y A LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS COMPILED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. "MEDIC TUTTSSTMITS IBIS. LONDON: JOHX VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW 1883. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS ALE HE T FLAMMAM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, KF.n MON COUKT, I-' LEFT 8TRKET. PKEFACE. AT the Annual General Meeting of the British Ornitholo- gists' Union held at their office, 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, May 15, 1878, Mr. SCLATER proposed that a Com- mittee should be appointed to draw up a list of British Birds in accordance with the most approved principles of modern nomenclature. Mr. SCLATER gave an outline of his plan, and suggested that the following Members of the B. O. U. should be requested to serve on the Committee, viz. : Ma. O. SAL, l ^.^ ^ , ^ MR. P. L. SCLATER,) MR. It DuCANE GODMAN, The Secretary of the B. O. U., MR. m E. DRESSER, PROFESSOR NEWTON, MR. H. SEEBOHM, and MR. HENRY T. WHARTON. This proposal was unanimously agreed to ; but Professor NEWTON subsequently excused himself from joining the Committee. The remaining members held their first meeting on June 4, 1878, when Mr. SCLATER was elected Chairman and Mr. H. T. WHARTON Secretary and General Editor. On August 12, 1879, Messrs. HOWARD SAUNDERS and U. BOWDLER SHARPE were added to the Committee. IV PREFACE. The work of preparing the various portions of the List was undertaken by different members of the Committee; but the whole has been revised during the seventy-one meetings the Committee has held. The notes 011 the etymology of the scientific names have been compiled by Mr. HENRY T. WHARTON; and for them he accepts the main responsibility. No attempt at a complete synonymy has been made; but references are given to the following leading works on the subject, viz. : Naumann's ' Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands/ 1822-1860; Macgillivray's ( History of British Birds/ 1837-1852 ; Hewitson's ' Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds/ ed. 3, 1856; G. R. Gray's ' Catalogue of British Birds in the British Museum/ 1863; YarrelFs ' History of British Birds :' first edition (1839), second (1845), third (1856), and fourth (the first and second volumes edited by Prof. NEWTON and the third by Mr. H. SAUNDERS) so far as complete; Gould's ' Birds of Great Britain/ 1850-1868; Harting's < Handbook of British Birds/ 1872; and Dresser's ' Birds of Europe/ 1871-1881. These are respectively cited as Naum., Macg., Hewitson, Gray, Yarr. (ed. 1, ed. 2, ed. 3, Newton, Saunders), Gould, Harting, and Dresser. In quotations from Linnseus's Systema Nature the specific name is printed with a capital initial whenever Linnseus him- PREFACE. V self so marked it, it having been his practice to distinguish thereby a substantive (in apposition) from an adjective (in agreement with the generic name) . In those cases in which the Linneean specific name has been raised to generic rank, references are given to Linnseus's Systema Naturae as well as to the work in which the specific name now used first occurs. The classification adopted is that modification of Professor HUXLEY'S which was first promulgated by Mr. SCLATER in the ' Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium ' (1873), and is further explained by him in < The Ibis/ 1880, pp. 340-350 and 399-411. Those species which the Committee does not regard as positively authenticated as British are distinguished by having their names printed in italics and included in square brackets. But it has been deemed advisable to regard as " British " every species of which even a single - specimen has been obtained in an undoubtedly wild state within the confines of the British Islands. The present list enumerates 452 species, of which 76 are included in square brackets, leaving 376 species as the ascertained number of British birds. These 376 may be divided into four categories : (1) Residents, which are found throughout the year, and actually breed in some part of the British Islands. (2) Summer Visitors, which visit these islands in summer and breed within their confines. VI PREFACE. (3) Winter Visitors, which visit us in winter, but do not breed here. (4) Occasional Visitors, which are only of irregular occur- rence, but are met with in our islands with more or less frequency. It is in many cases difficult to decide in which of these four divisions a particular species should be placed ; but the Table on the next page is believed to give with tolerable accuracy the number of species, in each of the seventeen orders, members of which occur in the British Isles. P. L. S. H. T. W. April 3rd, 1883. PREFACE. VI TABLE OF BRITISH BIRDS. E. S. V. W.V. 0. V. TOTAL. I. Passeres 50 23 6 51 130 II. Picarise 4 4 10 18 III. Strisres 4 7 11 IV. Accipitres 12 2 13 27 V. Steganopodes 3 3 VI. VII. Herodiones Anseres ... 1 17 1 9 13 17 14 44 VIII. ColuinbfB 3 1 1 5 IX. Pterocletes 1 1 X. Grallinse 7 1 1 9 XI. FulicaricB 3 2 2 7 XII. Alectorides 4 4 XIII Hemipodii 1 1 XIV IjimicoljB 3 13 13 19 48 XV Graviae 9 5 2 13 29 XVI Tubinares 4 6 10 XVII Pyffopodes 8 1 6 15 128 52 31 165 376 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Order PASSEEES i Suborder OSCINES 1 Section OSCINES DENTTROSTRES 1 Family TURDID.E 1 Subfamily TURDIN^E 1 Genus TUBDUS 1 Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush 1 Turdus musicus. Song-Thrusli 1 Turdus iliacus. Redwing 2 Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare 2 Turdus migratorius. American Robin 3 Turdus atrigularis. Black-throated Thrush 3 Turdus varius. White's Thrush 3 Turdus sibiricus. Siberian Thrush 4 Turdus merula. Blackbird 4 Turdus torquatus. Ring-Ouzel 6 Genus MONTICOLA 5 Monticola saxatilis. Rock-Thrush 5 Monticola cyanus. Blue Rock-Thrush 6 Genus SAXICOLA 6 Saxicola cenanthe. Wheatear 6 Saxicola stapazina. Black-throated Wheatear 6 Saxicola deserti. Desert Wheatear 7 Genus PEATINCOLA 7 Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat 7 Pratincola rubicola. Stonechat 8 Genus RUTICILLA 8 Ruticilla phcenicurus. Redstart 8 Ruticilla titys. Black Redstart 9 b CONTENTS. Page Genus CYANECULA 9 Cyanecula wolfi. White-spotted Bluethroat 9 Cyanecula suecica. Red-spotted Bluethroat 10 Genus EBITHACUS 10 Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast 10 Genus DAULIAS 11 Daulias luscinia. Nightingale 11 Subfamily SYLVIINJE 11 Genus SYLVIA 11 Sylvia cinerea. Whitethroat 11 Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat 12 Sylvia orphea. Orphean W T arbler 12 Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap 12 Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler 13 Sylvia nisoria. Barred Warbler 13 Genus MELIZOPHILUS 13 Melizophilus undatus. Dartford Warbler 14 Genus REG ULUS 14 Regulus cristatus. Goldcrest 14 Regulus ignicapillus. Fire-crest 15 Regulus calendula. Ruby-crowned Wren 15 Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS 15 Phylloscopus superciliosus. Yellow-browed Warbler. . 15 Phylloscopus rufus. Chiffchaft' 16 Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow- Warbler 16 Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Wood-Warbler 17 Genus HYPOLAIS ; 17 Hypolai's icterina. Icterine Warbler 17 Genus AEDON 18 Aedon galactodes. Rufous Warbler 18 Genus ACROCEPHALUS 18 Acrocephalus streperus. Reed- War bier . 18 Acrocephalus palustris. Marsh-Warbler 19 Acrocephalus turdoides. Great Reed- Warbler 19 Acrocephalus aquaticus. Aquatic Warbler 20 Acrocephalus phragmitis. Sedge- Warbler 20 Genus LOCUSTELLA 20 Locustella naevia. Grasshopper Warbler 20 Locustella luscinioides. Sari's Warbler .... .21 CONTENTS. XI Page Genus CETTIA 21 Cettia sericea. Cetti's Warbler 22 Subfamily ACCENTORIN^E 22 Genus ACCENTOR 22 Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow 22 Accentor collaris. Alpine Accentor 23 Subfamily MIMING 23 Genus MIMUS 23 Mimus polyglottus. Northern Mocking-bird 23 Family CINCLIDJE 23 Genus CINCLUS 23 Cinclus aquaticus. Dipper 23 Cinclus melanogaster. Black-bellied Dipper 24 Family PANURID^E 24 Genus PANURUS 24 Panuru3 biarmicus; Bearded Titmouse 24 Family PARID.E 25 Genus ACREDULA 25 Acredula caudata. White-headed Long-tailed Titmouse 25 Acredula rosea. British Long- tailed Titmouse 25 Genus PARUS 26 Parus major. Great Titmouse 26 Parus ater. Continental Coal Titmouse 26 Parus britannicus. British Coal Titmouse 26 Parus palustris. Marsh-Titmouse 27 Parus caeruleus. Blue Titmouse 27 Parus cristatus. Crested Titmouse 28 Family SITTID^ > 28 Genus SITTA 28 Sitta caesia. Nuthatch 28 Family TROGLODYTID^l 29 Genus TROGLODYTES 29 Troglodytes parvulus. Wren 29 62 \11 CONTENTS. Family MOTACILLID^E ^9 Genus MOTACILLA 29 Motacilla alba. White Wagtail 29 Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail 30 Motacilla melanope. Grey Wagtail 30 Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail 31 Motacilla viridis. Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail 31 Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail 31 Genus ANTHUS 32 Anthus pratensis. Meadow-Pipit 32 Anthus cervinus. Red-throated Pipit 32 Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit 33 Anthus campestris. Tawny Pipit 33 Anthus richardi. Richard's Pipit 34 Anthus ludovicianus. American Pipit 34 Anthus spipoletta. Water-Pipit 34 Anthus obscurus. Rock-Pipit 35 Family PYCNONOTID^E 35 Genus PYCNONOTUS 35 Pycnonotus barbatus. Dusky Bulbul 35 Pycnonotus capensis. Gold- vented Thrush 36 Family ORIOLID M 36 Genus ORIOLUS 36 Oriolus galbula. Golden Oriole 36 Family LANIID^E 36 Genus LANIUS 36 Lanius excubitor. Great Grey Shrike 37 Lanius major. Pallas's Great Grey Shrike 37 Lanius excubitorides. American Grey Shrike 37 Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Shrike 38 Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike 38 Lanius pomerauus. Woodchat 38 Family VIREONIDJE 39 Genus VlEEO 39 Vireo olivaceus. Red-eyed Flycatcher ,,..,. 39 CONTENTS. Xlll Page Family AMPELID^E 39 Genus AMPELTS 39 Ampelis garrulus. Waxwing 39 Ampelis cedrorum. Cedar-bird 40 Family MUSCICAPID^E 40 Genus MUSCICAPA 40 Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher 40 Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher 41 Muscicapa cottaris. White-collared Flycatcher 41 Muscicapa parva. Red-breasted Flycatcher 42 Section OSCINES LATIROSTRES 42 Family HIRUNDINID^E 42 Genus HIRUNDO 42 Hirundo savignii. Chestnut-bellied Swallow 42 Hirimdo rustica. Swallow 42 Hirundo ntfula. Red-rumped Swallow 43 Hirundo bicolor. White-bellied Swallow 43 Genus CHELIDON 44 Chelidon urbica. Martin 44 Genus COTILE 44 Cotile riparia. Sand-Martin 44 Genus PROGNE 45 Progne purpurea. Purple Martin 45 Section OSCINES CURVIROSTRES 45 Family CERTHIID^E .' 45 Genus CEBTHIA 45 Certhia familiaris. Tree-creeper 45 Genus TICHODROMA 46 Tichodroma muraria. Wall-creeper 46 Section OSCINES CONIROSTRES 46 Family FRINGILLIDJE 46 Subfamily FRINGILLIN^E 46 Genus CYANOSPIZA 46 Cyanospiza ciris. Nonpareil Finch '46 CONTENTS. Page Genus CARDUELIS w Carduelis elegans. Goldfinch 47 Genus CHRYSOMITRIS 47 Chrysomiiris citrineUa. Citril Finch . 47 Chrysomitris spinus. Siskin 48 Genus CuiTHAGRA 48 Crithagra chrysopyga. Yellmv-rumped Seed-eater .... 48 Genus SERINUS 48 Serinus hortulanus. Serin 49 Serinus canarius. Canary 49 Genus LIGUBINUS 49 Ligurinus chloris. Greenfinch 49 Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES 50 Coccothraustes vulgaris. Hawfinch 50 Genus PASSER 51 Passer doinesticus. House-Sparrow 51 Passer montanus. Tree-Sparrow 51 Genus FRINGILLA 52 Fringilla cselebs. Chaffinch 52 Fringilla montifringilla. Brambling 52 Genus LINOTA 53 Linota cannabina. Linnet 53 Linota linaria. Mealy Redpoll 53 Linota rufescens. Lesser Redpoll 54 Linota hornenianni. Greenland Redpoll 54 Linota flavirostris. Twite 54 Subfamily LOXIIN^E 55 Genus CARPODACUS 55 Oarpodacus erythrinus. Rosy Bullfinch 55 Genus PYRRHULA 56 Pyrrhula europsea. Bullfinch 56 Genus PINICOLA 56 Pinicola enucleator. Pine-Grosbeak 56 Genus LOXIA 57 Loxia pityopsittacus. Parrot Crossbill 57 Loxia curvirostra. Crossbill 57 Loxia leucoptera. White- winged Crossbill 58 Loxia bifasciata. Two-barred Crossbill .58 CONTENTS. XV Page Subfamily EMBERIZIN^E 69 Genus EMBERIZA 59 Emberiza melanocepliala. Black-headed Bunting .... 59 Emberiza miliaria. Corn-Bunting 59 Emberiza citrinella. Yellow Hammer 60 Emberiza cirlus. Girl Bunting 60 Emberiza hortulana. Ortolan Bunting 61 Emberiza rustica. Rustic Bunting 61 Emberiza pusilla. Little Bunting 61 Emberiza schceniclus. Reed-Bunting 62 Genus CALCAEIUS 62 Calcarius lapponicus. Lapland Bunting 62 Genus PLECTROPHANES 63 Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow-Bunting 63 Genus ZONOTRICHIA 63 Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Song-Sparrow . . 63 Section OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES 64 Family ICTERID^E 64 Genus AGELJEUS 64 Agelceus phceniceus. Red-winged Starling 64 Genus STUENELLA 64 Sturnella magna. American Meadow- Starling 64 Genus SCOLECOPHAQVS 65 Scolecophagus ferrugineus. Rusty Grackle 65 Family STURNID^E 65 Genus STURNUS 65 Sturnus vulgaris. Starling 65 Genus PASTOR 66 Pastor roseus. Rose-coloured Pastor 66 Family CORVID^E 66 Genus PYRRHOCORAX . 66 Pyrrhocorax graculus. Chough 66 Genus NUCIFRAGA 67 Nucifraga caryocatactes. Nutcracker 67 Genus GARRULUS 67 Garrulus glandarius. Jay 67 XVI CONTENTS. Genus PICA Pica rustica. Magpie 68 Genus CORVUS 68 Corvus monedula. Jackdaw 68 Corvus corone. Carrion-Crow 69 Corvus comix. Hooded Crow 69 Corvus frugilegus. Rook 70 Corvus corax. Raven 70 Section OSCINES SCUTELLIPL ANT ABES 70 Family ALAUDID^E : 70 Genus ALAUDA 70 Alauda arvensis. Sky-Lark 71 Alauda arborea. Wood-Lark 71 Alauda cristata. Crested Lark 71 Genus CALANDRELLA 72 Calandrella brachydactyla. Short-toed Lark 72 Genus MELANOCORYPHA 72 Melanocorypha calandra. Calandra Lark 72 Melanocorypha sibirica. White- winged Lark 73 Genus OTOCORYS 73 Otocorys alpestris. Shore-Lark 73 Order PICAEL2E 73 Suborder CYPSELI 73 Family CYPSELID^E 73 Genus CYPSELUS 73 Cypselus apus. Swift 74 Cypselus melba. White-bellied Swift 74 Genus ACANTHYLLIS 74 Acanthyllis caudacuta. Needle-tailed Swift 74 Family CAPEIMULGID^E 75 Genus CAPRIMULGUS 75 Caprimulgus europseus. Nightjar 75 Caprimulgus ruficollis. Red-necked Nightjar 75 CONTENTS. XV11 Page Suborder PICI 76 Family PICID^E 76 Subfamily PICIN^E 76 Genus Picus 76 Picus martius. Great Black Woodpecker 76 Genus DENDROCOPUS 76 Dendrocopus villosus. Hairy Woodpecker 77 Dendrocopus pubescens. Downy Woodpecker 77 Dendrocopus major. Great Spotted Woodpecker .... 77 Dendrocopus medius. Middle Spotted Woodpecker .... 78 Dendrocopus minor. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. ... 78 Genus PICOIDES 78 Picoides tridactylus. European Three-toed Woodpecker 78 Genus GECINUS 79 Gecinus viridis. Green Woodpecker 79 Genus COLAPTES 79 Colaptes auratus. Golden-winged Woodpecker 79 Subfamily lYNGIN^E 80 Genus IY'NX 80 lynx torquilla. Wryneck 80 Suborder ANISODACTYL^E 80 Family ALCEDINID^ 80 Genus ALCEDO 80 Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher 80 Genus CERYLE 81 Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher 81 Family CORACIID^E 81 Genus CORACIAS 81 Coracias garrula. Holler 82 Family MEROPID^E 82 Genus MEROPS 82 Merops apiaster. Bee-eater 82 Merops philippinus. Blue-tailed Bee-eater 82 i xviii CONTENTS. Family UPUPID^E ................................ ^3 Genus UPUPA .................................... 83 Upupa epops. Hoopoe .......................... 83 Suborder COCCYGES . ............................... 83 Family CUCULIMl .............................. 83 Genus CUCTJLUS .................................. 83 Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo ........................ 83 Genus COCCYSTES .................................. 84 Coccystes glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo ........ 84 Genus COCCYZUS .................................. 84 Coccyzus americanus. Yellow-billed Cuckoo ........ 84 Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Black-billed Cuckoo. , . . 85 Order STRIGES Family STRIGID^ .............................. 85 Genus STRIX ...................................... 85 Strix flammea. Barn-Owl ........................ 85 Family ASIONID.E .............................. 86 Genus Asio ...................................... 86 Asio otus. Long-eared Owl ...................... 86 Asio brachyotus. Short-eared Owl ................ 86 Genus SYRNIUM .................................. 86 Syrniuin aluco. Tawny Owl . . . . , ................. 87 Genus NYCTEA .................................... 87 Nyctea scandiaca. Snowy Owl .................... 87 Genus SURNIA .................................... 88 Surnia ulula. European Hawk-Owl ................ 88 Surnia funerea. American Hawk-Owl .............. 88 Genus NYCTALA .................................. 88 Nyctala tengmalmi. Tengmalm's Owl .............. 88 Nyctala acadica. Saw-whet Owl ..................... 89 Genus SCOPS ...................................... 89 Scops giu. Scops Owl .......................... 89 agio. American Screech-Owl . . 90 CONTENTS. XIX Genus BUBO Bubo ignavus. Eagle Owl 90 Genus ATHENE 91 Athene noctua. Little Owl , . 91 Order ACCIPITRES 91 Family VULTUEID^E 91 Genus GYPS 91 Gyps fulvus. Griffon Vulture 91 Genus NEOPHRON 92 Neophron percnopterus. Egyptian Vulture 92 Family FALCONID.E 92 Genus CIRCUS 92 Circus seruginosus. Marsh-Harrier 92 Circus cyaneus. Hen-Harrier 93 Circus cineraceus. Montagu's Harrier 93 Genus Buteo 93 Buteo vulgaris. Buzzard 94 Buteo borealis. Red-tailed Buzzard 94 Buteo desertorum. African Buzzard 94 Buteo lineatus. Red-shouldered Buzzard 94 Genus ARCHIBUTEO 95 Archibuteo lagopus. Eough-legged Buzzard 95 Archibuteo sancti-johannis. Black Buzzard 95 Genus AQUILA 96 Aquila clanga. Spotted Eagle 96 Aquila chrysaetus. Golden Eagle 96 Genus HALIAETUS 97 Haliaetus albicilla. White-tailed Eagle 97 Genus ASTUR 97 Astur palumbarius. G os-Hawk 97 Astur atricapillus. American Gos-Hawk 98 Genus ACCIPITER 98 Accipiter nisus. Sparrow-Hawk 98 Genus MILVUS 99 Milvus ictinus. Kite 99 Milvus migrant Black Kite 99 XX CONTENTS. Page Genus ELANOIDES 99 Elanoid.es furcatus. Swallow-tailed Kite 100 Genus ELANUS 100 Elanus cceruleus, Black-ivinged Kite 100 Genus PERNIS 100 Pernis apivorus. Honey-Buzzard 100 Genus HIEROFALCO 101 Hierofalco gyrfalco. Gyr Falcon 101 Hierofalco candicans. Greenland Falcon 101 Hierofalco islandus. Iceland Falcon 102 Genus FALCO 102 Falco peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon 102 Falco subbuteo. Hobby 102 Falco sesalon. Merlin 103 Genus TINNUNCULUS 103 Tinnunculus vespertinus. Ked-footed Falcon 103 Tinnunculus alaudarius. Kestrel 104 Tinnunculus cenchris. Lesser Kestrel 104 Genus PANDION 104 Pandion haliaetus. Osprey 105 Order STEGANOPODES 105 Family PELECANID.^ 105 Genus PHALACROCORAX 105 Phalacrocorax carbo. Cormorant 105 Phalacocorax graculus. Shag 106 Genus SULA 106 Sula bassana. Gannet 106 Genus PELECANUS 107 Pelecanus onocrotalus. White Pelican . . . 107 Order HEEODIONES 107 Family AKDEID,E 107 Genus ARDEA 107 Ardea cinerea. Heron 107 Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron 108 CONTENTS. XXI Page Ardea alba. Great White HeroD 108 Ardea garzetta. Little Egret 108 Ardea bubulcus. Buff-backed Heron 109 Ardea ralloides. Squaceo Heron 109 Genus ABDETTA 110 Ardetta minuta. Little Bittern 110 Genus NYCTICOBAX 110 Nycticorax griseus. Night-Heron 110 Genus BOTAUBUS Ill Botaurus stellaris. Bittern Ill Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern Ill Family CICONIID^ 112 Genus CICONIA 112 Ciconia alba. White Stork 112 Ciconia nigra. Black Stork 112 Family PLATALEID^E 112 Genus PLATALEA 112 Platalea leucorodia. Spoonbill 113 Genus PLEGADIS 113 Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy Ibis 113 Order ANSERES iu Family ANATHXE 114 Genus PLECTROPTEEUS 114 Plectropterus gambensis. Spur-winged Goose 114 Genus CHENALOPEX 114 Chenalopex cegyptiacus. Egyptian Goose 114 Genus ANSEB 115 Anser cinereus. Grey Lag Goose 115 Anser segetum. Bean-Goose 115 Anser brachyrhynchus. Pink-footed Goose 116 Anser albifrons. White-fronted Goose 116 Anser indicus. ^Bar-headed Goose 116 Anser cygnoides. Chinese Goose 117 XX11 CONTENTS. Page Genus CHEN 117 Chen albatus. Cassin's Snow Goose 117 Genus BERNICLA 117 Bernicla brenta. Brent Goose 117 Bernicla leucopsis. Barnacle Goose 118 Bernicla canadensis. Canada Goose 118 Beruicla ruficollis. Red-breasted Goose 119 Genus CYGNUS 119 Cygnus olor. Mute Swan 119 Cygnus immutabilis. Polish Swan 120 Cygnus musicus. Whooper Swan 120 Cygnus americanus. American Swan 120 Cygnus buccinator. Trumpeter Siuan 121 Cygnus bewicki. Bewick's Swan 121 Genus CAIEINA 121 Cairina moschata. Muscovy Duck 121 Genus TADORNA 122 Tadorna cornuta. Common Sheldrake 122 Tadorna casarca. Ruddy Sheldrake 122 Genus &x 123 &x sponsa. Summer Duck 123 Genus MARECA 123 Mareca penelope. Wigeon 123 Mareca americana. American Wigeon 124 Genus DAFILA 124 Dafila acuta. Pintail 124 Genus ANAS 125 Anas boscas. Wild Duck 125 Genus CHAULELASMUS 125 Chaulelasmus streperus. Gadwall 125 Genus QUERQUEDULA 126 Querquedula circia. Garganey 126 Querquedula discors. Blue- winged Teal 126 Querquedula crecca. Common Teal 127 Querquedula bimaculata. Bimaculated Duck 127 Querquedula carolinensis. American Green-winged Teal 127 Genus SPATULA 128 Spatula clypeata. Shoveller 128 CONTENTS. XX111 Page Genus FULIGULA 128 Fuligula rufina. Eed-crested Pochard 128 Fuligula cristata. Tufted Duck 129 Fuligula collaris. Ring-necked Duck 129 Fuligula marila. Scaup 129 Fuligula affinis. Lesser Scaup Duck 130 Fuligula ferina. Pochard 130 Genus NYROCA 130 Nyroca ferruginea. White-eyed Duck 130 Genus CLANGULA 131 Clangula glaucion. Goldeneye 131 Clang ula islandica. Barrow's Goldeneye 131 Clangula albeola. Buffel-headed Duck 132 Genus COSMONETTA 132 Cosmonetta histrionica. Harlequin Duck 132 Genus HARELDA 133 Harelda glacialis. Long-tailed Duck 133 Genus HENICONETTA 133 Heniconetta stelleri. Steller's Duck 133 Genus SOMATERIA , 134 Somateria mollissima. Eider Duck 134 Somateria spectabilis. King Eider 134 Genus (EDEMIA 135 CEdemia nigra. Common Scoter 135 (Edemia fusca. Velvet Scoter 135 CEdemia perspicillata. Surf-Scoter 136 Genus MERGUS 136 Mergus merganser. Goosander 136 Mergus serrator. Eed-breasted Merganser 136 Mergus cucullatus. Hooded Merganser 137 Mergus albellus. Smew 137 Order COLUMBJE 137 Family COLUMBID^] 137 Genus COLUMBA 137 Columba palumbus. Ring-Dove 138 Columba cenas. Stock-Dove 138 Columba livia. Rock-Dove .... .139 CONTENTS. Page Genus TUBTUB 139 Turtur communis. Turtle Dove 139 Genus ECTOPISTES 140 Ectopistes migratorius. Passenger Pigeon 140 Order PTEROCLETES no Family PTEROCLID M 140 Genus SYBBHAPTES 140 Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Pallas's Sand-Grouse 140 Order GALLING 141 Family PHASIANIDJE -. 141 Genus PHASIANUS 141 Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant 141 Genus CACCABIS 141 Caccabis rufa. Red-legged Partridge 141 Caccabis petrosa. Barbary Partridge 142 Genus PEBDIX 142 Perdix cinerea. Partridge 142 Genus COTUBNIX 142 Coturnix communis. Quail 143 Genus OETTX 143 Ortyx virginianus. Virginian Colin 143 Family TETRAONID^E 143 Genus LAGOPUS 143 Lagopus mutus. Ptarmigan 144 Lagopus scoticus. Red Grouse 144 Lagopus rupestris. Rock-Ptarmigan 144 Genus TETBAO 145 Tetrao tetrix. Black Grouse 145 Tetrao urogallus. Capercaillie 145 CONTENTS. XXV Page Order HEMIPODII i Genus TUBNIX 146 Turnix sylvatica. Andalusian Hemipode 146 Order PTILICARI51 146 Family RALLIED 146 Genus RALLUS 146 Rallus aquaticus. Water-Rail 146 Genus PORZANA 147 Porzana maruetta. Spotted Crake 147 Porzana Carolina. Carolina Rail 147 Porzana bailloni. Baillon's Crake 148 Porzana parva. Little Crake 148 Genus CREX 149 Crex pratensis. Corn-Crake 149 Genus PORPHYRIO 149 Porphyrio ccendeus. Purple Gallinule 149 Porphyrio smaragdonotus. Green-hacked Gallinule . . 150 Porphyrio martinicus. Martinique Gallinule 150 Genus GALLINTTLA 151 Gallinula chloropus. Moor-hen 151 Genus FULICA 151 Fulica atra. Coot . . 151 Order ALBCTORIDES .......................... 152 Family GRUID^ ................................ 152 Genus Gnus ...................................... 152 Grus communis. Crane .......................... 152 Grus virgo. Demoiselle Crane .................... 152 Genus BALEARICA ................................ 153 Bakarica pavonina. Bakaric Crane .............. 153 c XXVI CONTENTS. Pa Family OTIDID^B Genus OTIS 153 Otis tarda. Great Bustard 153 Otis tetrax. Little Bustard 154 Genus HOUBARA 154 Houbara macqueeni. Macqueen's Bustard 154 Order LIMICOL53 155 Family (EDICNEMID^ 155 Genus (EDICNEMI T S 155 GEdicnemus scolopax. Stone-Curlew 155 Family GLAREOL1D.E 155 Genus GLAREOLA 155 Glareola pratincola. Collared Pratincole 155 Family CHARADRIIMl 156 Genus CURSORITJS 156 Cursorius gallicus. Cream-coloured Courser 156 Genus CHARADRIUS 157 Charadrius pluvialis. Golden Plover 157 Charadrius fulvus. Eastern Golden Plover 167 Genus SQUATAROLA 158 Squatarola helvetica. Grey Plover 158 Genus ^EGIALITIS 158 ./Egialitis cantiana. Kentish Plover 158 vEgialitis curonica. Little Binged Plover 159 ^Egialitis hiaticula. Ringed Plover 159 ^Egialitis vocifera. Killdeer Plover 160 Genus EUDROMIAS 160 Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel 160 Genus VANELLUS 161 Vanellus vulgaris. Lapwing 161 Genus STREPSILAS 161 Strepsilas interpres. Turnstone 161 Genus H^EMATOPUS 162 Hseniatopus o.stralegus. Ovster-catcher 162 CONTENTS. XXV11 Page Family SCOLOPACID^E 162 Genus RECURVIROSTRA 162 Recurvirostra avocetta. Avocet 162 Genus HIMANTOPTJS 163 Himantopus candidus. Black-winged Stilt 163 Genus PHALAROPUS 163 Phalaropus hyperboreus. Red-necked Phalarope 164 Phalaropus fulicarius. Grey Phalarope 164 Genus SCOLOPAX 164 Scolopax rusticula. Woodcock 165 Genus GALLINAGQ 165 Gallinago. major. Great Snipe 165 Gallinago caelestis. Common Snipe 166 Gallinago wilsoni. Wilson's Snipe 166 Genus LIMNOCRYPTES 166 Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe 167 Genus LIMICOLA 167 Limicola platyrliyncha. Broad-billed Sandpiper .... 167 Genus TRINGA 168 Tringa maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper 168 Tringa fuscicollis. Bonaparte's Sandpiper 168 Tringa alpina. Dunlin 169 Tringa minuta. Little Stint 169 Tringa temmincki. Temminck's Stint 169 Tringa minutilla. American Stint 170 Tringa subarquata. Curlew Sandpiper 170 Tringa striata. Purple Sandpiper 171 Tringa canutus. Knot 171 Genus MACHETES 171 Machetes pugnax. Ruff 171 Genus CALIDRIS 172 Calidris arenaria. Sanderling 172 Genus TRYNGITES 172 Tryngites rufescens. Buff- breasted Sandpiper 172 Genus ACTITURUS 173 Actiturus longicauda. Bartram's Sandpiper 173 Genus TRINGOIDES 173 Tringoides hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper 173 Tringoides maatlftrw*, Spotted Sandpiper ] 74 xxviii CONTENTS, Page Genus HKLODROMAS 174 Helodromas ocliropus. Green Sandpiper 174 Genus TOTANUS 175 Totanus glareola. Wood-Sandpiper 175 Totanus solitarius. Solitary Sandpiper 175 Totanus calidris. Redshank 176 Totanus fuscus. Spotted Redshank 176 Totanus flavipes. Yellowshank 176 Totanus canescens. Greenshank 177 Genus MACRORHAMPHUS 177 Macrorhamphus griseus. Red-breasted Snipe 177 Genus LIMOSA 177 Limosa lapponica. Bar-tailed Godwit 177 Limosa segocephala. Black-tailed Godwit 178 Genus NUMENIUS 178 Numenius borealis. Esquimaux Curlew 178 Numenius phseopus. Whimbrel 179 Numenius arquata. Curlew 179 Order GAVL2E ieo Family LARID^S 180 Subfamily STERNIN^ 180 Genus STERNA 180 Sterna macrura. Arctic Tern 180 Sterna fluviatilis. Common Tern 180 Sterna dougalli. Roseate Tern 181 Sterna nainuta. Little Tern 181 Sterna caspia. Caspian Tern 182 Sterna lergii. RuppelTs Tern 182 Sterna anglica. Gull-billed Tern 182 Sterna cantiaca. Sandwich Tern. 183 Sterna fuliginosa. Sooty Tern 183 Sterna anaestheta. Scopoli's Sooty Tern 184 Genus HYDROCHELIDON t% . 154 Hydrochelidon hybrida. Whiskered Tern 184 Hydrochelidon leucoptera. White-winged Black Tern 185 Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern 185 Genus ANGUS 186 Anoiis stolidu.?. Noddy 186 CONTENTS. XXIX Page Subfamily LARIN^E 186 Genus PAGOPHILA 186 Pagophila eburnea. Ivory Gull 186 Genus RISSA 187 Rissa tridactyla. Kittiwake 187 Genus LARUS 187 Larus glaucus. Glaucous Gull 187 Larus leucopterus. Iceland Gull 188 Larus argentatus. Herring-Gull 188 Larus fuscus. Lesser Black-backed Gull 189 Larus canus. Common Gull 189 Larus rnarinus. Greater Black-backed Gull 189 Larus atricilla. Laughing Gull 190 Larus ichthyaetus. Great Black-headed Gull 190 Larus melanocephalus. Adriatic Gull 191 Larus ridibundus. Black-headed Gull 191 Larus minutus. Little Gull 191 Larus Philadelphia. Bonaparte's Gull 192 Genus RHODOSTETHIA 192 Rhodostethia rosea. Cuneate -tailed Gull 192 Genus XEMA 193 Xema sabinii. Sabine's Gull 193 Subfamily STERCORARIIN^E 193 Genus STERCORARIUS 193 Stercorarius catarrhactes. Common Skua 194 Stercorarius pomatorhinus. Pomatorhine Skua 194 Stercorarius crepidatus. Richardson's Skua 195 Stercorarius parasiticus. Buffon's Skua 195 Order TUBINARES iw Family PROCELLARIID^] 196 Genus PROCELLARIA 196 Procellaria pelagica. Storm-Petrel 196 Procellaria leucorrhoa. Leach's Petrel 196 Genus OCEANITES 197 Oceanites oceanicus. Wilson's Petrel . . . 197 XXX CONTENTS. Page Genus PUFFINUS 197 Puffinus anglorurn. Manx Shearwater 197 Puffin us griseus. Sooty Shearwater 198 Puffinus major. Greater Shearwater 198 Puffinus obscurus. Dusky Shearwater 198 Genus DAPTION 199 Daption capense. Cape Pigeon 199 Genus FULMABUS 199 Fulmarus glacialis. Fulmar 199 Genus (ESTRELATA 200 CEstrelata hsesitata. Capped Petrel 200 Genus BULWERIA 200 Bulweria columbina. Bulwer's Petrel 200 Order PYGOPODES 201 Family COLYMBID.E 201 Genus COLYMBUS .' 201 Colymbus glacialis. Great Northern Diver 201 Colymbus adamsi. Yellow-billed Diver 201 Colymbus arcticus. Black-throated Diver 201 Colymbus septentrionalis. Red- throated Diver 202 Family PODICIPID^l 202 Genus PODICEPS 202 Podiceps cristatus. Great Crested Grebe 202 Podiceps griseigena. Red-necked Grebe 203 Podiceps auritus. Sclavonian Grebe 203 Podiceps nigricollis. Eared Grebe 204 Genus TACHYBAPTES 204 Tachybaptes fluviatilis. Little Grebe 204 Genus PODILTMBUS 205 Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe 205 Family ALCID^E 205 Genus ALCA 205 Alca torda. Razorbill 205 Alca impennis. Great Auk 206 CONTENTS. XXXI Page Genus LOMVIA 206 Lorn via troile. Common Guillemot 206 Lornvia bruennichi. Briinnich's Guillemot 207 Genus URIA 207 Uria grylle. Black Guillemot 207 Genus MERGULUS 208 Mergulus alle. Little Auk 208 Genus FRATERCULA 208 Fratercula arctica. Puffin 208 LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. Order PASSERES. Suborder OSOINES. Section OSCINES DENTIROSTRES. Family TURDID^S. Subfamily TURBINE. Genus TURDUS, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus = a Thrush, in classical Latin. Of uncertain derivation. Turdus viscivorus. MISSEL-THRUSH. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus viscivorus, Naum. ii. p. 248; Macg. ii. p. 114; Hewitson, i. p. 79 ; Gray, p. 73; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 187; id. ed. 3, i. p. 197; Newton, i. p. 258; Gould, ii. pi. 33; Harting, p. 11 ; Dresser, ii. p. 3. Missel Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 179. Viscivorus, from viscum = mistletoe, and voro = I devour a translation of Aristotle's name for the bird, io/36pos. A common resident in England and Wales, rarer in S cot- id/ at Ireland. Breeds commonly throughout Central Europe, more rarely eastwards, and as far as Turkestan, Kashmir, and Lake Baikal. From countries where the winters are severe it migrates to South Europe, North Africa, and South Persia. Turdus musicus. SONG-THRUSH. Turdus musicus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 292 (1766). Turdus musicus, Naum. ii. p. 262; Macg. ii. p. 127; Hew- itson,\. p. 81; Gray, p. 74; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 202; 2 TURDID^E. id. ed. 3, i. p. 212; Newton, i. p. 264; Gould, ii. pi. 32; Harting, p. 11; Dresser, ii. p. 19. Song Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 193. Muslcus = musical, tuneful ; from Musa, MoDo-a, the goddess of music, poetry, &c. A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds through- out temperate Europe and Asia, migrating from places where the winters are severe to South Europe, North Africa, and South Persia. Turdus iliacus. REDWING. Turdus iliacus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 292 (1766). Turdus iliacus, Naum. ii. p. 276 ; Macg. ii. p. 141 ; Hewitson, i. p. 87; Gray, p. 74; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 207; id. ed. 3, i. p. 217; Newton, i. p. 268; Gould, ii. pi. 34; Harting, p. 11; Dresser, ii. p. 35. Redwing, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 198. Iliacus: Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 20, mentions iXids or t'XXas (or rvXas) as a small bird of the Thrush kind, which Gaza, in his Latin translation (Venice, 1476), calls iliacus. Derivation and quantity unknown ; it is probably a foreign word, as the variation of readings shows. There can hardly be any connexion with iliacus = relating to the colic ; for there is no adjective in classical Latin from ilia = flanks, although it is possible that Linnaeus had this notion in his mind. A common winter visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in the Arctic pine-regions of Europe and Asia ; very rarely east of the Yenisei. Winters in Western and Southern Europe, and, more rarely, in Algeria, Persia, Turkestan, and North-west India. Turdus pilaris. FIELDFARE. Turdus pilaris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 291 (1766). Turdus pilaris, Naum. ii. p. 296 ; Macg. ii. p. 105 ; Hewitson, i. p. 84; Gray, p. 73; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 198; id. ed. 3, i. p. 208 ; Newton, i. p. 272 ; Gould, ii. pi. 35 ; Harting, p. 11; Dresser, 11. p. 41. Fieldfare, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 189. TURD US. 3 Pildris, the translation given by Q-aza (1476) of rpi^as, a kind of Thrush, in Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 20, as if that name were derived (which is very un- certain) from 9pi% = pllus = hair. The classical Latin word pildris = relating to a ball, can have no reference to any special development of " hair " on the head. A common winter visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in the pine-regions of Northern Europe and Asia as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Western and Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkestan, and Kashmir. [Turdus migratorius. AMERICAN ROSIN. Turdus migratorius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 292 (1766). Turdus migratorius, Naum. xiii. p. 336. Migratorius = migratory, from its well-known habits. A specimen cauarht alive off Dover in April or May 1876 (Zool. 1877, p. 14jf) had probably escaped from confinement. Exceedingly common in North America, this species has very rarely, if ever, occurred in Europe.] Turdus atrigularis. BLACK-THEOATED THKUSH. Turdus atrogularis, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 169 (1820). Turdus bechsteinii, Naum. ii. p. 310. Turdus atrigularis, Newton, i. p. 276; Harting, p. 101; Dresser, ii. p. 83. Turdus atrogularis, Gould, ii. pi. 36. Atrigularis = black-throated, from dter -f gula. An accidental straggler into Europe; a young male was shot in Sussex, December 23, 1868. It breeds in Central Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalayas, and winters in Eastern Persia and Northern India, ;'. Turdus varius. WHITE'S THRUSH. Turdus varius, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- As. i. p. 449 (1811) . Turdus varius, Macg. ii. p. 146; Newton, i. p. 251; Harting, p. 100 ; Dresser, ii. p. 77. B2 4 TURDID.E. Turdus aureus, Gray, p. 75. Turdus whitei, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 192; id. ed. 3, i. p. 202. Oreocincla aurea, Gould, ii. pi. 39. White's Thrush, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 184. Vdrlus = variegated. A rare accidental visitor to England and Europe. Breeds in North-east Siberia. Winters in Japan, South China, and the Philippines. // [Turdus sibiricus. SIBERIAN THRUSH. L Turdus sibiricus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. App . p. 694 (1776). Turdus bechsteinii (partim), Naum. ii. p. 310. Turdus sibiricus, Naum. xiii. p. 348 ; Newton, i. p. 279, note ; Harting, p. 101 ; Dresser , ii. p. 87. * ' -- Sibiricus = Siberian, because Pallas first met with it in Siberia. <0^-<~*i This rare straggler from Eastern Asia to Europe is -reported to have been once shot in Surrey in the winter of 186061 6r~+ ('The Field/ September 24, 1870). Another was shot in Belgium, 1879. Its exact breeding-place is unknown.] Turdus merula. BLACKBIED. Turdus Merula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 295 (1766). Turdus merula, Naum. ii. p. 326; Macg. ii. p. 81; Hewitson, p. 91; Gray, p. 76; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 211; id. ed. 3, i. p. 221; Newton, i. p. 280; Harting, p. 12; Dresser, ii. p. 91. Merula vulgaris, Gould, ii. pi. 37. Blackbird, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 202. Merula = a Blackbird, in classical Latin. Akin to /ueXas = black (Vanicek). A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds in tem- perate and Southern Europe, eastwards to Palestine. The northern birds winter on both shores of the Mediterranean. TURDUS. MONTICOLA. 5 Turdus torquatus. RING-OUZEL. Turdus torquatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 296 (1766). Turdus torquatus, Naum. ii. p. 318 ; Macg. ii. p. 100; Hewit- son, p. 93 ; Gray, p. 76 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 218 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 228; Newton, i. p. 287; Harting, p. 12 ; Dresser, ii. p. 113. Merula torquata, Gould, ii. pi. 38. King-Ouzel, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 206. Torquatus = adorned with a collar, torques. A summer migrant to the mountains of temperate Europe and the British Isles. Winters in Central Africa. Genus MONTICOLA, F. Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552. Monticola = a dweller in the mountains, from mons + colere. Monticola saxatilis, ROCK-THRUSH. Turdus saxatilis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 294 (1766). Turdus saxatilis, Naum. ii. p. 348 ; Gray, p. 75. Petrocincla saxatilis, Hewitson, p. 95 ; Yarr. Suppl. 1, p. 18 ; id. ed. 2, i. p. 235 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 245 ; Gould, ii. pi. 44; Harting, p. 99. Monticola saxatilis, Newton, i. p. 292; Dresser, ii. p. 129. Saxatilis that dwells among rocks, saxa. A rare accidental visitor to England. Breeds in South Europe, Persia, Turkestan, South Siberia, and North China. Winters in Africa, N.W. India, and Upper Burma. /^ [Monticola cyanus. BLUE ROCZ-THEUSH. /777? '/XT Turdus Cyanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 296 (1766). Turdus cyanus, Naum. ii. p. 341. Monticola cyanus, Newton, i. p. 295. Petrocossyphus cyanus, Dresser, ii. p. 139. Cyanus = KVO.VOS = a dark-blue substance, probably enamel or lacquer; applied to the Wall-creeper by Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 21, and .Mian, N. A iv. 59. The Cyanus of Belon and Gesner is the present species. TURDID^l. A specimen was erroneously recorded as shot in West- meath, November 17/T6iT^Zoologist/ 1870, p. 2019; 1880, p. 67). It is a South-European and Asiatic species which has once occurred in Heligoland.] Genus SAXICOLA, Bechstein, On. Taschenb. p. 216 (1802). Saxwola = that dwells among rocks ; from saxum -\- colere. Saxicola cenanthe. WHEATEAR. Motacilla Oenanthe, Linn. S. N. i. p. 332 (1766). Saxicola cenanthe, Naum. iii. p. 863; Macg. ii. p. 289; Hewitson, p. 110; Gray, p. 55; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 276; id. ed. 3, i. p. 286 ; Newton, i. p. 347 ; Gould, ii. pi. 45 ; Harting, p. 13 ; Dresser, ii. p. 187. Wheatear, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 253. (Enanthe = olvavQr], the bird that appears when the vine shoots (Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 49 B, 8) ; from olvrj = the vine, and dv9os = a blossom or sprout. A regular summer migrant, breeding on downs and in moorland districts throughout the British Islands, also in Central and Northern Europe, westwards as far as Green- land, and eastwards across Siberia into Alaska. Winters in Africa, Persia, and India. Saxicola stapazina. BLACK-THKOATED WHEATEAE. CEnanthe stapazina, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. xxi. p. 425 (1818). Saxicola stapazina, Naum. iii. p. 879. Saxicola rufa (Russet Chat), Dresser, ii. p. 207. Stapazina, the Linnean name, latinized from the Bolognese Strapazino, used by Aldrovand, Willughby, &c., as if connected with It. strapazzare = to insult or work coarsely '"One was shot near Bury, Lancashire, May 1875 (P. Z. S. SAXICOLA. - PRATINCOLA. 1878, pp. 881, 977). It inhabits Southern and South- western Europe and Northern Africa, and it has occurred in Heligoland. Saxicola deserti. DESERT WHEATEAE. Saxicola deserti, Temminck, ex Ruppell, PI. Col. 359. fig. 2 (1825). Saxicola deserti (Desert-Chat), Dresser, ii. p. 215. Deserti, gen. of desertum = a desert, from its inhabiting desert places. One was shot in Clackmannanshire, November 26, 1880 (Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin. vi. p. 64). Occurs ** in Northern and North-eastern Africa, and eastward through Persia to the north-west of India ; a rare straggler north of the Mediterranean, although it has been taken twice in Genus PRATINCOLA, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. i. p. 190 (1816). Pratincola, from prdtum = a meadow, and incola = an inhabitant. Pratincola rubetra. WHINCHAT. Motacilla Rubetra, Linn. S.N. i. p. 332 (1776). Saxicola rubetra, Naum. iii. p. 903 ; Hewitson, p. 108; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 272; id. ed. 3, i. p. 282; Newton, i. p. 344; Gould, ii. pi. 46 ; Harting, p. 13. Fruticicola rubetra, Macg. ii. p. 273. Pratincola rubetra, Gray, p. 56; Dresser, ii. p. 255. Whinchat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 249. Rubetra = that frequents rubeta, bramble- thickets ; or, perhaps, simply from ruber = ruddy. A regular summer migrant, breeding in most counties of Great Britain and throughout temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. 8 TURDID^E. Pratincola rubicola. STOKECHAT. Motacilla Rubicola, Linn. S. N. i. p. 332 (1766). Saxicola rubicola, Naum. iii. p. 884; Hewitson, p. 107; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 268; id. ed. 3, i. p. 278; Newton, i. p. 339; Harting, p. 13. Fruticicola rubicola, Macg. ii. p. 279. Pratincola rubicola, Gray, p. 56 ; Gould, ii. pi. 47 ; Dresser, ii. p. 263. Stonechat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 245. Eubicola = that inhabits bramble-bushes, from rubus + colere. A resident throughout the greater part of the British Islands. A summer visitor to the rest of Europe as far east as the Volga. Winters in Africa, where a few remain to breed. Genus RUTICILLA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1280. Euticilla = a little red (bird), diminutive of ruticulus, from rutllus red. Euticilla phcenicurus. EEDSTAET. Motacilla Phoenicurus, Lmn. S. N. i. p. 335 (1766). Sylvia phonicurus, Naum. iii. p. 510. Ruticilla phcenicurus, Macg. ii. p. 305 ; Newton, i. p. 329; Dresser, ii. p. 277. Phcenicura ruticilla, Hewitson, p. 104; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 259; id. ed. 3, i. p. 269. Ruticilla phsenicura, Gray, p. 57. Ruticilla phcenicura, Gould, ii. pi. 51 ; Harting, p. 12. Redstart, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 237. Phoenicurus = 6 Qoiviicovpos, the redtail, in Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 49 B, 4 ; from 0oiVi = purple-red, and ovpd the tail. A regular summer migrant, breeding in all the counties of Great Britain. Rare in Ireland. Common throughout tem- perate Europe and Asia, as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Africa and Persia. RUTICILLA. CYANECULA. 9 E/uticilla titys. BLACK REDSTART. Sylvia tithys, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 157 (1769). Sylvia tithys, Naum. iii. p. 525. Ruticilla tithys, Macg. ii. p. 311; Gray, p. 58; Gould, ii. pi. 52; Harting, p. 13. Phoenicura tithys, Hewitson, p. 105 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 264 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 274. Ruticilla titys, Newton, i. p. 333; Dresser, ii. p. 293. Black Redstart, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 241. Titys, so spelt by Gesner ; but the best Greek authorities write rlrt's, a small chirping bird. Cf. rtrru/3tw = I chirp like a Partridge, and our Titmouse, TMark. (Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, x. p. 227.) A winter visitant to the south-west of Great Britain : occasional elsewhere, and in Ireland: has been known to breed in Notts. Breeds all over Central and Southern Europe. Winters in North Africa. Genus CYANECULA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1280. Cyanecula = the little bluebird, from cydnus = icvavos, a dark blue substance. Cyanecula WOlfi. WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. Sylvia wolfii, Brehm, Beitrage zur Vogelkunde, ii. p. 173 (1822). Sylvia (Cyanecula) wolfii, Naum. xiii. p. 377. Ruticilla wolfi, Newton^ i. p. 324. Cyanecula leucocyana, Gould, ii. pi. 50. Cyanecula wolfi, Harting, p. 103; Dresser, ii. p. 311. Named after Prof. Johann Wolf, Professor in Nuremberg, a celebrated German ornithologist, and joint author with Dr. B. Meyer of the ' Taschenbuch d. deutsch. Vogelkunde ' (1809-1810) and other works. A single specimen of this, the usual Western-European form, was obtained in the Isle of Wight by Capt. Hadfield (cf. Harting, /. c.}, and another near Scarborough, April 1876 ('Zoologist/ 1876, p. 4956). A third example is recorded by Mr. J. Hancock (' Birds of Northumberland and Durham/ p. 67) from near London, May 1845. 10 TURDIDJE. Cyanecula Sliecica. RED-SPOTTED BLUETIIROAT. Motacilla s v e c i c a, Linn. S. N. i. p. 336 (1766) . Sylvia suecica, Naum. ii. p. 414. Sylvia (Cyanecula) leucocyana, id. xiii. p. 373, Ruticilla cyanecula, Macg. ii. p. 300. Phcenicura suecica, Hewitson, p. 102; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 254; id. ed. 3, i. p. 264. Cyanecula suecica, Gray, p. 59; Gould, ii. pi. 49; Harting, p. 102; Dresser, ii. p. 317. Ruticilla suecica, Newton, i. p. 321. Blue-throated Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 233. Suecica = Swedish. A xare accidental visitor, on spring and autumn migrations, to England. Breeds in the arctic regions of Europe and Asia ; found in the latter continent as far south as Kashmir. Winters in Africa, India, and South China. Genus EEITHACUS, Cuvier, Le9. d'Anat. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800). EritMcus = epiOaicos, a solitary bird that could be taught to speak (Aristotle, Hist. An. ix. 49 B, 4, &c. ; Pliny, Hist. Nat. x. 44). Perhaps akin to epevQu = I make red. Erithacus rubecula, REDBREAST. Motacilla Rubecula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 337 (1766). Sylvia rubecula, Naum. ii. p. 397. Erithacus rubecula, Macg. ii. p. 263; Newton, i. p. 305; Dresser, ii. p. 329. Erythaca rubecula, Hewitson, p. 98 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 247 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 257; Harting, p. 12. Erythacus rubecula, Gray, p. 58 ; Gould, ii. pi. 48. Redbreast, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 227. Rubecula = the little red bird, diminutive from rubeo = I am red. A common resident in the British Islands. Breeds in temperate Europe, North Africa, and occasionally in South Persia. From districts in which the winters are severe it migrates southwards. DAULIAS. SYLVIA. 11 Genus DAULIAS, F. Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542. Daulias = AavXids, a woman of Daulis, a town in Thrace, where Philomela, wife of Tereus, was, according to the myth, turned into a Nightingale. Used absolutely of a Nightingale by Catullus, 65. 14. Daulias luscinia. NIGHTINGALE. Motacilla Luscinia, Linn. S. N. i. p. 328 (1766) . Sylvia luscinia, Naum. ii. p. 373. Philomela luscinia, Macg. ii. p. 321 ; Hewitson, i. p. 124 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 300; id. ed. 3, i. p. 318. Luscinia philomela, Gray, p. 45 ; Gould, ii. pi. 56 ; Harting, p. 15. Daulias luscinia, Newton, i. p. 312 ; Dresser, ii. p. 363. Luscinia = a Nightingale, in classical Latin ; perhaps from the root of XaXos = talkative, and of cdno = I sing ; cf . lessiis = a dirge. A regular summer migrant, breeding in England south of Yorkshire and east of Devonshire, and in Central and Southern Europe. Winters in Africa. Subfamily SYLVIINJE. Genus SYLVIA, Scopoli, Ann. 1. Hist. Nat. p. 154 (1769). Sylvia the woodland bird, from silva = a wood. Sylvia cinerea. WHITETHROAT. Motacilla Sylvia, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 330(1766). Sylvia cinerea, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 170 (1802). Sylvia cinerea, Naum. ii. p. 464 ; Macg. ii. p, 350 ; Hewitson, p. 130, Gray, p. 48 ; Gould, ii. pi. 57 ; Harting, p. 16. Curruca cinerea, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 316; id. ed. 3, i. p. 335. Sylvia rufa, Newton, i. p. 4Q6 ; Dresser, ii. p. 377. Common Whitethroat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 289. Cinerea = of the colour of ashes, cmeres. A common summer visitor to the British Islands, tem- perate Europe, and Persia. Winters in Africa. 12 TURDIDjE. Sylvia Clirruca. LESSER WHITETHROAT. Motacilla Curruca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 329 (1766). Sylvia curruca, Naum. ii. p. 451; Hewitson, p. 132; Gray, p. 47 ; Newton, i. p. 410 ; Dresser, ii. p. 383 ; Gould, ii. pi. 58. Sylvia garrula, Macg. ii. p. 357. Curruca sylviella, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 320 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 339. Sylvia sylviella, Harting, p. 16. Lesser Whitethroat, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 293. Curruca, a late Latin word, perhaps from curro = I run. An English lexi- cographer, Eliot, identified the name with the Hedge-Sparrow; hence Leach's name for that bird, Curruca eliotce. A summer migrant to Great Britain and temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. Sylvia orphea. ORPHEAN WARBLER. Sylvia orphea, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 107 (1815). Sylvia orphea, Naum. ii. p. 445 ; Hewitson, p. 133 ; Gray, p. 50 ; Newton, i. p. 423 ; Harting, p. 106 ; Dresser, ii. p. 411. Curruca orphea, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 343; Gould, ii. pi. 61. Orphea = with a voice like Orpheus, the famous mythic singer of Thrace. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds throughout Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Winters in Africa. * Sylvia atricapilla, BLACKCAP. Motacilla Atricapilla, Linn. S. N. i. p. 332 (1766). Sylvia atricapilla, Naum.ii. p. 492; Macg. ii. p. 339-, Gray,pA9-, Newton, i. p. 418; Dresser, ii. p. 421; Harting, p. 15. Sylvia atracapilla, Hewitson, p. 126. Curruca atricapilla, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 307 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 326 ; Gould, ii. pi. 60. Blackcap Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 280. Atricapilla, from dter = black, and cdpillus the hair of the head,. SYLVIA. MELIZOPH1LUS. 13 A common summer migrant to England and Wales (rarer in Ireland and Scotland), temperate Europe, and Persia. Winters in South Europe and in Africa. Sylvia hortensis. GARDEN WARBLER. Sylvia hortensis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 169 (1802). Sylvia hortensis, Naum. ii. p. 478; Macg. ii. p. 345; Hewit- son, p. 128; Gray, p. 49; Harting, p. 15. Curruca hortensis, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 312; id. ed. 3, i. p. 331 ; Gould, ii. pi. 62. Sylvia salicaria, Newton, i. p. 414; Dresser, ii. p. 429. Garden Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 285. Hortensis = of^or belonging to a garden, Jiortus. A common summer migrant to Great Britain (rarer in ^ - /\ ' A Ireland) and North temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. Sylvia nisoria. BARRED WARBLER. Motacilla nisoria, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 580 (1795). Sylvia nisoria, Naum. ii. p. 430; Dresser, ii. p. 435. Nisoria = hawk-like, from nisus = a Sparrow-hawk (q. ?;,), on account of the barred plumage. One was shot many years ago at Cambridge (Newton, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 219). A summer visitor to Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe ; it is found in Sweden and Norway, and has occurred in Heligoland. ^ - $*$< *' -*-- Genus MELIZOPHILUS, Leach, Catal. Brit. Mus. 1816, p. 25. Mellzophllus = song-loving ; a barbarous compound of /ie\i'o> = I warble, and ^IXew = I love. > 14 TURDIDJE. Melizophilus undatus. DARTFORD WARBLER. Motacilla undata, Boddaert, Tabl. d. PI. Enl. p. 40 (1783). Melizophilus provincialis, Macg. ii. p. 383 ; Hewitson, p. 143 ; Gould, ii. pi. 59. Sylvia undata, Gray, p. 47 ; Harting, p. 16. Melizophilus dartfordiensis, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 340; id. ed. 3, i. p. 365. Melizophilus undatus, Newton, i. p. 398; Dresser, ii. p. 441. Dartford Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 311. Undatus = marked with wares, undce. A resident in the furze districts of South England, Western and Southern Europe, and North Africa. w* Genus REGULUS, Cuvier, 1/69. d'Anat. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800). Eegulus, diminutive of rex = a king. Used of the Wren, Carm. Philomel. 13 (about A.D. 500). Eegulus cristatus. GOLDCREST. Motacilla Regulus, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 338 (1766). Kegulus cristatus, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. i. p. 199 (1816). Regulus flavicapillus, Naum. iii. p. 968. Regulus auricapillus, Macg. ii. p. 408 ; Hewitson, p. 146. Eegulus cristatus, Gray, p. 53; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 346; id. ed. 3, i. p. 371; Newton, i. p. 449; Gould, ii. pi. 69; Harting, p. 19 ; Dresser, ii. p. 453. Golden-crested Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 317. Cristatus = furnished with a tuft or crest, crista. A common resident in the British Islands, temperate Europe, North Africa, and throughout Northern Asia to REGULUS. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 15 Eegulus ignicapillus. FIEE-CREST. Sylvia ignicapilla, Temminck, ex C. L. Brehm, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 231 (1820). Regulus ignicapillus, Naum. iii. p. 983; Macg. ii. p. 416; Hewitson, p. 148; Gray, p. 54; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 351; id. ed. 3, i. p. 376; Newton, i. p. 456; Gould, ii. pi. 70; Harting, p. 19 ; Dresser, ii. p. 459. Fire-crested Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 322. Ignicapillus, from ignis = fire, and capillus = the hair of the head. An accidental visitor to England. Resident in temperate Europe and Algeria. Migratory in countries where the winters are cold. [Eegulus calendula. RUBY-CROWNED WEEN. Motacilla C alendula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 337 (1766). Regulus calendula, Gray, p. 248; Harting, p. 107. Ruby-crowned Wren, Newton, i. p. 455, note. Calendula = a marigold, in mediaeval Latin ; probably from cdlere = to glow, from its fiery colour. A common North- American species, of which one is said to have been shot near Loch Lomond in the summer of 1852 (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 290).] Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 970. from ^uXXov = a leaf, and cncoTrew = I look at. Phylloscopus superciliosus. YELLOW-BROWED WAEBLEE. Motacilla superciliosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 975 (1788). Regulus modestus, Naum. xiii. pi. 378; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 355 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 380. Regulus superciliosus, Gray, p. 54. ]6 TURDID^E. Phylloscopus superciliosus, Newton, i. p. 443; Dresser, ii. p. 469. Reguloides superciliosus, Gould, ii. pi. 68; Harting, p. 107. Dalmatian Regulus, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 316*. Superciliosus = with conspicuous eyebrows, supercllla. An accidental visitor to England and Europe. Breeds in Northern Siberia, and winters in South China and Burma. Phylloscopus rufus. CHIFFCHAFF. Sylvia rufa, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 188 (1802). Sylvia rufa, Naum. iii. p. 581 ; Hewitson, p. 139 ; Gray, p. 50 ; Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 360. Phyllopneuste hippolais, Macg. ii. p. 379. Sylvia hippolais, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 335. Phylloscopus collybita, Newton, i. p. 437; Dresser, ii. p. 485. Phyllopneuste rufa, Gould, ii. pi. 66; Harting, p. 18. Chiff Chaff, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 307. Rufus = red. A common summer visitor to the British Islands and North temperate Europe. Winters on the shores of the Mediterranean. Phylloscopus trochilus. WILLOW- WAEBLER. Motacilla Trochilus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 338 (1766). Sylvia trochilus, Naum. iii. p. 568; Hewitson, p. 137; Gray, p. 51; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 329; id. ed. 3, i. p. 351. Phyllopneuste trochilus, Macg. ii. p. 371 ; Gould, ii. pi. 65 ; Harting, p. 18. Phylloscopus trochilus, Newton, i. p. 432; Dresser, ii. p. 491. Willow Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 302. Trochilus = rpoxtXos, a small bird, the Nile Plover, said by Herodotus (2. 68) to pick leeches, fideXXai, out of the crocodile's throat. From rpe^w I run. A common summer visitor to the British Islands, Arctic and North temperate Europe, and Asia as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in Persia and throughout Africa. PHYLLOSCOPUS. HYPOLAIS. 17 Phylloscopus sibilatrix. WOOD-WARBLER. Motacilla sibilatrix, Bechstein, Naturforsch. xxvii. p. 47 (1793). Sylvia sibilatrix, Naum. iii. p. 556 ; Gray, p. 52. Phyllopneuste sylvicola, Macg. ii. p. 364. Sylvia sibillatrix, Hewitson, p. 135. Sylvia sylvicola, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 324 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 346. Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Newton, i. p. 4.27; Dresser, ii. p. 497. Phyllopneuste sibilatrix, Gould, ii. p. 67; Hartiny, p. 17. Wood Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 297. Sibilatrix = that hisses or whistles, from slbtldre = to whistle. A summer migrant to Great Britain and North temperate Europe. Winters in North Africa. Genus HYPOLAIS, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1283. Hypolctis =vTro\a"is, a bird mentioned by Aristotle (Hist, An. vi. 7. 5) ; pro- bably so called from its creeping under (VTTO) stones (Aaas). Linnasus wrote hippolais by mistake (cf. Newton, L c. infra). Hypolais icterina. ICTERINE WARBLER. Sylvia icterina, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 194 (1817). Sylvia hypolais, Naum. iii. p. 540. Sylvia hippolais, Hewitson, p. 141 ; Gray, p. 52 ; Yarr. ed. 2, Suppl. p. 13 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 357. Hypolais icterina, Newton, i. p. 360 ; Dresser, ii. p. 521. Ficedula hypolais, Gould, ii. pi. 71. Phyllopneuste hypolais, Harting, p. 106. Icterina, adj. from iKrejOos = a bird of a yellowish-green colour, by looking at which a jaundiced person was cured ; the bird died ! Pliny, N. H. 30. 11. Cf. Galbula and Charadrius. This bird has twice occurred in the British Islands (Dover and near Dublin) . Breeds in Central and Northern Europe, extending northwards to the Arctic Circle, passing through South Europe and North Africa on migration, and wintering in South Africa. c ^77 18 TURDID^. Genus AEDON, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Aedon =r) drjSwv, the songstress, from aei'w = I sing. The story goes that Aeclon was wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and mother of It.ylus, whom she slew by mistake; to relieve her grief, Zeus changed her into a Nightingale. Aedon galactod.es. RUFOUS WARBLER. Sylvia galactodes, Temminck, Man. cTOrn. i. p. 182 (1820). Sylvia galactodes, Naum. xiii. pp. 62_, 398. Aedon galactodes, Gray, p. 46 ; Newton, i. p. 355 ; Gould, ii. pi. 53 ; Harting, p. 105 ; Dresser, ii. p. 547. Salicaria galactodes, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 314. s, contracted from ya\aKro-ei$)]s = milk- white, from yaXa, gen. yaXacros, milk, and elos = form. A rare accidental visitor to England. Breeds in South- western Europe and North-western Africa. Winters in Africa. Genus ACROCEPHALUS, Naumann, Naturg.Vog.Deutschl. Nachtr. p. 201 (1819). Acrocephdlus, from cpos = highest, and K60aX)7 = head. Perhaps Naumann thought afcpos =acutus, as Agassiz (Tsornencl. Zool.) did ; but this is an error. AcrocephalllS Streperus. REED- WARBLER. Sylvia strepera, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xi. p. 182 (1817). Sylvia arundinacea, Naum. iii. p. 614. Calamoherpe arundinacea, Macg. ii. p. 395 ; Gould, ii. pi. 73. Salicaria strepera, Hewitson, p. 119 ; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta strepera, Gray, p. 44. Salicaria arundinacea, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 295 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 309. Acrocephalus streperus, Newton, i. p. 369 ; Dresser, ii. p. 567. Reed Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 269. Streperus = noisy ; a late Latin adj. from strcpere**io make a noise, rattle. ACROCEPHALUS. 19 A summer visitor to the British Islands, common in the eastern and southern counties, but very rare in Scotland and Ireland. Breeds in temperate Europe and in Asia as far east as Persia. Supposed to winter in Africa. Acrocephalus palustris. MARSH- WARBLER. Sylvia palustris, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186 (1802). Sylvia palustris, Naum. iii. p. 630. Calamodyta palustris, Gray, p. 45. Acrocephalus palustris, Newton, i. p. 373, Dresser, ii. p. 573. Calamoherpe palustris, Gould, ii. pi. 74. Salicaria palustris, Harting, p. 104. Palustris = marshy, from palus = a marsh. ' A *ttre summer visitor to the southern counties of England. ^ ^ Breeds in temperate Europe and in Asia as far east as Turkestan. Winters in Africa. ^ r _ Acrocephalus turdoides. GREAT EEED-WARBLEE. Sylvia turdoides, Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 116 (1815). Sylvia turdoides, Naum. iii. p. 597. Salicaria arundinacea, Hewitson, p. 122. Calamodyta arundinacea, Gray, p. 45. Salicaria turdoides, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 299. Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Newton, i. p. 364; Dresser, ii. p. 579. Acrocephalus turdoides, Gould, ii. pi. 72. Salicaria arundinacea, Harting, p. 14. Turdo-ldes = like a Thrush, from turdus -f eldos. A hybrid word. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds in temperate Europe. Winters in Africa. c2 20 Acrocephalus aquations. AQUATIC WARBLER. Motacilla aquatic a, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 953 (1788). Sylvia cariceti, Naum. iii. p. 668. Sylvia aquatica, Naum. iii. p. 686. Acrocephalus aquaticus, Newton, i. p. 380 ; Dresser, ii. 591. Calamodyta aquatica, Gould, ii. pi. 76. Salicaria aquatica, Harting, p. 105. Aquaticus = found by the water, aqua. An accidental visitor to England. Breeds in temperate Europe and North Africa. Winters in Africa. . Acrocephalus phragmitis. SEDGE- WARBLER. Sylvia phragmitis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186 (1802). Sylvia phragmitis, Naum. iii. p. 648. Calamoherpe phragmitis, Macg. ii. p. 390. Salicaria phragmitis, Hewitson, p. 117; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 289 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 303 ; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta phragmitis, Gray } p. 43 ; Gould, ii. pi. 75 . Acrocephalus schcenobsenus, Newton, i. p. 376 ; Dresser, ii. p. 597. Sedge Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 265. *rH/>^-^o Phragmitis = haunting fences, hedges, from Qpdypa = a fence. This species breeds throughout Europe, and in Siberia at least as far east as the Yenisei. Winters in South Africa. c*4 " Genus LOCUSTELLA, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 115 (1829) Locustella, dimin. of locusta, from its cricket-like cry. Locustella naevia. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. Motacilla naevia, Boddaert, Table des PL Enl. p. 35 no. 581 (1783). Sylvia locustella, Naum. iii. p. 701. LOCUSTELLA. CETT1A. 21 Sibilatrix locustella, Macy. ii. p. 399. Salicaria locustella, Hewitson, p. 112; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 285; id. ed. 3, i. p. 295 ; Harting, p. 14. Calamodyta locustella, Gray, p. 42. Acrocephalus nsevius, Newton, i. p. 384. Locustella avicula, Gould, ii. pi. 78. Locustella nasvia, Dresser, ii. p. 611. Grasshopper Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 261. Neevla that has a mole (ncevus) on its body ; hence, spotted. This Warbler breeds in temperate Europe, including the British Islands. Winters in North Africa and occasionally in South Europe. Locustella luscinioides. SAVI'S WARBLER. Sylvia luscinioides, Savi, Nuova Giornale de' Lit- ter ati, vii. p. 341 (1824). Sylvia (Salicaria) luscinioides, Naum. xiii. p. 474. Sylvia (Calamoherpe) luscinioides, Naum. xiii. p. 87. Salicaria luscinoides, Hewitson, p. 115; Harting, p. 15. Calamodyta luscinoides, Gray, p. 44. Salicaria luscinoides, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 293 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 307. Locustella luscinioides, Dresser, ii. p. 627. Acrocephalus luscinioides, Newton, i. p. 389. Lusciniopsis luscinioides, Gould, ii. pi. 77. Savi's Warbler, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 268*. Luscmwldes, a hybrid word from luscinia = a Nightingale, and el^os = form, nature. A very rare summer visitor to England : found in temperate Europe and as far east as Palestine, also in North Africa. [Genus CETTIA, Bonaparte, Comp. List B. Eur. & N. Am. p. 11 (1838). Cettia, in honour of the Jesuit Francois Cetti, born at Como in 1726, professor of philosophy at Sassari, where he died about 1780 ; he published a history of the Sardinian vertebrata, 1774-1777. TURDIDjE. Cettia sericea. CETTI'S WARBLES. Sylvia sericea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. ]97 (1820). Sylvia C e 1 1 i, Marmora, Mem. Accad. Torino, xxv. p. 254 (1820). Bradypterus cettii, Dresser, ii. p. 639. Sericea = silky. Confused by Temminck (Man. d'Orn. i. p. 194) with Locus- tella luscinioides , and recorded by him (cf. Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. p. 107, 1835) as having been killed in England; but it has never been known to occur so far north. It is found in Southern Europe and North Africa, and in Asia as far east as Turkestan.] Subfamily ACCENTORIN.E. Genus ACCENTOR, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 191 (1802). Accentor = one who sings with another ; from ad -f cantor, a singer, from cdno = I sing. Accentor modularis. HEDGE-SPARROW. Motacilla modularis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 329 (1766) . Accentor modularis, Naum. iii. p. 951 ; Macg. ii. p. 251 ; Hewitson, p. 97 ; Gray, p. 60 ; I T arr. ed. 2, i. p. 243 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 253; Newton, i. p. 301 ; Gould, ii. pi. 55 ; Harting, p. 12 ; Dresser, iii. p. 39. Hedge Accentor, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 223. Modularis = that sings in a measured manner ; from modulus = a measure, melody. Resident throughout the British Isles, except in the bleakest of the Hebrides ; in Orkney, however, it is an autumnal visitor, and it has been observed once in Shetland. Common almost all over Europe, ranging in winter as far east as Arabia. . CINCLID^E. 23 Accentor collaris, ALPINE ACCENTOR. Sturnus collaris, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 131 (1769). Accentor alpinus, Naum. iii. p. 940 ; Macg. ii. p. 258 ; Hewitson, p. 96 ; Gray, p. 60 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 239 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 249 ; Gould, ii. pi. 54 ; Harting, p. 102. Accentor collaris, Newton, i. p. 296 ; Dresser, iii. p. 29. Alpine Accentor, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 219. Collaris = with a conspicuous neck, collum. This species has occurred in Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Sussex, Devon, Gloucestershire, and Wales in all, about a dozen times in Great Britain. It inhabits the mountains of Central and Southern Europe. [Subfamily MIMING. Genus MIMUS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972. Mlmus fiifMos, a mimic. Mimus polyglottus. NORTHERN MOCKING-BIRD. Turdus polyglottos, Linn. S. N. i. p. 293 (1766). Polyglottus = TroXvyXwrros, many-tongued ; from TTO\VS -f yXwrra. Specimens imported in cages occasionally escape ; but there is no authentic instance of this common North- American bird having occurred wild in Europe.] Family CINCLID.E. Genus CINCLUS, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 808 (1802). Cinclus = K/yicXos, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, from the characteristic motion of which the verb Kty/eXi^en/ = to wag the tail, was formed. Probably akin to KeXXw = I move, with a nasal reduplication. Cinclus aquaticus. DIPPER. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstem, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 206 (1802). Cinclus aquaticus, Naum. iii. p. 925 ; Hewitson, p. 77; Yarr. 24; PANURID^E. ed. 2, i. p. 181 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 191 ; Newton, i. p. 241 ; Gould, ii. pi. 41 ; Harting, p. 10; Dresser, ii. p. 167. Cinclus europaeus, Macg. ii. p. 50. Hydrobata cinclus, Gray, p. 72. Common Dipper, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 173. Aquations = living in or by the water, aqua. A resident on the mountain-streams of Central Europe and of the British Isles. Cinclus Hielanogaster. BLACK-BELLIED DIPPER. Sturnus Cinclus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 290 (1766). Cinclus melanogaster, C. L. Brehm, Lehr. eur. Vog. i. p. 289 (1823). Cinclus melanogaster, Naum. xiii. p. 138; Newton, i. p. 244; Gould, ii. pi. 42 ; Dresser, ii. p. 177. Melanogaster = black-bellied, from /leXas + yacrrrip. This, the common Scandinavian and North-Russian form, is said to have occurred in Norfolk/ Yorkshire, and Ireland ; but some authorities hold that the specimens so determined are not the true C. melanogaster. Family PANURID^E. Genus PANURUS, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 201 (1816). Panurus all tail, from TTUS + ovpd, PanuniS biarmicus. BEARDED TITMOUSE. Parus biarmicus, Linnteus, S. N. i. p. 342 (1766) . Parus biarmicus, Naum. iv. p. 98. Calamophilus biarmicus, Macg. iii. p. 694; Hewitson, p. 161 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 381; id. ed. 3, i. p. 406; Gould, ii. pi. 30 ; Dresser, iii. p. 49. Panurus biarmicus, Gray, p. 65 ; Newton, i. p. 511 ; Harting, p. 22. Bearded Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 349. ttti PARID.E. 25 Biarmlcus = of Perm, in Eastern Bussia. Probably confused by Linmeus with Albin's " Beardmanica " and the modern Dutch name " Baardmannetje " = bearded mannikin. Resident in Norfolk and in jDambridsfeshire ; not known for certain to occur in any other county at the present day. , An inhabitant of Europe and Central Asia in suitable localities. Family PARID^E. Genus ACREDULA, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816). Acredula caudata. WHITE-HEADED LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Parus caudatus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 342 (1766). Parus caudatus, Naum. iv. p. 82. Acredula caudata. Dresser, iii. p. 67. Caudata = tailed, i. e. with a conspicuous tail, cauda. Resident in Northern and Central Europe; accidentally met with on the east coast of Great Britain. Acredula rosea. BRITISH LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Mecistura rosea, Blylh, White's Nat. Hist. Selborne, p. Ill, note (1836). Mecistura longicaudata, Macg. ii. p. 454. Parus caudatus, Hewitson, p. 158; Gray, p. 64; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 376; id. ed. 3, i. p. 401. Mecistura caudata, Gould, ii. pis. 28, 29. Acredula caudata, Newton, i. p. 504. Acredula vagans, Newton, i. p. 508. Acredula rosea, Harting, p. 21 ; Dresser, iii. p. 63. Long-tailed Tit, Yarrell, ed. 1, i. p. 344. Rosea rose-coloured. Resident throughout the British Isles, excepting in the extreme north; it extends to the Outer Hebrides; and its numbers in Ireland have of late years increased. On the continent it is met with in France, Belgium, and Germany. 26 PARID.E. Genus PARUS, Linnam, Syst. Nat. i. p. 340 (1766). Pdrus = a titmouse, in Carm. de Phil. 9 (about A.D. 500). Of uncertain etymology. Parus major. GREAT TITMOUSE. Par us maj or, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 341 (1766). Parus major, Naum. iv. p. 9 ; Hewitson, p. 149 ; Gray, p. 61 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 358; id. ed. 3, i. p. 383; Newton, i. p. 479 ; Gould) ii. pi. 23 ; Harting, p. 20 ; Dresser, iii. p. 79. Parus fringillago, Macg. ii. p. 425. Great Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 326. Major = greater. A common resident, breeding in every county, in the shel- tered and wooded districts. Breeds throughout Central and Southern Europe, Western Siberia, Turkestan, and Persia, and in most of the countries of Africa in the basin of the M edit err anean . Parus ater. CONTINENTAL COAL TITMOUSE. Parus ater, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 341 (1766). Parus ater, Naum. iv. p. 34 ; Dresser, iii. p. 87. Ater = lustreless black, opposed to niger = glossy black. This form has occurred in Great Britain (Norfolk) . It is found over the whole continent of Europe, and in North- western Asia. Parus britannicus. BEITISH COAL TITMOUSE. Parus britannicus, Sharpe Dresser, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) viii. p. 437 (1871). Parus ater, Macg. ii. p. 440; Hewitson, p. 156; Gray, p. 62; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 369; id. ed. 3, i. p. 394; Newton, i. p. 489; Gould, ii. pi. 25; Harting, p. 21. PARUS. 27 Cole Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 337. Parus britannicus, Dresser, iii. p. 93. Britannicus = British, because not hitherto found out of Great Britain. This olive-backed form of the Coal Tit is peculiar to the British Islands, and seems to be much more common now than formerly, breeding in every county in all suitable loca- lities. (Cf. Dresser, /. c.) Parus palustris. MARSH-TITMOUSE. Parus palustris, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 341 (1766). Parus palustris, Naum. iv. p. 50 ; Macg. ii. p. 445 ; Hewitson, p. 157 ; Gray, p. 63 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 372 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 397; Newton, i. p. 495 ; Harting, p. 21 ; Dresser, iii. p. 99. Po3cile palustris, Gould, ii. pi. 27. Marsh Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 340. Pdlustris = marshy, or frequenting marshes ; from pdlus = a marsh. This species breeds and appears to be resident throughout Europe. In Great Britain it is somewhat local : it is commonest in England, rarer in Scotland, and has been only recorded in one or two instances in Ireland. Parus cseruleus. BLUE TITMOUSE. Parus cseruleus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 341 (1766). Parus co3ruleus, Naum. iv. p. 62 ; Macg. ii. p. 431. Parus cseruleus, Hewitson, p. 151 ; Gray, p. 62 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 362 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 387 ; Newton, i. p. 483 ; Gould, ii. pi. 24 ; Harting, p. 20 ; Dresser, iii. p. 131. Blue Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 330. Cceruleus = blue. A common resident, breeding in every county in suitable localities. Found throughout Central and Southern Europe, rarely straggling as far north as the Arctic Circle. 28 SITTID^E. Parus cristatus. CEESTED TITMOUSE. Parus cristatus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 340 (1766). Parus cristatus, Naum. iv. p. 42; Macg. ii. p. 450; Hewitson, p. 154; Gray, p. 63; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 366; id. ed. 3, i. p. 391; Newton, i. p. 499; Gould, ii. pi. 26; Harting, p. 20. Lophophanes cristatus, Dresser, iii. p. 151. Crested Tit, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 334. Cristatus = furnished with a crest, crista. This species is found in the forests of Northern and Central Europe as far east as the Ural. In the British Islands it is extremely local, being very rare in England and Ireland, and breeding only in a few of the oldest forests in Scotland. Family SITTIDJE. Genus SITTA, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 177 (1766). Sitta = (TLTTi], a bird well known to the Greeks. Perhaps akin to ^/ = a parrot, an Indian word, of which a softer form, ffiTTaKij, occurs ; or possibly from oifa = I hiss or whistle. Sitta caesia. NUTHATCH. Sitta caesia, Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Vb'g. i. p. 128 (1810). Sitta europsea, Naum. v. p. 377 ; Macg. iii. p. 48 ; Hewitson, p. 247; Gray, p. 39; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 183 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 188. Sitta csesia, Newton, i. p. 473 ; Gould, ii. pi. 22 ; Harting, p. 20; Dresser, iii. p. 175. Nuthatch, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 174. C / *sparg-ter (as sparsus *spargtus ; rs then becomes ss, cf . russum for rursum}, from the root of airopyiXos some bird in. Aristophanes (Av. 300), and of = I swell, meaning " the wanton bird "; akin to our " Sparrow." Passer domesticus. HOUSE-SPARROW. />K^r Fringilla domes tica, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 323 (1766). - Fringilla domestica, Naum. iv. p. 453. Passer domesticus, Macg. i. p. 340; Hewitson, p. 209; Gray, p. 100 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 521 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 546 ; Newton, ii. p. 89; Gould, iii. pi. 32; Hurting, p. 28; Dresser, iii. p. 587. House Sparrow, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 474. Domesticus = of or belonging to a house, domus. Universally resident in Great Britain, save in a few isolated and desolate spots. Common throughout the Palaearctic Region. It has been introduced in North America and in most of our colonies. Passer montanus. TREE-SPARROW. Fringilla m o n t a n a, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 324 (1766) . Fringilla montana, Naum. iv. p. 480. Passer montanus, Macg. i. p. 351; Hewitson, p. 207; Gray, p. 100 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 516 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 541 ; Newton, ii. p. 82; Gould, iii. pi. 33; Harting, p. 28; Dresser, iii. p. 597. Tree Sparrow, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 469. Montanus = of or belonging to mountains, monies. Sporadically distributed over most of England, except in the extreme west and south ; not known to breed in Wales or the west of Scotland ; it is said to be resident near Dublin, but is unknown elsewhere in Ireland. It occurs throughout the Palsearctic Region, and in the Indian Region as far south as Java. E2 52 FRINGILLID^E. Genus FRINGILLA, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 317 (1766). Fringilla = some small bird, in classical Latin ; probably akin to frigo = I squeak, frlgutio = I twitter, ^pyyt'Xos = some bird in Aristophanes, Av. 762, 875, etc. Fringilla caelebs. CHAFFINCH. Fringilla crelebs, Linnceus, S.N. i. p. 318 (1766). Fringilla coelebs, Naum. v. p. 13; Macg. i. p. 329; Hewitson, p. 192 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 507; id. ed. 3, i. p. 532 ; Newton, ii. p. 68; Gould, iii. pi. 34; Harting, p. 27; Dresser, iv. p. 3. Fringilla cselebs, Gray, p. 94. Chaffinch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 460. Calebs = unmarried, single ; because Linnaeus noticed that female Chaffinches emigrate southwards from Sweden in autumn, leaving the males "celibate" till spriug. Resident and generally distributed, except in the Hebrides. It occurs throughout the Western Palsearctic Region, though very rare in North-west Africa, where it is replaced by F. spodiogena. Fringilla montifringilla. BRAMBLING. Fringilla Montifringilla, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 318 (1766). Fringilla montifringilla, Naum. v. p. 44; Macg. i. p. 335; Hewitson, p. 194; Gray, p. 94; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 512; id. ed. 3, i. p. 537; Newton, ii. p. 75 ; Gould, iii. pi. 35 ; Harting, p. 27; Dresser, iv. p. 15. Mountain Finch, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 465. Montifringilla = mountain-finch ; from mons + fringilla. A winter visitant, irregular only in the midland and western districts, throughout the British Isles; it has once been known to breed in Perthshire. Found in most districts of the Palsearctic Region, it rarely breeds south of lat. 60 N. Genus LINOTA, Bonaparte, Comp. List, p. 34 (1838). Linota, coined by Bonaparte from llnum = flax, on the analogy of the French Linota cannabina. LINNET. Fringilla cannabina, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 322 (1766) . Fringilla cannabina, Naum. v. p. 80 ; Hewitson, p. 200 ; Gray, p. 97. Linaria cannabina, Macg. i. p. 371 ; Dresser, iv. p. 31. Linota cannabina, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 550; id. ed. 3, i. p. 577; Newton, ii. p. 153 ; Gould, iii. pi. 49 ; Harting, p. 27. Common Linnet, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 502. Cannabina, from Kavvafilvos = of hemp, Ka.vva.f3is. Generally resident, though partly migratory, throughout the British Isles. It occurs over the whole of the Western Palsearctic Region, except in the extreme north. Linota linaria. MEALY REDPOLL. Fringilla Linaria, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 322 (1766). Fringilla linaria, Naum. v. p. 173. Linaria borealis, Macg. i. p. 388. Fringilla canescens, Hewitson, p. 202 *. Fringilla borealis, Gray, p. 99. Linota canescens, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 556; id. ed. 3, i. p. 583. Linota linaria, Newton, ii. p. 133; Harting, p. 28; Dresser, iv. p. 37 . ^Egiothus linaria, Gould, iii. pi. 51. Mealy Redpole, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 508. Linaria = of or belonging to flax, llnum. An irregular winter visitant to the eastern coast from Shetland southwards ; unknown in the west, save in the south of Scotland, and on a single occasion in Ireland. An inhabitant of the more northern parts of both hemispheres, * 54 FRINGILLID.E. breeding chiefly in the birch-region, and straying southwards in winter. Linota rufescens. LESSER REDPOLL. Linaria rufescens, Vieillot, Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. xxiii. p. 202 (1816). Linaria minor, Macg. i. p. 383. Fringilla linaria, Hewitson, p. 201 ; Gray, p. 98. Linota linaria, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 562; id. ed. 3, i. p. 589. Linota rufescens, Newton, ii. p. 146 ; Harting, p. 28 ; Dresser, iv. p. 47. -ZEgiothus rufescens, Gould, iii. pi. 52. Lesser Redpole, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 514. Rufescens = becoming red, reddish ; from rufus = red. Resident in ScotlandAnd the north of England; a winter visitant to the south, wfiere, however, individuals often remain to breed. A winter visitant to France and the Netherlands. Linota hornemanni, GREENLAND REDPOLL. Linota hornemanni, Holboll, Naturh. Tidssk. iv. p. 398 (1843). Linota hornemanni, Newton, ii. pp. 141, 143; Dresser, iv. p. 55. Named in honour of the Danish naturalist Jens Wilken Hornemann, b. 1770, d. 1841. One was killed in April 1855 on the sea-banks near Whit- burn, Durham (Hancock, Birds of North, and Durham, p. 54, pi. 5) . Common in Greenland, rare in Iceland, and acci- dental in Europe. Linota flavirostris. TWITE. Fringilla fla vir ost ris, Linnaus, S.N. i. p. 322 (1766). Fringilla montium, Naum. v. p. 103 ; Hewitson, p. 203. LINOTA. CARPODACUS. 55 Linaria flavirostris, Macg. i. p. 379. Fringilla flavirostris, Gray, p. 99. Linota montium, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 569 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 596 ; Gould, iii. pi. 50. Linota flavirostris, Newton, ii. p. 160 ; Harting, p. 28 ; Dresser, iv. p. 59. Mountain Linnet, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 521. Flavirostris = yellow-billed, from flams + rostrum. A winter visitor to the eastern and southern parts of Eng- land. In the midland counties, and thence northward to Shetland and in Ireland it is found throughout the year. It breeds in various countries of Northern Europe, south of the Arctic Circle; in autumn it visits most parts of the continent down to the Mediterranean. Subfamily LOXIIN.E. Genus CARPODACUS, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 161 (1829). Carpodacus = fruit-biting, from fcaprros + Carpodacus erythrinus. ROSY BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula erythrina, Pallas, N. Comm. Ac. Sci. Imp. Petr. xiv. p. 587 (1770). Pyrrhula erythrina, Naum. iv. p. 418; Newton, ii. p. 172. Carpodacus erythrinus, Gould, iii. pi. 43; Harting, p. 112; Dresser, iv. p. 75. Erythrinus = epvOplvos, a kind of red mullet mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. iv. 11, 8; from epvOpos = red. This species has occurred once near Brighton and once in Middlesex. It breeds in Finland, and is found throughout the Russian Empire, visiting India and China in winter; it is only a wanderer to Western Europe. 56 FRINGILLID.E. Genus PYRRHULA, Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 308 (1760). Pyrrhula, latinized from irvppou\as, a red-coloured bird mentioned by Aris- totlej H. A. viii. 3, 5 ; from Trvppos = the colour of flame, nvp, and perhaps ovpa = a tail, as some texts read Trvppovpas, the received form being used to avoid a third p. Pyrrhula europaea. BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula europsea, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 286 (1816). Loxia Pyrrhula, Linn. S.N. i. p. 300(1766). Pyrrhula vulgaris, Naum. iv. p. 383 ; Hewitson, p. 211 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 574 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 601 ; Gould, iii. pis. 41, 42 ; Harting, p. 29. Pyrrhula pileata, Macg. i. p. 407. Pyrrhula rubicilla, Gray, p. 109. Pyrrhula europsea, Newton, ii. p. 166; Dresser, iv. p. 101. Bullfinch, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 1. Europaa = European. Resident throughout the British Isles, except in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland, where it is a rare straggler. Inhabits the continent of Europe, from Germany westward ; unknown in Norway and the south of Spain. Genus PINICOLA, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. iv, pi. 1. f. 13 (1807). Plnlcola, from plnus = a pine-tree, and colo = I inhabit. Pinicola enucleator. PINE-GROSBEAK. Loxia Enucleator, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 299 (1766). Pyrrhula enucleator, Naum. iv. p. 403; Macg. i. p. 411; Hewitson, p. 210* ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 581 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 608; Newton, ii. p. 177. Strobilophaga enucleator, Gray, p. 109. LOX1A. 57 Pinicola enucleator, Gould, Hi. pi. 44; Harting, p. 113; Dresser, iv. p. 111. Pine Grosbeak, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 8. Efmude&tor, from e-nucleo = I take out the kernel, nucleus. Has occurred at Harrow, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and near Exeter : many other instances of its having been observed in various localities are on record, but few, if any, are worthy of credit (cf. J. H. Gurney, jun., Zoologist, 1877, pp. 242-250). It inhabits the conifer-zone of the northern parts of both the Old and the New Worlds, rarely straying southwards ; unknown in India; of doubtful occurrence in China and Japan. Genus LOXIA, Linn jYai* /<&#&?&+ Genus OTOCORYS, Bonaparte, JVun. Ital. Ucc. Introd. fol.**** (1839). Otdcorys, from ovs, gen. wros, an ear, and icopvs = a helmet. Cf (/& Otocorys alpestris. SHORE-LAKE. Alauda alpestris, Linntzus, S. N. i. p. 289 (1766). Alauda alpestris, Naum. iv. p. 149 ; Macg. ii. p. 159 ; Hewit- son, p. 178 * ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 440 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 465 ; Harting, p. 25. Otocoris alpestris, Gray, p. 108 ; Gould, iii. pi. 18. Otocorys alpestris, Newton, i. p. 604 ; Dresser, iv. p. 387. Shore Lark, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 402. Alpestris = alpine, from Alpes = the Alps. An irregular winter visitant to the coasts of Great Britain, from Aberdeen in the north to Torbay in the south. It inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Order Suborder CYPSELI. Family CYPSELID^E. Genus CYPSELUS, Illiger, Prodr. p. 229 (1811). Cypselus = ictyeXo?, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. is. 30, 1, from its haunting hollow places, 74 CYPSELID^l. Cypselus apus. SWIFT. Hirundo Apus, Linnteus, S. N. i. p. 344 (1766). Cypselus apus, Naum. vi. p. 123 ; Gray, p. 31 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 260 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 270 ; Newton, ii. p. 364 ; Gould, ii. pi. 3 ; Harting, p. 35 ; Dresser, iv. p. 583. Cypselus murarius, Macg. iii. p. 614 ; Hewitson, p. 267. Common Swift, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 233. A common summer visitant throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and also throughout the Palsearctic and northern portions of the Oriental Regions ; winters in Africa. Cypselus melba, WHITE-BELLIED SWIFT. Hirundo Melba, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 345 (1766). Cypselus melba, Naum. vi. p. 115 ; Macg. iii. p. 611 ; Gray, p. 31; Newton, ii. p. 372; Gould, ii. pi. 4; Harting, p. 125 ; Dresser, iv. p. 603. Cypselus alpinus, Hewitson, p. 269 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 266 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 276. Alpine Swift, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 239. Melba, of unknown (barbarous) origin. A rare straggler to England ; it has also occurred in Ireland, but not in Scotland. It is found locally throughout Central and Southern Europe and North Africa in summer, ranging as far east as India, and in winter southward down to the Cape colony. Genus ACANTHYLLIS, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971. Acanthyllis = a.Kav9v\\is, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 9, ix. 14, 2 ; probably Mgithalus pendulinus. Diminutive of aicavQi?, uicavQa, a thorn, from aias = a point, referring to the tail-feathers of the present species. Acanthyllis caudacuta. NEEDLE-TAILED SWIFT. Hirundo caudacuta, Latham, Synops. Suppl. ii. p. Ivii (1801). Acanthylis caudacuta, Gray, p. 32. CAPRIMULGIDjE. 75 Acanthyllis caudacuta, Newton, ii. p. 371, note; Dresser, iv. p. 613. Cypselus caudacutus, Harting, p. 127. Caudacuta = with a sharp tail, cauda the tail, acutus = sharp ; from the spine-like tips of its rectrices. One was shot at Great Horkesley, near Colchester, Essex, July 8, 1846 (Zool. 1846, p. 1492; 1863, p. 8329), and another near Bingwood, Hants, July 26, 1879 (P. Z. S. 1880, p. 1, Zool. 1880, p. 81). It inhabits Eastern Siberia, China, and the Himalayas, and winters in Eastern Australia. Family CAPRIMULGID^E. Genus CAPRIMULGUS, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 346 (1766). Caprimulgus = goat-milker, from caper + mulgeo ; from a superstition referred to by Pliny, H. N. x. 56. Caprimulgus europaeus. NIGHTJAR. Caprimulgus europseus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 346 (1766). Caprimulgus europseus, Naum. vi. p. 141 ; Macg. iii. p. 633 ; Gray, p. 30 ; Newton, ii. p. 377 ; Gould, ii. pi. 1 ; Harting, p. 35 ; Dresser, iv. p. 621 . Caprimulgus europeus, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 270 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 280 ; Hewitson, p. 270. Nightjar, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 242. Europceus = of Europe. Commonly distributed in summer throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but rather local in the latter island. It is a summer resident throughout Europe, ranging as far east as Central Asia, migrating into Africa in winter. Caprimulgus ruficollis, KED-NECKED NIGHTJAR. Caprimulgus ruficollis, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 438 (1820). Caprimulgus ruficollis, Gray, p. 30; Newton, ii. p. 386 76 PICID.E. (note); Gould, ii. pi. 2; Harting, p. 127; Dresser, iv. p. 633. Ritficollis = with a red neck, from rufus -f collum. Inhabits South-western Europe and North-western Africa, and has once occurred in Great Britain (Hancock, Ibis, 1862, p. 39). I. Siiborder PICI. Family PICID^E. Subfamily PICIN^E. [Genus PICUS, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 173 (1766). Picus = a Woodpecker, in classical Latin ; famous in augury, sacred to Mars (cf. H. T. Wharton, ' Ibis,' 1881, p. 254 et seq.). Perhaps from the root of speclo = I look ; cf. Germ. Specht, our Wood-spite ; or from the same root as rroi/ciXos = variegated. [Picus martius. GREAT BLACK WOODPECEEE. Picus martius, Linnaeus, S. "N. i. p. 173 (1766) . Picus martius, Naum. v. p. 253 ; Macg. iii. p. 77 ; Hewitson, p. 238; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 132; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 137; Newton, ii. p. 482 ; Harting, p. 120. Dryocopus martius, Gray, p. 115; Dresser, v. p. 3 ; Gould, iii. pi. 73. Great Black Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 127. Martius = sacred to Mars. It is very uncertain if this species should really be included in the British avifauna, as all the reported occurrences are open to doubt. It is found generally throughout the Palse- arctic Region as far east as Japan, but does not occur in the western Palsearctic Region south of the Mediterranean.] Genus DENDROCOPUS, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 72 (1816). Dendrocopus, from devdpov = a tree, and KOTTTUI = I strike. DENDROCOPUS. 77 [Dendrocopus villosus. HAIET WOODPECKER. Picus villosus, Forster, Phil. Trans, vol. Ixii. p. 383 (1772). Picus villosus, Gray, p. 114; Gould, Introd. p. xcvii ; Harting, p. 122. Villosus = hairy, from villus = hair. Latham (Gen. Hist. iii. p. 390, 1822) reported a pair from Halifax, Yorkshire; and one is said to have been killed I/"/ near Whitby, Yorkshire, in 1849 (Zool. 1849, pp. 2496, 2527 ; 1851, pp. 2985, 3034) . A native of North- America.] [Dendrocopus pubescens. DOWNY WOODPECKER. Picus pubescens, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) . Picus pubescens, Gray, p. 114 ; Gould, Introd. p. xcvii ; Harting, p. 122. Pubescens = having reached the age of puberty, become downy ; from pubes = the hair which is the sign of manhood ; from the hairiness of the feathers on the back. One is said to have been obtained near Blandford, Dorset- shire, in December 1836 (Zool. 1859, p. 6444). Common in the Eastern United States of America.] Dendrocopus major. GREAT SPOTTED WOOD- PECKER. Picus major, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 176 (1766). 'Picus major, Naum. v. p. 298; Hewitson, p. 240; Gray, p. 113 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 148 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 153; Gould, iii. pi. 70 ; Harting, p. 32 ; Dresser, v. p. 19. Picus pipra, Macg. iii. p. 80. Dendrocopus major, Newton, ii. p. 470. Great Spotted Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 142. Major = greater, comparative of magnus = great. Resident in Great Britain, and found in most counties in suitable localities ; only known in Ireland as a rare straggler. It is generally distributed throughout the Palaearctic Region, but is subject to much local variation. 78 PICID^E. [Dendrocopus medlUS. MIDDLE SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus medius, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 176 (1766). Picus medius, Harting, p. 122 ; Dresser, v. p. 47. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, Gray, p. 113. Medius = in the middle, intermediate. Of several reported instances, not one British specimen seems to have been satisfactorily identified. Inhabits the continent of Europe generally.] Dendrocopus minor. LESSEE SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus minor, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 176 (1766). Picus minor, Naum. v. p. 334 ; Hewitson, p. 241 ; Gray, p. 113 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 154 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 159 ; Gould, iii. pi. 72; Harting, p. 32; Dresser, v. p. 53. Picus striolatus, Macg. iii. p. 86. Dendrocopus minor, Newton, ii. p. 477. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 147. Minor = lesser, comparative ofparvus = small. Found as a resident, but nowhere commonly, in England as far north as Northumberland. It is doubtful whether it has ever occurred in Scotland, and it is only a very rare visitant to Ireland. It inhabits the whole Paleearctic Region, but is subject to much local variation. [Genus PICOIDES, Lacepede, Mem. de Flnst. iii. p. 509 (1801). Pico'ides = like a Woodpecker ; a barbarous compound ofpicus + elSos. Pico'ides tridactylus. EUEOPEAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Picus tridactylus, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 177 (1766). Picus tridactylus, Naum. v. p. 346. Picoides tridactylus, Gray, p. 112 ; Dresser, v. p. 69. Tridactylus -= three-toed ; tres = three, dactylus = SOLKTV\OS, a finger. PICOIDES. COLAPTES. 79 Donovan (Brit. Birds, vi. pi. 143, 1820) says one had then been " lately shot in Scotland;"" but there has been no record since his time. It ranges from Scandinavia through- out the northern Palsearctic Region, and also occurs in some mountainous parts of Central Europe.] Genus GECINUS, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542. Gecinus from yfj = the earth, and /cti/ew = I shake. Gecinus viridis. GREE^ WOODPECKEK. Picus viridis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 175 (1766). Picus viridis, Naum. v. p. 270 ; Macg. iii. p. 91 ; Hewitson, p. 239; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 137; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 142; Harting, p. 32. Gecinus viridis, Gray, p. 115 ; Gould, iii. pis. 74, 75 ; Newton, ii. p. 457; Dresser, v. p. 77. Green Woodpecker, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 132. Resident in England as far north as Northumberland, being commoner in the southern than in the northern counties ; but it has only occurred four times in Scotland, and it has only twice been recorded from Ireland. It in- habits the Western Palsearctic Region north of the Medi- terranean and the Pyrenees. [Genus COLAPTES, Swainson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 353 (1827). Colaptes = KoXdirrris, a chisel ; KoXaTrra) = I peck with the bill, used almost always of birds. Colaptes auratus. GOLDEN- WINGED WOODPECKER. Picus auratus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 174 (1766). Colaptes auratus, Gray, p. 116; Gould, Introd. p. xcviii. Picus auratus, Hartiny, p. 123. Auratus = gilded, from aurdre = to overlay with gold, aurum from the golden-yellow colour showing under the wings and tail. 80 PICID^E. - ALCEDINID.E. ' One is said to have been shot at Amesbury, Wiltshire, in the autumn of 1836 (Zool. 1859, p. 6327). It inhabits Eastern North America.] Subfamily Genus IYNX, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 172 (1766). lynx = IvyZ, the Wryneck, in classical Greek, from its cry sounding like the exclamation lv, whence ivfr = I shout. Cf. H. T. Wharton, ' Ibis,' 1879, p. 453. lynx torquilla. WEYNECK. Yunx Torquilla, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 172 (1766). Yunx torquilla, Naum. v. p. 356 ; Macg. iii. p. 100 ; Hewit- son, p. 242; Gray, p. 116; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 158; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 163; Gould, iii. pi. 76. Jynx torquilla, Harting, p. 33 ; Dresser, v. p. 103. lynx torquilla, Newton, ii. p. 487. Wryneck, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 151. Torquilla = the bird that twists its head round ; from torqueo = I twist, wind. Generally distributed during the summer season in England; rare in Scotland, where, however, it has been observed as far north as Sutherland shire ; has once occurred in Ireland. Throughout the whole of the Palsearctic Region it is a summer migrant, and is found in winter in North Africa, India, and China. Suborder ANISODACTTL^. Family ALCEDINHLE. Genus ALCEDO, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 178 (1766). Alcedo = a Kingfisher, in classical Latin ; the Greek d\Kvwv Alcedo ispida. KINGFISHEE. Alcedo Ispida, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 179 (1766). Alcedo ispida, Naum. v. p. 480; Macg. iii. p. 671 ; Hewitson, ALCEDO. CERYLE. 81 p. 255 ; Gray, p. 36; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 223; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 228 ; Gould, ii. pi. 10 ; Harting, p. 34 ; Dresser, v. p. 113. The Kingfisher, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 206. Isplda = the Kingfisher, in late Latin ; said to be from hispldus = rough, hairy, prickly, because of the fish-bones strewn along the burrow in which it builds. Generally distributed,, though nowhere very common, throughout Great Britain and Ireland. It inhabits the entire temperate portions of the Western Palaearctic Region. In India and China it is replaced by A. bengalensis ', but inter- mediate forms occur. Genus CERYLE, Boie, Isis, p. 316 (1828). f yle, from KrjpvXos = a sea-bird (perhaps Ceryle rudis, cL Sundevall, Thierarten des Aristot. 