z6. 7oz. 13dr. (436.) llcwt. Oqr. 
 . 7oz. (437.) 14L. Omt. 5>r. 15rd. 2yrf. (438.) 22rd. 
 0/2. 8m. (439.) 58yd. Iqr. (44O.) 47. Fl. Oqr. 2na. 
 (441.) 52. E. 2qr. 2na. (442.) 17657. yd. 7 sq.ft. 93sq. in. 
 (443.) 23M. 106A. 012. 34P. (444.) 26s. yd. \8s.ft.Q63s. in. 
 (445.) 35 cords 4.1s. ft. (446.) 50 cords 5c. /*. (447.) 
 54hhd. 36gal Iqt. \pt. (448.) 36^ns Qpi. Ihhd. I9gal Oqt. Ipt. 
 Igi. (449.) 56hhd. Wgal. Iqt. Ipt. (45O.) 33bar. Sgal. 3qt. 
 (451.) 22cL 236w. 2^/c. 4qt. Ipt. (452.) 42iw. l^L Iqt. 
 (453.) &2da. 21hr. 2min. 9sec. (454.) 8wk. 6da. 6Jir. 50min. 
 33sec. (455.) 4cr. Os. 11 59' 26". (456.) 9s. 8 45'. 
 (457.) 28 55' 58". 
 
 89. (458.) 3T. newt. Iqr. 24Z6. 4oz. 13dr. (459.) 59A. 
 2R. 27P. (46O.) 7ib 85 63 13 19^-r. (461.) llL. 2mi. 0/ur. 
 31rrf. (462.) 5E. Fr. 3qr. Ina. (463.) 20cA. Ibu. Ipk. 2qt. 
 Ipt. (464.) 9/ims Ipi. Ohhd. 52gal 2qt. (465.) 40^a. 9Ar. 
 19mm. 16sec. (466.) 13yr. 7?no. Owk. 2da. (467.) 19mi'. 
 0/wr. Ird. (468.) 34C. 127s. /i. (469.) 19C. 1 cord ft. 
 (47O.) 19 9s. 3d. (471.) llmo. 5da. (472.) 4mo. 28rf. 
 (473.) 2yr. llmo. Hc/a. (474.) Syr. IQmo. 4da. (475.) 
 64yr. Imo. 26tZ. (476.) 74yr. 4mo. 28Ja. (477.) 83 4s. 
 2rf. (478.) 36c^. 3yr. 19Z6. 602. (479.) 320A. I.R. 15P. 
 (48O.) 5yr. 3mo. 7Ja. ; 1925^a. (481.) 5cwt. Sqr. 9lb. 
 (482.) %0yd. 2qr. 3na. (483.) 70 C. 97s. ft. (484.) 976w. 
 2pk.2qt. Ipt. (485.) 11186Z6.=5'593T. (486.) 45r^. 6% ft. 
 (487.) 124yd S^r. Inc. (488.) 233 cubic feet=Uc.ft., 9 cu- 
 bic ft. 1C. 6c. /i. Qcubicft. (489-491.) 3yr.7mo.27Ja.; 
 H8yr. lOmo. 9^a. ; llo^r. 2mo. 12da. (492.) 286yr. 8mo. 8da. 
 (493.) 123yr. 2mo. IBda. (494.) 13 38' 30". (495-496.) 
 10 45' 10"; 2 53' 20". (497-499.) 1 38' 43"; 12 23' 
 53"; 1 14' 37". (5OO.) March 8th, 1502. (5O1.) 128yr. 
 2mo. 6da. 
 
 9O. (502-507.) 31 12s. 6d. ; 52 14s. 2cf. ; 63 5x. ; 
 
336 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xi. 
 
 13 15s. lOd. ; 84 6s. Sd. ; 94 17s. 6d. (5O-514.) 24cwt. 
 O^r. Gib. I2oz. I5dr. ; 32cwL Oqr. 9/6. loz. 4dr. ; 40cwt. Oqr. lllb. 
 5oz. 9dr. ; 48civt. Oqr. 13/6. 9oz. 14dr. ; 56civt. Oqr. lllb. I4oz. 
 3dr. ; Q4cwL Oqr. 20/6. 2oz. Sdr. ; 12cwt. Oqr. 22/6. 6oz. I3dr. 
 (515-523.) 24cw/. Oqr. 18/6. loz. 5dr.; 32cwt. Oqr. 24/6. loz. 
 I2dr.-, 40cwt. Iqr. 5/6. 2oz. Sdr. ; 48cwt. Iqr. lllb. 2oz. lOdr. ; 
 56cwZ. Iqr. 17/6. 3oz. Idr. ; 64cwt. Iqr. 23/6. 3oz. 
 2qr. 4/6. 3oz. 15rfr. ; 88c^/. 2^r. 16/6. 4oz. IZdr. ; 
 22/6. 5oz. 4rfr. (524-529.) 296^a/. Iqt. Ipt. Igi. ; 356 gal 
 2qt. Ipt. 2gi. ; 254gal. 4qt. Opt. 2gi. ; 458g-a/. 1^. Opt. 2gi. ; 
 GSlgal. Iqt. Ipt. Zgi.; 4l5gal. 5qt. Ipt.Zgi. (53O.) 32c^. l^r. 
 15/6. (531.) 54yd. 2qr. 3na. (532.) 14C. 119s. ^. (533.) 
 4da. 5hr. 4mm. ZQsec. (534.) Imi. 255ft. 10m. (535.) 
 673141^. lOhr. 44mm. 28jsec. (536.) 27 2s. 6d. (53T.) 
 10812a-a/. Iqt. Ipt. (538.) 23 C. be. ft. (539.) 3361//. Ijtw. 
 (54O.) 17 13s. 3i/. (541.) 35 9s. Wd. 
 
 91. (542-54.) 8yrf. 2^r. Ifna.; 6^. Iqr. 
 
 a. ; 4z/c/. l^r. ^na. ; 3^. 2gr. 3na. ; 3yd. Oqr. 3%na. ; 2yd. 3qr. 
 (549-562.) 13c?^. 3qr. 22/6. 14oz. 12^r. ; 9cwt. Iqr. 
 6/6. I5oz. 3rfr. ; 6cwt. 3qr. 23/6. 15oz. 6dr. ; 5c^. 2^r. 9/6. 2oz. 
 ^r. 15/6. I5oz. 9dr. ; 3c^. 3qr. 24lb.6oz. S\dr. ; 
 24/6. loz. ll\dr. ; 3cwt. Oqr. 10/6. lOoz. 6^c?r. ; 
 Icwt. Oqr. 3/6. 8oz. 12jrfr.; Iqr. 19/6. 8oz. 5^r. ; l^r. 9/6. Soz. 
 4^dr. ; l^r. 18/6. lOoz. 15||c/r. ; 2^r. 16/6. 9ozf l T \rfr. ; 2^r.7/6. Ooz. 
 14^r. (563-56T.) 9oz. 18pi^/. 3}fgr. ; 6oz. 15^w>/. 14 T V^r. ; 
 Soz. 12pivt. gr. ; 4oz. 8pwt. 19f|^r. ; 4oz. Zpwt. 2^gr. (56.) 
 4mi. 2fur. 39rd. 3yd. Oft. l^in. (569-5T2.) 39gal. 6pt.; 
 IA. OR. IP.', Igi.; 3 13s/ 4d. (573.) 365da. 5hr. 48mm. 
 48sec. (574.) 15//. 2m. (575.) 7s. 6d. (576.) 15s. Sd. 
 (577.) 2yd Iqr. 2na. (578.) 16rd. before, and 1/wr. 
 after. (579.) 9/6. loz. 14j9Mrt. 5gr. (58O.) 26w. 3pA: 
 (51.) 72 reams, 6 quires, and 2 sheets. (582.) The widow 
 had 856 13s. 4d., and each child had j244 15s. 2d. 3% far. 
 (583.) 16A. 3R. 8P., 21A., 21A., 42A. (584.) 6cwt. 2qr. 
 16/6., 2cwt. Oqr. 24/6., Icwt. Oqr. 12/6., 3cwt. Iqr. 8/6. (585.) 
 Soz. Spirt. 8fgr. (586.) 1/6. 3oz. Spiot. l5 T \gr. (587.) 3424 ; 95 
 
CHAP. XI.] APPENDIX. 337 
 
 gr. of gold, 190-275gr. of silver, 190-275gT. of copper. (588.) 
 $248-062. (59..) $15'5l5. (590.) 27?/r. Qmo. 3wk. 2da. 23/ir. 
 42mm. 30\sec. (591.) 4yr. Imo. llda. in Southern States; 
 3yr. Qmo. 14da. in Western States ; 2yr. 7mo. 24cfo. in Northern 
 Slates; 8mo. 20da. in Middle States: llyr. Qmo. 15da. in all. 
 (592.) 365242da.5hr.13min.8sec. (593.) 6939'55<fa. (594.) 
 13 10' 34"-8+. (595.) 43 10s. Qd. Iqr. (596.) 3506/6. 
 9oz. (597.) 11-857+ miles. (598.) 989*0833+ miles. (599.) 
 il*s. (600.) 86687500o-aZ. 
 
 $ 92. (601.) 103/. 1' 3". (6O2.) 2224/. 0' 3" 5"'. 
 (603.) 3 If. 9 r 9 /; . (6O4.) 547/. 3' 8". (6O5.) 5 1/. 6' 7". 
 (6O6.) 10/.4'7". (607.) 6/. 8' 8". (6O8.) 4 1/. 9' ll r/ . 
 (6O9-612.) 5 1/. 1'2"; 24/. 9'4 r/ ; 131/. 8'7 r/ ; 67/. 10' 11". 
 (613-615.) 88/. 0' II"; 76/. 1' 10"; 64/. 2' 9". (616- 
 619.) 6 1/. 1' 1"; 33/. l f 1" 2'"; 121/. 2' 1" 11"'; S2/. 7' 7" 
 0"'. (62O.) 24/. 1' 10" 6'". 
 
 } 93. (621.) 27/. 0' 7" 9"' 6"". (622-623.) 48/8""'; 
 28/. 3' 11" 2'". (624.) 2 1/. 1' 9". (625.) 394/. 2' 9". (626.) 
 3978/. 1' 6". (627.) 24yd. 6/, 11' 11". (62.) 38yds. 
 (629.) 266/?. (630.) ^34'32-h. (631.) 448 cubic feet, T 4". 
 (632.) 4610f cw^ic/!. (633.) 1655^. //. (634.) $10-903+. 
 (635.) $19-998+. (636.) 562/. 4' 11" 8"' 1""; 13337/. 9' 9" 
 2'" I"" 4'"" T"". (637.) 31590 bricks. 
 
 \ 94. (638-640.) 2/. 3' ; I/. 1' 6" ; 4/. 6'. (641.) 2/. 11'. 
 (642.) I/. 11'. (643.) 8/. (644.) SO/ 8'. (645.) 5/. 5'. 
 
 (646-64-8.) 2d.'2jfar; 6qt.l$pt.; 19hr. 5min. 5]sec. 
 (649-650.) \ft. lOiin.; 15s. 10d. 2 T %^r. (651-652.) 3da. 
 IGhr. 15mm.; 75d. 2?ir. (653.) 2^r. 8Z6. 9oz. 5idr. (654.) 
 5&gt. (655.) 7fm. (656.) 4da. 21hr. 8mm. (657.) 
 0^. fyt. (658.) $10-1 5|. 
 
 96. (659-66O.) 8hr. 59mm. 48sec. ; I8hr. 57mm. 
 (661.) 4yd.3qr.mna. (662.) 21Z. 4f |. (663.) 
 
 29 
 
338 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xii. 
 
 (664.) Qgal. Sqt. fp*. (665.) 2A. IR. 10-^P. (666.) 2GgaL 
 l^pt. (667.) 387-29J- days of 10/zr., counting 365 days to the 
 year. (66.) 3s. 2d 3|/ar. (669.) 3da. Mr. I5sec. (67O.) 
 2oz. ISpwrt. 3fgr. (671.) lOcte. (672.) 463 6 5 c/s. (673.) 
 &V &V AVi lei- CO**-) 8^r. 30mm. (675.) 3Ja. 9ftr. 
 llmw. 40sec. (676.) $112. (677.) $200, $120, $880. (67.) 
 Each received 576 balls. (679.) lOlb. lloz. 6%dr., lllb. 2oz. 
 9\dr., 11/6. 1102. Sdr., 12/6. 7oz. 3|dr., 53Z6. 1602. 4jrfr. (68O- 
 61.) Each son received 28A. 3 JR. 36|P. There remained with 
 the father 86A. 3R. 28}P. (682.) 5da. 6/ir. (683.) 6s.lO^. 
 (684.) 6lb. 2 T 4 30Z. (685.) 274da. 12fer. 30min. (686.) 39mi. 
 5il/ wr . (687.) Is. 2^ ff 7 B rf. (688-691.) Coat 7 95. ; panta- 
 loons 2 95. 8rf. ; hat" jl 4s. IQd. At first he had 14 18s. 
 (692.) $1-50. (693.) 5988| feet. (694.) 44'24719-f inches. 
 (695.) Vlrd. 44ft. 6m. (696.) 9in. (697.) 2yd. 2na. \\in. 
 (698.) 837| cubic inches. (699.)" 223]- cubic inches. (7OO.) 
 3763-235 cubic inches. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 \ 97. What is the principle of percentage ? Does percentage 
 apply to money alone ? Are common fractions used in computa- 
 tions of percentage ? Why not ? What is the rale ? How do 
 you write a rate that is less than 1 per cent. ? How, a rate great- 
 er than 100 per cent. ? What rate does -f^ express ? How is 
 the fractional part of a number to ba obtained ? Give the general 
 rule for obtaining the percentage. 
 
 \ \ 98, 99. What do you understand by applications of per- 
 centage ? What is commission ? Give an example. What is 
 brokerage ? What are stocks ? What is the par value ? Give 
 an example of stock below par ; above par. When will you pre- 
 fer to buy ? when to sell ? What are dividends ? Who are 
 meant by stockholders ? What is the difference between above 
 par and at a discount 1 
 
CHAP. XII.] APPENDIX. 339 
 
 100. If you were an assessor, state how you would proceed 
 in laying taxes. 
 
 101. What doyou understand by custom-house business? 
 What officer of the United States government has the control of 
 this department of public affairs ? How are the expenses of the 
 administration of government paid ? What is revenue ? What 
 are duties ? What is the difference between specific and ad va- 
 lorem duties ? Wherein does net weight differ from gross weight? 
 Before computing duties, what allowances are made ? What is 
 draft ? tare ? leakage ? breakage ? What is the legal allowance 
 for draft ? What is an invoice ? 
 
 102. State what you know concerning insurance. What is 
 the premium ? What is meant by indemnity ? What is the pol- 
 icy ? Are ships only insured ? 
 
 103. What is meant by Profit and Loss ? How will yon 
 ascertain the amount of gain or loss in a given transaction ? 
 How will you ascertain the per cent, gain or loss ? How will you 
 ascertain the amount per yard, per bale, per pound, per piece, &c., 
 gain or loss ? How will you determine the cost per yard, &c., 
 knowing the sum for which it sold, and the gain or loss per cent. ? 
 
 104. What is Interest ? Why called simple ? Wherein does 
 interest differ from percentage ? What has law to do with fixing 
 the rate per cent, in any transaction ? How do you find the in- 
 terest, if principal, time, and rate are given ? How if the rate be 
 6 per cent. ? How if the rate be any per cent. ? If your princi- 
 pal consist of pounds, shillings, pence, &c., what must be done ? 
 Explain aliquot parts. Give an example. 
 
 5" 105. Show a more accurate method of finding the interest 
 when the time is given in days. 
 
 \ 106. What are partial payments ? What is the U. S. rule 
 for computing interest ? 
 
 28* 
 
340 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xn. 
 
 $107, J give you the principal, the rate per cent., "and the 
 time ; how will you find the interest ? I give you the time, the 
 rate, and the interest ; how will you find the principal ? I give 
 you the principal, the time, and the interest jr how will you find 
 the rate ? I give you the principal, the rate, and the interest ; 
 how will you find the time ? I give you the time, rate, and 
 amount : how will you find the principal ? 
 
 5 108. Wherein does discount differ from the present worth ? 
 
 1O9. What is compound interest ? Must interest always be 
 added annually to be compounded ? 
 
 11O. What is a Bank ? How is it established ? Relate all 
 you know about it. What is specie ? What are the officers of a 
 bank called, and what are their duties? Tell all you can about 
 notes of hand ; why they are given ; by whom, &c. What is the 
 meaning of negotiable ? Under what circumstances are notes of 
 hand negotiable ? What is the amount called for which the note 
 is given ? What do you understand by the proceeds of a note ? 
 
 111. What is the precise difference between bank discount 
 and discount ? Which is the more equitable ? Why ? When 
 the rate per cent, is not specified in a note, what rate is under- 
 stood ? 
 
 112. If I give you the present worth of a bankable note, the 
 time and rate, how will you find the face of the note ? Must in- 
 terest on a bankable note be computed for the exact time specified 
 in the note ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 $97. (1-8.) 0-02; 0-08; 0'12 ; 0'5 ; 1*06; 1-4; 2-6; 18. 
 (9-17.) 0-09; 0-24; 0'99; 1-04; 6-07; 72-81; 0'005 ; 0-025 ; 
 0-35. (18-25.) 0-005; 0-0025; 0'0066f ; 0'009 ; 0-00375 ; 
 0-008331 ; 0'0033| ; 0-004. (26-32.) 0-025 ; 0-0333^ ; 0'058 ; 
 0-36142857-h 2-2025; 5'0'0375 ; 9-4675. (33-37.) $56-10 ; 
 $4768-08; $623'875 ; $2765-40984; $313111-8945. (38-47.) 
 
CHAP. XII.] APPENDIX. 34/1 
 
 $4938-17185; $24690-85925; $2469-085925; $32098-117025; 
 $3703-6288875; $62961-6910875; $246908-5925; $4069053-- 
 6044; $18765053-03; $424682-7791. (48-53.) 1'52 ; 15'52; 
 35; 239-4; 0-9125; 0-345. (54.) 173-67 pounds. (55.) 
 $3-37635. (56.) 164'15. (5T.) $148-50. (58.) $46-62 for 
 calicoes ; $33-30 for thread ; $99'90 for silks ; $42-18 for broad- 
 cloths. (59.) 125 barrels the first time, 75 the second time, and 
 300 remaining. (6O.) 81 per cent. (61.) 13*841 bib. = \3lb. 
 IQoz. Ipwl. 23^gr. (62.) After the 1st stroke 90 percent.; 
 after the 2d, 81 per cent. ; after the 3d, 72 T 7 per cent.; after the 
 4th, 65 T Vo per ce.it. (63.) $6'50. (64.) $1620. (65.) $200. 
 (66.) 40-32o-^. (67.) $79725-508. 
 
 99. (68.) $262-50. (69.) $405. (7.) $144-585. 
 $103-50. (72.) $15802-50. (73.) $3500. (74.) 200 bales. 
 (75.) $14750. (76.) $8800. (77.) $14113-71. (78-81.) 
 $2316-4375; $2640'5275; $4370-1645 ; $9327-1293. (82-84.) 
 $3900; $5070; $6591. (5.) $7993-1578+. (6.) $902-50. 
 (7.) 48 per cent. (8.) $89-91. (9.) $420. (DO.) 88 trees. 
 
 510O. (91.) $6-375. (92.) $12-93. (93.) $21. (04.) 
 $5-625. (95.) $28-125. (96.) $ 6'50. (97.) $1360. 
 (98.) $9863-473. (99-1OO.) $5528543-0658; $2064877-5306. 
 (101-103.) $21; $75-90; $3. (1O4.) $5203-0625. (1O50 
 $3617-5788. 
 
 101. (106.) $318-40704. (1O7.) $346. (1O8.) $316'- 
 7262. (109.) $2162-8464. (11O.) $8-876955. (111.) 
 $31-80. (112.) $57-9963. (113.) $1020. (114.) $4692-60. 
 (115.) $78-3275. (116.) $132. (117.) $1276'80. (118.) 
 $685. (119.) $114-66. (12O.) $188-16. (121.) $78-40. 
 (122.) $107-016. (123.) $33-07425. (124.) $74-088. 
 (125.) $240-2355. (126.) $874-875. (127.) $30. (128.) 
 $2572-50. (129.) $249-704. (ISO.) 2465'75. 
 
 $102. (131.) 7-38. (132.) $240. (133.) $19-6125. 
 (134.) $207-402. (135.) $1043-325. (136-14O.) $150; 
 
 29* 
 
APPENDIX. [CHAP. xn. 
 
 $225; $318-75; $375; $412*50. (141-142.) $12-60; $13-44. 
 (143.) $85. (144.) $136-50. (145.) $169. (146.) $368. 
 (147.) $82-50. (148-15O.) $240; $360; $450. 
 
 5 103. (151.) $375. (152.) $1440. (153.) $78-125. 
 (154.) 14f per cent. (155.) 10 per cent. (156.) $0-14. 
 (157.) About 34 per cent. (158.) $4-37^. (159.) $2'625. 
 (160.) $1120. (161.) 20 per cent. (162.) 25 per cent. 
 (163-164.) 20 per cent. ; 25 percent. (165.) 46/j percent. 
 (166.) 31 fi per cent. (167.) $4000. (16.) $1000. 
 (169.) $100. (17O.) 9 T <V 3 3 per cent. (171.) $4410. (172.) 
 $2284-375. (173.) $1102-50. (174.) $902-50. (175- 
 176.) 2 3s. Od. 3^ far. ; 99 percent. (177-178.) $3517*50 ; 
 llf per cent. (179.) $2000. (ISO.) $1736'84 T V 
 
 104. (181-185.) $8-10; $29-40 ; $83-85 ; $9936-003 J 
 $2087487-0105. (186-19O.) $61-88; $129-22; $898-5431; 
 $595323-729 ; $8565702-60637. (191-197.) $6958-257 ; 
 $8349-9084; $9741-5598; $50099-4504; $62624-313; $93936-- 
 4695; $150298-3512. (198-203.) $7064-7624; $11774-604; 
 $15699-472; $21979-2608; $27317-08128; $32380-161. (2O4- 
 21O.) $226-875; $268-125; $309-375; $350'625 ; $391*875; 
 $474-375; $556-875. (211.) $3-332475. (212.) $6390'51. 
 (213.) $143-786295. (214.) $100. (215.) $151-402185. 
 (216.) $0-002747. (217.) $0'2625. (218.) $89-969925. 
 (219.) $12-53968. (22O.) $99'412f. (221.) $4*50205. 
 (222-224.) $4998-75; $5332; $5235'90. (225-227.) 
 $381-85; $534-59; $409-125. (228-23O.) $210 ; $181 ; $260. 
 (231.) $2-200339}. (232.) $92-75. (233.) $1-73272. 
 (234.) $91-575. (235.) $183-55. (236.) $49-2005. (237.) 
 $0-36153. (238.) $0-7518825. (239.) $89-65. (24O.) $85-75. 
 (241.) 15 10s. 3^. (242.) 4 10s. 7 T W., nearly. 
 (243.) 3s. l\d. (244.) 4 3s. 6d. 1-95/ar. (245-247.) 
 $507-695|; $508-535; $509'374. (248-250.) $407-729145625; 
 $408-58990375; $408-3986241 f. (251-254.) $3-993465; 
 $63-70948; $1000-1755+; $2790-0593+. (255-257.) $2-- 
 1169+ ; $2-8729+; $4'38505+. (258^-259.) $5'621175; 
 
CHAP. XII.] APPENDIX. 343 
 
 $111-941685. (26O-262.) $3-57; $761-626576f ; $65185-767+. 
 (263-265.) $40-421+; $80-842+ ; $29748-866+. (266.) 
 $4-94395. (267.) $4-9856125. (268.) $1-28646+. (269- 
 271.) $4984-541f ; $5382-375; $5745-85. (272-275.) 
 $344-4979+; $348-409+ ; $356-2313+.; $360-1423+. 
 
 105. (276.) $413-79. (277.) $5'047. (278.) $7-871. 
 (279.) $1-703. (28O.) $10'356. (281.) $20-88. (282.) 
 $1-75. (283-284.) $8-601+; $7-289+. (285-287.) $6-415+; 
 $2-742+; $3-134+. (288-29O.) $0'996+; $M95+; $1'395+. 
 
 $106. (291.) $251-62. (292.) $252-12. (293.) $5*844. 
 (294.) $5-80. (295.) $60-866. (296.) $60-72. (297.) 
 $144-404. (298.) $143'55. 
 
 (299.) $29-03. (SCO.) $100. (3O1.) $40. 
 (302.) $530. (303.) $4090'909. (304.) $79500. (3O5.) 
 $14133-331. (306.) $39328-57j. (3O7.) 41 per cent. (3O8.) 
 ,5 per cent. (3O9.) 7 per cent. (31O.) 8 "per cent. (311.) 
 9 per cent. (312.) 5mo. I2da. (313.) lyr. 9mo. (314.) 
 16yr. 8mo. (315-329.) 20yr. ; 16fyr. ; 14f yr. ; 12l?/r.; 
 lljyr. : lOyr. ; 9 T Y?/r. : 8Jyr. ; 18 T 2 T ?/r. ; 15 Ayr. ; 13jyr. ; ll&yr. ; 
 10|Jyr. ; 9i}yr. ; 8|fi/r. (33O-333.) 3yr. 5mo. 12da. nearly ; 
 2?/r. 9mo. 3rfa.+ ; 2?/r. 3/wo. 18rf. nearly; lyr. llmo. QQda. 
 nearly. (334-^336.) 43?/r. 7wo. 26rfe,+ ; 31yr. 2mo. 4rfa.+ ; 
 26?/r. lOmo. 12^a. nearly. (337.) $530. (338.) $4070. 
 (339.) $5-37. (34O.) $1437-227. (341.) $1437-126. (342.) 
 $49-14. (343.) $2970-011. (344.) $1165-21+. (345.) 
 $10269-146+. 
 
 108. (346.) $2-913. (347.) $37-411. (348.) $2-652. 
 (349.) $86-713. (35O.) $1-265. (351-353.) $28-35+; 
 $32-92+ ; $37-44, (354-356.) $385'66+ ; . $459-47+ ; 
 $495-98+. (357-359.) $58-58+ ; $42-38+ ; $46'46+. 
 (360-361.) $76-27+ ; $86'77+. 
 
 5109. (362.) $112-55+. (363.) $135-769. (364.) $57-881. 
 
344 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xiu. 
 
 (365.) $262-477. (366-368.) $1913-36+; $1915-04+; 
 $1910-12. (369-37O.) $43'75+ ; $44'04+. 
 
 (371.) $18-085. (372-376.) $4'575 ; $7'438 ; 
 $21-231; $0-867; $27-809. (377.) $1781-10. (378.) $6598-48. 
 (379.) $832-89+. (38O-383.) $643-175; $832*81+ ; $67'- 
 62+; $4214-398+. (384-385.) $7'23I; $6-879+. (386- 
 389.) $21-35; $5'425; $20'29 nearly; $5-16 nearly. (39O.) 
 $24-15. 
 
 112. (391.) $609-446. (392.) $50'62. (393.) $1043-932. 
 (394.) $73-546. (395.) $107*594. (396.) $376-483. (397.) 
 $3338-75+. (398-401.) $152-36+; $304-72+; $457-08+ ; 
 $507-87+. (402-4O3.) $683-877+ ; $682-667+. (4O4.) 
 $103-518+. (4O5-4O7.) $609-446+; $408-371+; $309'438+. 
 (4O8-41O.) $1026-079+; $1031-46+; $1036'896+. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 113. What do you understand by Analysis ? Give an ex- 
 ample. What is to be first determined in a question of Analysis ? 
 
 5 114. What is Ratio ? How may a question in analysis be 
 answered by ratio ? What does this ratio show with respect to 
 one of the given quantities ? Is it always a multiplier ? What 
 care is specially necessary in determining the ratio ? 
 
 115. Is there a ratio between quantities of different denomi- 
 nations ? How may such quantities be reduced so as to have a 
 ratio ? 
 
 5 116. What is Practice ? Has the ratio employed in Practice 
 a r !! ion to any one of the given quantities, or to something else ? 
 
 117. What do you understand by Currency ? What is the 
 currency of the State in which you live ? What values have 
 coins ? Explain. How can the state of trade affect the value of 
 coin ? What is the legal value of the sovereign ? 
 
1HAP. XIII.] APPENDIX. 345 
 
 118j 119. What is one method of reducing Sterling to 
 Federal Money ? Federal to Sterling Money ? 
 > 
 
 5 120. What is the method of reduction of currencies by 
 ratio ? What is the ratio in this case ? Is it fixed or variable ? 
 Why? 
 
 121. Give the ratios of the dollar in the several States to the 
 pound sterling ; of the pound sterling to the dollar. How is Fed- 
 eral Money to be converted into State or Canada currency ? How 
 these latter currencies into Federal Money ? 
 
 122. What are the custom-house values of some of the chief 
 current foreign coins ? How may foreign coins be reduced to 
 Federal Money ? Federal Money to foreign coins ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 113. (1-9.) 36 days; 24 days; 18 days; 9 days; 8 days; 
 6 days ; 4 days ; 3 days ; 2 days. (1O-16.) $221 ; $27 ; $30 ; 
 $371; $45; $75; $150. (17-22.) 40 days; 30 days; 24 
 days; 20 days; 12 days; 4 days. (23-28.) 120 hands; 80 
 hands; 40 hands ; 24 hands; 20 hands; 15 hands. (29.) 384 
 times. (30.) $441. (31.) $130680. (32.) $948*. (33.) 
 $26133331 (34-40.) $18; $24; $30; $42; $54; $66; $78. 
 (41-44.) $3 ; $3 ; $1 ; $2. (45-47.) 16 men ; 12 men ; 8 
 men. (48-5O.) 6f miles; Smiles; 10 miles. 
 
 115. (51-55.) f; J; ', ; Tir W (56-6O.) ^; 
 
 A; A-J^JTif*. (6*0 & (a-5.) 1; -v 4 -; tf; 
 
 if- (66.) rfA*. (67.) T |fs. (680 Tffr. (69.) ^. 
 (TO.) T 1 7 . (71.) T 3 ^. (72.) UftJ. (73.) Silver and cop- 
 per each T ^ of the gold ; silver and copper together l of the gold. 
 (74.) f (75.) ^Wy (76.) |4J. (77.) JftV. (78.) |J}. 
 (79-83.) $1755; $450; $675; $1080; $1485. (84-88.) 
 $210; $450; $1350; $2160; $3510. (89.) $1290. (9O.) 
 $537f. (91.) { of a week. (92-94.) 30 men; 300 men; 
 
346 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xm. 
 
 18000 men. (95.) 80 feet, (96.) 270 feet. (97.) 941 feet. 
 (9.) $221iffJ. (99.) T 5 // T of a day. (1OO-1O8.) $0'125; 
 $0-25; $0-4375; $0'541f; $0'708|; $0'9375 ; $M25. (1O7- 
 112.) 4 barrels; 9|| barrels; 16 barrels; lOf bushels; 63 
 bushels; 105 bushels." (113-121.) 33 feet ; 66 feet; 99 feet ; 
 247| feet; 330 feet; 4121 feet; 20 rods; 4 rods; 8 rods. 
 
 15 men; 10 men; 6 men; 25 men; 5 men. 
 
 $1-75; $2'91f; $4'08 ; $6-41 ; $9-91f ; $21 ; 
 $35; $49; $142-85$; $257'14f ; $342-85f (138-141.) 
 $56000 ; $28000 ; $21000 ; $35000. (142-15O.) 9sec. ; 15sec. ; 
 45sec. ; 25; 65; 250; 375; 85; 185. 
 
 116. (151.) $326-25. (152.) $4'43i. (153.) $20'625. 
 (154.) $3-1625. (155.) $11-26125. (156.) $6-015jj, (157.) 
 $1-50. (158.) $11-81$. (159.) $9. (16O.) $24'28{. 
 (161.) $7-81|. (162.) $6-75. (163.) $154'37l. (164.) 
 $68-621. (165.) $2-79j. (166.) $8'66. (167.) $3'93|. 
 (168.) $121-871. (169.) $61'87i (17O.) $3-36}. (171.) 
 $5-16f. (172.)" IS/o mil es- (1^3.) $2'52|. (174.) $10. 
 (175-18O.) 720 bushels; 1440 bushels; 2880 bushels; 1080 
 bushels; 1800 bushels; 2160 bushels. (181-185.) 192 beg- 
 gars; 120 beggars; 96 beggars; 72 beggars; 60 beggars. 
 (186-190.) $150; $25; $16'66|; $8-33i ; $1-66|. (191- 
 195.) 266fyd. ; 240z/d; 160^.; 145 T 5 T ?//.; nS^yd. (196- 
 20O.) 39666| miles; 51000 miles; 62333^ miles; 107666f 
 miles ; 147333^ miles. 
 
 5 122. (201-21O.) 1 ; 4 ls.+ ; 6 14s. 2d. 2|/ar.+ ; 
 JC12 3s. 9d. 2l/ar. nearly; 181 Is. lOd. l^/r.+ ; 5"l2s. 3d. 
 3/ar.+ ; 261 4s. Id. l|/ar.+; 4565 6s. 10^. 3/ar.+; 92352 
 17s. 2d. l/r.+ ; 572089 8s. Bd.0far.+ . (211-218.) l 
 16s.; 5 3s. Id. 3/ar.-^ ; 16 8s. Id. 2far.+ ; 147 Is. 3d. 
 2far.+ ; 1794 14s. Id. 3far.+ ; 16477 5s.+ ; 18458 9s. 6d. 
 "2far.+ ; 44700 11s. 7d. lfar.+. (219-234.) l 15s. 8d.+ ; 
 5 2s. 2d. 2/ar.+ ; 16 5s. 2d.+ ; 145 14s. 6d. 3/ar.+ ; 1778 
 7s. 10d.+ ; 16327 9s. Id, 3/r.+ ; 18290 13s. 5d. 2far.+ ; 
 44294 4s. 2d. 3far.+ ; l 16s. Id. 3far.+ ; 5 3s. 7d. 2far.+ ; 
 
CHAP. XIII.] APPENDIX. 347 
 
 16 95. <7d. S/ar.-f ; 147 14s. Wd. lfar.+ ; 1802 19s. 6rf. 
 2/ar.+ ; 16553 3s. 7dL 3/ar.+ ; 18543 10s. 9rf. l/ar.-f ; 
 44906 11s. 5rf. 3/ar.+. (235-24O.) $44'77 ; $131-50+; 
 $188-94+ ; $1310-379+; $20234-265+; $336283'38+. (241- 
 258.) $44-40; $130'41+ ; $187-38 ; $1299-55 nearly; $20067'- 
 039+ ; $333504-144; $44-811+ ; $131-622+; $189-115; 
 $1311-582+; $20252-845+; $336592-188+; $46'22f; $132'- 
 829+; $190-85+; $1323-615+; $20438-651+; $339680'17i. 
 (259-263.) 25 Is. Canada; 23 7s. 7Jrf. Georgia; 30 Is. 
 2J. New England; 37 11s. 6d. Pennsylvania; 40 Is. 7^. 
 New York. (264-26.) 9 6s. W-Qd. Canada; 8 14s. 4-72d. 
 Georgia; 11 4s. 2'64d. New England; 14 Os. 3'3d. Pennsyl- 
 vania; 14 18s. ll-52<2. New York. (269-273.) 250 Can- 
 ada; 233 6s. 8d. Georgia; 300 New England; 375 Penn- 
 sylvania; 400 New York. (274-278.) $303-10 Canada; 
 $324-75 Georgia; $252'58i New England; $202'06| Pennsyl- 
 vania; $189-43| New York. (279-283.) $321-05 Canada; 
 $343-982 \ Georgia; $267'541| New England ; $214'03i Penn- 
 sylvania; $200-656^ New York. (284-288.) $4000 Canada; 
 $4285-714f Georgia; $3333-33^ New England; $2666'66f Penn- 
 sylvania; $2500 New York. (289.) 1755-^ sovereigns. 
 (290.) 11575f| five francs. (291-295.) 595 T W Mexican 
 doubloons; 1190|f ten thalers; 2321 2s. 4^. Canada ; 18568-94 
 rupees of Bengal ; 11605-5875 ducats of Naples. (296-301.) 
 $5904-675; $12740; $3659-625; $385660-88; $1342851*78; 
 $369698-994. (302.) $84760'33. (3O3.) 5113 15s. 9d. 
 2/ar.+. (3O4.) 1008 12s. IQd. lfar.+ New England. (305.) 
 26455^| five francs. (3O6.) $0*003388. (3O7.) $4-356. 
 (3O8.) $29-04. (3O9-314.) 416f ounces of Sicily; 1250 
 ducats of Naples ; 2061 ffi florins of Augsburg; 1269|f rix dol- 
 lars of Bremen ; 64 3 4 g- Mexican doubloons; 219^f Louis-d'ors. 
 (315-325.) $15600; 14716|f crowns; 3223 r y T sovereigns; 
 14857| specie-dollars of Denmark; 14716f| specie-dollars of 
 Norway; 8472| pagodas of India; 31200 rupees of Bengal; 
 13866f milrees of Portugal ; 44571^ mark bancos of Hamburg; 
 3120 English guineas; 83870f francs. 
 
348 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xiv. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 123. Explain a proportion. What names are given to the 
 terms of a ratio ? What of a proportion ? Wherein does a ratio 
 differ from a proportion ? Whence did the Rule of Three derive 
 its name ? What is meant by known quantities ? What by the 
 unknown ? What is a mean proportional ? How is it found ? 
 What propositions are true with respect to the various terms of a 
 proportion ? Repeat the first form of the Rule of Three. Ex- 
 plain its principles. Repeat the second form of this rule. Ex- 
 plain the difference between the two rules. Show the connection 
 between the second form and the method by analysis. 
 
 124. Explain a compound proportion. By how many pro- 
 cesses may a question involving complex conditions be answered ? 
 Illustrate by an example. 
 
 125. What is Arbitration of Exchange? What principle 
 does it involve ? 
 
 126. What is Partnership? What principle lies at the 
 foundation of operations under this head ? How will you ascer- 
 tain each partner's gain or loss ? 
 
 127 Wherein does Double Fellowship differ from partner- 
 ship? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 123. (1.) 40-56. (2.) $21. (3.) 3 16s. 6d. (4.) 52j 
 weeks. (5.) 113 miles. (6.) 14f years. (7.) 320 yards. 
 (8.) 25 men. (9.) 2000 pounds. (1O.) 61f bushels. (11.) 
 11 seconds. (12.) 3600 times. (13.) 31| minutes. (14.) 
 8 days. (15.) 13014f pounds. (16.) 66JH feet. (17.) 
 6js. (1.) $104-16f. (19.) 23 miles. (2O.) 4 hours. 
 (21.) $576. (22.) $11. (23.) $13. (24.) $9510. (25.) 
 $1732-25. (26.) $310. (27.) 550 bushels. (2.) 12| bar- 
 
CHAP. XIV.] APPENDIX. 349 
 
 rels. (29.) 33yd. (30.) 32 miles. (31.) $42-85?. (32.) 
 Uda. 4hr. (33.) 9| inches. (34.) 8 days. (35.) 45g 
 yards. (36.) $100. (37.) $14400. (38.) $1166|. (39.) 
 68104 T T miles. (4O.) 1037^ miles. (41.) 60590592000000 
 miles. (42.) 6hr. 40mm. (43.) $625. (44.) H6da. 4$hr. 
 (45.) _!_. of an inch. (46.) $4-66f. (47.) $5-25. (48.) 
 \n\mo. (49.) 76032 years. (50.) 60 feet. (51.) 31 miles. 
 (52.) ISyd. (53.) 29^ degrees. (54.) 236| miles with cur- 
 rent, and 168| miles against it. (55.) ^f J} T times. (56.) |f. 
 (57.) Supply-pipe alone 8%da. ; supply-pipe and 1st dischargirg 
 pipe \Q\da. ; supply-pipe and 2d discharging pipe llfda. ; all to- 
 gether 15da. 
 
 (58.) 441 T 3 T miles. (59.) 71 Ij pounds. (6O.) 69 
 weeks. (61.) 30 men. (62.) 3291^. (63.) 6 men. (64.) 
 11 men. (65.) 30 pounds. (66.) $144. (67.) 500 men. 
 (68.) 288^ days. (69.) 200 men. (70.) $67'50. (71.) 
 $14-40. (72.) 8 months. (73.) 6 per cent. (74.) $360. 
 (75.) $19-20. (76.) 80 cows. (77.) 32yd. (78.) 8mo. 
 (79.) 10 persons. (8O.) $50 dollars' worth. 
 
 $125. (81-83.) $1899-3911; $1816'66f; $83-73 j. (84- 
 86.) $5398-65; $4755'55|; $643'09^. (87.) 36|} pounds. 
 (88.) 375 pears. (89.) 20 ff English guineas. (9O.) 982^ 
 francs. 
 
 (91.) A.'s share $100-80, B.'s $109*20. (92-94.) 
 A. $200 ; B. $222-22f ; and $055f on the dollar. (95.) $138'- 
 46 T 2 T , $161-531^. (96.) $11-25, $18-75. (97.) $400, $600, 
 $900, $208-33i, $291-66f. (98.) $11-50, $5'75, $9-20. (99.) 
 $161, $112, $92. (10O.)$342-85f,$285-71f, $171-42f. (1O1.) 
 $240, $120, $80, $60. 
 
 5127. (1O2.) $54-92ff, $45-07^-. (1O3.) $55'32f, 
 $94-67f (104.) $3-50. (1O5.) $39'62jf, $60'37f. (1O6.) 
 A. $17-50, B. $4-65, C. $10-60, D. $5-75, E. $8-00. (1O7.) A. 
 $13-50, B. $12-00, C. $30-00. (1O8.) A. $195, B. $112-50, C. 
 
 30 
 
35C APPENDIX. [CHAP. xv. 
 
 $67-50 (1O9.) A. $40, B. $30, C. $24. (11O.) Each officer 
 , each midshipman $80, each sailor $30. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 128. How do you find the average of a series of numbers ? 
 Define average. To what topics is the principle of average ap- 
 plied under this chapter ? 
 
 5 129, 130. What is Equation of Payments ? Give the 
 rule, and illustrate it 
 
 131. What is the rule for finding the cash balance ? Ex- 
 plain the principle involved in the rule. If the cents of an entry 
 exceed 50, what may be done ? if less than 50, what ? 
 
 5 132, 133. Define Alligation Medial. In what does it re- 
 semble equation of payments? What is Alligation Alternate? 
 Show in what way Alligation may be of use to the dealer in gro- 
 ceries. 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 5128. (1-5.) SJ; 4; 5; 6; 7. (6-1O.) 6}; 16$; 16J; 
 69-J ; 7|. (11.) $1220-181. (12.) 93 T V (13.) Average 
 leeAft. ; aggregate 1163^&. (14.) 5 16s. 3d. qr. (15.) 
 36yr. 6mo. l$da. (16.) 29-67 inches. (1T-1.) 2244'44f"; 
 5m. 7s. (19.) 39-09281 inches. (2O.) 14-5051475. (21- 
 22.) 45m.42is. ; 2m. 41 T 3 T 6 ir s- (23.) 6oz. 18pwt. (24-25.) 
 29; 42i. 
 
 (26.) 4 T V?w.=4mo. 16da. (2T.) 8fmo.=8mo. 
 (28.) 9mo. (29.) 5fjmo.=5mo. 22<fo. (SO.) 6mo. (31.) 
 6^mo. (32.) 64 T V days after Jan. 1st, or March 5th. (33.) 96| 
 after the 1st of March, or, calling it 97 days, we have June 6th. 
 (34.) 6^mo.=6mo. 12da. nearly. (35.) 16^| days after the 
 10th of March, or the 27th of March. (36.) 5^ months. (37- 
 
CHAP. XVI.] APPENDIX. 351 
 
 38.) 4fmo. ; 4mo. (39.) 28 f days after July 1st; that is, on 
 the 30th of July. 
 
 130. (4O.) 117| days. (41.) 4| months. (42.) 2J 
 months. (43-44.) $875; 8rao. 
 
 $131. (45.) $148-51 in favor of A. (46-47.) Cash bal- 
 ance of $229-26 in favor of B. ; cash balance of $232-72 in favor 
 of B. (48.) Cash balance of $98'92 in favor of A. (49-5O.) 
 Cash balance of $174*56 in favor of A. ; cash balance of $180*28 
 in favor of A. 
 
 132. (51.) $0-502. (52.^ $0-83}i. (53.) 12f ,arats. 
 (54.) 67 ji degrees. (55.) 6f knots. (56.) 11 T 5 T cents. (57.) 
 
 223 9 -gCf. 58.) $3-86|f. (59.) 83^lb. (6O.) 
 
 133. (61-66.) 12, 52 ; 17, 47 ; 24, 40 ; 36, 28 ; 43, 21 ; 
 54, 10. (67.) Twice as much wine as water. (68-71.) 4, 4, 
 4, 9 ; 3, 3, 3, 12 ; 2, 2, 2, 15 ; 1, 1, 1, 18. (72-76.) 17, 4, 4 ; 
 10, 10, 12 ; 7, 7, 18 ; 5, 5, 22 ; 3, 3, 26. (77-81.) 5, 5, 5, 6 ; 
 4, 4, 4, 9; 3, 3, 3, 12 ; 2, 2, 2, 15; 1, 1, 1, 18. (82-85.) 90, 
 90, 810 ; 90, 90, 405 ; 10, 10, 10 ; 4f, 4f, 4f . (86-91.) 62 
 pounds of each ; 39 pounds of each ; 25^ pounds of each ; 16 
 pounds of each ; 9| pounds of each ; 4| pounds of each. (92- 
 96.) ~100, 100, 2100 ; 100, 100, 900 ; "lOO, 100, 500 ; 100, 100, 
 300; 100, 100, 180. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 134. What is Involution ? What is a square ? a cube ? 
 What is the difference between a root and a product ? between 
 the power of a number and the factor of a number ? 
 
 135. What is meant by Evolution ? What is the difference 
 between the 4th power of a number and the 4th root of a number ? 
 
 136. To what is the square of two numbers (say tens and 
 units) equal ? the square of three numbers ? 
 
352 APPENDIX. [CHAP, xvi 
 
 137. Explain how the number of figures in a square root 
 may be determined. Illustrate by a diagram the involution of 
 two or more numbers to the 2d power. 
 
 5 138. Illustrate the extraction of the square root by a geomet- 
 rical diagram. What is the rule for the extraction of square root ? 
 Why must a naught be annexed to the trial divisor ? If there 
 are decimals, how must the number be pointed off? How is the 
 square root of a common fraction found ? 
 
 139. What is a triangle ? What is a right-angled triangle ? 
 What is an hypotenuse ? Give the established proposition in ge- 
 ometry concerning the square of the hypotenuse. What relation 
 do similar surfaces or areas bear to each other ? 
 
 5 140. The cube of two numbers equals what ? of the sum of 
 
 any number of numbers ? 
 
 141, 142. On what principle may the number of figures 
 in the root of a cube be determined ? Illustrate by a diagram the 
 involution of two numbers to the 3d power. Illustrate by dia- 
 gram the extraction of the cube root. Give the rule. Why must 
 two naughts be annexed to the trial divisor ? To what extent 
 may the extraction of a root be illustrated geometrically ? How 
 is a decimal to be pointed off? How is the cube root of a deci- 
 mal to be found ? of a common fraction ? 
 
 143. Similar solids are to each other as what ? Illustrate. 
 Can you give an example not found in the book of the use of a 
 knowledge of square or cube roots ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 134. (1-10.) 196; 361; 576; 1296; 2304; 3249; 8649; 
 12321; 28224; 54289. (11-2O.) 2197 ; 5832; 12167; 42875 ; 
 85184; 175616; 753571; 3241792; 37933056; 10793861. 
 (21-22.) 229345007; 387420489. (23-26.) 0'5625; 1-2996; 
 1162-1481; 22-857961. (27-31.) 0'216; 0-002197; 0-00824- 
 2408; 0-274625; 27-570978261. (32-36.) 5 T V 5 13 
 
CHAP XVI.] APPENDIX. 353 
 
 T . (37-41.) J; A; 38 T Jf r ; 172fff; 
 (42-44.) l57-& 8 2 3 y ; 0-00390625; 0-019775390625. 
 
 $138. 45.) 104976. (40.) 526112. (47-52.) Ill; 232; 
 5555; 130321; 923521; 248832. (53.) 59'049. (54-57.) 
 2-56; 0-0625; 4-123 nearly; 6-123 nearly. (58.) O'OOlll. 
 (59-60.) f- ; |f. (61-62.) $; 2], (63-65.) 2-027 nearly; 
 0-8044 nearly ; 0'515+. 
 
 139. (66.) 80 feet. (67.) 94-34 miles nearly. (68.) 
 4-24264 feet nearly. (69.) 20 feet. (7O.) 5'196 feet nearly. 
 (71.) 25 times. (72.) 36 gallons. (73.) 3-60555 feet nearly. 
 (74-77.) 20 feet ; 18-86796+ feet ; 15-54723+ feet ; 22-36067+ 
 feet. (78-8O.) 672 feet; 680 feet; 104 feet. 
 
 . (1-9O.) 70 3 +3x70 2 x5+3X70X5 2 +5 3 ; 80 3 +3X 
 80*X9+3X80X9 2 +9 3 ; 100 3 +3X 100 2 X40+3X 100X40 a + 
 40 3 +3 X (1 00+40) 2 X 2+3 X (100+40) X 2 2 +2 3 ; 300 3 +3 X 300 a X 
 60+3 X 300 X60 2 +60 8 +3X (300+60) a X 5+3 X (300+60) X5 2 + 
 5 s ; 40 3 +3X40 2 x7+3X40X7 2 +7 3 ; 90 3 +3X90 2 X6+3X90x 
 6 2 +6 3 ; 200 3 +3X200 2 X20+3X200X20 a +20 3 +3X(200+20) 2 X 
 1+3X(200+20)X1 2 +1 3 ; 400 3 +3X400 2 X90+3X400X90 2 + 
 90 3 +3X(400+90) 2 X6+3X(400+90)X6 2 +6 S ; 800 3 +3X800 2 X 
 70+3 X 800 X 70 a +70 3 +3 X (800+70) 2 X 9+3 X (800+70) X 9 a +9 3 ; 
 900 3 +3X900 2 X90+3X900X90 2 +90 3 +3X (900+90) 2 X9+3X 
 (900+90) X9 2 +9 3 . 
 
 (91.) 216. (92-95.) 1331; 35; 49; 1936. (96.) 
 0-7773. (97.) 2-65. (98.) 1-08005+. (99.) T2599+. (1OO.) 
 2-08008+. (1O1.) 1-4422+. (1O2-1O4.) jf ; f ; 2-577 
 nearly. (1O5-11O.) 1-726 nearly; 0-9353 nearly"; 0-8736 
 nearly; 0-9196 nearly ; P6631 nearly ; 2-3996 nearly. 
 
 143. (111.) 18ff pounds. (112.) 6-1476 inches nearly. 
 (113.) 6 inches. (114-115.) The weight of the first three is 
 equal to the weight of the last three ; the diameter of a ball of 
 average weight is 30-2381 inches nearly. (116.) 50-3968 
 
354: APPENDIX. [CHAP. xvn. 
 
 inches nearly in length, and 40*3175 inches nearly for diameter. 
 (117.) 47-984 inches nearly. (11.) 64. (119.) 37-6412 
 inches nearly in length, 28-2309 inches nearly in breadth, and 
 18-8206 inches nearly in depth. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 144. What is an Arithmetical Progression ? What is the 
 difference between an ascending and a descending series ? What 
 five quantities are to be considered in arithmetical progression ? 
 How may the last term of a series be found, if the first term, the 
 common difference, and the number of terms are given ? Ex- 
 plain the principle. How may the sum of all the terms be found, 
 when the first term, the last term, and the number of terms are 
 given ? 
 
 145. Will you explain the difference between an arithmetical 
 and a geometrical progression ? between the ascending and the 
 descending series ? What five quantities are to be considered ? 
 Given the first term, the ratio, and the number of terms, how will 
 you find the last term ? How will you find the sum of the terms, 
 if first term, last term, and ratio are given ? What is the value 
 of the last term of an infinite series ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 144. (1.) 299. (2.) 25^. (3.) $19. (4.) 3J. (5.) 12 
 inches. (6.) 167 hills. (7.) $80. (.) 442. (9.) 50800. 
 (1O.) 1825 miles. (11.) 6 6s. (12.) 560000. (13.) 146217. 
 (14-15.) 78; 300. (16.) 402^ feet. ' (17.) $570. 
 
 145. (!) 64. (19.) 327680. (2O.) 320 miles. (21- 
 23.) $16000; $64000; $256000. (24.) 118096. (25.) 436905. 
 (26.) 1398101 pecks. (27.) U. (2.) ', (29.) . (3O 
 31.) 20 feet; 10 feet. (32.) 9. (33.) 5. 
 
CHAP. XVIil.j APPENDIX. 355 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 146. What is a. rectangle ? How is the area of a rectangle 
 found ? of a parallelogram ? of a triangle ? of a trapezoid ? the 
 circumference of a circle, iis diameter 'being given ? the area of 
 a circle, its diameter being known ? How is the volume of a prisrn 
 or of a cylinder found ? How is the volume of a pyramid or of a 
 cone found ? the volume of a sphere, its diameter being given ? 
 the volume of the frustum of a pyramid or of a cone ? How is 
 the area of an ellipse found ? 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 (1.) 376s?. /*. =41^s?. yd. (2.) 2394s?. in.=l6lsq. 
 ft. (3.) 91s?. rods=-f^f of an acre. (4.) 110|s?. in. (5.) 
 The rectangular piece contains 9s?. in. more than the square one. 
 (6.) 54s?. //. (7.) 37- 95s?. ft. (8.) 84s?. rods. (9.) 845?. 
 yd. (1O.) 80s?, yd. (II.) 40s?. rods=i of an acre. (12.) 
 16fs?. ft. (13.) 25132-8 miles nearly. (14.) 119-38 feet. 
 (15.) 219-21 times. (16.) 502-656 acres. (17.) The first is 
 equal to the sum of the other two. (18.) 30 cubic feet. (19.) 
 14-966 cubic feet. (20.) 106-029 cubic inches. (21.) 93244729f 
 cubic feet. (22.) 91-1064 cubic feet. (23.) 201061930s?. 
 miles. (24.) 113'0976s?. in. (25.) 113-0976 cubic inches. 
 (26.) 904-7808 cubic inches. (27.) 537-2136 cubic inches= 
 1-909 beer gallons. (28.) 101f| cubic feet. (29.) 4712'4s?. 
 ft. (30.) 2078-1684S?. in.==14' 
 
 (31.) $1159-64 nearly. (32.) 6 months. (33.) 
 1159-42 nearly. (34.) 10 If} rods. (35.) A.'s $184 T 8 3, B.'s 
 $153}i, C.'s $161 T V (36.) $500. (37.) 146000 words. 
 (38.) 1039 r Vdays. (39.) $128. (4O.) $0'96. (41.) 20 per 
 cent. (42.) $1-50. (43.) In 8 months. (44.) $160. (45.) 
 22 men, 18 women, 50 children. (46.) $2-91 nearly. (47.) 
 292mm., 9231^. (48.) $584*41 + . (49.) A.'s $135-70, B.'s 
 $203-55, C.'s $271-40. (5O.) 2000 specie-dollars. (51.) $76'52-K 
 
356 APPENDIX. [CHAP. xvm. 
 
 (52.) 9856 years. (53.) 24856-28+ miles. (54.) 90 men. 
 (55,) 18 days. (56.) 3fcr. 26 r 8 f miw. (57.) All could do it in 
 16 days; A. in 52^ days; B. in 57f J ; C. in 44 T 4 g ; D. in 280 
 days. (58.) 9| per cent.; 19} per cent.; 28| per cent. 
 (59.) 2-418115599 gallons. (6O.) 2521; 5041 ; 7561 ; 10081. 
 (61.) 2519; 5039; 7559; 10079. (62.) 36000 rations. 
 (63.) 72 yards. (64.) 5050 pigeons. (65.) 120 casks. (66,) 
 40 pounds of sugar. (67.) f ^ _ i|3Jj. Cremona feet. 
 (6.) 7^ days. (69.) lij- days. (TO.) 24 ounces per day. 
 (71.) A.'s 1428*, B.'s $5~71f. (72.) A. paid $327 T 3 T , B. paid 
 $163 F 7 T , C. paid $109 T y. (73.) 120 yards. (74,) $328074-37^. 
 (75.) Between 60 and 61. (76.) 77440 miles. (77.) $4000. 
 (7.) I neither gain nor lose. (79.) I lose ^ of a cent on each 
 orange. (8O.) I neither gain nor lose. (81.) I gain y 1 ^ of a 
 cent for each cent employed. (2.) 2 T 2 ^ times. (83.) 2 times. 
 (84.) 15 yards. (85.) The younger had $453-846 nearly; the 
 elder had $546*154 nearly. (86.) A. has $30, B. $33, C. $37. 
 (87.) If days. (88.) Value of horse $150, number of tickets 
 60. (89.) Each received $50, and Henry sold 200 melons. 
 (9O.) 48 apples for 20 cents. (91.) He gained 80 cents. 
 (92.) A. has $266|, B. has $933i. (93.) $2700. (94.) 25 
 percent. (95.) 20 per cent. (96.) $2'625. (97.) 53} yards. 
 (98.) 9ffff| years. (99.) 12-907 inches, nearly. (1OO.) 300 
 strokes. (1O1.) At the end of every 5 hours. (1O2.) $2-586. 
 (1O3.) 825000. (104.) J of a unit. (1O5.) A. has $133*79-, 
 B. has $80-27+, C. has $30-10+. (1O6.) A. ought to have 
 $135-85, B. $81-51, C. 826-80. (1O7.) 3j/V days. (1O8.) There 
 was due $2952-28. (1O9.) The deer weighed 168 pounds. 
 
 The total number of examples under the different chapters is as 
 follows : 
 
 Chap. I, 0. Chap. II., 92. Chap. Ill, 58. Chap. IV., 132. 
 Chap. V., 262. Chap. VI, 320. Chap. VIL, 25. Chap. VIII., 190. 
 Chap. IX., 370. Chap. X., 575. Chap. XL, 700. Chap. XII, 410. 
 Chap. XIIL, 325. Chap. XIV., 110. Chap. XV., 96. Chap. XVI, 
 110. Chap. XVII, 33. Chap. XVIIL, 109. Total, 3926. 
 
PERKINS' COURSE OF MATHEMATICS. 
 
 TESTIMONI ALS. 
 
 From the numerous recommendations of these works, received from the highest sources, the 
 following selections are deemed sufficient to call the attention of Teachers, and those connected 
 with Education, to a thoroughjrial of their merits. 
 
 From PROP. COOK and DR. CAMPBELL, of Albany Academy. 
 
 u From all who have used the ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC here, both teachers and scholars, 
 we hear bur one opinion, and that is most favorable. It is an excellent text-book, and wo hira 
 QO hesitation in recommending it to parents and pupils." 
 
 Extract from the Minutes of the Board of School Commissioners of the City of Albany , 
 
 April 11/A, 1850. 
 
 " The Committee on text-books made a report, recommending Perkins' SERIES OP ARITHME- 
 TICS as superior text-books for the use of schools ; whereupon it was unanimously resolved, 
 that Perkins' Primary and Elementary Arithmetics be adopted as the Arithmetical text-books ol 
 lle Albany District Schools." 
 
 From I. W. JACKSON, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, Union College. 
 ' The Higher Arithmetic is a work of an order superior to any that has been issued from try; 
 American press. Indeed, I am acquainted with no work on Arithmetic in the English anguaga 
 equal to it. I am confident that its general adoption as a text-book, by our seminaries, would 
 be considered by all who feel an interest in the promotion of the exact sciences, as an omen of 
 good." 
 The following was unanimously adopted by the Chenango County Teachers' Institute, in 
 
 October, 1S19. 
 
 "That we consider Perkins' Elementary Arithmetic, Higher Arithmetic and Elements at 
 Algebra, better adapted to the use of schools than any other works on these subjects : that wa 
 highly recommend their use throughout the country, and that we will each use our endeavors to 
 secure their adoption in our several schools." 
 
 From SAMUEL CROSS, Principal of Classical Institute^ Warren, R. I. 
 " After a thorough examination, I must say, in all candor, that I am much pleased with tlu 
 Elementary Arithmetic." 
 
 From GEOGE W. MEEKER, ESQ.., Secretary of the Board of School Inspectors, Chicago. 
 " I consider them better adapted to the wants of our Schools and Seminaries than any othef 
 series extant. I am happy to add, that the Arithmetics have recently been unanimously adopteo 
 as the text-books of the Public Schools of this City. 
 
 From each of the Principals of the Public Schools of Chicago. 
 " We have examined Perkins' Arithmetics, and consider them the best before the public." 
 
 Extract from a Letter from GEO. P. WILLIAMS, Professor of Mathematics and Natural 
 
 Philosophy, University of Michigan. 
 
 " After an examination of the last editions of these works, I am prepared to repeat the opink 
 formerly expressed, that they are the best arithmetics in use." 
 
 From C. M. WRIGHT, Principal of South Bend (Ind.) Academy. 
 
 u 1 ha ^e adopted Perkins' Mathematical Series, and say unhesitatingly that they need only I 
 crammed to be liked." 
 
 From JOHN F. NICHOLS, Principal of the High School, Detroit. 
 
 " I have examined, with great care, the revised edition of Perkins' Elementary Arithmetic , 
 and I l-3sitate not in saying, that in my opinion, it is much superior to any other work on th 
 ubject, with which I am acquainted." 
 
 From O. S. TAYLOR, Principal of Branch University, Michigan. 
 'The Elementary Arithmetic is the most practical work in the English language." 
 
 From N. BRITTAIN, Principal, of Rochester Collegiate Institute. 
 
 I have examined with considerable care "Perkins' Elementary Arithmetic," anl regard it a 
 ivork of great merit. In several important points, I consider it preferable to any work of tl. 
 kind now in use. 
 
 From I. F. MACK, Esq.., late Sup. P. Schools of Rochester. 
 
 I concur in the sentiment above expressed in reference to ' Perkins' Elementary Arithmetic.' 
 The " Higher Arithmetic," and Algebra, by the same Author, have been adopted by the Board cil 
 Education of this city, and introduced into the public schools with entire satisfaction. 
 From CHARLES AVERY, A. M., A. A. S., Prof, of Chemistry and Nat. Phil.. Hamilton College 
 
 I have examined Perkins' Algebra, and am pleased with it. I esteem it a valuable work of 
 the kind; and do. therefore, cheerfully recommend it to the confidence and patronage of (*' 
 
A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 * JONTAININQ THE PRONUNCIATION, ETYMOLOGY, AND EXPLANATION OF ALL WORDS Al> 
 
 THORIZED BY EMINENT WRITERS ; 
 
 To which are added, a Vocabulary of the Roots of English Words, and an Accented 
 List of Greek,'Latin, and Scripture Proper Names 
 
 BY ALEXANDER REID, A.M., 
 
 Rector of the Circus School, Edinburgh. 
 
 VV:.tn a '.'ritical Preface, by HENRY REED, Professor of English Literature in the University 
 
 Pennsylvania, and an Appendix, showing the Pronunciation of nearly 3000 of 
 
 the oioat important Geographical Names. One volume, 12mo. 
 
 of nearly 600 pages, bound in Leather. Price #1 
 
 Aaiong tne wants of our time was a good dictionary of our own language, especially adapted 
 for academies and schools. The books which have long been in use were of little value to the 
 junior students, being too concise in the definitions, and unmethodical in the arrangement 
 Reid's English Dictionary was compiled expressly to develop the precise analogies ana various 
 properties of the authorized words in general use, ty the standard authors apd orators who uae 
 our vernacular tongue. 
 
 Exclusive of the large number of proper names which are appended, this Dictionary includes 
 four especial improvements and when their essential value to the student is considered, the 
 sterling character of the work as a hand-book of our language will be instantly perceived. 
 
 The primitive word is distinguished by a larger type ; and when there are any derivatives 
 from it, they follow in alphabetical order, and the part of speech is appended, thus furnishing a 
 complete classification of all the connected analogous words of tlie same species. 
 
 With this facility to comprehend accurately the determinate meaning .,f the English word, in 
 Conjoined a rich illustration for the linguist. The derivation of all the piimitive words is dis- 
 tinctly given, and the phrases of the languages whence they are deduced, Whether composite or 
 simple; so that the student of foreign languages, both ancient and modern, by a reference to 
 any word, can ascertain the source whence it has been adopted into our own form of speech. 
 This is a great acquisition to the person who is anxious to use words in their utmost clearness 
 of no easing. 
 
 To these advantages is subjoined a Vocabulary of the Roots of English Words, which is of 
 peculiar value to the collegian. The fifty pages which it includes, furnish the linguist with a 
 wide-spread field of research, equally amusing and instructive. There is also added an Ac 
 cented List, to the number of fifteen thousand, of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names. 
 
 R E COMME N U A TI ( ) N S 
 
 REID'S Dictionary of the English Language is an admirable book for the use of schools. 
 Its plans combine a greater number ol desirable conditions (or euch a work, than any \vhh 
 which I am acquainted: and it seems to me to be executed, in general with great judgment, 
 fidelity, and accuracy. 
 
 C. S. HENRY, 
 Professor of Philosophy, History, and Belles Lettrej, 
 
 in the University of the City of New- York. 
 
 Keif's Dictionary of the English Language is compiled upon sound principles, and with 
 judgment and accuracy. It has the merit, too, of combining much more than is usually lookad 
 for m Dictionaries of small size, and will, I believe, be found excellent as a convenient manual, 
 for genera' use and reference, and also for various purposes of education. 
 
 HENRY REED, 
 
 Professor of English Literature in the University of Pennsylvania 
 
 After a careful examination, I am convinced that Reid's English Dictionary has stroni 
 lainis upon the attention of teachers generally. It is of convenient size, beautifully executed, 
 nd seems well adapted to the use of scholars, from the common school to the university. 
 
 D. H. CHASE, 
 
 Principal of Preparatory School. 
 MIDDLETOWX, Ct. 
 
 Af'er a thorough examination of" Reid's English Dictionary," I may safely say that I con 
 pider it superior to any of the School Dictionaries with which I am acquainted. Its accurat* 
 d concise definitions, and a vocabulary of the roots of English words, drawn from an authoi 
 sf such authority as Bosworth, are not among the least of its excellencies. 
 
 M. M. PARKS, 
 Professor of Ethics, U. S. Military Acadrmy, West Point 
 
Sibttra. 
 
 GKEEK OLLENDORFF; 
 
 BEING A PROGEESSIVE EXHIBITION OF THE PEINCIPLSH 
 OF THE GEEEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Designed for Beginners in Greek, and as a Book of Exercises for 
 Academies and Colleges. 
 
 BY ASAHEL C- KENDRICK, 
 
 Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in the University of Rochester. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. SI. 
 
 Extract from the Prefab. 
 
 ^ .ie present work is what its title indicates, strictly an Ollendotf, and aims to apply the 
 methods which have proved so successful in the acquisition of the Modern languages to the 
 study of Ancient Greek, with such differences of course as the different genius of the Greek, 
 and the different purposes for which it is studied, would suggest. It differs from the modern 
 Otlendorffs in containing Exercises for reciprocal translation, in confining them within a smaller 
 compass, and m a more methodical exposition of the principles of the language. 
 
 It differs, on the other hand, from other excellent elementary works in Greek, which have 
 recently appeared, in a more rigid adherence to the Oilendorff method, and the greater sim- 
 plicity of its plan : in simplifying as much as possible the character of the Exercises, and in 
 keeping out of sight every thing which would divert the student's attention from the naked con- 
 struction. 
 
 The object of the Author in this work was twofold ; first, to furnish a book which should 
 serve as an introduction to the study of Greek, and precede the use of any Grammar. It will 
 therefore be found, although not claiming to embrace all the principles of the Grammar, yet 
 complete in itself, and will lead the pupil, by insensible gradations, from the simpler con- 
 structions to those which are more complicated and difficult. 
 
 Tne exceptions, and the more idiomatic forms, it studiously leaves one side, and only aims 
 to exhibit the regular and ordinary usages of the language, as the proper starting point for the 
 student's further researches. 
 
 In presenting these, the Author has aimed to combine the strictest accuracy with the utmost 
 simplicity of statement. He hopes, therefore, that his work will find its way among a younger 
 class of pupils than have usually engaged in the study of Greek, and will win to the acquisi- 
 tion of that noble tongue many in our Academies and Primary Schools, who have been repelled 
 by the less simple character of our ordinary text-books. On this point he would speak ear- 
 nestly. This book, while he trusts if. will bear the criticism of the scholar, and be found 
 adapted to older pupils, has been yet constructed with a constant reference to the wants of the 
 young ; and he knows no reason why boys and girls of twelve, ten, or even eight years of ase 
 may not advantageously be put to the study of this book, and, under skilful instruction, rapidly 
 master its contents. 
 
 GESENIUS'S HEBREW GKAMMAE. 
 
 [Fourteenth Edition, as revised by Dr. E. RODIGER. Translated by T. J. CONANI 
 Professor of Hebrew iu Madison University, N. Y. 
 
 With the Modifications of the Editions subsequent to the Eleventh, by Dr. DA VIES 
 
 of Siepney College, London. 
 
 To which are added, A COTTRSE OP EXERCISES IN HEBREW GRAMMAR, and a HEBREW CKRBA 
 
 TOMATHY, prepared by the Translator. One handsomely printed vol. 8vo. Price $2. 
 
 Extract from the. Translator's Preface. 
 
 "The fourteenth editioff of the Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius is now offered to the public 
 , the translator t>l he eleventh edition, by whom this work was first made accessible to stv 
 ents in the English > inguage. The convicuon expressed in his pit-face to that edition, that iu 
 publication ia tins - nuiitry would subserve the interests of Hebrew literature, has been fully 
 [sustained by the result. After a full trial of the merits of this work, both in America and i 
 IK'iglor.d, its republicanon is ivw dcin:iini("l in it lute -i ;m 1 MIO-:I in:i':-->vnd form." 
 
anil 1'nim. 
 
 country in wmcn me great uoinan conqueror conuuctcu me c 
 scribes. The volume, as a whole, htwevcr, appears to be admi 
 which it was designed. Its .style of editing ami its typographica 
 Lincoln's excellent edition of Livy a work which -some month 
 
 C. JULIUS CJESAITS COMMENTARIES 
 
 GALLIC WAR. 
 
 With English Notes, Critical and Explanatory ; A Ltxicori. ^eograpnical and 
 Historical Indexes, &c. 
 
 BY REV. J. A. SPENCER, A. M., 
 
 Editor of" Arnold's Series of Greek and La^in Books," en. 
 
 One handsome vol. 12mo, with Map. Price $1. 
 
 Ti e press of Messrs. Appleton is becoming prolific of superior editions of tha classics uwd 
 in schools, and the volume now before us we are disposed to regard as one of the nost beautiful 
 and high'y finished among them all, both in its editing and its execution. The classic Latin in which 
 the greatest general and the greatest writer of his age recorded his achievements, has leen sadij 
 corrupted in the lapse of centuries, and its restoration to a pure and perfect text is a work re- 
 quiring nice discrimination and sound learning. The text which Mr. Spencer has adopted is thai 
 of Oudendorp, with such variations as were suggested by a careful collation of the leading critict 
 of Germany. The notes are as they should be, designed to aid the labors of the student, not to 
 supei-sede them. In addition to these, the volume contains a sketch of the life of Caesar, a briel 
 Lexicon of Latin words, a Historic^! and a Geographical Index, together with a map of the 
 country in_which the great Roman conqueror conducted the campaigns he ?o graphically do- 
 
 "mirably suited to the purpose for 
 ical execution reminds us of Prof. 
 inths since had already passed to a 
 
 second impression, and has now been adopted in most of the leading schools and colleges of th 
 count ry. Providence JoiirnaJ. 
 
 " The type is clear and beautiful, and the Latin text, as far as we have examined it, extremity 
 accurate, and worthy of the work of the great Roman commander and historian. No one edition 
 lias been entirely followed by Mr. Spencer, lie has drawn from Oudendorp, Achaintre. Lanuiiiv. 
 Obcrliu, Schneider, and Giani. His notes are drawn somewhat from the above, and al;--o from 
 Vossius. navies, Clarke, and S'.utgart. These, together with his own corrections and notes, and 
 an excellent lexicon attache:!, render this volume the most complete and valuable edition ol 
 Caesar's Commentaries yet published. Albany Spectator. 
 
 EXERCISES IN GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION. 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE 
 
 FIRST BOOK OF XENOPHON'S ANABASIS. 
 
 BY JAMES R. BOISE, 
 
 Professor in Brown University. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. Price seventy-five cents. 
 
 V For the convenience of the learner, an English-Greek Vocabulary, a Catalogue of the Im 
 guiar Verbs, and an Index to the principal Grammatical Notes nave been appended. 
 
 "A school-book of the highest order, containing a carefully arranged series of exercisi de 
 rived from the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis, (which is appended entire.) an Eng'ish u4 
 Greek vocabulary and a list of the principal modifications of irregular verbs. We regard it M 
 one peculiar excellence of this book, that it presupposes both the diligent scholar and the paint 
 taking teacher, in ether hands it would be not only useless, but unusable. We like it also, b 
 enuse, instead of aiming to give the pupil practice in a variety of styles, it places before him bnl 
 a single model cf Greek composition, and that the very author who combines in the greatest d> 
 gree, purity of language and idiom, with a simplicity that both invites and rewards imitation.'' 
 Christian Register. 
 
 ' Mr. Boise is Professor of Greek in Brown University, and lias prepared these exercisei 
 as an accompaniment to the First Book of the Anabasis of Xenophon We have examined tb 
 plan with some attention, and are struck with its utility. The exercises consist of short -* 
 
 tences, composed of the words used in the text of the Anabasis, and involving the same construe 
 rions; and the system, if faithfully pursued, must not only lead to familiarity with the aulM) 
 and a natural adoption of his style, but a!> to sroat ease and fanhless excellence in Greek our 
 ~>i'iti*i*i ' f>tntc#tfi.nt Clnirr.hmun. 
 
A MANUAL 
 
 GRECIAN AND ROMAN ANTiaUITIES. 
 
 BY DR. E. F. BOJESEN, 
 
 Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in the University of Sora 
 Translated from the German. 
 
 EDITED, WITH NOTES AND A COMPLETE SERIES OF QUESTIONS, BY TH 
 
 REV. THOMAS K. ARNOLD, M. A. 
 REVISED WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 One neat volume, 12mo. Price $1. 
 
 The present Manual of Greek and Roman Antiquities is far superior to any thing on flic 
 *ame topics as yet offered to the American public. A principal Review of Germany says : 
 Small -AH he compass of it is, we may confidently affirm that it is a great improvement on all 
 preceding wor w s of the kind. We no longer meet with the wretched old method, in which sub- 
 jects essentially distinct are herded toerether. and connected subjects disconnected, but hav t 
 simple, systematic arrangement, by which the reaaer easily receives a clear representa f 'in i>( 
 Roman life. We ^ longer stumble against countless errors in detail, which though long age 
 assailed and extirpated by Niebuhrand others, have found their last place of refuge in nur Ma- 
 nuals. The recent investigations of philologists and jurists have been extensively, but carefullj 
 and circumspectly used. The conciseness and precision which the author has every where 
 prescribed to himself, prevents the superficial observer from perceiving the essential superiority 
 of the book to its predecessors, but whoever subjects it to a careful examination will discover 
 (his on every page." 
 
 The Editor says : " I fully believe that the pupil will receive from these little works a 
 correct and tolerably complete picture of Grecian and Roman life; what I may call the POLI- 
 TICAL portions the account of the national constitutions and their effects appear to me to be 
 of great value; and the very moderate extent of each volume admits of its being thoroughly 
 mastered of it? being GOT UP and RETAINED." 
 
 " A work long needed in our schools and colleges. The manuals of Rennet, Adam, Potter 
 and Robinson, with .je more recent and valuable translation of Eschenburg, were entirely too 
 roluminous. Here is ne iher too much, nor too little. The arrangement is admirable every 
 subject is treated of in its proper place. We have the general Geography, a succinct historic^ 
 vifcw of the general subject ; the chirography, history, laws, manners, customs, and religion of 
 each State, as well i'^the points of union for all, beautifully arransed. We regard the work aa 
 the ?ery best adjun? to classical study for youth that we have seen, and sincerely hope tint 
 wachers may be bri ^ht to regard it in the same light. The whole is copiously digested int 
 ppropriate questions." S. Lit. Gazette. 
 
 From Professor Lincoln, of Brown University, 
 
 " I found on my table after a short absence from home, your edition of Bojecen's Greek an 
 Roman Antiquities. Pray accept my acknowledgments for it. I am agreeably surprised to 
 fLid on examining it, that within so very narrow a compass for so comprehensive a subject, the 
 !>ook contai is so much valuable matter; and, indeed, so far as I see, omits noticing no topics es- 
 tential. It will be a very useful book in Schools and Colleges, and it is far superior to any thing 
 that I know of the same kind. Besides being cheap and accessible to all students, it lias the 
 fttat msrit of discussing its topics in a consecutive and connected manner." 
 
 Extract of a letter from Proftssor Tyler, of Amherst College. 
 
 " I have never found time till lately to look over Bojeson's Antiquities, of which you were 
 tind enough to send me a copy. I think it an excellent book ; learned, accurate, concise, and 
 perspicuous; well adapted for use iiv 'he Academy or the College, and comprehending in 
 >Tial! compass, more ^n in valuable on the subject than many extended treatises " 
 
 3 
 
frat 
 CICERO DE OFFICIIS. 
 
 WITH ENGLISH NOTES. 
 
 Chiefly selected and translated from the editions of Zumpt and Bonneli. 
 
 BY THOMAS A. THACHER, 
 
 Assistant Professor of Latin in Yale College. 
 One volume 12mo. 90 cents. 
 
 This edition of De OPkiin has the advantage over any other with which we are acquainted, 
 ai'mcre copious notes, txjuer arrangement, and a more beautiful typography. The text ci 
 Zumpt appears to have be'.-n c'osely followed, except in a very few instances, where it is varied 
 on the authority of Beier, O/elli and Bonneli. Teachers and students will do wtll to examine 
 this edition. 
 
 "Mr. Thacher very modestly disclaims for himielf more than the cirlit cf a compiler and 
 translator in me editing of this work. Being ourselves unblessed with vhe works of Zumpt, 
 Bonneli, and other Gorman writers to whom Mr. T. credits most of his notes and comments, we 
 cannot affirm that more credit is due him than he claims for his tabors, but we may accord him 
 the merit of an extte'nely judicious and careful compiler, if no more ; 'for we have seen no re- 
 mark without an important bearing, nor any point requiring elucidation which was passed un- 
 noticed. 
 
 " This work of Cicero cannot but interest eveiry one at all disposed to inquire into the views 
 of the ancients on morals. 
 
 "This valuable philosophical treatise, emanating from the pen of the illustrious Roman, de- 
 rives a peculiar interest from the fact of its being written with the object to instruct his son, of 
 whom me author had heard unfavorable accounts, and whom the weight ot his public duties 
 had prevented him from visiting in person. It presents a great many wise maxims, apt and 
 rich illustrations, and the results of the experience and reflections of an acute and powerful 
 mind. It is well adapted to the use of the student by copious and elaborate notes, explanatory 
 of the text, affording ample facilities to its entire comprehension. These have been gleaned 
 fith great ludgment from the most learned and reliable authorities, such as Zumpt, Bonneli, 
 and others". Mr. Thacher has evinced a praiseworthy care and diligence in preparing the vo- 
 lume for the purposes for which it was designed." 
 
 SELECT ORATIONS OF M. TULLIUS CICERO 
 
 WITH NOTES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 BY E. A. JOHNSON, 
 
 Professor of Latin in the University of New- York. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. $1. 
 
 " This edition of Cicero's Select Orations possesses some special advantages for the student 
 which are both new and important. It is the only edition which contains the improved text 
 that has been prepared by a recent careful collation and correct deciphering of the best manu 
 scripts of CICERO'B writings. It is the work of the celebrated ORELLI, together with that of 
 MADVIO and KT,OTZ, and has been done since the appearance of ORELLI'S complete edition. The 
 Notes, by Proftesor JOHNSON, of the New-York University, have been chiefly selected, with great 
 care, from the best German authors, as well as the English edition of ARNOLD. Although 
 abundant, and almost profuse, they yet appear generally to relate to some important point in 
 the text or subject, which the immature mind of pupils could not readily detect without aid. 
 We do not know how a more perfect edition for the use of schools could well be prepared." 
 
 "This is a beautiful and most excellent edition of the great Roman orator; and, so far as 
 we know, the best ever published in this country. It contains the four orations against Cata- 
 /ine, the oration for the Monilian Law, the oration for Marcellus, for Ligarius, for King Deio- 
 Urius, for the poet Archias, and for Milo. In preparing the text of these orations the editor has 
 a .'ailed himself of the best German and English editions ; and the notes have been gathered 
 from every available source. These are so abundant filling more than 300 pages as to leave 
 almost nothing to be desired by the student. They are philological, explanatory and historical. 
 Each Oration la furnished with a valuable Introduction, containing what is necessary for the 
 
 student to know preparatory to the commencement of the study of the Oration, and an analysis 
 of the plan and argument of each Oration. Furnished with this edition of Cicero's Select 
 
 . 
 
 Orations, the student is orepared to enter with pleasure and profit on the study of this eleganl 
 uid renownefl classic author. 1 ' Uosivrt Atlas. 
 
MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 
 BY WILHELM PUTZ, 
 
 PRINCIPAL TUTOR IN THE GYMNASIUM OF PUREN 
 
 Translated from the German. 
 EDITED BY TliE REV. THOMAS K. ARNOLD, >1 A., 
 
 AUTHOR OP A SERIES OP "GREEK AND LATIN TEXT-BOOKS." 
 
 One volume, 12mo. $1. 
 
 ' At no perioc nag History presented such strong claims upon the attention of the learned, a 
 it the present day ; and to no people were its lessons of such value as to those of the United 
 Suites. With no past of our own to revert to, the great masses of our better educated are tempted 
 '.o overlook a science, which comprehends all others in its grasp. To prepare a text-book, which 
 shall present a full, clear, and accurate view of the ancient world, its geography, its political, 
 civil, social, religious state, must be the result only of vast industry and learning. Our exami- 
 nation of the present volume leads us to believe, that as a text-book on Ancient History, for Col- 
 leges and Academies, it is the best compend yet published. It bears marks in its methodical 
 arrangement, and condensation of materials, 01 the untiring patience of German scholarship ; and 
 m its progress through the English and American press, has been adapted for acceptable use in 
 our best institutions. A noticeable feature of the book, is its pretty complete list of 'sources ol 
 information' upon the nations which it describes. This will be an invaluable aid to the student 
 in his future curse of reading." 
 
 " Wilhelm Piitz ; the author of this ' Manual of Ancient Geography and History,' is Principa 1 
 Tutor ( Oberleher) in the Gymnasium of Duren, Germany. Hfs book exhibits the advantages o 
 tha German method of treating History, in its arrangement, its classification, and its rigid analy- 
 sis. The Manual is what it purports to be, ' a clear and definite outline of the history of the 
 principal nations of antiquity,' into which is incorporated a concise geography of each country. 
 The work is a text- book ; to be studied, and not merely read It is to form the groundwork oj 
 subsequent historical investigation, the materials of which are pointed out, at the proper places, 
 in the Manual, in careful references to the works which treat of the subject directly under con- 
 sideratnn. The list of references (especially as regards earlier works) is quite complete, thus 
 supplying that desideratum in Ancient History and Geography, which has been supplied so fully 
 Ly 1) r. J. C. I. Gieseler in Ecclesiastical History. 
 
 11 The nations whose history is considered in the Manual, are : in Asia^ the Israelites, th? In- 
 dians, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Medes, the Persians, the Phoenicians, the States of Asia 
 Minor ; in Africa, the Ethiopian, the Egyptians, the Carthaginians ; in Europe, the Greeks, the 
 Macedonians, the Kingdoms which arose out of the Macedonian Monarchy, the Romans. The 
 ord ?r in which the history of each is treated, is admirable. To the whole are appended a ' Chro 
 r.ological Table,' and a well-prepared series of 'Questions.' The pronunciation of prope* 
 Games is indicated, an excellent feature. The accents are given with remarkable correctness. 
 Ylitt typographical execution of the American edition is most excellent." S. W.BaptistChronicle 
 
 ' lake every thing which proceeds from the editorship of that eminent Instructor, T. K. Arnold, 
 this Manual appears to be well suited to the design with which it was prepared, and will, un- 
 doubtedly, secure for itself a place among the text-books of schools and academies thoughout th 
 of-untry. It presents an outline of the history of the ancient nations, from the earliest ages to tha 
 fall of the Western Empire in the sixth century, the events being arranged in the order of an 
 
 ??h jr. 
 
 " ft was originally prepared by Wilhelm Piitz, an eminent German scholar, and translated and 
 edited in England by Rev. T. K. Arnold, and is now revised and introduced to the American 
 public in a well written preface, by Mi Georjro W. Greene, Teacher of Modern Language* ii 
 Brown University " Prov. Journal. 
 
HAND BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 MEDIAEVAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 
 
 BY 
 
 WILHELM PUTZ, 
 
 PRINCIPAL TUTOR IN THE GYMNASIUM OF DUREN 
 
 Translated from the German by 
 REV, R, B, PAUL, M, A,, 
 
 Vicar of St. Augustine's, Bristol, and late Fellow of Exeter Colle&t, Oxford, 
 1 volume, 12mo. 75 cts. 
 
 HEADS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Germany before the Migrations. 
 II. The Migrations. 
 
 TUP MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. From the Dissolution of the Western Empire to the Accession 
 gitins and Abbasides. 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. From the Accession of the Carlovingians and Abbasides to the first CrusacK. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. Age of the Crusades. 
 
 FOURTH PERIOD. From the Termination of the Crusades to the Discovery of America. 
 
 " The characteristics of this volume are : precision, condensation, and luminous arrangement 
 It is precisely what it pretends to be a manual, a sure and conscientious guide for the studeni 
 through the crooks and tangles of Mediaeval history. * * * * All the great principles of th^i 
 ex'ensi'a Period are carefully laid down, and the most important facts skilfully grouped aiouml 
 them. There is no period of History for which it is more difficult to prepare a work like this 
 and none for which it is so much needed. The leading facts are well established, but they are 
 scattered over an immense space ; the principles are ascertained, but their development wa? 
 slow, unequal, and interrupted. There is a general breaking up of a great body, and a paiceiling 
 of it out among small tribes, concerning whom we have only a few general data, and are left tr 
 analogy and conjecture for the details. "Then come successive attempts at organization, each 
 more or less independent, and all very imperfect. At last, modern Europe begins slowly m 
 emerge from the chaos, bat still under forms which the most diligent historian cannot always 
 comprehend. To reducs such materials to a clear and definite form is a task of no small dinY 
 culty, and in which partial success deserves great praise. It is not too much to say that 't has 
 never been so well done within a compass so easily mastered, as in the little volume wh^h is> 
 now offered to the public." Extract Jrom American Preface. 
 
 "This translation of a foreign school-book embraces a succinct and well ar anged body of 
 facts concerning European and Asiatic history and geography during the middle ages. It in 
 furnished with printed questions, and it seems to b<3 well adapted to its purpose, in all respect* 
 The rnedlajval period is one of the most interesting in the annals of the world, and a knowled^.' 
 of its great men, and of its progress in arts, arms, government and religion, is particularly in i 
 portan', since this period is the basis of our own social polity." Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 " This is an immense amount of research condensed into a moderately sized volume, in a wa> 
 which no one has patience to do but a German scholar. The beauty of the work is its luminoi;. 
 arrangjinent. It is a guide to the student amidst the intricacy of Mediaeval History, the me? 
 difficult period of the world to understand, when the Roman Empire was breaking up and p/n 
 celling out into smaller kingdoms, and every thing was in a transition state. It was a penou > 
 chaos from v;hich modern Europe was at length to arise. 
 
 The author has briefly taken up the principal political and social influences whicr- wert 
 acting on society, and shown their bearing from the tim?, previous to the migrations o! the 
 Northern nations, down through the middle ages to the sixteenth century. The n >tes on the 
 crusader are particularly valuable, and the range of observation embraces not only Euicpi but 
 the East. To the 1 , student it will be a most valuable Hand-book, savin? him a world of trouble 
 to huntias? up nii'horiiic^ and facts." Rrv Dr. Kip. in Albam/ State Refisler. 
 
 4 
 
fnglis] 
 A MANUAL Of ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY, 
 
 COMPRISING: 
 
 I. ANCIENT HISTORT, containing the Political History, Geographical" Position, and Soci 
 State of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, carefully aigested from the Ancient Writers, and il 
 !ustra'ed by the discoveries of Modern Travellers and Scholars. 
 
 II. MODERN His TORY, containing the Rise and Progress of the principal European Nation*, 
 their Political History, and the changes in their Social Condition: with a History of the Colonial 
 F^vcded by Europeans. By W. COOKE TAYLOR, LL.D., of Trinity College, Dublin. Revised, 
 Ki& Additions on American History, by C. S. Henry, D. D., Professor of History in the Univer 
 city of N. Y., and Questions adapted for the Use of Schools and Colleges. One handsome rol., 
 v i, ol 800 pages, $'.],25 ; Ancient History in 1 vol. $1,25, idodern History in 1 vol., $1,50. 
 
 The ANCIENT IIISTORY division comprises Eighteen Chapters, whu :i include the general 
 outlines of the History of Egypt the Ethiopians Babylonia and Assyria Western Asia Pal- 
 estine tlie Empire of the Medes and Persians Phoenician Colonies in Northern Africa Founts 
 ation and History of the Grecian States Greece the Macedonian Kingdom and Empire the 
 Biatea that arose irom the dismemberment of the Macedonian Kingdom and Empire Ancient 
 Italy Sicily the Roman Republic Geographical and Political Condition of the Roman Emoirt 
 History of the Roman Empire and India with an Appendix of important illustrative articles 
 
 This portion is one of the best Compends of Ancient History that ever yei has appeared li 
 contains a complete text for the collegiate lecturer ; and is an essential hand-book for the student 
 who is desirous to become acquainted with all that is memorable in general secular archaeology. 
 
 The MODERN HISTORY portion is divided into Fourteen Chapters, on the following genera] 
 subject*: Consequences of the Fall of the Western Empire Rise and Establishment of the 
 Saracenic Power Restoration of the Western Empire Growth of the Papal Power Revival 
 of Literature Progress of Civilization and Invention Reformatioa, and Commencement of tht 
 States System in Europe Augustan Ages of England and France Mercantile and Colonial Sys- 
 tem Age of Revolutions French Empire History of the Peace Colonization China the 
 Jews with Chronological and Historical Tables and other Indexes. Dr. Henry has appended a 
 new chapter on the History of the United States. 
 
 This Manual of Modern History, by Mr. Taylor, is the most valuable and instructive work 
 concerning the general subjects which rt comprehends, that can be found in the whole department 
 of historical literature. Mi. Taylor's book is fast superseding all other compends, and is already 
 adopted as a text-book in Harvard, Columbia, Yale, New-York, Pennsylvania and Brown Uiu- 
 veraities, and several leading Academies. 
 
 LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 By THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., 
 
 Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford^ and H&uL 
 Master of Rugby School. 
 
 EDITED, WITH A PREFACE AND NOTES, 
 
 By HENRY REED, LL.D., 
 Profcttor of English Literature in the University tf Pu. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. $1,26. 
 
 Extract from the American Editor's Preface. 
 
 m preparing this edition, I have had in view its use, not only for the general reader, but a 
 Bb << text-book in education, especially in our college course of study. * ' * The introduction of 
 <k* work ai" a text-book I regard as important, because, as far as my information entitles me to 
 , theie is no book better calculated to inspire an interest in historical study. That H nai 
 
 this power over the minds of students I can say from experience, which enables me also to add. 
 that I have found it excellentiv suited to a course of college instruction. By intelligent and en- 
 "uprising members of a class especially, it is studied as a text-book with zeal and animation. 
 
 11 
 
MANUAL 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 BY W1LHELM PUTZ, 
 
 Author of Manuals of " Ancient Geography and History," " Mediaval Geogi aphy ana 
 
 History," $c. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN. REVISED AND CORREOTFD. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. $>1. 
 
 "Preface. The present volume completes the series of Professor Piitz's Handbooks o\ 
 Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Geography and History. Its adapta'ion to the wants of tha 
 student will be found to be no less complete than was to be expected from the fcrmer Parta, 
 which have been highly approved by the public, and have been translated into several lai> 
 guages besides the English. The difficulty of compressing within the limits of a single volume 
 the vast amount of historical material furnished by the progress of modern states and nations 
 in power, wealth, science, and literature, will be evident to all on reflection ; and they wiK 
 find occasion to admire the skill and perspicacity of the Author of this Handbook, not only in 
 the arrangement, but also in the facts and statements which he has adopted. 
 
 " In the American edition several improvements have been made ; the sections relating to 
 America and the United States have been almost entirely re-written, and materially enlarged 
 and improved, as seemed on every account necessary and proper in a work intended for general 
 use in this country ; on several occasions it has been thought advisable to make certain verbal 
 corrections and emendations ; the facts and dates have been verified, and a number of explan- 
 atory notes have been introduced. It is hoped that the improvements alluded to will be found 
 to add to the value of the present Manual." 
 
 FIEST LESSONS IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 IN WHICH THE PRINCIPLES OP THE ART ARE DEVELOPED IN CONNECTION WITH 
 THE PRINCIPLES OP GRAMMAR; 
 
 Embracing full Directions on the subject of Punctuation: with copious 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 BY. G. P. QUACKENBOS, A.M. 
 
 Rector of the Henry Street Grammar School, N. Y. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 45 cts. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM PREFACE. 
 
 1 A county superintendent of common schools, speaking of the important branch of com 
 position, uses the following language : 'Fora long time 1 nave noticed with regret the almost 
 entire neglect of the art of original composition in our common schools, and the want of a 
 proper text book upon this essential branch of education. Hundreds graduate from our common 
 schools with no well-defined ideas of the construction of our language.' The writei imgut 
 have gone further, and said that multitudes graduate, not only from common schools, but 
 from some of our best private institutions, utterly destitute of all practical acquaintance with 
 the subject ; that to many such the composition of a single letter is an irksome, to some an 
 almost impossible task. Yet the reflecting mind must admit that it is only this practical appli- 
 cation of grammar that renders that art useful that parsing is secondary to composing, and 
 the analysis of our language almost unimportant when compared with its synthesis. 
 
 "One great reason of the neglect noticed above, has, no doubt, been the want of a suitable 
 text-book on the subject. During the years of the Author's experience as a teacher, he ha 
 examined, and practically tested the various works on composition with which he has met. 
 the result has been a conviction that, while there are several publications well calculated to 
 advance pupils at the age of fifteen or sixteen, there is not one suited to the comprehension 
 of thos-'e between nine and twelve ; al which time it is his decided opinion that this branch 
 should be taken up. Heretofore, the teacher has been obliged either to make the scholar labor 
 through a work entirely too difficult for him. to give him exercises not founded on any regulai 
 system, or to abandon the branch altogether and the disadvantages of either of these courses 
 are at once apparent. 
 
 " Tt 'f 'his conviction, founded on the experience not only of the Author, but of many 
 olher teachers with whom he has c u^uitn !, ili.-jt has 1H f> th* production of toe work now 
 afler^ I to ihe pub'ic. It claims to be a first-book in composition, and is intended to initiate 
 he Dinner. t<y eapv and pleasant steps, into that aii important, but hitherto <renei.illy nc? 
 eciet 4 . art " 
 
ENGLISH SYNONYMES, 
 
 CLASSIFIED AND EXPLAINED, 
 
 WITH 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION 
 BY G. F. GRAHAM, 
 
 Author of ' English, or the Art of Composition,' &c. 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND ILLUSTRATIVE AUTHORITIES^ 
 
 BY HENRY REED, LL.D., 
 
 Prof, of English Literature in the University of Penn. 
 
 One neat Vol. I2mo. $1. 
 
 CONTENTS. SECTION I. Generic and Specific Synonymes. fl. A.ctire 
 and Passive Synonymes. III. Synonymes of Intensity. IV. Positive 
 and Negative Synonymes. V. Miscellaneous Synonymes. Index to 
 Synonymes. General Index. 
 
 Extract from American Introduction. 
 
 " This treatise is republished and edited with the hope that it will be found useful as a ten 
 booK in the study of our own language. As a subject of instruction, the study of the English 
 tongue does not receive that amount of systematic attention which is due to it, whether it be 
 combined or no with the study of the Greek and Latin. In the usual courses of education, it haa 
 no larger scope than the study of some rhetorical principles and practice, and of grammatical 
 rules, which, for the most part, are not adequate to the composite character and varied idiom of 
 English speech. This is far from being enough to give the needful knowledge of what is the 
 living language, both of our English literature and of the multiform intercourse oral and writ- 
 ten of our daily lives. The language deserves better care and more sedulous culture | it needs 
 much more to preserve its purity, and to guide the progress of its life. The young, instead of 
 havin? only such familiarity with their native speech as practice without method or theory gives, 
 should be so taught and trained as to acquire a habit of using words whether with the voice or 
 the pen fitly and truly, intelligently and conscientiously." 
 
 ''For such training, this book, it is believed, will prove serviceable. The 'Practical Exer- 
 cises y a'tached to the explanations of the words, are conveniently prepared for the routine of 
 instruction. The value of a course of this kind, resularly and carefully completed, will be more 
 than the amount of information gained respecting'the words that are explained. It will tend to 
 produce a thoughtful and accurate use of language, and thus may be acquired, almost uncon- 
 sciously, that which is not only a critical but a moral habit of mind the habit of giving utter- 
 ance to truth in simple, clear and precise terms of telling one's thoughts and leelings in words 
 that express nothing more and nothing less. It is thus that we may learn how to escape tlie 
 evils of vagueness, obscurity and perplexity the manifold mischiefs of words used thought- 
 lessly and at random, or words used in ignorance and confusion. 
 
 "In preparing this edition, it seemed to me that the value and literary interest of the book 
 might be increased by the introduction of a series of illustrative authorities. It is in the addi- 
 tion of these authorities, containea within brackets under each title, and also of a general index 
 to facilitate reference, that this edition differs from the original edition, which in other respects 
 is exactly reprinted. I have confined my choice of authorities to poetical quotations, chiefly be- 
 cause i: is in poetry that language is found in its highest purity and perfection. The selections 
 have b-en made from three of the English poets each a great authority, and each belonging to 
 a different period, so that in this way some historical illustration of the language is given at 
 ihe same time. The quotations from Shakspeare (born A. D. 1564, died 1616) may be considered 
 as illustrating the ise of the words at the close of the 16th and besinning of the 17th century; 
 those from Milton (born 1608, died 1674) the succeeding half celitury, or middle of the 17th 
 >nttry; and those from Wordsworth (born 1770) the contemporary use in the 19rh eontury 
 
 I 1 
 
foglislj. 
 JHE SHAKSPEARIAN READER; 
 
 A COLLECTION IF THE MOST APPROVED PLAYS OF 
 
 S H AKSPE ARE. 
 
 Cwi^-^lly Revised, wicn Introductory and Explanatory Notes, and a MemoJbt 
 
 of the Author Prepared expressly for the use of Classes, 
 
 and the Family Reading Circle. 
 
 BY JOHN W. S. HOWS, 
 Professor of Elocution in Columbia College. 
 
 The MAN, whom Nature's self hath made 
 
 To mock herself, and TRUTH to imitate. Spenser. 
 
 One Volume, 12mo, $1 25. 
 
 At a oriod when the fame of Shakspeare is " striding the world like a co.osaus, ' and tti 
 ticiwof his works are multiplied with a profusion thai testifies the desire awakened in all classes 
 jf society to read and study his imperishable compositions, there needs, perhaps, but little 
 apology for the following selection of his works, prepared expressly to render them unezcep 
 tionable for the use of Schools, and acceptable for Family reading. Apart from the fact, that 
 Shakspeare is the "well-spring" from which may be traced the origin of the purest poetry in 
 our language, a long course of professional experience has satisfied me that a necessity exiete 
 for the addition of a vrrk like the present, to our stock of Educational Literature. Hits writings 
 are peculiarly adapted for the purposes of Elocutionary exercise, when the system of instruction 
 pursued by the Teacher is based upon the true principle of the art, viz. a careful analysis of 
 the structure and meaning of language, rather than a servile adherence to the arbitrary and me- 
 chanical rules of Elocution. 
 
 To impress upon the mind of the pupil that words are the exposition of thought, and that in 
 reading, or speaking, every shade of thought and feeling has its appropriate shade of modulated 
 tone, ought to be the especial aim of every Teacher; and an author like Shakspeare, whose 
 every line embodies a volume of meaning, should surely form one of our Elocutionary Text 
 Books. * ' Still, in preparing a selection of his works for the express purpose contem- 
 plated in my design, I have not hesitated to exercise a severe revision of his language, beyond 
 that adopted in any similar undertaking " Bowdler's Family Shakspeare " not even excepted; - 
 and simply, because I practically know the impossibility of introducing Shakspeare as a Cl* 
 Book, or as a satisfactory Reading Book for Families without this precautionary reviai ro. 
 Extr-Mtfrom the Preface. 
 
 HISTORY MD GEOGRAPHY 
 
 OP 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES 
 
 (CHIEFLY FROM THE FRENCH.) 
 
 BY G.W.GREENE, 
 
 Instructor in Brown University. 
 
 PART I : HISTORY. One volume, 12mo. SI. 
 
 Extract from Preface. 
 
 "This volume, as the title indicates, is chiefly taken from a popular French work, which 
 4U) rapidly passed through several editions, and received the sanction of the University. It 
 Will be found to contain a clear and satisfactory exposition of the Revolution of the Middle Agea, 
 with such general views of literature, society, and manners, as are required to explain the paa- 
 age from ancient to modern history. At the head of each chanter there is an analytical sum- 
 mary, which will be found of great assistance in examination or in review. Instead of a singia 
 list of sovereigns, I have preferred giving full genealogical tables, which ire much clearer and 
 faifinitely more satisfactory." 
 
THE 
 
 FIRST HISTORY OF ROME, 
 
 WITH aUESTIONS. 
 
 BY E. M. SEWELL, 
 
 Author of Amy Herbert, &c., &c. One volume, 16mo. 50 eta. 
 Extract from Editor's Preface, 
 
 ' History is the narrative of real events in the order and circumstances in which they oc 
 eurred ; and of all histories, that of Rome comprises a series of events more interesting and io 
 structive to youthful readers than any other \hat has ever been written. 
 
 " Of the manner in which Mrs. Sewell has executed this work, wf. can scarcely speak in 
 terms of approbation too strong. Drawing her materials from the best hat is :o say, the most 
 reliable sources she has incorporated them in a narrative at once unostentatious, perspicuous, 
 and graphic ; manifestly aiming throughout to be cleariy understood by those for whom she 
 wrote, and to impress deeply and permanently on their minds what she wrote ; and in botJi of 
 these aims we think she has been eminently successful." 
 
 Norfolk Academy, Ncr^i !/t, Vu. 
 
 I must thank you for a copy of "Miss Sawcll's Roman History." Classical teachers have 
 long needed just such a work : for it is admitted by all how essential to a proper comprehension 
 of the classics is a knowledge of collateral history. Yet most pupils are construing authors be- 
 fore reaching an age to put into their hands the elaborate works we have heretofore had upoi 
 Ancient History. Miss Sewell, while she gives the most important facts, has clothed them in a 
 style at once pleasing and comprehensible to the most youthful mind. 
 
 R. B. TSCHUDI, 
 
 Prof, of Anc'l Languages 
 
 THE 
 
 MYTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ITALY, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 BY THOMAS KEIGHTLEY. 
 
 One vol. IGmo. 42 cts. 
 
 " This is a volume well adapted to the purpose for which it was prepared. It presents, ) 
 very compendious anl convenient form, every thing relating to the subject, of impr '.ance to tto 
 young student." 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN EUROPE, 
 
 PROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 BY IVt. G U I Z O T. 
 
 ighth American, from 'he second English edition, with occasional Notes, by C. S. HENRY, I). I> 
 One volume, 12mo. 75 cts. 
 
 * M. Guizot, in his instructive lectures, has given us an epitome of modem history, i!i.in; 
 ?uished by all the merit which, in another department, renders Blackstone a subject of surf 
 f ecu liar and unbounded praise. A work closely condensed, including nothing useless, uini' 
 1:1? nothing essential: written with grace, and conceived and arranced with consummate 
 -.hility. "Boston Traveller. 
 
 EC5~ Tins work is used in Harvard University, Unton College- University oj 
 Pennsylvania New- York University, $c. Sfc. 
 
 \ o 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 BY RICHMALL MANGNALL. 
 
 feet American, from the Eighty-fourth London Edition. With large Addition! 
 
 Embracing the Elements of Mythology, Astronomy, Architecture, 
 
 Heraldry, &c. Adapted for Schoois n the United States 
 
 BY MRS. JULIA LAWRENCE. 
 
 Illustrated with numerous Engravings. One Vobme, 12mo. $1. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 A Short View of Sciipture History, from the Creation to the Return of the Jews Questioni 
 from the Early Ages to the time of Julius Ca3sarl>;iscellaneous Questions in Grecian History 
 Miscellaneous Questions in General History, ch.^fly Ancient Questions containing a Sketcn 
 of the most remarkable Events from the Christian Era to the close of the Eighteenth Century 
 Miscellaneous Questions in Roman History Questions in English History, from the Invasion of 
 Caesar to the Reformation Continuation of Questions in English History, from the Reformation 
 to the Present Time Abstract of Early British Ilistorv- Abstract of English Reigns from the 
 Conquest Abstract of the Scottish Reigns Abst-act of the French Rei-rns, from Pharamond to 
 Philip I Continuation of the French Reigns, from Louis VI to Louis Phillippe Questions Re- 
 lating to the History of America, from its Discovery to riie Present Time Abstract of Roman 
 Kings and ^iost distinguished Heroes Abstract -^f the most celebrated Grecians Of Heathen 
 .Mythology in general Abstract of Heathen Mythology The Elements of Astronomy Expla- 
 ttoa of a few Astronomical Terms List of Constellab'-,e Questions on Common Subjects 
 iuestions on Architecture Questions on HeraHry Explanations of such Latin Words and 
 Phrases as are seldom Englished Questions on th "History of the Middle Ages. 
 
 " This is an admirable work to aid both teachers and parents in instructing children and youth, 
 uid there is no work of the kind that we have seen iliat is so well calculated " to awaken a spirit 
 of laudable curiosity in young minds," and to satisfy that curiosity when awakened." 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 Frour the Invasion of Julius Caesar to Hie Reign of Queen Victoria. 
 
 BY MRS. MARKHAM. 
 A new Edition, with Questions, adapted for Schools in the United States. 
 
 BY ELIZA ROBBINS, 
 
 Author of "American Popular Lessons?' " Poetry for Schools," ffc. 
 
 One Volume, 12mo. Price 75 cents. 
 
 There is nothing more needed in our schools than good histories ; not the dry compends b. 
 icsent use, but elementary works that shall suggest the moral uses of histoiy, and the provl 
 ence of God, manifest in the affairs of men. 
 
 Mr. Markham's history was used by that model for all teachers, the late Dr. Arnold, mastei 
 
 -' the great English school at Rugby, and agrees u. its character with his enlightened and piou* 
 
 >^:W3 of teaching history. It is now several years sinc.p T adapted this history to the form anC 
 
 ice acceptable in the schools in the United States. I nave recently revised it, and trust that i* 
 
 ...y be extensively serviceable in education. 
 
 The principal alterations from the original are a new and more convenient division of para 
 ~ phs, and entire omission of the conversations annexed to the chapters. In the place of theat 
 I ive affixed questions to every page that may r once facilitate the woik of the teacher and 
 '<n pupil. The rational and moral features of this bo<A first commended it to me, and I bar* 
 >:*! it successfully with my own scholars. Extract fmm 'he I w~car> Editor's P^'Jax., 
 
 12 
 
A TREATISE ON ALGEBRA. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 
 BY S. CHASE, 
 
 PROFESSOR OP MATHEMATICS IN DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. 
 
 One volume, 12mo, S10 pages. Price $1. 
 
 4 Tho Treatise which Prof. Chase has written for the use of schools and colleges, seems to tw 
 to be superior in not a few respects to the school Algebras in common use. The object of the 
 jrriter was, "to exhibit such a vie Y of the principles of Algebra, as shall best prepare the stu- 
 je.it for the further pursuit of mathematical studies." He has, we think, succeeded in this at- 
 tempt. His book is more complete in its explanations of the principles of Algebra than any 
 text-book \vith which we are acquainted. The examples for practice are pertinent, and are suf- 
 ficiently numerous for the illustration of each rule. 
 
 ' Mr. C. has avoided, by his plan, the common fault of text books on Algebra uselessly mi- 
 mer jis sxamples, and meagerness of explanation as respects the principles of the science. The 
 ordei of treatment is judicious. Mr. C. has added a table offormul&j for convenience of itfer- 
 ence, in which are brought into one view the principles exhibited in different parts of the book. 
 It will be of great use to the student. We think the book is well adapted to schools and college*, 
 into many of which it will, no doubt, be introduced." Ch. Recorder. 
 
 FIRST LESSONS IN GEOMETRY, 
 
 fTPON THE MODEL OF COLBURN'S FIRST LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. 
 BY ALPHEUS CROSBY, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. 
 
 One volume, 16mo, 170 pages. Price 37 cents. 
 
 This work is approved of as the best elementary trxt-book on the subject, and is very gene 
 rally adopted throughout the States. 
 
 BURNAM'S SERIES OF ARITHMETICS, 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 PART FIRST is a work on MENTAL ARITHMETIC. The philosophy of the mode of teach* $ 
 adopted in this work, is : commence where the child commences, and proceed as the child pi> 
 ceeus : fall in with hi,? own mode of arriving at truth; aid him to think for himself, and do not 
 the thinking for him. Hence a series of exercises are given, by which the child is made familiar 
 with the process, which he has already gone through with in acquiring his present knowledge. 
 These exerci?es interest the child, and prepare him for future rapid progress. The plan is ao 
 clearly unfolded by illustration and example, that he who follows it can scarcely fail to secure, 
 en the part of his pupils, a thorough knowledge of the subject. Price, 20cts. 
 
 PART SECOND is a work on WRITTEN ARITHMETIC. It is the result of a long experience 
 in teaching, and contains sufficient of Arithmetic for the practical business purposes of life. It 
 illustrates more fully and applies more extcndedly and practically the principle of Cancellation 
 than any other Arithmetical treatise. This method as here employed in connection with the or- 
 dinary, furnishes a variety of illustrations, which cannot fail to interest and instruct the scholar. 
 Jt is a prominent idea throughout, to impress upon the mind of the scholar the truth that lie will 
 never discover, nor need a r/'ov -rinciple beyond the simple rules. The pupil is shown, by a 
 variety of new modes of illustration, that new names and new positions introduce no new prin- 
 ciple, but that they are merely matters of convenience. Fractions are treated and explained th# 
 name ns whole numbers. Formulas are al*=o given for drilling the scholar upon the Blacklwrd 
 which will he found of service to m;iny teachers nfComttum Schools. Price. 50 cw. 
 
 16 
 
CLASS-BOOK OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 - 
 
 ZOOLOGY 
 
 CES1GNED TO AFFORD PUPILS IN COMMON SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES 
 KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, ETC. 
 
 BY PROFESSOR J. J/EGER. 
 
 One volume, 18mo, with numerous Illustrations. Price 42 cents. 
 
 "The distinguished ability of the author of this work, both while engaged during nearly ten 
 years as Profssor of Botany, Zoology, and Modern Languages, in Princeton College, N. J., and 
 since as a lecturer in some of the most distinguished literary institutions, together with the rare 
 advantages derived from his extensive travels in various parts of the world, under the patronage 
 of the Emperor of Russia, affording superior facilities for the acquisition of knowledge in his 
 department, have most happily adapted Professor Jaeger to the task he ha with GC rr.iich ability 
 performed, viz. : that of presenting to the public one of the most simple, engaging, and useful 
 Class-Books of Zoology that we have seen. It is peculiarly adapted to the pinpose he had in 
 view, namely, of supplying a School Book on this subject for our Common Schools and Acade- 
 mies, which shall be perfectly comprehensible to the minds of beginners. In this respect, he 
 has, we think, most admirably succeeded, and we doubt not that this little work will become one 
 of the most popular Class Books of Zoology in the country." 
 
 From Prof. Tayler Lewis. 
 
 " Your Class-Book of Zoology ought to be introduced into all the public and private school* 
 of this city, and I should rejoice for your own sake, and for the sake of sound science, to hear o/ 
 its obtaining the public patronage which it deserves." 
 
 From Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, of Albany. 
 
 " The copy of your book of which you advised me last week, reached me this morning. I 
 am pleased with its contents. Of its accuracy I can have no question, knowins your long and 
 ardent devotion to the study of Natural History. It will be peculiarly useful to the young pupil, 
 in introducing him to a knowledge of our native animals." 
 
 From Ret. Dr. Campbell, Albany. 
 
 "Your 'Class-Book' reached me safely, and I am delighted with it; but what is more to 
 the purpose, gentlemen \*ho know something about Zoology, are delighted with it, such as Dr. 
 Beck and Professor Cook, of our Academy. I have no doubt that we shall introduce u."' 
 
 PRIMARY LESSONS I 
 
 BEING A SPELLER AND READER, ON AN ORIGINAL PLAN. 
 
 in which one letter is taught at a lesson, with its power; an application being immsdiatsly 
 
 made, in words, of each letter thus learned, and those words being 
 
 directly arranged into reading lessons. 
 
 BY ALBERT D. WRIGHT, 
 
 AUTHOR OP "ANALYTICAL ORTHOGRAPHY," "PHONOLOGICAL CHART," ETC. 
 One neat volume, 18mo, containing 144 pages, and 28 engravings. Price 12 cents, bound. 
 
 EASY LESSONS IN LANDSCAPE, 
 
 FOR THE PENCIL. 
 BY F. N. OTIS, 
 
 IN THREE PARTS, EACH CONTAINING SIXTEEN LESSC NS 
 
 Price 38 cents each part. 
 
 These Lessons are intended for the use of schools and families, and are so arrangei! thit rflfc 
 the aid of the accompanying directions, teachers unacquainted with drawing may introduce 1 
 ucce$sfully into their schools; and those unable to avail themselves of the rHv^n.'agea of 
 teacher, may pursue the study of drawing withnm difficulty. 
 
 17 ^ 
 
rB 17241