1863, p. 133) well known to the Greeks. Ceryle alcyon. BELTED KINGFISHER. Alcedo Alcyon, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 180 (1766). Ceryle alcyon, Gray, p. 37 ; Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 236 ; Harting, p. 124. Alcyon = aXievuv, the Kingfisher, in classical Greek. Etymology unknown ; often written halcyon, because of the fancied derivation from aXs = the sea. Cf. alcedo, and 0. H. G. alaora = " a Merganser." One was reported in co. Meath, October 1845 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 430; 1845, p. 69; 1846, p. 313), and another in co. Wicklow, November 1845 (Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, vol. i. p. 373). It inhabits North and Central America and the Antilles. Family CORACIID^E. Genus CORACIAS, Linneus, S. N. i. p. 159 (1766). Caracms = Kopaicias, like a Crow, Kopa%. A kind of Chough in Aristotle, H. A. ix. 24, 6. G 82 COBACIIDJ5. MEROPID^E. Coracias garrula. ROLLER. Coracias Garrula, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 159 (1766). Coracias garrula, Naum. ii. p. 158; Macg. iii. p. 540 ; Hewit- son, p. 253; Gray, p. 35; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 211; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 216; Gould, ii. pi. 11; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 141. The Roller, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 195. Garrula = a Jay, in late Latin ; from garrulus = chattering. A rare straggler to Great Britain and Ireland from the continent of Europe. It is a generally distributed summer visitant throughout the Palsearctic Region as far east as Turke- stan and Cashmir, not ranging far north in Scandinavia and Northern Russia, and occurs in winter far south in the Ethio- pian Region. Family MEROPID^E. Genus MEROPS, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 182 (1766). Merops = fiepot//, the Bee-eater, in Aristotle. Probably akin to /tapTrrw = I seize ; and not from /iet'po/uai, fiepiw, I divide, and o^ = the face, as if " open- mouthed." Merops apiaster. BEE-EATER. Merops Apiaster, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 182 (1766). Merops apiaster, Naum. v. p. 462 ; Macg. iii. p. 685 ; Hewit- son,^ p. 254; Gray, p. 37; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 217; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 222 ; Gould, ii. pi. 9 ; Harting, p. 34 ; Dresser, v. p. 155. The Bee-eater, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 200. Apiaster, from apis = a bee. Servius, commenting on Virgil, Greorg. iv. 14, early in the 5th century, translates merops by apiastra. 'A rare straggler to England and Scotland.- its true home in summer being Southern Europe, North Africa^and Western Asia. In the winter it travels down to the extreme south of Africa. [Merops philippinus. BLUE-TAILED BEE-EATEE. Merops philippinus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 183 (1766) . Merops philippensis, Newton, ii. p. 442, note. Philipplnus inhabiting the Philippines. UPUPID.E. CUCULID^E. 83 Mr. Hancock (B. Northumb. &c. p. 28) says an example of this Bee-eater " was shot near the Snook, Seaton Carew, in August 1862." The occurrence of such a far eastern species in Europe is unprecedented, and there has probably been some error.] Family UPUPID^E Genus UPUPA, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 183 (1766). Upupa = a Hoopoe, in classical Latin; the Greek GTTO^, q. v. Upupa epops. HOOPOE. Upupa Epops, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 183 (1766). Upupa epops, Naum. v. p. 437 ; Macg. iii. p. 41 ; Hewitson, p. 249; Gray, p. 38; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 175; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 180; Gould, ii.pl. 12; Harting, p. 33; Dresser, v. p. 179. The Hoopoe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 167. Epops eTroif/, the Hoopoe, in classical Greek. An irregular visitor, generally in spring and autumn, to the south of England and to most parts of Ireland; a rare straggler in Scotland. It has been known to breed in Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Surrey, and Northamptonshire. A regular summer visitant to the whole of the temperate portion of the Palae- arctic Region, wintering in Equatorial Africa and India. Suborder COCCYGES. Family CUCULID^E. Genus CUCULUS, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 168 (1766). Cuculus = a Ouckoo, in classical Latin ; the Greek KOKKV%. Probably onomatopoeic ; cf. English " Cock," and Kotcicvfloas = shrill. Cuculus canorus. CUCKOO. Cuculus canorus, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 168 (1766). Cuculus canorus, Naum. v. p. 196; Macg. iii. p. 109; Hewit- son, p. 251; Gray, p. 118; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 189; id. G2 84 CUCULIDJE. ed. 3, ii. p. 194; Newton, ii. p. 387; Gould, iii. pis. 67, 68; Harting, p. 34; Dresser, v. p. 199. The Common Cuckoo, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 179. Canorus = melodious, from cdno = I sing. A generally distributed summer visitant throughout Great Britain and the whole of the Palsearctic Region, ranging in winter down into South Africa and Southern India. Genus COCCYSTES, Gloger, Handb, i. p. 449 (1834). Coccystes = KOKKVCTT^S, one who cries " Cuckoo" Coccystes glandarius. GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO. Cuculus glandarius, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 169 (1766). Cuculus glandarius, Naum. v. p. 237; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 200 id. ed. 3, ii. p. 205 ; Harting, p. 123. Oxylophus glandarius, Gray, p. 118; Gould, iii. pi. 69. Coccystes glandarius, Dresser, v. p. 219. Glandarius = of or belonging to acorns, glandes ; probably from its crest re- sembling that of the Jay (Garrulus glandarius}. This species, which inhabits Southern and South-western Europe and North Africa, has once occurred in Ireland. &n$ W ^ ;Y2nM**v^~ , (Ly^f, /S/O (J/frn tire* > Genus COCCYZUS, Vieillot, Anal. p. 28 (1816). Coccyzus, said to be a misprint for Coccygus (Boie, Isis, 1826), as if the genitive of KOKKV%, KOKKV^OS. But it is probably a false Latinizing of KOKKU%WV \ Ifjf* = crying Cuckoo." Coccyzus americanus. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus americanus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 170 (1766). Coccyzus americanus, Macg. iii. p. 137; Gray, p. 117; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 204; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 209; Gould, Introd. p. xcv ; Dresser, v. p. 227. Cuculus americanus, Harting, p. 124. The Yellow-billed American Cuckoo, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 189. Americanus = of America. STRIGID.E. 85 A very rare straggler from the American continent, where it occurs from Canada down to Brazil. It has occurred about five times in the British Islands. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus erythropthalma, Wilson, Am. Orn. iv. p. 16 (1811). Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Gould, Introd. p. xcv; Dresser, v. p. 231. Cuculus erythrophthalmus, Harting, p. 124. Erythrophthalmus = red-eyed, from epv9pos + 606/aX/tos. Of this Cuckoo a single example has occurred in Ireland . In America it is met with from Canada down to the Amazons. Order STRIGES. Family STRIGID^E. Genus STBIX, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 131 (1766). Strix = arpi%, a Screech Owl, in late writers ; from the root of Tpi%n> = I cry sharply or shrilly. Of. strideo = I make a harsh sound, turdus. Strix flammea. BAEN-OWL. Strix flammea, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 133 (1766). Strix flammea, Naum. i. p. 483 ; Macg. iii. p. 473 ; Hewitson, p. 61 ; Gray, p. 28 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 133 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 140; Gould, i. pi. 28; Harting, p. 8; Dresser, v. p. 237. Aluco flammeus, Newton, i. p. 194. The White, or Bam Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 126. Flammea = of the colour of flame, flamma. A resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland, not usually ranging more than 40 from the Equator except in Western Europe. 86 ASIONID^E. Family ASIONID^. Genus ASIO, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 28 (1760). Asio = a Horned Owl in Pliny ; perhaps akin to dsmus = an ass, from its long ears. Asio otus. LONG-EARED OWL Strix Otus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 132 (1766). Strix otus,, Naum. i. p. 451. Asio otus, Macg. iii. p. 453 ; Newton, i, p. 158 ; Dresser, v. p. 251. Otus vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 55 ; Gray, p. 26 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 124 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 131 ; Gould, i. pi. 31 ; Harting, p. 8. Long-eared Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 117. Otus = wros, an Owl conspicuous for its ears, wra. Spread over the Palsearctic Region, and resident through- out Great Britain and Ireland. Asio brachyotus. SHORT-EARED OWL. Strix Brachyotos, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 384 (1772). Strix brachyotis, Naum. i. p. 459. Asio brachyotus, Macg. iii. p. 461. Otus brachyotus, Gray, p. 27 ; Harting, p. 8. Otos brachyotos, Hewitson, p. 58 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 128 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 135. Asio accipitrinus, Newton, i. p. 163 ; Dresser, v. p. 257. Brachyotus palustris, Gould, i. pi. 32. Short-eared Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 121. Brachyotus = short-eared, from /3pa%us + ovs, gen. wros. An almost cosmopolitan species; a winter visitant to Great Britain and Ireland, but resident on some of the marshy and moorland districts. Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny, Syst. des Ois. de TEgypte, p. 51 (1810). Syrmum, a modern invention without apparent meaning (cf. Sundevall, Tentamen, p. 104). SYRNIUM. NYCTEA. 87 Syrnium aluco, TAWNY OWL. Strix Aluco, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 132 (1766). Strix aluco, Naum. i. p. 473 ; Newton, i. p. 146. Ulula aluco, Macg. iii. p. 438. Syrnium stridula, Hewitson, p. 63 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 138 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 145. Syrnium aluco, Gray, p. 25 ; Gould, i. pi. 29 ; Harting, p. 8 ; Dresser, v. p. 271. The Tawny Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 131. Aluco, a word formed, says Gesner, by Gaza (1476) from the Ital. Alocho, to translate Aristotle's eXeos (H. A. viii. 3, 3). The modern Italian Allocco = an Owl, is possibly cognate with Germ. Eule, our "Owl." An inhabitant of the western part of the Palaearctic Region; a permanent resident in Great Britain, but of very rare occurrence in Ireland. Genus NYCTEA, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 62 (1826). Nyctea, from vu? = night. Nyctea scandiaca. SNOWY OWL. Strix scandiaca, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 132 (1766). Strix nyctea, Naum. i. p. 417. Syrnia nyctea, Macg. iii. p. 407. Surnia nyctea, Hewitson, p. 64 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 141 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 150. Nyctea nivea, Gray, p. 21 ; Gould, i. pi. 34 ; Harting, p. 89. Nyctea scandiaca, Newton, i. p. 187; Dresser, v. p. 287. The Snowy Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 134. Scandiaca = of Scandia or Scandinavia. Inhabits the circumpolar area, straying south in winter. An occasional winter visitant to Great Britain and Ireland ; most commonly met with in the north of Scotland. 88 Genus SURNIA, Dumeril, Zool. Anal. p. 34 (1806). Surma, an invented name ; probably without meaning. Surnia ulula. EUROPEAN HAWK-OWL. Strix Ulula, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 133 (1766). Surnia ulula, Dresser, v. p. 301. Ulula = a Screech Owl, in classical Latin. Akin to Sanskrit uluka, O. H. G. Ula, N. H. a. Eule, our " Owl." Of. 6\oAwa> = I cry aloud, v\da> = I howl. A specimen was shot near Amesbury, Wilts (R. B. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 334). It inhabits Northern Europe, Siberia, and Kamtschatka, migrating into Central Europe acciden- tally and in winter. Surnia funerea. AMERICAN HAWK-OWL. Strix funerea, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 133 (1766). Strix nisoria, Naum. i. p. 427. Syrnia funerea, Macg. iii. p. 404. Surnia funerea, Hewitson, p. 65; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 146; id. ed. 3, i. p. 155 ; Newton, i. p. 183 ; Gould, i. pi. 35 ; Harting, p. 91 ; Dresser, v. p. 309. Surnia ulula, Gray, p. 20. The Hawk Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 139. Funerea = of or belonging to a funeral, funus. Hence ill-boding, dismal ; an epithet applied to bubo by Ovid, Metam. x. 226 & 453. Inhabits the northern part of the New World ; an occasional straggler to Great Britain and Ireland. Genus NYCTALA, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1271. Nyctala, from wKraXos = nocturnal. Nyctala tengmalmi. TENGMALM'S OWL. Strix Tengmalmi, .7. F. Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 291 (1788). Strix Tengmalmi, Naum. i. p. 500. Ulula tengmalmi, Macg. iii. p. 445. NYCTALA. SCOPS. 89 Noctua tengmalmi, Hewitson, p. 66 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 153 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 162. Nyctale funerea, Gray, p. 22. Nyctala tengmalmi, Newton, i. p. 154 ; Dresser, v. p. 319. Nyctale tengmalmi, Gould, i. pi. 36 ; Harting, p. 96. Tengmalnr's Owl, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 146. Tengmalmi, in honour of Peter Gust. Tengmalra, of Stockholm, who first described it (1783). Anaccidental visitor to the eastern counties of Scotland and England. It inhabits the whole of Northern Europe and Siberia ; is not found in Southern Europe, but occurs all over the central portions of the continent. In North America it is found in the high north, rarely occurring within the United States. \_Nyctala acadica. SAW-WHET OWL. Strix acadica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 296 (1788). Nyctale acadica, Gray, p. 23 ; Harting, p. 95. Nyctala acadica, Newton, i. pp. 157, 181, notes. Acadica = belonging to Acadia ; the old name of Nova Scotia, whence specimens were first received. Sir William Milner (< Zoologist/ 1860, p. 7104) reported 5 v a specimen from near Beverley, Yorkshire ; but he probably mistook the species. It inhabits the whole of North America ; and there is no other record of its occurrence in Europe.] Genus SCOPS, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de FEgypte, p. 47 (1810). Scops = erjcoh//, a kind of Owl, in classical Greek; from = I laugh, Eng. 'laugh;' cf. Corvus, p. 68. Circus aeruginosus. MABSH-HABBIBB. Falco seruginosus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 130 (1766). Falco rufus, Naum. i. p. 378. Circus seruginosus, Macg. iii. p. 382 ; Gray, p. 19 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 97; id. ed, 3, i. p. 104; Newton, i. p. 127; Gould, i. pis. 24 85 25 ; Harting, p. 7 ; Dresser, v. p. 415. Circus rufiis, Hewitson, p. 44. The Marsh Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 90. JEruginosus = rusty, rust-coloured ; from eeriiffo = rust of copper, CBS. CIRCUS. BUTEO. 93 The Marsh- Harrier is spread over the whole of Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. It was formerly abundant through- out Great Britain and Ireland ; is now scarce and known to breed but in few localities. CirCUS cyaneus. HEN-HARKIER. ifalco cyaneus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 126 (1766). Falco pygargus, Naum. i. p. 391. Circus cyaneus, Macg. iii. p. 366 ; Hewitson, p. 47 ; Gray, p. 17 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 101 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 108 ; Newton, i. p. 132; Gould, i. pi. 26; Harting, p. 7; Dresser, v. p. 431. The Hen Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 94. Cyaneus = xvaveos, dark blue. Inhabits the whole of Europe and Asia ; visits Northern India and Abyssinia in winter. Formerly common in fenny districts in Great Britain and Ireland ; now rare. Circus cineraceus. MONTAGU'S HAREIEE. Falco cineraceus (Falcon, Ash -coloured), Montagu, Orn. Diet. i. F. 2 (1802). Falco cineraceus, Naum. i. p. 402. Circus cineraceus, Macg. iii. p. 378 ; Hewitson, p. 49 ; Gray, p. 18; Newton, i. p. 138; Harting, p. 7; Dresser, v. p. 423. Circus montagui, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 107 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 114. Circus cinerasceus, Gould, i. pi. 27. Montagu's Harrier, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 100. Cineraceus = of the colour of ashes, cineres. Found all over Europe, Asia, and Africa: formerly a numerous resident in fenny districts in England ; now rare. A straggler in Scotland and Ireland. Genus BUTEO, Lacepede, Me*m. de 1'Inst. iii. p. 506 (1800). Buteo, a kind of Hawk known to Pliny. Cognate with /3vcrs, (3va t bubo, bubere = to cry like a Bittern, bucca = the cheek, &c. (Vani9ek). I 94 FALCONID^E. Buteo vulgaris. BUZZARD. Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 10 (1816). Falco Buteo, Linnaeus , S. N. i. p. 127 (1766). Falco buteo, Naum. i. p. 346. Buteo fuscus, Macg. iii. p. 183. Buteo vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 38 ; Gray, p. 7 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 82; id. ed. 3, i. p. 89; Newton, i. p. 109; Gould, i. pi. 6; Harting, p. 6; Dresser, v. p. 449. The Common Buzzard, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 76. Vulgaris = common, from vulgus = the multitude. The Buzzard is generally distributed in Europe and Western Asia ; it was formerly a numerous resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland ; but it is now growing rare. [Buteo borealis. RED-TAILED BUZZARD. Falco borealis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 266 (1788). B&realis = northern, from boreas, flopeas, the north wind. One is said to have been killed in Nottinghamshire in the autumn of 1860 (Sterland and Whitaker, List of Birds of Notts, 1879, p. 9). It inhabits Eastern North America and the West-Indian Islands.] [Buteo desertorum. AFRICAN BUZZARD. Falco desertorum, Daudin, Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 162 (1800). Buteo desertorum, Newton, i. p. 113; Dresser, v. p. 457. Desertorum = of or inhabiting deserts, deserta. One was reported as having been killed in Wiltshire ( ( Ibis/ 1876, p. 366; 1878, p. 118). It inhabits South-eastern Europe, the whole of Africa, and India.] [Buteo lineatus. RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD. Falco lineatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 268 (1788). Buteo lineatus, Newton, i. p. 113 ; Harting, p. 89. ARCHIBUTEO. 95 Linedtus striped, marked with lines, llnea = a thread of flax, linum, and thence a line ; from the streaked upper plumage. One is said (' Ibis/ 1865, p. 549) to have been killed in Invernesshire in 1863 ; but the record is probably due to the mistake of a dealer. It inhabits North America, wintering as far south as Texas.] Genus ARCHIBUTEO, C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1269. Archibuteo, from dpx*. lite the English "arch" in archbishop, and buteo a Buzzard, q. v. Archibuteo lagopus. ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZABD. Falco lagopus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1788). Falco lagopus, Naum. i. p. 359. Buteo lagopus, Macg. iii. p. 193; Hewitson, p. 39; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 87; id. ed. 3, i. p. 94; Newton, i. p.*115; Harting, p. 6. Archibuteo lagopus, Gray, p. 8; Gould, i. pi. 7; Dresser, v. p. 471. The Rough-legged Buzzard, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 81. Lagopus = XaywTrous, rough-footed like a hare ; from Xaycii -f n-ovs. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe and Western Asia ; an irregular visitant to Great Britain, usually in autumn and winter ; rarer in Ireland. \_A)*ck ibuteo sanctiyohannis. BLACK BUZZARD. Falco S. Johannis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.i. p. 273 (1788). Sancti-johannis = of St. John, British North America, whence specimens were first obtained. - /V The Rev. Murray A. Mathew (' Zoologist/ 1876, pp.4814, 4870) recorded a specimen from North Devonshire ; but it proved (/. c. p. 4901) to be merely a dark variety of Archibuteo lay opus. The species inhabits the whole of North America.] 96 FALCONID^5. Genus AQUILA, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 419 (1760). Aquila = an Eagle, in classical Latin ; from the root of aquilus = dark, = mist, &XP S sallow. Aquila clanga. SPOTTED EAGLE. Aquila clanga, Pall. Zoogr. H.-A. i. p. 351 (1811). Falco clanga, Naum. xiii. p. 40. A.quila naevia, Hewitson, p. 18 ; Gray, p. 4 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 10*; id. ed. 3, i. p. 20; Newton, i. p. 20; Gould, i. pi. 3 ; Harting, p. 83. Aquila clanga, Dresser, v. p. 499. Clanga, from /cXayy?/ = a scream, from its noisy cry. Breeds in certain forests of Central and South-eastern Europe going south in winter. A very scarce visitor to Great Britain and Ireland. , Cf. Gurney, Ibis, 1877, p. 332. Aquila chrysaetus. GOLDEN EAGLE. Falco Chrysaetos, Linnaeus, S . N, i. p. 125 (1766). Falco fulvus, Naum. i. p. 208. Aquila chrysaetus, Macg. iii. p. 204; Newton, i. p. 11 ; Harting, p. 3 ; Dresser, v. p. 533. Aquila chrysaetos, Hewitson, p. 8 ; Gray, p. 3 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 11 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 11 ; Gould, i. pi. 2. The Golden Eagle, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 7. Chrysaetus = xpwderos, the Golden Eagle, in ^Elian, N. A. ii. 39 ; from + aeros. An inhabitant of the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions ; a resident in some of the mountainous parts of Scotland and Ireland ; occasionally occurring in England. HALIAETUS. ASTUR. 97 Genus HALIAETUS, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de FEgypte, p. 25 (1810). ^ Haliaetus aXiaeros, a Sea-Eagle, in classical Greek poets ; from aXs -f aeros. Haliaetus albicilla, WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. Vultur Albiulla (misprint), Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 123 (1766). Falco albicilla, Naum. i. p. 224. Haliaetus albicilla, Macg. iii. p. 221 ; Gray, p. 6 ; Gould, i. pi. 4; Dresser, v. p. 551. Aquila albicilla, Hewitson, p. 15. Haliaeetus albicilla, Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 20 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 25; Newton, i. p. 25 ; Harting, p. 3. White-tailed Eagle, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 15. Albicilla, from *albicula, diminutive of albus = white ; probably confused, like Motacilla, with an impossible derivation from a non-existent word, Kt'XXos = a tail. Inhabits the Palsearctic Region; a resident on the sea- coasts of Scotland and Ireland, but now becoming scarce. An accidental visitor to England. Genus ASTUR, LacepMe, Mem. de Tlnst. iii. p. 505 (1801). Astur, a species of Hawk, in late Latin (4th century); probably from darrip = a star, since darepias = starred, spotted, occurs as a kind of Hawk in Aristotle. Astur palumbarius. GOS-HAWK. Falco palumbarius, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 130 (1766). Falco palumbarius, Naum. i. p. 249. Accipiter palumbarius, Macg. iii. p. 340. Astur palumbarius, Hewitson, p. 34 ; Gray, p. 15 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 62 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 69 ; Newton, i. p. 83 ; Gould, i. pi. 9; Harting, p. 4 ; Dresser, v. p. 587. Goshawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 57. Palumbarius = a kind of Hawk which attacks Doves, palumbes. H 98 FALCONID^E. Is found over the whole Palaearctic Region, and visits India in winter. A rare straggler to Great Britain, and still more seldom met with in Ireland. Astur atricapillus. AMERICAN GOSHAWK. Falco atricapillus, Wilson, Am. Orn. vi. p. 80 (1812). Astur atricapillus, Newton, i. p. 87, note ; Harting, p. 87. Atricapillus = black-haired, from dter = black, and capillus = the hair of the head. One was killed in Perthshire, 1869 (' Ibis/ 1870, p. 292), another in Tipperary in 1870 (' Ibis/ 1870, p. 538), and a third in the King's County in 1870 (Zool. 1871, p. 2524) . An inhabitant of British North America and, in the winter, of the Northern United States. Genus ACCIPITER, Brisson, Ornith. i. p. 310 (1760). Accipiter = a Hawk, in classical Latin ; from the same roots as wKyrrer^s = swift-flying, the name of a Harpy in Hesiod, Th. 267. \vnJt*' -*> J-**^* 4 * J L*w~i ' f * /! ' Accipiter nisus. SPAKROW-HAWK. Falco Nisus, Linnaws, S. N. i. p. 130 (1766). Falco nisus, Naum. i. p. 258. Accipiter nisus, Macg. iii. p. 346; Hewitson, p. 35; Gray, p. 16 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 67 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 74 ; Newton, i. p. 88; Gould, i. pi. 10; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, v. p. 599. Sparrow-Hawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 62. Nisus, mythical king of Megara, who had his purple hair cut off by his daughter Scylla in order that she might gain the love of Minos. He lost his kingdom, and was turned into a Sparrow-Hawk (Virgil, Gcorg, i. 405 s^-; Ciris, HOseqq.). Inhabits the whole Palsearctic Region, and visits India in winter. A permanent resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland. MILVUS. ELANOIDES. 99 Genus MILVUS, Cuvier, Le$. An. Comp. tab. 2 (1800). Milws = a Kite, in classical Latin ; a kindred form mitto occurs, as if from *mmlivio, *minulivus, from mmuno = I twitter (Fick). Milvus ictinus. KITE. Milvus Ictinus, Savigny, Syst. Ois. *de PEgypte, p. 28 (1810). Falco Milvus, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 126 (1766). Falco milvus, Naum. i. p. 333. Milvus regalis, Macg. iii. p. 265 ; Gray, p. 9 ; Gould, i. pi. 22. Milvus vulgaris, Hewitson, p. 36 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 71 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 78. Milvus ictinus, Newton, i. p. 92 ; Harting, p. 5 ; Dresser, v. p. 643. Kite, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 66. Ictinus = iKTlvos, a Kite, in classical Greek. Perhaps from the root ik, to strike, as in l, u// = a worm, Irrvt} = a Woodpecker, icere = to strike, &c. ; but more probably from Sanskrit fjena = a Falcon, as if *i-jejeZi/os. Of. ucrts = a polecat, "thief." Inhabits Central and Southern Europe and North Africa. Formerly a common resident in Great Britain; now nearly extinct, and seldom known to breed. A rare visitor to Ireland. Milvus migrans. BLACK KITE. Falco migrans, Boddaert, Table des Planches Enl. p. 28. no. 472 (1783). Falco ater, Naum. i. p. 340. Milvus migrans, Newton, i. p. 97 ; Gould, i, pi. 23 ; Harting, p. 88; Dresser, v. p. 651. Migrans = that migrates, from migro = I move from place to place. A summer visitor to Europe south of the Baltic, and Western Asia ; accidental, only once recorded, in Great Bri- tain (Hancock, ' Ibis/ 1867, p. 253) . Extends all over Africa. Genus ELANOIDES, Vieillot, Encycl. M^th. iii. p. 1204 (1823). Elano'ides = resembling Elanus ; from Eldnus + eloos = form or likeness. H2 100 FALCONID^E. Elanoides furcatus. SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. Falco furcatus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 129 (1766). Nauclerus furcatus, Macg. iii. p. 277 ; Gray, p. 10 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 77; id. ed. 3, i. p. 84; Newton, i. p. 103; Harting, p. 88. Swallow-tailed Kite, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 71. Furcatus = forked, from furca = a fork ; from the shape of its tail. An inhabitant of Tropical America, breeding as far north as Wisconsin : a very rare accidental straggler to Great Britain. [Genus ELANUS, Savigny, Descr. de 1'Egypte, i. p. 97 (1809). Elanus, from eXavos = a Kite. Elanus cceruleus. BLACK-WINGED KITE. Falco coeruleus, Desfontaines } Mem. Acad. R. des Sciences, Paris, p. 503 (1787). jl , Elanus cseruleus, Dresser, v. p. 663. C&ruleus = dark blue, in classical Latin. One is said to have been shot at Harristown Bay, near Beauparc, co. Meath, Ireland, about 1862 ('Ibis/ 1872, pp. 470, 471 ; ' Zoologist/ 1875, p. 4455). It inhabits Africa and Asia, as far east as India; but rarely strays north, although it has occurred in Belgium.] Genus PERNIS, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 322 (1817). Pernis = Trepvis, a late Greek word akin to irrepvis, a kind of Hawk men- tioned by Aristotle; cf. Trrepva = the heel, rrrepvis = " long-heeled," perna = the ham. Pernis apivorus. Falco apivorus, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 130 (1766). Falco apivorus, Naum. i. p. 367, xiii. p. 28. Pernis apivora, Macg. iii. p. 254. PERNIS. HIEROFALCO. 101 Pernis apivorus, Hewitson, p. 40; Gray, p. 8; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 91 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 98 ; Newton, i. p. 121 ; Gould, i. pi. 8 ; Harting, p. 6 ; Dresser, vi. p. 3. Honey Buzzard, Yarr. i. p. 85. Apivorus = Bee-eater, from apis + voro. A Palsearctic species, occurring also in Africa down to the Cape. A rare summer visitor, occasionally known to breed, in England and Scotland ; still more rare in Ireland. Genus HIEROFALCO, Cuvier, Regne Anim. i. p. 312 (1817). Hierofalco, a hybrid word from tepds = sacred, and falco = a Hawk. Of. the mediaeval falco sacer, our " Saker." Hierofalco gyrfalco. GYE FALCON. Falco Gyrfalco, Linnaus,- S. N. i. p. 130 (1766). Falco gyrfalco, Naum. xiii. p. 22; Gould, pi. 16; [Harting, p. 84] ; Dresser, vi. p. 15. Gyrfalco = the Falcon that soars in circles ; from gyrdre = to wheel round, and falco. Inhabits Arctic Scandinavia, migrating southwards in winter. One specimen was shot near Orford, in Suffolk, in 1867 (Seebohm, Hist. B. B. i. p. 19). Hierofalco candicans. GREENLAND FALCON. Falco candicans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 275 (1788). Falco candicans, Naum. i. p. 269, xiii. p. 16 ; Newton, i. p. 36 ; Gould, i. pi. 13; Harting, p. 85 ; Dresser, vi. p. 21. Falco gyrfalco, Macg. iii. p. 284 ; Gray, p. 10 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 31 (in part) ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 36 (in part). Gyr-Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 26 (in part). Candicans = white, from candico = I am white. Resident in the northern districts of North-east America and Greenland ; a scarce occasional visitant from the north to the British Islands. 102 FALCONID.E. Hierofalco islandus. ICELAND FALCON. Falco islandus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 271 (1788). Falco islandus, Naum. xiii. p. 22 ; Newton, i. p. 46 ; Gould, i. pi. 11 ; Dresser, vi. p. 25. Falco gyrfalco (in part),M0c#. iii. p. 284; Gray,}*. 10; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 31 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 36. Falco islandicus, Hewitson, p. 22 ; Harting, p. 86. Gyr- Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 26 (in part) . Islandus = of Iceland. Resident in Iceland ; in Great Britain it is only known as a scarce and occasional visitant. Genus FALCO, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 124 (1766). Falco a Falcon, in classical Latin ; probably cognate with falx = a sickle, flecto I bend, &c., from the idea of being bent like a Hawk's beak. Palco peregrinus. PEREGRINE FALCON. Falco Peregrinus, Tunstall, Ornith. Brit. p. 1 (1771). Falco peregrinus, Naum. i. p. 285 ; Macg. iii. p. 294; Hewit- son, p. 24; Gray, p. 11 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 37 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 42; Newton, i. p. 53; Gould, i. pi. 17; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, vi. p. 31. Peregrine Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 32. Peregrinus = foreign, because it was always caught a long way from its nesting-place (Gesner). An almost cosmopolitan species. A resident throughout the British Islands, but now growing scarce, and nearly con- fined to cliffs on the sea-coasts. Palco subbuteo. HOBBY. Falco Subbuteo, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 127(1766). Falco subbuteo, Naum. i. p. 296 ; Macg. iii. p. 309 ; Hewitson, p. 26 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 45 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 52 ; Newton, i. p. 65 ; Gould, i. pi. 18; Hartiny, p. 4 ; Dresser, vi. p. 69. Hypotriorchis subbuteo, Gray, p. 12. Hobby, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 40. FALCO. - TINNUNCULUS. 103 Subluteo a little like a Buteo, q. v. ; as if a translation of Aristotle's (Gesner). Breeds throughout temperate Europe and Asia, and winters in South Africa and India. A summer visitor to England, rarer in Scotland, a straggler in Ireland. Falco aBsalon. MERLIN. Falco ^Esalon, Tunstatt, Ornith. Brit. p. 1 (1771). Falco sesalon, Naum. i. p. 303; Macg. iii. p. 317; Hewitson, p. 30; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 53 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 60; Newton, i. p. 74; Gould, i. pi. 19; Harting, p. 4; Dresser, vi. p. 83. Hypotriorchis sesalon, Gray, p. 13. Merlin, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 48. JEsalon = auraXwv, a kind of Hawk in Pliny. The Merlin is mostly met with as a winter visitant, to Great Britain and Ireland, but it moorland districts. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the Old World, migrating south in winter. Genus TINNUNCULUS, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 39 (1807). Tinnunculus = a kind of Hawk in Pliny; probably from tinnlo = I ring, have a sharp shrill voice, from its bell-like (i. e. monotonous) note. Tinnunculus vespertinus. RED-FOOTED FALCON. Falco vespertinus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 129 (1766) . Falco rufipes, Naum. i. p. 311; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 49 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 56. Falco vespertinus, Macg. iii. p. 313 ; Hewitson, p. 28 ; Newton, i. p. 69 ; Harting, p. 86 ; Dresser, vi. p. 93. Tinnunculus vespertinus, Gray, p. 14. Erythropus vespertinus, Gould, i. pi. 20. Red-footed Falcon, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 44. Vespertinus of the evening, vesper, because described to Linnaeus by G-. de Demidoff as " flying about in the evening and at night." 104 FALCONID^E. Breeds all over temperate and warmer Europe and Western Asia, migrating in winter into Africa down to Damara Land. Is an occasional visitor to England, rarer in Scotland and Ireland. tinnunculus alaudarius. KESTREL. Falco alaudarius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 279 (1788). Falco Tinnunculus, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 127 (1766). Falco tinnunculus, Naum. i. p. 323 ; Macg. iii. p. 325 ; Hewitson, p. 32; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 57; id. ed. 3, i. p. 64; Newton, i. p. 78; Hdrting, p. 4 ; Dresser, vi. p. 113. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, p. 13; Gould, i. pi. 21. Kestrel, or Windhover, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 52. Alaudarius = preying upon Larks (alaudce). Found throughout the Palsearctic Region, British India, and Africa ; is a permanent resident in Great Britain and Ireland. Tinnunculus cenchris. LESSEE KESTREL. Falco cenchris, Naumann,N'6g. Deutsch. i. p. 318 (1822) . Falco cenchris, Naum. i. p. 318; [Newton, i. p. 82] ; Dresser, vi. p. 125. Cenchris, a kind of Hawk in Pliny ; feeyxpis is cognate with Kepxvrj and Kep%vr]is } from an onomatopoeic root denoting a hoarse sound. The reported occurrence of a specimen near Cambridge has been disproved ; but one was obtained near York (W. Eagle Clarke, ' Yorksh. Vertebrata/ p. 48) ; a third is said to have been taken alive near Dover (Zoologist, 1877, p. 298) . It breeds in Southern Europe, but rarely strays north ; yet it has occurred in Heligoland. It extends to South Africa in winter. Genus PANDION, Savigny, Syst. Ois. de TEgypte, p. 36 (1810). Pandwn, a mythical king of Athens, father of Procne and Philomela ; from Tras = all, and dtos = divine. , *}&**?, 6} ': . ', f ' PELECANID^E. 105 Pandion haliaetus. OSPREY. Falco Halisetus, Linnaeus, S.N. i. p. 129 (1766). Falco haliaetos, Naum. i. p. 241. Pandion haliaetus, Macg. iii. p. 239 ; Gray, p. 5 ; Gould, i. pi. 5 ; Dresser, vi. p. 139. Pandion haliaeetus, Hewitson, p. 19 ; Yarr. ed. 2, i. p. 25 ; id. ed. 3, i. p. 30; Newton, i. p. 30; Harting, p. 3. Osprey, or Fishing-Hawk, Yarr. ed. 1, i. p. 20. Haliaetus = aXiaeros, a Sea-Eagle, in classical Greek poets ; from a\s + a'eros. A cosmopolitan species. A rather scarce visitor to England ; still known to breed in Scotland; an accidental visitor in Ireland. Order STEGANOPODES. Family PELECANIDJE. Genus PHALACROCORAX, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 511 (1760). Phalacrocorax, from QaXaKpos = bald-headed, and copa = a Eaven. Phalacrocorax carbo. Pelecanus Carbo, Linnaeus, S.N. i. p. 216 (1766). Halieus cormoranus, Naum. xi. p. 52. Phalacrocorax carbo, Macg. v. p. 380; Hewitson, p. 471; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 480; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 484; Gould, v. pi. 52; Dresser, vi. p. 151. Graculus carbo, Gray, p. 246; Harting, p. 75. The Common Cormorant, farr. ed. 1, iii. p. 373. Carbo = a coal ; perhaps from the bird's sooty blackness. ^/OrtX ^JL. Generally distributed around the British coasts, especially in the north, and breeds not only on the sea-cliffs, but on many inland waters. Almost a cosmopolitan, but not found on the American shores of the Pacific. 106 PELECANIDJE. Phalacrocorax graculus. SHAG. Pelecanus Graculus, Linn&m, S. N. i. p. 217 (1766). Halieus graculus, Naum. xi. p. 88. Phalacrocorax graculus, Macg. v. p. 392; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 486 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 490 ; Gould, v. pi. 53 ; Dresser, vi. p. 163. Phalacrocorax cristatus, Hewitson, p. 478. Graculus Linnseii, Gray, p. 246. Graculus cristatus, Harting, p. 75. The Shag, or Green Cormorant, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 378. Graculus = a Jackdaw, in classical Latin ; akin to garrio = I chatter, gallus = a cock, &c. It was called " graculus. palmipes" by the old writers. Especially abundant on the western coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and, although somewhat local, also to be found breeding from Dorsetshire to Lundy Island in the Scilly Islands, and up the coast of Wales ; rarer elsewhere. It inhabits the Western Palaearctic Region. Genus SULA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 49/ (1760). Sula, latinized from the Norse Sule (Briinnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, p. 31), which is said to mean an awkward fellow, a dolt. Sula bassana. GANNET. Pelecanus Bassanus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 217 (1766). Dysporus bassanus, Naum. xi. p. 14. Sula alba, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 489; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 493. Sula bassana, Hewitson, p. 474; Gould, v. pi. 54; Gray, p. 245 ; Harting, p. 75 ; Dresser, vi. p. 181 ; Macg. v. p. 405. The Gannet, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 381. Bassana = of the Bass Hock in the Firth of Forth, because it was supposed to breed nowhere else. A breeding bird in several localities on the British coasts, and found round them throughout the year. It inhabits both shores of the North Atlantic, generally migrating southwards in winter. ARDEID.E. 107 [Genus PELECANUS, Linneus, S.N. i. p. 215 (1766). Pelecanus = ireXeicavos, a Byzantine form of TreXeicav, a bird known to the Greeks, a Woodpecker, Aristophanes, Av. 884, 1155 ; the Pelican, Aristotle, H. A. 9, 10, 2. From TreXe/cvs = an axe. Pelecanus onocrotalus. WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 215. Pelecanus onocrotalus, Naum. xi. p. 150; Gray, p. 247; Dresser, vi. p. 193. Onocrotalus = ovoKporaXos, the Pelican, in Pliny ; from ovos = an ass, and KporoXov = a rattle. Montagu mentions one having been shot at Horsey Fen in May 1663, which was at the time supposed to be one of the king's Pelicans escaped from St. James's (Orn. Diet. Suppl. fol. p. 3, 1813). It inhabits South-eastern Europe and the Ethiopian and Indian Regions. Of late years its bones have been more than once exhumed from the fens of Norfolk (cf. Newton, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 2; 1871, p. 702).] Order HEEODIONES. Family ABDEID^E. Genus ARDEA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 39/ (1760). Ardea the Heron, in Virgil, G-eorg. i. 364 ; cognate with the classical Greek epwflios, of which the supposed primitive form, pwtfios, occurs in Hippouax (about 546 B.C.) ; old Norse arta a Teal. 9, Ardea cinerea. HEEON. Ardeacinerea, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 236 (1766) . Ardea cinerea, Naum. ix. p. 24, xiii. p. 255 ; Macg. iv. p. 440 ; Hewitson, p. 310; Gray, p. 145; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 508; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 537; Gould, iv. pi. 20; Harting, p. 55 ; Dresser, vi. p. 207. The Common Heron, Yarf. ed. 1, ii. p. 444. Cmerea = ash-coloured, from aims = ashes. 108 Generally distributed throughout the British Islands, col- lecting into colonies during the breeding-season. Found in the Palaearctic, -^Ethiopian, Indian, and Australian Regions. Ardea purpurea. PURPLE HEEON. Ardea purpurea, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 236 (1766). Ardea purpurea, Naum. ix. p. 63 ; Macg. iv. p. 453 ; Hewit- son, p. 312; Gray, p. 145 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 514; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 545 ; Gould, iv. pi. 21 ; Harting, p. 55 ; Dresser, vi. p. 217. The Purple Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 450. Purpurea = purple. A rare straggler to the southern counties of England, occasionally straying to Scotland, and more rarely to Ireland. It inhabits the temperate and tropical portions of the eastern hemisphere : migratory in the northern portion of its range. Ardea alba, GEEAT WHITE HEEON. Ardea alba, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 239 (1766) . Ardea egretta, Naum. ix. p. 85, xiii. p. 255. Egretta nigrirostris et alba, Macg. iv. pp. 460, 465. Ardea alba, Gray, p. 146 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 518 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 549; Harting, p. 147; Dresser, vi. p. 231. Herodias alba, Gould, iv. pi. 22. The Great White Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 454. Alba = white. Of accidental occurrence in England and Scotland, but there are upwards of twenty records. It occurs in South-eastern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. Ardea garzetta. LITTLE EGEET. Ardea Garzetta, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 237 (1766). Ardetta garzetta, Naum. ix. p. 101, xiii. p. 257. Egretta garzetta, Macg. iv. p. 471. ARDEA. 109 Ardea garzetta, Gray, p. 146 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 522 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 553; Harting, p. 148; Dresser, vi. p. 239. Herodias garzetta, Gould, iv. pi. 23. The Little Egret, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 458. G-arzetta, the Italian name ; also spelt Sgarzetta. Diminutive of Garza or Sgarza = the Heron in modern Italian. Has occurred several times in the British Islands. It inhabits Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Ardea bubulcus. BUFF-BACKED HERON. Ardea bubulcus, Audouin, Expl. Somm. PL Ois. de 1'Egypte, i. p. 298 (1825). Egretta russata, Macg. iv. p. 474. Ardea coromanda, Gray, p. 147. Ardea russata, Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 526 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 557 ; Harting, p. 150. Bubulcus russatus, Gould, iv. pi. 24. Ardea bubulcus, Dresser, vi. p. 245. The Buff-backed Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 462. Bubulcus one who ploughs with oxen ; a herdsman. From bubulus = bovine, for *bovilus, from bos, gen. bovis t an ox. Has been shot three times in the south of England. It inhabits Southern Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. Ardea ralloides. SQUACCO HERON. Ardea ralloides, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 88. no. 121 (1769). Ardea comata, Naum. ix. p. 120, xiii. p. 258 ; Gray, p. 148 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 530; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 561; Harting, p. 149. Botaurus comatus, Macg. iv. p. 428. Buphus comatus, Gould, iv. pi. 25. Ardea ralloides, Dresser, vi. p. 251. The Squacco Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 466. Ralloldes, from rallus = a Rail, and el^os = appearance, " like a Rail." 110 ARDEID.E. Of irregular occurrence on migration in the British Islands. An inhabitant of Southern Europe and Africa; migratory north of the Mediterranean. Genus ARDETTA, G. R. Gray, List Gen. B. App. p. 13 (1842). Ardetta, diminutive of ardea = a Heron, on the analogy of the Italian Gar- zetta, &c. In Pliny the diminutive is ardeola. Ardetta minuta. LITTLE BITTERN. Ardea minuta, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 240 (1766) . Ardea minuta, Naum. ix. p. 194 ; Gray, p. 148. Botaurus minutus, Macg. iv. p. 423 ; Hewitson, p. 315 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 533 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 565 ; Harting, p. 57. Ardetta minuta, Gould, iv. pi. 29 ; Dresser, vi. p. 259. The Little Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 469. Minuta = small, from minuo = I diminish. A somewhat rare summer visitant to the British Islands. It breeds in the central and southern portions of the Palae- arctic Region, and winters in Tropical Africa. Genus NYCTICORAX, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 608 (1819). Nycticorax = vvKTiKopaZ, a Night-Jar in Aristotle, a Screech-Owl in the Anthology (xi. 186) ; but strictly a " Night-Raven," from vv% + Kopa%. ^ Nycticorax griseus. NIGHT-HERON. Ardea grisea, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 239 (1766) . Ardea nycticorax, Naum. ix. p. 139, xiii. p. 259 ; Hewitson, p. 313. Nycticorax gardeni, Macg. iv. p. 433 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii, p. 549 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 581. Nycticorax griseus, Gray, p. 150; Gould, iv. pi. 26; Harting, p. 56; Dresser, vi. p. 269. The Night Heron, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 485. BOTAURTJS. Ill Griseus = grey, in post-classical Latin ; probably borrowed from O. H. Gr. grls ; cf. mod. Germ, grau, our " grey, " grizzled," Lat. rdvus. A rare straggler to Great Britain. It inhabits Southern Europe, Africa, and Southern Asia. Genus BOTAURUS, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 592 (1819). Botaurus = a Bittern, in late Latin ; probably akin to our " Bittern," French butor, &c. Certainly not derived from bos + taurus, though perhaps confused therewith in popular etymology. Botaurus stellaris. BITTERN. Ardea stellaris, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 239 (1766). Ardea stellaris, Naum. ix. p. 159. Botaurus stellaris, Macg. iv. p. 410; Hewitson, p. 316 ; Gray, p. 149 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 539 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 571 ; Gould, iv. pi. 27 ; Hurting, p. 56 ; Dresser, vi. p. 281. The Common Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 475. Stellaris = starry, marked with stars (stella); a translation of Aristotle's name, darepias (H. A. ix. 1, 23). Formerly common in the British Islands, now a straggler. Inhabits the Palsearctic and ^Ethiopian Regions, extending southwards into India and China. Botaurus lentiginosus. AMERICAN BITTERN. Ardea lentiginosa (Freckled Heron), Montagu, Suppl. to Ornith. Diet. (1813) . Botaurus lentiginosus, Macg. iv. p. 417; Gray, p. 149; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 545 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 577; Gould, iv. pi. 28; Harting, p. 150; Dresser, vi. p. 289. The American Bittern, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 481. Lentlgmosus = full of freckles, freckled ; from lentlgo = a spot shaped like a lentil (lens). Has occurred several times in the British Islands. It inhabits North America down to Guatemala and some of the larger Antilles. . PLATALEID^E. Family CICONIID^. Genus CICONIA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 361 (1760). Ciconia = a Stork, in classical Latin ; cognate with cdno = I sing, KVKVOS = a Swan, Kavaxn = a sharp sound, Kovaflos = a din, &c. Ciconia alba. WHITE STOKK. Ciconia alba, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 48 (1793). Ciconia alba, Naum. ix. p. 231 ; Macg. iv. p. 481 ; Hewitson, p. 317; Gray, p. 151; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 554; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 586; Gould, iv. pi. 30; Harting, p. 54; Dresser, vi. p. 297. The White Stork, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 489. Alba = white. An occasional visitant to the British Islands. It breeds in the central and southern portions of the Palseartic Region as far east as Turkestan, migrating southwards in winter. Ciconia nigra. BLACK STORK. Ardea nigra, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 235 (1766). Ciconia nigra, Naum. ix. p. 279 ; Macg. iv. p. 485; Hewit- son, p. 319; Gray, p. 152; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 558; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 591; Gould, iv. pi. 31; Harting, p. 145; Dresser, vi. p. 309. The Black Stork, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 493. Nigra = black. An occasional straggler to the British Islands. Found over the greater part of the Palsearctic Region, also in India and Africa. Family PLATALEID^E. Genus PLATALEA, Limueus, S. N. i. p. 231 (1766). Pldtalea = the Spoonbill, in Cicero, N. D. ii. 49, 124 ; Platea, in Pliny, H. N. x. 40, 56 ; probably from TrXarvs = broad. PLATALEA. PLEGADIS. 113 Platalea leucorodia. SPOONBILL. Platalea Leucorodia, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 231 (1766). Platalea leucerodius, Naum. ix. p. 312. Platalea leucorodia, Macg. iv. p. 503 ; Hewitson, p. 320 ; Gray, p. 151; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 564; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 597 ; Gould, iv. pi. 32 ; Harting , p. 54. Platea leucorodia, Dresser, vi. p. 319. The White Spoonbill, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 499. Leucorodia, the late Latin form of Xeiucepwtfeos (Aristotle, H. A. viii. 3, 12), which is from XCUKOS = white, and epw^ios or polios = a Heron. A straggler to the British Islands ; formerly more abundant and breeding. It is a native of the Palaearctic Region, India, China, and Japan. Genus PLEGADIS, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 82 (1829). Plegadis, from TrXyjyas, gen. 7rX?jya^os, a sickle, from TrXrjaffh) = I strike ; ^f from the curved bill. Plegadis falcinellus. GLOSSY IBIS. Tantalus Falcinellus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 241 (1766). Ibis falcinellus, Naum. viii. p. 539, xiii. p. 253 ; Macg. iv. p. 493; Gray, p. 153; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 571 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 604 ; Harting, p. 54. Falcinellus igneus, Gould, iv. pi. 47. Plegadis falcinellus, Dresser, vi. p. 335. The Glossy Ibis, Yarr. ed. 1 , ii. p. 505. Falcinellus, diminutive of *falclnus, from/a^ = a sickle. ' A rare straggler to the British Islands; formerly more abundant. Breeds in Southern Europe, and is generally distributed over the temperate and tropical portions of both hemispheres. 'A>//<* 'z' Order ANSERES. r Family ANATID^E. Genus PLECTROPTERUS, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 6 (1824). Plectropterm = spur-winged, from TrXfjicrpov + Trrepov. Plectropterus gambensis. SPUR-WINGED GOOSE. Anas gambensis, Linnaeus , S. N. i. p. 195 (1766). Plectropterus gambensis, Macg. iv. p. 644; Gray, p. 183; Harting, p. 157. Anser gambensis, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 177 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 181. The Spur-winged Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 87. Gambensis = of Senegambia, in W. Africa. Four specimens have been recorded, one in Scotland and three in England; all were probably escaped birds. It in- habits Western and Southern Africa.] [Genus CHENALOPEX, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 41 (1824). Chenalopex = %7jva\w7r;^, vulp-anser (G-aza), Fox Goose, in classical Greek ; from xn v + aXwTrjfE, from its living in holes. -- - - , , , Chenalopex cegyptiacus. EGYPTIAN GOOSE. Anas aegyptiaca, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 197 (1766). Chenalopex segyptiacus, Macg. iv. p. 369. Anser egyptiacus, Hewitson, p. 390; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 173; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 177 ; Gould, Introd. p. cxxi. Chenalopex segyptiaca, Gray, p. 183. Anser segyptiacus, Harting, p. 61. The Egyptian Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 177. JEgyptmcus = AryuTrnafcos, Egyptian. Various specimens have been obtained ; but all, it is sup- posed, must have escaped from confinement. It is a native of Africa.] ANSER. 115 Genus ANSER, Brisson, Ornith. vi.-p. 261 (1760). Anser = a Goose, in classical Latin ; cognate with %r)v, Sanskrit kansas, German Grans (our " Gander "), Norse gaas, Anglo-Sax, gos = goose, gandra = gander, ganot = gannet, Eng. Goose; originally hanser. Probably from the root of xaiVw, %d(FK(i) = I gape. Anser cinereus. GREY LAG GOOSE. Anser cinereus, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. ii. p. 552(1810). Anas Anser, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 197 (1766). Anser ferus, Macg. iv. p. 589; Hewitson, p. 382; Gray, p. 186; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 140; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 145; Gould, v. pi. 1 ; Harting, p. 59. Anser cinereus, Naum. xi. p. 229 ; Dresser, vi. p. 355. The Grey-legged Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 53. Cinereus = ash-coloured ; from cmeres ashes . The Grey Lag still breeds in considerable numbers in the northern parts of Scotland and its islands, visiting Ireland and England from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palse- arctic Region, and winters in India and North Africa. Anser segetum. BEAN-GOOSE. Anas segetum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 512 (1788). Anser segetum, Naum. xi. p. 302 ; Macg. iv. p. 595 ; Hewit- son, p. 385 ; Gray, p. 186 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 148; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 153; Gould, v. pi. 2 ; Harting, p. 59 ; Dresser, vi. p. 363. Anser arvensis, Naum. xi. p. 277. The Bean Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 59. Segetum, genitive plural of seges = a cornfield. Common in autumn and winter in Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern districts of England ; less frequent southwards. It inhabits the Palsearctic Region, migrating nearly as far south as 30 N. lat. i2 O 116 ANATID^E. Anser brachyrhynchus. PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. Anser brachyrhynchus,, Baillon, Mem. de la Soc. Roy. d'Em. d'Abbev. 1833, p. 74. Anser brachyrhynchus, Macg. iv. p. 602 ; Hewitson, p. 386 ; Gray, p. 187; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 153; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 158 ; Gouldj v. pi. 3 ; Harting, p. 60 ; Dresser, vi. p. 369. The Pink-footed Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 64. Brachyrhynchus = short-beaked ; from /3pa%us + pvyx os - An ordinary winter visitant to Scotland and the northern and eastern coasts of England ; rare or overlooked elsewhere. It probably inhabits the northern portion of the Palsearctic Region in summer, migrating in winter to India; but its range is at present ill- denned. Anser albifrons. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Branta albifrons, Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 69. no. 87 (1769). Anser albifrons, Naum. xi. p. 351 ; Macg. iv. p. 609 ; Hewit- son, p. 387 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 157 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 162 ; Gould, v. pi. 4; Harting, p. 60; Dresser, vi. p. 375. Anser intermedius, Naum. xi. p. 340. Anser erythropus, Gray, p. 187. The White-fronted Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 68. Albifrons with a white forehead ; from albus -\- frons. A winter visitor to Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern coasts of England. It inhabits the Northern Palsearctic Region, wintering in India and Egypt. [Anser indicus. BAR-HEADED GOOSE. Anas indie a, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839 (1790). Anser indicus, Gray, p. 188. Indicus = Indian, from its native country. One was reported from the shore of the Dee below Chester ANSER. BERNICLA. 117 by Mr. Mather (< Zoologist/ 1858, p. 5988), but had probably escaped from confinement. An inhabitant of Northern India and Central Asia.] [Anser cygnoides. CHINESE GOOSE. Anas Cygnoides, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 194 (1766). Anser cygnoides, Gray, p. 187. Cygnoides = like a Swan ; from cygnus = KVKVOS, and eltfos. A Chinese species frequently kept on ornamental waters, whence specimens occasionally escape.] Genus CHEN, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Chen = xqv, a Goose, in classical Greek ; cognate with Anser, q. v., p. 115. Chen albatus, CASSIN'S SNOW GOOSE. Anser albatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1856, p. 41. Anser albatus, Gould, Introd. p. cxxi; Harting, p. 155. Chen albatus, Dresser, vi. p. 409. Albatus = clothed in white, albas. Two obtained near Wexford, and two in co. Mayo, Ireland (Saunders, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 519). An inhabitant of Western North America. Genus BERNICLA, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Bernicla, of uncertain derivation. Max Miiller (' Lectures on the Science of Language,' 2nd series, 1864, pp. 533-551) thinks "barnacles," the cirripeds (" pernaculce "), were confused with the Geese that came from Ireland (" hiber- niculce ") ; but he adduces no evidence. Bernicla brenta. BEENT GOOSE. Anser brenta, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 229 (1811). Anas Bernicla, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 198 (1766) . Bernicla brenta, Macg. iv. p. 629; Gray, p. 184; Gould, v. pi. 7 ; Dresser, vi. p. 389. 118 ANATID.E. Anser torquatus, Naum. xi. p. 393; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 164; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 169. Anser brenta, Hewitson, p. 389. Anser bernicla, Harting, p. 61. The Brent Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 75. Brenta, a mediaeval word (Branta in Gesner and Aldrovandus) ; probably the same as our "Brent" (i. e. burnt Goose), from its generally charred appearance. The Brent Goose occurs on the coasts of the United King- dom, especially in the north, from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions, breeding in the extreme north. Bernicla leucopsis. BAKNACLE GOOSE. Anas leucopsis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 424 (1803). Bernicla leucopsis, Macg. iv. p. 622; Gray, p. 184; Gould, v. pi. 5 ; Dresser, vi. p. 397. Anser leucopsis, Naum. xi. p. 378 ; Hewitson, p. 388 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 161 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 166 ; Harting, p. 61. The Bernicle Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 72. Leucopsis = white-faced ; from Aeuicos + GI//IS. A visitant from autumn to spring to the coasts of the United Kingdom, especially in the north. It inhabits the North-western Palsearctic Region and Greenland, ranging southwards in winter to Spain, Egypt, and Palestine. Its exact breeding-ground has not yet been ascertained. \Bernicla canadensis. CANADA GOOSE. Anas canadensis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 198 (1766). Anser canadensis, Macg. iv. p. 614 ; Hewitson, p. 391 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 181 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 185 ; Harting, p. 61. Bernicla cauadensis, Gray, p. 185 ; Gould, Introd. p. cxxii. Canada Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 91. Canadensis = of Canada, BERNICLA. CYGNUS. 119 An introduced species, often found at large, especially in winter. Abundant in North America.] Bernicla ruficollis. RED-BREASTED GOOSE. ^T Anser ruficollis, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. p. 21, tab, v. (1769). Bernicla ruficollis, Macg. iv. p. 634; Gray, p. 185 ; Gould, v. pi. 6 ; Dresser, p. 403. Anser ruficollis, Naum. xi. p. 408; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 170; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 174; Harting, p. 156. The Red-breasted Goose, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 80. Ruficollis = red-necked ; from rufus + cottum. A very rare straggler to Great Britain. It breeds in North- eastern Siberia, migrating southwards in winter, in one case as far as Northern Egypt. Genus CYGNUS, Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 815 (1809). Cygnus = the Swan, in classical Latin, the Greek KVKVOS. Of. Ciconia, Cygnus olor. MUTE SWAN. Anas Olor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 501 (1788). Cygnus olor, Naum. xi. p. 442; Gray, p. 189; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 205 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 209 ; Gould, v. pi. 8 ; Dresser, vi. p. 419. The Mute Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 115. Olor a Swan, in classical Latin, especially in poetry ; perhaps a Spanish word. Cf. Welsh alarch. Probably introduced many centuries ago ; generally distri- buted in a more or less domesticated condition. It inhabits the Palaearctic Region. 120 ANATID^E, Cygnus immutabilis. POLISH SWAN. Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 19. Cygnus immutabilis, Macg. iv. p. 654 ; Gray, p. 189 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 225 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 230 ; Gould, Introd. p. cxxiii; Harting, p. 153; Dresser, vi. p. 429. The Polish Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 131. Immutabilis = unchanging, from in + mutare ; because the cygnets are as white as the adults (but of. Gurney, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 466). Of occasional occurrence in winter on the east coast of England. It is probably a Palsearctic species ; but its exact habitat is undetermined. Cygnus musicus, WHOOPER SWAN. Cygnus musicus, Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Vog, Deutschl. iii. p. 830 (1809). Anas Cygnus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 194 (1766). Cygnus musicus, Macg. iv. p. 659 ; Harting, p. 59 ; Dresser, vi. p. 433. Cygnus xanthorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 478. Cygnus ferus, Hewitson, p. 393 ; Gray, p. 188 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 187; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 191; Gould, v. pi. 9. The Hooper, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 97. Musicus = musical ; from Musa = the Muse. An annual winter visitant to the United Kingdom, espe- cially the northern districts. It inhabits the Palaearctic Region, breeding in Lapland and Northern Russia. [Cygnus americanus. AMEEICAN SWAN. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless in Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist. i. p. 185 (1830). Cygnus americanus, Macg. iv. p. 675 ; Gray, p. 189 ; Harting, p. 154. Americanus = American. One specimen was obtained from an Edinburgh poulterer by Macgillivray in February 1841 ; but none have since been recorded. It inhabits North America.] CYGNUS. CAIRINA. 121 [Cygnus buccinator. TRUMPETER SWAN. Cygnus buccinator, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. ii. p. 464 (1831). Cygnus buccinator, Harting, p. 155. Buccinator = a trumpeter, one who blew the buccina or crooked horn. Out of five seen at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, in October 1866, four/were shot ; Jw*t they were possibly wrongly identified. It inhabits Western North America.] Cygnus bewicki. BEWICK'S SWAN, r Cygnus bewickii, Yarrell, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 445 (1833). Cygnus bewicki, Dresser, vi. p. 441. Cygnus melanorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 497. Cygnus bewickii, Macg. iv. p. 669; Hewitson, p. 396; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 194; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 198. Cygnus minor, Gray, p. 190; Gould, v. pi. 10; Harting, p. 59. Bewick's Swan, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 104. Bewicki, named after Thomas Bewick (born 1753, died 1828), author of the ' History of British Birds.' Of frequent occurrence in severe winters throughout the United Kingdom. It is found all over the Palsearctic Region, except in Iceland, and breeds on the Petchora (Seebohm) . [Genus CAIRINA, Fleming, Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). Cairina,, the name in Aldrovandus, "Anas Cairina" because the bird was in his time brought from Cairo. . / Cairina moschata. MUSCOVY DUCK. Anas moschata, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 199 (1766) . Cairina moschata, Gray, p. 198. - Moschata = from the Mosquito Coast. Central America. Any reference to a " musky " odour seems impossible in fact. 122 ANATID^E. A domesticated species which frequently escapes. An inhabitant of Central and South America.] Genus TADORNA, Fleming, Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). Tadorna, an Italian word, which seems first to occur in Belon, 1585, as the Latinized name of a bird. Tadorna COrmita. COMMON SHELDKAKE. Anas cor nut a, $. G. Gmelin, Reise d. Russl. ii. p. 185, pi. 18 (1774). Anas Tadorna, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 195 (1766). Tadorna vulpanser, Macg. v. p. 22 ; Hewitson, p. 397 ; Gray, p. 190; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 235; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 240; Gould, v. pi. 11 ; Harting, p. 61. Anas tadorna, Naum. xi. p. 534. Tadorna cornuta, Dresser, vi. p. 451. The Common Sheldrake, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 141. Cornuta horned ; from cornu = a horn. Resident in certain spots on the sandy shores of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Palsearctic Region. Tadorna casarca, BUDDY SHELDKAKE. Anas Casarca, Linnaeus, S, N. iii. App. p. 224 (1768). Tadorna casarca, Macg. v. p. 19 ; Dresser, vi. p. 461. Anas rutila, Naum. xi. p. 564. Tadorna rutila, Hewitson, p. 399; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 230; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 235 ; Harting, p. 157. Casarca rutila, Gray, p. 191 ; Gould, v. pi. 12. The Ruddy Sheldrake, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 136. Casarca = a Goose, in South Bussian ; Tartar karakchds = black Goose. A rare visitant to the United Kingdom; some recorded occurrences are perhaps of escaped specimens. It inhabits the eastern and southern portions of the Palsearctic Region, and is a common winter visitor to India, . MARECA. 123 [Genus -ffiX, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329. MX = ai%, a water-bird, probably some kind of G-oose, mentioned by Aris- totle; said to be the same word as ai = a goat, from diaaw = I dart or spring, from the root of ayw = I drive, "agile." sponsa. SUMMER DUCK. Anas Sponsa, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 207 (1766). Aix sponsa, Gray, p. 196. Sponsa = a bride, from its gay plumage. A common North-American species frequently kept on ornamental waters; every specimen reported as killed in Britain has almost certainly escaped from confinement.] Genus MARECA, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 130 (1824). Mareca, the native name, according to Marcgrare, of the Brazilian Teal Mareca penelope. WIGEON. Anas Penelope, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 202 (1766). Mareca penelope, Macg. v. p. 83 ; Gray, p. 191 ; Gould, v. pi. 13; Dresser, vi. p. 541. Anas penelope, Naum. xi. p. 724; Hewitson, p. 412; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 286 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 287 ; Harting, p. 62. The Wigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 190. Penelope ; irr]ve\ofy = a kind of Duck with purple stripes, in classical Greek, which was said to have fed Penelope, subsequently the wife of Ulysses, after her parents had thrown her into the sea ; from Trrjvr) = woof, *TrrjveXr] + ityis = sight, " braided-looking." The Wigeon breeds in the north of Scotland, and is abundant during winter throughout the rest of the United Kingdom. It occurs generally in the Palaearctic Region, and sparingly in the Nearctic. 124 ANAT1DA1. Mareca americana. AMERICAN WIGEON. Anas americana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 526 (1788). Mareca americana, Macg. v. p. 90 ; Gray, p. 192 ; Gould, Introd. p. cxxiv. Anas americana, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 292; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 293 ; Harting, p. 159. The American Wigeon, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 196. Americana American. Six or seven specimens have been recorded as obtained in various parts of Great Britain, none of which can have escaped from confinement, since none are yet known (Sclater, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514) to have been imported into Europe. It abounds in North America, migrating southwards to Guate- mala in winter. Genus DAFILA, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 126 (1824). Dafila, apparently an invented word of no meaning. Dafila acuta. PINTAIL. Anas acuta, Linn&us, S. N. i. p. 202 (1766). Querquedula acuta, Macg. v. p. 65. Anas acuta, Naum. xi. p. 638 ; Hewitson, p. 403 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 253 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 258 ; Harting, p. 62. Dafila acuta, Gray, p. 192; Gould, v. pi. 18; Dresser, vi. p. 531. The Pintail Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 158. Acuta = sharp, pointed ; from acuo I sharpen. Breeds sparingly in Scotland and the extreme north of England, occurring pretty plentifully in winter throughout the United Kingdom. It inhabits both the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions, ANAS. - CHAULELASMUS. 125 Genus ANAS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 307 (1760). Anas = a Duck, in classical Latin; akin to viJTTa, vrjffffa, vaffffa, Germ. Ente, Lith. dntis. > : Anas boscas. WILD DUCK. Anas Boschas, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 205 (1766). Anas boschas, Macg. v. p. 31 ; Naum. xi. p. 575 ; Hewitson, p. 407 ; Gray, p. 193 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 264 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 265; Gould, v. pi. 15 ; Harting, p. 62; Dresser, vi. p. 469. The Wild Duck, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 169. Boscas = floated?, a small kind of Duck in Aristotle ; apparently the genuine forms are (3a Africa down to the Cape of Good Hope, and Asia as far east &xf*/ ** as China and as far south as the Philippines. Genus PHALAROPUS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 12 1760). Phaldropus, from QaXdpis = a Coot, in classical GreeK , which is from QaXdpos having a patch of white (on its forehead), and TTOVS = a foot . 164 SCOLOPACID^E. Phalaropus hyperboreus. KED-NECKED PHALAROPE. Tringa hyperborea, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Phalaropus angustirostris, Naum. viii. p. 240. Lobipes hyperboreus, Macg. iv. p. 291 ; Gould, iv. pi. 83. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Hewitson, p. 370; Gray, p. 176; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 135; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 102; Harting, p. 50 ; Dresser, vii. p. 597. The Red-necked Phalarope, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 48. Hyperboreus = northern ; virepflopeos = beyond Boreas, " at the back of the north wind ; " from vTrep above, beyond, and /3opeas == the north wind, the north. A regular summer visitor to the islands off the coasts of Scotland, and more rarely to the mainland ; occurring only during passage on the coasts of England, Wales, Ireland, and Southern Scotland. It ranges throughout the Palse- arctic and Nearctic Regions, migrating into North Africa, Southern Asia, and Central America in winter. Phalaropus fulicarius. GREY PHALAROPE. Tringa f ulicaria, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Phalaropus platyrhynchus, Naum. viii. p. 255. Phalaropus lobatus, Macg. iv. p. 284; Hewitson, p. 368; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 130 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 97. Phalaropus fulicarius, Gray, p. 176; Gould, iv. pis. 81, 82; Harting, p. 50; Dresser, vii. p. 605. The Grey Phalarope, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 43. Fulicarius = like a Coot, fullca, q. v. p. 151. An irregular visitant during migration to the whole of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the north of both the Palse- arctic and Nearctic Regions, passing south during the winter. Genus SCOLOPAX, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 292 (1760). Scolopax = = I stir up , probe. But possibly foreign ; for other forms, 07co\oi7ra and occur. SCOLOPAX. GALLINAGO. 165 Scolopax rusticula. WOODCOCK. Scolopax Rusticol a, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 243 (1766). Scolopax rusticula, Naum. viii. p. 361. Rusticola sylvestris, Macg. iv. p. 386. Scolopax rusticola, Hewitson, p. 348 ; Gray, p. 175 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 1 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 1 ; Gould, iv. pi. 77 ; Harting, p. 50; Dresser, vii. p. 615. The Woodcock, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 583. Eusticula = a little Heath-cock in Pliny, H. N. x. 38, 54 ; little countryman, in Cicero, Sest. 38, 82. Diminutive of rusticus = of or belonging to the country, rus. Linnaeus seems to have mistaken the word ^ * cf. H. T. Wharton, ' Ibis,' 1879, p. 453. &&& %&&&&* // Common in winter throughout the British Islands, morfe !& especially in the west of England and in Ireland, much less abundant in summer ; but it breeds regularly in many coun- ties. A Palsearctic species, occurring also in winter in India and Ceylon, and occasionally straggling to North America. Genus GALLINAGO, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1816). Gallinago, from galllna = a Hen, feminine of an obsolete adjective gallimis, from gallus = a Cock. The termination is adjectival, as if from *gallinax, like virago from *virax. Gallinago major. GEEAT SNIPE. Scolopax major, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 661 (1788). Scolopax major, Naum. viii. p. 291 ; Macg. iv- p. 364 ; Hewitson, p. 351 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 18; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 24. Gallinago major, Gray, p. 172; Gould, iv. pi. 78; Harting, p. 51 ; Dresser, vii. p. 631. The Great Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 597. Major = greater ; comparative of magnus = great. A straggler to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern and North-eastern Europe, and migrates in winter to Africa, occurring as far south as Natal ; also found in Northern Asia, 166 SCOLOPACID^. Gallinago caelestis. COMMON SNIPE. Scolopax caelestis, /. 8. T. Frenzel, Beschreib. der Vogel u. ihrer Eier in d. Geg. v. Wittenberg, p. 58 (1801). Scolopax gall in a go, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 244 (1766). Scolopax gallinago, Naum. viii. p. 310 ; Macg. iv. p. 368 ; Hewitson, p. 353 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 25 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 31. Gallinago media, Gray, p. 173; Harting, p. 51. Gallinago scolopacina, Gould, iv. pi. 79. Gallinago ccelestis, Dresser, vii. p. 641. The Common Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 603. Ccelestis = pertaining to or coming from heaven, c&lum. The Snipe was called by the older authors Capella ccelestis, from its imitating the voice of a goat (capella) in its " drumming " during the breeding-season (see Klein, Hist. Av. Prodr. p. 100, 1750). Common throughout the British Islands, and also in Europe and Asia, and in winter as far south as North Africa, Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands. [Gallinago sabini is merely a melansim of the present species.] [Gallinago wilsoni. WILSON'S Scolopax Wilsoni i, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, v. livr. 68, note in text to plate 403 (1826). Gallinago wilsoni, Harting, p. 143. Wilsoni, in honour of Alexander Wilson, the American ornithologist (born in 1766, died in 1813). One is said to have been shot at Taplow Court, Bucks, August 1, 1863. It inhabits North America, extending south- wards in winter to the northern parts of South America.] Genus LIMNOCRYPTES, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 118 (1829). Limnocryptes ; from Mpvri = a lake, and KPVTTTU = I hide, LIMNOCRYPTES. LIMICOLA , 167 Limnocryptes gallinula. JACK SNIPE. Scolopax Gallinula, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 244 (1766). Scolopax gallinula, Naum. viii. p. 344, xiii. p. 246 ; Ma iv. p. 380; Hewitson, p. 355; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 33; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 39. Gallinago gallinula, Gray, p. 174; Harting, p. 52; Dresser, vii. p. 653. Limnocryptes gallinula, Gould, iv. pi. 80. The Jack Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 611. Gallinula = a Chicken ; diminutive of galllna = a Hen. Of. Grallinago t Common in winter in the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe and Asia, migrating in winter to India and Northern Africa. Genus LIMICOLA, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 316 (1816). Limicdla living in muddy places ; from limus and colo. Limicola platyrhyncha. BEOAD-BILLED SAND- PIPEE. Tringaplatyrincha (misprint), Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 398 (1815). Limicola pygmsea, Naum. viii. p. 271, xiii. p. 245; Gould, iv. pi. 75. Tringa platyrhyncha, Macg. iv. p. 224; Hewitson, p. 359; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 61; id. ed. 3, iii. p 65; Harting, p. 141. Tringa pygmsea, Gray, p. 170. Limicola platyrhyncha, Dresser, viii. p. 3. The Broad-billed Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 638. Platyrhyncha = broad-billed ; from TrXarus + pvyxos. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe. Found in winter in North Africa and India. 168 SCOLOPACID^E. Genus TKINGA, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 247 (1766). Tringa, the late Latin form of Aristotle's rpvyyas. Derivation unknown ; but cf. Tpv^<), rpi%(t) = I sound, &c. Tringa maculata. PECTORAL SANDPIPER. Tringa maculata, Vieillol, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 465 (1819). Tringa pectoralis, Macg. iv. p. 190; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 77; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 82. Tringa maculata,, Gray, p. 166 ; Harting, p. 140 ; Dresser, viii. p. 11. Limnocinclus pectoralis, Gould, iv. pi. 67. The Pectoral Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 654. Maculata = spotted ; from maculdre = to mark with spots, macula. A rare straggler to the British Islands. A North- American species, migrating southwards in winter as far as Chili and Brazil. Tringa fuscicollis. BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER. Tringa fuscicollis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 461 (1819). Tringa schinzii, Naum. vii. p. 453, xiii. p. 235; Macg. iv. p. 222; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 74; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 79. Tringa bonapartei, Gray, p. 167. Tringa bonapartii, Harting, p. 142. Pelidna bonapartei, Gould, iv. pi. 71. Tringa fuscicollis, Dresser, viii. p. 15. Schinz's Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 651. Fuscicollis = with a dusky neck, from fuscus -\-collum. A rare straggler to the British Islands. An inhabitant of North America, migrating southwards in winter as far as the Argentine Republic and the Falkland Islands, TRINGA. 169 Tringa alpina. DUNLIN. Tringa alpina, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Tringa alpina, Naum. vii. p. 426 ; Gray, p. 167 ; Harting, p. 49; Dresser, viii. p. 21. Tringa cinclus, Macg. iv. p. 203. Tringa variabilis, Hewitson, p. 364; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 81; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 86. Pelidna cinclus, Gould, iv. pis. 69, 70. The Dunlin, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 658. Alpina = alpine. Common on the British coasts in winter, breeding on the northern moors. A Palsearctic species, found also in North America. Tringa minuta. LITTLE STINT. Tringa minuta, Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechs tern's Naturg. Deutschl. pp. 74-81 (1812). Tringa minuta, Naum. vii. p. 391 ; Macg. iv. p. 227 ; Gray, p. 168; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 66; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 70; Harting, p. 49 ; Dresser, viii. p. 29. Actodromas minuta, Gould, iv. pi. 72. The Little Stint, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 643. Minuta = small. In the British Islands only met with during migration. Breeds in the extreme north of Europe and Asia, and reaches as far south as the Cape colony and India in winter. Tringa temmincki. TEMMINCK'S STINT. Tringa Temmincki i, Leisler, Nachtrage zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. pp. 63-73 (1812). Tringa temminckii, Naum. vii. p. 483, xiii. p. 234; Macg. iv. p. 232; Hewitson, p. 362; Gray, p. 169; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 70; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 74; Harting, p. 49. 170 SCOLOPACID,E. Tringa temmincki, Dresser, viii. p. 45. Leimonites temminckii, Gould, iv. pi. 73. Temminck's Stint, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 647. :i, in honour of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, keeper of the Leyden Museum, born 1778, died 1858. Of regular but rather rare occurrence in England during migration. Breeds in Northern Europe, winters in South Europe and North-east Africa. Found also throughout Asia. Tringa minutilla. AMERICAN STINT. Tringa minutilla, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 466 (1819). Tringa pusilla, Yarr. ed. 3, i. preface, p. vi; Harting, p. 143. Actodromas pusilla, Gould, Introd. p. cxvi. Tringa minutilla, Dresser, viii. p. 51. Minutilla, diminutive of minutus = small. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in North America, whence it migrates in winter to Central America, the West Indies, and Brazil. Tringa subarquata. CURLEW SANDPIPER. Scolopax subarquata, A. J. Guldenstadt , Novi Com- ment. Acad. Petropol. xix. p. 471 (1774). Tringa subarquata, Naum. vii. p. 408, xiii. p. 234; Macg. iv. p. 215; Gray, p. 169; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 47; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 50 ; Harting, p. 48 ; Dresser, viii. p. 59. Ancylocheilus subarquata, Gould, iv. pi. 68. lit^ The Curlew Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 625. Ji *' s&P Subarquata = a little like a Curlew, Arqudta. ^^ Not uncommon on the shores of Great Britain^in spring and autumn. Widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, Breeding- quarters not certainly known. TRINGA. - MACHETES. 171 Tringa Striata. PUEPLE SANDPIPEB. Tringa s t r i a t a, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 248 (1766) . Tringa maritima, Naum. vii. p. 467; Macg. iv. p. 197; Hewitson, p. 366; Gray, p. 166; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 88; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 93 ; Harting, p. 48. Arquatella maritima, Gould, iv. pi. 74. Tringa striata, Dresser, viii. p. 69. The Purple Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 665. Stridta = striped ; literally, furnished with flutes (stria) like a column. Of occasional occurrence on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland in the winter season. Breeds in Northern Europe; migrates southwards as far as the Cape colony. Found also in North America. Tringa canutus. KNOT. Tringa Canutus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 251 (1766). Tringa islandica, Naum. vii. p. 372, xiii. p. 232. Tringa canutus, Macg. iv. p. 185 ; Gray, p. 165 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 52 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 55 ; Gould, iv. pi. 65 ; Hart- ing, p. 48 ; Dresser, viii. p. 77. The Knot, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 630. Canutus, in honour of King Canute, because it was supposed to come from Denmark ; or perhaps from its littoral habits, in allusion to the story of Canute's celebrated reproof to his courtiers. Common on the shores of the British Islands in winter. Breeds in the Arctic regions, and found as far south as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Genus MACHETES, Cuvier, Regne An. i. p. 490 (1817). Machetes fiax^Tfjs, a warrior, fighter; in allusion to its pugnacious habits. Machetes pugnax. RUFF. Tringa Pugnax, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 247 (1766). Machetes pugnax, Naum. vii. p. 502; Macg. iv. p. 171; Hewitson, p. 345; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 645; id. ed. 3, ii. 172 SCOLOPACID^. p. 692; Gould, iv. pis. 61, 62; Harting, p. 48; Dresser, viii. p. 87. Philomachus pugnax, Gray, p. 164. The Ruff, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 573. Pugnax = fond of fighting ; from pugna = a fight. In former days the Ruff bred in numbers in the east of England^ but is now only seen on passage. It is distributed over the whole of Europe and Asia, except the extreme north. In winter it extends as far south as the Cape colony and India. Genus CALIDRIS, Cuvier, Le. An. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800) . Calidris = KaXi^pts or vicdXidpis, a speckled water-bird in Aristotle. Deri- vation unknown. The word is spelt Ckalidris by Belon in 1555. Calidris arenaria. SANDERLING. Tringa Arenaria, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 251 (1766). Calidris arenaria, Naum. vii. p. 353, xiii. p. 231 ; Macg. iv. p. 237 ; Gray, p. 171 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 491 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 506 ; Gould, iv. pi. 66 ; Harting, p. 49 ; Dresser, viii. p. 101. The Sanderling, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 427. Arenaria = pertaining to sand, arena. Common in winter on the coasts of the British Islands. Found on the shores of nearly the whole world. Breeds in the Arctic regions. Genus TRYNGITES, Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 418. Tryngites = like a Tringa, rpvyyas. Tryngites rufescens. BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tringa rufescens,. Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 470 (1819). Actitis rufescens, Naum. xiii. p. 239. Tringa rufescens, Macg. iv. p. 194; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 57; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 60. ACTITURUS. TRINGOIDES. 173 Tringoides rufescens, Gray, p. 161. Tryngites rufescens, Gould, iv. pi. 64; Dresser, viii. p. 111. Tringites rufescens, Harting, p. 138. The Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 634. Rufescens = becoming red, reddish ; from rufus = red. A rare straggler to Great Britain. Common in North America, migrating as far south as Brazil in winter. Genus ACTITURUS, Bonaparte, Sagg. Distr. Met. An. Vert., Agg. p. 143 (1831). Actltwrus = with the tail (ovpa) of an Actitis. Actiturus longicauda, BARTRAM'S SANDPIPER. Tringa longicauda, Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. aller bek. Vogel, p. 453 (1811). Actitis bartrami, Naum. viii. p. 43, xiii. p. 238. Tringoides bartramius, Gray, p. 162. Totanus bartramii, Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 632. Actiturus bartramius, Gould, iv. pi. 63; Harting, p. 137. Actiturus longicaudus, Dresser, viii. p. 119. Bartram^s Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 40. Longicauda = a long-tailed (bird) ; from longus+cauda. . A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in the BORthcrn States of North America, where it breeds, migrating southwards in winter as far as Brazil/ ^z^^ &'<'. Genus TRINGOIDES, Bonaparte, Sagg. Distr. An. Vert, p. 58 (1831). Tringoides, a hybrid word from tringa and etfos = form. Tringoides hypoleucus. COMMON SANDPIPER. Tringa Hypoleucos, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 250 (1766). Actitis hypoleucos, Naum. viii. p. 7; Macg. iv. p. 351; Gould, iv. pi. 58. 174 SCOLOPACID^;. Totanus hypoleucos, Hewitson, p. 333 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 607 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 654; Dresser, viii. p. 127. Tringoides hypoleuca, Gray, p. 161. Tringoides hypoleucus, Harting, p. 48. The Common Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 539. Hypoleucus vTroXevicos, which generally = whitish (pale from the ordi- nary sense of VTTO in composition, "somewhat"), but here plainly = white underneath. It was the bird's common mediseval name. Generally distributed throughout Great Britain/in the summer, breeding in the north; found also throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. t [Tringo'ides macularius. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Tringa macularia, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 249 (1766). Actitis macularia; Naum. viii. p. 34, xiii. p. 237 ; Macg. iv. p. 356; Gould, iv. pi. 59. Totanus maeularius, Hewitson, p. 335 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 613 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 660. Tringoides macularia, Gray, p. 160. Tringoides macularius, Harting, p. 139. The Spotted Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 544. Maculdrms = spotted ; from macula = a spot. Of doubtful occurrence in the United Kingdom. It is common in North America, migrating southwards as far as Brazil.] Genus HELODROMAS, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 144 (1829). Helodromas, from i-:Xos = a marsh, and fyojuas = a runner. ' Helodromas ochropus. GREEN SANDPIPER. Tringa Ocrophus (misprint), Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 250 (1766). Totanus ochropus, Naum. viii. p. 59, xiii. p. 241 ; Macg. iv. p. 342; Hewitson, p. 334*; Gray, p. 158; Yarr. ed. 2, HELODROMAS. TOTANUS. 175 ii. p. 595; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 642; Gould, iv. pi. 56; Harting, p. 47; Dresser, viii. p. 135. The Green Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 528. Ochropus, from wxpos = pale yellow, and irovs = a foot. A frequent spring and autumn visitant to the British Islands, rare in winter ; generally distributed in Europe and Asia, breeding in the north, and migrating in winter into Africa and India. Genus TOTANUS, Bechstein, Orn. Tasch. ii. p. 284 (1803). Totanus, latinized from the Italian Totano. Derivation unknown. Totanus glareola. WOOD-SANDPIPER. Tringa Glareola, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 677 (1788). Totanus glareola, Naum. viii. p. 78 ; Macg. iv. p. 346 ; Hewit- son, p. 330; Gray, p. 159; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 601; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 648; Gould, iv. pi. 57; Harting, p. 47; Dresser, viii. p. 143. The Wood Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 534. Glareola, a diminutive from glarea = gravel, from its haunting gravelly places (cf. Klein, Hist. Av. Prodr. p. 100, 1750). A name of wide significance formerly, including most of the Limicolae. A somewhat rare straggler, during passage, to the British Islands. Found throughout the entire Palsearctic Region, passing southwards in winter to South Africa, India, and the Philippine Islands. [Totanus solitarius. SOLITAEY SANDPIPER. ' f) Tringa solitaria, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 53, pi. 58. fig. 3 (1813). Totanus solitarius, Harting, p. 137. Solitanus = living alone, solus. Is said to have occurred on the Clyde. Common in North America, migrating southwards to Brazil.] 176 SCOLOPACID^. Totanus calidris. REDSHANK. Tringa Calidris, Unnaus, S. N. i. p. 252 (1766). Totanus calidris, Naum. viii. p. 95 ; Macg. iv. p. 333 ; Hewit- son, p. 329 ; Gray, p. 158 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 591 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 628; Gould, iv. pi. 54; Harting, p. 46; Dresser, viii. p. 157. The Common Redshank, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 524. Calidris, see p. 172. Resident in Great Britain and Ireland. Found all over Europe and Asia, migrating in winter as far south as the Cape colony and India. Totanus fuscus. SPOTTED REDSHANK. Scolopax fuse a, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 243 (1766) . Totanus fuscus, Naum. viii. p. 123, xiii. p. 242; Macg. iv. p. 328; Hewitson, p. 326; Gray, p. 157; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 587; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 624; Gould, iv. pi. 55; Harting, p. 46; Dresser, viii. p. 165. The Spotted Redshank, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 520. Fuscus = dark, dusky. Occurs during migration, somewhat rarely, in the British Islands. It inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa generally. [Totanus flavipes. YELLOWSHANK. Scolopax flavipes, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 659 (1788). Totanus flavipes, Gray, p. 158; Yarr. ed. 3, ii. p. 637; Hart- ing, p. 137. Yellow-shanked Sandpiper, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 45. Flavipes = yellow-footed ; from fldvus + pes. Of doubtful^ occurrence in the British Islands. Common North America, migrating southwards in winter to Central America, Chili, and Brazil.] 5. LIMOSA. 177 Totanus canescens. GRBBXSHANK. Scolopax canescens, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 668 (1788) . Totanus glottis, Naum. viii. p. 145, xiii. p. 243; Hewitson, p. 336; Gray, p. 160; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 618; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 665 ; Harling, p. 46. Glottis chloropus, Macg. iv. p. 319. Glottis canescens, Gould, iv. pi. 53. Totanus canescens, Dresser, viii. p. 173. The Greenshank, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 549. Canescens = becoming hoary, cdnus. A spring and autumnal visitant to England/ breeding in the north of Scotland ; found also generally inEurope, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Genus MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 31 (1816). Macrorhamphus = with a long beak ; from /ja/epds + p'a^os. f Macrorhamphus griseus. RED-BREASTED SNIPE. Scolopax grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 658 (1788). Macrorhamphus griseus, Macg. iv. p. 275; Gray, p. 172; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 43; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 46; Gould, iv. pi. 76; Harling, p. 144; Dresser, viii. p. 187. The Brown Snipe, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 621. Griseus = grey; cf. p. Ill, supra. A rare straggler to the British Islands; common in North America, migrating in winter as far south as Brazil. Genus LIMOSA, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 26/ (1760). Limosa, from limosus = muddy, from limus, mud. Limosa lapponica. BAR-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax lapponica, Linnaus, S. N. i.p. 246 (1766). Limosa rufa el meyeri, Naum. viii. pp. 446 & 428, xiii. pp. 246 & 247. 178 SCOLOPACID^. Limosa rufa, Macg. iv. p. 260; Hewitson, p. 343; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 641; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 688; Gould, iv. pi. 51. Limosa lapponica, Gray, p. 155 ; Harting, p. 53 ; Dresser, viii. p. 203. The Bar-tailed Godwit, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 569. Lapponica of Lapland. A spring and autumn visitant to the British Islands, breeding in Northern Europe. It extends southwards in winter as far as the Gambia, and is found also as far east as Scinde. Limosa aegocephala, BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax ^gocephala, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 246 (1766). Limosa melanura, Naum. viii. p. 406; Hewitson, p. 342; FarrTed. 2, ii. p. 634; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 681; Gould, iv. pi. 50. Limosa segocephala, Macg. iv. p. 269 ; Gray, p. 156 ; Harting, p. 53; Dresser, viii. p. 211. The Black-tailed Godwit, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 563. JEgocephala, the Linnean form (Willughby, Orn. p. 215, 1676, whom Lin- naeus, loc. cit., quotes, giving however the wrong page, uses JEgocephalus) of alyoK6(j)a\os, a bird mentioned by Aristotle, H. A. ii. 15, 7; from a'i% = a goat, and KeaXr) the head. An autumn and spring visitant to the British Islands, which formerly bred in the east of England. Distributed over Europe, Asia, North Australia, and Africa as far south as Abyssinia. Genus NUMENIUS, Brisson, Ornith. v. p. 311 (1760). = vovprivios, a kind of Curlew in Diogenes Laertius, ix. 114 (about A.D. 200) ; from veos = new, and \nr\vt\ = the moon, from its " crescent " beak. Numenius borealis. EswtM^ex CUELEW. 7 ' Scolopax borealis, /. R. Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. pp. 411,431 (1772). Numenius borealis, Naum. viii. p. 506 ; Gray, p. 154 ; Yarr. NUMENIUS. 179 ed. 3, ii. p. 620; Gould, i. Introd. p. cxi; Harting p. 145 ; Dresser, viii. p. 221. Esquimaux Curlew, Yarr. ed. 1, 2nd suppl. p. 36. Eoredlis = northern ; from (3opeas the north wind. A rare straggler to the British Islands. Common in North and Central America, and found in South America as far south as Buenos Ayres. Numenius phaeopus. WHIMBEEL. Scolopax Phaeopus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 243 (1766) . Numenius phseopus, Naum. viii. p. 506 ; Macg. iv. p. 253 ; Gray, p. 154; Gould, iv. pi. 49 ; Harting, p. 53 ; Dresser, viii. p. 227. Numenius phoeopus, Hewitson, p. 324 ; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 583 ; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 616. The Whimbrel, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 516. Phceopus, the mediaeval name ; from Qaios = dusky, and TTOVS = a foot. The Whimbrel has a wide range in Great Britain during migration, and breeds in the Orkneys ; it occurs throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Numenius arquata. CUELEW. Scolopax Arquata, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 242 (1766). Numenius arquata, Naum. viii. p. 478, xiii. p. 248; Macg. iv. p. 243; Hewitson, p. 322; Gray, p. 153; Yarr. ed. 2, ii. p. 577; id. ed. 3, ii. p. 610; Gould, iv. pi. 48. Numenius arquatus, Harting, p. 53 ; Dresser, viii. p. 243. The Common Curlew, Yarr. ed. 1, ii. p. 510. Arqiidta, the mediaeval name. It is generally said (e. g. by Gesiier, H. A. lib. iii. p. 196, ed. 1617) to be derived from the bird's bill being bent like a bow , a/rcus ; but it more likely refers to arquatus morbus = the jaundice (" when the skin turns to the yellow colour of the rainbow "), in allusion to the legend about Charadrius, G-cdbula, Icterus, &c. Common on the coasts throughout Great Britain. It is generally distributed through Europe, Asia, and Africa, and breeds on some of the moors in Scotland. &>njt 'V? 180 LARIDJK. Order GAVUE. Family LARID^3. Subfamily STERNIN^E. Genus STERNA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 202 (1760). Sterna, the latinized form of the name ; cf. Frisian Stirn, Q-erm. Tanner, Swedish Fisk-tdrna, Norwegian Makrel-terne, our Tern and Tarney. Deri- vation unknown. Sterna macrura. AECTIC TEEN. Sterna macrura, Naumann, Isis, 1819, p. 1847. Sterna macrura, Naum. x. p. 114; Gould, v. pi. 72. Sterna arctica, Macg. v. p. 643 ; Hewitson, p. 481 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 507; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 512. Sterna macroura, Gray, p. 240. Sterna hirundo, Harting, p. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 255. The Arctic Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 399. Macrura = long-tailed ; from juarcpos + ovpd. A regular summer visitant, breeding north of the Humber, and becoming more abundant in the northern and western portions of the kingdom. It inhabits the northern portions of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions ; a straggler on migration to the Neotropical and Ethiopian Regions. Sterna fluviatilis. COMMON TEEN. Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann, Isis, 1819, p. 1848. Sterna hirundo, Naum. x. p. 89 ; Macg. v. p. 638 ; Hewitson, p. 480; Gray, p. 240; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 504; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 509; Gould, v. pi. 70. Sterna fluviatilis, Harting, p. 75 ; Dresser, viii. p. 263. The Common Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 396. Fluviatilis = of or belonging to a river, fluvlus. A regular and generally distributed visitant to the coasts STERNA. 181 and lakes of the United Kingdom from spring to autumn. It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palsearctic Region as far as Central Siberia, beyond which its place is taken by- its close ally 8. tibetana. It is also found in the eastern por- tion of the Nearctic Region. Sterna dougalli. KOSEATE TEKJ*. Sterna Dougalli 1, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. (1813). Sterna dougalli, Naum. x. p. 78 ; Dresser, viii. p. 273. Sterna dougallii, Macg. v. p. 648; Hewitson, p. 479; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 501 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 505 ; Harting, p. 76. Sterna paradisea, Gray, p. 239; Gould, v. pi. 71. The Roseate Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 393. Dougalli, in honour of Dr. MacDougall, of Glasgow, who first sent a speci- men and description to Montagu in 1812. A summer visitant, very local in its breeding- distribution, and rapidly disappearing before its stronger congener S.fluvia- tilis. It breeds exclusively on islands, generally on remote, storm-beaten rocks; the reports of its breeding on certain Scotch lochs are devoid of foundation. It inhabits the coasts of the western Palsearctic, the eastern Nearctic, and the northern portions of the Neotropical Regions, the Indian and Malayan Regions down to Australia, and South Africa. Sterna minuta. LITTLE TERN. Sterna minuta, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 228 (1766). Sterna minuta, Naum. x. p. 145 ; Macg. v. p. 652; Hewitson, p. 484; Gray, p. 242; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 519; id, ed. 3, iii. p. 524; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 279. Sternula minuta, Gould, v. pi. 73. The Lesser Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 410. Minuta = small. A regular summer visitant, breeding on many portions of the shingly shores of the United Kingdom. It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palsearctic Region, as far east as 182 LARIDjE. Northern India, descending in winter as far south as the Cape Colony. In eastern North America its place is taken by the closely allied 8. antittarum. Sterna caspia. CASPIAN TEEN. Sterna caspia, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 582 (1769). Sterna caspia, Naum. x. p. 18; Hewitson, p. 477; Gray, p. 238; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 493; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 497; Harting, p. 167 ; Dresser, viii. p. 289. Sylochelidon caspia, Macg. v. p. 626. Hydroprogne caspia, Gould, v. pi. 68. The Caspian Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 385. Caspia = from the Caspian Sea. A rarer summer visitant to the eastern and southern shores of England than might be expected, seeing that it breeds on Sylt and the Danish coasts. Not recorded from Scotland or Ireland. It inhabits the Palsearctic and the greater part of the Nearctic Regions ; also the African and Indian coasts, down to Australia and New Zealand, where it also breeds. [Sterna bergii. RUPPELL'S TEEN. Sterna Bergii, Lichtenstein, Verzeichn. p. 80 (1823). ' Sterna velox, Harting, p. 168. Bergii, in honour of C. H. Bergius, a young collector for the Berlin Museum (1816, 1817), who died of consumption at the Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Peters). One was quite erroneously reported from near Dublin in December 1876 (cf. H. Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 658). It inhabits the Indian seas, from the Cape of Good Hope to Ceylon and Australia.] Sterna anglica. GULL-BILLED TEEN. Sterna Anglica, Montagu^Oria. Diet. Suppl. (1813). Sterna anglica, Naum. x. p. 38; Hewitson, p. 476; Gray, STERNA. 183 p. 241; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 515; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 520; Harting, p. 170; Dresser, viii. p. 295. Gelochelidon anglica, Macg. v. p. 666; Gould, v. pi. 74. The Gull-billed Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 407. Anglica = English, because first described from a Kentish specimen. An irregular visitant, principally in spring and summer, to the southern and eastern portions of England. It inhabits the Central and Southern parts of the Palsearctic Region, the Indian Region down to Australia, as also the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, being probably a migrant in the latter. Sterna cantiaca. SANDWICH TERN. Sterna Cantiaca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 606 (1788). Sterna cantiaca, Naum. x. p. 50; Macg. v. p. 630; Hewitson, p. 478; Gray, p. 239; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 301. Sterna boysii, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 497; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 501. Actochelidon cantiaca, Gould, v. pi. 69. The Sandwich Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 389. Cantiaca = Kentish, because first described from specimens sent by Mr. Boys from Sandwich in Kent. A regular summer visitant to this country, breeding in several suitable localities on our eastern and western coasts ; also on some lochs in Scotland and in Ireland. It frequents the coasts of the temperate portions of the Palaearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions, the northern portions of the Neotropical Region, and the coasts of India and of Africa in winter. Sterna fuliginosa, SOOTY TERN. Sterna fuliginosa, Gmelin, Syst. N at. i. p. 605 (1788). Sterna fuliginosa, Naum. xiii. p. 267; Gray, p. 242; Yarr. ed. 2, suppl. p. 50; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 543; Gould, Introd. p. cxxxvii; Harting,^. 169; Dresser, viii. p. 307, Fuliginosa the colour of soot, fullgo. 184 LARIDjE. Two or three occurrences of this rare visitor in England are on record. It inhabits the intertropical seas and coasts from the West Indies to Australia. As a straggler it visits the coasts of the United States as far north as New England. Sterna anaestheta. SCOPOLI'S SOOTY TERN. Sterna Anaethetus (sic), Scopoti, Del. Faun, et Flor. Ins. ii. p. 92 (1786). AncBstheta = dvaioBriros, without understanding (alaOtims), senseless. One was obtained off a lightship at the mouth of the Thames (H. Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 43). It inhabits the intertropical seas. Genus HYDROCHELIDON, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Hydrochdidon, from vdwp = water, and ^eXi^wv = a Swallow. Hydrochelidon hybrida. WHISKERED TERN. Sterna hybrida, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 338 (1811). Sterna leucopareia, Naum. x. p. 168; Hewitson, p. 483; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. if. 512; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 517. Hydrochelidon leucopareia, Macg. v. p. 663 ; Gould, v. p. 77. Hydrochelidon hybrida, Gray, p. 242; Dresser, viii. p. 315. Sterna hybrida, Harting, p. 168. The Whiskered Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 404. Hybrida = a mongrel, hybrid, because Pallas thought it like a hybrid be- tween H. nigra and Sterna fluviatilis. A rare straggler in the warm season to the southern and eastern shores of England and Ireland. It inhabits the southern Palsearctic Region and ^the Oriental and Ethiopian, and Australia, HYDROCHELIDON. 185 Hydrochelidon leucoptera. WHITE-WINGED BLACK TEBST. Sterna leucoptera, Schinz in Meisn. & Schinz's Vog. d. Schweiz, p. 264 (1815). Sterna leucoptera, Naum. x. p. 215 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 527; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 532; Harting, p. 169. Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Macg. v. p. 661 ; Gould, v. pi. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 321. Hydrochelidon nigra, Gray, p. 243. Leucoptera = XeiucoTrrepos, white-winged; from Xeuico's-f- trrepov. A rare straggler, generally in spring and summer and occa- sionally in late autumn, to the southern and eastern coasts of England; has been recorded twice in Ireland. It inhabits the southern and central Palsearctic and the Ethiopian Regions, and has occurred as a straggler in New Zealand and the United States. Hydrochelidon nigra. BLACK TEEN. Sterna nigra, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 227 (1766). Sterna nigra, Naum. x. p. 189; Hewitson, p. 488. Hydrochelidon nigra, Macg. v. p. 658; Gould, v. pi. 75; Dresser, viii. p. 327. Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray, p. 243. Sterna fissipes, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 523; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 528; Harling, p. 76. The Black Tern, Yarr. ed; 1, iii. p. 413. Nigra = black. A spring and autumn visitant, and formerly abundant in the breeding-season, especially in the eastern counties of England, from which it is now banished by drainage and persecution. It inhabits the Palsearctic and Nearctic Re- gions, descending far south in winter. 186 LARID,E. Genus ANGUS, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1. p. 139(1825). & Anous = avoos (trisyllable), without understanding (voos, i>os), foolish. / ' Anous stolidus. NODDY. Sterna stolida, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 227 (1766). Megalopterus stolidus, Macg. v. p. 672. Sterna stolida, Hewitson, p. 486 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 531 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 537; Harting, p. 170. Anous stolidus, Gray, p. 244. The Noddy Tern, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 417. Stolidus = stupid ; allied to stultus = foolish. Two or three specimens are recorded as having been obtained off the coast of Ireland. It occurs in all the inter- tropical seas. Subfamily LARIN^E. Genus PAGOPHILA, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 69 (1829). Pagophila, from Kayos = a high pointed rock, and 0t\ew = I love. Pagophila eburnea. IVOEY GULL. Larus eburneus, Phipps, Voy. towards N. Pole, p. 187 (1774). Larus eburneus, Naum. x. p. 341 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 567 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 586; Harting, p. 174. Cetosparactes eburneus, Macg. v. p. 508. Pagophila eburnea, Gray, p. 237; Gould, v. pi. 62; Dresser, viii. p. 349. The Ivory Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 449. Ebwrneus of ivory, ebur. An occasional straggler in winter to the British coasts ; more frequent in the northern districts. It is a circumpolar species, breeding in Spitsbergen, . RISSA. LARUS. 187 Genus RISSA, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 180 (1825). Eissa, probably latinized and softened from the Icelandic Ritsa (Brlinnich, Ornith. Boreal. 1764, p. 42). Derivation unknown. Rissa tridactyla. KITTIWAKE. Larus tridactylus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 224 (1766) . Larus tridactylus, Naum. x. p. 322; Hewitson, p. 493; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 562; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 581; Harting, p. 77. Rissa tridactyla, Macg. v. p. 515; Gray, p. 236; Gould, v. pi. 61 ; Dresser, viii. p. 447. The Kittiwake Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 444. Tridactyla = TpiaKTV\os, three-toed ; from rpeTs + dctKTvXos. A regular visitant, especially abundant in the summer months about the northern and precipitous portions of the British coasts : it is consequently of local distribution. It inhabits the Arctic and Subarctic regions, being partially migratory in winter. Larus = Xa'pos, a ravenous sea-bird, in classical Greek. Akin to Old Norse liri = a Tern. Larus glaucus. GLAUCOUS GULL. Larus glaucus, Fabricius, Faun. Groenl. p. 100 (1780). Larus glaucus, Naum. x. p. 350; Macg. v. p. 557; Hewitson, p. 504; Gray, p. 230; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 595; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 614; Gould, v. pi. 57; Harjing, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 433. The Glaucous Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 475. Glaucus = -yXavicos, bluish-grey. A winter visitant, sometimes in considerable numbers, especially to the northern portions of the United Kingdom, Genus LARUS, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 224 (1766). . Norse t/ 188 LARID^E. It inhabits the circumpolar region, seldom breeding south of the Arctic circle, and descends to about 36 N. lat. in winter. Lams leucopterus. ICELAND GULL. Larus leucopterus, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 91 (1822). Larus leucopterus, Naum. p. 367 ; Macg. v. p. 566 ; Hewit- son, p. 498; Gray, p. 230; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 439. Larus icelandicus, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 575; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 594. Larus islandicus, Gould, v. p. 58. The Iceland Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 456. Leucopterus = white-winged ; from Xeuro's -f irrepov. A rarer and more irregular winter visitant than L. glaucus, principally to the northern coasts and islands. It inhabits the Arctic regions from Greenland to Behring's Straits and Alaska. Larus argentatus. HERRING-GULL. - Larus argentatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 600 (1788). V Larus argentatus, Naum. x. p. 379; Macg. v. p. 544; Hewitson, p. 499; Gray, p. 232; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 588; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 607; Gould, v. pi. 59; Hartiug, p. 77 ; Dresser, viii. p. 399. The Herring Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 468. Argentatus = ornamented with silver (argentum), silvery-white. Resident and generally distributed on our coasts, breeding in many suitable localities. It inhabits the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions. LARUS. 189 Larus filSCUS. LESSEE BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus fuscus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Larus fuscus, Naum. x. p. 419; Macg. v. p. 538; Hewitson, p. 496; Gray, p. 231; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 583; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 602; Gould, v. pi. 56; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 421. The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 463. Fuscus = dark, dusky. A resident, or but partial migrant, breeding in suitable localities on all parts of our coasts. It inhabits the tempe- rate portion of the western Palsearctic Region, Egypt, and the Red Sea, and the Atlantic seaboard as far as Senegal in winter. Larus canus. COMMON GULL. Larus canus, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 224 (1766). Larus canus, Naum. x. p. 301 ; Macg. v. p. 575 ; Hewitson, p. 495 ; Gray, p. 233 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 570 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 589; Gould, v. pi. 60; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 381. The Common Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 452. Canus = hoary. A resident, migrating from the northern districts in winter, and returning thither to breed. It has no authenticated breeding-place south of Scotland and of Mayo in Ireland. It inhabits the Palsearctic Region. Larus marinus. GREATER BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus marinus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Larus marinus, Naum. x. p. 438; Macg. v. p. 526; Hewit- son, p. 501 ; Gray, p. 231 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 591 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 610; Gould, v. pi. 55 ; Harting, p. 77; Dresser, viii. p. 427. The Great Black-backed Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 471. 190 LAKID^. Marinus = of the sea, mdre. A resident or partial migrant, generally distributed along the British coasts ; but, as a breeder, more abundant in the western and northern districts. It inhabits Northern and Temperate Europe, passing southwards in winter to the Mediterranean as far as Greece and the Canaries. It breeds in Labrador, visiting Florida in winter, and has occurred in Japan. [Larus atricilla. LAUGHING GULL. O Larus Atricilla, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Gavia atricilla, Macg. v. p. 585. Larus atricilla, Gray, p. 234; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 557; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 576; HOT ting, p. 175. The Laughing Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 439. Atricilla,) diminutive from ater = black, on the analogy of Albicilla, Motacilla, &c., q. v. A single specimen (said to have been one of five seen near Winchelsea, August 1774) is in the collection formed by Col. Montagu, now in the British Museum. The species inhabits the Nearctic and northern Neotropical Regions.] Larus ichthyaetus. GEEAT BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus Ichthyaetus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. App. p. 713 (1773). Larus ichthyaetus, Gray, p. 233; Harting, p. 175; Dresser, viii. p. 369. Ickthyaetus = fish-eagle ; from fyOws + derds. A single specimen in full breeding-plumage obtained at the mouth of the Exe at the end of May or the beginning of June 1859, is now in the Exeter Museum. The species in- habits the shores and waters of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian Seas, Egypt, the Red Sea and India. LARUS. 191 'Larus melanocephalus. ADRIATIC GVLL. Laru's melanocephalus, Natterer, Isis, 1818, p. 816. Larus melanocephalus, Naum. x. p. 254; Harting, p. 175; Dresser, viii. p. 365. Melandcephdlus = black-headed ; from /leXas + we^aX^. A single specimen in immature plumage, now in the British Museum, is said to have been obtained at Barking Creek, January 1866. The species inhabits the Mediter- ranean and Black Seas, and the Atlantic coast of Europe as far north as Bordeaux J Larus ridibundus. BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus ridibundus, Linnteus, S. N. i. p. 225 (1766). Larus ridibundus, Naum. x. p. 264; Hewitson, p. 491; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 550; id. ed. 3, iii. pp. 566, 569; Harting, p. 77 ; Dresser, viii. p. 357. Gavia ridibunda, Macg. v. p. 593. Gavia capistrata, Macg. v. p. 605. Larus ridibundus et capistratus, Gray, pp. 234, 235. Larus capistratus, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 547; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 566. Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Gould, v. pi. 64. The Masked Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 430. The Black-headed Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 433. Eidibundus = full of laughter ; from video = I laugh. An abundant and regular visitant, breeding in many suitable localities in the United Kingdom ; but wholly or partially migratory in winter. It inhabits the Palaearctic Region from Britain to Japan, visiting India and Africa in winter. Larus minutus. LITTLE GULL. Larus minutus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. App. p. 702 (1776). Larus minutus, Naum. x. p. 242; Hewitson, p. 490; Gray, 192 LARID^E. p. 235; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 543; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 562; Harting, p. 76; Dresser, viii. p. 373. Gavia minuta, Macg. v. p. 613. Hydrocoloeus minutus, Gould, v. pi. 66. The Little Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 426. Minutus = small. An irregular visitant (chiefly in immature, sometimes in winter, and rarely in breeding-plumage) to the eastern and southern coasts of England, and occasionally to those of Scotland. It inhabits temperate Europe, principally the north-eastern portion, and Siberia as far east as the river Lena, visiting North Africa and India in winter. \Larus Philadelphia. BONAPAETE'S GULL. Sterna Philadelphia, Ord in Guthrie's Geogr. 2nd Amer. ed. ii. p. 319 (1815). Gavia bonapartii, Macg. v. p. 610. Larus bonapartii, Yarr. ed. 3, iii. p. 554. Larus Philadelphia, Gray, p. 235 ; Harting, p. 172. Philadelphia, because found at Philadelphia. This transatlantic species is said to have occurred in Ire- land, and near Falm^outh, Cornwall. It is common through- out North America. \ [Genus RHODOSTETHIA, MacGillivray, Man. Brit. ^ Orn. ii. p. 252 (1842) . Bhodostethia rosy-breasted ; from podov + arrjBos. Rhodostethia rosea. CUNEATE-TAILED GULL. Larus roseus, Macgiltivray, Mem. Wern. Soc. v. p. 249 (1824). Rhodostethia rossii, Macg. v. p. 618; Gray, p. 229; Gould, v. pi. 63. RHODOSTETHIA. STERCOEAEIUS. 193 Larus rossii, Naum. xiii. pt. 2, p. 270; Yarr. ed. 2, suppl. p. 59; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 558. Larus rossi, Harting, p. 173. Rhodostethia rosea, Dresser, viii. p. 343. Rosea = rose-coloured ; from rosa = a rose. A single specimen, now in the Leeds Museum, is stated, on questionable authority, to have been killed in Yorkshire. It inhabits the Arctic Regions between Melville Island and -Franz-Josef Land.] Genus XEMA, J. Ross in Ross's Voy. 8vo ed. ii. p. 164 ^ . Xema, a fancy name apparently devoid of meaning. -_ , . .. i*ft\C / Xema sabinu. SABINE'S GULL. Larus sabini, Joseph Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 522 (1818). Gavia sabini> Macg. v. p. 607. Larus sabinii, Naum. xiii. pt. 2, p. 272. Xema sabini, Gray, p. 236; Gould, v. pi. 67. Larus sabini, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 537; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 548; Harting, p. 171. Xema sabinii, Dresser, viii. p. 337. Sabine's Gull, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 421. Sablnii, in honour of Capt. Sir Edward Sabine, late P.R.S., who discovered the species on the west coast of Greenland in 1818. A scarce autumnal straggler to the British coasts. It inhabits the arctic districts of North-eastern Asia and North America, and has been obtained as far south as Lima in winter. Subfamily STERCORAEIIN^E. Genus STERCORABIUS, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 150 (1760). Stercorarms = of or belonging to excrement, stercus. 194 LARID^E. Stercorarius catarrhactes, COMMON SKUA. Larus Catarractes, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 226 (1766). Lestris cataractes, Naum. x. p. 470; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 602; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 621. Lestris catarractes, Macg. v. p. 479; Eewitson, p. 505; Harting, p. 78. Stercorarius catarrhactes. Gray, p. 227 ; Gould, v. pi. 78 ; Dresser, viii. p. 457. The Common Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 481. Catarrhactes = KctTappaKTijs, a sea-bird known to classical Greek writers, from its " rushing down " on its prey like a cataract. The only breeding-places in Britain are in the Shetland Islands ; but in autumn and spring individuals occur along the coasts of the United Kingdom, especially over the fishing- grounds some distance from land. It inhabits the north- western portion of the Palsearctic and the northern Nearctic Region. Stercorarius pomatorhinus. POMATOEHINB SKUA. Lestris pomarinus, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 514 (1815). Lestris pomarina, Naum. x. p. 487. Lestris pomarinus, Macg. v. p. 487; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 606; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 625. Stercorarius pomarinus, Gray, p. 227. Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Gould, v. pi. 79; Dresser, viii. p. 463. Lestris pomatorhinus, Harting, p. 78. The Pomerine Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 485. Pomcitorhinus, from Trw/xa, genitive Trwparos, a lid or cover, and pis, genitive pi vos, the nose, nostril ; from the nasal operculurn. Originally written poma- rinus, on the analogy of other compounds often cut short ; but amended by Sclater, ' Ibis,' 1862, p. 297. A visitor to the shores of the United Kingdom in autumn and spring, appearing occasionally in great numbers. It breeds in the arct : c regions of both the Old and New worlds, STERCORARIUS. 195 and passes southwards on migration, sometimes straggling even into the southern hemisphere. Stercorarius crepidatus. RICHAKDSON'S SKUA. Larus crepidatus, Gmelin, i. p. 602 (1788). Lestris parasitica, Naum. x. p. 506. Lestris richardsonii, Macg. v. p. 492; Hewitson, p. 509 Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 611; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 630. Stercorarius parasiticus, Gray, p. 228; Gould, v. pi. 80. Lestris parasiticus, Harting, p. 78. Stercorarius crepidatus, Dresser, viii. p. 471. Richardson's Skua, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 489. CrepUdtus wearing sandals, crepld (Estrelata hassitata. CAPPED PETREL. Procellaria hasitata, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. i. p. 142 (1820). Procellaria hsesitata, Gray, p. 226; Yarr. ed. 2, Suppl. p. 63; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 643. Estrelata hsesitata, Gould, Introd. p. cxxxix. (Estrelata hsesitata. Dresser, viii. p. 545; Harting, p. 177. HcBsltdta, from h&sitare = to be uncertain, hesitating, as if it were a "doubt- ful" species. A single straggler has been obtained in Norfolk. It in- habits some of the West-Indian Islands and adjoining seas. Genus BULWERIA, Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 81 (1842). Bulweria, in honour of the Mr. Bulwer, a resident in Madeira, who obtained the specimen figured in Jardine and Selby's ' Illustrations of Ornithology ' ii pi. 65. Bulweria COlumbina. BULWER'S PETREL. Puffinus columbinus, Moquin- Tandon, Orn. Canar. p. 44(1841). Thalassidroma bulwerii, Macg. v. p. 449; Hewitson, p. 522; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 636; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 664. Thalassidroma bulweri, Gould, Introd. p. cxl; Gray, p. 224. Procellaria bulweri, Harting, p. 178. Bulweria columbina, Dresser, viii. p. 551. Bulwer's Petrel, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 513. Columbina = dove-like ; from columba = a dove, q. v. Two stragglers appear to have been obtained on the coasts of Yorkshire. It inhabits the Atlantic, in the vicinity of the Canaries and Madeira. COLYMBID^K. Order PYGOPODES. Family COLYMBID^E. Genus COLYMBUS, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 220 (1766). , Colymbus = KO\V/U@OS, a diver; Ko\v{ipdw = I dive, lit. I "take a header;" akin to KopvQrj == the head. Colymbus glacialis. GEEAT NOETHEEN DIVEE. Colymbus glacialis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 221 (1766). Eudytes glacialis, Naum. xii. p. 397. Colymbus glacialis, Macg. v. p. 283; Hewitson, p. 449; Gray, p. 211; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 425; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 428; Gould, v. pi. 43; Harting, p. 68; Dresser, viii. p. 609. The Great Northern Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 320. Glacialis = living among the ice, glactts. Is believed to breed in some of the Shetland Islands, and occurs on the coasts of the United Kingdom from autumn to spring. It inhabits the Palsearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions. ^Colymbus adamsi. YELLOW-SILLED DIVEE. Colymbus adamsii, Gray, 7. Z. S. 1859, p. 167. ' Adamsi, in honour of Surgeon Adams, who discovered it. A specimen having some of the characters of this species, *" from Pakefield, in Suffolk, was exhibited by Mr. P. L. Sclater f (P Z. S. 1859, p. 206). Occurs in Alaska and various parts of Arctic America and Asia. It is now regarded by Dr. Coues (B. N. W. 1874, p. 721) as a mere variety of Colymbus glacialis."] Colymbus arcticus. BLACK-THEOATED DIVEE. Colymbus articus, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 221 (1766). Eudytes arcticus, Naum. xii. p. 418. Colymbus arcticus, Macg. v. p. 294; Hewitson, ii. p. 451; Gray, 202 PODICIPID.E. p. 211; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 434; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 437; Gould, v. pi. 44; Harting, p. 69; Dresser, viii. p. 615. The Black-throated Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 328. Arcticus = dpKTiKos, arctic, northern ; from *Ap/eros = the constellation of the Bear. Breeds on many lochs in the north of Scotland, and occurs as a somewhat rare straggler on the British coasts. It in- habits the northern parts of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions. Colymbus septentrionalis. RED-THBOATED DIVEE. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Eudytes septentrionalis, Naum. xii. p. 434. Colymbus septentrionalis, Macg. v. p. 301 ; Hewitson, p. 453 ; Gray, p, 212 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 441 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 444; Gould, v. pi. 45; Harting, p. 69; Dresser, viii. p. 621. The Red-throated Diver, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 335. Septentrionalis = of the north ; from Septentrwnes = the seven plough-oxen, the Great Bear, and, by transference, the north. Breeds on the lochs in the northern portions of Scotland and its islands, and frequents the coasts of the British Islands throughout the greater part of the year. It inhabits the Palsearctic and Nearctic Region^. Family TODIdfflLE. Genus PODICEPS, Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 294 - (1787). Podiceps, an ill-formed word from podex, genitive podms, the fundament, and pes = foot ; as if for podici-pes. Podiceps cristatus, GEE AT CRESTED GREBE. Colymbus cristatus, Linnceus, S.N. i. p. 222 (1766). Colymbus cristatus, Naum. ix. p. 686; Gray, p. 214. Podiceps cristatus, Macg. v. p. 250; Hewitson, p. 441; PODICEPS. 203 Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 400; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 403; Gould, v. pi. 38; Harting, p. 69; Dresser, viii. p. 629. The Great-crested Grebe,, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 297. Cristdtus = furnished with a crest, crista. Still breeds on some of the lakes of England and Ireland, and is a visitor on migration and in winter to the coasts, becoming rarer northwards and in Scotland. It inhabits the temperate and southern portions of the Palsearctic Region, and extends to India, Australia, New Zealand, and the Cape colony. Podiceps griseigena. RED-NECKED GREBE. Colymbus grisegena, Boddaert, Tabl. des PL Enl. p. 55 (1783). Colymbus rubricollis, Naum. ix. p. 720. Podiceps rubricollis, Macg. v. p. 259; Hewitson, p. 443; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 407; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 410; Gould, v. pi. 39; Harting, p. 69. Podiceps grisegena, Gray, p. 213. Podiceps griseigena, Dresser, viii. p. 639. The Red-necked Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 304. Grriselgena = with grey cheeks ; from griseus + gena. A somewhat rare visitant to the British coasts from autumn to spring. It inhabits the temperate portions of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions, ranging down to about 35 N. lat. Podiceps auritus. SCLAVONIAN GREBE. Colymbus auritus, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 222 (1766). Colymbus auritus, Naum. ix. p. 768. Podiceps cornutus, Macg. v. p. 264; Hewitson, p. 444; Gray, p. 214; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 411; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 414; Harting, p. 69. Podiceps auritus, Gould, v. pi. 40; Dresser, viii. p. 645. The Sclavonian Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 308. Auritus = eared ; from aw/is = the ear. A common winter visitant to Scotland, Ireland, and the northern and eastern coasts of England ; less abundant else- 204 where. It inhabits the northern, but not circumpolar, por- tions of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions. Podiceps nigricollis. EARED GREBE. Podiceps nigricollis, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 963 (1831). Colymbus cornutus, Naum. ix. p. 739. Colymbus arcticus, Naum. ix. p. 755. Podiceps auritus, Macg. v. p. 270; Hewitson, p. 445; Gray, p. 215; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 417; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 420 ; Harting, p. 70. Podiceps nigricollis, Gould, v. pi. 41; Dresser, viii. p. 651. The Eared Grebe, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 313. Nigricollis = with a black neck ; from niger -f- collum. An irregular visitant, generally in spring, to the southern and eastern districts of England, rarely to Scotland and Ireland. It inhabits the temperate and southern Palsearctic Region and Africa down to the Cape colony. Genus TACHYBAPTES, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. p. ii (1851). Tachybaptes = diving quickly ; from ra%vs + f3aTTTijs. Tachybaptes fluviatilis. LITTLE GREBE. Colymbus fluviatilis, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 3 (1771). Colymbus minor, Naum. ix. p. 785. Sylbeocyclus europseus, Macg. v. p. 276. Podiceps minor, Hewitsoh, p. 446; Gray, p. 215; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 420; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 423; Gould, v. pi. 42; Harting, p. 70. Podiceps fluviatilis, Dresser, viii. p. 659. The Little Grebe or Dabchick, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 316. Fluwdtllis = of or belonging to a river, fluvius. Resident and generally distributed. It inhabits the Old World, ALCID^E. 205 [Genus PODILYMBUS, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 595 (1831). Podilymbus = podi[ceps] + [co]lymbus, as if a hybrid between a Grebe and a Diver. Poditymbus podiceps. PIED-SILLED GEESE. Colymbus Podiceps, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 223 (1766) . Podiceps. See under the name of the genus Podiceps, p. 202. One was reported by Mr. R. B. Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1881, p. 734) as having occurred the previous winter at Radipole, near Weymouth ; but the species, common in North, Central, and South America, has not been found elsewhere in Europe. (Qf. < Zoologist/ 1881, p. 334.)] Family Genus ALCA, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 210 (1766). Alca, latinized from the Icelandic dlka, our " auk." Alca torda. RAZOEBILL. Alca Torda, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 210 (1766). Alca torda, Naum. xii. p. 606; Hewitson, p. 468; Gray, p. 217; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 473; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 476; Gould, v. pi. 47; Harting, p. 70; Dresser, viii. p. 557. Utamania torda, Macg. v. p. 346. The Razorbill, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 366. Torda, the name by which it is known in Gothland ; cf . Tordmule, its name in Augermannia, Sweden (Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. 1746, p. 43), and in modern Swedish generally. Breeds in suitable localities (which principally occur on the western coasts) throughout the British Islands, from Lundy Island to the Shetlands, and is to be found in British waters throughout the year. It inhabits the Palsearctic and Nearctic seas and coasts. 206 ALCID^E. Alca impennis. GREAT AUK. Alca impennis, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 210 (1766). Alca impennis, Naum. xii. p. 630; Macg. v. p. 359; Hewit- son, p. 469; Gray, p. 216; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 476; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 479; Gould, v. pi. 46; Harting, p. 71; Dresser, viii. p. 563. The Great Auk, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 369. Impennis = wingless ; from in + penna. The Great Auk formerly occurred in various British waters, and bred at St. Kilda and perhaps on other northern islands, but is believed to be now extinct everywhere, the last recorded examples having been killed on Eldey, on the coast of Iceland, in 1844. It originally inhabited the seas and islands from N. Scotland to Iceland, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Genus LOMVIA, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1837, ii. p. 345. Lomvia, latinized from the Norwegian name, spelt Lomwia by Willughby (Orn. 1676, p. 244). Loiiivia troile. COMMON GUILLEMOT. Colymbus Troile, Linnceus, S. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Uria lomvia, Naum. xii. p. 508. Uria troile, Macg. v. p. 318; Hewitson, p. 455; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 450; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 453; Gould, v. pi. 48; Harting, p. 74. Uria hringvia, Naum. xii. p. 524. Uria lacrymans, Macg. v. p. 326; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 458; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 461. Uria troile et ringvia, Gray, p. 219. Alca troile, Dresser, viii. p. 567. The Common Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 343. The Ringed Guillemot^ Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 351. Troile, said to be intended as a compliment to Troil the Icelander. LOMVIA. URIA. 207 Breeds in suitable localities throughout the British Islands, and is found on our coasts throughout the year. It in- habits the northern portions of the Western Palsearctic and Eastern Nearctic Regions. Lomvia bruennichi. BKUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT. Uria briinnichii, Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 538 (1818). Uria arra, Naum. xii. p. 535 ; Harting, p. 166. Uria brunnichii, Macg. v. p. 314; Hewitson, jp. 460; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 455 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 458. Uria brunnichii, Gray, p. 220. Alca bruennichii, Dresser, viii. p. 575. Briinnich's Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 348. Bruennichi, in honour of Mart. Thrane Briinnich, the author of ' Ornithologia Borealis ' (Hafnite, 1764) &c. (f A rare straggler in winter to the northern islands and coasts of Scotland. It inhabits the Arctic regions of Europe and America. Genus URIA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 7p (1760). Uria = o&pia, a water-bird mentioned by Athenasus, 395 D. ; c/. Sanskrit van = water, ovpov = urine, dpvevrrjp = a diver, Lat. urlnor = I dive, &c. Uria grylle. BLACK GUILLEMOT. Colymbus Grylle, Linnaeus, S. N. i. p. 220 (1766). Cepphus grylle, Naum. xii. p. 461. Uria grylle, Macg. v. p. 331; Hewitson, p. 462; Gray, p. 220; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 462; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 465; Gould, v. pi. 49; Harting, p. 74; Dresser, viii. p. 581. The Black Guillemot, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 355. Grylle = ypvXXtj, the grunting of swine ; ypu'XXos = a pig ; from its note ? Breeds on the coasts and islands of Scotland and Ireland, and visits those of England on its partial migration. It in- habits the arctic and temperate portions of Europe and North America. 208 ALCID^E. Genus MERGULUS, Vieillot, Anal. p. 67 (1816). Mergulus = the little diver, mergus. Mergulus alle. LITTLE AUK. Ale a Alle, Linnaus, S. N. i. p. 211 (1766). Mergulus alle, Naum. xii. p. 552; Macg. v. p. 341 ; Gould, v. pi. 50; Dresser, viii. p. 591. Arctica alle, Hewitson, p. 465 ; Gray, p. 221. Mergulus melanoleucos, Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 465 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 468. Alca alle, Harting, p. 71. The Little Auk, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 358. Alle, the Lapp name of the Long-tailed Duck ; cf. Swedish Al-fogel ; perhaps from the bird's note. An irregular visitant, sometimes in large numbers, to the British coasts, especially in the north. It inhabits the cir- cumpolar regions of the western Palsearctic and eastern Nearctic Regions, straggling southwards in winter. Genus FRATERCULA, Brisson, Ornith. vi. p. 81 (1760). Frdtercula, as if from fraterculus a little brother, frdter. The mediaeval name, from its gregarious habits. Pratercula arctica. PUFFIN. Alca arctica, Linnaeus, S.N. i. p. 211 (1766). Lunda arctica, Naum. xii. p. 577. Mormon arcticus, Macg % v. p. 365. Fratercula arctica, Hewitson, p. 466 ; Yarr. ed. 2, iii. p. 469 ; id. ed. 3, iii. p. 472; Gould, v. pi. 51 ; Harting, p. 70; Dresser, viii. p. 599. Fratercula arctica et glacialis, Gray, p. 218. The Puffin, Yarr. ed. 1, iii. p. 362. Arctica = inhabiting the northern regions. Breeds in suitable localities all round the coasts of the United Kingdom, migrating southwards in winter. It in. habits the coasts of North-western Europe and Eastern North America. INDEX. Acanthyllis caudacuta, 74, 75. Accentor, Alpine, 23. , Hedge, 22. Accentor alpinus, 23. collar-is, 23. modularis, 22. Accipiter nisus, 98. palumbarim, 97. Acredula caudata, 25. rosea, 25. vagans, 25. Acrocephalus aquaticus, 20. arundinaceus, 19. luscinioides, 21. nesvius, 21. palustris, 19. phragmitis, 20. schoenobfsmis, 20. streperus, 18. turdoides, 19. Actitis bartrami, 173. hypolcucos, 173. macxlaria, 174. rufescens, 172. Actiturus bartramius, 173. longicauda, 173. Actochelidon cantiaca, 183. Actodromas minuta, 169. pusilla, 170. Adriatic Gull, 191. Aedon galactodes, 18. jEgialitis cantiana, 158. curonica, 159. hiaticula, 159. minor, 159. vocifera, 160. us cantiamts, 158. JEgiothus linaria^ 53. rufescens, 54. AZstrtlata hasitata, 200. ^Sr sponsa, 123. Agel&us phoeniceus, 64. Agelaius phoeniceus^ 64. -4^' sponsa, 123. Alauda alpestris, 73. arborea, 33, 71. arvensis, 71. brachyddctila,) 72. brachydactyla, 72. calandra, 72. campestris, 33. cristata, 71. ludoviciana, 34. magna, 64. obscura, 35. pratensis, 32. sibirica, 73. spinoktta, 34. trivialis, 33. ^L/ca a//c, 208. arctica, 208. bruennichii, 207. impennis, 206. ^orrfe, 205. frw/e, 206. Alcedo alcyon, 81. bengalensis, 81. ispida, 81. Alpine Accentor, 23. Swift, 74. Alucoflammeus, 85. American Bittern, 111. - Buzzard, 94. Goshawk, 98. P 210 INDEX. American Green-winged Teal, 127. Grey Shrike, 37. Hawk-Owl, 88. Meadow-Starling, 64, Pipit, 34. Kobin, 3. Screech Owl, 90. Stint, 170. Swan, 120. Wigeon, 124. Ampelis cedrorum, 40. garrulus, 39, 40. Anas acuta, 124. cegyptiaca, 114. aUteda, 132. americana, 124. anser, 115. bernicla, 117. Umaculata, 127. boscas, 125. -4was querquedula, 126. rw/m, 128. rutila 1 segetum, 115. spectabilis, 134. afeffm, 133. tadorna, 122. Ancylocheilus subarquata, 170. Andalusian Hemipode, 145. Anorthura troglodytes, 29. Anous stolidusj 186. Anser cegyptiacus, 114. - a/6aws, 117. nThifmrn Q llfi arvensis, 115. bernicla, 118. brachyrhynchuS) 116. brenta, 117. cinereus, 115. canadensis, 118. carolinensis, 127. casarca, 122. circia, 126. egyptiacus, 114. erythropuSj 116. ferus, 115. gambensisj 114. clypeata, 128. collaris, 129. cornuta, 122. crecca, 127. intermedius, 116. leucopsis, 118. rii-firnllis 1 1 Q segetum, 115. torqucttus 118 cygnoides, 117. cygnus, 120. autcorS) 126. dispar, 133. /erm, 130. ferruginea, 130. fuligula, 129. / 115. , Grey-legged, 115. INDEX. 217 Goose, Pink-footed, 116. , Red-breasted, 119. , Spur-winged, 114. , White-fronted, 116. Gos-Hawk, 97. Goshawk, American, 98. Grackle, Rusty, 65. Graculus carbo, 105. cristatus, 106. linnceii, 106. Grasshopper Warbler, 20, 21. Great Auk, 206. Black Woodpecker, 76. Black-headed Gull, 190. Bustard, 153. Crested Grebe, 202, 203. Grey Shrike, 37. Northern Diver, 201. Plover, 155. Reed-Warbler, 19. , Snipe, 165. Spotted Cuckoo, 84. Spotted Woodpecker, 77. Tit, 26. Titmouse, 26. White Heron, 108. Greater Black-backed Gull, 189. - Shearwater, 198. Grebe, Eared, 204. Great Crested, 202, 203. Little, 204. Pied-billed, 205. Red-necked, 203. Sclavonian, 203. Green Cormorant, 106. Greenfinch, 49, 50. Green Sandpiper, 174, 175. Greenshank, 177. Green Woodpecker, 79. Green-backed Gallinule, 150. Greenland Falcon, 101. - Redpoll, 54. Grey Lag Goose, 115. Phalarope, 164. Plover, 158. - Wagtail, 30. Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail, 31. Grey-legged Goose, 115. Griffon Vulture, 91. Grosbeak, Pine, 56, 57. Grouse, Black, 145. , Pallas's Sand, 140. , Red, 144. , Wood, 145. Grus cinerea, 152. Grus communis, 152. pavonina, 153. virgo, 152. Guillemot, Black, 207. , Briinnich's, 207. , Common, 206. , Ringed, 206. Gull, Adriatic, 191. , Black-headed, 191. , Bonaparte's, 192. , Common, 189. , Cuneate-tailed, 192. , Glaucous, 187. , Greater Black-backed, 189. , Great Black-headed, 190. , Herring, 188. , Iceland, 188. , Ivory, 186. , Kittiwake, 187. , Laughing, 190. , Lesser Black-backed, 189. , Little, 191, 192. , Masked, 191. , Sabine's, 193. Gull-billed Tern, 182, 183. Gyps fulvus, 91. Gyr Falcon, 101, 102. Hcematopus ostralegns, 162. Hairy Woodpecker, 77. Haliaetus albicilla, 97. Halieus cormoranus, 105. graculus, 106. Hammer, Yellow, 60. Harelda glacialis, 133. Harlequin Duck, 1 32. Harrier, Hen, 93. , Marsh, 92. , Montagu's, 93. Hawfinch, 50. Hawk, Fishing, 105. , Gos, 97. , Sparrow, 98. Hawk Owl, 88. , American, 88. , European, 88. Hedge Accentor, 22. Hedge-Sparrow, 22. Helodromas ochropus, 174. Hemipode, Andalusian, 145. Hemipodius tachydromus, 146. Hen, Moor, 151. Hen-Harrier, 93. Heniconetta stelleri, 133. 218 INDEX. Herodias alba, 108. garzetta, 109. Heron, 107. , Buff-backed, 109. , Common, 107. , Great White, 108. , Night, 110. , Purple, 108. , Squacco, 109. Herring-Gull, 188. Hierofako candicans, 101. ffyifafa* 1W' islanaus, 1G Himantopus candidus, 163. melanopterus, 163. Hirundo apus, 74. Ucolor, 43. cahirica, 42. caudacuta, 74. melba, 74. pratincola, 155. purpurea, 45. riparia, 44. rufula, 43. rustica, 42. savignii, 42. urbica, 44. Histrionicm torquatus, 132. Hobby, 102. Honey-Buzzard, 100, 101. Hooded Crow, 69. Merganser, 137. Hooper, 120. Hoopoe, 83. Houbara macqueeni, 154. House-Sparrow, 51. Hydrobata cinclus, 24. Hydrochelidonjissipes, 185. liybrida, 184. leucopareia, 184. leucoptera, 185. nigra, 185. Hydrocolceus minutm, 192. Hydroprogne caspia, 182. Hypolais icterina, 17. Hypotriorchis eesalon, 103. subbuteo, 102. Hypsibates himantopus, 163. Ibis, Glossy, 113. Ibis falcinellus, 113. Iceland Falcon, 102. Gull, 188. Icterine Warbler, 17. Ivory Gull, 186. lynx torquilla, 80. Jackdaw, 68. Jack Snipe, 167. Jay, 67. Jynx torquilla, 80. Kentish Plover, 158. Kestrel, 104. , Lesser, 104. Killdeer Plover, 160. King Duck, 134. Eider, 134. Kingfisher, 80, 81. , Belted, 81. Kite, 99. , Black, 99. , Black-winged, 100. , Swallow-tailed, 100. Kittiwake, 187. Gull, 187. Knot, 171. Lagopus albus, 144. cinereus, 144. mutus, 144. rupestris, 144. scoticus, 144. vulgaris, 144. Landrail, 149. Lanius auriculatus, 38. collurio, 38. excubitor, 37. excubitorides, 37. ludovicianus, 37. major, 37. minor, 38. pomeranus, 38. rufus, 38. rutilus, 38. Lapland Bunting, 62. Lapwing, 161. Lark, Calandra, 72. , Crested, 71. , Shore, 73. , Short-toed, 72. , Sky, 71. , White-winged, 73. , Wood, 71. Larus argentatus, 188. atricilla, 190. bonapartii, 192. canus, 189. capistratus, 191. catarractes, 194. crepidatus, 195. eburneus, 186. fuscus, 189. INDEX. 219 Larus glaucm, 187. icelandicus, 188. ichthyaetus, 190. islandicus, 188. leucopterus, 188. marinus, 189. melanocephahis, 191. minutus, 191. parasiticus, 195. Philadelphia, 192. ridibundus, 191. roseus, 192. rosszY, 193. sabini, 193. tridactylm, 187. Laughing Gull, 190. Leach's Petrel, 196. Leimonites temminckii, 170. Lesser Black-backed Gull, 189. Grey Shrike, 38. Kestrel, 104 Redpole, 54. Redpoll, 54. Scaup Duck, 130. Spotted Woodpecker, 78. Tern, 181. Whitethroat, 12. Lestris buffonii, 195. cataractes, 194. crepidata, 195. longicaudus, 195. parasitica, 195. pomarinus, 194. pomatorhinus, 194. richardsonii, 195. Ligurinus chloris, 49, 50. Limicola platyrhyncha, 167. pygmcea, 167. Limnocinclus pectoralis, 168. Limnocryptes gallinula, 167. Limosa cegocephala, 178. lapponica, 177, 178. melanura, 178. meyeri, 177. - rw/a, 177, 178. Linaria borealis, 53. cannabina, 53. chloris, 49. flavirostris, 55. minor, 54. rufescens, 54. Linnet, 53. , Common, 53. , Mountain, 55. Linota canescens, 53. cannabina, 53. Linota Jlavirostris, 54, 55. hornemanni, 54. linaria, 53, 54. montium, 55. rufescens, 54. Little Auk, 208. Bittern, 110. Bunting, 61. Bustard, 154. Crake, 148. Egret, 108, 109. Grebe. 204. Gull, 191, 192. Owl, 91. . Stint, 169. Tern, 181. Lobipes hyperboreus, 164. Locustella avicula, 21. luscinioides, 21, 22. ncevia, 20, 21. Lomvia bmennichi, 207. troile, 206. Long-eared Owl, 86. Long-tailed Duck, 133. Tit, 25. Lophophanes cristatus, 28. Loxia bifasciata, 58. chloris, 49. curvirostra, 57. enucleator, 56. europcea, 58. leucoptera, 58. pityopsittacus, 57. pyrrhula, 56. pytiopsittacus, 57. Lunda arctica, 208. Luscinia philomela, 11. Lusciniopsis luscinioidesj 21. Machetes pugnax, 171. Macqueeu's Bustard, 154. Macrorhamphus griseus, 177. Magpie, 68. Manx Shearwater, 197. Mareca americana, 124. penelope, 123. Marsh-Harrier, 92. Marsh Tit, 27. Marsh-Titmouse, 27. Marsh Warbler, 19. Martin, 44. , Purple, 45. , Sand, 44. Martinique Gallinule, 150. Masked Gull, 191. Meadow-Pipit, 32. 220 INDEX. Meadow-Starling, American, 64. Mealy Redpole, 53. Redpoll, 53. Mecistura caudata, 25. longicaudata, 25. rosea, 25. Megalopterm stolidus, 186. Melanocorypha calandra, 72. leucoptera, 73. sibirica, 73. Melizophilus dartfordiensis, 14. provinciate, 14, undatus, 14. Merganser, Hooded, 137. , Red-breasted, 136, 137. Merganser castor, 136. cucullatus, 137. serrator, 136. Mergellus albellus, 137. Mergulus alle, 208. melanoleucos, 208. Mergus albellus, 137. castor, 136. cucullatus, 137. merganser, 136. serrator, 136. Merlin, 103. Merops apiaster, 82. philippensis, 82. Philippines, 82. Merula rosea, 66, torquata, 5. vulaaris, 4. Middle Spotted Woodpecker, 78. Milvus ictinus, 99. migrans, 99. regalis, 99. vulgaris, 99. Mimus polyglottus, 23. Missel-Thrush, 1. Mocking-bird, Northern, 23. Montagu's Harrier, 93. Monticola cyanus, 5. saxatilis, 5. Moor-hen, 151. Mormon arcticus, 208. Motacilla alba, 29. aquatica, 20. atricapilla, 12. boarula, 30. calendula, 15. campestris, 31. . cervina, 32. cinereicapilla, 31. cinereocapilla, 31. curruca, 12. Motacilla flava, 31. lugubris, 30. luscinia, 11. melanope, 30. modularis^ 22. ncevia, 20 neglecta, 31. nisoria, 13. cenanthe, 6. phcenicurus, 8. 31, 32. regulus, 14. rubecula, 10. rubetra, 7. rubicbla, 8. sibilatrix, 17. sulphurea, 30. super ciliosus, 15. svecica, 10. sylvia, 11. trochilus, 16. undata, 14. viridis, 31. yarrelli, 30. Mountain Finch, 52. Linnet, 55. Muscicapa atricapilla, 41. collans, 41. grisola, 40. luctuosa, 41. melanoptera, 41. olivacea, 39. parva, 42. Muscovy Duck, 121. Mute Swan, 119. Nauclerus furcatus, 100. Needle-tailed Swift, 74. Neophron percnopterus, 92. Night-Heron, 110. Nightingale, 11. Nightjar, 75. , Red-necked, 75. Noctua nudipes, 91. passerina, 91. tengmalmi, 89. Noddy, 186. Tern, 186. Nonpareil Finch, 46. Northern Mocking-bird, 23. Nucifraga caryocatactes, 67. Numenius ar quota, 179. borealis, 178. phceopus, 179. Nutcracker, 67. INDEX. 221 Nuthatch, 28. Nyctala acadica, 89. funerea, 89. " tengmalmij 88, 89. Nyctea nivea, 87. scandiaca, 87. Nycticorax gardeni, 110. yriseus, 110. Nyroca ferina, 130. ferruginea, 130, 131. leucophthalmos, 131. Oceanites oceanicus, 197. (Edemia fusca, 135. nigra, ]35. perspicittata, 136. (Edicnemus crepitans, loo. scolopax, 155. (Enanthe stapazina, 6. (Estrelata hasitata, 200. Oidemia fusca, 135. myra, 135. perspicillata, 136. Oreocincla aurea, 4. Oriole, Golden, 36. Oriolus ferrugineus, 65. gdlbula, 36. phosniceus, 64. Orphean Warbler, 12. Ortolan Bunting, 61. Ortygometra bailloni, 148. ere*, 149. maruetta, 147. minuta, 148. porzana, 147. Ortyx virginianus, 143. Osprey, 105. O^'s houbara, 154. maemteeni, 154. torrfa, 153. ^^m^, Io4. Otocorys alpestris, 73. O^MS brachyotos, 86. brachyotus, 86. vulyariSj 86. Ouzel, Ring, 5. Owl, American Hawk, 88. , American Screech, 90. , Barn, 85. , Eagle, 90. , European Hawk, 88. , Hawk, 88. , Little, 91. , Long-eared, 86. , Saw- whet, 89. , Scops, 89. Owl, Scops Eared, 90. , Short-eared, 86. , Snowy, 87. , Tawny, 87. , Tengmalm's, 88, 89. , White, 85. Oxylophus glandarius, 84. Oyster-catcher, 162. Pagophila eburnea, 186. Pallas's Great Grey Shrike, 37. Sand-Grouse, 140. Palumbus torquatus, 138. Pandion haliceetus, 105. haliaetus, 105. Panwus biarmicus, 24. Parrot Crossbill, 57. Partridge, 142. , Bar{)ary, 142. , Common, 142. , Red-legged, 141. Parus ater, 26. biarmicus , 24. britannicus* 26, 27. cceruleus, 27. caudatus, 25. cristatus, 28. fringtilago, 26. major, 26. palustris, 27. Passenger Pigeon, 140. Passer domesticus, 51. montanus, 51. Pastor, Rose-coloured, 66. Pastor roseus, 66. Pectoral Sandpiper, 168. Peewit, 161. Pelecanus bassanus, 106. carbo, 105. graculus, 106. onocrotalus, 107. Pelican, White, 107. Pelidna bonapartei, 168. cindus, 169. Perdix cinerea, 142. cotumix, 143. petrosa, 142. rubra, 141. rufa, 141. Peregrine Falcon, 102. Pernis apivorus, 100, 101. Petrel, Bulwer's, 200. , Capped, 200. , Forked- tailed, 196. , Fulmar, 199. , Leachyi96. 222 INDEX. Petrel, Storm, 196. , Wilson's, 197. Petrocincla saxatilis, 5. Petrocossyphus cyanus, 5. Phalacrocorax carbo, 105. . cristatus, 106. graculus, 106. Phalarope, Grey, 164. , Red-necked, 164. Phalaropus angustirostris, 164. fulicarius, 164. hyperboreus, 164. lobatus, 164. platyrhynchus, 164. Phasianus cokhicus, 141. Pheasant, 141. , Common, 141. Philomachm pugnax, 172. Philomela hiscinia, 11. Phcenicura ruticilla, 8. suecica, 10. tithys, 9. Phyllopneuste hippolais, 16. hypolais, 17. rufa, 16. sibilatrix, 17. sylvicola, 17. trochilus, 16. Phylloscopus collybittt) 16. rufus, 16. sibilatrix, 17. super ciliosus, 15. trochilus, 16. Ptca caudaia, 68. melanoleuca, 68. rustica, 68. Picoides tridactylus, 78. PS'CMS auratus, 79. major , 77. martius, 76. medius, 78. minor, 78. pipi'a, 77. pubescens, 77. striolatus, 78. tridactylus, 78. villosus, 77. viridis, 79. Pied Flycatcher, 41. Wagtail, 29, 30. Pied-billed Grebe, 205. Pigeon, Cape, 199. , Passenger, 140. , Wood, 138. Pine-Grosbeak, 56, 57. Pinicola enucleator, 56, 57. Pink-footed Goose, 116. Pintail, 124. Duck, 124. Pipit, American, 34. , Meadow, 32. , Red-throated, 32. , Richard's, 34. , Rock, 35. , Tawny, 33. , Tree, 33. , Water, 34. Platalea leucorodia, 113. Platea leucorodia, 113. Plectrophanes lapponica, 62. nivalis, 63. Plectropterus ganibensis, 114. Plegadis falcinellus, 113. Plover, ^Eastern Golden, 157. , Golden, 157. , Great, 155. , Grey, 158. , Kentish, 158. , Killdeer, 160. , Little Ringed, 159. , Ringed, 159. Pluvialis aurea, 157. morinellus, 160. squatarola, 158. Pochard, 130. , Red-crested, 128. Podiceps auritus, 203, 204. cornutus, 203. cristatus, 202. jluviatilis, 204. yriseigena, 203. nigricottis, 204. minor, 204. rubricollis, 203. Podilymbus podiceps, 205. Pcecile palustris, 27. Polish Swan, 120. Pomatprhine Skua, 194. Pomerine Skua, 194. Porphyrio cceruleus, 149, 150. martinicus, 150. smaragdonotus, 150. veterum, 150. Porzana bailloni, 148. Carolina, 147. maruetta, 147. minuta, 148. parva, 148. pygmcea, 148. Pratincola rubetra, 7. rubicola, 8. Pratincole, Collared, 155, 156. INDEX. 223 Procellaria anglorum, 197. buhveri, 200. capensis, 199. glacialis, 199. grisea, 198. hcesitata, 200. hasitata, 200. leachii, 196. leucorrhoa, 196. obscura, 198. oceanica, 197. pelagica, 196. wilsoni, 197. Progne pur pur ea, 45. Ptarmigan, 144. , Rock, 144. Pterocyanea circia, 126. Puffin, 208. Puffinus anglorum, 197. arcticus, 197. cinereus, 198. cohimbinus, 200. griseus, 198. major, 198. obscurus, 198. Purple Gallinule, 194. Heron, 108. Martin, 45. Sandpiper, 171. Pycnonotus barbatus, 35. capensis, 36. Pyrrhocorax graculus, 66. PyrrJiula enucleator, 56. erythrina, 55. europcea, 56. pileata, 56. rubicilla, 56. vulgar is, 56. Quail, 143. , Common, 143. Querquedula acuta, 124. bimacidata, 127. carolinensis, 127. circia, 126. crecca, 127. discors, 126. strepera, 125. Rail, Carolina, 147. , Water, 146, 147. Rallus aquaticus, 146. W/om, 148. carolinus, 147. croc, 149. Rallus parvus, 148. porzana, 147. Raven, 70. Hay's Wagtail, 32. Razorbill, 205. Recurvirostra avocetta, 162. Redbreast, 10. Red Grouse, 144. Redpole, Lesser, 54. , Mealy, 53. Redpoll, Greenland, 54. , Lesser, 54. , Mealy, 53. Redshank, 176. , Common, 176. , Spotted, 176. Redstart, 8. , Black, 9. Redwing, 2. Red-backed Shrike, 38. Red-breasted Flycatcher, 42. Goose, 119. Merganser, 136, 137. Snipe, 177. Red-crested Pochard, 128. Whistling Duck, 128. Red-eyed Flycatcher, 39. Red-footed Falcon, 103. Red-legged Partridge, 141. Red-necked Grebe, 203. Nightjar, 76. Phalarope, 164. Red-rumped Swallow, 43. Red-shouldered Buzzard, 94. Red-spotted Bluethroat, 10. Red-tailed Buzzard, 94. Red-throated Diver, 202. - Pipit, 32. Red-winged Starling, 64. Reed-Bunting, 62. Reed-Warbler, 18. , Great, 19. Reguloides superciliosus, 16. Regulus, Dalmatian, 16. , Fire-crested, 15. , Golden-crested, 14. Regulus atricapillus, 14. calendula, 15. cristatus, 14. flavicapillus, 14. ignicapittus, 15. modestus, 15. superciliosus, 15. Rhodostethia rosea, 192, 193. rosm, 192. Rtiynchaspis clypeata, 128. 224 INDEX. Richard's Pipit, 34. Richardson's Skua, 195. Ring-Dove, 138. Ring-Ouzel, 5. Ringed Guillemot, 206. - Plover, 159. Ring-necked Duck, 129. Rissa tridactyla, 187. Robin, American, 3. Rock-Dove, 139. Rock-Pipit, 35. Rock- Ptarmigan, 144, Rock-Thrush, 5. Roller, 82. Rook, 70. Roseate Tern, 181. Rose-coloured Pastor, 66. Rosy Bullfinch, 55. Rough-legged Buzzard, 95. Ruby-crowned Wren, 15. Ruddy Sheldrake, 122. Ruff, 171, 172. Rufous Warbler, 18. RiippelTs Tern, 182. Russet Chat, 6. Rustic Bunting, 16. Rusticola sylvest.ris, 165. Rusty Grackle, 65. Ruticilla cyanecula, 10. phcenicura, 8. phcenicurus, 8. suecica, 10. tithysj 9. titys, 9. wolf,, 9. Sabine's Gull, 193. Salicaria aquatica, 20. arundinacea, 18, 19. galactodes, 18. locustella, 21. luscinoides, 21. palustris, 19. phragmitis, 20. strepera, 18. turdoides, 19. Sanderling, 172. Sand-Grouse, Pallas's, 140. Sand-Martin, 44. Sandpiper, Bonaparte's, 168. Bartram's, 173. Broad-billed, 167. Buff-breasted, 172, 173. Common, 173, 174. Curlew, 170. Green, 174, 175. Sandpiper, Pectoral, 168. , Purple, 171. , Schinz's, 168. , Solitary, 175. , Spotted, 174. , AVood, 175. , Yellow-shanked, 176. Sandwich Tern, 183. Savi's Warbler, 21. Saw-whet Owl, 80. Saxicola deserti, 7. cenanthe, 6. rubetra, 7. rufa, 6. saxicola, 8. stapazina, 6. Scaup, 129. Duck, 129. Schinz's Sandpiper, 168. Schcenicola arundinacea, 62. Sclavonian Grebe, 203. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, 65. Scolopax cegocephala, 178. ar quota, 179. borealis, 178. ccelestis, 166. canescens, 177. flavipes, 176. fusca, 176. yallinago, 166. 'gallinula, 167. ffrisea, 177. lapponica, 177. major, 165. ph'ceopus, 179. rusticola, 165. rusticula, 165. subarquata, 170. wilsonii, 166. Scopoli's Tern, 184. Scops aldrovandi, 89. asio, 90. giu, 89, 90. zorca, 90. Scops Eared Owl, 90. Owl, 89. Scoter, Common, 135. , Surf, 136. , Velvet, 135. Sedge-Warbler, 20. Seed-eater, Yellow-rumped, 48. Serin, 49. Serinus canarius, 49. hortulanus, 49. Shag, 100. INDEX. 99 Shearwater, Dusky, 198. , Greater, 198. , Manx, 197. , Sooty, 198. Sheldrake, Common, 122. , Ruddy, 122. Shore-Lark, 73. Short-eared Owl, 86. Short-toed Lark, 72. Shoveller, 128. Shrike, American Grey, 37. , Great Grey, 37. , Lesser Grey, 38. , Pallas's Great Grey, 37. , Red-backed, 38. , Woodchat, 39. Siberian Thrush, 4. SiUlatrix locustella, 21. Siskin, 48. Sitta ccesia, 28. europcea, 28. Skua, Buffon's, 195. , Common, 194. , Pomatorhine, 194. , Pomerine, 194. , Richardson's, 195. Sky-Lark, 71. Smew, 137. Snipe, Brown, 177. Common, 160. Great, 165. Jack, 167. Red-breasted, 177. Wilsons, 166. Snow-Bunting, 63. Snowy Owl, 87. Solitary Sandpiper, 175. Somateria dispar, 133. mollissima, 134. spectabilis, 134. stelleri, 133. Song-Sparrow. White-throated. 63. Song-Thrush, 1. Sooty Shearwater, 198. Tern, 183. Sparrow, Hedge, 22. , House, 51. , Tree, 51. , White-throated Song, 63. Sparrow-Hawk, 98. Spatula clypeata, 128. Spiza ciris, 46. Spoonbill, 113. , White, 113. Spotted Crake, 147. Spotted Eagle, 96. Flycatcher, 40. Redshank, 176. Sandpiper, 174. Spur- winged Goose, 114. Squacco Heron, 109. Squatarola cinerea, 158. helvetica, 158. Starling, 65. , American Meadow, 64. , Common, 65. , Red-winged, 64. Stelleria dispar, 133. Steller's Duck, 133. Western Duck, 133. Stercorarius catarrhactes, 194. cepphus, 195. crepidatus, 195. longicaudus, 195. parasiticus, 195. pomarinus, 194. pomatorhinus, 194. Sterna ancestheta, 184. anglica, 182. antillarum, 182. arctica, 180. bergii, 182. boysii, 183. cantiaca, 183. caspia, 182. dougalli, 181. Jissipes, 185. jftaviatilis, 180, 181. fuliginosa, 183. hirundo, 180. hybrida, 184. leucopareia, 184. leucoptera, 185. macroura, 180. macrura, 180. minuta, 181. nigra, 185. paradisea, 181. Philadelphia, 192. stolida, 186. velox, 182. Sternula minuta, 181. Stilt, Black-winged, 163. Stint, American, 170. , Little, 169. , Temminck's, 169, 170. Stock-Dove, 138. Stonechat, 8. Stone-Curlew, 155. Stork, Black, 112. , White, 112. B 226 INDEX. -Storm-Petrel, 196. Strepsilas interpres, 161. Strix acadica, 89. - aluco, 87. - asio, 90. - brachyotis, 86. - brachyotos, 86. - bubo, 90. - flammea, 85. - funerea, 88. - nisoria, 88. - noctua, 91. - nyctea, 87. otas, 86. - scandiaca, 87. - scops, 89. tengmalmi, 88. - w/ttfo, 88. Strobilophaga enucleator, 56. Sturnella ludoviciana, 64. - magna, 64. Sturnus cinclus, 24. - collar is, 23. - guttatus, 65. - ludovicianus, 64. - vulgaris, 65. $wfo o#a, 106. bassana, 106. Summer Duck, 123. Surf-Scoter, 136. Surma funerea, 88. nyctea, 87. 88. Swallow, 42, 43. - , Chestnut-bellied, 42. - , Eed-rumped, 43. - , White-bellied, 43. Swallow-tailed Kite, 100. Swan, American, 120. - , Bewick's, 121. - , Mute, 119. - , Polish, 120. - , Trumpeter, 121. - , Whooper, 120. Swift, 74. - , Alpine, 74. - , Common, 74. - , Needle-tailed, 74. - , White-bellied, 74. Sylbeocyclus europceus, 204. Sylochelidon caspia, 182. Sylvia aquatica, 20. - arundinacea, 18. - atracapilla, 12. - atricapilla, 12. - cariceti, 20. Sylvia cetti, 22. cinerea, 11. curruca, 12. galactodes, 18. garrula, 12. hippolais, 16, 17. hortensis, 13. hypolais, 17. icterina, 17. ignicapilla, 15. locustella, 20. luscinia, 11. Imcinioicles, 21. nisoria, 13. orphea, 12. palustris, 19. phonicurus, 8. phragmitis, 20. rubecula, 10. nt^rt, 11, 16. salicaria, 13. sericea, 22. rix, 17. . strepera, 18. suecica, 10. sylvicola, 17. -ip- sylviella, 12. tithys, 9. trochilus, 16. turdoides, 19. undata, 14. (Calamoherpe) lusdnioides, 21. ( Cyanecula) leucocyana, (Salicaria) lusdnioides, 21. Syrnia funerea, 88. nyctea, 87. psilodactyla, 91. Syrnium aluco, 87. stridula, 87. Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 140. Tachybaptesjluviatilis, 204. Tachycineta bicolor, 43. Tadorna casarca, 122. - cornuta, 122. , 122. vulpanser, 122. Tantalus falcinellus, 113. Tawny Owl, 87. - Pipit, 33. Teal, American Green- winged, 127. INDEX. 227 Teal, Blue-winged, 126. , Common, 127. Tengmalm's Owl, 88, 89. Tern, Arctic, 180. , Black, 185. , Caspian, 182. , Common, 180. , Gull-billed, 182, 183. , Lesser, 181. , Noddy, 186. , Roseate, 181. , Riippell's, 182. , Sandwich, 183. , Scopoli's, 184. , Sooty, 183. , Whiskered, 184. , White- winged Black, 185. Tetrao coturnix, 143. lagopus, 144. mutus, 144. paradoxa, 140. perdix, 142. petrosus, 142. rufus, 141. rupestris, 144. scoticus, 144. tetrix, 145. urogallus, 145. viryinianus, 143. Thalassidroma bulwerii, 200. leachii, 196. leucorrhoa, 196. oceanica, 197. pelagica, 196. wilsonii, 197. Thremmaphilus roseus, 66. Thrush, Black-throated, 3. , Blue Rock, 5. , Gold-vented, 36. , Missel, 1 . , Rock, 5. , Siberian, 4. , Song, 1. , White's, 3, 4. Tichodroma muraria, 46. Tinnunculus alaudarius, 104. cenchris, 104. vespertinus, 103. Tit, Bearded, 24. , Blue, 27. , Cole, 27. , Crested, 28. , Great, 26. , Long-tailed, 25. , Marsh, 27. Titmouse, Bearded, 24. Blue, 27. British Coal, 26. Long-tailed, 25. Continental Coal, 26. Crested, 28. Great, 26. Marsh, 27. White-headed Long- tailed, 25. Totanus bartramii, 173. - calidris, 176. - cane8cens f 177. 176. - fuscus, 176. - glareola, 175. - glottis, 177. - hypoleucos, 174. - macularius, 174. - ochropus, 174. - solitarius, 175. Tree-Creeper, 45. Tree-Pipit, 33. Tree-Sparrow, 51. Tringa alpina, 169. - arenaria, 172. - bonapartii, 168. - calidris, 176. - canutus, 171. - cinclus, 169. - fulicaria, 164. - fuscicollis, 168. - glareola, 175. - helvetica, 158. - hyperborea, 164. - hypoleucos, 173. - interpres, 161. - islandica, 171. - longicauda, 173. - macularia, 174. - maculata, 168. - maritima, 171. - minuta, 169. - minulilla, 170. - ocrophuSj 174. - pectoralis, 168. - platyrhyncha, 167. - platyrincha, 167. - pugnaXj 171. - pusitta, 170. - pygmcea, 167. - schinzii, 168. - solitaria, 175. - striata, 171. - subarquata, 170. - temminckii, 169, 170. 228 INDEX. Tringa vanellus, 161. - variability 169. Tringites rufescens, 173. Tringoides bartramius, 173. hypoleuciiSj 173, 174. - macularius, 174. - rufescens, 173. Troglodytes europcem, 29. - parvuluSj 29. - vulgaris, 29. Trumpeter Swan, 121. Tryngites rufescens, 172. Tufted Duck, 129. Turdus atrigularis, 3. - atrogularis, 3. - aureus, 4. - aurigaster, 36. - barbatus, 35. - bechsteinii, 3, 4. - capensis, 36. - cyanus, 5. - iliacus, 2. - merula, 4. - migratorim, 3. - musicus, 1. - pilaris, 2. - polyglottos, 23. - roseus, 66. saxatilisj 5. - sibiricus, 4. - torquatus, 5. - varius, 3. - viscivoruSj 1. - whitei, 4. Turnix africanus, 146. - sylvatica, 146. Turnstone, 161. Turtle Dove, 139. Turtur auritus, 139. - communis, 139. - vulgar is, 139. Twite, 54. Two-barred Crossbill, 58. /MCO, 87. - te.ngmalmi, 88. Upupa epops, 83. J7no arra, 207. - brimnichii, 207. - ^ry/fc, 207. hringvia, 206. - lacrymans, 206. - lomvia, 206. - ringvia, 206. - fowfe, 206. Vtamania torda, 205. Vanellus cristatus, 161. vulgaris, 161. Velvet Scoter, 135. FVreo altiloqrmts, 39. olivaceus, 39. Vireosylvia olivacea, 39. Virginian Colin, 143. Fw&wr albiulla, 97. fulvus, 91. percnopterus, 92. Vulture, Egyptian, 92. , Griffon, 91. Wagtail, Blue-headed Yellow, 31. , Grey, 30. , Grey-headed Yellow, 31. , Pied, 29, 30. , Ray's, 32. , White, 29. , Yellow, 31. Wall-creeper, 46. Warbler, Barred, 13. , Blackcap, 12. , Blue-throated, 10. , Cetti's, 22. , Dartford, 14. , Garden, 13. , Grasshopper, 20, 21. , Great Reed, 19. , Icterine, 17. , Marsh, 19. , Orphean, 12. , Reed, 18. , Rufous, 18. , Savi's, 21. , Sedge, 20. , Willow, 16. , Wood, 17. , Yellow-browed, 15. Water-Pipit, 34. Water-Rail, 146, 147. Wax wing, 39. , Bohemian, 40. VVheatear, 6. , Black-throated, 6. , Desert, 7. Whimbrel, 179. Whinchat, 7. Whiskered Tern, 184. Whistling Duck, Red-crested, 128. White Owl, 85. Pelican, 107. Spoonbill, 113. - Stork, 112. INDEX. 229 Whitethroat, 11. , Common, 11. , Lesser, 12. White Wagtail, 29. White-bellied Swallow, 43. Swift, 74. White-collared Flycatcher, 40. White-eyed Duck, 130. White-fronted Goose, 116. White-headed Long-tailed Tit- mouse, 25. White's Thrush, 3, 4. White-spotted Bluethroat, 9. White-tailed Eagle, 97. White-throated Song-Sparrow, 63. White-winged Black Tern, 185. Grosbeak, 46. Lark, 73. Whooper Swan, 120. Wigeon, 123. , American, 124. W T ild Duck, 125. Willow- Warbler, 16. Wilson's Petrel, 197. Snipe, 166. Windhover, 104. Woodchat, 38. Shrike, 39. Woodcock, 165. Wood-Grouse, 145. Wood-Lark, 71. Woodpecker, Downy, 77. , European Three-toed, 78. , Golden-winged, 79. , Great Black, 76. , Spotted, 77. , Green, 79. , Hairy, 77. , Lesser Spotted, 78. , Middle Spotted, 78. Wood-Pigeon, 138. Wood-Sandpiper, 175. Wood-Warbler, 17. Wren, 29. , Ruby-crowned, 15. Wryneck, 80. Xema sabinii, 193. Yellow-billed American Cuckoo, 84. Cuckoo, 84. Diver, 201. Yellow-browed Warbler, 15. Yellow Bunting, 60. Hammer, 60. Yellowshank, 176. Yellow Wagtail, 31. Yellow-rumped Seed-eater, 48. Yellow-shanked Sandpiper, 176. Yunx torquilla, 80. Zonotrichia albicollis, 63. THE iND. Printed by TAYLOR and FRANCIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-25m-6,'66(G3855s4)458 N9 569366 British Ornithologists 1 Union. A list of British birds. QL690 G7 B77 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS