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PRE FAO E. 
 
 Historical statements awaken in the average mind an interest which proves 
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 been excluded by the plan of the book, which permits only brief extracts. It is 
 merely claimed that a large class of historical facts and fancies which have aided 
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 peoples. Those taken from the Holy Scriptures have been published in a volume 
 by themselves, entitled " Biblical Lights and Side Lights." 
 
 It has been the aim of the compiler to present each quotation complete in itself, 
 so that it may not be necessary to examine the authority quoted ; yet each may be 
 verified by the reader and the connections studied by following the reference which 
 concludes each article. The articles quote the exact words of the various authors, 
 except where otherwise expressed by brackets. The title, catchword and compiler's 
 addendum, in brackets, will usually so complete the meaning of the quotation 
 that it will not be necessary to make further examination of the historical connec- 
 tions. When more information is desired, it may frequently be found in the large 
 cyclopaedias by those who have not at hand the authorities to which reference is 
 made. 
 
 A list of authorities quoted in this volume may be found on another page. 
 
 Charles E. Little. . 
 East Orange, N. J., November 3, 1885. 
 
 387292 
 
INDEX OF AUTHORS. 
 
 AUTHOKS. Titles. 
 
 ABBOTT, JOHN S. C... History of Napoleon Bonaparte* 
 
 ARNOLD, THOMAS Hannibal. 
 
 BAKER, SAMUEL W In the Heart of Africa. 
 
 BANCROFT, GEO History of the United States. 6vola. 
 
 BLAINE, JAMES Q Tiventy Years of Congress, Vol. L 
 
 BOSWELL, JAMES lilfe of Samuel Johnson, l>.I»» 
 
 BUNSEN Martin Liuther. 
 
 €ARLYLE, THOMAS Robert Burns. 
 
 " " History of the French Revolatlon. 4 VOla 
 
 " '♦ Frederick the Great. 4 vols. 
 
 " " Croethe. 
 
 CREASY Fifteen Decisive Battles of the "World, 
 
 CUSTIS, GEO. W. P Recollections and Private memoirs of 
 
 W^asliington. 2 vols. 
 
 DOWDEN, PROP Southey. 
 
 FARRAR, CANON Early Bays of Christianity. 
 
 FORBES, ARCHIBALD Chinese Gordon. 
 
 PROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY Csesar. 
 
 " " " John Bunyan. 
 
 «1IBB0N, EDWARD The Decline and Fall of the Romaa 
 
 Fmpire. 6 vols. 
 
 GREEN, J. R I^arger History of the English People. 
 
 FOWLER, THOMAS liOcke. 
 
 EEADLEY, J. T Life and Travels of General Grant. 
 
 HOOD, PAXTON lilfe of Cromwell. 
 
 BUTTON, R,H Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 IRVING, WASHINGTON lilfe of Christopher Columbus. 4volB. 
 
 " " lilfe of Goldsmith. 
 
 KNIGHT, CHARLES The Popular History of England. Svdbk 
 
 LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 " " " mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 '' « u Turkey. 
 
 LESTER, EDWARDS C lilfe of Peter Cooper. 
 
 " •• " lilfe of Sam Houston. 
 
 MACAULAY, THOMAS BABETGTON History of Englan d. 2 vote. 
 
 ♦» " » Life of Frederick the Great* 
 
 " •• »» William Pitt. 
 
 " " " niilton. 
 
 MICHELET, JULES Joan of Arc. 
 
 MORLEY, JOHN Burke. 
 
 MORRISON, J. C Gibbon. 
 
 MULLER,MRS Life of George Uliiller. 
 
 MYERS, J... Wordsw^orlh. 
 
 NORTON, FRANK H... Life of Alexander H. Stepheaa* 
 
 PABTON. JAMES Brief Biographies. 
 
INDEX OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Brief Biographies include the following names : 
 
 Adams, John. Crockett, David. Hudson, Henry. Peel, Sir Eobert. 
 
 Adams, Mrs. John. D'Albuquerque, Alphonse. Irving, Washington. Peter the Great. 
 
 Adams, Samuel. Davy, Sir Humphry. Jackson, Andrew. His Pizarro, Francesco. 
 
 Alfonso I. of Portugal. Decatur, Death of Com. Marriage. Pocahontas. 
 
 Aristotle. De Champiain, Samuel. Jefferson, Thomas. Poe, Edgar Allan. 
 
 Ark Wright, Richard. Dias, Bartholomew. Jefferson at Home, Thos. Quincy, Josiah. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict Douglas, Stephen A. Jerome, Chaancey. Eothschild, Maier. 
 
 Audubon. Drake, Sir Francis. Jones, Paul. Eumford, Count. 
 
 Aurelius, Marcus. Faraday, Michael. Knox, Henry. Silliman, Prof. 
 
 Bismarck, Prince. Fitch, Poor John. La Fayette. Shakespeare, What Is 
 
 Bolivar. Frobisher, Sir Martin, Law, John. Known of. 
 
 Bryant, Wm. Cnllen. Franklin, Benjamin. Lawrence, James. Sidney, Algernon. 
 
 Byron, Early Life of Lord. Franklin, Sir John. Louis Philippe in the U. S. Sparks, Jared. 
 
 Burr, Aaron. Fulton, Robert. Madison's Married Life, Sutter, John A 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian. Galileo. Prest. Virgil, The Poet. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques. Garibaldi. Magalhaens, Fernando. Voltaire and Catharine ot 
 
 Catos, The Two. Goodyear, Charles. Mathew, Father. Russia. 
 
 Charles xn. Gustavus III. Milton, The Poet. Washington at Home. 
 
 Colburn, Zerah. Hahnemann, Doctor. Morse, Professor. Washington, Inauguration^ 
 
 Copernicus, Nicholas. Hamilton, Alexander. Morton, Dr. W. T. G. of. 
 
 Confucius. Hargreaves, James. Mott, Dr. Valentine. Ward, Artemns. 
 
 Cook, Captain. Harvard, John. Newton, Sir Isaac. Watt, James, 
 
 Cooper, Fenimore. Howard, John. Palmerston, Lord. Webster, DanieL 
 
 Cooper, Peter. Horace, The Poet. Parry, Sir William. Whitney, Eli. 
 
 Cortez, Hernando. Howe, Ellas. Pascal, Blaise. Tale, Elihu. 
 
 PATTISON, MASK ITIllton. 
 
 PLUTARCH ...Plutarcli's LiTes^ 
 
 Including the lives of the following persons: 
 
 /Emilins, Panloi. Cato the Younger. Gracchus, Tiberius. Philopoemen, 
 
 Agesilaus. Cicero. Gracchus, Cains. Pyrrhus. 
 
 Agis. Cimon. Lycurgus. Phocion. 
 
 Alcibiades. Cleomenes. Lysander. Pompey. 
 
 Alexander. Coriolanus, Cains Marctna. LucuUus. Romulus. 
 
 Antony. Crassns, Marcus. Marius, Caius. Sertorius, 
 
 Aratus. Demosthenes. Marcellns. Solon. 
 
 Aristides. Demetrius. Nicias. Sylla. 
 
 Artaxerxes. Dion. Numa. Theseus. 
 
 Brutus. Enmenes. Otho. Themistocleft 
 
 Caesar, Julius. Fabius Maximns. Publicola. Tlmoleon. 
 
 Camillus. Flaminius, Titus Qnintius. Pericles. 
 
 Cato the Censor. Qalba. Pelopidas. 
 
 RAYMOND, HENRY J Life and Public Serrices of Abrabam lilncoln. 
 
 REIN, WILLIAM I,lfe of martin Lntber. 
 
 RIDPATH, JOHN CLARK. Popular History of tbe United States. 
 
 ROLLIN, CHARLES Ancient History. 
 
 SMILES, SAMUEL. Brief Biographies. 
 
 Biographies of the following persons: 
 
 Arnold, Dr. Combe, Dr. Andrew. Hook, Theodore. Poe, Edgar Allan. 
 
 Audubon, John James. Disraeli, Benjamin. Hunt, Leigh Stephenson, Robert 
 
 Browning, Elizabeth B. Gladstone, Wm. Ewart. Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. Hawthorne, NathanieL Miller, Hugh. 
 
 SCHILLER, JOHANN C. P. VON History of tbe Tblrty Vears» 'War, 
 
 SHAIRP, PRINCIPAL , Burns. 
 
 SMITH, GODWIN Cowper. 
 
 STEPHEN, LESLIE Pope. 
 
 STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY I.lfe of Wasblngton Irrlme. 
 
 SYMONDS, J. A . Shelley. 
 
 TROLLOPE, ANTHONY Tbackeray. 
 
 TYNDALL, JOHN Count Rumford. 
 
 TYTLER, ALEXANDER P Universal History. 
 
 WARD, A. W €haucer. 
 
HISTOKICAL LIGHTS. 
 
 l.ABiJfDONMENT, Inhuman. Moslems. The 
 rapine of the Carmathians [a fanatical Turkish 
 sect] was sanctified by their aversion to the 
 worship of Mecca ; they robbed a caravan of 
 pilgrims, and twenty thousand devout Moslems 
 were abandoned on the burning sands to a death 
 of hunger and thirst. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53. 
 
 2. ABANDONMENT, A mortifying. Bp. T. 
 HaZl. The infamous Timothy Hall, who had 
 distinguished himself among the clergy of Lon- 
 don by reading the declaration [issued by James 
 II. to supplant the Protestant faith], was re- 
 warded with the bishopric of Oxford. . . . Hall 
 came to his see ; but the canons of his cathedral 
 refused to attend his installation ; the university 
 refused to create him a doctor ; not a single one 
 of the academic youth applied to him for holy or- 
 ders ; no cap was touched to him ; and in his 
 palace he found himself alone. — Macaiilay's 
 History of England, ch. 9. 
 
 3. ABILITIES misapplied. Frederick II. and 
 Voltaire. [France sent Voltaire to negotiate a 
 
 difficult alliance. ] The negotiation was of an ex- 
 traordinary description. Nothing can be conceiv- 
 •ed more whimsical than the conferences which 
 took place between the first literary man and the 
 first practical man of the age, whom a strange 
 weakness had induced to exchange their parts. 
 The great poet would talk of nothing but treaties 
 and guaranties, and the gi-eat king of nothing 
 but metaphors and rhymes. On one occasion 
 Voltaire put into his Majesty's hand a paper on 
 the state of Europe, and received it back with 
 verses scrawled on the margin. In secret they 
 both laughed at each other. Voltaire did not 
 «pare the king's poems ; and the king has left 
 on record his opinion of Voltaire's diplomacy. — 
 Macaulay's Frederick the Great, p. 39. 
 
 4. ABILITIES, Numerous. Boman Emp. Jus- 
 tinian. The emperor professed himself a musi- 
 cian and architect, a poet and philosopher, a 
 lawyer and theologian ; and if he failed in the 
 enterprise of reconciling the Christian sects, the 
 review of the Roman jurisprudence is a noble 
 monument of his spirit and industry. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 43. 
 
 5. ABILITIES overrated. Pompey. Unfortu- 
 nately he had acquired a position by his nega- 
 tive virtues which was above his natural level, 
 and misled him into overrating his capabilities. 
 So long as he stood by Caesar he had maintained 
 liifi honor and his authority. He allowed men ; 
 
 more cunning than himself to play upon his 
 vanity, and Pompey fell — fell amid the ruins of 
 a Constitution which had been undermined by 
 the villainies of its representatives. His end 
 was piteous, but scarcely tragic, for the cause 
 to which he was sacrificed was too slightly re- 
 moved from being ignominious. He was no 
 Phoebus Apollo sinking into the ocean, sur- 
 rounded with glory. He was not even a brill- 
 iant meteor. He was a weak, good man, whom 
 accident had thrust into a place to which he 
 was unequal ; and ignorant of himself, and 
 unwilling to part with his imaginary great- 
 ness, he was flung down with careless cruelty by 
 the forces which were dividing the world.— 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 28. 
 
 6. ABILITIES shown. In Youth. When Phi- 
 lonicus, the Thessalian, offered the horse named 
 Bucephalus in sale to Philip, at the price of 
 thirteen talents, the king, with the prince and 
 many others, went into the field to see some 
 trial made of him. The horse appeared ex- 
 tremely vicious and unmanageable, and was so 
 far from suffering himself to be mounted, that 
 he would not bear to be spoken to, but turned 
 fiercely upon all the grooms. Philip was dis- 
 pleased, and bade them take him away. But 
 Alexander, who had observed him well, said, 
 "What a horse are they losing, for want of 
 skill and spirit to manage him !" Philip at first 
 took no notice of this ; but, upon the prince's 
 often repeating the same expression, and show- 
 ing great uneasiness, he said, "Young man, you 
 find fault with your elders, as if you knew more 
 than they, or could manage the horse better." 
 " And I certainly could," answered the prince. 
 " If you should not be able to ride him, what 
 forfeiture will you submit to for your rash- 
 ness ?" "I will pay the price of the horse." 
 Upon this all the company laughed, but the 
 king and prince agreeing as to the forfeiture, 
 Alexander ran to the horse, and, laying hold on 
 the bridle, turned him to the sun ; for he had 
 observed, it seems, that the shadow which fell 
 before the horse, and continually moved as he 
 moved, greatly disturbed him. While his fierce- 
 ness and fury lasted, he kept speaking to him 
 softly and stroking him ; after which he gently 
 let fall his mantle, leaped lightly upon his back, 
 and got his seat very safe. Then, without pull- 
 ing the reins too hard, or using either whip or 
 spur, he set him a going. As soon as he per- 
 ceived his uneasiness abated, and that he wanted 
 
LABILITIES— ABSTINENCE. 
 
 only to run, he put him in a full gallop, and 
 pushed <l?iiii ou both with the voice siiid spur. 
 Philip and all his court were In great distress 
 for him at first, and a profound silence took 
 place. But when the prince had turned him 
 and brought him straight back, they all received 
 him with loud acclamations, except his father, 
 who wept for joy, and, kissing him, said, " Seek 
 another kingdom, my son, that may be worthy 
 of thy abilities ; for Macedonia is too small for 
 thee." — Plutarch. 
 
 7, ABILITIES, Useless. John Dryden. Reign 
 of James II. The help of Dryden was welcome 
 to those Roman Catholic divines who were pain- 
 fully sustaining a conflict against all that was 
 most illustrious in the Established Church. . . . 
 The first service which he was required to 
 perform, in return for his pension, Avas to de- 
 fend his [Catholic] Church in prose against Stil- 
 lingfleet. But the art of saying things well is 
 useless to a man who has nothing to say ; and 
 this was Dryden's case. He soon found him- 
 self unequally paired with an antagonist whose 
 whole life had been one long training for 
 controversy. The veteran gladiator disarmed the 
 novice, inflicted a few contemptuous scratches, 
 and turned away to encounter more formidable 
 combatants. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7. 
 
 §. ABNEGATION of Self. Ma/rtin LutJier. 
 A.D. 1518. [He journeyed on foot to meet the pa- 
 pal ambassador at Augsburg.] " My thoughts," 
 said he afterward, " on the journey were these : 
 Now I must die ; and often did I remark. What 
 a reproach will I be to my parents !" When in 
 the neighborhood of Augsburg Luther was over- 
 come by bodily weariness. Faint-hearted friends 
 had often warned him on the way not to enter 
 Augsburg. But in reply to them he said, " In 
 Augsburg, even in the midst of mine enemies, 
 Jesus Christ also reigns. May Christ live, even 
 if Martin should die." — Rein's Life of Lu- 
 ther, ch. 5. 
 
 9, ABSENCE condemned. King George II. 
 A.D. 1736. People of all ranks were indignant 
 at the king's long stay in Germany [during all 
 the summer and autumn]. On the gate of St. 
 James' palace this notice was stuck up : " Lost or 
 strayed out of this house a man who has left a wife 
 and six children on the parish. Whoever will 
 give any tidings of him to the church-wardens 
 of St. James' parish, so as he may be got again, 
 shall receive four shillings ana sixpence re- 
 ward. — N.B. This reward will not be increased, 
 nobody judging him to deserve a crown." — 
 Knight's Eng. , ch. 6. 
 
 10. ABSENCE, Reasonable. Trial of Charles 
 II. The judges assembled in the vast Gothic 
 hall of Westminster, the palace of the Commons. 
 At the first calling over of the list of members 
 designed to compose the tribunal [to try the 
 king] , when the name of Fairfax was pronounced 
 without response, a voice from the crowd of 
 spectators cried out, " He has too much sense to 
 be here. " When the act of accusation against the 
 king was read, in the name of the people of Eng- 
 land, the same voice again replied, "Not one 
 tenth of them !" The oflicer commanding the 
 guard ordered the soldiers to fire upon the gal- 
 lery from whence these rebellious words proceed- 
 ed, when it was discovered that they had been 
 
 uttered by Lady Fairfax, the wife of the lord- 
 general. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 42. 
 
 11. ABSOLUTION in Advance. Elevation of 
 Julius II. We understand from Burcard, that, 
 it was at this time an established custom for 
 every new pope, immediately after his election, 
 and as the first act of his apostolical function, to 
 give a full absolution to all the cardinals of all 
 the crimes they might thereafter commit of what- 
 ever nature and degree. — Tytler's Hist. , vol. 
 2, ch. 14. 
 
 12. ABSOLUTION, Costly. Palmlogus (Mi- 
 chael), the usurper of Constantinople, was ex- 
 communicated from the Greek Church because 
 of cruelty. [See No. 1335.] The Christian who- 
 had been separated from God and the Church 
 became an object of horror ; and in a turbulent 
 and fanatical capital, that horror might arm the 
 hand of an assassin or inflame a sedition of the 
 people. Palseologus felt his danger, confessed 
 his guilt, and deprecated his judge ; the act was 
 irretrievable ; the prize [a kingdom] was obtain- 
 ed ; and the most rigorous penance which he 
 solicited would have raised the sinner to the- 
 reputation of a saint. The unrelenting patriarch 
 [Arsenius] refused to announce any means of 
 atonement or any hopes of mercy ; and conde- 
 scended only to pronounce, that for so great a 
 crime, great indeed must be the satisfaction. 
 " Do you require," said Michael, " that I should. 
 abdicate the empire ?" and at these words he of- 
 fered or seemed to offer the sword of state. Ar- 
 senius [the patriarch] eagerly grasped this pledge 
 of sovereignty ; but when he perceived that the 
 emperor was unwilling to purchase absolution at 
 so dear a rate, he indignantly escaped to his 
 cell, and left the royal sinner kneeling and 
 weeping at the door. The danger and scandal 
 of this excommunication subsisted above three 
 years, till the popular clamor was assuaged by 
 time and repentance. . . . Arsenius . . . denied 
 with his last breath the pardon which was im- 
 plored. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 62. 
 
 13. ABSOLUTION desired. Death of CharUs' 
 II. A.D. 1685. [The French ambassador] Baril- 
 lon hastened to the bed-chamber [of Charles II.], 
 took the duke [of York] aside, and delivered the 
 message of the mistress [of Charles — the Duch- 
 ess of Portsmouth, who entreated that a priest be 
 called, as the king was a Catholic at heart] . The 
 conscience of James [the Duke of York] smote 
 him. . . . Several schemes were discussed and 
 rejected. At last the duke commanded the 
 crowd to stand aloof, went to the bed and 
 stooped down, and whispered something which 
 none of the spectators could hear, but which 
 they supposed to be some question of State. 
 Charles answered in an audible voice, "Yes, 
 yes, with all my heart. " None of the bystanders, 
 except the French ambassador, guessed that the 
 king was declaring his wish to be admitted into 
 the bosom of the Church of Rome. "Shall I 
 bring a priest ?" said the duke. "Do, brother," 
 said the sick man. "For God's sake do, and 
 lose no time. But no; you will get into trouble." 
 " If it costs me my life," said the duke, " I will 
 fetch a priest. " [The priest was secretly brought 
 and the king absolved.] — Macaulay's Hist, of 
 Eng., ch. 4. 
 
 14. ABSTINENCE, Certainty by. Dr. Sarrmel. 
 Johnson, a. d. 1778. Talking of drinking wine,. 
 
ABSTINENCE— ABUSE. 
 
 he said : " I did not leave off wine because I 
 could not bear it. I have drunk three bottles 
 of port without being the worse for it. Univer- 
 sity College has witnessed this." Boswell : 
 " Why, then, sir, did you leave it off ?" John- 
 son : " Why, sir, because it is so much better for 
 a man to be sure that he is never to be intoxicat- 
 ed, never to lose the power over himself. I 
 shall not begin to drink wine till I grow old and 
 want it." BoswELL : "I think, sir, you once 
 said to me that not to drink wine was a great 
 deduction from life." Johnson : " It is a dim- 
 inution of pleasure, to be sure ; but I do not say 
 a diminution of happiness. There is more hap- 
 piness in being rational." — BoswelIi's Johnson, 
 p. 366. 
 
 15. ABSTINENCE, Limit of. Diverse. Fodere 
 states that some workmen buried in a damp 
 quarry were extricated alive after a period 
 of fourteen days ; while after the wreck of the 
 Medusa, the sufferers on the raft, exposed to a 
 high temperature and constant exertion, at the 
 end of three davs, although they still had a 
 small quantity of wine, were so famished that 
 they commenced devouring the dead bodies of 
 their companions. Dr. Willan has recorded a 
 case in which, under the influence of religious 
 delusion, a young man lived sixty days, taking 
 during that time nothing but a little water fla- 
 vored with orange juice. Dr. M'Naughton, of 
 Albany, gives a similar instance, during which a 
 young man lived fifty-four days on water alone. 
 — Amekican Cyc, " Abstinence." 
 
 16. ABSTINENCE, Prudential. Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson, a.d, 1776. Finding him still persevering 
 in his abstinence from wine, I ventured to speak 
 to him of it. Johnson : " Sir, I have no objec- 
 tion to a man's drinking wine, if he can do it in 
 moderation. I found myself apt to go to excess 
 in it, and therefore, after having been for some 
 time without it, on account of illness, I thought 
 it better not to return to it. Every man is to 
 judge for himself, according to the effects which 
 he experiences. One of the Fathers tells us that 
 he found fasting made him so peevish, that he 
 did not practise it." — Boswbll's Johnson, 
 p. 275. 
 
 17. ABSTINENCE, Twofold. Greek Emp. 
 Andronicus. [Being deposed by his grandson] 
 his calamities were embittered by the gradual 
 extinction of sight ; his confinement was ren- 
 dered each day more rigorous ; and during the 
 absence and sickness of his grandson, his inhu- 
 man keepers, by threats of instant death, com- 
 pelled him to exchange the purple for the mo- 
 nastic habit and profession. The monk Antony 
 [as he was now called] had renounced the pomp 
 of the world ; yet he had occasion for a coarse 
 fur in the winter season, and as wine was for- 
 bidden by his confessor, and water by his phy- 
 sician, the sherbet of Egypt was his conxmon 
 drink. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63. 
 
 18. ABSTINENCE, Unconscious. The Poet 
 Shelley. Mrs. Shelley used to send him some- 
 thing to eat into the room where he habitually 
 studied ; but the plate frequently remained un- 
 touched for hours upon a bookshelf, and at the 
 end of the day he might be heard asking, " Mary, 
 have I dined ?" — Symonds's Shelley, ch. 4. 
 
 19. ABSTEACTION, Art of. "Waistcoat But- 
 ton." He had long desired to get above a school- 
 
 fellow in his class, who defied all his efforts, till 
 Scott noticed that whenever a question was 
 asked of his rival, the lad's fingers grasped a 
 particular button on his waistcoat, while his 
 mind went in search of the answer. Scott 
 accordingly anticipated that if he could re- 
 move this button, the boy would be thrown 
 out, and so it proved. The button was cut 
 off, and the next time the lad was questioned, 
 his fingers being unable to find the button, and 
 his eyes going in perplexed search after his fin- 
 gers, he stood confounded, and Scott mastered 
 by strategy the place he could not gain by mere 
 industry. "Often in after-life," said Scott, in 
 narrating the manoeuvre to Rogers, "has the 
 sight of him smote me as I passed by him ; and 
 often have I resolved to make him some repa- 
 ration, but it ended in good resolutions. — Hut- 
 ton's Life of Sir W. Scott, ch. 1. 
 
 20. ABSTEACTION, Blunders by. Sir I. New- 
 ton. Several anecdotes are preserved of his ab- 
 sence of mind. On one occasion, when he was 
 giving a dinner to some friends, he left the table 
 to get them a bottle of wine ; but on his way to 
 the cellar he fell into reflection, forgot his errand 
 and his company, went to his chamber, put on 
 his surplice, and proceeded to the chapel. 
 Sometimes he would go into the street half 
 dressed, and, on discovering his condition, runi 
 back in great haste, much abashed. Often 
 while strolling in his garden he would sudden- 
 ly stop, and then run rapidly to his room, and 
 begin to write, standing, on the first piece of 
 paper that presented itself. Intending to dine 
 in the public hall, he would go out in a brown 
 study, take the wrong turn, walk awhile, and 
 then return to his room, having totally forgotten 
 the dinner . . . Having dismounted from his horse 
 to lead him up a hill, the horse slipped his head 
 out of the bridle ; but Newton, oblivious, never 
 discovered it, till, on reaching a toll-gate at the 
 top of the hill, he turned to remount, he per- 
 ceived that the bridle which he held in his hand 
 had no horse attached to it. His secretary re- 
 cords that his forgetfulness of his dinner was an 
 excellent thing for his old housekeeper, who 
 " sometimes found both dinner and supper 
 scarcely tasted of, which the old woman has 
 very pleasantly and mumpingly gone away 
 with." On getting out of bed in the morning, 
 he has been observed to sit on his bedside foi 
 hours, without dressing himself, utterly ab. 
 sorbed in thought. — Cyclopedia of Biogra- 
 phy, p. 257. 
 
 21. ABSTRACTION, Dangerous. Archimedes. 
 [When the Romans captured Syracuse] Archi- 
 medes was in his study, engaged in some math- 
 ematical researches ; and his mind, as well as 
 his eye, was so intent upon his diagram, that he 
 neither heard the tumultuous noise of the Ro- 
 mans, nor perceived that the city was taken. A 
 soldier suddenly entered his room, and ordered 
 him to follow him to Marcellus ; and Archime- 
 des refusing to do it, until he had finished his 
 problem, and brought his demonstration to 
 bear, the soldier, in a passion, drew his sword 
 and killed him. — Plutarch. 
 
 22. ABUSE, Absence of. Savages. It is said 
 of the Ainus savages, who are inhabitants of 
 the North Pacific, that they ^ve striking proof 
 of their amiability of disposition, in that they 
 
ABUSE— ACCIDENT. 
 
 have no words of abuse in their language. — Am. 
 Cyc, " Ainus," 
 
 23. ABUSE, Personal. Milton, hy Salmadus. 
 If any one thinks that classical studies of 
 themselves cultivate the taste and the senti- 
 ments, let him look into Salmasius's Bespomio. 
 There he will see the first scholar of his age not 
 thinking it unbecoming to taunt Milton with his 
 blindness, in such language as this : " A puppy, 
 once my pretty little man, now blear-eyed, or 
 rather a blindling ; having never had any mental 
 vision, he has now lost his bodily sight ; a silly 
 coxcomb, fancying himself a beauty ; an unclean 
 beast, with nothing more human about him than 
 his guttering eyelids ; the fittest doom for him 
 would be to hang him on the highest gallows, 
 and set his head on the Tower of London." 
 These are some of the incivilities, not by any 
 means the most revolting, but such as I dare re- 
 produce, of this literary warfare. — Pattison's 
 Milton, ch. 9. 
 
 24. ABUSE, Slanderous. Na'poleon I. The 
 
 English press teemed with . . . abuse. . . , He 
 was a , . . demon in human form. He was a 
 robber and a miser, plundering the treasuries of 
 nations that he might hoard his countless mill- 
 ions ; and he was also a profligate and a spend- 
 thrift, squandering upon his lusts the wealth of 
 empires. He was wallowing in licentiousness, 
 his camp a harem of pollution, ridding himself, 
 by poison, of his concubines ... at the same 
 time he was physically an imbecile — a monster 
 whom God in His displeasure had deprived of 
 the passions and powers of healthy manhood. 
 He was an idol whom the entranced people . . . 
 worshipped. . . . He was also a sanguinary, 
 heartless, merciless butcher. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 25. ABUSE, Success by. Politics. Some pretty 
 rough politicians used to find the way to Wash- 
 ington from the Western States, fifty or sixty 
 years ago. Matthew Lyon was one of these, 
 a man of great note in his day. Josiah Quincy 
 once asked him how he obtained an election to 
 the House of Representatives so soon after his 
 emigration to Kentucky. He answered, "By 
 establishing myself at a cross-roads, which 
 everybody in the district passed from time to 
 time, and abusing the sitting member." — Cyclo- 
 pedia OP Biography, p. 756. 
 
 26. ACCESS, Humble. To Bom. Emp. Diocle- 
 tian. The sumptuous robes of Diocletian and 
 his successors were of silk and gold ; and it is 
 remarked with indignation, that even their shoes 
 were studded with the most precious gems. 
 The access to their sacred person was every day 
 rendered more diflftcult by the institution of new 
 forms and ceremonies. , . . When a subject 
 was at length admitted to the Imperial presence, 
 he was obliged, whatever might be his rank, to 
 fall prostrate on the ground, and to adore, ac- 
 cording to the Eastern fashion, the divinity of 
 his lord and master. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13. 
 
 27. ACCIDENT, Destiny by. Brawl, puchy 
 of Bethlem Gabor.] An unexpected accident 
 had given a singular turn to the dispute as to 
 the succession of Juliers. This duchy was still 
 ruled conjointly by the Electorate House of 
 Brandenburg and the Palatine of Neuburg ; 
 and a marriage between the Prince of Neuburg 
 and a Princess of Brandenburg was to have in- 
 
 separably united the interests of the two houses. 
 But the whole scheme was upset by a box on 
 the ear, which, in a drunken brawl, the Elector 
 of Brandenburg unfortunately inflicted upon his 
 intended son-in-law. From this moment the 
 good understanding between the two houses was 
 at an end. The Prince of Neuburg embraced 
 popery. The hand of a princess of Bavaria re- 
 warded his apostasy, and the strong support of 
 Bavaria and Spain was the natural result of 
 both. To secure to the Palatine the exclusive 
 possession of Juliers, the Spanish troops from 
 the Netherlands were marched into the Palati- 
 nate. To rid himself of these guests, the Elector 
 of Brandenburg called the Flemings to his assist- 
 ance, whom he sought to propitiate by embracing 
 the Calvinist religion. — Thirty Years' War, 
 §92. 
 
 2§. ACCIDENT, Distress by. Henry II. of 
 France. [Henry's daughter Elizabeth was to be 
 married to Philip, and his sister Margaret to the 
 Duke of Savoy.] Magnificent rejoicings took 
 place at Paris during the summer of 1559 in 
 celebration of these royal nuptials. Lists were 
 erected in front of the palace of the Tournelles, 
 and a splendid tournament was held, at which, 
 on the 27th of June, the king himself, supported 
 by the Duke of Guise and two other princes, 
 maintained the field against all antagonists. 
 Henry, who was an admirable cavalier, tri- 
 urnphantly carried off the honors of the day ; 
 but toward the close of it, having unfortunately 
 chosen to run a course with Montgomery, cap- 
 tain of his Scottish guards, the lance of the stout 
 knight shivered in the encounter, and the broken 
 truncheon, entering the king's eye, penetrated 
 to the brain. Henry languished eleven days in 
 great suffering, and expired ... in the forty-first 
 year of his age. — Students' Hist, of France, 
 ch. 15, § 7. 
 
 '^^ 29, ACCIDENT, Eevolution by. "Sicilian Ves- 
 pers." As the citizens of Palermo flocked to 
 vespers on one of the festivals of Easter week, 
 March 30, 1282, a French soldier grossly insulted 
 a young and jeautiful Sicilian maiden in the 
 presence of her betrothed husband ; the latter in- 
 stantly drew his dagger and stabbed the offender 
 to the heart. This was the signal for a violent 
 explosion of popular fury ; cries of " Death to 
 the French !" resounded on all sides ; upward of 
 two hundred were cut down on the spot, and 
 the massacre was continued in the streets of Pa- 
 lermo through the whole night. From the cap- 
 ital the insurrection spread to Messina, from 
 Messina to the other towns of the island ; every- 
 where the French were ruthlessly butchered, 
 without distinction of age, sex, or condition ; 
 the total number of the slain is said to have ex- 
 ceeded eight thousand. Such was the terrible 
 catastrophe of the "Sicilian Vespers." — Stu- 
 dents' Hist, of France, ch. 9, § 10. 
 
 30. ACCIDENT, Saved by. Thomas Paine. 
 During the Reign of Terror Thomas Paine was 
 imprisoned, but was saved from the guillotine, 
 apparently by an accident. The door of his 
 room was marked for the executioner, but the 
 sign was made on it while it was open ; and at 
 night, when the terrible messenger usually ar- 
 rived, the mark was on the inside, and, as h« 
 himself says, " the destroying angel passed by." 
 Stevens's Methodism, Book 7, ch. 1. 
 
ACCIDENT— ACTIONS. 
 
 31. ACCIDENT, Significant. Norman Duke 
 William. [Battle of Hastings.] When he pre- 
 pared to arm himself, he called first for his good 
 hauberk, and a man brought it on his arm, and 
 placed it before him ; but in putting his head in, 
 to get it on, he unawares turned it the wrong 
 way, with the back part in front. He soon 
 changed it ; but when he saw those who stood 
 by were sorely alarmed, he said, " I have seen 
 many a man who, if such a thing had happened 
 to hhn, would not have borne arms, or entered 
 the field the same day ; but I never believed in 
 omens, and I never will. I trust in God, for He 
 does in all things His pleasure, and ordains what 
 is to come to pass according to His will. I have 
 never liked fortune-tellers, nor believed in di- 
 viners ; but I commend myself to Our Lady. 
 Let not this mischance give you trouble. The 
 hauberk which was turned wrong, and then set 
 right by me, signifies that a change will arise 
 out of the matter which we are now stirring. 
 You shall see the name of the duke changed into 
 king. Yea, a king shall I be, who hitherto have 
 been but duke." [He was unharmed in battle.] 
 
 -Decisive Battles, § 309. 
 
 32. ACCIDENT utilized. Son of All A fa- 
 miliar story is related of the benevolence of one 
 of the sons of Ali. In serving at table, a slave 
 had inadvertently dropped a dish of scalding 
 broth on his master ; the heedless wretch fell 
 prostrate, to deprecate his punishment, and re- 
 peated a verse of the Koran : " Paradise is for 
 those who command their anger : " — " I am not 
 angry:" — "and for those who pardon of- 
 fences:" — "I pardon your offence:" — "and 
 for those who return good for evil : " — " I give 
 you your liberty, and four hundred pieces of 
 silver." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 33. . Norman Invasion. When 
 
 Duke William himself landed, as he stepped on 
 the shore he slipped, and fell forward upon his 
 two hands. Forthwith all raised a loud cry of 
 distress. " An evil sign," said they, " is here." 
 But he cried out lustily, " See, my lords, by 
 the splendor of God, I have taken possession of 
 England with both my hands. It is now mine, 
 and what is mine is yours." — Decisive Bat- 
 tles, § 297. 
 
 34. ACCOMPLISHMENTS, Worthy. Themis- 
 todes. [The prudent Athenian general] was 
 laughed at, in company where free scope was 
 given to raillery, by persons who passed as 
 more accomplished in what was called gentle 
 breeding ; he was obliged to answer them with 
 some asperity : " 'Tis true I never learned how 
 to tune a harp or play upon a lute, but I know 
 how to raise a small and inconsiderable city to 
 glory and greatness." — Plutarch. 
 
 35. ACKNOWLEDGMENT, Slender. Postage. 
 The only acknowledgment of his twenty-five 
 years' services which John Adams carried with 
 him in his unwelcome and mortifying retire- 
 ment, was the privilege which had been granted 
 to Washington on his withdrawal from the pres- 
 idency, and after his death to his widow, and 
 bestowed likewise upon all subsequent ex-pres- 
 idents and their widows, of receiving his letters 
 free of postage for the remainder of his life. — 
 Am. Cyc, " ^oiin Adams." 
 
 36. ACQUAINTANCE, Brief. Am. Indians. 
 The English [colonists] received a friendly wel- 
 
 come . . . on the island of Roanoke. . . "The 
 people were most gentle and loving and faithful, 
 void of all guile and treason, and such as live 
 after the manner of the Golden Age." [They 
 afterward learned] the practice of inviting men 
 to a feast, that they might be murdered in the 
 hour of confidence. — Bancroft's Hist, ob^ 
 U. S., ch. 3. 
 
 37. ACQUAINTANCE, Unwelcome. Samuel 
 JoJinson. He gave us an entertaining account 
 of Bet Flint, a woman of the town, who, with 
 some eccentric talents and much effrontery, 
 forced herself upon his acquaintance. "Bet 
 (said he) wrote her own life in verse, which she 
 brought to me, wishing that 1 would furnish 
 her with a preface to it. (Laughing.) I used 
 to say of her, that she was generally slut and 
 drunkard — occasionally, whore and thief. She 
 had, however, genteel lodgings, a spinnet on 
 which she played, and a boy that walked before 
 her chair." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 461. 
 
 38. ACEOSTIC, Political. Reign of Charles IL 
 It happened by a whimsical coincidence that, ia 
 1671, the cabinet consisted of five persons, the 
 initial letters of whose names made up the word 
 Cabal : Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ash- 
 ley, and Lauderdale. — Macaulay's Hist, of 
 Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 39. ACTIVITY, Roman. Roman Navy. In 
 the first Punic war the republic had exerted 
 such incredible diligence, that within sixty days 
 after the first stroke of the axe had been given 
 in the forest a fleet of one hundred and sixty 
 galleys proudly rode at anchor in the sea. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3. 
 
 40. ACTION, Decisive. Colonel Cordon. [Lord 
 George Gordon was a contemptible demagogue, 
 who brought a clamorous mob of sixty thousand 
 persons to the House of Parliament ; he reported 
 for their vengeance the names of the members 
 who spoke against the petition in their behalf 
 which he had presented, while they waited in 
 palace yard with many threatening demonstra* 
 tions. His crowd twice attempted to force the 
 doors. Expostulation with the fanatic was in 
 vain.] At last. Colonel Gordon, a near relative, 
 went up to him and said : " My Lord George, do 
 you intend to bring your rascally adherents into 
 the House of Commons ? If you do, the first 
 man of them that enters — I will plunge mv 
 sword, not into him, but into your body." A 
 party of horse-guards at length arrived, and the 
 rabble went home. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 26. 
 
 41. ACTIONS speak. Declaring War. [An- 
 cus, one of the early kings of Rome,] created a 
 college of sacred Heralds, called Fetiales, whose 
 business it was to demand reparation for injuries 
 in a regular and formal manner, and in case of 
 refusal to declare war by hurling a spear into 
 the enemy's land. — Liddell's Rome. 
 
 42. . " Cutting off . . . tallest Pop- 
 pies." The only Latin town that defied Tar- 
 quin's power was Gabii ; and Sextus, the 
 king's youngest son, promised to win this place 
 also for his father. So he fled from Rome 
 and presented himself at Gabii ; and there 
 he made complaints of his father's tyranny and 
 prayed for protection. The Gfibians believed 
 him, and took him into their city, and they 
 
ACTORS— ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 trusted him, so that in time he was made com- 
 mander of their army. Now, his father suffered 
 Mm to conquer in many small battles, and the 
 Gabians trusted him more and more. Then 
 lie sent privately to his father, and asked what 
 he should do to make the Gabians submit. 
 Then King Tarquin gave no ans\^er to the mes- 
 senger, but, as he walked up and down his gar- 
 den, he kept cutting off the heads of the tallest 
 poppies with his staff. At last the messenger was 
 tired, and went back to Sextus and told him 
 what had passed. But Sextus understood what 
 his father meant, and he began to accuse falsely 
 all the chief men, and some of them he put to 
 death and some he banished. So at last the city 
 of Gabii was left defenceless, and Sextus deliv- 
 ered it up to his father. — Liddell's Rome. 
 
 43. ACTORS and Actresses. Origin of. This 
 craft dates its existence back to some centuries 
 before Christ. The earliest mention we find of 
 it in history is in the time of Solon in Greece. 
 It was then attached to the religious rites, and 
 its appliances and influences used to clothe with 
 greater solemnity and effect the sacred celebra- 
 tions of the Greeks. So high a place had the pro- 
 fession at this period, that actors were all trained 
 and paid at the expense of the State. . . . From 
 the time of the Caesars the stage degenerated rap- 
 idly, from being disconnected from those relig- 
 ious rites from which it drew its chief distinction, 
 and was finally lost altogether during the dark 
 ages. — Am. Cyc, "Actors." 
 
 44. ACTOBS dishonored. Roman Law. The 
 laws of Rome expressly prohibited the marriage 
 of a senator with any female who had been dis- 
 honored by a servile origin or theatrical profes- 
 sion. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4. 
 
 45. ACTOBS, Bespect for. Dr. Samuel John- 
 son. Sir Joshua Reynolds : " I do not perceive 
 why the profession of a player should be despis- 
 ed ; for the great and ultimate end of all the em- 
 ployments of mankind is to produce amiisement. 
 Garrick produces more amusement than any- 
 body." BoswELL : "You say, Dr. Johnson, 
 that Garrick exhibits himself for a shilling. In 
 this respect he is only on a footing with a lawyer, 
 who exhibits himself for his fee, and even will 
 maintain any nonsense or absurdity, if the case re- 
 quire it. Garrick refuses a play or a part which 
 he does not like ; a lawyer never refuses. " John- 
 son : "Why, sir, what does this prove? only 
 that a lawyer is worse. Boswell is now like 
 Jack in ' The Tale of a Tub,' who, when he is 
 puzzled by an argument, hangs himself. He 
 thinks I shall cut him down, but I'll let him 
 hang" (laughing vociferously). Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds : " Mr. Boswell thinks, that the pro- 
 fession of a lawyer being unquestionably honor- 
 able, if he can show the profession of a player to 
 be more honorable, he proves his argument. " — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 211. 
 
 46. ADDRESS, Spectacular. Antony. [At the 
 funeral of Caesar, when] the body was brought 
 into the forum, and Antony spoke the usual fu- 
 neral eulogium, as he perceived the people affect- 
 ed by his speech, he endeavored still more to 
 work upon their passions, by unfolding the 
 bloody garment of Caesar, showing them in how 
 many places it was pierced, and pointing out the 
 number of his woimds. This threw everything 
 into confusion. Some called aloud to kill the 
 
 murderers ; others, as was formerly done in the 
 case of that seditious demagogue Clodius, snatch- 
 ed the benches and tables from the neighboring 
 shops, and erected a pile for the body of Caesar, 
 in the midst of consecrated places and surround- 
 ing temples. As soon as the pile was in flames, 
 the people, crowding from all parts, snatched the 
 half-burned brands, and ran round the city ta 
 fire the houses of the conspirators ; but they were 
 on their guard against such an assault, and pre- 
 vented the effects. — Plutarch. 
 
 47. ADDBESS, Successful. Edward IV. While 
 Warwick was winning triumphs on battlefield 
 after battlefield the young king seemed to aban- 
 don himself to a voluptuous indolence, to revels 
 with the city wives of London, and to the caresses 
 of mistresses like Jane Shore. Tall in stature 
 and of singular beauty, his winning manners and 
 gay carelessness of bearing secured Edward a 
 popularity which had been denied to nobler 
 kings. When he asked a rich old lady for ten 
 pounds toward a war with France, she answered, 
 "For thy comely face thou shalt have twenty." 
 The king thanked and kissed her, and the old 
 woman made her twenty forty. — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 497. 
 
 48. ADDBESS, Theatrical. Samuel Johnson. 
 His unqualified ridicule of rhetorical gesture or 
 action is not, surely, a test of truth ; yet we cannot 
 help admiring how well it is adapted to produce 
 the effect which he vplshed. " Neither the 
 judges of our laws, nor the representatives of our 
 people, would be much affected by labored ges- 
 ticulations, or believe any man the more becaxise 
 he rolled his eyes, or puffed his cheeks, or spread 
 abroad his arms, or stamped the ground, or 
 thumped his breast ; or turned his eyes sometimes 
 to the ceiling, and sometimes to the floor." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 89. 
 
 49. ADDBESS, Trickster's. Edmund Burke. 
 It was in the December of 1792 that Burke had 
 enacted that famous bit of melodrama out of 
 place, known as the Dagger Scene. The gov- 
 ernment had brought in an Alien Bill, imposing 
 certain pains and restrictions on foreigners com- 
 ing to this country. . . . Burke began to storm as 
 usual against murderous atheists. Then, with- 
 out due preparation, he began to fumble in his 
 bosom, suddenly drew out a dagger, and with 
 an extravagant gesture threw it on the floor of 
 the House, crying that this was what they had 
 to expect from their alliance with France. The 
 stroke missed its mark, and there was a general 
 inclination to titter, until Burke, collecting him- 
 self for an effort, called upon them with a ve- 
 hemence to which his listeners could not choose 
 but respond, to keep French principles from 
 their heads and French daggers from their 
 hearts ; to preserve all their blandishments in life, 
 and all their consolations in death ; all the bless- 
 ings of time, and all the hopes of eternity. — Mor- 
 ley's Burke, ch. 9. 
 
 50. ADMINISTBATION, Besponsibility of. 
 Reign of Gharles. II. To the royal office and 
 royal person they [the commons] loudly and sin- 
 cerely professed the strongest attachment. But 
 to [Lord Chancellor] Clarendon they owed no al- 
 legiance, and they fell on him as furiously as their 
 predecessors had fallen on Strafford. The min- 
 ister's virtues and vices alike contributed to his 
 ruin. He was the ostensible head of the admin- 
 
ADMINISTRATION— ADORATION. 
 
 istration, and was therefore held responsible 
 •€ven for those acts which he had strongly, but 
 -vainly, opposed in council. — Mac aulay's Hist. 
 OF Eng. , ch. 2. 
 
 51. ADMINISTRATION, An unfortunate. Pres. 
 Martin Van Buren's. The administration of 
 Yan Buren has generally been reckoned as un- 
 successful and inglorious. But he and his times 
 were unfortunate rather than bad. He was the 
 victim of all the evils which followed hard upon 
 the relaxation of the Jacksonian methods of gov- 
 ernment. He had neither the will nor the dis- 
 position to rule as his predecessor [Andrew Jack- 
 son] had done ; nor were the people and their 
 representatives any longer in the humor to suffer 
 that sort of government. The period was un- 
 heroic ; It was the ebb-tide between the belliger- 
 ent excitements of 1832 and the war with Mex- 
 ico. The financial panic added opprobrium to 
 the popular estimate of imbecility in the govern- 
 ment. " The administration of Van Buren," said 
 a, satirist, " is like a parenthesis ; it may be read 
 in a low tone of voice, or altogether omitted, 
 withoiit injuring the sense /" But the satire lacked 
 •one essential quality — truth. — Hist. U. S., Rid- 
 PATH, ch. 55. 
 
 52. ADMINISTRATION united. A. Lincoln. 
 Judge Baldwin, of California . . . solicited a pass 
 outside of our lines to see a brother in Virginia. 
 [Being refused by the commanding general and 
 Secretary of War] . . . finally he obtained an in- 
 terview with Mr. Lincoln, and stated his case. 
 " Have you applied to General Hallock ?" . . . 
 *' Yes, and met with a flat refusal." . . . "Then 
 you must see Stanton." . . . " I have, and with 
 the same result." . . . "Well, then," said Mr. 
 Lincoln, with a smile, " I can do nothing ; for 
 you must know I have very little influence with 
 .this Administration." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 
 748. 
 
 53. ADMIRATION changed. Martin Luther. 
 As a reverent pilgrim he arrived at Rome, 
 after a six weeks' journey. Seeing the city from 
 afar, he fell upon the earth and cried out, " Hail ! 
 thou sacred Rome !" And yet he found many 
 things different from what he had expected. His 
 •experience there made a lasting impression upon 
 him. "I would not have taken one hundred 
 thousand florins not to have seen Rome. Among 
 "Other coarse talk, I heard one reading mass, and 
 when he came to the words of consecration, he 
 said, ' Thou art bread and shalt remain bread, 
 thou art wine and shalt remain wine.' What 
 was I to think of this ? And, moreover, I was 
 disgusted at the manner in which they could 
 ' rattle off ' a mass as if it had been a piece of 
 
 jugglery, for long before I reached the Gospel 
 lesson my neighbor had finished his mass and 
 cried out to me, ' Enough ! enough ! hurry up 
 ■and come away,' etc. !" — Rein's Luther, ch. 4. 
 
 54. ADMIRATION, Objectionable. Oliver Gold- 
 smith. In the summer of 1762 he was one of 
 the thousands who went to see the Cherokee 
 •chiefs, whom he mentions in one of his writings. 
 The Indians made their appearance in grand 
 costume, hideously painted and besmeared. In 
 the course of the visit Goldsmith made one of 
 the chiefs a present, who, in the ecstasy of his 
 gratitude, gave him an embrace that left his 
 lace well bedaubed with oil and red ochre. — 
 Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 13. 
 
 55. ADMIRATION, Supreme. Colonel Cropper. 
 This worthy veteran, like his general [Wash- 
 ington], had but one toast, which he gave every 
 day and to all companies ; it was, " God bless 
 General Washington." — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 56. ADMONITION disregarded. General St. 
 Clair. A.D. 1791. General St. Clair, with an 
 army of two thousand men, set out from Fort 
 Washington to break the power of the Miami con- 
 federacy. ... In what is now Mercer County, 
 Ohio, . . . his camp was suddenly assailed by 
 more than two thousand warriors, led by Little 
 Turtle and several American renegades who 
 had joined the Indians. After a terrible battle 
 of three hours' duration, St. Clair was complete- 
 ly defeated, with a loss of fully one half of his 
 men. . . . The news of the disaster spread gloom 
 throughout the land . . . the government was 
 for awhile in consternation. For once the be- 
 nignant spirit of Washington gave way to wrath, 
 " Here," said he, " in a tempest of indignation, 
 " Aere in this very room . . . I said to him, 'You 
 have careful instructions from the Secretary of 
 War, and I myself will add one word — beware 
 OF A surprise ! ' He went off with that my last 
 warning ringing in his ears. Yet he has suffered 
 that army to be cut to pieces, hacked, butchered, 
 tomahawked by a surprise — the very thing I 
 guarded him against ! How can he answer to 
 his country ? The blood of the slain is upon 
 him — the curse of widows and orphans !" 
 [After a period of silence he solemnly added :] 
 " I looked at the despatches hastily, and did not 
 note all the particulars. General St. Clair shall 
 have justice. I will receive him without dis- 
 pleasure — lie shall have full justice." — Ridpath's 
 Hist. opU. S., ch. 46. 
 
 57. ADOPTION of Captives. American Indians. 
 Sometimes a captive was saved, to be adopted 
 in place of a warrior who had fallen . . . the 
 allegiance and, as it were, the identity of the 
 captive . . . became changed. [His] . . . children 
 and ibtt wife . . . left at home are to be blotted 
 from his memory ; he is to be the departed 
 chieftain resuscitated ... to cherish those 
 whom he cherished ; to hate those whom he hated 
 . . . the foreigner thus adopted is esteemed to 
 stand in the same relations of consanguinity. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 5§, ADOPTION by the State. Napoleon I. 
 [After the battle of Austerlitz.] He immediately 
 adopted all the children of those [soldiers] who 
 had fallen. They were supported and educated 
 at the expense of the State. They all, as the 
 children of the emperor, were permitted to at- 
 tach the name of Napoleon to their own. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 31. 
 
 59. ADORATION, Human. Greek Emperors. 
 The most lofty titles, and the most humble post- 
 ures, which devotion has applied to the Supreme 
 Being, have been prostituted by flattery and fear 
 to creatures of the same nature with ourselves. 
 The mode of adoration, of falling prostrate on the 
 ground, and kissing the feet of the emperor, 
 was borrowed by Diocletian from Persian servi- 
 tude ; but it was continued and aggravated till 
 the last age of the Greek monarchy. Excepting 
 only on Sundays, when it was waived, from a 
 motive of religious pride, this humiliating rev- 
 erence was exacted from all who entered the 
 
ADULATION— ADULTERY. 
 
 royal presence, from the princes invested with 
 the diadem and purple, and from the ambassa- 
 dors who represented their independent sover- 
 eigns, the caliphs of Asia, Egypt, or Spain, the 
 kings of France and Italy, and the Latin emper- 
 ors of ancient Rome. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63. 
 
 60. ADULATION, Official. Of Charles I. The 
 pleasant words with which the Lord Keeper 
 Finch opened the Parliament [of 1640] : "His 
 Majesty's kingly resolutions are seated in the 
 ark of his sacred breast, and it were a presump- 
 tion of too high a nature for any Uzzah uncalled 
 to touch it ; yet his Majesty is now pleased to 
 lay by the shining beams of majesty, as Phoebus 
 did to Phaeton, that the distance between sover- 
 eignty and subjection should not bar you of that 
 filial freedom of access to his person and coun- 
 sels." But the time had come when this style 
 of language was no longer to be endured by the 
 commons. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 203. 
 
 61. ADULATION rebuked. Of James I. 
 [James I. , dining with Bishops Neile and An- 
 drews, asked their opinion] whether he might 
 not take his subjects' money without the fuss of 
 Parliament? Neile replied, "God forbid you 
 should not, for you are the breath of our nos- 
 trils." Andrews hesitated ; but the king insisted 
 upon an answer ; he said : " Why, then, I think 
 your Majesty may lawfully take my brother 
 Neile's money, for he offers it." — Ejnight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 23, p. 364. 
 
 62. ADULATION, Eidiculous. Bed Beard. 
 When Henry VIII. met Francis I. on the Field 
 of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, a Venetian observ- 
 er described the beard of Henry as "being 
 somewhat red, has at present the appearance of 
 being gold." — Knight's Hist, op Eng., ch. 17. 
 
 63. ADULTEEY excused. Mahomet's. In his 
 adventures with Zeinib, the wife of Zeid, and 
 with Mary, an Egyptian captive, the amorous 
 prophet forgot the interest of his reputation. 
 At the house of Zeid, his freedman and adopted 
 son, he beheld, in a loose undress, the beauty of 
 Zeinib, and burst forth into an ejaculation of 
 devotion and desire. The servile, or grateful, 
 freedman understood the hint, and yielded with- 
 out hesitation to the love of his benefactor. 
 But as the filial relation had excited some doubt 
 and scandal, the angel Gabriel descended from 
 heaven to ratify the deed, to annul the adoption, 
 and gently to reprove the prophet for distrusting 
 the indulgence of his God. One of his wives, 
 Hafna, surprised him on her own bed, in the 
 embraces of his Egyptian captive ; she promised 
 secrecy and forgiveness ; he swore that he would 
 renounce the possession of Mary. Both parties 
 forgot their engagements ; and Gabriel again 
 descended with a chapter of the Koran, to ab- 
 solve him from his oath, and to exhort him 
 freely to enjoy his captives and concubines, 
 without listening to the clamors of his wives. 
 In a solitary retreat of thirty days, he labored, 
 alone with Mary, to fulfil the commands of the 
 angel. . . . Perhaps the incontinence of Ma- 
 homet may be palliated by the tradition of his 
 natural or preternatural gift ; he imited the man- 
 ly virtue of thirty of the children of Adam ; and 
 the apostle might rival the thirteenth labor of 
 the Grecian Hercules. — Gibbon's Mahomet, 
 p. 56. 
 
 64. ADULTERY, Punishment for. BomanLaw. 
 The edge of the Julian law was sharpened by 
 the incessant diligence of the emperors. The 
 licentious commerce of the sexes may be toler- 
 ated as an impulse of nature, or forbidden as a 
 source of disorder and corruption ; but the 
 fame, the fortunes, the family of the husband, 
 are seriously injured by the adultery of the wife. 
 The wisdom of Augustus, after curbing the 
 freedom of revenge, applied to this domestic of- 
 fence the animadversion of the laws ; and the 
 guilty parties, after the payment of heavy for- 
 feitures and fines, were condemned to long or 
 perpetual exile in two separate islands. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 44. 
 
 65. ADULTERY, Shameless. Fifteenth Centu- 
 ry. Princes set the example. Charles VII. re- 
 ceived Agnes Sorel as a present from his wife's- 
 mother, the old Queen of Sicily ; and mother, 
 wife, and mistress, he takes them all with him 
 as he marches along the Loire, the happiest un- 
 derstanding subsisting between the three. The 
 English, more serious, seek love in marriage 
 only. Gloucester marries Jacqueline ; among 
 Jacqueline's ladies his regards fall on one equally 
 lovely and witty, and he marries her too. But 
 in this respect, as in all others, France and Eng- 
 land are far outstripped by Flanders, by the 
 Count of Flanders, by the great Duke of Bur- 
 gundy. The legend expressive of the Low 
 Countries is that of the famous countess who^ 
 brought into the world three hundred and sixty- 
 five children. The princes of the land, without 
 going quite so far, seem at the least to endeavor 
 to approach her. A Count of Cloves has sixty- 
 three bastards. John of Burgundy, Bishop of 
 Cambrai, officiates pontifically with his thirty- 
 six bastards and sons of bastards ministering 
 with him at the altar. Philippe-le-Bon had 
 only sixteen bastards, but he had no fewer than 
 twenty-seven wives, three lawful ones and twen- 
 ty-four mistresses. — Michelet's Joan op Arc 
 p. 26. 
 
 66. ADULTERY, Vengeance for. John XII. 
 John . . . XII. had the address to excite an insur- 
 rection of the people, who dethroned his rival 
 Leo VIII. , and reinstated him in the pontifical 
 chair. But John did not live to enjoy his tri- 
 umph ; three days after his reinstatement he 
 met the reward of his crimes, and perished by 
 the hand of an indignant husband, who detected 
 him in the arms of his wife. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 4, p. 101. 
 
 67. ADULTERY, Victim of. Peredeus a Lom- 
 bard Champion. [Rosamond, the Queen of 
 Italy, desired his assistance in a plot to assassi- 
 nate her royal husband,] but no more than a 
 promise of secrecy could be drawn from the 
 gallant Peredeus, and the mode of seduction 
 employed by Rosamond betrays her shameless 
 insensibility both to honor and love. She sup- 
 plied the place of one of her female attendants 
 who was beloved by Peredeus, and contrived 
 some excuse for darkness and silence, till she 
 could inform her companion that he had enjoyed 
 the Queen of the Lombards, and that his own 
 death, or the death of Alboin [her royal hus- 
 band] must be the consequence of such treason- 
 able adultery. In this alternative he chose 
 rather to be the accomplice than the victim of 
 Rosamond, whose undaunted spirit was incapa- 
 
ADVANCE— ADVENTURE. 
 
 » 
 
 ble of fear or remorse. — Gibbon's Decline and 
 Fall, ch. 45. 
 
 68. ADVANCE by Battle. Scott's Campaign in 
 Mexico. [In 1847] Gen. Twiggs, in command of 
 the American advance, set out [from Vera Cruz] 
 ... on the 12th of the month [of April], 
 Twiggs came upon Santa Anna, who, with an 
 army of fifteen thousand men, had taken pos- 
 session of the heiglits and rocky pass of Cerro 
 Gordo. The position, though seemingly im- 
 pregnable, must be carried, or further advance 
 was impossible. On the morning of the 18th 
 the American army was arranged for an assault 
 which, according to the rules of war, promised 
 only disaster and ruin. But to troops of the 
 United States nothing now seemed too arduous, 
 no deed too full of peril. Before noonday 
 every position of the Mexicans had been success- 
 fully stormed and themselves driven into a pre- 
 cipitate rout. Nearly three thousand prisoners 
 were taken, with forty-three pieces of bronze ar- 
 tillery, five thousand muskets, and accoutre- 
 ments enough to supply an army. The American 
 loss amounted to four hundred and thirty-one, 
 that of the enemy fully a thousand. Santa 
 Anna escaped with his life, but left behind his 
 private papers and his wooden leg. — Ridpath's 
 Hist, of U. S., ch. 57. 
 
 69. ADVANCE, Heroic. Battle of Fontenoy. 
 A.D. 1745. William of Cumberland formed a 
 column of fourteen thousand British infantry, 
 thirty or forty abreast ; and with measured 
 tread, regardless of every obstacle, undismayed 
 by the cannonade left and right, which mowed 
 down their ranks, this terrible column strode on 
 through the enemy's lines, carrying all before 
 them. But where was their support ? A col- 
 umn of infantry, without a horse, without a 
 gun, now reduced probably to ten thousand, 
 could not win a battle against sixty thousand, 
 merely through the supremacy of physical 
 strength and moral endurance. Slowly the com- 
 pact mass moved back, still facing the enemy. 
 Its ranks were not broken, not a man fled. 
 
 iLoss about six thousand.] — Knight's Hist, of 
 Cng., ch. 7. 
 
 70. ADVANCE, Opportunity for an. Gen. Sher- 
 man's March to the Sea. [Began November 
 14, 1864.] His army of veterans numbered 
 sixty thousand men. Believing that Hood's 
 army would be destroyed in Tennessee, and 
 knowing that no Confederate force could with- 
 stand him in front, he cut his communications 
 with the North, abandoned his base of supplies, 
 and struck out boldly for the sea-coast, more 
 than two hundred and fifty miles away. As 
 had been foreseen, the Confederates could offer 
 no successful resistance. ... On the 10th of De- 
 cember he arrived in the vicinity of Savannah 
 ... he had lost only five hundred and sixty 
 men. — Ridpath's Hist, of U. S., ch. 66. 
 
 n. ADVANCE or suffer. BattU of Gettysburg. 
 I remember seeing a general (Pettigrew, I think 
 it was) come up to him [Confederate General 
 Longstreet] and report that ' ' he was unable to 
 bring his men up again" [to charge the Feder- 
 als]. Longstreet turned upon him and replied, 
 with some sarcasm : ' ' Very well ; never mind, 
 then, General ; just let them remain where they 
 are ; the enemy's going to advance, and will spare 
 you the trouble." [British oflBicer's diary, quoted 
 
 in.] — Pollard's Second Year of the War, 
 p. 354. 
 
 72. ADVENT seasonable, The. Needed^-Bmdy . 
 A thorough acquaintance with the history of the 
 world and the state of mankind at the time of 
 our Saviour's birth has led the wisest and most 
 enlightened inquirers to conclude that the Al- 
 mighty, having designed to illuminate the world 
 by a revelation, there was no period at which it 
 was more certainly required than that in which 
 it was actually sent ; nor could any concurrence 
 of circumstances have been more favorable for 
 its extensive dissemination than that which took 
 place at the time of our Saviour's mission. A 
 great part of the known world was at this time 
 under the dominion of the Romans, and subject 
 to all those grievances which are the inevitable 
 result of a system of arbitrary power. Yet this- 
 circumstance of the union of so many nations, 
 into one great empire was of considerable ad- 
 vantage for the propagation and advancement 
 of Christianity. — Tytler's Universal Hist.,. 
 Book 5, ch. 4. 
 
 73. ADVENTURE, Courageous. War foi- the 
 Union. The control of Albemarle Sound had 
 been secured by a daring exploit of Lieutenant 
 Gushing, of the Federal Navy. These waters 
 were commanded by a tremendous iron ram 
 called the Albemarle. In order to destroy the 
 dreaded vessel, a number of daring volunteers^ 
 led by Gushing, embarked on a small steamer, 
 and on the night of the 27th of October [1864] 
 entered the Roanoke. The ram was discovered 
 lying at the harbor of Plymouth. Cautiously 
 approaching, the lieutenant, with his own 
 hands, sank a terrible torpedo under the con- 
 federate ship, exploded it, and left the ram in 
 ruin. The adventure cost the lives or capture 
 of all of Cushing's party except himself and 
 one other, who escaped. — Ridpath's Hist, of 
 U.S., ch. 66. 
 
 74. ADVENTUEE, Daring. Napoleon I. [Hav- 
 ing escaped from his exile at Elba, his little 
 army arrived near Cannes.] In the course of a 
 few hours this escort of six hundred men, with 
 two or three small pieces of cannon, were safely 
 landed. . . . They were about to march seven 
 hundred miles, through a kingdom containing 
 thirty millions of inhabitants, to capture the 
 strongest capital in Europe. . . . An army of 
 nearly two hundred thousand men, under Bour- 
 bon leaders, were stationed in impregnable for- 
 tresses by the way. — Abbott's Napoleon B. , 
 vol. 2, ch. 24. 
 
 75. ADVENTURE, Passion for. Conquest of 
 Florida. Adventurers assembled as volunteers, 
 many of them people of noble birth and good 
 estates. Houses and vineyards, lands and till- 
 age, and rows of olive trees in the Ajarrafe of 
 Seville were sold, as in the times of the cru- 
 sades, to obtain the means of military equip- 
 ments. . . . Many . . . who had sold estates for 
 their equipments were obliged to remain be- 
 hind. — Bancroft's Hist, op U. S., ch. 2. 
 
 76. ADVENTURE, Primitive. George Wash^ 
 ington. [Washington's return from a confer- 
 ence with the French commander St. Pierre, at 
 Le Bceuf, near Lake Erie. a.d. 1753.] It was 
 now the dead of winter. . . . With [Christopher] 
 Gist [the guide] as his sole companion, he left the 
 river, and struck into the woods. It was one of 
 
10 
 
 ADVENTURE— ADVERSITY. 
 
 ? 
 
 the most solitary marches ever made by man. 
 There, in the desolate wilderness, was the future 
 President of the U. S. Clad in the robe of an 
 Indian, with gun in hand, and knapsack strap- 
 ped to his shoulders ; struggling through inter- 
 minable snows ; sleeping with frozen clothes on 
 a bed of pine-brush ; breaking through the 
 treacherous ice of rapid streams ; guided by day 
 by a pocket compass, and at night by the North 
 Star, seen at intervals through the leafless trees ; 
 fired at by a prowling savage from his covert 
 not fifteen steps away ; thrown from a raft into 
 the rushing Alleghany ; escaping to an island 
 and lodging there until the river was frozen 
 over ; plunging again into the forest ; reaching 
 Gist's settlement and then the Potomac — the 
 strong-limbed ambassador came back without a 
 wound or scar to the capital of Virginia. — Rid- 
 fath's Hist. U. S., ch. 30. 
 
 77. ADVENTUEE, Spirit of. Sir William Par- 
 ry. In 1817, in a letter to an intimate friend, 
 he happened to write a good deal about an ex- 
 pedition, then much talked of, for exploring the 
 river Congo, in Africa, and expressed a strong 
 desire to make one of the party. When the let- 
 ter was finished, but before it was put in the 
 post-office, his eye fell upon a paragraph in the 
 newspaper, stating that the government were 
 about to send vessels in quest of a passage round 
 the Northern coast of North America, which 
 would shorten the voyage from England to 
 India from sixteen thousand miles to about seven 
 thousand. Parry reopened his letter, and, men- 
 tioning the paragraph, concluded a short post- 
 script with these words : " Hot or cold is all one 
 to me — Africa or the Pole." His correspondent 
 showed this letter to a friend, who was the man 
 in England most devoted to the project in ques- 
 tion — Mr. Barrow, secretary to the admiralty. 
 Within a week from that time Lieutenant Parry 
 was thrown into an ecstasy of astonishment and 
 delight by receiving the appointment to com- 
 mand one of the two ships preparing for the en- 
 terprise. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 386. 
 
 78. ADVENTUBER, A bom. Hernando Cor- 
 tez. In the year 1502, at the small country town 
 of Medellin, in Spain, there lived an idle, disso- 
 lute youth of seventeen, who was the torment 
 of his parents and the leader of all the mischief 
 going in that neighborhood. . . . Having left 
 the college of Salamanca without permission, 
 [he] was passing his time in love intrigues and 
 dissipation, regardless of the remonstrances of 
 •his father and mother. When, therefore, he 
 declared his intention of joining an expedition 
 about to sail for America, the good people of 
 Medellin, especially those who had daughters, 
 were not sorry to hear it. . . . No career attract- 
 ed him, except one of adventure in the New 
 World, which had been discovered ten years 
 before. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 317. 
 
 79. ADVENTUBEBS disappointed. Tfieodoric 
 tJie Ostrogoth. [He attempted the conquest of 
 Italy.] As he advanced into Thrace [Theodo- 
 ric] found an inhospitable solitude, and his 
 Gothic followers, with a heavy train of horses, 
 of mules, and of wagons, were betrayed by their 
 guides among the rocks and precipices of Mount 
 Sondis, where he was assaulted by the arms and 
 invectives of [another] Theodoric, the son of 
 Triarius. From a neighboring height his art- 
 
 ful rival harangued the camp of the WaZamirs, 
 and branded their leader with the opprobrious 
 names of child, of madman, of perjured traitor, 
 the enemy of his blood and nation. " Are you 
 ignorant," exclaimed the son of Triarius, "that 
 it is the constant policy of the Romans to destroy 
 the Goths by each other's swords ? Are you in- 
 sensible that the victor in this unnatural contest 
 will be exposed, and justly exposed, to their im- 
 placable revenge ? Where are those warriors, 
 my kinsmen and thy own, whose widows now 
 lament that their lives were sacrificed to thy rash 
 ambition ? Where is the wealth which thy sol- 
 diers possessed when they were first allured from 
 their native homes to enlist under thy standard ? 
 Each of them was then master of three or four 
 horses ; they now follow thee on foot, like 
 slaves, through the deserts of Thrace ; those men 
 who were tempted by the hope of measuring 
 gold with a bushel, those brave men who are as 
 free and as noble as thyself." A language so 
 well suited to the temper of the Goths excited 
 clamor and discontent ; and the son of Theode- 
 mir, apprehensive of being left alone, was com- 
 pelled to embrace his brethren, and to imitate 
 the example of Roman perfidy. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 80. ADVENTUBES, Numerous. Capt. John 
 Smith. The new president, though not thirty 
 years of age, was a veteran in every kind of 
 valuable human experience. Born an English- 
 man ; trained as a soldier in the wars of Holland; 
 a traveller in France, Italy, and Egypt ; again a 
 soldier in Hungary ; captured by the Turks and 
 sold as a slave ; sent from Constantinople to 
 a prison in the Crimea ; killing a taskmaster 
 who beat him, and then escaping through the 
 woods of Russia to Western Europe ; going with 
 an army of adventurers against Morocco ; finally 
 returning to England and joining the London 
 Company [afterward rescuing the colony in 
 Virginia], John Smith was altogether the most 
 noted man in the early history of America. — 
 Ridpath's History OF U. S., ch. 9. 
 
 81. ADVEBSITY, Benefits of. Bunyan in Bed- 
 foixlJail. Bunyan's confinement , . . was other- 
 wise of inestimable value to him. It gave him 
 leisure to read and refiect. Though he preached 
 often, yet there must have been intervals, per- 
 haps long intervals, of compulsory silence. The 
 excitement of perpetual speech-making is fatal to 
 the exercise of the higher qualities. The periods 
 of calm enabled him to discover powers in 
 himself of which he might otherwise have never 
 known the existence. Of books he had but 
 few ; for a time only the Bible and Fox's " Mar- 
 tyrs. " But the Bible thoroughly known is a liter- 
 ature of itself — the rarest and richest in all 
 departments of thought or imagination which 
 exists. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 6. 
 
 82. ADVEBSITY deplored, Sudden. Cliarles 
 of Anjou. [He experienced a reversal of his 
 good fortune by the revolt in Sicily. ] In the first 
 agony of grief and devotion, he was heard to 
 exclaim, " O God ! if Thou hast decreed to 
 humble me, grant me at least a gentle and 
 gradual descent from the pinnacle of greatness !" 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 62. 
 
 83. ADVEBSITY, Eminence by. A. Lincoln. 
 He had plenty of employment as a surveyor, and 
 won a good reputation in this new line of busi« 
 
ADVERSITY. 
 
 11 
 
 ness ; but the financial crash of 1837 destroyed 
 his business, and his instruments were finally 
 «old under a sheriflE's execution. This reverse 
 again threw him back into political life, and, as 
 the best preparation for it, he vigorously pursued 
 his legal studies. [He had previously failed as 
 a country store-keeper. His goods were bought 
 on credit.] — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 26. 
 
 §4. ADVEBSITY, Instructed by. Frederick V. 
 pElector Palatine of the Bohemians.] Frederick 
 was seated at table in Prague, while his army was 
 thus cut to pieces. ... A messenger summoned 
 Mm from table to show him from the walls the 
 whole frightful scene. He requested a cessa- 
 ::ion of hostilities for twenty-four hours for de- 
 iberation ; but eight was all the Duke of 
 Bavaria would allow him. Frederick availed 
 himself of these to fly by night from the capital, 
 with his wife and the chief officers of his army. 
 This flight was so hurried that the Prince of 
 Anhalt left behind him his most private papers, 
 and Frederick his crown. " I know now what 
 I am," said this unfortunate prince to those who 
 endeavored to comfort him ; " there are virtues 
 which misfortune only can teach us, and it is in 
 adversity alone that princes learn to know them- 
 selves." — Thirty Years' War, § 138. 
 
 §5. ADVERSITY, Lessons of. Siege of Borne by 
 the Ooths. In the last months of the siege the 
 people were exposed to the miseries of scarcity, 
 unwholesome food, and contagious disorders. 
 Belisarius saw and pitied their sufferings; but he 
 had foreseen, and he watched the decay of their 
 loyalty, and the progress of their discontent. 
 Adversity had awakened the Romans from the 
 dreams of grandeur and freedom, and taught 
 them the humiliating lesson, that it was of 
 small moment to their real happiness whether 
 the name of their master was derived from the 
 Gothic or the Latin language. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 41. 
 
 §6. ADVERSITY, Manhood through. Sir Hum- 
 phry Davy. The death of his father, an in- 
 telligent, speculative man, who left his affairs 
 in great disorder, consigned his mother to a 
 milliner's shop, and changed him from a school- 
 boy into an apothecary's apprentice. A shade 
 of seriousness gathered over him. He had be- 
 come a man. His private note-books of the first 
 two years of his apprenticeship have been pre- 
 served, and they show us, that when his day's 
 work of compounding drugs was done, and in 
 the morning before it begun, he was a hard 
 student. He went through a complete course 
 of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonom- 
 etry, besides reading the metaphysical works 
 of Locke, Hartley, Berkeley, Hume, Helvetius, 
 Condorcet, and Reid. He also learned the 
 French language. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 302. 
 
 §r. ADVERSITY, National. Beign of Ed- 
 ward III. Only fourteen years had gone by 
 since the treaty of Bretigny raised England to a 
 height of glory such as it had never known be- 
 fore. But the years had been years of a shame 
 and suffering which stung the people to mad- 
 ness. Never had England fallen so low. Her 
 conquests were lost, her shores insulted, her com- 
 merce swept from the seas. Within she was 
 •drained by the taxation and bloodshed of the 
 ■war. Its popularity had wholly died away. 
 
 When the commons where asked in 1354 whether 
 they would assent to a treaty of perpetual peace 
 if they might have it, "the said commons re- 
 sponded all, and altogether, ' Yes, yes ! ' " The 
 population was thinned by the ravages of pesti- 
 lence, for till 1369, which saw its last visitation, 
 the black death returned again and again. — 
 Hist, op Eng. People, § 356. 
 
 88. ADVERSITY overruled. Eli Whitney. 
 Eli Whitney was a young Massachusetts Yan- 
 kee, who had come to Georgia to teach, and, 
 having been taken sick, had been invited by 
 this hospitable lady to reside in her house till 
 he should recover. He was the son of a poor 
 farmer, and had worked his way through college 
 without assistance — as Yankee boys often do. 
 From early boyhood he had exhibited wonder- 
 ful skill in mechanics, and in college he used to 
 repair the philosophical apparatus with remark- 
 able nicety — to the great admiration of pro- 
 fessors and students. During his residence with 
 
 *Mrs. Greene he had made for her an ingenious 
 tambour-frame, on a new principle, as well as 
 many curious toys for her children. Hence her 
 advice: . "Apply to my young friend, Mr. 
 Whitney ; he can make anything." [He there 
 invented the cotton-gin machine.] — Cyclopedia 
 OF Biog. , p. 160. 
 
 89. ADVERSITY precedes Success. Timour 
 the Tartar. [In his twenty -fifth year he stood 
 forth as the deliverer of his country. ] The chiefs 
 of the law and of the army had pledged their 
 salvation to support him with their lives and 
 fortunes ; but in the hour of danger they were 
 silent and afraid ; and, after waiting seven days 
 on the hills of Samarcand, he retreated to the 
 desert with only sixty horsemen. The fugitives 
 were overtaken by a thousand Getes, whom he 
 repulsed with incredible slaughter, and his 
 enemies were forced to exclaim, " Timour is a 
 wonderful man : fortune and the Divine favor 
 are with him." But in this bloody action his 
 own followers were reduced to ten, a number 
 which was soon diminished by the desertion of 
 three Carizmians. He wandered in the desert 
 with his wife, seven companions, and four 
 horses ; and sixty-two days was he plunged in a 
 loathsome dungeon, from whence he escaped by 
 his own courage and the remorse of the oppress- 
 or. [Greatness followed.] — Gibbon's Rome. 
 ch. 65. 
 
 90. ADVERSITY, Struggle with. "An old 
 Struggler." When he [Sir Walter Scott] was in 
 Ireland ... a poor woman who had offered to 
 sell him gooseberries, but whose offer had not 
 been accepted, remarked, on seeing his daughter 
 give some pence to a beggar, that they might as 
 well give her an alms, too, as she was " an old 
 struggler. " Sir Walter was struck with the ex- 
 pression, and said that it deserved to become 
 classical, as a name for those who take up arms 
 against a sea of troubles, instead of yielding to 
 the waves. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 15. 
 
 91. ADVERSITY a Tonic. Sir W. Scott. [He 
 lost a great property, was fearfully in debt, and 
 his family distressed.] On the 22d he says : 
 " I feel neither dishonored nor broken down by 
 the bad, now truly bad, news I have received. 
 I have walked my last in the domains I have 
 planted — sat the last time in the halls I have 
 built. But death would have taken them from 
 
12 
 
 ADVERSITY— ADVICE. 
 
 me, if misfortune had spared them. My poor 
 people whom I loved so well ! There is just 
 another die to turn up against me in this run of 
 ill-luck, i. e.,\i I should break my magic wand 
 in the fall from this elephant, and lose my 
 popularity with my fortune. Then Woodstock 
 and BoTiey" [his life of Napoleon] " may both go 
 to the paper-maker, and I may take to smoking 
 cigars and drinking grog, or turn devotee and 
 intoxicate the brain another way." He adds 
 that when he sets to work doggedly, he is ex- 
 actly the same man he ever was, " neither low- 
 spirited nor distrait" — nay, that adversity is to 
 him "a tonic and bracer." [See Nos. 92 and 
 94.] — Hutton's Scott, ch. 15. 
 
 92. ADVERSITY, Unaffected by. Sir W. Scott. 
 [He had become a bankrupt by lavish ex- 
 penditures on his castle, etc.] The heaviest 
 blow was, I think, the blow to his pride. Very 
 early he begins to note painfully the different 
 way in which different friends greet him, to 
 remark that some smile as if to say, "think 
 nothing about it, my lad, it is quite out of our 
 thoughts ; " that others adopt an affected grav- 
 ity, " such as one sees and despises at a funeral," 
 and the best-bred "just shook hands and went 
 on." He Avrites to Mr. Morritt with a proud 
 indifference, clearly to some extent simulated : 
 "My womenkind will be the greater suffer- 
 ers, yet even they look cheerily ; and, for my- 
 self, the blowing off of my hat on a stormy 
 day has given me more uneasiness." To Lady 
 Davy he writes truly enough: "I beg my 
 humblest compliments to Sir Humphry, and 
 tell him. 111 Luck, that direful chemist, never 
 put into his crucible a more indissoluble piece 
 of stuff than your affectionate cousin and sin- 
 cere well-wisher, Walter Scott." [See Nos. 91 
 and 94.] — Hutton's Scott, ch. 15. 
 
 93. ADVERSITY utilized. Luther hidden in 
 Wartburg Castle. Not long had he been on the 
 burg when he occupied himself with the trans- 
 lation of the Scriptures, as well as with other 
 writings. In a few weeks several works were 
 ready for the press. A treatise "About Con- 
 fession, and whether the Pope is entitled to 
 command the same," he dedicated to his par- 
 ticular friend and firm patron, Francisco von 
 Sickingen. Besides commenting upon selected 
 portions of Holy Scripture intended to instruct, 
 comfort, and edify Christian people, Luther 
 sent out many a heavy controversial article from 
 the Wartburg. — Rein's Luther, ch. 10. 
 
 94. ADVERSITY, Victim of. Sir W. Scott. 
 As Scott had always forestalled his in- 
 come — spending the purchase-money of his 
 poems and novels before they were written — 
 such a failure as this, at the age of fifty-five, 
 when all the freshness of his youth was gone 
 out of him, when he saw his son's prospects 
 blighted as well as his own, and knew perfectly 
 that James Ballantyne, unassisted by him, 
 could never hope to pay any fraction of the 
 debt worth mentioning, would have been para- 
 lyzing, had he not been a man of iron nerve, 
 and of a pride and courage hardly ever equalled. 
 Domestic calamity, too, was not far off. For 
 two years he had been watching the failure of 
 his wife's health with increasing anxiety, and 
 as calamities seldom come single, her iUness 
 took a most serious form at the very time when 
 
 the blow fell, and she died within four months 
 of the failure. Nay, Scott was himself unwell 
 at the critical moment, and was taking seda- 
 tives which discomposed his brain. [See Nos. 
 91 and 92.] — Hutton's Scott, ch. 15. 
 
 95. ADVERSITY in War. Spartans. The 
 Spartans raised two considerable armies, and 
 commenced hostilities by entering the territory 
 of Phocis. They were defeated ; Lysander, 
 one of their generals, being killed in battle, and 
 Pausanias, the other, condemned to death for 
 his misconduct. Much about the same time 
 the Persian fleet under the command of Conon 
 vanquished that of Sparta, near Cnidos, a city 
 of Caria. This defeat deprived the Lacedaemo- 
 nians of the command of the sea. Their allies- 
 took the opportunity of this turn of affairs to 
 throw off their yoke, and Sparta, almost in a 
 single campaign, saw herself without allies, 
 vdthout power, and without resources. The 
 reverse of fortune experienced by this republic 
 was truly remarkable. Twenty years had not 
 elapsed since she was absolute mistress of 
 Greece, and held the whole of her states either 
 as tributaries or allies, who found it their high- 
 est interest to court her favor and protection. 
 So changed was her present situation, that the 
 most inconsiderable of the states of Pelopon- 
 nesus spurned at her authority, and left her 
 singly to oppose the united power of Persia and 
 the league of Greece. — Universal History, 
 Tytler, ch. 2, Book 2. 
 
 96. ADVERTISEMENTS, Sanctimonious. Ridi- 
 culed. Advertisements in magazines announc- 
 ing an eligible residence in a neighborhood 
 where the gospel is preached in three places 
 vdthin half a mile ; and of a serious man-ser- 
 vant wanted who can shave : such announce- 
 ments as these were new and strange objects of 
 ridicule in 1808. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 7. 
 
 97. ADVICE disdained. Braddock's Defeat. 
 A select force of five hundred men was thrown 
 forward to open the roads in the direction of 
 Fort Du Quesne. . . . The army, marching in a 
 slender column, was extended for four miles- 
 along the narrow and broken road. It was in 
 vain that Washington pointed out the danger 
 of ambuscades and suggested the employment 
 of scouting-parties. Braddock was self-willed, 
 arrogant, and proud ; thoroughly skilled in the 
 tactics of European warfare, he could not bear 
 to be advised by an inferior. The sagacious 
 Franklin had advised him to move with cau- 
 tion ; but he only replied that it was impossible 
 for savages to make any impression on hia 
 Majesty's regulars. Now, when Washington 
 ventured to repeat the advice, Braddock flew 
 into a passion, strode up and down in his tent, 
 and said that it was high times when Col. 
 Buckskin could teach a British general how to 
 fight. [The army was surprised and nearly de- 
 stroyed by the French and Indians. The 
 general was severely wounded, and the troops, 
 thrown into a panic. ] ' ' What shall we do now, 
 colonel?" said he to Washington. . . . "Retreat, 
 sir — retreat by all means." — Ridpath's Hist. 
 U. S., ch. 31. 
 
 9§. ADVICE ignored. By King James U. 
 Clarendon [the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland] 
 was soon informed, by a concise despatch from 
 Sunderland, that it had been resolved to make 
 
ADVICE— AFFECTION. 
 
 13 
 
 without delay a complete change in both the 
 ■civil and the military government of Ireland, 
 ^nd to bring a large number of Roman Catho- 
 lics instantly into office. His Majesty, it was 
 most ungraciously added, had taken counsel on 
 these matters with persons more competent to 
 advise him than his inexperienced lord lieuten- 
 ant could possibly be. — Macaulay's Hist, of 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 99. ADVICE, lU-timed. A. Liiicoln. [Some 
 Western gentlemen were excited about the com- 
 missions and omissions of the Administration.] 
 ' ' Gentlemen, suppose all the property you were 
 worth was in gold, and you had put it in the 
 hands of Blondin to carry across the Niagara 
 River on a rope, would you shake the cable, or 
 ieep shouting to him — 'Blondin, stand up a 
 Jittle straighter — Blondin, stoop a little more — 
 go a little faster — lean a little more to the north 
 — lean a little more to the south ' ? No, you 
 would hold your breath, as well as your tongue. 
 
 . . . The government are carrying an immense 
 weight. TJntold treasures are in their hands. 
 They are doing the very best they can. Don't 
 badger them." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 752. 
 
 100. ADVICE, Legacy of. By Augustus to 
 the Bomans. On the death of that emperor, his 
 testament was publicly read in the senate. He 
 bequeathed, as a valuable legacy to his success- 
 ors, the advice of confining the empire within 
 those limits which nature seemed to have placed 
 as its permanent bulwarks and boundaries : on 
 the west, the Atlantic Ocean ; the Rhine and 
 Danube on the north ; the Euphrates on the 
 east ; and toward the south, the sandy deserts 
 of Arabia and Africa. . . . Happily for the repose 
 of mankind, the moderate system recommended 
 by the wisdom of Augustus was adopted by 
 the fears and vices of his immediate successors. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1. 
 
 101. ADVOCATE, A personal. Mt by Proxy. 
 f An old legionary asked Augustus to assist him 
 m a cause which was about to be tried. Au- 
 .gustus deputed one of his friends to speak for 
 the veteran, who, however, repudiated the vica- 
 rious patron:] "It was not by proxy that I 
 fought for you at the battle of Actium." Au- 
 gustus acknowledged the obligation, and pleaded 
 the cause in person. 
 
 102. .ffiSTHETICISM, Brutality of. Qladiatcyrs. 
 The Lanistae, whose business it was to instruct 
 these gladiators in their profession, taught them 
 not only the use of their arms, but likewise the 
 most graceful postures of falling and the finest 
 attitudes of dying in. The food . . . prescribed to 
 them was of such a nature as to enrich and 
 thicken the blood, so that it might flow more 
 leisurely through their wounds, and thus the 
 spectators might be the longer gratified with 
 the sight of their agonies. . . . [They took the fol- 
 lowing oath:] "We swear that we will suffer 
 ourselves to be bound, scourged, burned, or 
 killed by the sword, or whatever Eumolpus or- 
 dains, and thus, like freeborn gladiators, we re- 
 ligiously devote both our soul and our body to 
 our master." — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 103. iESTHETICISM, Realistic. Bomans. [Ne- 
 ro's reign.] The specific atrocity of such spec- 
 tacles — unknown to the earlier ages which 
 they called barbarous — was due to the cold- 
 
 blooded selfishness, the hideous realism of a re- 
 fined, delicate, aesthetic age. To please these 
 " lisping hawthorn-buds," these debauched and 
 sanguinary dandies. Art, forsooth, must know 
 nothing of morality ; must accept and rejoice 
 in a " healthy animalism ;" must estimate life 
 by the number of its few wildest pulsations ; 
 must reckon that life is worthless without the 
 most thrilling experiences of horror or delight ! 
 Comedy must be actual shame, and tragedy 
 genuine bloodshed. When the play of Af ranius 
 called "The Conflagration" was put on the 
 stage, a house must be really burnt, and its fur- 
 niture really plundered. In the mime called 
 "Laureolus," an actor must really be crucified 
 and mangled by a bear, and really fling himself 
 down and deluge the stage with blood. When 
 the heroism of Mucius Scajvola was represented, 
 a real criminal must thrust his hand without a 
 groan into the flame, and stand motionless while 
 it is being burnt. Prometheus must be really 
 chained to his rock, and Dirce in very fact be 
 tossed and gored by the wild bull ; and Orpheus 
 be torn to pieces by a real bear ; and Icarus 
 must really fly, even though he fall and be 
 dashed to death ; and Hercules must ascend the 
 funeral pyre, and there be veritably burnt alive ; 
 and slaves and criminals must play their parts 
 heroically in gold and purple till, the flames en- 
 velop them. It was the ultimate romance of a 
 degraded and brutalized society. — Farrar's 
 Early Days, p. 40. 
 
 104. AFFECTION, Conjugal. Josephine. [The 
 night following the execution of the deed of 
 divorce, Josephine approached with hesitation 
 the bed and the spouse from whence she had been 
 ejected.] Forgetting everything in the fulness 
 of her anguish, she threfvv herself upon the bed, 
 clasped Napoleon's neck in her arms, and ex- 
 claiming, " My husband ! my husband !" sobbed 
 as though her heart were breaking. The impe- 
 rial spirit of Napoleon was entirely vanquished. 
 He also wept convulsively. He assured Jose- 
 phine of his love — of his ardent, undying love. 
 tit was their last private interview.] — Abbott's 
 Tapoleon B. , vol. 2, ch. 10. 
 
 105. . Andrew Jackson. The peo- 
 ple of Nashville, proud of the success of their 
 favorite, resolved to celebrate the event by 
 a great banquet on the 22d of December, the 
 anniversary of the day on which the general 
 had first defeated the British feelow New- 
 Orleans. . . . Six days before the day appoint- 
 ed for the celebration, Mrs. Jackson . . . sud- 
 denly shrieked, placed her hands upon her 
 heart, sunk upon a chair. . . . For the space of 
 sixty hours she suffered extreme agony. . . . 
 She recovered the use of her tongue ... to 
 implore . . . her exhausted husband to recruit 
 his strength for the banquet. He would not 
 leave her, but lay upon the sofa and slept a 
 little. The evening of the 22d she appear- 
 ed so much better that the general consent- 
 ed, after much persuasion, to sleep in the next 
 room. When he had been gone five minutes . . . 
 Mrs. Jackson gave a loud, inarticulate cry, 
 which was immediately followed by the death- 
 rattle in her throat. All night long he sat in 
 the room, occasionally looking into her face, 
 and feeling if there was any pulsation in her 
 heart. The next morning, when one of his 
 
14 
 
 AFFECTION. 
 
 friends arrived just before daylight, he was 
 neariy speechless and utteriy inconsolable, look- 
 ing twenty years older. There was no banquet 
 that day in Nashville. . . . Andrew Jackson 
 was never the same man again. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BioG., p. 539. 
 
 106. AFFECTION, Destitute of. Fulk the 
 Black. He was without natural affection. In 
 his youth he burned a wife at the stake, and 
 legend told how he led her to her doom decked 
 out in his gayest attire. In his old age he waged 
 his bitterest war against his son, and exacted 
 from him when vanquished a humiliation which 
 men reserved for the deadliest of their foes. 
 "You are conquered, you are conquered!" 
 shouted the old man in fierce exultation, as 
 Geoffry, bridled and saddled like a beast of 
 burden, crawled for pardon to his father's feet. 
 In Fulk first appeared that low type of supersti- 
 tion which startled even superstitious ages in 
 the early Plantagenets. Robber as he was of 
 church lands, and contemptuous of ecclesiasti- 
 cal censures, the fear of the end of the world 
 drove Fulk to the holy sepulchre. Barefoot 
 and with the strokes of the scourge falling heav- 
 ily on his shoulders, the count had himself 
 dragged by a halter through the streets of Jeru- 
 salem, and courted the doom of martyrdom by 
 his wild outcries of penitence. He rewarded the 
 fidelity of Herbert of Le Mans, whose aid saved 
 him from utter ruin, by entrapping him into 
 captivity and robbing him of his lands. He se- 
 cured the terrified friendship of the French king 
 by despatching twelve assassins to cut down be- 
 fore his eyes the minister who had troubled it. 
 Familiar as the age was with treason and rapine 
 and blood, it recoiled from the cool cynicism of 
 his crimes, and believed the wrath of heaven to 
 have been revealed against the union of the 
 worst forms of evil in Fulk the Black. But 
 neither the wrath of heaven nor the curses of 
 men broke with a single mishap the fifty years 
 of his success. — Hist, op Eng. People, § 123. 
 
 107. AFFECTION, Display of. Conjugal. [Ca- 
 to the Censor] expelled Manlius, a senator, 
 whom the general opinion had marked out for 
 Consul, because he had given his wife a kiss in 
 the day-time, in the sight of his daughter. 
 " For his own part," he said, "his wife never 
 embraced him but when it thundered dread- 
 fully," adding, by way of joke, "That he was 
 happy when Jupiter pleased to thunder." — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 10§. AFFECTION, Enduring. Sir Isaac New- 
 ton. The beautiful daughter of a physician, 
 who resided near his school, won his boyish 
 affections, and he paid court to her by making 
 dolls and doll-furniture for her. His affection 
 was returned by the young lady, and nothing 
 prevented their early marriage but Newton's 
 poverty. . . . When at length he was in better 
 circumstances, the object of his youthful love 
 was married, and he himself was wedded to 
 science. Never, however, did he return to the 
 home of his fathers without visiting the lady ; 
 and when both had reached fourscore he had 
 the pleasure of relieving the necessities of her 
 old age. — Parton's Sir I. Newton, p. 86. 
 
 109. AFFECTION, Fickle. Countess of Car- 
 lisle. The beautiful Countess of Carlisle, a kind 
 of English Cleopatra, of whom Strafford in the 
 
 season of his greatness had been the favored 
 lover, used every effort with the Parliament to- 
 obtain the life of the man whose love had been 
 her pride. The fascinating countess failed to- 
 soften their hearts. As if it were the fate of 
 Strafford to suffer at the same time the loss of 
 both love and friendship, this versatile beauty, 
 more attached to the power than the persons of 
 her admirers, transferred her affections quickly 
 from Strafford to Pym, and became the mis- 
 tress of the murderer, who succeeded to the 
 victim. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 14. 
 
 110. AFFECTION, FiUal. William Cowper. 
 When Cowper was six years old his mother 
 died ; and seldom has a child, even such a child, 
 lost more, even in a mother. Fifty years after 
 her death he still thinks of her, he says, with 
 love and tenderness every day. Late in his lif^ 
 his cousin, Mrs. Anne Bodham, recalled herself 
 to his remembrance by sending him his mother's 
 picture. "Every creature," he writes, "that 
 has any affinity to my mother is dear to me, and 
 you, the daughter of her brother, are but one 
 remove distant from her ; I love you, therefore, 
 and love you much, both for her sake and for 
 your own." — Smith's Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
 111. . Sir Walter Scott. His ex- 
 ecutors, in lifting up his desk, the evening 
 after his burial, found "arranged in careful 
 order a series of little objects, which had 
 obviously been so placed there that his eye 
 might rest on them every morning before he 
 began his tasks. These were the old-fashioned 
 boxes that had garnished his mother's toilet, 
 when he, a sickly child, slept in her dressing- 
 room — the silver taper-stand, which the young 
 advocate had bought for her with his first five- 
 guinea fee ; a row of small packets inscribed 
 with her hand, and containing the hair of those 
 of her offspring that had died before her ; his 
 father's snuff-box and etui-case ; and more 
 things of the sort." — Hutton's Life of Scott, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 112, . Caius Ma/rcitcs Coriolanus. 
 
 Marcius pursued glory because the acquisition 
 of it delighted his mother. For when she was 
 witness to the applause he received, when she 
 saw him crowned, when she embraced him with 
 tears of joy, then it was that he reckoned him- 
 self at the height of honor and felicity. Epam- 
 inondas had the same sentiments, and declared 
 it the chief happiness of his life, that his father 
 and mother lived to see the generalship he ex- 
 erted and the victory he won at Leuctra. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 113. . Sertorius the Roman General. 
 
 This love of his country is said to have been in 
 some measure owing to the attachment he had 
 to his mother. His father died in his in- 
 fancy, and he had his education wholly from 
 her ; consequently his affections centred in 
 her. His Spanish friends wanted to constitute 
 him supreme governor ; but having informa- 
 tion at that time of the death of his mother, he 
 gave himself up to the most alarming grief. 
 For seven whole days he neither gave the word, 
 nor would be seen by any of his friends. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 114. . Alexander the Great. [Olym- 
 
 pias was his mother.] He made her many 
 magnificent presents ; but he would not suffer 
 
AFFECTION. 
 
 15 
 
 her busy genius to exert itself in State affairs, 
 or in the least to control the proceedings 
 of government. She complained of this as 
 a hardship, and he bore her ill-humor with 
 great mildness. Antipater once wrote him a long 
 letter full of heavy complaints against her ; and 
 when he had read it, he said, " Antipater knows 
 not that one tear of a mother can blot out a thou- 
 sand such complaints." — Plutarch. 
 
 115. . Napoleon I. [During the 
 
 war between France and England an English 
 prisoner escaped, and reaching the coast secretly 
 prepared a fragile skiff of the bark and branches 
 of trees. He was about to venture the Channel 
 when he was arrested.] "Do you really .in- 
 tend," said Napoleon, "to brave the terrors of 
 the ocean in so frail a skiff T " If you will 
 but grant me permission," said the young man, 
 " I will embark immediately." " You must 
 doubtless, then, have some mistress to revisit." 
 ..." I wish," replied the noble sailor, " to see 
 my mother. She is aged, poor, and infirm." 
 The heart of Napoleon was touched. "You 
 shall see her," he energetically replied, "and 
 present to her from me this purse of gold. She 
 must be no common mother who can have 
 trained up so affectionate and dutiful a son." 
 . . . Sent in a cruiser with a flag of truce. — 
 Abbott's Napolkon, vol. 1, ch. 26. 
 
 116. AFFECTION of Friendship. A.Lincoln. 
 A few days before the President's death Secre- 
 tary Stanton tendered his resignation of the 
 War Department . . . saying that he . . . had 
 accepted the position to hold it only until the 
 war should end, and that now he felt his work 
 was done. Mr. Lincoln was greatly moved by 
 the secretary's words, and tearing in pieces the 
 paper that contained the resignation, and throw- 
 ing his arms about the secretary, he said, ' ' Stan- 
 ton you have been a good friend and a faithful 
 public servant, and it is not for you to say when 
 you will be no longer needed here." Several 
 friends of both parties were present, and there 
 was not a dry eye that witnessed the scene. — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 757. 
 
 117. AFFECTION, Impartial. Mr. Dustin. 
 a.d. 1697. Seven days after her confinement 
 Indian prowlers raised their shouts near the 
 house of Hannah Dustin, of Haverhill [N. H.] ; 
 her husband rode home from the field, but too 
 late to provide for her rescue. He must fly, 
 even if he would save one of his seven children, 
 who had hurried before him into the forest. 
 But, from the cowering flock, how could a 
 father make a choice ? [Which one take ? 
 which leave to the Indians ?] With gun in 
 hand he now repels the assault, now cheers on 
 the innocent group of little ones, as they rustle 
 through the dried leaves and bushes, till all 
 reach a shelter. The Indians burned his home 
 and dashed his infant against a tree. [His wife 
 was taken into captivity.] — Bancboft's U. 8., 
 ch. 21. 
 
 11§. AFFECTION outraged, Maternal. Indian 
 Wars. [The French and Indians made captives 
 of women after burning the settlement of Salmon 
 Falls in 1690.] The prisoners were laden by the 
 victors with spoils from their own homes. . . . 
 Mehetabel Godwin would linger apart in the 
 snow to lull her infant to sleep, lest its cries 
 should provoke the savages ; angry at the delay. 
 
 her [Indian] master struck the child against a 
 tree, and hung it among the branches. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 119. AFFECTION, Parental, Samuel Wesley. 
 [The house of Rev. Samuel Wesley, the father 
 of John Wesley, was fired at night by the rab- 
 ble, and totally consumed.] The family barely 
 escaped with their night garments upon them. 
 Mrs. Wesley was in feeble health ; unable to 
 climb with the rest through the windows, she 
 was thrice beaten back from the front door by 
 the flames. Committing herself to God, she at 
 last waded through the fire to the street, scorch- 
 ing her face and hands. It was found that one 
 child was missing. The father attempted to- 
 pass up the stairs to rescue him, but the consum- 
 ing steps could not bear his weight. He return- 
 ed in despair, and, kneeling down upon the earth,, 
 resigned to God the soul of his child. Mean- 
 while, the latter waking from his sleep, and 
 finding his chamber and bed on fire, flew to the 
 window, beneath which two peasants placed 
 themselves, one on the shoulders of the other, 
 and saved him at the moment when the roof fell 
 in and crushed the chamber to the ground. 
 ' ' Come, neighbors, " said the father, as he received 
 his son, " let us kneel down and give thank& 
 to God ; He has given me all my eight children ; 
 let the house go, I am rich enough." A few 
 moments more and the founder of Methodism 
 would have been lost to -the world. — Stevens's 
 Methodism, ch. 1, p. 59. 
 
 120. . Lard Strafford's Trial. " My 
 
 lords, I have troubled you longer than I 
 should have done, were it not for the inter- 
 est of these dear pledges a saint in heaven 
 hath left me." [Here he stooped, letting fall 
 some tears, and then resumed.] " What I for- 
 feit myself is nothing ; but that my indiscretion 
 should extend to my posterity woundeth me to 
 the very soul. You will pardon my infirmity -^ 
 something I should have added, but am not able, 
 therefore let it pass. And now, my lords, for 
 myself I have been, by the blessing of Almighty 
 God, taught the afliictions of this present life 
 are not to be compared to the eternal weight 
 of glory which shall be revealed hereafter. 
 And so, my lords ... I freely submit myself to- 
 your judgment ; and whether that judgment be 
 for life or death — ' Te Deum Laudamus !' " Sen- 
 tence of death was the reply to this eloquence 
 and virtue. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 12. 
 
 121. AFFECTION, Strong. William, Prince of 
 Orange. His affection was as impetuous as his 
 wrath. Where he loved, he loved with the whole 
 energy of his strong mind. When death separated 
 him from what he loved, the few who witnessed 
 his agonies trembled for his reason and his life. 
 To a very small circle of intimate friends, on 
 whose fidelity and secrecy he could absolutely 
 depend, he was a different man from the re- 
 served and stoical William whom the multitude 
 supposed to be destitute of human feelings. 
 — Macaulay's Hist, op Eng., vol. 2, ch. 7. 
 
 122. AFFECTION, Zeal of. John Howard. 
 Howard was in the south of Europe when first his 
 friends ventured to inform him of his son's con- 
 dition. " I have a melancholy letter," he wrote, 
 " relative to my unhappy young man. It is in- 
 deed a bitter affliction — a son, an only son \" 
 [A dissipated young man.] He hurried b«me. 
 
16 
 
 AFFECTION&-AGE. 
 
 The first five hundred miles he never stopped, 
 day nor night, except to change horses. He 
 reached his house to find his son a raving mad- 
 man, and to learn that his physicians had little 
 hope of his restoration. One of the symptoms 
 of his madness was a most violent antipathy to 
 his father, vphich banished Howard from his 
 home, until the increasing violence of the mal- 
 ady compelled the removal of the patient to an 
 asylum, where he died at the age of thirty -five. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 72. 
 
 123. AFFECTIONS, Blighted. Emanuel Swe- 
 dmborg. The attachment [of Swedenborg for 
 Polheim's daughter], however, was not mutual, 
 and the lady would not allow herself to be be- 
 trothed. Her father, who deeply loved Sweden- 
 borg, caused a written agreement to be drawn 
 up, promising his daughter at some future day. 
 This document, Emerentia, from filial obedience, 
 .signed ; but, as ladies generally do, when forced 
 to love in this way, took to sighs and sadness, 
 which so affected her brother with sorrow, that 
 he secretly purloined the agreement from Swe- 
 denborg. The paper was soon missed, for Swe- 
 denborg read it over frequently ; and in his grief 
 at its loss besought Polheim to replace it by a new 
 one. But as Swedenborg now discovered the 
 pain which he gave to the object of his affections, 
 lie at once relinquished all claim to her hand, and 
 left her father's house. It was his last, as it was 
 his first, endeavor after marriage. — White's 
 
 ;SWEDENBORG, ch. 3. 
 
 124. A0£, Depraved. Introducing Ghristi- 
 ■anity. The epoch which witnessed the early 
 growth of Christianity was an epoch of which 
 the horror and the degradation have rarely been 
 equalled, and perhaps never exceeded, in the an- 
 nals of mankind. . . . Abundant proof s of the ab- 
 normal wickedness which accompanied the de- 
 cadence of ancient civilization . . . are stamped 
 upon its coinage, cut on its gems, painted upon 
 its chamber-walls, sown broadcast over the 
 pages of its poets, satirists, and historians. " Out 
 of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wick- 
 ed servant !" Is there any age which stands so 
 instantly condemned by the bare mention of its 
 rulers as that which recalls the successive names 
 of Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, 
 and Vitellius, and which after a brief gleam of 
 better examples under Vespasian and Titus, 
 •sank at last under the hideous tyranny of a Domi- 
 tian ? Is there any age of which the evil charac- 
 teristics force themselves so instantaneously up- 
 on the mind as that of which we mainly learn the 
 history and moral condition from the relics of 
 Pompeii and Herculaneum, the satires of Per- 
 sius and Juvenal, the epigrams of Martial, and 
 the terrible records of Tacitus, Suetonius, and 
 Dion Cassius ? And yet even beneath this lowest 
 deep, there is a lower deep ; for not even on 
 their dark pages are the depths of Satan so shame- 
 lessly laid bare to human gaze as they are in the 
 sordid fictions of Petronius and of Apuleius. — 
 Parrar's Early Days, ch. 1. 
 
 125. AGE of Greatness. National. It is this 
 period, from the middle of the eighth to the mid- 
 dle of the tenth century, which is to be account- 
 ed the most flourishing age of Arabian magnifi- 
 cence. While Haroun Alraschid made Bagdad 
 the seat of a great and polished empire, and cul- 
 tivated the arts and sciences with high success. 
 
 the Moors of Cordova, under Abdalrahman and 
 his successors, vied with their Asiatic brethren 
 in the same honorable pursuits, and were, un- 
 questionably, the most enlightened of the States 
 of Europe at this period. The empire of the 
 Franks indeed, under Charlemagne, exhibited 
 a beautiful picture of order, sprung from confu- 
 sion and weakness, but terminating with the 
 reign of this illustrious monarch, and leaving 
 no time for the arts introduced by him to make 
 any approach to perfection. The Moors of 
 Spain, under a series of princes, who gave every 
 encouragement to genius and industry, though 
 fond at the same time of military glory, gained 
 thp reputation of superiority both in arts and 
 arms to all the nations of the West. The Moor- 
 ish structures in Spain, which were reared dur- 
 ing the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, many 
 of which yet remain, convey an idea of opulence 
 and grandeur which almost exceeds belief. The 
 Mosque of Cordova, begun by Abdalrahman the 
 First, and finished about the year 800, is still al- 
 most entire. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 4. 
 
 126. AGE, An improved. Evils old. The more 
 carefully we examine the history of the past, the 
 more reason shall we find to dissent from those 
 who imagine that our age has been fruitful of 
 new social evils. The truth is, that the evils are, 
 with scarcely an exception, old. That which is 
 new is the intelligence which discerns them, 
 and the humanity which remedies them. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 127. AGE, Men for the. Oliver Cromwell. 
 Like the patron saint of England, St. George of 
 Cappadocia — he of the dragon — Cromwell seems 
 a strangely mythic character. In an age when 
 real kings were dying or dead, and sham kings 
 were flying from their own weakness beneath the 
 outspread shadowy wings of Right Divine — 
 when, out of the sea and scenery of confusion, 
 beasts rose and reigned, like hydras, seven-head- 
 ed, seven-horned — when every man sought to do 
 what was right in his own eyes — when the prisons 
 were full of victims, when the churches were full 
 of mummeries, there rose a wraith, unexpected, 
 unprecedented in the history of the nation, per- 
 
 ' haps of the world, and said, " Well, then, you 
 must settle your account with me !" That quaint, 
 broad-hatted majesty of our old folio histories 
 was, without a doubt, the Pathfinder of his na- 
 tion in that age. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1. 
 
 12§. AGE, Memories in. Cato. When Cato was 
 drawing near the close of his life, he declared to 
 his friends that the greatest comfort of his old 
 age, and that which gave him the highest satis- 
 faction, was the pleasing remembrance of the 
 many benefits and friendly offices he had done 
 to others. To see them easy and happy by Tils 
 means made him truly so. 
 
 120. AGE, Objections to. Seipio. When he 
 was yet a boy, we have seen him a Tribune of 
 the Legions at the age of twenty, assisting to 
 rally the broken remains of the army of Cannae, 
 and barring the secession of the young nobles 
 after that disastrous day. Three years after we 
 find him offering himself a candidate for the 
 Curule ^dileship ; and, when it was objected 
 that he was yet too young for the office, 
 promptly answering, "If the people vote for 
 me, that will make me old enough." — Liddell's 
 Rome, p. 352. 
 
AGE. 
 
 ir 
 
 130, AGE criticised, OLD. Dr. Samuel John- 
 son. He observed: " There is a wicked inclina- 
 tion in most people to suppose an old man 
 decayed in his intellects. If a young or middle- 
 aged man, when leaving a company, does not 
 recollect where he laid his hat, it is nothing ; 
 but if the same inattention is discovered in an 
 old man, people will shrug up their shoulders, 
 and say, ' His memory is going.'" — Boswell's 
 Johnson, Bond's Ed., p. 486. 
 
 131. AGE, Excitement in OLD. Death of Pres. 
 HanHson. He was inaugurated President on 
 the 4th of March, 1841 . . . Daniel Webster . . . 
 Secretary of State. Everything promised well for 
 the new Whig administration ; but before Con- 
 gress could convene, the venerable President, 
 bending imder the weight of sixty-eight years, 
 fell sick, and died just one month after his in- 
 auguration. — RiDPATii's Hist, of U. S., ch. 56. 
 
 132. AGE Health in OLD. Dr.SamuelJohnson. 
 One of the company mentioned his having seen 
 a noble person driving in his carriage, and look- 
 ing exceedingly well, notwithstanding his great 
 age. Johnson : " Ah, sir, that is nothing. 
 Bacon observes that a stout, healthy old man is 
 like a tower undermined." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 517. 
 
 133, AGE, Labor in OLD. Martin Luther. 
 Luther had reached his sixty -third year. Fre- 
 quent attacks of sickness had seriously weakened 
 his bodily frame. Added to this was the anxi- 
 ety that he felt on account of the course of 
 ecclesiastical affairs, so that at times a weariness 
 of life overcame him. Thus he writes a few 
 months before his death : "I, an aged, used-up, 
 idle, tired, and unimpressive man, write to you. 
 And though I had hoped that they would grant 
 me, decrepit man that I am, a little rest, I am 
 nevertheless overwhelmed with writing and 
 speaking, acting and performing, as if I had 
 never transacted, written, spoken, or done any- 
 thing." — Rein's Luther, ch. 25. 
 
 134. . Herschel. Sir William Her- 
 
 schel was still pursuing his observations at 
 the age of eighty. . . . He discovered the planet 
 Uranus in 1781. It has been said of him, that 
 " no one individual ever added so much to the 
 facts on which our knowledge of the solar sys- 
 tem is founded." — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 7, 
 p. 129. 
 
 135. AGE, Literature in OLD. John Milton. 
 The usual explanation of the frigidity of " Para- 
 dise Regained " is the suggestion which is nearest 
 at hand — viz. , that it is the effect of age. Like 
 Ben Jonson's " New Inn," it betrays the feeble- 
 ness of senility, and has one of the most certain 
 marks of that stage of authorship, the attempt 
 to imitate himself in those points in which he 
 was once strong. — Pattison's Milton, ch. 13. 
 
 136. AGE, Success in OLD. Gasar. As a gen- 
 eral, Caesar was probably no less inferior to 
 Pompey than Sylla to Marius. Yet his suc- 
 cesses in war, achieved by a man who, in his 
 forty-ninth year, had hardly seen a camp, add 
 to our conviction of his real genius. — Liddell's 
 Rome, p. 702. 
 
 137. AGE, Vigor in OLD. Warrior. Masi- 
 nissa. King of Numidia, when past ninety years 
 of age, charged like a boy of nineteen at the head 
 
 of his wild horsemen against the Carthaginians,, 
 and overcame them. — Liddell's Rome, p. 482, 
 
 13§. . John Wesley. John Wesley 
 
 was eighty-six years old before he became- 
 conscious of the infirmities of many years. 
 He lived till he was eighty -eight years of age. 
 This unusual vigor he ascribed to the blessing 
 of God, wrought chiefly by his constant exer- 
 cise, his early rising, and his habit of daily 
 preaching morning and evening. . . . Entering 
 his eightieth year, he says ... he travels from 
 four to five thousand miles every year ; has a- 
 perfect command of sleep, night or day, when- 
 ever he needs it ; he is an early riser at a fixed, 
 hour. ... In his eighty -second year he writes : 
 "It is now eleven years since I felt any such 
 thing as weariness." . . . His associates could 
 not at this time perceive in him any signs of in- 
 tellectual decay, nor can the critic detect it in 
 his writings. ... He records beautiful impres- 
 sions of nature and books more frequently ; he 
 compares and criticises Ariosto and Tasso ; he- 
 indulges occasionally in dramatic reading and 
 criticism. . . . He is described as still fresh in 
 color, with a brilliant eye and vivacious spirits. 
 ... He was careful of his physical habits ; his 
 natural constitution was feeble ; he said he never 
 felt lowness of spirits for a quarter of an hour 
 since he was born, and before his seventieth, 
 year he never lost a night's sleep. He preached 
 forty -two thousand five hundred sermons. — 
 Stevens' Methodism, Book 5, ch. 12. 
 
 139. . Cato the Censor. He re- 
 tained his bodily strength to a very great age. 
 When he was past eighty years he called one 
 morning upon a man who had formerly beert 
 his secretary, and asked him whether he hed 
 yet provided a husband for his daughter. "I 
 have not," was the reply ; " nor shall I without 
 consulting my best friend." "Why, then," 
 said Cato, " I have found out a very fit husband 
 for her, if she can put up with an old man who, 
 in other respects, is a very good match for her." 
 "I leave the disposal of her," said the father, 
 "entirely to you. She is under your protec- 
 tion, and depends wholly upon your bounty." 
 " Then," said Cato, " I will be your son-in-law." 
 The astonished parent gave his consent, and 
 Cato announced his intention to his son, who- 
 was himself a married man. "Why, what 
 have I done," said the son, " that I should have- 
 a mother-in-law put upon me ?" "I am only 
 desirous," replied Cato, "of having more such 
 sons as you, and leaving more such citizens to 
 my country." By this wife, who was little 
 more than a girl, he actually had a son. Who- 
 himself became consul of Rome, and was the- 
 father of the other famous Cato, the enemy of 
 Caesar. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 423. 
 
 140. . Lord PaZmerston. When 
 
 he was past seventy, he thought no more of 
 a thirty-mile gallop of an afternoon than a 
 New York merchant does of walking home 
 from Broad Street to Union Square. Often, 
 when Parliament was expected to sit late, he 
 would dismiss his carriage, and, coming out of 
 the house after midnight, would walk home 
 alone, a distance of two miles, and "do" the 
 distance in thirty minutes. There never was a 
 brisker old gentleman. In the hunting season 
 I he usually went into the country, where h» 
 
18 
 
 AGE— AGRARIANISM. 
 
 would follow the hounds as vigorously and as 
 long as the youngest buck of them all. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF Bigg., p. 500. 
 
 141, AGE, Protected by. Aged Solon. Many of 
 his friends . . . told him the tyrant would cer- 
 tainly put him to death . . . and asked him what he 
 trusted to, that he went such imprudent lengths ; 
 he answered, ' ' To old age. " However, when Pi- 
 sistratus had fully established himself, he made 
 his court to Solon, and treated him with so 
 much kindness and respect, that Solon became, 
 as it were, his counsellor, and gave sanction to 
 many of his proceedings. — Plutakch. 
 
 142. AGE, A remarkable. Thirteenth Century. 
 [Here we] seek the origin of our freedom, our 
 prosperity, and our glory. Then it was that the 
 great English people was formed. . . . Then 
 first appeared with distinctness that Constitution 
 which has ever since, through all changes, pre- 
 served its identity ; that Constitution of which 
 all the other free constitutions in the world are 
 copies, and which, in spite of some defects, de- 
 serves to be regarded as the best under which 
 any great society has ever yet existed during 
 many ages. Then it was that the House of 
 Commons, the archetype of all the representa- 
 tive assemblies which now meet, either in the 
 Old or in the New World, held its first sittings. 
 Then it was that the common law rose to the 
 dignity of a science, and rapidly became a not 
 unworthy rival of the imperial jurisprudence. 
 Then it was that the courage of those sailors 
 who manned the rude barks of the Cinque Ports 
 first made the flag of England terrible on the 
 seas. Then it was that the most ancient col- 
 leges which still exist at both the great national 
 seats of learning were founded. Then was 
 formed that language, less musical, indeed, than 
 the languages of the South, but in force, in 
 richness, in aptitude for all the highest pur- 
 poses of the poet, the philosopher, and the 
 orator, inferior to that of Greece alone. Then, 
 too, appeared the first faint dawn of that noble 
 literature, the most splendid and the most 
 4urable of the many glories of England. — Ma- 
 caxjlay's Hist, of Eng., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 143. . Bef or motion. The age of 
 
 Charles V. is the era of great events and im- 
 portant revolutions in the history of Europe. 
 It is the era of the Reformation in religion in 
 Germany, in the northern kingdoms of Den- 
 mark and Sweden, and in Britain. It is the 
 era of the discovery of America ; and, lastly, it 
 is the period of the highest splendor of the fine 
 arts in Italy and in the south of Europe. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20. 
 
 144. AGE, Satisfactory. Intimidated. Cra- 
 cow was taken, and the whole country gave waj^ 
 to the conqueror [Charles XII.] The perfidi- 
 ous primate [Cardinal Rajouski], in an assembly 
 of the States at Warsaw, now openly took part 
 against the king [of Poland], his master, and in 
 the year 1704 the throne of Poland was declared 
 vacant. The victorious Charles signified to the 
 fitates of the kingdom his desire that Stanislaus 
 Leckzinski, a young nobleman of Posnania, 
 should be elected king. The electors made 
 some hesitation on account of his youth. " If 
 I am not mistaken," said Charles, "he is as old 
 as I am" [twenty years]. It is almost needless 
 
 to add that Leckzinski was elected King of 
 Poland. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 35. 
 
 145 AGED, Blessing of the. John Howard. 
 The Pope was one of the monarchs with whom 
 he conversed on this great subject. He was re- 
 ceived at the papal palace with unusual distinc- 
 tion, and he was dispensed from the ceremony 
 of kissing the toe of the pontiff. When he was 
 about to retire, after a long conversation on the 
 prisons of Italy, the Pope said to him, laying 
 his hand upon his very Protestant head: "I 
 know you Englishmen do not mind these things, 
 but the blessing of an old man can do you no 
 harm." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 58. 
 
 146. AGITATION, Perils of. Great Beforma- 
 tion. " Luther's teachings," writes a contempo- 
 rary, "have aroused so much strife, dissension, 
 ana disturbance among the people, that there is 
 scarce a country or a city, a village or a family, 
 that has not been divided and agitated even unto 
 blowjs." — Rein's Luther, ch. 6. 
 
 147. AGITATION, Perseverance in. AboUtiori- 
 ists. The Abolitionists were a proscribed and 
 persecuted class, denounced with unsparing se- 
 verity by both of the great political parties, con- 
 demned by many of the leading churches, libelled 
 in the public press, and maltreated by furious 
 mobs. In no part of the country did they con- 
 stitute more than a handful of the population. 
 . . . They were largely recruited from the So- 
 ciety of Friends. . . . Caring nothing for preju- 
 dice, meeting opprobrium with silence, shaming 
 the authors of violence by meek non-resistance, 
 relying on moral agencies alone, appealing sim- 
 ply to the reason and the consdience of men, 
 they arrested the attention of the nation by ar- 
 raigning it before the public opinion of the 
 world, and proclaiming its responsibility to the 
 judgment of God. — Blaine's Twenty Years 
 OF Congress, p. 23. 
 
 14§. AGONY of the Cross. Christ. The agony 
 of Christ upon the cross, dying a slow death 
 from rabid violence among the Jews, and bar- 
 barous wounds inflicted by Roman soldiers, to 
 drain away the blood of life, and torture all the 
 nerves of sense, and all the feelings of the soul 
 within the body, is the highest illustration of 
 the meaning of the word. — Am. Cyc, "Agony." 
 
 149. AGBABIANISM, Difficulties of. Bomana. 
 The people might certainly have prevailed in ob- 
 taining the favorite measure of an agrarian law. 
 But the truth is, this measure was nothing more 
 than a political engine, occasionally employed 
 by the popular magistrates for exciting commo- 
 tions, and weakening the power of the patricians. 
 It was a measure attended necessarily with 
 so much difficulty in the execution, that few 
 even of the people themselves had a sincere de- 
 sire of seeing it accomplished. The extensive 
 disorder it must have introduced in the territo- 
 rial possessions of the citizens, by a new distribu- 
 tion of all the lands acquired by conquest to the 
 republic since the time of Romulus — the affec- 
 tion which even the poorest feel for a small patri- 
 monial inheritance, the place of their nativity, 
 and the repository of the bones of their forefa- 
 thers — and that most admirable and most salutary 
 persuasion that it is an act of impiety to alter 
 or remove ancient landmarks — all these were 
 strong obstacles. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 3, ch.5. 
 
AGGRESSION— AGRICULTURE. 
 
 19 
 
 150. AGGRESSION, Eequired. Rornans. [After 
 the recapture of Capua by Appius Claudius and 
 Fulvius Flaccus,] when the Consuls returned 
 home, they were refused a triumph. No Ro- 
 man general, it was said, deserved a triumph for 
 merely recovering what once belonged to the 
 Republic. — Liddell's Rome, p. 334. 
 
 151. AGBICTTLTUSE, Ancient. Bomans. In 
 the early times of Rome the work of the farm 
 was the only kind of manual labor deemed wor- 
 thy of a free citizen. This feeling long survived, 
 as may be seen from the praise bestowed on 
 agriculture by Cicero, whose enthusiasm was 
 caught from one of his favorite heroes, old Cato 
 the Censor. The taste for books of farming 
 continued. Varro the antiquarian, a ariend of 
 Cicero, lias left an excellent treatise on the sub- 
 ject. A little later came the famous Georgics of 
 Virgil, followed at no long interval by Pliny's 
 notices, and then by the elaborate Dissertations 
 of Columella, who refers to a great number of 
 Roman writers on the same subject. It is man- 
 ifest that the subject of agriculture possessed a 
 strong and enduring charm for the Roman mind. 
 But, from the times of the Hannibalic War, 
 agriculture lost ground in Italy. When Cato 
 was asked what was the most profitable kind of 
 farming, he said, " Good grazing." What next ? 
 "Tolerable grazing." What next? "Bad graz- 
 ing." What next? "Corn-growing." Later 
 writers, with one accord, deplored the dimin- 
 ished productiveness of land. — Liddell's Rome, 
 p. 497. 
 
 152. AGBICULTTTBE, Anti-monopoly in. Bo- 
 mans. A high appreciation of agriculture ap- 
 pears to have been a fundamental idea among 
 the early Romans. A tract of land was allot- 
 ted to every citizen by the State itself, and 
 each one was carefully restricted to the quantity 
 granted. It was said by the orator Cu- 
 rius, that "he was not to be counted a good 
 citizen, but rather a dangerous man to the 
 State, who could not content himself with 
 seven acres of land." The Roman acre being 
 about one sixth less than ours, the law actually 
 limited the possession to about six acres. As 
 the nation became more powerful and extended 
 its dominions by conquest, the citizen was al- 
 lowed to hold fifty acres, and still later he could 
 be the holder of five hundred. — Am. Cyc, 
 " Agriculture." 
 
 153. AGEICULTURE, Attractions of. The Po- 
 et Horace. When cloyed with the pleasures of 
 the imperial city, he had but to moimt his mule 
 and ride fifteen minutes, to reach his farm. 
 His land, well covered with forest, and lying 
 on both sides of a sparkling river, was tilled by 
 five free families and eight slaves, and produced 
 grain, wine, and olives. It abounded in pleasant, 
 secluded scenes, fit for a poet's leisure ; and 
 there, too, he delighted to receive his friends 
 from Rome ; Mecsenas himself being glad to 
 repose there from the toils of government. To 
 this day, Horace's farm is continually visited by 
 travellers residing in Rome, especially by Eng- 
 lish and Americans. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 376. 
 
 154. AGRICULTURE, Burdens of. By Ar- 
 taxerxes, King of the Persians. Several of his 
 sayings are preserved. One of them in partic- 
 ular discovers a deep insight into the consti- 
 
 tution of government. " The authority of the 
 prince," said Artaxerxes, "must be defend- 
 ed by a military force ; that force can only 
 be maintained by faxes ; all taxes must, at 
 last, fall upon agriculture ; and agriculture can 
 never flourish except under the protection of 
 justice and moderation." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 8. 
 
 155. AGRICULTURE burdened. Bdgnof Louis 
 XVI. The progress of agriculture was still bur- 
 dened by the servitudes of the soil. Each 
 little farm was in bondage under a complicated 
 system of irredeemable dues, to roads and 
 canals ; to the bakehouse and the brewery of the 
 lord of the manor ; to his winepress and his 
 mill ; to his tolls at the river, the market, or the 
 fair ; to groimd rents and quit rents, and fines 
 on alienation. The game laws let in the wild 
 beasts and birds to fatten on the growth of the 
 poor man's fields ; and after his harvests pro- 
 vincial custom-houses blocked domestic com- 
 merce ; the export of corn, and even its free 
 circulation within the realm, was prohibited ; so 
 that one province might waste from famine and 
 another want a market. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 7. 
 
 156- AGRICULTURE exalted. " Nmrer Heav- 
 en." The great employment of France was 
 the tillage of land, than which no method of 
 gain is more grateful in itself or more worthy 
 of freemen, or more happy in rendering service 
 to the whole human race. No occupation is 
 nearer heaven. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 2. 
 
 157. AGRICULTURE honored. Cincinnatm, 
 Dictator of Borne. A successor was chosen to 
 Valerius in the consulate, L. Quintius Cincinnat- 
 us, a man of ^eat resolution and intrepidity, 
 who, though himself so indigent as to cultivate 
 with his own hands his paternal fields, and to 
 be called from the plough to put on the robe of 
 the consul, had yet the high spirit of an ancient 
 patrician, which was ill-disposed to brook the 
 insolence of the popular magistrates or acquiesce 
 in the daily increasing pretensions of the in- 
 ferior order. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 5. 
 
 15§. . Edmund Burke. [Edmund 
 
 Burke] was an agricultural improver. Young 
 saw him experimenting on carrots at his farm 
 at Beaconsfield, and says, "Buckinghamshire 
 will be much indebted to the attention this 
 manly genius gives to husbandry." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. ]. 
 
 159. AGRICULTURE, Pursuit of. Noblest Bo- 
 mans. The picture of the Roman people dur- 
 ing the first five centuries is so perfectly dis- 
 tinct, so widely different from what we find it 
 in the latter ages of the republic, that we might 
 at first be induced to think that some very ex- 
 traordinary causes must have co-operated to pro- 
 duce so total an alteration. Yet the transition 
 was easy and natural, and was in the Roman 
 people the necessary and inevitable consequence 
 of that rich and luxurious situation in which 
 the virtuous and heroic temper of the earlier 
 times had conduced to place the republic. A 
 spirit of temperance, of frugality, and of indus- 
 try must be the characteristics of every infant 
 colony. The poverty of the first Romans, the 
 narrow territory to which they were limited, 
 made it necessary for every citizen to labor for 
 
»0 
 
 AGRIC ULTURE— ALLIANCE. 
 
 his subsistence. In the first ages, the patricians, 
 when in the country, forgot all the distinctions 
 of rank, and toiled daily in the fields like the 
 lowest plebeian. . . . Cincinnatus we have seen 
 named dictator by the voice of his country, 
 while at the plough. M. Curius, after expelling 
 Pyrrhus from Italy, retired to the possession of 
 a small farm, which he assiduously cultivated. 
 The elder Cato was fond of this spot, and re- 
 vered it on account of its former master. It 
 was in emulation of the example of this ancient 
 Roman that Cato betook himself to agriculture. 
 Scipio Africanus also, after the conquest of 
 Hannibal and the reduction of Carthage, re- 
 tired to his paternal fields, and with his own 
 hand reared and grafted his fruit trees. — Tyt- 
 liER's Hist. , Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 160. AOBICULTUBE, BeligiouB. Persian Mo- 
 rality. To cultivate an untilled field, to plant 
 fruit trees, to destroy noxious animals, to bring 
 water to a dry and barren land, were all actions 
 beneficial to mankind, and therefore most agree- 
 able to the divinity, who vdlls perpetually the 
 highest happiness of his creatures. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 161. AGRICULTURE, Scientific. Rdgn of 
 Charles II. Deeply impressed with these great 
 truths, the professors of the new philosophy 
 applied themselves to their task, and before a 
 quarter of a century had expired they had given 
 ample earnest of what has since been achieved. 
 Already a reform of agriculture had been com- 
 menced. New vegetables were cultivated. 
 New implements of husbandry were employed. 
 New manures were applied to the soil. Evelyn 
 had, under the formal sanction of the Royal So- 
 ciety, given instruction to his countrymen in 
 planting. Temple, in his intervals of leisure, 
 had tried many experiments in horticulture, and 
 had proved that many delicate fruits, the natives 
 of more favored climates, might, with the help 
 of art, be grown on English ground. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 162. AGRICULTURE, Superiority of. Bomans. 
 Many of the early laws of the Romans were the 
 necessary result of their situation. Such, for 
 example, was that law which confined the prac- 
 tice of all mechanic arts to the slaves ; for all 
 the free citizens must either have been employed 
 in warfare or in the culture of their fields. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 1. 
 
 163. AGRICULTURE, Unsuccessful. England 
 in A.D. 1890. The average produce of wheat 
 per acre was less than six bushels. — Knight's 
 Hist, op Eng., vol. 1, ch. 30. 
 
 164. AGRICULTURISTS crippled. By Theodo- 
 ric. [The King of the Goths.] This . . . faith- 
 ful servant [of the Eastern Empire] was suddenly 
 converted into a formidable enemy, who spread 
 the flames of war from Constantinople to the 
 Adriatic ; many flourishing cities were reduced 
 to ashes, and the agriculture of Thrace was al- 
 most extirpated by the wanton cruelty of the 
 Goths, who deprived their captive peasants of 
 the right hand that guided the plough. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 39, p. 6. 
 
 165. ALARM, Needless. Pertinax, Prefect of 
 Borne. [Commodus, the Roman tyrant, had 
 been assassinated. The conspirators sought 
 noble Pertinax to fill the vacant throne.] He 
 
 now remained almost alone of the friends and 
 ministers of Marcus ; and when, at a late hour 
 of the night, he was awakened with the news 
 that the chamberlain and the prefect were at 
 his door, he received them with intrepid resig- 
 nation, and desired they would execute their 
 master's orders. Instead of death, they offered 
 him the throne of the Roman world. During 
 some moments he distrusted their intentions and 
 assurances. Convinced at length of the death 
 of Commodus, he accepted the purple with a sin- 
 cere reluctance. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 166. ALARM, Religious. Martin Luther. Al- 
 ready, in his eighteenth year, he surpassed all 
 his fellow-students in knowledge of the Latin 
 classics, and in power of composition and of elo- 
 quence. His mind took more and more a deeply 
 religious turn ; but it was not till he had been 
 for two years studying at Eisenach that he dis- 
 covered an entire Bible, having xmtil then only 
 known the ecclesiastical extracts from the sacred 
 volume, and the history of Hannah and Samuel. 
 He now determined to study Greek and Hebrew, 
 the two original languages of the Bible. A 
 dangerous illness brought him within the near 
 prospect of death ; but he recovered, and prose- 
 cuted his study of philosophy and law, and tried 
 hard to gain inward peace by a pious life and 
 the greatest strictness in all external observances. 
 His natural cheerfulness disappeared ; and after 
 experiencing the shock of the death of one of 
 his friends by assassination in the summer of 
 1505, and soon after that being startled by a 
 thunderbolt striking the earth by his side, h& 
 determined to give up the world and retire into 
 the convent of the Augustinians at Erfurt. — 
 Bunsen's Luther, p. 7. 
 
 167. ALIENS, Expulsion of. Adams' Admin- 
 istration. Much of the recent legislation of 
 Congress had been imwise and unpopular. The 
 alien law, by which the President was authorized 
 to send out of the country any foreigners whose 
 presence should be considered prejudicial to the 
 United States, was specially odious. . . . Parti- 
 san excitement ran high. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 
 47. 
 
 16§. ALLEGORIST, The best. John Banyan. 
 The "Pilgrim's Progress" was, in his own life- 
 time, translated into several foreign languages. 
 It was, however, scarcely known to the learned 
 and polite, and had been, during near a century, 
 the delight of pious cottagers and artisans before 
 it was publicly commended by any man of high 
 literary eminence. At length critics conde- 
 scended to inquire where the secret of so wide 
 and so durable popularity lay. They were com- 
 pelled to own that the ignorant multitude had 
 judged more correctly than the learned, and 
 that the despised little book was really a master- 
 piece. Bunyan is indeed as decidedly the first 
 of allegorists, as Demosthenes io the first of 
 orators, or Shakespeare the first of dramatists. 
 Other allegorists have shown equal ingenuity, 
 but no other allegorist has ever been able to 
 touch the heart and to make abstractions ob- 
 jects of terror, pity, and of love.— Mac aula y's 
 Hist, op Eng., ch. 7. 
 
 169. ALLIANCE, Degrading. Charles 11. with 
 Louis XIV. [Charles sought aid, that he might 
 be independent of Parliament.] Louis promis- 
 ed large aid. He from time to time doled out 
 
ALLIANCE— ALLY. 
 
 21 
 
 ■such aid as might serve to keep hope alive, and 
 as he could without risk or inconvenience spare. 
 In this way, at an expense very much less than 
 that which he incurred in building and decorat- 
 ing Versailles or Marli, he succeeded in making 
 England, during nearly twenty years, almost as 
 insignificant a member of the political system 
 ©f Europe as the republic of San Marino. — Ma- 
 catjlay's Hist, of Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 irO. ALLIANCE demanded. By France of 
 JJ. S. [John Adams was President.] Adet, 
 the French minister, made inflammatory appeals 
 to the people, and urged the government to 
 ■conclude a treaty with France against Great 
 Britain. When the President and Congress 
 «tood firmly on the doctrine of neutrality, the 
 French Directory grew insolent, and began to 
 demand an alliance. . . . On the 10th of March 
 the Directory issued instructions to French men- 
 of-war to assail the commerce of the United 
 .States. . . . American minister was ordered to 
 leave the territory of France. [War followed.] 
 — Ridpath's Hist. U. S., ch. 47. 
 
 171. ALLIANCE, A just. American Indians. 
 Friendly relations . . . were established with 
 the Wampanoags. Massasoit, the great sachem 
 of the nation, was invited to visit the settlement, 
 and came, attended by a few of his warriors. 
 The pilgrims received them with as much 
 parade and ceremony as the colony could pro- 
 vide ; Captain Standish ordered out his sol- 
 diers , . . then and there was ratified the first 
 treaty made in New England. The terms were 
 few and simple. There should be peace and 
 friendship ... no injury should be done by 
 either party. All offenders should be given up 
 to be punished. If the English engaged in war, 
 Massasoit should help them ; if the Wampa- 
 noags were attacked unjustly, the English 
 should give aid. . . . Mark the word unjustly ; 
 it contains the essence of Puritanism. — Rid- 
 path's Hist, of U. S., ch. 13. 
 
 172- ALLIANCE of Self-interes*. ' 'We give Our- 
 selves . . . to the Romans." Ca^aa was the prin- 
 eipal city of Campania, one of the finest and 
 most fertile countries of Italy. This city, then, 
 was extremely opulent and luxurious. The 
 Samnites, a poor but warlike people, were al- 
 lured by the riches of their neighbors, and in- 
 vaded Campania. The inhabitants of Capua, 
 after some feeble attempts to resist the invaders, 
 implored aid from the Romans. The Senate 
 answered, that their alliance with the Samnites 
 prevented them from giving anything else than 
 their compassion. " If, then," said the Capuans, 
 "you will not defend us, you will, at least, de- 
 fend yourselves ; and from this moment we give 
 ourselves, our cities, our fields, and our gods to 
 the Romans, and become their subjects." The 
 Senate accepted the donation, and ordered the 
 Samnites immediately to quit their territories. 
 The necessary consequence was a war. . . . 
 The Samnites were glad to conclude a peace. — 
 Tytler's Hist., ch. 7. 
 
 173. ALLIES, Dangerous. Turkish Tribes. 
 {Mahmud encouraged emigration of many 
 tribes within his territory.] Mahmud the Gaz- 
 nevide was admonished of his error by a chief 
 of the race of Selijuk, who dwelt in the terri- 
 tory of Bochara. The sultan had inquired what 
 «upply of men he could furnish for military 
 
 service. "If you send," replied Ismael, "one 
 of these arrows into our camp, fifty thousand of 
 your servants will mount on horseback. " ' 'And 
 if that number," continued Mahmud, " should 
 not be sufl[icient ?" ' ' Send this second arrow to 
 the horde of Balik, and you will find fifty thou- 
 sand more." "But," said the Gaznevide, dissem- 
 bling his anxiety, "if I should stand in need of 
 the whole force of your kindred tribes ?" " Des- 
 patch my bow," was the last reply of Ismael ; 
 ' ' and as it is circulated around, the summon* 
 will be obeyed by two hundred thousand horse." 
 The apprehension of such formidable friendship 
 induced Mahmud to transport the most obnox- 
 ious tribes into the heart of Chorasan, where 
 they would be separated from their brethren by 
 the river Oxus, and enclosed on all sides by the 
 walls of obedient cities. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 6, 
 ch. 63. 
 
 174. . Lions. [Cassius made com- 
 plaint against Caesar that] the lions which he 
 had procured when he was nominated sedile, 
 and which he had sent to Megara, Caesar had 
 taken and converted to his own use, having 
 found them there when that city was taken by 
 Calanus. Those lions, it is said, were very 
 fatal to the inhabitants ; for as soon as their 
 city was taken, they opened their dens and un- 
 chained them in the streets, that they might 
 stop the irruption of the enemy ; but instead of 
 that they fell upon the citizens, and tore them 
 in such a manner that their very enemies were 
 struck with horror. — Plutarch. 
 
 175. ALLIES, Invisible. Mahomet's Angels. 
 [The Koreish had one hundred horse and eight 
 himdred foot.] " O God," he exclaimed, as 
 the numbers of the Koreish descended from the 
 hills, " O God, if these are destroyed, by whom 
 wilt Thou be worshipped on the earth? Courage, 
 my children ; close your ranks ; discharge your 
 arrows, and the day is your own." At these 
 words he placed himself, with Abubeker, on a 
 throne or pulpit, and instantly demanded the 
 succor of Gabriel and three thousand angels. 
 His eye was fixed on the field of battle ; the 
 Mussulmans fainted and were pressed ; in that 
 decisive moment the prophet started from his 
 throne, mounted his horse, and cast a handful of 
 sand into the air : " Let their faces be covered 
 with confusion." Both armies heard the thunder 
 of his voice ; their fancy beheld the angelic 
 warriors ; the Koreish trembled and fled ; 
 seventy of the bravest were slain ; and seventy 
 captives adorned the first victory of the faithful. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 176. ALLIES rejected. Lafayette — Kalb. Ju- 
 ly, 1777. Kalb and Lafayette arriving at Phila- 
 delphia . . . met a rude repulse. When it was 
 told that Lafayette desired no more than leave 
 to risk his life in the cause of liberty, without 
 pension or allowance. Congress gave him the 
 rank of major-general ; but at first the services of 
 Kalb, the ablest European officer who had come 
 over — master of English and familiar with the 
 country — were rejected. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 9, ch. 23. 
 
 177. ALLY, Volunteer. Agrarian Law. [Pro- 
 posed for relief of the poor and for returned 
 Roman soldiers. Large tracts belonging to the 
 State were to be donated J Pompey was the idol 
 of every soldier in the State, and at Caesar's in- 
 
22 
 
 AMBITION. 
 
 vitation he addressed the assembly. He spoke 
 for his veterans. He spoke for the poor citizens. 
 He said that he approved the law to the last 
 letter of it. " Will you then," asked Caesar, 
 •' support the law if it be illegally opposed ?" 
 "Since," replied Pompey, "you counsel, and 
 you, my fellow-citizens, ask aid of me, a poor 
 individual without office and without author- 
 ity, who nevertheless has done some service 
 to the State, I say that I will bear the shield 
 if others draw the sword." Applause rang out 
 from a hundred thousand throats. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 13. 
 
 17§. AMBITION vs. Affection. Napoleon I. 
 [Josephine knew that many were urging upon 
 him the necessity of a divorce that he might 
 have an heir, and thus secure the future of the 
 State.] One day when Napoleon was busy 
 in his cabinet Josephine entered softly by a 
 side door, and seating herself affectionately 
 upon his knee, and passing her hand gently 
 through his hair, said to him, with a burst of 
 tenderness, " I entreat you, my love, do not make 
 yourself king. It is Lucien who urges you to 
 It. Do not listen to him." Napoleon smiled 
 upon her kindly, and said, " Why, my poor Jo- 
 sephine, are you mad ?" . . . She knew the in- 
 tensity of her husband's love. She also knew 
 the boundlessness of his ambition. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon I., vol. 1, ch, 24. 
 
 179. AMBITION, Awakened. Sir I. Newton. 
 It is a question with English teachers whether 
 schoolboys ought or ought not to be permitted 
 to settle their quarrels by a fair fight with fists. 
 In the great schools of Eton, Westminster, 
 Harrow, and others, fighting is tacitly allowed ; 
 but in the smaller schools, especially those under 
 the charge of dissenters, it is forbidden. . . . 
 The greatness of Sir Isaac Newton dates from a 
 fight which he had with one of his schoolfellows 
 when he was thirteen years of age. At that 
 time, according to his own confession, he was 
 very idle at school, and stood last in the lowest 
 class but one. One morning, as he was going 
 t3 school, the boy who was first in the same 
 class kicked him in the stomach with so much 
 violence as to cause him severe pain during the 
 day. When the school was dismissed, he chal- 
 lenged the boy to fight him. The challenge 
 being accepted, a ring was formed in the church- 
 yard, the usual place of combat, and the fight 
 begun. Newton, a weakly boy from his birth, 
 was inferior to his antagonist in size and 
 strength ; but, smarting under a sense of the in- 
 dignity he had received, he fought with so much 
 spirit and resolution as to compel his adversary 
 to cry. Enough. The schoolmaster's son, who 
 had been clapping one of them on the back and 
 winking at the other, to urge on the contest, and 
 who acted as a kind of umpire, informed the 
 victor that it was necessary to crown his triumph 
 by rubbing the other boy's nose against the 
 wall. Li+tle Newton seized him by the ears, 
 thrust his face against the rough side of the 
 church, and walked home exulting in his victory. 
 The next morning, however, he had again 
 the mortification of seeing his enemy at the 
 head of the class, while he occupied his usual 
 place at the foot. He began to reflect. Could 
 he regard himself in the light of a victor while 
 his foe lorded it over him in the schoolroom ? 
 
 The applauding shouts of his schoolfellows had 
 been grateful to his ears, but his enemy enjoyed 
 the approval of the teacher. The laurels of the 
 playground seemed to fade in comparison with 
 the nobler triumphs of the mind. The result of 
 his reflections was, that he determined to con- 
 quer his adversary again by getting to the head 
 of his class. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 244. 
 
 1§0. AMBITION, Cruelty of. . Irene. Con- 
 stantine, surnamed Copronymus, . . . dying left 
 this prince [his son Leo], then nine years old, to 
 the government of his mother Irene, who ruled 
 the empire [of the East] rather as a sovereign 
 than as a regent. She was an able woman, and 
 foresaw the danger to the empire from the am- 
 bition and power of Charlemagne. To avert any 
 hostile purposes, till she should be in a condition 
 to oppose them with effect, she brought about a 
 negotiation for the marriage of her son with the 
 daughter of Charlemagne ; but it was far from 
 her intention that this match should ever be ac- 
 complished. Irene, on the contrary, was too 
 fond of power herself to consent to anything 
 that might deprive her of the reins of govern- 
 ment. She kept the young Constantine in the 
 most absolute dependence and submission ; and 
 when at last he endeavored to assume that 
 dignity which belonged to him, she, on pretence 
 of treasonable designs, threw him into prison, 
 deprived him of his eyes, and put him to death. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3. 
 
 1§1. AMBITION in the Church. Schisms. 
 Ambition is a weed of quick and early vegeta- 
 tion in the vineyard of Christ. Under the first 
 Christian princes the chair of St. Peter was 
 disputed by the votes, the venality, the violence, 
 of a popular election ; the sanctuaries of Rome 
 were polluted with blood ; and from the third 
 to the twelfth century the church was distracted 
 by the mischief of frequent schisms. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 69. 
 
 182. AMBITION cursed. Gen. Praser. a.d. 
 1777. [Gen. Fraser, one of Gen. Burgoyne's 
 major-generals, fell at the battle of Saratoga.] 
 He questioned the surgeon eagerly as to his 
 wound, and when he found that he must go 
 from wife and children, that fame and pro- 
 motion and life were gliding from before his 
 eyes, he cried out in his agony : " Damned am- 
 bition!" — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 24. 
 
 1§3. AMBITION, Delusive. Ito?nan Emperor 
 Maximus. The imprudent Maximus . . . grati- 
 fied his resentment and ambition ; he saw the 
 bleeding corpse of Valentinian at his feet ; and 
 he heard himself saluted Emperor by the unan- 
 imous voice of the Senate and people. But the 
 day of his inauguration was the last day of his 
 happiness. He was imprisoned (such is the 
 lively expression of Sidonius) in the palace ; 
 and after passing a sleepless night, he sighed 
 that he had attained the summit of his wishes, 
 and aspired only to descend from the dangerous 
 elevation. Oppressed by the weight of the 
 diadem, he communicated his anxious thoughts 
 to his friend and quaestor Fulgentius ; and when 
 he looked back with unavailing regret on the 
 secure pleasures of his former life, the emperor 
 exclaimed, "O fortunate Damocles, thy reign 
 began and ended with the same dinner ;" a 
 well-known allusion. . . . The reign of Maximus 
 continued about three months. His hours, of 
 
AMBITION. 
 
 23 
 
 K 
 
 which he had lost the command, were disturbed 
 by remorse, or guilt, or terror, and his throne 
 was shaken by the seditions of the soldiers, the 
 people, and the confederate barbarians. — Gib- 
 POn's Rome, ch. 36. 
 
 184. AMBITION, Destructive. Assassination 
 of Julius Caesar. The principal thing that ex- 
 cited the public hatred, and at last caused his 
 death, was his passion for the title of king. It 
 was the first thing that gave offence to the mul- 
 titude, and it afforded his inveterate enemies a 
 very plausible plea. — Plutarch. 
 
 1§5. AMBITION, Determination of. Alexan- 
 der Hamilton. His mother, while he was yet a 
 child, had left him an orphan and poor. A 
 father's care he seems never to have known. . . . 
 When a clerk in his native West India.] . . . 
 ^o a friend of his own years [he] confessed his 
 ambition. "I would willingly risk my life," 
 said he, ' ' though not my character, to exalt my 
 station. I mean to prepare the way for futuri- 
 ty ; we have seen such schemes successful when 
 the projector is constant." — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 6. 
 
 186. AMBITION differs. Alexander the Great 
 and Parmenio. Darius had sent a second em- 
 bassy to Alexander, while he was engaged in 
 the siege of Tyre. The Persian now assumed a 
 humbler tone. He offered ten thousand talents 
 for the ransom of his mother and his queen, and 
 he agreed to give Alexander his daughter Statira 
 in marriage, with all the Asiatic provinces to 
 the westward of the Euphrates for her portion. 
 When these terms were made known to the 
 Macedonian officers, Parmenio could not help 
 remarking, that, were he Alexander, he would 
 not hesitate a moment to accept of them. " And 
 I," replied the king, "might think so too, if I 
 were Parmenio." — "Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 
 4, p. 186. 
 
 187. AMBITION, Diverse. Napoleon I.— Peas- 
 ant. [When Napoleon was crossing the Alps 
 with his army, a young peasant was his 
 guide, and unconscious of the rank of his com- 
 panion. Napoleon] drew from his young and 
 artless guide the secrets of his heart. The young 
 peasant was sincere and virtuous. He loved a 
 fair maid among the mountains. She loved him. 
 It was his great desire to have her for his own. 
 He was poor, and had neither house nor land to 
 support a family. Napoleon struggling . . . 
 against England and Austria ... to meet one 
 hundred and tAventy thousand foes . . . [re- 
 membered his guide and gratified his ambition 
 in the possession of a home.] — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 19. 
 
 188. AMBITION, Dream of. Count de Brog- 
 He. A.D. 1776. While Washington was toiling 
 under difficulties without [pecuniary] reward, 
 a rival in Europe aspired to his place. The 
 Count de Broglie, disclaiming the ambition 
 of becoming the sovereign of the United States, 
 insinuated his willingness to be for a period of 
 years its William of Orange, provided he could 
 be assured of a large grant of money before 
 embarkation, an ample revenue, the highest 
 military rank, and the direction of foreign rela- 
 tions during his command, and a princely annu- 
 ity for life after his return. . . . The poverty of 
 the new republic scattered the great man's short- 
 lived dream. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 16. 
 
 189. AMBITION, Envious. Themistodes ths 
 Athenian Statesman and General. Themisto- 
 des was so carried away with the love of glory, 
 so immoderately desirous of distinguishing 
 himself by some great action, that, though 
 he was very young when the battle of Mara- 
 thon was fought, and when the generalship 
 of Miltiades was everywhere extolled, yet even 
 then he was observed to keep much alone, to be 
 very pensive, to watch whole nights, and not to 
 attend the usual entertainments. When he was 
 asked the reason by his friends, who wondered 
 at the change, he said, " The trophies of Miltiades 
 would not suffer him to sleep." — Plutarch. 
 
 190. AMBITION, Failure of. Sir W. Scott. 
 There is something of irony in such a result of 
 the herculean labors of Scott to found and 
 endow a new branch of the clan of Scott. When 
 fifteen years after his death the estate was at 
 length freed from debt, all his own children 
 and the eldest of his grandchildren were dead ; 
 and now forty-six years have elapsed, and there 
 only remains one girl of his descendants to bor- 
 row his name and live in the halls of which he 
 was so proud. And yet this, and this only, was 
 wanting to give something of the grandeur of 
 tragedy to the end of Scott's great enterprise. 
 He valued his works little compared with the 
 house and lands which they were to be the 
 means of gaining for his descendants ; yet every 
 end for which he struggled so gallantly is all 
 but lost, while his works have gained more of 
 added lustre from the losing battle which he 
 fought so long, than they could ever have gain- 
 ed from his success. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 17. 
 
 191. AMBITION, Field of. Young Knight. 
 He went forth, if we are to believe literally the 
 chroniclers of those ages, with the determined 
 purpose of provoking to combat some other 
 knight of established renown ; and to effect this 
 a pretence was never wanting. He had only to 
 assert boldly that the lady whom it was his hap- 
 piness to serve and obey excelled every other 
 female in beauty and in virtue, as much as the 
 moon surpassed the stars in splendor, and to in- 
 sist upon every knight he met making the same 
 acknowledgment. The high esteem of the fe- 
 male sex we have before remarked to have been 
 characteristic of the Gothic manners.— Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 192. AMBITION, Inhuman. The Triumviri. 
 Octavius, Mark Antony, and Lepidus held a 
 conference in a small island in the middle of the 
 river Po. They agreed that, under the title of 
 Triumviri, they should possess themselves of 
 absolute authority ; and they made a partition 
 on the spot of all the provinces, and divided be- 
 tween them the command of the legions. . . . 
 The Eastern provinces were as yet possessed by 
 Brutus and the other conspirators, against whom 
 it was determined that Antony and Octavius 
 should immediately march with a large army. 
 Before entering, however, upon this expedition, 
 it was resolved to clear the way by a proscrip- 
 tion of all that were obnoxious to any one of 
 the Triumviri ; a dreadful resolution, since the 
 firmest friends of any one of the three had nec- 
 essarily been the enemies of the others. What 
 souls must these men have possessed, who could 
 advise or consent to so horrible a scheme ! Le- 
 pidus agreed to sacrifice his brother Paulus ; 
 
■34 
 
 AMBITION. 
 
 Antony nis uncle Lucius Caesar ; Octavius his 
 iTuardian Torranius and his friend Cicero.— 
 Tytlkr's Universal Hist., Book 4, ch. 2. 
 
 193. AMBITION, Insensibility of. Surgeons. 
 A great surgeon is frequently tempted, by the 
 mere love of his art, to perform an operation not 
 ■«trictly necessary. Dr. [Valentine] Mott held this 
 practice in abhorrence. . . . A celebrated Paris 
 iiurgeon asked him one day if he would like to see 
 iiim perform his original operation. " Nothing 
 would give me more pleasure," replied Dr. Mott. 
 The Frenchman mused a moment, and then 
 «aid : " However, now I think of it, there is no 
 patient in the hospital who has that malady. 
 No matter, my dear friend, there is a poor devil 
 in Ward No. — , who is of no use to himself or 
 anybody else ; and if you'll come to-morrow, 
 I'll operate beautifully on him." It need not be 
 :8aid that Dr. Mott declined to witness the perpe- 
 tration of a crime so atrocious. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 531. 
 
 194. AMBITION, Literary. Milton. It was 
 during his residence in Italy that his literary 
 ambition was born. From an early period of 
 Ms youth he had been accustomed to write Latin 
 poems, some of which he carried to Italy and 
 showed to his learned friends there. They were 
 .struck with wonder that a man from distant 
 England should have attained such mastery of 
 the Latin language, and they were not less as- 
 tonished that a Briton should be so excellent a 
 poet. It was their hearty praise, he says in one 
 of his letters, that first suggested to him the idea 
 of devoting his life to literature. Then and 
 there it was, he tells us, that he began to think 
 that "by labor and intent study" he might, per- 
 iaps, produce something so written that posterity 
 -would not let it die. A great Christian poem 
 was the object to which he aspired. He desired 
 to do for England what Homer had done for 
 Greece, Virgil for Rome, Dante for Italy, and 
 Camoens for Portugal. It was in Italy, too, that 
 he saw those religious dramas, representing the 
 temptation of Adam and Eve and its conse- 
 ■quences, which are supposed to have given him 
 the idea of his " Paradise Lost." — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 168. 
 
 195. AMBITION, Lofty. Timour or Tamer- 
 lane. The conquest and monarchy of the world 
 Tvas the first object of the ambition of Timour. 
 To live in the memory and esteem of future ages 
 -was the second wish of his magnanimous spirit. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65. 
 
 196. AMBITION, Maternal. Mother of Emp. 
 J!Tero. On the accession of Claudius, Agrippina 
 was restored to her rank and fortune, and once 
 more imdertook the management of her child. 
 He was, as we see from his early busts, a child 
 of exquisite beauty. His beauty made him 
 An object of special pride to his mother. From 
 this time forward it seems to have been her one 
 desire to elevate the boy to the rank of Emperor. 
 In vain did the astrologers warn her that his eleva- 
 tion involved her murder. To such dark hints of 
 the future she had but one reply — ' ' Occidat dum 
 4mperet !" " Let him slay me, so he do but reign !" 
 [He did slay her.]— Farrar's Early Days, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 197. AMBITION mortified. Poet SJielley. " I 
 despair of rivalling Lord Byron, as well I may, 
 
 and there is no other with whom it is worth con- 
 tending." To Oilier, in 1820, he wrote: "I 
 doubt whether I shall write more. I could be 
 content either with the hell or the paradise of 
 poetry ; but the torments of its purgatory vex 
 me, without exciting my powers sufficiently to 
 put an end to the vexation." — Symonds's 
 Shelley, ch. 6. 
 
 198. AMBITION, National. Continental Prov- 
 ince. A period of more than a hundred years 
 followed, during which the chief object of the 
 English was to establish, by force of arms, a 
 great empire on the Continent. . . . The 
 effect of the successes of Edward III. and of 
 Henry V. was to make France, for a time, 
 a province of England. The disdain with 
 which, in the twelfth century, the conquerors 
 from the Continent had regarded the islanders, 
 was now retorted by the islanders on the people 
 of the Continent. Every yeoman from Kent to 
 Northumberland valued himself as one of a race 
 born for victory and dominion, and looked down 
 with scorn on the nation before which his ances- 
 tors had trembled. ... In no long time our an- 
 cestors altogether lost sight of the onginal ground 
 of quarrel. They began to consider the crown 
 of France as a mere appendage to the crown of 
 England. — Macaulay's Hist, of Eng., ch. 1. 
 
 199. AMBITION, Persistent. CTiarlemagne. 
 In the course of a glorious reign of forty-five 
 years, this prince, who, in more respects than ai 
 a conqueror, deserved the surname of Great, ex- 
 tended the limits of his empire beyond th« 
 Danube, subdued Dacia, Dalmatia, and Istria; 
 conquered, and rendered tributary to his crown, 
 all the barbarous nations as far as the Vistula or 
 Weser ; made himself master of the greatest 
 part of Italy, and alarmed the fears of the em- 
 pire of the Saracens. The longest of his wars 
 was that with the Saxons. It was thirty years 
 before he reduced to subjection this ferocious 
 and warlike people. The motive of this obsti- 
 nate war, on the part of Charlemagne, against 
 a people who possessed nothing alluring to the 
 avarice of a conqueror, was ambition alone ; 
 unless we shall suppose that the ardor for mak- 
 ing proselytes had its weight with a prince, 
 whose zeal for the propagation of Christianity 
 was a remarkable feature in his character — a 
 zeal, however, which carried him far beyond 
 the bounds which humanity ought to have as- 
 signed to it. Charlemagne left the Saxons but 
 the alternative of being baptized or drowned in 
 the Weser. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3. 
 
 200. AMBITION proclaimed. Bobert Ouisco/rd. 
 After this inauguration [as duke] Robert styled 
 himself, "By the grace of God and St. Peter, 
 Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and hereafter of 
 Sicily ;" and it was the labor of twenty years 
 to deserve and realize these lofty appellations. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 56. 
 
 201. AMBITION restrained. Theodoric the Os- 
 trogoth. The life of Theodoric represents the 
 rare and meritorious example of a barbarian, 
 who sheathed his sword in the pride of victory 
 and the vigor of his age. A reign of three and 
 thirty years was consecrated to the duties of 
 civil government, and the hostilities in which 
 he was sometimes involved were speedily ter- 
 minated by the conduct of his lieutenants, th« 
 discipline of his troops, the arms of his allies, 
 
AMBITION— AMEBIC A . 
 
 and even by the terror of his name. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 202. AMBITION, Sleepless. Mahomet II. 
 [Fearing the bribes of his enemies, he sent for 
 his prime vizier at midnight, who came with 
 much alarm to learn Mahomet's anxiety to pos- 
 sess Constantinople.] " Lala " (or preceptor), con- 
 tinued the sultan, " do you see this pillow ? All 
 the night, in my agitation, I have pulled on one 
 side or the other ; I have risen from my bed, again 
 have I lain down ; yet sleep has not visited these 
 weary eyes. Beware of the gold and silver of 
 the Romans . . . with the aid of God and the 
 prayers of the prophet, we shall speedily be- 
 come masters of Constantinople." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 68. 
 
 203. AMBITION, Spurred. General Schuyler. 
 A.D. 1777. [Gen. Gates asked Congress to ap- 
 point himself to supersede Schuyler in command 
 at Albany and Ticonderoga.] His uneasy and 
 ambitious wife let her voice be heard : " If you 
 give up one iota, and condescend to be adjutant- 
 general, I may forgive it, but never will forget 
 it." [He was unfit for either position, but 
 gained his point.] — Bancroft's IJ. S., vol. 9, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 204. AMBITION, Subordinated. Oliver Crom- 
 well. Macaulay . . . says : ' ' The ambition 
 
 j of Oliver was of no vulgar kind. He never 
 seems to have coveted despotic power. He, at 
 first, fought sincerely and manfully for the 
 Parliament, and never deserted it till it had de- 
 serted its duty. But even when thus placed by 
 violence at the head of affairs, he did not assume 
 unlimited power. He gave the country a con- 
 stitution far more perfect than any which had, 
 at that time, been known to the world. For 
 himself, he demanded indeed the first place in 
 the Commonwealth, bat with powers scarcely 
 so great as those of a Dutch stadtholder or an 
 American president. He gave to Parliament a 
 voice in the appointment of ministers, and left 
 it to the whole legislative authority, not even 
 reserving to himself a veto on its enactments ; 
 and he did not require that the chief magistracy 
 should be hereditary in his family. Thus far, 
 if the circumstances of the time and the oppor- 
 tunities which he had for aggrandizing himself 
 be fairly considered, he will not lose by com- 
 parison with Washington and Bolivar. " — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 1. 
 
 205. AMBITION, Unhappy. Timour the Tar- 
 tar. [The nuptials of his six grandsons were 
 celebrated for two months.] The historian 
 of Timour may remark, that, after devoting 
 fifty years to the attainment of empire, the 
 only happy period of his life were the two 
 months in which he ceased to exercise his 
 power. But he was soon awakened to the cares 
 of government and war. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 65. 
 
 206. AMBITION unsatisfied. Bomxin Emper- 
 or Severus. The ascent to greatness, however 
 
 ■steep and dangerous, may entertain an active 
 spirit with the consciousness and exercise of its 
 own powers ; but the possession of a throne could 
 never yet afford a lasting satisfaction to an 
 a^abitious mind. This melancholy truth was 
 fjlt and acknowledged by Severus. Fortune 
 nnd merit had, from an humble station, elevated 
 dim to the first place among mankind. "He 
 
 had been all things," as he said himself, " and 
 all was of little value." Distracted with the 
 care, not of acquiring, but of preserving an em- 
 pire, oppressed with age and infirmities, careless 
 of fame, and satiated with power, all his pros- 
 pects of life were closed. The desire of perpet- 
 uating the greatness of his family was the only 
 remaining wish of his ambition and paternal 
 tenderness. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 207. AMBITION, Unscrupulous. Stephen A. 
 Douglas. His faults were great and lamentable. 
 Like so many other public men who spend 
 their winters in Washington, he lived too freely 
 and drank too much. If he was a skilful poli- 
 tician, he was sometimes an unscrupulous one, 
 and supported measures for party reasons which 
 he ought to have opposed for humane and patri- 
 otic ones. He said himself that President Polk 
 committed the gigantic crime of " precipitating 
 the country into the Mexican war to avoid the 
 ruin of the Democratic party," and knowing 
 this, he supported him in it. His rapid and uni- 
 form success as a politician inflamed his ambi- 
 tion, and he made push after push for the Presi- 
 dency, and finally permitted his party to be 
 divided rather than postpone his hopes. He 
 was in too much of a hurry to be President. -^ 
 Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 201. 
 
 20§. AMBITION, War of. "Seven Years' War." 
 [Frederick the Great professed friendship and 
 support to the young ruler of Austria.] Yet the 
 King of Prussia, the " Anti-Machiavel," had al- 
 ready fully determined to commit the great 
 crime of violating his plighted faith, of robbing 
 the ally whom he was bound to defend, and of 
 plunging all Europe into a long, bloody, and 
 desolating war, and all this for no end whatever 
 except that he might extend his dominions and 
 see his name in the gazettes. He determined to 
 assemble a great army with speed and secrecy to 
 invade Silesia before Maria Theresa should be 
 apprised of his design, and to add that rich prov- 
 ince to his kingdom. ... To quote his own 
 words : " Ambition, interest, the desire of mak- 
 ing people talk about me, carried the day, and I 
 decided for war." — Macaulay's Frederick 
 THE Great, p. 28. 
 
 209, AMERICA for Americans. "Monroe 
 Doctrine." The British and French ministers 
 proposed to the American Government to enter 
 into a Tripartite Treaty — so called — in which 
 each of the contracting nations was to disclaim 
 then and forever all intention of possessing 
 Cuba. To this proposal Mr. [Alex. H.] Everett 
 replied in one of the most masterly State papers 
 on record. Great Britain and France were in- 
 formed . . . that the Federal Government did 
 not recognize in any European power the right 
 to meddle with affairs purely American, and 
 that, in accordance with the doctrine set forth 
 l)y President Monroe, any such interference 
 would be resented as an affront to the sover- 
 eignty of the United States. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 58. 
 
 210. AMEEICA, Future of. Lafayette. He 
 received the order of the king [of France] to 
 give up his expedition [in aid of the Americans] 
 . . . he braved the order, and . . . embarked 
 for America. ... To his young wife . . . 
 he wrote on board the Victory, at sea ; 
 " From love to me become a good American ; 
 
26 
 
 AMERICA— AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 the welfare of America is closely bound up with 
 the welfare of all mankind ; it is about to be- 
 come the safe asylum of virtue, tolerance, 
 equality, and peaceful liberty." — Bakckoft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 16. 
 
 211. AMEEICA, Mission of. John Adams. 
 "I always," said John Adams, "consider the 
 settlement of America with reverence and won- 
 der, as the opening of a grand scene and design 
 in Providence for the illumination of the igno- 
 rant and the emancipation of the slavish part 
 of mankind all over the earth." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 11. 
 
 212. AMERICA, Prophecy of. Stormont to 
 George III. [In a.d. 1775 he predicted if the 
 colonies gained independence :] They might con- 
 quer both your islands and ours ... in process 
 of time advance to the southern continent of 
 America, and either subdue their inhabitants, or 
 carry them along with them, and in the end not 
 leave a foot of that hemisphere in the possession 
 of an European power . . . being remote they 
 are not the less sure. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, 
 ch. 51. 
 
 213. AMERICA, Transformation in. "Fountain 
 of ToutJi." On the discovery of the new hemi- 
 sphere, the tradition was widely spread through- 
 out the old, that it conceals a fountain whose ever- 
 flowing waters have power to reanimate age and 
 restore its prime. The tradition was true ; but 
 the youth to be renewed was the youth of soci- 
 ety ; the life to bloom afresh was the life of the 
 race. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 13. 
 
 214. AMERICANS despised. Dr. Samuel John- 
 son. He had recently published a pamphlet, en- 
 titled ' ' Taxation no Tyranny ; an Answer to 
 the Resolutions and Address of the American 
 Congress." ... As early as 1769 ... he had 
 said of them, " Sir, they are a race of convicts, 
 and ought to be thankful for anything we al- 
 low them short of hanging. " — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 237. 
 
 215. AMERICANS hated. Dr. Samvd John- 
 son. He said : "I am willing to love all man- 
 kind, except an American ;" and his inflamma- 
 ble corruption bursting into horrid fire, he 
 "breathed out threatenings and slaughter," 
 calling them, "Rascals, robbers, pirates;" and 
 exclaiming, he'd ' ' burn and destroy them. " 
 Miss Seward, looking to him with mild but 
 steady astonishment, said : " Sir, this is an in- 
 stance that we are always most violent against 
 those whom we have injured." He was irritated 
 still more by this delicate and keen reproach. — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 380. 
 
 216. AMUSEMENT, Captivated by. Louis Phi- 
 lippe. [The Duke of Orleans travelled in the Uni- 
 ted States incog.'] At a tavern the duke remonstra- 
 ted with the landlady for not attending to their 
 wants. She replied that there was a show in 
 the village, the first show ever seen in that coun- 
 trj^ and she was not going to stay at home her- 
 self, nor require any one else to stay, to wait on 
 anybody ; not she, indeed ! — Cyclopedia of 
 Biog., p. 509. 
 
 217. AMUSEMENT, Disappointed in. Monks. 
 In England . . . the Gray Friars of Francis [ar- 
 rived] in 1224. They had hardly landed at Dover 
 before they made straight for London and Ox- 
 ford. In their ignorance of the road the first two 
 
 gi-ay brothers lost their way in the woods between 
 Oxford and Baldon, and, fearful of night and of 
 the floods, turned aside to a grange of the monks 
 of Abingdon. Their ragged clothes and foreign 
 gestures, as they prayed for hospitality, led the 
 porter to take them for jongleurs, the jesters and 
 jugglers of the day, and the news of this break 
 in the monotony of their lives brought prior, 
 sacrist, and cellarer to the door to welcome them 
 and witness their tricks. The disappointment 
 was too much for the temper of the monks, and 
 the brothers were kicked roughly from the gate 
 to find their night's lodgings under a tree. — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 208. 
 
 218. AMUSEMENTS, Brutal. Broadsicords. 
 During the first half of the eighteenth century, 
 all ranks gathered to see " a trial of skill between 
 two masters of the noble science of defence." 
 The fights of the ring have been brutalizing 
 enough ; but to behold two men cut at each 
 other with broadswords, till one was disabled by 
 severe wounds on the forehead and the leg, was a 
 brutality that was at its height in the Augustan 
 age. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27. 
 
 219. AMUSEMENTS of Combat. Boman The- 
 atre. Pompey dedicated a new theatre, and 
 delighted the mob with games and races. Five 
 hundred lions were consumed in five days 
 of combat. As a special novelty, eighteen ele- 
 phants were made to fight with soldiers ; and, 
 as a yet more extraordinary phenomenon, the 
 sanguinary Roman spectators showed signs of 
 compunction at their sufferings. The poor 
 beasts were quiet and harmless. When 
 wounded with the lances they turned aw^aj', 
 threw up their trunks, and trotted round the 
 circus, crying, as if in protest, against wanton 
 cruelty. The story went that they were half 
 human ; that they had been seduced on board 
 the African transports by a promise that they 
 should not be ill-used, and they were supposed 
 to be appealing to the gods. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 15. 
 
 220. AMUSEMENTS, Degraded by. Bomam. 
 The drama, even in Horace's days, had degen- 
 erated into a vehicle for the exhibition of scen- 
 ic splendor or ingenious machinery. Dignity, 
 wit, pathos, were no longer expected on the 
 stage, for the dramatist was eclipsed by the 
 swordsman or the rope-dancer. The actors 
 who absorbed the greatest part of popular favor 
 were pantomimists, whose insolent prosperitj- 
 was generally in direct proportion to the infamy 
 of their character. And while the shamelessness 
 of the theatre corrupted the pui-ity of all classes 
 from the earliest age, the hearts of the multitude 
 were made hard as the nether millstone with 
 brutal insensibility, by the fury of the circus, 
 the atrocities of the amphitheatre, and the cruel 
 orgies of the games. Augustus, in the docu- 
 ment annexed to his will, mentioned that he 
 had exhibited eight thousand gladiators and 
 three thousand five hundred and ten wild beasts. 
 — Farrar's Early Days, ch. 1. 
 
 221. AMUSEMENTS, DeUght in. Circus. The 
 most lively and splendid amusement of the idle 
 multitude depended on the frequent exhibition 
 or public games and spectacles. The piety of 
 Christian princes had suppressed the inhuman 
 combats of gladiators ; but the Roman people 
 still considered the circus as their home, their 
 
AMUSEMENTS— ANGEL. 
 
 37 
 
 ^emple, and the seat of the republic. The im- 
 patient crowd rushed at the dawn of day to se- 
 cure their places, and there were many who 
 passed a sleepless and anxious night in the ad- 
 jacent porticos. From the morning to the 
 evening, careless of the sun, or of the rain, the 
 spectators, who sometimes amounted to the num- 
 ber of four hundred thousand, remained in 
 eager attention ; their eyes fixed on the horses 
 and charioteers, their minds agitated with hope 
 and fear, for the success of the colors which, they 
 espoused ; and the happiness of Rome appeared 
 to hang on the event of a race. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 31. 
 
 222. AMUSEMENTS interdicted. By Puri- 
 tam. Public amusements, from the masques 
 which were exhibited at the mansions of the 
 great down to the wrestling matches and grin- 
 ning matches on village greens, were vigorously 
 attacked. One ordinance directed that all the 
 May-poles in England should forthwith be hewn 
 down. Another proscribed all theatrical di- 
 versions. The play-houses were to be disman- 
 tled, the spectators fined, the actors whipped at 
 the cart's tail. Rope-dancing, puppet-shows, 
 bowls, horseracing, were regarded with no 
 friendly eye. But bear-baiting, then a favorite 
 diversion of high and low, was the abomination 
 which most stirred the wrath of the austere 
 sectaries . . . not because it gave pain to the 
 bear, but because it gave pleasure to the specta- 
 tors. Indeed, he generally contrived to enjoy 
 the double pleasure of tormenting both the spec- 
 tators and the bear. — Mac aul ay's Hist, op 
 Eng., ch. 11. 
 
 223. AMUSEMENTS, Sanguinary. Roman Cir- 
 cus. By the order of [the emperor] Probus, a 
 great quantity of large trees, torn up by the 
 roots, were transplanted into the midst of the 
 circus. The spacious and shady forest was im- 
 mediately filled with a thousand ostriches, a 
 thousand stags, a thousand fallow deer, and a 
 thousand wild boars ; and all this variety of 
 game was abandoned to the riotous impetuosity 
 of the multitude. The tragedy of the succeed- 
 ing day consisted in the massacre of a hundred 
 lions, an equal number of lionesses, two hun- 
 dred leopards, and three hundred bears. The 
 collection prepared by the younger Gordian for 
 his triumph, and which his successor exhibited 
 in the secular games, was less remarkable by 
 the number than by the singularity of the ani- 
 mals. Twenty zebras displayed their elegant 
 forms and variegated beauty to the eyes of the 
 Roman people. Ten elks, and as many camel- 
 opards, the loftiest and most harmless creat- 
 ures that wander over the plains of Sar- 
 matia and Ethiopia, were contrasted with 
 thirty African hyenas and ten Indian tigers, the 
 most implacable savages of the torrid zone. 
 The unoffending strength with which Nature 
 has endowed the greater quadrupeds was ad- 
 mired in the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus of 
 the Nile, and a majestic troop of thirty-two ele- 
 phants . . . and properties of so many different 
 species, transported from every part of the 
 ancient world into the amphitheatre of Rome. 
 But this accidental benefit, which science might 
 [lerive from folly, is surely insufficient to jus- 
 tify such a wanton abuse of the public riches. — 
 G^IBBON'8 Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 224. AMUSEMENTS, Sunday. Games. [In 
 1593,] after the evening service, to shoot at the 
 baths, to play at football, even to see an inter- 
 lude, were not accounted unqhristian occupa- 
 tions. Round the old manor-house the lads 
 and lasses of the village would have their Sun- 
 day evening games of barley-break and hand- 
 ball, while the squire, and even the parson, 
 would look approvingly on. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 251. 
 
 225. ANCESTEY, Humble. Poet Horace. His 
 father was a Roman slave, who, some years 
 before Horace was born, obtained his free- 
 dom. "Everybody has a fling at me," he 
 says in one of his satires (the sixth of book 
 first), "because I am a freedman's son." He 
 owed his name to the fact that his father's 
 master belonged to the Horatian tribe. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG., p. 373. 
 
 226. ANCESTRY ineffective. Pnnce Rupert. 
 He was born at Prague, in 1619 ; his father had 
 claimed to be, and had got himself and his fair 
 young queen crowned. King and Queen of Bohe- 
 mia, so that the prince was born with all the 
 assumptions of royalty around him. But his 
 genealogist says, "He began to be illustrious 
 many years before his birth, and we must look 
 back into history, above two thousand years, to 
 discover the first rays of his glory. We may 
 consider," continues the writer, "him very 
 great, being descended from the two most illus- 
 trious and ancient houses of Europe, that of 
 England and Palatine of the Rhine." And then 
 the writer goes on to trace up his ancestry to 
 Attila, Charlemagne, and so down through a 
 succession of Ruperts, Louis, Fredericks. The 
 facts after the birth of Rupert are an affecting 
 satire upon all this. [He was headstrong and 
 imprudent.] — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 9. 
 
 227. ANCESTRY, Unlike. OrUans Pnnces. 
 These Orleans princes became, in the course of 
 four or five generations, immensely rich — the 
 richest family in France, if not in Europe. One 
 Duke of Orleans gave away in charity every 
 year a quarter of a million francs ; two others 
 were the scandal of Christendom for extrava- 
 gance and debauchery, and still their estates in- 
 creased. It happened, curiously enough, that 
 a virtuous Duke of Orleans usually had a very 
 dissolute son, and a dissolute duke a virtuous 
 son, so that what one squandered the next heir 
 made up by economy. Philippe, brother of 
 Louis XIV., was tolerably steady; his son, 
 Philippe, Regent of France, was one of the 
 most shameless roues, gluttons, and wine-bib- 
 bers that ever lived ; Ms son, Louis, was a down- 
 right devotee and bigot ; Ms son, Louis Philippe, 
 was not what we should call a moral man, but 
 he was very moral for the France of that day, 
 exceedingly charitable, and a most liberal 
 patron of art and literature ; Ms son, Louis 
 Philippe Joseph, was that notorious debauchee 
 and pretended democrat who figured in the 
 first years of the French Revolution as ' 'Egalite. " 
 — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 504. 
 
 228. ANGEL, Delivering. Joan of Arc. 
 When it was day, the Maid rode in solemn pro- 
 cession through the city, clad in complete 
 armor, and mounted on a white horse. Dunois 
 was by her side, and all the bravest knights of 
 her army and of the garrison followed in her 
 
28 
 
 ANGER— ANIMALS. 
 
 train. The whole population thronged around 
 her ; and men, women, and children strove to 
 touch her garments, or her banner, or her 
 charger. They poured forth blessings on her, 
 whom they already considered their deliverer. 
 In the words used by two of them afterward be- 
 fore the tribunal which reversed the sentence, 
 but could not restore the life of the virgin- 
 martyr of France, "the people of Orleans, 
 when they first saw her in their city, thought 
 that it was an angel from heaven that had come 
 down to save them. " Joan spoke gently in reply 
 to their acclamations and addresses. She told 
 them to fear God, and trust in Him for safety 
 from the fury of their enemies. — Decisive 
 Battles, § 381. 
 
 229. AN6EE, Symptom of. Napoleon I. [At 
 St. Helena Sir Hudson Lowe, the governor, was 
 very offensive to him. After an interview Na- 
 poleon said :] ' ' We had a violent scene. I 
 have been thrown quite out of temper. . . . 
 My anger must have been powerfully excited, 
 for I felt a vibration in the calf of my left leg. 
 This is always a sure sign with me, and I have 
 not felt it for a long time before." — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 31. 
 
 230. ANGUISH prolonged. Garibaldi. Once 
 in South America . . . being taken prisoner, 
 he was cruelly beaten with a club, then hung by 
 his hands to a beam for two hours, during 
 which he suffered the anguish of a hundred 
 deaths ; and when cut down, fell helpless to the 
 earth. — Cyc. op Biog., p. 495. 
 
 231. ANIMALS, Allegorical. John Dry den. 
 He composed, with unwonted care and labor, 
 his celebrated poem on the points in dispute 
 between the churches of Rome and England. 
 The Church of Rome he represented under the 
 similitude of a milk-white hind, ever in peril of 
 death, yet fated not to die. The beasts of the 
 field were bent on her destruction. The quaking 
 hare, indeed, observed a timorous neutrality ; 
 but the Socinian fox, the Presbyterian wolf, the 
 Independent bear, the Anabaptist boar, glared 
 fiercely at the spotless creature. Yet she could 
 venture to drink with them at the common water- 
 ing-place under the protection of her friend, the 
 kingly lion. The Church of England was typi- 
 fied by the panther, spotted indeed, but beauti- 
 ful — too beautiful for a beast of prey. The hind 
 and the panther, equally hated by the ferocious 
 population of the forest, conferred apart on 
 their common danger. They then proceeded to 
 discuss the points on which they differed, and, 
 while wagging their tails and licking their jaws, 
 hold a long dialogue touching the real presence, 
 the authority of popes and councils, the penal 
 laws, the Test Act, Oates's perjuries, Butler's 
 unrequited services to the Cavalier party, Still- 
 ingfleet's pamphlets, and Burnet's broad shoul- 
 ders and fortunate matrimonial speculations. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 7. 
 
 232. ANIMALS attracted. Sir Walter Scott. 
 [A grand company of guests were mounted for 
 an expedition.] " The order of march had been 
 all settled, and the sociable was just getting 
 under weigh, when the Lady Anne broke from 
 the line, screaming with laughter, and ex- 
 claimed,' Papa ! papa ! I know you could never 
 think of going without your pet.' Scott looked 
 round, and I rather think there was a blush as 
 
 well as a smile upon his face, when he perceived 
 a little black pig frisking about his pony, and 
 evidently a self -elected addition to the party of 
 the day. He tried to look stern, and cracked 
 his whip at the creature, but was in a moment 
 obliged to join in the general cheers. Poor 
 piggy . , . was dragged into the background. 
 . . . This pig had taken, nobody could tell 
 how, a most sentimental attachment to Scott, and 
 was constantly urging its pretension to be ad- 
 mitted a regular member of his tail, along with 
 the greyhounds and terriers ; but, indeed, I re- 
 member him suffering another summer under 
 the same sort of pertinacity on the part of an 
 affectionate hen. I leave the explanation for 
 philosophers." — Hutton's Scott, ch. 8. 
 
 233. ANIMALS condemned. Pet. When Caesar 
 happened to see some strangers at Rome carry- 
 ing young dogs and monkeys in their arms, and 
 fondly caressing them, he asked, " Whether the 
 women in their country never bore any chil- 
 dren ?" thus reproving with a proper severity 
 those who lavish upon brutes that natural ten- 
 derness which is due only to mankind. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 234. ANIMALS honored. Oeese. Geese were 
 ever after had in honor at Rome, and a flock of 
 them always kept at the expense of the public. 
 A golden image of a goose was erected in mem- 
 ory of them, and a goose every year [was] carried 
 in triumph upon a soft litter, finely adorned. — 
 Langhorne's Notes. 
 
 235. . Dead. In the battle with 
 
 Porus, Bucephalus received several wounds, of 
 which he died some time after. . . . Alexander 
 showed as much regret as if he had lost a faith- 
 ful friend and companion. He esteemed him, 
 indeed, as such, and built a city near the Hy- 
 daspes, in the place where he was buried, which 
 he called, after him, Bucephalia. He is also 
 reported to have built a city and called it Peritas, 
 in memory of a dog of that name, which he had 
 brought up and was very fond of. — Plutarch. 
 
 236. ANIMALS, Kespect for. Buddhists. Ani- 
 mal life is held sacred, and a Buddhist temple 
 looks like a barnyard, a village pound, and a 
 church combined. Cows, parrots, monkeys, 
 dogs, beggars, children, priests, sight-seers, dev- 
 otees — all mingle and blend on a footing of 
 friendliness, the animals fearing no harm, the 
 men meaning none. A Buddhist priest will not 
 kill an animal. . . . Before he sits on the ground 
 he will carefully brush it, lest he might unwit- 
 tingly crush an ant or a worm. — Gen. Grant's 
 Travels, p. 353. 
 
 237. . Superstition. [The folly of 
 
 the crusaders was frequently illustrated.] Some 
 counts and gentlemen, at the head of three 
 thousand horse, attended the motions of the 
 multitude to partake in the spoil ; but their 
 genuine leaders . . . were a goose and a goat, 
 who were carried in the front, and to whom 
 these worthy Christians ascribed an infusion of 
 the divine spirit. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 5, ch. 
 58, p. 553. 
 
 23§. ANIMALS, Service of. Slieplierd's Dog. 
 Without the shepherd's dog the mountainous 
 land in England would not be worth sixpence. 
 [■The dog brings the sheep from heights untrod- 
 den by the foot of man]. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 7, ch. 2, p. 33. 
 
ANIMOSITY— ANXIETY. 
 
 29 
 
 239. ANIMOSITY, Fraternal. Caraealla and 
 Oeia. Their aversion, confirmed by years, and 
 fomented by the arts of their interested favor- 
 ites, broke out in childish and gradually in more 
 serious competitions ; and, at length, divided 
 the theatre, the circus, and the court into two 
 factions, actuated by the hopes and fears of their 
 respective leaders. The prudent emperor [Sev- 
 erus] endeavored, by every expedient of advice 
 and authority, to allay this growing animosity. 
 The unhappy discord of his sons clouded all his 
 prospects, and threatened to overturn a throne 
 raised with so much labor, cemented with so 
 mucli blood, and guarded with every defence of 
 arms and treasure. With an impartial hand he 
 maintained between them an exact balance of 
 favor, conferred on both the rank of Augustus, 
 with the revered name of Antoninus ; and for 
 the first time the Roman world beheld three 
 emperors. Yet even this equal conduct served 
 only to inflame the contest, while the fierce 
 Caraealla asserted the right of primogeniture, 
 and the milder Geta courted the affections of 
 the people and the soldiers. In the anguish of 
 a disappointed father, Severus foretold that the 
 weaker of his sons would fall a sacrifice to the 
 stronger ; who, in his turn, would be ruined by 
 his own vices. [See more at No. 1096. It was 
 a true prophecy. He was assassinated.] — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 240. ANIMOSITY of Ignorance. Beign of 
 Charles II. It was very seldom that the coun- 
 try gentleman caught glimpses of the great 
 world, and what he saw of it tended rather to 
 confuse than to enlighten his understanding. 
 His opinions respecting religion, government, 
 foreign countries, and former times, having been 
 derived, not from study, from observation, or 
 from conversation with enlightened companions, 
 but from such traditions as were current in his 
 own small circle, were the opinions of a child. 
 He adhered to tliem, however, with the obsti- 
 nacy which is generally found in ignorant men 
 accustomed to be fed with flattery. His ani- 
 mosities were numerous and bitter. He hated 
 Frenchmen and Italians, Scotchmen and Irish- 
 men, papists and Presbyterians, Independents 
 Rnd Baptists, Quakers and Jews. Toward 
 London and Londoners he felt an aversion which 
 more than once produced important political 
 effects. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 241. ANIMOSITY, Uiureasonable. Anti-Cath- 
 olic. [At the funeral of Godfrey, a Protestant 
 magistrate in 1678, there was great excitement, 
 as the Catholics were supposed to have murder- 
 ed him to suppress further inquiry concerning 
 the Popish plot against the life of the king.] The 
 crowd was prodigious, and so heated that any- 
 thing called Popish, were it called cat or dog, 
 had probably gone to pieces in a moment. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 4, ch. 20, p. 334. . 
 
 242. ANNOUNCEMENT, AppalUng. RieJmrd 
 III. But if he hated the queen'* kindred 
 Hastings was as loyal as the Woodvilles them- 
 selves to the children of Edward IV. ; and the 
 next step of the two dukes was to remove 
 tins obstacle. Little more than a month had 
 passed after the overthrow of the "Woodvilles 
 when Richard suddenly entered the coun- 
 cil-chamber and charged Hastings with sorcery 
 and attempts upon his life. As he dashed his 
 
 hand upon the table the room filled with sol- 
 diery. "I will not dine," said the duke, turn- 
 ing to the minister, " till they have brought me 
 your head." Hastings was hurried to executiou 
 in the courtyard of the Tower, his fellow-coun- 
 sellors thrown into prison, and the last check on 
 Richard's ambition was removed. — Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 490. 
 
 243. ANTIPATHY of Race. Ireland. Thougu 
 not persecuted as a Roman Catholic, he was op- 
 pressed as an Irishman. In his country, the 
 same line of demarkation which separated re- 
 ligions separated races ; and he was of the con- 
 quered, the subjugated, the degraded race. On 
 the same soil dwelt two populations, locally in- 
 termixed, morally and politically sundered. 
 The difference of religion was by no means the 
 only difference, and was, perhaps, not even the 
 chief difference which existed between them. 
 They sprang from different stocks. They spoke 
 different languages. They had different nation- 
 al characters as strongly opposed as any two 
 national characters in Europe. They were in 
 widely different stages of civilization. There 
 could, therefore, be little sympathy between 
 them ; and centuries of calamities and wrongs 
 had generated a strong antipathy. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 244. ANTIQUITY, Pride in. Athenians. This 
 respectable people was not free from the com- 
 mon vanity of nations, of attributing to itself a 
 measure of antiquity far beyond all bounds of 
 probability. The Athenians . . . seemed to 
 claim for their own nation an antiquity coeval 
 with the formation of the earth ; which was just 
 as allowable as the boast of the Arcadians, that 
 they were . . . older than the moon. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 6. 
 
 245. ANXIETY, Consuming. Marlborough. 
 [Duke of Marlborough, after the glorious results 
 of the campaign of 1704, was eager for its re- 
 newal the next year ; but receiving a cold sup- 
 port and obstinate counsels from his allies, he 
 was unable to do anything, while the French had 
 every opportunity to organize success. He 
 wrote :] I have for these last ten days been so 
 troubled by the many disappointments I have 
 had, that I think if it were possible to vex me 
 so for a fortnight longer, it would make an end 
 of me. In short, I am weary of my life. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 20. 
 
 246. ANXIETY, Parental. Bobert Burns's 
 Father. For the old man, his long struggle with 
 scanty means, barren soil, and bad seasons, was 
 now near its close. Consumption had set in. Early 
 in 1734, when his last hour drew on, the father 
 said that there was one of his children of whose 
 future he could not think without fear. Robert, 
 who was in the room, came up to his bedside 
 and asked, " '^> father, is it me you mean ?" 
 The old man said it was. Robert turned to the 
 window, with tears streaming down his cheeks, 
 and his bosom swelling, from the restraint he 
 put on himself, almost to bursting. The father 
 had early perceived the genius that was in his 
 boy, and even in Mount Oliphant days had said 
 to his wife, " Whoever lives to see it, something 
 extraordinary will come from that boy." He 
 had lived to see and admire his son's earliest po- 
 etic efforts. But he had also noted the strong 
 
30 
 
 ANXIETY— APPARITION. 
 
 passions, with tte weak will, which might drive 
 him on the shoals of life. — Shaikp's Burns, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 247. ANXIETY of Responsibility. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [Hon. Schuyler Colfax.] " One morning 
 I found him looking more than usually pale and 
 worn, and inquired the reason. He replied, with 
 the bad news he had received at a late hour the 
 previous night, which had not yet been given to 
 the press — he had not closed his eyes nor break- 
 fasted ; and with an expression I shall never 
 forget, he exclaimed, ' How willingly would I 
 exchange places to-day with the soldier who 
 sleeps on the ground in the Army of the Poto- 
 mac !' " — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 727. 
 
 248. APOLOGY, Degrading. Beigii of James 
 II. [He had illegally forced upon the fellows of 
 Magdalene College a Roman Catholic Pres. , for 
 whom they refused to vote, but whom they de- 
 cided to recognize as president de facto.] While 
 the fellows, bitterly annoyed by the public cen- 
 sure, were regretting the modified submission 
 which they had consented to make, they learned 
 that this submission was by no means satisfac- 
 tory to the king. It was not enough, he said, 
 that they offered to obey the Bishop of Oxford 
 [the candidate] as president in fact. They 
 must distinctly admit the commission, and all 
 that had been done under it, to be legal ; they 
 must acknowledge that they had acted unduti- 
 fully ; they must declare themselves penitent ; 
 they must promise to behave better in future, 
 must implore his Majesty's pardon, and lay 
 themselves at his feet. Two fellows, of whom 
 the king had no complaint to make, Charnock 
 and Smith, were excused from the obligation 
 of making these degrading apologies. Even 
 James never committed a grosser error. The 
 fellows, already angry with themselves for 
 having conceded so much, and galled by the 
 censure of the world, eagerly caught at the op- 
 portunity which was now offered them of re- 
 gaining the public esteem. With one voice 
 they declared that they would never ask pardon 
 for being in the right, or admit that the visita- 
 tion of their college and the deprivation of their 
 president had been legal. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8. 
 
 249. APOLOGY, Htuniliating. Innocent X. 
 The French ambassador [for Louis XIV.] 
 having been insulted by some of the Pope's 
 Corsican guard. Innocent X. was compelled to 
 offer an apology, to disband his guard, and to 
 erect an obelisk at Rome with an inscription re- 
 cording the offence and its punishment. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 21, § 93, p. 429. 
 
 250. APOLOGY, Ironical. Goths. The va- 
 cant fortifications of the river were instantly 
 occupied by these barbarians ; their standards 
 were planted on the walls of Sirmium and Bel- 
 grade ; and the ironical tone of their apology 
 aggravated this insult on the majesty of the 
 empire. " So extensive, O Caesar, are your 
 dominions, so numerous are your cities, that 
 you are continually seeking for nations to 
 whom, either in peace or war, you may relin- 
 quish these useless possessions. The Gepidae are 
 your brave and faithful allies ; and if they have 
 anticipated your gifts, they have shown a just 
 confidence in your bounty." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 62. 
 
 251. APOSTASY, Open. Bomanus. After Ca- 
 led [the leader of the Mohammedans] had im- 
 posed the terms of servitude and tribute, the 
 apostate or convert avowed in the assembly of 
 the people his meritorious treason : " I renounce 
 your society," said Romanus, "both in this 
 world and the world to come. And I deny Him 
 that was crucified, and whosoever worships Him 
 And I choose God for my Lord, Islam for my 
 faith, Mecca for my temple, the Moslems for my 
 brethren, and Mahomet for vaj prophet ; who 
 was sent to lead us into the right way, and to 
 exalt the true religion in spite of those who join 
 partners with God." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51. 
 
 252. APOSTASY, Primitive. Persecution. In 
 every persecution there were great numbers of 
 unworthy Christians who publicly disowned or 
 renounced the faith which they had professed ; 
 and who confirmed the sincerity of their adju- 
 ration by the legal acts of burning incense or of 
 offering sacrifices. Some of these apostates had 
 yielded on the first menace or exhortation of the 
 magistrate, while the patience of others had 
 been subdued by the length and repetition of 
 tortures. The affrighted countenances of some 
 betrayed their inward remorse, while others ad- 
 vanced with confidence and alacrity to the 
 altars of the gods. But the disguise which fear 
 had imposed subsisted no longer than the 
 present danger. As soon as the severity of the 
 persecution was abated, the doors of the 
 churches were assailed by the returning multi- 
 tude of penitents, who detested their idolatrous 
 submission, and who solicited with equal ar- 
 dor, but with various success, their readmission 
 into the society of Christians. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 16. 
 
 253. APOSTATES forgiven. Primitive Church. 
 The gates of reconciliation and of heaven were 
 seldom shut against the returning penitent ; 
 but a severe and solemn form of discipline was 
 instituted, which, while it served to expiate his 
 crime, might powerfully deter the spectators 
 from the imitation of his example. Hum- 
 bled by a public confession, emaciated by 
 fasting, and clothed in sackcloth, the penitent 
 lay prostrate at the door of the assembly, im- 
 ploring with tears the pardon of his offences, 
 and soliciting the prayers of the faithfiil. If 
 the fault was of a very heinous nature, whole 
 years of penance were esteemed an inadequate 
 satisfaction to the divine justice ; and it was 
 always by slow and painful gradations that the 
 sinner, the heretic, or the apostate was read- 
 mitted into the bosom of the church. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 15. 
 
 254. APPARITION, False. " Three Knights." 
 [The Crusaders were besieged by the Turks 
 in Antioch. B^ a ruse the "Holy Lance" 
 had just been discovered.] The influence of 
 his relic or trophy was felt by the servants, 
 and perhaps by the enemies, of Christ ; and 
 its potent energy was heightened by an acci- 
 dent, a stratagem, or a rumor, of a miraculous 
 complexion. Three knights, in white garments 
 and resplendent arms, either issued, or seemed 
 to issue, from the hills ; the voice of Adhemar, 
 the Pope's legate, proclaimed them as the mar- 
 tyrs St. George, St. Theodore, and St. Maurice ; 
 the tumult of battle allowed no time for doubt 
 or scrutiny ; and the welcome apparition daz 
 
APPARITION— APPEARANCES. 
 
 31 
 
 zled the eyes or the imagination of a fanatic 
 army. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58. 
 
 255. APPAEITION, Fancied. Theseus. [The 
 A.thenians honored] Theseus as a demi-god, in- 
 duced to it as well by other reasons, as because, 
 when they were fighting the Medes at Marathon, 
 a considerable part of the army thought they 
 saw the apparition of Theseus completely armed 
 and bearing down before them upon the barba- 
 rians. — Plutarch's Lives. 
 
 256. APPARITIONS, Belief in. Samuel John- 
 son. Of apparitions, he observed: "A total 
 disbelief of them is adverse to the opinion of 
 the existence of the soul between death and 
 the last day ; the question simply is, whether 
 departed spirits ever have the power of making 
 themselves perceptible to us ; a man who thinks 
 he has seen an apparition can only be convinced 
 himself ; his authority will not convince 
 another ; and his conviction, if rational, must be 
 founded on being told something which cannot 
 be known but by supernatural means." He 
 mentioned a thing as not unf requent, of which I 
 had never heard before — being called — that is, 
 hearing one's name pronounced by the voice of 
 a known person at a great distance, far beyond 
 the possibility of being reached by any sound 
 uttered by human organs. ' ' An acquaintance, 
 on whose veracity I can depend, told me, that 
 Avalking home one evening to Kilmarnock, he 
 heard himself called from a wood by the voice 
 of a brother who had gone to ximerica ; and the 
 next packet brought accounts of that brother's 
 death." Macbean asserted that this inexplicable 
 calling was a thing very well known. Dr. 
 Johnson said, that one day at Oxford, as he 
 was turning the key of his chamber, he heard 
 his mother distinctly call — Sam. She was then 
 at Lichfield ; but nothing ensued. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 459. 
 
 257. APPEAL, The only. At Augsburg. The 
 cardinal threatened Avith ban and interdict, 
 and dismissed Luther, saying, " Go, and do 
 not show your face again to me, unless it be 
 to recant." Thus was Luther sent away by the 
 cardinal, who is said to have added this remark : 
 " I will not confer with this beast again, for it 
 has deep eyes and wonderful speculations in its 
 head." . . . The latter remained silent, even 
 after Luther had written again in a humble 
 spirit asking forgiveness for his exhibited vio- 
 lence, promising to remain silent if his oppo- 
 nents would do the same, and professing him- 
 self as willing to recant, provided he were bet- 
 ter instructed. But although he made all these 
 concessions, he received no answer. And after 
 he had drawn up another declaration, appealing 
 from " the badly informed Pope to the better- 
 to-be-instructed Pope," he sent it to Cajetan, 
 and nailed a copy of it to the door of the 
 cathedral. He then left the city on the 20th of 
 October. — Rein's Luther, ch. 5. 
 
 25§. APPEARANCES, Deceptive. Deformity. 
 [Philopoemen, called the last of the Greeks, was 
 mistaken by] his hostess at Megara, owing to 
 his easiness of behavior and the simplicity of 
 his garb. She having word brought that the 
 general of the Achseans was coming to her house, 
 was in great care and hurry to provide his 
 supper, her husband happening to be out of the 
 way. In the mean time Philopoemen came, and. 
 
 as his habit was ordinary, she took him for one 
 of his own servants, or for a harbinger, and de- 
 sired him to assist her in the business of the 
 kitchen. He presently threw off his cloak, and 
 began to cleave some wood ; when the master of 
 the house returning, and seeing him so employed, 
 said, " What is the meaning of this, Philopce- 
 men ?" He replied in broad Doric, " I am pay- 
 ing the fine of my deformity." — Plutarch. 
 
 259. . Miser. A man of the name 
 
 of Guyot lived and died in the town of Mar- 
 seilles, in France. He amassed a large for- 
 tune by laborious industry and severe habits 
 of abstinence and privation. His neighbors 
 considered him a miser, and thought that he was 
 hoarding up money from mean and avaricious 
 motives. The populace pursued him, whenever 
 he appeared, with hootings and execrations, and 
 the boys sometimes threw stones at him. He at 
 length died, and in his will were found the fol- 
 lowing words : " Having observed from my 
 infancy that the poor of Marseilles are ill sup- 
 plied with water, which can only be purchased 
 at a great price, I have cheerfully labored the 
 whole of my life to procure for them this great 
 blessing ; and I direct that the whole of my 
 property shall be laid out in building an aque- 
 duct for their use." 
 
 260. APPEARANCES displeasing. Oliver Crom- 
 %cell. His gait was clownish, his dress ill-made 
 and slovenly, his manners coarse and abrupt, 
 and face such as men look on with a vague feel- 
 ing of admiration and dislike ! The features 
 cut, as it were, out of a piece of gnarled and 
 knotty oak ; the nose large and red ; the cheeks 
 coarse, warted, wrinkled, and sallow ; the eye- 
 brows huge and shaggy, but, glistening from be- 
 neath them, eyes full of depth and meaning, and, 
 when turned to the gaze, pierced through and 
 through the gazer ; above these, again, a noble 
 forehead, whence, on either side, an open flow of 
 hair "round from his parted forelock manly 
 hangs," clustering ; and over all, and pervading 
 all, that undefinable aspect of greatness, alluded 
 to by the poet Dryden when he spoke of the face 
 of Cromwell as one that 
 
 . . . . " did imprint an awe. 
 And naturally all souls to his did bow. 
 As wands of divination downward draw, 
 And point to beds where sovereign gold doth 
 grow. " 
 
 — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 4. 
 
 261. APPEARANCES, False. SamuelJohnson. 
 
 Dr. Adams told me that Johnson, while he 
 was at Pembroke College, "was careless and 
 loved by all about him ; was a gay and frolic- 
 some fellow, and passed there the happiest pait 
 of his life." . . . The truth is, that he was then 
 distressed by poverty and irritated by disease. 
 When I mentioned to him this account, as given 
 me by Dr. Adams, he said : "Ah, sir, I was 
 mad and violent. It was bitterness which they 
 mistook for frolic. I was miserably poor, and 
 I thought to fight my way by my literature and 
 my wit ; so I disregarded all power and all 
 authority." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 14. 
 
 262. APPEARANCES, Misjudged. Oliver Crom- 
 well. " It was in November, 1640," says a 
 royalist spectator [Sir Philip Warwick], "thatl 
 . . . beheld on entering the house a person speak- 
 ing. I knew him not ; he was dressed in the 
 
32 
 
 APPEARANCES— APPLAUSE. 
 
 most ordinary manner, in a plain cloth suit 
 which appeared to have been cut by some 
 village tailor. His linen, too, was coarse and 
 soiled. I recollect also observing a speck or two 
 of blood upon his little band, which was not 
 much larger than his collar. His hat was with- 
 out a hatband ; his stature was of a good size ; 
 his sword stuck close to his side ; his counte- 
 nance swollen and reddish ; his voice sharp and 
 untunable ; and his eloquence full of fervor, for 
 the subject-matter would not bear much of 
 reason, it being in behalf of a libeller in the 
 hands of the executioner. I must avow that the 
 attention bestowed by the assembly on the dis- 
 course of this gentleman has much diminished 
 my respect for the House of Commons." — 
 Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 23. 
 
 263. APPEAEANCES, Suspicions. "Lean." 
 Caesar had some suspicion of Cassius, and he 
 even said one day to his friends, "What think 
 you of Cassius ? I do not like his pale looks." 
 Another time, when Antony and Dolabella were 
 accused of some designs against his person and 
 government, he said, " I have no apprehensions 
 from those fat and sleek men ; I rather fear the 
 pale and lean ones" — meaning Cassius and 
 Brutus. — Plutarch. 
 
 264. APPEABANCES, Unpromising. Bishop 
 Oeorge. [Philip Cox, one of the early Metho- 
 dist itinerants, found a young man, named 
 George, and brought him to Bishop Asbury,] 
 and said, "I have brought you a boy, and if 
 you have anything for him to do you may set 
 him at work." Asbury looked at the youth for 
 some time, and stroking the young man's Tiair 
 said : " Why, he is a beardless boy, and can do 
 nothing." The next day Asbury appointed him 
 to a circuit [and the boy became an eminent 
 Bishop in his denomination]. — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 2, p. 71. 
 
 265. APPETITE, Fastidious. Antony. Philo- 
 tas . . . being acquainted with one of Antony's 
 cooks, he was invited to see the preparations for 
 supper. When he came into the kitchen, beside 
 an infinite variety of other provisions, he ob- 
 served eight wild boars roasting whole, and ex- 
 pressed his surprise at the number of the com- 
 pany for whom this enormous provision must 
 have been made. The cook laughed, and said 
 that the company did not exceed twelve, but 
 that, as every dish was to be roasted to a single 
 turn, and as Antony was uncertain as to the time 
 when he would sup, particularly if an extraor- 
 dinary bottle or an extraordinary vein of con- 
 versation was going round, it was necessary to 
 have a succession of suppers. — Plutarch. 
 
 266. APPETITE, Perils of. Cato the Censor. 
 When the Romans were clamoring, at a time of 
 scarcity, for a distribution of corn at the public 
 expense, he began a speech in opposition to it 
 thus : " It is hard, fellow-citizens, to address the 
 stomach, because it has no ears. " Rebuking the 
 Romans for their luxury, he said : " It is difficult 
 to save a city from ruin where a fish brings a 
 higher price than an ox." Pointing to a man who 
 had squandered an estate near the sea, he pretend- 
 ed to admire him, saying : " What the sea could 
 not swallow without great difficulty, this man 
 has gulped down with perfect ease." — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG., p. 421. 
 
 267. APPETITE, Protest of. Erasmus said, 
 " All the world is agreed among us in commend- 
 ing his" [Luther's] ' ' moral character. He hath 
 given us good advice on certain points ; and 
 God grant that his success may be equal to the 
 liberty which he hath taken. Luther hath com- 
 mitted two unpardonable crimes : he hath 
 touched the Pope upon the crown, and the monks 
 upon the belly." — Rein's Luther, ch. 26. 
 
 26§. APPETITE, Ruled by. Epicure. When 
 an epicure desired to be admitted into Cato's 
 friendship, he said, " He could not live with a 
 man whose palate had quicker sensations than 
 his heart." — Plutarch. 
 
 269. APPETITES, Indulgence of. Flemish 
 Gentry. Under these forms of chivalry, awk- 
 wardly imitated from romances, the history 
 of Flanders at this period is nevertheless one 
 fiery, joyous, brutal, bacchanalian revel. Under 
 color of tournays, feats of arms, and feasts of the 
 Round Table, there is one wild whirl of light and 
 common gallantries, low intrigues, and intermin- 
 able junketings. The true device of the epoch is 
 that presumptuously taken by the sire de Ter- 
 nantatthe lists of Arras : " Que jaie de ims desirs 
 assouvissance, et jamais d' autre bien," " Let my 
 desires be satisfied, I wish no other good." — 
 Michelet's Joan op Arc, p. 27. 
 
 270. APPLAUSE, Ancient. Germans. It was 
 the practice to signify by a hollow murmur 
 their dislike of such timid counsels. But when- 
 ever a more popular orator proposed to vindicate 
 the meanest citizen from either foreign or do- 
 mestic injury, whenever he called upon his 
 fellow-countr3anen to assert the national honor, 
 or to pursue some enterprise full of danger 
 and glory, a loud clashing of shields and 
 spears express the eager applause of the as- 
 sembly. For the Germans always met in arms, 
 and it was constantly to be dreaded, lest an ir- 
 regular multitude, inflamed Avith faction and 
 strong liquors, should use those arms to enforce, 
 as well as to declare, their furious resolves. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9. 
 
 271. APPLAUSE, Consequence of. Samuel Johti- 
 son. " ' The applause of a single human being is 
 of great consequence.' This he said to me with 
 great earnestness of manner, very near the time 
 of his decease, on occasion of having desired me 
 to read a letter addressed to him from some per- 
 son in the North of England ... as I thought 
 being particular upon it might fatigue him, it 
 being of great length, I only told him in general 
 that it was highly in his praise ; and then he 
 expressed himself as above." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 439. 
 
 272. APPLAUSE, Indifference to. Napoleon I. 
 [Returning in a coach from his successful wars 
 with Italy and Austria.] Illuminations, proces- 
 sions, bonfires, the ringing of bells, the explo- 
 sions of artillery, the huzzas of the people . . . 
 accompanied him all the way. ... He but slight- 
 ly regarded the applause of the populace. " It 
 must be delightful," said Bourrienne, "to be 
 greeted with such demonstrations of enthusiastic 
 admiration." " Bah !" Napoleon replied, " this 
 same unthinking crowd, under a slight change 
 of circumstances, would follow me just as eager- 
 ly to the scaffold." — Abbott's Napoleon B.. 
 vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 k 
 
APPLICATION— ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 33 
 
 273. APPLICATION neglected. Magnetic Nee- 
 dle. The property of the magnetic needle, in 
 turning constantly to the Northern Pole, was 
 known in Europe as early as the thirteenth cen- 
 tury ; but it was not till above a century after 
 that any one attempted to apply it to the pur- 
 poses of navigation. That most ancient nation, 
 the Chinese, are, indeed, said to have known 
 the property of the magnet for a thousand years 
 befoi'e us ; yet it is believed that till our seven- 
 teenth century, when European example had 
 reached them, they had never thought of using 
 it in sailing. The English, in the reign of Ed- 
 ward III., are said to have first employed the 
 compass in their ships, but the world owed to the 
 Portuguese the first great experiments of the 
 value of this invention in the advancement of 
 navigation. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 18. 
 
 274. APPOINTMENT, Embarrassment by. 
 Minister Adams. There was excitement in the 
 great world of London on the 1st of June, 1785 ; 
 for on that day a minister representing the Uni- 
 ted States was to be presented, for the first time, 
 to a king of England. And who should that 
 minister be but John Adams, the man who had 
 taken the lead in urging on the revolted colonies 
 to declare themselves an independent nation ! . . . 
 In a few minutes the Secretary of State came to 
 conduct him to the king. The royal closet was 
 merely an ordinary parlor. The king was seated 
 in an arm-chair at the end opposite the door — a 
 portly gentleman, with a red face, white eye- 
 brows, and white hair, wearing upon his breast 
 the star indicative of his rank. Upon entering 
 the room, Mr. Adams bowed low to the king ; 
 then, advancing to the middle of the room, he 
 bowed a second time ; and, upon reaching the 
 immediate presence of the king, he made a third 
 deep reverence. This was the prescribed custom 
 of the Court at that day. The only persons present 
 at the interview were the king, Mr. Adams, and 
 the Secretary of State, all of whom were visibly 
 embarrassed. It was, indeed, a scene without a 
 parallel in the whole history of diplomacy. Mr. 
 Adams was the least moved of them all, though 
 he afterward confessed that he was much agi- 
 tated, and spoke with a voice that was sometimes 
 tremulous. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 181. 
 
 275. APPOINTMENT, Humiliating. Crnar. 
 For the moment they [the opposing Senators] 
 appeared to have thought that with Bibulus's 
 help they might defy Csesar and reduce his office 
 to a nullity. Immediately on the elections of 
 the consuls, it was usual to determine the prov- 
 inces to which they were to be appointed when 
 their consulate should expire. The regulation 
 lay with the Senate, and, either in mere spleen 
 or to prevent Caesar from having the command 
 of an army, they allotted him the department of 
 the " Woods and Forests." A very few weeks 
 had to pass before they discovered that they had 
 to do with a man who was not to be turned aside 
 so slightingly. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 12. 
 
 276. APPOINTMENT, Partisan. Polk's Ad- 
 ministration. The Administration had obviously 
 endeavored from the first to create a Democratic 
 hero out of the [Mexican] war. Authorized to 
 appoint a large number of officers in the in- 
 creased military force raised directly by the 
 United States, an unjust discrimination was 
 made in favor of Democrats. . . . Not one 
 
 "Whig was included [among the ten major and 
 brigadier generals. The heroes of the war were 
 Generals Taylor and Scott, both of whom were 
 Whigs]. — Blaine's Twenty Years of Con- 
 gress, p. 75. 
 
 277. APPEECIATION, Defective. Louis XVI. 
 The Assembly sent a deputation to the king to 
 request him to dismiss the troops ; this Louis de- 
 clined, but offered, if the members felt alarmed, 
 to transfer their sittings to Soissons, and to pro- 
 ceed himself to Compiegne. When the Duke de 
 Liancourt came to announce to him the fall of the 
 Bastile, the king exclaimed, " This is a revolt !" 
 " Sire," replied the duke, " it is a. Bevolution." — 
 Students' France, ch. 26, § 2, p 531. 
 
 278. APPRECIATION, Without. Cain. The 
 various transactions of peace and war had intro- 
 duced some Roman coins (chiefly silver) among 
 the borderers of the Rhine and Danube ; but 
 the more distant tribes were absolutely unac- 
 quainted with the use of money, carried on 
 their confined traffic by the exchange of com- 
 modities, and prized their rude earthen vessels 
 as of equal value with the silver vases, the pres- 
 ents of Rome to their princes and ambassadors. 
 To a mind capable of reflection, such leading 
 facts convey more instruction than a tedious 
 detail of subordinate circumstances. — Gibbon, 
 vol. 1, p. 260. 
 
 279. AEBITRATION rejected. Napoleon I. 
 [When the bitter and terrible war opened be- 
 tween France and England, a.d. 1803,] Alex- 
 ander of Russia entered a remonstrance against 
 again kindling the horrid flames of war through- 
 out Europe, and offered his mediation. Napo- 
 leon promptly replied: " I am ready to refer the 
 question to the arbitration of the Emperor 
 Alexander, and will pledge myself by a bond to 
 submit to the award, whatever it may be." 
 England declined the pacific offer. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 26. 
 
 2§0. ARCHITECT, A great EngUsh. Christo- 
 pher Wren. Wren was the first Englishman 
 who for centuries could put in a claim that 
 could not be gainsaid to the title of architect, 
 as, later, Hogarth was the first to prove that an 
 Englishman might become a great painter. . . . 
 [St. Paul's was thirty -five years in construction, 
 by Wren, who was paid £200 a year. ] It occupies 
 the very first rank of architectural works of 
 modern times. [See more at No. 289.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 29, p. 451. 
 
 281. ARCHITECTURE, Beauty in. Ionic. As 
 the beautiful is more congenial to some tastes 
 than the sublime, the lightness and elegance 
 of the Ionic order will, perhaps, find more 
 admirers than the chastened severity of the 
 Doric. The latter has been compared to the 
 robust and muscular proportions of a man. 
 while the former has been likened to the finer, 
 more slender, and delicate proportions of a wom- 
 an. Yet the character of this order is likewise 
 simplicity, wlrich is as essential a requisite to 
 true beauty as it is to grandeur and sublimity. 
 But the simplicity of beauty is not inconsistent 
 with that degree of ornament which would dero- 
 gate from the simplicity of the sublime. . . . 
 Of this order were . . . the temple of Apollo 
 at Miletus, that of the Delphic oracle, and the 
 superb temple of Diana at Ephesus, _ classed 
 
34 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 among the wonders of the world. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 282. AECHITECTURE, Composite. Novelty. 
 The Composite order, likewise of Italian extrac- 
 tion, was unknown in the age of the perfection 
 of Greek architecture. Vitruvius makes no 
 mention of it. It seems to have been the pro- 
 duction of some conceited artist, who wanted to 
 strike out something new in that way, or to 
 evince his superiority to the ancient masters ; 
 but it serves only to show that the Greeks had 
 exhausted all the principles of united grandeur 
 and beauty in the three orders before mention- 
 ed, and to prove that it is not possible to frame 
 a new order unless by combining and slightly 
 varying the old. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 2§3. ARCHITECTUKE, Defective. Egyptian. 
 It must be allowed that those monuments 
 which remain to us of the works of art among 
 the Egyptians, though venerable on account of 
 their antiquity, and sometimes exhibiting a 
 grand and sublime appearance from their im- 
 mensity, are extremely defective in beauty and 
 elegance. How infinitely inferior, in point of 
 taste, are the pyramids, the obelisks, the sphinx 
 and colossal statues, the pillars of Luxor, to the 
 simplest remains of the ancient temples in 
 Greece ! In architecture, one of the most ob- 
 vious inventions, and one of the greatest im- 
 provements, both in point of utility and beauty, 
 the construction of an arch, was quite unknown 
 to the Egyptians. This defect gives an awk- 
 ward and heavy appearance to their buildings, 
 and must have occasioned. a vast expense of 
 labor, which might otherwise have been spared. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 2§4. ARCHITECTUEE, Excellence of. Greeks. 
 The Greeks are universally acknowledged as 
 the parents of architecture, or at least of that 
 peculiar style of which all after ages have con- 
 fessed the superior excellence. ,The Grecian 
 architecture consisted of three different manners, 
 or what artists have termed the three distinct or- 
 ders : the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Do- 
 ric was probably the first regular order among 
 the Greeks. It has a masculine grandeur, and a 
 superior air of strength to both the others. It 
 is, therefore, the best adapted to works where 
 magnitude and sublimity are the principal ob- 
 jects. Some of the most ancient temples of 
 Greece were of this order, particularly that of 
 Theseus at Athens, built . . . four hundred and 
 eighty-one years before the Christian era. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 285. ABCHITECTTJEE, Gilded. Roman Cap- 
 itol. The profusion of Catulus, the first who 
 gilt the [bronze] roof of the Capitol, was not 
 universally approved ; but it was far exceeded 
 by the emperor's, and the external gilding of the 
 temple cost Domitian 12,000 talents (£2,400,000). 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 36. 
 
 286. AECHITECTUEE improved. Roman. It 
 is natural to suppose that the greatest number, 
 as well as the most considerable of the Roman 
 edifices, were raised by the emperors, who pos- 
 sessed so unbounded a command both of men 
 and money. Augustus was accustomed to 
 boast that he had found his capital of brick, and 
 that he had left it of marble. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 3. 
 
 287. AECHITECTUEE, Instruction by. Ruins. 
 Travellers to whom Livy and Sallust were 
 unintelligible might gain from the Roman aque- 
 ducts and temples some faint notion of 
 Roman history. The dome of Agrippa, still 
 glittering with bronze — the mausoleum of 
 Adrian, not yet deprived of its columns and 
 statues — the Flavian amphitheatre, not yet de- 
 graded into a quarry, told to the Mercian and 
 Northumbrian pilgrims some part of the story of 
 that great civilized world which had passed 
 away. The islanders returned, with awe deeply 
 impressed on their half -opened minds, and told 
 the wondering inhabitants of the hovels of 
 London and York that, near the grave of Saint 
 Peter, a mighty race, now extinct, had piled up 
 buildings which would never be dissolved till 
 the judgment day. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1. 
 
 288. AECHITECTUEE, Magnificent. Temj)le 
 of Hercules. The magnificence of the temple 
 of Hercules at Tyre is celebrated by Herod- 
 otus, who saw it, and who was particularly 
 struck with two columns, one of molten gold 
 and the other of emerald, which in the night- 
 time shone vdth great splendor. The latter was 
 probably of colored glass. ... M. Coquet 
 conjectures, with some plausibility, that the 
 column was hollow, and was lighted by a lamp 
 put within it. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 6. 
 
 289. AECHITECTUEE, Opportunity in. Lon- 
 don Fire. It is not very easy to explain why 
 the nation which was so far before its neigh- 
 bors in science should in art have been far 
 behind them all ; yet such was the fact. It is 
 true that in architecture — an art which is half a 
 science ; an art in which none but a geometrician 
 can excel ; an art which has no standard of grace 
 but what is directly or indirectly dependent on 
 utility ; an art of which the creations derive a 
 part, at least, of their majesty from mere bulk 
 — our country could boast of one truly great 
 man, Christopher Wren ; and the fire which laid 
 London in ruins had given him an opportunity, 
 unprecedented in modern history, of displaying 
 his powers. The austere beauty of the Athe- 
 nian portico, the gloomy sublimity of the Gothic 
 arcade, he was, like almost all his contempora- 
 ries, incapable of emulating, and, perhaps, in- 
 capable of appreciating ; but no man, born on 
 our side of the Alps, has imitated with so much 
 success the magnificence of the palace-like 
 churches of Italy. Even the superb Louis has 
 left to posterity no work which can bear a com- 
 parison vrlth St. Paul's. — Macaulay's Eng.. 
 ch. 3. 
 
 290. AECHITECTUEE, Preservation of. Goth- 
 ic. The Gothic kings, so injuriously accused 
 of the ruin of antiquity, were anxious to pre- 
 serve the monuments of the nation whom they 
 had subdued. The royal edicts were framed 
 to prevent the abuses, the neglect, or the dep- 
 redations of the citizens themselves ; and a pro- 
 fessed architect, the annual sum of two hun- 
 dred pounds of gold, twenty-five thousand tiles, 
 and the receipt of customs from the Lucrine 
 port, were assigned for the ordinary repairs of 
 the walls and public edifices. — Gilbon's Rome, 
 ch. 39. 
 
 291. AECHITECTUEE, Prophecy in. Coliseum. 
 Reduced to its naked majesty, the Flavian am 
 
ARCHITECTURE— ARDOR. 
 
 35 
 
 I 
 
 pbitlieatre was contemplated with awe and ad- 
 miration by the pilgrims of the North ; and 
 their rude enthusiasm broke forth in a sub- 
 lime proverbial expression, which is recorded in 
 the eighth century, in the fragments of the Ven- 
 erable Bede : " As long as the Coliseum stands, 
 Rome shall stand ; when the Coliseum falls, 
 Rome will fall ; when Rome falls, the world 
 Avill fall." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 61. 
 
 292. AKCHITECTURE, Religion in. Diverse. 
 Islamism sprang up from the soil, like all relig- 
 ions newly accepted, with its peculiar architect- 
 ure ; the modes of architecture are the daughters 
 of religions. It would seem that every other idea 
 but that of God is insufficient to move those 
 masses of stone whereby men indite the name of 
 their God upon the soil. The Indians, the 
 Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Goths, 
 the Byzantines, created all of them architectures 
 according with the genius of their sacred creeds. 
 Some of them, pantheism which adores the whole 
 and prays in open air ; others, the secret doctrines 
 which bury truths beneath the pyramids to 
 hide them from the people ; others still, the fanci- 
 ful theogonies that multiply gods by all the ex- 
 travagances of the imagination, and create Olym- 
 puses peopled with statues in their Parthenons ; 
 a fourth creed selects caverns of rocks and 
 subterraneous vaults in cities, to adore the arisen 
 from the tomb ; a fifth, the cupola's simple form, 
 flooded with daylight, to turn the idols pale and 
 comment the word of the inspired of Allah. 
 The traces of these different divine ideas, ef- 
 faced by each other, often superimposed upon 
 one another, is nowhere on earth to be better 
 read than in the provinces of the Ottoman em- 
 pire. From the pyramid of Egypt to the ruins 
 of Ephesus or of Athens — from the ruins of the 
 Parthenon along to the catacombs of Jerusalem — 
 from the massive domes of Saint Sophia of Con- 
 stantinople to the mosques of Broussa and of 
 Adrianople, we read in their edifices the genius 
 of the different religions that have disputed 
 with each other the dominion of the earth. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 244. 
 
 293. AECHITECTXIEE, Roman. Tuscan. The 
 Tuscan order is of Italian origin. . . . The Etrus- 
 can architecture appears to be nearly allied to 
 the Grecian, but to possess an inferior degree 
 of elegance. The more ancient buildings of 
 Rome were probably of this specie of architect- 
 ure, though the proper Greek orders came 
 afterwards to be in more general estimation. 
 A respect, however, for antiquity prevented the 
 Romans from ever entirely abandoning the Tus- 
 can mode. The Trajan pillar is of this order of ar- 
 chitecture. This magnificent column has braved 
 the injuries of time, and is entire at the present 
 day. Its excellence consists less in the form and 
 proportions of the pillar than in the beau- 
 tiful sculpture which decorates it. Of this fine 
 sculpture, which represents the victories of 
 Trajan over the Dacians, a very adequate idea 
 may be formed from the engravings of the " Col- 
 umna Trajana" by Bartoli. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 294. ARCHITECTURE, Simplicity in. Dm-ic. 
 One observation may here be made which is ap- 
 plicable to all the works of taste. The charac- 
 ter of sublimity is chaste and simple. In the 
 arts dependent on design, if the artist aim at 
 
 this character, he must disregard all trivial dec- 
 orations, nor must the eye be distracted by a 
 multiplicity of parts. In architecture there 
 must be few divisions of the principal members 
 of the building, and the parts must be large 
 and of ample relief ; there must be a modesty 
 of decoration, contemning all minuteness of orna- 
 ment, which distracts the eye, that ought to be 
 filled with the general mass and with the propor- 
 tions of the greater parts to each other. In this 
 respect the Doric is confessedly superior to all 
 the other orders of architecture, as it unites 
 strength and majesty with a becoming simplic- 
 ity, and the utmost symmetry of proportions. 
 — 'Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 295. ARCHITECTURE, Stupendous. Chinese 
 Wall. Among the most remarkable of the works 
 of architecture in China is the great wall built to 
 protect the empire against the inroads of the Tar- 
 tars. It extends five hundred leagues, and is forty- 
 five feet in height and eighteen in thickness — a 
 most singular monument both of human industry 
 and of human folly. The Tartars, against whom 
 it was meant as a defence, found China equally 
 accessible as before its formation. They were 
 not at pains to attack and make a breach in this 
 rampart, which, from the impossibility of de- 
 fending such a stretch of fortification, must have 
 been exceedingly easy ; they had only to travel 
 a little to the eastward, to about forty degrees of 
 latitude, where China was totally defenceless. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 24. 
 
 296. ARCHITECTURE, Sublime, Gothic. The 
 effect produced by the Gothic architecture is 
 not to be accounted for on the same principle 
 of conformity to the rules of symmetry or har- 
 mony, in the proportions observed between the 
 several parts ; but depends on a certain idea of 
 vastness, gloominess, and solemnity, which we 
 know to be powerful ingredients in the sublime. 
 . . . The Cathedral of Milan is one of the 
 noblest structures in the world. ... Its column 
 is of a magnitude that nobly fills the eye ; the 
 sudden elevation of the arch has something bold 
 and aspiring ; and while we contemplate the 
 great and sti'iking members of the building, the 
 minuteness of ornament on its parts is but tran- 
 siently remarked, or noticed only as a superficial 
 decoration, which detracts nothing from the 
 grand effect of the whole mass. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 297. ARDOR, A Soldier's. Battle of Crecy. 
 The English bowmen and men-at-arms held their 
 ground stoutly, while the Welshmen stabbed the 
 French horses in the melee and brought knight 
 after knight to the ground. Soon the French 
 host was wavering in a fatal confusion. " You 
 are my vassals, my friends," cried the blind 
 John of Bohemia to the German nobles around 
 him ; "I pray and beseech you to lead me so far 
 into the fight that I may strike one good blow 
 with this sword of mine !" Linking their bridles 
 together, the little company plunged into the 
 thick of the combat to fall as their fellows were 
 falling. The battle went steadily against the 
 French. At last Philip himself hurried from 
 the field, and the defeat became a rout. Twelve 
 hundred knights and thirty thousand footmen — 
 a number equal to the whole English force — lay 
 dead upon the ground. — Hist, op Eng. People, 
 8 329. 
 
36 
 
 ARGUMENT— ARM Y . 
 
 29§. ARGUMENT, Possible. SUaling. Sir, 
 there is nothing for which you may not muster 
 up more plausible arguments than those which 
 are urged against wealth and other external ad- 
 vantages. Why, now, there is stealing ; why 
 should it be thought a crime ? When we con- 
 sider by what unjust methods property has been 
 often acquired, and that what was unjustly got 
 it must be unjust to keep, where is the harm in 
 one man's taking the property of another from 
 him ? Besides, sir, when we consider the bad 
 use that many people make of their property, 
 and how much better use the thief may make of 
 it, it may be defended as a very allowable prac- 
 tice. Yet, sir, the experience of mankind has 
 discovered stealing to be so very bad a thing, 
 that they make no scruple to hang a man for 
 it. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 123. 
 
 299. ARGUMENT, The reserve. Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson. [Worsted in debate,] he had recourse 
 to the device which Goldsmith imputed to him 
 in the witty words of one of Gibber's comedies : 
 " There is no arguing with Johnson ; for when 
 his pistol misses fire, he knocks you down with 
 the butt end of it." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 167. 
 
 300. ARGUMENT, Useless. Reign of James 
 II. [James commanded the clergy to read his 
 proclamation, which aimed at the overthrow of 
 the Protestant faith.] The London clergy, then 
 universally acknowledged to be the flower of 
 their profession, held a meeting. Fifteen doc- 
 tors of divinity were present. . . . The general 
 feeling of the assembly seemed to be that it was, 
 on the Avhole, advisable to obey the order in 
 council. The dispute began to wax warm, and 
 might have produced fatal consequences, if it 
 had not been bi'ought to a close by the firmness 
 and wisdom of Doctor Edward Fowler, vicar of 
 St. Giles's, Cripplegate, one of a small but re- 
 markable class of divines who united that love 
 of civil liberty which belonged to the school of 
 Calvin with the theology of the school of Ar- 
 minius. Standing up. Fowler spoke thus : "I 
 must be plain. The question is so simple that 
 argument can throw no new light on it, and can 
 only beget heat. Let every man say Yes or No. 
 But I cannot consent to be bound by the vote of 
 the majority. I shall be sorry to cause a breach 
 of unity. But this declaration I cannot in con- 
 science read." Tillotson, Patrick, Sherlock, 
 and Stillingfleet declared that they were of the 
 same mind. The majority yielded to the author- 
 ity of a minority so respectable. A resolution 
 by which all present pledged themselves to one 
 another not to read the declaration was then 
 drawn up. Patrick was the first to set his hand 
 to it ; Fowler was the second. The paper was 
 sent round the city, and was speedily subscribed 
 by eighty-five incumbents. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8. 
 
 301. ARISTOCRACY in Battle. Boman. The 
 battle of Pharsalia . . . acquired a special 
 place in history, because it was a battle fought 
 by the Roman aristocracy in their own persons 
 in defence of their own supremacy. Senators and 
 the sons of senators, the heirs of the names and 
 fortunes of the ancient Roman families, the 
 leaders of society in Roman saloons, and the 
 chiefs of the political party of the optimates in 
 the Curia and Forum, were here present on the 
 
 field ; representatives in person and in principle 
 of the traditions of Sylla brought face to face 
 with the representative of Marius. . . , Here were 
 the haughty Patrician Guard, who had drawn 
 their swords on him in the senate-house, young 
 lords whose theory of life was to lounge through 
 it in patrician insouciance. - The other great 
 actions were fought by the ignoble multitude 
 whose deaths were of less significance. The 
 plains of Pharsalia were watered by the precious 
 blood of the elect of the earth. The battle 
 there marked an epoch like no other in the 
 history of the world. . . . Pompey had forty- 
 seven thousand Roman infantry, not includ- 
 ing his allies, and seven thousand cavalry. 
 Caesar had but twenty-two thousand, and of 
 horse only a thousand. [He won the victory.] 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 22. 
 
 302. ARISTOCRACY, Expense of. Boman. 
 All these provincial generals were therefore 
 dukes ; but no more than ten among them were 
 dignified with the rank of counts or companions, 
 a title of honor, or rather of favor, which had 
 t-een recently invented in the court of Con- 
 stantine. A gold belt was the ensign which 
 distinguished the office of the counts and dukes ; 
 and besides their pay, they received a liberal 
 allowance, sufficient to maintain one hundred 
 and ninety servants, and one hundred and fifty- 
 eight horses. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17. 
 
 303. ARISTOCRACY, Reaction for. Puritans. 
 The Puritan austerity drove to the king's faction 
 all who made pleasure their business, who af- 
 fected gallantry, splendor of dress, or taste in 
 the lighter arts. With these went all who live 
 by amusing the leisure of others, from the 
 painter and comic poet down to the rope-dancer 
 and the Merry Andrew ; for these artists well 
 knew that they might thrive under a superb and 
 luxurious despotism, but must starve under the 
 rigid rule of the precisians. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 1. 
 
 304. ARISTOCRACY, Ruin of. Greeks. The 
 narrow policy of preserving, without any for- 
 eign mixture, the pure blood of the ancient citi- 
 zens, had checked the fortune and hastened the 
 ruin of Athens and Sparta. The aspiring genius 
 of Rome sacrificed vanity to ambition, and 
 deemed it more prudent, as well as honorable, 
 to adopt virtue and merit for her own whereso- 
 ever they were found, among slaves or strangers, 
 enemies or barbarians. During the most flour- 
 ishing era of the Athenian commonwealth, the 
 number of citizens gradually decreased from 
 about thirty to twenty-one thousand. If, on 
 the contrary, we study the growth of the Roman 
 republic, we may discover that, notwithstanding 
 the incessant demands of wars and colonies, the 
 citizens, who, in the first census of Servius 
 TuUius, amounted to no more than eighty-three 
 thousand, were multiplied, before the com- 
 mencement of the social war, to the number of 
 four hundred and sixty-three thousand men, 
 able to bear arms in the service of their country, 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2. 
 
 305. ARMY, Dangerous. Standing. By a 
 dangerous exception to the ancient maxims, he 
 [Augustus] was authorized to preserve his mili- 
 tary command, supported by a numerous body 
 of guards, even in time of peace, and in the 
 heart of the capital. His command, indeed, 
 
ARMY. 
 
 37 
 
 \ 
 
 was confined to those citizens who were engaged 
 in the service by the military oath ; but such 
 was the propensity of the Romans to servitude, 
 that the oath was voluntarily taken by the mag- 
 istrates, the senators, and the equestrian order, 
 till the homage of flattery was insensibly con- 
 verted into an annual and solemn protestation 
 of fidelity. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3. 
 
 306. ARMY disgusted. Ja7nes V. The Eng- 
 lish army, after an inroad upon Scotland, being 
 obliged, from scarcity of provisions, to retire 
 again beyond the borders, an obvious advan- 
 tage was oifered to the Scots, who, by pursuing 
 them, might have cut them off in their retreat. 
 James gave his orders for that purpose, but the 
 disaffected barons sternly and obstinately refused 
 to advance one step beyond the limits of the 
 kingdom. Stung to the heart with this affront, 
 James, in a transport of rage and indignation, 
 instantly disbanded his army, and returned ab- 
 ruptly to his capital. From that moment his 
 temper and disposition underwent a total change. 
 One measure more was wanting on the part of 
 the nobility to complete their base revenge and 
 to drive their sovereign to frenzy and despair. 
 His ministers had again prevailed on some of 
 the nobles to assemble their followers, and to 
 attempt an inroad on the western border ; but 
 the chief command was given to one of the 
 king's favorites, who was to them particularly 
 obnoxious. So great was their resentment, that 
 a general mutiny instantly took place, and a 
 resolution was formed unparalleled in history. 
 The Scottish army, consisting of ten thousand 
 men, surrendered themselves prisoners to a body 
 of five hundred of the English without attempt- 
 ing to strike a blow. On the news of this dis- 
 graceful event the spirit of James totally sunk 
 under the tumult of contending passions, and, 
 overcome with melancholy and despair, he died 
 of a broken heart in the thirty-third year of his 
 age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 15. 
 
 307. ARMY, A Great. Napoleon's. The num- 
 bers of the confederated army which, on the 
 24th and 25tli of June, passed the Niemen, the 
 boundary of the Russian Empire, have been 
 variously stated. The lowest estimate places 
 them at half a million of men. A detailed re- 
 turn, extant in the French war-office, gives the 
 numbers as, 651,358 infantry, cavalry, artillery, 
 and engineers ; 187,121 horses, and 1372 pieces 
 of ordnance. ... Of four hundred thousand 
 Frenchmen who crossed the Niemen in May . . . 
 not twenty thousand had returned to Vistula. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 30, p. 558. 
 
 30§. ARMY, A great. Mogul. Our Euro- 
 pean battles, says a philosophic writer, are petty 
 skirmishes, if compared to the numbers that 
 have fought and fallen in the fields of Asia. 
 Seven hundred thousand Moguls and Tartars 
 are said to have marched under the standard of 
 Zingis and his four sons. In the vast plains that 
 extend to the north of the Sihon or Jaxartes, 
 they were encountered by four hundred thou- 
 sand soldiers of the sultan ; and in the first battle, 
 which was suspended by the night, one hundred 
 and sixty thousand Carizmians were slain. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64. 
 
 309. ARMY, A great. Tartars. [The reign 
 of Timour the Tartar was but a] succession of 
 campaigns which made subject to him, with 
 
 Kharism, Kaptschak, Georgia, Hindostan, Per- 
 sia, Irak, Syria, and Asia Minor, two hundred 
 additional millions of subjects. Instead of the 
 forty thousand soldiers of Alexander, the army 
 of Timour had eight hundred thousand fighting 
 men, and a million of slaves who dried up the 
 earth on their route. The magnificence of this 
 nomade court equalled the multitude of the com- 
 batants. Never did Europe see this number, 
 this Asiatic parade, either in the migration of 
 Attila, or those of the Arabs, or the campaigns 
 of Moscow, where a modern conqueror led so 
 many brave men to conflagration and the frosts. 
 — Lamabtine's Turkey, p. 308. 
 
 3tO. ARMY, An industrious. Roman. When 
 [Emperor] Probus commanded in Egypt, he ex- 
 ecuted many considerable works for the splendor 
 and benefit of that rich country. The naviga- 
 tion of the Nile, so important to Rome itself, was 
 improved ; and temples, buildings, porticos, 
 and palaces were constructed by the hands of 
 the soldiers, who acted by turns as architects, as 
 engineers, and as husbandmen. It was reported of 
 Hannibal, that, in order to preserve his troops 
 from the dangerous temptations of idleness, he 
 had obliged them to form large plantations of 
 olive trees along the coast of Africa. From a 
 similar principle, Probus exercised his legions in 
 covering with rich vineyards the hills of Gaul 
 and Pannonia. [He was afterward killed by re- 
 volting soldiers.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 311. ARMY purified. Cromwell's. The Earl 
 of Essex, Lord Fairfax, Waller, Hampden, and 
 Falkland, fought, yielded, or died, some for 
 their prince, and others for their country and 
 their faith ; Cromwell alone never sustained a de- 
 feat. Elevated by the Parliament to the rank of 
 general, he strengthened his own division by 
 weeding and purifying it. He cared little for 
 numbers, provided his ranks were filled with fa- 
 natics. By sanctifying thus the cause, end, and 
 motives of the war, he raised his soldiers above 
 common humanity, and prepared them to per- 
 form impossibilities. The historians of both 
 sides agree in allowing that this religious enthu- 
 siasm inspired by Cromwell in the minds of his 
 troops transformed a body of factionaries into 
 an army of saints. Victory invariably attended 
 his encounters with the king's forces. — Lamar- 
 tine's Cromwell, p. 31. 
 
 312. ARMY, A sectarian. James II. [Tyr- 
 connel, a Roman Catholic, was appointed com- 
 mander of the troops in Ireland preparatory to 
 the social and religious revolution.] The ranks 
 were completely broken up and recomposed. 
 Four or five hundred soldiers were turned out of 
 a single regiment chiefly on the ground that they 
 were below the proper stature ; yet the most un- 
 practised eye at once perceived that they were 
 taller and better-made men than their successors, 
 whose wild and squalid appearance disgusted 
 the beholders. Orders were given to the new 
 officers that no man of the Protestant religion 
 was to be suffered to enlist. The recruiting 
 parties, instead of beating their, drums for vol- 
 unteers at fairs and markets, as had been the old 
 practice, repaired to places to which the Roman 
 Catholics were in the habit of making pilgrim- 
 ages for purposes of devotion. In a few weeks 
 the general had introduced more than two thou- 
 sand natives into the ranks, and the people . . . af- 
 
38 
 
 ARMY— ARROGANCE. 
 
 firmed that by Christmas day not a man of Eng- 
 lish race would be left in the whole army. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 6. 
 
 313. ARMY, A small. Massachusetts. For a 
 while the colonists were apprehensive of the Ind- 
 ians. In February [1631] Miles Standish was 
 sent out with his soldiers to gather information 
 of the numbers and disposition of the natives. 
 The army of New England consisted of six men 
 besides the general. [The Indians had been dec- 
 imated by pestilence.] — Rldpath's U. S., ch. 13. 
 
 314. ABMT, Strong. Boman. The regular 
 force of the empire had once amounted to six 
 hundred and forty-five thousand men ; it was re- 
 duced, in the time of Justinian, to one hundred 
 and fifty thousand ; and this number, large as it 
 may seen, was thinly scattered over the sea and 
 land — in Spain and Italy, in Africa and Egypt, 
 on the banks of the Danube, the coast of the 
 Euxine, and the frontiers of Persia. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 42. 
 
 315. AHMY subverted, The. James II. [Sum- 
 moned to enforce submission to Roman Cath- 
 olic innovations,] the king was resolved not 
 to yield. He formed a camp on Hounslow 
 Heath, and collected there, within a circumfer- 
 ence of about two miles and a half, fourteen 
 battalions of foot and thirty-two squadrons of 
 horse, amounting to thirteen thousand fighting 
 men. Twenty-six pieces of artillery, and many 
 wains laden with arms and ammunition, were 
 dragged from the Tower through the city to 
 Hounslow. The Londoners saw this great force 
 assembled in their neighborhood with a terror 
 which familiarity soon diminished. A visit to 
 Hounslow became their favorite amusement on 
 holidays. The camp presented the appearance 
 of a vast fair. Mingled with the musketeers and 
 dragoons, a multitude of fine gentlemen and 
 ladies from Soho Square, sharpers and painted 
 women from Whitefriars, invalids in sedans, 
 monks in hoods and gowns, lackeys in rich liv- 
 eries, peddlers, orange girls, mischievous appren- 
 tices, and gaping clowns, were constantly pass- 
 ing and repassing through the long lanes of 
 tents. . . . The king, as was amply proved two 
 years later, had greatly miscalculated [when he 
 was a fugitive from England]. He had forgotten 
 that vicinity operates in more ways than one. He 
 had hoped that his army would overawe London; 
 but the result of his policy was, that the feelings 
 and opinions of London took complete possession 
 of his army. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 316. ARMY, Support of the. Gharles II. 
 The only army which the law recognized was 
 the militia. That force had been remodelled by 
 two acts of Parliament passed shortly after the 
 Restoration. Every man who possessed five 
 hundred pounds a year derived from land, or 
 six thousand pounds of personal estate, was 
 bound to provide, equip, and pay, at his own 
 charge, one horseman. Every man who had fifty 
 pounds a year derived from land, or six hundred 
 pounds of personal estate, was charged, in like 
 manner, with one pikeman or musketeer. 
 Smaller proprietors were joined together in a 
 kind of society, for which our language does not 
 afford a special name, but which an Athenian 
 would have called a Synteleia ; and each society 
 was required to furnish, according to its means, 
 a horse soldier or a foot soldier. The whole 
 
 number . . . was popularly estimated at a hun- 
 dred and thirty thousand men. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 317. ARMY, Test in the. James II. [The 
 king resolved to oppress the Protestants in Ire- 
 land and promote Roman Catholicism.] Many 
 officers of the army were arbitrarily deprived of 
 their commissions and of their bread. It was to 
 no purpose that the lord-lieutenant pleaded the 
 cause of some whom he knew to be good sol- 
 diers and loyal subjects. Among them were old 
 Cavaliers, who had fought bravely for monarchy, 
 and who bore the marks of honorable wounds. 
 Their places were supplied by men who had no 
 recommendation but their religion. Of the new 
 captains and lieutenants, it was said, some had 
 been cowherds, some footmen, some noted ma- 
 rauders ; some had been so used to wear brogues 
 that they stumbled and shuffled about strangely 
 in their military jack-boots. Not a few of the 
 officers who were discarded took refuge in the 
 Dutch service, and enjoyed four years later the 
 pleasure of driving their successors before them 
 in ignominious rout through the waters of the 
 Boyne. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 318. ARREST, Undeserved. John Bunyan. 
 He was the first Nonconformist who had been 
 marked for arrest. If he flinched after he had 
 been singled out by name, the whole body of his 
 congregation would be discouraged. Go to 
 church he would not, or promise to go to 
 church ; but he was willing to suffer whatever 
 punishment the law might order. Thus, at the 
 time and place which had been agreed on, he 
 was in the room at Samsell, with his Bible in 
 his hand, and was about to begin his address, 
 when the constables entered and arrested him. 
 He made no resistance. He desired only to be 
 allowed to say a few words, which the constables 
 permitted. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 5. 
 
 319. ARROGANCE answered. Charles V. 
 When France was invaded by Charles V., he 
 inquired of a prisoner, how many days Paris 
 might be distant from the frontier. "Perhaps 
 twelve, but they will be days of battle ;" . such 
 was the gallant answer which checked the ar- 
 rogance of that ambitious prince. — Glbbon's 
 Rome, ch. 30. 
 
 320. ARROGANCE, Childish. Xerxes. The im- 
 patience of Xerxes could not brook the delay 
 that would have attended the transportation of 
 this immense body of land forces in his fleet 
 across the ^gean, which is a very dangerous 
 navigation, or even by the narrower sea of the 
 Hellespont. He ordered a bridge of boats to be 
 constructed between Sestos and Abydos, a dis- 
 tance of seven furlongs (seven eighths of a mile). 
 This structure was no sooner completed than it 
 was demolished by a tempest. In revenge of 
 this insult to his power, the directors of the work 
 were beheaded, and the outrageous element itself 
 was punished, by throwing into it a pair of iron 
 fetters, and bestowing three hundred lashes upon 
 the water. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1. 
 
 321. ARROGANCE, Insulting. Attila. [The 
 Roman Emperor Marcian refused the tribute de- 
 manded.] He threatened to chastise the rash 
 successor of Theodosius ; but he hesitated wheth- 
 er he should first direct his invincible arms 
 against the Eastern or the Western empire. 
 
ARROGANCE— ART. 
 
 39 
 
 While mankind awaited his decision with awful 
 suspense, he sent an equal defiance to the courts 
 of Ravenna and Constantinople ; and his minis- 
 ters saluted the two emperors with the same 
 haughty declaration. "Attila, my lord, and 
 thy lord, commands thee to provide a palace for 
 his immediate reception." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 35. 
 
 322. AEEOGANCE, Lofty. Attila. When At- 
 tila first gave audience to the Roman ambas- 
 sadors on the banks of the Danube, his tent was 
 encompassed with a formidable guard. The 
 monarch himself was seated in a wooden chair. 
 His stern countenance, angry gestures, and im- 
 patient tone astonished the firmness of Maximin. 
 . . . The barbarian an'ogantly declared, that he 
 apprehended only the disgrace of contending 
 with his fugitive slaves, since he despised 
 their impotent efforts to defend the provinces 
 which Theodosius had intrusted to their arms : 
 " For what fortress" (added Attila), " what city, 
 in the wide extent of the Roman empire, can 
 hope to exist, secure and impregnable, if it is 
 our pleasure that it should be erased from the 
 earth ?" — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 34. 
 
 323. AEEOGANCE, National. England. The 
 conduct of Great Britain toward the United 
 States became as arrogant as that of France was 
 impudent. In November of 1793 George III. is- 
 sued secret instructions to British privateers to 
 seize aU neutral vessels that might be found 
 trading in the West Indies. The United States 
 
 . had no notification of this high-handed measure ; 
 and American commerce to the value of many 
 millions of dollars was swept from the sea, by 
 a process differing in nothing from highway 
 robbery. But for the temperate spirit of the 
 government the country would have been at once 
 plunged into war. [Redress was demanded, and 
 a treaty signed.] — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 47. 
 
 324. AESON, Destruction by. Ghosroes. Af- 
 ter the reduction of Galilee and the region be- 
 yond the Jordan, whose resistance appears to 
 have delayed the fate of the capital, Jerusalem 
 itself was taken by assault. The sepulchre of 
 Christ and the stately churches of Helena and 
 Constantine were consumed, or at least dam- 
 
 ; aged, by the flames ; the devout offerings of 
 three hundred years were rifled in one sacrile- 
 gious day ; the Patriarch Zachariah and the 
 triie cross were transported into Persia ; and the 
 massacre of ninety thousand Christians is im- 
 
 ^ puted to the Jews and Arabs, who swelled the 
 
 ! disorder of the Persian march. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 
 \ ch. 46. 
 
 325. AET, Age of Fine. Greece. The arts 
 broke out at once with prodigious lustre at 
 Athens, under the luxurious administration of 
 Pericles. In architecture and sculpture, Phidias 
 at that time distinguished himself by such supe- 
 
 ) rior ability, that his works were regarded as won- 
 ders by the ancients, as long as any knowledge or 
 I taste remained among them. His brother Panae- 
 ; us ... is himself distinguished as the artist who 
 painted the famous picture in the Pcecile at Ath- 
 ens, representing the battle of Marathon, which 
 is described by Pausanias and Pliny as so perfect 
 a picture, that it presented striking portraits of 
 the leaders on both sides. It was from the de- 
 signs of Phidias that many of the noblest build- 
 ings of Athens were reared ; and from the exam- 
 
 ple of these, a just and excellent taste in archi- 
 tecture soon diffused itself over all Greece. 
 Phidias had many disciples ; and after his time 
 arose a succession of eminent architects, sculpt- 
 ors, and painters, who maintained those sister 
 arts in high perfection for above a century, till 
 after the death of Alexander the Great. This, 
 therefore, may be termed the golden age of the 
 arts in Greece ; while in those departments the 
 contemporary nations were yet in the rudest ig- 
 norance. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 326. AET, Conquest by. Gcesar. By the vic- 
 tory over the Nervii the Belgian confederacy 
 was almost extinguished. The German Adua- 
 tuci remained only to be brought to submission. 
 They had been on their way to join their country- 
 men ; they were too late for the battle, and re- 
 turned and shut themselves up in Namur, the 
 strongest position in the Low Countries. Caesar, 
 after a short rest, pushed on and came under 
 their walls. The Aduatuci were a race of giants, 
 and were at first defiant. When they saw the 
 Romans' siege-towers in preparation, they could 
 not believe that men so small could move such 
 vast machines. When the towers began to 
 approach, they lost heart and sued for terms. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 14. 
 
 327. AET corrupted. Roman, Art was partly 
 corrupted by the fondness for glare, expensive- 
 ness, and size, and partly sank into miserable 
 triviality, or immoral prettinesses, such as those 
 which decorated the walls of Pompeii in the first 
 century, and the Pare aux Cerfs in the eighteenth. 
 Greek statues of the days of Phidias were ruth- 
 lessly decapitated, that their heads might be re- 
 placed by the scowling or imbecile features of a 
 Gains or a Claudius. Nero, professing to be a 
 connoisseur, thought that he improved the Alex- 
 ander of Lysimachus by gilding it from head to 
 foot. — Farrar's Early Days, p. 5. 
 
 32§. AET, Deformity in. Ghinese. The Chi- 
 nese have long practised the art of painting ; 
 yet, instead of a liberal art, it has ever been with 
 them a mere mechanic drudgery. Their paint- 
 ings, with a splendor of coloring, and the most 
 minute accuracy of pencilling, have neither 
 grace, beauty, nor justness of proportion. They 
 have not the smallest notion of perspective. In- 
 stead of a gracefulness of attitude, the taste of 
 the Chinese painter delights itself with the ex- 
 pression of distortion and deformity. Let us 
 here remark the contrast between these Asiatics 
 and the Grecian artists. In the images of the 
 gods, which it is to be presumed men would al- 
 ways choose to picture according to their most 
 exalted ideas of beauty and majesty, the Greeks 
 have given a character and expression noble 
 almost beyond imagination. The idols of the 
 Chinese are deformed, hideous, and disgusting 
 beyond measure. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 5, 
 ch. 24. 
 
 329. AET, Destruction of. Nero. If Nero 
 was indeed guilty, then the act of a wretched 
 buffoon, mad with the diseased sensibility of a 
 depraved nature, has robbed the world of works 
 of art, and memorials, and records, priceless 
 and irrecoverable. We can rather imagine than 
 describe the anguish with which the Romans, 
 bitterly conscious of their own degeneracy, con- 
 templated the destruction of the relics of their 
 national glory in the days when Rome was free. 
 
40 
 
 ART. 
 
 What could ever replace for them or their chil- 
 dren such monmnents as the Temple of Luna, 
 built by Servius TuUius ; and the Ara Maxima, 
 which the^Arcadian Evander had reared to Her- 
 cules ; and the Temple of Jupiter Stator, built 
 in accordance with the vow of Romulus ; and 
 the little humble palace of Numa ; and the shrine 
 of Vesta with the Penates of the Roman people 
 and the spoils of conquered kings ? What struc- 
 tural magnificence could atone for the loss of 
 memorials which the song of Virgil and of Hor- 
 ace had rendered still more dear ? The city 
 might rise more regular from its ashes, and with 
 broader streets, but its artificial uniformity was 
 a questionable boon. Old men declared that the 
 new streets were far less healthy, in consequence 
 of their more scorching glare, and they muttered 
 among themselves that many an object of na- 
 tional interest had been wantonly sacrificed to 
 gratify the womanish freak of a miserable actor. 
 ■ — Fabrar's Early Days, p. 31. 
 
 330. . Puritans. The Parliament 
 
 resolved that all pictures in the royal collection 
 which contained representations of Jesus or of 
 the Virgin Mother should be burned. Sculp- 
 ture fared as ill as painting. Nymphs and 
 Graces, the work of Ionian chisels, were deliv- 
 ered over to Puritan stonemasons to be made 
 decent. — Macatjlay's Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 331. . Buin of Paganism. We 
 
 Lave seen how the rising city was adorned by 
 the vanity and despotism of the Imperial foun- 
 der ; in the ruins of paganism, some gods and 
 heroes were saved from the axe of supersti- 
 tion ; and the forum and hippodrome were dig- 
 nified with the relics of a better a^e. Several of 
 these are described by Nicetas m a florid and 
 affected style ; and from his descriptions I shall 
 select some interesting particulars : 1. . . . vic- 
 torious charioteers. ... 2. The sphinx, river- 
 horse and crocodile. ... 3. The she-wolf 
 suckling Romulus and Remus. ... 4. An ea- 
 gle holding and tearing a serpent. ... 5. An 
 ass and his driver. ... 6. An equestrian sta- 
 tue. . . . Bellerophon and Pegasus. ... 7. A 
 brass obelisk. ... 8. The Phrygian shep- 
 herd presenting to Venus the prize of beauty, 
 the apple of discord. ... 9. The statue of 
 Helen. ... 10. The manly form of Hercules. 
 ... 11. Statue of Juno. ... 12. Another 
 colossus of Pallas or Minerva. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 61. 
 
 332. AKT destructive to Life. Earthquake. 
 In the disasters occasioned by earthquakes, the 
 architect becomes the enemy of mankind. The 
 hut of a savage or the tent of an Arab may be 
 thrown down without injurv to the inhabitant ; 
 and the Peruvians had reason to deride the folly 
 of their Spanish conquerors, who with so much 
 cost and labor erected their own sepulchres. 
 The rich ma rbles of a patrician are dashed on his 
 own head ; a whole people is buried under the 
 ruins of public and private edifices, and the con- 
 flagration is kindled and propagated by the in- 
 numerable fires which are necessary for the sub- 
 sistence and manufactures of a great city. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43. 
 
 333. ART, Educated in. Romans. Whatever 
 were their [the Etruscans] attainments in the 
 fine arts in those remote ages, their successors, 
 the Romans, inherited none of that knowledge 
 
 from them ; for at the period of the conquest of 
 Greece, the Romans had not a tincture of taste 
 in those arts, till they caught the infection from 
 the precious spoils which the sole love of plun- 
 der then imported into Italy. . . . Even when 
 time had brought the arts to the highest perfec- 
 tion they ever attained among the Romans, this 
 people never ceased to acknowledge the high su- 
 periority of the Greeks, of which we have this con- 
 vincing proof, that when the Roman authors cele- 
 brate any exquisite production of art, it is ever the 
 work of a Phidias, Praxiteles, Lysippus, Glycon, 
 Zeuxis, Apelles, Parrhasius, or, in fine, of some 
 artist who adorned that splendid period, and not 
 of those who had worked at Rome, or who had 
 lived nearer to their own times than the age of 
 Alexander the Great. — Tytleb's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 7. 
 
 334. ABT, Low estimate of. Samuel Johnson, 
 Johnson expressed his disapprobation of orna- 
 mental architecture, such as magnificent columns 
 supporting a portico, or expensive pilasters sup- 
 porting merely their own capitals, " because it 
 consumes labor disproportionate to its utility." 
 For the same reason he satirized statuary. 
 "Painting," said he, "consumes labor not dis- 
 proportionate to its effect ; but a fellow will 
 hack half a year at a block of marble, to make 
 something in stone that hardly resembles a man. 
 The value of statuary is owing to its difficulty. 
 You would not value the finest head cut upon a 
 carrot." Here he seemed to me to be strangely 
 deficient in taste ; for, surely, statuary is a noble 
 art of imitation. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 276. 
 
 335. AUT, Frivolous. Palace of Constantino- 
 ple. The long series of the apartments was adapt- 
 ed to the seasons, and decorated with marble 
 and porphyry ; with painting, sculpture, and mo- 
 saics ; with a profusion of gold, silver, and 
 precious stones. His [Theophilus] fanciful mag- 
 nificence employed the skill and patience of such 
 artists as the times could afford ; but the taste of 
 Athens would have despised their frivolous and 
 costly labors ; a golden tree, with its leaves and 
 branches, which sheltered a multitude of birds 
 warbling their artificial notes, and two lions of 
 massy gold, and of natural size, who looked and 
 roared like their brethren of the forest. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 351. 
 
 336. ABT, Inspiration in. Italians. What 
 treasures may we suppose yet remain in Greece 
 and . . . Italy ! To the discovery of some of 
 those remnants of ancient art has been attributed 
 the revival of painting and sculpture, after their 
 total extinction during the Middle Ages. This, 
 at least, is certain: that, till Michael Angelo and 
 Raphael, feeling the beauties of the antique, 
 began to emulate their noble manner, and intro- 
 duced into their works, the one a grandeur, and 
 the other a beauty, unknown to the age in which 
 they lived, the manner of their predecessors had 
 been harsh, constrained, and utterly deficient in 
 grace. — Ty-^ler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 337. AET, Origin of. Necessity. We may 
 presume, with some reason, that in the early 
 ages the priests were among the first who culti- 
 vated the sciences. The useful arts are the im- 
 mediate offspring of necessity ; and in the infancy 
 of society every individual, according as he feels 
 his wants, is put to the necessity of exercising 
 his talents in some rude contrivances to supply 
 
ART. 
 
 41 
 
 them. The skill to construct instruments for 
 the capture or destruction of animals, or for of- 
 fence and defence in war, is found among the 
 most barbarous nations. The rude arts of form- 
 ing a clothi ag for the body, and the constructions 
 of huts for shelter against the inclemencies of the 
 air, form among such nations the occupation of 
 every individual of the tribe or community, and 
 even of both sexes. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 3. 
 
 33§. . Egyptians. It is highly pro- 
 bable, too, that from this people, as from a 
 focus of illumination, most of the European na- 
 tions have, by the natural progress of knowledge, 
 received a great part of their instruction both in 
 the arts and in the sciences. The Egyptians in- 
 structed and enlightened the Greeks ; the Greeks 
 performed the same beneficial office to the Ro- 
 mans, who, in their turn instructing the nations 
 whom they conquered or colonized, have trans- 
 mitted the rudiments of that knowledge which 
 the industry and the genius of the moderns are 
 continually extending and advancing to perfec- 
 tion. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 339. ART, Periods in. Affinity in. After the 
 defeat of Xerxes the Greeks, secure for some 
 time from foreign invaders, and in full possession 
 of their liberty, achieved with distinguished 
 glory, may certainly be considered as at the sum- 
 mit of their grandeur as a nation. They main- 
 tained for a considerable time their power and 
 independence, and distinguished themselves dur- 
 ing that period by an universality of genius 
 unknown to other ages and nations. The fine 
 arts bear a near affinity to each other ; and it has 
 seldom been known in any age which produced 
 or encouraged artists in one department, that 
 there were wanting others who displayed similar 
 excellence in the rest. Of this, both ancient and 
 modern history affords ample proof, in the ages 
 of Pericles, of Leo X., and of Louis XIV. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 340. ART, Periods of. Roman. In the period 
 of ancient history, we have seen that remarkable 
 splendor to which the fine arts arose in the age of 
 Pericles. In modern times the age of Leo X. is 
 an era equally distinguished. The art of paint- 
 ing lay long 'buried in the west, under the ruins 
 of the Roman Empire. It declined in the latter 
 ages, with the universal decay of taste and genius, 
 and needed not an irruption of the Goths to lay 
 it in the dust. The Ostrogoths, who subdued 
 Italy, that people who were barbarians only in 
 name, had they found it in splendor, would have 
 industriously cherished and preserved it, as they 
 did every monument of ancient grandeur or of 
 beauty ; but painting and sculpture were never 
 high among the ancient Romans ; and that the 
 taste and genius for the imitative arts underwent 
 a regular and natural decay, we have the strong- 
 est proof in examining the series of the coins of 
 the lower empire. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 22. 
 
 341. ART, Pleasures of. PrefetTed. A very 
 fashionable baronet [Sir Michael Le Fleming] 
 in the brilliant world, who, on his attention 
 being called to the fragrance of a May evening 
 in the country, observed : "This may be very 
 well ; but, for my part, I prefer the smell of a 
 flambeau at the playhouse." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 127. 
 
 342. ART protected. By Climate. It seems 
 peculiar to the climate of Egypt, that time ap- 
 pears scarcely to make any sensible impression 
 on those monuments of human industry. The 
 cause is plausibly assigned by De Maillet, in his 
 "Description de I'Egypte." Rain and frost, 
 says that author, which in other countries are 
 the destroyers of all the works of art which are 
 exposed to the air, are utterly unknown in Egypt. 
 The structures of that country, its pyramids and 
 its obelisks, can sustain no injury unless from 
 the sun and wind, which have scarce any sensi- 
 ble effect in wasting or corroding their materials. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 343. ART, Protected by. Syracuse. Marcel- 
 lus . . . besieged Syracuse. . . . The genius of 
 a single man [Archimedes] was found sufficient 
 to withstand for a great length of time the ut- 
 most efforts of an enemy hj sea and land. . . . 
 The city was twenty-two miles in compass. . . . 
 Marcellus caused eight galleys to be joined to- 
 gether laterally by iron chains, and on their 
 surface, as a foundation, an immense tower was 
 erected, whose height overtopped the walls of 
 the city. This huge machine, which Marcellus 
 called his Sambuca, or Dulcimer, was slowly 
 advancing, rowed by a great number of men, 
 when Archimedes discharged from one of his en- 
 gines a stone of twelve hundred and fifty pounds 
 weight, then a second, and immediately after- 
 ward a third, with a direction so sure as to batter 
 the galleys and the tower to pieces in a few min- 
 utes. An immense artillery of darts, stones, burn- 
 ing torches, and every material of annoyance, was 
 incessantly launched upon the besiegers from 
 every quarter of the walls ; while the machines 
 from which they issued were altogether beyond 
 their reach, and even out of their sight. It was 
 of no avail whether they made their attack from 
 a distance or close to the walls. If within the 
 shot of a bow, the engines of Archimedes assailed 
 the galleys with stones of such weight as entirely 
 to demolish them ; if they approached the walls, 
 they were seized by cranes and grappling-irons, 
 suspended in the air, and suddenly let fall with 
 a force that sunk them. Taking advantage of a 
 meridian sun, and concentrating the rays by a 
 combination of polished metal, this wonderful 
 engineer burnt the vessels of the enemy at a fur- 
 long's distance, thus . . . making even the fire 
 of heaven obedient to his commands. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 3, ch 9. 
 
 344. ART, Revival of. Italy. The fine arts 
 are said to have been revived in Italy by artists 
 from Greece ; and it seems highly probable that 
 in that country, which had been eminently dis- 
 tinguished by their splendor and perfection, the 
 taste should have been less entirely lost than in 
 any other. The most common notion is, that, 
 about the end of the thirteenth century, Cimabue, 
 a Florentine, observing the works of two Grecian 
 artists, who had been sent for to paint one of the 
 churches at Florence, began to attempt some- 
 thing of the same kind, and soon conceived that 
 it would not be difficult to surpass such rude 
 performances. His works were the admiration 
 of his time ; he had his scholars and his imitat- 
 ors ; among these were Ghiotto, Gaddi, Tasi 
 Cavallini, and Stephano Florentino ; and the 
 number of artists continued so to increase, that 
 an academy for painting was instituted at Flor- 
 
42 
 
 ART. 
 
 ence in the jear 1350. Still, however, the art 
 was extremely low, and the artists, with great 
 industry, seem to have had no spark of genius. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 22. 
 
 345. . Fifteenth Century. The suc- 
 cessors of Cimabue and of Ghiotto seem all to 
 have painted in one manner. Their works are 
 distinguished by a hard and rigid outline, sharp 
 angles of the limbs, and stiff folds in the drapery ; 
 a contour, in short, in which there is not the 
 smallest grace or elegance. Such, with little 
 Tariation or improvement, was the manner of 
 painting for above two centuries. The best 
 artists valued themselves on the most scrupulous 
 and servile imitation of nature, without any 
 capacity of distinguishing her beauties and de- 
 formities. In painting a head, it was the highest 
 pitch of excellence that all the wrinkles of the 
 skin should be most distinctly marked, and that 
 the spectator should be able to count every hair 
 on the beard. Such was the state of painting 
 till toward the end of the fifteenth century, 
 ■when all at once, as if by some supernatural in- 
 fluence, it attained at a single step to the summit 
 of perfection. Nothing can more clearly demon- 
 strate that the splendor to which the fine arts 
 all at once attained, at the period of which, we 
 now speak, was owing entirely to natural genius, 
 and not to accidental causes, than this circum- 
 stance, that though many remains of the finest 
 sculpture of the ancients existed, and were known 
 in Italy for some centuries preceding this era, it 
 was not till this time that they began to serve as 
 models of imitation. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 en. 22. 
 
 346. AUT, Schools of. Three. These three 
 — the Florentine, the Roman, and the Venetian — 
 are the chief of the Italian schools of painting. 
 The Florentine is distinguished by grandeur and 
 sublimity, and great excellence of design ; but a 
 want of grace, of beauty of coloring, and skill 
 in the chiaro-oscuro. The character of the Roman 
 is equal excellence of design, a grandeur, tem- 
 pered with moderation and simplicity, a high 
 degree of grace and elegance, and a superior 
 knowledge, though not an excellence in coloring. 
 The characteristic of the Venetian is the perfec- 
 tion of coloring and the utmost force of the 
 chiaro-oscuro, with an inferiority in every other 
 particular. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 22. 
 
 347. AUT, Superiority in. Masters. Michael 
 Angelo was so smitten with the beauties of the 
 antique, that he occupied himself in drawing 
 numberless sketches of a mutilated trunk of a 
 statue of Hercules, still to be seen at Rome, and 
 from him called the 'Torso of Michael Angelo. 
 Raphael, whose works have entitled him to the 
 same epithet which the Greeks bestowed on 
 Apelles, The Divine — Raphael confessed the ex- 
 cellence of the antique by borrowing from it 
 many of his noblest airs and attitudes ; and his 
 enemies (for merit will ever have its enemies) 
 have asserted, that of those gems and basso-re- 
 lievos which he had been at pains to collect and 
 copy, he had destroyed not a few, in order that 
 the beauties he had thence borrowed might pass 
 for his own. The practice of those artists, whose 
 names are the first among the moderns, affords 
 sufficient argument of the superiority of the an- 
 cients. Their works remain the highest models 
 Qf the art ; and we who, in the imitation of the 
 
 human figure, have nor nature, as they had, con. 
 stantly before our eyes undisguised, and in hei 
 most graceful and sublimest aspects, can find no 
 means so short and so sure to attain *o excellence 
 as by imitating the antique. — Tytier's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 7. 
 
 34§. . Raphael. His invention and 
 
 composition are admirable, his attitudes grand 
 and sublime, his female figures in the highest 
 degree beautiful. He understood the anatomy 
 of the human figure as well as Michael Angelo, 
 but he never offends by a harsh delineation of 
 the muscles. His skill in the chiaro-oscuro, or 
 in the effect of light and shade, is beyond that 
 of Michael Angelo, and his coloring very far 
 superior to him. In the action of his figures 
 there is nothing violent and constrained, but all 
 is moderate, simple, and gracefully majestic. 
 Many painters there are, excellent in different 
 departments, and several that, in one single de- 
 partment, may be found to exceed even Raphael \ 
 but in that supreme excellence which consists ic 
 the union of all the various merits of the art, hf) 
 stands unrivalled, and far removed from ali 
 competition. In representing female beauty^ 
 Raphael has gone beyond every other artist, ana 
 even beyond the antique itself. In his Madon- 
 nas, in his St. Cecilia, and in his Galatea, imagi- 
 nation cannot reach a finer conformation of 
 features. In painting the Galatea, he says him- 
 self, in one of his letters, that, unable to find 
 among the most beautiful women that excellence 
 which he aimed at, he made use of a certain 
 divine form or idea, which presented itself tc» 
 his imagination. In his portraits he seems tG 
 have confined himself to the perfect imitation of 
 nature, without desire to raise or embellish, but 
 without that minute and servile accuracy whicB 
 distinguishes the works in that style of some of 
 the Flemish masters. The union of all these excel- 
 lences, which has placed Raphael at the head of 
 all the painters that ever the world produced, 
 was attained by a youth who never reached the 
 middle period of life. Raphael died at the age 
 of thirty-seven. What may we suppose he would 
 have been had he lived to the age of Titian or 
 Leonardo da Vinci 2 — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 7. 
 
 349. ART, Treasures of. Napoleon I. [The 
 victorious] Napoleon . . . demanded twenty of 
 the choicest pictures of the duke [of Parma] to 
 be sent to the Museum of Paris. To save one of 
 these works of art — the celebrated picture of St. 
 Jerome — the duke offered two hundred thousand 
 dollars. Napoleon declined the money, stating- 
 to the army, ' ' The sum which he offers will soon 
 be spent ; but the possession of such a master- 
 piece at Paris will adorn that capital for ages, 
 and give birth to similar exertions of genius."— 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 350. ART, Value of. Cannon. This epoch 
 was signalized by one of the most important dis- 
 coveries that has ever been made — the invention 
 of artillery. Some pieces of cannon, which, it 
 is said, Edward had placed in the front of his 
 army, contributed much to throw the enemy into 
 confusion, and to give victory to the English. 
 This invention, apparently a most destructive 
 one, has certainly, upon the whole, proved bene- 
 ficial to society. Nations are more upon a 
 level, aa less depends upon frantic exertions of 
 
ARTISANS— ASCETICS. 
 
 43 
 
 coiirage ; and, consequently, from a considera- 
 tion of an equality of strength, the peace of 
 kingdoms is better preserved. The victory of 
 Cressy [a.d. 1346] was followed by the siege 
 and reduction of Calais. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 
 6, ch. 13. 
 
 351. ARTISANS, Capture of. Silk-weavers. 
 Two cities of Spain, Alnieria and Lisbon, were 
 famous for the manufacture ... of silk. It was 
 first introduced into Sicily by the Normans ; and 
 this emigration of trade distinguishes the victory 
 of Roger from the uniform and fruitless hostili- 
 ties of every age. After the sack of Corinth, 
 Athens, and Thebes, his lieutenant embarked 
 with a captive train of weavers and artificers of 
 both sexes, a trophy glorious to their master, 
 and disgraceful to the Greek emperor. The 
 King of Sicily was not insensible of the value of 
 the present. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53. 
 
 352. ARTISANS, Wages of. England. The 
 remuneration of workmen employed in manu- 
 factures has always been higher than that of the 
 tillers of the soil. In the year 1680 a member 
 of the House of Commons remarked that the 
 high wages paid in this country made it impos- 
 sible for our textures to maintain a competition 
 with the produce of the Indian looms. An 
 English mechanic, he said, instead of slaving 
 like a native of Bengal for a piece of copper, ex- 
 acted a shilling a day. Other evidence is extant, 
 which proves that a shilling a day was the pay 
 to which the English manufacturer then thought 
 himself entitled, but that he was often forced to 
 work for less. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 353. ARTISANS, Ancient. Wa/t: A tradition 
 has prevailed that the Roman fleet was reduced 
 to ashes in the port of Syracuse, by the burning- 
 glasses of Archimedes [see No. 342] ; and it is 
 asserted that a similar expedient was employed 
 by Proclus to destroy the Gothic vessels in the 
 harbor of Constantinople, and to protect his 
 benefactor Anastasius against the bold enterprise 
 of Vitalian. A machine was fixed on the walls 
 of the city, consisting of a hexagon mirror of 
 polished brass, with many smaller and movable 
 polygons to receive and reflect the rays of the 
 meridian sun ; and a consuming flame was 
 darted to the distance, perhaps, of two hundred 
 feet. . . . Proclus applied sulphur to the destruc- 
 tion of the Gothic fleet ; in a modern imagination, 
 the name of sulphur is instantly connected with 
 the suspicion of gunpowder, and that suspicion 
 is propagated by the secret arts of his disciple ^ 
 Anthemius. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 354. ARTS encouraged. Constantine. [Con- 
 stantine the Great] discovered that in the de- 
 cline of the arts the skill as well as numbers of 
 his architects bore a very unequal proportion to 
 the greatness of his designs [in the building of 
 Constantinople]. The magistrates of the most 
 distant provinces were therefore directed to in- 
 stitute schools, to appoint professors, and, by the 
 hopes of rewards and privileges, to engage in the 
 study and practice of architecture a sufficient 
 number of ingenious youths who had received a 
 liberal education. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 2, 
 ch. 17, p. 95. 
 
 355. ARTS, Obsolete. By Inventions. The 
 endowment in 1626 of a free-school at Great 
 Marlow, to teach twenty-four girls to knit, spin. 
 
 and make bone-lace, had become a provision, 
 for the continuance of obsolete arts, and unprofit- 
 able labor [early in the eighteenth century]. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 2, p. 20. 
 
 356. ARTS, Subsidized. Martin Luther. [For 
 religion.] In the year 1524 there appeared in 
 Wittenberg the first German hymn-book, con- 
 sisting of eight hymns, among them the one be- 
 ginning, " Now, rejoice, ye Christian people." 
 In the preface he remarks : "I am not of the 
 opinion that all the arts should be suppressed by 
 the gospel, and should perish, as several high 
 ecclesiastics maintain ; but I would rather that 
 all the arts, especially music, should be enlisted 
 in the service of Him who has created them and 
 bestowed them upon us." And he was forced 
 to view with deep regret the arts and sciences 
 endangered by those intemperate fanatics who, 
 in their false zeal, would have destroyed all the 
 external decoration of the churches. — Rein's 
 Luther, ch. 13. 
 
 357. ASCETICISM, Exercise of. Asiatics. The 
 opinion and practice of the monasteries of 
 Mount Athos will be best represented in the 
 words of an abbot, who flourished in the elev- 
 enth century. " When thou art alone in thy 
 cell," says the ascetic teacher, " shut thy door, 
 and seat thyself in a corner ; raise thy mind 
 above all things vain and transitory ; recline thy 
 beard and chin on thy breast ; turn thy eyes and 
 thy thoughts towards the middle of thy belly, the 
 region of the navel ; and search the place of the 
 heart, the seat of the soul. At first, all will be 
 dark and comfortless ; but if you persevere day 
 and night, you will feel an ineffable joy ; and 
 no sooner has the soul discovered the place of 
 the heart than it is involved in a mystic and 
 ethereal light." This light, the production of a 
 distempered fancy, the creature of an empty 
 stomach and an empty brain, was adored by the 
 Quietists as the pure and perfect essence of God 
 Himself. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42. 
 
 35§. ASCETICISM, Escape from. Jo7m Wesley. 
 [John Wesley before his conversion was anxious- 
 ly seeking rest for his soul, and] proposed to 
 himself a solitary life in the " Yorkshire dales ;" 
 "it is the decided temper of his soul." His 
 wise mother interposes, admonishing him pro- 
 phetically, "that God had better work for him 
 to do." He travels some miles to consult "a 
 serious man." "The Bible knows nothing of 
 a solitary region," says this good man, and 
 Wesley turns about his face toward that great 
 career which was to make his history a part 
 of the history of his country and of the world. — 
 Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 1, p. 32. 
 
 359. ASCETICS, Early. Boman. Prosperity 
 and peace introduced the distinction of the vul- 
 gar and the Ascetic Chnstians. The loose and 
 imperfect practise of religion satisfied the con- 
 science of the multitude. The prince or magis- 
 trate, the soldier or merchant, reconciled their 
 fervent zeal and implicit faith with the exer- 
 cise of their profession, the pursuit of their in- 
 terest, and the indulgence of their passions ; but 
 the Ascetics, who obeyed and abused the rigid 
 precepts of the gospel, were inspired by the 
 savage enthusiasm which represents man as a 
 criminal and God as a tyrant. They seriously 
 renounced the business and the pleasures of the 
 age ; abjured the use of wine, of flesh, and of 
 
44 
 
 ASSASSINATION. 
 
 marriage ; chastised their body, mortified their 
 affections, and embraced a life of misery, as the 
 price of eternal happiness. In the reign of Con- 
 stantine the Ascetics fled from a profane and de- 
 generate world to perpetual solitude or relig- 
 ious society. — Gibbon's Rome, cli. 37. 
 
 360. ASSASSINATION attempted. Louis Phi- 
 lippe. In 1835 Louis Philippe and his three 
 sons and a splendid suite of military officers were 
 riding through the line of the National Guard, 
 drawn up on the Boulevard du Temple, when 
 an explosion resembling a discharge of musket- 
 ry took place from the window of a house over- 
 looking the road. Fourteen persons were 
 killed on the spot. A shower of bullets had 
 been discharged by a machine consisting of 
 twenty-five barrels, which, arranged side by 
 side horizontally upon a frame, could be fired at 
 once by a train of gunpowder. The king w^as 
 unhurt. [The Corsican who attempted this 
 wholesale massacre was wounded by the burst- 
 ing of one of the barrels, and arrested.] Another 
 attempt was made on the life of Louis Philippe 
 in 1836 by a man by the name of Alibaud, who 
 fired into the king's carriage, the queen and his 
 sister being with him. A third attempt was 
 made in the same year by another desperado 
 named Meunier. . . . There is nothing more re- 
 markable than the extraordinary escapes of Louis 
 Philippe, as if he bore a charmed life. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 21, p. 374. 
 
 361. . Queen Victoria. [In 1840, 
 
 the year of her marriage, she was riding up Con- 
 stitution Hill in an open carriage, with Prince 
 Albert, when a pistol was fired at them, and in 
 about half a minute there was a discharge of a 
 second pistol. Neither of the royal couple were 
 injured,] The youth named Oxford, who had 
 committed this atrocious crime, was a barman 
 at a public house. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 24. 
 
 362. . Qtieen Victoria. On the 
 
 30th of May [1842] John Francis, a young man 
 ander twenty years of age, fired a pistol at the 
 qiieen as she was coming down Constitution 
 Hill, in a barouche and four, accompanied by 
 Prince Albert. Her Majesty, thinking of others 
 rather than herself, desired that none of the 
 ladies in waiting should accompany her in her 
 ride, which she would not forego for ambiguous 
 threats that had reached the ears of the police. 
 Francis was found guilty of high treason, and 
 received the usual capital sentence, which was 
 commuted into transportation for life. On the 
 3d of July a deformed youth, named John Will- 
 iam Bean, presented a pistol at her Majesty, but 
 being seized by a bystander, was prevented' from 
 firing it. [This was the third attempt within two 
 years.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 27, p. 497. 
 
 363. ASSASSINATION, Conspiracy for. Brit- 
 ish Cabinet. [In 1820 twenty -four persons en- 
 tered into a conspiracy to assassinate all the 
 members of the British Cabinet while at a Cabi- 
 net dinner. Hand grenades were to be thrown 
 under the table, and any who escaped from 
 them were to be despatched with the sword. 
 The plot was betrayed, and five of its members 
 arrested and executed.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 ch. 9, p. 161. 
 
 364. ASSASSINATION, Deliverance by. Renri/ 
 Til of France. This cruel and dissolute ty- 
 
 rant continued to reign for fifteen years. His 
 kingdom was at length delivered from him by 
 the hand of a fanatic enthusiast. Jacques Clem- 
 ent, a Jacobin monk, actuated by the belief 
 that he was doing an act of consummate piety, 
 insinuated himself into the palace, and stabbed 
 the king with a knife in the belly. The assassin 
 was put to death on the spot by the king's 
 guards, and Henry died in a few days of the 
 wound. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 27. 
 
 365. ASSASSINATION, Escape from. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [On the 22d of February he reached 
 Harrisburg, on his way to Washington, where 
 he was to be inaugurated.] The next morning 
 the whole country was surprised to learn that he 
 had arrived in Washington twelve hours sooner 
 than he had originally intended ... a small 
 gang of assassins, under the leadership of an 
 Italian who assumed the name of Orsini, had 
 arranged to take his life during his passage 
 through Baltimore. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 
 5, p. 158. 
 
 366. ASSASSINATION, Fear of. Cromwell. 
 Cromwell had himself thought for some years 
 that he should perish by assassination. He wore 
 a cuirass under his clothes, and carried defen- 
 sive arms within reach of his hand. He never 
 slept long in the same room in the palace, con- 
 tinually changing his bedchamber, to mislead 
 domestic treason and military plots. A despot, 
 he suffered the pimishment of tyranny. The 
 unseen weight of the hatred which he had accu- 
 mulated weighed upon his imagination and dis- 
 turbed his sleep. The least murmuring in the 
 army appeared to him like the presage of a re- 
 bellion against his power. Sometimes he pun- 
 ished, sometimes he caressed those of his lieu- 
 tenants whom he suspected would re volt. — Lam- 
 artine's Cromwell, p. 67. 
 
 367. ASSASSINATION, General. Ireland. The 
 Irish Roman Catholics had judged these tur- 
 bulent times a fit season for asserting the in- 
 dependency of their country, and shaking off 
 the English yoke. From a detestable abuse of 
 the two best of motives, religion and liberty, 
 they were incited to one of the most horrible at- 
 tempts recorded in the annals of history. They 
 conspired to assassinate, in one day, all the 
 Protestants in Ireland, and the design was hardly 
 surmised in England till above forty thousand 
 had been put to the sword. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 19. 
 
 368. ASSASSINATION, Justified. Philip of 
 Greece. While engaged in celebrating a mag- 
 nificent festival on the marriage of his daughter 
 Cleopatra with the King of Epirus, and walking 
 in solemn procession to the temple, he was struck 
 to the heart with a dagger by Pausanias, a 
 noble youth who had been brutally injured by 
 Attalus, the brother-in-law of Philip, and to 
 whom that prince had refused to do justice. 
 Philip had in the latter period of his reign de- 
 graded himself by some strong acts of tyranny, 
 the fruit of an uncontrolled indulgence of vi- 
 cious appetites. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4. 
 
 369. ASSASSINATION, Patriotic. Cmar. Bru- 
 tus had been proclaimed Praetor of the city, 
 with the promise of the Consulship. But the 
 discontented remnants of the Senatorial party 
 assailed him with constant reproaches. The 
 
ASSASSINATION— ASSASSINS. 
 
 45 
 
 name of Brutus, dear to all Roman patriots, 
 was made a rebuke to him. " His ancestor ex- 
 pelled the Tarquins ; could he sit quietly under 
 a king's rule ?" At the foot of the statue of 
 that ancestor, or on his own praetorian tribunal, 
 notes were placed containing phrases such as 
 these: "Thou art not Brutus: would thou 
 wert." "Brutus, thou sleepest." "Awake, Bru- 
 tus." Gradually he was brought to think that 
 it was his duty as a patriot to put an end to 
 Caesar's rule, even by taking his life. — Lid- 
 dell's Rome, p. 700. 
 
 SrO. ASSASSINATION, Peril of. Cromwell. 
 " Tetistlmr strength labor and sorrow ;" i\i\s, 
 after all, must be said even of this great and 
 most successful man. Our conception of him 
 is such that we can well believe he longed to be 
 at rest. It was an amazing work, that in which 
 he was the actor ; but with what toil and endu- 
 rance and sleepless energy had he to travail day 
 and night ! The honor of knighthood and £500 
 a year forever was offered by a proclamation, 
 by Charles Stuart, from his vile and filthy 
 court in Paris, to any one who would take the 
 life of the Protector ; and there were many in 
 England who longed to see the mighty monarch 
 dethroned. In his palace chambers lived his 
 noble mother, nearly ninety, now trembling at 
 every sound, lest it be some ill to her noble and 
 royal son. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 17. 
 
 371. ASSASSINATION, Eemarkable. Cmar. 
 Antony, who was in attendance, was detained, 
 as had been arranged, by Trebonius. Caesar en- 
 tered, and took his seat. His presence awed 
 men, in spite of themselves, and the conspira- 
 tors had determined to act at once, lest they 
 sliould lose courage to act at all. He was famil- 
 iar and easy of access. They gathered round 
 him. He knew them all. There was not one 
 from whom he had not a right to expect some 
 sort of gratitude, and the movement suggested 
 no suspicion. One had a story to tell him ; an- 
 other some favor to ask. TuUius Cimber, 
 whom he had just made governor of Bithynia, 
 then came close to him, with some request which 
 he was unwilling to grant. Cimber caught his 
 gown, as if in entreaty, and dragged it from his 
 shoulders. Cassius, who was standing behind, 
 stabbed him in the throat. He started up with 
 a cry, and caught Cassius's arm. Another pon- 
 iard entered his breast, giving a mortal wound. 
 He looked round, and seeing not one friendly 
 face, but only a ring of daggers pointing at him, 
 he drew his gown over his head, gathered the 
 folds about him that he might fall decently, and 
 sank down without uttering another word. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 372. ASSASSINS, Hatred of. Cmar's. An- 
 tony, as Consul, rose to pronounce the fu- 
 neral oration. He ran through the chief acts 
 of Caesar's life, recited his will, and then spoke 
 of the death which had rewarded him. To 
 make this more vividly present to the excit- 
 able Italians, he displayed a waxen image mark- 
 ed with the three-and-twenty wounds, and pro- 
 duced the very robe which he had worn all 
 rent and blood-stained. Soul-stirring dirges 
 added to the solemn horror of the scene. . . . 
 That impression was instantaneous. The Sena- 
 tor friends of the Liberators who had attend- 
 ed the ceremony looked on in moody silence. 
 
 Soon the menacing gestures of the crowd make 
 them look to their safety. They fled ; and the 
 multitude insisted on burning the body, as they 
 had burnt the body of Clodius, in the sacred 
 precincts of the Forum. Some of the veterans 
 who attended the funeral set fire to the bier ; 
 benches and firewood heaped round it soon made 
 a sufficient pile. From the blazing pyre the 
 crowd rushed, eager for vengeance, to the 
 houses of the conspirators. But all had fled 
 betimes. One poor wretch fell a victim to the 
 fury of the mob — Helvius Cinna, a poet who 
 had devoted his art to the service of the Dic- 
 tator. He was mistaken for L. Cornelius Cinna 
 the Praetor, and torn to pieces before the mis- 
 take could be explained. — Liddell's Rome, 
 p. 707. 
 
 373. ASSASSINS, Infamous. Booth's Conspir- 
 acy. Three days after the evacuation of Rich- 
 mond by Lee's army the President visited thai 
 city, conferred with the authorities, and then re 
 turned to Washington. On the evening of th« 
 14th of April he attended Ford's Theatre witll 
 his wife and a party of friends. As the plaj 
 drew near its close a disreputable actor, named 
 John Wilkes Booth, stole unnoticed into the 
 President's box, levelled a pistol at his head, and 
 shot him through the brain. Mr. Lincoln fell 
 forward in his seat, was Ijorne from the building, 
 lingered in an unconscious state until the fol- 
 lowing morning, and died. It was the greatest 
 tragedy of modern times — the most wicked, atro- 
 cious, and diabolical murder known in American 
 history. ... At the same hour another murder- 
 er, named Lewis Payne Powell, burst into the 
 bed-chamber of Secretary Seward, sprang upon 
 the couch of the sick man, stabbed him nigh 
 unto death, and made his escape into the night. 
 . . . On the 26th of April Booth was found . . . 
 refusing to surrender, he was shot. . , . Powell 
 was caught, convicted, and hanged. His fellow- 
 conspirators, David E. Herrold and George A. 
 Atzerott, together with Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, at 
 whose house the plot was formed, were also con- 
 demned and executed. Michael O'Laughlin, Dr. 
 Samuel A. Mudd, and Samuel Arnold were sen- 
 tenced to imprisonment for life, and Edward 
 Spangler for a term of six years. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 66. 
 
 374. ASSASSINS, Eeligious. Persia. The ex- 
 tirpation of the Assassins or Ismaelians of Per- 
 sia may be considered as a service to mankind. 
 Among the hills to the south of the Caspian 
 these odious sectaries had reigned with impunity 
 above a hundred and sixty years. . . . With 
 the fanaticism of the Koran, the Ismaelians had 
 blended the Indian transmigration and the vis- 
 ions of their own prophets ; and it was their first 
 duty to devote their souls and bodies in blind 
 obedience to the vicar of God. The daggers of 
 his missionaries were felt both in the East and 
 West ; the Christians and the Moslems enumer- 
 ate and persons multiply the illustrious victims 
 that were sacrificed to the zeal, avarice, or re- 
 sentment of the old man (as he was corruptly 
 styled) of tlie mountain. But these daggers, his 
 only arms, were broken by the sword of Hola- 
 gou, and not a vestige is left of the enemies of 
 mankind, except the word assassin, which, in 
 the most odious sense, has been adopted in the 
 languages of Europe. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64. 
 
46 
 
 ASSEMBLIES— ASSUMPTION. 
 
 375. ASSEMBLIES interdicted, Beligious. 
 
 England. [During the reign of Cliarles II. , in 
 1664, Parliament enacted] tiiat if five or more 
 persons besides the household were present at 
 any assembly, under color or pretence of any ex- 
 ercise of religion, in other manner than is allow- 
 ed by the Liturgy or practice of the Church of 
 England, every person so present should be lia- 
 Dle to certain fines, imprisonment, or transporta- 
 tion. [Some dared not pray in their families 
 when several visitors were present, or even ask 
 grace at the table.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 
 16, p. 267. 
 
 376. ASSESSMENTS, Political. Bom. Emp. 
 Maxentius. The wealth of Rome supplied an in- 
 exhaustible fund for his vain and prodigal expen- 
 ses, and the ministers of his revenue were skilled 
 in the arts of rapine. It was under his reign 
 that the method of exacting a free gift from the 
 senators was first invented ; and as the sum was 
 insensibly increased, the pretences of levying jt 
 — a victory, a birth, a marriage, or an imperial 
 consulship — were proportionably multiplied. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14. 
 
 377. ASSISTANCE, Energetic. Pompey. Bib- 
 ulus opposed Caesar, and Cato prepared to sup- 
 port Bibulus in the most strenuous manner ; 
 when Caesar placed Pompey by him upon the tri- 
 bunal, and asked him, before the whole assem- 
 bly, "Whether he approved his laws?" and 
 upon his answering in the afiirmative, he put this 
 further question : " Then, if any one shall with 
 violence oppose these laws, will you come to the 
 assistance of the people ?" Pompey answered, 
 "I will certainly come ; and against those that 
 threaten to take the sword, I will bring both 
 sword and buckler." — Plutarch. 
 
 37§. ASSOCIATES, Dangerous. JoJm How- 
 ard's Son. The immediate cause of the ruin of 
 young Howard was the servant who accompa- 
 nied his father on his philanthropic journeys. 
 This servant, by his assiduous attention to his 
 master, had won his complete confidence, and he 
 was the constant playmate of his son during his 
 vacations. The two young fellows were equally 
 averse to Howard's precise and rigid ways, and 
 combined their ingenuity in evading the rules 
 of his house. The servant early initiated the 
 lad into the low vices of London, and accom- 
 panied him on many a midnight prowl. The 
 youth took to vicious pleasures with fatal readi- 
 ness, and he was ruined past remedy before his 
 father suspected that he had gone astray. Dis- 
 eases contracted in the lowest dens of infamy 
 were treated with remedies so powerful as to im- 
 pair his constitution and plant within him the 
 seeds of insanity. His college career Avas one of 
 wild riot and debauchery. [He died while 
 young.] — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 71. 
 
 379. ASSOCIATES, Impure. Sir I. Newton. 
 His most intimate friend at the university was a 
 foreign chemist of much note and skill. Newton 
 enjoyed his conversation exceedingly, until one 
 day the Italian told him a " loose story of a nun," 
 which so much offended his sense of decency that 
 he would never associate with him again. — Par- 
 ton's Newton, p. 89. 
 
 380. ASSOCIATES, Influence of. PeUr the 
 Oreat. An acquaintance with a young foreigner 
 of the name of Le Fort, by birth a Swiss and a 
 
 man of penetrating genius, infused those first 
 ideas of improvement into the mind of the czar, 
 and gave birth to a variety of designs for the cul- 
 tivation and refinement of his people. The first 
 objects of his attention were the army and the ma- 
 rine. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 35. 
 
 381. ASSOCIATION, Guild of. England, 1314- 
 1216. The merchant-guild was the outcome of a 
 tendency to closer association, which found sup- 
 port in those principles of mutual aid and mutual 
 restraint that lay at the base of our old institutions. 
 Guilds or clubs for religious, charitable, or social 
 purpose were common throughout the country, 
 and especially common in boroughs, where men 
 clustered more thickly together. Each formed 
 a sort of artificial family. An oath of mutual 
 fidelity among its members was substituted for the 
 tie of bliwd, while the guild-feast, held once a 
 month ill the common hall, replaced the gather- 
 ing of the kinsfolk round their family hearth. 
 But within this new family the aim of the guild 
 was to establish a mutual responsibility as close 
 as that of the old. " Let all share the same lot," 
 ran its law ; " if any misdo, let all bear it." A 
 member could look for aid from his guild-broth- 
 ers in atoning for guilt incurred by mishap. 
 He could call on them for assistance in case of vio- 
 lence or wrong. If falsely accused, thej^ appear- 
 ed in court as his compurgators ; if poor, they 
 supported, and when dead, they buried him. On 
 the other hand, he was responsible to them, as 
 they Avere to the State, for order and obedience to 
 the laws. A Avrong of brother against brother was 
 also a wrong against the general body of the 
 guild, and was punished by fine or in the last 
 resort by an expulsion, which left the offender 
 a "lawless" man and an outcast. — Hist. Eng. 
 People, § 169. 
 
 382. ASSOCIATION, Beneficial. Marcus Au 
 relius. ' ' The wisest of the pagans. " He waa 
 not born heir to the imperial throne, but was the 
 son of private persons of patrician rank, who 
 were related to the Emperor Adrian. His father 
 dying when he was only a child, he was adopted 
 by his grandfather, and this brought him into 
 nearer intimacy with the emperor, who became 
 warmly attached to him, greatly admiring his 
 good-nature, his docility, and his artless candor. 
 His early education appears to have been conduct- 
 ed with equal care and wisdom. " To the gods," 
 he says, "I am indebted for having had good 
 grandfathers, good parents, a good sister, good 
 teachers, good associates, good kinsmen and 
 friends — nearly everything good." — Cyclope- 
 dia ofBiog., p. 541. 
 
 383. ASSOCIATIONS, Protective. Anglo-Sax- 
 ons. Many of the inferior rank of citizens en- 
 tered into associations, and subscribed a bond, 
 obliging themselves to be faithful to each other 
 in all cases of danger to any one of the confed- 
 erates ; to protect his person, to revenge his 
 wrongs, to pay the fines Avhich he might incur 
 through accident, and to contribute to his funer- 
 al charges. This last practice, as well as the 
 connection of client and patron, are strong proof 
 of the imperfection of laws, and of a Aveak ad- 
 ministration. Only to remedy such evils would 
 men have recurred to these connections and as- 
 sociations. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 6. 
 
 384. ASSUMPTION, Boastful. Disabul tlie 
 Turk. If I condescend to march against those 
 
ASTROLOGY— AUDACITY. 
 
 contemptible slaves [the Romans], they will 
 tremble at the sound of our whips ; they will be 
 trampled, like a nest of ants, under the feet of 
 my innumerable cavalry. . . . From the rising to 
 the setting sun, the earth is my inheritance. . . . 
 The pride of the great khan survived his resent- 
 ment ; and when he announced an important 
 conquest to his friend the Emperor Maurice, he 
 styled himself the master of the seven races, and 
 the lord of the seven climates of the world. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42. 
 
 385. ASTROLOGY, Regard for. Omem. The 
 vices which degrade the moral character of 
 the Romans are mixed with a puerile super- 
 stition that disgraces their understanding. They 
 listen with confidence to the predictions of ha- 
 ruspices, who pretend to read, in the entrails of 
 victims, the signs of future greatness and pros- 
 perity ; and there are many who do not presume 
 either to bathe, or to dine, or to appear in pub- 
 lic, till they have diligently consulted, according 
 to the rules of astrology, the situation of Mer- 
 cury and the aspect of the moon. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 386. ASTRONOMY, Anticipations in. B.C. 640. 
 Thales made some bold and fortunate conjec- 
 tures in the science of astronomy. He conjec- 
 tured the earth to be a sphere, and that it re- 
 volved round the sun. He believed the fixed 
 stars to be so many suns encircled with other 
 planets like our earth ; he believed the moon's 
 light to be a refiection of the sun's from a solid 
 surface ; and if we may trust the testimony of 
 ancient authors, he was able to calculate eclipses, 
 and actually predicted that famous eclipse of 
 the sun six hundred and one years before the 
 birth of Christ, which separated the armies of 
 the Medes and Lydians at the moment of an en- 
 gagement. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9. 
 
 387. ASYLUM of Refuge. Rome. As soon 
 as the foundation of the city was laid, they 
 opened a place of refuge for fugitives, which 
 they called the Temple of the A.syl8ean god. 
 Here they received all that came, and would neith- 
 er deliver up the slave to his master, the debtor to 
 his creditor, nor the murderer to the magistrate, 
 declaring that they were directed by the oracle 
 of Apollo to preserve the asylum from all viola- 
 tion. Thus the city was soon peopled. — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 388. ATHLETE, Remarkable. Thradan. The 
 Emperor Severus . . . halted in Thrace to cele- 
 brate, with military games, the birthday of his 
 younger son, Geta. The country flocked in 
 crowds to behold their sovereign, and a young 
 barbarian of gigantic stature earnestly solicited, 
 in his rude dialect, that he might be allowed to 
 contend for the prize of wrestling. . . . He was 
 matched with the stoutest followers of the camp, 
 sixteen of whom he successively laid on the 
 ground. His victory was rewarded by some 
 trifling gifts, and a permission to enlist in the 
 troops. ... As soon as he perceived that he had at- 
 tracted the emperor's notice, he instantly ran up 
 to his horse, and followed him on foot, without 
 the least appearance of fatigue, in a long and 
 rapid career. "Thracian," said Severus, with 
 astonishment, ' ' art thou disposed to wrestle af- 
 ter thy race?" "Most willingly, sir," replied 
 the unwearied youth ; and, almost in a breath. 
 
 overthrew seven of the strongest soldiers in the 
 army. A gold collar was the prize of his match- 
 less vigor and activity, and he was immediately 
 appointed to serve in the horse-guards who 
 always attended on the person of the sovereign. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 7. 
 
 389. ATHLETE, Royal. Henry II. of Finance. 
 Henry II. ascended the throne in the twenty- 
 ninth year of his age . . . his sole accomplishment 
 consisted in a remarkable expertness in bodily 
 exercises. — Students' France, ch. 15, § 1. 
 
 390. ATTACK, Inconsiderate. Crusaders. God- 
 frey of Bouillon erected his standard on the first 
 swell of Mount Calvary ; to the left, as far as 
 St. Stephen's gate, the line of attack was contin- 
 ued by Tancred and the two Roberts ; and 
 Count Raymond established his quarters from 
 the citadel to the foot of Mount Sion, which was 
 no longer included within the precincts of the 
 city. On the fifth day the Crusaders made a 
 general assault, in the fanatic hope of battering 
 down the walls without engines, and of scaling 
 them without ladders. By the dint of brutal 
 force they burst the first barrier; but they were 
 driven back with shame and slaughter to the 
 camp. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58. 
 
 391 . ATTACK, Unexpected. Fi'om above. [At 
 the battle of Hastings] the Norman allies with 
 their bows shot quickly upon the English ; but 
 they covered themselves with their shields. . . . 
 Then the Normans determined to shoot their 
 arrows upward into the air, so that they might 
 fall on their enemies' heads, and strike their 
 faces. The archers adopted this scheme . . . and 
 the arrows, in falling, struck their heads and 
 faces, and put out the eyes of many ; and all 
 feared to open their eyes, or leave their faces un- 
 guarded. The arrows now flew thicker than rain. 
 . . . Then it was that an arrow, that had thus shot 
 upward, struck Harold above his right eye, and 
 put it out. In his agony he drew the arrow and 
 threw it away, breaking it with his hands ; and 
 the pain to his head was so great that he leaned 
 upon his shield. — Decisive Battles, § 330. 
 
 392. AUDACITY, Brazen. Catiline. We are 
 
 astonished when we read that animated oration 
 of Cicero [denouncing the conspiracy of Cati- 
 line], the first against Catiline ; and know that the 
 traitor had the audacity to sit in the Senate-house 
 while it was delivered, and while every man of 
 worth or regard for character deserted the bench 
 on which he sat, and left him a spectacle to the 
 whole assembly. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 393. AUDACITY, Deceived by. Napoleon I. 
 A.D. 1796. [In the Italian campaign Napoleon 
 suddenly found himself and one thousand sol- 
 diers in the presence of a detached body of four 
 thousand Austrians. A blindfolded flag of truce 
 demanded immediate surrender. Na])oleon 
 mounted his staff. The bandage was removed.] 
 "What means this insult?" exclaimed Napo- 
 leon, in tones of affected indignation. " Have 
 you the insolence to bring a summons of sur- 
 render to the French commander-in-chief, in the 
 middle of his Army ! Say to those who sent you 
 that in less than five minutes they lay down 
 their arms, or every man shall be put to death." 
 The bewildered officer stammered out an apol- 
 ogy. " Go !" said Napoleon, sternly. . . . 'The 
 
48 
 
 AUDACITY— AUSTERITY, 
 
 Austrians threw down their arms , . . missed 
 making [Napoleon] prisoner. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon L, vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 394. AUDACITY of Desperation. Florida Ind- 
 ians. [Jackson's administration proposed to 
 remove them from their Florida homes to a res- 
 ervation beyond the Mississippi.] Osceola, with a 
 band of warriors, prowling around Fort King, 
 on the Ocklawaha, surrounded a storehouse 
 where General Thompson was dining with a 
 company of friends. The savages poured in a 
 murderous fire, and then rushed forward and 
 scalped the dead before the garrison of the fort, 
 only two hundred and fifty yards away, could 
 bring assistance. Thompson's body was pierced 
 by fifteen balls, and four of his nine compan- 
 ions were killed. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 53. 
 
 395. AUGUEY, Book of. Chinese. The oldest 
 and most respectable in point of authority is the 
 book or table of Yking. This Yking, which 
 has been held as a mysterious receptacle of the 
 most profound knowledge, and is on that account 
 allowed in China to be consulted only by the 
 sect of the learned, is now known to be nothing 
 else than a superstitious and childish device for 
 fortune-telling or divination. It is a table on 
 which there are sixty-four marks or lines, one 
 half short, and the other half long, placed at reg- 
 ular intervals. The person who consults the 
 Yking for divining some future event takes a 
 number of small pieces of rod, and, throwing 
 them down at random, observes carefully how 
 their accidental position corresponds to the 
 marKs on the table, from which, according to 
 certain established rules, he predicts either good 
 or bad fortune. These rules, it is said, were 
 laid down by the great Confucius, the chief of 
 the Chinese philosophers — a circumstance which 
 does not tend to increase his reputation. The 
 Jesuit missionaries, Avho could not root out these 
 prejudices, thought it their best policy to turn 
 them to advantage ; and in endeavoring to 
 propagate the doctrines of Christianity, they 
 pretended that Confucius had actually predicted 
 the coming of the Messiah by this table of the 
 Yking. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 24. 
 
 396. AUGURY, Building ty. City of Rome. 
 While [Romulus and Remus] were intent upon 
 building, a dispute soon arose about the place. 
 Romulus having built a square, which he called 
 Rome, would have the city there ; but Remus 
 marked out a more secure situation on Mount 
 Aventine, which, from him, was called Remo- 
 nium. . . . The dispute was referred to the deci- 
 sion of augury; and for this purpose they sat down 
 in the open air, when Remus, as they tell us, 
 saw six vultures, and Romulus twice as many. 
 . . . Hence the Romans, in their divination by 
 the flight of birds, chiefly regard the vulture ; 
 though Herodotus of Pontus relates, that Her- 
 cules used to rejoice when a vulture appeared 
 to him when he was going upon any great action. 
 This was, probably, because it is a creature the 
 least mischievous of any, pernicious neither to 
 corn, plants, nor cattle. It only feeds upon dead 
 carcasses ; but neither kills nor preys upon any- 
 thing that has life. As for birds, it does not 
 touch them, even when dead, because they are 
 of its own nature ; while eagles, owls, and hawks 
 tear and kill their own kind. — Plutarch's 
 Lives. 
 
 397. AUSTEEITY, Example of. Younger Cato. 
 Cato saw that a great reformation was want- 
 ing in the manners and customs of his coun- 
 try, and for that reason he determined to go 
 contrary to the corrupt fashions which then 
 obtained. He observed that the richest and 
 most lively purple was the thing most worn, 
 and therefore he went in black. Nay, he often 
 appeared in public after dinner barefooted and 
 without his gown. Not that he affected to be 
 talked of for that singularity ; but he did it by 
 way of learning to be ashamed of nothing but 
 what was really shameful, and not to regard 
 what depended only on the estimation of the 
 world. — Plutarch. 
 
 39§. AUSTERITY, Monkish. In Egypt. Every 
 sensation that is offensive to man was thought 
 acceptable to God ; and the angelic rule of Ta- 
 benne condemned the salutary custom of bath- 
 ing the limbs in water and of anointing them 
 with oil. The austere monks slept on the ground, 
 on a hard mat or a rough blanket ; and the 
 same bundle of palm-leaves served them as a 
 seat in the day and a pillow in the night. Their 
 original cells were low, narrow huts, built of the 
 slightest materials, [a.d. 370.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 37, p. 531. 
 
 399. AUSTERITY vs. Profligacy. Stuarts 
 Restored. Many, too, who had been disgusted 
 by the austerity and hypocrisy of the Pharisees 
 of the Commonwealth, began to be still more 
 disgusted by the open profligacy of the court 
 and of the Cavaliers, and were disposed to 
 doubt whether the sullen preciseness of Praise 
 God Barebones might not be preferable to the 
 outrageous profaneness and licentiousness of 
 the Buckinghams and Sedleys. Even immoral 
 men, who were not utterly destitute of sense and 
 public spirit, complained that the government 
 treated the most serious matters as trifles, and 
 made trifles its serious business. — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 400. AUSTERITY, Religious. Rev. John New- 
 ton. [William Cowper advised with him.] New- 
 ton would not have sanctioned any poetry 
 which had not a distinctly religious object, and 
 he received an assurance from the poet that the 
 lively passages were introduced only as honey on 
 the rim of the medicinal cup, to commend its 
 healing contents to the lips of a giddy world. 
 The Rev. John Newton must have been exceed- 
 ingly austere if he thought that the quantity of 
 honey used was excessive. — Smith's Cowper. 
 ch. 4. 
 
 401. ■ . Priscillianists. [Reign of 
 
 Theodosius the Great.] If the Priscillianists 
 violated the laws of nature, it was not by the 
 licentiousness, but by the austerity, of their lives. 
 They absolutely condemned the use of the mar- 
 riage-bed ; and the peace of families was often 
 disturbed by indiscreet separations. They en- 
 joyed, or recommended, a total abstinence from 
 all animal food ; and their continual prayers, 
 fasts, and vigils inculcated a rule of strict and 
 perfect devotion. The speculative tenets of 
 the sect concerning the person of Christ and 
 the nature of the human soul were derived from 
 the Gnostic and Manichaean system. . . . The ob- 
 scure disciples of Priscillian suffered, languished, 
 and gradually disappeared ; his tenets were re- 
 
AUSTERITY— AUTHORITY. 
 
 49 
 
 i'ected by the clergy and people. — Gibbon's 
 loME, ch. 27. 
 
 402. , Monks, a.d. 370. They 
 
 wrapped their heads in a cowl, to escape the 
 sight of profane objects ; their legs and feet 
 were naked, except in the extreme cold of 
 winter ; and their slow and feeble steps were 
 supported by a long staff. The aspect of a 
 genuine anchoret was horrid and disgusting ; 
 every sensation that is offensive to man was 
 thought acceptable to God ; and the angelic rule 
 of Tabenne condemned the salutary custom of 
 bathing the limbs in water. . . . They slept on the 
 ground, on a hard mat or a rough blanket. . . , 
 Their original cells were low, narrow huts. . . . 
 Pleasure and guilt were synonymous terms. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37. 
 
 403. AUTHOR, Humiliated. Frederick the 
 Great. He had sent a large quantity of verses to 
 Voltaire, and requested that they might be re- 
 turned with remarks and correction. " See," ex- 
 claimed Voltaire, " what a quantity of his dirty 
 linen the king has sent me to wash !" Talebearers 
 were not wanting to carry the sarcasm to the 
 royal ear, and Frederick was much incensed. — 
 Macaulay's Frederick the Great, p. 6. 
 
 404. AUTHOR, Rapid. Samuel Johnson. The 
 rapidity with which this work was composed 
 is a wonderful circumstance. Johnson has 
 been heard to say : "I wrote forty-eight of the 
 printed octavo pages of the Life of Savage at a 
 sitting ; but then I sat up all night." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 41. 
 
 405. AUTHOR, The unnoticed. SamuelJolm- 
 son. He said he expected to be attacked on ac- 
 count of his " Lives of the Poets." "However," 
 said he, "I would rather be attacked than unno- 
 ticed. For the worst thing you can do to an au- 
 thor is to be silent as to his works. An assault 
 upon a town is a bad thing, but starving it is 
 still worse ; an assault may be unsuccessful — you 
 may have more men killed than you kill — but if 
 
 you starve the town, you are sure of victory." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 407. 
 
 406. AUTHORITY, Absolute. Military. Ex- 
 perience has fully proved that in war every 
 operation, from the greatest to the smallest, 
 ought to be under the absolute direction of one 
 mind, and that every subordinate agent, in his 
 degree, ought to obey implicitly, strenuously, 
 and with the show of cheerfulness, orders which 
 he disapproves, or of which the reasons are kept 
 secret from him. Representative assemblies, 
 public discussions, and all the other checks by 
 which, in civil affairs, rulers are restrained from 
 abusing power, are out of place in a camp. 
 Machiavel justly imputed many of the disasters 
 of Venice and Florence to the jealousy which led 
 those republics to interfere with every act of 
 their generals. The Dutch practice of sending 
 to an army deputies, without whose consent no 
 great blow could be struck, was almost equally 
 pernicious.— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 407. . Early Romans. The chil- 
 dren imbibed from their infancy the highest 
 veneration for their parents, who, from the ex- 
 tent of the paternal power among the Romans, 
 had an unlimited authority over their wives, 
 their offspring, and their slaves. It is far from 
 natural to the human mind that the possession of 
 power and authority should form a tyrannical dis- 
 
 position. Where that authority, indeed, has been 
 usurped by violence, its possessor may, perhaps, 
 be tempted to maintain it by tyranny ; but 
 where it is either a right dictated by nature, or 
 the easy effect of circumstances and situation, 
 the very consciousness of authority is apt to in- 
 spire a beneficence and humanity in the manner 
 of exercising it. Thus we find the ancient 
 Romans, although absolute sovereigns in their 
 families, with the jus vitce et necis, the right of 
 life and death over their children and their 
 slaves, were yet excellent husbands, kind and 
 affectionate parents, humane and indulgent 
 masters. Nor was it until luxury had corrupted 
 the virtuous simplicity of the ancient manners, 
 that this paternal authority, degenerating into 
 tyrannical abuses, required to be abridged in its 
 power and restrained in its exercise by the en- 
 actment of laws. By an apparent coatradiction 
 so long as the paternal authority was absolute, 
 the slaves and children were happy ; when it 
 became weakened and abridged, then it was 
 that its terrors were, from the excessive corrup- 
 tion of manners, most severely felt. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 13. 
 
 40§. . Turks. It is a part of the 
 
 policy of the empire that «, certain number of 
 young men should be educated in the seraglio, out 
 of whom the sultan chooses his principal officers. 
 But what is a very extraordinary piece of policy, 
 if we may believe Rycaut, it is necessary that 
 these youths should be of Christian parents. . . . 
 He says that the Christian slaves, strangers in the 
 empire, will necessarily have fewer connections 
 or dependents on their interest, and be the better 
 disposed to an absolute submission to the will of 
 their master. One thing is certain, it is a funda- 
 mental maxim of the Turkish polity, that the 
 servants of the prince should be such as he can 
 entirely command, and can at any time destroy 
 without danger to himself. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 13. 
 
 409. AUTHORITY acknowledged. Franks in 
 Gaul. The king had no more than a single 
 suffrage, equally with the meanest soldier ; and 
 it was only when actually in the field, or when 
 it was necessary to enforce military discipline, 
 that he ventured to exercise anything like author- 
 ity. This is strongly exemplified in a story which 
 is recorded of Clovis I. After the battle of Sois- 
 sons, a large vessel of silver was part of the 
 booty ; Clovis, being informed that it had been 
 carried off from the church of Rheims, asked per- 
 mission of the army to take it, that he might re- 
 store it to the church. A soldier, standing by, 
 struck the vessel with his battle-axe, and with 
 great rudeness desired the king to rest satisfied 
 with the share that should fall to his lot, Clovis 
 durst not, at the time, resent this insolence, for 
 all were then upon an equal footing ; but he 
 knew the privilege which he had when military 
 discipline was to be enforced, and took advantage 
 of it ; for some time afterward observing the 
 same soldier to be negligent in the care of his 
 arms, he called him out of his rank, and charging 
 him with his offence, cut him down with hi& 
 battle-axe. There was not a murmur heard, for 
 Clovis had not exceeded the limits of his author- 
 ity.— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2. 
 
 410. AUTHORITY assumed. Cromwell. [His 
 dissolution of Parliament.] The President, wor- 
 
50 
 
 AUTHORITY. 
 
 thy of his office by his courage, commanded him 
 [Cromwell] to be silent. Wentworth, one of the 
 most illustrious and influential of the extreme 
 party by his personal character, demanded that 
 he should be called to order. " This language," 
 said he, "is as extraordinary as criminal in the 
 /nouth of a [Cromwell] man who yesterday pos- 
 sessed our entire confidence, whom we have hon- 
 ored with the highest functions of the republic ! of 
 a man who — " Cromwell would not suffer him to 
 conclude. " Go to ! go to !" exclaimed he in a 
 voice of thunder ; ' ' we have had enough of words 
 like these. It is time to put an end to all this, and 
 to silence these babblers !" Then, advancing to 
 the middle of the hall, and placing his hat on his 
 head with a gesture of defiance, he stamped upon 
 the floor, and cried aloud, " You are no longer a 
 Parliament ! You shall not sit here a single hour 
 longer ! Make room for better men than your- 
 selves !" At these words Harrison, instructed 
 by a glance from the general, disappeared, and 
 returned in a moment after at the head of thirty 
 soldiers, veterans of the long civil wars, who sur- 
 rounded Cromwell with their naked weapons. 
 These men, hired by the Parliament, hesitated 
 not at the command of their leader to turn their 
 arms against those who had placed them in their 
 hands, and furnished another example, following 
 the Rubicon of Caesar, to prove the incompatibil- 
 ity of freedom with standing armies. " Misera- 
 ble wretches !" resumed Cromwell, as if violence 
 without insult was insufficient for his anger, 
 " you call yourselves a Parliament ! You ! — no, 
 you are nothing but a mass of tipplers and liber- 
 tines ! Thou," he continued, pointing with his 
 finger to the most notorious profligates in the as- 
 sembly, as they passed him in their endeavors to 
 escape from the hall, ' ' thou art a drunkard ! 
 Tliou art an adulterer ! And thou art a hireling, 
 paid for thy speeches ! You are all scandalous 
 sinners, who bring shame on the gospel ! And 
 you fancied yourselves a fitting Parliament for 
 God's people ! No, no, begone ! let me hear no 
 more of you ! The Lord rejects you !" During 
 these apostrophes the members, forced by the 
 soldiers, were driven or dragged from the haU. 
 — Lamabtine's Cromwell, p. 61. 
 
 411. AUTHORITY, Dependence on. Unwise. 
 [John Howard's only son became a dissolute 
 man.] [See No. 378.] Howard was exceeding- 
 ly particular with regard to the diet of the boy, 
 and careful to inure him to hardship. This, too, 
 was an excellent thing, but he did not carry it 
 out wisely. He purposely forbore all explana- 
 tion of his rules and denials. He never thought 
 it right to say to the child, ' ' My son, these pears 
 will make you sick if you eat many of them, 
 or eat them at improper times." He merely 
 said, "Jack, never touch a pear unless I give 
 it to you." If the boy yielded to the temptation 
 afforded by a garden full of fruit, he would place 
 him in a seat and command him not to stir or 
 speak until he should give him permission. Such 
 was his ascendency over the child, that once 
 when he had given him such an order and had 
 forgotten all about it, he found the child, four 
 hours after, in the precise spot where he had 
 placed him, fast asleep. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 69. 
 
 412. AUTHORITY by Gentleness. Joan of 
 Arc. For this great force to act with efficiency. 
 
 the one essential and indispensable requisite, 
 unity of action, was wanting. Had skill and 
 intelligence sufficed to impart it, the want would 
 have been supplied by Dunois ; but there was 
 something more required — authority, and more 
 than royal authority, too, for the king's captains 
 were little in the habit of obeying the king ; to 
 subject these savage, untamable spirits, God's 
 authority was called for. Now, the God of this 
 age was the Virgin much more than Christ : and 
 it behooved that the Virgin should descend upon 
 earth, be a popular Virgin, young, beauteous, 
 gentle, bold. ... It was at once a risible and a 
 touching sight to see the sudden conversion of 
 the old Armagnac brigands. They did not reform 
 by halves. [General] La Hire durst no longer 
 swear ; and the Pucelle [Joan] took compassion 
 on the violence he did himself, and allowed him 
 to swear ' ' by his baton. " The devils found them- 
 selves all of a sudden turned into little saints. — 
 Michelet's Joan op Arc, p. 13. 
 
 413. AUTHORITY, Imprudence "writh. Charles 
 I. The Commons found a considerable opposi- 
 tion to the extreme violence of their measures 
 from the House of Peers. . . , The Commons 
 framed an impeachment of the whole bench of 
 bishops, as endeavoring to subvert the constitu- 
 tion of Parliament, and they were all committed 
 to custody. These measures had the effect for 
 which, it is presumable, they were intended. 
 The patience of Charles was eiatirely exhaiisted, 
 and he was impelled to a violent exertion of au- 
 thority. The attorney-general, by the king's 
 command, impeached five members of the House 
 of Commons, among whom were John Hamp- 
 den, Pym, and Holies, the chiefs of the popular 
 party. A sergeant being sent, without effect, to 
 demand them of the Commons, the king, to the 
 surprise of everybody, went in person to the 
 House to seize them. They had notice of his in- 
 tention, and had withdrawn. The Commons 
 justly proclaimed this attempt a breach of priv- 
 ilege. The streets re-echoed with the clamors of 
 the populace, and a general insurrection was 
 prognosticated. The king acknowledged his er- 
 ror by a humiliating message to the House ; but 
 the submission was as ineffectual as the violence 
 had been imprudent. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 29. 
 
 414. AUTHORITY, Necessary. Military. [The 
 Scots invited the return of Charles II., and 
 were defeated by the army of Cromwell.] It 
 certainly does appear that David Leslie, the com- 
 mander of the Scots at Dunbar, found his hands 
 tied by a committee ; and any kind of battle any- 
 where may be lost, but, probably, no battle of any 
 kind was ever gained by a committee. The 
 English army reached Dunbar. . . . the 1st of 
 September, 1650. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 12. 
 
 415. AUTHORITY, Personal. American Ind- 
 ians. The Indian chief has no crown. . . . The 
 bounds of his authority float with the current 
 opinion of the tribe ; he is not so much obeyed 
 as followed with the alacrity of free volition ; 
 and therefore the extent of his power depends 
 on his personal character. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 416. AUTHORITY, Popular. Charles I. [Dur- 
 ing the agitation which resulted in the over- 
 throw of the king and the establishment of the 
 
AUTHORITY— AUTOCRAT. 
 
 51 
 
 Commonwealth] the insolence of several mem- 
 bers of the House of Commons, which burst 
 forth in evident violation of his dignity and 
 royal prerogative, left him no choice between 
 the shameful abandonment of his title as king or 
 an energetic vindication of his rights. He went 
 down himself to the House, to cause the arrest of 
 those members who were guilty of high treason, 
 and called upon the president to point them out. 
 " Sire," replied he, kneeling, " in the place that 
 I occupy I have only eyes to see and a tongue to 
 speak according to the will of the house I serve. 
 I therefore humbly crave your Majesty's pardon 
 for venturing to disobey you." Charles, humil- 
 iated, retired with his guards. — Lamartine's 
 Cromwell, p. 27. 
 
 417. AUTHOEITY, Supreme. Joan of Arc. 
 The two authorities, the paternal and the celes- 
 tial, enjoined her two opposite commands. The 
 one ordered her to remain obscure, modest, and 
 laboring ; the other to set out and save the king- 
 dom. The angel bade her arm herself. Her 
 father, rough and honest peasant as he was, swore 
 that, rather than his daughter should go away 
 with men-at-arms, he would drown her with his 
 own hands. One or other, disobey she must. Be- 
 yond a doubt this was the greatest battle she was 
 called upon to fight ; those against the English 
 were play in comparison. — Michelet's Joan of 
 Arc, p. 6. 
 
 41 §. AUTHORSHIP, Anxieties of. Samuel 
 Johnmn. My book [the dictionary] is now 
 coming in himinis oras. What will be its fate I 
 know not, nor think much, because thinking is 
 to no purpose. It must stand the censure of the 
 great vulgar and the small ; of those that under- 
 stand it, and that understand it not. But in all 
 this, I suffer not alone ; every writer has the 
 same difficulties, and, perhaps, every writer talks 
 of them more than he thinks. — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 75. 
 
 419. ATJTHOBSHIF imputed. Posthumous 
 Fragments of Margaret Nicholson. Hogg found 
 him one day busily engaged in correcting proofs 
 of some original poems. Shelley asked his 
 friend what he thought of them, and Hogg an- 
 swered that it might be possible by a little altera- 
 tion to turn them into capital burlesques. This 
 idea took the young poet's fancy ; and the 
 friends between them soon effected a metamor- 
 phosis in Shelley's serious verses, by which they 
 became unmistakably ridiculous. Having achiev- 
 ed their purpose, they now bethought them of 
 the proper means of publication. Upon whom 
 should the poems, a medley of tyrannicide and 
 revolutionary raving, be fathered ? Peg Nich- 
 olson, a mad washerwoman, had recently at- 
 tempted George the Third's life with a carving- 
 knife. No more fitting author could be found. 
 They w-ould give their pamphlet to the world as 
 her work, edited by an admiring nephew. The 
 printer appreciated the joke no less than the 
 authors of it. He provided splendid paper and 
 magnificent type ; and before long the book of 
 nonsense was in the hands of Oxford readers. 
 It sold for the high price of half a crown a 
 copy ; and, what is hardly credible, the gowns- 
 men received it as a genuine production. "It 
 was indeed a kind of fashion to be seen reading 
 it in public, as a mark of nice discernment, of 
 a delicate and fastidious taste in poetry, and the 
 
 best criterion of a choice spirit." — Symonds' 
 Shelley, ch. 2. 
 
 420. AUTHORSHIP, Originality in. Thomas 
 Jefferson. From the fulness of his own mind, 
 without consulting one single book, Jefferson 
 [thirty-three years old] drafted the Declaration 
 [of American Independence] , submitted it sepa- 
 rately to Franklin and to John Adams, accept- 
 ed from each of them one or two verbal, unim- 
 portant corrections ... on the twenty-eighth 
 of June reported it to Congress. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 8, ch. 70. 
 
 421. AUTHORSHIP, ftualified. TJie Stamp 
 Act. Who was the author of the American stamp 
 tax ? At a later day Jenkinson [first Secretarj' 
 of the Treasury] assured the House of Commons 
 that, '•' if the Stamp Act was a good measure, the 
 merit was not due to Grenville ; if it was a bad 
 one, the ill policy did not belong to him ;" but 
 he never confessed to the House where the 
 blame or the merit could rest more justly. In 
 his late old age he delighted to converse freely 
 . . . save only on the one subject of the con- 
 test with America. [George Grenville] brought 
 this scheme into form. — Bancroft's tJ. S., vol. 
 5, ch. 8. 
 
 422. AUTHORSHIP, Reward of. John Milton. 
 The agreement, still preserved in the National 
 Museum, between the author, "John Milton, 
 gent, of the one parte, and Samuel Symons, 
 printer, of the other parte," is among the curios- 
 ities of our literary history. The curiosity con- 
 sists not so much in the illustrious name append- 
 ed (not in autograph) to the deed, as in the con- 
 trast between the present fame of the book and 
 the waste-paper price at which the copyright is 
 being valued. The author received £5 down ; 
 was to receive a second £5 when the first edition 
 should be sold ; a third £5 when the second ; a 
 fourth £5 when the third edition should be 
 gone. Milton lived to receive the second £5, 
 and no more — £10, in all, for " Paradise Lost." I 
 cannot bring myself to join in the lamentations 
 of the biographers over this bargain. Surely, it 
 is better so ; better to know that the noblest 
 monument of English letters had no money 
 value, than to think of it as having been paid 
 for at a pound the line. — Pattison's Milton, 
 ch. 12. 
 
 423. AUTOCRAT, Military. Pompey. When 
 Ponipey commanded in the East, he rewarded 
 his soldiers and allies, dethroned princes, divided 
 kingdoms, founded colonies, and distributed the 
 treasures of Mithridates. On his return to 
 Rome he obtained, by a single act of the Senate 
 and people, the universal ratification of all his 
 proceedings. Such was the power over the 
 soldiers and over the enemies of Rome, which 
 was either granted to or assumed by the gener- 
 als of the republic. They were, at the same 
 time, the governors, or rather monarchs, of the 
 conquered provinces, united the civil with the 
 military character, administered justice as well 
 as the finances, and exercised both the executive 
 and legislative power of the State. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 3. 
 
 424. AUTOCRAT, Royal. Henry VIII. From 
 1515 to 1523 no Parliament was summoned. 
 Henry [VIII.] and his great minister [Cardinal 
 WolseyJ governed the kingdom at their sole 
 will. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17. p. 275. 
 
52 
 
 AVARICE. 
 
 425. AVAEICE acquired. Samuel Johnson. 
 It was observed, that avarice was inherent in 
 some dispositions. Johnson: "No man was 
 born a miser, because no man was born to pos- 
 session. Every man is born cupidus — desirous 
 of getting ; but not avartis — desirous of keep- 
 ing." BoswELL : " I have heard old Mr. Sher- 
 idan maintain, with much ingenuity, that a 
 complete miser is a happy man — a miser who 
 gives himself wholly to the one passion of sav- 
 ing." Johnson : " That is flying in the face of 
 all the world, who have called an avaricious 
 man a miser, because he is miserable. No, sir ; 
 a man who both spends and saves money is the 
 happiest man, because he has both enjoyments." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 390. 
 
 426. AVAEICE of the Clergy. Fifteenth Cen- 
 tury, [a. d. 1450-1485. The Church had shut 
 the mouths of the boldest complainants.] The 
 abbeys might more and more appropriate the 
 revenues that ought to be the reward of the 
 parish-priest ; the bishop might neglect his sa- 
 cred functions, to add to his revenues the fees 
 of the great offices of State, and, like Cardinal 
 Beaufort, procure laws to be made against com- 
 mercial freedom, and then receive large sums for 
 licenses to violate them. Great spiritual lords 
 might band themselves with great temporal lords 
 to withdraw the funds of hospitals from their 
 proper uses, and leave the old, the lazar, the lu- 
 natic, and the pregnant woman, for whose benefit 
 those hospitals were endowed, to perish at their 
 utmost need. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 8, 
 p. 124. 
 
 427. AVARICE, Contempt for. Bufinus. [This 
 Roman prefect was assassinated.] His avarice, 
 which seems to have prevailed in his corrupt 
 mind over every other sentiment, attracted the 
 wealth of the East, by the various arts of par- 
 tial and general extortion, oppressive taxes, scan- 
 dalous bribery, immoderate fines, unjust confis- 
 cations, forced or fictitious testaments, by which 
 the tyrant despoiled of their lawful inheritance 
 the children of strangers or enemies ; and the 
 public sale of justice, as well as of favor, 
 which he instituted in the palace of Constan- 
 tinople. . . . His mangled body was abandoned 
 to the brutal fury of the populace of either 
 sex, who hastened in crowds, from every quarter 
 of the city, to trample on the remains of the 
 haughty minister, at whose frown they had so 
 lately trembled. His right hand was cut off 
 and carried through the streets of Constantino- 
 ple, in cruel mockery, to extort contributions for 
 the avaricious tyrant, whose head was publicly 
 exposed, borne aloft on the point of a long 
 lance. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 29. 
 
 42§. AVARICE, Corrupted by. Romans. When 
 the passion of avarice had, as at this time, per- 
 vaded all the ranks of the State, it is not won- 
 derful that the public measures should be in the 
 greatest degree mean and disgraceful. The am- 
 bition of conquest was now little else than the 
 desire of rapine and plunder. If the allies of 
 the State were opulent, the Romans considered 
 their wealth as a sufficient reason for dissolving 
 all treaties between them, and holding them as a 
 lawful object of conquest. Thus the kingdoms 
 of Numidia, of Pergamus, of Cappadocia, of 
 Bithynia, separate sovereignties bound to the 
 allegiance of the Romans by the most solemn 
 
 treaties, were invaded as if they had been ancient 
 and natural enemies, and reduced to the condi- 
 tion of conquered provinces. The Senate made 
 a kind of traffic of thrones and governments, 
 selling them openly to the highest bidder. 
 [Plunder was the motive for war, and pretexts 
 were invented.] The Romans engaging along 
 with the Acarnanians against the people of 
 ^tolia, had no other excuse to allege for their 
 interference in this quarrel, than that the Acar- 
 nanians had performed a signal act of friendship 
 to their ancestors about a thousand years before 
 — which was, that they had joined the other 
 Grecian States in sending troops to the siege of 
 Troy ! — T ytlek's Hist. , Book 4, ch. 6. 
 
 429. AVARICE, Criminal. London. [In 1837 
 the master-tailors w^ere the most notorious for 
 carelessness and avarice of all London em- 
 ployers. Some of them] would huddle sixty 
 or eighty workmen close together, nearly knee 
 to knee, in a room fifty feet by twenty feet 
 broad, lighted from above, where the tempera- 
 ture in summer was thirty degrees higher than 
 the temperature outside. Young men from the 
 country fainted when they were first confined in 
 such a life-destroying prison ; the maturer ones 
 sustained themselves by gin till they perished 
 of consumption, or typhus, or delirium tremens. 
 . . . The overworked class of milliners and 
 dressmakers employed in the larger workshops 
 of London, ill-ventilated, and rendered doubly 
 injurious by the constant habit of night-work — 
 this class of young women was being constantly 
 renewed, more than one half dying of lung dis- 
 eases before they had attained the average age of 
 twenty -eight. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, 
 p. 392. 
 
 430. AVARICE, Deception of. Henry VII. 
 In October, 1491 [Henry VIII.], proclaimed his 
 intention of punishing the French king. . . . 
 Employing the pretence of war for extorting 
 money under the system of "Benevolences" . . . 
 he obtained a large grant from his faithful 
 Lords and Commons, and procured several laws 
 to be passed which gave encouragement to the 
 prosecution of a war, which had become a na- 
 tional object. But having got the money, and 
 encouraged many knights and nobles in raising 
 men, he still delayed any active measures of 
 hostility, through the spring, summer, and au- 
 tumn of 1492. At length, in October, he landed 
 at Calais with a well-appointed army. , . . 
 But for three months previous to this costly 
 parade the wily king had been negotiating a 
 peace with Charles of France ; and it appears 
 in the highest degree probable that the treaty 
 was actually signed when the English forces 
 landed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 13, p. 218. 
 
 431. AVARICE, Demands of. Henry VII. 
 In March, 1496, he granted letters-patent to 
 John Cabot and his two sons, to sail at their own 
 cost and charges, with five ships, for the discov> 
 ery of new countries, upon condition that the 
 king should have a fifth of the profits. [In 1497 
 he gave £10] to him that found the new isle of 
 Newfoundland. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 2, ch. 15, 
 p. 236. 
 
 432. AVARICE, Glory in. Cato the Censor. 
 In his old age he became exceedingly avaricious, 
 and gained a large fortune by methods which 
 were legal, but not very honorable. He even 
 
AVARICE— AWKWARDNESS. 
 
 53 
 
 uttered this sentiment : " That man truly won- 
 derful and godlike, and fit to be registered in the 
 lists of glory, is he by whose account-books it 
 shall appear, after his death, that he had more 
 than doubled what he had received from his 
 ancestors." — Cyclopedia op Biogbaphy, p.433. 
 433. AVAEICE, Official. Jolmof Cappadocia. 
 
 [When the Roman general Belisarius went from 
 :!onstantinople to the re-conquest of Carthage 
 from the Vandals,] the troops were safelj'^ disem- 
 barked on the Messinian coast, to repos^ them- 
 selves for awhile after the fatigues of the sea. In 
 this place they experienced how avarice invested 
 with authority may sport with the lives of 
 thousands which are bravely exposed for the 
 public service. According to military practice, 
 the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice 
 prepared in the oven, and the diminution of one 
 fourth was cheerfully allowed for the loss of 
 weight. To gain this miserable profit, and to 
 save the expense of wood, the prefect, John of 
 Cappadocia, had given orders that the flour 
 should be slightly baked by the same fire which 
 warmed the baths of Constantinople ; and when 
 the sacks were opened, a soft and mouldy paste 
 was distributed to the army. Such unwholesome 
 food, assisted by the heat of the climate and 
 season, soon produced an epidemical disease, 
 which swept away five hundred soldiers. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 41, p. 122. 
 
 434. AVABICE punished. Crassus. The 
 Parthians having conquered the Roman general 
 Crassus, who i^ivaded their country, the Par- 
 thian king is said to have poured into his mouth 
 melted gold, saying, ' ' Now be satiated with what 
 thou covetedst through life." 
 
 435. AVARICE, Eoyal. Eenrff VIII. [A 
 sum of £1500 had been seen in the accounts of 
 Cardinal Wolsey. The dying man had been 
 pressed to account for the money. He said he 
 had borrowed it to distribute among his ser- 
 vants, and for his "burial, and had placed it in the 
 hands of an honest man.] The chief business of 
 this magnanimous king, with Cavendish, was to 
 obtain the knowledge where this treasure was 
 hidden ; and Cavendish told him. " Well 
 then," quoth the king, " let me alone, and keep 
 this gear secret between yourself and me, and 
 let no man be privy thereof." He had broken 
 the great heart of his faithful servant ; but he 
 thought only of the contents of the money-bags, to 
 be appropriated to jewels for Lady Anne and to 
 wagers with Domingo.— Knight s Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 20. 
 
 436. . William tJie Conqueror. One 
 
 great end he never lost sight of, whether he 
 worked by clemency or terror — the plunder of 
 the land. "He had fallen into avarice, and 
 greediness he loved withal." . . . It is a fearful 
 and a disgusting history, — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 14, p. 191. 
 
 437. . George II. The unkingly 
 
 passion of avarice was predominant in his most 
 trivial disbursements. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 4, p. 59. 
 
 43§. AVARICE, Ruled by. Rom. Emp. Cmrntno- 
 dus. Avarice was the reigning passion of his 
 soul and the great principle of his adminis- 
 tration. The rank of Consul, of Patrician, of 
 Senator, was exposed to public sale ; and it 
 
 would have been considered aa disaffection if 
 any one had refused to purchase these empty 
 and disgraceful honors with the greatest part of 
 his fortune. In the lucrative provincial em- 
 ployments the minister shared with the govern- 
 or the spoils of the people. The execution of 
 the laws was venal and arbitrary. A wealthy 
 criminal might obtain, not only the reversal of 
 the sentence by which he was justly condemned, 
 but might likewise inflict whatever punishment 
 he pleased on the accuser, the witnesses, and 
 the judge. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4. 
 
 439. AVAEICE, Shameful. Beign of Jam£S II. 
 The property both of the rebels [under the 
 Duke of Monmouth] who had suffered death, 
 and of those more unfortunate men who were 
 withering under the tropical sun [by banish- 
 ment], was fought for and torn in pieces by a 
 crowd of greedy informers. By law, a subject 
 attainted of treason forfeits all his substance ; 
 and this law was enforced after the Bloody 
 Assizes with a rigor at once cruel and ludicrous. 
 The broken-hearted widows and destitute or- 
 phans of the laboring men whose corpses hung 
 at the cross-roads were called upon by the 
 agents of the Treasury to explain what had bv. 
 come of a basket, of a goose, of a flitch of bacon, 
 of a keg of cider, of a sack of beans, of a truss 
 of hay. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 5. 
 
 440. AVARICE, Supremacy of. Confederates. 
 It is a subject of extraordinary remark, that 
 the struggle for our independence should have 
 been attended by the ignoble circumstances 
 of a commercial speculation in the South un- 
 paralleled in its heartlessness and selfish greed. 
 Wa,r invariably excites avarice and speculation ; 
 it is the active promoter of rapid fortunes and 
 corrupt commercial practices. . . . [This,] the 
 only serious blot which defaced our struggle 
 for independence, was, at least to some extent, 
 the creature of circumstances ; and that is lost 
 ... in the lustre of arms and virtues shed on 
 the South in the most sublime trials of the war. 
 — Pollard's Second Year of the War, 
 ch. 9, p. 237. 
 
 441. AWE, Effect of. Persian King. Sa- 
 por ... as he passed under the walls of Amida, 
 resolved to try whether the majesty of his pres- 
 ence would not awe the garrison into immediate 
 submission. The sacrilegious insult of a random 
 dart, which glanced against the royal tiara, con- 
 vinced him of his error. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 442. AWE, Silence of. Battle of the Nile. 
 [At the battle of the Nile the I'Orient, of one 
 hundred and twenty guns, after burning an hour, 
 blew up.] When the explosion came, there 
 was an awful silence. For ten minutes not a 
 gun was fired on either side. The instinct of 
 self-preservation, as well as the sudden awe on 
 this sublime event, produced this pause in the 
 battle. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20. 
 
 443. AWKWARDNESS and AgiUty. The Poet 
 Shelley. Hogg gives some details ... of Shel- 
 ley's personal appearance. . . . "There were 
 many striking contrasts in the character and 
 behavior of Shelley — of the clumsy with the 
 graceful. He would stumble in stepping across 
 the floor of a drawing-room ; he would trip 
 himself up on a smooth-shaven grass-plot, and 
 
64 
 
 BACHELORS— BANKERS. 
 
 he would tumble in the most inconceivable 
 manner in ascending the commodious, facile, 
 and well-carpeted staircase of an elegant man- 
 sion, so as to bruise his nose or his lips on 
 the upper steps, or to tread upon his hands, 
 and even occasionally to disturb the compo- 
 sure of a well-bred footman ; on the contrary, 
 he would often glide without collision through 
 a crowded assembly, tread with unerring dex- 
 terity a most intricate path, or securely and 
 rapidly tread the most arduous and uncertain 
 ways." — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 2. 
 
 444. BACHELORS discarded. French Revolu- 
 tion. A.D. 1794. The National Convention now 
 prepared another constitution for the adoption 
 of the people of France. . . , The legislative 
 powers were committed to two bodies, as in the 
 United States. The first, corresponding to the 
 United States Senate, was to be called the 
 Council of the Ancients. It was to consist of two 
 hundred and fifty members, each of whom was 
 to be at least forty years of age, and a married 
 man or widower. An unmarried man was not 
 considered worthy of a post of such responsibil- 
 ity in the service of the State. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 445. BACHELOBS forced to marry. Bmne. 
 [Camillus was called the second founder of 
 Rome. He was for a time censor, an office of 
 great dignity.] There is upon record a very 
 laudable act of his, that took place during his 
 office. As the wars had made many widows, 
 he obliged such of the men as lived single, 
 partly by persuasion, and partly by threatening 
 them with fines, to marry those widows. — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 446. BACHELORS punished. Sparta. [Lycur- 
 gus the lawgiver.] To encourage marriage, 
 some marks of infamy were set upon those that 
 continiied bachelors. For they were not per- 
 mitted to see the exercises of the naked virgins ; 
 and the magistrates commanded them to march 
 naked round the market-place in the winter, and 
 to sing a song composed against themselves, 
 which expressed how justly they were punished 
 for their disobedience to the laws. They were 
 also deprived of that honor and respect which 
 the younger people paid to the old . . . [Note.] 
 The time of marriage was fixed ; and if a man 
 did not marry when he was of full age, he was 
 liable to a prosecution, as were such also who 
 married above or below themselves. Such as 
 had three children had great immunities ; and 
 those that had four were free from all taxes. 
 Virgins were married without portions, because 
 neither want should hinder a man, nor riches in- 
 duce him, to marry contrary to his inclinations. 
 — Plutarch's Lives. 
 
 447. BALDNESS, Illustrated by. Emp. Cams. 
 His ambassadors entered the camp about simset, 
 at the time when the troops were satisfying their 
 hunger with a frugal repast. The Persians ex- 
 pressed their desire of being introduced to the 
 presence of the Roman emperor. They were at 
 length conducted to a soldier, who was seated 
 on the grass. A piece of stale bacon and a few 
 hard peas composed his supper. A coarse wool- 
 len garment of purple was the only circumstance 
 that announced his dignity. The conference 
 was conducted with the same disregard of 
 •courtly elegance. Cams, taking off a cap which 
 
 he wore to conceal his baldness, assured the am 
 bassadors that, unless their master acknowledged 
 the superiority of Rome, he would speedilj^ ren- 
 der Persia as naked of trees as his own head 
 was destitute of hair. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 44§. BANISHMENT, Inhuman. Arcadia. In 
 a campaign of less than a month, and with a 
 loss of only twenty men, the English had made 
 themselves masters of the whole country east of 
 the St. Croix. The war in Arcadia was at an 
 end ; but what should be done with the people ? 
 The French inhabitants still outnumbered the 
 English, three to one. Governor Lawrence and 
 Admiral Boscawen, in conference with the chief- 
 justice of the province, settled upon the atro- 
 cious measure of driving the people into banish- 
 ment. The first movement was to demand an 
 oath of allegiance, which was so framed that the 
 French, as honest Catholics, could not take it. 
 . . . The next step on the part of the English 
 was to accuse the French of treason, and to de- 
 mand the surrender of all their firearms and 
 boats. To this measure the broken-hearted peo- 
 ple also submitted. They even offered to take the 
 oath, but Lawrence declared that, having once 
 refused, they must now take the consequences. 
 The British vessels were made readj^ and the 
 work of forcible embarkation began. The 
 country around the isthmus was covered with 
 peaceful hamlets. These were now laid waste, 
 and the people driven into the larger towns on 
 the coast. Others were induced by artifice and 
 treachery to put themselves in the power of the 
 English. Wherever a sufficient* number of the 
 French could be gotten together they were driven 
 on shipboard. They were allowed to take their 
 wives and children and as much property as 
 would not be inconvenient on the vessels. The 
 estates of the province were confiscated, and 
 what could not be appropriated was given to the 
 flames. The wails of thousands of bleeding 
 hearts were wafted to heaven with the smoke of 
 burning homes. At the village of Grand Pre 
 [Nova Scotia] four hundred and eighteen men 
 were called together and shut up in a church. 
 Then came the wives and children, the old men 
 and the mothers, the sick and the infirm, to share 
 the common fate. The whole company num- 
 bered more than nineteen hundred souls. The 
 poor creatures were driven down to the shore, 
 forced into the boats at the point of the bayonet, 
 and carried to the vessels in the bay. As the 
 moaning fugitives cast a last look at their pleas- 
 ant town, a column of black smoke floating 
 seaward told the story of desolation. More 
 than three thousand of the hapless Arcadians 
 were carried away by the British squadron 
 and scattered, helpless, half-starved, and dj^ing, 
 among the English colonies. The history of 
 civilized nations furnishes no parallel to this 
 wanton, wicked destruction of an inoffensive 
 colony. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 32. 
 
 449. BANKERS plunder. Jews. The share 
 taken by the Jews in the business of banking 
 was one strong cause why it continued so long to 
 be in disesteem. To trade in money was consid- 
 ered as little else than to cheat, and accordingly we 
 find that many of the princes of Europe looked 
 upon the fortunes amassed by the Jews as a sort 
 of lawful plunder, and made no scruple to de- 
 spoil them of their property whenever a public 
 
BANKERS— BATHS. 
 
 55 
 
 emergency required a speedy supply of money. 
 Thus, in England, King John imprisoned the 
 Jews, in order to force a discovery of their 
 wealth ; and many of these unfortunate wretches, 
 who would not reveal their treasures, were pun- 
 ished with the loss of their eyes. But these griev- 
 ances, which would seem apparently calculated 
 to repress the spirit of commerce, contributed in 
 this instance very materially to its advancement. 
 To guard against these tyrannical depredations 
 made on their property, the Jews invented bills 
 of exchange ; and commerce became by this 
 means capable of eluding violence and of main- 
 taining everywhere its ground ; for merchants 
 could now convert their effects into paper, and 
 thus easily transport them wherever they thought 
 proper. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 17. 
 
 450. BANKERS, Prejudiced against. Italian 
 Merchants. [Called Lombards in various cities 
 of Europe.] These Lombards not only acted as 
 merchants for the importation and exchange of 
 commodities, but as bankers or money -dealers ; 
 though in this last branch of business they found 
 a heavy restraint in the ideas of the times. The 
 canon law, proceeding upon a strict interpreta- 
 tion of those passages of Scripture which con- 
 demn the taking of usury, was adverse to the 
 custom of demanding even the most moderate 
 interest for the use of money ; and hence the 
 banking trade of these Lombard merchants, who 
 very naturally thought themselves entitled to a 
 premium for the loan of their money, fell under 
 the censure of the church, and began to be 
 deemed unlawful. They were obliged, there- 
 fore, to carry on their business as bankers to 
 great disadvantage. Their bargains were neces- 
 sarily kept private, and consequently their exac- 
 tions, being arbitrary, were often most exorbi- 
 tant and fraudulent. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 17. 
 
 451. BANKRUPTCY predicted. QreatBHtain. 
 Lord Lyttelton, in 1739 ; Lord Bolingbroke, 
 in 1745 ; David Hume, in 1761 ; Adam Smith, 
 in 1776 ; Dr. Price, in 1777 ; Lord Stair, in 
 1783 ; each honestly believed that England was 
 fast approaching the condition of inevitable bank- 
 ruptcy. In 1784 Marshall Conway wrote : " The 
 sums spent in losing America are a blow we shall 
 never recover." — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 1, 
 p. 2. 
 
 452. BANQUET, Extravagant. Court of Rus- 
 sia. [Napoleon's ambassador arrived from 
 France.] Every day brought new fetes ... I 
 will mention one. ... At a supper given after a 
 ball at the Embassy, a plate of five pears cost 
 five hundred and fifty dollars. On another occa- 
 sion cherries, which had been purchased at the 
 price of eighty cents, were served as abundantly 
 as though they had cost not more than twenty 
 cents the pound. [Such was the competition in 
 extravagance between the two courts. Napoleon 
 said when he heard of it :] " Such extravagances 
 are only to be expected of madmen or fools." — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 2. 
 
 453. BAPTISM procrastinated. Converts. 
 Among the proselytes of Christianity, there were 
 many who judged it imprudent to precipitate a 
 salutary rite, which could not be repeated ; to 
 throw away an inestimable privilege, which 
 could never be recovered. By the delay of their 
 baptism, they could venture freely to indulge 
 
 their passions in the enjoyments of this world, 
 while they still retained in their own hands the 
 means of a sure and easy absolution. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 454. BAPTIST, Pioneer. Boger Williams. Ro- 
 ger "Williams belonged to that most radical 
 body of dissenters called Anabaptists. By them 
 the validity of infant baptism was denied. Wil- 
 liams himself had been baptized in infancy, but 
 his views in regard to the value of the ceremony 
 had undergone a change during his ministrj'- in 
 Salem. Now that he had freed himself from all 
 foreign authority both of Church and State, he 
 conceived it to behis duty to receive a second bap- 
 tism. But who should perform the ceremony ? 
 Ezekiel HoUiman, a layman, was selected for the 
 sacred duty. Williams meekly received the rite at 
 the hands of his friend, and then in turn baptized 
 him and ten other exiles of the colony. Such 
 was the organization of the first Baptist church 
 in America. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 22. 
 
 455. BARBARITY to Animals. Horses. [In 
 the middle of the eighteenth century,] wonderful 
 as it may appear, the "barbarous custom" of 
 ploughing, harrowing, drawing, and working 
 with horses by the tail was not exploded at 
 Castlebar and other places. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 2, p. 32. 
 
 456. BARBERS, Surgical. England. [In 1547 
 the surgeons separated from the barber-sur- 
 geons.] The barber-surgeons shaved, and drew 
 teeth, and bled, and attempted cures. ... In 
 1540 the two companies were united by statute. 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 498. 
 
 457. BARGAIN, Foolish. St. Thomas Indian. 
 [Columbus' first voyage.] On one occasion an 
 Indian gave half a handful of gold-dust in ex- 
 change for one of these toys, and no sooner was 
 he in possession of it than he bounded away to 
 the woods, looking often behind him, fearing 
 the Spaniards might repent of having parted so 
 cheaply with such an inestimable jewel. — Irv- 
 ing's Columbus, Book 4, ch. 9. 
 
 45§. BASENESS, Matrimonial. Henry VIII. 
 [Henry VIII. married Jane Seymour the next 
 day after the official murder of Anne Boleyn. 
 He looked upon matrimony as an indifferent of- 
 ficial act which his duty required at the moment. 
 This is the apology of the political philosopher.] 
 — Knight's England, vol. 2, ch. 23, p. 878. 
 
 459. BATHS, Common. Roman. Following 
 the Romans through the ordinary occvipations of 
 the day, it was customary for them to go from 
 the porticos or the theatre to take the bath. 
 Water, which in the more frugal days of the 
 republic was used only for the necessary purposes 
 of life, was not brought to Rome by aqueducts 
 till the 441st year of the city. . . . It soon became 
 one of the chief articles of luxury, to supply as 
 well the public as the private baths, and many 
 aqueducts were accordingly built and public res- 
 ervoirs and fountains reared in every quarter of 
 the city. This luxury increased to such a degree 
 that, under Augustus, there were seven hundred 
 basins, a hundred and five fountains, and a hun- 
 dred and thirty public reservoirs, all adorned in 
 the most sumptuous manner, with columns, 
 statues, and basso-relievos. To superintend these 
 became an office of considerable dignity and 
 emolument, and under the emperors was filled 
 
56 
 
 BATHS— BATTLE. 
 
 mostly by men of the first rank. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 460. BATHS, Magnificent. Rrnian. The stu- 
 pendous aqueducts, so justly celebrated by the 
 praises of Augustus himself, replenished the 
 Thermae,, or baths, which had been constructed 
 in every part of the city, with imperial magnifi- 
 cence. The baths of Antoninus Caracalla, which 
 were open, at stated hours, for the indiscriminate 
 service of the senators and the people, contained 
 above sixteen hundred seats of marble, and more 
 than three thousand were reckoned in the baths 
 of Diocletian. The walls of the lofty apartments 
 were covered with curious mosaics, that imitated 
 the art of the pencil in the elegance of design 
 and the variety of colors. The Egyptian granite 
 was beautifully incrusted with the precious green 
 marble of Numidia ; the perpetual stream of hot 
 water was poured into the capacious basins, 
 through so many wide mouths of bright and 
 massy silver ; and the meanest Roman could 
 purchase, with a small copper coin, the daily en- 
 joyment of a scene of pomp and luxury which 
 might excite the envy of the kings of Asia. 
 From these stately palaces issued a swarm of 
 dirty and ragged plebeians, without shoes and 
 without a mantle, who loitered away whole days 
 in the street or Forum to hear news and to hold 
 disputes ; who dissipated, in extravagant gaming, 
 the miserable pittance of their wives and chil- 
 dren, and spent the hours of the night in obscure 
 taverns and brothels, in the indulgence of gross 
 and vulgar sensuality. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, 
 p. 262. 
 
 461. BATTLE, Bloodless. In Armor. [In 1119 
 the battle of Noyon, or Brenneville, was fought 
 in France.] The battle was not a sanguinary 
 one, and was remarkable for the comparative 
 safety with which the horsemen in complete har- 
 ness encountered each other. Ordericus says : 
 " In the battle between the two kings, in which 
 nearly nine hundred knights were engaged, I 
 have ascertained that only three were slain. This 
 arose from their being entirely covered with 
 steel armor, and mutually sparing each other 
 for the fear of God and out of regard for the 
 fraternity of arms. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 
 17, p. 241. 
 
 462. . Fort Sumter. [After a vig- 
 orous bombardment for two days by the Confed- 
 erates, the barracks took fire.] Major Anderson 
 agreed to an unconditional surrender ... on 
 leaving the fort he was permitted to salute his 
 flag with fifty guns, the performance of which 
 was attended with the melancholy occurrence of 
 mortal injuries to four of his men by the burst- 
 ing of two cannon. There was no other life lost 
 in the whole affair. ... It was estimated two 
 thousand shots had been fired in all . . . yet not 
 a life had been lost nor a limb injured. — Pol- 
 lard's First Year op the War, ch. 2, p. 55. 
 
 463. BATTLE, Bloody. Battle of Towton. 
 When Margaret [of Anjou], who had now set 
 her husband at liberty, prepared to enter London 
 in triumph, she found the gates of the city shut 
 against her. Young Edward, the eldest son of 
 the late Duke of York, had begun to repair the 
 losses of his party. London had declared in his 
 favor, and proclaimed him king by the title of 
 Edward IV. Margaret of Anjou, whose great- 
 ness of soul was superior to all of her misfort- 
 
 unes, retreated to the north of England, where 
 she found means to assemble an army of 60,000 
 men. Warwick met her at the head of 40,000, 
 at Towton, on the borders of Yorkshire. An 
 engagement ensued — one of the bloodiest and 
 most desperate that is recorded in the English 
 history. Thirty-six thousand men were left dead 
 upon the field ; Warwick gained a complete 
 victory, by which the young Edward was fixed 
 upon the throne, and the vanquished Margaret, 
 with her husband [Henry VI.] and infant son, 
 took refuge in Flanders. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 
 6, ch. 14, p. 225. 
 
 464. BATTLE, Cry in. Battle of Naseby. If 
 any field could have been won by passion alone, 
 Rupert would have won not only Naseby, but 
 many another field ; but we know that, as pas- 
 sion is one of the most frail elements of our na- 
 ture, so Rupert was one of the most frail of men. 
 At the head of his Cavaliers, in white sash and 
 plume, he indeed flamed in brilliant gallantry 
 over the field, shouting, "Queen Mary ! Queen 
 Mary !" while the more rough, unknightly sol- 
 diers thundered, " God is with us ! God is with 
 us!" . . . "God is with us !" struck like light over 
 his soldiers' hearts, like lightning over his ene- 
 mies. What was there in the poor cry, " Queen 
 Mary !" (and such a Mary !) to kindle feelings 
 like that ! — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 10. 
 
 465. BATTLE, Decisive. Battle of GJmronea. 
 The Macedonian army amounted to 30,000 foot 
 and 2000 horse ; that of the Athenians and their 
 allies was nearly equal in number. The left wing 
 of the Macedonians was commanded by the 
 young Alexander, and it was his fortune to be 
 opposed by that body of the Thebans called 
 the sacred band ; the courage of the combatants 
 on both side was, therefore, inflamed by a high 
 principle of honor. The attack of Alexander 
 was impetuous beyond all description, but was 
 sustained with the most determined bravery on 
 the part of the Thebans ; and had the courage 
 and conduct of their allies given them an ad- 
 equate support, the fortune of the day would 
 probably have been fatal to the Macedonians; 
 but, unaided by the timely co-operation of the 
 main body of the Greeks, the sacred band were 
 left alone to sustain this desperate assault, and 
 they fought till the whole of these noble The- 
 bans lay dead upon the field. The Athenians, 
 however, on their part, had made a most vig- 
 orous attack on the centre of the Macedonian 
 army, and broke and put to flight a great body 
 of the enemy. Philip, at the head of his for- 
 midable phalanx, was not engaged in the fight, 
 but coolly withheld his attack till he saw the 
 Greeks pursuing their success against the cen- 
 tre with a tumultuous impetuosity. He then 
 charged them in the rear with the whole strength 
 and solidity of his phalanx opposed to their 
 deranged and disorderly battalions. The aspect 
 of affairs was now quite changed, and the Gre- 
 cian army, after a desperate conflict, was broken 
 and entirely put to flight. . . . This decisive en- 
 gagement, which, in its immediate consequences, 
 put an end to the liberties of Greece, was fought 
 in the year 338 before Christ. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 3. 
 
 466. BATTLE, Disparity in. Battle of Arbela. 
 Alexander . . . passing the Tigris and Euphrates 
 without opposition, came up with the Persian 
 
BATTLE. 
 
 57 
 
 monarch [Darius] at the head of 700,000 men, 
 near to the village of Arbela . . the Macedonian 
 army did not exceed 40,000 men. It was toward 
 the close of the day when they came in sight of 
 the prodigious host of the Persians, which ex- 
 tended over an immense plain to the utmost dis- 
 tance that the eye could reach. Even some of 
 Alexander's bravest officers were appalled with 
 this sight. . . . The attack was made at day- 
 break with an ardor and impetuosity on the part 
 of the Greeks which, in the first onset, threw the 
 foremost ranks of the Persian army back in con- 
 fusion upon the main body, and completely re- 
 strained and rendered ineffectual its operations. 
 Disorder, once begun, was propagated like an 
 electrical shock through the whole mass, and 
 the decisive victory was purchased [with a loss 
 not exceeding 1200 Macedonians. The Persian 
 loss was estimated at 300,000] . — Tytler's Hist. , 
 Book 2, ch. 4. 
 
 467. BATTLE, A Famous. Maratlwn. The 
 Spartans delayed to march, from an absurd su- 
 perstition of beginning no enterprise till after 
 the full moon. The Athenians, therefore, may 
 be said to have stood alone to repel this torrent. 
 The amount of their whole army was only 10,000 
 men ; the army of the Persians [under Darius] 
 ■consisted of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse— a 
 vast inequality. Miltiades drew up his little army 
 at the foot of a hill, which covered both the 
 flanks, and frustrated all attempts to surround 
 him. They knew the alternative was victory or 
 death, and that all depended on a vigorous effort 
 to be made in one moment ; for a lengthened 
 conflict was sure destruction. The Greeks, there- 
 fore, laying aside all missile weapons, trusted 
 •everything to the sword. At the word of com- 
 mand, instead of the usual discharge of javelins, 
 they rushed at once upon the enemy with the 
 most desperate impetuosity. The disorder of the 
 Persians, from this furious and unexpected as- 
 sault, was instantly perceived by Miltiades, and 
 improved to their destruction by a charge made 
 by both the Avings of the Athenian army, in 
 which with great judgment he had placed the 
 best of his troops. The army of the Persians 
 was broken in a moment ; their immense num- 
 bers increased their confusion, and the whole 
 were put to flight. A great carnage ensued. Six 
 thousand three hundred were left dead on the 
 field of Marathon. The Athenians, in this day 
 of glory, lost only 190 men. The Spartans came 
 the day after the battle to witness the triumph 
 of their rival State. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 46§. . Mantinea. The Spartan 
 
 troops had been suddenly called off from Man- 
 tinea to defend their city. Epaminondas now 
 attempted, by a rapid march, to surprise and 
 seize Mantinea ; but in the mean time its gar- 
 rison had been re-enforced by an Athenian army, 
 which met the Thebans in front, on their ap- 
 proach to the town, while the Spartans, aware 
 of their design, were following close upon their 
 rear. An engagement now ensued, one of the 
 most celebrated in the Grecian history. The 
 army of the Thebans amounted to 30,000 foot 
 and 8000 horse ; that of the Lacedaemonians and 
 their allies to 20,000 foot and 2000 horse. The 
 battle was fought with the most desperate cour- 
 a^ge on both sides. [The Thebans were victorious, 
 
 but were undone by the death of Epaminondas, 
 whom ancient historians ranked] . . . among the 
 greatest heroes and most illustrious characters 
 of antiquity. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3. 
 
 469. BATTLE, A great. Austerlitz. [On De- 
 cember 2d, 1805, between nearly 100,000 French 
 under Bonaparte and quite as many Austrians 
 and Russians under their emperors. It has been 
 considered Bonaparte's most glorious victory. 
 He took 40,000 prisoners, and the allies left from 
 12,000 to 15,000 on the field.]— Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 450. 
 
 470. . Battle of Cressy. [Edward 
 
 III., King of England, claimed the vacant 
 throne of France by inheritance in right of his 
 mother, the sister of Charles the Fair.] Ed- 
 ward, landing in France with the chief of the 
 nobility of England, and his son, called, from 
 the color of his armor, the Black Prince, then a 
 youth of fifteen years of age, ran a career of the 
 most glorious exploits. The opulent city of 
 Caen in Normandy was taken and plundered, and 
 the English were extending their depredations 
 almost to the gat^s of Paris, when Philip ap- 
 peared in their front with an army of 100,000 
 men . . . the English archers began the engage- 
 ment, which throwing that wing of the French 
 to whom they were opposed into the utmost con- 
 fusion, the Prince of Wales, taking advantage of 
 their dismay, attacked them with irresistible im- 
 petuosity. The king, who commanded a body 
 of reserve, was determined to allow his intrepid 
 son the honor of the day ; he kept aloof from the 
 fight, which was maintained on both sides with 
 the most desperate courage. [The French were 
 defeated.] Thirty thousand were left dead on 
 the spot. Among these were John, King of Bo- 
 hemia ; Ralph, Duke of Lorraine, and a great 
 part of the nobility of France. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 12. 
 
 471. . Agincourt. On pretence of 
 
 recovering the ancient patrimony of the crown 
 of England, Henry [IV.] made a descent on 
 Normandy with an army of 50,000 men. He took 
 the tower of Harfleur, and carried devastation 
 into the country. A contagious distemper ar- 
 rested his progress and destroyed three fourths of 
 his army, and in this deplorable condition, with 
 about 9000 effective troops, he was met by the 
 Constable D'Albret, at the head of 60,000 men. 
 In this situation a retreat was attempted by the 
 English, but they were harassed by the enemy, 
 and compelled to come to an engagement on the 
 plain of Agincourt On that day the English 
 arms obtained a signal triumph. The French 
 were so confident of success, that they made a 
 proposal to the English about surrendering, and 
 began to treat for the ransom of their prisoners. 
 Henry observed in their immense army the re- 
 missness and relaxation which commonly attend 
 a great superiority of numbers. He led on his 
 little band to meet them in order of battle. The 
 French stood for a considerable space of time, 
 and beheld this feeble foe with indignation and 
 contempt. " Come on, my friends," said Henry ; 
 " since they scorn to attack us, it is ours to show 
 them the example. Come on, and the blessed 
 Trinity be our protection." , . . The French 
 were broken, dispersed, and entirely cut to 
 pieces. The number of the slain amounted to 
 10,000, and 14,000 were taken prisoners. The loss 
 
58 
 
 BATTLE. 
 
 of the English in the victory of Agincourt is said 
 not to have exceeded 40 men — a fact bordering 
 •upon the incredible. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 472. . Blenheim, a.d. 1704. Fifty- 
 six thousand Allies under the Duke of Maribor- 
 ough and Prince Eugene, and 60,000 French 
 and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard, aided by 
 his fellow-general Marsin. The Allies won the 
 battle, taking 12,000 prisoners. They lost 11,000 
 killed and wounded. Total loss of French and 
 Bavarians, in killed, wounded, prisoners, and 
 deserters, 40,000. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 
 18, p. 285. 
 
 473. . Jena. [On the 14th of Oc- 
 tober, 1806, 250,000 men were engaged, with 700 
 pieces of cannon. Bonaparte defeated the Prus- 
 sians, 20,000 being killed or wounded and above 
 30,000 taken prisoners. Their king, Frederick 
 "William III., fled from the field.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 27. 
 
 474. . Leuthen. [Frederick II. of 
 
 Prussia, with 30,000 men, attacked 80,000 Aus- 
 trians.] The Austrians fought bravely, but 
 the genius of the Prussian leader gave him a 
 mighty victory, which Napoleon said was of 
 itself suflScient to place Frederick in the rank 
 of the greatest generals. [Fought at Leuthen, 
 1757. J— Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 15, p. 231. 
 
 475. . Navarino. [The British, 
 
 French, and Russian fleets met the Turkish and 
 Egyptian fleets in the port of Navarino, and 
 after four hours' battle one half of the 120 men- 
 of-war and transports were sunk, burnt, or 
 driven on shore.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 
 12, p. 227. 
 
 476. . TTie Nile. [Battle of the 
 
 Nile, fought on August 1, 1798. The number 
 of the ships in the two fleets was nearly equal. 
 The French lost the battle ; nine sail of the ling 
 were taken and two burned. Only two French 
 line-of -battle ships and two frigates escaped.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 357. 
 
 477, . Eossbach. [Frederick II. of 
 
 Prussia, with 22,000 men, at Rossbach met 
 40,000 French and 20,000 Germans.] Never 
 was victory more complete. The French and 
 the Imperial troops vied with each other in the 
 swiftness of their flight. They left 7000 pris- 
 oners, guns, colors, baggage — all that could 
 manifest the extent of their humiliation. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 15, p. 230. 
 
 47§. . Trafalgar. [Under Admiral 
 
 Lord Nelson was a British fleet of twenty-seven 
 ships-of-the-line and four frigates. The French 
 and Spaniards had opposed to him thirty -three 
 ships-of-the-line and seven frigates, twenty of 
 which struck their colors. Nelson was killed 
 in the battle.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 25. 
 
 479. . At TJlm. On the 20th of 
 
 October [1805] 30,000 [Austrians], with 60 
 pieces of cannon, marched out of the fortress 
 and laid down their arms [to Bonaparte]. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 7. ch. 25. 
 
 480. -. Ylttona. [Fought by 20,000 
 
 Spanish and 70,000 British and Portuguese 
 under the Duke of Wellington against the 
 French. Wellington described the result in his 
 despatches.] I have taken from them 151 pieces 
 of cannon, 415 wagons of ammunition, all their 
 
 baggage, provisions, cattle, treasure, etc., and 
 a considerable number of prisoners. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 31, p. 562. 
 
 481. . Wagram. [Between 300,000 
 
 and 400,000 troops engaged on the 6th of July, 
 1809. Twenty-four thousand Austrians and 
 18,000 French are said to have been killed and 
 wounded.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 29, 
 p. 516. 
 
 482. . WaUrloo. [Fought June 18, 
 
 1815 ; about 150,000 men, nearly equally di- 
 vided, were in the two armies. Wellington 
 commanded the Allies and gave Napoleon his 
 final defeat. The Allies lost 24,679. The French 
 lost 18,500 killed or wounded, and 7800 prisoners, 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 2, p. 37. 
 
 483. BATTLE, Ineffective. Island No. 10. The 
 
 bombardment . . . commenced on the 15th of 
 March [1862] . . . General Beauregard tele- 
 graphed to the War Department at Richmond 
 ... on the 1st of April . . . that the bombard- 
 ment had continued for fifteen days, in which 
 time the enemy had thrown 3000 shells, ex- 
 pending about 100,000 pounds of powder, with 
 the result on our side of one man killed and none 
 seriously wounded . . . that our batteries were 
 intact. — Pollard's First Year of the War, 
 ch. 12, p. 291. 
 
 484. BATTLE, Preparation for. Battle of Hast- . 
 ings. The 13th of October was occupied in 
 these negotiations, and at night the duke [Will- 
 iam] announced to his men the next day would 
 be the day of battle. That night is said to have 
 been passed by the two armies in very different 
 manners. The Saxon soldiers spent it in jovial- 
 ity, singing their national songs and draining 
 huge horns of ale and wine around their camp- 
 fires. The Normans, when they had looked to 
 their arms and horses, confessed themselves to 
 the priests, with whom their camp was thronged, 
 and received the sacrament by thousands at a 
 time. On Saturday, the 14th of October, was 
 fought the great battle. [The English were de- 
 feated.] — Decisive Battles, § 306. 
 
 485. BATTLE, Eeligion in. Siege of Damas- 
 cus. At the principal gate, in the sight of both 
 armies, a lofty crucifix was erected ; the bishop, 
 with his clergy, accompanied the march, and 
 laid the volume of the New Testament before 
 the image of Jesus ; and the contending parties 
 were scandalized or edified by a prayer that the 
 Son of God would defend His servants and vin- 
 dicate His truth. The battle raged with incessant 
 fury. [The city was taken.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 51. 
 
 486. BATTLE, Terrific. Mobile Bay. In the 
 beginning of August, 1864, Admiral Farragut 
 bore down with a powerful squadron upon the 
 defences of Mobile. The entrance to the harbor 
 of this city was commanded on the left by Fort 
 Gaines and on the right by Fort Morgan. The 
 harbor was defended by a Confederate fleet and 
 the monster iron-clad ram Tennessee. On the 
 5th of August Farragut prepared for battle, and 
 ran past the forts into the harbor. In order to 
 direct the movements of his vessels, the brave- 
 old admiral mounted to* the maintop of his flag- 
 ship, the Hartford, lashed himself to the rigging, 
 and from that high perch gave his commands- 
 during the battle. One of the Union ships. 
 
BATTLE— BEGGAR. 
 
 5D 
 
 struck a torpedo and went to the bottom. The 
 rest attacked and dispersed the Confederate 
 squadron ; but just as the bay seemed won, the 
 terrible Tennessee came down at full speed to 
 strike and sink the Hartford. The latter avoid- 
 ed the blow ; and then followed one of the fierc- 
 est attacks of the war. The iron-clads closed 
 around their black antagonist, and battered her 
 with their beaks and fifteen-inch bolts of iron 
 until she surrendered. Two days afterward 
 Fort Gaines was taken, and on the 23d of the 
 month Fort Morgan was obliged to capitulate. — 
 RiDPATii's U. S., ch. 66. 
 
 4§7. BATTLE, A useless. New Orleans. [The 
 battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty 
 of peace had been signed at Ghent, the news 
 of which arrived soon after.] — Knight's Eng- 
 land, vol. 8, ch. 1. 
 
 488. BATTLEFIELD, Fruitful. "Blood-fatten- 
 ed." [The battlefield where Marius destroyed 
 the Teutones was enriched with the blood of 
 the barbarians.] The Massilians walled in their 
 vineyards with the bones they found in the 
 field ; and . . . the rain which fell the winter 
 following, soaking in the moisture of the putre- 
 fied bodies, the ground was so enriched by it, 
 that it produced the next season a prodigious 
 crop. Thus the opinion of Archilochus is con- 
 firmed, thai fields are fattened with blood. — Plu- 
 tarch's Marius. 
 
 489. BATTLES, Decisive. Fifteen. [Mara- 
 thon, Syracuse, Arbela, Metaurus, victory of 
 Arminius over the Roman legions under Varus, 
 Chalons, Tours, Hastings, Orleans, defeat of 
 the Spanish Annada, Blenheim, Pultowa, Sar- 
 atoga, Valmy, Waterloo.] — See Creasy's Fif- 
 teen Dec. Battles. 
 
 490. BEARD, A significant. Walter Scott. 
 About the middle of the sixteenth century lived 
 Sir Walter's great-grandfather, Walter Scott, gen- 
 erally known in Teviotdale by the surname 
 of Beardie, because he would never cut his beard 
 after the banishment of the Stuarts, and who 
 took arms in their cause and lost by his intrigues 
 on their behalf almost all that he had, besides 
 running the greatest risk of being hanged as a 
 traitor. — Hutton's Life of Scott, ch. 1. 
 
 491. BEARDS, Characteristic. Lombards. In- 
 stead of asserting the rights of a sovereign for 
 the protection of his subjects, the emperor invit- 
 ed a strange people to invade and possess the 
 Roman provinces between the Danube and the 
 Alps ; and the ambition of the Gepidae was 
 checked by the rising power and fame of the 
 Lombards. This corrupt appellation had been 
 diffused in the thirteenth century by the mer- 
 chants and bankers, the Italian posterity of these 
 savage warriors ; but the original name of Lango- 
 bards is expressive only of the peculiar length 
 Wid fashion of their beards. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 Ch. 43. 
 
 492. BEAUTY, Common. Jeanne. The county 
 T of Flanders was . , . annexed to the crown of 
 ; France. A few months later Philip [IV.] and 
 
 his consort, attended by a brilliant court, made a 
 sumptuous progress through the chief cities of 
 the conquered province. The Flemings . . . wel- 
 i comed their new sovereign with lively demon- 
 ! strations of joy. . . .An entertainment given at 
 I Bruges was especially distinguished by the ra- 
 i diant beauty and rich attire of the female nobil- 
 
 ity : "I thought I was the only queen here," 
 exclaimed the envious Jeanne of Navarre ; "but 
 I find myself surrounded on all sides by queens. "■ 
 — Students' France, ch. 9, § 14, p. 181. 
 
 493. BEAUTY, Personal. MaJiomet. Accord- 
 ing to the tradition of his companions, Mahomet 
 was distinguished by the beauty of his person, 
 an outward gift which is seldom despised, except 
 by those to whom it has been refused. Before 
 he spoke, the orator engaged on his side the af- 
 fections of a public or private audience. They 
 applauded his commanding presence, his majes- 
 tic aspect, his piercing eye, his gracious smile, 
 his flowing beard, his countenance that painted 
 every sensation of the soul, and his gestures that 
 enforced each expression of the tongue. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 494. BEAUTY, Promoted by. George VilUers. 
 [The first introduction of George Villiers to 
 James I. was purely from the beauty of his person. 
 The history of England to the end of this reign 
 is in great part the personal history of George 
 Villiers, the adventurer.] First the cup-bearer ; 
 in a few weeks knighted ; without any other 
 qualification he was at the same time made Gen- 
 tleman of the Bedchamber and Knight of the 
 Order of the Garter ; and in a short time he was 
 made a baron, a viscount, an earl, a marquis, and 
 became Lord High- Admiral of England, Lord 
 Warden of the Cinque ports, Master of the Horse, 
 and entirely disposed of all the graces of the 
 king, in conferring all the honors and all the 
 offices of three kingdoms, without a rival. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 23, p. 364. 
 
 495. BEAUTY, Self-asserted. Sylla. Lucul- 
 lus tells us when Sylla was sent at the head of an 
 army against the confederates, the earth opened 
 on a sudden near Laverna; and ... a vast quantity 
 of fire and a flame. . . shot up to the heavens. 
 The soothsayers being consulted upon it, made 
 answer, ' ' That a person of courage and superior 
 beauty should take the reins of government into 
 his hands and suppress the tumults with which 
 Rome was then agitated." Sylla says he was 
 the man ; for his locks of gold were sufficient 
 proof of his beauty, and that he needed not hes- 
 itate after so many great actions to avow him- 
 self a man of courage. — Plutarch's Sylla. 
 
 496. BEER, Antiquity of. Germans. Strong 
 beer, a liquor extracted with very little art from 
 wheat or barley, and corrupted (as it is strongly 
 expressed by Tacitus) into a certain semblance of 
 wine, was sufficient for the gross purposes of 
 German debauchery. But those who had tasted 
 the rich wines of Italy, and afterward of Gaul, 
 sighed for that more delicious species of intoxi- 
 cation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9. 
 
 497. BEGGAR, An honorable. Martin Luilier. 
 His relatives, one of whom was sexton of the 
 church of St. Nicholas, were probably not in tlie 
 position to assist him for any great length of 
 time. He was therefore obliged, as a charity 
 scholar, to appeal to the common sympathy of 
 all men, as he had already done in Magdeburg. 
 In later years he himself says : " Do not despises 
 the boys that go from house to house asking; 
 bread for the sake of God and singing the ' bread- 
 choinis.' I also was one of those 'bread-colts,* 
 and begged bread at the doors, especially in Eise- 
 nach, that dear city." — Rein's Luther, eh. 2. 
 
60 
 
 BEGGAR— BEGINNING. 
 
 49§. BEGGAE, A literary. Reignof Charles II. 
 The recompense which the wits of that age could 
 obtain from the public was so small, that they 
 were under the necessity of eking out their in- 
 comes by levying contributions on the great. 
 Every rich and good-natured lord was pestered 
 by authors with a mendicancy so importunate, 
 and a flattery so abject, as may in our time seem 
 incredible. The patron to whom a work was in- 
 scribed was expected to reward the writer with a 
 purse of gold. The fee paid for the dedication 
 of a book was often much larger than the sum 
 which any bookseller would give for the copy- 
 right. Books were therefore often printed merely 
 that they might be dedicated. This traffic in 
 praise completed the degradation of the literary 
 character. Adulation pushed to the verge, 
 sometimes of nonsense, and sometimes of impie- 
 ty, was not thought to disgrace a poet. Inde- 
 pendence, veracity, self-respect, were things not 
 expected by the world from him. In truth, he 
 was in morals something between a pander and 
 a beggar. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 499. BEGGARS, Malicious. EnglaTid. [In 
 1545 the wandering beggars cut off the ears of 
 people, burnt frames of timber prepared for the 
 erection of a building, cut the heads of ponds 
 and conduits ; burnt carts laden with charcoal ; 
 set fire to heaps of felled wood ; barked apple 
 and pear trees, and cut out the tongues of cattle.] 
 — Knight's Exg., vol. 3, ch. 28, p. 471. 
 
 500. BEGGASS, Professional. Monks. In the 
 first century of their institution, the infidel Zo- 
 simus has maliciously observed, that, for the 
 benefit of the poor, the Christian monks had re- 
 duced a great part of mankind to a state of 
 beggary. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37. 
 
 501. BEGGARS punished. Whipped. [Those 
 who solicited alms without license were to be 
 whipped and set in the stocks.] But if any 
 person being whole in body and able to labor 
 was found begging, every such idle person was 
 to be whipped at the end of a cart, and enjoined 
 to return to the place where he was born, or 
 where he last dwelt for three years, and there put 
 himself to labor as a true man oweth to do. 
 He was to beg his way home ; but if he wan- 
 dered from the prescribed way, or exceeded the 
 prescribed times in his perilous journey, he was 
 in every place to be taken and whipped. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 21, p. 342. 
 
 502. . Slavery. [From 1384 to 
 
 1531] vagabonds were put in the stocks. Then 
 the whip was added to the stocks. In 1536 the 
 >vhip was a mild punishment, to which mutila- 
 tion and death were supplemented. But even 
 the cart's tail, the butcher's knife, and the hang- 
 iman's noose inspired no adequate dread. ... In 
 1545 . . . itisprovided that every man or woman, 
 not being prevented from work by old age, lame- 
 ness, or disease, who shall be found loitering or 
 •wandering, and not seeking work during three 
 days, or who shall leave work when engaged, 
 may be lawfully apprehended and be brought 
 before two justices of the peace ; who, upon con- 
 fession, or the proof of two witnesses, shall im- 
 mediately cause the said loiterer to be marked 
 with a hot iron in the breast, the mark of V, and 
 adjudge the said person, living so idly, to be his 
 slave. The presentor, as he is called, is to have 
 and hold the slave for two years; and, only 
 
 giving him bread and water and refuse food, to 
 "cause the said slave to work, by beating, chain- 
 ing, or otherwise." [If he runs away, after con- 
 viction, he shall be branded on the forehead or 
 ball of the cheek with a hot iron, making an S ; 
 he is then to be a slave for life. If he runs away 
 the second time, he is to suffer death as a felon. 
 Infant beggars may be bound to the service of 
 any person who will take them — the males till 
 they are twenty-four and the females till they 
 are twenty years old.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 28, p. 470. 
 
 503. BEGGARS, Scheme for. Count Rumford. 
 Bavaria was then infested with beggars, vaga- 
 bonds, and thieves, native and foreign. These 
 mendicant tramps were in the main stout, 
 healthy, and able-bodied fellows, who found a 
 life of thievish indolence pleasanter than a life 
 of honest work. " These detestable vermin had 
 recourse to the most diabolical arts and the 
 most horrid crimes in the prosecution of their 
 infamous trade." They robbed, they stole, maim- 
 ed and exposed little children, so as to extract 
 money from the tender-hearted. All this must 
 be put an end to. Four regiments of cavalry 
 were so cantoned that every village had its pa- 
 trol. This disposition of the cavalry was ante- 
 cedent to seizing, as a beginning, all the beggars 
 in the capital. [At Munich he established a 
 pauper workhouse, well ordered, clean, and gave 
 instruction and encouragement. It paid expenses, 
 and relieved the government and helped the 
 poor.] — Tynd all's Count Rumford. 
 
 504. BEGINNING, Discouragement at the. 
 Pilgrims. On Monday, the lltli of December — 
 old style 1620 — the Pilgrim Fathers landed at the 
 Rock of Plymouth. It was now the dead of 
 winter. There was an incessant storm of sleet 
 and snow, and the houseless immigrants, already 
 enfeebled by their sufferings, fell a-dying of 
 hunger, cold, and exposure. After a few days 
 spent in explorations about the coast, a site was 
 selected near the first landing, some trees were 
 felled, the snowdrifts were cleared away, and on 
 the 9th of January the heroic toilers began to 
 build New Plymouth. Every man took on him- 
 self the work of making his own house ; but thej 
 ravages of disease grew daily worse, strong ar 
 fell powerless, lung fevers and consumptior 
 wasted every family. At one time only sevei 
 men were able to work on the sheds which wer 
 building for shelter from the storms ; and if 
 early spring had not brought relief, the colon) 
 must have perished to a man. — Ridpath's U. S.^ 
 ch. 7. 
 
 505. BEGINNING, A pious. Reformation. The 
 theses of Dr. Martin Luther were read all ove^ 
 Germany. Numerous strangers who attende 
 the anniversary festival of consecration at Wit 
 tenberg, in order that they might adore the manj 
 relics and other sacred treasures of the churcl 
 carried the news with them to their homes. Uf 
 to this time no one had been willing to bell the" 
 cat ! Great as was the discontent at the shame- 
 less proceedings of the traders in indulgences, 
 equally great was the fear of opposing the Pope 
 and the Church. But Luther said : " Whoever 
 will begin anything good, let him see to it that 
 he begin and venture it in reliance upon the 
 favor of God, and never upon human comforter 
 assistance ; let him not fear any man — no, not 
 
BEGINNING— BENEFACTORS. 
 
 61 
 
 the whole world ?" Everywhere Luther's theses 
 found prepared ground. Everywhere they were 
 spoken of, and with anxious concern was he re- 
 
 farded who had ventured upon so bold a step ! 
 'hus the name of the fearless Augustinian monk 
 passed rapidly from nation to nation, and many 
 an inquiry was heard about the antecedents and 
 the experiences of the man who had presumed 
 to take issue with the Pope and his adherents. 
 — Rein's Luther, ch. 1. 
 
 506. BEGINNING, A small. American Bewlu- 
 tion. A Stamp Act to raise £60,000 produced 
 a war that cost £100,000,000. . . . "What mighty 
 contests rise from trivial things !" — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 16, p. 271. 
 
 507. . Bomans. [A revolution from 
 
 a blow.] Amid the ruins of Italy the famous Ma- 
 rozia invited one of the usurpers to assume the 
 character of her third husband ; and Hugh, King 
 of Burgundy, was introduced by her faction 
 into the mole of Hadrian or castle of St. Angelo, 
 which commands the principal bridge and en- 
 trance of Rome. Her son by the first marriage, 
 Alberic, was compelled to attend at the nuptial 
 banquet ; but his reluctant and ungraceful service 
 was chastised with a blow by his new father. The 
 blow was productive of a revolution. " Ro- 
 mans," exclaimed the youth, "once you were 
 the masters of the world, and these Burgundians 
 the most abject of your slaves. They now 
 reign, these voracious and brutal savages, and 
 my injury is the commencement of your servi- 
 tude." The alarum bell rang to arms in every 
 quarter of the city ; the Burgundians retreated 
 with haste and shame ; Marozia was imprisoned 
 by her victorious son, and his brother, Pope 
 John XI., was reduced to the exercise of his 
 spiritual functions. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49. 
 
 50§. . War. [The Duke of Guise 
 
 left] his chateau of Joinville with a retinue of 
 two hundred well-armed gentlemen ; the duke 
 halted, on the 1st of March, 1562, at the little 
 town of Vassy in Champagne, where, the day 
 being Sunday, the Protestants were assembled 
 for divine service. The duke's attendants, by 
 his orders, interrupted and tried to stop the he- 
 retical worship ; the sectaries resisted, and a 
 fierce brawl ensued. The duke, followed by his 
 officers, hurried to the spot, and was assailed by 
 a shower of stones, one of which struck him on 
 the cheek. His enraged soldiers now fired upon 
 the unarmed multitude ; the carnage was fearful ; 
 60 persons were slain outright, and upward of 
 200 more grievously wounded. Such was the 
 "massacre of Vassy," which, whether premedi- 
 tated or accidental, was the first act of the civil 
 and religious wars of France. — Students" 
 France, ch. 16, § 5, p. 334. 
 
 509. BELLS, Impressive. Napoleon I. One 
 day when this matter [of religion] was under 
 earnest discussion in the council of State, Na- 
 poleon said : " Last evening I was walking alone 
 in the woods, amid the solitude of nature. The 
 tones of a distant church bell fell upon my ear. 
 Involuntarily I felt deep emotions — so powerful 
 is the influence of early habits and associations. 
 I said to myself. If I feel thus, what must be the 
 influence of such impressions upon the popular 
 mind ? Let your philosophers answer that if 
 they can. It is absolutely indispensable to have 
 a religion for the people." , , , Says Bourri- 
 
 enne, "I have been twenty times witness to the 
 singular effect which the sound of a bell had on 
 Napoleon." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 23. 
 
 510. BELLS substituted. Human Voice. [Ma- 
 homet established] the usage which subsists 
 still, of calling the faithful to prayer by a signal 
 which unites the people, at the same hours, in 
 the same aspiration. It was first proposed him 
 to employ the trumpet which used to call the 
 Jews to the temple ; then the creaker that convok 
 ed the Christians before the invention of bells. 
 He preferred, after long hesitations, the human 
 voice, that living signal, that appeal from soul 
 to soul, which gives to sounds the accent of in- 
 telligence and piety. He instituted the muezzin, 
 who are servitors of the mosque, selected for the 
 amplitude and sonority of their voice, to mount 
 the summit of the minarets and chant from on 
 high upon city and upon country the hour of 
 prayer. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 104. 
 
 511. BENEFACTOR, Praise of. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. Their masters fled upon the approach of 
 our soldiers, and this gave the slaves a conception 
 of a power greater than their masters exercised. 
 This power they called " Massa Linkum." Col- 
 onel McKaye said ... on a certain day, when 
 there was quite a large gathering of the people 
 [in their praise house], considerable confusion 
 was created by different persons attempting to 
 tell who and what " Massa Linkum" was. . . . 
 " Brederin," said he [their white-haired leader], 
 "you don't know nosen' what you'se talkin* 
 'bout. Now, you just listen to me. Massa Lin- 
 kum, he eberywhar. He know eberyt'ing." 
 Then solemnly looking up, he added : "He walk 
 de earf like de Lord!" . . . Mr. Lincoln was 
 very much affected by this account. He did 
 not smile, as another might have done, but got up 
 from his chair and walked in silence two or three 
 times across the floor. As he resumed his seat, 
 he said, very impressively : " It is a momentous 
 thing to be the instrument, under Providence, of 
 the liberation of a race." — Raymond's Lincoln, 
 p. 734. 
 
 512. BENEFACTOES opposed. James Har- 
 greaves. [The inventor of the cotton carding 
 machine.] A man was about to be executed at 
 Cork for stealing. On the appointed day the 
 weavers, who were short of work, and attribut- 
 ed the hard times to cotton, gathered about the 
 gallows, and dressed both the criminal and the 
 executioner in cotton cloth, to mark their con- 
 tempt and abhorrence of it, and to make the 
 wearing of it disgraceful. "The criminal, sym- 
 pathizing with the object, delivered the folloAv- 
 ing address just before being turned off : " Give 
 ear, O good people, to the words of a dy- 
 ing sinner. I confess I have been guilty of 
 what necessity compelled me to commit ; which 
 starving condition I was in, I am well assured, 
 was occasioned by the scarcity of money, that 
 has proceeded from the great discouragement of 
 our woollen manufactures. Therefore, good 
 Christians, consider that, if you go on to suppress 
 your own goods by wearing such cottons as I am 
 now clothed in. you will bring your country in- 
 to misery which will consequently swarm with 
 such unhappy malefactors as your present object 
 is, and the blood of every miserable felon that 
 will hang after this warning will lay at your 
 
62 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 door." [Legislation followed unfriendly to cot- 
 ton-weaving.] — Cyclopedia OP Biog., p. 704. 
 
 513. BENEVOLENCE, Access by. John How- 
 ard. After attempting in vain to gain access to 
 other prisons in Paris, he was so fortunate as to 
 discover an ancient royal decree, which directed 
 jailers to admit to prisons under their charge all 
 persons desirous of giving alms to prisoners, and 
 to permit them to give their alms into the pris- 
 oners' own hands. Armed with this decree, he 
 obtained access to all the prisons of Paris, except 
 the impenetrable Bastile. — Cyclopedia of Biog- 
 BAPHY, p. 48. 
 
 514. BENEVOLENCE, Beauty of. Abraham 
 Lincoln. Hon. Thaddeus Stevens called with an 
 elderly lady in great trouble, whose son had been 
 in the army, but for some offence had been court- 
 martialed and sentenced either to death or im- 
 prisonment. . . . After a full hearing, the Pres- 
 ident . . . proceeded to execute the paper [grant- 
 ing pardon]. The gratitude of the mother was 
 too deep for expression, save by her tears, and 
 not a word was said between her and Mr. Stevens 
 until they were half way down the stairs . . . 
 when she suddenly broke forth in an excited 
 manner with the words, ' ' I knew it was a copper- 
 head lie !" " What do you refer to, madam ?" 
 asked Mr. Stevens. "Why, they told me he 
 was an ugly-looking man," she replied, with vehe- 
 mence. " He is the handsomest man I ever saw 
 in my life !" — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 738. 
 
 515. BENEVOLENCE, Blessing on. Oswald. 
 [The Northumbrian king.] For after-times the 
 memory of Oswald's greatness was lost in the 
 memory of his piety. "By reason of his con- 
 stant habit of praying or giving thanks to the 
 Lord, he was wont wherever he sat to hold his 
 hands upturned on his knees." As he feasted 
 with Bishop Aidan by his side, the thegn or no- 
 ble of his war-band, whom he had sent to give 
 alms to the poor at his gate, told him of a mul- 
 titude that still waited fasting without. The 
 king at once bade the untasted meat before him 
 to be carried to the poor, and his silver dish be 
 parted piecemeal among them. Aidan seized the 
 royal hand and blessed it. " May this hand," he 
 cried, "never grow old." — Hist, op Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 50. 
 
 516. BENEVOLENCE a Business. John How- 
 ard. From 1773 to 1776 Howard's chief employ- 
 ment was to pursue his investigations into the 
 conditions of the prisons of Great Britain. In 
 the course of those three years he personally and 
 most thoroughly inspected every prison in the 
 three kingdoms that offered any peculiarity. He 
 travelled ten thousand miles at his own expense, 
 and delivered from prison a large number of 
 poor debtors by paying their debts. Wherever he 
 went he brought some alleviation to the lot of the 
 prisoners by gifts of money, bread, meat, or tea, 
 and by remonstrating with jailers, surgeons, 
 chaplains, and magistrates. Several prisons un- 
 derwent a complete renovation and reforma- 
 tion solely in consequence of his conversations 
 with county magistrates and circuit judges. — Cy- 
 clopedia OP BioG. , p. 45. 
 
 517. BENEVOLENCE, Christian. Beign of 
 James II. [The Duke of Monmouth was defeat- 
 ed and his adherents imprisoned.] The jails of 
 Somersetshire and Dorsetshire were filled with 
 
 thousands of captives. The chief friend and 
 protector of these unhappy men in their extrem- 
 ity was one who abhorred their religious and 
 political opinions, one whose order they hated, 
 and to whom they had done unprovoked wrong, 
 Bishop Ken. That good prelate used all his in- 
 fluence to soften the jailers, and retrenched from 
 his own episcopal state that he might be able to 
 make some addition to the coarse and scanty fare 
 of those who had defaced his beloved cathedral. 
 His conduct on this occasion was of a piece with 
 his whole life. His intellect was indeed dark- 
 ened by many superstitions and prejudices ; but 
 his moral character, when impartially reviewed, 
 sustains a comparison with any in ecclesiastical 
 history, and seems to approach as near as human 
 infirmity permits to the ideal perfection of Chris- 
 tian virtue. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 518. BENEVOLENCE, Conscientious. JohnWes- 
 ley. It is estimated that he gave awaj^ in the 
 course of his life more than $150,000. [Princi- 
 pally the income from his literary works. When 
 the Commissioners of Excise wrote him,] " We 
 cannot doubt that you have plate, for which 
 3^ou have hitherto neglected to make an entry," 
 his laconic reply was, " I have two silver tea- 
 spoons at London, and two at Bristol ; this is all 
 the plate which I have at i^resent, and I shall 
 not buy any more while so many around me 
 Avant bread." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, 
 p. 267. 
 
 519. . Mary Fletcher. [The wid- 
 ow of Rev. John Fletcher was as economical as 
 she was benevolent. Her expenses never amount- 
 ed to £5 a year. During the last year of her 
 life a friend who made up her accounts reports,] 
 that her whole expenditure, on her own apparel, 
 amounted to 19s. M. Her "poor account" for 
 the same year amounted to nearly £182. — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 3, p. 228. 
 
 520. . Lady Huntingdon. Lady 
 
 Huntingdon . . . gave away, for religious pur- 
 poses, more than $500,000. She sold all her 
 jewels, and by the proceeds erected chapels for 
 the poor. She relinquished her aristocratic 
 equipage, her expensive residences and liveried 
 servants, that her means of usefulness might be 
 more ample. She purchased theatres, halls, 
 and dilapidated chapels in London, Bristol, and 
 Dublin, and fitted them up for public worship. 
 New chapels were erected by her aid in many 
 places in England, Wales, and Ireland. — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 168. 
 
 521. BENEVOLENCE, Disinterested. Samuel 
 Johnson. A literary lady, of large fortune, was 
 mentioned as one who did good to many, but by 
 no means " by stealth ;" and instead of "blush- 
 ing to find it fame," acted evidently from vanity. 
 Johnson : " I have seen no beings who do as 
 much good from benevolence as she does from 
 whatever motive. If there are such under the 
 earth, or in the clouds, I wish they would come 
 up, or come down. . , . No, sir ; to act from pure 
 benevolence is not possible for finite beings. 
 Human benevolence is mingled with vanity, in- 
 terest, or some other motive." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 301. 
 
 522. BENEVOLENCE displayed. Carthagin- 
 ians. The Bishop of Carthage, from a society 
 less opulent than that of Rome, collected 100,000 
 sesterces (aboye £850 sterling) on a sudden call 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 €3 
 
 of charity to redeem the brethren of Numidia, 
 who had been carried away captives by the bar- 
 barians of the desert. About a hundred years be- 
 fore the reign of Decius, the Roman church 
 had received, in a single donation, the sum of 
 200,000 sesterces from a stranger of Pontus, 
 who proposed to fix liis residence in the capital. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 15. 
 
 523. BENEVOLENCE, Enforced. By Fine. 
 [James I. sought financial relief by a "Benevo- 
 lence," as it was called — the solicitation of gifts.] 
 Mr. Oliver St. John declined to contribute, and 
 wrote a letter setting forth his reasons for re- 
 fusal. He was brought into the Star-Chamber, 
 and fined in the sum of £5000. — Knight's Eng. , 
 vol. 3, ch. 23, p. 363. 
 
 524. BENEVOLENCE, Example of. Malumet. 
 He laid up no treasure ; he distributed the whole 
 produce of the tithe, which he established upon 
 general property and the spoils of war, between 
 his soldiers and the poor. He had made, for his 
 own part, a vow of poverty. He gave all that 
 he received to the hands and hearts of the poor, 
 to keep for him, as depositaries, charged to give 
 all back in heaven. The appurtenances of his 
 house, the porticos adjacent to the mosque, the 
 courts of the edifice, were one vast hospital, 
 where the poor, the widows, the orphans, the in- 
 firm, could be seen waiting for nourishment or 
 medicine. They were called the ' ' guests of the 
 bench," because they passed their life seated or 
 lying on the benches of the prophet's house. 
 Every night the prophet visited them, comforted 
 them, clad them, fed them with his barley bread 
 and dates. He brought daily a certain number 
 of them into the house, to take their repast with 
 him. He distributed the others, as guests of God, 
 among the wealthiest of his disciples. — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 152. 
 
 525. BENEVOLENCE, Excessive. Sewing Girl. 
 George Miiller then prayed for a house, for suit- 
 able helpers to instruct and take care of the 
 children, and that £1000 sterling might be 
 
 f'ven him. On the very next day, December 
 , 1835, the first donation was received — namely, 
 1«. — from a poor missionary then visiting at his 
 house. ... A few days afterward a poor 
 young woman, who earned about 4s. weekly by 
 her needlework, contributed £100, but her dona- 
 tion was courteously declined. When sent for 
 and spoken to on the subject, she stated that 
 this money was part of a little property recently 
 left her by her grandfather, who had died ; and 
 that, feeling deeply interested in the contemplated 
 Orphan Work, it was her desire to give this £100 
 toward the Orphan Fund ; but Mr. Miiller still 
 refused to accept the contribution. "You are 
 weak and sickly," said he, " and may need this 
 money for yourself. I fear you have acted hasti- 
 ly, and may regret the step hereafter. " Her reply, 
 however, was, " I have well weighed the matter ; 
 the Lord Jesus freely shed His precious blood 
 for me, a poor, lost sinner, and shall I not in re- 
 turn show my love and gratitude to Him by 
 S'ving Him this little sum ? Rather than this 
 rphan Work should not come to pass, I would 
 give every penny I possess toward it." After 
 reasoning further with her on the subject, and 
 finding she was thoroughly decided, he at length 
 reluctantly accepted the £100. — Life of George 
 MtJLLEU, p. 27. 
 
 526. BENEVOLENCE by Faith. George Miiller. 
 [In his Orphan Work. ] He began with one day- 
 school, but on May 26, 1882, we had seventy-two, 
 of which thirteen were in Spain, attended by near- 
 ly one thousand Catholic children ; one was in 
 Italy, five were in the East Indies, six in Demerara 
 and Essequibo, and the others were scattered 
 throughout England and Wales. He began with 
 one Sunday-school ; on May 26, 1882, there were 
 thirty-eight connected with the institution. One 
 adult school only was founded at its commence- 
 ment, but on May 26, 1882, there were six. 
 There were then also in all the various schools 
 nine thousand six hundred and seventy-one 
 pupils, and from the formation of the institu- 
 tion up to that time, eighty-eight thousand one 
 hundred and nineteen children or grown-up 
 persons have been taught in these one hundred 
 and sixteen schools. All of them were estab- 
 lished simply through the instrumentality of 
 prayer and faith ; and though the annual ex- 
 penditure connected with them has for many 
 years been £9500, no one has ever been asked 
 to contribute toward their support, and every 
 shilling continues to be obtained in the same 
 manner. — Life op George Muller, p. 24. 
 
 527. BENEVOLENCE, Forced. Altars of the 
 GhurcJies. [When the Duke of Guise captured 
 Calais from the English, he made a proclamation, 
 charging the inhabitants, in the name of the 
 French king, that] all and every person that were 
 inhabitants of the town of Calais, having about 
 them any money, plate, or jewels to the value of 
 one groat, to bring the same forthwith, to lay 
 down upon the high altars of the churches, upon 
 pain of death ; bearing them in hand also that 
 they should be searched. By reason of which 
 proclamation there was made a great and sorrow- 
 ful offertory. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 7, p. 
 104. 
 
 52§. BENEVOLENCE, Frustrated. James II. 
 The king was bitterly mortified by the large 
 amount of the collection [for the persecuted 
 Huguenots] which had been made in obedience 
 to his own call. He knew, he said, what all 
 this liberality meant. It was mere Whiggish 
 spite to himself and his religion. He had al- 
 ready resolved that the money should be of no 
 use to those whom the donors wished to benefit. 
 . . . The refugees were zealous for the Calvinistic 
 discipline and worship. James therefore gave 
 orders that none should receive a crust of bread 
 or a basket of coals who did not first take the 
 sacrament according to the Anglican ritual. It 
 is strange that this inhospitable act should have 
 been devised by a prince who affected to con- 
 sider the Test Act as an outrage on the rights of 
 conscience ; for however unreasonable it may be 
 to establish a sacramental test for the purpose of 
 ascertaining whether men are fit for civil or 
 military office, it is surely much more unreason- 
 able to establish a sacramental test for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining whether in extreme distress 
 they are fit objects of charity. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 529. BENEVOLENCE, Generous. Cimon. [An 
 Athenian general and statesman.] Cimon. . .had 
 acquired a great fortune, and what he had gained 
 gloriously in the war from the enemy he laid out 
 with as much reputation upon his fellow-citizens. 
 He ordered the fences of his fields and gardens to 
 
64 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 be thrown down, that strangers, as well as his 
 own countrymen, might freely partake of his 
 fruit. He had a supper provided at his house 
 every day, in which the dishes were plain, but 
 sufficient for a multitude of guests. Every poor 
 citizen repaired to it at pleasure, and had his diet 
 without care or trouble ; by which means he was 
 enabled to give proper attention to public affairs. 
 Aristotle, indeed, says this supper was not pro- 
 vided for all the citizens in geij^ral, but only for 
 those of his own tribe, which was that of Lacia. 
 When he walked out he used to have a retinue 
 of young men, well clothed ; and if he happened 
 to meet an aged citizen in a mean dress, he or- 
 dered some one of them to change clothes with 
 him. This was great and noble. But beside this, 
 the same attendants carried with them a quantity 
 of money ; and when they met in the market-place 
 with any necessitous person of tolerable appear- 
 ance, they took care to slip some pieces into his 
 hand as privately as possible. — Plutarch. 
 
 530. BENEVOLENCE, Genuine. Br. Wilson. 
 The benevolent Dr. Wilson once discovered a 
 clergyman at Bath who, he was informed, was 
 sick, poor, and had a numerous family. In the 
 evening he gave a friend £50, requesting him 
 to deliver it in the most delicate manner, and 
 as from an unknown person. The friend said, 
 "I will wait upon him early in the morning." 
 "You will oblige me, sir, by calling directly. 
 Think of what importance a good night's rest 
 may be to that poor man." 
 
 531, . CatherineWilkinson. In 1832, 
 
 when the cholera first appeared in England, there 
 was a poor woman named Catherine Wilkinson, 
 who was so impressed with the necessity of 
 cleanliness as a preventive to the disease, that 
 she encouraged her neighbors to come to her 
 comparatively better house, which comprised a 
 kitchen, a parlor, three small bed-chambers, and 
 a yard, for the purpose of washing and drying 
 their clothes. The good that was manifest in- 
 duced some benevolent persons to aid her in ex- 
 tending her operations. The large amount of 
 washing done in one week in a cellar, under the 
 superintendence of this excellent woman, repre- 
 sented the amount of disease and discomfort kept 
 down by her energetic desire to do good with- 
 out pecuniary reward. Such was the origin of 
 public baths and wash-houses, which Catherine 
 Wilkinson had the satisfaction of seeing matured 
 in Liverpool in 1846, in a large establishment 
 under the corporation, to the superintendence of 
 which she and her husband were appointed. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, p. 393. 
 
 532. BENEVOLENCE, Incorporated for. Colony 
 of Georgia. [James Oglethorpe planned the col- 
 ony as an asylum for the poor, for imprisoned 
 debtors, and for persecuted Protestants. ] A char- 
 ter .. . placed it, for twenty-one years, under the 
 guardianship of a corporation, " in trust for the 
 poor." The common seal of the corporation, 
 having on one side a group of silk- worms at their 
 toils, with the motto, Non sibi, sed aliis — ' ' Not for 
 themselves, but for others" — expressed the disin- 
 terested purpose of the patrons. — Bancroft's 
 U. 8., vol. 3, ch. 24. 
 
 533. BENEVOLENCE iiyurious. Constantino- 
 ple. [Constantine the Great encouraged emigra- 
 tion to Constantinople by his great liberality.] 
 The frequent and regular distributions of wine 
 
 and oil, of corn or bread, of money or provisions, 
 had almost exempted the poorest citizen of Rome 
 from the necessity of labor. The magnificence 
 of the first Caesars was in some measure imitated 
 by the founder of Constantinople ; but his liber- 
 ality, however it might excite the applause of 
 the people, has incurred the censure of posterity. 
 The annual tribute of corn imposed upon Egypt 
 was applied to feed a lazy and insolent people. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17. 
 
 534. BENEVOLENCE insulted. Ah rah am 
 Lincoln. [A cashiered officer was permitted to 
 visit Mr. Lincoln twice to argue a defence. By 
 his own showing he proved the justice of his 
 punishment. He took much precious time at 
 each interview. He forced his way the third 
 time before the President, and went over the same 
 argument. Mr. Lincoln made no reply.] Turn- 
 ing very abruptly, he said: "Well, Mr. Presi- 
 dent, I see that you are fully determined not to 
 do me justice." This was too aggravating for 
 Mr. Lincoln. Manifesting, however, no more 
 feeling than that indicated by a slight compres- 
 sion of the lips, he very quietly arose, . . . and 
 then suddenly seizing the defunct officer by the 
 coat-collar, he marched him forcibly to the door, 
 saying, as he ejected him, ..." Sir, I give you 
 fair warning never to show yourself in this room 
 again. I can bear censure, but not insult !" — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 743. 
 
 535. BENEVOLENCE an Investment. Spin- 
 Tiers. [Samuel Crompton endeavored to conceal 
 his secret after inventing the "mule," which 
 afterward revolutionized the manufacture of 
 cotton. But his superior yarn awakened sus- 
 picion. Manufacturers sought admission to his 
 house ; they climbed up to the windows to look 
 in. So great was his embarrassment, that he was 
 obliged to destroy the machine or give it to the 
 public] The manufacturers made a subscrip- 
 tion "as a reward for his improvement in spin- 
 ning." . . . The whole sum subscribed was 
 £67, 6«. M. The list is curiously interesting, as 
 containing among the half-guinea subscribers 
 the names of many Bolton firms now of great 
 wealth and eminence as mule-spinners, whose 
 colossal fortunes may be said to have been 
 based upon this singularly small investment. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 7, ch. 3. 
 
 536. BENEVOLENCE, Joy of. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. One night Schuyler Colfax left all other 
 business to ask him to respite the son of a con- 
 stituent who was sentenced to be shot . . . for 
 
 \ desertion. He heard the story, though he was 
 wearied out with incessant calls, . . . and then 
 replied: "Some of our generals complain that 
 I impair discipline and subordination in the army 
 by my pardons and respites ; but it makes me 
 rested after a hard day's work, if I can find 
 some good excuse for saving a man's life, and I 
 go to bed happy as I think how joyous the 
 signing of my name will make him and his 
 family and his friends." And with a happy 
 smile beaming over that care-furrowed face, he 
 signed the name that saved that life. — Ray- 
 mond's Lincoln, p. 741. 
 
 537. . Michael Faraday. 
 
 When Faraday began to be famous in Eng- 
 land as a chemist, he was frequently applied 
 to by men of business to analyze substances and 
 perform other operations in what is called com- 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 65 
 
 » 
 
 mercial chemistry. This kind of business in- 
 creased to sucli an extent that an immense fort- 
 une was within his reach, and he found that he 
 must choose between getting money and investi- 
 gating science. Having no children, and being 
 l)lessed with a wife who sympathized with his 
 pursuits, it was not difficult for him to choose the 
 nobler part. "This son of a blacksmith," says 
 his friend Tyndall, "and apprenticed to a book- 
 binder, had to decide between a fortune of 
 £150,000 on the one side, and his undowered 
 science on the other. He chose the latter, and 
 died a poor man. But his was the glory of 
 holding aloft among the nations the scientific 
 name of England for a period of thirty years." 
 And this glory he enjoyed ; but far dearer to 
 him was the love which his success in extending 
 the area of knowledge brought him. ' ' Tyndall," 
 said he once, taking his friend by the hand — the 
 hand that had just written a review of Faraday's 
 works — " Tyndall, the sweetest reward of my 
 work is the sympathy and good- will which it has 
 caused to flow in upon me from all quarters of the 
 world." Of all the sons of men, those who ben- 
 efit mankind most and get from mankind least 
 (that is, considering the services they render), are 
 genuine men of science. The salary attached to 
 this professorship of chemistry, made forever 
 illustrious by Faraday's having held it, was £80 a 
 year, the use of three rooms, with fuel and can- 
 dles enough to warm and light them. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF Bigg. , p. 765. 
 
 5-1§. BENEVOLENCE, Large. Far Huguenots. 
 [James II. had announced that a collection would 
 be taken in every church in the kingdom for the 
 persecuted Huguenots. It was designed for 
 political ends.] It had been expected that, ac- 
 cording to the practice usual on such occasions, 
 the people would be exhorted to liberality from 
 the pulpits. But James was determined not to 
 tolerate declamations against his religion and his 
 ally. The Archbishop of Canterbury was there- 
 fore commanded to inform the clergy that they 
 must merely read the brief, and must not pre- 
 sume to preach on the sufferings of the French 
 Protestants. Nevertheless, the contributions 
 were so large, that, after all deductions, the sum 
 of £40,000 was paid into the chamber at London. 
 Perhaps none of the munificent subscriptions of 
 our own age has borne so great a proportion to 
 the means of the nation. [James frustrated its 
 application. See No. 527.1 — Mac aul ay's Eng., 
 eh. 6. 
 
 539. BENEVOLENCE, Ministerial. Thrnnas 
 Coke. [Rev. Thomas Coke, LL.D., the first 
 Bishop of the Methodist Church, won the title of 
 the "Foreign Minister of Methodism." He 
 crossed the Atlantic eighteen times, defraying 
 himself the expenses. He represented] in his 
 own person, down to his death, the whole mis- 
 sionary operations of Methodism, as their offi- 
 cial and sole director, lavishing upon them his 
 affluent fortune, and giving more money to re- 
 ligion than any other Methodist, if not any other 
 Protestant, of his times. Dying at last a veteran 
 of nearly seventy years, a missionary himself, 
 on his way to the East, he was buried beneath 
 the waters of the Indian Ocean. — Stevens' 
 M. E. Ch., vol. 2, p. 154. 
 
 540. BENEVOLENCE misconstmed. Dr. Bate- 
 man. When Oates, after his scourging, was car- 
 
 ried into Newgate insensible, and, as all thought, 
 in the last agony, ... he had been bled, and 
 his wounds had been dressed by Bateman. 
 This was an offence not to be forgiven. Bate- 
 man was arrested and indicted. The witnesses 
 against him were men of infamous character — 
 men, too, who were swearing away their own 
 lives. None of them had yet got his pardon ; 
 and it was a popular saying, that they fished 
 for prey, like tame cormorants, with ropes round 
 their necks. The prisoner, stupefied by illness, 
 was unable to articulate or to understand what 
 passed. His son and daughter stood by him at 
 the bar. They read as well as they could some 
 notes which he had set down, and examined his 
 witnesses. It was to little purpose. He was 
 convicted, hanged, and quartered. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 541. BENEVOLENCE, Power of. John How- 
 ard. No man, perhaps, has ever had such power 
 over criminals as John Howard. There was a 
 terrible rebellion in one of the London prisons, 
 when two hundred ruffians, driven mad by cru- 
 elty, were gathered in the prison-yard, threaten- 
 ing death to any man who should approach them. 
 Howard insisted on going in among them, and 
 did so, in spite of the advice of the jailers and 
 the entreaties of his friends. His very appear- 
 ance disarmed them, and they listened to his 
 quiet and reasonable remonstrances in respectful 
 silence. He listened patiently in his turn to a re- 
 cital of their grievances, after which he pointed 
 out the folly of their attempting to resist the au- 
 thorities, advised them at once to submit, and 
 promised to make their complaints known. They 
 took his advice at length, and went peacefully 
 to their cells. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 57. 
 
 542. BENEVOLENCE, Premature. Goldsmith's 
 Father. We were told that universal benevo- 
 lence was what first cemented society ; we were 
 taught to consider all the wants of mankind as 
 our own ; to regard the human face divine with 
 affection and esteem ; he wound us up to be 
 mere machines of pity, and rendered us incapa- 
 ble of withstanding the slightest impulse made 
 either by real or fictitious distress. In a word, 
 we were perfectly instructed in the art of giving 
 away thousands before we were taught the nec- 
 essary qualifications of getting a farthing. — Ir- 
 ving's Goldsmith, ch. 2. 
 
 543. BENEVOLENCE, Pure. Goldsmith. He 
 was engaged to breakfast with a college inmate 
 one day, but failed to make his appearance. His 
 friend repaired to his room, knocked at the door, 
 and was bidden to enter. To his surprise he 
 found Goldsmith in his bed, immersed to his 
 chin in feathers. A serio-comic story explained 
 the circumstance. In the course of the preced- 
 ing evening's stroll he had met with a woman 
 w^th five children who implored his charity. 
 Her husband was in the hospital ; she was just 
 from the country, a stranger, and destitute, 
 without food or shelter for her helpless offspring. 
 This was too much for the kind heart of Gold- 
 smith. He was almost as poor as herself, it is 
 true, and had no money in his pocket ; but he 
 brought her to the college gate, gave her the 
 blankets from his bed to cover her little brood, 
 and part of his clothes he gave for her to sell and 
 purchase food ; and, finding himself cold during 
 the night, had cut open his bed and buried him- 
 
66 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 self among the feathers. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 544. BENEVOLENCE, Religious. Mahomet. 
 The charity of the Mohammedans descends to the 
 animal creation ; and the Koran repeatedly in- 
 culcates, not as a merit, but as a strict and indis- 
 pensable duty, the relief of the indigent and un 
 fortunate. Mahomet, perhaps, is the only law- 
 giver who has defined the precise measure of 
 charity ; the standard may vary with the degree 
 and nature of property, as it consists either in 
 money, in corn or cattle, in fi-uits or merchan- 
 dise ; but the Mussulman does not accomplish 
 the law unless he bestows a tenth of his revenue ; 
 and if his conscience accuses him of fraud or ex- 
 tortion, the tenth, under the idea of restitution, 
 is enlarged to & fifth. Benevolence is the foun- 
 dation of justice, since we are forbid to injure 
 those whom we are bound to assist. — Gibbon's 
 Mahomet, p. 28. 
 
 545. . Bishop Acacms. [Roman 
 
 history mentions] the charity of a bishop, Aca- 
 cius of Amlda, whose name might have digni- 
 fied the saintly calendar, shall not be lost in ob- 
 livion. Boldly declaring that vases of gold and 
 silver are useless to a God who neither eats nor 
 drinks, the generous prelate sold the plate of the 
 church of Amida ; employed the price in the re- 
 demption of seven thousand Persian captives ; 
 supplied their wants with affectionate liberality ; 
 and dismissed them to their native country, to 
 inform their king of the true spirit of the relig- 
 ion which he persecuted. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 33. 
 
 546. . Lady Huntingdon. One day 
 
 at court the then Prince of Wales asked Lady 
 Charlotte E , " Where is my Lady Hunting- 
 don, that she is so seldom here?" The lady of 
 fashion replied, with a sneer, " I suppose pray- 
 ing with her beggars." The prince shook his 
 head, and said : " Lady Charlotte, when I am dy- 
 ing I think I shall be happy to seize the skirt of 
 Lady Huntingdon's mantle, to carry me up with 
 her to heaven." 
 
 547. BENEVOLENCE, Eoyal. Emp. Trajan. 
 He was liberal in his donations to the people, but 
 they were not, like those of other emperors, the 
 mean bribes of a despot ; they were the largesses 
 of a beneficent prince, for the support of the 
 wretched and indigent. The children of the 
 poor were educated at his expense, and it was 
 computed that two millions of destitute persons 
 were maintained from his private purse. These 
 charges were supplied by a well-ordered economy 
 in his own fortune, and a regular administration 
 of the public finances. He lived himself always 
 with ancient simplicity, and he enriched the State 
 by a careful attention to the minutest articles of 
 public expenditure. Under this excellent mode 
 of government everything enjoyed its due con- 
 sideration. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1. 
 
 54§. BENEVOLENCE, Self-sacrificing. John 
 Howard. [Being sent for,] he was determined 
 to go. The rain was falling in torrents — a cold 
 December rain — and the wind was blowing a 
 gale. As he could not, without much delay, pro- 
 cure a vehicle, he mounted an old dray horse and 
 rode the twenty -four miles through the tempest. 
 He arrived to iind his patient dying [of hospital 
 ■^ver]. He tried, however, some powerful medi- 
 
 cines upon her, with a view to excite perspira- 
 tion ; and, in order to ascertain whether they were 
 producing the wished-f or effect, he lifted the bed- 
 clothes and felt of her arm. As he did so, the 
 effluvia from her body was so offensive that he 
 could scarcely endure it. She died soon after, 
 and he returned to Cherson. Three days latei 
 he was seized with the same fever. The exhaus- 
 tion of his long and painful ride, and the shock 
 to his feelings at finding his patient in the agonies 
 of death, had rendered his system liable to the 
 contagion, which had struck him, as he believed, 
 at the moment of his lifting the bedclothes. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biography, p. 76. 
 
 549. BENEVOLENCE, Systematic. John Wes- 
 ley. When his own income was but £30 a year, 
 he gave away £2 ; when it was £60, he still con- 
 fined his expenses to £28, and gave away £32 ; 
 when it reached £120, he kept himself to his old 
 allowance, and gave away £92. The last inser- 
 tion in his private journal, written with a trem- 
 bling hand, reads thus : " For upward of eighty- 
 six years I have kept my accounts exactly ; I will 
 not attempt it any longer, being satisfied with the 
 continual conviction that I save all I can, and 
 give all I can — that is, all I have." — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 268. 
 
 550. BENEVOLENCE a Test. " Giving— liv- 
 ing." A poor Christian woman living at some 
 distance from Bristol, a cripple, who began by 
 giving one penny per week out of her little earn- 
 ings to the work on Ashley Down, was so blessed 
 and prospered by the Lord, that in time she was 
 able to afford a weekly contribution of six shil- 
 lings for the orphans. Upon one occasion her 
 gift was wrapped up in a little piece of paper, in- 
 side which these words were written : " Oive ; 
 give ; give ; be ever giving. If you are living, you 
 will be giving. Tlwse who are not gimng are noi. 
 living." — Life of George Muller, p. 43. 
 
 551. BENEVOLENCE, Treasure of. Epitapii, 
 The epitaph of Edward, surnamed, from his 
 misfortune, the blind, from his virtues, the good,. 
 earl, inculcates with much ingenuity a morai 
 sentence, which may, however, be abused by 
 thoughtless generosity. After a grateful com- 
 memoration of the fifty -five years of union and ; 
 happiness which he enjoyed with Mabel his wife, , 
 the good earl thus speaks from the tomb : 
 
 " What we gave, we have ; 
 What we spent, we had ; 
 What we left, we lost." 
 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 61. 
 
 552. BENEVOLENCE, Unwise. Legacy. [Ala 
 dy writes:] "Mrs. Williams was blind beforJ 
 she was acquainted with Dr. Johnson. She hm 
 many resources, though none very great. Wit! 
 the Miss Wilkinsons she generally passed a par 
 of the year, and received from them presents, anc 
 from the first who died a legacy of clothes anc 
 money. The last of them, Mrs. Jane, left her ai 
 annual rent ; but from the blundering manner o^ 
 the will, I fear she never reaped the benefit of it 
 That lady left money to erect an hospital for an^ 
 cient maids ; but the number she had allotted " 
 ing too great for the donation, the Doctor [JohnJ 
 son] said it would be better to expunge the woro 
 maintain, and put in to starve such a number o| 
 old maids. They asked him, What name shouk 
 be given it ? He replied, ' Let it be called Jenny'^ 
 Whim ' — the name of a well-known tavern ne 
 
BENEVOLENCE— BETROTHMENT. 
 
 67 
 
 Chelsea, in former days." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 128. 
 
 553. . Creating Poverty. Thomas 
 
 Firmin, a London citizen, was one of the lead- 
 ing advocates of the popular schemes of that day 
 [1698], "for setting the poor to work " — that is, 
 by providing the labor out of a common public 
 stock, which could not be provided by commer- 
 cial enterprise, and thus increasing production 
 without reference to the demand of the consum- 
 ers, or making more poor by underselling the 
 producers who were previously in the market. — 
 Knight's Bng., vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 205. 
 
 554. BEQUESTS for Spiritual Benefits. Eccle- 
 siastical, [a. D. 1450-1485.] The wills of the pe- 
 riod afford unquestionable evidence of the con- 
 stant presence of the spiritual adviser. . . . Mon- 
 eys bequeathed to the high altar of the abbey or 
 parish-church ; requiems to be said, in rich vest- 
 ments appropriated for the special purpose, with 
 a yearly reward to the priests ; a newly painted 
 image of " Our Lady," to be set up, with a taper 
 ever burning ; the chimes in the steeple to be re- 
 paired ; a priest to have a house to dwell in, and 
 at every meal to repeat the name of the testator, 
 that they that hear it may say, " God have mercy 
 on his soul," which greatly may relieve him. 
 ... It was this undoubted confidence in the 
 prayers of the priesthood that made the church 
 so rich and powerful. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 8, p. 126. 
 
 555. BEEEAVEMENT, Comfort in. Cromwell. 
 During the periods between the paroxysms of 
 the fever, he occupied the time with listening to 
 passages from the sacred volume, or by a re- 
 signed or despairing reference to the death of 
 his daughter. "Read to me," he said to his 
 wife in one of those intervals, "the Epistle of 
 St. Paul to the Philippians." She read these 
 words : "I know both how to be abased, and I 
 know how to abound : everywhere and in all 
 things I am instructed both to be full and to be 
 hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. I 
 can do all things through Christ, which strength- 
 eneth me." The reader paused. "That verse," 
 said Cromwell, "once saved my life when the 
 death of my eldest born, the infant Oliver, 
 pierced my heart like the sharp blade of a pon- 
 iard." — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 77. 
 
 556. BEEEAVEMENT, Depression by. SoutTiey. 
 [His son Herbert died when nine years old.] 
 From his early discipline in the stoical philoso- 
 phy some help now was gained ; from his active 
 and elastic mind the gain was more ; but these 
 tvould have been insufficient to support him 
 without a heartfelt and ever-present faith that 
 what he had lost was not lost forever. A great 
 change had indeed come upon him. He set his 
 house in order, and made arrangements as if his 
 own death were at hand. He resolved not to be 
 unhappy, but the joyousness of his disposition 
 had received its death-wound ; he felt as if he 
 had passed at once from boyhood to the decline 
 of life. He tried dutifully to make head against 
 his depression, but at times with poor success. 
 — Dowden's Soutiiey, ch. 6. 
 
 557. BEEEAVEMENT, Distress of. AbraJutm 
 Lincoln. In the spring of 1862 the President 
 spent several days at Fortress Monroe, awaiting 
 military operations on the Peninsula. . . . His 
 favorite diversion was reading Shakespeare. . . . 
 
 One day . . . opening to King John, he read from 
 the third act the passage in which Constance be- 
 wails her imprisoned boy. ... Mr. Lincoln said : 
 ' ' Colonel, did you ever dream of a lost friend, and 
 feel that you were holding sweet communion 
 with that friend, and yet have a sad conscious- 
 ness that it was not a reality ? Just so I dream 
 of my boy Willie." Overcome with emotion, 
 he dropped his head on the table and sobbed 
 aloud. — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 756. 
 
 55§. BEEEAVEMENT, Fictitious. Queen 
 Anne. [When Queen Anne lost her husband, 
 Mrs. Freeman wrote :] her love to the prince 
 seemed, in the eyes of the world, to be prodig- 
 iously great ; and great as was the passion of her 
 grief, her stomach was greater, for that very 
 day he died she ate three very large and hearty 
 meals. [She spent much of her time in retire- 
 ment in the room where he loved to sit, but it 
 was afterward discovered that it was owing 
 to the convenience which it gave to court in- 
 triguers to reach her by the back stairs.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 22, p. 339. 
 
 559. BEEEAVEMENT, Forgetting. Cares, 
 After dinner Dr. Johnson wrote a letter to Mrs. 
 Thrale, on the death of her son. I said it would 
 be very distressing to Thrale, but she would soon 
 forget it, as she had so many things to think of. 
 Johnson : " No, sir ; Thrale will forget it first. 
 She has many things that she may think of. He 
 has many things that he must think of." This 
 was a very just remark upon the different effects 
 of those light pursuits which occupy a vacant 
 and easy mind, and those serious engagements, 
 which arrest attention and keep us from brood- 
 ing over grief. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 286. 
 
 560. BEEEAVEMENT, Memory of. Poet 
 Wordsworth. "Referring once," says his friend 
 Mr. Aubrey de Vere, ' ' to two young children 
 of his who had died about /or^y years previous- 
 ly, he described the details of their illnesses with 
 an exactness and an impetuosity of troubled ex- 
 citement such as might have been expected if 
 the bereavement had taken place but a few week* 
 before. The lapse of time seemed to have left 
 the sorrow submerged indeed, but still in all its 
 first freshness. — Myer's Wordsworth, ch. 8. 
 
 561. BEEEAVEMENT, Tears of. Daniel Web- 
 ster. In due time a daughter was born to them, 
 the little Grace Webster who was so wonderfully 
 precocious and agreeable. Unhappily, she in- 
 herited her mother's delicate constitution, and 
 she died in childhood. Three times in his life, 
 it is said, Daniel Webster wept convulsively. 
 One of these occasions was when he laid upon 
 the bed this darling girl, who had died in his 
 arms, and turned away from the sight of her 
 lifeless body. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 465. 
 
 562. BEEEAVEMENT, Weakness in. James 
 Watt. [His wife died when he was absent from 
 home.] She had struggled with him through 
 poverty ; had often cheered his fainting spirit 
 when borne down by doubt, perplexity, and dis- 
 appointment ; and often afterward he paused 
 on the threshold of his house, unable to summon 
 courage to enter the room where he was never 
 more to meet "the comfort of his life." — Smiles* 
 Brief Biographies, p. 38. 
 
 563. BETEOTHMENT, Early. First Robert 
 Peel. William Yates' eldest child was a girl. 
 
68 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 named Ellen, and she very soon became an es- 
 pecial favorite with the young lodger. On re- 
 turning from his hard day's work, he would 
 take the little girl upon his knee, and say to her : 
 " Nelly, thou bonny little dear, wilt be piy wife ?" 
 to which the child would readily answer, " Yes," 
 as any child would do. "Then I'll wait for 
 thee, Nelly ; I'll wed thee, and none else." And 
 Robert Peel did wait. As the girl grew in 
 beauty toward womanhood, his determination 
 to wait for her was strengthened ; and after the 
 lapse of ten years — years of close application 
 to business and rapidly -increasing prosperity — 
 Robert Peel married Ellen Yates when she had 
 completed her seventeenth year. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BioG., p. 716. 
 
 564. BIBLE, Adaptation of the. Colonial Con- 
 gress. A.D. 1774. [New Englanders present] 
 believed that a rude soldiery were then . . . 
 taking the lives of their friends. When the 
 psalm for the [second] day was read, it seemed 
 as if Heaven itself was uttering its oracle. ' ' O 
 Lord, fight Thou against them that fight against 
 me ! Let them that imagine mischief for me, be 
 as dust before the wind. Lord, who is like unto 
 TKee, who deliverest the poor from him that is too 
 strong for him ? Lord, how long wilt Thou 
 look on ? Awake, and stand up to judge my 
 quarrel ; avenge Thou my cause, my God and 
 my Lord. And as for my tongue, it shall be 
 talking of Thy righteousness and of Thy praise all 
 the day long." After this the [Episcopal minis- 
 ter, Rev. Duche] unexpectedly burst into an ex- 
 tempore prayer for America, for Congress, for 
 Massachusetts, and especially for Boston, with 
 the earnestness of the best divines of New Eng- 
 land. — Bancroft's U. S., \o\. 7, ch. 11. 
 
 565. BIBLE, Comfort from the. Burning of 
 Deer field, Mass. a. d. 1704. On the last night in 
 February ... at the approach of morning the un- 
 faithful sentinels retired . . . [the French and Ind- 
 ians soon followed within the palisades] . The vil- 
 lage was burnt . . . but few escaped : forty -seven 
 were killed ; one hundred and twelve, including 
 the minister and his family, were made captives. 
 One hour after sunrise the party began its re- 
 turn to Canada. But who would know the hor- 
 rors of that winter march through the wilder- 
 ness ? Two men starved to death. Did a young 
 child weep from fatigue, or a feeble woman tot- 
 ter from anguish under the burden of her own 
 offspring, the tomahawk stilled complaint, or 
 the helpless infant was cast out upon the snow. 
 Eunice Williams, the wife of the minister, had not 
 forgotten her Bible ; and when they rested by the 
 wayside, or at night made their couch of branches 
 of evergreen strewn on the snow, the savages al- 
 lowed her to read it. Having but recently re- 
 covered from confinement, her strength failed 
 . . . she commended her five captive children, 
 tinder God, to their father's care ; and then one 
 blow from a tomahawk ended her sorrows. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 566. BIBLE, DiflEusion of the. Tyndale. Tyn- 
 dale passed from Oxford to Cambridge to feel the 
 full impulse given by the appearance there of 
 the New Testament of Erasmus. From that 
 moment one thought was at his heart. He " per- 
 ceived \>Y experience how that it was impossible 
 to establish the lay people in any truth except the 
 Scripture were plainly laid before their eyes in 
 
 their mother tongue." " If God spare my life," 
 he said to a learned controversialist, ' ' ere many 
 years I will cause a boy that driveth the plough 
 shall know more of the Scripture than thou 
 dost." But he was a man of forty before his 
 dream became fact ... it was soon needful 
 to quit England if his purpose was to hold. " I 
 understood at the last not only that there was no 
 room in my Lord of London's palace to translate 
 the New Testament, but also that there was no 
 place to do it in all England. — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 543. 
 
 567. BIBLE, Discoveries in the. Martin Luther. 
 Although he had been a jovial young fellow, he 
 began his studies in the morning with a heart- 
 felt prayer and by attending a church service. 
 He also spent considerable of his time in the 
 library of the university. Here, on one occasion, 
 he found a Latin Bible, a book that he had never 
 seen until his twentieth year. Greatly astonish- 
 ed, he noticed that there were many more texts, 
 epistles, and gospels than he had read in the 
 pericopes of the church or heard explained in 
 the pulpit. And as he turned over the pages of 
 the Old Testament, his attention was arrested by 
 the story of Samuel and Hannah, which he hur- 
 riedly read with great joy. — Rein's Ltjther, 
 p. 28. 
 
 568. BIBLE displaced. By Gloves. [At the 
 solemn entry of Philip and Mary into London, 
 in 1554, shortly after their marriage,] among 
 other decorations of the public places, the con- 
 duit in Grace Church Street was painted with 
 devices of the nine worthies, and of Henry VIII. 
 [the father of the queen] and Edward VI. 
 Henry was represented with a Bible in his hand, 
 on which was written Verbum Dei. The Bishop 
 of Winchester, noting the book in Henry VIII's 
 hand, shortly afterward called the painter before 
 him, and with vile words, calling him traitor, 
 asked why, and who bade him describe King 
 Henry with a book in his hand, as is aforesaid, 
 threatening him therefore to go to the Fleet. 
 The painter humbly apologized, and said he 
 thought he had done well. "Nay," said the 
 bishop, " it is against the queen's Catholic proceed- 
 ings." And so he painted him shortly after, in- 
 stead of the book of Verbum Dei, to have in his 
 hands a new pair of gloves. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 8, ch. 5, p. 75. 
 
 569. BIBLE douhted. John Bunyan. [Be- 
 fore his conversion] Bunyan was hardly dealt 
 with. " Whole floods of blasphemies," he says, 
 ' ' against God, Christ, and the Scriptures, were 
 poured upon my spirit ; questions against the very 
 being of God and of His only beloved Son, as 
 whether there was in truth a God or Christ or 
 no, and whether the Holy Scriptures were not 
 rather a fable and cunning story than the holy 
 and pure Word of God." " How can you tell," 
 the tempter whispered, ' ' but that the Turks have 
 as good a Scripture to prove their Mahomet the 
 Saviour, as we have to prove our Jesus is ? Could 
 I think that so many tens of thousands, in so 
 many countries and kingdoms, should be with- 
 out the knowledge of the right way to heaven — 
 if there were indeed a heaven — and that we who 
 lie in a corner of the earth should alone be blessed 
 therewith ? Every one doth think his own re- 
 ligion the rightest — both Jews, Moors, and Pa- 
 gans ; and how if all our faith, and Christ, and 
 
BIBLE. 
 
 69 
 
 Scripture should be but ' a think so ' too ?" — 
 Fkoude's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 570. BIBLE, The first. Eliot's. About half 
 a century after King James' translation of the 
 Bible Massachusetts gave it, through Eliot, to her 
 Indians — the first Bible printed in America. — 
 Stevens' M. E. Ch., vol. 1, p. 21. 
 
 571. BIBLE, The best Gift. Coronation. 
 [When Queen Elizabeth made her coronation 
 progress, a great display was made by the people.] 
 When she espied a pageant at the Little Conduit 
 ... a rest was made, and a Bible in English, 
 richly covered, was let down unto her, by a silk 
 lace, from a child that represented Truth. With 
 both her hands she received it ; then she kissed 
 it, afterward applied it to her breast ; and lastly . 
 held it up, thanking the city especially for that 
 gift, and promising to be adiligeiit reader thereof . 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 8, p. 111. 
 
 572. BIBLE, Imperilled by the. Richard 
 Hunne. [In 1515 Richard Hunne was brought be- 
 fore the Bishop of London, charged with heresy. 
 He] was terrified into an admission of some of 
 the crimes of which he was accused, one of which 
 was that he had in his possession the epistles and 
 gospels in English, and " Wycliife's damnable 
 works." He was sent back to prison, and two 
 days after was found hanging in his cell. A cor- 
 oner's inquest charged the bishop's chancellor 
 and other officers with murder, but it was main- 
 tained by them that the heretic had committed 
 suicide. The bishop and clergy had the incred- 
 ible folly to begin a new process of heresy against 
 the dead body, which was adjudged guilty, and, 
 according to the sentence, burnt in Smithfield. 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 277. 
 
 573. BIBLE, An incendiary. Reign of James 
 II. The clergy were strictly charged not to re- 
 flect on the Roman Catholic religion in their 
 discourses. The chancellor took on himself to 
 send the macers of the Privy Council round to 
 the few printers and booksellers who could then 
 be found in Edinburgh, charging them not to 
 publish any work without his license. It was 
 well understood that this order was intended to 
 prevent the circulation of Protestant treatises. 
 One honest stationer told the messengers that he 
 had in his shop a book which reflected, in very 
 coarse terms, on popery, and begged to know 
 whether he might sell it. They asked to see it, 
 and he showed them a copy of the Bible. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 6. 
 
 574. BIBLE indestructible. Persecution. The 
 philosophers . , . had diligently studied the na- 
 ture and genius of the Christian religion ; and as 
 they were not ignorant that the speculative doc- 
 trines of the faith were supposed to be contained 
 in the writings of the prophets, of the evangelists, 
 and of the apostles, they most probably suggested 
 the order that the bishops and presbyters should 
 deliver all their sacred books into the hands of 
 the magistrates, who were commanded, under 
 the severest penalties, to bum them in a public 
 and solemn manner. By the same edict the prop- 
 erty of the church was at once confiscated, and 
 the several parts of which it might consist were 
 either sold to the highest bidder, united to the 
 Imperial domain, bestowed on the cities and cor- 
 porations, or granted to the solicitations of rapa- 
 cious courtiers. . . . The Christians, though 
 
 they cheerfully resigned the ornaments of their 
 churches, resolved not to intermpt their religious, 
 assemblies nor to deliver their sacred books ta 
 the flames. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 575. BIBLE, Influence of the. Cromwell. A 
 great man is ever the personification of the spirit 
 which breathes from time to time upon his age 
 and country. The inspiration of Scripture pre- 
 dominated, in 1600, over the three kingdoms. 
 Cromwell, more imbued than any other with this, 
 sentiment, was neither a politician nor an ambi- 
 tious conqueror, nor an Octavius, nor a C«esar. 
 He was a Judge of the Old Testament ; a sectariant 
 of the greater power in proportion as he was more 
 superstitious, more strict and narrow in his doc- 
 trines, and more fanatical. If his genius had 
 surpassed his epoch he would have exercised less 
 influence over the existing generation. His na- 
 ture was less elevated than the part assigned 
 to him ; his religious bias constituted the half of 
 his fortune. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 80. 
 
 576. BIBLE, Monopoly in the. British Monop- 
 oly. Where was there a house in the colonies 
 that did not cherish, and did not possess, the 
 English Bible ? And yet to print that Bible in 
 British America was prohibited as a piracy, and 
 the Bible, except in the native savage districts, 
 was never printed there till the land became 
 free. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 12. 
 
 577. BIBLE omitted. Coronation of James 
 II. James had ordered Sancroft to abridge the 
 ritual. The reason publicly assigned was that 
 the day was too short for all that was to be 
 done ; but whoever examines the changes which 
 were made will see that the real object was to 
 remove some things highly offensive to the relig- 
 ious feelings of a zealous Roman Catholic. . . . 
 The ceremony of presenting the sovereign with 
 a richly-bound copy of the English Bible, and 
 of exhorting him to prize above all earthly 
 treasures a volume which he had been taught to 
 regard as adulterated with false doctrine, was 
 omitted. — Mac aula y's Eng., ch. 4. 
 
 578. BIBLE, A people's. Wycliffe. With the 
 tacit approval of the primate of a church which, 
 from the time of Wycliffe, had held the transla- 
 tion and reading of the Bible in the common 
 tongue to be heresy and a crime punishable with, 
 fire, Erasmus boldly avowed his wish for a 
 Bible open and intelligible to all. " I wish that 
 even the weakest woman might read the gospels 
 and the epistles of St. Paul. I wish that they 
 were translated into all languages, so as to be 
 read and understood not only by Scots and 
 Irishmen, but even by Saracens and Turks. But 
 the first step to their bein^ read is to make thera 
 intelligible to the reader. I long for the day whea 
 the husbandman shall sing portions of them to 
 himself as he follows the plough ; when the 
 weaver shall hum them to the tune of his shut- 
 tle ; when the traveller shall while away with 
 their stories the weariness of his journey." — 
 Hist, op Eng. People, § 518. 
 
 579. BIBLE, Prohibition of the. England. 
 In 1543 an act was passed which limited the 
 reading of the Bible and the New Testament ia 
 the English tongue to noblemen and gentlemen, 
 and forbade the reading of the same to "the 
 lower sort" — to artificers, prentices, journey- 
 men, serving-men, husbandmen, and laborers. 
 
TO 
 
 BIB-LE— BiGOTKT. 
 
 and to women, under pain of imprisonment. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, cli. 27, p. 445. 
 
 5§0. . Necessary. [Puerile objec- 
 tions, in 1547.] There was a Cambridge friar, 
 just before the suppression of the monasteries, 
 who denounced the reading of the Bible by the 
 vulgar; for the baker, he said, who found it 
 written that a little leaven would corrupt the 
 whole lump, would give us bad bread ; and the 
 ploughman would be afraid to labor, when he 
 learned that if he looked back from his plough 
 he were unfit for the kingdom of heaven. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 493. 
 
 5§1. BIBLE, Protected by the. John Knox. 
 The young queen [Mary], feeling the necessity 
 of securing the good-will of such a man, suc- 
 ceeded in attracting him to the palace. He ap- 
 peared in his Calvinistic dress, a short cloak 
 thrown over his shoulder, the Bible under 
 his arm. "Satan," said he, "cannot prevail 
 against a man whose left hand bears a light 
 to illumine his right, when he searches the Holy 
 Scriptures in the hours of night." — Lamak- 
 tine's Mary Stuart, ch. 7. 
 
 5§2. BIBLE, Searching the " Bible Moths." 
 There was wild enthusiasm enough in some of 
 the followers of Whitefield and Wesley, . . . 
 but these earnest men left a mark. . . . The 
 obscure young students . . . were first called 
 " Sacramentarians," then " Bible Moths," and 
 finally "Methodists." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 7. 
 
 5§3. BIBLE, Three Senses in. Swedenborg. 
 The Word does not belong to men alone, but is 
 the possession likewise of the angels of heaven, 
 to whom it wears different forms, according to 
 their love and intelligence. In general it may 
 be said to have three senses or meanings : First, 
 a celestial sense, apprehended by the celestial or 
 highest angels ; secondly, a spiritual sense, ap- 
 prehended by a lower range of angelic minds, 
 the spiritual ; and thirdly, a natural sense, with 
 which we are all familiar, written down to the 
 comprehension of the lowest, most worldly, and 
 sensual of men — the Jews. — White's Sweden- 
 borg, p. 80. 
 
 584. BIBLE stimulates. Heti. Samuel John- 
 son. [Being a victim to the persecution of 
 James .II. against Protestants he was sentenced 
 to be flogged for publishing a tract against the 
 overthrow of Protestantism by the use of the 
 army. He suffered with most courageous en- 
 durance.] His biographer says : "He observed 
 afterward to one of his most intimate friends, 
 that this text of Scripture, which came sudden- 
 ly into his mind, ' He endured the cross, and 
 despised the shame,' so much animated and sup- 
 ported him in his bitter journey that he could 
 Jiave sung a psalm while the executioner was 
 doing his office, with as much composure and 
 (Cheerfulness as ever he had done in the church ; 
 though, at the same time, he had a quick sense of 
 «every stripe which was given him, with a whip 
 of nine cords knotted, to the number of three 
 hundred and seventeen." — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 4, ch. 25, p. 411. 
 
 5§5. BIBLE and Superstition, The. Carolina 
 Indians. The Indians revered the volume rath- 
 er than its doctrines ; and, with a fond supersti- 
 tion, they embraced the book, kissed it, and held 
 
 it to their breasts and heads, as if it had been an 
 amulet. ... As the colonists . . . had no 
 women with them, there were some among the 
 Indians who imagined the English were not 
 born of woman, and therefore not mortal ; that 
 they were men of an old generation risen to im- 
 mortality. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. 8., vol. 1, 
 ch. 3. 
 
 5§6. BIBLE-READING forbidden. England. 
 [In 1547, in the] "Act for the advancement of 
 religion," there was a special clause against per- 
 sons not duly appointed reading the Bible aloud 
 in any church. The man who sought to know 
 the truth might muse over the chained volume, 
 but he was not to read any portion of it to the 
 less instructed bystanders. Noblemen and gen- 
 tlemen might read the Bible aloud to their fami- 
 lies. Ladies might only read it privately, and so 
 also might merchants. The qualified permission 
 to read the Scriptures [was] . . . extended to all 
 but artificers, prentices, journeymen, and serv- 
 ing-men. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 492. 
 
 5 §7. BIGOTEY disclaimed. Prayer. In the 
 Continental Congress, Mr. Jay, a member from 
 New York, spoke against opening the proceed- 
 ings with prayer, on the ground that as there 
 were in that body Episcopalians, Quakers, Ana- 
 baptists, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists, 
 they would hardly be able to join in the same 
 act of worship. Thereupon Mr. Samuel Adams, 
 a strict Congregationalist, arose and said he was 
 no bigot, and could hear a prayer from a gentle- 
 man of piety and virtue who was, at the same 
 time, a friend to his country. He then moved 
 that Mr. Duche, an Episcopalian clergyman, read 
 prayers to the Congress. The motion was car- 
 ried, and the prayers were read. — Am. Cyc, 
 "Samuel Adams." 
 
 588. BIGOTEY, Papal. Pius V. [He had dis- 
 tinguished himself as an inquisitor.] A more 
 furious bigot never sat on the papal throne ; and 
 his bigotry was more terrible from the circum- 
 stance that it was conscientious. When he sent 
 a force to the aid of the French Catholics, he told 
 their leader ' ' to take no Huguenot prisoner, but 
 instantly to kill every one that fell into his hands." 
 When the savage Duke of Alva was butchering 
 without remorse in the Netherlands, the Holy 
 Father sent him a consecrated hat and sword, 
 in admiration of his Christian proceedings. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 11, p. 167. 
 
 589. BIGOTEY, Protestant. Mary Stuart. 
 [The evening before her execution Mary Stu- 
 art, Queen of Scots, desired the presence of her 
 priest and almoner ; but she was refused, and 
 was informed that in the place of her confessor 
 she might have the spiritual assistance of the 
 Dean of Peterborough. She necessarily de- 
 clined.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 201. 
 
 590. BIGOTEY, Puritanic. In Prayer. [When 
 the body of Cliarles I. was deposited in the vault 
 for burial, the governor of St. George's Castle] 
 forbade the church-service to be performed, 
 through his bigoted resolve that, the Common 
 Prayer having been put down, he would not 
 suffer it to be read in the garrison where he 
 commanded. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 8. 
 p. 115. 
 
 591 . BIGOTEY, Strange. Pilgrims. At a ses- 
 sion of the general court of the colony [of Mas 
 
BIRTH— BISHOPS. 
 
 71 
 
 sachusetts], held in 1631, a law was passed re- 
 stricting the right of suffrage. It was enacted 
 that none but members of the church should be 
 permitted to vote at the colonial elections. The 
 choice of governor, deputy-governor, and assist- 
 ant councillors was thus placed in the hands of 
 a small minority. Nearly three fourths of the 
 people were excluded from exercising the rights 
 of freemen. Taxes were levied for the support 
 of the gospel ; oaths of obedience to the magis- 
 trates were required ; attendance upon public 
 worship was enforced by law ; none but church- 
 members were eligible to officers of trust. It is 
 , strange that the very men that had so recently, 
 through perils by sea and land, escaped with 
 only their lives to find religious freedom in 
 another continent, should have begun their ca- 
 reer with intolerance and proscription. The 
 only excuse that can be found for the gross in- 
 consistency and injustice of such legislation is, 
 that bigotry was the vice of the age rather than 
 of the Puritans. — Ridpath's U. S., eh. 13. 
 
 592. BIETH, Accident of. Bonaparte. [Born] 
 on the 15th of August, 1769 . . . [at Ajaccio, 
 Corsica, recently won to France by arms]. Had 
 the young Napoleon seen the light two months 
 earlier, he would have been by birth an Italian, 
 Dot a Frenchman. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 593. BIRTH concealed. Abraham. The Ish- 
 maelite Arabs . . . call in their books their 
 father Abraham El Klialil- Allah, or the friend of 
 God. His father Azor, say they, was one of the 
 lireat vassals of Nimrod, a sort of fabulous Ju- 
 ] liter of the Babylonian Olympus. Nimrod, 
 frightened by a prophecy which announced to 
 him the birth of an infant superior to other men 
 and to himself, forbade all intercourse between 
 the sexes in his dominions. Abraham was born 
 through a breach of this order. His parents, 
 to elude the anger of Nimrod, concealed his 
 birth. They had him hid and nursed in a cav- 
 ern outside the cit}^ — Lamartine's Turkey. 
 
 594. BIRTH, Humble. Gabrini. In a quar- 
 ter of the city [Rome] which was inhabited only 
 by mechanics and Jews, the marriage of an inn- 
 keeper and a washerwoman produced the future 
 deliverer of Rome. From such parents Nicholas 
 Rienzi Gabrini could inherit neither dignity nor 
 fortune ; and the gift of a liberal education, 
 "Which they painfully bestowed, was the cause 
 of his glory and untimely end. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 «h. 73, p. 471. 
 
 595. . Bom. Emp. Diocletian. As 
 
 the reign of Diocletian was more illustrious 
 than that of any of his predecessors, so was his 
 tirth more abject and obscure. The strong 
 -claims of merit and of violence had frequently 
 JBuperseded the ideal prerogatives of nobility ; 
 but a distinct line of separation was hitherto 
 preserved between the free and the servile part 
 of mankind. The parents of Diocletian had 
 been slaves in the house of Anulinus, a Roman 
 •senator, nor was he himself disinguished by any 
 other name than that which he derived from a 
 «mall town in Dalmatia, from whence his moth- 
 er deduced her origin. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13. 
 
 596. BIRTH, Superior to. Burns. Born in 
 «n age the most prosaic Britain had yet seen, 
 and in a condition the most advantageous, where 
 Ais mind, if it accomplished aiight, must accom- 
 
 plish it under the pressure of continual bodily 
 toil — nay, of penury and desponding apprehen- 
 sion of the worst evils — and with no furtherance 
 but such knowledge as dwells in a poor man's 
 hut, and the rhymes of a Ferguson or Ramsay 
 for his standard of beauty, he sinks not under 
 all these impediments. Through the fogs and 
 darkness of that obscure region, his eagle eye 
 discerns the true relations of the world and hu- 
 man life ; he grows into intellectual strength, and 
 trains himself into intellectual expertness. Im- 
 pelled by the irrepressible movement of his in- 
 ward spirit, he struggles forward into the gen- 
 eral view, and with haughty modesty lays down 
 before us, as the fruit of his labor, a gift which 
 Time has now pronounced imperishable. — Car- 
 lyle's Burns, p. 15. 
 
 597. BIRTH, A welcome. "The King of 
 Borne." [Napoleon's second wife gave birth to 
 a boy March 20, 1811.] If the child were a prin- 
 cess, twenty-one guns were to be fired ; if a 
 prince, one hundred. At six o'clock in the 
 morning ... all Paris was aroused by the deep 
 booming of [cannon]. . . . Every window was 
 thrown open. Every ear was on the alert. . . . 
 Vast throngs stood motionless to count the 
 tidings, which those explosions were thundering 
 in their ears. . . . The twenty-first gun was fired. 
 The interest was now intense beyond conception. 
 For a moment the gunners delayed the next dis- 
 charge, and Paris stood waiting in breathless 
 suspense. The heavy loaded guns then, with 
 redoubled voice, pealed forth the announcement. 
 From the entire city one universal roar of ac- 
 clamation rose, and blended with their thun- 
 ders. . . . Who could then have imagined . . . 
 that this child, the object of a nation's love and 
 expectation, would linger through a few short 
 years of neglect and sorrow, and then sink into 
 a forgotten grave ? — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 598. BISHOP corrupted. Theododus. InA.D. 
 389 the archiepiscopal throne of Alexandria 
 was filled by Theodosius, the perpetual enemy 
 of virtue — a bold, bad man, whose hands were 
 alternately polluted with gold and blood. . . . 
 When a sentence of destruction against the idols 
 of Alexandria was pronounced, the Christians 
 sent up a shout of joy. . . , Theophilus pro- 
 ceeded to demolish the temple of Serapis, with- 
 out any other difficulties than those which he 
 found in the weight and solidity of the ma- 
 terials ; but these obstacles proved so insuper- 
 able, that he was obliged to leave the founda- 
 tions, and to content himself with reducing the 
 edifice itself to a heap of rubbish, a part of 
 which was soon afterward cleared away, to make 
 room for a church erected in honor of the Chris- 
 tian martyrs. The valuable library of Alexandria 
 was pillaged or destroyed ; and nearly twenty 
 years afterward the appearance of the empty 
 shelves excited the regret and indignation of 
 every spectator, whose mind was not totally 
 darkened by religious prejudice. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 28. 
 
 599. BISHOPS, Honored. Oermans. The an- 
 cient Germans had the highest veneration for 
 their priests. It was, therefore, natural for the 
 Franks, after their conversion, to preserve the 
 same reverence for the ministers of their new re- 
 ligion. We find that the bishops held the first 
 
72 
 
 BLESSING— BLOT. 
 
 place in the national assemblies. They were em- 
 ployed under Clotarius I. to correct the Salic and 
 Kiparian laws, and they had a sort of superinten- 
 dence over the judicial tribunals. In the absence 
 of the king, it was competent to appeal to the 
 bishops from the sentences of the dukes and 
 counts. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2. 
 
 600. BLESSING, A diabolical. Martin Luther. 
 After this interview [with the fanatic Karlstadt] 
 Luther continued on his journey ... to Orla- 
 milnde, headquarters of Karlstadt. But he ac- 
 complished nothing here ; he narrowly escaped 
 bodily violence. He himself narrates this ex- 
 perience : " When I reached Orlamiinde I soon 
 discovered what kind of seed Karlstadt had sown; 
 for I was greeted with such a blessing as this : 
 ' Depart in the name of a thousand devils, and 
 may you break your neck before you leave the 
 city ! ' " — Rein's Luther, ch. 14. 
 
 601. BLESSING disdained. Eeign of James II. 
 [Seven bishops had been imprisoned because they 
 refused to aid the king in the overthrow of the 
 Protestant faith.] Loud acclamations were 
 raised. The steeples of the churches sent forth 
 joyous peals. The bishops found it difficult to 
 escape from the importunate crowd of their well- 
 wishers. Lloyd was detained in Palace Yard by 
 admirers who struggled to touch his hands and to 
 kiss the skirt of his robe, till Clarendon, with 
 some difficulty, rescued him and conveyed him 
 home by a by-path. Cartwright, it is said, was 
 so unwise as to mingle with the crowd. Some 
 person who saw his episcopal habit asked and re- 
 ceived his blessing. A bystander cried out, 
 " Do you know who blessed you ?" " Surely," 
 said he who had just been honored by the bene- 
 diction, " it was one of the seven." " No," said 
 the other, " it is the popish Bishop of Chester." 
 "Popish dog," cried the enraged Protestant, 
 " take your blessing back again." — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 8. 
 
 602. BLESSING, A disguised. American Revo- 
 lution. During his retreat across New Jersey, 
 Washington had sent repeated despatches to 
 General Lee, in command of the detachment 
 at North Castle, to join the main army as soon 
 as possible. Lee was a prf)ud, insubordinate man, 
 and virtually disobeyed his orders. Marching 
 leisurely into New Jersey, he reached Morris- 
 town. Here he tarried, and took up his quarters 
 at an inn at Baskingridge. On the 13lh of 
 December a squad of British cavalry dashed up 
 to the tavern, seized Lee, and hurried him off to 
 New York. General Sullivan, who had recently 
 been exchanged, now took command of Lee's 
 division, and hastened to join Washington. — 
 Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 39. 
 
 603. BLINDNESS, Disqualified by. Persia. 
 The crown of Persia is herediUiry, with the ex- 
 clusion of females from the succession ; but the 
 sons of a daughter are allowed to inherit the sover- 
 eignty. By the laws of Persia the blind are ex- 
 cluded from the throne. Hence it is a customary 
 policy of the reigning prince to put out the eyes 
 of all those of the blood ro3'al of whom he has 
 any jealousy. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 23. 
 
 604. BLINDNESS by Study. John Milton. 
 His eyesight, though quick, as he was a profi- 
 cient with the rapier, had never been strong. 
 His constant headaches, his late study, and 
 
 (thinks Phillips) his perpetual tampering with 
 physic to preserve his sight, concurred to bring 
 the calamity upon him. It had been steadily 
 coming on for a dozen years before, and about 
 1650 the sight of the left eye was gone. He was 
 warned by his doctor that if he persisted in using 
 the remaining eye for book- work, he would lose 
 that too. " The choice lay before me," Milton 
 writes in the " Second Defence," "between dere- 
 liction of a supreme duty and loss of eyesight ; in 
 such a case I could not listen to the physician, not 
 if ^sculapius himself had spoken from his sanc- 
 tuary ; I could not but obey that inward monitor, 
 I know not what, that spake to me from heaven." 
 — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 9. 
 
 605. BLOCKADE by Chains. Mahomet IL He 
 laid siege to Constantinople . . . while the indo- 
 lent Greeks made a very feeble preparation for 
 defence, trusting to an immense barricade of 
 strong chains, which blocked up the entry to 
 the port, and prevented all access to the enemy's- 
 ships. The genius of Mahomet very soon over- 
 came this obstacle. He laid a channel of smooth 
 planks for the length of six miles, resembling 
 the frames which are constructed for the launch- 
 ing of ships. In one night's time he drew eighty 
 galleys out of the water upon these planks, and 
 next morning, to the utter astonishment of the 
 besieged, an entire fleet descended at once into- 
 the bosom of their harbor. . . . Constantine, the 
 emperor, was killed in the assault, and Mahomet 
 immediately converted his palace into a seraglio, 
 and the splendid church of Santa Sophia into a 
 Mohammedan mosque. Thus ended the empire 
 of the East, in the year 1453, eleven hundred and 
 twenty-three years from the building of Con- 
 stantinople by Constantine the Great. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 13. 
 
 606. BLOCKADE of Death. By Coesar. [Thirty 
 thousand soldiers had fallen.] Munda was at 
 once blockaded, the inclosing wall — savage evi 
 dence of the temper of the conquerors — being 
 built of dead bodies pinned together with lances, 
 and on the top of it a fringe of heads on swords' 
 points with the faces turned toward the town. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 25. 
 
 607. BLOT, Shameful. William Penn. [Young 
 girls, by order of their schoolmistress, had pre- 
 sented a standard to the rebel Duke of Mon- 
 mouth.] The queen's maids of honor asked the 
 royal permission to wring money out of the 
 parents of the poor children, and the permission 
 was granted. . . . The maids of honor would not 
 endure delay ; they were determined to prosecute 
 to outlawry, unless a reasonable sum were forth- 
 coming ; and by a reasonable sum was meant 
 £7000. Warre excused himself from taking 
 any part in a transaction so scandalous. The 
 maids of honor then requested William Penn 
 to act for them, and Penn accepted the com 
 mission ; yet it should seem that a little of the 
 pertinacious scrupulosity which he had often 
 sliown about taking off his hat would not have 
 been altogether out of place on this occasion. He 
 probably silenced the remonstrances of his con- 
 science by repeating to himself that none of tlie 
 money which he extorted would go into his own 
 pocket ; that if he refused to be the agent of the 
 ladies, they would find agents less humane ; that 
 by complying he should increase his influence at 
 the court, and that his influence at the court had 
 
BLOT— BOLDNESS. 
 
 7S 
 
 already enabled him, and might still enable 
 him, to render great services to his oppressed 
 brethren. [More at No. 839.] — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 60§. BLOT of the Times. Cmar. The Gauls 
 paid the expenses of their conquest in the prison- 
 ers taken in battle, who were sold to the slave 
 merchants ; and this is the real blot on Caesar's 
 career. But the blot was not personally upon 
 Csesar, but upon the age in which he lived. 
 The great Pomponius Atticus himself was a 
 dealer in human chattels. That prisoners of 
 war should be sold as slaves was the law of the 
 time, accepted alike by victors and vanquished ; 
 and the crowds of libertini who assisted at 
 Caesar's funeral proved that he was not regarded 
 as the enemy of these unfortunates, but as their 
 special friend. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 18. 
 
 609. BLUNDER by Inattention. Goldsmith. 
 Lord Clare and the Duke of Northumberland 
 had houses next to each other, of similar archi- 
 tecture. Returning home one morning from an 
 early walk. Goldsmith, in one of his frequent 
 fits of absence, mistook the house, and walked 
 up into the duke's dining-room, where he and 
 the duchess were about to sit down to breakfast. 
 Goldsmith, still supposing himself in the house 
 of Lord Clare, and that they were visitors, made 
 them an easy salutation, being acquainted with 
 them, and threw himself on a sofa in the loung- 
 ing manner of a man perfectly at home. The 
 duke and duchess soon perceived his mistake, 
 and, while they smiled internally, endeavored, 
 with the considerateness of well-bred people, to 
 prevent any awkward embarrassment. — Irv- 
 ing's Goldsmith, ch. 30. 
 
 610. BOARD, Prayers exchanged for. Napoleon 
 I. The French emigrant priests were quite a 
 burden on the convents of Italy, where they 
 had taken refuge [from Jacobin fury], and the 
 Italian priests were quite ready, upon the arrival 
 of the French army, to drive them away, on the 
 pretext that by harboring the emigrants they 
 should draw upon themselves the vengeance of 
 the Republican army. Napoleon issued a decree 
 commanding the convents to . . . furnish them 
 everything necessary for their support and com- 
 fort. In . . .a vein of latent humor, he en- 
 joined that the French priests should make re- 
 muneration for this hospitality in prayers and 
 masses at the regular market-price. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 7. 
 
 611. BOASTING of Pride. Bajazet I. In the 
 battle of Nicopolis, Bajazet [the Turk] defeated a 
 confederate army of a hundred thousand Chris- 
 tians, who had proudly boasted that if the 
 sky should fall, they could uphold it on their 
 lances. The far greater part were slain or driven 
 into the Danube ; and Sigismond, escaping to 
 Constantinople by the river and the Black Sea, 
 returned after a long circuit to his exhausted 
 kingdom. In the pride of victory, Bajazet threat- 
 ened that he would besiege Buda ; that he 
 would subdue the adjacent countries of Ger- 
 many and Italy ; and that he would feed his 
 horse with a bushel of oats on the altar of St. 
 Peter at Rome. His progress was checked, not 
 by the miraculous interposition of the apostle, 
 not by a crusade of the Christian powers, but by 
 a long and painful fit of the gout. The disorders 
 of the moral are sometimes corrected by those 
 
 of the physical world ; and an acrimonious 
 humor falling on a single fibre of one man may 
 prevent or suspend the misery of nations. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51. 
 
 612. BOASTING, Ridiculous. Inventor. Once, 
 when checking my boasting too frequently of 
 myself in company, he said to me : "Boswell, 
 you often vaunt so much as to provoke ridicule. 
 You put me in mind of a man who was standing 
 in the kitchen of an inn with his back to the fire, 
 and thus accosted the person next him : ' Do you 
 know, sir, who I am ? ' ' No, sir,' said the other, 
 ' I have not that advantage.' ' Sir,' said he, ' I 
 am the great Twalmley, who invented the New 
 Floodgate Iron.' " [Note.] It was neither more 
 nor less than a kind of box-iron for smoothing 
 linen. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 613. BOASTING, Senseless. New York. a.d. 
 1765. "I will cram the stamps down their 
 throats with the end of my sword," cried the 
 braggart James, major of artillery, as he busied 
 himself with bringing into the fort more field- 
 pieces, as well as powder, shot, and shells. " If 
 they attempt to rise, I," he gave out, " will drive 
 them all out of town for a pack of rascals, with 
 four and twenty men." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 5, ch. 17. 
 
 614. BOASTING, Vain. Perdans. The Mir- 
 ranes of Persia advanced, with 40,000 of her best 
 troops, to raze the fortifications of Dara, and 
 signified the day and the hour on which the 
 citizens should prepare a bath for his refresh- 
 ment, after the toils of victory. He encountered 
 an adversary equal to himself, by the new title 
 of General of the East ; his superior in the 
 science of war, but much inferior in the number 
 and quality of his troops, which amounted only 
 to 25,000 Romans and strangers relaxed in their 
 discipline, and humbled by recent disasters. 
 On the level plain of Dara the standard of Persia 
 fell ; the immortals fled, the infantry threw away 
 their bucklers, and 8000 of the vanquished fell 
 before the Roman swords [under Belisarius] oa 
 the field of battle. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 615. BODY, Crippled. Timour the Tartar. 
 The fame of Timour has pervaded the East and 
 West — his posterity is still invested with the im- 
 perial title — and the admiration of his subjects, 
 who revered him almost as a deity, may be jus- 
 tified in some degree by the praise or confession 
 of his bitterest enemies. Although he was lame 
 of a hand and foot, his form and stature were 
 not unworthy of his rank ; and his vigorous 
 health, so essential to himself and to the world, 
 was corroborated by temperance and exercise.— 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65. 
 
 616. BODY, Perfect. American Indians. How 
 rare is it to find the red-man squint-eyed, oi 
 with a diseased spine, halt or blind, or with any 
 deficiency or excess in the organs ! . . . The 
 most refined nation is most liable to produce 
 varieties, and to degenerate. — Bancroft's Hist. 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 617. BOLDNESS, Verbal. Goldsmith. Gold- 
 smith one day brought to the club a printed 
 ode, which he, with others, had been hearing 
 read by its author in a public room, at the rate 
 of five shillings each for admission. One of the 
 company having read it aloud, Dr. Johnson 
 said : " Bolder words and more timorous mean- 
 
74 
 
 BOMBAST— BOOKS. 
 
 ing, I think, never were brought together." — 
 Boswsll's Johnson, p. 433. 
 
 618. BOMBAST rebuked. "Jupiter." Mene- 
 crates, the physician, having succeeded in some 
 desperate cases, got the surname of Jupiter. 
 And he was so vain of the appellation, that he 
 made use of it in a letter to the king. "Mene- 
 crates Jupiter to King Agesilaus, health." His 
 answer began thus : ' ' King Agesilaus to Mene- 
 crates, his senses." — Plutarch. 
 
 619. BOMBAST, Ridiculous. James I. [James 
 told his disobedient Parliament :] My integrity is 
 like the whiteness of my robe, my purity like the 
 metal of gold in my crown, my firmness and 
 clearness like the precious stones I wear, and 
 my affections natural, like the redness of my 
 heart. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 23, p. 364. 
 
 620. BONDS inflated. Louis XIV. The king 
 wished to give one more of his grand festivals at 
 Versailles, and ordered his Minister of Finance 
 to provide the money — 4,000,000 francs. The 
 treasury was empty, and the credit of the gov- 
 ernment was gone. A royal bond of 100 francs 
 was worth 35 francs. One day when the minis- 
 ter was pacing his antechamber, considering how 
 he should raise the sum required, he perceived, 
 through an open door, two of his servants look- 
 ing over the papers on his desk. An idea darted 
 into his mind. He drew up the scheme of a 
 grand lottery, which he pretended was designed 
 to pay off a certain description of bonds. This 
 scheme, half written out, he left upon his desk, 
 and remained absent for a considerable time. His 
 two lackeys were, as he supposed, employed by 
 stock-jobbers to discover the intentions of the 
 government with regard to the issue and redemp- 
 tion of its bonds. They did their work, and at 
 once the bonds began to rise in price, and went 
 up in a few days from thirty-five to eighty-five. 
 When they had reached the price last named, and 
 were in active demand, the minister issued and 
 slipped upon the market new bonds enough to 
 furnish him with the needful 4,000,000 francs. 
 The trick was soon- discovered, and the bonds 
 dropped to twenty -eight. — Cyclopedia of Biog. 
 p. 465. 
 
 621. BOOK, A great Gift. Petrarch. [The 
 first of Latin scholars in his day.] The mani- 
 fold avocations of Petrarch, love and friendship, 
 his various correspondence and frequent jour- 
 neys, the Roman laurel, and his elaborate com- 
 positions in prose and verse, in Latin and Ital- 
 ian, diverted him from a foreign idiom ; and as 
 he advanced in life, the attainment of the Greek 
 language was the object of his wishes rather than 
 of his hopes. When he was about fifty years of 
 age, a Byzantine ambassador, his friend, and a 
 master of both tongues, presented him with a 
 copy of Homer ; and the answer of Petrarch is 
 at once expressive of his eloquence, gratitude, 
 and regret. After celebrating the generosity of 
 the donor, and the value of a gift more precious 
 in his estimation than gold or rubies, he thus 
 proceeds : " Your present of the genuine and 
 original text of the divine poet, the fountain of 
 all invention, is worthy of yourself and Of me ; 
 you have fulfilled your promise, and satisfied my 
 desires. Yet your liberality is still imperfect ; 
 with Homer you should have given me yourself 
 — a guide who could lead me into the fields of 
 light, and disclose to my wondering eyes the 
 
 specious miracles of the Iliad and Odyssey. But, 
 alas ! Homer is dumb, or I am deaf ; nor is it in 
 my power to enjoy the beauty which I possess. 
 I have seated him by the side of Plato, the prince 
 of poets near the prince of philosophers ; and I 
 glory in the sight of my illustrious guests. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 66. 
 
 622. BOOK, Undelivered. Samuel Johnson. He 
 this year resumed his scheme of giving an edition 
 of Shakespeare with notes. He issued proposals 
 of considerable length, . . . but his indolence 
 prevented him from pursuing it with that dili- 
 gence which alone can collect those scattered 
 facts, that genius, however acute, penetrating, 
 and luminous, cannot discover by its own force. 
 . . . Yet nine years elapsed before it saw the 
 light. His throes in bringing it forth had been 
 severe and remittent ; and at last we may almost 
 conclude that the Caesarean operation was per- 
 formed by the knife of Churchill, whose upbraid- 
 ing satire, I dare say, made Johnson's friends 
 urge him to despatch. 
 
 " He for subscribers baits his hook. 
 And takes your cash ; but where's the book ? 
 No matter where ; wise fear, you know. 
 Forbids the robbing of a foe ; 
 But what, to serve our private ends. 
 Forbids the cheating of our friends ?" 
 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 85. 
 
 623. BOOKS burned. By Hangman. [Dur- 
 ing the reign of James II. and William III.] se- 
 ditious, treasonable, and unlicensed books and 
 pamphlets [were burned by the hangman at 
 Charing Cross, by order of Parliament]. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 10, p. 158. 
 
 624. BOOKS, Dearth of. England. An es- 
 quire passed among his neighbors for a great 
 scholar if Hudibras and Baker's Chronicle, Tarl- 
 ton's Jests and the Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom lay in his hall window among the fishing- 
 rods and fowling-pieces. No circulating library, 
 no book society then existed even in the capital ; 
 but in the capital those students who could not 
 afford to purchase largely had a resource. The 
 shops of the great booksellers, near Saint Paul's 
 Churchyard, were crowded every day and all 
 day long with readers, and a known customer 
 was often permitted to carry a volume home. 
 . , . As to the lady of the manor and her 
 daughters, their literary stores generally con- 
 sisted of a prayer-book and a receipt-book. . . . 
 But during the latter part of the seventeenth 
 century, the culture of the female mind seems 
 to have been almost entirely neglected. If a 
 damsel had the least smattering of literature, 
 she was regarded as a prodigy. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 625. BOOKS, Divine. Zendavesta. To the first 
 Zoroaster is attributed the composition of the 
 " Zendavesta," a collection of books which he 
 pretended, like the Roman Numa, to have re- 
 ceived from heaven. These books he presented 
 to his sovereign Gustashp, the King of Bactriana; 
 and confirmed their authority, and his own di- 
 vine mission, by performing, as is said, some 
 very extraordinary miracles. Gustashp became 
 a convert, and abjured, along Avith the greater 
 part of his subjects, the worship of the stars, 
 represented by several idols, which was then the 
 prevalent religion of those countries, and was 
 
BOOKS— BOY, 
 
 75 
 
 termed Sabaism. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 11. 
 
 626. BOOKS, Enchanted by. Washington Ir- 
 •mng. From his eleventh year he was passionate- 
 ly fond of reading voyages and travels, a little 
 library of which was within his reach ; and he 
 used to secrete candles to enable him to read 
 these transporting works in bed. The perusal of 
 such books gave him a strong desire to go to sea, 
 and at fourteen he had almost made up his mind 
 to run away and be a sailor. But there was a 
 difficulty in the way. He had a particular aver- 
 sion to salt pork, which he endeavored to over- 
 come by eating it at every opportunity. He also 
 endeavored to accustom himself to a hard bed by 
 sleeping on the floor of his room. Fortunately 
 for the infant literature of his country, the pork 
 grew more disgusting instead of less, and the hard 
 floor became harder, until he gave up his pur- 
 pose of trying a sailor's life. — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 719. 
 
 627. BOOKS, Forbidden. Beign of Elizabeth. 
 "Whereas divers books," ran a royal proclama- 
 tion, "filled with heresy, sedition, and treason, 
 lave of late and be daily brought into the realm 
 out of foreign countries and places beyond seas, 
 and some also covertly printed within this realm 
 and cast abroad in sundry parts thereof, where- 
 "by not only God is dishonored but also encour- 
 agement is given to disobey lawful princes and 
 governors," any person possessing such books 
 
 ; "shall be reported and taken for a rebel, and 
 shall without delay be executed for that offence 
 
 \ according to the order of martial law." — Hist. 
 OF Eng. People, § 686. 
 
 628. BOOKS, Passion for. Dr. Harvey. [The 
 famous Dr. Harvey was attending physician to 
 Charles I. During the fight at Edgehill, at the 
 commencement of the Revolution, he withdrew 
 under a hedge, took a book out of his pocket 
 and began to read ; but he had not read long be- 
 fore a bullet grazed the ground near him, and 
 ■caused him to remove.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 1, p. 6. 
 
 629. BOOKS, Publication of. Restricted. [In 
 , 1662] the number of master printers in London 
 
 "was limited to twenty ; no books were allowed 
 to be printed out of London, except at the two 
 universities and at York ; and all unlicensed 
 books were to be seized, and the publisher pun- 
 ished with heavy penalties. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 17. 
 
 630. BOOKS rejected. By Publishers. Milton 
 could with difficulty find a publisher for his 
 " Paradise Lost ;" Crabbe's " Library" and other 
 poems were refused by Dodsley, Beckett, and 
 other London publishers, though Mr. Murray 
 many years after purchased the copyright of 
 them for £3000. Keats could only get a pub- 
 lisher by the aid of his friends. ..." Robinson 
 Orusoe " was refused by one publisher after an- 
 other, and at last sold to an obscure bookseller 
 for a trifle. . . . Bui wer's " Pelham" was at first 
 rejected. . . . The " Vestiges of Creation " was 
 repeatedly refused. Thackeray's " Vanity Fair " 
 was rejected by a magazine. "Mary Burton" 
 and " Jane Eyre" went the round of the trade. 
 Howard offered his "Book of the Seasons" to 
 successive publishers. . . . " Uncle Tom's Cabin " 
 could scarcely find a publisher in London. — 
 •Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 506. 
 
 631. BOOKS, BeUgious. Samuel Johnson. I 
 fell into an inattention to religion, or an indiffer- 
 ence about it, in my ninth year. The church at 
 Lichfield, in which we had a seat, wanted repa- 
 ration, so I was to go and find a seat in other 
 churches ; and having bad eyes, and being awk- 
 ward about this, I used to go and read in the 
 fields on Sunday. This habit continued till my 
 fourteenth year, and still I find a great reluc- 
 tance to go to church. I then became a sort of 
 lax talker against religion, for I did not much 
 think against it ; and this lasted till I went to Ox- 
 ford, where it would not be suffered. When at 
 Oxford I took up Law's " Serious Call to a Holy 
 Life," expecting to find it a dull book (as such 
 books generally are), and perhaps to laugh at it. 
 But I found Law quite an overmatch for me ; 
 and this was the first occasion of my thinking in 
 earnest of religion, after I became capable of 
 rational inquiry. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 13. 
 
 632. BOOKS, Scarcity of. Age of Charlemagne. 
 The low state of literature may be figured from 
 the extreme scarcity of books, the subjects on 
 which they were written, and the very high es- 
 timation which was put upon them by those 
 who possessed them. The gift of a trifling man- 
 uscript to a monastery of the life of a saint was 
 sufficient to entitle the donor to the perpetual 
 prayers of the brotherhood, and a mass to be cele- 
 brated forever for the salvation of his soul. A 
 complete copy of the sacred Scriptures given to 
 a city or State was esteemed a princely donation. 
 The reputation of learning was then acquired at 
 a very easy rate. Extracts from the different 
 works of the Fathers literally transcribed, and 
 often patched together without order or connec- 
 tion, compose the valuable works of those lumi- 
 naries and instructors of the age ; nothing was 
 more common than those commentaries, called 
 " Catenae," which were illustrations of some of 
 the books of Scripture, by borrowing sentences 
 successively from half a dozen of the Fathers, 
 making each to illustrate a verse in his turn. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3. 
 
 633. BOOTY, Division of. Tr(^anWar. The 
 troops had no regular pay ; they served at their 
 own charges alone. The levies were made by a 
 general law obliging each family to furnish a 
 soldier, under a certain penalty. The only rec- 
 ompense for the service of individuals was their 
 rated share of the booty, for none were al- 
 lowed to plunder for themselves ; everything was 
 brought into a common stock, and the division 
 was made by the chiefs, who had a larger pro- 
 portion for their share. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 1, ch. 8. 
 
 634. BOY, An enchanted. David Crockett. [At 
 Baltimore he saw a ship for the first time.] As 
 he stood on the dock, gazing at the ship with open 
 eyes and mouth, bewildered at the sight, one of 
 the sailors accosted him and asked him if he 
 would not like to go to Liverpool. Forgetting 
 his engagement with the wagoner, he joyfully 
 consented, and rushed off to the wagon to get 
 his clothes, although ten minutes before he did 
 not know that there was such a thing as a ship 
 in the world. The wagoner positively refused 
 to let him go. Watching his chance, however, 
 he bundled up his clothes and started for the 
 wharf ; but it so chanced that, in turning the cor- 
 ner of a crowded street, he came full upon his 
 
76 
 
 BOY— BRAVERY. 
 
 master, who collared him and brought him back. 
 —Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 664. 
 
 635. BOY, A precocious. Themistocles. [The- 
 mistocles, the prudent general,] when a boy, 
 was full of spirit and fire, quick of appre- 
 hension, naturally inclined to bold attempts, and 
 likely to make a great statesman. His hours of 
 leisure and vacation he spent, not, like other boys, 
 in idleness and play ; but he was always invent- 
 ing and composing declamations, the subjects of 
 which were either the impeachment or defence 
 of some of his school-fellows ; so that his master 
 would often say: "Boy, you will be nothing 
 common or indifferent ; you will either be a 
 blessing or a curse to the community." — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 036. . The New England Courant. 
 
 A.D. 1721. Benjamin [Frankhn] ... a boy of 
 fifteen who wrote pieces for its humble columns, 
 worked in composing the types, as well as in 
 printing off the sheets, and himself, as car- 
 rier, distributed the papers to customers. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 637. BOY, A reformed. David Crockett. [He 
 ran away from home, and after two years' ab- 
 sence he returned on a winter eve. He had a 
 joyful welcome.] He now set at work in earnest 
 to assist his old father, to whom he had not given 
 much help or comfort hitherto. By six months' 
 hard work he paid one of his father's debts, 
 which had caused the old man much anxiety. 
 Then he worked six months more to cancel a 
 note of $30 which his father had given, and 
 brought it to his father as a present. Next he 
 went to work for sundry other months, until he 
 had provided himself with a supply of decent 
 clothes. He was now nearly twenty years of age, 
 and being much mortified with his inability to 
 read or write, he made a bargain with a Quaker 
 schoolmaster, agreeing to work two days on the 
 Quaker's farm for every three that he attended 
 his school. He picked up knowledge rapidly, 
 and after six months of this arrangement he 
 could read, write, and cipher sufiiciently well for 
 the ordinary purposes of life on the frontier. — 
 Cyclopedia op Biog. , p. 665. 
 
 63§. BOY, Runaway. Benjamin Franklin. 
 A. D. 1 723. Vexed with the arbitrary proceedings 
 of the [Massachusetts] assembly [which required 
 his brother's paper to be supervised] . . . indig- 
 nant also at the tyranny of a brother who, as a 
 passionate master, often beat his apprentice . . . 
 but seventeen years old, sailed clandestinely for 
 New York ; and, finding there no employment, 
 crossed to Amboy ; went on foot to the Dela- 
 ware ; for want of a wind rowed in a boat from 
 Burlington to Philadelphia ; and bearing the 
 marks of his labor at the oar, weary, hungry, 
 having ... a single dollar . . . the nmaway 
 apprentice — greatest of the sons of New England 
 of that generation . . . stepped on shore to seek 
 food, occupation, shelter, and fortune. — Ban- 
 cropt's XJ. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 639. BOY, A " scientific." Bobert Stephenson. 
 Occasionally Robert experimented . . . upon 
 the cows in Wigham's enclosure, which he elec- 
 trified by means of his electric kite, making them 
 run about the field with their tails on end. — 
 Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 57. 
 
 640. BOYHOOD, Dull. Oliver Goldsmith. Ol- 
 iver's education began when he was about 
 
 three years old — that is to say, he was g'athered 
 under the wings of one of those good old motner- 
 ly dames, found in every village, who cluck 
 together the whole callow brood of the neighbor- 
 hood, to teach them their letters and keep them 
 out of harm's way. . . . Apparently he did not 
 much profit by it, for she confessed he was one 
 of the dullest boys she had ever dealt with, in- 
 somuch that she had sometimes doubted whether 
 it was possible to make anything of him : a 
 common case with imaginative children, who 
 are apt to be beguiled from the dry abstraction* 
 of elementary study by the picturings of the 
 fancy. — Irving's Goldsmith, p. 15. 
 
 641. BOYHOOD, Humble. Pizarro. In for- 
 mer times the farmers of Spain let their pigs, 
 roam in large droves in the forests, attended by 
 a boy, who kept them from wandering too far, 
 and drove them at night to an enclosure near 
 home. Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, was one 
 of these pig-tenders when Columbus discovered 
 America in 1492. He was then seventeen year* 
 of age — a rude, tough, wilful lad, ignorant of 
 everything except the manners and customs of 
 the animals he drove. To his dying day he 
 could not write his name or read a sentence. . . . 
 Here was a strange piece of timber to make a 
 conqueror of — a swineherd, an illegitimate son, 
 ignorant, living in a secluded region, and re- 
 garded by his own father as the meanest of his 
 servants. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 323. 
 
 642. BOYHOOD, Ingenuity in. Sir Isaac New- 
 ton. His favorite playthings were little saws, 
 hammers, chisels, and hatchets, with which he 
 made many curious and ingenious machines. 
 There was a windmill in course of erection near 
 his home. He watched the workmen with the 
 greatest interest, and constructed a small model 
 of the mill, which, one of his friends said, was 
 " as clean and curious a piece of workmanship 
 as the original." He was dissatisfied, however, 
 with his mill, because it would not work when 
 there was no wind ; and therefore he added to 
 it a contrivance by which it could be kept in 
 motion by a mouse. He made a water-clock, 
 the motive-power of which was the dropping of 
 water on a wheel. ... He constructed also a 
 four-wheeled carriage, propelled by the person 
 sitting in it. To amuse his schoolfellows, he 
 made very ingenious kites, to the tails of which 
 he attached lanterns of crimpled paper, which, 
 being lighted by a candle, and sent up in the 
 evening, alarmed the rustics of the parish. Ob- 
 serving the shadows of the sun, he marked the 
 hours and half hours by driving in pegs on the 
 side of the house, and at length perfected the 
 sun-dial which is still shown. — Parton's New- 
 ton, p. 75. 
 
 643. BRAVERY in Battle. Persians. [When 
 the Romans besieged and captured Petra they 
 were met by valiant men.] Of the Persian gar- 
 rison, 700 perished in the siege, 2300 survived to 
 defend the breach. One thousand and seventy 
 were destroyed with fire and sword in the last 
 assault ; and if 730 were made prisoners, only 18 
 among them were found without the marks 
 of honorable wounds. The remaining 500 es- 
 caped into the citadel, which they maintained 
 without any hopes of relief, rejecting the fairest 
 terms of capitulation and service, till they were 
 lost in the flames. They died in obedience to the 
 
BRAVERY. 
 
 7t 
 
 <x)mmands of their prince. 
 cli. 42. 
 
 Gibbon's Rome, 
 
 644. . 20,000 against 400,000. 
 
 (When the french and Venetian crusaders had 
 taken the suburbs of Constantinople, their zeal 
 was fired for greater heroism.] By these daring 
 Achievements, a remnant of 20,000 Latins solicit- 
 ed the license of besieging a capital which con- 
 tained above 400,000 inhabitants, able, though 
 not willing, to bear arms in defence of their coun- 
 try. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 60. 
 
 645. BEAVEEY, Brilliant. PaulJones. [At 
 "Whitehaven the harbor contained 300 vessels.] 
 At daybreak, with two boats and thirty-one 
 men, he landed on a wharf of the town, pro- 
 vided with a lantern and two tar-barrels. He 
 went alone to a fort defending the town, and, 
 finding it deserted, climbed over the wall, and 
 spiked every gun, without alarming the gar- 
 rison, who were all asleep in the guard-house 
 near by. Then he surrounded the guard-house, 
 and took every man prisoner. Next, he sprang 
 into the only other fort remaining, and spiked 
 its guns. All this, which was the work of ten 
 minutes, was accomplished without noise and 
 without resistance. The ships being then at 
 his mercy, he made a bonfire in the steerage of 
 one of them, which blazed up through the 
 hatchway, while Jones and his men stood by, 
 pistol in hand, to keep off the people, whom the 
 flames had alarmed, and who now came run- 
 ning down to the shore in hundreds. To the 
 forts ! was the cry. But the forts were harm- 
 less. When the fire had made such headway 
 that the destruction of the whole fleet seemed 
 certain. Captain Jones gave the order to embark. 
 He was the last to take his place in the boat. 
 He moved off leisurely from the shore, and re- 
 gained his ship without the loss of a man. The 
 people, however, succeeded in confining the fire 
 to two or three ships. But the whole coast was 
 panic-stricken. Every able-bodied man joined 
 the companies of patrolmen. It was many a 
 month before the inhabitants of that shore went 
 to sleep at night without a certain dread of Paul 
 Jones. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 335. 
 
 646. BRAVERY in Death, Colonel Frank Mc- 
 Cullough. [This Confederate guerrilla was capt- 
 ured in Missouri by the Union army.] A court- 
 martial was held, and he was sentenced to be 
 shot. . . . He received the information of his fate 
 with perfect composure, but protested against it. 
 Leaning against the fence, he wrote a few lines 
 to his wife. These, with his watch, he delivered 
 to the officer to be given to her. Upon the way 
 to his execution, he requested the privilege to 
 ^ve the command to fire, which was granted. 
 All being ready, he said : " What I have done, 
 I have done as a principle of right. Aim at the 
 heart. Fire !" — Pollard's Second Year of 
 THE War, ch. 6, p. 173. 
 
 647. BRAVERY, Example of. Napoleon I. 
 
 !In the terrible reverses which followed Napo- 
 eon, he met the Allies at Arcis.] A live shell 
 having fallen in front of one of his young bat- 
 talions, which recoiled and wavered in expecta- 
 tion of an explosion. Napoleon, to reassure them, 
 spurred his charger toward the instrument of de- 
 struction, made him smell the burning match, 
 waited unshaken for the explosion, and was 
 blown up. Rolling in the dust with his mutilated 
 
 steed, and rising without a wound amid the plau- 
 dits of his soldiers, he calmly called for another 
 horse, and continued to brave the grape-shot, and 
 to fly into the thickest of the battle. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 20. 
 
 64§. BRAVERY, Exploit of. Bridge of Lodi. 
 A.D. 1796. Lannes was the first to cross, and 
 Napoleon the second. Lannes, in utter reck- 
 lessness and desperation, spurred his maddened 
 horse into the very midst of the Austrian ranks, 
 an4 grasped a banner. At that moment his horse 
 fell dead bendath him, and half a dozen swords 
 glittered above his head. With herculean 
 strength and agility, he extricated himself from 
 the fallen steed, leaped upon the horse of an 
 Austrian officer behind the rider, plunged his 
 sword through the body of the officer, and hurled 
 him from his saddle ; taking his seat he fought 
 his way back to his followers, having slain in 
 the melee six of the Austrians with his own 
 hand. . . . Napoleon promoted Lannes on the 
 spot. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 649. BRAVERY, Fearless. William II. In 
 1099 William was hunting in the New Forest, 
 when he received a message that Helie had de- 
 feated the Normans and surprised the city of 
 Mans. Without drawing bit he galloped to the 
 coast, and jumped into a vessel lying at anchor. 
 The day was stormy, and the sailors were unwill- 
 ing to embark. " Sail instantly !" cried the bold 
 man ; "kings are never drowned." . . . He was 
 soon at the head of his troops. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 16, p. 230. 
 
 650. . Colonel Moultrie, a.d. 1776. 
 
 [The British, under Admiral Lord Howe, were 
 preparing to bombard the battery on Sullivan's 
 Island in Charleston harbor, afterward called 
 Fort Moultrie. Ten guns against one.] Captain 
 Lemprier [said to the commander :] " Well, col- 
 onel, what do you think of it now ?" " We shall 
 l?eat them," said Moultrie. " The men-of-war," 
 rejoined the captain, "will knock your fort 
 down in half an hour." " Then," said Moultrie, 
 " we will lie behind the ruins and prevent their 
 men from landing." [He drove the British 
 away with a loss of only eleven men.] — Ban- 
 croft's U. S. , vol. 8, ch. 66. 
 
 651. BRAVERY, Heroic. Robert Demreux. 
 [At the taking of Cadiz by the English in 1596, 
 for a time the result seemed doubtful ; but at the 
 critical moment the Earl of Essex threw his own 
 standard over the wall. To save the honor of 
 the ensign, each soldier tried to be first in follow- 
 ing it by leaping down from the wall, sword in 
 hand. The town was taken by their valor.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 266. 
 
 652. . Richard Grenville. [In 1593 
 
 Vice- Admiral Richard Grenville, with great odds 
 against him, fought the Indian fleet of Spain from 
 three in the afternoon to daybreak the next 
 morning. He] was three times wounded during 
 the action, in which he again and again repulsed 
 the enemy, who constantly assailed him with 
 fresh vessels. At length the good ship lay upon 
 the waters like a log. Her captain proposed t« 
 blow her up rather than surrender ; but the ma- 
 jority of the crew compelled him to yield him- 
 self a prisoner. He died in a few days, and his 
 last Words were : "Here die I, Richard Gren- 
 ville, with a joyful and quiet mind; for that 
 
78 
 
 BRAVERY— BRIBERY. 
 
 I have ended my life as a true soldier ought to 
 do, fighting for his country, queen, religion, and 
 honor." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 261. 
 
 653. BRAVERY, Pre-eminence by. Joan of 
 Arc. Joan of Arc, " an enthusiast herself, she 
 filled a dispirited soldiery and a despairing peo- 
 ple with enthusiasm. The great secret of her 
 success was the boldness of her attacks, when 
 military science reposed upon its cautious strat- 
 egy." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 6, p. 87. 
 
 654. BRAVERY, Query of. LacedcBmonians. 
 lii was remarked by] one of their ancient kings : 
 ' ' The Lacedaemonians seldom inquired the num- 
 ber of their enemies, but the place where they 
 could be found." — Plutarch's Cleomenes. 
 
 655. BRAVERY rewarded. Paradise. [Dur- 
 ing a fierce battle with the Khoreishites] Ma- 
 homet was seized with a sudden fainting which 
 deprived him of his senses. He soon recovered 
 from the swoon with a face all radiant with hope. 
 " I have seen the Spirit of God," said he, "with 
 his war-horse behind him. He was preparing to 
 combat on our side. Whoever shall have fought 
 brately to-day and died of wounds received in 
 front will enjoy Paradise." — Lamartine's Tur- 
 key, p. 108. 
 
 656. BRAVERY, Youthfol. Eeign of James 
 II. One of the proscribed Covenanters, over- 
 come by sickness, had found shelter in the 
 house of a respectable widow, and had died 
 there. The corpse was discovered by the laird 
 of Westerhall, a petty tyrant. . . . This man 
 pulled down the house of the poor woman, car- 
 ried away her furniture, and, leaving her and 
 her younger children to wander in the fields, 
 dragged her son Andrew, who was still a lad, 
 before Claverhouse, who happened to be march- 
 ing through that part of the country. Claver- 
 house was that day strangely lenient. . . But Wes- 
 terhall was eager to signalize his loyalty, and ex- 
 torted a sullen consent. The guns were loaded, 
 and the youth was told to pull his bonnet over 
 his face. He refused, and stood confronting his 
 murderers with the Bible in his hand. " I can 
 look you in the face," he said ; "I have done 
 nothing of which I need be ashamed. But how 
 ■will you look in that day when you shall be 
 judged by what is written in this book ?" He 
 fell dead, and was buried in the moor. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 4. 
 
 657. BREAD, Public Provision of. Bomans. 
 [During the decline of the Roman Empire,] for 
 the convenience of the lazy plebeians, the 
 monthly distributions of corn were converted 
 into a daily allowance of bread ; a great number 
 of ovens were constructed and maintained at the 
 public expense ; and at the appointed hour each 
 citizen, who was furnished with a ticket, as- 
 cended the flight of steps, which had been as- 
 signed to his peculiar quarter or division, and 
 received, either as a gift or at a very low price, 
 a loaf of bread of the weight of three pounds, 
 for the use of his family. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 31. 
 
 65§. BREAB Question, The. Precedence to. 
 [During the French Revolution hundreds of 
 market-women, attended by an armed mob of 
 men, went to Versailles, to demand bread of the 
 National Assembly, there being a great destitu- 
 tion in Paris. They entered the hall.] There 
 
 was a discussion upon the criminal laws. A fish- 
 woman cried out, " Stop that babbler ; that is 
 not the question ; the question is about bread." 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 9, p. 179. 
 
 659. BREVITY, Famous. Julius Cmar. In 
 the account he gave Amintius, one of his friends 
 in Rome, of the rapidity and despatch with 
 which he gained his victory, he made use only 
 of three words, " I came, I saw, I conquered." 
 Their having all the same form and terminatioa 
 in the Roman language adds grace to their con- 
 ciseness. — Plutarch's C^sar. 
 
 660. BRIBERY, Contemned. Sir Isaac New- 
 ton. The duties of his office were performed by 
 him [in the royal mint] with signal ability and pu- 
 rity. He was offered on one occasion a bonus of 
 £6000 for a contract for the coinage of the cop- 
 per money. Sir Isaac refused the offer on the 
 ground that it was a bribe in disguise. The 
 agent argued the matter with him without effect, 
 and said, at length, that the offer came from " a 
 great duchess." The philosopher roughly replied, 
 "I desire you to tell the lady that if she was 
 here herself, and had made me this offer, I would 
 have desired her to go out of my house ; and so 
 I desire you, or you shall be turned out." — Paiv 
 ton's Newton, p. 85. 
 
 661. BRIBERY in Court. For a HeaHng. 
 [The Magna Charta] put an end to that enor- 
 mous corruption by which justice was sold, not 
 by mere personal bribery of corrupt ministers 
 of the Crown, but by bribing the Crown through 
 their hands. The rolls of the Exchequer present 
 constant evidence of sums of money received by 
 the king to procure a hearing in his courts. — 
 Knight, vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 349. 
 
 662. BRIBERY, Disguised. England. [Ve- 
 nality was never carried farther. Mr. Hallani 
 says :] " The sale of seats in Parliament, like any 
 other transferable property, is never mentioned 
 in any book that I remember to have seen of aa 
 earlier date than 1760." Bribery in the approved 
 form of selling a pair of jack-boots for 30 guin- 
 eas, and a pair of wash-leather breeches for £50, 
 was notorious enough to be laughed at by Foote. 
 Dr. Johnson held that " if he were a gentleman 
 of landed property, he would turn out all his ten- 
 ants who did not vote for the candidate whom 
 he supported." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 16, 
 p. 247. 
 
 663. BRIBERY, Legislative. £nQQOforaVote, 
 [In the Irish Parliament, in 1800, there was a 
 great contest in bribery. Lord Castlereagh 
 writes to the Duke of Portland :] We have un- 
 doubted proofs, though not such as we can dis- 
 close, that they are enabled to offer as high as. 
 £5000 for an individual vote, and I lament to 
 state that there are individuals remaining 
 among us that are likely to yield to this temp- 
 tation. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 21, p. 378. 
 
 664. . Commons. [In 1643 Ed- 
 mund Waller, once a famous poet and member 
 of Parliament, was arrested as a conspirator 
 in a plot to bring the king's troops into the 
 capital during the civil war. Aubrey says :] He 
 had much ado to save his life ; and in order 
 to do it sold his estate in Bedfordshire, worth 
 £1300 per annum, to Dr. Wright, for £10,000 
 (much under value), which was procured in 
 twenty-four hours' time, or else he had been 
 
BRIBERY. 
 
 79 
 
 hanged. With this money he bribed the House, 
 which was the first time a House of Commons 
 was ever bribed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 1. 
 
 665. . Scotch Parliament. [In 1712 
 
 Lord Oxford said] the Scotch lords were grown 
 so extravagant in their demands, that it was 
 high time to let them see they were not so 
 much wanted as they imagined, for they were 
 now come to expect a reward for every vote 
 they gave. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 24, 
 p. 380. 
 
 666. . Necessary. [In 1690] Sir 
 
 John Trevor, being a Tory in principle, under- 
 took to manage that party, provided he was fur- 
 nished with such sums of money as might pur- 
 chase some votes ; and by him began the practice 
 of buying off men. The king [William III.] 
 said he hated the practice as much as any man 
 could do ; but he saw it was not possible, consid- 
 ering the corruption of the age, to avoid it, un- 
 less he would endanger the whole. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 7, p. 102. 
 
 667. . DuTce of Newcastle. [The 
 
 Duke of Newcastle, one of the chief advisers of 
 George II. in 1747,] was the most adroit and ex- 
 perienced trafficker for seats in the House of 
 Commons. He bought boroughs with a profuse 
 employment of his own wealth, that made his 
 family power almost irresistible. He bought 
 members with the secret-service^tnoney. He 
 cajoled ; he promised ; and if wheedling and ly- 
 ing were in vain, he freely paid. This was New- 
 castle's peculiar talent. He hugged the dirty 
 work to his bosom as if it were the great glory 
 of his life. He would share with no man the 
 distinction of bribing for votes. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 178. 
 
 66§. BEIBERY of the Needy. For Emperor-. 
 
 fin 1519, when the electors of Germany voted 
 or an emperor in place of Maximilian, de- 
 ceased, Henry VIII. of England, Francis I. 
 of France, and Charles of Spain were all ambi- 
 tious candidates for the vacant throne.] Each 
 of these monarchs had bribed the needy electoral 
 princes to an enormous extent. The skilful 
 management of Charles secured his unanimous 
 election. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 231. 
 669. BKIBEEY, Occasion for. Small Pay. 
 The comptroller of the mint [who was a priest] 
 was usually a jobber of the rankest character. 
 And all the civil-ofiicers were underpaid in their 
 salaries. They all looked to grants and leases 
 for their reward ; and they all lived upon some- 
 thing even better than expectancy, for they all 
 were bribed. The secondary oflaces were openly 
 bought. There was small pay, but large pecu- 
 lation. It was in vain that Latimer cried out to 
 the young King Edward, " Such as be meet to 
 bear office, seek them out ; hire them ; give them 
 competent and liberal fees, that they shall not 
 need to take any bribes." . . , The high places 
 of the law were those in which the bribe was 
 most regularly administered. When Bacon fell 
 in the next half century, for receiving bribes, he 
 followed the most approved precedents, accord- 
 ing to which chancellors and chief -justices be- 
 fore him maintained their state and ennobled 
 their posterity. . . . The bribery of juries was 
 so common, that a man-killer with rich friends 
 could escape for a crown properly administered 
 to each quest-monger ; for so the vendor of a 
 
 verdict was called, [a.d. 1547.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 28, p. 462, 
 
 670. BEIBERY, Papal. Alexander VI. Ap 
 plication was made to the Pope for a divorce [of 
 Charles XII. from Jeanne his wife] ; and Alex- 
 ander, who was not a man to hesitate at any in- 
 famy, provided he obtained his price, readily 
 agreed to pronounce the desired sentence in re- 
 turn for certain honors and rewards to be con- 
 ferred upon his son Caesar Borgia. — Students' 
 France, ch. 13, § 1, p. 283, 
 
 671. BEIBEEY, Perilous. Athenians. The sa- 
 cred war had now lasted about ten years ; and 
 every campaign had given a fresh acquisition of 
 power to the daring and the politic Macedonian. 
 The Athenians, finding no advantage on their 
 part, and heartily tired of hostilities, which gave 
 too much interruption to their favorite ease 
 and luxurious enjoyments, sent ambassadors to 
 Philip with instructions to negotiate a general 
 peace. But he bribed the ambassadors, spun 
 out the negotiations, and in the mean time pro- 
 ceeded in the most vigorous prosecution of the 
 war. This conduct might have opened the eyes 
 of the Athenians, had not their corrupted ora- 
 tors, the pensioners of Philip, labored assidu- 
 ously to foster their blind security, . , , Philip 
 poured down like a torrent and carried all be- 
 fore him. , . . Philip became the arbiter of 
 Greece. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, 
 
 672. BEIBEEY, Eeproach of. Demosthenes. 
 Harpalus had the charge of Alexander's treas- 
 ure in Babylon, and, flattering himself that he 
 would never return from his Indian expedition, 
 he gave into all manner of crimes and excesses. 
 At last, when he found that Alexander was 
 really returning, and that he took a severe ac- 
 count of such people as himself, he thought prop- 
 er to march off, with 5000 talents and 6000 men, 
 into Attica, [Note.] , . , As he applied to the 
 people of Athens for shelter, and desired protec- 
 tion . . . most of the orators had an eye upon the 
 gold, and supported his application with all their 
 interest. Demosthenes at first advised them to or- 
 der Harpalus off immediately, and to be particu- 
 larly careful not to involve the city in war again, 
 without any just or necessary cause. Yet a few 
 days after, when they were taking an account 
 of the treasure, Harpalus, perceiving that De- 
 mosthenes was mucli pleased with one of the 
 king's cups, and stood admiring the workman- 
 ship and fashion, desired him to take it in his. 
 hand, and feel the weight of the gold. Demos- 
 thenes being surprised at the weight, and asking 
 Harpalus how much it might bring, he smiled, 
 and said, "It will bring you twenty talents," 
 And as soon as it was night, he sent him the 
 cup with that sum. For Harpalus knew well 
 enough how to distinguish a man's passion for 
 gold by his pleasure at the sight and the keen 
 looks he cast upon it. Demosthenes could not re- 
 sist the temptation . , , he received the money , , , 
 and went over to the interest of Harpalus. Next 
 day he came into the assembly with a quantity 
 of wool and bandages about his neck ; and when 
 the people called upon him to get up and speak, 
 he made signs that he had lost his voice. Upoa 
 which some that were by said, " it was no com- 
 mon hoarseness that he got in the night ; it was 
 a hoarseness occasioned by swallowing gold and 
 silver." Afterward, when all the people were 
 
80 
 
 BRIBERY— BUILDING. 
 
 appraised of his taking the bribe, and he wanted 
 to speak in his own defence, they would not 
 suffer him, but raised a clamor, and expressed 
 their indignation. At the same time somebody 
 or other stood up and said sneeringly, "Will 
 you not listen to the man with the cup ?" — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 673. BRIBERY resented. SUphen A. Douglas. 
 His career in Congress presents a strange mixt- 
 ure of good and evil. I believe that he was 
 an incorruptible man, though no one ever had 
 more or better chances to gain money unlaw- 
 fully. Once when he was confined to his room 
 by an abscess, he was waited upon by a million- 
 aire, who offered to give him a deed for two 
 and a half million acres of land, now worth 
 $20,000,000, if he would merely give up a cer- 
 tain document. "I jumped for my crutches," 
 Douglas used to say in telling the story ; "he 
 ran from the room, and I gave him a parting 
 blow upon the head." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 200. 
 
 674. BRIBERY, Royal. Charles II. The long 
 prorogation of the Parliament in November, 
 1675, was a specific arrangement between 
 Charles [II.] and Louis [XIV.], for which the 
 tmworthy King of England received 500,000 
 crowns [from the King of France.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 20. 
 
 675. BRIBERY, Seeming. Bdgnof Charles II. 
 [Louis XIV. sent corruption money to England.] 
 The most upright member of the country party, 
 William, Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bed- 
 ford, did not scruple to concert with a foreign 
 mission schemes for embarrassing his own sover- 
 eign. This was the whole extent of Russell's 
 offence. His principles and his fortune alike 
 raised him above all temptations of a sordid 
 kind ; but there is too much reason to believe 
 that some of his associates were less scrupulous. 
 It would be unjust to impute to them the ex- 
 treme wickedness of taking bribes to injure their 
 country. On the contrary, they meant to serve 
 her ; but it is impossible to deny that they were 
 mean and indelicate enough to let a foreign 
 prince pay them for serving her. — Macaulay's 
 Ekg., ch. 2. 
 
 676. BRIBES rejected. Samuel Adams. 
 " Why," asked one of the English Tories of the 
 Tory governor of Massachusetts — "why hath 
 not Mr. Adams been taken off from his opposi- 
 tion by an olBce ? " To which the governor re- 
 plied : "Such is the obstinacy and inflexible 
 disposition of the man, that he never would be 
 conciliated by any office whatever." This was 
 indeed the truth. His daughter, who long sur- 
 vived him, and with whom living persons have 
 conversed, used to say that her father once 
 refused a pension from the British Govern- 
 ment of £2000 a year. Once, when a se- 
 cret messenger from General Gage threatened 
 him with a trial for treason if he persisted in 
 his opposition to the government, and promised 
 him honors and wealth if he would desist, 
 Adams rose to his feet, and gave him this an- 
 swer : " Sir, I trust I have long since made my 
 peace with the King of kings. No personal 
 consideration shall induce me to abandon the 
 righteous cause of my country. Tell Governor 
 Ckge it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him 
 
 no longer to insult the feelings of an exasper- 
 ated people." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 236. 
 
 677. BROTHERHOOD acknowledged. Ameri- 
 can Indians. They hold the bonds of brother- 
 hood so dear, that a brother commonly pays the 
 debt of a deceased brother, and assumes his re- 
 venge and his perils. There are no beggars 
 among them, no fatherless children unprovided 
 for. The families that dwell together, hunt to- 
 gether, roam together, fight together, constitute 
 a tribe. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 67§. BROTHERS, Division between. Romulus 
 and Remus. [In the founding of Rome the] two 
 brothers first differed about the place where 
 their new city was to be built, and referring the 
 matter to their grandfather, he advised them to 
 have it decided by augury. In this augury 
 Romulus imposed upon Remus ; and when the 
 former prevailed that the city should be built 
 upon Mount Palatine, the builders, being divided 
 into two companies, were no better than two 
 factions. At last, Remus, in contempt, leaped 
 over the work, and said, "Just so will the 
 enemy leap over it !" whereupon Celer gave him 
 a deadly blow, and answered, " In this manner 
 will our citizens repulse the enemy." Some 
 say that Romulus was so aflBicted at the death 
 of his brother, that he would have laid violent 
 hands upon himself if he had not been pre- 
 vented. — Plutarch's Romlxus. 
 
 679. BRUTALITY of Persecutors. Dr. Row- 
 land Taylor. [At the stake] he would hare 
 spoken to them, but the guard thrust a tip- 
 staff into his mouth. As they were piling the 
 fagots, a brutal man cast a fagot at him, which 
 wounded him so that the blood ran down his 
 face. "O friend," said he, "I have harm 
 enough ; what need that ?" Let us draw a veil 
 over his sufferings, and see only the poor wom- 
 an [his wife] who knelt at the stake to join in 
 his prayers, and would not be driven away. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 6. 
 
 680. BRUTES, Immortality of. Samuel John- 
 son. An essay, written by Mr. Deane, a divine 
 of the Church of England, maintaining the 
 future life of brutes, by an explication of cer- 
 tain parts of the Scriptures, was mentioned, and 
 the doctrine insisted on by a gentleman who 
 seemed fond of curious speculation. . . . When 
 the poor speculatist, with a serious metaphysi- 
 cal pensive face, addressed him, "But real- 
 ly, sir, when we see a very sensible dog, we 
 don't know what to think of him." Johnson, 
 rolling with joy at the thought which beamed 
 in his eye, turned quickly round, and replied, 
 ' ' True, sir ; and when we see a very foolish 
 fellow, we don't know what to think of him." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 155. 
 
 681. BUILDING, Colossal. Colosseum. The 
 amphitheatre of Titus, which so well deserved 
 the epithet of colossal, . . . was a building of an 
 elliptic figure, five hundred and sixty -four feet 
 in length, and four hundred and sixty-seven in 
 breadth, founded on fourscore arches, and rising, 
 with four successive orders of architecture, to the 
 height of one hundred and forty feet. The out- 
 side of the edifice was incrusted with marble, 
 and decorated with statues. The slopes of the 
 vast concave which formed the inside were filled 
 and surrounded with sixty or eighty rows of 
 
BUILDING— BURIAL. 
 
 81 
 
 seats of marble likewise, covered with cushions, 
 and capable of receiving with ease about four- 
 score thousand spectators. Sixty-four mmitories 
 (for by that name the doors were very aptly dis- 
 tinguished) poured forth the immense multitude ; 
 and the entrances, passages, and staircases were 
 contrived with such exquisite skill, that each 
 person, whether of the senatorial, the equestrian, 
 or the plebeian order,arrived at his destined place 
 without trouble or confusion. Nothing was 
 omitted which, in any respect, could be subser- 
 vient to the convenience and pleasure of the 
 spectators. They were protected from the sun 
 and rain by an ample canopy, occasionally 
 drawn over their heads. The air was continu- 
 ally refreshed by the playing of fountains, and 
 profusely impregnated by the grateful scent 
 of aromatics. In the centre of the edifice the 
 arena, or stage, was strewed with the finest sand, 
 and successively assumed the most different 
 forms. At one moment it seemed to rise out of 
 the earth, like the garden of the Hesperides, 
 and was afterward broken into the rocks and 
 caverns of Thrace. The subterraneous pipes 
 conveyed an inexhaustible supply of water ; and 
 what had just before appeared a level plain 
 might be suddenly converted into a wide lake 
 covered with armed vessels and replenished with 
 monsters of the deep. [Furniture of silver, and 
 of gold, and of amber.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 12. 
 
 6§2. BUILDING opposed. Reign of James II. 
 [During the Duke of 5lonmouth's rebellion in the 
 West] the commons authorized the king to raise 
 an extraordinary sum of £400,000 for his present 
 necessities. . . . The scheme of taxing houses 
 lately built in the capital was revived and strenu- 
 ously supported by the country gentlemen. It 
 was resolved, not only that such houses should 
 be taxed, but that a bill should be brought in pro- 
 hibiting the laying of any new foundations with- 
 in the bills of mortality. The resolution, how- 
 ever, was not carried into eif ect. Powerful men 
 who had land in the suburbs, and who hoped to 
 see new streets and squares rise on their estates, 
 exerted all their influence against the project. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 6§3. BUILDING, Ruined by. Marcus 
 Crassus observed how liable the city was to fires, 
 and how frequently houses fell down ; which 
 misfortunes were owing to the weight of the 
 buildings, and their standing so close together. 
 In consequence of this, he provided himself with 
 slaves who were carpenters and masons, and 
 went on collecting them until he had upward of 
 five hundred. Then he made it his business to 
 buy houses that were on fire, and others that 
 joined upon them ; and he commonly had them 
 at a low price, by reason of the fears and distress 
 the owners were in about the event. Hence, in 
 time, he became master of a great part of Rome. 
 But though he had so many workmen, he built 
 no more for himself than one house in which he 
 lived. For he used to say, "That those who 
 love building will soon ruin themselves, and 
 need no other enemies." — Plutarch's Crasscs. 
 
 684. BURIAL, Companions in. White Huns. 
 Gorgo, which, under the appellation of Carizme, 
 has since enjoyed a temporary splendor, was the 
 residence of the king, who exercised a legal 
 authority over an obedient people. . . . The only 
 
 vestige of their ancient barbarism was the cus- 
 tom which obliged all the companions, perhaps 
 to the number of twenty, who had shared the lib- 
 erality of a wealthy lord, to be buried alive in 
 the same grave. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 6§5. BURIAL questioned. CromtoelVs. They 
 give him a magnificent funeral in the old Abbey, 
 where they had buried Blake and the Protector's 
 mother. But when Charles Stuart returned, the 
 bodies were taken up and buried at Tyburn, 
 the head of Cromwell exposed over Westminster 
 Hall. The dastards and the fools ! But, after 
 all, it is not certain that the body buried in the 
 Abbey was his body. In a rare old volume we 
 have — one hundred and sixty years old — it is con- 
 fidently asserted, on the authority of the nurse 
 of Cromwell, that he was privately buried by 
 night in the Thames, in order to avert the in- 
 dignities which it was foreseen would be 
 wreaked on his body ; and this by his own direc- 
 tion. Other rumors assign another spot to hig 
 burial. Ah well ! it matters little. We know 
 where his work is, and how far that is buried. 
 We see him standing there, ushering in a new 
 race of English kings. — Hood's Cromwell, p. 
 227. 
 
 686. BURIAL, Respect by. Battlejkld. Nicias 
 happened to leave the bodies of two of his men, 
 who wei'e missed in carrying off the dead. But 
 as soon as he knew it, he stopped his course, and 
 sent a herald to the enemy, to ask leave to take 
 away those bodies. This he did, though there 
 was a law and custom subsisting by which 
 those who desire a treaty for carrying off the 
 dead give up the victory, and are not at liberty 
 to erect a trophy. And, indeed, those who are 
 so far masters of the field, that the enemy can- 
 not bury their dead without permission, appear 
 to be conquerors, because no man would ask 
 that as a favor which he could command. 
 Nicias, however, chose rather to lose his laurels 
 than to leave two of his countrymen unburied. 
 — Plutarch. 
 
 687. BURIAL, Secreted. Alaric. The fero- 
 cious character of the barbarians [who invaded 
 Italy] was displayed in the funeral of a hero 
 whose valor and fortune they celebrated with 
 mournful applause. By the labor of a captive 
 multitude, they forcibly diverted the course of 
 the Busentinus, a small river that washes the 
 walls of Consentia. The royal sepluchre, adorn- 
 ed with the splendid spoils and trophies of Rome, 
 was constructed in the vacant bed ; the waters 
 were then restored to their natural channel ; and 
 the secret spot where the remains of Alaric had 
 been deposited was forever concealed by the in- 
 human massacre of the prisoners who had been 
 employed to execute the work. — Gibbon'^ 
 Rome, ch. 33. 
 
 688. BURIAL, A Tyrant's. Attila. [He died 
 suddenly, from the bursting of an artery.] His 
 body was solemnly exposed in the midst of the 
 plain, under a silken pavilion ; and the chosen 
 squadrons of the Huns, wheeling round in meas- 
 ured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the 
 memory of a hero, glorious in his life, invincible 
 in his death, the father of his people, the scourge 
 of his enemies, and the terror of the world. Ac- 
 cording to their national custom, the barbarians 
 cut off a part of their hair, gashed their faces 
 with unseemly wounds, and bewailed their va- 
 
82 
 
 BUSINESS— CALMNESS. 
 
 liant leader as he deserved, not with the tears 
 of women, but with tlie blood of warriors. The 
 remains of Attila were enclosed within three 
 coffins — of gold, of silver, and of iron — and 
 privately buried in the night ; the spoils of na- 
 tions were thrown into his grave ; the captives 
 who had opened the ground were inhumanly 
 massacred ; and the same Huns, who had in- 
 dulged such excessive grief, feasted, with disso- 
 lute and intemperate mirth, about the recent 
 sepulchre of their king. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 35. 
 
 689. BUSINESS detested. James Watt. He 
 was timid and reserved ... he hated higgling, 
 and declared that he would rather "face a 
 loaded cannon than settle an account or make a 
 bargain." — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 33. 
 
 690. BUSINESS, Joys of. Chauncey Jerome. 
 [The famous brass clockmaker was made al- 
 most dizzy, early in his career,] by an order from 
 South Carolina for twelve clocks. When he 
 finished his clocks and was conveying them to 
 the appointed place in a farmer's wagon, he was 
 perfectly bewildered at the idea of having so im- 
 mense a sum as $144 all at once, and all his own. 
 He could not believe that such good fortune was 
 in store for him. He thought something would 
 be sure to happen to prevent his receiving the 
 money. But no ; his customer was ready, and 
 slowly counted out the sum in silver, and the 
 clockmaker took it with trembling hands, and 
 carried it home, dreading lest some robbers 
 might have heard of his vast wealth, and were 
 in ambush to rob and murder him. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG., p. 213. 
 
 691. BUSINESS, Nobility in. England. In an 
 age of loose morality among the higher classes, 
 Burnet writes, in 1708 : " As for the men of trade 
 and business, they are, generally speaking, the 
 best body in the nation — generous, sober, chari- 
 table." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 3, p. 41. 
 
 692. BUSINESS prevented. Boycotting. Bos- 
 ton Patriots, a.d. 1769. The people of Boston 
 . . . were impatient that a son of [Tory Govern- 
 or] Bernard, two sons of [Lieutenant-Governor] 
 Hutchinson, and about five others would not ac- 
 cede to the agreement [not to import tea while it 
 was taxed]. At a great public meeting of mer- 
 chants in Faneuil Hall, ... as the best means of 
 ■coercion it was voted not to purchase anything 
 of the recusants ; subscription papers to that ef- 
 fect were carried round from house to house, and 
 everybody complied. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, 
 ch. 42. 
 
 693. CALAMITIES combined. Reign of Charles 
 II. London suffered two great disasters, such 
 as never, in so short a time, befell one city. A 
 pestilence, surpassing in horror any that during 
 three centuries had visited the island, swept 
 away, in six months, more than a hundred thou- 
 sand human beings ; and scarcely had the dead- 
 cart ceased to go its rounds, when a fire, such as 
 had not been known in Europe since the confla- 
 ^ation of Rome under Nero, laid in ruins the 
 whole city, from the Tower to the Temple, and 
 from the river to the purlieus of Smithfleld. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 694. CALAMITIES desired. Pagans. After 
 the fall of Serapis [by the attack of the Chris- 
 tians, in which the dismembered image was drag- 
 
 ged through the streets of Alexandria] some 
 hopes were entertained by the pagans that the 
 indignation of the gods would be expressed by 
 the refusal of the Nile's annual inundation ; but 
 the waters began to swell with most unusual ra- 
 pidity. They now comforted themselves with the 
 thought that the same indignation was to be ex- 
 pressed by a deluge ; but were mortified to find 
 at last that the inundation brought with it no 
 other than its usual salutary and fertilizing ef- 
 fects. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 4. 
 
 695. CALAMITIES, Effect of. National. Eng- 
 land was now involved in a war both with France 
 and Holland. After several desperate but inde- 
 cisive engagements, England began to perceive 
 that this war promised nothing but expense and 
 bloodshed. A plague which was then raging in 
 London consumed above a hundred thousand of 
 its inhabitants ; a most dreadful fire, happening 
 almost at the same time, had reduced almost the 
 whole of the city to ashes ; and amid so many 
 calamities it was not wonderful that the warlike 
 ardor of the nation should be considerably abat- 
 ed. A negotiation was carried on at Breda, and a 
 peace was concluded between the belligerent 
 powers in 1667. By the treaty of Breda, New 
 York was secured to the English, the Isle of 
 Polerone, in the East Indies, to the Dutch, and 
 Acadia, in North America, to the French. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30. 
 
 696. CALENDAR corrected. Julius Qesar. 
 One remarkable and durable reform was under- 
 taken and carried through amid the jests of Cice- 
 ro and the other wits of the time — the revision 
 of the Roman calendar. The distribution of the 
 year had been governed hitherto by the motions 
 of the moon. The twelve annual moons had 
 fixed at twelve the number of the months, and 
 the number of days required to bring the lunar 
 year into correspondence with the solar had been 
 supplied by iiTegular intercalations, at the direc- 
 tion of the Sacred College. But the Sacred Col- 
 lege during the last distracted century had neg- 
 lected their office. The lunar year was no w si xty- 
 five days in advance of the sun. The so-called 
 winter was really the autumn, the spring the 
 winter. The summer solstice fell at the begin- 
 ning of the legal September. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 25. 
 
 697. . Pager Bacon. [The distin- 
 guished Franciscan monk.] He observed an er- 
 ror in the calendar with regard to the duration 
 of the solar year, which had been increasing from 
 the time that it was regulated by Julius Ca?sar. 
 He proposed a plan for the correction of this er- 
 ror to Pope Clement IV., and has treated of it 
 at large in the fourth book of his " Opus Ma jus." 
 Dr. Jebb, his editor and commentator, is of opin- 
 ion that this was one of the noblest discoveries 
 ever made by the human mind. In his optical 
 works he has very plainly described the construc- 
 tion and use of telescopic glasses, an invention 
 which Galileo, four hundred years afterward, at- 
 tributed to himself. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 16. 
 
 69§. CALMNESS, Christian. John Wesley. 
 [When the mob were pulling down the house of 
 his lay preacher, John Nelson, in the town of 
 Bristol, he and his companions approached it 
 singing hymns, and the mob fled before them.] 
 Some of his finest lyrics were composed during 
 
CALMNESS— CANON. 
 
 83 
 
 the tumults so frequently experienced. He 
 often recited and sometimes sung them among 
 the raging crowds. Four of them were written 
 " to be sung in a tumult," and one was ' ' a prayer 
 for the first martyr." — Stevens' Methodism, 
 vol. 1, p. 203. 
 
 699. CALMNESS of Discipline. Napoleon I. 
 [His enemies exploded a barrel of powder in the 
 streets of Paris, hoping to destroy him. But his 
 carriage had just passed it.] The carriage rock- 
 ed as on the billows of the sea, and the windows 
 were shattered to fragments. . , . "Ha!" said 
 he, with perfect composure, " we are blown up." 
 One of his companions, greatly terrified, thrust 
 iis head through the demolished window and 
 called loudly for the driver to stop. " No, no !" 
 said Napoleon; "drive on." . . . More than 
 tjiirty of these conspiracies were detected by the 
 police. — Abbott's NAPOLEOisr B., vol. 1, ch. 
 21. 
 
 700. CALMNESS, Exasperating. Socrates. The 
 populace, whom their demagogues had strongly 
 prejudiced against this great and good man, 
 were affected by his defence, and showed marks 
 of a favorable disposition ; when Anytus and 
 several others, men of high consideration in the 
 republic, now openly stood forth and joined the 
 party of his accusers. The weak and inconstant 
 rabble were drawn along by their influence, and 
 a majority of thirty suffrages declared Socrates 
 guilty. The punishment was still undetermined, 
 and he himself had the right of choosing it. ' ' It 
 is my choice," said he, " that since my past life 
 has been employed in the service of the public, 
 that public should for the future be at the charge 
 of my support." This tranquillity of mind, 
 which could sport with the danger of his situa- 
 tion, served only to exasperate his judges. — Tyt- 
 m:r's Hist., Book 2, ch. 2, p. 156. 
 
 701. CALUMNY, Instigated. Maximus Fa- 
 bius. [When he was defending the Romans 
 against the Carthaginian general.] Hannibal, 
 to incense the Romans against him, when he 
 came to his lands, ordered them to be spared, 
 and set a guard upon them to prevent the com- 
 mitting of the least injury there, while he was 
 ravaging all the country around him, and laying 
 it waste with fire. An account of these things 
 being brought to Rome, heavy complaints were 
 made thereupon. The tribunes alleged many 
 articles of accusation against him, before the 
 people. — Plutarch's Fabius. 
 
 702. CALUMNY, Opposition by. Charles Wes- 
 ley. Mobs destroyed the houses and injured 
 the persons of early Methodists in Cork. . . . 
 Twenty-eight depositions were presented to the 
 
 f^and jury at the assizes against these disgrace- 
 ul proceedings, but they were all thrown out, 
 and the jury made a " remarkable presentment," 
 which still stands on the city records, and which 
 ■declares that " we find and present Charles Wes- 
 ley to be a person of ill-fame, a vagabond, and a 
 ■common disturber of his Majesty's peace, and 
 we pray that he may be transported." — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 282. 
 
 703. CANDIDATE, A dead. Daniel Webster. 
 It is stated as a fact that many persons in Geor- 
 
 f'a, and including Robert Toombs and Alexander 
 . Stephens, showed their respect for the great 
 expounder of the Constitution by voting for him 
 
 after he was dead. — Norton's Life of Ste 
 PHENS, p. 12. 
 
 704. CANDIDATE, A dignified. Thomas Jef- 
 ferson. As Mr. Jefferson then held the office of 
 vice-president, he presided daily over the Senate, 
 and thus lived in the midst of the strife and in- 
 trigue. Coming out of the Senate chamber one 
 day, he was stopped by Gouverneur Morris, a 
 leader of the Federalists, who began to converse 
 with him on the alarming state of things around 
 them. "The reasons," said Morris, "why the 
 minority of the States are so opposed to your be- 
 ing elected is this : they apprehend that, first, 
 you will turn all Federalists out of office ; sec- 
 ondly, put down the navy ; thirdly, wipe off the 
 public debt. Now, you only need to declare, or 
 authorize your friends to declare, that you will 
 not take these steps, and instantly the event of 
 the election will be fixed." Mr. Jefferson re- 
 plied . . . that he should leave the world to judge 
 of the course he meant to pursue by that which 
 he had pursued hitherto, believing it to be his 
 duty to be passive and silent during the present 
 scene. "I shall certainly," continued Mr. Jef- 
 ferson, " make no terms ; I shall never go into the 
 office of President by capitulation, nor with my 
 hands tied by any conditions which would hin- 
 der me from pursuing the measures which I deem 
 for the public good." — Cyclopedia op Bigg., 
 p. 351. 
 
 705. CANDOB, Christian. Discussion. [At the 
 first Wesleyan Conference] it was asked. Should 
 they be fearful of thoroughly debating every 
 question which might arise? "What are we 
 afraid of ? Of overturning our first principles ? 
 If they are false, the sooner they are overturned 
 the better. If they are true they will bear the 
 strictest examination. Let us all pray for a will- 
 ingness to receive light to know every doctrine, 
 whether it be of God." — Stevens' Methodism, 
 vol. 1, p. 212. 
 
 706. CANNIBALISM, Christian. Crusaders. 
 They consumed, with heedless prodigality, their 
 stores of water and provision ; their numbers ex- 
 hausted the inland countrv ; the sea was remote, 
 the Greeks were unfriendly, and the Christians 
 of every sect fled before the voracious and cruel 
 rapine of their brethren. In the dire necessity 
 of famine they sometimes roasted and devoured 
 the flesh of their infant or adult captives. Among 
 the Turks and Saracens the idolaters of Europe 
 were rendered more odious by the name and rep- 
 utation of cannibals ; the spies, who introduced 
 themselves into the kitchen of Bohemond, were 
 shown several human bodies turning on spits. — ■ 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58. 
 
 707. CANON, A great. Urban the Founder. 
 [Cast for Mahomet II. , in siege of Constantino- 
 ple.] A foundry was established at Adriano- 
 ple ; the metal was prepared ; and at the end of 
 three months Urban produced a piece of brass 
 ordnance of stupendous and almost incredible 
 magnitude ; a measure of twelve palms is assign- 
 ed to the bore ; and the stone bullet weighed 
 above six hundred pounds. A vacant place 
 before the new palace was chosen for the first 
 experiment ; but to prevent the sudden and 
 mischievous effects of astonishment and f ear^ a 
 proclamation was issued, that the cannon would 
 be discharged the ensuing day. The explosion 
 was felt or heard in a circuit of a hundred fur- 
 
84 
 
 CANT— CAPTIVITY. 
 
 longs ; the ball, by the force of gunpowder, was 
 driven above a mile ; and on the spot where it 
 fell, it buried itself a fathom deep in the ground. 
 For the conveyance of this destructive engine, a 
 frame or carriage of thirty wagons was linked 
 together and drawn along by a team of sixty 
 oxen ; two hundred men on both sides were sta- 
 tioned to poise and support the rolling weight ; 
 two hundred and fifty workmen marched 
 before to smooth the way and repair the 
 bridges ; and near two months were employed 
 in a laborious journey of one hundred and fifty 
 miles. . . . We may discern the infancy of the 
 new science. Under a master who counted the 
 moments, the great cannon could be loaded and 
 fired no more than seven times in one day. The 
 heated metal unfortunately burst ; several work- 
 men were destroyed ; and the skill of an artist 
 was admired who bethought himself of prevent- 
 ing the danger and the accident by pouring oil, 
 after each explosion, into the mouth of the can- 
 non. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 68. 
 
 70§, CANT, Political. Samuel Johnson. Bos- 
 well : " Perhaps, sir, I should be the less happy 
 for being in Parliament. I never would sell 
 my vote, and I should be vexed if things went 
 wrong." Johnson :" That's cant, sir. It would 
 not vex you more in the house than in the gal- 
 lery ; public affairs vex no man." . . . Boswell : 
 " 1 declare, sir, upon my honor, I did imagine I 
 Was vexed, and took a prido in it ; but it was, per- 
 haps, cant ; for I own I neither eat less nor 
 slept less." Johnson: " My dear friend, clear 
 your mind of cant. You may talk as other peo- 
 ple do ; you may say to a man, ' Sir, I am your 
 most humble servant.' You are not his most 
 humble servant. You may say, ' These are bad 
 times ; it is a melancholy thing to be reserved 
 to such times. ' You don't mind the times. You 
 tell a man, ' I am sorry you had such bad weather 
 the last day of your journey, and were so much 
 wet.' You don't care sixpence whether he is 
 wet or dry. You may talk in this manner ; it 
 is a mode of talking in society ; but don't think 
 foolishly." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 498. 
 
 709. CAPITAL, Conservative. Cicero. [Caesar 
 had been superseded by the appointment of 
 Domitius Ahenobarbus, the most inveterate and 
 envenomed of his enemies, by the Senate.] A 
 day later, before the final vote had been taken, 
 he thought still that the Senate was willing to 
 let Caesar keep his province, if he would dissolve 
 his army. The moneyed interests, the peasant 
 landholders, were all on Caesar's side ; they 
 cared not even if monarchy came, so that they 
 might have peace. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 20. 
 
 TIO. CAPITAL a Crime. Jews. [In 1290 King 
 Edward I.,] by an arbitrary exercise of power, 
 destroyed the gi'eat money capitalists of the 
 time. The Jews throughout England were all 
 seized on one day, upon a charge of clipping 
 the coin ; and ... of both sexes, there were 
 hanged in London two hundred and eighty, 
 and a very great multitude in other cities of 
 England. Some Christians were involved in 
 the accusation ; and for most of them the king 
 received ransom. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 
 26, p. 386. 
 
 711. CAPITAL, Spiritual. Indulgences. The 
 following circumstances led to the tratfic in in- 
 dulgences. The Roman Catholic Church main- 
 
 tained that the saints, during their life on earth, 
 had accumulated a treasury of merit because of 
 their good work ; that they had done more good 
 than they were obliged to do. This surplus 
 might be used for the benefit of sinful men who 
 had accomplished less good than was needed for 
 their salvation. The Pope claimed that he had 
 received authority from God to draw from this 
 reservoir of merit, and to apply it to those who 
 had shown themselves worthy by their sorrow 
 and repentance. But soon sorrow and repentance 
 were dispensed with, and matters were satisfac- 
 torily arranged by the use of money. Thus arose 
 the so-called traflSc in indulgences, which proved 
 to be a source of great revenue to the popes. 
 This was the case under Leo X., who at this 
 time occupied the papal chair. — Rein's Luther, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 712. CAPITALISTS, Extortionate. Jews. The 
 capitalist was the Jew ; but his mode of deal- 
 ing suited only unthrifty abbots and plundering 
 barons ; for when the borrower came into the 
 gripe of the Israelite, bond was heaped upon 
 bond, so that we have a record how a debt of 
 £200 became, with accumulated interest, £880 in 
 four years. [a.d. 1194.] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 
 1, ch. 22, p. 326. 
 
 713. CAPITALISTS, Nation of. Jews. There 
 used to be a conundrum current in Europe, 
 which was something like this : " What is the 
 difference between ancient and modern times ? 
 Answer : In ancient times, all the Jews had one 
 king ; in modern times, all the kings have one 
 Jew." The Jew referred to in this conundrum 
 was Meyer Anselm Rothschild, the founder of 
 the great banking-house so famous throughout 
 the world. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 564. 
 
 714. CAPTIVES, Inhumanity to. Mexican 
 Emp. He was treated at first with humanity, 
 and every persuasive made use of to prompt 
 him to make a discovery of the place where it 
 was supposed he had concealed his treasures ; 
 but in vain. It was next tried what torture 
 might produce, and by the command of one of 
 the Spanish captains, the monarch, together 
 with some of his chief ofiicers, were stretched 
 naked upon burning coals. While Guatimozin 
 bore the extremity of torment with more than 
 human fortitude, one of his fellow-sufferers, of 
 weaker constitution, turned his eyes upon hi% 
 prince and uttered a cry of anguish : "Think- 
 est thou," said Guatimozin, "that I am laitt 
 upon a bed of roses ?" Silenced by this reproof, 
 the sufferer stifled his complaints, and expireii 
 in an act of obedience to his sovereign. To tht 
 honor of Cortez, he was ignorant of this act of 
 shocking inhumanity. — Tytler's Hist., Boots 
 6, ch. 21. 
 
 715. CAPTIVITY, Chosen, Napoleon's Friends. 
 [At St. Helena.] The household now consisted 
 of the emperor. General Bertrand, wife, and 
 three children ; Count Montholon, wife, and 
 two children ; Count Las Casas and son ; General 
 Gourgaud, and Dr. O'Meara. There were also 
 four servants of the chamber, three grooms, and 
 four servants of the table. These had all fol- 
 lowed the emperor to his dreaiy prison from 
 their love of his person. [Others wept because 
 denied the opportunity to follow him by the 
 British Government. His friends were treated as 
 
CAPTURE— CASTE. 
 
 85 
 
 prisoners as well as himself.] — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 31. 
 
 716. CAPTUEE, An important. City of Wash- 
 ington. The British advanced on Washington 
 [in 1814]. . . . The President, the Cabinet officers, 
 and the people betook themselves to flight, and 
 [General] Ross marched unopposed into the city. 
 He had been ordered by his superiors to use the 
 torch, and the work of destruction was accord- 
 ingly begun. All the public buildings except 
 the Patent Office were burned. The beautiful 
 but unfinished Capitol and the President's house 
 were left a mass of blackened ruins. Many pri- 
 vate edifices were also destroyed. [Note.] An ex- 
 cuse for this outrageous barbarism was found in 
 the previous conduct of the Americans, who . . . 
 at Toronto . . . had behaved but little better. — 
 Ridpath's Hist., ch. 51. 
 
 717. CAEELESSNESS, Censure of. Samuel 
 JoJinson. Though he used to censure careless- 
 ness with great vehemence, he owned that he 
 once, to avoid the trouble of locking up five 
 guineas, hid them, he forgot where, so that he 
 could not find them. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 435. 
 
 718. CAEELESSNESS, Habitual. Goldsmith. 
 {He went to Edinburgh to study medicine.] 
 Having taken lodgings at haphazard, he left 
 his trunk there, containing k\\ his worldly ef- 
 fects, and sallied forth to see the town. After 
 sauntering about the streets until a late hour, he 
 thought of returning home, when, to his confu- 
 sion, he found he had not acquainted himself 
 with the name either of his landlady or of the 
 street in which she lived. Fortunately, in the 
 height of his whimsical perplexity, he met the 
 cawdy or porter who had carried his trunk, and 
 who now served him as a guide. — Irving's 
 
 CrOLDSMITII, p. 37. 
 
 719. CASTE, Absence of. Irish Kings. [In 
 1394 Sir Henry Cristall was sent by Richard II. 
 to attend on the Irish kings, who submitted them- 
 selves to him.] It was Richard's wish that in 
 manners and apparel they should conform to 
 the usages of England. It was his purpose to 
 create them knights ; but they were wedded to 
 their ancient customs. They would sit at the 
 same table as their minstrels and servants, eating 
 out of the same dish and drinking out of the 
 same cup. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 2, p. 27. 
 
 720. CASTE, Anglo-Saxon. Germany. The 
 Saxons were divided, as all the other German 
 nations, into three ranks of men — the noble, the 
 free, and the slaves. The nobles were called 
 thanes, and these were of two kinds — the king's 
 thanes and the lesser thanes. The latter seem to 
 have been dependent on the former, and to have 
 received lands, for which they either paid rent 
 or military services. There were two laws of 
 the Anglo-Saxons which breathe a spirit very 
 different from what one would naturally expect 
 from the character of the age, when the distinc- 
 tion of superior and inferior is commonly very 
 strongly marked. One of the laws of Athelstan 
 declared, that a merchant who had made three 
 
 . long sea voyages on his own account was enti- 
 
 \ tied to the quality of thane ; and another declared 
 
 that a ceorle, or husbandman, who had been 
 
 able to purchase five hides of land, or five 
 
 plough-gates, and who had a chapel, a kitchen. 
 
 a hall, and a bell, was entitled to the same rank. 
 The freemen of the lower rank, who were de- 
 nominated ceorles, cultivated the farms of the 
 thanes for which they paid rent, and they ap- 
 pear to have been removable at the pleasure of 
 the thane. The lowest and most numerous of 
 the orders was that of the slaves or villains ; of 
 these slaves there were two kinds — the household 
 slaves, and those employed in the cultivation of 
 the lands ; of the latter species are the serfs, 
 which we find at this day in Poland, in Russia, 
 and in others of the northern states. A master 
 had not, among the Anglo-Saxons, an unlimited 
 power over his slaves. He was fined for the 
 murder of a slave, and if he mutilated one, the 
 slave recovered his liberty. The laws of Edgar 
 inform us that slavery was the lot of all prison- 
 ers taken in war. — 'Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 6. 
 
 72D. CASTE, Barbarian. Gauls. It should seem 
 that very many of those institutions, referred by 
 an easy solution to the feudal system, are derived 
 from the Celtic barbarians. When Caesar sub- 
 dued the Gauls, that great nation was already 
 divided into three orders of men — the clergj^ 
 the nobility, and the common people. The first 
 governed by superstition, the second by arms ; 
 but the third and last was not of any weight or 
 account in their public councils. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 13. 
 
 722. CASTE of Birth. Italians. Till the privi- 
 leges of Romans had been progressively extended 
 to all the inhabitants of the empire, an important 
 distinction was preserved between Italy and the 
 provinces. The former was esteemed the centre 
 of public unity and the firm basis of the con- 
 stitution. Italy claimed the birth, or at least the 
 residence, of the emperors and the Senate. The 
 estates of the Italians were exempt from taxes, 
 their persons from the arbitrary jurisdiction of 
 governors. Their municipal corporations, formed 
 after the perfect model of the capital, were in- 
 trusted, under the immediate eye of the supreme 
 power, with the execution of the laws. From 
 the foot of the Alps to the extremity of Calabria, 
 all the natives of Italy were born citizens of 
 Rome. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2. 
 
 723. CASTE, English. Jealousy. The rise of 
 the commonalty was always regarded with ex- 
 treme jealousy by the born great. The servile 
 literature before the days of the Revolution 
 echoed this sentiment. — Knight's England, 
 vol. 5, ch. 6, p. 49. 
 
 724. CASTE, Hostility to. Louis Philippe. [In 
 1795 he travelled incognito, with two other 
 princes, in the United States.] At Winchester, in 
 the Valley of the Shenandoah, a democratic inn- 
 keeper turned them out of his house because (one 
 of them being sick) they asked the privilege of 
 eating by themselves. "If you are too good," 
 roared this despotic democrat, "to eat at the 
 same table with my other guests, you are too good 
 to eat in my house. Begone !" Despite the in- 
 stant apology of the Duke of Orleans, the land- 
 lord insisted on their going, and they were com- 
 pelled to seek other quarters. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 509. 
 
 725. CASTE in Judgment. Queen Mizaheth. 
 [When Elizabeth was remonstrating in behalf 
 of Mary Queen of Scots, she charged her am- 
 
86 
 
 CASTE— CATHOLICS. 
 
 bassadors to insist that subjects were not to be 
 judges of a sovereign ;] it was contrary to Script- 
 ure and unreasonable, that the foot should judge 
 the head. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 10, p. 151. 
 
 726. CASTE, National. French. [William I.,] 
 the Conqueror, and his descendants to the fourth 
 generation were not Englishmen ; most of them 
 were born in France ; they spent the greater 
 part of their time in France ; their ordinary 
 speech was French ; almost every high office in 
 their gift was filled by a Frenchman ; every ac- 
 quisition which they made on the Continent es- 
 tranged them more and more from the popula- 
 tion of our island. One of the ablest among 
 them, indeed, attempted to win the hearts of 
 his English subjects by espousing an English 
 princess ; but by many of his barons this mar- 
 riage was regarded as a marriage between a 
 white planter and a quadroon girl would now 
 be regarded in Virginia. In history he is known 
 by the honorable surname of Beauclerc ; but in 
 his own time his own countrymen called him 
 by a Saxon nickname, in contemptuous allusion 
 to his Saxon connection. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 1. 
 
 727. . English. [Reign of James 
 
 II.] No man of English blood then regarded 
 the aboi-iginal Irish as his countrymen. They 
 did not belong to our branch of the great hu- 
 man family. They were distinguished from 
 us by more than one moral and intellectual pecu- 
 liarity, which the difference of situation and of 
 education, great as that difference was, did not 
 seem altogether to explain. They had an aspect 
 of their own, a mother tongue of their own. 
 When they talked English their pronunciation 
 was ludicrous ; theirphraseology was grotesque, 
 as is always the phraseology of those who think 
 in one language and express their thoughts in 
 another. They were therefore foreigners, and of 
 all foreigners they were the most hated and 
 despised — the most hated, for they had, during 
 five centuries, always been our enemies ; the 
 most despised, for they were our vanquished, 
 enslaved, and despoiled enemies. The English- 
 man cornpared with pride his own fields with 
 the desolate bogs, whence the rapparees issued 
 forth to rob and murder ; and his own dwelling 
 with the hovels where the peasants and the 
 hogs of Shannon wallowed in filth together. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 9. 
 
 72§. CASTE in Parliment. WorsUd Stockings. 
 [In 1645 there were] certain mean sort of people 
 m the House, whom, to distinguish them from 
 the more honorable gentlemen, they called 
 Worsted-stocking men. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 729. CASTE, Prejudice of. Parliament. [At 
 the second session of Parliament, under the pro- 
 tectorate of Cromwell, only one of the peers who 
 had accepted the writ of summons took his 
 seat. The Earl of Warwick could not be per- 
 suaded to sit with Colonel Hewson and Colonel 
 Pride — the one had been a shoemaker, and the 
 other a drayman.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 730. CASUISTRY, Difficult. Missionary to the 
 Indians. [John] Eliot preached against polyg- 
 amy ._ " Suppose a man, before he knew God," 
 inquired a convert, " hath had two wives — the 
 first childless, the second bearing him many sweet 
 
 children, whom he exceedingly loves ; which of 
 these is he to put away ?" — Banckopt's U. S.^ 
 ch. 2, vol. 2. 
 
 731. CATASTROPHE, An appalling. Eartlh- 
 quake. November 1, 1755, the people of Lis- 
 bon were alarmed by that awful rumbling- 
 beneath the earth which, as they well knew, 
 usually preceded an earthquake. Before they 
 couM escape from their houses the shock came, 
 which overthrew the greater part of the city^ 
 and buried thousands of persons in its ruins. 
 The sea retired, leaving the bottom of the har- 
 bor bare, but immediately returned in a fearful 
 wave fifty feet high, overwhelming everything- 
 in its course. The inhabitants who could get 
 clear of the ruins rushed in thousands to a mag- 
 nificent marble wharf, just completed, which 
 seemed to offer a place of safety. This massive 
 structure, densely covered with men, women, 
 and children, suddenly sunk, bearing with it to 
 unknown depths the entire multitude. Not a 
 creature escaped ; not a human body rose again 
 to the surface ; not a fragment of anything that 
 was on the wharf was ever again seen by human 
 eye ; and when, by and by, the water was- 
 sounded over the place where it had stood, the 
 depth was found to be six hundred feet. Within 
 the space of six minutes sixty thousand persons, 
 are supposed to have perished ; and those who 
 survived were so encompassed about with hor- 
 ror, that they might well have envied those 
 whom the sea had submerged or the falling 
 houses crushed. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 30. 
 
 732. CATHOLICS, Disfranchised. Maryland- 
 ers. A.D. 1681. The prelates [in England] de- 
 manded ... an establishment to be main- 
 tained at the common expense of the province. 
 Lord Baltimore resisted. The Roman Catholic 
 was inflexible in his regard for freedom of wor- 
 ship. The opposition to Lord Baltimore as a 
 feudal sovereign easily united with Protestant 
 bigotry . . . the English ministry soon issued 
 an order, that officers of government in Maryland 
 should be exclusively intrusted to Protestants. 
 Roman Catholics were disfranchised in the 
 province which they had planted. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 733. CATHOLICS, Justice to. English. [Dr. 
 Arnold plead for it, saying :] It is the direct duty 
 of every Englishman to support the claims of 
 the Roman Catholics of Ireland, even at the 
 hazard of injuring the Protestant establishment — 
 because those claims cannot be rejected without 
 great injustice — and it is a want of faith in God 
 and an unholy zeal to think that he can le 
 served by injustice, or to guard against contin- 
 gent evil by committing certain sin. — Knight s 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13. 
 
 734. CATHOLICS, Prejudice against. Cath- 
 olic Relief Bill. [In 1829 it was passed by Par- 
 liament. ] It would admit a Roman Catholic to 
 Parliament upon taking an oath, in place of the 
 old oath of supremacy, that he would support 
 the existing institutions of the State, and not in- 
 jure those of the Church. It would admit a 
 Roman Catholic to all the greatest offices of gov- 
 ernment, with the exception of Regent, Lord 
 Chancellor of England, and Lord Chancellor and 
 Viceroy of Ireland. All corporate offices and 
 municipal privileges, all that pertained to the 
 administration of justice, would be open to 
 
CATHOLICISM— CAVIL. 
 
 87 
 
 Roman Catholics. From all offices connected 
 with the Church, with its universities and 
 schools, and from Church patronage, they would 
 be necessarily excluded. Commands in the 
 army and navy had been open to them before 
 this measure. Connected with the Bill of Re- 
 lief there were securities and restrictions pro- 
 posed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 239. 
 
 735. CATHOLICISM, Benefits of. England. 
 It is difficult to say whether England owes more 
 to the Roman Catholic religion or to the Refor- 
 mation. For the amalgamation of races and 
 for the abolition of villanage she is chiefly in- 
 debted to the influence which the priesthood, in 
 the middle ages, exercised over the laity. For 
 political and intellectual freedom, and for all 
 the blessings which political and intellectual 
 freedom have brought in their train, she is 
 chiefly indebted to the great rebellion of the 
 laity against the priesthood. From the time 
 when the barbal'ians overran the Western Em- 
 pire to the time of the revival of letters, the 
 influence of the Church of Rome had been 
 generally favorable to science, to civilization, 
 and to good government ; but during the last 
 three centuries, to stunt the growth of the hu- 
 man mind has been her chief object. Through- 
 out Christendom, whatever advance has been 
 made in knowledge, in freedom, in wealth, and 
 in the arts of life, has been made in spite of her, 
 and has everywhere been in inverse proportion 
 to her power. The loveliest and most fertile 
 provinces of Europe have, under her rule, been 
 sunk in poverty, in political servitude, and in 
 intellectual torpor, while Protestant countries, 
 once proverbial for sterility and barbarism, have 
 been turned by skill and industry into gardens, 
 and can boast of a long list of heroes and states- 
 men, philosophers and poets. Whoever, knowing 
 what Italy and Scotland naturally are, and what, 
 four hundred years ago, they actually were, shall 
 now compare the country round Rome with the 
 country round Edinburgh, will be able to form 
 some judgment as to the tendency of papal dom- 
 ination. The descent of Spain, once the first 
 among monarchies, to the lowest depths of deg- 
 radation ; the elevation of Holland, in spiie of 
 many natural disadvantages, to a position such 
 as no commonwealth so small has ever reached, 
 teach the same lesson. Whoever passes in Ger- 
 many from a Roman Catholic to a Protestant 
 principality, in Switzerland from a Roman 
 Catholic to a Protestant canton, in Ireland from 
 a Roman Catholic to a Protestant country, finds 
 that he has passed from a lower to a higher grade 
 of civilization. On the other side of the Atlantic 
 the same law prevails. The Protestants of the 
 United States have left far behind them the 
 Roman Catholics of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. 
 The Roman Catholics of Lower Canada remain 
 inert, while the whole continent round them is 
 in a ferment with Protestant activity and enter- 
 prise. The French have doubtless shown an 
 energy and an intelligence which, even when 
 misdirected, have justly entitled them to be 
 called a great people. But this apparent excep- 
 tion, when examined, will be found to confirm 
 the rule ; for in no country that is called Roman 
 Catholic has the Roman Catholic Church, dur- 
 ing several generations, possessed so little au- 
 thority as in France. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1. 
 
 736. CATHOLICISM, Wisdom of. Broad Plans. 
 In the latter half of the seventeenth century the 
 French began to push their way westward and 
 southward ; first along the shores of the great 
 lakes, then to the head waters of the Wabash, 
 the Illinois, the Wisconsin, and the St. Croix, 
 then down these streams to the Mississippi, and 
 theiS to the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of the 
 French, as manifested in these movements, was 
 no less than to divide the American continent 
 and to take the larger portion, to possess the 
 land for France and Catholicism. For it was 
 the work of the Jesuit missionaries. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 30. 
 
 737. CAUSE and Effect. Samuel Johnson. 
 Of Dr. Hurd, Bishop of Worcester, Johnson 
 said to a friend : " Hurd, sir, is one of a set of 
 men who account for everything systematically ; 
 for instance, it has been a fashion to wear scar- 
 let breeches ; these men would tell you, that ac- 
 cording to causes and effects, no other wear 
 could at that time have been chosen." He, how- 
 ever, said of him at another time to the same 
 gentleman : "Hurd, sir, is a man whose acquaint- 
 ance is a valuable acquisition." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 488. 
 
 738. CAUTION needful. Abraham Lincoln. 
 " Well, you see," said Mr. Lincoln [to a visitor 
 who introduced the subject of emancipation], 
 " we've got to be very cautious how we manage 
 the negro question. If we're not, we shall be 
 like the barber out in Illinois, who was shaving 
 a fellow with a hatchet face and lantern jaws 
 like mine. The barber stuck his finger in his 
 customer's mouth to make his cheek stick out ; 
 but while shaving away he cut through the fel- 
 low's cheek and cut off his own finger ! If we 
 are not very careful we shall do as the barber 
 did." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 752. 
 
 739. CAVALEY, Formidable. Elephants. An 
 ambassador from the Emperor Zeno accompanied 
 the rash and unfortunate Perozes in his expedi- 
 tion against the Nepthalities, or white Huns, 
 whose conquests had been stretched from the 
 Caspian to the heart of India, whose throne was 
 enriched with emeralds, and whose cavalry was 
 supported by a line of two thousand elephants. 
 The Persians were twice circumvented in a situa- 
 tion which made valor useless and flight impossi- 
 ble ; and the double victory of the Huns was 
 achieved by military stratagem. They dismiss- 
 ed their royal captive after he had submitted to 
 adore the majesty of a barbarian. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 740. CAVIL answered. Heign of James II. 
 [Session of the former members of the House of 
 Commons.] Sir Robert Sawyer declared that 
 he could not conceive how it was possible for the 
 prince to administer the government without 
 some distinguishing title, such as Regent or Pro- 
 tector. Old Maynard, who, as a lawyer, had no 
 equal, and who was also a politician versed in 
 the tactics of revolutions, was at no pains to con- 
 ceal his disdain for so puerile an objection, taken 
 at a moment when union and promptitude were 
 of the highest importance. " We shall sit here 
 very long," he said, " if we sit till Sir Robert can 
 conceive how such a thing is possible ;" and the 
 assembly thought the answer as good as the cavil 
 deserved. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 10. 
 
88 
 
 CELEBRATED— CENSOR. 
 
 741. CELEBRATED, Marriage. Orandsonsof 
 Timour. The marriage of six of tlie emperor's 
 grandsons was esteemed an act of religion as well 
 as of paternal tenderness ; and the pomp of the 
 ancient caliphs was revived in their nuptials. 
 They were celebrated in the gardens of Cani- 
 ghul, decorated with innumerable tents and pa- 
 vilions, Avhich displayed the luxury of a great 
 city and the spoils of a victorious camp. Whole 
 forests were cut down to supply fuel for the 
 kitchens ; the plain was spread with pyramids of 
 meat, and vases of every liquor, to which thou- 
 sands of guests were courteously invited ; the 
 orders of the state and the nations of the earth 
 were marshalled at the roj'al banquet ; nor were 
 the ambassadors of Europe (says the haughty 
 Persian) excluded from the feast ; since even the 
 casses, the smallest of fish, find their place in the 
 ocean. The public joy was testified by illumi- 
 nation and masquerades ; the trades of Samar- 
 cand passed in review ; and every trade was emu- 
 lous to execute some quaint device, some marvel- 
 lous pageant, with the materials of their peculiar 
 art. After the marriage contracts had been rati- 
 fied by the cadhis, the bridegrooms and their 
 brides retired to the nuptial chambers : nine 
 times, according to the Asiatic fashion, they were 
 dressed and undressed ; and at each change of 
 apparel pearls and rubies were showered on 
 their heads, and contemptuously abandoned to 
 their attendants. A general indulgence was pro- 
 claimed : every law was relaxed, every pleasure 
 was allowed j the people was free, the sovereign 
 was idle. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65. 
 
 742. CELEBEATION, Municipal. Constanti- 
 nople. As often as the birthday of the city re- 
 turned, the statue of Constantine, framed by his 
 order, of gilt wood, and bearing in his right 
 hand a small image of the genius of the place, 
 was erected on a triumphal car. The guards, 
 carrying white tapers, and clothed in their rich- 
 est apparel, accompanied the solemn procession 
 as it moved through the Hippodrome. When it 
 was opposite to the throne of the reigning empe- 
 ror, he rose from his seat, and with grateful rev- 
 erence adored the memory of his predecessor. 
 At the festival of the dedication, an edict, engrav- 
 ed on a column of marble, bestowed the title of 
 Second or New Rome on the city of Constan- 
 tine. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17. 
 
 743. CELEBBATION, National. Centennial. 
 As the Centennial of American Independence 
 drew near, the people made ready to celebrate 
 the great event with appropriate ceremonies, . . . 
 but the development of the project was discour- 
 aged for a while with considerable opposition 
 and much lukewarmness. The whole scheme 
 was a vision of enthusiasm, a Quixotical dream, 
 said the critics and objectors. No such an en- 
 terprise could be carried through except under 
 the patronage of the government, and the gov- 
 ernment had no right to make appropriations 
 merely to preserve an old reminiscence. We 
 had had enough of the Fourth of July already. 
 Besides — said the wits and caricaturists — the 
 other nations would present a ludicrous figure 
 in helping us to celebrate an anniversary of a re- 
 bellion that they had tried to crush a hundred 
 years ago. Victoria was expected — so said they — 
 to send over commissioners to heap contumely 
 and contempt on the grave of her grandfather ! 
 
 No nation of Europe would consent to its own 
 stultification by joining in the jubilees of Repub- 
 licanism. Besides all this cavilling, it was fore- 
 seen that Philadelphia would quite certainly be 
 selected as the scene of the proposed display, and 
 on that account a good deal of local jealousy was 
 excited in the other principal cities of the Union. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 58. 
 
 744. CELIBACY of Clergy. Britain, tenth Cen- 
 tury. The celibacy of the clergy was the lead- 
 ing .principle to be contended for in making the 
 Church Romish instead of national. Although 
 the strict canons of the Anglo-Church did not 
 recognize a married priesthood, the law of celi- 
 bacy had never been rigidly enforced, especially 
 among the parochial clergy. Their marriages 
 were discountenanced ; they Avere admonished 
 or threatened. But the law of nature was trium- 
 phant over the decrees of councils ; and the Eng- 
 lish priests were not forced into those immorali- 
 ties which were the result of this ordinance in 
 other countries. Mr. Kemble says : " We have 
 an almost unbroken chain of evidence to show 
 that, in spite of the exhortations of the bishops 
 and the legislation of the witans, those at last of 
 the clergy who were not bound to a coenobitical 
 order did contract marriage, and openly avow 
 the families Avhich were its issue." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 745. CEMETERY, Saddest. London Tower. 
 The head and body were placed in a coffin cov- 
 ered with black velvet, and were laid privately 
 under the communion-table of St. Peter's Chapel 
 in the Tower. W^ithin four years the pavement 
 of that chancel was again disturbed, and hard 
 by the remains of Monmouth were laid the re- 
 mains of Jeffreys. In truth, there is no sadder 
 spot on the earth than that little cemetery. Death 
 is there associated, not, as in Westminster Abbey 
 and Saint Paul's, with genius and virtue, with 
 public veneration and with imperishable re- 
 nown ; not, as in our humblest churches and 
 churchyards, with everj'thing that is most en- 
 dearing in social and domestic charities, but 
 with whatever is darkest in human nature and in 
 human destiny, with the savage triumph of im- 
 placable enemies, with the inconstancy, the in- 
 gratitude, the cowardice of friends, with all the 
 miseries of fallen greatness and of blighted fame. 
 Thither have been carried, through successive 
 ages, by the rude hands of jailers, without one 
 mourner following, the bleeding relics of men 
 who had been the captains of armies, the leaders 
 of parties, the oracles of senates, and the orna- 
 ments of courts. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 746. CENSOR, Official. Boman. [Words of 
 the Emperor Decius.] As soon as the decree of 
 the Senate was transmitted to the emperor, he 
 assembled a great council in his camp, and be- 
 fore the investiture of the censor-elect he ap- 
 prised him of the difficulty and importance of 
 his great office. "Happy Valerian," said the 
 prince to his distinguished subject, ' ' happy in 
 the general approbation of the Senate and of the 
 Roman republic ! Accept the censorship of man- 
 kind, and judge of our manners. You will se- 
 lect those who deserve to continue members of 
 the Senate ; you will restore the equestrian order 
 to its ancient splendor ; you will improve the 
 revenue, yet moderate the public burdens. You 
 will distinguish into regular classes the various 
 
CENSOR— CHALLENGE. 
 
 89 
 
 and infinite multitude of citizens, and accurate- 
 ly view the military strength, the wealth, the 
 virtue, and the resources of Rome. Your deci- 
 sions shall obtain the force of laws. The army, 
 the palace, the ministers of justice, and the great 
 officers of the empire are all subject to your tri- 
 bunal. None are exempted, excepting only the 
 ordinary consuls, the prefect of the city, the 
 king of the sacrifices, and (as long as she pre- 
 serves her chastity inviolate) the eldest of the 
 vestal virgins. Even these few, who may not 
 dread the severity, will anxiously solicit the es- 
 teem of the Roman censor." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 10. 
 
 747. . Roman. Livy remarks, they 
 
 kept in dependence both the Senate and peo- 
 ple. They possessed a constitutional power 
 of degrading such as had manifested any irreg- 
 ularity of conduct, and depriving them of the 
 rank and office which they held in the State. 
 It was not an authority which extended to the 
 punishment of those ordinary crimes and delicts 
 which fall under the penal laws of a State. But 
 there are offences which, in point of example, 
 are worse than crimes, and more pernicious in 
 their consequences. It is not the breach of ex- 
 press laws that can ever be of general bad effect, 
 or tend to the destruction of a government ; but 
 it is that silent and unpunishable corruption of 
 manners which, undermining private and pub- 
 lic virtue, weakens and destroys those springs to 
 which the best-ordered constitution owes its sup- 
 port. The counteracting this latent principle of 
 decay was the most useful part of the office of 
 the censors. If any citizen had imprudently 
 contracted large debts ; if he had consumed his 
 fortune in extravagance, or in living beyond his 
 income ; if he had been negligent in the cultiva- 
 tion of his lands — nay, if, being in good circum- 
 stances and able to maintain a family, he had 
 declined, without just cause, to marry — all these 
 offences attracted the notice of the censors, who 
 liad various modes of inflicting a penalty. The 
 kxost usual, and not the least impressive, was a 
 public denunciation of the offender as an object 
 of disapprobation — ignominia Twtabant. It did 
 not amount to a mark of infamy, but punished 
 aalely by inflicting the shame or a public repri- 
 mand. A penalty, however, of this kind is not 
 fitted to operate on all dispositions, and, accord- 
 ingly, the censors had it in their power to employ 
 means more generally effectual. They could de- 
 cade a senator from his dignity and strike his 
 name out of the roll. They could deprive a 
 knight of his rank by taking from him the horse 
 which was maintained for him at the public ex- 
 pen.se, and was the essential mark of his station. 
 A citizen might be punished by degrading him 
 irom his tribe to an inferior one, or doubling his 
 proportion of the public taxes. — Tytlek's Hist. , 
 Book 3, ch. 6. 
 
 74§. CENSUBE resented. Dionydus. The phi- 
 losopher Plato had been invited to Syracuse by 
 Dionysius the elder . . . Dionysius . . . being 
 offended with the freedom which the philosopher 
 used in censuring whatever he disapproved in the 
 maxims and government of the tyrant, the latter 
 ordered him to be sold as a slave in the public 
 market. His disciples paid the price of five 
 minae for their master, and sent him safe back to 
 ■Greece. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 8. 
 
 749. CENSUEE, Unmoved by. Pres. Jackson. 
 [He vetoed the bill to recharter the Bank of the 
 United States, and] ordered the accumulated 
 funds, amounting to about ten millions, to be dis- 
 tributed among certain State banks. . . . He 
 had no warrant of law ... he was denounced 
 . . . arbitrary, dangerous. In the Senate a pow- 
 erful coalition, headed by Calhoun, Clay, and 
 Webster, was formed against the President. . . . 
 A resolution censuring his conduct was . . . car- 
 ried ; but a similar proposition failed in the House 
 of Representatives. There was a general cry of 
 indignation, and it seemed as if the President 
 would be overwhelmed ; but the President, ever 
 as fearless as he was self-willed and stubborn, 
 held on his course unmoved by the clamor. The 
 resolution of censure stood upon the journal of 
 the Senate for four years, and was then expung- 
 ed. — Ridpath's U. S. , ch. 54. 
 
 750. CEREMONY, Comedy of. Court. Port- 
 land, the ambassador for William III., 1698, made 
 his public entry into Paris on the 9th of March. 
 He disputes with "the conductor of ambassa- 
 dors" about matters of etiquette. " In my case," 
 he says, " difficulties have been raised on every 
 conceivable point ; and as I do not understand 
 the ceremonial I am embarrassed by them, and 
 can only meet them with obstinacy, which is here 
 rather indispensable." Comedy cannot imagine 
 a richer scene than the burly Dutchman refusing 
 to come from the top of his staircase to meet the 
 representative of the Duchess of Burgundy, who 
 refused to go more tiian half way up, " messen- 
 gers passing backward and forward between us. " 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 308. 
 
 751. CEREMONY, Dislike for. Napoleon I. 
 [He had been crowned emperor with gorgeous 
 display and gracd ceremony.] He hastened to 
 his room, and exclaimed impatiently to an attend- 
 ant as he entered, " Off ! off with these confound- 
 ed trappings !" He threw the mantle into one 
 corner of the room, the gorgeous robe into anoth- 
 er, and thus violently disencumbering himself, de- 
 clared that hours of such mortal tediousness he 
 had never passed before. — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 1, ch. 28. 
 
 752. CEREMONY, Slaves of. Royalty. In the 
 Byzantine palace the emperor was the first slave 
 oi the ceremonies which he imposed, and the rig- 
 id forms which regulated each word and gesture 
 besieged him in the palace, and violated the lei- 
 sure of his rural solitude. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 53. 
 
 753. CHALLENGE, A dangerous. Invasion of 
 Pennsylvania. At Chambersburg . . . one female 
 had seen fit to adorn her ample bosom with a 
 huge Yankee flag, and she stood at the door of 
 her house, her countenance expressing the great- 
 est contempt for the barefooted Rebs ; several 
 companies passed her without taking any notice ; 
 but at length a Texan gravely remarked, " Take 
 care, madam, for Hood's boys [from Texas, 
 Alabama, and Arkansas] are great at storming 
 breastworks when the Yankee color is on them." 
 After this speech the patriotic lady beat a pre- 
 cipitate retreat. — Pollard's Second Year of 
 THE War, p. 337. 
 
 754. CHALLENGE, Offered. RemluUonary 
 War. [In Florida British troopers] summoned 
 the fort at Sunbury to surrender. But whea 
 
90 
 
 CHALLENGE— CHARACTER. 
 
 Colonel Mackintosli answered, " Come and take 
 it," they retreated. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 10, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 755. CHALLENGE, Political. Lincoln — Doug- 
 las. A.D. 1858. Both spoke in Springfield on 
 the same day, but before different audiences . . . 
 Mr. Lincoln addressed a letter to Mr. [S. A.] 
 Douglas, challenging him to a series of debates 
 during the campaign. The challenge was ac- 
 cepted, and arrangements were at once made for 
 the meetings. Seven joint debates were held . . . 
 [and they] raised the greatest excitement through- 
 out the State. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 3, 
 p. 42. 
 
 T56. CHALLENGE, EoyaL Maria Theresa. 
 [Frederick II. declared war. Her father had 
 recently died.] In the midst of distress and 
 peril she had given birth to a son, afterward 
 the Emperor Joseph II. Scarcely had she 
 risen from her couch when she hastened to 
 Pressburg. There, in the sight of an innu- 
 merable multitude, she was crowned with the 
 crown and robed with the robe of St. Stephen. 
 No spectator could refrain his tears when the 
 beautiful young mother, still weak from child- 
 bearing, rode, after the fashion of her fathers, 
 up the Mount of Defiance, unsheathed the ancient 
 sword of state, shook it toward north and south, 
 east and west, and, with a glow on her pale 
 face, challenged the four corners of the world 
 to dispute her rights and those of her boy. — 
 Macaulay's Frederick the Great, p. 35. 
 
 757. CHALLENGE, Unaccepted. Aleanus Com- 
 nenus. [Greek emperor — time of the crusades.] 
 High on his throne, the emperor sat mute and 
 immovable ; his Majesty was adored by the 
 Latin princes, and they submitted to kiss either 
 his feet or his knees — an indignity which their 
 own writers are ashamed to confess and unable 
 to deny. . . . But a French baron (he is supposed to 
 be Robert of Paris) presumed to ascend the 
 throne, and to place himself by the side of Alex- 
 ius. The sage reproof of Baldwin provoked 
 him to exclaim, in his barbarous idiom, ' ' Who 
 is this rustic that keeps his seat, while so many 
 valiant captains are standing round him?" The 
 emperor maintained his silence, dissembled his in- 
 dignation, and questioned his interpreter con- 
 cerning the meaning of the words, which he 
 partly suspected from the universal language of 
 gesture and countenance. Before the departure 
 of the pilgrims he endeavored to learn the 
 name and condition of the audacious baron. " I 
 am a Frenchman," replied Robert, " of the purest 
 and most ancient nobility of my country. All that 
 1 know is, that there is a church in my neigh- 
 borhood, the resort of those who are desirous of 
 approving their valor in single combat. Till an 
 enemy appears, they address their prayers to 
 God and His saints. That church I have fre- 
 quently visited. But never have I found an an- 
 tagonist who dared to accept my defiance.'" 
 Alexius dismissed the challenger with some pru- 
 dent advice for his conduct in the Turkish war- 
 fare. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 572. 
 
 75§. CHANGE, A life. Loyola. It was dur- 
 ing the siege of Pampeluna by the French 
 . . . that a young officer of Guipuzcoa, 
 actively engaged in conducting the defence, re- 
 ceived a severe wound which confined him for 
 many weeks to his bed, an occurrence which 
 
 proved the turning-point of his subsequent ex 
 traordinary career. This gallant soldier, soon to 
 reappear upon the scene in a very different and 
 far more influential character, was none other 
 than Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Order of 
 Jesus. — Students' France, ch. 14, § 5, p. 300 
 
 759. CHANGE of Sides. "Bobbing John.'^ 
 John Erskine, Earl of Mar, who came to Edin- 
 burgh as Secretary of State in 1706 [became 
 distinguished in this manner :] his happy art of 
 accommodating himself to circumstances pro- 
 cured him the name of "Bobbing John." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 1. 
 
 760. CHAEACTEE, Changeful. Boniface VIIl 
 Boniface expired at Rome in a frenzy of rage 
 and revenge. His memory is stained with the 
 glaring vices of avarice and pride ; nor has the 
 courage of a martyr promoted this ecclesiastical 
 champion to the honors of a saint ; a mag- 
 nanimous sinner (say the chronicles of the 
 times), who entered like a fox, reigned like a 
 lion, and died like a dog. He was succeeded 
 by Benedict XL, the mildest of mankind. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 69. 
 
 761. CHAEACTEE, Composite. Luther. 
 [Heine's opinion of Luther :] " He created the- 
 German language. He was not only the 
 greatest, but the most German man of our 
 history. In his character all the faults and all 
 the virtues of the Germans are combined on 
 the largest scale. Then he had qualities which 
 are very seldom found united, which we are ac- 
 customed to regard as irreconcilable antago- 
 nisms. He was, at the same time, a dreamy 
 mystic and a practical man of action. His 
 thoughts had not only wings, but hands. He 
 spoke and he acted. He was not only the 
 tongue, but the sword of his time. When he 
 had plagued himself all day long with his doc 
 trinal distinctions, in the evening he took his. 
 flute and gazed at the stars, dissolved in melody 
 and devotion. He could be as soft as a tender 
 maiden. Sometimes he was wild as the storm 
 that uproots the oak, and then again he was 
 gentle as the zephyr that dallies with the violet." 
 — Rein's Luther, p. 205. 
 
 762. CHAEACTEE, Contradictory. James LI. 
 A libertine without love, a devotee without 
 spirituality, an advocate of toleration without 
 the sense of the natural right of conscience — in 
 him the muscular force prevailed over the 
 intellectual. He floated between the sensuality 
 of indulgence and the sensuality of superstition, 
 hazarding heaven for an ugly mistress, and, to 
 the great delight of abbots and nuns, winning it 
 back again by pricking his flesh with sharp 
 points of iron, and eating no meat on Saturdays. 
 Of the two brothers, the Duke of Bukingham 
 said well, that Charles [II.] would not and 
 James could not see. — Bancroft's U. S., vcl. 2, 
 ch. 17. 
 
 763, . Queen Elizdbeth. To the 
 
 world about her, the temper of Elizabeth re- 
 called in its strange contrasts the mixed blood 
 within her veins. She was at once the daughter 
 of Henry [VIIL] and of Anne Boleyn. From. 
 her father she inherited her frank and hearty 
 address, her love of popularity and of free inter- 
 course with the people, her dauntless courage,, 
 and her amazing self-confidence. Her harsh., 
 manlike voice, her impetuous will, her pride, 
 
CHARACTER. 
 
 9i 
 
 her furious outbursts of anger, came to her with 
 her Tudor blood. She rated great nobles as if 
 they were schoolboys ; she met the insolence of 
 Lord Essex with a box on the ear ; she broke 
 now and then into the gravest deliberations to 
 swear at her ministers like a fishwife. Strangely 
 in contrast with these violent outlines of her 
 father's temper stood the sensuous, self-indul- 
 gent nature she drew from Anne Boleyn. — Hist. 
 •OF English People, § 710. 
 
 'J'64. CHARACTEE, Discipline of. Cromwell's 
 Soldiers. Nor would it be safe, in our time, to 
 tolerate in any regiment religious meetings, at 
 which a corporal versed in scripture should lead 
 the devotions of his less gifted colonel, and ad- 
 monish a backsliding major. But such was the 
 intelligence, the gravity, and the self-command 
 of the warriors whom Cromwell had trained, 
 that in their camp a political organization and a 
 religious organization could exist without de- 
 stroying military organization. The same men 
 who, off duty, were noted as demagogues and 
 field-preachers, were distinguished by steadiness, 
 by the spirit of order, and by prompt obedience 
 on watch, on drill, and on the field of battle. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 1. 
 
 765. CHABACTEB disclosed. Samuel John- 
 son. BoswELL : "Mr. Burke has a constant 
 stream of conversation." Johnson : " Yes, 
 sir ; if a man were to go by chance at the same 
 time with Burke under a shed, to shun a shower, 
 he would say, 'This is an extraordinary man.' 
 If Burke should go into a stable to see his horse 
 dressed the ostler would say, ' We have had an 
 extraordinary man here. ' " Boswell : " Foote 
 was a man who never failed in conversation. If 
 he had gone into a stable — " Johnson : " Sir, if 
 he had gone into the stable, the ostler would 
 have said, Here has been a comical fellow ; but 
 he would not have respected him." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 517. 
 
 766. CHARACTER, Elevation of. Aristides tJie 
 Just. When the chief command of the war was 
 given to Athens, a new system was established 
 with regard to the contributions of the confeder- 
 ate States, trusting no longer to contingent and 
 occasional supplies or free gifts. The subsidies 
 to be levied from each were to be exacted in pro- 
 portion to its means, and the revenue of its ter- 
 ritory ; and a common treasury was appointed 
 to be kept in the Isle of Delos. The high char- 
 acter of Aristides was exemplified in the impor- 
 tant and honorable trust with which he was in- 
 vested by the common consent of the nation. It 
 appears that not only the custody of the nation- 
 al supplies, but the power of fixing their propor- 
 tions, was conferred on this illustrious man ; 
 DiOr was there ever a complaint or murmur heard 
 against the equity with which this high but in- 
 vidious function was administered. The best 
 testimony of his virtue was the strict frugality 
 of his life and the honorable poverty in which 
 he died.— Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1, p. 138. 
 
 767. CHARACTER estimated. CromwelVs. It 
 cannot be doubted that the estimate of his char- 
 acter will always be formed, not merely from 
 sympathy with a certain set of opinions, but 
 even more from that strange, occult, and un- 
 deflnable sentiment which, arising from pecu- 
 liarity of temperament, becomes the creator of 
 intellectual and even moral appreciation. Hence 
 
 there are those to whom, whatever may be the 
 amount of evidence for his purity, Cromwell 
 can only be hateful ; while there are others, 
 again, to whom, even if certain flaws or faults 
 of character appear in him, he can only he ad- 
 mirable. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 2. 
 
 768. CHARACTER, Foundation for. Oermans. 
 Now, "in two remarkable traits the Gr«rmans 
 differed from the Sarmatic as well as from the 
 Slavic nations, and, indeed, from all those other 
 races to whom the Greeks and Romans gave the 
 designation of barbarians. I allude to their per- 
 sonal freedom and regard for the rights of men ; 
 secondly, to the respect paid by them to the 
 female sex, and the chastity for which the latter 
 were celebrated among the people of the North. 
 These were the foundations of that probity of 
 character, self-respect, and purity of manners 
 which may be traced among the Germans and 
 Goths even during pagan times, and which, when 
 their sentiments were enlightened by Christian- 
 ity, brought out those splendid traits of charac- 
 ter which distinguish the age of chivalry and 
 romance." — Decisive Battles, ch. 6. 
 
 769. CHARACTER, Greatness of. Luther. 
 
 t Opinion of Thomas Carlyle.] " I will call this 
 juther a true great man, gi-eat in intellect, in 
 courage, affection, and integrity, one of our 
 most lovable and precious men. Great not as 
 a hewn obelisk, but as an Alpine mountain, so 
 simple, honest, spontaneous, not setting up to 
 be great at all ; there for quite another purpose 
 than being great ! Ah, jes, unsubduable granite, 
 piercing far and wide into the heavens ; yet in 
 the clefts of it fountains, green beautiful valleys 
 with flowers ! A right spiritual Hero and 
 Prophet ; once more a true son of Nature and 
 Fact, for whom these centuries and many that 
 are to come yet will be thankful to heaven." 
 — Rein's Luther, ch. 26, p. 206. 
 
 770. CHARACTER, Grotesque. Poet Shelley. 
 To the world he presented the rare spectacle of 
 a man passionate for truth and unreservedly obe- 
 dient to the right as he discerned it. The anom- 
 aly which made his practical career a failure 
 lay just here. The right he followed was too 
 often the antithesis of ordinary morality ; in his 
 desire to cast away the false and grasp the truu, 
 he overshot the mark of prudence. The blend- 
 ing in him of a pure and earnest purpose with 
 moral and social theories that could not but 
 have proved pernicious to mankind at large, pro- 
 duced at times an almost grotesque mixture in 
 his actions no less than in his verse. We can- 
 not, therefore, wonder that society, while he 
 lived, felt the necessity of asserting itself against 
 him. — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 8. 
 
 771. CHARACTER, Inherited. Americans. 
 By the middle of the eighteenth century the 
 American colonies had, to a certain extent, as- 
 sumed a national character ; but they were still 
 strongly marked with the peculiarities which 
 their ancestors brought with them from Europe. 
 In New England, especially in Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut, the principles and piactices of 
 Puritanism still held universal sway. On the 
 banks of the Hudson the language, manners, 
 and customs of Holland were almost as preva- 
 lent as they had been a hundred years before. 
 By the Delaware the Quakers were gathered in 
 such numbers as to control all legislation and to 
 
92 
 
 CHARACTER— CHARITY. 
 
 prevent serious innovations upon the simple 
 methods of civil and social organization intro- 
 duced by Penn. On the northern bank of the 
 Potomac, the youthful Frederick, the sixth Lord 
 Baltimore, a frivolous and dissolute governor, 
 ruled a people who still conformed to the order 
 of things established a hundred and thirty years 
 previously by Sir George and Cecil Calvert. In 
 Virginia — mother of States and statesmen — the 
 people had all their old peculiarities : a some- 
 what haughty demeanor ; pride of ancestry ; 
 fondness for aristocratic sports ; hospitality ; 
 love of freedom. The North Carolinians were, at 
 this epoch, the same rugged and insubordinate 
 race of hunters that they had always been. In 
 South Carolina . . . the people, mostly of 
 French descent, were as hot-blooded and as 
 jealous of their rights as their ancestors. — Rid- 
 Ipath's Hist., ch. 36, p. 280. 
 
 772. CHAEACTER misinterpreted. Charles 11. 
 That the late king had been at heart a Roman 
 Catholic had been, during some months, sus- 
 pected and whispered, but not formally an- 
 nounced. The disclosure, indeed, could not be 
 made without great scandal. Charles had, 
 times without number, declared himself a Prot- 
 •estant, and had been in the habit of receiving 
 the Eucharist from the bishops of the Established 
 Church. Those Protestants who had stood by 
 him in his difficulties, and who still cherished 
 an affectionate remembrance of him, must be 
 filled with shame and indignation by learning 
 that his whole life had been a lie ; that, while 
 he professed to belong to their communion, he 
 had really regarded them as heretics ; and that 
 the demagogues who had represented him as a 
 concealed papist had been the only people who 
 had formed a correct judgment of his character. 
 — Macaulay's Ekg., ch. 6, p. 40. 
 
 773. CHAEACTER moulded by Theology. 
 Cromwell. Cromwell was all that we include in 
 the term Puritan. His whole public life was 
 the result of that mental experience by which 
 his faith was moulded. In him there was a pro- 
 found reverence for the law of God. He had 
 an instinctive apprehension of order. To dis- 
 franchise, to rout, and put to flight the imbecili- 
 ties of anarchists — such was his work. A sworn 
 soldier of the Decalogue was he. Say that he 
 read with keen vividness into men's hearts and 
 men's purposes ; well, he did so, as any man 
 may do, by the light of high intelligent princi- 
 ples vdthin him. In many things, we do not 
 doubt, he much misinterpreted the texts of the 
 Divine Book. Perhaps he was too much a 
 •' Hebrew of the Hebrews." Some do not see 
 tow a man can be faithfully a Christian man 
 and also a soldier ; but if he will be a soldier, 
 then we do not see how he can fulfil a soldier's 
 duty better than by looking into the Old Testa- 
 ment. We see plainly that we shall not know 
 Cromwell's character and deeds unless we ac- 
 quaint ourselves with Cromwell's theology. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 22. 
 
 774. CHAEACTEE, Natural. FosUred. The 
 most important care of Mammaea [the mother of 
 Alexander] and her wise counsellors, was to 
 form the character of the young emperor . . . 
 the fortunate soil assisted, and even prevented, 
 the hand of cultivation. An excellent under- 
 fitanding soon convinced Alexander of the ad- 
 
 vantages of virtue, the pleasure of knowledge, 
 and the necessity of labor. A natural mildness 
 and moderation of temper preserved him from 
 the assaults of passion and the allurements of 
 vice. His unalterable regard for his mother . . . 
 guarded his inexperienced youth from the 
 poison of flattery. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 775. CHAEACTEE above Office. Emperor. 
 The great Theodosius, in his judicious advice to 
 his son, . . . distinguishes the station of a Roman 
 prince from that of a Parthian monarch. Virtue 
 was necessary for the one ; birth might suffice 
 for the other. — Milmax, in Gibbon's Rome. ' 
 
 776. CHAEACTEE, Trifling. Greeks. The 
 warmth of the climate disposed the natives of 
 Antioch to the most intemperate enjoyment of 
 tranquillity and opulence ; and the lively licen- 
 tiousness of the Greeks was blended with the 
 hereditary softness of the Syrians. Fashion was 
 the only law, pleasure the only pursuit, and the 
 splendor of dress and furniture was the only 
 distinction of the citizens of Antioch. The arts 
 of luxury were honored ; the serious and manly 
 virtues were the subject of ridicule ; and the 
 contempt for female modesty and reverent age 
 announced the universal corruption of the cap- 
 ital of the East. The love of spectacles was the 
 taste, or rather passion, of the Syrians — the most 
 skilful artists were procured from the adjacent 
 cities ; a considerable share of the revenue was 
 devoted to the public amusements ; and the 
 magnificence of the games of the theatre and 
 circus was considered as the happiness and as 
 the glory of Antioch. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 24. 
 
 777. CHAEITY for the Dead. BoUngbroke. 
 The great Duke of Marlborough and the first 
 Lord Bolingbroke were in opposite political in- 
 terests, and were consequently, on most occa- 
 sions, ranged against each other. Some gentle- 
 men, after the duke's decease, were canvassing 
 his character with much severity, and particu- 
 larly charged him with being excessively ava- 
 ricious. At length they appealed for the truth 
 of their statements to Lord Bolingbroke, who 
 was one of the company. This nobleman, with 
 a generosity which did him real honor, an^ 
 swered : "The Duke of Marlborough was so 
 great a man that I quite forget his failings." 
 
 77§. CHAEITY distrusted. Joseph II. Jo- 
 seph II., walking one day on the Prater at 
 Vienna, met a young woman who seemed in 
 great distress. He inquired the cause, and found 
 that she was the daughter of an officer who had 
 been killed in the Imperial service, and that she 
 and her mother had supported themselves by 
 their industry, but were now unemployed. 
 " Have you received no assistance from the 
 government ?" said the emperor. " None," was 
 the reply. "But why not apply to the em- 
 peror ? he is easy of access." " They say he 
 is avaricious, and such a step would then be 
 useless." The monarch immediately gave the 
 young woman some ducats and a ring, telling 
 her that he was in the emperor's service, and 
 would serve her, if with her mother she would 
 come to the palace on a certain day. The ap- 
 pointment was kept, and the young woman rec- 
 ognized her benefactor in the person of the em- 
 peror, who bade her not to be alarmed, as he had 
 settled a pension on her and her mother, adding, 
 
CHARITY— CHEERFULNESS. 
 
 95 
 
 " At another time, I hope you will not despair 
 of a heart that is just." 
 
 yro. CHARITY, Nobility of. Aristotle. Being 
 blamed for giving alms to an unworthy person, 
 he said, "I gave ; but it was to mankind." — 
 Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 558. 
 
 7§0. CHAEITY, Wise. Jolm Howard. In times 
 of scarcity he exerted himself to find employ- 
 ment for those [of his tenants] Avho needed it, 
 getting situations among his friends for deserv- 
 ing girls and young men, keeping many hands 
 busy upon his own grounds and in weaving 
 linen for his family. It is said that he had 
 linen enough in his house when he died to last 
 fifty years longer. He was reluctant to give 
 money in charity, except to persons who could 
 not work. His way was to provide work, even 
 if the work was not needed. This principle, 
 however, did not prevent his giving presents on 
 proper occasions to deserving objects. All his 
 servants were generously remembered by him at 
 Christmas and on their birthdays ; and when 
 one of their daughters was married, he was 
 fond of presenting the bride with a good cow.— 
 Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 38. 
 
 781. CHAEITY, Wonderfal. FatTier Mathew 
 said : A poor woman found in the streets a male 
 infant, which she brought to me, and asked im- 
 ploringly what she was to do with it. Influ- 
 enced, unhappily, by cold caution, I advised her 
 to give it to the church-wardens. It was then 
 evening. On the ensuing morning, early, I found 
 this poor woman at my doors. She was a poor 
 water-carrier. She cried bitterly, and said, " I 
 have not slept one wink all night for parting 
 with that child which God had put in my way, 
 and, if you will give me leave, I will take him 
 back again." I was filled with confusion at 
 the pious tenderness of this poor creature, and I 
 went with her to the parish nurse for the infant, 
 which she brought to her home with joy, ex- 
 claiming, in the very words of the prophet, 
 " Poor child, though thy mother has forgotten 
 thee, I will not forget thee." Eight years 
 have elapsed since she brought to her humble 
 home that exposed infant, and she is now blind 
 from the constant exposure to wet and cold ; and 
 ten times a day may be seen that poor wa- 
 ter-carrier passing with her weary load, led by 
 this little foundling boy. O merciful Jesus, I 
 would gladly sacrifice the wealth and power of 
 this wide world, to secure to myself the glorious 
 welcome that awaits this poor blind water-car- 
 rier on the great accounting day ! Oh, what 
 compared to charity like this, the ermined robe' 
 the ivory sceptre, the golden throne, the jew- 
 elled diadem !— Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 113. 
 
 78a. CHARM, Protecting. Numa. [Numa, one 
 of the earliest kings of Rome,] having mixed 
 the fountain of which they used to drink with 
 vnne and honey, surprised and caught [the demi- 
 gods, who] . . . acquainted him with many se- 
 crets of futurity and taught him a charm for 
 thunder and lightning, composed of onions, hair, 
 and pilchards, which is used to this day.— Plu- 
 tarch's Numa. 
 
 _ 783. . Agnus Dei. The agnus dei, 
 
 m the Roman Catholic Church, is a cake of wax, 
 bearing the image of a lamb bearing a cross. 
 Being blessed by the pope, they are worn by 
 
 many Catholics, and believed to drive away bad 
 
 spirits and preserve their wearers from harm. 
 
 Am. Cyc, " Agnus Dei." 
 
 784. CHASTISEMENT of Children. Scourge. 
 Severe corporal punishment was the accustomed 
 instrument of good education in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury. The scourge was recommended even by 
 gentle mothers to be administered to their sons 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 5. 
 
 785. CHASTITY and CiviUzation. Opposed. Al- 
 though the progress of civilization has undoubt- 
 edly contributed to assuage the fiercer passions of 
 human nature, it seems to have been less favora- 
 ble to the virtue of chastity, whose most danger- 
 ous enemy is the eoftness of the mind. The re- 
 finements of life corrupt while they polish the in- 
 tercourse of the sexes. The gross appetite of 
 love becomes most dangerous when it is elevat- 
 ed, or rather, indeed, disguised by sentimental 
 passion. The elegance of dress, of motion, and 
 of manners gives a lustre to beauty, and inflames 
 the senses through the imagination. Luxurious 
 entertainments, midnight dances, and licentious 
 spectacles present at once temptation and op- 
 portunity to female frailty. — Gibbon's Rome 
 ch. 9. 
 
 786. CHASTITY, Invincible. Boman General 
 Belisarius. Belisarius was chaste and sober. In 
 the license of a military life, none could boast 
 that they had seen him intoxicated with wine ; 
 the most beautiful captives of Gothic or Vandal 
 race were offered to his embraces ; but he turned 
 aside from their charms, and the husband of An- 
 tonina was never suspected of violating the laws 
 of conjugal fidelity.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 787. CHASTITY, Rare. Early Christians. It 
 was with the utmost difficulty that ancient Rome 
 could support the institution of six vestals ; but 
 the primitive church was filled with a great num- 
 ber of persons of either sex, who had devoted 
 themselves to the profession of perpetual chas- 
 tity. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 1, ch. 15, p. 550. 
 
 788. CHEERFULNESS, Simulated. Mary. The 
 ship in which the Princess of Orange had em- 
 barked lay off Margate, and on the following 
 morning anchored at Greenwich. She was re- 
 ceived with many signs of joy and affection ; 
 but her demeanor shocked the Tories, and was 
 not thought faultless even by the Whigs. A 
 young woman, placed, by a destiny as mourn- 
 ful and awful as that which brooded over the 
 fabled houses of Labdacus and Pelops, in such a 
 situation that she could not, without violating 
 her duty to her God, her husband, and her coun- 
 try, refuse to take her seat on the throne from 
 which her father [James II.] had just been 
 hurled, should have been sad, or at least serious. 
 Mary was not merely in high, but in extravagant 
 spirits. She entered Whitehall, it was asserted, 
 with a girlish delight at being mistress of so fine 
 a house, ran about the rooms, peeped into the 
 closets, and examined the quilt of the state bed, 
 without seeming to remember by whom those 
 stately apartments had last been occupied. [Bish- 
 op] Burnet, who had, till then, thought her an 
 angel in human form, could not, on this occa- 
 sion, refrain from blaming her. He was the 
 more astonished, because, when he took leave of 
 her at the Hague, she had, though fully con- 
 vinced that she was in the path of duty, beea 
 
94 
 
 cheeri:n g— childhood. 
 
 deeply dejected. To him, as to her spiritual 
 guide, she afterward explained her conduct. 
 William had written to inform her that some of 
 those who had tried to separate her interests from 
 his still continued their machinations ; they 
 gave it out that she thought herself wronged ; 
 and, if she wore a gloomy countenance, the re- 
 port would be confirmed. He therefore entreated 
 her to make her first appearance with an air of 
 cheerfulness. Her heart, she said, was far in- 
 deed from cheerful ; but she had done her best ; 
 and, as she was afraid of not sustaining well a 
 part which was uncongenial to her feelings, 
 she had overacted it. Her deportment was the 
 subject of reams of scurrility in prose and verse ; 
 it lowered her in the opinion of some whose es- 
 teem she valued ; nor did the world know, till 
 she was beyond the reach of praise and censure, 
 that the conduct which had brought on her the 
 reproach of levity and insensibility was really a 
 signal instance of that perfect disinterestedness 
 and self-devotion of which man seems to be in- 
 capable, but which is sometimes found in wom- 
 an. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 606. 
 
 7§9. CHEEEING effective. War of Rebellion. 
 The Southern troops when charging, or to ex- 
 press their delight, always yell in a manner pe- 
 culiar to themselves. The Yankee cheer is much 
 more like ours ; but the Confederate officers de- 
 clare that the rebel yell has a peculiar merit, and 
 always produces a salutary and useful effect 
 upon their adversaries. A corps is sometimes 
 spoken of as a "good yelling regiment." [Brit- 
 ish officer's diary, quoted in] Pollard's Sec- 
 ond Year of the War, p. 349. 
 
 790. CHILD, Influence of a. Sovereign. In 
 1425, with a view probably to diminish the in- 
 fluence of the protector [the Duke of Glouces- 
 ter], by exhibiting the child Henry [VI., then 
 five years old] as a shadow of royalty, he was 
 brought into the House of Lords and seated 
 upon the throne upon his mother's knee. " It 
 was a strange sight," says Speed, the chronicler, 
 " and the first time it was ever seen in England, 
 an infant sitting in his mother's lap, and before 
 it could tell what English meant, to exercise 
 the place of sovereign direction in open Parlia- 
 ment." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 5, p. 78. 
 
 791. CHILD, A passionate. Blaise Pascal. 
 When the boy was a year old he was observed 
 to resent, in the most violent manner, any ca- 
 resses which his parents exchanged. Either of 
 them might kiss him in welcome, but if they 
 kissed one another, he cried, kicked, and made 
 a terrible ado. He had also the peculiarity (not 
 very rare among children) of making a great 
 outcry whenever a basin of water was brought 
 near him. " Every one," writes an inmate and 
 relative of the family, " said the child was be- 
 witched by an old woman who was in the habit 
 of receiving alms from the house." [The "witch" 
 applied her sorcery, and appeared to have killed 
 the child, but it was restored. ]—Cyclopedla of 
 BiOG., p. 96. 
 
 792. CHILD, Power of. Ruler. Themistocles' 
 son being master of his mother, and by her 
 means, of him, he said, laughing, " This child is 
 greater than any man in Greece ; for the Athe- 
 nians command the Greeks, I command the 
 Athenians, his mother commands me, and he 
 commands his mother." — Plutarch. 
 
 793. CHILD, Precocious. Samuel Johnson. 
 When Dr. Sacheverell was at Lichfield, Johnson 
 was not quite three years old. My grandfather 
 Hammond observed him at the cathedral perch- 
 ed upon his father's shoulders, listening and 
 gaping at the much-celebrated preacher. Mr. 
 Hammond asked Mr. Johnson how he could 
 possibly think of bringing such an infant to 
 church, and in the midst of so great a crowd. 
 He answered, because it was impossible to keep 
 him at home ; for, young as he was, he believed 
 he had caught the public spirit and zeal for 
 Sacheverell, and would have stayed forever in 
 the church. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 5. 
 
 794. CHILD, A ruined. Ch^ief. Mrs. Susanna 
 Wesley [the mother of John Wesley] had seen 
 much affliction. Her husband had been in 
 prison for debt, she had suffered from poverty 
 and sickness, some of her children had died, and 
 others married unhappily. She wrote thus to 
 her brother in bereavement : " O sir, happy, 
 thrice happy are you ; happy is my sister that 
 buried your children in infancy ! Secure from 
 temptation, secure from guilt, secure from want 
 or shame or loss of friends, they are safe beyond 
 the reach of pain or sense of misery. Being 
 gone hence, nothing can touch them further. 
 Believe me, sir, it is better to mourn ten chil- 
 dren dead than one living, and I have buried 
 many." 
 
 795. CHILD, Value of a. Heathen. Abdallah- 
 Ben-Abd-el-Mottalib, the father of Mahomet, 
 when a youth narrowly escaped sacrifice at his 
 father's hands, who, being childless, made a vow 
 that he would sacrifice one of his children to 
 the gods if they would grant him a family. The 
 family came, and the lot being taken fell on Ab- 
 dallah. The father was on the point of fulfil- 
 ling his vow, when, by the advice of his friends, 
 he stayed his hand and consulted a wise woman, 
 who directed him to place ten camels, the price 
 of blood among the Arabs, on one side, and his 
 son on the other, and to cast lots between them ; 
 and as often as the lots should be against the 
 youth, he was to add ten more camels. The ex- 
 periment was tried, and the lot was against Ab- 
 dallah ten times ; the father sacrificed one hun- 
 dred camels, and saved his son. — App. Cyc, 
 
 "AbD ALLAH." 
 
 796. CHILDHOOD, Impressible. Rev. John Da- 
 ms. [He was early trained in the doctrines of 
 religion.] He attributed his conversion, in his 
 nineteenth year, to the ineffaceable impression 
 of a lesson of the Holy Scriptures, heard while 
 sitting on his father's knee when he was a child. 
 — Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 4, p. 230. 
 
 797. CHILDHOOD, Terrors of. William Cowper. 
 My chief affliction consisted in my being singled 
 out from all the other boys by a lad of about 
 fifteen years of age as a proper object upon 
 whom he might let loose the cruelty of his tem- 
 per. I choose to conceal a particular recital of 
 the many acts of barbarity with which he made 
 it his business continually to persecute me. It 
 will be sufficient to say that his savage treatment 
 of me impressed such a dread of his figure upon 
 my mind, that I well remember being afraid to 
 lift my eyes upon him higher than to his knees, 
 and that I knew him better by his shoe-buckles 
 than by any other part of his dress. May the 
 
CHILDREN. 
 
 95 
 
 Xord pardon him, and may we meet in glory ! 
 — Smith's Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
 798. CHILDREN abused. Paupers. [In the 
 British collieries, 1837,] it was the custom of 
 many of the hard task-masters to take two or 
 three apprentices at a time, supporting them- 
 selves and families out of the labor of these un- 
 fortunate orphans, who from the age of fourteen 
 to twenty-one never received a penny for them- 
 •selves, by a servitude in which there was nothing 
 to learn beyond a little dexterity readily ac- 
 quired by short practice. [Some of them were 
 "whipped to death.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 •ch. 22, p. 396. 
 
 799. . Spinning. Children of 
 
 very tender age, collected from the London 
 workhouses and other abodes of the friendless, 
 were transported to Manchester and the neigh- 
 borhood as apprentices. They were often work- 
 ed through the whole night ; had no regard paid 
 to their cleanliness ; and received no instruction. 
 [They were employed on the newly invented 
 spinning machines.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 oh. 3, p. 52. 
 
 800. CHILDBEN a Blessing. Mahomet. His 
 enemies, who regarded the privation of a male 
 child as a disfavor of Heaven, gave to Mahomet 
 the ignominious epithet of a man without a con- 
 tinuation of himself. — Lamabtine's Turkey, 
 p. 140. 
 
 801. CHILDREN, Delight in. Mahomet. Ma- 
 homet's politeness to men of all conditions who 
 approached him was gentle and respectful. 
 "He never," says Aboulfeda, "withdrew his 
 hand the first from the hand of those who were 
 saluting him." He played . . . with the children 
 of Ali, the husband of his daughter, Fatima, in 
 •default of any of his own. One of these little 
 •ones, of a tender age, named Hossein, having 
 crept upon his back while he was prostrated in 
 prayer, with his face against the earth, the proph- 
 et remained in this attitude, to gratify the child, 
 until its mother came to deliver him of the bur- 
 den. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 152. 
 
 802. CHILDREN, Discipline of. Severity. 
 [a.d. 1547.] Severe discipline of children was 
 the characteristic of an age in which men and 
 boys, and even girls, were governed more by ter- 
 ror than by love. Peter Carewe, when he ran 
 •away from school, was led home in chains like a 
 dog, and was coupled to a hound in a filthy out- 
 house. Lady Jane Grey described to Ascham 
 how, in the presence of her parenis, she was com- 
 pelled to deport herself in every action of life ac- 
 cording to the strictest rules ; " or else I am so 
 sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea pres- 
 ently, sometimes with pinches, nips, and bobs, 
 ■and other ways which I will not name for the 
 honor I bear them, so without measure disorder- 
 ed that I think myself in hell." The poor lady, 
 however, considered the severity as a blessing, 
 for it taught her to value the exceptional kindness 
 of her schoolmaster, "who teacheth me so gen- 
 tly, so pleasantly, with such fair allurements to 
 learning, that I think all the time nothing while 
 I am with him." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 
 29, p. 496. 
 
 803. CHILDREN frightened. Beign of James 
 II. [The ladies of the queen's household, prompt- 
 ed by avarice, plundered the victims of Jef- 
 
 freys' court.] The prey on which they pounced 
 most eagerly was one which it might have been 
 thought that even the most ungentle natures 
 would have spared. Already some of the girls 
 who had presented a standard to Monmouth [the 
 rebel and pretended king] at Taunton had cru- 
 elly expiated their offence. One of them had 
 been thrown into a prison where an infectious 
 malady was raging. She had sickened and died 
 there. Another had presented herself at the bar 
 before Jeffreys to beg for mercy. " Take her, 
 jailer," vociferated the judge, with one of those 
 frowns which had often struck terror into stout- 
 er hearts than hers. She burst into tears, drew 
 her hood over her face, followed the jailer out of 
 court, fell ill of fright, and in a few hours was a 
 corpse. Most of the young ladies, however, who 
 had walked in the procession were still alive. 
 Some of them were under ten years of age. All 
 had acted under the orders of their schoolmis- 
 tress, without knowing that they were commit- 
 ting a crime. The queen's maids of honor asked 
 the royal permission to wring money out of the 
 parents of the poor children, and the permission 
 was granted. An order was sent down to Taun- 
 ton that all these little girls should be seized and 
 imprisoned. [See more at No. 607.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 607. 
 
 804. CHILDREN, Labors of. Beign of Charles 
 II. At Norwich, the chief seat of the clothing 
 trade, a little creature six years old was thought 
 fit for labor. Several writers of that time, and 
 among them some who were considered as emi- 
 nently benevolent, mention, with exultation, the 
 fact, that in that city boys and girls of a tender 
 age created wealth exceeding what was necessa- 
 ry for their own subsistence by £12,000 a year. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 390. 
 
 805. CHILDREN, Mistrained. John Milton's. 
 He did not allow his daughters to learn any lan- 
 guage, saying with a gibe that one tongue was 
 enough for a woman. They were not sent to 
 any school, but had some sort of teaching at 
 home from a mistress. But in order to make 
 them useful in reading to him, their father was 
 at the pains to train them to read aloud in five or 
 six languages, of none of which they understood 
 one word. When we think of the time and la- 
 bor which must have been expended to teach 
 them to do this, it must occur to us that a little 
 more labor would have sufficed to teach them so 
 much of one or two of the languages as would 
 have made their reading a source of interest and 
 improvement to themselves. This Milton refus- 
 ed to do. The consequence was, as might have 
 been expected, the occupation became so irk- 
 some to them that they rebelled against it. In 
 the case of one of them, Mary, . . . this restive- 
 ness passed into open revolt. She first resisted, 
 then neglected, and finally came to hate, her 
 father. When some one spoke . . . she said, 
 that was no news to her of his wedding ; but 
 if she could hear of his death, that was some- 
 thing. She combined with Anne, the eldest 
 daughter, ' ' to counsel his maid-servant to cheat 
 him in his marketings." They sold his books 
 without his knowledge. " They made nothing 
 of deserting him," he was often heard to com- 
 plain. — Milton, by M. Pattison. ch. 12. 
 
 806. CHILDREN, Overgovernment of. John 
 Hovxvrd, [He had an only son.] He was ex- 
 
96 
 
 CHILDREN— CHIVALRY. 
 
 ceedingly fond of his son, though he governed 
 him, as some of his friends thought, a little too 
 much in the patriarchal style, demanding from 
 him the most prompt and exact obedience, and 
 avoiding, on principle, to give him any expla- 
 nation of the reasons of his requirements. He 
 never struck the boy a blow in his life. The 
 severest punishment he ever inflicted vv^as com- 
 pelling him to sit still for a certain time without 
 speaking, and such was his ascendency over the 
 child, that one of his neighbors said that if he 
 should tell the boy to hold his hand in the fire, 
 he would do it. He appears to have carried the 
 
 Eatriarchal principle too far. The boy obeyed 
 is father, but did not confide in him ; respected 
 his father, but was not very fond of him ; was 
 proud of his father, but did not feel at home in 
 his .company. [See more at No. 418.] — Cyc. of 
 Bigg., p. 51. 
 
 §07. CHILDREN, Protection of. Roman. The 
 same protection was due to every period of ex- 
 istence ; and reason must applaud the humanity 
 of Paulus for imputing the crime of murder to 
 the father who strangles, or starves, or abandons 
 his new-born infant, or exposes him in a public 
 place to find the mercy which he himself had 
 denied. But the exposition of children was the 
 prevailing and stubborn vice of antiquity ; it was 
 sometimes prescribed, often permitted, almost al- 
 ways practised with impunity, by the nations 
 who never entertained the Roman ideas of pater- 
 nal powers. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44. 
 
 §08. CHILDREN of the State. Spartan. Chil- 
 dren at Sparta were not considered as belonging 
 to the individual parents, but to the State. Af- 
 ter the performance of the first maternal duties, 
 the youth were educated at the charge of the 
 public ; and every citizen had as much authori- 
 ty over his neighbor's children as over his own. 
 Slaves, in the same manner, were, at Sparta, a 
 species of common property ; every man might 
 make use of his neighbor's slaves, and hunt, as 
 Xenophon informs us, not only with his neigh- 
 bor's servants, but with his dogs and horses. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 §09. CHILDREN to save the State. Washing- 
 ton. [In the dark days of the war of the Rev- 
 olution "Washington was returning to his army 
 after a brief absence.] The population of the 
 town where he was to spend the night went 
 out to meet him. A crowd of children, repeat- 
 ing the acclamations of their elders, gathered 
 around him, stopping his way, all wishing to 
 touch him and calling him father. Pressing the 
 hand of [Count] Dumas [one of his French al- 
 lies], he said to him : "We may be beaten by the 
 English in the field ; it is the lot of arms ; but 
 see there the arm that they will never conquer." 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 10, ch. 18. 
 
 §10. CHILDREN, Surrender of. To Valem. The 
 liberality of the [Roman] emperor was accom- 
 panied, however, with two harsh and rigorous 
 conditions, which prudence might justify on the 
 side of the Romans, but which distress alone 
 could extort from the indignant Goths. Before 
 they passed the Danube, they were required to 
 deliver their arms ; and it was insisted that their 
 children should be taken from them, and dis- 
 persed through the provinces of Asia, where 
 they might be civilized by the arts of education, 
 
 and serve as hostages to secure the fidelity ot 
 their parents. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 §11, CHILDREN surviving. Samuel Johnson. 
 BoswELL : " I believe, sir, a great many of the 
 children born in London die early." John- 
 son : " Why, yes, sir." Bgswell : " But those 
 who do live are as stout and strong people as- 
 any ; Dr. Price says they must be natui-ally 
 strong to get through." Johnson : " That is 
 system, sir. A great traveller observes, that it 
 is said there are no weak or deformed peo- 
 ple among the Indians ; but he with much sagac- 
 ity assigns the reason of this, which is, that the 
 hardship of their life as hunters and fishers- 
 does not allow weak or diseased children to grow 
 up. Now, had I been an Indian I must have 
 died early ; my eyes would not have served me 
 to get food. I indeed now could fish, give me 
 English tackle ; but had I been an Indian I must 
 have starved, or they would have knocked me 
 on the head, when they saw I could do nothing." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 495. 
 
 §12. CHILDREN are Treasures. Poor Man's. 
 [When the rabble for the second time fired the- 
 rectory of Rev. Samuel Wesley, it was with 
 difficulty that the lives of the children were saved, 
 his son John barely getting out of the house be- 
 fore the roof fell, crushing the chamber where 
 he had slept to the ground.] The father ex- 
 claimed as he received his son, " Come, neigh- 
 bors, let us kneel down ; let us give thanks unto 
 God ; He has given me all my eight children ; 
 let the house go, I am rich enough." — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 60." 
 
 §13. CHILDREN, Unfortunate. Tartars. 
 There still remained a more disgraceful article 
 of tribute, which violated the sacred feelings of 
 humanity and nature. The hardships of the 
 savage life, which destroy in their infancy the- 
 children who are born with a less healthy and 
 robust constitution, introduced a remarkable dis- 
 proportion between the numbers of the two sex- 
 es. .. . A select band of the fairest maidens 
 of China were annually devoted to the rude em- 
 braces of the Huns.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 §14. CHIMERA, Pursuit of. Isaac Weicton. 
 Who would have thought to find Newton an al- 
 chemist ? It is a fact, that for several years this- 
 great man was intensely occupied in endeavoring 
 to discover a way of changing the baser metals 
 into gold. This is, perhaps, the reason why he 
 added little to our knowledge of chemistry, 
 though he seems to have labored at this science 
 a longer time and with more pleasure than at 
 any other. Being in pursuit of a chimera, he 
 lost his time. There were periods when his fur- 
 nace fires were not allowed to go out for six 
 weeks, he and his secretary sitting up alternate 
 nights to replenish them. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 256. 
 
 §15. CHIVALRY, Baseness of. Edward I. 
 [Edward I.] was challenged to a tournament by 
 the Count of Chalons. . . . Edward entered the 
 lists with a thousand retainers, both horsemen 
 and spearmen. In the mMee many were killed ;_ 
 and the English appear to have behaved with 
 most despicable ferocity. Edward himself, when 
 he had unhorsed the athletic count, his chair 
 lenger, stood over his suppliant enemy, and be-^ 
 labored him with a brutality of which an Eng- 
 
CHIYALRY— CHRIST. 
 
 97 
 
 lish costermonger would now be ashamed. Such 
 was chivalry — that compound of cruelty and 
 ;generosity, of physical daring and moral coward- 
 ice, of sensitive honor and broken faith. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 20, p. 28«. 
 
 §16. CHIVALRY, Modern. Battle of Leadng- 
 ton, Mo. [The Federals surrendered to the Con- 
 federates after a protracted siege.] When Col- 
 onel Mulligan surrendered his sword. General 
 Price asked him for the scabbard. Mulligan 
 replied that he had thrown it away. The general, 
 upon receiving his sword, returned it to him, 
 saying he disliked to see a man of his valor 
 without a sword. . . . While awaiting his ex- 
 change Colonel Mulligan and his wife became 
 the guests of General Price, the general surren- 
 dering to them his carriage. — Pollard's First 
 Year of the War, ch. 5, p. 148. 
 
 §17. CHIVALEY, Order of. Knights of St. 
 John. The military and religious order of the 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem was the ex- 
 piring sigh of chivalry after the crusades. A 
 triple spirit at that time animated the European 
 nobility — the spirit of faith, the spirit of war, 
 the spirit of adventure. What is called a knight 
 ivas born of these three spirits combined. A 
 pious heart, a militant arm, a chimerical imag- 
 ination — those three elements composed the per- 
 fect Christian knight. Religion, war, glory, were 
 Ais three souls. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 347. 
 
 §1§. CHIVALRY, Patriotic. Capt. PaulJones. 
 He landed near the castle of the Earl of Sel- 
 kirk, intending to take the earl prisoner, and 
 keep him as a hostage for the better treatment 
 of American prisoners in England, whom the 
 king affected to regard as felons, and who were 
 confined in common jails. The earl was absent 
 from home. The crew demanded liberty to 
 plunder the castle, in retaliation for the ravages 
 of British captains on the coast of America. 
 Captain Jones could not deny the justice of their 
 demand ; yet, abhorring the principle of plun- 
 dering private houses, and especially one inhab- 
 ited by a lady, he permitted the men to take 
 the silver plate only, forbidding the slightest ap- 
 proach to violence or disrespect. That silver 
 plate he himself bought when the plunder was 
 sold, and sent it back to the Countess of Selkirk, 
 with a polite letter of explanation and apology. 
 The haughty earl refused to receive it ; but 
 Captain Jones, after a long correspondence, won 
 his heart, and the silver was replaced in the 
 plate closet of Selkirk Castle eleven years after it 
 had been taken from it. — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 336. 
 
 §19. CHOICE of Both. Lysander. [Lysander 
 iaving been sent an] ambassador to Dionysius, 
 the tyrant offered him two vests, that he might 
 take one of them for his daughter ; upon which 
 he said his daughter knew better how to choose 
 than he, and so took them both. — Plutarch's 
 Lysander. 
 
 §20. CHOICE manifested. Pizarro. His fol- 
 iowers ran down to the ship and demanded to 
 be conveyed to Panama. Pizarro joined them, 
 gathered them around him, and, drawing a line in 
 the sand with his sword, addressed them thus : 
 ■" Comrades, on that side," pointing to the south, 
 " are toil, hunger, nakedness, the drenching 
 aBtorm. battle, and death. On this side," point- 
 
 ing to the north, " ars ewise and safety. But on 
 that side lies Peru, with its wealth. On this 
 side is Panama and its poverty. Choose, each 
 man, what best becomes a brave Castilian. For 
 my part, I go to the south." Having said these 
 words, he stepped to the southern side of the 
 line, and there stood, eying the homesick crowd. 
 Twelve soldiers, one priest, and one muleteer 
 joined him. The rest went on board the ship 
 and returned to Panama. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 325. 
 
 §21. CHOICE, Necessary. Independents. 
 Self-preservation, uniting with ambition and 
 wild enthusiasm, urged them to uncompromis- 
 ing hostility with Charles I. He or they must 
 perish. " If my head or the king's must fall," 
 argued Cromwell, "can I hesitate which to 
 choose ?" By an act of violence the Indepen- 
 dents seized on the king, and held him in their 
 special custody. ' ' Now, " said the exulting Crom- 
 well — " now that I have the king in my hands, 
 I have the Parliament in my pocket." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 §22. CHOICE, Painful. Death of Strafford. 
 The Parliament was inflexible ; the queen wept ; 
 England was in a ferment. Charles [I.], al- 
 though ready to yield, still hesitated. The Queen 
 Henrietta, of France, daughter of Henry IV., a 
 beautiful and accomplished princess, for whom 
 until his death the king preserved the fidelity of 
 a husband and the passion of a lover, presented 
 herself before him in mourning, accompanied 
 by her little children. She besought him on her 
 knees to yield to the vengeance of the people, 
 which he could not resist without turning upon 
 the innocent pledges of their love that death 
 which he was endeavoring vainly to avert from 
 a condemned head. " Choose," said she, "be- 
 tween your own life, mine, these dear children's, 
 and the life of this minister so hateful to the 
 nation." Charles, struck with horror at the idea 
 of sacrificing his beloved wife and infant chil- 
 dren, the hopes of the monarchy, replied that 
 he cared not for his own life, for he would will- 
 ingly give it to save his minister ; but to en- 
 danger Henrietta and her children was beyond 
 his strength and desire. [He signed the death- 
 warrant of his chief minister and faithful friend.] 
 — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 12. 
 
 §23. CHRIST caricatured. Martin Luther. 
 Bitterly did he complain that, from childhood 
 on, he had been so trained that he paled and 
 trembled at the mere mention of the name of 
 Christ, whom he had been taiight to regard as 
 a severe and angry judge. — Rein's Luther, 
 p. 22. 
 
 §24. CHRIST, Defence of. King of tlie Franks. 
 [After his conversion] the mind of Clovis was 
 susceptible of transient fervor ; he was exasper 
 ated by the pathetic tale of the passion and 
 death of Christ ; and, instead of weighing the 
 salutary consequences of that mysterious sacri- 
 fice, he exclaimed, with indiscreet fury, "Had 
 I been present at the head of my valiant Franks, 
 I would have revenged His injuries." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 37, p. 575. 
 
 §25. CHRIST, Honors for. Proof. [The mind 
 of the Emperor Theodosius was confirmed in or- 
 thodox doctrine.] He had lately bestowed on 
 his eldest son, Arcadius, the name and honors of 
 
98 
 
 CHRIST— CHRISTIAN. 
 
 Augustus, and the two princes were seated on a 
 stately throne to receive the homage of their sub- 
 jects. A bishop, Amphilochius of Iconium, 
 approached the throne, and after saluting, with 
 due reverence, the person of his sovereign, he 
 accosted the royal youth with the same familiar 
 tenderness which he might have used toward a 
 plebeian child. Provoked by this insolent be- 
 havior, the monarch gave orders that the rustic 
 priest should be instantly driven from his pres- 
 ence. But while the guards were forcing him 
 to the door, the dexterous polemic had time to 
 execute his design, by exclaiming, with a loud 
 voice, " Such is the treatment, O emperor, 
 which the King of heaven has prepared for those 
 Impious men who affect to worship the Father, 
 but refuse to acknowledge the equal majesty of 
 His divine Son !" Theodosius immediately em- 
 braced the Bishop of Iconium, and never forgot 
 the important lesson which he had received 
 from this dramatic parable. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 27. 
 
 826. CHEIST, Preaching. Erasmits. Erasmus 
 desired to set Christ Himself in the place of the 
 church, to recall men from the teaching of Chris- 
 tian theologians to the teaching of the Found- 
 er of Christianity. The whole value of the 
 gospels to him lay in the vividness with which 
 they brought home to their readers the personal 
 impression of Christ Himself. ' ' Were we to 
 have seen Him with our own eyes, we should 
 not have so intimate a knowledge as they give 
 us of Christ, speaking, healing, dying, rising 
 again, as it were in our very presence." All the 
 supei-stitions of mediaeval worship faded away 
 in the light of this personal worship of Christ. 
 "If the footprints of Christ are shown us in 
 any place, we kneel down and adore them. Why 
 do we not rather venerate the living and breath- 
 ing picture of Him in these books ? We deck 
 statues of wood and stone with gold and gems 
 for the love of Christ. Yet they only profess to 
 represent to us the outer form of His body, while 
 these books present us with a living picture of 
 His holy mind." In the same way the actual 
 teaching of Christ was made to supersede the 
 mysterious dogmas of the older ecclesiastical 
 teaching. " As though Christ taught such sub- 
 tleties," burst out Erasmus — " subtleties that can 
 scarcely be understood even by a few theologians 
 — or as though the strength of the Christian relig- 
 ion consisted in man's ignorance of it ! It may 
 be the safer course," he goes on, with character- 
 istic irony, "to conceal the state mysteries of 
 kings, but Christ desired His mysteries to be 
 spread abroad as openly as was possible." In 
 the diffusion, in the universal knowledge of the 
 teaching of Christ, the foundation of a reformed 
 Christianity had still, he urged, to be laid. — 
 Eng. People, § 518. 
 
 §27. CHEIST Butstituted. Pope. In his ad- 
 dresses to the people he maintained in plain 
 speech : " Christ has laid down His authority 
 over all Christendom, until the day of judg- 
 ment, and has intrusted the pope with plenary 
 power in His stead. The pope therefore can 
 forgive each and every sin, whether already 
 committed or yet to be committed, and that 
 without sorrow and repentance. The greatest 
 guilt can be effaced by purchasing a papal certifi- 
 cate of forgiveness. No crime, however horri- 
 
 ble and inconceivable in reality, is excluded 
 from this forgiveness. The indulgence cross of 
 the pope is not inferior in sacredness to the cross 
 of Christ, and hence the former must be honor- 
 ed as highly as the latter." — Rein's Luther, 
 p. 12. 
 
 §2§. CHEIST, Theory of. Mahomet's. For the 
 author of Christianity the Mohammedans are 
 taught by the prophet to entertain a high and 
 mysterious reverence. " Verily, Christ Jesus, 
 the Son of Mary, is the apostle of God, and His 
 word, which He conveyed unto Mary, and a 
 Spirit proceeding from Him ; honorable in this, 
 world and in the world to come ; and one of 
 those who approach near to the presence of 
 God." The wonders of the genuine and apocry- 
 phal gospels are profusely heaped on His head ;. 
 and the Latin church has not disdained to bor- 
 row from the Koran the immaculate conception 
 of His virgin mother. Yet Jesus was a mere 
 mortal ; and at the day of judgment His testi- 
 mony will serve to condemn both the Jews, who- 
 reject Him as a prophet, and the Christians, who 
 adore Him as the Son of God. The malice of Hi* 
 enemies aspersed His reputation and conspired 
 against His life ; but their intention only was; 
 guilty ; a phantom or a criminal was substituted 
 on the cross, and the innocent saint was trans- 
 lated to the seventh heaven. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 50, p. 108. 
 
 829. CHEISTIAN by Bereavement. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [See No. 830.] " I had lived," he con- 
 tinued, " until my boy Willie died, without real- 
 izing fully these things. That blow overwhelmed 
 me. It showed me my weakness as I nad never 
 felt it before ; and if I can take what you have 
 stated as a test, I think I can safely say that I 
 know something of that change of which you 
 speak ; and I will further add, that it has been 
 my intention for some time, at a suitable oppor- 
 tunity, to make a public religious profession !"" 
 — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 732. 
 
 830. CHEISTIAN, Experience of a. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [A lady interested in the, work of the 
 Christian Commission had several interview* 
 with the President. On one occasion he said to 
 
 her:] "Mrs. , I have formed a very high 
 
 opinion of your Christian character ; and now, 
 as we are alone, I have a mind to ask you to give 
 me, in brief, your idea of what constitutes a true 
 religious experience." The lady replied at some 
 length, stating that, in her judgment, it consisted 
 of a conviction of one's sinfulness and weakness 
 and personal need of the Saviour for strength and 
 support ; that views of mere doctrine might and 
 would differ, but when one was really brought 
 to feel his need of divine help and to seek the 
 aid of the Holy Spirit for strength and guid- 
 ance, it was satisfactory evidence of his being 
 born again .... When she had concluded -Mr. 
 Lincoln was very thoughtful for a few moments. 
 He at length said, very earnestly : " If what you 
 have told me is really a correct view of this great 
 subject, I think I can say, with sincerity, that I 
 hope I am a Christian." — Raymond's Lincoln. 
 
 831. CHEISTIAN, Spirit of the. CromicelL 
 [Cromwell's last prayer.] Lord, though I am a 
 miserable and wretched creature, I am in cove- 
 nant with Thee, through grace. And I may, I 
 will, come to Thee, for thy people. Thou hast 
 made me, though very unworthy, a mean instni- 
 
CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 99 
 
 ment to do them some good, and Thee service ; 
 and many have set too high a value upon me, 
 though others vpish and would be glad of my 
 death. Lord, however Thou do dispose of me, 
 continue and go on to do good for them. Give 
 them consistency of judgment, one heart and 
 mutual love ; go on to deliver them and the work 
 of reformation; and make the name of Christ glo- 
 rious in the world. Teach those who look too 
 much on thy instruments to depend more upon 
 thyself. Pardon such as desire to trample upon 
 the dust of a poor worm, for they are thy people 
 too. And pardon the folly of this short prayer — 
 even for Jesus Christ's sake. And give us a good 
 night, if it be thy pleasure. Amen. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 13, p. 215. 
 
 §32. CHRISTIANITY, An absurd. Abyssinian. 
 Its ruling characteristics are intolerance and for- 
 mality. The number of regular fast-days is two 
 hundred and sixty in each year, and a regular 
 fast implies abstinence from drinking as well as 
 eating. Besides these the Church decrees ex- 
 traordinary fasts from time to time. Should an 
 Abyssinian be known to neglect these fasts, his 
 body would be refused sepulture. On the other 
 hand, there are abundance of feasts in the Church 
 holidays and saints' days, and travellers relate 
 that the Abyssinian divines are at least as scru- 
 pulous in the observance of these as the fasts. 
 Nights are spent in alternate prayer, dancing, 
 and drinking, and the sacrament is administered 
 before sunrise. It is reported that it has hap- 
 pened that when the sun rose none of the di- 
 vines present were in a condition to officiate ; 
 but it was well understood that such accidents 
 were the fruit of excessive religious fervor. — 
 App. Cyc, " Abyssinian Chukch." 
 
 833. CHRISTIANITY, Advancement of. Pri- 
 mary Cause. Our curiosity is naturally prompted 
 to inquire by what means the Christian faith 
 obtained so remarkable a victory over the estab- 
 lished religions of the earth. To this inquiry 
 an obvious but satisfactory answer may be re- 
 turned — that it was owing to the convincing 
 evidence of the doctrine itself, and to the rul- 
 ing providence of its great Author. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 15. 
 
 834. . Secondary Causes. What 
 
 were the secondary causes of the rapid growth 
 of the Christian church ? It will, perhaps, ap- 
 pear, that it was most effectually favored and 
 assisted by the five following causes : I. The 
 inflexible, and, if we may use the expression, 
 the intolerant zeal of the Christians, derived, it 
 is true, from the Jewish religion, but purified 
 from the narrow and unsocial spirit, which, in- 
 stead of inviting, had deterred the Gentiles from 
 embracing the law of Moses. II. The doctrine 
 of a future life, improved by every additional 
 circumstance which could give weight and effi- 
 cacy to that important truth. III. The miracu- 
 lous powers ascribed to the primitive church. 
 IV. The pure and^austere morals of the Chris- 
 tians. V. The union and discipline of the Chris- 
 tian republic, which gradually formed an in- 
 dependent and increasing state in the heart of 
 I the Roman Empire. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 15. 
 835. CHRISTIANITY, Civilization by. Cruelty. 
 The first Christian emperor may claim the hon- 
 ; or of the first edict which condemned the art 
 \ and amusement of shedding human blood ; but 
 
 this benevolent law expressed the wishes of the 
 prince, without reforming an inveterate abuse, 
 which degraded a civilized nation below the 
 condition of savage cannibals. Several hundred, 
 perhaps several thousand, victims were annually 
 slaughtered in the great cities of the empire, and 
 the month of December, more peculiarly devoted 
 to the combats of gladiators, still exhibited to 
 the eyes of tlie Roman people a grateful specta- 
 cle of blood and cruelty. Amid the general 
 joy of the victory of Pollentia, a Christian poet 
 exhorted the emperor to extirpate, by his author- 
 ity, the horrid custom which had so long re- 
 sisted the voice of humanity and religion. The 
 pathetic representations of Prudentius were less 
 effectual than the generous boldness of Telema- 
 chus, an Asiatic monk, whose death was more 
 useful to mankind than his life. The Romans 
 were provoked by the interruption of their 
 pleasures ; and the rash monk, who had descend- 
 ed into the arena to separate the gladiators, was 
 overwhelmed under a shower of stones. But 
 the madness of the people soon subsided ; they 
 respected the meraoiy of Telemachus, who had 
 deserved the honors of martyrdom, and they 
 submitted, without a murmur, to the laws of 
 Honorius, which abolished forever the human 
 sacrifices of the amphitheatre. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 vol. 3, ch. 30. 
 
 836. . Barbarians. Before the age 
 
 of Charlemagne the Christian nations of Eu- 
 rope might exult in the exclusive possession of 
 the temperate climates, of the fertile lands, 
 which produced corn, wine, and oil ; while the 
 savage idolaters and their helpless idols were 
 confined to the extremities of the earth, the dark 
 and frozen regions of the North. Christian- 
 ity, which opened the gates of heaven to the 
 barbarians, introduced an important change in 
 their moral and political condition. They re- 
 ceived, at the same time, the use of letters, so 
 essential to a religion whose doctrines are con- 
 tained in a sacred book ; and while they studied 
 the divine truth, their minds were insensibly 
 enlarged by the distant view of history, of nature, 
 of the arts, and of society. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 
 3, ch. 37. 
 
 837. . Barbarians. The admission 
 
 of the barbarians into the pale of civil and ec- 
 clesiastical society delivered Europe from the 
 depredations, by sea and land, of the Normans, 
 the Hungarians, and the Russians, who learned 
 to spare their brethren and cultivate their pos- 
 sessions. The establishment of law and order 
 was promoted by the influence of the clergy, and 
 the rudiments of art and science were introduced 
 into the savage countries of the globe. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 55. 
 
 838. CHRISTIANITY conunended. WortJi. If 
 we consider the purity of the Christian religion, 
 the sanctity of its moral precepts, and the in- 
 nocent as well as the austere lives of the greater 
 number of those who during the first ages em- 
 braced the faith of the gospel, we should natu- 
 rally suppose that so benevolent a doctrine 
 would have been received with due reverence, 
 even by the unbelieving M'orld. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 839. CHRISTIANITY compromised. Constan- 
 tine. The awful mysteries of the Christian faith 
 and worship were concealed from the eyes of 
 
100 
 
 CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 strangers, and even of catechumens, with an af- 
 fected secrecy, which served to excite their won- 
 der and curiosity. But the severe rules of dis- 
 cipline which the prudence of the bishops had 
 instituted were relaxed by the same prudence 
 in favor of an Imperial proselyte, whom it was 
 so important to allure, by every gentle conde- 
 scension, into the pale of the Church ; and Con- 
 stantino was permitted, at least by a tacit dis- 
 pensation, to enjoy most of the privileges before 
 he had contracted any of the obligations of a 
 Christian. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 840. CHRISTIANITY discarded. Fi'ance. a.d. 
 1794. At this time it can hardly be said that 
 there was any religion in France. Christianity 
 had been almost universally discarded. The 
 priests had been banished ; the churches demol- 
 ished or converted into temples of science or 
 haunts of amusement. The immortality of the 
 soul was denied, and upon the gateways of the 
 graveyards was inscribed, " Death is an eternal 
 sleep !" — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 §41. CHEISTIANITY and Discovery. Colum- 
 hus. As the conversion of the heathens was 
 professed to be the grand object of these dis- 
 coveries, twelve zealous and able ecclesiastics 
 were chosen for the purpose, to accompany the 
 expedition. . . . By way, it was said, of offer- 
 ing to Heaven the first-fruits of these pagan na- 
 tions, the six Indians whom Columbus had 
 brought to Barcelona were baptized with great 
 state and ceremony, the king, the queen, and 
 Prince Juan oflftciating as sponsors. Great hopes 
 were entertained that, on their return to their 
 Bative country, they would facilitate the intro- 
 duction of Christianity among their countrymen, 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 8. 
 
 §42. CHRISTIANITY, Diversity in. National. 
 In the profession of Christianity the variety of 
 national characters may be clearly distinguished. 
 The natives of Syi'ia and Egypt abandoned 
 their lives to lazy and contemplative devotion ; 
 Rome again aspired to the dominion of the 
 world ; and the wit of the lively and loquacious 
 Greeks was consumed in the disputes of meta- 
 physical theology. The incomprehensible mys- 
 teries of the Trinity and Incarnation, instead of 
 commanding their silent submission, were agi- 
 tated in vehement and subtle controversies, 
 "which enlarged their faith at the expense, per- 
 haps, of their charity and reason. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 54. 
 
 §43. CHRISTIANITY indestructible. By Per- 
 secution. The resentment, or the fears, of Dio- 
 cletian transported him beyond the bounds of 
 /aoderation, which he had hitherto preserved, 
 4!ind he declared, in a series of cruel edicts, his in- 
 iention of abolishing the Christian name. By 
 ihe first of these edicts the governors of the prov- 
 inces were directed to apprehend all persons of 
 i;he ecclesiastical order ; and the prisons, destined 
 for the vilest criminals, were soon filled with a 
 multitude of bishops, presbyters, deacons, read- 
 .^rs, and exorcists. ]3y a second edict the mag- 
 istrates were commanded to employ every meth- 
 od of severity which might reclaim them from 
 their odious superstition and oblige them to re- 
 turn to the established worship of gods. This 
 rigorous order was extended, by a subsequent 
 edict, to the whole body of Christians, who were 
 
 exposed to a violent and general persecution. — • 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 §44. CHRISTIANITY misunderstood. Oihbon. 
 Gibbon's account of the early Christians is vitia- 
 ted by his narrow and distorted conception of the 
 emotional side of man's nature. Having no 
 spiritual aspirations himself, he could not appre- 
 ciate or understand them in others. Those emo- 
 tions which have for their object the unseen 
 world and its centre, God, had no meaning for 
 him ; and he was tempted to explain them away 
 when he came across them, or to ascribe their ori- 
 gin and effects to other instincts which were 
 more intelligible to him. The wonderland which 
 the mystic inhabits was closed to him ; he remain- 
 ed outside of it, and reproduced in sarcastic trav- 
 esty the reports he heard of its marvels. — Mor- 
 rison's Gibbon, ch. 7. 
 
 §45. CHRISTIANITY, Muscular. Salem 
 Witches. A.D. 1692. Edward Bishop, a farmer, 
 cured the Indian servant of a fit by flogging him ; 
 he declared, moreover, his belief that he could, in 
 like manner, cure the whole company of the af- 
 flicted ; and for his scepticism found himself and 
 his wife in prison. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 §46. CHRISTIANITY, Offence of. Amusements. 
 The public games and festivals. On those occa- 
 sions the inhabitants of the great cities of the 
 empire were collected in the circus or the theatre, 
 where every circumstance of the place, as well as i 
 of the ceremony, contributed to kindle their de- ' 
 votion and to extinguish their humanity. While 
 the numerous spectators, crowned with garlands, 
 perfumed with incense, purified with the blood of 
 victims, and surrounded with the altars and stat- 
 ues of their tutelar deities, resigned themselves to 
 the enjoyment of pleasures which they consider- 
 ed as an essential part of their religious worship, 
 they recollected that the Christians alone abhor- 
 red the gods of mankind, and by their absence 
 and melancholy on these solemn festivals seem- 
 ed to insult or to lament the public felicity. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 §47. CHRISTIANITY, Qualified Faith in. Poet 
 Shelley. Leigh Hunt gives a just notion of hiaj 
 relation to Christianity, pointing out that he dre"? 
 a distinction between the Pauline presentatior 
 of the Christian creeds and the spirit of the gos 
 pels. " His want of faith in the letter, and hial 
 exceeding faith in the spirit of Christianity.f 
 formed a comment, the one on the other, veryj 
 formidable to those who chose to forget what 
 Scripture itself observes on that point." We 
 have only to read "Essays on Christianity," in or-j 
 der to perceive what reverent admiration he felt 
 for Jesus, and how profoundly he understood! 
 the true character of His teaching. — Symonds'j 
 Shelley, ch. 5. 
 
 §4§. CHRISTIANITY, Success of. World-wide.\ 
 [During the decay of the Roman Empire] a purej 
 and humble religion gently insinuated itself into 
 the minds of men, grew up in silence and obscu-3 
 rity, derived new vigor from opposition, and 
 finally erected the triumphant banner of the cross 
 on the ruins of the Capitol. Nor was the influ- 
 ence of Christianity confined to the period or to 
 the limits of the Roman Empire. After a revolu- 
 tion of thirteen or fourteen centuries, that relig- 
 ion is still professed by the nations of Europe. 
 
CHRISTIANS— CHURCH. 
 
 101 
 
 the most distinguished portion of human kind in 
 arts and learning, as well as in arms. By the in- 
 dustry and zeal of the Europeans it has been 
 widely diffused to the most distant shores of Asia 
 and Africa ; and by the means of their colonies 
 has been firmly established from Canada to 
 Chili, in a world unknown to the ancients. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 15. 
 
 849. CHEISTIANS, Uncompromising. Idol- 
 atry. Punishment was not the inevitable conse- 
 quence of conviction, and the Christians, whose 
 guilt was the most clearly proved by the testi- 
 mony of witnesses, or even by their voluntary 
 confession, still retained in their own power the 
 alternative of life or death. It was not so much 
 the past offence as the actual resistance which 
 excited the indignation of the magistrate. He 
 was persuaded that he offered them an easy par- 
 don, since, if they consented to cast a few grains 
 of incense upon the altar, they were dismissed 
 from the tribunal in safety and with applause. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 §50. CHBISTMAS, Celebration of. Revelry in 
 France and Italy. Among the revels of the 
 Christmas season were the so-called feasts of 
 fools and of asses, grotesque saturnalia, which 
 were sometimes termed " December liberties," 
 in which everything serious was burlesqued, in- 
 feriors personified their superiors, great men be- 
 coming frolicsome, and which illustrate the 
 proneness of man to occasionally reverse the or- 
 der of society and ridicule its decencies. — Ap- 
 pleton's Am. Cyc, "Christmas." 
 
 §51. CHRISTMAS changed. Puritans. Christ- 
 mas had been from time immemorial the season 
 of joy and domestic affection, the season when 
 families assembled, when children came home 
 from school, when quarrels were made up, when 
 carols were heard in every street, when every 
 house was decorated with evergreens, and every 
 table was loaded with good cheer. At that sea- 
 son all hearts not utterly destitute of kindness 
 were enlarged and softened. At that season the 
 poor were admitted to partake largely of the 
 overflowings of the wealth of the rich, whose 
 bounty was peculiarly acceptable on account of 
 the shortness of the days and of the severity of 
 the weather. At that season the interval be- 
 tween landlord and tenant, master and servant, 
 was less marked than through the rest of the 
 year. Where there is much enjoyment there 
 will be some excess ; yet, on the whole, the spirit 
 in which the holiday was kept was not unworthy 
 of a Christian festival. The Long Parliament 
 gave orders, in 1644, that the 25th of Decem- 
 ber should be strictly observed as a fast, and 
 that all men should pass it in humbly bemoan- 
 ing the great national sin which they and their 
 fathers had so often committed on that day by 
 romping under the mistletoe, eating boar's head, 
 and drinking ale flavored with roasted apples. 
 No public act of that time seems to have irri- 
 tated the common people more. — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 S52. CHTJBCH, Attendance at. Compulsory. 
 [In 1581 Parliament passed an enactment by 
 which those who said mass or attended mass, or 
 did not attend church, were subject to heavy 
 penalties.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 12. 
 
 853. . Puritans. [In 1653 the 
 
 Puritans punished non-attendants at church. 1 
 
 " Catherine Bartlett,' w'id6\V, upbil xier owii con- 
 fession, did absent herself from church the last 
 Lord's day, contrary to the law, in the morning. 
 Was ordered to pay 2s. Qd. , and in default of 
 paying was ordered to be set in the stocks." So 
 says an old record. The law prohibited ' '• sweet- 
 hearts " from walking abroad in sermon time. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 11. 
 
 854. CHURCH, Befriended. Miles StandisJi. 
 The colony . . . assumed a military organiza- 
 tion ; and Standish, a man of the greatest cour- 
 age, the devoted friend of the church, which he 
 never joined, was appointed to the chief com- 
 mand. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 855. CHURCH, Bloody. Huguenots in Florida. 
 The Spanish were masters of the port. A scene 
 of carnage ensued ; soldiers, women, children,, 
 the aged, the sick, were alike massacred. . . , 
 After the carnage was completed mass was said,, 
 a cross was raised, and the site for a church select- 
 ed, on ground still smoking with the blood of a 
 peaceful colony. ... So easj^ can fanaticism 
 connect acts of savage ferocity with the rites 
 of a merciful religion. . . . [In all 900 were 
 killed.] — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., vol. 1,. 
 ch. 2. 
 
 856. CHURCH, Caste in the. Aaron Burr. The 
 clergyman then urged him again to repentance ; 
 advised him to return, like the prodigal son, to 
 attend church and devote his future life to good 
 works. Colonel Burr interrupted his visitor, and 
 said : " You don't seem to know how I am 
 viewed by the religious public, or by those who 
 resort to your churches. Where is there a man 
 among all such whom I would be willing to 
 meet, and who would welcome me into his pew ? 
 
 Of your own congi-egation, would , or , 
 
 or give me a seat ? These are our merchant 
 
 princes — men who give tone to Wall Street, and 
 fix the standard of mercantile morals in our city. 
 Would they make Aaron Burr a welcome visitor 
 to your church ? Rather, indeed, I may ask, 
 would you yourself do so ? How would you feel 
 walking up the aisle with me, and opening your 
 pew door for my entrance ?" Dr. Matthews re- 
 plied that such an event would giv» him great 
 pleasure. " Then," said Burr, " you would in- 
 dulge your feelings of kindness at the expense 
 of your usefulness as the minister of your con- 
 gregation." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 119. 
 
 857. CHURCH conservative. James 11, The 
 Church of England was, in his view, a passive 
 victim, which he might, without danger, outrage 
 and torture at his pleasure ; nor did he ever see 
 his error till the universities were preparing to 
 coin their plate for the purpose of supplying the 
 military chest of his enemies, and till a bishop, 
 iong renowned for loyalty, had thrown aside his 
 cassock, girt on a sword, and taken the com- 
 mand of a regiment of insurgents. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 858. CHURCH corrupted. Prosperity. When a 
 sect becomes powerful, when its favor is the road 
 to riches and dignities, worldly and ambitious 
 men crowd into it, talk its language, conform 
 strictly to its ritual, mimic its peculiarities, and 
 frequently go beyond its honest members in all 
 the outward indications of zeal. No discernment, 
 no watchfulness on the part of ecclesiastical 
 rulers, can prevent the intrusion of sach false 
 
102 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 brc-tbrec. Thfe tares and the wheat must grow 
 together. Soon the world begins to find out that 
 the godly are not better than other men, and 
 argues, with some justice, that, if not better, they 
 must be much worse. In no long time all those 
 gigns which were formerly regarded as charac- 
 ieristic of a saint are regarded as characteristic 
 of a knave. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 859. CHUECH, A costly. St. Sophia. The 
 dome of St. Sophia, illuminated by four-and- 
 twenty windows, is formed with so small a 
 curve, that the depth is equal only to one sixth 
 of its diameter ; the measure of that diameter is 
 one hundred and fifteen feet, and the lofty 
 centre, where a crescent has supplanted the 
 cross, rises to the perpendicular height of one 
 hundred and eighty feet above the pavement. 
 The circle which encompasses the dome lightly 
 reposes on four strong arches, and their weight 
 is firmly supported by four massy piles, whose 
 strength is assisted, on the northern and southern 
 sides, by four columns of Egyptian granite. . . . 
 The solid piles which contained the cupola were 
 composed of huge blocks of freestone, hewn 
 into squares and triangles, fortified by circles of 
 iron, and firmly cemented by the infusion of lead 
 and quicklime ; but the weight of the cupola 
 was diminished by the levity of its substance, 
 which consists either of pumice-stone that 
 floats in the water or of bricks from the Isle of 
 Rhodes, five times less ponderous than the ordi- 
 nary stone. This triumph of Christ was adorned 
 with the last spoils of paganism, but the greater 
 part of these costly stones was extracted from 
 the quarries of Asia Minor, the isles and conti- 
 nents of Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Gaul. Eight 
 columns of porphyr}', which Aurelian had 
 placed in the temple of the sun, were offered by 
 the piety of a Roman matron ; eight others of 
 green marble were presented by the ambitious 
 zeal of the magistrates of Ephesus ; both are ad- 
 mirable by their size and beauty, but every order 
 of architecture disclaims their fantastic capitals. 
 A variety of ornaments and figures was curious- 
 ly expressed in mosaic, and the images of 
 Christ, of the Virgin, of saints, and of angels, 
 which have'been defaced by Turkish fanaticism,, 
 were dangerously exposed to the superstition of 
 the Greeks. According to the sanctity of each 
 object, the precious metals were distributed in 
 thin leaves or in solid masses. The balustrade 
 of the choir, the capitals of the pillars, the orna- 
 ments of the doors and galleries were of gilt 
 bronze ; the spectator was dazzled by the glitter- 
 ing aspect of the cupola ; the sanctuary con- 
 tained forty thousand pound weight of silver, 
 and the holy vases and vestments of the altar 
 were of the purest gold, enriched with ines- 
 timable gems. Before the structure of the 
 church had arisen two cubits above the ground 
 £45,200 were already consumed ; and the .whole 
 expense amounted to £320,000 ; each reader, 
 according to the measure of his belief, may esti- 
 miate their value either in gold or silver ; but the 
 sum of £1,000,000 sterling is the result of the 
 lowest computation. A magnificent temple is a 
 laudable monument of national taste and relig- 
 ion ; and the enthusiast who entered the dome 
 of St. Sophia might be tempted to suppose that 
 it was the residence, or even the workmanship, 
 of the Deity. Yet how dull is the artifice, how 
 
 insignificant is the labor, if it be compared with 
 the formation of the vilest insect that crawls up- 
 on the surface of the temple ! [See No. 863.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 §60. CHUECH desecration. H&J'ses. [In 1649 
 Cromwell used St. Paul's, in London, to stable 
 his cavalry. An Italian passing the grand old 
 Gothic cathedral, and seeing it full of horses, 
 taunted Englishmen with the remark,] Now I 
 perceive that in England men and beasts serve 
 God alike. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 8, p. 
 118. 
 
 §61. CHUECH, Destruction of the. Jarnss II. 
 James did not even make any secret of his in- 
 tention to exert vigorously and systematically 
 for the destruction of the Established Church 
 all the powers which he possessed as her head. . . . 
 He was authorized by law to repress spiritual 
 abuses ; and the first spiritual abuse which he 
 would repress should be the liberty which the 
 Anglican clergy assumed of defending their own 
 religion and of attacking the doctrines of Rome. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 §62. CHUECH, Devotion to the. Laymen. 
 [When in 1768 Thomas Taylor wrote Wesley 
 to send an able and experienced preacher to care 
 for the handful of Methodists in New York, he 
 said,] With respect to the money for the payment 
 of the preacher's passage over, if they cannot 
 procure it we will sell our coats and shirts to pro- 
 cure it for them. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 ch. 1, p. 83. 
 
 §63. CHUECH erection. Enthusiastic. This 
 minister [Alypius], to whom Julian communi- 
 cated, without reserve, his most careless levities 
 and his most serious counsels, received an ex- 
 traordinary commission to restore, in its pristine 
 beauty, the temple of Jerusalem ; and the dili- 
 gence of Alypius required and obtained the 
 strenuous support of the Governor of Palestine. 
 At the call of their great deliverer, the Jews, 
 from all the provinces of the empire, assembled 
 on the holy mountain of their fathers ; and their 
 insolent triumph alarmed and exasperated the 
 Christian inhabitants of Jerusalem. The desire 
 of rebuilding the temple has in every age been 
 the ruling passion of the children of Israel. In 
 this propitious moment the men forgot their 
 avarice, and the women their delicacy ; spades 
 and pickaxes of silver were provided by the 
 vanity of the rich, and the rubbish was trans- 
 ported in mantles of silk and purple. Every 
 purse was opened in liberal contributions, every 
 hand claimed a share in the pious labor, and 
 the commands of a great monarch were executed 
 by the enthusiasm of a whole people. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 23. 
 
 §64. . Bewarded. [Mahomet, ar- 
 riving in Yathreb,] gave orders to build a 
 mosque on the spot where he had set foot upon 
 the ground, with a house for him and for his 
 family. He worked at it with his own hands, 
 assisted by the citizens of Yathreb. " Whoever 
 works upon this edifice, " said he to them, ' ' builds 
 for eternal life." — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 103. 
 
 §65. . St. Sophia. The principal 
 
 church, which was dedicated by the founder of 
 Constantinople to St. Sophia, or the eternal wis- 
 dom, had been twice destroyed by fire : after 
 the exile of John Chrysostom, and during the 
 
CHURCH. 
 
 103 
 
 Nika of the blue and green factions. No sooner 
 did the tumult subside, than the Christian popu- 
 lace deplored their sacrilegious rashness ; but 
 they might have rejoiced in the calamity, had 
 they foreseen the glory of the new temple, 
 which at the end of forty days was strenuously 
 undertaken by the piety of Justinian. The ruins 
 were cleared away, a more spacious plan was 
 described, and, as it required the consent of some 
 proprietors of ground, they obtained the most 
 exorbitant terms from the eager desires and 
 timorous conscience of the monarch. Anthe- 
 mius formed the design, and his genius directed 
 the hands of ten thousand workmen, whose 
 payment in pieces of fine silver was never de- 
 layed beyond the evening. The emperor him- 
 self, clad in a linen tunic, surveyed each day 
 their rapid progress, and encouraged their dili- 
 gence by his familiarity, his zeal, and his re- 
 wards. [See No. 859.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 §66. . Vanity in. The new Ca- 
 thedral of St. Sophia was consecrated by the 
 patriarch, five years, eleven months, and ten 
 days from the first foundation ; and in the midst 
 of the solemn festival Justinian exclaimed, with 
 •devout vanity, " Glory be to God, who hath 
 thought me worthy to accomplish so great a 
 work ; I have vanquished thee, O Solomon !'" 
 But the pride of the Roman Solomon, before 
 twenty years had elapsed, was humbled by an 
 earthquake, which overthrew the eastern part 
 of the dome. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 §67, CHTJBCH, Episcopacy of the. Anglican. 
 The founders of the Anglican Church had re- 
 tained episcopacy as an ancient, a decent, and a 
 convenient ecclesiastical polity, but had not de- 
 clared that form of church government a divine 
 institution. We have already seen how low an 
 «stimate Cranmer had formed of the olBce of 
 bishop. In the reign of Elizabeth, Jewel, 
 Cooper, Whitgift, and other eminent doctors 
 •defended prelacy as innocent, as useful, as what 
 the State might lawfully establish, as what, when 
 •established by the State, was entitled to the re- 
 spect of every citizen. But they never denied 
 that a Christian community without a bishop 
 might be a pure church. On the contrary, they 
 regarded the Protestants of the Continent as of 
 the same household of faith with themselves. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1. 
 
 §6§. CHURCH exaction. Dues. The payment 
 of dues to the church was enjoined with a 
 severity almost beyond belief. ... A day was ap- 
 pointed for a man to pay his tithes ; and if they 
 -were not paid he was to forfeit nine tenths of 
 his tithable property . [a.d. 958-975.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 10, p. 146. 
 
 §69. CHURCH, False Head of the. James II. 
 What remained, however, after all this curtail- 
 ment, might well have raised scruples in the 
 mind of a man who sincerely believed the Church 
 of England to be a heretical society, within the 
 pale of which salvation was not to be found. 
 The king made an oblation on the altar. He 
 appeared to join in the petitions of the Litany 
 which was chanted by the bishops. He received 
 from those false prophets the unction typical of 
 a divine influence, and knelt with the semblance 
 of devotion while they called down upon him 
 that Holy Spirit of which they were, in his esti- 
 
 mation, the malignant and obdurate foes. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 4. 
 
 §70. CHURCH, Love of the. Tories. [Reign 
 of Charles II.] There was one institution, and 
 one only, which they prized even more than 
 hereditary monarchy, and that institution was 
 the Church of England. Their love of the 
 church was not, indeed, the effect of study or 
 meditation. Few among them could have given 
 any reason, drawn from Scripture or ecclesias- 
 tical history, for adhering to her doctrines, her 
 ritual, and her polity ; nor were they, as a class, 
 by any means strict observers of that code of 
 morality which is common to all Christian sects. 
 But the experience of many ages proves that 
 men may be ready to fight to the death, and 
 to persecute without pity, for a religion whose 
 creed they do not understand, and whose pre- 
 cepts they habitually disobey. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 §71. CHURCH, Meditations after. John Mtch. 
 John Fitch had never seen nor heard of a steam- 
 engine ! As he was limping home from church 
 one day in April, 1785 (his rheumatism, caught 
 among the Indians, giving him many a twinge), 
 a neighbor drove rapidly by in a chaise drawn 
 by a powerful horse. He had frequently ob- 
 served and reflected upon the tremendous power 
 of steam, and now the thought flashed upon hia 
 mind, Could not the expansive power of steam 
 be made to propel a carriage ? For a week the 
 idea haunted him day and night. He then con- 
 cluded that such a force could be applied mora 
 conveniently to a vessel than to a carriage ; and 
 from that hour, to the end of his days, John 
 Fitch thought of little else than how to carry 
 out his daring conception. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 150. 
 
 §72. CHURCH, Neglect of. Reproof. [Rev. Wil- 
 liam Grimshaw, an early English Methodist, of 
 eccentric manner,] frequently would preach be- 
 fore the doors of such as neglected the parish 
 worship. " If you will not come to hear me at 
 the church," he would say on these occasions, 
 "you shall hear me at home; if you perish, 
 you shall perish with the sound of the Gospel 
 in your ears." — Stevens' METHODitJM, vol. 1, 
 p. 259. 
 
 §73. CHURCH, Non-attendance at. Fine. [In 
 1559 an Act was passed which rendered] all per- 
 sons who should absent themselves from church 
 on Sundays and holidays liable to a fine of one 
 shilling. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 8, p. 114, 
 
 §74. CHURCH purified. Persecution. The gen- 
 eral fate of sects is to obtain a high reputation 
 for sanctity while they are oppressed, and to lose 
 it as soon as they become powerful ; and the rea- 
 son is obvious. It is seldom that a man enrolls 
 himself in a proscribed body from any but con- 
 scientious motives. Such a body, therefore, is 
 composed, with scarcely an exception, of sincere 
 persons. The most rigid discipline that can be 
 enforced within a religious society is a very fee- 
 ble instrument of purification when compared 
 with a little sharp persecution without. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 2. 
 
 §75. CHURCH, Quarrel in the. Bev. Robert 
 Newton. He was driven away at last by a quar- 
 rel with his barbarous parishioners, the cause of 
 which did him credit. A tire broke out at 01- 
 
104 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 ney, and burnt a gocw? many of its straw-thatched 
 cottages. Newton aacribed the extinction of the 
 fire rather to prayer than water, but he took the 
 lead in practical measures of relief, and tried to 
 remove the earthly cause of such visitations by 
 putting an end to bonfires and illuminations on 
 the 5th of November. Threatened with the loss 
 of their Guy JTawkes, the barbarians rose upon 
 him, and he had a narrow escape from their vio- 
 lence. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 3. 
 
 876. CHU3tCH, Rebuilding. Promdence. [The 
 inhabitants of Mecca] deliberated on the recon- 
 struction of the Kaaba, or the temple, which 
 was crumbling with age, and of which the pil- 
 grims deplored the ruin. Piety impelled them, 
 but reverence restrained them. A Roman vessel 
 havijjg suffered shipwreck, precisely at this 
 juncture, upon the shoals of the Red Sea not 
 far irom Mecca, cast upon the coast some wood, 
 iron^ and a carpenter, who escaped the wreck. 
 A divine augury was, of course, manifest in this 
 celestial succor of materials, and an artisan to 
 ply them. But at the moment of commencing 
 to repair the tottering walls, there was no one 
 who dared strike them the first blow. At last 
 Walid, with less piety, or more hardihood than 
 Ms compatriots, took up a crowbar, and cried 
 in lifting it to give the wall a punch, " Do not 
 be angry with us, O God of Abraham ! what we 
 are doing we do through piety." The wall tum- 
 bled, and Walid was not stricken with death. 
 Nevertheless, the Khoreishites resolved to let 
 pass the night before proceeding, to be well as- 
 sured that no divine vengeance would punish 
 the material sacrilege of Walid. He emerged 
 from his house next morning safe and sound. 
 The Khoreishites, on his first appearance, took 
 confidence and continued the demolition. — La- 
 aiartine's Turkey, p. 65. 
 
 877. CHTIECH or Self . Reign of James II. The 
 new High Commission had, during the first 
 months of its existence, merely inhibited clergy- 
 men from exercising spiritual functions. The 
 rights of property had remained untouched. 
 But, early in the year 1687, it was determined to 
 strike at freehold interests, and to impress on 
 every Anglican priest and prelate the conviction 
 that, if he refused to lend his aid for the purpose 
 of destroying the church of which he was a 
 minister, he would in an hour be reduced to 
 beggary. . . . War was therefore at once de- 
 clared against the two most venerable corpora- 
 tions of the realm — the universities of Oxford 
 and Cambridge. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8. 
 
 878. CHTIKCH, Sin in the. George Muller. 
 When he was fourteen his mother died ... he 
 not only became idle and dissipated, but was fre- 
 quently guilty of falsehood and dishonesty. In 
 this state of heart, without faith, destitute of true 
 repentance, and possessing no knowledge what- 
 ever, either of his own lost condition as a sinner 
 nor of God's way of salvation through Christ, 
 he was confirmed ; and in the year 1820 took 
 the Lord's Supper for the fijst time at the Cathe- 
 dral Church of Halberstadt. — Life of George 
 MiJLLER, p. 1. 
 
 879. CHUECH and State. Dimded. [In 1140] 
 the trumpet of Roman liberty was first sounded 
 by Arnold of Brescia, whose promotion in the 
 church was confined to the lowest rank, and who 
 wore the monastic habit rather as a garb of pov- 
 
 erty than as a uniform of obedience. His adver- 
 saries could not deny the wit and eloquence, 
 which they severely felt ; they confess with re- 
 luctance the specious purity of his morals ; and 
 his errors were recommended to the public by a 
 mixture of important and beneficial truths. . . . 
 He presumed to quote the declaration of Christ, 
 that His kingdom is not of this world ; he boldly 
 maintained that the sword and the sceptre were 
 intrusted to the civil magistrate ; that temporal 
 honors and possessions were lawfully vested in 
 secular persons ; that the abbots, the bishops, 
 and the pope himself, must renounce either their 
 state or their salvation ; and that after the loss- 
 of their revenues, the voluntary tithes and obla- 
 tions of the faithful would suffice, not indeed 
 for luxury and avarice, but for a frugal life in 
 the exercise of spiritual labors. During a short, 
 time the preacher was revered as a patriot ; and 
 the discontent, or revolt, of Brescia against her 
 bishop was the first-fruits of his dangerous les- 
 sons. But the favor of the people is less perma- 
 nent than the resentment of the priest ; and after 
 the heresy of Arnold had been condemned 
 by Innocent II. in the general council of the 
 Lateran, the magistrates themselves were urged 
 by prejudice and fear to execute the sen- 
 tence of the church. Italy could no longer 
 afford a refuge ; and the disciple of Abelard es- 
 caped beyond the Alps, till he found a safe and 
 hospitable refuge in Zurich, now the first of th»- 
 Swiss cantons. [He accomplished a revolution, 
 and] enjoyed, or deplored, the effects of hii. 
 mission ; his reign continued above ten years, 
 while two popes — Innocent II. and Anasta- 
 sius IV. — either trembled in the Vatican, or 
 wandered as exiles in the adjacent cities. . . . 
 After his retreat from Rome Arnold had beeia 
 protected by the viscounts of Campania, from 
 whom he was extorted by the power of Caesar -^ 
 the prefect of the city pronounced his sentence j 
 the martyr of freedom was burnt alive in the- 
 presence of a careless and ungrateful people ; 
 and his ashes were cast into the Tiber, lest the 
 heretics should collect and worship them. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 69. 
 
 880. CHURCH, State. English. The church, in 
 so far as it was a civil establishment, was th& 
 creature of Parliament ; a statute enacted the ar- 
 ticles of its creed, as well as its book of prayer • 
 it was not even intrusted with a co-ordinate pow- 
 er to reform its own abuses ; any attempt to have 
 done so would have been treated as a usurpa- 
 tion ; amendment could proceed only from Par- 
 liament. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 3. 
 
 881. CHURCH and State. Settlement of Nei^ 
 Haven. By the influence of Davenport [the pas- 
 tor of the colonists] it was solemnly resolved, 
 that the Scriptures are the perfect rule of the 
 commonwealth ; the purity and peace of the or- 
 dinance to themselves and their posterity were 
 the great end of civil order ; and that church- 
 members only should be free burgesses. . . . 
 Annual elections were ordered, and God's word 
 established as the only rule in public affairs. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 882. . Conflicting. Becket's pro- 
 motion to the archbishopric of Canterbury, 
 which made him for life the second person 
 in the kingdom, produced a total change in 
 his conduct and demeanor. He resigned imme- 
 
CHURCH— CITIES. 
 
 105 
 
 diately the office of chancellor, and affected in 
 his own person the most mortified appearance of 
 rigorous sanctity. He soon manifested the mo- 
 tive of this surprising change. A clergyman 
 had debauched the daughter of a gentleman, and 
 murdered the father to prevent the effects of his 
 resentment. The king insisted that this atro- 
 cious villain should be tried by the civil magis- 
 trate ; Becket stood by for the privileges of the 
 church, and refused to deliver him \ip. He ap- 
 pealed to the see of Rome. This was the time 
 for Henry to make his decisive attack against 
 the immunities claimed by the church, when, to 
 defend these, it must vindicate the foulest of 
 •rimes. He summoned a general council of the 
 nobility and prelates at Clarendon, where the 
 following regulations were enacted: That church- 
 men when accused of crimes should be tried in 
 the civil courts ; that the king should ultimately 
 judge in ecclesiastical and spiritual appeals ; that 
 the prelates should furnish the public supplies as 
 barons ; that forfeited goods should not be pro- 
 tected in churches. ^Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 8. 
 
 8§3. CHUKCH, Suffering for the. Bishop Ma/rk. 
 The Pagan magistrates, inflamed by zeal and 
 revenge, abused the rigorous privilege of the 
 Roman law, which substitutes, in the place of 
 his inadequate property, the person of the insol- 
 vent debtor. Under the preceding reign Mark, 
 Bishop of Arethusa, had labored in the con- 
 version of his people with arms more effectual 
 than those of persuasion. The magistrates re- 
 quired the full value of a temple which had been 
 destroyed by his intolerant zeal ; but as they 
 were satisfied of his poverty, they desired only to 
 bend his inflexible spirit to the promise of the 
 slightest compensation. They apprehended the 
 aged prelate, they inhumanly scourged him, 
 they tore his beard ; and his naked body, an- 
 ointed with honey, was suspended, in a net, be- 
 tween heaven and earth, and exposed to the 
 stings of insects and the rays of a Syrian sun. 
 From this lofty station Mark still persisted to 
 glory in his crime and to insult the impotent 
 rage of his persecutors. He was at length res- 
 cued from their hands, and dismissed to enjoy 
 the honor of his divine triumph. The Arians 
 celebrated the virtue of their pious confessor ; 
 the Catholics ambitiously claimed his alliance ; 
 and the Pagans, who might be susceptible of 
 shame or remorse, were deterred from the repe- 
 tition of such unavailing cruelty. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 23. 
 
 8§4. CHURCH support. Voluntary. Tithe, 
 at first a free gift, became established as a right 
 by law. . . . What we now call the voluntary 
 principle entered very largely into the means of 
 the Saxon clergy, in addition to their tithes and 
 their glebe, [a.d. 958-975.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 10, p. 140. 
 
 885. CHTJBCHES blended. Roman Catholic 
 and Protestant. [After the accession of Elizabeth 
 the Catholic service was modified and more ac- 
 ceptable to Protestants.] A priest would cele- 
 brate mass at his parsonage for the more rigid 
 Catholics, and administer the new communion in 
 church to the more rigid Protestants. Some- 
 times both parties knelt together at the same al- 
 tar-rails, the one to receive hosts consecrated by 
 the priest at home after the old usage, the other 
 
 wafers consecrated in church after the new. 
 — Hist, op Eng. People, § 702. 
 
 886. CHURCHES without Instruction. Rdgnof 
 Elizabeth. Only in the few places where the more 
 zealous of the reformers had settled was there 
 any religious instruction. " In many places," it 
 was reported after ten years of the queen's rule, 
 "the people cannot yet say their command- 
 ments, and in some not the articles of their be- 
 lief." Naturally enough, the bulk of Englishmen 
 were found to be " utterly devoid of religion," 
 and came to church "as to a May game." — 
 Hist, op Eng. People, § 702. 
 
 887. CIRCUMSTANCES, Difference in. AUx- 
 ander. [When Alexander the Great was march- 
 ing against the Persians, he] received a letter 
 from Darius, in which the prince proposed, on 
 condition of a pacification and future friendship, 
 to pay him 10,000 talents in ransom of the pris- 
 oners ; to cede to him all the countries on this 
 side the Euphrates, and to give him his daugh- 
 ter in marriage. Upon his communicating these 
 proposals to his friends, Parmenio [one of his 
 generals] said: " If I were Alexander, I would 
 accept them." "So would I," said Alexander, 
 " if I were Parmenio. " The answer he gave 
 Darius was, that if he would come to him, he 
 should find the best of treatment ; if not, he must 
 go and seek him. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 888. CITIES, Importance of. Henry I., the 
 Fowler. To this prince Germany owes the foun- 
 dation of her cities ; for before this period, ex- 
 cepting the castles on the mountains, the seats of 
 the barbarous nobility who lived by plunder, and 
 the convents, filled with an useless herd of eccle- 
 siastics, the bulk of the people lived dispersed in 
 lonely farms and villages. The towns built by 
 Henry were surrounded with walls, and regular- 
 ly fortified ; they were capable of containing a 
 considerable number of inhabitants ; and, in or- 
 der that they might be speedily peopled, it was 
 enjoined by the sovereign that every ninth man 
 should remove himself, with his whole effects, 
 from the country, and settle in the nearest town. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 4. 
 
 889. CITIES, Poverty in. Borne. Juvenal la- 
 ments, as it should seem from his own expe- 
 rience, the hardships of the poorer citizens, to 
 whom he addresses the salutary advice of emi- 
 grating, without delay, from the smoke of Rome, 
 since they might purchase, in the little towns of 
 Italy, a cheerful, commodious dwelling, at the 
 same price which they annually paid for a dark 
 and miserable lodging. House-rent was there- 
 fore immoderately dear ; the rich acquired, at 
 an enormous expense, the ground, which they 
 covered with palaces and gardens ; but the body 
 of the Roman people was crowded into a narrow 
 space, and the different floors and apartments 
 of the same house were divided, as it is still the 
 custom of Paris and other cities, among several 
 families of plebeians. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 890. CITIES, Ungovernable. London. In 1580 
 a proclamation was issued against the erection 
 of new buildings in London. The number of 
 beggars, it alleged, was increased ; there was 
 greater danger of fire and the plague . . . the 
 trouble of governing so great a multitude was 
 become too great, ... By the increase of biiild- 
 ings, it is said, *' great infection of sickness, and 
 
i06 
 
 CITIZEN— CITY. 
 
 •dearth of victuals and fuel, hath grown and 
 ensued, and many idle, vagrant, and wicked 
 persons have harbored there." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 17. 
 
 891. CITIZEN, Duty of the. Patriotism. [Boe- 
 thius, the Roman Senator, was made a consul.] 
 Prosperous in his fame and fortunes, in his 
 public honors and private alliances, in the culti- 
 Tation of science and the consciousness of virtue, 
 Boethius might have been styled happy, if that 
 precarious epithet could safely be applied before 
 the last term of the life of man. A philosopher 
 liberal in his wealth and parsimonious of his 
 time might be insensible to the common allure- 
 ments of ambition, the thirst of gold and em- 
 ployment. And some credit may be due to the 
 asseveration of Boethius, that he had reluctantly 
 obeyed the divine Plato, who enjoins every vir- 
 tuous citizen to rescue the State from the usur- 
 j)ation of vice and ignorance. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 39. 
 
 892. CITIZENS, Naturalized. Boman. The 
 republic gloried in her generous policy, and 
 was frequently rewarded by the merit and ser- 
 vices of her adopted sons. Had she always 
 <;onflned the distinction of Romans to the ancient 
 families within the walls of the city, that im- 
 mortal name would have been deprived of some 
 of its noblest ornaments. Virgil was a native 
 of Mantua ; Horace was inclined to doubt 
 whether he should call himself an Apulian or a 
 Lucanian ; it was in Padua that an historian 
 was found worthy to record the majestic series 
 jot Roman victories. The patriot family of the 
 Catos emerged from Tusculum ; and the little 
 town of Arpinum claimed the double honor of 
 producing Marius and Cicero, the former of 
 whom deserved, after Romulus and Camillus, 
 to be styled the Third Founder of Rome ; and 
 the latter, after saving his country from the de- 
 •signsof Catiline, enabled her to contend with 
 Athens for the palm of eloquence. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 2. 
 
 893. CITIZENSHIP, Honor of. Bolivar. [In 
 1813 he succeeded in driving the Spaniards from 
 the soil of Venezuela after a terrible struggle 
 with brutal enemies. He then resigned his com- 
 mission after the example of Washington. The 
 ;Spaniards renewed the war, and General Bolivar, 
 amid great disasters, led his patriot army to the 
 conflict.] The career of Bolivar, henceforth, 
 was one of almost unbroken victory ; and, after 
 four years of terrible warfare, the Spanish Gov- 
 ernment was compelled to treat for peace, and 
 to concede the independence of the United Re- 
 publics. Again Bolivar resigned his commis- 
 ,sion as general and dictator. In his address to 
 Congress, he said : "I am i;he child of camps. 
 Battles have borne me to the chief magistracy, 
 and the fortune of war has sustained me in it ; 
 but a power like that which has been confided 
 to me is dangerous in a republican government. 
 I prefer the title of Soldier to that of Liber- 
 lator ; and, in descending from the Presidential 
 chair, I aspire only to merit the title of good 
 •citizen." — Cyclopedia of BiOG.,p. 490. 
 
 894. CITIZENSHIP, Intelligent. Spartans. 
 The youth of Sparta, from their attendance at 
 the public tables, were from their infancy fa- 
 miliarly acquainted with all the important busi- 
 jiess of the commonwealth. They knew thor- 
 
 oughly its constitution, the powers of the 
 several functionaries of the state, and the de- 
 fined duties and rights which belonged to the 
 kings, the magistrates, and the citizens. Hence 
 arose (more than perhaps from any other cause) 
 that permanence of constitution which has been 
 so justly the admiration both of ancient and 
 modern politicians ; for where all orders of men 
 know their precise rights and duties, and there 
 are laws sufficient to secure to them the one 
 and protect them in the exercise of the other, 
 there will rarely be a factious struggle for 
 power or pre-eminence ; as all inordinate ambi- 
 tion will be most effectually repressed by a 
 general spirit of vigilance and caution, as well 
 as the difficulty and danger attendant on inno- 
 vations. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 895. CITY, Blessings of the. Three. [At the 
 beginning of the sixth century the] nobles of 
 Rome were flattered by sonorous epithets and 
 formal professions of respect, which had been 
 more justly applied to the merit and authority 
 of their ancestors. The people enjoyed, with- 
 out fear or danger, the three blessings of a 
 capital — order, plenty, and public amusements. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 896. CITY, Contaminating. Borne. After a 
 month's residence in the cloister of " S. Maria 
 del Popolo," on the " Piazza del Popolo," 
 Luther set out on his return home. He had not 
 tarried longer than was necessary ; for, said he, 
 "Whoever goes to Rome for the first time is 
 looking for a rogue ; whoever goes again will 
 find him ; and whoever goes the third time will 
 return with him." — Rein's Luther, ch. 4, 
 p. 39. 
 
 897. CITY, Estahlishment of a. Ancients. At 
 the foundation of a city the priests and all em- 
 ployed leaped over a fire ; then they made a cir- 
 cular excavation, into which they threw the 
 first-fruits of the season, and some handfuls of 
 earth brought from the native city by the foun- 
 ders. The entrails of victims were next consult- 
 ed ; and if favorable, they proceeded to trace 
 the limits of the town with a line of chalk. 
 This track they then marked by a furrow, with 
 a plough drawn by a white bull and heifer. . . . 
 The ceremony was concluded by a great sacri- 
 fice to the tutelar gods of the city, who were 
 solemnly invoked. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 898. CITY, Populous. Borne. If we adopt 
 the same average, which, under similar circum- 
 stances, has been found applicable to Paris, and 
 indifferently allow about twenty -five persons for 
 each house, of every degree, we may fairly es- 
 timate the inhabitants of Rome at twelve hun- 
 dred thousand — a number which cannot be 
 thought excessive for the capital of a mighty 
 empire, though it exceeds the populousness of 
 the greatest cities of modern Europe — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 899. CITY, Sins of the. Abralmm Lincoln. 
 [His anecdote of Mr. Campbell, once Secretary of 
 State for Illinois.] A cadaverous-looking man, 
 with a white neck-cloth, . . . informed that Mr. 
 Campbell had the letting of the Hall of Repre- 
 sentatives, he wished, if possible, to secure it for a 
 course of lectures. ..." What is to be the sub. 
 ject ?" . . , "The Second Coming of our Lord."' 
 
CITY— CIVILIZATION. 
 
 107 
 
 ^' It is of no use," said Campbell ; " if you will 
 take my advice, you will not waste your time 
 in this city. It is my private opinion, that if the 
 Ijord has been in Springfield onm, He will never 
 come the second time." — Raymond's Lincolk, 
 p. 749. 
 
 900. CITY, Vices of the. London. Every race 
 of every nation abides there, and have there 
 brought their vices. It is full of gamblers and 
 panders, of braggadocios and flatterers, of buf- 
 foons and fortune-tellers, of extortioners and 
 magicians, [a.d. 1194.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 1, ch. 22. 
 
 901. CIVILIZATION, Dangers of. Bomans. 
 When we recollect the complete armor of the 
 Roman soldiers, their discipline, exercises, evo- 
 lutions, fortified camps, and military engines, it 
 appears a just matter of surprise, how the naked 
 and unassisted valor of the barbarians could 
 •dare to encounter, in the field, the strength of 
 the legions and the various troops of the auxil- 
 iaries, which seconded their operations. The 
 •contest was too unequal, till the introduction of 
 luxury had enervated the vigor, and a spirit of 
 •disobedience and sedition had relaxed the dis- 
 cipline of the Roman armies. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 9, p. 275. 
 
 902. CIVILIZATION, Demands of. Sir Fran- 
 ■eis Drake. It thus appears that this brave man 
 ispent his life in warring upon the Spaniards. 
 What ought we to think of him ? Was he a 
 Tjuccaneer, or a patriot sailor waging legitimate 
 "warfare ? I answer the question thus : The 
 worst man of whom history gives any account, 
 and the most formidable enemy modern civili- 
 zation has had to encounter, was Philip II. , King 
 of Spain. He was a moody, ignorant, cruel, 
 rsensual, cowardly hypocrite. So long as that 
 atrocious tyrant wielded the resources of the 
 Spanish monarchy — then the most powerful on 
 -earth — the first interest of human nature was the 
 reduction of his power. To do this was the great 
 •object and the almost ceaseless effort of Queen 
 Elizabeth and the Protestant powers in alliance 
 Tvith her. In lending a hand to this work Fran- 
 cis Drake was fighting on the side of civilization, 
 and preparing the way for such an America as 
 we see around us now ; for, in limiting the 
 power of Philip, he was rescuing the fairest por- 
 tions of America from the blight of Spanish su- 
 perstition, Spanish cruelty, and Spanish narrow- 
 ness. That he fought his share of this fight in 
 a wild, rough, buccaneering manner, was the 
 fault of his age more than his own. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BioG., p. 361. 
 
 903. CIVILIZATION, Effete. Greeks. The sit- 
 uation of the Greeks [who had been conquered 
 oy the Romans] was very different from that 
 of the barbarians [conquered by them]. The 
 former had been long since civilized and cor- 
 rupted. They had too much taste to relinquish 
 their language, and too much vanity to adopt 
 any foreign institutions. Still preserving the 
 prejudices after they had lost the virtues of their 
 ancestors, they affected to despise the unpolish- 
 ed manners of the Roman conquerors, while 
 they were compelled to respect their supeiior 
 wisdom and power. — Gibbon's Rome, ch, 2, p. 
 45. 
 
 904. CIVILIZATION, Failure of. American In- 
 •diant. [In 1817 the Indian nations of what was 
 
 formerly known as the North- Western Territory 
 ceded to the United States certain tracts of 
 land, lying chiefly in Ohio, for money and cer- 
 tain annuities.] A reservation of certain tracts, 
 amounting in the aggregate to about three hun- 
 dred thousand acres, was made by the red man 
 with the approval of the Government. For it 
 was believed that the Indians, living in small 
 districts surrounded with American farms and 
 villages, would abandon barbarism for the hab- 
 its of civilized life. But the sequel proved 
 that the men of the woods had no aptitude for 
 such a change. — Ridpatii's U. S., ch. 52, p. 417. 
 
 905. CIVILIZATION, Fleeing from. Samuel 
 Houston. His elder brothers . . . compelled him 
 to go into a merchant's store and stand behind 
 the coimter. This kind of life he had little rel- 
 ish for, and he suddenly disappeared. A great 
 search was made for him, but he was nowhere 
 to be found for several weeks. At last intelli- 
 gence reached the family that Sam had crossed 
 the Tennessee River and gone to live among the 
 Indians, where, from all accounts, he seemed to 
 be getting on much more to his liking. They 
 found him, and began to question him on his 
 motives for this novel proceeding. Sam was 
 now, although so very young, nearly six feet 
 high, and, standing straight as an Indian, coolly 
 replied that " he preferred measuring deer tracks 
 to tape — that he liked the wild liberty of the red 
 men better than the tyranny of his own brothers, 
 and if he could not study Latin in the academy, 
 he could, at least, read a translation from the 
 Greek in the woods, and read it in peace. So 
 they could go home as soon as they liked." — 
 Lester's Houston, p. 16. 
 
 906. CIVILIZATION, Growth of. Ancient. 
 Advancement from barbarism to civilization is a 
 very slow and gradual process, because every 
 step in that process is the result of necessity after 
 the experience of an error, or the strong feeling of 
 a want. These experiences, frequently repeated, 
 show at length the necessity of certain rules and 
 customs to be followed by the general consent of 
 all ; and these rules become in time positive 
 enactments or laws, enforced by certain penal- 
 ties, which are various in their kind and in their 
 degree, according to the state of society at the 
 time of their formation. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 1, ch. 3. 
 
 907. CIVILIZATION, Late. Russians. Tilf 
 the middle of the fifteenth century the Russians 
 were an unconnected multitude of wandering 
 tribes, professing different religions, and most of 
 them yet idolaters. A sovereign, or duke, of 
 Russia paid a tribute to the Tartars of furs and 
 cattle to restrain their depredations. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 35, p. 473. 
 
 90§. CIVILIZATION misrepresented. To Amer- 
 ican Indians. [Verazzano, the Italian, explored 
 the American coast.] The savages were more 
 humane than their guests. A young sailor, who 
 had nearly been drowned, was revived by the 
 courtesy of the natives ; the voyagers robbed a 
 mother of her child, and attempted to kidnap a 
 young woman. . . . The natives of the more 
 northern region were hostile and jealous . . . 
 perhaps this coast had been visited for slaves ; 
 its inhabitants had become wise enough to dread 
 the vices of Europeans. — Bancroft's Hist, op 
 U. S., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
108 
 
 CIVILIZATION— CLAIRVOYANCE. 
 
 909. CIVILIZATION, Origin of modern. Bo- 
 
 mana — Oermans. M. Guizot . . . says that 
 among the elements of modern civilization, the 
 spirit of legality or regular association was de- 
 rived from the Roman world, from the munici- 
 palities and the Roman laws. From the Germans 
 came the spirit of personal liberty. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 46. 
 
 910. CIVILIZATION, Progress of. Greek s. 
 The aboriginal Greeks, under the various de- 
 nominations of Pelasgi, Aones, Iliantes, Leleges, 
 etc. , were a race of savages who dwelt in cav- 
 erns, and are said to have been so barbarous as 
 to live without any subordination to a chief or 
 leader, to have fed on human flesh, and to have 
 been ignorant of the use of fire. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 6, p. 52. 
 
 911. . Britons. The Britons proper 
 
 from the interior showed few signs of progress. 
 They did not break the ground for corn ; they 
 had no manufactures ; they lived on meat and 
 milk, and were dressed in leather. They dyed 
 their skins blue that they might look more ter- 
 rible. They wore their hair long, and had long 
 mustaches. In their habits they had not risen 
 out of the lowest order of savagery. They had 
 wives in common, and brothers and sisters, par- 
 ents and children, lived together with promis- 
 cuous unrestraint. — Froude's Cjesar, ch. 16. 
 
 912. CIVILIZATION, Revival of. a.d. 1485- 
 1514. The world was passing through changes 
 more momentous than any it had witnessed 
 since the victory of Christianity and the fall of 
 the Roman Empire. Its physical bounds were sud- 
 denly enlarged. The discoveries of Copernicus 
 revealed to man the secret of the universe. Por- 
 tuguese mariners doubled the Cape of Good 
 Hope and anchored their merchant fleets in the 
 harbors of India. Columbus crossed the untrav- 
 ersed ocean to add a New World to the Old. 
 Sebastian Cabot, starting from the port of Bris- 
 tol, threaded his way among the icebergs of 
 Labrador. This sudden contact with new lands, 
 new faiths, new races of men, quickened the 
 slumbering intelligence of Europe into a strange 
 curiosity. The first book of voyages that told 
 of the western world, the travels of Amerigo 
 Vespucci, were soon "in everybody's hands." 
 The "Utopia" of More, in its wide range of 
 speculation on every subject of human thought 
 and action, tells us how roughly and utterly the 
 narrowness and limitation of human life had 
 been broken up. At the very hour when the in- 
 tellectual energy of the middle ages had sunk 
 into exhaustion the capture of Constantinople by 
 the Turks and the flight of its Greek scholars to 
 the shores of Italy opened anew the science and 
 literature of an older world. The exiled Greek 
 scholars were welcomed in Italy ; and Florence, 
 so long the home of freedom and of art, became 
 the home of an intellectual revival. — Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 503. 
 
 913. CLAMOR, Dangerous. Popular. The Em- 
 peror Valens, who, at length, had removed his 
 court and army from Antioch, was received by 
 the people of Constantinople as the author of the 
 public calamity. Before he had reposed himself 
 ten days in the capital, he was urged by the li- 
 centious clamors of the Hippodrome to march 
 against the barbarians, whom he had invited 
 into his dominions ; and the citizens, who are 
 
 always brave at a distance from any real danger, 
 declared, with confidence, that, if they were sup- 
 plied with arms, they alone would undertake ta 
 deliver the province from the ravages of an in- 
 sulting foe. The vain reproaches of an ignorant, 
 multitude hastened the downfall of the Roman 
 Empire ; they provoked the desperate rashness of 
 Valens, who did not find, either in his reputa- 
 tion or in his mind, any motives to support with 
 firmness the public contempt. He was soon per- 
 suaded, by the successful achievements of his 
 lieutenants, to despise the power of the Goths. 
 . . . The event of the battle of Adrianople [was] 
 . . . fatal to Valens and to the empire. — Gibbon's- 
 Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 914. CLAIRVOYANCE, Agitation by. Sweden- 
 horg. Swedenborg went to bed, and I went to- 
 sit in another room, with the master of the house, 
 with whom I was conversing. We both heard 
 a remarkable noise, and could not apprehend 
 what it could be, and therefore drew near to a. 
 door, where there was a little window that looked 
 into the chamber where Swedenborg lay. We 
 saw him with his arms raised toward heaven, 
 and his body appeared to tremble. He spoke 
 much for the space of half an hour, but we could 
 understand nothing of what he said, except that,^ 
 when he let his hands fall down, we heard him 
 say with a loud voice, " My God !" But we could 
 not hear what he said more. He remained after- 
 ward very quietly in his bed. I entered into 
 his chamber with the master of the house, and 
 asked him if he was ill. " No," said he ; "but I 
 have had a long discourse with some of the heav- 
 enly friends, and am at this time in a great per- 
 spiration. " And as his effects were embarked on 
 board the vessel, he asked the master of the house 
 to let him have a shirt ; he then went again to 
 bed, and slept till morning. — White's Sweden- 
 borg, p. 181. 
 
 915. CLAIRVOYANCE, Information by. Swe- 
 denborg. Says [Immanuel] Kant : ' ' When Swe- 
 denborg arrived at Gottenburg from England, 
 Mr. William Castel invited him to his house, to- 
 gether with a party of fifteen persons. About 
 six o'clock Swedenborg went out, and after a 
 short interval returned to the company quite 
 pale and alarmed. He stated that a dangerous- 
 fire had just broken out in Stockholm, at Sun- 
 dermalm (distant three hundred miles from Got- 
 tenburg), and that it was spreading very fast. 
 He was restless, and went out often. He said that 
 the house of one of his friends, whom he named, 
 was already in ashes, and that his own was in 
 danger. At eight o'clock, after he had been 
 out again, he joyfully exclaimed, " Thank God ! 
 the fire is extinguished the third door from my 
 house. " This news occasioned great commotion 
 among the company. It was announced to the 
 governor the same evening. The next morning 
 Swedenborg was sent for by the governor, who 
 questioned him concerning the disaster. ... On 
 Monday evening a messenger arrived at Gotten- 
 burg, who was despatched during the time of the 
 fire. In the letters brought by him the fire was de- 
 scribed precisely in the manner stated by Swe- 
 denborg. On Tuesday morning a royal courier 
 arrived at the governor's with the melancholy 
 intelligence of the fire, of the loss it had occa- 
 sioned, and of the houses damaged and ruined, 
 not in the least differing from that which Swe- 
 
CLEANLINESS— CLERGY. 
 
 109 
 
 denborg had given the moment it liad ceased ; 
 Hue fire had been extinguished at eight o'clock. 
 — White's Swedenborg, p. 137. 
 
 916. CLEANLINESS, Physical. Koran. Clean- 
 liness is the key of prayer ; the frequent lustra- 
 tion of the hands, the face, and the body, which 
 was practised of old by the Arabs, is solemnly 
 enjoined bj^ the Koran ; and a permission is for- 
 mally granted to supply with sand the scarcity 
 of water. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 917. CLEANLINESS, Beaction against. James 
 Waifs Son. [The second Mrs. Watt] was a 
 thrifty Scotch housewife, and such was her pas- 
 sion for cleanliness, that she taught her pet dogs 
 to wipe their feet on the door-mats. Her pro- 
 pensity was carried to a pitch which often fretted 
 her son by the restraints it imposed. [He said 
 to a lady] . . . I love dirt. — Smiles' Brief Bi- 
 ographies, p. 41. 
 
 91§. CLEMENCY, Appeal to. Of MaMmet. 
 [After the conquest of Mecca] several of the most 
 obnoxious victims were indebted for their lives 
 to his clemency or contempt. The chiefs of the 
 Koreish were prostrate at his feet. "What 
 mercy can you expect from the man whom you 
 have wronged ? " " We confide in the generosity 
 of our kinsman." " And you shall not confide in 
 vain : begone ! you are safe, you are free." The 
 people of Mecca deserved their pardon by the 
 profession of Islam. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 919. CLEMENCY, Vile. James II. None of 
 the traitors had less right to expect favor than 
 Wade, Goodenough, and Ferguson. These three 
 ■chiefs of the rebellion [in Scotland] had fled 
 together from the field of Sedgemoor. . . . 
 Wade and Goodenough were soon discovered 
 and brought up to London. Deeply as they had 
 been implicated in the Rye gouse Plot, conspic- 
 xious as they had been among the chiefs of the 
 Western insurrection, they were suffered to live, 
 because they had it in their power to give infor- 
 mation which enabled the king to slaughter and 
 plunder [through Jeffreys' court] some persons 
 whom he hated, but to whom he had never been 
 ^ble to bring home any crime. — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 920. CLEEGY, Arrogance of. Political. Lotha- 
 rius, now emperor, and Pepin, his brother's son, 
 took up arms against the two other sons of 
 Louis le Debonnaire — Louis of Bavaria and 
 Charles the Bald. A battle ensued at Fontenay, 
 in the territory of Auxerre, where, it is said, 
 there perished 100,000 men. Lotharius and his 
 nephew were vanquished. Charlemagne had 
 •compelled the nations whom he subdued to em- 
 brace Christianity ; Lotharius, to acquire popu- 
 larity and strengthen his arms, declared an en- 
 tire liberty of conscience throughout the empire, 
 and many thousands reverted to their ancient 
 idolatry. In punishment of this impiety, Lotha- 
 rius was now solemnly deposed by a council of 
 bishops, who took upon them to show their au- 
 thority no less over the victorious than over the 
 vanquished princes. They put this question to 
 Charles the Bald and to Louis of Bavaria — " Do 
 jou promise to govern better than Lotharius has 
 done?" "We do," said the obsequious mon- 
 archs. " Then," returned the bishops, "we, by 
 ■divine authority, permit and ordain you to reign 
 in his stead " — a proceeding in which it is diffi- 
 
 cult to say whether the arrogance of the clergy 
 most excites our indignation, or the pusillanim- 
 ity of the monarchs our contempt. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 4. 
 
 921. CLERGY, Deference to. Ferdinand II. 
 The voice of a monk was to Ferdinand II. the 
 voice of God. " Nothing on earth," writes his 
 own confessor, "was more sacred in his eyes 
 than a priest. If it could happen, he used to 
 say, that an angel and a Regular were to meet 
 him at the same time and place, the Regular 
 should receive his first, and the angel his sec- 
 ond, obeisance." — Thirty Years' War, § 221. 
 
 922. CLERGY degraded. Beign of James II. 
 [The king commanded his illegal manifesto, 
 which aimed at the overthrow of the Protestant 
 Church, to be publicly read by the clergy.] In 
 the city and liberties of London were about 
 a hundred parish churches. In only four of 
 these was the order in council obeyed. At St. 
 Gregory's the declaration was read by a divine 
 of the name of Martin. As soon as he uttered 
 the first words, the whole congregation rose 
 and withdrew. At St. Matthew's, in Friday 
 Street, a wretch named Timothy Hall, who had 
 disgraced his gown by acting as broker for the 
 Duchess of Portsmouth in the sale of pardons, 
 and who now had hopes of obtaining the vacant 
 bishopric of Oxford, was in like manner left 
 alone in his church. At Sergeant's Inn, in 
 Chancery Lane, the clerk pretended that he had 
 forgotten to bring a copy ; and the chief justice 
 of the King's Bench, who had attended in order 
 to see that the royal mandate was obeyed, was 
 forced to content himself with this excuse. 
 Samuel Wesley, the father of John and Charles 
 Wesley, a curate in London, took for his text 
 that day the noble answer of the three Jews to 
 the Chaldean tryant, " Be it known unto thee, 
 O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor 
 worship the golden image which thou hast 
 set up !" Even in the chapel of St. James' 
 Palace the officiating minister had the courage 
 to disobey the order. The Westminster boys 
 long remembered what took place that day in 
 the Abbey. Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, officiat- 
 ed there as dean. As soon as he began to read 
 the declaration, murmurs and the noise of peo- 
 ple crowding out of the choir drowned his voice. 
 He trembled so violently that men saw the paper 
 shake in his hand. Long before he had finished, 
 the place was deserted by all but those whose 
 situation made it necessary for them to remain. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 8. 
 
 923. . Middle Ages. During these 
 
 perpetual contests for ecclesiastical power and 
 pre-eminence, the Christian religion itself was 
 debased both by the practice and the principles 
 of its teachers. The sole object of the clergy 
 was to accumulate wealth and temporal distinc- 
 tions. While they indulged in every species of 
 voluptuousness and debauchery, they were so 
 deplorably ignorant, that it is confidently as- 
 serted there were many bishops who could not 
 repeat the Apostles' Creed, nor read the Sacred 
 Scriptures. This, indeed, was a necessary con- 
 sequence of the iniquitous distribution of ec- 
 clesiastical preferments. Tljese were either sold 
 to the highest bidder, or were bestowed as 
 bribes by the sovereigns and superior pontiffs, to 
 attach the most artful and often the most worth- 
 
110 
 
 less to their interests. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 6 
 ch. 4. 
 
 024. . Reign of CharUs II. In the 
 
 mansions of men of liberal sentiments and culti- 
 vated understandings, the chaplain was doubt- 
 less treated with urbanity and kindness. His 
 conversation, his literary assistance, his spiritual 
 advice, were considered as an ample return for 
 his food, his lodging, and his stipend. But this 
 Wiis not the general feeling of the country gen- 
 tlemen. The coarse and ignorant squire, who 
 thought that it belonged to his dignity to have 
 grace said every day at his table by an ecclesias- 
 tic in full canonicals, found means to reconcile 
 dignity with economy. A young Levite — such 
 was the phrase then in use — might be had for 
 his board, a small garret, and £10 a year, and 
 might not only perform his own professional 
 functions, might not only be the most patient of 
 butts and of listeners, might not only be always 
 read}' in fine weather for bowls, and in rainy 
 weather for shovel-board, but might also save the 
 expense of a gardener or of a groom. Sometimes 
 the reverend man nailed up the apricots, and 
 sometimes he curried the coach-horses. He cast 
 up the farrier's bills. He walked ten miles with a 
 message or a parcel. If he was permitted to dine 
 with the family, he was expected to content him- 
 self with the plainest fare. He might fill him- 
 self with the corned beef and the carrots ; but 
 as soon as the tarts and cheese-cakes made their 
 appearance, he quitted his seat, and stood aloof 
 till he was summoned to return thanks for the 
 repast, from a great part of which he had been 
 excluded. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 3. 
 
 925. CLEEGY dissipated. English. [In the 
 middle of the eighteenth century a] Prussian 
 clergyman, walking into Oxford at midnight, 
 was introduced by a courteous pedestrian to an 
 alehouse. " How great," he says, " was my as- 
 tonishment when, on being shown into a room, 
 I saw several gentlemen in academic dress sit- 
 ting round a large table, each with his pot of 
 beer before him." He thought it extraordinary 
 that at this unseasonable hour he should sud- 
 denly find himself in a company of Oxonian 
 clergy. As the morning drew near, after a ca- 
 rousal which stupefied the German, the gentle- 
 man who introduced him suddenly exclaimed, ' ' I 
 must read prayers this morning at All Souls." 
 The clergy would spend the morning in scam- 
 pering after the hounds, dedicate the evening to 
 the bottle, and reel from inebriety to the pulpit. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 110. 
 
 926. CLERGY, Economical. Samuel Johnson. 
 Speaking of the late Duke of Northumberland 
 living very magnificently when Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, somebody remarked, it would be dif- 
 ficult to find a suitable successor to him ; then, ex- 
 claimed Johnson, " he is only fit to succeed him- 
 self. " He advised me, if possible, to have a good 
 orchard. He knew, he said, a clergyman of 
 small income who brought up a family very rep- 
 utably, which he chiefly fed with apple-dump- 
 lings.— Boswell's Johnson, p. 178. 
 
 927. CLEEGY, Heroic. Georg e Walker. 
 [When the armj^ of James II. marched against 
 the Protestants m Londonderry, the commander 
 of the forces. Colonel Lundy, advised a surren- 
 der, there being but a small store of provisions 
 and an inadaquate preparation for defence. 
 
 CLERGY. 
 
 George Walker, a minister, roused the courage, 
 of the people for defence. Two regiments sailed 
 away to England, leaving the inhabitants to pro- 
 tect themselves. The faith and zeal of the pious- 
 Walker inspired the fortitude of the defenders, 
 and procured a complete deliverance for the be- 
 sieged.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 6, p. 85. 
 
 92§. CLEEGY, Immoral. England a.d. 1509. 
 At the commencement of the reign of Henry 
 VII., the long immunity of the clergy from 
 any interference of the legislature with their- 
 course of life, however criminal, was in a slight 
 degree interrupted by a statute, which recognizes; 
 the existence in the commonwealth of " priests, 
 clerks, and religious men openly noised of incon- 
 tinent living." . . . The statute . . . recites that. 
 " persons lettered " have been more bold to com- 
 mit murder, robbery, and other mischievous 
 deeds, because they have been continually ad- 
 mitted to the benefit of the clergy upon trust of 
 the privilege of the church. [AH those were held 
 to be clerks who could read.] — Knight's Eng.. 
 vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 243. 
 
 929. CLEEGY impoverished. The. Bdgn of 
 Charles I. [During the reign of Charles I. , when 
 the degradation of the clergy was ridiculed,] the 
 curates that did the work were so scandalously 
 paid, that in London they were to be found din- 
 ing at " three-penny ordinary," and in the coun- 
 try were glad to obtain from the church- wardeu 
 "a barley bag-pudding " for their Sunday din- 
 ner. The country curate is described as be- 
 ing " under a great prebend, and a double bene- 
 ficed rich man," with a salary inferior to his cook 
 or coachman. The London curates are represent- 
 ed as living ' ' upon citizens' trenchers, and were 
 it not that they were pitiful and charitable to 
 them, there was no possibility of subsistence." 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 30, p. 486. 
 
 930. CLEEGY, Interference of. War. [The 
 Crusaders, after a struggle of two years, captured 
 the city of Damietta.] After it was taken it waa 
 lost by the folly of the pope's legate, who pre- 
 tended that, in right of his master, he had a title 
 to regulate the disposition of the army as well as 
 the church. By his orders they were encamped 
 between two branches of the Nile, at the very 
 time when it began its periodical inundation. 
 The Sultan of Egypt assisted its operation by a 
 little art, and, by means of canals and sluices, 
 contrived entirely to deluge the Christians on one 
 side, while he burnt their ships on the other. In 
 this extremity they entreated an accommodation, 
 and agreed to restore Damietta and return into 
 Phoenicia, leaving their king, John de Brienne, 
 as an hostage. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, vol. 9. 
 
 931. CLEEGY, Labor of the. Need of. [Burnet 
 exhorted the clergy of his own time] to "labor 
 more," instead of cherishing extravagant notions 
 of the authority of the Church. If to an exem- 
 plary course of life in their own persons ' ' clergy- 
 men would add a little more labor — not only 
 performing public offices, . . . but . . . making 
 their calling the business of their whole life, 
 their own minds would be in better temper, and 
 their people would show more esteem " and re- 
 gard for them. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 4, 
 p. 59. 
 
 932. CLEEGY, Lost. "iJawnefZ." Chrysostom 
 declares his free opinion that the number of bish- 
 
CLERGY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 »ps who might be saved bore a very small pro- 
 portion to those who would be damned. — Note 
 IN Gibbon's Rome, ch. 32. 
 
 933. CLERGY, Marriage of. Beign of Charles 
 II. With his cure he was expected to take a 
 wife ; the wife had ordinarily been in the pa- 
 tron's service ; and it was well if she was not 
 suspected of standing too high in the patron's 
 favor. . . . An Oxonian . . . complained bitterly, 
 not only that the country attorney and the coun- 
 try apothecary looked down with disdain on the 
 country clergyman, but that one of the lessons 
 most earnestly inculcated on every girl of hon- 
 orable family was to give no encouragement to 
 a lover in orders, and that if any lady forgot 
 this precept, she was almost as much disgraced 
 as by an illicit amour. Clarendon, who assur- 
 edly bore no ill-will to the Church, mentions it 
 as a sign of the confusion of ranks which the 
 Great Rebellion had produced, that some dam- 
 sels of noble families had bestowed themselves 
 on divines. A waiting woman was generally 
 considered as the most suitable helpmeet for a 
 parson. Queen Elizabeth, as head of the Church 
 . . . issued special orders that no clergyman 
 should presume to marry a servant-girl without 
 the consent of her master or mistress. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 934. CLERGY, Militant. Pope Julius II. 
 Julius II., the successor of Alexander VI., was 
 a pontiff of great political abilities, of a bold and 
 ambitious character, and consummately skilled 
 in the art of war. It was he who employed 
 Michael Angelo to cast his statue in brass, and 
 when the sculptor would have put a book in his 
 hand, " No," said he, "give me a sword, I un- 
 derstand that better than a breviary." — Tytler's 
 Hist. , Book 6, ch. 14. 
 
 935. . Piior Jolm. About this 
 
 time [May, 1514] Prior John, great captain of 
 the French navy, with his galleys and foists, 
 charged with great basilisks and other great ar- 
 tillery, came on the border of Sussex, and came 
 aland on the night at a poor village in Sussex 
 Brighthelmstone ; and ere the watch could him 
 descry he set fire on the town, and took such 
 poor goods as he found. Then the watch flred 
 the beacons, and people began to gather ; which 
 seeing. Prior John sounded his trumpet to call 
 his men aboard, and by that time it was day. 
 Then six archers which kept the watch followed 
 Prior John to the sea and shot so fast that they 
 beat the galley men from the shore, and Prior 
 John himself waded to the foist. [The bold 
 prior himself was shot with an arrow in the 
 face ; and he offered an image of himself, with 
 the identical arrow sticking in the waxen cheek, 
 in gratitude to our Lady at Boulogne for saving 
 his life by miracle. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 
 17, p. 274. 
 
 936. CLERGY, Neglect of the. Social Evils. 
 In the beginning of the eighteenth century, and 
 long after, we see no struggle against great social 
 evils on the part of the clergy. Every attempt 
 at social reform was left to the Legislature, 
 which was utterly indifferent to those manifes- 
 tations of wretchedness and crime that ought 
 to have been dealt with by the strong hand. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 60. 
 
 937. CLERGY, Patriotic. Siege of Paris. The 
 Normans applied the battering rams to the walls. 
 
 and effected a breach, but were bravely beat off 
 by the besieged. The venerable Bishop Gosse- 
 lin, an honor to his character and profession, re- 
 paired every day to the ramparts, set up there 
 the standard of the cross, and, after bestowing 
 his benedictions on the people, gallantly stood 
 at their head, armed with the battle-axe and cui- 
 rass ; but the worthy prelate died of fatigue in 
 the midst of the siege. [About a.d. 845.] — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 6. 
 
 93§. CLERGY, Political. English. [In 1710,, 
 during the fiercest party strife, the return of a 
 Tory preponderance in Parliament was attribut- 
 ed by Dr. Burnet to the efforts of the clergy.] 
 Besides a course for some months, of inflaming 
 sermons, they went about from house to house, 
 pressing their people to show, on this great oc- 
 casion, their zeal for the Church, and now or 
 never to save it. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 
 24, p. 364 
 
 939. CLERGY, Poverty of. Reign of Charles^ 
 II. In general, the divine who quitted his chap- 
 lainship for a benefice and a wife found that 
 he had only exchanged one class of vexations- 
 for another. Not one living in fifty enabled 
 the incumbent to bring up a family comfort- 
 ably. As children multiplied and grew, the- 
 household of the priest became more and more' 
 beggarly. Holes appeared more and more plain- 
 ly in the thatch of his parsonage and in his sin- 
 gle cassock. Often it was only by toiling on his: 
 glebe, by feeding swine, and by loading dung- 
 carts, that he could obtain daily bread ; nor did 
 his utmost exertions always prevent the bailiffs 
 from taking his concordance and his inkstand 
 in execution. It was a white day on which he 
 was admitted into the kitchen of a great house, 
 and regaled by the servants with cold meat and 
 ale. His children were brought up like the 
 children of the neighboring peasantry. Hi»' 
 boys followed the plough, and his girls went out 
 to service. Study he found impossible, for the- 
 advowson of his living would hardly have sol(^ 
 for a sum sufficient to purchase a good theology 
 ical library ; and he might be considered as un- 
 usually lucky if he had ten or twelve dog-eared^ 
 volumes among the pots ajid pans on his shelves. 
 Even a keen and strong intellect might be ex- 
 pected to rust in so unfavorable a situation. — 
 Macaulay'sEng., ch. 3. 
 
 940. . Fifteenth Century. The 
 
 highest payment for a parish priest was 9 marks. 
 — £6. The artificer, at fourpence a day, earned 
 about as much as the parish priest, to suffice for 
 his board, apparel, and other necessaries, [a.d. 
 1450-1485.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 2,ch. 8, p. 125, 
 
 941. CLERGY, Profligate. Eighteenth Century. 
 The indecorum, if not the profligacy, of a large- 
 number of the English clergy, for a period of 
 half a century, is exhibited by too many con- 
 temporary witnesses to be considered as the ex- 
 aggeration of novelists, satirical poets, travel- 
 lers, and dissenters. Ridicule, pity, indignation, 
 produced little or no change for more than a 
 generation. . . . "What shall we say to the testi- 
 mony of Dr. Knox, head-master of Tunbridge 
 school ? " The public have long remarked with 
 indignation, that some of the most distinguished- 
 coxcombs, drunkards, debauchees, and game- 
 sters who figure at the watering-places and all 
 public places of resort are young men of the? 
 
112 
 
 CLERGY— CLIMATE. 
 
 Bacerdotal order." What to the " shepherd" of 
 Crabbe ? 
 
 " A jovial youth, who thinks Sunday task 
 As much as God or man can fairly ask. ..." 
 [Advertisements like the following were pub- 
 lished :] " Wanted a curacy in a good sporting 
 <x)untry, where the duty is light and the neigh- 
 borhood convivial." . . . [Rev. Dr. Warner, a 
 popular preacher,] desires Lord Selwyn to send 
 him " the magazine, with the delicate amours of 
 the noble lord, which must be very diverting." 
 He describes a dinner with two friends : " We 
 have just parted in a tolerable state of insensi- 
 bility to the ills of life." " I have been preach- 
 ing this morning, and am going to dine — where ? 
 — in the afternoon. We shall bolt the door and 
 (but, hush ! softly ! let me whisper it, for it is 
 & violent secret, and I shall be blown to the 
 devil M I blab, as in this house we are Noah and 
 iis precise family) — play cards." — Kkight's 
 I:ng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 109. 
 
 942. CLEEGY rejected. Ireland. Queen Eliz- 
 abeth . . . established the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church [in Ireland]. The Anglican prel- 
 ates and priests, divided from the Irish by the 
 insuperable barrier of language, were quartered 
 upon the land, shepherds without sheep, pastors 
 without people ; strangers to the inhabitants, 
 -wanting not them but theirs. The churches 
 ■went to ruin ; the benefices went to men who 
 were held as foreigners and heretics, and who 
 iad no care for the Irish but to compel them to 
 pay tithes. The inferior clergy were ... as im- 
 moral as they were illiterate. — Bancroft's U. S. , 
 vol. 5, ch. 4. 
 
 943. CLERGY, Secular. Bramim. This di- 
 vision of the Indian castes is characteristic of a 
 very singular state of society. The four princi- 
 pal castes, or tribes, are the bramins, the sol- 
 diers, the husbandmen, and the mechanics. The 
 bramins, as we have already observed, are the 
 priests, who, like the Roman Catholic clergy, are 
 some of them devoted to a life of regular disci- 
 pline, as the different orders of monks ; and 
 others, like the secular clergy, mix in the world, 
 and enjoy all the freedom of social life. — Tyt- 
 i^r's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 23. 
 
 944. CLEEGY, Selfish. The Pope's. In 1343 
 the commons petitioned for the redress of the 
 ^ievance of papal appointments to vacant liv- 
 ings in despite of the rights of patrons or the 
 Crown ; and Edward formerly complained to the 
 pope of his appointing "foreigners, most of 
 them suspicious persons, who do not reside on 
 their benefices, who do not know the faces of the 
 flocks intrusted to them, who do not understand 
 their language, but, neglecting the cure of souls, 
 seek as hirelings only their worldly hire. " In yet 
 sharper words the king rebuked the papal greed. 
 " The successor of the apostles was set over the 
 Lord's sheep to feed and not to shear them." 
 The Parliament declared "that they neither 
 could nor would tolerate such things any longer;" 
 and the general irritation moved slowly toward 
 those statutes of pro visors and praemunire which 
 heralded the policy of Henry VIII. — Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 321. 
 
 945. CLEEGY, Sleepy. Contagious. Bishop 
 Burnet says . . . the main body of our clergy 
 has always appeared dead and lifeless to me, and 
 instead of animating one another, they seem 
 
 rather to lay one asleep. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 5, ch. 4, p. 59. 
 
 946. CLEEGY, Taxation of. France. Boni- 
 face VIII., elected pope in the year 1294, was 
 one of the most assuming prelates that ever filled 
 the pontifical chair ; yet he found in Philip 
 [IV.] the Fair of France a man determined to 
 humble his pride and arrogance. Philip resolved 
 to make the clergy of his kingdom bear their 
 proportion in furnishing the public supplies aa 
 well as the other orders of the state. The pope 
 resented this as an extreme indignity offered to 
 the Church, and issued his pontifical bull com- 
 manding all the bishops of France to repair im- 
 mediately to Rome. Philip ordered the bull to 
 be thrown into the fire, and strictly prohibited 
 any of his bishops from stirring out of the king- 
 dom. He repaired, however, himself to Rome, 
 and threw the pope into prison ; but being soon 
 after obliged to quit Italy, Boniface regained his 
 liberty. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 11. 
 
 947. CLIMATE, Changes of. /teZy. In the time 
 of Homer the vine grew wild in the island of 
 Sicily, and most probably in the adjacent conti- 
 nent. , . . A thousand years afterward Italy could 
 boast, that of the fourscore most generous and 
 celebrated wines, more than two thirds were 
 produced from her soil. The blessing was sooa 
 communicated to the Narbonnese province of 
 Gaul ; but so intense was the cold to the north 
 of the Cevennes, that, in the time of Strabo, 
 it was thought impossible to ripen the grapes in 
 those parts of Gaul. This difficulty, however, 
 was gradually vanquished. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 948. CLIMATE changes. Europe. Some in- 
 genious writers have suspected that Europe was 
 much colder formerly than it is at present ; 
 and the most ancient descriptions of the climate 
 of Germany tend exceedingly to confirm their 
 theory. ... I shall select two remarkable circum- 
 stances. ... 1. The great rivers which covered 
 the Roman provinces, the Rhine and the Danube, 
 were frequently frozen over, and capable of 
 supporting the most enormous weights. The 
 barbarians, who often chose that severe season 
 for their inroads, transported, without apprehen- 
 sion or danger, their numerous armies, their cav- 
 alry, and their heavy wagons, over a vast and solid 
 bridge of ice. Modern ages have not presented 
 an instance of a like phenomenon. 2. The rein- 
 deer, that useful animal, from whom the savage 
 of the North derives the best comforts of his 
 dreary life, is of a constitution that supports, 
 and even requires, the most intense cold. He 
 is found on the rock of Spitzberg, within ten 
 degrees of the Pole ; he seems to delight in the 
 snows of Lapland and Siberia ; but at present 
 he cannot subsist, much less multiply, in any 
 country to the south of the Baltic. In the time 
 of Caesar the reindeer, as well as the elk and the 
 wild bull, was a native of the Hercynian forest, 
 which then overshadowed a great part of Ger- 
 many and Poland. The modem improvements 
 sufficiently explain the causes of the diminution 
 of the cold. These immense woods have been 
 gradually cleared, which intercepted the rays of 
 the sun. The morasses have been drained, and 
 in proportion as the soil has been cultivated, the 
 air has become more temperate. — GiBBON'i 
 Rome, ch. 9. 
 
CLIMATE— CLOTHING. 
 
 115 
 
 949. CLIMATE vs. Character. Samuel John- 
 $on. We had another evening by ourselves at 
 the Mitre. It happening to be a very rainy 
 night, I made some commonplace observations 
 on the relaxation of nerves and depression of 
 spirits which such weather occasioned ; adding, 
 however, that it was good for the vegetable crea- 
 tion. Johnson, who denied that the temperature 
 of the air had any influence on the human frame, 
 answered, with a smile of ridicule, " Why, yes, 
 sir, it is good for vegetables, and for the animals 
 who eat those vegetables, and for the animals 
 who eat those animals." This observation of his 
 aptly enough introduced a good supper. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 117. 
 
 950. CLIMATE, Character "by. Nortfiern. [Dur- 
 ing the rise of the Roman Empire,] in all levies, 
 a just preference was given to the climates of 
 the North over those of the South.— Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 1. 
 
 951. . Bemlutions. A plain in 
 
 the Chinese Tartary, only eighty leagues from 
 the great wall, was found by the missionaries 
 to be three thousand geometrical paces above 
 the level of the sea. Montesquieu, who has 
 used and abused the relations of travellers, de- 
 duces the revolutions of Asia from this important 
 circumstance, that heat and cold, weakness and 
 strength, touch each other without any temper- 
 ate zone. — Note in Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 952. . Laplanders. The consan- 
 guinity of the Hungarians and Laplanders would 
 display the powerful energy of climate on the 
 children of a common parent ; the lively contrast 
 between the bold adventurers who are intoxicat- 
 ed with the wines of the Danube, and the wretch- 
 ed fugitives who are immersed beneath the snows 
 of the polar circle. Arms and freedom have been 
 the ruling, though too often the unsuccessful, 
 passion of the Hungarians, who are endowed by 
 nature with a vigorous constitution of soul and 
 body. Extreme cold has diminished the stature 
 and congealed the faculties of the Laplanders ; 
 and the Arctic tribes, alone among the sons of 
 men, are ignorant of war and unconscious of 
 human blood ; a happy ignorance, if reason and 
 virtue were the guardians of their peace ! — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 55. 
 
 953. CLIMATE, Demoralized by. Vandals. [In 
 Africa the Roman general] Belisarius appeared ; 
 and he advanced wdthout opposition as far as 
 Grasse, a palace of the Vandal kings, at the dis- 
 tance of fifty miles from Carthage. The weary 
 Romans indulged themselves in the refreshment 
 of shady groves, cool fountains, and delicious 
 fruits ; and the preference which Procopius al- 
 lows to these gardens over any that he had seen, 
 either in the East or West, may be ascribed 
 either to the taste or the fatigue of the historian. 
 In three generations prosperity and a warm cli- 
 mate had dissolved the hardy ^drtue of the Van- 
 dals, who insensibly became the most luxurious 
 of mankind. In their villas and gardens, which 
 might deserve the Persian name of Paradise, 
 they enjoyed a cool and elegant repose ; and, 
 after the daily use of the bath, the barbarians 
 were seated at a table profusely spread with 
 the delicacies of the land and sea. Their silken 
 robes, loosely flowing, after the fashion of the 
 Medes, were embroidered with gold ; love and 
 hunting were the labors of their life, and their 
 
 vacant hours were amused by pantomimes, 
 chariot-races, and the music and dances of thee 
 theatre. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 954. CLIMATE, Fear of. The Portuguese. In 
 their first voyage after the discovery of Madeira, 
 they passed Cape Boyador, and in the space of a 
 few years, advancing above four hundred leagues 
 to the south, they had discovered the river Sene- 
 gal, and all the coast between Cape Blanco and 
 Cape Verd ; they were now near ten degrees 
 within the torrid zone, and were surprised to find 
 the climate still temperate and agreeable ; yet, 
 on passing the river Senegal, and observing the 
 human species to assume a different form, the 
 skin as black as ebony, the woolly hair, and that 
 peculiarity of feature which distinguishes the- 
 Negroes, they naturally attributed this to the 
 influence of heat, and began to dread the conse- 
 quences of a nearer approach to the line. They 
 returned to Portugal . . . the common voice of 
 their countrymen dissuaded them from any fur- 
 ther attempts. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 18. 
 
 955. CLIMATE, Injiirious. Samuel Johnson. 
 It was a very wet day, and I again complained of 
 the disagreeable effects of such weather. John- 
 son : " Sir, this is all imagination, which phy- 
 sicians encourage ; for man lives in air, as a fish 
 lives in water ; so that if the atmosphere press- 
 heavy from above, there is an equal resistance 
 from below. To be sure, bad weather is hard 
 upon people who are obliged to be abroad ; and 
 men cannot labor so well in the open air in 
 bad weather as in good ; but, sir, a smith or a 
 tailor, whose work is within doors, will surely 
 do as much in rainy weather as in fair. Some 
 very delicate frames, indeed, may be affected by 
 wet weather ; but not common constitutions." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 125. 
 
 956. CLIMATE, Protection of. Ethiopians. 
 His generals, in the early part of his [AugustusT 
 reign, attempted the reduction of Ethiopia and 
 Arabia Felix. They marched near a thousand 
 miles to the south of the tropic ; but the heat of 
 the climate soon repelled the invaders, and pro- 
 tected the unwarlike natives of those sequestered 
 regions. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1. 
 
 957. CLIMATE, Sickness from. Pilgrims. The 
 spring of 1621 brought a ray of hope to the dis- 
 tressed Pilgrims of New Plymouth, Never waa 
 the returning sun more welcome. The fatal 
 winter had swept off one half of the number. 
 The son of the benevolent Carver was among ther 
 first victims of the terrible climate. The gov- 
 ernor himself sickened and died, and the broken- 
 hearted wife found rest in the same grave with 
 her husband. But now, with the approach of 
 warm weather, the destroying pestilence wa9 
 stayed, and the spirits of the survivors revived 
 wjth the season. Out of the snows of winter, 
 the desolations of disease, and the terrors of 
 death, the faith of the Puritan had come forth 
 triumphant. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13. 
 
 958. CLOTHING, Angelic. Swedenbarg. Since 
 angels are men, and live together in society like 
 men on earth, therefore they have garments, 
 houses, and other things similar to those which 
 exist on earth, but of course infinitely moie 
 beautiful and perfect. The garments of the 
 angels correspond to their intelligence. The 
 garments of some glitter as with flame, and those 
 
114 
 
 CLOTHING— COINCIDENCE. 
 
 of others are resplendent as with light ; others are 
 of various colors, and some white and opaque. 
 The angels of the inmost heaven are naked, 
 because they are in innocence, and nakedness 
 corresponds to innocence. It is because gar- 
 ments represent states of wisdom that they are 
 £0 much spoken of in the Word, in relation to 
 the church and good men. — White's Sweden- 
 BOKG, p. 109. 
 
 959. CLOTHING, Costly. Persian Kings. The 
 revenues of whole provinces, according to He- 
 rodotus, were bestowed on the attire of their 
 favorite concubines ; and the provinces them- 
 selves took from that circumstance their popular 
 appellations. Plato, in his Alcibiades, mentions 
 ■a Greek ambassador who travelled a whole day 
 through a country called the Queen's Girdle, 
 and another in crossing a province which went 
 by the name of the Queen's Head-Dress. The 
 regal throne was of pure gold, overshadowed 
 by a palm tree and vine of the same metal, with 
 clusters of fruit composed of precious stones. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 960. CLOTHING exchanged. Boman Emperor 
 Elagabalus. A long train of concubines, and a 
 rapid succession of wives, among whom was a 
 vestal virgin, ravished by force from her sacred 
 •asylum, were insufficient to satisfy the impotence 
 of his passions. The master of the Roman world 
 affected to copy the dress and manners of the 
 female sex, preferred the distaff to the sceptre, 
 and dishonored the principal dignities of the 
 •empire by distributing them among his numer- 
 ous lovers, one of whom was publicly invested 
 with the title and authority of the emperor's, or, 
 as he more properly styled himself, of the em- 
 press's husband. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 961. CLOTHING, Prohibited. ProUction. The 
 olamor was so great against India silks and 
 printed cottons, that after the 29th of September, 
 1701, the wearing all wrought silks, of the man- 
 ufacture of Persia, China, or East India, and all 
 calicoes, printed, dyed, or stained therein, was 
 absolutely prohibited. If we may believe the 
 advocates of prohibition, this statute had the ef- 
 fect of repeopling Spitalflelds, "that looked like 
 ^ deserted place." — Knight's England, vol. 5, 
 oh. 2, p. 20. 
 
 962. CLUBS, Ancient. Egypt. Antony and 
 CJleopatra established a society called the " Inim- 
 itable Livers," of which they were members ; 
 they also instituted another, by no means inferior 
 
 ^ in splendor or luxury, called ' ' The Companions 
 in Death. " Their friends were admitted into this, 
 and the time passed in mutual treats and diver- 
 sions. — Plutarch's Antony. 
 
 963. COEECION, Patriotic. Tories. A. D. 1774. 
 Two thousand men marched in companies to 
 the common in Worcester [Mass.], where they 
 
 V forced Timothy Paine to walk through their 
 ranks with his hat off as far as the centre of 
 their hollow square, and read a written resigna- 
 tion of his seat at the [governor's] council-board. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 8. 
 
 964. COIN cUpped. England. [In July, 1694, 
 we read] many executed in London for clipping 
 money, now done to that intolerable extent, 
 'that there was hardly any money that was worth 
 above half the nominal value. — Knight's Png., 
 vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 182. 
 
 965. COINCIDENCE, Alarming. Cromwell. The 
 equinoctial gale, which had commenced on the 
 preceding day, now swelled into a storm which 
 swept over England with the effect of an earth- 
 quake. The carriages which conveyed to Lon- 
 don the friends of the protector, apprised of his 
 extreme danger, were unable to stem the violence 
 of the wind, and took refuge in the inns on the 
 road. The lofty houses of London undulated 
 like vessels tossed upon the ocean. Roofs were 
 carried off, trees that had stood for centuries in 
 Hyde Park were torn up by the roots and pros- 
 trated on the ground, like bundles of straw. 
 Cromwell expired at two o'clock in the after- 
 noon, in the midst of this convulsion of nature. 
 He departed as he was born, in a tempest. Pop- 
 ular superstition recognized a miracle in this 
 coincidence, which seemed like the expiring ef- 
 forts of the elements to tear from life and empire 
 the single man who was capable of enduring the 
 might of England's destiny, and whose decease 
 created a void which none but himself could fill. 
 — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 77. 
 
 966. COINCIDENCE, Comforting. Seven Bish- 
 ops. [They were imprisoned by James II. , be- 
 cause they would not join him in the overthrow 
 of their cherished Protestant faith.] On the even- 
 ing of the Black Friday, as it was called, on 
 which they were committed, they reached their 
 prison just at the hour of divine service. They 
 instantly hastened to the chapel. It chanced 
 that in the second lesson were these words : " In 
 all things approving ourselves as the ministers 
 of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in dis- 
 tresses, in stripes, in imprisonments." All zeal- 
 ous churchmen were delighted by this coinci- 
 dence, and remembered how much comfort a 
 similar coincidence had given Charles I. at the 
 time of his death. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8. 
 
 967. COINCIDENCE repeated. Theseus. The- 
 seus, then, appeared to answer to Romulus in 
 many particulars. Both were of uncertain par- 
 entage, born out of wedlock, and both had the 
 repute of being sprung from the gods. Both 
 stood in the first rank of warriors, for both had 
 great powers of mind, with great strength of 
 body. One was the founder of Rome, and one 
 peopled Athens, the most illustrious cities in the 
 world. Both carried off women by violence. 
 Both were involved in domestic miseries and 
 exposed to family resentment, and both, toward 
 the end of their lives, are said to have offended 
 their respective citizens, if we may believe what 
 seems to be delivered vdth the least mixture of 
 poetical fiction. — Plutarch's Romulus. 
 
 96§. COINCIDENCE, Strange. Adums— Jeffer- 
 son. A few days before [John Adams'] . . . 
 death, a gentleman called upon him and asked 
 him to give a toast, which should be presented 
 at the Fourth of July banquet as coming from 
 him. The old man said : "I will give you, 
 Independence forever I" " Will you not add 
 something to it ?" asked his visitor. " Not a 
 word," was the reply. The toast was presented 
 at the banquet, where it was received with deaf- 
 ening cheers ; and almost at that moment the 
 soul of this great patriot passed away. Among 
 the last words that could be gathered from his 
 dying lips were these : ' ' Thomas Jefferson still 
 survives !" But Thomas Jefferson did not sur- 
 vive. On the same Fourth of July, a few houra 
 
COINCIDENCE— COMBAT. 
 
 115 
 
 l)efore, Jefferson also departed this life. Few 
 •events have ever occurred in the United States 
 more thrilling to the people than the death, on 
 the same anniversary of the nation's birth, of 
 these two aged, venerable, and venerated public 
 servants. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 178. 
 
 969. . Hugh Miller. Day had not 
 
 wholly disappeared . . . when I saw at the 
 open door, within less than a yard of my breast, 
 a dissevered hand and arm stretched out toward 
 me. The hand and arm were evidently those of 
 a female ; they had a livid and sodden appear- 
 ance ; and directly fronting me, where the body 
 ought to have been, there was only blank trans- 
 parent space. ... I . . . ran shrieking to my 
 mother. . . . My mother going to the door saw 
 nothing. ... Its coincidence with the probable 
 -time of my father's death [he went down in a 
 etorm at sea] seems at least curious. — Smiles' 
 Bkibf Biographies, p. 87, 
 
 »70. COLOB, Caste of. Oreev^-Blue. The Ko- 
 :jaan race, in its first institution, was a simple con- 
 gest of two chariots, whose drivers were distin- 
 guished by white and red liveries ; two addition- 
 al colors, a light gre^n and a cerulean blue, were 
 afterward introduced ; and, as the races were 
 repeated twenty-five times, one hundred chariots 
 ■contributed in the same day to the pomp of the 
 circus. The four factions soon acquired a legal 
 establishment and a mysterious origin. [The 
 struggle of the green and blue was supposed to 
 represent the conflict of the earth and sea.] The 
 sportive distinction of two colors produced two 
 strong and irreconcilable factions, which shook 
 the foundations of a feeble government. The 
 popular dissensions, founded on the most serious 
 interest or holy pretence, have scarcely equalled 
 the obstinacy of this wanton discord, which in- 
 vaded the peace of families, divided friends and 
 brothers, and tempted the female sex, though 
 seldom seen in the circus, to espouse the inclina- 
 tions of their lovers, or to contradict the wishes 
 of their husbands. Every law, either human or 
 divine, was trampled under foot, and as long as 
 the party was successful, its deluded followers 
 appeared careless of private distress or public 
 calamity. The license, without the freedom, of 
 democracy was revived at Antioch and Con- 
 stantinople, and the support of a faction became 
 necessary to every candidate for civil or eccle- 
 siastical honors. A secret attachment to the 
 family or sect of Anastasius was imputed to the 
 greens ; the blues were zealously devoted to the 
 cause of orthodoxy and Justinian, and their 
 grateful patron protected, above five years, the 
 disorders of a faction whose seasonable tumults 
 overawed the palace, the senate, and the capitals 
 of the East. Insolent with royal favor, the blues 
 affected to strike terror by a peculiar and bar- 
 baric dress, the long hair of the Huns, their close 
 sleeves and ample garments, a lofty step, and a 
 sonorous voice. In the day they concealed their 
 two-edged poniards, but in the night they boldly 
 assembled in arms, and in numerous bands, pre- 
 l>ared for every act of violence and rapine. Their 
 adversaries of the green faction, or even inoffen- 
 sive citizens, were stripped and often murdered 
 by these nocturnal robbers, and it became dan- 
 gerous to wear any gold buttons or girdles or to 
 appear at a late hour in the streets of a peaceful 
 capital. A daring spirit, rising with impunity. 
 
 proceeded to violate the safeguard of private 
 houses ; and fire was employed to facilitate the 
 attack, or to conceal the crimes of these factious 
 rioters. No place was safe or sacred from their 
 depredation ; to gratify either avarice or revenge, 
 they profusely spilled the blood of the innocent ; 
 churches and altars were polluted by atrocious 
 murders ; and it was the boast of the assassins, 
 that their dexterity could always inflict a mortal 
 wound with a single stroke of their dagger. The 
 dissolute youth of Constantinople adopted the 
 blue livery of disorder ; the laws were silent, and 
 the bonds of society were relaxed. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 40, p. 58. 
 
 971. COLOB, Prejudice of. Portuguese. [The 
 discoverers of the African coast were dissuaded 
 from extending their discoveries.] It was even 
 hinted, as a probable consequence, that the mar- 
 iners, after passing a certain latitude, would be 
 changed into blacks, and thus retain forever a 
 disgraceful mark of their temerity. — Clabke's 
 Progress op Maritime Discovery. 
 
 972. COLOB-LINE in Commerce. Columbus. 
 [He was about to start on his third voyage.] 
 Jayme Ferrer, an eminent and learned lapidary, 
 assured Columbus that, according to his experi- 
 ence, the rarest objects of commerce, such as 
 gold, precious stones, drugs, and spices, were 
 chiefly to be found in the regions about the equi- 
 noctial line, where the inhabitants were black, 
 or darkly colored ; and that until the admiral 
 should arrive among people of such complexions 
 he did not think he would find those articles ia 
 great abundance. — Irving's Columbus, Book 
 10, ch. 1. 
 
 973. COLLEGE vs. Capital. Yale. It remains to 
 be told how Connecticut came to be blessed with 
 two capitals. As soon as the college was deter- 
 mined upon in 1700, the question arose, and was 
 discussed with the energy and heat with which 
 such questions usually are, In what town shall 
 it be situated ? The institution was begun at 
 Saybrook, and was not finally established at New 
 Haven until 1718, which was sixteen years after 
 the first student entered. This removal, as the 
 reader may imagine, was keenly resented, not 
 only by Saybrook, but by other towns which had 
 hoped to be chosen as the site of the college, 
 particularly Hartford. To reconcile Hartford 
 to the disappointment, the Legislature agreed to 
 build a State House there, as they said, " to amt- 
 pensatefor the college at New Haven." They tried 
 to appease Saybrook by voting £25 sterling for 
 the use of its schools. But Saybrook was irrec- 
 oncilable. When the sheriff, by order of the 
 trustees, attempted to remove the library to New 
 Haven, a riot ensued, in the course of which two 
 hundred and fifty volumes were conveyed away 
 to parts unknown, and never recovered. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG. , p. 593. 
 
 974. COMBAT, Pleasure in. Romans. The 
 shows of the amphitheatre rose naturally out of 
 that taste for martial exercises which we find in 
 the first ages of every warlike people. About the 
 490th year of Rome, Marcus and Decimus Brutus 
 presented a combat of gladiators for the first time 
 at Rome. About a century after that period the 
 athletse were introduced for a public show ; and 
 there were combats of slaves with bears and 
 lions. Sylla, during his praetorship, exhibited a 
 combat where 100 men fought with 100 lions ; 
 
116 
 
 COMMAND— COMMERCE. 
 
 and Julius Caesar, during his aedileship, presented 
 a show where there fought 300 couples of gladi- 
 ators. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 975. COMMAND divided. Invasion of Scotland. 
 Some of the Scottish emigrants, heated with re- 
 publican enthusiasm, and utterly destitute of the 
 skill necessary to the conduct of great affairs, 
 employed all their industry and ingenuity, not 
 in collecting means for the attack which they 
 were about to make on a formidable enemy, but 
 in devising restraints on their leader's power and 
 securities against his ambition. The self-com- 
 placent stupidity with which they insisted on or- 
 ganizing an army as if they had not been organiz- 
 ing a commonwealth would be incredible if it had 
 not been frankly and even boastfully recorded 
 by one of themselves. . . . Argyle was to hold 
 the nominal command in Scotland ; but he was 
 placed under the control of a committee which 
 reserved to itself all the most important parts of 
 the military administration. This committee 
 was empowered to determine where the expedi- 
 tion should land, to appoint officers, to superin- 
 tend the levying of troops, to dole out provisions 
 and ammunition. All that was left to the gen- 
 eral was to direct the evolutions of the army in 
 the field ; and he was forced to promise that, 
 even in the field, except in the case of a surprise, 
 he would do nothing without the assent of a 
 council of war. [The enterprise was a total 
 failure.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 976. COMMESCE, Benefits of. Refl^. The 
 most obvious is the general diffusion of industry. 
 Among a commercial people the faculties of 
 both mind and body are of necessity almost con- 
 stantly employed. Invention is ever on the 
 stretch to discover new sources of gain. And 
 the enterprising spirit of the more opulent fur- 
 nishes constant occupation to the mechanic, 
 the manufacturer, and the laborer. Insepar- 
 ably connected ... is a spirit of frugality. 
 Riches have their full value when purchased 
 by the labor of either mind or body, and what 
 cost dear will not be frivolously expended. . . . 
 We observe the association of the same qualities 
 among the Dutch and the Chinese. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 3, ch. 8. 
 
 977. . Government. Another nec- 
 essary consequence of the prevalence of com- 
 merce is a regularity and strictness of the 
 national police, a severity of the laws with re- 
 spect to mutual contracts and obligations, and 
 a consequent security in the transactions of in- 
 dividuals with each other. . . . Science is like- 
 wise greatly indebted to commerce. Thus as- 
 tronomy, navigation, general mathematics, me- 
 chanics, and, indeed, all sciences subservient to 
 practical utility are advanced by it. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 3, ch. 8 
 
 97§. . Holland, a.d. 1581. Their 
 
 commerce gathered into their harbors the fruits 
 of the wide world. Producing almost no grain 
 of any kind, Holland had the best supplied gran- 
 ary of Europe ; without fields of flax it swarmed 
 with weavers of linen ; destitute of flocks, it be- 
 came the centre of all woollen manufactures ; 
 and provinces that had not a forest built more 
 ships than all Europe besides. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 979. . English. A scheme was 
 
 proposed to the States of Holland upon the 
 
 death of the stadtholder, "William II., for a 
 union and coalition between the two republics. 
 It was not relished by the Dutch, who were 
 better pleased to maintain their own indepen- 
 dence ; and the Parliament of England, piqued 
 at their refusal, immediately declared war 
 against them. The Navigation Act was passed, 
 which prohibited foreigners from importing into 
 England in their ships any commodity which 
 was not the growth or manufacture of their own 
 country — an act which struck heavily against 
 the Dutch, because their country produces few 
 commodities ; and their commerce consists chief- 
 ly in being the factors of other nations. This 
 statute was in another way beneficial to the 
 English, by obliging them to cultivate mari- 
 time commerce, from which they have derived 
 the greatest part of their national wealth. In 
 this war, which was most ably maintained on 
 both sides — under Blake, the English admiral, 
 and Van Tromp and de Ruyter, admirals of the 
 Hollanders — the English, on the whole, had a- 
 clear superiority ; the Dutch were cut off entire- 
 ly from the commerce of the Channel ; their 
 fisheries were totally suspended, and above 1600- 
 of their ships fell into the hands of the Englisli. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30. 
 
 980. COMMERCE, Burdened. American Col- 
 onies. On the restoration of monarchy a severer 
 policy was at once adopted. All vessels not 
 bearing the English flag were forbidden to en- 
 ter the harbors of New England. A law of ex- 
 portation was enacted by which all articles pro- 
 duced in the colonies and demanded in England 
 should be shipped to England only. Such arti- 
 cles of production as the English merchants did 
 not desire might be sold in any of the ports of 
 Europe. The law of importation was equally 
 odious ; such articles as were produced in Eng- 
 land should not be manufactured in America, 
 but should be bought from England only. Free- 
 trade between the colonies was forbidden, and 
 a duty of five per cent, levied for the benefit 
 of the English king, was put on both exports 
 and imports. Human ingenuity could hardly 
 have invented a set of measures better calculated 
 to produce an American Revolution. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 14. 
 
 9§1. COMMERCE, Enterprise of. Discovery. Se- 
 bastian Cabot, young, and fired with ambition to 
 follow the career of Columbus, was probably the 
 prime mover of the enterprise ; but the patent 
 granted by the king conferred the requisite au- 
 thority upon " John Kabotto" and his sons, Lew- 
 is, Sebastian, and Sancius. The king took care 
 not to risk any capital in the proposed voyage j 
 for the patent authorized the adventurers " ta 
 sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, of 
 the West, and of the North, under our banners, 
 and ensigns, with five ships, etc., upon their own 
 proper costs and charges." The wealthy Bristol 
 merchant, in all probability, furnished the cap- 
 ital of the enterprise which gave to England all 
 her rights in North America ; and that merchant 
 was not an Englishman. — Cyclopedia of Bioo., 
 p. 380. 
 
 982. COMMERCE, Importance of. a.d. 1685. 
 In some parts of Kent and Sussex none but the 
 strongest horses could in winter get through the 
 bog, in which at every step they sank deep. 
 The markets were often inaccessible during sev- 
 
COMMERCE. 
 
 117 
 
 ■«ral months. It is said that the fruits of the 
 -earth were sometimes suffered to rot in one 
 place, while in another place distant only a few 
 miles the supply fell far short of the demand. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 9§3. COMMEECE neglected. Egypt. With re- 
 gard to any intercourse with other nations by 
 commerce, the Egyptians had so little genius of 
 that sort, that while the Red Sea was left open to 
 all the maritime nations who chose to fre- 
 quent it, they would not suffer any of those 
 foreign vessels to enter an Egyptian port. 
 They had no ships of their own, for their coun- 
 try produced no timber fit for the construction 
 even of the small boats employed in navigating 
 the Nile, which obliged them to use baked earth 
 for that purpose, and sometimes reeds covered 
 with varnish. They held the sea in detesta- 
 tion, from a religious prejudice, and they avoid- 
 ed all intercourse with mariners. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 984. COMMEBCE, Patriotism of. American 
 Revolution. [During the excitement aroused by 
 the Stamp Act,] the importers of New York, 
 Boston, and Philadelphia entered into a solemn 
 'Compact to purchase no more goods of Great 
 Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed. 
 And the people applauded the action of the 
 merchants, and cheerfully denied themselves all 
 imported luxuries. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 37. 
 
 985. COMMEBCE, Pioneers of. Plmniciam. 
 To the Phoenicians all antiquity has joined in 
 attributing the invention of navigation ; or, at 
 least, it seems an agreed point that they were 
 the earliest among the nations of antiquity who 
 made voyages for the sake of commerce. The 
 Canaanites (for it is by that name that the Phoe- 
 nicians are known in Scripture) were a power- 
 ful people in the days of Abraham. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 5, p. 49. 
 
 986. COMMERCE, Piracy of. By Great Brit- 
 •ain. A. D. 1755. France and England were still 
 at peace ; and their commerce was mutually pro- 
 tected by the sanction of treaties. Of a sudden 
 hostile orders were issued to all British vessels of 
 war to take all French vessels, private as well as 
 public ; and without warning ships from the 
 French colonies . . . were carried into English 
 ports. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 9. 
 
 987. COMMEECE and PoUtics. Controlling 
 Oovernment. The progress of European civiliza- 
 tion had endowed commerce with legislative 
 power. Its councils prevailed in England, 
 where it dictated the national policy, prescribed 
 alliances, and menaced wars. In America the 
 political influence of commerce sprung, not from 
 progress, but from sympathy with the movement 
 of Europe ; and it was less gloriously content 
 with introducing new maxims of legislation and 
 new systems of finance. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 988. COMMEBCE, Precedence of. Savages. 
 Water, ever a favorite highway, is especially the 
 highway of uncivilized man ; to those who have 
 no axes the thick jungle is impervious ; emigra- 
 tion by water suits savage life ; canoes are older 
 than wagons, and ships than chariots ; a gulf, a 
 strait, the sea intervening between islands, di- 
 vide less than the matted forest. — Bancroft's 
 U. S.. vol. 3, ch. 32. 
 
 989. COMMEECE prohibited. Spartans. 
 Commerce was strictly prohibited ; and al- 
 though the territory of Lacedaemon contained a 
 considerable extent of sea-coast, and afforded 
 many excellent harbors, the Spartans allowed 
 no foreigners to approach their shores, and had 
 not a single trading vessel of their own. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9, p. 92. 
 
 990. COMMEECE, Bevenge of. British. [After 
 the Americans threw British tea into Boston 
 harbor] Parliament made haste to find revenge. 
 On the last day of March, 1774, the Boston Port 
 Bill was passed. It was enacted that no kind 
 of merchandise should any longer be landed or 
 shipped at the wharves of Boston. The custom- 
 house was removed to Salem, but the people of 
 that town refused the benefits which were prof- 
 fered by the hand of tyranny. The inhabitants 
 of Marblehead tendered the free use of their 
 warehouses to the merchants of Boston. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 37. 
 
 991. COMMEECE and Science. Discovery of 
 America, John Cabot, a Venetian merchant 
 residing in Bristol . . . and his son Sebastian 
 first approached the continent which no Euro- 
 pean had dared to visit, or had known to exist. 
 . . . Thus the discovery of our continent was an 
 exploit of private mercantile adventure ; and 
 the possession of the new-found land was a 
 right vested by an exclusive patent in the family 
 of a Bristol merchant. . . . He gave England a 
 continent, and no one knows his burial-place. — 
 Bancroft's Hist. U. S., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 992. COMMEECE, Spirit of. Selfish. One most 
 natural effect of the commercial spirit is a selfish 
 and interested turn of mind ; a habit of measur- 
 ing everything by the standard of profit and loss, 
 and a predominant idea that wealth is the main 
 constituent both of public and private happiness. 
 The contrast of character, in this respect, be- 
 tween the Romans and Carthaginians, has been 
 finely remarked by Polybius. " In all things," 
 says that judicious writer, " which regard the ac- 
 quisition of wealth, the manners and customs of 
 the Romans are infinitely preferable to those of 
 the Carthaginians. This latter people esteemed 
 nothing to be dishonorable that was connected 
 with gain. Among them money is openly em- 
 ployed to purchase the dignities and offices of 
 the State ; but all such proceedings are capital 
 crimes at Rome." I am afraid that a contrast, 
 so honorable to the Romans, could only have 
 been made with justice in the early periods of 
 the republic ; since we know that without an in- 
 crease of commerce, to which might be attribut- 
 ed the consequent increase of corruption and 
 venality, those vices had attained to as great a 
 height toward the end of the republic at Rome 
 as ever they had done at Carthage. But wealth 
 acquired by plunder, rapine and peculation is 
 yet more corruptive of the manners of a peo- 
 ple than riches acquired by merchandise. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 8. 
 
 993. . TJnwarlike. Another effect 
 
 of the prevalence of the commercial spirit is 
 to depress the military character of a people, 
 and to render them indisposed to warlike enter- 
 prises. The advancement of trade cannot take 
 place in anjy^ bigh degree unless a nation is at 
 peace with its neighbors, and enjoys domestic se- 
 curity. The prospect of that precarious gain 
 
118 
 
 COMMERCE— COMMUNISM. 
 
 which arises from warfare will not weigh against 
 the certain advantages which commerce derives 
 from a state of peace. The ari; of war will not, 
 therefore, flourish as a profession among a com- 
 mercial people, and the practice of it will gen- 
 erally be intrusted to mercenary troops. Military 
 rank will be in low esteem, because, when pur- 
 chased, it ceases in a great degree to be honor- 
 able. Thus the Carthaginians, though certain- 
 ly not inferior by nature to the Romans in cour- 
 age and military prowess, were become so from 
 habit and education. The armies of the empire 
 were not composed of its native subjects ; they 
 were mercenaries, and, therefore, had no natu- 
 ral affection for that soil which they were called 
 to defend, or that people who were nothing more 
 than their paymasters. Hence the signal inferi- 
 ority of their armies to the Romans, unless when 
 commanded by Carthaginian generals of high 
 natural military genius. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 3, ch. 8. 
 
 994. COMMERCE, Success by. Dutch. Amster- 
 dam profited by this decline of commerce on the 
 Baltic, and upon the demolition of Antwerp be- 
 came, as we have already said, the greatest com- 
 mercial city of the north. Inhabiting a country 
 gained almost entirely from the sea, and extreme- 
 ly unfruitful, the Dutch, urged by necessity, by 
 the means of trade alone, and domestic manufact- 
 ures, attained to a very high degree of wealth 
 and splendor. The countrj'^ of Holland does not 
 produce what is sufllcient to maintain the hun- 
 dredth part of its inhabitants. The Dutch have 
 no timber nor maritime stores, no coals, no metal, 
 yet their commerce furnished them with every- 
 thing. Their granaries were full of corn, even 
 when the harvest failed in the most fertile coun- 
 tries ; their naval stores were most abundant, and 
 the populousness of this country, which, in real- 
 ity, is but a bank of barren sand, exceeded pro- 
 digiously that of the most fruitful and most cul- 
 tivated of the European kingdoms. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 18. 
 
 995. COMMUNION with God. Cromwell. 
 Here again is a letter to one of his daughters, 
 when the writer was on board the John, on his 
 expedition to Ireland : " My Dear Daughter : 
 Your letter was very welcome to me. I like to 
 see anything from your hand ; because, indeed, 
 I stick not to say I do entirely love you. And, 
 therefore, I hope a word of advice will not be un- 
 welcome nor unacceptable to thee. I desire 
 you both to make it, above all things, your busi- 
 ness to seek the Lord ; to be frequently calling 
 upon Him that He would manifest Himself to 
 you in His Son ; and be listening what returns 
 He makes to you, for He will be speaking in your 
 ear and your heart if you attend thereunto." — 
 Hood's Cromwell, p. 163. 
 
 996. COMMUNION hy Likeness. John Milton. 
 The style of " Paradise Lost " is then only the nat- 
 ural expression of a soul thus exquisitely nour- 
 ished upon the best thoughts and finest words of 
 all ages. It is the language of one who lives in 
 the companionship of the great and the wise of 
 past time. It is inevitable that when such a 
 one speaks his tones, his accent, the melodies of 
 his rhythm, the inner harmonies of his linked 
 thoughts, the grace of his allusive touch, should 
 escape the common ear. To follow Milton, one 
 should at least have tasted the same training 
 
 through which he put himself. Te quoque dig- 
 num Jinge dec. The many cannot see it, and 
 complain that the poet is too learned. They 
 would have Milton talk like Bunyan or William 
 Cobbett, whom they understand. — Milton, by 
 M. Pattison, ch. 18. 
 
 997. COMMUNION, Unity by. Fox— Crom- 
 well. To the witness of the young Quaker against 
 priestcraft and war, he replied : " It is very good ; 
 it is truth ; if thou and I were but an hour of a day 
 together, we should be nearer one to the other.'* 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 998. COMMUNISM, American. Colonists. The 
 man who was chiefly instrumental in organizing 
 the London Company was Bartholomew Gos- 
 nold. . . . By the terms of the charter, the affairs: 
 of the company were to be administered by a 
 superior council residing in London and an in- 
 ferior council residing in the colony [now em- 
 braced in Virginia, Carolinas, and westward]. 
 ... In the first organization of the companies^ 
 not a single principle of self-government was ad- 
 mitted. The most foolish clause in the patent 
 was that which required the proposed colony or 
 colonies to hold all property in common for five 
 years. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 7. 
 
 999. COMMUNISM, Equality by. Lycurgus. 
 A bold political enterprise of Lycurgus was a 
 new division of the lands. For he found a pro- 
 digious inequality, the city overcharged with 
 many indigent persons who had no land, and 
 the wealth centred in the hands of a few. De- 
 termined, therefore, to root out the evils of inso- 
 lence, envy, avarice, and luxury, and those dis- 
 tempers of a state still more inveterate and fatal — 
 I mean poverty and riches — he persuaded them 
 to cancel all former divisions of land, and to make 
 new ones, in such a manner that they might be 
 perfectly equal in their possessions and way of 
 living. A story goes of our legislator, that some 
 time after returning from a journey through the 
 fields just reaped, and seeing the shocks standing, 
 parallel and equal, he smiled and said to some 
 that were by, " How like is Laconia to an estate 
 newly divided among many brothers !" After 
 this he attemped to divide also the movables, in 
 order to take away all appearance of inequality ;. 
 but he soon perceived that they could not bear to 
 have their goods directly taken from them, and 
 therefore took another method, counter-work- 
 ing their avarice by a stratagem. — Plutarch's 
 "Lycurgus." 
 
 f 000. . Spartans. Agis IV. had 
 
 succeeded to one branch of the throne of Sparta 
 a short time before Aratus was chosen praetor of 
 the Achaian States. This prince, a better man 
 than a wise politician, had cherished the chimeri- 
 cal project of restoring the ancient laws of Lycur- 
 gus, as conceiving this the only means of rescu- 
 ing his country from the disorders induced by 
 the universal corruption of its manners. But 
 there is a period when political infirmity has at- 
 tained such a pitch that recovery is impossible ; 
 and Sparta had arrived at that period. The de- 
 sign of Agis, of course, embraced the radical re- 
 form of a new division of all the land of the re- 
 public — a project sufl3cient to rouse the indigna- 
 tion and secure the mortal enmity of the whole of 
 the higher class of citizens, and of almost every 
 man of weight and consideration in his country. 
 The plan was therefore to be conducted with 
 
COMMUNISM— COMPLAINTS. 
 
 11J> 
 
 the greatest caution and secrecy till sufficiently 
 ripened for execution ; but Agis was betrayed 
 by his own confidants. Leonidas, his colleague 
 in the sovereignty, had imbibed a relish for lux- 
 ury from his Asiatic education at the court of 
 Seleucus, and was thus easily persuaded to take 
 the part of the richest citizens in opposing this 
 violent revolution, which threatened to reduce all 
 ranks of men to a level of equality. . . . After 
 compelling Agis to take shelter in the Temple 
 of Minerva, they seized the opportunity of his go- 
 ing to the bath, and dragged him to the common 
 prison, where a tribunal of the Ephori, summon- 
 ed by his colleague Leonidas, sat ready to judge 
 him as a State criminal. He was asked, by whose 
 evil counsel he had been prompted to disturb the 
 laws and government of his country ? "I need- 
 ed none to prompt me," said the king, "to act 
 as I thought right. My design was to restore your 
 ancient laws, and to govern according to the plan 
 of the excellent Lycurgus ; and though I see my 
 death is inevitable, I do not repent of my design." 
 The judges hereupon pronounced sentence of 
 death, and the virtuous Agis was carried forth 
 from their presence and immediately strangled. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 5. 
 
 1001. COMMUNISM, Vicious. Reign of Kobad. 
 The people were deluded and inflamed by the 
 fanaticism of Mazdak, who asserted the com- 
 munity of women and the equality of mankind, 
 while he appropriated the richest lands and most 
 beautiful females to the use of his sectaries. 
 Mazdak [note] announced himself as a reformer 
 of Zoroastrianism, and carried the doctrine of 
 the two principles to a much greater height. He 
 preached the absolute indifference of human ac- 
 tion, perfect equality of rank, community of 
 property and of women, marriages between the 
 nearest kindred ; he interdicted the use of animal 
 food, proscribed the killing animals for food, en- 
 forced a vegetable diet . . . and Mazdak was en- 
 rolled with Thoth, Saturn, Zoroaster, Pythago- 
 ras, Epicurus, John, and Christ, as the teachers of 
 true Gnostic wisdom. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42. 
 
 1002. COMMUNISTS, Conspicuous. Levellers. 
 , [The Levellers] became conspicuous in Crom- 
 
 ■ well's army who declared, "that all degrees of 
 man should be levelled, and an equality should 
 
 I be establisbed, both in titles and estates, 
 f throughout the kingdom." — Knight's Eng., 
 \ vol. 4, ch. 6. 
 
 j 1003. COMMUNISTS, Dangerous. The " Lev- 
 I dlers " of 1649 were, in a small way, the precur- 
 ' sors of the " Socialists" of 1849, [Thirty men, 
 I headed by one formerly in the army, who called 
 ; himself a Prophet, appeared in Surrey, in a sandy 
 ' district. They took possession of the ground, and 
 
 ■ began to dig and dibble beans in that planting 
 i time. They said they should shortly be four 
 I thousand in number ; that they should pull down 
 i park-pales and lay all open. The Prophet was 
 I taken before an officer of the government, when 
 
 he declared that a vision had appeared to him 
 and said :] " Arise, and dig and plough the earth, 
 and receive the fruits thereof ;" that their intent 
 was to restore the creation to its former condi- 
 tion, but that they meant to meddle with what 
 i was common and untilled ; but that the time 
 I was at hand when all men shall willingly come 
 ; in and give up their lands and estates, and sub- 
 mit to this community of goods. . . . Cromwell 
 
 said to the Council of State, "You must make 
 an end of this party, or it will make an end of 
 you." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, chs. 6 and 7. 
 
 1004. COMPARISONS, Invidious. Feast Day. 
 Another officer, who thought he had done the 
 State some service, setting himself up against 
 Themistocles, and venturing to compare his own 
 exploits with his, he answered him with this- 
 fable : " There once happened a dispute between 
 the feast day and the day after the feast. Says- 
 the day after tlie feast, I am full of bustle and 
 trouble, whereas, with you, folks enjoy, at their 
 ease, everything ready provided. You say right, 
 says the feast day, but if I had not been before 
 you, you would not have been at all. So, had it 
 not been for me, then where would you have been 
 now ?" — Plutarch's " Tilbjmistocles." 
 
 1005. COMPASSION, Discreditable. James 11. 
 Though vindictive, he was not indiscriminately 
 vindictive. Not a single instance can be men- 
 tioned in which he showed a generous compas- 
 sion to those who had opposed him honestly and 
 on public grounds ; but he frequently spared and 
 promoted those whom some vile motive had in- 
 duced to injure him ; for that meanness which, 
 marked them out as fit implements of tyranny 
 was so precious in his estimation, that he regard- 
 ed it with some indulgence, even when it was ex- 
 hibited at his own expense. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 ch. 4. 
 
 1006. COMPASSION, Female. Indian. Pontiac 
 reserved for himself the most difficult task of all 
 — the capture of Detroit. But in the hour of im- 
 pending doom, woman's love interposed to save 
 the garrison from butchery. An Indian girl of 
 the O jibway nation came to the fort with a pair of 
 moccasins for Major Gladwyn, the commandant,, 
 and in parting with him manifested unusual 
 agitation and distress. She was seen to linger at 
 the street corner, and the sentinel summoned her 
 to return . . . after much persuasion . . . she 
 revealed the plot. [The Indian's treachery did 
 not succeed.] — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 35. 
 
 1007. COMPETITORS, Ignoble. Roman Em- 
 pertyr Oratian. Among the various arts which 
 had exercised the youth of Gratian, he had ap- 
 plied himself, with singular inclination and suc- 
 cess, to manage the horse, to draw the bow, and 
 to dart the javelin ; and these qualifications, 
 which might be useful to a soldier, were prosti- 
 tuted to the viler purposes of hunting. Large 
 parks were enclosed for the Imperial pleasures, 
 and plentifully stocked with every species of wild 
 beasts ; and Gratian neglected the duties, and 
 even the dignity, of his rank, to consume whole 
 days in the vain display of his dexterity and 
 boldness in the chase. The pride and wish of 
 the Roman emperor to excel in an art in which 
 he might be surpassed by the meanest of his 
 slaves reminded the numerous spectators of the 
 examples of Nero and Commodus. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 27. 
 
 100§. COMPLAINTS, Disregarded. Billeting 
 Act of Parliament, a.d. 1766. Samuel Adams 
 . . . called across the continent to the patriot 
 most like himself, Christopher Gadsden of South 
 Carolina. "Tell me, sir," said he of the Billet- 
 ing Act, "whether this is not taxing the colo- 
 nies as effectually as the Stamp Act ? And if so, 
 either we have complained without reason, or wc 
 
120 
 
 COMPLIMENT— COMPROMISE. 
 
 Tiave still reason to complain." — Bancroft's 
 TJ. S., vol. 6, ch. 27. 
 
 1009. COMPLIMENT, False. Bobert Burns. 
 [Burns sympathized with the French Republi- 
 cans during the war between England and 
 France.] The poet, when in his cups, had in 
 the hearing of a certain captain proposed as a 
 toast, "May our success in the present war be 
 equal to the justice of our cause." The soldier 
 called him to account — a duel seemed imminent, 
 and Burns had next day to write an apologetic 
 letter, in order to avoid the risk of ruin. — 
 •Shairp's Burns, ch. 7. 
 
 1010. COMPLIMENT, Graceful. William of 
 Orange. [After the illegal acts of James II. and 
 his flight, William came to London.] The law- 
 yers paid their homage, headed by Maynard, 
 who, at ninety years of age, was as alert and 
 clear-headed as when he stood up in Westminster 
 Hall to accuse Strafford. "Mr. Sergeant," said 
 the prince, " you must have survived all the law- 
 yers of your standing." "Yes, sir," said the old 
 man, " and but for your highness I should have 
 .survived the laws too." — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 10. 
 
 1011. COMPLIMENT misappropriated. Cato. 
 Cato the philosopher, then a young man, but al- 
 ready celebrated for his virtue and greatness of 
 mind, went to see Antioch when Pompey was 
 not there. According to custom, he travelled on 
 foot, but his friends accompanied him on horse- 
 back. When he approached the city he saw a 
 ^reat number of people before the gates, all in 
 white, and on the way a troop of young men 
 ranged on one side, and of boys on the other. 
 'This gave the philosopher pain, for he thought 
 it a compliment intended him, which he did not 
 want. However, he ordered his friends to alight 
 and walk with him. As soon as they were near 
 enough to be spoken with, the master of the cer- 
 emonies, with a crown on his head and a staff 
 of office in his hand, came up and asked them 
 Avhere they had left Demetrius, and when he 
 might be expected. Cato's companions laughed, 
 but Cato said only, "Alas! poor city," and so 
 passed on. — Plutarch. 
 
 1012. COMPOSITION, Hasty. SamuelJohnson. 
 He had, from the irritability of his constitution, 
 at all times an impatience and hurry when he 
 either read or wrote. A certain apprehension, 
 arising from novelty, made him write his first 
 exercise at college twice over ; but he never took 
 that trouble with any other composition ; and 
 his most excellent works were struck off at a 
 heat, with rapid exertion.— Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 14. 
 
 1013. COMPOSITION, Labor of. Wordswm-th. 
 [a.d. 1803.] I do not know from what cause 
 it is, but during the last three years I have never 
 had a pen in my hand for five minutes before 
 my whole frame becomes a bundle of uneasiness ; 
 a perspiration starts out all over me, and my 
 chest is oppressed in a manner which I cannot 
 describe." — Myer's Wordsworth, ch. 1. 
 
 1014. COMPOSITION, Method in. John Mil- 
 ton. Bed, with its warmth and recumbent post- 
 ure, he found favorable to composition. At 
 other times he would compose or prune his 
 verses as he walked in the garden, and then, 
 coming in, dictate. His verse was not at the com- 
 
 mand of his will. Sometimes he would lay 
 awake the whole night, trying but unable to 
 make a single line. At other times lines flowed 
 without premeditation, " with a certain impetus 
 and sestro." His vein, he said, flowed only from 
 the vernal to the autumnal equinox. Phillips 
 here transposes the seasons, though he has pre- 
 served the authentic fact of intermittent inspira- 
 tion. It was the spring which restored to Mil- 
 ton, as it has to other poets, the buoyancy nec- 
 essary to composition. What he composed at 
 night he dictated in the day, sitting obliquely 
 in an elbow-chair, with his leg thrown over the 
 arm. He would dictate forty lines, as it were in 
 a breath, and then reduce them to half the num- 
 ber. — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 12. 
 
 1015. COMPOSITION, Swift. Waverley Novels. 
 " The last two volumes," says Scott, in a letter to 
 Mr. Morritt, "were written in three weeks." . . . 
 If that is not extempore writing, it is difficult 
 to say what extempore writing is. But in truth 
 there is no evidence that any one of the novels 
 was labored, or even so much as carefully com- 
 posed. Scott's method of composition was al- 
 ways the same ; and, when writing an imagina- 
 tive work, the rate of progress seems to have 
 been pretty even, depending much more on the 
 absence of disturbing engagements than on any 
 mental irregularity. The morning was always 
 his brightest time ; but morning or evening, in 
 country or in town, well or ill, writing with his 
 own pen or dictating to an amanuensis in the 
 intervals of screaming-fits due to the torture of 
 cramp in the stomach, Scott spun away at his 
 imaginative web almost as evenly as a silkworm 
 spins at its golden cocoon. Nor can I detect the 
 slightest trace of any difference in quality be- 
 tween the stories, such as can be reasonably 
 ascribed to comparative care or haste. — Hut- 
 ton's Scott, ch. 10. 
 
 1016. COMPOSITION and Toil. Bobert Burns. 
 The farmhouse of Mossgiel . . . consisted of 
 only two rooms, a but and a ben, as they were 
 called in Scotland. Over these, reached by a 
 trap stair, is a small garret, in which Robert and 
 his brother used to sleep. Thither, when he had 
 returned from his day's work, the poet used to 
 retire, and seat Ipmself at a small deal-table, 
 lighted by a narrow sky-light in the roof, to 
 transcribe the verses which he had composed in 
 the fields. His favorite time for composition 
 was at the plough. — Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 1017. COMPROMISE, Failure of. Missouri. 
 In January of 1854 Senator Stephen A. Doug- 
 las brought before the Senate ... a proposition 
 to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebras- 
 ka .. . providing that the people of the two ter- 
 ritories, in forming their constitutions, should de- 
 cide for themselves -wYiQihev the new States should 
 be free or slave-holding. This was a virtual re- 
 peal of the Missouri Compromise, for both the 
 new territories lay north of the parallel of thirty- 
 six degrees and thirty minutes. Thus by a sin- 
 gle stroke the old settlement of the Slavery ques- 
 tion was to be undone. From January till May 
 Mr. Douglas' report, known as the Kansas and 
 Nebraska bill, was debated in Congress. All the 
 bitter sectional antagonisms of the past were 
 aroused in full force. [It was passed and signed 
 in May by the President.]— Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 60. 
 
COMPROMISE— CONCEIT. 
 
 121 
 
 101 §. COMPROMISE, QuaUficationsfor. Thom- 
 as Cranmer. The man who took the chief part in 
 settling the conditions of the alliance which pro- 
 duced the Anglican Church was Thomas Cran- 
 mer. He was the representative of both parties, 
 which, at that time, needed each other's assist- 
 ance. He was at once a divine and a statesman. 
 . . , His temper and his understanding emi- 
 nently fitted him to act as a mediator. Saintly 
 in his professions, unscrupulous in his dealings, 
 zealous for nothing, bold in speculation, a cow- 
 ard and a time-server in action, a placable enemy 
 and a lukewarm friend, he was in every way 
 qualified to arrange the terms of the coalition 
 between the religious and worldly enemies of 
 popery. — Macaulay's Ejtg., ch. 1. 
 
 1019. COMPEOMISE rejected. Aristides the 
 Just, Mardonius, notwithstanding his immense 
 force, seemed to have greater hopes of Persian 
 gold than Persian valor. He attempted to cor- 
 rupt the Athenians by offering them the com- 
 mand of all Greece, if they would desert the 
 confederacy of the united States. Aristides was 
 then archon ; he answered, that while the sun 
 held its course in the firmament the Persians had 
 nothing to expect from the Athenians but mor- 
 tal and eternal enmity. So much did he here 
 speak the sense of his countrymen, that a single 
 citizen having moved in the public assembly that 
 the Persian deputies should be allowed to explain 
 their proposals, w^as instantly stoned to death. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1. 
 
 1020. COMPROMISE, Settlement by. Slavery. 
 [In 1820] Senator Thomas, of Illinois, made a 
 motion [in Congress] that henceforth and forever 
 slavery should be excluded from all that part of 
 the Louisiana cession — Missouri excepted — lying 
 north of the parallel of thirty -six degrees and 
 thirty minutes. Such was the celebrated Mis- 
 souri Compromise, one of the most important 
 acts of American legislation — a measure chiefly 
 supported by the genius and carried through 
 Congress by the persistent efforts of Henry Clay. 
 
 . . By this compromise the slavery agitation 
 was allayed till 1849. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 52. 
 
 1021. COMPROMISE on Slavery. Federal 
 Oovernment. The compromises on the Slavery 
 question, inserted in the Constitution, were among 
 the essential conditions upon which the Federal 
 ■Government was organized. If the African slave 
 trade had not been permitted to continue for 
 twenty years — if it had not been conceded that 
 three fifths of the slaves should be counted in 
 the apportionment of representatives in Congress 
 —if it had not been agreed that fugitives from 
 their service should be returned to their owners, 
 the Thirteen States would not have been able, in 
 1787, " to form a more perfect union." — Blaine's 
 Twenty Years in Congress, p. 1. 
 
 1022. COMPROMISE, Temporizing. Omnibus 
 Bill. Henry Clay appeared as peacemaker. . . . 
 On the 9th of May he brought forward as a com- 
 promise covering all the points in dispute [regard- 
 ing slavery] the Omnibus Bill, of which the 
 provisions were as follows : 1st, the admission of 
 California as a free State ; 2d, the formation of 
 new States, not exceeding four in number, out 
 of the territory of Texas, said States to permit 
 or exclude slavery as the people should deter- 
 mine ; 3d, tlie organization of territorial govern- 
 ments for New Mexico and Utah, without con- 
 
 ditions on the question of slavery ; 4th, the es- 
 tablishment of the present boundary between 
 Texas and New Mexico, and the payment to the 
 former, for surrendering the latter, the sum of 
 $10,000,000 from the national treasury; 5th, 
 the enactment of a more rigorous law for the 
 recovery of fugitive slaves ; 6th, the abolition 
 of the slave trade in the District of Colum- 
 bia. . . . The passage of the Omnibus Bill brought 
 political quiet, but the moral convictions of very 
 few men were altered by its provisions. Public 
 opinion remained as before : in the North, a 
 general, indefinite, but growing hostility to sla- 
 very ; in the South, a fixed and resolute purpose 
 to defend and extend that institution. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 59. 
 
 1023. CONCEALMENT guarded. Mahomet. 
 His death was resolved, and they agreed that a 
 sword from each tribe should be buried in his^ 
 heart, to divide the guilt of his blood, and baffle 
 the vengeance of the Hashemites. An angel or 
 a spy revealed their conspiracy, and flight was 
 the only resource of Mahomet. At the dead of 
 night, accompanied by his friend Abubeker, he 
 silently escaped from his house ; the assassins 
 watched at the door, but they were deceived by 
 the figure of All, who reposed on the bed, and 
 was covered with the green vestment of the 
 apostle. . . . Three days Mahomet and his com- 
 panions were concealed in the cave of Thor, at 
 the distance of a league from Mecca ; and in 
 the close of each evening they received from the 
 son and daughter of Abubeker a secret supply 
 of intelligence and food. The diligence of the 
 Koreish explored every haunt in the neighbor- 
 hood of the city ; they arrived at the entrance 
 of the cavern, but the providential deceit of a 
 spider's web and a pigeon's nest is supposed to 
 convince them that the place was solitary and 
 inviolate. " We are only two," said the trem- 
 bling Abubeker. " There is a third," replied the 
 prophet; "it is God Himself." — Gibbon's Ma- 
 homet, p. 35. 
 
 1024. CONCEALMENT, Unpleasant. Bohe- 
 mond. The great army of the crusaders was 
 annihilated or dispersed ; the principality of 
 Antioch was left without a head, by the sur- 
 prise and captivity of Bohemond. ... In his 
 distress Bohemond embraced a magnanimous 
 resolution ... of arming the West against the 
 Byzantine Empire. . . . His embarkation was 
 clandestine ; and, if we may credit a tale of the 
 Princess Anne, he passed the hostile sea closely 
 secreted in a cofiin. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 59. 
 
 1025. CONCEIT, Changeless. Cicero. "What 
 does Caesar say of my poems ?" he wrote again. 
 "He tells me in one of his letters that he has 
 never read better Greek. At one place he writes 
 Va'&vfiuTEpa [somewhat careless]. This is his 
 word. Tell me the truth. Was it the matter 
 which did not please him, or the style ?" " Do 
 not be afraid," he added, with candid simplicity ; 
 " I shall not think a hair the worse of myseif." 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 18. 
 
 1026. CONCEIT, Foolish. Xerxes. [His bridge 
 of boats across the straits of the Dardanelles being 
 destroyed by the sea,] he commanded two pairs 
 of chains to be thrown into the sea as if to shackle 
 and confine it, and his men to give it three hun- 
 dred strokes of a whip, and thus addressed it : 
 " Thou troublesome and unhappy element, thus 
 
122 
 
 CONCEIT— CONDUCT. 
 
 does thy master chastise thee for having affront- 
 ed him without reason. " [He also took the man- 
 agers' heads off.] — Rollin, vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 1027. CONCEIT, Literary. Thomas Paine. 
 Thomas Paine . . . asserted that if he had the 
 power, he would destroy all the books in exist- 
 ence, which only propagated error, and he would 
 reconstruct a new system of ideas and princi- 
 ples, with his own " Rights of Man" as its founda- 
 tion. — Kkight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 11. 
 
 1028. CONCEIT, Silly. Xerxes. Having cut 
 a canal through the mountain for his ships, he 
 said: " Athos, thou proud and aspiring moun- 
 tain, that liftest up thy head unto the heavens, 
 I advise thee not to be so audacious as to put 
 rocks and stones which cannot be cut in the way 
 of my workmen. If thou givest them that op- 
 position, I will cut thee entirely down and throw 
 thee headlong into the sea." — RoiiLIN, ch. 6, 
 p. 250. 
 
 1029. CONCESSION, Dangerous. To Tribunes. 
 The consuls assembled the people, and attempted 
 to justify the Senate ; but being constantly in- 
 terrupted by the tribunes, they could not make 
 themselves be heard. They urged, that the tri- 
 bunes having only the liberty of opposing, ought 
 to be silent till a resolution was formed. The 
 tribunes, on the other hand, contended that they 
 had the same privileges in an assembly of the 
 people that the consuls had in a meeting of the 
 Senate. The dispute was running high, when 
 one of the consuls rashly said, that if the tribunes 
 had convoked the assembly, they, instead of in- 
 terrupting them, would not even have taken the 
 trouble of coming there ; but that the consuls 
 having called this assembly, they ought not to 
 be interrupted. This imprudent speech was an 
 acknowledgment of a power in the tribunes to 
 convoke the public assemblies — a power which 
 they themselves had never dreamt of. It may 
 be believed that they were not remiss in laying 
 hold of the concession. They took the whole 
 people to witness what had been said by the con- 
 suls, and an assembly of the people was sum- 
 moned by the tribunes to meet the next day. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 3, ch. 4. 
 
 1030. CONCILIATION by Favors. Popular- 
 ity. [When Anne of Austria came to the regen- 
 cy of France,] in her anxiety to conciliate all par- 
 ties, she commenced by granting them almost 
 whatever they demanded. The " Importans," 
 charmed by her condescension, imagined that 
 they were henceforth to carry all before them ; 
 and the witty De Retz declared that for two or 
 three months the whole French language was 
 comprised in five little words — " the queen is so 
 good !" These, however, were transient illu- 
 sions. — Students' France, ch. 20, § 1. 
 
 1031. CONCILIATION, PoUcy of. Ccesar. He 
 wished to hand over his conquests to his success- 
 or not only subdued, but reconciled to subjec- 
 tion. He invited the chiefs of all the tribes to 
 come to him. He spoke to them of the future 
 which lay open to them as members of a splen- 
 did Imperial State. He gave them magnificent 
 presents. He laid no impositions either on the 
 leaders or their people, and they went to their 
 homes personally devoted to their conqueror, 
 contented with their condition, and resolved to 
 maintain the peace which was now established — 
 
 a unique experience in political history. The 
 Norman conquests of England alone in the least 
 resemble it. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 19. 
 
 1032. CONCILIATION vs. Threatening. Cc^ 
 
 sar. [Caesar had crossed the Rubicon, and was. 
 marching toward Rome.] Pompey was now 
 sensible of his weakness. The voice of the pub- 
 lic openly expressed an impatient desire for the 
 arrival of Caesar, who, on his part, was rapidly- 
 advancing to the gates of Rome, when Pompey- 
 quitted the city, followed by the consuls and 
 the greater part of the senators. Unable to col- 
 lect a sufficient force in Italy, he passed over 
 into Epirus . . . thence he trusted that he would 
 be supplied both with troops and treasure. Be- 
 fore sailing from Brundisium, he had declared 
 that he would treat all those as enemies who did 
 not follow him. Caesar, with more wisdom, de- 
 clared that he would esteem all those his friends, 
 who did not arm against him. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 4, ch. 2. 
 
 1033. CONDENSATION, Literary. Cm sar. 
 Caesar turned his arms against Pharnaces, the 
 son of Mithridates, who had seized the kingdom 
 of Pontus, and meditated, after his father's ex- 
 ample, to strip the Romans of their Asiatic pos- 
 sessions. This war he very speedily terminated, 
 intimating its issue to his friends at Rome in 
 three words, Veni, mdi, vici, "I came, I saw, 
 I conquered." — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 2. 
 
 1034. . Virgil. He bestowed the 
 
 greatest labor in polishing his writings, his hab- 
 it being to pour forth a vast quantity of verses. 
 in the morning, which he reduced to a small 
 number by continual elaboration, after the man- 
 ner — as he said — of a bear licking her cubs into 
 shape. — Liddell's Rome, ch. 71, § 16. 
 
 1035. CONDOLENCE unappreciated. In Pe- 
 kin. [At a banquet given b}^ the prince regent, 
 he noticed General Grant's son.] He then asked if 
 he was married and had children. Being told 
 he had one, a daughter, he replied, "What a 
 pity !" In China female children do not count 
 in the sum of human happiness, and when the 
 l)rince expressed his regret at the existence of 
 the general's granddaughter, he was saying the 
 most polite thing he knew. — General Grant's 
 Travels, p. 411. 
 
 1036. CONDUCT, Absurd. Samuel Johnson. 
 A physician being mentioned who had lost his 
 practice because his whimsically changing his 
 religion had made people distrustful of him, 
 I maintained that this was unreasonable, as re- 
 ligion is unconnected with medical skill. John- 
 son : " Sir, it is not unreasonable ; for when 
 people see a man absurd in what they under- 
 stand, they may conclude the same of him in 
 what they do not understand. If a physician 
 were to take to eating of horseflesh, nobody 
 would employ him ; though one may eat horse- 
 flesh, and be a very skilful physician. If a man 
 were educated in an absurd religion, his contin- 
 uing to confess it would not hurt him, though 
 his changing to it would." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 284. 
 
 1037. CONDUCT, Contradictory. Steele. He 
 had two wives, whom he loved dearly and 
 treated badly. He hired grand houses, and 
 bought fine horses for which he could never pay. 
 He was often religious, but more often drunk. 
 
CONDUCT— CONFIDENCE. 
 
 123 
 
 As a man of letters, other men of letters who 
 followed him, such as Thackeray, could not be 
 very proud of him. But everybody loved him ; 
 and he seems to have been the inventor of that 
 flying literature which, with many changes in 
 form and manner, has done so much for the 
 amusement and edification of readers ever since 
 his time. — Trollope's Thackeray, ch. 7. 
 
 103§. CONDUCT, Dissolute. A Sign. A sure 
 sign of corruption is to be found in the dissolute 
 manners which were discovered among the 
 women. _ There were in Rome and many Italian 
 towns secret societies, in which young men and 
 women were dedicated to Bacchus ; and under 
 the cloak of religious ceremony every kind of 
 license and debauchery was practised. — Lid- 
 dell's Rome, ch. 42, § 7. 
 
 1039. CONDUCT, Scandalous. In high Life. 
 When one of the waiters at Arthur's Club was 
 committed on a charge of felony [George Selwyn 
 said, with as much truth as wit], What a horrid 
 idea he will give of us to the people in Newgate ! 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6. 
 
 1040. CONFESSIONAL, Secrets of the. Oun- 
 powder Plot. Heniy Garnet, one of the Jesuits 
 who where concerned in the Gunpowder Plot, 
 obtained his knowledge of it at the confessional, 
 and on trial maintained ' ' that he had acted upon 
 a conscientious persuasion that he was bound to 
 disclose nothing that he had heard in sacrament- 
 al confession." He was executed. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 1041. CONFIDENCE, Compliment of. Cmar. 
 [His troops were intimidated by exaggerated re- 
 ports of the number and fierceness of the Ger- 
 mans.] Confident in himself, Caesar had the 
 power, so indispensable for a soldier, of inspir- 
 ing confidence in others as soon as they came to 
 know what he was. He called his ofiicers to- 
 gether. He summoned the centurions, and re- 
 buked them sharply for questioning his pur- 
 poses. . . . Romans never mutinied, save 
 through the rapacity or incompetence of their 
 general. His life was a witness that he was not 
 rapacious, and his victory over the Helvetii that 
 as yet he had made no mistake. He should order 
 the advance on the next evening, and it would 
 then be seen whether sense of duty or cowardice 
 was the stronger. If others declined, Caesar said 
 that he should go forward alone with the legion 
 which he knew would follow him, the 10th, 
 which was already his favorite. The speech 
 was received with enthusiasm. The 10th 
 thanked Caesar for his compliment to them. The 
 rest, officers and men, declared their willingness 
 to follow wherever he might lead them. — 
 FnouDE's C^SAR, ch. 14. 
 
 1042. CONFIDENCE erroneous. Bonaparte's. 
 [At the battle of Waterloo,] when Napoleon saw 
 the English in position ... he exclaimed, " At 
 last I have them ; nine chances to ten are in my 
 favor !"— Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 2. 
 
 1043. CONFIDENCE, Excess of. Major Andre. 
 [The British spy approached Tarrytown,] when 
 Paulding got up and presented a firelock at his 
 breast .... Full of the idea that he could meet 
 none but the friends of the English, he answered, 
 " Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party ?" 
 " Which party ?" asked Paulding. " The lower 
 party," said Andre. Paulding answered that 
 
 he did. Then said Andre : " I am a British officer 
 out on particular business, and I hope you will 
 not detain me a minute." Upon this Paulding 
 ordered him to dismount. Seeing his mistake, 
 Andre showed his pass from Arnold, saying, ' ' By 
 your detaining me you will detain the general's 
 business." . . . [Papers and plans were found in 
 his stockings.] " This is a spy," said Paulding. 
 Andre offered 100 guineas — any sum of money 
 if they would let him go. " No," cried Pauld- 
 ing, "not for 10,000 guineas." . . . Congress 
 voted . . . annuities. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 10, ch. 18. 
 
 1044. CONFIDENCE, Perilous. Harald II. 
 He might have gathered a much more numerous 
 army than that of William ; but his recent vic- 
 tory had made him over-confident, and he was 
 irritated by the reports of the country being rav- 
 aged by the invaders. As soon, therefore, as he 
 had collected a small army in London, he 
 marched off toward the coast, pressing forward 
 as rapidly as his men could traverse Surrey and 
 Sussex, in the hope of taking the Normans una- 
 wares, as he had recently, by a similar forced 
 march, succeeded in surprising the Norwegians. 
 But he had now to deal with a foe equally brave 
 with Harald Hardrada, and far more skilful and 
 wary. — Dec. Battles, § 295. 
 
 1045. CONFIDENCE, Power of. Bobber. Mar- 
 garet, Queen of England, when a fugitive in Lor- 
 raine, was plundered of her gold and jewels in a 
 wild forest by a band of robbers. She made her 
 escape, leading her boy, then about eleven years 
 old. In the depths of the wood they were again 
 encountered by a single robber. Margaret, with 
 the decision of her character, threw herself upon 
 the protection of the outlaw. " This is the son 
 of your king — to your care I commit him. I 
 am your queen." The robber became her friend, 
 and guarded her to a place of security. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 1046. CONFIDENCE, Premature. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [To Governor Morgan of New York : 
 " I do not agree with those who, after the emanci- 
 pation proclamation,] say slavery is dead. We 
 are like whalers who have been on a long chase ; 
 we have at last got the harpoon into the monster, 
 but we must now look how Ave steer, or, with 
 one ' flop ' of his tail, he will yet send us all into 
 eternity." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 752. 
 
 1047. CONFIDENCE, Superstitious. Otho. 
 [When Otho the Great finally subdued the Hun- 
 garians, his] camp was blessed with the relics of 
 saints and martyrs ; and the Christian hero gird- 
 ed on his side the sword of Constantine, grasped 
 the invincible spear of Charlemagne, and waved 
 the banner of St. Maurice, the prefect of the 
 Thebean legion. But his firmest confidence 
 was placed in the holy lance, whose point was 
 fashioned of the nails of the cross, and which 
 his father had extorted from the King of Bur- 
 gundy by the threats of war and the gift of a 
 province. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 55. 
 
 104§. CONFIDENCE tested. Alexander. [Al- 
 exander the Great was taken sick while in Cilicia 
 in consequence of having bathed in the Cyd- 
 nus, whose waters were very cold.] His phy- 
 sicians durst not give him any medicines, be- 
 cause they thought themselves not so certain 
 of the cure as of the danger they must incur 
 
124 
 
 CONFISCATION— CONFLAGRATION. 
 
 in the application ; for they feared tlie Macedo- 
 nians, if they did not succeed, would suspect 
 them of some bad practice. Philip, the Acarna- 
 nian, saw how desperate the king's case was, as 
 well as the rest ; but, beside the confidence he 
 had in his friendship, he thought it the highest 
 ingratitude, when his master was in so much 
 danger, not to risk something with him, in ex- 
 liausting all his art for his relief. He therefore 
 attempted the cure, and found no difficulty in 
 jjersuading the king to wait with patience until 
 his medicine was prepared, or to take it when 
 ready ; so desirous was he of a speedy recovery, 
 in order to prosecute the war. In the mean time 
 Parmenio sent him a letter from the camp, 
 advising him to beware of Philip, whom, he 
 said, Darius had prevailed upon, by presents 
 of infinite value, and the promise of his daughter 
 in marriage, to take him off by poison. As 
 soon as Alexander had read the letter, he put it 
 under his pillow, without showing it to any of 
 his friends. The time appointed being come, 
 Pliilip, with the king's friends, entered the 
 chamber, having the cup which contained the 
 medicine in his hand. The king received it 
 freely, without the least marks of suspicion, and 
 at the same time put the letter in his hands. It 
 was a striking situation, and more interesting 
 than any scene in a tragedy — the one reading 
 while the other was drinking. They looked up- 
 on each other, but with a very different air. The 
 king, with an open and unembarrassed counte- 
 nance, expressed his regard for Philip and the 
 confidence he had in his honor ; Pliilip's looks 
 showed his indignation at the calumny. One, 
 while he lifted up his eyes and hands to heaven, 
 protesting his fidelity ; another, while he threw 
 himself down by the bedside, entreating his mas- 
 ter to be of good courage and trust to liis care. 
 The medicine, indeed, was so strong, and ovei-- 
 powered liis spirits in such a manner, that at 
 first he was speechless, and discovered scarce 
 any sign of sense or life. But afterward he 
 was soon relieved \iy this faithful physician, and 
 recovered so well that he was able to show him- 
 self to the Macedonians, whose distress did not 
 abate until he came personally before them. — 
 Plutarch's "Alexander." 
 
 1049. CONFISCATION, Avaricious. Maxi- 
 min. [The Emperor was a tyrant. His avarice 
 was] stimulated by the insatiate desires of the 
 soldiers, at length attacked the public property. 
 Every city of the empire was possessed of an 
 independent revenue, destined to purchase corn 
 for the multitude, and to supply the expenses of 
 the games and entertainments. By a single act 
 of authority the whole mass of wealth was at 
 once confiscated for the use of the Imperial 
 treasury. The temples were stripped of their 
 most valuable offerings of gold and silver, and 
 the statues of gods, heroes, and emperors were 
 melted down and coined into money. These 
 impious orders could not be executed without 
 tumults and massacres, as in many places the 
 people chose rather to die in tlie defence of their 
 altars than to behold, in the midst of peace, their 
 cities exposed to the rapine and cruelty of war. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 7. 
 
 1050. CONFISCATION, Eeligious. Alfonse 
 d' Albuquerque. [Having subdued for his king 
 two of the great peninsulas of Southern Asia, 
 
 and meditating the diverting of the river Nile 
 from its course so as to leave Egypt a desert,] 
 lie died in the odor of sanctity, committing his 
 soul to God and his son to the king. The last 
 days of his life were spent in hearing read his 
 favorite passages of the New Testament, during 
 which he lield in his hands and clasped to his 
 heart a small crucifix. His last words showed, 
 not merely that his conscience acquitted liim for 
 what he had done against the people of India, 
 but that he regarded himself as an eminent sol- 
 dier of the cross, as well as a faithful servant of 
 his king. Nay, more ; his conduct toward the 
 Indians had never occurred to him as a case of 
 conscience at all, so completely was it taken for 
 granted that no people except Christians had any 
 rights. The earth was the Lord's and the full- 
 ness thereof ; and did it not therefore belong to 
 the pope, and to Christian kings, who were tlie 
 Lord's vicar, and vicegerents ? — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 315. 
 
 1051. CONFLAGRATION, Defensive. Colum- 
 bia. As soon as it became certain that Columbia 
 must fall into the hands of the Federals, Gener- 
 al Hardee, the commandant of Charleston, deter- 
 mined to abandon that city also ; . . . guards 
 were detailed to destroy all the warehouses, stores 
 of cotton, and depots of supplies at Charleston. 
 The torch was applied, the flames raged, and con- 
 sternation spread throughout the city. The great 
 depot of the Northwestern Railway, where a 
 large quantity of powder was stored, caught fire, 
 blew up with terrific violence, and buried two 
 hundred people in its ruins. Not until four 
 squares in the best part of the city were laid 
 in ashes was the conflagration checked. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 66. 
 
 1052. CONFLAGRATION, Destructive. Boston. 
 A few days after the Presidential election [of 
 1872] the city of Boston was visited by a confla- 
 gration only second in its ravages to that of Chi- 
 cago, '.in the previous year. On the evening of the 
 9th of November a Are broke out on the corner 
 of Kingston and Sumner streets, spread to the 
 north-east, and continued, with almost unabated 
 fury, until the morning of the 11th. The best 
 portion of the city, embracing some of the finest 
 blocks in the United States, was laid in ashes. 
 The burnt district covered an area, of sixty-five 
 acres. Eight hundred buildings, property to the 
 value of $80,000,000, and fifteen lives were lost 
 by the conflagration. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 68. 
 
 1053. . Chicago. The year 1871 
 
 is noted in American history for the burning of 
 Chicago. On the evening of the 8th of October 
 a fire broke out in De Koven Street, and was 
 driven by a high wind into the lumber-yards and 
 wooden houses of the neighborhood. The flames 
 leaped the south branch of the Chicago River, 
 and spread with great rapidity through the busi- 
 ness part of the city. All day long the deluge 
 of fire rolled on, across the main channel of the 
 river, and swept into a blackened ruin the whole 
 district between the north branch and the lake 
 iis far northward as Lincoln Park. The area 
 burnt over was two thousand one hundred acres, 
 or three and one third square miles. Nearly two 
 hundred lives were lost in the conflagration, 
 and the property destroyed amounted to about 
 $200,000,000. No such terrible devastation had 
 been witnessed since the burning of Moscow 
 
CONFLAGRATION— CONFLICT. 
 
 125 
 
 in 1812. In the extent of the district burned 
 over, the Chicago fire stands first ; in the amount 
 of property destroyed, second ; and in the suffer- 
 ing occasioned, third among the great confla- 
 grations of the world. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 68. 
 
 1054. . London. [In 1666 it burn- 
 ed for nearly two miles in length and one in 
 breadth, the flames continuing three days and 
 three nights. The houses were mostly covered 
 with thatched straw roofs ; the lead from the 
 burning churches ran down the streets in streams. 
 The fire was checked in its progress by blowing 
 up houses. Not more than eight lives were lost. 
 Two hundred thousand people of all ranks and 
 degrees were made homeless. Thirteen thousand 
 and two hundred dwellings were burned, also 
 eighty-nine churches, besides many public struct- 
 ures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast num- 
 ber of stately edifices. Total estimated loss, 
 £7,335,000.— Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17. 
 
 1055. . Moscow. A.D. 1812. The 
 
 astounding intelligence was brought to Napoleon 
 that the city was utterly deserted. A few miser- 
 able creatures, who had been released from the 
 prisons to engage in the congenial employment 
 of setting fire to the city as soon as the French 
 should have taken possession, were found in the 
 streets. . . . Rumors of the intended conflagra- 
 tion reached his ears. . . . More than a hundred 
 thousand of the wretched inhabitants, driven by 
 the soldiery from the city, parents and children, 
 perished of cold and starvation in the woods. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 13. 
 
 1056. . Moscoic. The crown maga- 
 zines, with vast stores of wine and spirits, were in 
 a blaze. Not a fire-engine nor a bucket could 
 be procured. They had all been carried off. Day 
 after day the astonished soldiers saw the canopy 
 of smoke and flame spreading over the city of a 
 thousand domes and minarets. . . . The con- 
 flagration went on till, of 40,000 houses in stone, 
 only 200 escaped ; of 8000 in wood, 500 only 
 were standing ; of 1600 churches, 800 were con- 
 sumed. ... A furious wind carried showers of 
 sparks far and near. . . . Only one tenth of 
 the city was left unconsumed. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 30, p. 558. 
 
 1057. . Neio York. On the 16th 
 
 of December, 1835, a fire broke out in the lower 
 part of New York City and laid thirty acres of 
 buildings in ashes. Five hundred and twenty- 
 nine houses and property valued at $18,000,000 
 were consumed. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 54. 
 
 105§. . Rome. "Whether Nero was 
 
 guilty of this unparalleled outrage on the lives 
 and fortunes of his subjects or not, certain it is 
 that on July 19th, a.d. 64, in the tenth year of his 
 reign, a fire broke out in shops full of inflam- 
 mable materials which lined the valley between 
 the Palatine and Caelian hills. For six days and 
 seven nights it rolled in streams of resistless flame 
 over the greater part of the city, licking up the 
 palaces and temples of the gods which covered 
 the low hills, and raging through whole streets 
 of the wretched wooden tenements in which 
 dwelt myriads of the poorer inhabitants who 
 crowded the lower regions of Rome. When its 
 course had been checked by the voluntary de- 
 struction of a vast mass of buildings which lay in 
 its path, it broke out a second time, and raged for 
 
 three days longer in the less crowded quarters of 
 the city, where its spread was even more fatal to 
 public buildings and the ancient shrines of the 
 gods. Never since the Gauls burnt Rome had 
 so deadly a calamity fallen on the afllicted city. 
 Of its fourteen districts, four alone escaped un- 
 touched ; three were completely laid in ashes ; 
 in the seven others were to be seen the wrecks of 
 many buildings, scathed and gutted by the flames. 
 The disaster to the city was historically irrepar- 
 able. . . . The sense of permanent loss was over- 
 whelmed at first by the immediate confusion and 
 agony of the scene. Amid the sheets of flame 
 that roared on every side under the dense canopy 
 of smoke, the shrieks of terrified women and the 
 wail of infants and children were heard above 
 the crash of falling houses. The incendiary fires 
 seemed to be bursting forth in so many directions 
 that men stood staring in dumb stupefaction at 
 the destruction of their property, or rushed hith- 
 er and thither in helpless amazement. The lanes 
 and alleys were blocked up with tlie concourse 
 of struggling fugitives. Many were suffocated 
 by smoke or trampled down in the press. Many 
 others were burnt to death in their own burn- 
 ing houses, some of whom purposely flung 
 themselves into the flames in the depth of their 
 despair. . . . When they had escaped with bare 
 life, a vast multitude of homeless, shivering, hun- 
 gry human beings, many of them bereaved of 
 their nearest and dearest relations, . . . found 
 themselves huddled together, . . . one vast 
 brotherhood of hopeless wretchedness. — Far- 
 rar's Early Days, p. 31. 
 
 1059. CONFLAGRATION in War. Carthage. 
 In a strong assault on one of the gates, he broke 
 it down, and entering with a large force pene- 
 trated to the citadel, which sustained a siege of 
 several days, while the Romans were in posses- 
 sion of the town. At length it was surrendered. 
 Scipio, unwilling to destroy this proud and splen- 
 did capital, sent to Rome for further orders. 
 But these contained no mercy for Carthage. The 
 city was set fire to in maiiy different quarters. 
 Pillage, carnage, and desolation ensued. The 
 conflagration lasted for seventeen days. At the 
 recital of a scene of this kind, it is impossible to 
 restrain our indignation, and not to execrate that 
 barbarous policy which prescribes a conduct so 
 contrary to every worthy feeling of the human 
 mind. Thus ended the ill-fated Carthage, in the 
 607th year from the building of Rome, and the 
 146th before the Christian era. — Tytler's Hist. , 
 Book 3, ch. 9. 
 
 1060. CONFLICT, Bootless. Bntish at Bunker 
 Hill. The number of the killed and wounded 
 in [the British army under Gage] . . . was . . . 
 at least 1004, ... a third of those engaged. 
 . . . The oldest soldiers never saw the like. 
 The battle of Quebec, which won half a conti- 
 nent, did not cost the lives of so many officers 
 as the battle of Bunker Hill, Avhich gained noth- 
 ing but a place of encampment. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 7, ch. 40. 
 
 1061. CONFLICT, Land of. Kentucky. Ken- 
 tucky has been denominated " the Dark and 
 Bloody Ground" of the savage aborigines. It 
 never was the habitation of any nation or tribe 
 of Indians ; but from the period of the earliest 
 aboriginal traditions to the appearance of the 
 white man on its soil, Kentucky was the field of 
 
126 
 
 CONFLICT— CONQUERED. 
 
 deadly conflict between the northern and south- 
 ern warriors of the forest. . , . When penetrated 
 by the bold adventurous white men of Carolina 
 and Virginia, who constituted the third party 
 for dominion, its title of the " Dark and Bloody 
 Ground" was continued. . . . After the declara- 
 tion of American Independence, Great Britain 
 formed alliance with the Indian savages . . . the 
 teri'itory of Kentucky became still more emphat- 
 ically the " Dark and Bloody Ground." [Like- 
 wise during the Rebellion.] — Pollard's First 
 Year of the War, ch. 7, p. 186. 
 
 1062. CONFLICT, Rule of. William of Orange. 
 [James II.,] the king, was eager to flght, and it 
 was obviously his interest to do so. Every hour 
 took away something from his own strength, 
 and added something to the strength of his ene- 
 mies. It was most important, too, that his troops 
 should be blooded. A great battle, .however it 
 might terminate, could not but injure the prince's 
 popularity. All this William perfectly under- 
 stood, and determined to avoid an action as long 
 as possible. It is said that, when Schomberg 
 was told that the enemy were advancing and were 
 determined to fight, he answered with the com- 
 posure of a tactician confident in his skill, " That 
 will be just as we may choose." — Macatjlay's 
 Eng., ch. 9. 
 
 1063. CONFLICT, Self-sustaining. SpoiU. [The 
 Confederates invaded Pennsylvania.] General 
 Lee cannot expect to keep his communications 
 open to the rear ; and, as the staff-officers say, 
 "In every battle we fight, we must capture as 
 much ammunition as we use." — Pollard's Sec- 
 ond Year of the War, p. 338. 
 
 1064. CONFLICT, Unnatural. William I., the 
 Norman. He was a prince to whom nature had 
 denied the requisites of making himself beloved, 
 and who, therefore, made it his first object to 
 render himself feared. Even the Normans, in- 
 stigated probably by the French, endeavored to 
 ■withdraw themselves from his yoke. To estab- 
 lish order in that country, he carried over an army 
 of Englishmen ; thus, by a capricious vicissitude 
 of fortune, we see the Normans brought over for 
 the conquest of the English, and the English sent 
 back to conquer the Normans. With these troops 
 he reduced the rebels to submission, and returned 
 to England to be again embroiled in conspiracies 
 and rebellion. The last and severest of his trou- 
 bles arose from his own children. His eldest son, 
 Robert, had been promised by his father the sov- 
 ereignty of Maine, a province of France, which 
 had submitted to William ; he claimed the per- 
 formance in his father's lifetime, who contemp- 
 tuously told him he thought it was time enough 
 to throw off his clothes when he went to bed. 
 Robert, who was of a most violent temper, in- 
 stantly withdrew to Normandy, when in a short 
 time he engaged all the young nobility to espouse 
 his quarrel. Brittany, Anjou, and Maine like- 
 wise took part against William, who brought 
 over another army of the English to subdue the 
 rebellion. The father and son met in fight, and 
 being clad in armor did not know each other, till 
 Robert, having wounded his father and thrown 
 him from his horse, his voice (calling out for as- 
 sistance) discovered him to his antagonist. Stung 
 with consciousness of the crime, Robert fell at 
 his feet, and in the most submissive manner en- 
 treated liis forgiveness. The indignation of Will- 
 
 iam was not to be appeased ; he gave his son his 
 malediction instead of his pardon. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 8. 
 
 1065. CONFLICT, Unprepared for. Greeks. 
 [Demosthenes urged immediate and open war 
 against the ambitious Philip.] Some of the best 
 patriots of Athens, the virtuous Phocion, for ex- 
 ample, proposed an opposite counsel. They saw 
 that the martial spirit of the republic was extinct, 
 the finances of the State were at the lowest ebb, 
 and the manners of the people irretrievably cor- 
 rupted. There was assuredly too much solidity 
 in the argument of Phocion which he opposed to 
 the " Philippica " of Demosthenes : " I will rec- 
 ommend to you, O Athenians, to go to war, when 
 I find you capable of supporting a war ; when I 
 see the youth of the Republic animated with 
 courage, yet submissive and obedient ; the rich 
 cheerfully contributing to the necessities of the 
 State ; and the orators no longer cheating and 
 pillaging the public."— Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 3. 
 
 1066. CONGEEGATIONS, Large. Gwenap in 
 Wales. [Thirty-two thousand persons present to 
 hear John Wesley preach at Gwenap, in its 
 magnificent natural amphitheatre.] — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, ch. 6. 
 
 1067. CONQUERED vs. Concord. London, a.d. 
 1801. [At last England and France made a treaty 
 of peace.] The house of M. Otto, the French 
 minister [at London], was brilliantly illuminated. 
 . . . The word concord blazed in letters of light. 
 The sailors, not very familiar with the spelling- 
 book, exclaimed, " Conquered ! not so by a great 
 deal. That will not do." Excitement and dis- 
 satisfaction rapidly spread. Violence was threat- 
 ened ! , . . attempts at explanation were utterly 
 useless. The offensive word was removed, and 
 amity substituted. The sailors, fully satisfied with 
 the amende Jionorable, gave three cheers. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 22. 
 
 106§. CONQUERED, The Conqueror. Francisco 
 Pizarro. [A single battle made him master of 
 Peru.] He betrayed and murdered the captive 
 Inca. He quarrelled with Almagro over the di- 
 vision of the spoils, and finished by putting him 
 to death. He accumulated a greater amount of 
 treasure than was ever possessed, before or since, 
 by an individual. Spoiled by prosperity without 
 parallel, he was cruel to the Peruvians, capricious 
 and tyrannical to the Spaniards, and, at length, a 
 rebel against his king. A conspiracy, headed by 
 the son of the murdered Almagro, was formed 
 against him. On a Sunday afternoon, in 1541, 
 at the hour when the tyrant was accustomed to 
 sleep, a band of the confederates bui-st into his 
 palace, killed or dispersed his servants, and at- 
 tacked him. Armed only with a sword and buck- 
 ler, he defended himself with the most desperate 
 courage. Four of his assailants he slew ; five 
 more he wounded ; and still he fought on. At 
 last one of the band engaged him and drew his 
 attention from the rest ; and while Pizarro dealt 
 a furious blow at his chief assailant, the others 
 succeeded in giving him a mortal wound. He 
 fell at the feet of an image of Christ, which, it 
 is said, he kissed at the moment of his death. So 
 perished, in his sixty-eighth year, the man who 
 was, perhaps, the most resolute of all the sons of 
 men. In mere strength of purpose it is ques- 
 tionable if his equal ever lived ; but, though this 
 
CONQUERORS— CONQUEST. 
 
 127 
 
 is one of the most valuable of qualities, and ac- 
 complishes very great things, a man must have 
 much more in order to turn to good account the 
 prizes won. Pizarro was little more than a mag- 
 nificently-gifted brute. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., 
 p. 327. 
 
 1069. CONQUERORS by Resolution. Of Cali- 
 fornia. [In 1846] Colonel John C. Fremont . . . 
 determined to strike a blow for his country ; he 
 urged the people of California, many of whom 
 were Americans, to declare their independence. 
 The hardy frontiersmen of the Sacramento valley 
 iiocked to his standard ; and a campaign was at 
 once begun to overthrow the Mexican authority. 
 . . . An American fleet had captured the town 
 of Monterey . . , and San Diego. . . . Before 
 the end of summer the whole of the vast prov- 
 ince was subdued . . . the authority of the Unit- 
 ed States was completely established. A coun- 
 try large enough for an empire had been con- 
 quered by a handful of resolute men. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 57. 
 
 1 070. CONQUEST by Destruction. Alfonse 
 d' Albuquerque. Having thus reduced the shores 
 and cities of two of the great peninsulas of 
 Southern Asia, he next undertook the conquest 
 of all the vast regions watered by the Red Sea 
 and the Persian Gulf. He bombarded the cities 
 commanding those waters, with varying success. 
 Meditating the conquest of Egypt, lie conceived 
 a scheme for diverting the river Nile from its 
 course, so as to leave Egypt a desert, and destroy 
 its whole population. — Cyclopedia gf Bigg., 
 p. 315. 
 
 1071. CONQUESTS, Ends of. Pyrrhus. [The 
 Tarentines, in war with the Romans,] sought aid 
 from Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, and invited 
 him, by a flattering deputation, to be the deliv- 
 erer of Italy from its threatened yoke of servi- 
 tude. Pyrrhus was one of the ablest generals of 
 his age ; but he possessed a restless spirit, and a 
 precipitancy in forming projects of military en- 
 terprise, without a due attention to means, or a 
 deliberate estimate of consequences. Cineas, his 
 chief minister, to whom he imparted his design 
 of invading Italy, and mentioned, with great con- 
 fidence, a perfect assurance of its success, calmly 
 asked him what he proposed after that design 
 was accomplished. " We shall next," said Pyr- 
 rhus, ' ' make ourselves masters of Sicily, which, 
 considering the distracted state of that island, will 
 1)6 a very easy enterprise." " And what next do 
 you intend ?" said Cineas. " We shall then," re- 
 plied Pyrrhus, " pass over into Africa. Do you 
 imagine Carthage is capable of holding out 
 against our arms ?" " And supposing Carthage 
 taken," said Cineas, " what follows ?" " Then," 
 5aid Pyrrhus, " we return with all our force, and 
 pour down upon Macedonia and Greece." " And 
 when all is conquered," replied Cineas, "what is 
 then to be done?" "Why, then, to be sure," 
 said Pyrrhus, " we, have nothing to do but to en- 
 joy our bottle, and take our amusement." ' ' And 
 what," said Cineas, " prevents you from enjoy- 
 ing your bottle now, and taking your amuse- 
 ment ?" This dialogue, which is given by Plu- 
 tarch, with great naivete, presents us with a just 
 delineation of the real views and sentiments of 
 the greater part of those mighty conquerors who 
 have disturbed the peace of the universe. — Tyt- 
 leh's Hist,, Book 3, ch. 7. 
 
 1072. CONQUEST, Fruitless. Ancient Per- 
 sians. In those early periods [were] a people 
 remarkable for their temperance and the virtu- 
 ous simplicity of their manners. Herodotus re- 
 cords an excellent speech of one Sandanis, a 
 Lydian, who, when his sovereign Croesus pro- 
 jected the invasion of Persia, thus strongly point- 
 ed out to him the folly of his enterprise : " What 
 will you gain," said he, "by waging war with 
 such men as the Persians ? Their clothing is 
 skins, their food wild fruits, and their drink wa- 
 ter. If you are conquered, you lose a cultivated 
 country ; if you conquer them, what can you 
 take from them ? — a barren region. For my part, 
 I thank the gods that the Persians have not yet 
 formed the design of invading the Lydians." — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11, 
 
 1073. CONQUEST impossible. Darius. Ambi- 
 tious of extensive conquest, he now meditated a 
 war against the Scythians, on the absurd pretext 
 that they had ravaged a part of Asia about one 
 hundred and thirty years before. At the head of 
 an army of 700,000 men, he set out from Susa, 
 his capital, to wage war against a nation whom 
 it was impossible to conquer. . . . The sole 
 business of the Scythians was to retreat, driving 
 their cattle before them, and filling up the wells 
 in their route. The Persians, after long and ex- 
 cessive marches, never got more than a distant 
 sight of the enemy, while they were perishing 
 by thousands in a rugged and barren country. 
 At length Darius thought it his wisest measure 
 to retreat, having lost the greatest part of his 
 army, and leaving behind him the sick and aged 
 at the mercy of the barbarians. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1074. CONQUEST necessary. Gortsz. Besides 
 repressing the mutiny with a strong hand, he re- 
 solved to make all turning back impossible. He 
 caused all his vessels, except the smallest, to be 
 scuttled and sunk ; from that hour there was no 
 safety except in the total conquest of the coun- 
 try. Leaving at Vera Cruz a small garrison, he 
 began his immortal march August 16, 1519 [for 
 the city of Mexico], with the following forces : 
 400 foot soldiers, 1500 horsemen, 1300 Indian 
 warriors, 1000 Indians to draw the cannons and 
 carry the baggage, and seven pieces of artillery. 
 Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 331. 
 
 1075. CONQUEST, Period of. Reign of Ed- 
 ward III. The greatest victories recorded in 
 the history of the Middle Ages were gained at 
 this time, against great odds, by the English ar- 
 mies. Victories indeed they were of which a 
 nation may justly be proud. . . . Chandos en* 
 countered an equal foe in Du Guesclin ; but 
 France had no infantry that dared to face the 
 English bows and bills. A French king was 
 brought prisoner to London. An English king 
 was crowned at Paris. The banner of St. 
 George was carried far beyond the Pyrenees and 
 the Alps. On the south of the Ebro the Eng- 
 lish won a great battle, which for a time de- 
 cided the fate of Leon and Castile. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1. 
 
 1076. CONQUEST, Presumptuous. Three Men. 
 These three men, the youngest of whom was 
 fifty, conceived the project of conquering the 
 powerful and wealthy tribes that were supposed 
 to inhabit the western coasts of South America. 
 They were to do this by their own resources. 
 
138 
 
 CONQUEST— CONSCIENCE. 
 
 asking nothing from the Governor of Panama 
 except his sanction of the enterprise. It was as 
 though three men in New York should now un- 
 dertake the conquest of the Japanese Empire. 
 Pizarro was to command the first body of ad- 
 ventures ; Almagro was to raise, as soon as he 
 could, a second company, and join Pizarro on 
 the coast ; the priest [Fernando de Luques] was 
 to remain at Panama to watch over the interests 
 of the partnership. [Their success is well 
 known.] — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 324. 
 
 1077. CONQUEST surrendered. Jerusalem. 
 The Holy Land was thus recovered by the Chris- 
 tians ; and Godfrey of Bouillon obtained the title 
 of King of Jerusalem ; but it was only a title, for 
 b, papal legate arrived in the mean time, claimed 
 the city as the property of God, and took pos- 
 session of it as such. Godfrey reserved the port 
 of Joppa, and some privileges in Jenisalem. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 9. 
 
 I07§. CONQUESTS of Peace. Louisiana. [In 
 consequence of the ambitious designs of Eng- 
 land and the necessities of France, then unable to 
 hold the territory against the British navy,] the 
 President [Mr. Jefferson] made the largest con- 
 quest ever peacefully achieved, at a cost so small 
 that the sum expended for the entire territory 
 »ioes not equal the revenue which has since been 
 collected on its soil in a single month, in time of 
 great public peril. The country thus acquired 
 forms to-day the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, 
 Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota 
 west of the Mississippi, Colorado north of the 
 Arkansas, besides the Indian Territory and the 
 Territories of Dakota, "Wyoming, and Montana. 
 Texas was also included in the transfer. — 
 Blaine's Twenty Years op Congress, p. 8. 
 
 1079. CONSCIENCE, Abdication of. Pope Clem- 
 ent V. Philip [IV.] held a secret interview with 
 him, and offered to raise him to the papal throne 
 on six conditions, which were at once accepted. 
 ... The sixth and last condition the king re- 
 served to be hereafter specified in proper time and 
 place, exacting an oath from Bertrand to fulfil 
 it on the first demand. — Students' France, ch. 
 4, § 18, p. 186. 
 
 1080. CONSCIENCE an Accuser. Murderer. 
 Benjamin Abbott was preaching in New Jersey 
 with great zeal against sin in its worst forms. In 
 the midst of his discourse he exclaimed : " For 
 aught I know, there may be a murderer in this 
 congregation !" Immediately a lusty man at- 
 tempted to go out ; but when he got to the door 
 he bawled out, and stretched out both his arms, 
 and ran backward, and cried out very bitter- 
 ly, and said he was the murderer, for he had 
 killed a man about fifteen years before. — Ste- 
 vens' M. E. Church, vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 10§1. . Death-bed. [Rev. Simon 
 
 Carlisle was expelled from the ministry for theft, 
 an officer having found a missing pistol in his 
 saddle-bags. He could not clear himself ; his 
 usefulness ended, his disgrace was overwhelm- 
 ing. The young man who owned the pistol was 
 on his death-bed a few years after. An hour be- 
 fore death came] he cried out frantically, " I can- 
 not die — I cannot until I reveal one thing. Mr. 
 Carlisle never stole that pistol ; I myself put it in 
 his saddle-bags." He then became calm, and so 
 passed into eternity. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 3, ch. 3. I 
 
 10§2. CONSCIENCE authorized. By Jesuits. 
 [On the trial of the conspirators in the infamous 
 Gunpowder Plot it was shown that] Rookwood 
 . . . had scruples about joining in so extensive a 
 scheme of slaughter, saying it was a matter of 
 conscience to take away so much blood ; but 
 Catesby silenced him by saying " it had been re- 
 solved on good authority that in conscience it 
 might be done." Digby, who was only twenty- 
 four years of age, was evidently a weak tool of 
 the Jesuits. . . . He cordially joined in the proj- 
 ect from religious zeal, as soon as he satisfied 
 himself that the action had been approved by his 
 spiritual advisers. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 
 21. 
 
 10S3. CONSCIENCE awakened. Carticright. 
 [Peter Cartwright, the celebrated frontier preach- j 
 er, was awakened, in his sixteenth year, after 
 spending much of the night in dancing, at a 
 wedding. He went home, not to sleep, but spent 
 the remainder of the night on his knees with his 
 praying mother, and some time afterward was 
 converted at a camp-meeting.] — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 4, ch. 9. 
 
 10S4. . John Bunyan. He sup- 
 posed he was given over to unbelief and wicked- 
 ness, afid yet he relates, with touching simplic- 
 ity : "As to the act of sinning, I was never 
 more tender than now. I durst not take up a 
 pin or a stick, though but so big as a straw, for 
 my conscience now was sore, and would smart 
 at every touch. I could not tell how to speak 
 my words for fear I should misplace them." 
 But the care with which he watched his conduct 
 availed him nothing. He was on a morass " that 
 shook if he did but stir," and he was " there left 
 both of God, and Christ, and the Spirit, and of 
 all good things." Behind him lay the faults of 
 his childhood and youth, every one of which he 
 believed to be recorded against him. "Within 
 were his disobedient inclinations, which he con- 
 ceived to be the presence of the devil in lii& 
 heart. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 10§5. . Bunyan. One Sunday morn- 
 ing when Bunyan was at church with his wife, 
 a sermon was delivered on this subject [Sab- 
 bath amusements]. It seemed to be especially 
 addressed to himself, and it much affected him. 
 He shook off the impression, and after dinner he 
 went as usual to the green. He was on the point 
 of striking at a ball when the thought rushed 
 across his mind, "Wilt thou leave thy sins and go 
 to heaven, or have thy sins and go to hell ? He 
 looked up. The reflection of his own emotion 
 was before him in visible form. He imagined 
 that he saw Christ Himself looking down at him 
 from the sky. But he concluded that it was too 
 late for him to repent. He was past pardon. 
 He was sure to be damned, and he might as well 
 be damned for many sins as for few. Sin, at all 
 events, was pleasant, the only pleasant thing that 
 he knew ; therefore he would take his fill of it. 
 The sin was the game, and nothing but the game. 
 He continued to play, but the Puritan sensitive- 
 ness had taken hold of him. An artificial offence 
 had become a real offence when his conscience 
 was wounded by it. He was reckless and des- 
 perate. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 2. 
 
 1086. . By Mother's Prayer. [Rev. 
 
 Henry Boehm was the travelling companion of 
 Bishop Asbury , and for more than eighty years a 
 
CONSCIENCE. 
 
 129 
 
 Christian minister. He was arrested, on returning 
 liome one evening, by hearing the familiar voice 
 of his mother engaged in prayer. He says :] " I 
 listened. Among other things, she prayed for 
 her children, and mentioned Henry, her young- 
 est son. The mention of my name broke my 
 heart, and melted me into contrition. Tears 
 rolled down my cheeks, and I felt the importance 
 of complying with the command of God, ' My 
 Son, give me thine heart.' " [He lived one hun- 
 dred years.] — Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 3, 
 p. 433. 
 
 10§7. . Earthquake. In the early 
 
 part of 1750 repeated earthquakes alarmed the 
 metropolis . . . while Charles Wesley was ris- 
 ing in the pulpit of the Foundry [Church] to 
 preach, at five o'clock in the morning, the earth 
 moved through all London and Westminster 
 with a strong, jarring motion, and a rumbling 
 noise like distant thunder. The walls of the 
 Foundry trembled ; a great agitation among the 
 people followed ; but Wesley cried aloud to them, 
 "Therefore will we not fear though the earth be 
 moved, and the hills be carried into the midst of 
 the sea, for the Lord of Hosts is with us, the 
 God of Jacob is our refuge." Multitudes flocked 
 to the early Methodist service in deep alarm. 
 Throughout the whole night many of the alarmed 
 people knocked at the Foundry door, entreating 
 admittance, though "our poor people," writes 
 Wesley, "were calm and quiet as at any other 
 time. " During one of these terrible nights Tower 
 Hill, Moorflelds, and Hyde Park were filled with 
 lamenting men, women, and children. White- 
 field stood among them at Hj^de Park preaching 
 at midnight. A deep moral impression followed 
 these events. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 
 308. 
 
 10§§. . Rev. William Oassaway. 
 
 [He was ignorant in his early life concerning the 
 way of salvation. When he became awakened] 
 he detested himself as a sinner. Passing a stream 
 lie allowed his horse to drink, saying, ' ' You may, 
 you are not a sinner ; but I am. I will not 
 drink." — Stevens' M. E. Chukch, vol. 3, p. 394. 
 
 10§9. . Jolm Wesley. A young 
 
 lawyer of brilliant talents and aristocratic rela- 
 tions was in the habit of meeting with his gay 
 associates at a coflfee-house in London. He was 
 the wit of the company, and at one of their meet- 
 ings, when Wesley was to preach in the neigh- 
 borhood, his companions sent him to hear the 
 itinerant apostle, in order to give them a mim- 
 icked specimen of his preaching. Just as he 
 entered the place of worship Wesley announced 
 as his text, " Prepare to meet thy God /" It struck 
 the young man's conscience ; he listened with 
 emotion to the sermon, and thenceforward the 
 career of his life was changed. On returning as 
 a necessary courtesy to his company in the cof- 
 fee-house, they asked him if he had "taken off 
 the old Methodist." " No, gentlemen," was his 
 reply, " but he has taken me off ;" and he re- 
 tired from their circle to return no more. — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 387. 
 
 1090. CONSCIENCE vs. Conscience. Intoler- 
 ance. [During the contentions of sects in the 
 reign of James II. , Dryden says :] All men are 
 engaged either on this side or that ; and though 
 conscience is the common word given by both, 
 yet if a writer fall among enemies, and cannot 
 
 give the marks of their conscience, he is knocked 
 down before the reasons of his own are heard. 
 — Knight's Eng. , vol. 4, ch. 26. 
 
 1091. CONSCIENCE conquers Conquerors. 
 William II. The death-bed ol William was a 
 death-bed of repentance. He spoke, it is relat- 
 ed, of the rivers of blood he had shed. He la- 
 mented his barbarities in England. — Knight's 
 England, vol. 1, ch. 16, p. 318. 
 
 1092. CONSCIENCE, Defence of. Martin Lu- 
 ther. Luther spoke in both German and Latin. 
 After he had finished, the princes held a short 
 consultation. Then the imperial representative 
 reproached him for having spoken disrespectful- 
 ly, and for not having answered the proposed 
 questions. He repelled Luther's demand for 
 counter-evidence, and maintained that his here- 
 sies had been condemned by the Church and by 
 its general councils. What was now demanded 
 of him was a plain and straightforward answer, 
 whether he would or would not recant. There- 
 upon Luther replied : " Since your Imperial Maj- 
 esty have desired a direct answer, I shall give 
 such an one as shall have neither horns nor teeth 
 — viz. , except I be convinced with clear and un- 
 doubted evidence of Holy Scripture — for I be- 
 lieve neither in the Pope nor in councils alone, 
 since it is evident they have often erred and con- 
 tradicted themselves ; and as my conscience is 
 bound by God's Word, I cannot and will not re- 
 cant, because it is neither safe nor advisable to 
 act contrary to conscience. Here I stand ; I can- 
 not do otherwise ; God help me ! Amen !" . . . 
 Luther was now happy at heart. As soon as he 
 returned to his lodging-place, he lifted up both 
 hands and cried out, ' ' I have done it ! I have 
 done it !" And continuing, he remarked : "If 
 I had a thousand heads, I would lose them all 
 rather than to recant." — Rein's Luther, ch. 9, 
 p. 89. 
 
 1093. CONSCIENCE, Education of. Rev. John 
 Newton. Providence was now kind to him ; he 
 became captain of a slave-ship, and made several 
 voyages on the business of trade. That it was a 
 wicked trade he seems to have had no idea ; he 
 says he never knew sweeter or more frequent 
 hours of divine communion than on his last two 
 voyages to Guinea. Afterward it occurred to 
 him that though his employment was genteel and 
 profitable, it made him a sort of jailer, unpleas- 
 antly conversant with both chains and shackles ; 
 and he besought Providence to fix him in a mora 
 humane calling. In answer to his prayer came 
 a fit of apoplexy, which made it dangerous for 
 him to go to sea again. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 3. 
 
 1094. CONSCIENCE, Erratic. Duke of York 
 {James II). Debauching a woman on promise 
 of marriage, he next allowed her to be traduced 
 as having yielded to frequent prostitution, and 
 then married her ; he was conscientious, but liis 
 moral sense was as slow as his understanding. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., ch. 17. 
 
 1095. CONSCIENCE explained. Reign of 
 James II. [In Scotland the anti-Catholic feeling 
 was strong. J The three privy counsellors who had 
 lately returned from London took the lead in op- 
 position to the royal will. Hamilton declared 
 plainly that he could not do what was asked. 
 He was a faithful and loyal subject ; but there 
 was a limit imposed by conscience. ' ' Conscience, " 
 said the chancellor — "conscience is a vague 
 
130 
 
 CONSCIENCE. 
 
 word, which signifies anything or nothing." 
 Lockhart.who satin Parliament as representative 
 of the great county of Lanark, struck in : "If 
 conscience be a word without meaning, we will 
 change it for another phrase which, I hope, 
 means something. For conscience let us put the 
 fundamental laws of Scotland." — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 1096. CONSCIENCE, A guilty. Caracalla. 
 [Caracalla, the son of Servius, was, with his 
 brother Geta, chosen by the army to be joint 
 emperors of Rome. Discord followed, and Geta 
 was assassinated in the presence of and by the 
 direction of his brother.] The crime went not 
 unpunished. Neither business nor pleasure 
 nor flattery could defend Caracalla from the 
 stings of a guilty conscience ; and he confessed, 
 in the anguish of a tortured mind, that his dis- 
 ordered fancy often beheld the angry forms of 
 his father and his brother rising into life, to 
 threaten and upbraid him. The consciousness of 
 his crime should have induced him to convince 
 mankind, by the virtues of his reign, that the 
 bloody deed had been the involuntary effect of 
 fatal necessity. But the repentance of Caracalla 
 only prompted him to remove from the world 
 whatever could remind him of his guilt, or re- 
 call the memory of his murdered brother. On 
 his return from the Senate to the palace, he found 
 his mother in the company of several noble ma- 
 trons, weeping over the untimely fate of her 
 younger son. The jealous emperor threatened 
 them with instant death ; the sentence was 
 executed against Fadilla, the last remaining 
 daughter of the Emperor Marcus ; and even the 
 afflicted Julia was obliged to silence her lamenta- 
 tions, to suppress her sighs, and to receive the 
 assassin with smiles of joy and approbation. It 
 was computed that, under the vague appellation 
 of the friends of Geta, above twenty thousand 
 persons of both sexes siiffered death. [See No. 
 239.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 1097. CONSCIENCE honored. King William 
 Rufus. Two monks having come one day . . . 
 to buy an abbot's place, and having outreached 
 each other in the sums they offered, the king 
 said to a third monk who stood by, " What wilt 
 thou give for the place ?" " Not a penny," an- 
 swered the monk, "for it is against my con- 
 science." "Then, " replied the king, "thou of 
 the three best deservest it," and instantly gave it 
 to him. 
 
 109S. CONSCIENCE, Imperfect. Alfonse d'Al- 
 buqiierque. [See Conquest by Destruction, No. 
 1070.] The historians of this conquest mention, 
 as a proof of the magnanimity and disinterested- 
 ness of Albuquerque, that he only took from Ma- 
 lacca, for his personal use, the iron lions which 
 marked the tomb of the royal family ; although 
 he carried away a large ship loaded deep with 
 gold and silver, for the use of the king and the 
 needs of the public service. Not a man in that 
 age of the world appears to have questioned the 
 right of a strong Christian to seize the gold of a 
 weak heathen ; nor did any one see anything 
 wrong in the robbery of a heathen king's family 
 tomb. I am happy to inform the reader that 
 the ship containing both the treasure and the 
 iron lions went to the bottom of the sea a few 
 days after leaving Malacca. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 315. 
 
 1099. CONSCIENCE, Indiscreet. Marc^llu». 
 [On the day of a public festival Marcellus, a cen- 
 turion, threw away his belt, his arms, and the en- 
 signs of his] office, and exclaimed, with a loud 
 voice, that he would obey none but Jesus Christ 
 the eternal King, and that he renounced forever 
 the use of carnal weapons, and the service of an 
 idolatrous master. The soldiers, as soon as they 
 recovered from their astonishment, secured the 
 person of Marcellus. He was examined in the 
 city of Tingi by the president of that part of 
 Mauritania ; and as he was convicted by his own 
 confession, he was condemned and beheaded for 
 the crime of desertion. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 1100. CONSCIENCE an Interpreter. Sacri- 
 lege. Pyrrhus listened to evil counsellors, and 
 plundered the rich treasury of the temple of 
 Proserpine. The ships which were conveying ' 
 the plunder were wrecked, and Pyrrhus, con- jj 
 science-stricken,'restored all that was saved. But \ 
 the memory of the deed haunted him ; he has ' 
 recorded his belief that this sacrilegious act wa» 
 the cause of all his future misfortunes. — Lib- 
 dkll's Rome, ch. 26, p. 246. 
 
 1101. CONSCIENCE, Liberty of. Roger Will- 
 iams. He was the first person in modern Chris- 
 tendom to assert in its plenitude the doctrine of 
 the liberty of conscience, the equality of opin- 
 ions before the law. ... A moral principle 
 has a much wider and nearer influence on hu- 
 man happiness ; nor can any discovery of truth be 
 of any more direct beneflt to society than that 
 which establishes a perpetual religious peace, 
 and spreads tranquillity through every commu- 
 nity and every bosom. If Copernicus is held in 
 perpetual reverence because on his death-bed 
 he published to the world that the sun is the cen- 
 tre of our system — if the name of Kepler is pre- 
 served in the annals of human excellence for his 
 sagacity in detecting the laws of the planetary 
 motion — if the genius of Newton has been al- 
 most adored for dissecting a ray of light, and 
 weighing heavenly bodies as in a balance, let 
 there be for the name of Roger Williams at least 
 some humble place among those who have ad- 
 vanced moral science, and made themselves the 
 benefactors of mankind. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 1102. . Cromwell. [CromweU 
 
 strongly advocated liberty of conscience when 
 it was a startling notion to most public men. 
 He was among the first of public men to ad- 
 vocate it. He urged that] the civil magistrate 
 had nothing to do to determine of anything 
 in matters of religion, by constraint or re- 
 straint. But every man might not only hold, 
 but preach and do in matters of religion what he 
 pleased. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 3. 
 
 1103. . Cromwell's Time. The Pres- 
 byterian mind of that day, which demanded not 
 only the right to the expression of their own 
 convictions, but also the repression of all w1m> 
 followed not with them. Did not Milton say of 
 them that "Presbyter was priest spelt large J" 
 Indeed, in that day there was a universal dis- 
 position to persecute and repress ; it was not 
 that persecution, in itself, was judged a crime, 
 only when it assailed the order of particular opin- 
 ion. Toleration was regarded by Episcopalian 
 and Presbyterian as an abominable Erastianism,. 
 or latitudinarian and Laodicean half-heartedness; 
 
CONSCIENCE. 
 
 131 
 
 and Oliver alone stood forth vindicating liberty 
 of conscience to all. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 
 15, p. 195. 
 
 1104. . Cromwell. It is thus we 
 
 find him speaking on the 22d of January, 1655, 
 when he summoned the House to meet him in 
 the Painted Chamber : " Is there not yet upon 
 the spirits of men a strange itching ? Nothing 
 will satisfy them unless they can press their 
 finger upon their brethren's consciences, to pinch 
 them there. To do this was no part of the con- 
 test we had with the common adversary. And 
 wherein consisted this more than in obtaining 
 that liberty from the tyranny of the bishops to 
 all species of Protestants to worship God accord- 
 ing to their own light and consciences ? For 
 want of which many of our brethren forsook 
 their native countries to seek their bread from 
 strangers, and to live in howling wildernesses ; 
 and for which also many that remained here 
 were imprisoned, and otherwise abused and made 
 the scorn of the nation. Those that were sound 
 in the faith, how proper was it for them to labor 
 for liberty, for a just liberty, that men might 
 not be trampled upon for their consciences ! Had 
 not they themselves labored but lately under 
 the weight of persecution ? And was it fit for 
 them to sit heavy upon others ? Is it ingenuous 
 to ask liberty, and not give it ?" — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 15, p. 197. 
 
 1105. CONSCIENCE perverted. The Jesuits. 
 In the books of casuistry which had been writ- 
 ten by his brethren, and printed with the appro- 
 bation of his superiors, were to be found doc- 
 trines consolatory to transgressors of every class. 
 There the bankrupt was taught how he might, 
 without sin, secrete his goods from his creditors. 
 The servant was taught how he might, without 
 sin, run off with his master's plate. The pander 
 was assured that a Christian man might inno- 
 cently earn his living by carrying letters and 
 messages between married women and their gal- 
 lants. The high-spirited and punctilious gen- 
 tlemen of France were gratified by a decision in 
 favor of duelling. The Italians, accustomed to 
 darker and baser modes of vengeance, were glad 
 to learn that they might, without any crime, 
 shoot at their enemies from behind hedges. To 
 deceit was given a license sufficient to destroy 
 the whole value of human contracts and of hu- 
 man testimony. In truth, if society continued to 
 hold together, if life and property enjoyed any 
 security, it was because common-sense and com- 
 mon humanity restrained men from doing what 
 the Society of Jesus assured them they might 
 with a safe conscience do. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 eh. 6. 
 
 1 106. . Hernando Cortez. His will 
 
 contained one passage so curious, that I will 
 conclude by copying it. After recommending 
 his heirs to treat the Indians with humanity, he 
 proceeds thus: "It has been long a question 
 whether we can, in good conscience, hold the 
 Indians in slavery. This question not having 
 yet been decided, I order my son, Martin, and 
 his heirs to spare no pains to arrive at a knowl- 
 edge of the truth on this point, for it is a matter 
 which interests deeply their conscience and 
 mine." Who would have thought to find such 
 a passage in the will of a Cortez ! Nothing is 
 more certain than this, that Cortez, in all that 
 
 he did in Mexico, fully believed that he was an 
 instrument in the hand of a benevolent God ; 
 for he found Mexico pagan, and left it Catholic. 
 Massacre, rapine, devastation, the betrayal and 
 murder of a king, the fall of an empire — these 
 were as nothing in view of a result like this ! 
 So thought all good Spaniards of that age. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BioG. , p. 322. 
 
 1107. . Jacques Clerrient, A young 
 
 and ignorant Dominican monk, named Jacques 
 Clement, was artfully prevailed upon to regard 
 the murder of the king [Henry III.] under such 
 circumstances as not only a lawful, but a highly 
 meritorious, enterprise. He . . . prepared him- 
 self for the deed by fasting, the sacraments, and 
 prayer. . , . Having procured a pass . . . and 
 a forged letter of recommendation to the king 
 . . . was conducted by an officer to the king's 
 quarters. On entering Henry's presence he 
 stated that he was charged with a communi- 
 cation of grave importance, which could only 
 be made to his Majesty in private. The king, 
 without suspicion, directed the attendants to 
 retire ; and while he was engaged in reading 
 the paper presented to him, the monk suddenly 
 drew a knife from his sleeve and plunged it 
 into his abdomen. The king drew the weapon 
 from the wound and struck Clement on the 
 face, crying out, " Oh, the wicked monk, he 
 has slain me !" upon which the guards rushed 
 in and despatched the wretched assassin on the 
 spot with their halberds. — Students' France, 
 ch. 17, § 14. 
 
 1108. CONSCIENCE, Phantom of. Constans 
 II. The Emperor Constans II. could fly from 
 his people, but he could not fly from himself. 
 The remorse of his conscience created a phan- 
 tom who pursued him by land and sea, by day 
 and by night ; and the visionary Theodosius, 
 presenting to his lips a cup of blood, said, or 
 seemed to say, "Drink, brother, drink ;" a sure 
 emblem of the aggravation of his guilt, since 
 he had received from the hands of the deacon 
 the mystic cup of the blood of Christ. Odious 
 to himself and to mankind, Constans perished by 
 domestic, perhaps by episcopal, treason, in the 
 capital of Sicily. [He liad caused the murder 
 of his brother Theodosius.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 48. 
 
 1 109. CONSCIENCE, Power of. Benjamin Ab- 
 bott. [Before conversion he was a rude, igno- 
 rant, boisterous man, given to drinking, fighting, 
 and gambling. When forty years old he was 
 awakened by a sermon ; his conscience was 
 aroused ; driving homeward, he believed that the 
 tempter was immediately behind him ; his anx- 
 iety was terrible, his hair "rising on his head." 
 Hrs mind had evidently become morbid under 
 its moral sufferings. His dreams that night were 
 appalling ; the next day, seeking relief in the 
 labors of the field, his "troubled heart beat so 
 loud that he could hear the strokes. " He threw 
 down the scythe, and " stood weeping for his 
 sins." Truly a sublime manifestation of the 
 power of conscience in a rude soul ! He became 
 a second John Bunyan, and won many hun- 
 dreds to Christ.] — Stevens' M. E. Chubch, vol. 
 1, p. 199. 
 
 1110. CONSCIENCE quickened. By Crime. 
 When the crime was over [the Roman emperor 
 assassinated his mother], Nero first perceived 
 
132 
 
 CONSCIENCE. 
 
 its magnitude, and was seized with the agony 
 of a too brief terror and remorse. There is in 
 greht crimes an awful power of illumination. 
 They light up the conscience with a glare which 
 shows all things in their true hideousness. He 
 spent the night in oppressive silence. For the 
 first time in his life his sleep was disturbed 
 by dreams. He often started up in terror, and 
 dreaded the return of dawn. The gross flattery 
 and hypocritical congratulations of his friends 
 soon dissipated all personal alarm. But scenes 
 cannot change their aspect as easily as the coun- 
 tenances of men, and there was to him a deadly 
 look in the sea and shore [where he had previous- 
 ly sought to drown his mother]. From the lofty 
 summit of Misenum ghostly wailings and the 
 blast of a solitary trumpet seemed to reach him 
 from his mother's grave. — Fabrar's Early 
 Days, ch. 3, p. 27. 
 
 1111. . Reign of James IT. [Lord 
 
 Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough, was a 
 Protestant general, and every worldly interest 
 prompted him to please the king who had es- 
 poused the Roman Catholic cause.] Churchill 
 might indeed . . . raise himself still higher in 
 the royal favor by conforming to the Church 
 of Rome ; and it might seem that one who was 
 not less distinguished for avarice and baseness 
 than for capacity and valor was not likely to be 
 shocked at hearing a mass. But so inconsistent 
 is human nature, that there are tender spots 
 even in seared consciences. And thus this man, 
 who owed his rise in life to his sister's shame 
 [as mistress to the Duke of York], who had 
 been kept by the most profuse, imperious and 
 shameless of harlots [the Duchess of Cleveland], 
 and whose public life, to those who can look 
 through a blaze of genius and glory, will ap- 
 pear a prodigy of turpitude, believed implicitly 
 in the religion he had learned when a boy, and 
 shuddered at the thought of abjuring it. . . . 
 The one crime from which his heart recoiled 
 was apostasy. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7. 
 
 1112. CONSCIENCE a Eeminder. King Philip. 
 Philip kept a man in his service to tell him every 
 day before he gave audience, " Philip, remember 
 thou art mortal." — Rollin, vol. 1, ch. 14. 
 
 1113. CONSCIENCE, Sale of. Eeign of James 
 II. [James asked the Scottish Parliament to re- 
 move the political disabilities of his Roman Cath- 
 olic brethren.] The king exhorted the estates to 
 give relief to his Roman Catholic subjects, and 
 offered, in return, a free trade with England and 
 an amnesty for political offences. . . . Objection 
 was taken by some zealous Protestants to the men- 
 tion made of the Roman Catholic religion. There 
 was no such religion. There was an idolatrous 
 apostasy, which the laws punished with the hal- 
 ter, and to which it did not become Christian 
 men to give flattering titles. To call such a 
 superstition Catholic was to give up the whole 
 question which was at issue between Rome and 
 the reformed churches. The offer of a free trade 
 with England was treated as an insult. " Our 
 fathers," said one orator, "sold their king for 
 southern gold, and we still lie under the reproach 
 of that foul bargain. Let it not be said of us that 
 we have sold our God !" — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 111. 
 
 1114. CONSCIENCE, Scruples of. Puritans. 
 Some precisians had scruples about teaching the 
 
 Latin grammar because the names of Mars, Bac- 
 chus, and Apollo occurred in it. The fine art* 
 were all but proscribed. The solemn peal of the 
 organ was superstitious. The light music of 
 Ben Jonson's masks was dissolute. Half the 
 fine paintings of England were idolatrous, and 
 the other half indecent. [See Pleasures Con- 
 demned, No. 4307.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 76. 
 
 1115. CONSCIENCE, Terrors of. Roman Em- 
 peror Theodoric. After a life of virtue and glory, 
 Theodoric was descending with shame and guilt 
 into the grave ; his mind was humbled by the 
 contrast of the past, and justly alarmed by the in- 
 visible terrors of futurity. One evening, as it is 
 related, when the head of a large fish was served 
 on the royal table, he suddenly exclaimed that 
 he beheld the angry coimtenance of Symmachus, 
 his eyes glaring fury and revenge, and his mouth 
 armed with long, sharp teeth, which threatened 
 to devour him. The monarch instantly retired 
 to his chamber, and, as he lay, trembling with 
 aguish cold, under a weight of bedclothes, he 
 expressed, in broken murmurs to his physician 
 Elpidius, his deep repentance for the murders of 
 Boethius and Symmachus. His malady increas- 
 ed, and after a dysentery which continued three 
 days, he expired in the palace of Ravenna, in the 
 thirty-third, or, if we compute from the invasion 
 of Italy, in the thirty-seventh year of his reign. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 1116. CONSCIENCE, Uneducated. English 
 Slave Trade. English ships, fitted out in English 
 cities, under the special favor of the royal fam- 
 ily, of the ministry, and of Parliament, stole from 
 Africa, in the years from 1700 to 1750, probably 
 a million and a half of souls, of whom one eighth 
 were buried in the Atlantic, victims of the pas- 
 sage ; and yet in England no general indignation 
 rebuked the enormity ; for the public opinion 
 of the age was obedient to materialism. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 24. 
 
 1117. CONSCIENCE, Victory of. Sir Thomas 
 More. In the general opinion of Europe, the 
 foremost Englishman of the time was Sir Thom- 
 as More. As the policy of the divorce ended in 
 an open rupture with Rome, he had withdrawn 
 silently from the ministry. Triumphant in all 
 else, the monarchy was to find its power stop 
 short at the conscience of man [who would not 
 acknowledge that Henry VIII. 's marriage with 
 Catherine was unscriptural, and thus forward 
 the licentious remarriage of the king]. The 
 great battle of spiritual freedom, the battle of the 
 Protestant against Mary, of the Catholic against 
 Elizabeth, of the Puritan against Charles, of the 
 Independent against the Presbyterian, began at 
 the moment when More refused to bend or to 
 deny his convictions at a king's bidding. "I 
 thank the Lord," More said, with a sudden start, 
 as the boat dropped silently down the river from 
 his garden steps in the early morning — " I thank 
 the Lord that the field is won." At Lambeth 
 Cranmer and his fellow-commissioners tendered 
 to him the new oath of allegiance ; but, as they 
 expected, it was refused. They bade him walk 
 in the garden that he might reconsider his reply. 
 — Hist, of Eng. People, § 579. 
 
 11 1§. CONSCIENCE, Warning of. Charles I 
 He thought to lessen the horror and ingratitude 
 of the act by appointing a commission of three 
 
CONSCIENCE— CONSERVATISM. 
 
 133 
 
 I 
 
 members of his council, and delegating to them 
 the power of signing the parliamentary death- 
 warrant against Strafford. The commissioners 
 ratified the sentence, and the king shut himself 
 up to weep, and avoid the light of that morning 
 which was to witness the fall of his faithful and 
 innocent servant. He thought that by obliterat- 
 ing this day from his life he would also expunge 
 it from the memory of heaven and man. He 
 passed the whole night in darkness, in prayers for 
 the dying, and in tears ; but the sun rose to com- 
 memorate the injustice of the monarch, the 
 treachery of the friend, and the greatness of 
 soul of the victim. ' ' I have sinned against my 
 conscience," wrote the king several years after 
 to the queen, when reproaching himself for that 
 signature drawn from him by the love he bore 
 his wife and children. "It warned meat the 
 time ; I was seized with remorse at the instant 
 when I signed this base and criminal conces- 
 sion." . . . "Ah ! Strafford is happier than I am," 
 replied the prince, concealing his eyes with his 
 hands. "Tell him that, did it not concern the 
 safety of the kingdom, I would willingly give 
 my life for his !" — Lamartine's Cromwell, 
 p. 13. 
 
 1119. CONSCIENCE, Worthless. James II. 
 Arthur Herbert was brother of the chief justice, 
 member for Dover, master of the robes, and rear- 
 admiral of England. Arthur Herbert was much 
 loved by the sailors, and was reputed one of the 
 best of the aristocratic class of naval officers. 
 It had been generally supposed that he would 
 readily comply with royal wishes ; for he was 
 heedless of religion, he was fond of pleasure and 
 expense, he had no private estates, his places 
 brought him in £4000 a year, and he had long 
 been reckoned among the most devoted person- 
 al adherents of James. When, however, the rear- 
 admiral was closeted, and required to promise 
 that he would vote for the repeal of the Test Act, 
 his answer was, that his honor and conscience 
 would not permit him to give any such pledge. 
 "Nobody doubts your honor," said the king; 
 " but a man who lives as you do ought not to 
 talk about his conscience." To this reproach — 
 a reproach which came with a bad grace from 
 the lover of Catharine Sedley — Herbert manfully 
 replied : " I have my faults, sir ; but I could name 
 people who talk much more about conscience 
 than I am in the habit of doing, and yet lead 
 lives as loose as mine." He was dismissed from 
 all his places. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7. 
 
 1120. CONSCIENCE wronged. An evil Oenius. 
 [Brutus, the assassinator of C«sar,] sat in his tent 
 at dead of night and thought a huge shadowy 
 form stood by him ; and when he calmly asked, 
 " What and whence art thou ?" it answered, or 
 seemed to answer, ' ' I am thine evil genius, Bru- 
 tus ; we shall meet again at Philippi." — Lid- 
 dell's Rome, ch. 69, g 22. 
 
 1121. CONSECRATION for Conflict. Knights. 
 As the champion of God and the ladies (I blush 
 to unite such discordant names), he devoted him- 
 self to speak the truth ; to maintain the right ; 
 to protect the distressed ; to practise courtesy, a 
 virtue less familiar to the ancients ; to pursue the 
 infidels ; to despise the allurements of ease and 
 safety ; and to vindicate in every perilous ad- 
 venture the honor of his character. The abuse 
 sf the same spirit provoked the illiterate knight 
 
 to disdain the arts of industry and peace ; to es- 
 teem himself the sole judge and avenger of his 
 own injuries ; and proudly to neglect the laws 
 of civil society and military discipline. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 563. 
 
 1122. CONSECRATION without Faith. John 
 Wesley. [He was earnestly seeking the knowl- 
 edge of his personal salvation, when he read Tay- 
 lor^ " Holy Living and Dying," which enforces 
 utter purity of motive; he "instantly resolves 
 to dedicate all his life to God ; all his thoughts, 
 words, and actions, being thoroughly convinced 
 there is no mediimi." He " forsakes all" to be- 
 come a missionary to savages and colonists in the 
 new world. He goes to Georgia, where he fasts 
 much, sleeps on the ground, and refuses all food 
 but bread and water ; he goes barefoot to en- 
 courage the poor children who had no shoes. 
 Yet it all brought him no peace of mind. But 
 after returning to England Luther's preface to 
 the Epistle to the Romans is read in a Moravian 
 meeting, and the truth breaks upon his mind.] 
 ' ' I felt," he writes, • ' my heart strangely warmed; 
 I felt I did trust in Christ alone for salvation, 
 and an assurance was given me that He had tak- 
 en away my sins, even mine, and saved me from 
 the law of sin and death."-— Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, ch. 1. 
 
 1123. CONSENT enforced. Intimidation. The 
 abandoned Caracalla more than once attempted 
 the life of his father, who, at length, broken 
 by disease, died at York [a.d. 211. The broth- 
 ei-s] Caracalla and Geta agreed to divide the em- 
 pire, the former retaining the Western part, 
 and the latter Asia and the Eastern provinces. 
 The mutual hatred of those two brothers was 
 now fomented by their association in the govern- 
 ment. Caracalla, at length worn out by the 
 struggle, and unable to bear longer with his ri- 
 val, caused him to be openly assassinated in the 
 arms of his mother Julia, and had the address to 
 persuade the people that he was compelled to this 
 atrocious deed by motives of self-preservation. 
 On this subject ^lius Spartianus has transmit- 
 ted a fact, which strongly marks the degenera- 
 cy of the Roman character, and that abject ser- 
 vility with which the highest ranks of the state 
 submitted to the yoke of tyranny. Caracalla, 
 after the death of his brother Geta, thought it 
 necessary to apologize to the Senate for a deed so 
 dark and unnatural. He ordered a body of his 
 guards to enter the Senate-house, and two armed 
 soldiers to post themselves at the side of every 
 senator. Then gravely walking up to the con- 
 sul's chair, he pronounced a studied harangue, 
 setting forth the imperious necessity of the ac- 
 tion, and urging that his concern for the intei'ests 
 of the state had, in this single instance, overcome 
 his fraternal affection and the humanity of his 
 nature. It may be believed that the Conscript 
 Fathers were in no disposition to dispute the 
 force of his arguments. Caracalla was now pro- 
 claimed sole emperor, and one of the first acts of 
 his administration was to put to death the cele- 
 brated lawyer Papinian, who had refused to jus- 
 tify his conduct to the people.— Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 2. 
 
 1124. CONSERVATISM cured. Peter the Great. 
 There was a good deal of fun in the composition 
 of this illustrious patriot, and he turned it to good 
 use sometimes in throwing ridicule upon the an 
 
134 
 
 CONSERVATISM— CONSOLATION. 
 
 cient usages. One cold day in the winter of 
 1703, he invited all his court and nobility to at- 
 tend the wedding of one of his buffoons ; and 
 he was very particular that the old fogies of the 
 empire should be present. He gave notice that 
 this wedding was to be ceiebrated according to 
 the "usages of our ancestors," and that every 
 one must come dressed in the manner of the six- 
 teenth century. Accordingly, all the guests ap- 
 peared in long flowing Asiatic robes of the an- 
 cient Russians, to the merriment of the whole 
 court. It was an ancient custom that on a wed- 
 ding-day no fire should be kindled in the house ; 
 and, therefore, the palace was as cold as mortal 
 flesh could bear. " Our ancestors" drank only 
 brandy, and so on this day not a drop of any 
 milder liquor was allowed. All the barbarous 
 and indecent customs formerly in vogue at wed- 
 dings were revived for this occasion, and when 
 any one objected or complained, the czar would 
 reply, laughing : " Our ancestors did so ! Are 
 not the ancient customs always the best ?" This 
 ridiculous fSte, it is said, had much to do in 
 bringing the old usages into discredit, and rec- 
 onciling timid people to the new ways introduced 
 by the czar. — Cyc. of Bigg., p. 431. 
 
 1125. CONSEEVATISM, Dangers of. Dr. Ar- 
 nold. At London, where he wished religious, 
 not sectarian; examination to be introduced into 
 the University, he was regarded as a bigot, while 
 at Oxford he was regarded as an extreme latitu- 
 dinarian. "If I had two necks," said he, "I 
 think I had a very good chance of being hanged 
 by both sides." — Smiles' Brief Biographies, 
 p. 80. 
 
 1126. CONSERVATISM described. Preserva- 
 tion. Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, has been 
 described by Bacon as a most fit man to keep 
 things from growing worse, but no very fit man 
 to reduce things to be much better. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol.3, ch. 23, p. 359. 
 
 1127. CONSEEVATISM, Excessive. Beign of 
 Charles II. Danby formed the design of secur- 
 ing to the Cavalier party the exclusive possession 
 of all political power, both executive and legis- 
 lative. In the year 1675, accordingly, a bill was 
 offered to the Lords, which provided that no 
 person should hold any oflBce, or should sit in 
 either House of Parliament, without first declar- 
 ing on oath that he considered resistance to the 
 kingly power as in all cases criminal, and that 
 he would never endeavor to alter the govern- 
 ment either in Church or State. . . . Bucking- 
 ham and Shaftesbury were beyond all precedent 
 vehement and pertinacious, and at length proved 
 successful. The bill was not indeed rejected, 
 but was retarded, mutilated, and at length suf- 
 fered to drop. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 112§. CONSEEVATISM, FooUsh. Anti-pro- 
 gressive. [In 1630 a company was formed who 
 undertook to drain ninety -five thousand acres of 
 wet land in England. The sportsmen opposed 
 it.] The men who walked upon stilts were in- 
 dignant at these innovations, which threatened 
 to exterminate the wild ducks, which they cher- 
 ished as more profitable than sheep or oxen ; 
 and they destroyed the drainage works in true 
 conservative spirit. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 1 129. CONSEEVATISM, Non-progressive. Duke 
 of N&wcasiLe, [In England, previous to this date. 
 
 1751, the year had been made to begin with the 
 25th of March. By the energy of Lord Chester- 
 field it was changed to the 1st of January.] The 
 timid [Duke of] Newcastle told him that he hated 
 new-fangled things — that he had better not med- 
 dle with things so long established. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12. p. 183. 
 
 1130. CONSEEVATISM, Opposition of. Ta 
 
 Police. For several years a prodigious clamor 
 was raised against this force, not only by thieves 
 and street-walkers, but by respectable upholders 
 of the ancient watch. The new police was to 
 be " the most dangerous and effective engine of 
 despotism." It Avould have the certain effect of 
 depriving us of our immemorial liberties. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 232. 
 
 1131. . Mines. For three centu- 
 ries the exportation of coals to foreign countries 
 was almost prohibited by excessive duties, lest 
 the mines should be exhausted and our own 
 manufacturing superiority be endangered. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 478. 
 
 1132. CONSEEVATIVE, Political. Urd Hali- 
 fax. All the prejudices, all the exaggerations 
 of both the great parties in the State, moved his 
 scorn. He despised the mean arts and unrea- 
 sonable clamors of demagogues. He despised 
 still more the Tory doctrines of divine right and 
 passive obedience. He sneered impartially at 
 the bigotry of the Churchman and at the bigotry 
 of the Puritan. ... In temper he was what, in our 
 time, is called a Conservative. In theory he was 
 a Republican. . . . He was the chief of those pol- 
 iticians whom the two great parties contemptu- 
 ously called Trimmers. Instead of quarrelling 
 with his nickname, he assumed it as a title of 
 honor, and vindicated, with great vivacity, the 
 dignity of the appellation. Everything good, he 
 said, trims between extremes. The temperate 
 zone trims between the climate in which men 
 are roasted and the climate in which they are 
 frozen. . . . Virtue is nothing but a just temper 
 between propensities, any one of which, if in- 
 dulged to excess, becomes a vice. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 1133. CONSISTENCY, Disregard for. James II. 
 [Catherine Sedley was the notorious mistress of 
 James. His wife, Mary of Modena, was grieved.] 
 She asked him how he reconciled his conduct to 
 his religious professions. " You are ready," she 
 said, "to put your kingdom to hazard for the 
 sake of your soul, and yet you are throwing 
 away your soul for the sake of that creature." 
 Father Petre, on bended knees, seconded these 
 remonstrances. It was his duty to do so ; and 
 his duty was not the less strenuously performed 
 because it coincided with his interest. The king 
 went on for a time sinning and repenting. In his 
 hours of remorse his penances were severe. Mary 
 treasured up to the end of her life, and at her 
 death bequeathed to the convent of Chaillot, 
 the scourge with which he had vigorously aveng- 
 ed her wrongs upon his own shoulders. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 1134. CONSOLATION of Philosophy. Boman 
 Senator Boethius. [Imprisoned by Theodoric 
 for maintaining the rights of senators.] While 
 Boethius, oppressed with fetters, expected each 
 moment the sentence or the stroke of death, he 
 composed, in the tower of Pa via, the " Consola- 
 
CONSPIRACY— CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 135 
 
 tion of Philosophy," a golden volume, not un- 
 worthy of Plato or Tully. . . . The celestial 
 guide whom he had so long invoked at Rome and 
 Athens now condescended to illumine his dun- 
 geon. . . . She taught him to compare his long 
 prosperity with his recent distress, and to con- 
 ceive new hopes from the inconstancy of fort- 
 une. . . . His enemies had left him happiness, in- 
 asmuch as they had left him virtue. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 1135. CONSPIRACY, Alarming. Reign of 
 William I, Assassination was an event of daily 
 
 occurrence. Many Normans suddenly disap- 
 peared, leaving no trace. The corpses of many 
 ■were found bearing the marks of violence. Death 
 by torture was denounced against the murderers, 
 and strict search was made for them, but gener- 
 ally in vain, for the whole nation was in a con- 
 spiracy to screen them. It was at length thought 
 necessary to lay a heavy fine on every hundred 
 in which a person of French extraction should 
 be found slain ; and this regulation was followed 
 up by another regulation, providing that every 
 person who was found slain should be supposed 
 to be a Frenchman, unless he was proved to be a 
 Saxon. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 12. 
 
 1136. CONSPIRACY, Infamous. Royalists, a.d. 
 1776. A secret plot was fostered by Tryon . . . 
 through the royalist mayor of New York and 
 others, to prepare a body of conspirators, who 
 should raise an insurrection in aid of Howe on 
 his arrival, blow up the magazines, gain posses- 
 sion of the guns, and seize Washington and his 
 principal officers. Some of the inferior agents 
 were suspected of having intended to procure his 
 death. ... It was discovered before it was ma- 
 tured. . . . Two or three of his own guard 
 were partners in the scheme of treachery ; and 
 one of them . . . was hanged. It was the first 
 military execution of the Revolution. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 68. 
 
 1137. CONSPIRACY, Political. Reign of 
 Charles II. The French Court, which knew 
 Danby [the Chancellor of England] to be its mor- 
 tal enemy, artfully contrived to ruin him by 
 making him pass for a friend. Louis [XIV.], by 
 the instrumentality of Ralph Montague, a faith- 
 less and shameless man, who had resided in 
 France as minister from England, laid before the 
 House of Commons proofs that the treasurer 
 had been concerned in an application made by 
 the Court to the Court of Versailles for a sum of 
 money. The discovery had its natural effect. 
 ... In their view he was the broker who had 
 sold England to France. It seemed clear that 
 his greatness was at an end, and doubtful whether 
 his head could be saved. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 2. 
 
 113§. CONSPIRACY, Unpopular. Coesar. [C«- 
 sar was assassinated by the senators in the Sen- 
 ate house.] The conspirators had no sooner ac- 
 complished their purpose than they ran through 
 the streets of the city, proclaiming aloud that the 
 ; King of Rome was dead ; but the effect did not 
 ■ answer their expectation. The people, almost to 
 a man, seemed struck with horror at the deed. 
 They loved Caesar, master as he was of their lives 
 and liberties. — Tytler'sHist., Book 4, ch. 2. 
 > 1139. CONSPIRACY, TInproven. Sir Walter 
 i Raleigh. [There was an alleged conspiracy 
 against James I.] Raleigh underwent a trial, 
 
 which, though the issue declared him guilty, 
 leaves the mind in a state of absolute scepticism 
 with regard to the reality of this conspiracy, oi 
 of his concern in it. Raleigh's sentence was sus- 
 pended for the course of fifteen years, during 
 most of which time he was confined in the 
 Tower, where he employed himself in the com- 
 position of his " History of the "World," a work 
 excellent in point of style, and in many branches 
 valuable in point of matter. In the last year of 
 his life he received the king's commission of ad- 
 miral to undertake an expedition for the discov- 
 ery of some rich mines in Guiana. This, which, 
 if not law, humanity at least ought to have in- 
 terpreted into a pardon of his offence, was, how- 
 ever, not so understood by the monarch, whose 
 heart had no great portion of the generous feel- 
 ings. Raleigh's expedition was unsuccessful ; the 
 court of Spain complained of an attack which he 
 had made upon one of their settlements. James 
 wished to be at peace with Spain, and Raleigh, 
 at his return, was ordered to be beheaded on 
 his former sentence. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 29. 
 
 1140. CONSPIRACY of Vice. Catiline's. B.C. 
 62. Sergius Catiline . . . was a youth of noble 
 family, but with a character stained with every 
 manner of crime. [He had been one of the min- 
 isters of cruelty for Sylla, the Dictator, and risen 
 with honors.] Lost in character, drowned in 
 debt, and thence unable to find any other re- 
 source for the support of his vices and debauch- 
 eries, he now formed the desperate scheme of ex- 
 tirpating the whole body of the Senate, of assassi- 
 nating all the magistrates of the commonwealth, 
 and satiating his avarice and ambition by the 
 command of the republic and the plunder of the 
 city. Catiline gained to his interest the profli- 
 gate of all ranks and denominations ; knights, 
 patricians, and senators, who were desperate 
 bankrupts, and some high-born women of in- 
 triguing and abandoned character, helped to in- 
 crease his party. [The disclosure made by Ful- 
 via, a woman of loose character, defeated the con- 
 spirators.] — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 1. 
 
 1141. CONSPIRATORS, Ingrate. Omar's. Six- 
 ty senators, in all, w ere parties to the immediate 
 conspiracy. Of these nine tenths were members 
 of the old faction whom Caesar had pardoned, and 
 who, of all his acts, resented most that he had 
 been able to pardon them. They were the men 
 who had stayed at home, like Cicero, from the 
 fields of Thapsus and Munda, and had pretended 
 penitence and submission that they might take 
 an easier road to rid themselves of their enemy. 
 Their motives were the ambition of their order 
 and personal hatred of Caesar ; but they persuad- 
 ed themselves that they were animated by patriot- 
 ism ; and as, in their hands, the Republic had 
 been a mockery of liberty, so they aimed at re- 
 storing it by a mock tyrannicide. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 26. 
 
 1142. CONSTRUCTION vs. Destruction. Crom- 
 well. April, 1653, he dissolved "the Rump!" 
 " We did not hear a dog bark at their going,** 
 he said afterward in one of his speeches, and 
 it expresses the very truth of the event. Hence- 
 forth, until 1658 — a brief parenthesis of time, 
 indeed, in the history of the country — he gor- 
 erned the country absolutely. In a history so 
 brief as this we shall not attempt to detail the cir- 
 
136 
 
 CONTEMPT— CONTENTMENT. 
 
 cumstances of those troublesome years. Alas ! 
 all his battles had been easy to win compared 
 with the task of ruling the distracted realm. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 15, p. 186. 
 
 1143. CONTEMPT expressed. Timour. The 
 first epistle of the Mogul emperor must have 
 provoked, instead of reconciling, the Turkish 
 sultan, whose family and nation he affected to 
 despise. "Dost thou not know that the great- 
 est part of Asia is subject to our arms and our 
 laws ? . . . Be wise in time ; reflect ; repent ; and 
 avert the thunder of our vengeance, which is yet 
 suspended over thy head ! Thou art no more 
 than a pismire ; why wilt thou seek to provoke 
 the elephants ? Alas ! they will trample thee 
 under their feet." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65. 
 
 1144. CONTEMPT for Pretension. Pirates. 
 [During the time of Pompey, the pirates of the 
 Mediterranean were very numerous and bold. 
 They seized prisoners on the land and carried 
 them away.] But the most contemptuous cir- 
 cumstances of all was, that when they had taken 
 a prisoner, and he cried out that he was a Roman, 
 and told them his name, they pretended to be 
 struck with terror, smote their thighs, and fell 
 upon their knees to ask him pardon. The poor 
 man, seeing them thus humble themselves before 
 him, thought them in earnest, and said he would 
 forgive them ; for some were so officious as to 
 put on his shoes, and others to help him on with 
 his gown, that his quality might no more be 
 mistaken. When they had carried on this farce, 
 and enjoyed it for some time, they let a ladder 
 down into the sea, and bade him go in peace ; 
 and if he refused to do so, they pushed him off 
 the deck, and drowned him. — Plutarch's 
 "Pompey." 
 
 1145. . Alaric. [Rome was be- 
 sieged, and ambassadors sent to Alaric to treat 
 for peace.] When they were introduced into 
 his presence they declared, perhaps in a more 
 lofty style than became their abject condition, 
 that the Romans were resolved to maintain 
 their dignity, either in peace or war ; and that 
 if Alaric refused them a fair and honorable 
 capitulation, he might sound his trumpets, 
 and prepare to give battle to an innumerable 
 people, exercised in arms, and animated by de- 
 spair. "The thicker the hay, the easier it is 
 mowed," was the concise reply of the barbarian ; 
 and this rustic metaphor was accompanied by a 
 loud and insulting laugh, expressive of his con- 
 tempt for the menaces of an unwarlike populace, 
 enervated by luxury before they were emaciated 
 by famine. He then condescended to fix the ran- 
 som which he would accept as the price of his 
 retreat from the walls of Rome : all the gold and 
 silver in the city, whether it were the property 
 of the State or of individuals ; all the rich and 
 precious movables ; and all the slaves who could 
 prove their title to the name of barbarians. The 
 ministers of the Senate presumed to ask, in a 
 modest and suppliant tone, ' ' If such, O king, are 
 your demands, what do you intend to leave us ?" 
 " Your lives !" replied the haughty conqueror ; 
 they trembled, and retired. Yet before they re- 
 tired a short suspension of arms was granted, 
 which allowed some time for a more temper- 
 ate negotiation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 1146. CONTEMPT, Protected by. Usurper 
 Maximus. The unprotected Maximus. whom 
 
 he [Count Gerontius] had invested with the 
 purple, was indebted for his life to the contempt 
 that was entertained of his power and abilities. 
 The caprice of the barbarians, w^ho ravaged 
 Spain, once more seated this imperial phantom, 
 on the throne ; but they soon resigned him tc 
 the justice of Honorius; and the tyrant Maximus, 
 after he had been shown to the people of Ra- 
 venna and Rome, was publicly executed. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 303. 
 
 1147. CONTEMPT, Religious. Puritans. 
 With the fear and hatred inspired by such a tyr- 
 anny, contempt was largely mingled. The peculi- 
 arities of the Puritan, his look, his dress, his; 
 dialect, his strange scruples, had been, ever since 
 the time of Elizabeth, favorite subjects with 
 mockers. But these peculiarities appeared far 
 more grotesque in a faction which ruled a great 
 empire than in obscure and persecuted congre- 
 gations. The cant which had moved laughter 
 when it was heard on the stage from Tribula- 
 tion Wholesome and Zeal-of-the-Land Busy, was. 
 still more laughable when it proceeded from the 
 lips of generals and counsellors of State. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 2. 
 
 114§. CONTENTMENT in Gardening. IMo- 
 cletian. [When Diocletian resigned the imperial 
 purple] he had preserved, or at least he soon re- 
 covered, a taste for the most innocent as well as 
 natural pleasures, and his leisure hours were 
 sufflciently employed in building, planting, and 
 gardening. His answer to Maximian is deserv- 
 edly celebrated. He was solicited by that rest- 
 less old man to reassume the reins of govern- 
 ment and the Imperial purple. He rejected 
 the temptation with a smile of pity, calmly ob- 
 serving that if he could show Maximian the 
 cabbages which he had planted with his own 
 hands at Salona, he should no longer be urged 
 to relinquish the enjoyment of happiness for the 
 pursuit of power. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13. 
 
 1149. CONTENTMENT under Hardships. John. 
 Wesley. [He] and I lay on the floor ; he had 
 my great coat for his pillow, and I had Burkitt's. 
 notes on the New Testament for mine. One 
 morning about three o'clock Mr. Wesley turned 
 over, and finding me awake, clapped me on the 
 side, saying, " Brother Nelson, let us be of good 
 cheer ; I have one whole side yet, for the skin 
 is off but one side." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 
 1, ch. 5. 
 
 1150. CONTENTMENT, Inferior. Samuel 
 Johnson. Johnson (laughing) : "It must be 
 born with a man to be contented to take up 
 with little things. Women have a great advan- 
 tage that they may take up with little things, 
 without disgracing themselves ; a man cannot, 
 except with fiddling. Had I learnt to fiddle, I 
 should have done nothing else." Boswell: 
 "Pray, sir, did you ever play on any musical 
 instrument?" Johnson: "No, sir; I once 
 bought me a flageolet, but I never made out a 
 tune." Boswell: "A flageolet, sir! so small 
 an instrument ? I should have liked to hear you 
 play on the violoncello. That should have been 
 2^<?M7* instrument." Johnson: " Sir, I might a» 
 well have played on the violoncello as another, 
 but I should have done nothing else. No, sir ; 
 a man would never undertake great things could 
 he be amused with small. I once tried knotting — 
 Dempster's sister undertook to teach me — but 
 
CONTENTMENT— CONTRADICTION. 
 
 13^ 
 
 I could not learn it." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 365. 
 
 1151. CONTENTMENT with Poverty. IHoge- 
 nes. [Alexander the Great and his courtiers 
 visited Diogenes.] The philosopher was at the 
 time lying down in the sun. Alexander was 
 surprised at his poverty, and, after saluting him 
 in the kindest manner, asked whether he wanted 
 anything. Diogenes replied, "Yes; that you 
 would stand a little out of my sunshine." This 
 answer raised the indignation and contempt of 
 all the courtiers ; but the monarch, struck with 
 the philosopher's greatness of soul, said : " Were I 
 not Alexander, I would be Diogenes." — Rollin, 
 vol. 1, ch. 15. 
 
 1152. CONTENTMENT, Price of. Napoleon 
 I. [Entering incognito the cabin of an Italian 
 peasant woman, he listened to her story of pov- 
 erty, and saw evidences of personal worth.] 
 " How much money," said he, " should you want 
 to make you perfectly happy ?" " Ah, sir !" she 
 replied, " a great deal I should want." ..." But 
 how much ?"..." Oh, sir, ... I should 
 want as much as $80 ; but what prospect is there 
 of one having $80 ?" The emperor caused an 
 attendant to pour into her lap about $600 in 
 glittering gold. For a moment she was speech- 
 less in bewilderment, and then said : "Ah, sir ! 
 ah, madam ! this is too much ; and yet you do 
 not look as if you could sport with the feelings 
 of a poor woman." " No," Josephine replied ; 
 " the money is all yours ; with it you can now 
 rent a piece of ground, purchase a flock of 
 goats, and I hope you will be able to bring up 
 your children comfortably." — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 29. 
 
 1153. CONTEST, Unequal. Oreeks m. Bus- 
 tians. Yet the threats or calamities of a Russian 
 war were more frequently diverted by treaty than 
 by arms. In these naval hostilities every disad- 
 vantage was on the side of the Greeks ; their sav- 
 age enemy afforded no mercy ; his poverty prom- 
 ised no spoil ; bis impenetrable retreat deprived 
 the conqueror of the hopes of revenge ; and the 
 pride or weakness of empire indulged an opinion, 
 that no honor could be gained or lost in the in- 
 tercourse with barbarians. At first their de- 
 mands were high and inadmissible — three pounds 
 of gold for each soldier or mariner of the fleet : 
 the Russian youth adhered to the design of con- 
 quest and glory, but the counsels of moderation 
 were recommended by the hoary sages. "Be 
 content," they said, "with the liberal offers of 
 Caesar ; is it not far better to obtain without a 
 combat the possession of gold, silver, silks, and 
 all the objects of our desires ? Are we sure of 
 victory ? Can we conclude a treaty with the sea ? 
 We do not tread on the land ; we float on the 
 abyss of water, and a common death hangs over 
 our heads." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 56. 
 
 1154. CONTINGENCIES, Combination of. Cap- 
 iure of New Orleans. The attempt of the enemy 
 had been audacious, but was aided by various 
 contingencies . . . the river had been obstructed 
 by means of a raft consisting of a line of eleven 
 dismantled schooners, extending from bank to 
 bank, strongly moored, and connected together 
 with six heavy chains. Unfortunately a violent 
 atorm had rent a large chasm in the raft, which 
 could not be closed in time. It appears, too, that 
 on the night of the attack [by the Federal fleet] 
 
 the river had not been lighted by fire-rafts, al- 
 though General Lovell had several times request- 
 ed that it should be done. Moreover, the per- 
 son in charge of the signals neglected to throw 
 up rockets on the approach of the fleet, and, by 
 a strange coincidence, the enemy's signals, on 
 that night, were identically the same as those 
 used by our gunboats . . . the advance of the 
 enemy was not discovered until they were abreast 
 of the [two] forts. — Pollard's First Year op 
 THE War, ch. 12, p. 312. 
 
 1155. CONTINGENCIES of Success. Colum- 
 bus. [Terrific and perilous storms attended his 
 return voyage. All gave themselves up for 
 lost.] Such were the difficulties and perils 
 which attended his return to Europe ; had one 
 tenth part of them beset his outward voyage, 
 his timid and factious crew would have risen in 
 arms against the enterprise, and he never would 
 have discovered the New World. — Irving's 
 Columbus, Book 5, ch. 2. 
 
 1156. CONTRACTS, Suspension of. Marcus 
 Calms. He told the mob that Caesar would do 
 nothing for them, that Caesar cared only for his 
 capitalists. He wrote privately to Cicero that he 
 was bringing them over to Pompey, and he was 
 doing it in the way in which pretended revolu- 
 tionists so often play into the hands of reaction- 
 aries. He proposed a law in the Assembly in 
 the spirit of Jack Cade, that no debts should be 
 paid in Rome for six years, and that every ten- 
 ant should occupy his house for two years free 
 of rent. The administrators of the government 
 treated him as a madman, and deposed him from 
 oftice. He left the city pretending that he was 
 going to Caesar. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 22. 
 
 1157. CONTEADICTION, Proneness to. Sam- 
 uel Johnson. I was sensible that he was some- 
 times a little actuated by the spirit of contradic- 
 tion, and by means of that I hoped I should gain 
 my point. I was persuaded, that if I had come 
 upon him with a direct proposal, " Sir, will you 
 dine in company with Jack Wilkes ?" he would 
 have flown into a passion, and would probably 
 have answered, "Dine with Jack Wilkes, sir! 
 I'd as soon dine with Jack Ketch." I therefore, 
 while we were sitting quietly by ourselves at his 
 house in an evening, took occasion to open my 
 plan thus: "Mr. Dilly, sir, sends his respect- 
 ful compliments to you, and would be happy if 
 you would do him the honor to dine with him on 
 Wednesday next, along with me, as I must soon 
 go to Scotland." Johnson : " Sir, 1 am obliged 
 to Mr. Dilly. I will wait upon him — " Bos- 
 well : " Provided, sir, I suppose, that the com- 
 pany which he is to have is agreeable to j^ou. " 
 Johnson : " What do you mean, sir ? What 
 do you take me for ? Do you think I am so ig- 
 norant of the world as to imagine that I am to pr© 
 scribe to a gentleman what company he is to li ave 
 at his table ?' Boswell : " I beg your pardon, 
 sir, for wishi)\g to prevent you from meeting 
 people whom you might not like. Perhaps' he 
 may have soi le of what he calls his patri< »tic 
 friends with h\m." Johnson: "Well, sir, and 
 what then ? What care / for his patriotic 
 friends? Pol I" Boswell: "I should not be 
 surprised to find Jack Wilkes there." John- 
 son : " And if lack Wilkes should be there, what 
 is that to m£, lir ? My dear friend, let us have 
 no more of thin." — Boswell's Johnson. 306. 
 
138 
 
 CONTRIBUTION— CONTROVERSY. 
 
 115S. CONTBIBUTION, TJnooascioos. Sie^e 
 of Acre. a. d. 1799. The siege had now contin- 
 ued for sixty days. . . . Napoleon had now ex- 
 pended all his cannon for balls. By a singular 
 expedient he obtained a fresh supply. A party of 
 soldiers were sent upon the beach. . . . appar- 
 ently throwing up a rampart for the erection of 
 a battery. Sir Sidney [Smith] immediately ap- 
 proached with the English ships and poured in 
 upon them broadside after broadside from all his 
 tiers. The soldiers . . . collected the balls as 
 they rolled over the sand. [A dollar was paid 
 for each ball.] — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 1159. CONTEOVERSY, Abusive. Lutlier. A 
 new pope, Adrian VI., had ascended the papal 
 throne. Earnest and severe in disposition, he 
 sought most emphatically to crush Luther's her- 
 esy, which, in spite of ban and edict, was mak- 
 ing continual progress. Nor did he hesitate to 
 attack Luther's personal character, and to heap 
 abuse upon him. Luther was not disturbed at 
 this ; he was accustomed to call Adrian " the 
 jackass !" — Rein's Luther, ch. 13, p. 119. 
 
 1 160. CONTROVEESY, Afraid of. George Fox, 
 the Quaker. By degrees the "hypocrites" fear- 
 ed to dispute with him ; and the simplicity of 
 his principle found such ready entrance among 
 the people, that the priests trembled and scud as 
 he drew near ; " so that it was a dreadful thing to 
 them when it was told them, ' The man in leath- 
 ern breeches is come.'" — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 1161. CONTROVERSY, Angry. SamuelJohiv- 
 son. Murray: "It seems to me that we are 
 not angry at a man for controverting an opinion 
 Avhich we believe and value; we rather pity him." 
 Johnson: "Why, sir, to be sure ; when you 
 wish a man to have that belief which you think 
 is of infinite advantage, you wish well to him ; 
 but your primary consideration is your own quiet. 
 If a madman were to come into this room with 
 a stick in his hand, no doubt we should pity the 
 state of his mind ; but our primary consideration 
 would be, to take care of ourselves. We should 
 knock him down first, and pity him afterward. 
 No, sir ; every man will dispute with great good 
 humor upon a subject in which he is not inter- 
 ested. I will dispute very calmly upon the prob- 
 ability of another man's son being hanged ; but 
 if a man zealously enforces the probability that 
 my own son vnll be hanged, I shall certainly not 
 be in a very good humor with him." — Bos well's 
 Johnson, p. 291. 
 
 11G2. CONTROVERSY, Bitterness in. Luther. 
 The more Zwingli endeavored to convince Lu- 
 ther of the impossibility of the bodily presence of 
 Christ, the more firmly did Luther adhere to the 
 literal interpretation of the words of institution. 
 And when Zwingli quoted the sixth chapter of 
 St. John's Gospel in his favor, venturing rather 
 boldly to remark, ' ' This passage will break your 
 neck, doctor!" Luther replied, "Do not exalt 
 yourself too highly ; you are in Hesse and not in 
 Switzerland. Necks are not so readily broken 
 here ; spare your proud and defiant words until 
 you return home to your fellow-countrymen. If 
 not, I will administer a blow which will cause 
 you to repent of your remark." Whereupon 
 Zwingli responded: "In Switzerland also jus- 
 tice is administered in equity, and no one's neck 
 
 is endangered without due process of law, 1 
 simply made use of a proverbial saying, which 
 signifies that a person has lost his cause." The 
 Landgrave likewise interposed at this point and 
 entreated Luther not to understand such an ex- 
 pression so seriously. — Rein's Luther, ch. 17, 
 p. 153. 
 
 1163. CONTROVERSY, Christian. Luther. 
 Zwingli declared with tears in his eyes : " There 
 are no other people on earth with whom I would 
 rather agree than vsdth the Wittenbergers. " But 
 Luther rejected the proffered hand of union, with 
 the words, "Your spirit is different from our 
 spirit. I am surprised that you are willing to 
 recognize in me, who regard your teaching to be 
 false, a brother. It cannot be that you think 
 very highly of your own doctrine." Then Bu- 
 cer, who had come from Strasburg, advanced 
 and said, "Take your choice ! Either you will 
 acknowledge no one as brother who may deviate 
 from you in a single point — in which case you 
 have no brethren, not even in your own party — 
 or else if you recognize some who differ from 
 you, then you must also acknowledge us. " And 
 when at last the Landgrave exhorted them all 
 not to withhold the fraternal love which they 
 owed one another as brethren, Luther remarked 
 he would not deny his opponents that love which 
 he owed to all his enemies. — Rein's Luther, 
 ch. 17, p. 155. 
 
 1164. CONTROVERSY, Dread of. Lsaae New- 
 ton. Newton resided at the University of Cam- 
 bridge for thirty-three years, devoted to profound 
 researches in chemistry and astronomy. His dis- 
 coveries in the nature of light and color remain \ 
 to this day the accepted system in all countries. > 
 He was accustomed to make his apparatus with 
 his own hands, even to his brick furnaces and 
 brass-work. He seemed to become, at length, 
 
 all mind, spending his days in meditation, insen- 
 sible to all that usually interests mankind. Nev- 
 ertheless, he was pleasant and amiable in his de- 
 meanor and exceedingly bountiful in gifts to his 
 dependents and relatives. So little did he value 
 the glory of his discoveries, that he was with dif- 
 ficulty induced to make them known to the world, 
 having a mortal dread of being drawn into con- 
 troversy. Some of his most brilliant discoveries 
 remained unpublished for several years. And 
 when, at last, his "Principia" had appeared, 
 which contained the results of his studies, he had 
 to be much persuaded before he would consent 
 to issue a second edition. — Cyc. op Biog. , p, 253. 
 
 1165. CONTROVERSY, Personal. Milton and 
 Morus. Morus fitted the " Clamor" [a political 
 pamphlet] with a preface, in which Milton was 
 further reviled, and styled a "monstrum horen- 
 dum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademtum." 
 The secret of the authorship was strictly kept, 
 and Morus, having been known to be concerned 
 in the publication, was soon transformed in pub- 
 lic belief into the author. So it was reported to 
 Milton, and so Milton believed. He nursed his 
 wrath, and took two years to meditate his blow. 
 He caused inquiries to be made into Morus's an- 
 tecedents. It happened that Morus's conduct 
 had been wanting in discretion, especially in his 
 relations with women. He had been equally im- 
 prudent in his utterances on some of the certain- 
 ties of Calvinistic doctrine. — Milton, by M 
 Pattison. ch. 10. 
 
CONTROVERSY— CONVERSATION. 
 
 139 
 
 1166. CONTKOVEESY prevented. Maryland. 
 The provincial legislature in 1649 . . . enacted 
 that no person believing in the fundamental doc- 
 trines of Christianity should, on account of his 
 religious principles or practices, be in any wise 
 distressed. . . . Freedom of conscience vi^as re- 
 iterated. ... It was declared a fineable offence 
 for citizens to apply to each other the opprobri- 
 ous names used in religious controversy. "While 
 Massachusetts was attempting by proscription to 
 establish Puritanism, ... it sometimes happen- 
 ed in those days that Protestants escaping from 
 Protestants found an asylum with the Catholic 
 colonists of the Chesapeake. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 26. 
 
 1167. CONTROVERSY, Ridiculous. Milton. 
 Milton's " Defensio Secunda" came out in May, 
 1654. In this piece (written in Latin) Morus is 
 throughout assumed to be the author of the 
 " Clamor," and as such is pursued through many 
 pages in a strain of invective, in which banter is 
 mingled with ferocity. The Hague tittle-tattle 
 about Morus's love-arfairs is set forth in the pomp 
 of Milton's loftiest Latin. Sonorous periods 
 could hardly be more disproportioned to their 
 material content. To have kissed a girl is paint- 
 ed as the blackest of crimes. The sublime and 
 the ridiculous are here blended without the step 
 between. Milton descends even to abuse the 
 publisher. Viae, who had officially signed his 
 name to Morus's preface. The mixture of fa- 
 natical choler and grotesque jocularity, in which 
 he rolls forth his charges of incontinence against 
 Morus, and of petty knavery against Viae, are 
 only saved from being unseemly by being ridic- 
 ulous. The comedy is complete when we re- 
 member that Morus had not written the " Clam- 
 or," nor Viae the preface. Milton's ra^e blind- 
 ed him ; he is mad Ajax castigating innocent 
 sheep instead of Achseans. — Milton, by M. 
 Pattison, ch. 10. 
 
 116§. CONTROVERSY, Spirit of. Constantino- 
 fle. [Reign of Theodosius.] Their diocese enjoyed 
 a free importation of vice and error from every 
 province of the empire ; the eager pursuit of re- 
 ligious controversy afforded a new occupation to 
 the busy idleness of the metropolis ; and we may 
 credit the assertion of an intelligent observer, 
 who describes, with some pleasantry, the effects 
 of their loquacious zeal. " This city," says he, 
 " is full of mechanics and slaves, who are all of 
 them profoimd theologians, and preach in the 
 shops and in the streets. If you desire a man 
 to change a piece of silver, he informs you 
 Avherein the Son differs from the Father ; if you 
 ask the price of a loaf, you are told, by way of 
 reply, that the Son is inferior to the Father." — 
 Oibbon's Rome, ch. 27. 
 
 1169. CONVENTS, Refuge in. Fear of Vice. 
 [Samuel Johnson said of religious orders :] "It 
 is as unreasonable for a man to go into a Car- 
 thusian convent for fear of being immoral, as for 
 a man to cut off his hands for fear he should steal. 
 There is, indeed, great resolution in the immedi- 
 ate act of dismembering himself; but when that is 
 once done, he has no longer any merit ; for though 
 it is out of his power to steal, yet he may all his 
 life be a thief in his heart. So when a man has 
 once become a Carthusian, he is obliged to con- 
 tinue so, whether he chooses it or not. Their 
 silence, too, is absurd. We read in the Gospel 
 
 of the apostles being sent to preach, but not to 
 hold their tongues. All severity that does not 
 tend to increase good or prevent evil is idle. 
 I said to the lady abbess of a convent, ' Mad- 
 am, you are here not for the love of virtue, but 
 the fear of vice.' She said she should remem- 
 ber this as long as she lived." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 275. 
 
 1170. CONVERSATION, Care in. Cato. [At 
 the hospitable table of Cato the Censor] conver- 
 sation generally turned upon the praises of 
 great and excellent men among the Romans ; 
 as for the bad and the unworthy, no mention 
 was made of them, for he would not allow in 
 his company one word, either good or bad, to 
 be said of such kind of men. — Plutarch's 
 Cato. 
 
 1171. CONVERSATION, Corrupting. Mary 
 Stuart. [Mary Queen of Scots.] One of those 
 mistresses, Lady Reves, a dissipated woman, cele- 
 brated by Brantome for the notoriety of her ad- 
 ventures, was the confidante of the queen. She 
 had retained for Bothwell an admiration which 
 survived their intimacy. The queen, who amus- 
 ed herself by interrogating her confidante re- 
 garding the exploits and amours of her old 
 favorite, allowed herself to be gradually attract- 
 ed toward him by a sentiment which, at first, 
 assumed the appearance of a mere good-natured 
 curiosity. The confidante, divining, or believing 
 she divined, the yet unexpressed desires of the 
 queen, introduced Bothwell one evening into the 
 garden, and even to the apartment of her mis- 
 tress. This secret meeting forever sealed the as- 
 cendancy of Bothwell over the queen. — Lamar- 
 tine's Queen of Scots, p. 17. 
 
 1172. CONVERSATION, Gifts for. Samuel 
 Johnson. In our way to the club to-night, when 
 I regretfed that Goldsmith would, upon every 
 occasion, endeavor to shine, by which he often 
 exposed himself, Mr. Langton observed that 
 he was not like Addison, who was content with 
 the fame of his writings, and did not aim also at 
 excellency in conversation, for which he found 
 himself unfit ; and that he said to a lady who 
 complained of his having talked little in com- 
 pany, "Madam, I have but nine pence in ready 
 money, but I can draw for a £1000." I observ- 
 ed that Goldsmith had a great deal of gold in 
 his cabinet, but, not content with that, was al- 
 ways taking out his purse. Johnson: "Yes, 
 sir, and that so often an empty purse !"— Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 219. 
 
 1173. CONVERSATION, Limit of. Bend- 
 leather.'" [Walter] Scott tells a story of Clerk's 
 being once baffled — almost for the first time — by 
 a stranger in a stage-coach, who would not, or 
 could not, talk to him on any subject, until at 
 last Clerk addressed to him this stately remon- 
 strance : " I have talked to you, my friend, on 
 all the ordinary subjects — literature, farming, 
 merchandise, gaming, game-laws, horse-races, 
 suits-at-law, politics, swindling, blasphemy, and 
 philosophy — is there any one subject that you 
 will favor me by opening upon ?" " Sir," re- 
 plied the inscrutable stranger, " can you say 
 anything clever about 'bend-leather?'" [Clerk 
 was Scott's friend.] — Hutton's Life op Scott, 
 ch. 6. 
 
 1174. CONVERSATION vs. Talk. Samuel 
 Johnson. Though his usual phrase for conver- 
 
140 
 
 CONVERSION. 
 
 sation was talk, yet he made a distinction ; for 
 when he on^^ told me that he dined the day be- 
 fore at a friend's house, with " a very pretty 
 company," and I asked him if there was good 
 conversation, he answered, "No, sir; we had 
 talk enough, but no conversation; there was 
 nothing discussed." — Boswell's JoirNSON, p. 
 488. 
 
 1175. CONVEESION, Clear. John Bunyan. 
 " One day," he says, " as I was travelling into 
 the country, musing on the wickedness of my 
 heart, and considering the enmity that was in 
 me to God, the Scripture came into my mind, 
 ' He hath made peace through the blood of His 
 cross.' I saw that the justice of God and my 
 sinful soul could embrace and kiss each other. 
 I was ready to swoon, not with grief and trouble, 
 but with solid joy and peace." Everything be- 
 came clear : the Gospel history, the birth, the 
 life, the death of the Saviour ; how gently He 
 gave Himself to be nailed on the cross for his 
 (Bunyan's) sake. " I saw Him in the spirit," 
 he goes on, "a man on the right hand of the 
 Father, pleading for me, and have seen the man- 
 ner of His coming from heaven to judge the 
 world with glory." — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 1176. CONVERSION demanded. Peruvians. 
 The Emperor Attabalipa, at the approach of the 
 Spaniards, had drawn up his army near the city 
 of Quito. Pizarro began with offering terms of 
 friendship, which being disregarded, he prepar- 
 ed himself for a hostile assault. A monk ad- 
 vanced in the front of the army, holding in his 
 hand a Bible, and told the inca Attabalipa, by 
 means of an interpreter, that it was absolutely 
 necessary for his salvation that he should believe 
 all that was contained in that book. He then 
 proceeded to set forth the doctrine of ^lie crea- 
 tion, the fall of Adam, the incarnation of our 
 Saviour, the redemption of man, the power of 
 the apostles, and the transmission of their author- 
 ity by succession to the Pope of Rome, conclud- 
 ing with the donation made by this Pope to Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella, the predecessors of the Em- 
 peror Charles V. , of all the regions in the New 
 World. In consequence of this clear deduction, 
 he ordered the inca immediately to embrace the 
 Christian faith and acknowledge the pope's su- 
 premacy. . . . The terrors of a cruel death pre- 
 vailed on Attabalipa to receive the sacrament 
 of baptism ; and immediately thereafter he was 
 strangled at a stake. The same punishment was 
 inflicted on several of the Peruvian chiefs, who, 
 from a principle of generous magnanimity, 
 chose rather to suffer death than disclose the 
 treasures of the empire to its inhuman and 
 insatiable invaders. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 21. 
 
 1177. CONVERSION, Intellectual. Constan- 
 tine. The sublime theory of the gospel had 
 made a much fainter impression on the heart 
 than on the understanding of Constantine him- 
 self. He pursued the great object of his ambi- 
 tion through the dark and bloody paths of war 
 and policy ; and after the victory he abandon- 
 ed himself, without moderation, to the abuse of 
 his fortune. ... As he gradually advanced in 
 the knowledge of truth, he proportionally de- 
 clined in the practice of virtue ; and the same 
 year of his reign in which he convened the coun- 
 cil of Nice was polluted by the execution, or 
 
 rather murder, of his eldest son. — Gibbon'b 
 Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 1178. CONVERSION, Peculiar. Martin Luther. 
 In the year 1510 an Augustinian monk walked, 
 with desolate heart, the streets of Rome, and, 
 turning away from the pomp of her churches 
 and the corruptions of the Vatican, sought re- 
 lief to his awakened soul by ascending, on his 
 knees, with peasants and beggars, the staircase of 
 Pilate, which was supposed to have been trod- 
 den by Christ at His trial, and is now enclosed 
 near the Lateran Palace. While pausing on the 
 successive steps to weep and pray, a voice from 
 heaven seemed to cry within him, "The just 
 shall live by faith." It was the voice of apos- 
 tolical Christianity, and the announcement of 
 the Reformation. He fled from the supersti- 
 tious scene. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, 
 p. 19. 
 
 1 179. CONVERSION, Remarkable. Henry Dor- 
 sey Oough. He was a young man of great wealth, 
 residing at Perry Hall, about twelve miles from 
 Baltimore, in one of the most spacious and ele- 
 gant residences in America at that time. . . . 
 His wife had been deeply impressed by the Meth- 
 odist preaching, but he forbade her to hear them 
 again. While revelling with wine and gay com- 
 panions, one evening it was proposed that they 
 should divert themselves by going together to a 
 ]\Iethodist assembly. Asbury was the preacher, 
 and no godless diversion could be found in his 
 presence. " What nonsense," exclaimed one of 
 the convivialists, as they returned — " what non- 
 sense have we heard to-night !" "No," exclaim- 
 ed Gough, startling them with sudden surprise — 
 "no; what we have heard is the truth, the 
 truth as it is in Jesus." " I will never hinder 
 you again from hearing the Methodists," he said 
 as he entered his house and met his wife. The 
 impression of the sermon was so profound that 
 he could no longer enjoy his accustomed pleas- 
 ures. He became deeply serious, and at last 
 melancholy, ' ' and was near destrojang himself," 
 under the awakened sense of his misspent life. . . . 
 [His converted slaves were happier than he, with 
 all his luxuries.] He went to his chamber, 
 leaving a large company of friends at his table ; 
 there he threw himself upon his knees and im- 
 plored the mercy of God, until he received con- 
 scious pardon and peace. In a transport of joy 
 he went to his company, exclaiming, " I have 
 found the Methodist's blessing — I have found 
 the Methodist's God ! " — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 1, p. 237. 
 
 IISO. . John Bunyan. Bunyan had 
 
 been bred a tinker, and had served as a private 
 soldier in the Parliamentary army. Early in his 
 life he had been fearfully tortured by remorse 
 for his youthful sins, the worst of which seem, 
 however, to have been such as the world thinks 
 venial. His keen sensibility and his powerful 
 imagination made his internal conflicts singu- 
 larly terrible. He fancied that he was under 
 sentence of reprobation, that he had committed 
 blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, that he had 
 sold Christ, that he was actually possessed by a 
 demon. Sometimes loud voices from heaven 
 cried out to warn him. Sometimes fiends whis- 
 pered impious suggestions in his ear. He saw 
 visions of distant mountain-tops, on which the 
 sun shone brightly, but from which he was sep 
 
CONVERSION— CONVERT. 
 
 141 
 
 arated by a waste of snow. He felt the devil be- 
 hind him pulling his clothes. He thought that 
 the brand of Cain had been set upon him. He 
 feared that he was about to burst asunder like 
 Judas. His mental agony disordered his health. 
 One day he shook like a man in the palsy. On 
 another day he felt a fire within his breast. It 
 is difficult to understand how he survived suffer- 
 ings so intense and so long continued. At length 
 the clouds broke. From the depths of despair 
 the penitent passed to a state of serene felicity, 
 ^n irresistible impulse now urged him to impart 
 to others the blessings of which he was himself 
 possessed. He joined the Baptists, — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 7. 
 
 11§1. . Adam Clark. When he was 
 
 a young man a preacher asked him, " Do you 
 think that God, for Christ's sake, has forgiven 
 your sins?" "No, sir; I have no evidence of 
 this," the youth replied. He was directed to 
 pray for it, and the passing word was " like a nail 
 in a sure place." He accompanied his mother 
 to a class meeting, and soon was fervently seeking 
 the spiritual life of which he heard its simple 
 miembers speak. He sought it through much 
 mental anguish. . . . One morning, in deep dis- 
 tress, he went out to his work in the fields ; he 
 began, but could not proceed. He fell on his 
 knees on the earth, and prayed, but seemed to be 
 without ability to utter even a broken supplica- 
 tion. . . . His physical strength seems to have 
 departed from him. He again endeavored to 
 pray . . . but the thickest darkness settled on his 
 soul. He fell flat on his face, and tried to pray. 
 His agonies were indescribable. He says he 
 seemed forever separated from God. Death . . . 
 [would have been welcome, if it had brought an 
 end to his painful feelings]. No fear of hell 
 produced these terrible conflicts. . . . Where to 
 go, what to do, and what to say he knew not ; 
 even the words of prayer at last failed. ... He 
 experienced a sense of the displeasure of a holy 
 God for having sinned against Him. . . . Passing 
 through this agony, he felt strongly in his soul, 
 " Pray to Christ ;" . . . he looked up confidentlj'- 
 to the Saviour of sinners, his agony subsided, 
 his soul became calm. He examined his con- 
 science, and found it no longer a register of sins 
 against God. He searched for his distress, but 
 could not find it. . . . A change had taken place 
 within him for which he had no name. He sat 
 down upon the ridge where he had been working, 
 filled with ineffable delight. He felt a sudden 
 transition from darkness to light. He was like a 
 person who had entered a new world, ... He 
 could draw nigh to God with more confidence 
 than he ever could to his earthly father. [Thus 
 did this moral young man begin that Christian 
 life which adorned and sanctified the eminent 
 scholarship of his riper years.] — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, p. 286. 
 
 II §2. CONVERSION, Results of. Constantine. 
 The public establishment of Christianity may be 
 considered as one of those important and domes- 
 tic revolutions which excite the most lively curios- 
 ity, and afford the most valuable instruction. 
 The victories and the civil policy of Constantine 
 no longer influence the state of Europe ; but a 
 considerable portion of the globe still retains the 
 impression which it received from the conversion 
 of that monarch ; and the ecclesiastical institu- 
 
 tions of his reign are still connected, by an in- 
 dissoluble chain, with the opinions, the passions, 
 and the interests of the present generation. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 1183. CONVERSION, Sudden. Among Ulster 
 Mountains. " Are there any drunkards here ?" 
 cried a Methodist itinerant, as he preached amid 
 a mongrel multitude [in the open air]. " Yes, I 
 am one," replied a sobbing Irishman, who, return- 
 ing intoxicated toward his home, had stepped 
 aside to the assembly, supposing it was witness- 
 ing a cockfight ; and from that day he was not 
 only reclaimed from his long-confirmed vice, but 
 became a genuine Christian. — Stevens' Meth- 
 odism, vol. 1, p. 284. 
 
 11 §4. CONVERSIONS, Slow. MaTwmet. Three 
 years were silently employed in the conversioa 
 of fourteen proselytes, the first-fruits of his mis- 
 sion ; but in the fourth year he assumed the pro- 
 phetic office, and resolving to impart to his fam- 
 ily the light of divine truth, he prepared a ban- 
 quet — a lamb, as it is said — and a bowl of milk, 
 for the entertainment of forty guests of the race of 
 Hashem. ' ' Friends and kinsmen, " said Mahomet 
 to the assembly, " I offer you, and I alone can 
 offer, the most precious of gifts — the treasures of 
 this world and of the world to come. God has 
 commanded me to call you to His service. Who 
 among you will support my burden ? Who 
 among you will be my companion and my viz- 
 ier ?" No answer was returned, till the silence 
 of astonishment and doubt and contempt was 
 at length broken by the impatient courage of Ali, 
 a youth in the fourteenth year of his age. " O 
 prophet, I am the man ; whosoever rises against 
 thee I will dash out his teeth, tear out his eyes, 
 break his legs, rip up his belly. O prophet, I 
 will be thy vizier over them." Mahomet accept- 
 ed his offer with transport. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 50. 
 
 11 §5. CONVERSIONS by the Sword. Charle-. 
 magne. Charlemagne traversed the entire terri- 
 tory [of the Saxons] to its western extremity, re- 
 ceiving the submission of the inhabitants, and 
 causing them to be baptized by thousands by the 
 army of priests who accompanied his march. But 
 these conversions, as one of the chroniclers ob- 
 serves, being made at the point of the sword, were 
 of necessity insincere. — Students' France, ch. 
 5, § 5, p. 65. 
 
 11S6. CONVERT, A renegade. Lord Sunder' 
 land. Sunderland [prime minister of James II.], 
 less scrupulous and less sensible of shame, resolv- 
 ed to atone for his late moderation, and to re- 
 cover the royal confidence by an act which, to a 
 mind impressed with the importance of religious 
 truth, must have appeared to be one of the most 
 flagitious of crimes, and which even men of 
 the world regard as the last excess of baseness. . . . 
 The renegade protested that he had been long con- 
 vinced of the impossibility of finding salvation 
 out of the communion of Rome, and that his 
 conscience would not let him rest till he had re- 
 nounced the heresies in which he had been 
 brought up. The news spread fast. At all the 
 coffee-houses it was told how the prime-minister 
 of England, his feet bare, and a taper in his hand, 
 had repaired to the royal chapel and knocked 
 humbly for admittance ; how a priestly voice from 
 within had demanded who was there ; how Sun- 
 derland had made answer that a poor sinner wh» 
 
143 
 
 CONVICTION— CO-OPERATION. 
 
 had long wandered from the true Church implor- 
 ed her to receive and to absolve him ; how the 
 doors were opened ; and how the neophyte par- 
 took of the holy mysteries. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8. 
 
 1187. CONVICTION, Popular. Joan of Are. 
 Her sanctity seized the hearts of the people. In 
 a moment all were for her. Women, ladies, cit- 
 izens' wives, all flocked to see her at the house 
 where she was staying, with the wife of an advo- 
 cate to the parliament, and all returned full of 
 emotion. Men went there too ; and counsellors, 
 advocates, old hardened judges, who had suffer- 
 ed themselves to be taken thither incredulously, 
 when they had heard her wept even as the wom- 
 en did, and said, " The maid is of God." — Mich- 
 elet's Joan of Arc, p. 10. 
 
 1188. CONVICTION, Prayer for. George Mul- 
 ler. When conversing with two university friends 
 — formerly his companions in worldly pleasures 
 and amusements — he told them how happy he 
 was, and urged tTiem also to seek the Lord. To 
 this, however, they replied, " We do not feel that 
 we are sinners," upon which he knelt down in 
 their presence, asking God to convince them of 
 their lost condition by nature, and afterward 
 went into his bedroom, where he continued to 
 pray for them. Upon returning to his sitting- 
 room he found the two young men in tears ; for 
 God, by His Spirit, in answer to prayer, had con- 
 vinced them both of sin. From that time a work 
 of grace commenced in their hearts, and they 
 became devoted servants of the Lord Jesus. — 
 Life of MUller. p. 13. 
 
 1189. CONVICTION of Sin. Bev. John Nel- 
 son. [John Nelson, who became one of Wesley's 
 most successful preachers, was a man of good 
 morals from his youth. His mind became deeply 
 agitated on religious subjects. He went to the 
 Established Church and to dissenters' meetings, 
 visiting chapel after chapel, but found no relief.] 
 He became morbidly despondent ; he slept little, 
 and often awoke from terrible dreams, dripping 
 with sweat, and shivering with terror. [He went 
 to hear Wesley preach.] " My heart," he says, 
 " beat like the pendulum of a clock, and when 
 he spoke I thought his whole discourse was aimed 
 atme." " This man," he said to himself, "cantell 
 the secrets of my breast ; he has shown me the 
 remedy for my wretchedness, even the blood of 
 Christ." [He soon found the peace he had been 
 seeking.] — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 177. 
 
 1190. CONVICTIONS maintained. Massachu- 
 setts Colony. The colony had been much vexed 
 by the efforts of the [London] managers to thi-ust 
 on them a minister of the Established Church. 
 Was it not to avoid this very thing that they had 
 come to the wilds of the New World ? Should the 
 tyranny of the prelates follow them even across 
 the sea and into the wilderness ? There was dis- 
 sension and strife for awhile ; the English man- 
 agers withheld support ; oppression was resorted 
 to ; the stores intended for the colonists were sold 
 to them at three prices ; and they were obliged to 
 borrow money at sixty per cent. But no exac- 
 tions could break the spirit of the Pilgrims ; and 
 the conflict ended with the purchase of whatever 
 rights the London proprietors had in the colony. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13. 
 
 1191. CONVICTIONS, Eealistic. John Bun- 
 yan. More than ever he was convinced that he 
 
 was possessed by the devil. He "compared 
 himself to a child carried off by a gypsy." 
 " Kick sometimes I did," he says, " and scream 
 and cry, but yet I was as bound in the wings of 
 temptation, and the wind would bear me away." 
 " I blessed the dog and toad, and counted the 
 condition of everything that God had made far 
 better than this dreadful state of mine. The dog 
 or horse had no soul to perish under the everlast- 
 ing weight of hell for sin, as mine was like to 
 do." — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 1192. CONVICTIONS, Strong. John Bunyan. 
 To Bunyan the future life of Christianity was a 
 reality as certain as the next day's sunrise ; and 
 he could have been happy on bread and water if 
 he could have felt himself prepared to enter it. 
 Every created being seemed better off than he 
 was. He was soriy that God had made him a 
 man. He "blessed the condition of the birds, 
 beasts, and fishes, for they had not a sinful na- 
 ture. They were not obnoxious to the wrath of 
 God ; they were not to go to hell-flre after death." 
 He recalled the texts which spoke of Christ and 
 forgiveness. He tried to persuade himself that 
 Christ cared for him. He could have talked of 
 Christ's love and mercy "even to the very crows 
 which sat on the ploughed land before him." But 
 he was too sincere to satisfy himself with formu- 
 las and phrases. He could not, he would not, 
 profess to be convinced that things would go 
 well with him when he was not convinced. — 
 Froude's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 1193. . Conversion. [Benjamin 
 
 Abbott relates the following incident :] A Quaker 
 woman went from [his] preaching under strong 
 conviction and such anguish of mind that she 
 paid no attention to her family, not even to her 
 suckling child. Early in the morning I was sent 
 for ; when I arrived she was sitting with both 
 hands clenched fast in the hair of her head, cry- 
 ing out, " Lord, have mercy on me ! Save, Lord, 
 or I perish !" I told her to pray in faith ; ta 
 look to Jesus, and lay hold on the promises, and 
 God would have mercy on her ; but she said, " I 
 cannot pray." I said, " You do pray very well ; 
 go on." I then kneeled down and prayed ; three 
 pious women who were present did likewise. . . 
 The distressed woman appeared to be worse, like 
 one going distracted. I then sang. When the last 
 words were sung ... I kneeled down ; in a few 
 minutes she clapped her hands together and cried, 
 " My Lord, my God, my Father !" Her soul 
 was immediately set at liberty, and she sprang up 
 rejoicing and giving glory to God. — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 1, p. 257. 
 
 1194. CO-OPEEATION, Impossible. James IL 
 [The Dutch ambassador to London,] Dykvelt, 
 reported that James was bitterly mortified by the 
 conduct of the prince and princess [William of 
 Orange and Mary his wife, the daughter of 
 James]. "My nephew's duty," said the king, 
 " is to strengthen my hands ; but he has always 
 taken a pleasure in crossing me." Dykvelt 
 answered that in matters of private concern his 
 Highness had shown, and was ready to show, the 
 greatest deference to the king's wishes ; but that 
 it was scarcely reasonable to expect the aid of a 
 Protestant prince against the Protestant religion. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 226. 
 
 1195. CO-OPEEATION in Manufactures. Seven- 
 teenth Century, There is the remnant of an old 
 
CORONATION— CORRUPTION. 
 
 143 
 
 system of co-operative industry in the " tributer" 
 system of their [the Cornish tinners'] mining la- 
 bor, which assigns each man a reward different 
 from tlie ordinary system of wages. The Cor- 
 nish fisheries were conducted on the same princi- 
 ple, which has probably prevailed from very re- 
 mote times. The same system of co-operation 
 prevailed in one of the industries of Somerset- 
 shire — the cheese-making of Cheddar — for which 
 Fuller has tlie characteristic name of " Join- 
 dairies." All the cowkeepers united in manuring 
 the common upon which the cows fed. Every 
 one brought his milk to a common room, where 
 the quantity was measured and recorded. The 
 making of a great cheese went duly forward ; 
 and when the milk of a poor man who kept but 
 one cow was sufficient for one cheese, he re- 
 ceived his cheese. The rich owner of many cows 
 had his return earlier, but the poor man was sure 
 of his just share. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 
 1, p. 14. 
 
 1196. CORONATION ceremony. Franks. 
 The kings of the Franks had hitherto been inau- 
 gurated by a ceremony peculiar to the Gothic 
 nation. Seated on a shield, they were carried 
 through the ranks, and received the homage of 
 the army. Pepin, aware of the violence he had 
 done to human institutions, was anxious to im- 
 press the belief that his right to the crown was 
 of heavenly origin. He adopted from Scripture 
 the ceremony of consecration by holy oil, and 
 was anointed by the hands of Boniface, Arch- 
 bishop of Mentz ; and this ceremony became 
 ever after an established usage in the coronation 
 of Christian princes. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 1197. CORONATION a personal Act. At No- 
 tre Dante. [The Senate had chosen and proclaim- 
 ed him emperor. The pope was brought from 
 Italy to consecrate the ceremony of coronation.] 
 The pope anointed the emperor, blessed the 
 sword and sceptre, and as he approached to take 
 up the crown. Napoleon firmly and with dignity 
 took it in his own hand and placed it himself 
 upon his head. This characteristic act produced 
 an indescribable effect upon the assembly. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 28. 
 
 1198. CORPULENCE, Distinguished. Louis 
 VI. Louis VI. , surnamed Le Gros from his cor- 
 pulency, was unquestionably one of the ablest 
 and best sovereigns who have filled the throne 
 of France. — Students' France, ch. 7, § 21, 
 p. 126. 
 
 1199. CORPULENCE, Inactive. GharUs the 
 Fat. Emperor Charles the Fat, youngest son of 
 Louis the German . . . was utterly unworthy of 
 the lofty position to which fortune had raised 
 him. He was devoid both of military and po- 
 litical talent ; his corpulence rendered him inac- 
 tive ; he was cruel, treacherous, cowardly. — 
 Students' France, ch. 6, § 7, p. 92. 
 
 1200. CORRESPONDENT, Burdensome, Crom- 
 well. [One of his daughters married Ireton.] 
 She was called Bridget. Her enlightened intel- 
 lect and fervent piety made her the habitual con- 
 fidante of all her father's religious feelings. "We 
 may trace in some scraps of his letters to this 
 young female the constant preoccupation of his 
 mind. " I do not write to your husband, be- 
 cause he replies by a thousand letters to every 
 one that I address to him. This makes him sit 
 
 up too late ; besides, I have many other things 
 to attend to at present." — Lamartine's Crom- 
 well, p. 34. 
 
 1201. CORRUPTION, Audacious. Catiline. 
 Catiline, being prosecuted for some great offence, 
 corrupted the judges. When they had given 
 their verdict, though he was acquitted only by 
 a majority of two, he said he had put himself 
 to a needless expense in bribing one of those 
 judges, for it would have been sufficient to have 
 had a majority of one. — Plutarch's Cicero. 
 
 1202. CORRUPTION denied. Pelagians. In 
 the fifth century arose the Pelagian heresy. The 
 authors of it were Pelagius and Caelestius, the 
 former a native of Britain, the latter of Ireland. 
 These men looked upon the doctrines commonly 
 received concerning the original corruption of 
 human nature, and the necessity of divine grace 
 to enlighten the understanding and purify the 
 heart, as prejudicial to the progress both of re- 
 ligion and virtue, and tending to lull mankind 
 into a presumptuous and fatal security. They 
 maintained that these doctrines were equally 
 false and pernicious ; that the sins of our first 
 parents were imputed to them alone, and not to 
 their posterity ; that we derive no corruption 
 from their fall, but are born as pure and un- 
 spotted as Adam came from the hands of his 
 Maker . . . that mankind are capable of arriving 
 at the highest degree of piety and virtue, by the 
 use of their own natural faculties and powers. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3. 
 
 1203. CORRUPTION, Ecclesiastical. Papal 
 Throne. Amid these contentions of parties it be- 
 came a usual practice to adjust the difference 
 by setting the popedom up to public sale, and 
 disposing of it to the highest bidder ; and bish- 
 opric and inferior benefices were filled in the 
 same manner. Benedict VIII. and John XIX., 
 two brothers, publicly bought the popedom one 
 after another, and on the death of the latter it 
 was purchased in a similar manner for a child 
 of ten years of age, Benedict IX. — Tytler's 
 Hist. , Book 6, ch. 4. 
 
 1204. . Twelfth Century. Corrupt 
 
 as the Church of Rome was, there is reason to 
 believe that if the church had been overthrown 
 in the twelfth or even in the fourteenth century, 
 the vacant space would have been occupied by 
 some system more corrupt still. There was then, 
 through the greater part of Europe, very little 
 knowledge, and that little was confined to the 
 clergy. Not one man in five hundred could have 
 spelled his way through a psalm. Books were 
 few and costly. The art of printing was un- 
 known. Copies of the Bible, inferior in beauty 
 and clearness to those which every cottager may 
 now command, sold for prices which many priests 
 could not afford to give. It was obviously im- 
 possible that the laity should search the Script- 
 ures for themselves. It is probable, therefore, 
 that, as soon as they had put off one spiritual 
 yoke, they would have put on another. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 42. 
 
 1205. CORRUPTION, Governmental. Roman. 
 [In 399 the ambitious eunuch Eutropius was 
 made consul.] Claudian . . . says this infamous 
 broker of the empire appreciates and divides the 
 Roman provinces from Mount Haemus to the 
 Tigris. One man, at the expense of his villa, is 
 
144 
 
 CORRUPTION. 
 
 made proconsul of Asia ; a second purchases 
 Syria with his wife's jewels ; and a third laments 
 that he has exchanged his paternal estate for the 
 government of Bithynia. In the antechamber 
 of Eutropius a large tablet is exposed to public 
 view, which marks the respective prices of the 
 provinces. The different value of Pontus, of 
 Galatia, of Lydia, is accurately distinguished. 
 Lycia may be obtained for so many thousand 
 pieces of gold ; but the opulence of Phrygia will 
 require a more considerable sum. The eunuch 
 wishes to obliterate, by the general disgrace, his 
 personal ignominy ; and as he has been sold him- 
 self, he is desirous of selling the rest of mankind. 
 In the eager contention, the balance, which con- 
 tains the fate and fortunes of the province, often 
 trembles on the beam ; and till one of the scales 
 is inclined by a superior weight, the mind of 
 the impartial judge remains in anxious suspense. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 33. 
 
 1206. . English. [In 1616] Sir 
 
 Fulk Greville paid £4000 for the chancellorship 
 of the Exchequer. Inferior places went to the 
 highest bidder. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 23, 
 p. 364. 
 
 1207. . By Ministry. The borough 
 
 of Hull, in the reign of Charles II., chose as 
 member of Parliament Andrew Marvell, a gen- 
 tleman of little or no fortune, and maintained 
 him in London for the service of the public. 
 "With a view to bribe him, his old school-fellow, 
 the Lord Treasurer Danby, went to him in his 
 garret. At parting, the Lord Treasurer slipped 
 into his hands an order upon the Treasury for 
 £1000, and then went into his chariot. Marvell 
 looked at the paper, and called after the Treas- 
 urer, "My Lord, I request another moment." 
 They went up again to the garret, and Jack, 
 the servant boy, was called. "Jack, what had 
 I for dinner yesterday ?" " Don't you remem- 
 ber, sir, you had the little shoulder of mutton 
 that you asked me to bring from a woman in 
 the market ?" " Very right. What have I for 
 dinner to-day ?" ' ' Don't you know, sir, that 
 you made me lay up the bladebone to broil ?" 
 " 'Tis so ; very right. Go away. My lord, do 
 you hear that ? Andrew Marvell's dinner is pro- 
 vided ; there's your piece of paper, I want it 
 not. I knew the sort of kindness you intended. 
 I live here to serve my constituents. The Min- 
 istry may seek men for their purpose ; I am not 
 one." 
 
 120§. COREUPTION, Judicial. Bomans. As 
 it was reasonably apprehended that the integrity 
 of the judge might be biassed if his interest was 
 concerned or his affections were engaged, the 
 strictest regulations were established to exclude 
 any person, without the special dispensation of 
 the emperor, from the government of the prov- 
 ince where he was born ; and to prohibit the 
 governor or his son from contracting marriage 
 with a native or an inhabitant ; or from pur- 
 chasing slaves, lands, or houses within the ex- 
 tent of his jurisdiction. Notwithstanding these 
 rigorous precautions, the Emperor Constantine, 
 after a reign of twenty -five years, still deplores 
 the venal and oppressive administration of jus- 
 tice, and expresses the warmest indignation that 
 the audience of the judge, his despatch of busi- 
 ness, his seasonable delays, and his final sentence 
 were publicly sold, either by himself or by the 
 
 officers of his court. The continuance, and per- 
 haps the impunity, of these crimes is attested by 
 the repetition of impotent laws and ineffectual 
 menaces. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17. 
 
 1209. COEEUPTION, Official. Bomans. The 
 [captive Goths] barbarians, who considered their 
 arms as the ensigns of honor and the pledg- 
 es of safety, were disposed to offer a price, 
 which the lust or avarice of the Imperial officers 
 was easily tempted to accept. To preserve their 
 arms, the haughty warriors consented, with some 
 reluctance, to prostitute their wives or their 
 daughters ; the charms of a beauteous maid or 
 a comely boy secured the connivance of the in- 
 spectors, who sometimes cast an eye of covet- 
 ousness on the fringed carpets and linen garments 
 of their new allies, or who sacrificed their duty 
 to the mean consideration of filling their farms 
 with cattle and their houses with slaves. The 
 Goths, with ax'ms in their hands, were permitted 
 to enter the boats ; and when their strength was 
 collected on the other side of the river, the im- 
 mense camp which was spread over the plains 
 and the hilFs of the Lower Maesia assumed a 
 threatening and even hostile aspect. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 1210. . Senator Yerres. Verres 
 
 held his province for three years. He was su- 
 preme judge in all civil and criminal cases. He 
 negotiated with the parties to every suit which 
 was brought before hipa, and then sold his deci- 
 sions. He confiscated estates on fictitious accu* 
 sations. The island was rich in works of art 
 Verres had a taste for such things, and seized 
 without scruple the finest productions of Praxi- 
 teles or Zeuxis. If those who were wronged 
 dared to complain, they were sent to forced labor 
 at the quarries, or, as dead men tell no tales, 
 were put out of the world. He had an under- 
 standing with the pirates, which throws light 
 upon the secret of their impunity. A shipful of 
 them were brought into Messina as prisoners, 
 and were sentenced to be executed. A handsome 
 bribe was paid to Verres, and a number of Sicil- 
 ians whom he wished out of the way were 
 brought out, veiled, and gagged that they might 
 not be recognized, and were hanged as the pi- 
 rates' substitutes. By these methods Verres was 
 accused of having gathered out of Sicily three 
 quarters of a million of our money. Two thirds 
 he calculated on having to spend in corrupting 
 the consuls and the court before which he might 
 be prosecuted. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 9. 
 
 1211. COEEUPTION, Political. Bomans. [Cae- 
 sar and Pompey tried to ruin each other.] And 
 all ranks of men were so corrupted that tables 
 were publicly set out, upon which the candidates 
 for offices were professedly ready to pay the 
 people the price of their votes ; and the people 
 came not only to give their voices for the man 
 who had bought them, but with all manner of 
 offensive weapons to fight for him. Hence it 
 often happened that they did not part without 
 polluting the tribunal with blood and murder, 
 and the city was a perpetual scene of anarchy. 
 In this dismal situation of things, in these storms 
 of epidemic madness, wise men thought it would 
 be happy if they ended in nothing worse than 
 monarchy. Nay, there were many who scrupled 
 not to declare publicly that monarchy was the 
 only cure for the desperate disorders of the 
 
CORRUPTION— COUNSEL. 
 
 145 
 
 State, and that the physician ought to be pitched 
 upon who would apply that remedy with the 
 gentlest hand ; by which they hinted at Pompey . 
 — Plutarch's C^sar. 
 
 1S12. . England. The machinery 
 
 of both sides [Whig and Tory] was unlimited 
 bribery. The degradation of the briber was as 
 great as that of the bribed. Berkeley writes in 
 1721 : " This corruption has become a national 
 crime, having infected the lowest as well as the 
 highest among us." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 4, p. 56. 
 
 1213. COERUPTION, Shameful. Francis Ba- 
 con. He was charged by the Commons, before 
 the Lords, with twenty-two acts of bribery and 
 corruption. He attempted no defence. He made 
 a distinct confession in writing of the charges 
 brought against him. And when a deputation 
 of peers asked if that confession was his own 
 voluntary act, he replied : " It is my act, my hand, 
 my heart. O my Lords, spare a broken reed." . . . 
 He was fined £40,000 and sentenced to imprison- 
 ment in the Tower during the king's pleasure. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 24, p. 380. 
 
 1214. COERUPTION of Statesmen. English. 
 [In 1695 the Houses of Parliament disclosed] 
 the frightful corruption by which statesmen in 
 power and statesmen in opposition were moved 
 to support, or to resist, some measure in which 
 large pecuniary interests were involved ; or to 
 screen some public delinquent. Guy, a member 
 of Parliament and Secretary of the Treasury, was 
 sent to the Tower for receiving a bribe in connec- 
 tion with some inquiries into the conduct of a 
 colonel of a regiment, who had appropriated the 
 money with which he ought to have paid the 
 quarters of his troops. Trevor, the Speaker of 
 the House of Commons, was proved to have 
 received a bribe of 1000 guineas from the cor- 
 poration of London, for assisting in passing an 
 act for the relief of the orphans and other 
 creditors of the city of London. He had to put 
 the question from the chair, whether he him- 
 self was guilty of a high crime and misdemeanor; 
 and had to say "The ayes have it." He was 
 expelled the house. The East India Company 
 had spent £107,000 in secret service money. . . . 
 Sir Thomas Cook, the chairman of the company, 
 had the management of these delicate matters. 
 ... In his place in Parliament he refused to 
 answer inquiries. The Commons then passed a 
 bill compelling him to answer, under enormous 
 penalties. Upon the bill going to the Upper 
 House, the Duke of Leeds spoke strongly against 
 the bill, and, laying his hand on his breast, pro- 
 tested that he was entirely disinterested in the mat- 
 ter. The inquiries went on, implicating others ; 
 and the Commons finally impeached Thomas, 
 Duke of Leeds, President of the Council, for 
 that he did agree with the merchants trading 
 to the East Indies, for 500 guineas, to procure 
 their charter of confirmation. The king's [Will- 
 iam III.] personal friend, Portland, was found 
 to have been proof against these temptations, hav- 
 ing refused a bribe of £50,000. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 12, p. 177. 
 
 1215. CORRUPTION, Unabashed. James II. 
 [Sunderland was his prime-minister.] What sums 
 he made by selling places, titles, and pardons 
 can only be conjectured, but must have been 
 enormous. James seemed to take a pleasure in 
 
 loading with wealth one whom he regarded as 
 his own convert [to Romanism]. All fines, all 
 forfeitures, went to Sunderland. On every grant 
 toll was paid to him. If any suitor ventured to 
 ask any favor directly from the king, the answer 
 was, " Have you spoken to my Lord President ?" 
 One bold man ventured to say that the Lord 
 President got all the money of the court. ' ' Well," 
 replied his Majesty, "he deserves it all." We 
 shall scarcely overrate the amount of the minis- 
 ter's gains if we put them at £30,000 a year ; and 
 it must be remembered that fortunes of £30,000 
 a year were in his time rarer than fortunes of 
 £100,000 a year now are. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 9, p. 409. 
 
 1216. CORRUPTION, Universal. Reign of 
 James I. [The reign of James I. was exceeding- 
 ly corrupt.] It was an age of universal abuses. 
 Local magistrates were influenced by the petti- 
 est gifts, and were called " basket- justices." . . . 
 Upon the highest branch of this rotten tree sat 
 Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, the great 
 Lord Chancellor. . . . He was charged by the 
 Commons, before the Lords, with twenty-two 
 acts of bribery and corruption. He attempted 
 no defence. . . . He made a distinct confession 
 in writing, [a.d. 1621.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 24, p. 380. 
 
 1217. CORRUPTION unrestrainable. Bylaw. 
 [In 1275 Parliament enacted] that no king's offi- 
 cer should take any reward to do his office, such 
 enactment being one of the many proofs of the 
 inefficiency of law to restrain corruption ; for 
 within fourteen years there were only two judges 
 out of fifteen who were not found guilty of the 
 grossest extortions. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 25, p. 385. 
 
 121 §. COSMOS, Philosophy of the. Descartes. 
 He sets out upon this principle, that in order to 
 form the universe, nothing else was requisite but 
 matter and motion ; that extension is the essence 
 of all bodies, and space being extended as well 
 as matter, there is no difference between space 
 and matter, consequently there is no void or vac- 
 uum in nature. He divides this homogeneous 
 mass of space and matter into angular parts of a 
 cubical form, leaving no interstices between 
 them. " To these cubes," says he, " the Author 
 of Nature gave a rotatory motion round their 
 axes, and likewise an impulse forward, which 
 drives them round the sun as a centre." From 
 the attrition of the parts in this rotation he sup- 
 poses the planets to be formed. This strange ro- 
 mance , . . seemed to explain several of the 
 phenomena of nature. — Tytler'sHist., Book6, 
 ch. 36. 
 
 1219. COUNSEL of the Dying. Louis XIV. 
 Louis did not long survive the pacification of his 
 empire. He died on the 1st of September, 1715, 
 in the seventy-eighth year of his age. . . . The last 
 words which he uttered, as reported by Madame 
 Maintenon, who heard them, were the dictates 
 equally of a wise and a magnanimous spirit ; he 
 called to him his grandson the dauphin, who 
 stood by his bedside, and holding him between 
 his arms gave him his blessing, and said to him, 
 " My son, you are going to be a great king ; be 
 always a good Christian. Do not follow my ex- 
 ample with regard to war ; endeavor to live in 
 peace with your neighbors. Render to God what 
 you owe to Him ; follow always the most mod- 
 
UG 
 
 COUNSEL— COUNTERFEIT. 
 
 crate counsels ; endeavor to reduce the taxes, 
 and thus do that which I have, unhappily, not 
 been able to do. Take notice, my son ; these 
 are my last words, and let them sink deep into 
 your mind — remember that kings die like other 
 men." — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, cli. 34. 
 
 1220. COUNSEL, Inopportune. B&puties of 
 Naples. As soon as the place was invested by sea 
 and land, Belisarius gave audience to the depu- 
 ties of the people, who exhorted him to disre- 
 gard a conquest unworthy of his arms, to seek 
 the Gothic king in a field of battle, and, after 
 his victory, to claim, as the sovereign of Rome, 
 the allegiance of the dependent cities. " When 
 I treat with my enemies," replied the Roman 
 chief, with a haughty smile, " I am more accus- 
 tomed to give than to receive counsel ; but I 
 hold in one hand inevitable ruin, and in the 
 other peace and freedom, such as Sicily now 
 enjoys." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 1221. COUNSEL, Safety in. Battle. [When 
 the forces of William III. obtained their crown- 
 ing victory over those of James II. at Aghrim, 
 the army of the latter was commanded by the 
 Marquis St. Ruth, a French general.] St. Ruth 
 had made able dispositions for the battle, but, 
 jealous of the Irish generals, had kept his plans 
 to himself, and when he was killed by a cannon 
 shot early in the action, there was no one to 
 succeed him. The English troops, in spite of 
 the well-chosen position of their opponents, to- 
 tally routed James' army. — Am. Cyclopedia, 
 " Aghrim." 
 
 1222. COUNSELLOR, An evil. Robert Fer- 
 guson. [An exile from England and promoter 
 of the rebellion against James II.] Ferguson, 
 who, ever since the death of Charles, had been 
 Monmouth's evil angel, had a suggestion ready. 
 The duke had put himself into a false position 
 by declining the royal title. Had he declared 
 himself sovereign of England, his cause would 
 have worn a show of legality. At present it was 
 impossible to reconcile his Declaration with the 
 principles of the Constitution. It was clear that 
 either Monmouth or his uncle was rightful king. 
 Monmouth did not venture to pronounce himself 
 the rightful king, and yet denied that his uncle 
 was so. Those who fought for James fought- 
 for the only person who ventured to claim the 
 throne, and were, therefore, clearly in their duty 
 according to the laws of the realm. Those who 
 fought for Monmouth fought for some unknown 
 polity, which was to be set up by a convention not 
 yet in existence. . . . On the morning of the 20th of 
 June he was proclaimed in the market-place of 
 Taunton. His followers repeated his neAV title 
 with affectionate delight ; but, as some confu- 
 sion might have arisen if he had been called King 
 James II., they commonly used the strange 
 appellation of King Monmouth. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 544. 
 
 1223. COUNSELLORS, Dangerous. Of James 
 II. But there was at the court a small knot of 
 Roman Catholics whose hearts had been ulcer- 
 ated by old injuries, whose heads had been 
 turned by recent elevation, who were impatient 
 to climb to the highest honors of the State, and 
 who, having little to lose, were not troubled by 
 thoughts of the day of reckoning. One of these 
 was Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine in Ire- 
 land, and husband of the Duchess of Cleveland. 
 
 His title had notoriously been purchased by hi* 
 wife's dishonor and his own. His fortune wai 
 small. His temper, naturally ungentle, had 
 been exasperated by his domestic vexations, bj 
 the public reproaches, and by what he had un 
 dergone in the days of the Popish Plot. . . . 
 These men called with one voice for war on tht 
 constitution of the Church and the State. They 
 told their master that he owed it to his religion 
 and to the dignity of his crown to stand firm 
 against the outcry of heretical demagogues, and 
 to let the Parliament see from the first that he 
 would be master in spite of opposition, and that 
 the only effect of opposition would be to make 
 him a hard master. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, 
 p. 43. 
 
 1224. COUNSELLORS, Whimsical. " Wise 
 Woman." The Germans advanced to within a 
 few miles of the Roman outposts. The Romans 
 lay intrenched near Cernay. The Germans 
 were at Colmar. Caesar offered battle, which 
 Ariovistus declined. Cavalry fights happened 
 daily which led to nothing. Caesar then formed 
 a second camp, smaller but strongly fortified, 
 within sight of the enemy, and threw two legions 
 into it. Ariovistus attacked them, but he was 
 beaten back with loss. The "wise women" ad- 
 vised him to try no more till the new moon. 
 But Caesar would not wait for the moon, and 
 forced an engagement. The wives and daugh- 
 ters of the Germans rushed about their camp, 
 with streaming hair, adjuring their countrymen 
 to save them from slavery. The Germans fought 
 like heroes, but they could not stand against 
 the short sword and hand-to-hand grapple of the 
 legionaries. Better arms and better discipline 
 again asserted the superiority. ... A few swam 
 the river ; a few, Ariovistus among them, es- 
 caped in boats ; all the rest, men and women 
 alike, were cut down and killed. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 14. 
 
 1225. COUNTERFEIT, Preserved by. Reign 
 of Numa. [There was at Rome] a sacred buck- 
 ler, or ancile, which was said to have dropped 
 from heaven, which gave occasion to the foun- 
 dation of a new college of priests, who had the 
 charge of it, and paraded with it, on particular oc- 
 casions, in a kind of dance or procession. These 
 were called Salii {asaliendo) ; and, lest the sacred 
 buckler should be stolen or lost, eleven others 
 were made exactly resembling it, and deposited in 
 the temple of Jupiter. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 1, p. 993, 
 
 1226. COUNTERFEIT Relics. General Grant.. 
 [When in Egypt, at the village of Luxor of the 
 upper Nile,] they were shown a house where an 
 American lived for fifteen years, making . . . 
 mummy-lids, hieroglyphic inscriptions, idols and 
 relics of all kinds to suit the purchaser, which 
 now doubtless adorn many a private collection. 
 — Gen. Grant's Travels, p. 137. 
 
 1127. COUNTERFEIT signature. Antony. 
 The Consul Antony, by the steps he had hither- 
 to taken, wanted only to sound the dispositions 
 of the people. Finding these to his wish, he 
 very soon began to discover his own views of am- 
 bition. He was possessed of the whole of the 
 dictator's papers. He had received likewise 
 from Calpurnia, the widow, all the treasures of 
 Caesar. Not content with these, he made a traf- 
 fic of fabricating acts and deeds, to which he 
 
COUNTRY— COURAGE. 
 
 147 
 
 counterfeited the dictator's subscription, and 
 availed himself of them as genuine. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 2. 
 
 122S. COUNTRY, Contemptible. SamuelJohn- 
 son. Mr. Ogilvie was unlucky enough to choose 
 for the topic of his conversation the praises of 
 his native country. . . . He observed that Scot- 
 land had a great many noble M^ild prospects. 
 Johnson: "I believe, sir, you have a great 
 many. Norway, too, has noble wild prospects ; 
 and Lapland is remarkable for prodigious noble 
 wild prospects. But, sir, let me tell you, the 
 noblest prospect which a Scotchman ever sees 
 is the high road that leads him to England !" 
 This unexpected and pointed sally produced a 
 roar of applause. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 117. 
 
 1229. COUNTRY, A deserted. Rome in Rebel- 
 lion. When the troops of Maximin, advancing 
 in excellent order, arrived at the foot of the 
 Julian Alps, they were terrified by the silence 
 and desolation that reigned on the frontiers of 
 Italy. The villages and open towns had been 
 abandoned on their approach by the inhabitants, 
 the cattle was driven away, the provisions re- 
 moved or destroyed, the bridges broken down, 
 nor was anything left which could afford either 
 shelter or subsistence to an invader. Such had 
 been the wise orders of the generals of the 
 Senate, whose design was to protract the war. 
 t(t ruin the army of Maximin by the slow opera- 
 tion of famine, and to consume his strength 
 in the sieges of the principal cities of Italy, 
 which they had plentifully stored with men and 
 provisions from the deserted country, — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 7. 
 
 12J|0. COUNTRY, Preservation of One's. So- 
 lon's Law. The most peculiar and surprising of 
 his other laws is that which declares the man 
 infamous who stands neuter in the time of sedi- 
 tion. It seems he would not have us be indif- 
 ferent and unaffected with the fate of the pub- 
 lic when our own concerns are upon a safe bot- 
 tom ; nor when we are in health be insensible 
 to the distempers and griefs of our country. He 
 would have us espouse the better and juster 
 cause, and hazard everything in defence of it, 
 rather than wait in safety to see which side the 
 victory will incline to. — Plutarch. 
 
 1231. COUNTRYMEN abused. Reign of Charles 
 II. When the lord of a Lincolnshire or Shrop- 
 shire manor appeared in Fleet Street, he was 
 as easily distinguished from the resident pop- 
 ulation as a Turk or a Lascar. His dress, his 
 gait, his accent,, the manner in which he stared 
 at the shops, stumbled into the gutters, ran 
 against the porters, and stood under the water- 
 spouts marked him out as an excellent subject 
 for the operations of swindlers and banterers. 
 Bullies jostled him into the kennel. Hackney- 
 coachmen splashed him from head to foot. 
 Thieves explored Avith perfect security the huge 
 pockets of his horseman's coat, while he stood 
 entranced by the splendor of the lord mayor's 
 show. Money-droppers, sore from the cart's 
 tail, introduced themselves to him, and appeared 
 to him the most honest, friendly gentlemen 
 that he had ever seen. Painted women, the ref- 
 use of Lewkner Lane and Whetstone Park, 
 passed themselves on him for countesses and 
 maids of honor. If he asked his way to St. 
 James', his informants sent him to Mile End. 
 
 If he went into a shop, he was instantly discerned 
 to be a fit purchaser of everything that nobody 
 else would buy — of second-hand embroidery, 
 copper rings, and watches that would not go. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3. 
 
 1232. COURAGE in Battle. Marcius. [When 
 the Romans met the Volscians,] Marcius in- 
 quired of Cominius in what manner the enemy's 
 army was drawn up, and where their best troops 
 were posted. Being answered that the Anti- 
 ates, who were placed in the centre, were sup- 
 posed to be the bravest and most warlike, " I beg 
 it of you, then," said Marcius, " as a favor, that 
 you will place me directly opposite to them." — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 1233. COURAGE, Christian. Martyrs. [Dr. 
 Rowland Taylor, the martyr, was told :] " If you 
 will not rise with us now, and receive mercy now 
 offered, you shall have judgment according to 
 your demerit." . . . [He replied :] "So to rise 
 should be the greatest fall that ever I could re- 
 ceive ; for I should so fall from my dear Saviour 
 Christ to Antichrist." . . . [Hooper was urged 
 to recant. He replied in these solemn words :] 
 "I have taught the truth with my tongue and 
 with my pen heretofore ; and hereafter shall 
 shortly confirm the same, by God's grace, with 
 my blood." [Latimer was urged to submit to 
 the Church, but refused, and before the commis- 
 sioners the aged man encouraged his younger 
 friend, Ridley, saying:] " Be of good comfort. 
 Master Ridley, and play the man ! We shall this 
 day light such a candle, by God's grace, in Eng- 
 land as shall never be put out." [Cranmer was 
 urged to recant. His natural courage was not 
 strong ; but he renounced his former recantation, 
 and added :] " Forasmuch as my hand offend- 
 ed in writing contrary to my heart, therefore my 
 hand shall first be punished ; for if I may come 
 to the fire, it shall first be burned." At the 
 burning he thrust it into the flames, exclaiming, 
 with a loud voice, "This hand hath offended !" 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 6. 
 
 1234. . John Wesley. [At Sheffield 
 
 he was contradicted by a blaspheming military 
 officer while preaching.] Stones were thrown, 
 hitting the desk and people. To save them and 
 the house, he gave notice that he would preach 
 out of doors, and look the enemy in the face. 
 He prayed for sinners as servants of their master, 
 the devil, upon which an officer ran at him with 
 great fury, threatening revenge for his abuse, as 
 he called it, of the king, his master. He forced 
 his way through the crowd, drew his sword, and 
 presented it to the breast of the preacher, who 
 threw open his vest, and, fixing his eye on his as- 
 sailant, calmly said : " I fear God, and honor the 
 king." The captain's countenance fell in a mo- 
 ment ; he put up his sword, and quickly retreated 
 from the scene. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, 
 p. 190. 
 
 1235. COURAGE of Despair. Qladiators. The 
 triumph due to the valor of Probus, the Roman 
 general, was conducted with a magnificence 
 suitable to his fortune, and the people who had 
 so lately admired the trophies of Aurelian gazed 
 with equal pleasure on those of his heroic suc- 
 cessor. We cannot, on this occasion, forget the 
 desperate courage of about fourscore gladiators, 
 reserved, with near six hundred others, for the 
 inhuman sports of the amphitheatre. Disdain- 
 
143 
 
 COURAGE. 
 
 ing to shed their blood for the amusement of the 
 populace, they killed their keepers, broke from 
 the place of their confinement, and filled tlie 
 streets of Rome with blood and confusion. Af- 
 ter an obstinate resistance they were overpow- 
 ered and cut in pieces by the regular forces ; but 
 they obtained at least an honorable death, and 
 the satisfaction of a just revenge. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 1236. COURAGE or Disgrace. Frederick the 
 Oreat. [His army was about to attack three times 
 their number of Austrians. He said to his ofti- 
 cers:] " The regiment of cavalry which shall not 
 instantly, at the order, charge, shall be dismount- 
 ed and sent into garrisons ; the battalion of in- 
 fantry that shall but falter shall lose its colors 
 and its swords. Now farewell, friends ; soon we 
 shall have vanquished, or we shall see each other 
 no more." [A great victory was won at Leu- 
 then.]— Banckoft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 12. 
 
 1237. COUEAGE, Intrepid. PHnce of Wales. 
 [Margaret of Anjou, wife of the captive king,] 
 prepared to strike a decisive blow for the Crown 
 of England. This was at Tewkesbury, where 
 she commanded her army in person, and led her 
 son, the Prince of Wales, through the ranks. But 
 all was in vain ; victory declared in favor of Ed- 
 ward, and the unhappy mother, separated from 
 her son, was sent a prisoner to the Tower of 
 London. The Prince of Wales, a youth of in- 
 trepid spirit, being brought into the presence of 
 Edward, and asked, in an insulting manner, how 
 he dared to invade the territories of his sovereign, 
 "I have entered," said he, "the dominions of 
 my father, to revenge 7iis injuries and redress my 
 own." The barbarous Edward is said to have 
 struck him in the face with his gauntlet, while 
 the dukes of Gloucester and Clarence, and others 
 of the attendants, rushed upon the noble youth 
 and stabbed him to the heart with their daggers. 
 — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 14. 
 
 1238. COURAGE, Loss of. By one Man. The 
 immediate loss of Constantinople may be ascrib- 
 ed to the bullet, or arrow, which pierced the 
 gauntlet of John Justiniani. The sight of his 
 blood, and the exquisite pain, appalled the cour- 
 age of the chief, whose arms and counsels were 
 the firmest rampart of the city. As he withdrew 
 from his station in quest of a surgeon, his flight 
 was perceived and stopped by the indefatigable 
 emperor. "Your wound," exclaimed Palseolo- 
 gus, ' ' is slight ; the danger is pressing ; your 
 presence is necessary ; and whither will you re- 
 tire ?" "I will retire," said the trembling Gen- 
 oese, " by the same road which God has opened 
 to the Turks ;" and at these words he hastily 
 passed through one of the breaches of the inner 
 wall. By this pusillanimous act he stained the 
 honors of a military life ; and the few daj^s which 
 he survived in Galata, or the Isle of Chios, were 
 embittered by his own and the public reproach. 
 His example was imitated by the greatest part of 
 the Latin auxiliaries. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 68. 
 
 1239. COURAGE of Madness. Charles XII. 
 FAfter receiving pacific proposals from the 
 Turks, he rejected them and d^ed the whole 
 power of the Ottoman Empire.] His own otfl- 
 cers employed supplications, remonstrances, and 
 at length menaces, to make him depart from 
 his frantic design. Charles was inflexible. [He 
 had but three hundred men, and was surrounded 
 
 by Turks.] The attack was begun, and the iik 
 trenchments, invested at once on every quarter, 
 were broken in an instant, A small house Avith- 
 in the camp became the citadel and last resort of 
 Charles and his intrepid Swedes. Their number 
 was now reduced to a very few, whom personal 
 regard attached to their sovereign. They did not 
 fail, however, to remonstrate with him against 
 the madness of his resolution ; and in consulting 
 how to sustain a siege in this last retreat, there 
 was but one man who declared a positive opin- 
 ion that the place might be defended. This was. 
 his Majesty's cook. " Then, sir," says the king, 
 " I name you my chief engineer." They now 
 proceeded to barricade the doors and windows, 
 and kept up an incessant fire from within upon 
 the whole Turkish army. The besiegers, exas- 
 perated at length at the numbers killed by this 
 handful of madmen, threw fire upon the roof of 
 the house, which in a moment was all in flames. 
 It was now necessary to quit their post ; a des- 
 perate sally was made, and this handful of 
 Swedes, armed with their swords and pistols, 
 were cutting their passage through an army of 
 several thousand men, when Charles, entangled 
 with his spurs, and accidentally falling to the 
 ground, was surrounded by a body of janizaries. 
 In short, the whole troop, after making an in- 
 credible carnage, were seized and taken prison- 
 ers. An attempt of this kind is only to be par- 
 alleled in the romances of knight-errantry. This 
 obstinancy and infatuation was the occasion of 
 the loss of Charles' dominions in Germany, and 
 almost of his kingdom of Sweden. — Tytler's 
 Hist,, Book 6, ch, 35. 
 
 1240. COURAGE, Masterly. Charles XIL 
 [The Danes and Prussians besieged Stralsund in 
 Pomerania, The Swedes made a brave defence, ] 
 An incident is recorded of this siege which strong- 
 ly marks the character of Charles. The town 
 was bombarded, and a shell penetrated the roof 
 of his house, and fell into the apartment where 
 he was dictating his despatches. The secretary, 
 terrified out of liis senses, having let fall his pen 
 — " Go on," said the king, gravely ; " what has 
 the bombshell to do with the letter which I am 
 dictating ?" The city, however, was taken, and 
 Charles obliged to escape in a small bark to 
 Carlescroon, where he passed the winter. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 35. 
 
 1241. COURAGE, Moral. Martin Luther. 
 [He had been summoned to appear before the 
 emperor at Worms.] As he was nearing the 
 city of Worms, his friend Spalatin, who was in 
 the company of the elector, sent" him a message 
 warning him not to enter the city and to incur 
 so great danger, Luther replied to him : " To 
 Worms was I called, and to Worms must I go. 
 And were there as many devils there as tiles up- 
 on the roofs, yet would I enter into that city." 
 — Rein's Luther, ch. 9, p. 84, 
 
 1242. . Bev. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 S Convicted of disseminating seditious tracts.] 
 ulian Johnson, as he was popularly called, was 
 sentenced to stand thrice in the pillory, and to 
 be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, The 
 judge. Sir Francis Withins, told the criminal to 
 be thankful for the great lenity of the attorney- 
 general, who might have treated the case as one 
 of high treason. " I owe him no thanks," an. 
 swered Johnson, dauntlessly. "Am I, whose 
 
COURAGE. 
 
 149 
 
 «nly crime is that I have defended the Church 
 and the laws, to be grateful for being scourged 
 like a dog, while popish scribblers are suffered 
 daily to insult the Church and to violate the laws 
 with impunity ?" The energy with which he 
 spoke was such that both the judges and the 
 Crown lawyers thought it necessary to vindicate 
 themselves, and protested that they knew of no 
 popish publications such as those to which the 
 prisoner alluded. He instantly drew from his 
 pocket some Roman Catholic books and trinkets, 
 which were then freely exposed for sale under 
 the royal patronage, read aloud the titles of the 
 books, and threw a rosary across the table to the 
 king's counsel. " And now," he cried, with a 
 loud voice, "I lay this information before God, 
 before this court, and before the English people. 
 We shall soon see whether Mr. Attorney will do 
 his duty." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 1243. . Gideon Ouseley. [Gideon 
 
 Ouseley met with much opposition, and some- 
 times peril, from the Irish Roman Catholics 
 among whom he labored as an itinerant Metho- 
 dist. He was an Irishman of great courage and 
 frankness.] In a town filled with Romanists he 
 hired the bellman, as was his custom, to announce 
 through the streets preaching for the evening. 
 The man, afraid of opposition, uttered the an- 
 nouncement timidly and indistinctly. Ouseley, 
 passing in the street, heard him, and taking the 
 bell, rang it himself, proclaiming aloud : " This 
 is to give you notice that Gideon Ouseley, the 
 Irish missionary, is to preach this evening in 
 such a place, and at such an hour. And I am 
 iJie man myself." — Stevens' Methodism. 
 
 1244. . Raleigh. [When Sir Wal- 
 ter Raleigh came to the scaffold he was very 
 f/«nt, and commenced his speech to the crowd 
 by saying that during the last two days he had 
 been visited by two ague fits.] "If, therefore, 
 you perceive any weakness in me, I beseech you 
 ascribe it to my sickness rather than to myself." 
 He took the axe and kissed the blade, and said to 
 the sheriff, " 'Tis a sharp medicine, but a sound 
 cure for all diseases." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 24, p. 376. 
 
 1245. . Qurdun. [When Rich- 
 ard I. (the Lion) was near his death,] he then or- 
 dered Bertram de Gurdun, who had wounded 
 him, to come into his presence, and said to him : 
 " What harm have I done to you, that you have 
 killed me ?" On which he made answer : " You 
 slew my father and my two brothers with your 
 own hand, and you intend now to kill me ; 
 therefore take any revenge on me that you may 
 think fit, for I will readily endure the greatest 
 torments you can devise, so long as you have 
 met with your end, after having inflicted evils 
 so many and so great upon the world." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, p. 330. 
 
 1246. COURAGE, Noble. Rumbold. [Under 
 the Duke of Argyle he had attempted to over- 
 throw the rule of James II. in Scotland. The 
 enterprise was disastrous, and Rumbold mortally 
 wounded.] He was hastily tried, convicted, and 
 sentenced to be hanged and quartered within a 
 few hours, near the city cross in the High Street 
 [Edinburgh]. Though unable to stand without 
 the support of two men, he maintained his forti- 
 tude to the last, and under tne gibbet raised his 
 feeble voice against popery and tyranny with 
 
 such vehemence that the officers ordered the 
 drums to strike up lest the people should hear 
 him. He was a friend, he said, to limited mon- 
 archy ; but he never would believe that Provi- 
 dence had sent a few men into the world ready 
 booted and spurred to ride, and millions ready 
 saddled and bridled to be ridden. "I desire," 
 he cried, " to bless and magnify God's holy name 
 for this, that I stand here, not for any wrong 
 that I have done, but for adhering to His cause 
 in an evil day. If every hair of my head were 
 a man, in this quarrel I would venture them all," 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 525. 
 
 1247. COURAGE, Opportunity for. Frederick 
 the Great. [He addressed his officers before his 
 unequal battle with the Austrians.] A part of 
 Silesia, my capital [Berlin], my stores of war, are 
 lost ; my disasters would be extreme had I not 
 a boundless trust in your courage, firmness, and 
 love of country. . . . The moment for courage 
 has come. Listen, then ; I am resolved, against 
 all rules of the art of war, to attack the nearly 
 threefold stronger army of Charles of Lorraine, 
 wherever I may find it. There is no question of 
 the number of the enemy, nor of the strength of 
 their position. We must beat them, or all of us 
 find our graves before their batteries. Thus I 
 think, thus I mean to act. . . . Does any one 
 of you fear to share all dangers with me, he can 
 this day retire ; I never will reproach him. 
 Then, as the enthusiasm enkindled around him, 
 he added, with a serene smile, " I know that not 
 one of you will leave me." — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 4, ch. 4. 
 
 124§. COURAGE, Only physical. Marlborough. 
 [The Duchess of Marlborough held the office of 
 lady of the wardrobe to Queen Anne. She was 
 to be removed from her position because of the 
 dislike of the queen. Her husband, ' ' the great- 
 est captain of the age,"] presented to the queen a 
 humble letter from the duchess, expressing her 
 apprehension that her lord could not live six 
 months if some end was not put to his suffer- 
 ings on her account. ' ' I am really sorry that I 
 ever did anything that was uneasy to your Majes- 
 ty." The duke then implored her majesty not 
 to renounce the duchess — not to discharge her 
 from the great office she held. " I cannot change 
 my resolution," said the queen. Again he en- 
 treated. ' ' Let the key be sent me within three 
 days." The victor of Blenheim is now on his 
 knees, imploring for a respite of ten days. " Send 
 me the key in txco days," cried the inexorable 
 queen. The duchess had more spirit than her 
 lord. When the duke told her the queen ex- 
 pected the gold key, she took it from her side 
 and threw it into the middle of the room, and bid 
 him take it up and carry it to whom he pleased. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 24, p. 265. 
 
 1249. COURAGE recovered. Bishop Granmer. 
 The courage which Cranmer had shown since 
 the accession of Mary gave way the moment his 
 final doom was announced. The moral coward- 
 ice which had displayed itself in his miserable 
 compliance with the lust and despotism of Henry 
 displayed itself again in six successive recanta- 
 tions by which he hoped to purchase pardon. 
 But pardon was impossible ; and Cranmer's 
 strangely mingled nature found a power in its 
 very weakness when he was brought into the 
 church of St. Mary at Oxford on the 21st of 
 
150 
 
 COURAGE— COURT. 
 
 March, to repeat his recantation on the way to 
 the stake. "Now," ended his address to the 
 hushed congregation before him — " now I come 
 to the great thing that troubleth my conscience 
 more than any other thing that ever I said or did 
 in my life, and that is the setting abroad of writ- 
 ings contrarj^ to the truth ; which here I now re- 
 nounce and refuse as things written by my hand 
 contrary to the truth which I thought in my 
 heart, and written for fear of death to save my 
 life, if it might be. And, forasmuch as my hand 
 offended in writing contrary to my heart, my 
 hand therefore shall be the first punished ; for 
 if I come to the fire, it shall be the first burned. 
 This was the hand that wrote it," he again ex- 
 claimed at the stake, " therefore it shall suffer 
 first punishment ;" and holding it steadily in the 
 flame, "he never stirred nor cried" till life was 
 gone. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 667. 
 
 1250. COURAGE, Religious. Puritan. Abra- 
 ham Holmes, a retired olficer of the Parliamen- 
 tary army, and one of those zealots who would 
 own no king but King Jesus, had been taken at 
 Sedgemoor. His arm had been frightfully man- 
 gled and shattered in the battle ; and, as no sur- 
 geon was at hand, the stout old soldier amputat- 
 ed it himself. He was carried up to London 
 and examined by the king in council, but would 
 make no submission. " I am an aged man," he 
 said, "and what remains to me of life is not 
 worth a falsehood or a baseness. I have always 
 been a Republican, and I am so still." He was 
 sent back to the west and hanged. The people 
 remarked with awe and wonder that the beasts 
 which were to drag him to the gallows became 
 restive and went back. Holmes himself doubted 
 not that the Angel of the Lord, as in the old 
 time, stood in the way, sword in hand, invisible 
 to human eyes, but visible to the inferior animals. 
 "Stop, gentlemen," he cried, "let me go on 
 foot. There is more in this than you think. 
 Remember how the ass saw Him whom the 
 prophet could not see." He walked manfully to 
 the gallows. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 600. 
 
 1251. COURAGE, Safety in. Bajazet. [Amu- 
 rath, the famous Ottoman general, held a council 
 of war before battle with the Christians on the 
 plain of Cassova. ] In default of artillery to break 
 open these masses, Ainebeg and Saridje Pasha 
 proposed to place in the first lines, before the front 
 of the Ottoman army, the six thousand Asiatic 
 camels that carried the tents, the provisions, and 
 the baggage of their divisions, to the end of ex- 
 hausting upon these animals the arrows of the 
 enemy, and of striking astonishment and terror 
 into the ranks of the Christians by the aspect and 
 by the moanings of the camels, unknown to the 
 soldiers of Europe. This opinion was prevailing 
 when the impetuous Bajazet, more chivalrous 
 still than princely, opposed it with the disdain 
 of a hero. " Have the sons of Othman," cried 
 Bajazet, "ever feared to meet their enemies face 
 to lace ? Is it then in sheltering themselves like 
 women behind the baggage, the elephants, or the 
 camels, that the^ have conquered Asia from mul- 
 titudes armed against them with all the arts and 
 the appliances of warfare ? Are such artifices 
 worthy of the divine cause for which we fight ? 
 Is it not an avowal of fear at a moment when 
 the only safety is in courage ? Is it not to doubt 
 of God in presence of His profaners ? Is not our 
 
 confidence in Him as our first bulwark our best 
 force ? The victory is his who believes himself 
 victor, not his who is in dread of being van- 
 quished." [They obtained a decisive victory.] 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 272. 
 
 1252. COURAGE, Unfaltering. Pel of id as. 
 When he had arrived at Pharsalus, he assembled 
 his forces, and then marched directly against 
 Alexander ; who, knowing that Pelopidas had 
 but few Thebans about him, and that he him- 
 self had double the number of Thessalian in- 
 fantry, went to meet him as far as the temple 
 of Thetes. When he was informed that the ty- 
 rant was advancing toward him with a great 
 army, " So much the better," said he, " for we 
 shall beat so many the more." — Plutarch's. 
 Pelopidas. 
 
 1253. COURAGE, Unshaken. At Tripoli. 
 Decatur conceived tlie project of running int<> 
 the harbor with a small vessel, surprising the 
 frigate, and setting her on fire. How neatly th^s. 
 was done, most readers know. The surprise 
 was so complete, that Decatur had possession of 
 the ship in just ten minutes after he had given th^e 
 order to board. Combustibles were all ready, 
 and were placed in various parts of the vessel. 
 At the signal they were set on fire, and the shi]>, 
 dry as tinder from many months' exposure to a 
 tropical sun, blazed up with such rapidity that 
 the ketch in which the Americans had boarded 
 her narrowly escaped being involved in the 
 same conflagration. ... In this affair Lieuten- 
 ant Lawrence commanded one division of the at- 
 tacking party, and behaved with admirable cool- 
 ness and gallantry. Decatur pronounced a fine 
 eulogium upon him when he said, " There is 
 no more dodge about Lawrence tlian there is 
 about the mainmast." — Cyclopedia op Bigg , 
 p. 123. 
 
 1254. COURT, Infamous. Trial of Glodius. 
 [He attempted to corrupt Pompeia, the wife ot 
 Caesar, and was brought to trial.] Marcus Cras- 
 sus . . . during the night sent for the judges 
 one by one. He gave them money. What else he 
 gave or promised them must continue veiled in 
 Cicero's Latin. Before these influences the res- 
 olution of the judges melted awa)', and when 
 the time came thirty -one out of fifty-six high- 
 born Roman peers and gentlemen declared Clo- 
 dius innocent. The original cause was nothing. 
 That a profligate young man should escape pun 
 ishment for a licentious frolic was comparatively 
 of no consequence ; but the trial acquired a no- 
 toriety of infamy which shook once more the 
 already tottering constitution. — Froude's C^- 
 SAR, ch. 12. 
 
 1255. COURT, A terrible. Star Ghamher. 
 The king in his council had always assertea a 
 right in the last resort to enforce justice and 
 peace by dealing with offenders too strong to b€ 
 dealt with by his ordinary courts. Henry sys- 
 tematized this occasional jurisdiction by ap- 
 pointing, in 1486, a committee of his council as a 
 regular court, to which the place where it usu- 
 ally sat gave the name of the court of star cham- 
 ber. The king's aim was probably little more 
 than a purpose to enforce order on the land by 
 bringing the great nobles before his own judg 
 ment-seat ; but the establishment of the coiirt 
 as a regular and no longer an exceptional tribu 
 nal, whose traditional powers were confirmed 
 
COURTESAN— COVETOUSNESS. 
 
 151 
 
 by Parliamentary statute, and where the absence 
 of a jury cancelled the prisoner's right to be tried 
 by his peers, furnished his son with an instru- 
 ment of tyranny which laid justice at the feet 
 of the monarchy. — Hist, of Eng. People, 
 §496. 
 
 1256. COURTESAN, Influential. Aspasia. 
 The house of the courtesan Aspasia was honor- 
 ed with his [Socrates] frequent visits. He 
 found in that accomplished woman a mind 
 stored with various knowledge, an acute and 
 vigorous understanding, and those engaging 
 manners which gave her a powerful hold on the 
 minds of the Athenian youth. She was the 
 mistress and confidante of Pericles, who did 
 not disdain to consult her on affairs of public 
 concern. If we should hesitate to suppose that 
 the philosopher thought it not unworthy of 
 his character to improve her morals and reclaim 
 her mind to virtue, he might reasonably seek 
 his own improvement, and avail himself of 
 her knowledge of the world to enlarge and 
 extend his power of utility. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 9. 
 
 1257. COUETESY denied. James K. Polk. 
 When Mr. Polk closed his service in the [Speak- 
 er's] chair, at the end of the Twenty-fifth Con- 
 gress, no Whig member could be found to 
 move the customary resolution of thanks — an 
 act of courtesy which derives its chief grace by 
 coming from a political opponent. When the 
 resolution was presented by a Democratic Rep- 
 resentative from the South, it was opposed in de- 
 bate by prominent Whig members. . . . The 
 Whigs as a party resisted its adoption. The Dem- 
 ocrats could not even bring the House to a vote 
 upon the resolution without the use of the pre- 
 idous question. [He was accused of partiality, 
 injustice, and narrowness.] — Blaine's Twenty 
 Years op Congress, p. 59. 
 
 125§. COURTESY forfeited. Cromwell. [He 
 swept over the country like a tempest.] He 
 threw himself before Winchester. The last- 
 named place surrendered by capitulation. While 
 here he very courteously sent in to the Bishop 
 of Winchester, and offered him a guard to se- 
 cure his person ; but the bishop, flying into the 
 castle, refused his courtesy. Afterward, when 
 the castle began to be battered by two pieces of 
 ordnance, he sent to the lieutenant-general, 
 thanking him for the great favor offered to him, 
 and being now more sensible what it was, he 
 desired the enjoyment of it To whom the 
 wise lieutenant-general replied, that since he 
 made not use of the courtesy, but wilfully ran 
 away from it, he must now partake of the same 
 conditions as the others who were with him in 
 the castle ; and if he were taken, he miist ex- 
 pect to be used as a prisoner of war. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 10, p. 138. 
 
 1259. COURTESY, Marked. English. Cour- 
 tesy to strangers, and to each other, which . . . 
 was a peculiarity of the English [in 1509], has 
 scarcely so maintained its ancient ascendancy. 
 " They have the incredible courtesy of remain- 
 ing with their heads uncovered, with an admir- 
 able grace, while they talk to each other." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 254. 
 
 1260. COURTESY to the Unfortunate. Black 
 Pnnce. [At the battle of Poitiers the Black 
 Prince defeats and captures the French king 
 
 John II.] That night the Prince of Wales [the 
 Black Prince] made a supper in his lodging for 
 the French king and to the great lords that 
 were prisoners. " And always the Prince serv- 
 ed before the king, as humbly as he could, and 
 would not sit at the king's board, for any desire 
 that the king could make, and exhorted him 
 not to be of heavy cheer, for that King Edward, 
 his father, should bear him all honor and amity, 
 and accord with him so reasonably that they 
 should be friends ever after." . . . This scene, 
 so gracefully performed by him who, a few 
 hours before, was " courageous and cruel as a 
 lion," was in perfect accordance with the system 
 of chivalry. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 31, p. 
 476. 
 
 1261. COURTS, Injustice of. Persecution. To 
 abolish the worship and to dissolve the govern- 
 ment of the Christians, it was thought necessary 
 to subject to the most intolerable hardships the 
 condition of those perverse individuals who 
 should still reject the religion of nature, of Rome, 
 and of their ancestors. Persons of a liberal birth 
 were declared incapable of holding any honors 
 or employments ; slaves were forever deprived of 
 the hopes of freedom, and the whole body of the 
 people were put out of the protection of the law\ 
 The judges were authorized to hear and to deter- 
 mine every action that was brought against a 
 Christian. But the Christians were not permit- 
 ted to complain of any injury which they them- 
 selves had suffered ; and thus those unfortunate 
 sectaries were exposed to the severity, while they 
 were excluded from the benefits, of public jus- 
 tice. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16. 
 
 1262. COURTS packed. R^ign of James II. 
 [Judges were appointed for the purpose of secur- 
 ing the desired judgment.] Judgment was given 
 by the lord chief justice, Sir Edward Herbert. 
 He announced that he had submitted the question 
 to all the judges, and that, in the opinion of eleveu 
 of them, the king might lawfully dispense with 
 penal statutes in particular cases, and for special 
 reasons of grave importance. . . . There can be no 
 reasonable doubt that the dissenting judge was, 
 like the plaintiff and the plaintiff's counsel, acting 
 collusively. It was important that there should 
 be a great preponderance of authority in favor of 
 the dispensing power ; yet it was important that 
 the bench, which had been carefully packed for 
 the occasion, should appear to be independent. 
 One judge, therefore, the least respectable of the 
 twelve, was permitted, or more probably com- 
 manded, to give his voice against the preroga- 
 tive. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 78. 
 
 1263. COURTS, Scandalous. Reign of Gha/rle^ 
 I. The judges of the common law, holding 
 their situations during the pleasure of the king, 
 were scandalously obsequious. Yet, obsequious 
 as they were, they were less ready and efficient 
 instruments of arbitrary power than a class of 
 courts, the memory of which is still, after the 
 lapse of more than two centuries, held in deep 
 abhorrence by the nation. Foremost among 
 these coixrts in power and in infamy were the 
 Star Chamber and the High Commission, the for- 
 mer a political, the latter a religious, inquisition. 
 Neither was a part of the old Constitution of Eng- 
 land. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 83. 
 
 1264. COVETOUSNESS, Contemptible. Henry 
 III. History presents him in scarcely any other 
 
152 
 
 COVETOUSNESS— COWARDICE. 
 
 light than that of an extortioner and a beggar. 
 The records of the Exchequer abundantly show, 
 that, for forty years, there were no contrivances 
 for obtaining money so mean or unjust that he 
 disdained to practise them. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 261. 
 
 1265. COVETOTJSNESS punished. Gold. Mith- 
 ridates . . . sent Aquillius round the cities of the 
 province seated on an ass, with a proclamation 
 stating that to his covetous dealings alone the 
 war was due, and then put him to death by hav- 
 ing molten gold poured down his throat. — Lid- 
 dell's Rome, ch. 59, § 6, p. 596. 
 
 1266. COVETOTJSNESS, Royal. Henry III. 
 In 1239 the queen bore a son, Edward ; and then 
 the streets were illuminated, while bands of 
 dancers made the night joyful with drum and 
 tambourine. But Henry . . . was not satisfied with 
 barren rejoicings. He sent out messengers to ask 
 for presents, into city and into country. They 
 came back. If well loaded, the king smiled ; if 
 the gift were small, it was rejected with contempt. 
 " God gave us the child," said a Norman, "but 
 the king sells him to us." In 1251 he went about 
 seeking hospitality of abbots, friars, clerks, and 
 men of low degree, staying with them and asking 
 gifts." . . . Two years before this . . . Henry 
 shamelessly transgressed the bounds of royal dig- 
 nity, by exacting New Year's gifts from the citi- 
 zens of London. " Lend me £100," said the king 
 to the abbot of Ramsay ; and the abbot replied : 
 " I have sometimes given, but never lend," and 
 so went to the money-lenders and borrowed it, 
 " that he might satisfy the wants of this beggar 
 king." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 362. 
 
 1267. COWARD, The deserted. Perseus. [Af- 
 ter receiving an overwhelming defeat from the 
 Romans, Perseus, the King of the Macedonians,] 
 fled from Pydna to Pella, with his cavalry, which 
 had suffered no loss. When the foot overtook 
 them, they reproached them as cowards and trai- 
 tors, pulled them off their horses, and wounded 
 several of them ; so that the king, dreading the 
 consequences of the tumult, turned his horse out 
 of the common road ; and, lest he should be 
 known, wrapped up his purple robe, and put it 
 before him ; he also took off his diadem, and car- 
 ried it in his hand ; and that he might converse 
 the more conveniently with his friends, alighted 
 from his horse and led him. But they all slunk 
 away from him by degrees : one under pretense 
 of tying his shoe, another of watering his horse, 
 and a third of being thirsty himself ; not that 
 they were so much afraid of the enemy, as of the 
 cruelty of Perseus, who, exasperated with his 
 misfortunes, sought to lay the blame of his mis- 
 carriage on anybody but himself. — Plutakch's 
 Paulus jEmilius. 
 
 126S. COWARD, Professions of the. Gelimer. 
 [The defeated king of Carthage.] In the even- 
 ing Belisarius led his infantry to the attack of 
 the camp ; and the pusillanimous flight of Geli- 
 mer exposed the vanity of his recent declarations, 
 that to the vanquished death was a relief, life a 
 burden, and infamy the only object of terror. 
 His departure was secret ; but as soon as the 
 Vandals discovered that their king had deserted 
 them, they hastily dispersed, anxious only for 
 their personal safety, and careless of every ob- 
 ject that is dear or valuable to mankind. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 1269. COWARDICE, Appearance of. Abdallah. 
 [Gregory offered his daughters hand and great 
 riches to the youth who would bring him the 
 head of Abdallah, the general of the Saracens. 
 He withdrew from the field at the solicitation of 
 his brethren.] A noble Arabian ... on the 
 news of the battle, Zobeir, with twelve compan- 
 ions, cut his way through the camp of the Greeks, 
 and pressed forward, without tasting either food 
 or repose, to partake of the dangers of his breth- 
 ren. He cast his eyes round the field : " Where," 
 said he, " is our general ?" "In his tent." "Is 
 the tent a station for the general of the Moslems ?" 
 Abdallah represented with a blush the importance 
 of his own life, and the temptation that was held 
 forth by the Roman prefect. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 51. 
 
 1270. COWARDICE of the Cruel. Nero. 
 Nero, abandoned by his guards, was obliged to 
 conceal himself in the house of one of his freed- 
 men. The Senate proclaimed him an enemy to 
 his country, and condemned him to die more 
 majorum — that is, to be scourged, thrown from 
 the Tarpeian rock, and then flung into the Ti- 
 ber. Unable to bear the thoughts of such a death, 
 Nero tried the points of two daggers, but wanted 
 courage to die by his own hand. He entreated 
 the aid of one of his slaves, who was not slow in 
 the performance of that friendly office ... a 
 character happily difficult to be paralleled in the 
 annals of human nature. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 
 5, ch. 1. 
 
 1271. COWARDICE despised. " General White- 
 feather." [General Whitlock surrendered Monte- 
 video in a cowardly manner, and returned to 
 England with a whole skin. He was nicknamed 
 General Whitefeather.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 27, p. 486. 
 
 1272. . " Little King." Ferdinand 
 
 attacked his former ally with the united forces 
 of Castile and Arragon. The war was tedious, 
 and lasted several years. Isabella accompanied 
 her husband in several of his military expedi- 
 tions, and attended him when he laid siege to the 
 city of Granada, in 1491 . After a blockade of 
 eight months, the pusillanimous Abo-Abdeli, 
 who has been called El Rey Chico, or the Little 
 King, meanly capitulated, contrary to the senti- 
 ments and urgent remonstrances of above twenty 
 thousand of the inhabitants, who offered to de- 
 fend their native city to the last extremity. The 
 treaty between Abo-Abdeli and Ferdinand secur- 
 ed to the Moors of Granada a small mountain- 
 ous part of the kingdom, with the enjoyment of 
 their laws and religion. The Moorish prince, 
 execrated by his people, betook himself to this 
 despicable retreat. He is said to have wept when 
 he cast back his eyes to the beautiful plain and 
 city of Granada. " You have reason," said his 
 mother, ' ' to weep like a woman for the loss of 
 that kingdom, which you could not defend like 
 a man." Thus ended the dominion of the Moors 
 in Spain, about eight hundred years after its 
 foundation [a.d. 1491]. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 14. 
 
 1273. COWARDICE, Disgrace of. Daniel Scott. 
 [Sir Walter Scott's brother.] Daniel Scott was 
 the black sheep of the family. He got into diffi- 
 culties in business, formed a bad connection with 
 an artful woman, and was sent to try his fortunes 
 in the West Indies. There he was employed in 
 
COWARDICE— CREDULITY. 
 
 153 
 
 some service against a body of refractory negroes, 
 . . . and apparently showed the white feather. Mr, 
 Lockhart says that " he returned to Scotland a 
 dishonored man ; and though he found shelter 
 and compassion from his mother, his brother 
 would never see him again. Nay, when, soon 
 after, his health, shattered by dissolute indul- 
 gence, . . . gave way altogether, and he died, as 
 yet a young man, the poet refused either to at- 
 tend his funeral or to wear mourning for him, 
 like the rest of his family." Indeed, he always 
 spoke of him as his " relative," not as his brother. 
 Here again Scott's severity was due to his broth- 
 er's failure as a "man oi honor" — i.e., in cour- 
 age. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 11. 
 
 1274. COWAEDICE prevented. Boberi Guts- 
 card. [Normans were victorious over the Greeks.] 
 On the report and distant prospect of these for- 
 midable numbers, Robert assembled a council of 
 his principal officers. " You behold," said he, 
 "your danger ; it is urgent and inevitable. The 
 hills are covered with arms and standards, and 
 the emperor of the Greeks is accustomed to wars 
 and triumphs. Obedience and union are our 
 only safety, and I am ready to yield the com- 
 mand to a more worthy leader." The vote and 
 acclamation, even of his secret enemies, assured 
 him, in that perilous moment, of their esteem 
 and confidence ; and the duke thus continued : 
 " Let us trust in the rewards of victory, and de- 
 prive cowardice of the means of escape. Let us 
 burn our vessels and our baggage, and give bat- 
 tle on this spot, as if it were the place of our na- 
 tivity and our burial." The resolution was 
 unanimously approved ; and, without confining 
 himself to his lines, Guiscard awaited in battle 
 array the nearer approach of the enemy. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 56. 
 
 1275. COWAEDICE punished. Bomans. The 
 dictator, or consul, had a right to command the 
 service of the Roman youth, and to punish an 
 obstinate or cowardly disobedience by the most 
 severe and ignominious penalties — by striking the 
 offender out of the list of citizens, by confiscating 
 his property, and by selling his person into sla- 
 
 j very. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3. 
 
 1276. . Deputies. On the 2d of 
 
 June [1793] the Tuileries were completely sur- 
 rounded by an armed multitude of 80,000 men, 
 ; with a formidable park of artillery commanded 
 i by Henriot ; and the commune required from 
 • the affrighted deputies an immediate decree for 
 the arrest of the Girondist members. They at 
 first refused compliance, but were at length com- 
 pelled to vote at the point of the bayonet the ar- 
 rest of thirty-two Girondist members, including 
 lirissot, Vergniaud, Guadet, Gensonne, Petion, 
 and all the celebrated names of the party. Such 
 was the fall of the Girondists — a memorable and 
 righteous retribution for their cowardly aban- 
 donment of the king. — Students' France, ch. 
 :27, § 2, p. 566. 
 
 1277. COWAEBICE reproved. Romans. 
 '[During the war of the Allies the enemy] gave 
 he Romans a good opportunity of attacking 
 hem, and they were afraid to embrace it ; after 
 30th parties were retired Marius called his sol- 
 liiers together, and made this short speech to 
 I hem : " I know not which to call the greatest 
 leewards, the enemy or you ; for neither dare 
 jhey face your backs nor you theirs." At last. 
 
 pretending to be incapacitated for the service by 
 his infirmities, he laid down the command. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 1278. COWAEDICE, Shameful. General Hull. 
 [The British] advanced to the siege of Detroit. 
 The Americans, in their trenches outside of the 
 fort, were eager for battle, and stood with lighted 
 matches awaiting the order to fire. When the 
 British were within five hundred yards, to the 
 amazement of both armies, Hull hoisted a white 
 flag over the fort. There was a brief parley and 
 a surrender, perhaps the most shameful in the 
 history of the United States. Not only the army 
 in Detroit, but all the forces under Hull's com- 
 mand, became prisoners of war. The whole of 
 Michigan territory was surrendered to the Brit- 
 ish. At the capitulation, the American officers, 
 in rage and despair, stamped the ground, broke 
 their swords, and tore off their epaulets. The 
 whole country was humiliated . [Hull was court- 
 martialed, convicted of cowardice, and sentenced 
 to be shot. President Madison pardoned him.] 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 49, p. 395. 
 
 1279. COWAEDICE, Unpardonable. Germans. 
 In the faith of soldiers (and such were the Ger- 
 mans) cowardice is the most unpardonable of 
 sins. A brave man was the worthy favorite of 
 their martial deities ; the wretch who had lost 
 his shield was alike banished from the religious 
 and civil assemblies of his countrymen. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9. 
 
 1250. COWAEDS punished. iMcedcemonians. 
 Such persons are not only excluded all offices, 
 but it is infamous to intermarry with them. Any 
 man who meets them is at liberty to strike them. 
 They are obliged to appear in a forlorn manner, 
 and in a vile habit, with patches of divers colors , 
 and to wear their beards half shaved and half 
 unshaved. — Plutarch. 
 
 1251. CEEDULITY of Philosophers. Seven. 
 Seven friends and philosophers, Diogenes and 
 Hermias, Eulalius and Priscian, Damascius, Isi- 
 dore, and Simplicius, who dissented from the 
 religion of their sovereign, embraced the resolu- 
 tion of seeking in a foreign land the freedom 
 which was denied in their native country. They 
 had heard, and they credulously believed, that 
 the republic of Plato was realized in the despot- 
 ic government of Persia, and thqt a patriot king 
 reigned over the happiest and most virtuous of 
 nations. They were soon astonished by the nat- 
 ural discovery, that Persia resembled the other 
 countries of the globe ; that Chosroes, who af- 
 fected the name of a philosopher, was vain, cruel, 
 and ambitious ; that bigotry and a spirit of in- 
 tolerance prevailed among the Magi ; that the 
 nobles were haughty, the courtiers servile, and 
 the magistrates unjust; that the guilty some- 
 times escaped, and that the innocent were often 
 oppressed. The disappointment of the phi- 
 losophers provoked them to overlook the real 
 virtues of the Persians ; and they were scandal- 
 ized, more deeply perhaps than became their 
 profession, with the plurality of wives and con- 
 cubines, the incestuous marriages, and the cus- 
 tom of exposing dead bodies to the dogs and vult- 
 ures, instead of hiding them in the earth, or 
 consuming them with fire. Their repentance wa* 
 expressed by a precipitate return, and they loud- 
 ly declared that they had rather die on the bor 
 
154 
 
 CREDULITY— CRIME. 
 
 ders of the empire than enjoy the wealth and 
 favor of the barbarian. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 12§2. CREDULITY, Eeligious. Priestcraft. 
 [The blood which flowed during the agony of 
 our Lord was pretended to be exhibited accord- 
 ing to the price paid for the sight. Latimer de- 
 clared it to be clarified honey, colored with saf- 
 fron.] There was in the priory -of Cardigan an 
 image of the Virgin, with a taper in her hand, 
 which was found standing on the river Tyne, 
 with the taper always burning ; but being car- 
 ried into Christ's Church, in Cardigan, the image 
 would not stay there, but was found three or four 
 times in the place where now is builded the 
 Church of our Lady, and the taper burning in 
 her hand, which continued still burning for the 
 space of nine years without wasting, until the 
 time that one foresware himself thereon, and 
 then it extincted and never burned thereafter, 
 . . . There was an image at Bangor worth to 
 the friars 20 marks by the year in corn, cat- 
 tle and cheese, and money. . . . The famous 
 rood of Boxley, of which the figure could move 
 its threatening eyes, twitch his nostrils, throw 
 back his head, or nod approbation, is elevated on 
 a scaffold, and goes through the performance at 
 which past generations had wondered and trem- 
 bled . . . The imposture is proclaimed from 
 the pulpit . . . the machinery is disclosed and 
 consigned to the flames. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 25, p. 409. 
 
 1283. CEEDULITY of the Sick, Lard Audley. 
 The belief in empirical remedies was not con- 
 fined to the humble classes. Lord Audley, in 
 1553, sends to Cecil, who was seriously ill, reci- 
 pes for two medicines which he had proved up- 
 on himself and his wife. One of these is founded 
 on the healing virtues of a sow pig nine days old, 
 distilled with many herbs and spices. The other 
 is more ample : "Item. Take a . . . hedgehog, 
 and quarter him in pieces, and put the said beast 
 in a still with these ingredients : item, a quart of 
 red wine, a pint of rose-water, a quart of sugar, 
 cinnamon and great raisins, one date, twelve nepe" 
 [turnips]. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 8, p. 498. 
 
 12§4. CREDULITY, Superstitious, Bomans. 
 The nations and the sects of the Roman world 
 admitted, with equal credulity and similar ab- 
 horrence, the reality of that infernal art which 
 was able to control the eternal order of the plan- 
 « is and the voluntary operations of the human 
 mind. They dreaded the mysterious power of 
 spells and incantations, of potent herbs, and ex- 
 ecrable rites, which could extinguish or recall 
 life, inflame the passions of the soul, blast the 
 works of crojjtion, and extort from the reluctant 
 demons the secrets of futurity. They believed, 
 with the wildest inconsistency, that the preter- 
 natural dominion of the air, of earth, and of hell 
 was exercised, from the vilest motives of malice 
 or gain, by some wrinkled hags and itinerant 
 sorcerers, who passed their obscure lives in pen- 
 ury and contempt. The arts of magic were equal- 
 ly condemned by the public opinion and by the 
 laws of Rome ; but as they tended to gratify the 
 most imperious passions of the heart of man, 
 they were continually proscribed and continual- 
 ly practised. An imaginary cause is capable of 
 producing the most serious and mischievous ef- 
 fects. The dark predictions of the death of an 
 emperor, or the success of a conspiracy, were 
 
 calculated only to stimulate the hopes of ambi- 
 tion and to dissolve the ties of fidelity ; and th« 
 intentional guilt of magic was aggravated by the 
 actual crimes of treason and sacrilege. Such vain 
 terrors disturbed the peace of society and the 
 happiness of individuals ; and the harmless flame 
 which insensibly melted a waxen image might 
 derive a powerful and pernicious energy from 
 the affrighted fancy of the person whom it was 
 maliciously designed to represent. From the in- 
 fusion of those herbs which were supposed to^ 
 possess a supernatural influence, it was an easy 
 step to the use of more substantial poison ; and 
 the folly of mankind sometimes became the in- 
 strument and the mask of the most atrocious 
 crimes. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 25, p. 536. 
 
 12§5. . Persians. [Artaxerxes 
 
 summoned a great council of the Magi, which 
 was reduced by selection from eighty thousand to 
 seven.] One of these, Erdaviraph, a young but 
 holy prelate, received from the hands of his 
 brethren three cups of soporiferous wine. He 
 drank them off, and instantly fell into a long and 
 profound sleep. As soon as he waked, he relat- 
 ed to the king and to the believing multitude his 
 journey to heaven and his intimate conferences 
 with the Deity. Every doubt was silenced by 
 this supernatural evidence ; and the articles of 
 the faith of Zoroaster were fixed with equal 
 authority and precision. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 8. 
 
 12S6. CRIME, Epidemic of, England. There 
 was a good deal of alarm in the autumn of 1692 
 from the daring crimes that sometimes seem epi- 
 demic in a nation. Hence a proclamation against 
 highwaymen was issued. Gangs of banditti 
 robbed mails and stage-coaches even in the day- 
 time. . , . Burglars were almost as bold and 
 numerous as footpads and highwaymen. [There 
 had been four years of war with James II. and 
 Louis XIV.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 10, 
 p. 155. 
 
 1287. CRIME, Evidence of. Circumstantial. 
 [Burning of Rome by Nero.] Whether he was 
 really guilty or not of having ordered that im- 
 mense conflagration, it is certain that he was sus- 
 pected of it by his contemporaries, and has been 
 charged with it by many historians of his country. 
 It is certain, also, that his head had been full for 
 years of the image of flaming cities ; that he used 
 to say that Priam was to be congratulated on 
 having seen the ruin of Troy ; that he was never 
 able to resist the fixed idea of a crime ; that the 
 year following he gave a public recitation of a 
 poem called "Troica," from the orchestra of the 
 theatre, and that this was only the burning of 
 Rome under a thin disguise ; and that just before 
 his flight he meditated setting fire to Rome once 
 more. It was rumored that when some one had 
 told him how Gains used to quote the phrase 
 of Euripides — 
 "When I am dead, sink the whole earth in. 
 
 flames !" 
 he replied, " Nay, but while I live !" He was 
 accused of the ambition of destroying Rome, 
 that he might replace its tortuous and narrow 
 lanes with broad, regular streets and uniform 
 Hellenic edifices, and so have an excuse for 
 changing its name from Rome to Neropolis. It 
 was believed that in his morbid appetite for new 
 sensations he was quite capable of devising a. 
 
CRIME— CRIMINALS, 
 
 155 
 
 truly artistic spectacle which would thrill his 
 jaded aestheticism, and supply him with vivid 
 imagery for the vapid antitheses of his poems. It 
 was both believed and recorded that during the 
 terrors of the actual spectacle he had climbed the 
 Tower of Maecenas, had expressed his delight at 
 what he called " the flower and loveliness of the 
 flames," and in his scenic dress had sung on his 
 own private stage the " Capture of Ilium." — 
 Farrau's Early Days, p. 29. 
 
 1 2 § § . CRIME, Expiation of. Burning of 
 Rome. It is clear that a shedding of blood — in 
 fact, some form or other of human sacrifice — 
 was imperatively demanded by popular feeling 
 as an expiation of the ruinous crime which had 
 plunged so many thousands into the depths of 
 misery. In vain had the Sibylline Books been 
 once more consulted, and in vain had public 
 prayer been offered, in accordance with their 
 directions, to Vulcan and the goddesses of Earth 
 and Hades. In vain had the Roman matrons 
 walked in procession in dark robes, and with 
 their long hair unbound, to propitiate the in- 
 sulted majesty of Juno, and to sprinkle with sea- 
 water her ancient statue. In vain had largesses 
 been lavished upon the people and propitiatory 
 sacrifices offered to the gods. In vain had public 
 banquets been celebrated in honor of various 
 deities. A crime had been committed, and 
 Romans had perished unavenged. Blood cried 
 for blood before the sullen suspicion against 
 Nero could be averted, or the indignation of 
 heaven appeased. [Nero accused, and then per- 
 secuted, the Christians for his own crime.] — 
 Farrar's Early Days, p. 35. 
 
 12§9. CEIME of Imagination. Capital. [On 
 the trial of the Duke of Buckingham, in 1521 ,] a 
 monk of the Charter-house, who pretended to a 
 knowledge of future events, "had divers times 
 said to the duke that he should be King of 
 England ; but the duke said that in himself he 
 never consented to it." The judicial inference 
 was, that he had committed the crime of imag- 
 ining the death of the king, and that his words 
 were satisfactory evidence of such imagining. 
 Buckingham was convicted [and beheaded]. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 287. 
 
 1290. CRIME, Memorial of. "Labrador." 
 Men were already with the Portuguese an estab- 
 lished article of traffic ; the inhabitants of the 
 American coast seemed well fitted for labor ; and 
 
 j Corte-Real [the Portuguese sailor] freighted his 
 ships with more than fifty Indians, whom, on 
 i his return, he sold as slaves. . . . The name of 
 i Labrador, transferred to a more northern coast, 
 i: is probably a memorial of his crime. — Ban- 
 croft's History of U. S., ch. 1. 
 
 1291. CRIME, Organization for. England, 
 j 1752. Fielding said, ' ' there are at this time a great 
 ^ gang of rogues, whose number falls little short of 
 
 a hundred, who are incorporated into one body, 
 have oflScers and a treasurer, and have reduced 
 theft and robbery into a regular system." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 192. 
 
 1292. CRIME, Reaction of. Rosamond. [She 
 j was the exiled murderess of Alboin, her royal 
 I husband.] With her daughter, the heiress of 
 1 the Lombard throne, her two lovers, her trusty 
 i Gepidae, and the spoils of the palace of Verona, 
 
 Rosamond descended the Adige and the Po, and 
 
 was transported by a Greek vessel to the safe har- 
 bor of Ravenna. Longinus beheld with delight 
 the charms and the treasures of the widow of 
 Alboin : her situation and her past conduct might 
 justify the most licentious proposals ; and she 
 readily listened to the passion of a minister who, 
 even in the decline of the empire, was respected 
 as the equal of kings. The death of a jealous 
 lover was an easy and grateful sacrifice ; and as 
 Helmichis [her former lover] issued from the 
 bath he received the deadly potion from the 
 hand of his mistress. The taste of the liquor, its 
 speedy operation, and his experience of the char- 
 acter of Rosamond, convinced him that he was 
 poisoned ; he pointed his dagger to her breast, 
 compelled her to drain the remainder of the cup, 
 and expired in a few minutes, with the consola- 
 tion that she could not survive to enjoy the fruits 
 of her wickedness. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 45. 
 
 1293. CRIME taught. " Demi's Acre." In 
 1837 there was a district lying near Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, called "The Devil's Acre," where 
 depravity was universal; where professional beg- 
 gars were fitted out with all the appliances of 
 imposture ; where there was an agency office f(^r 
 the hire of children to be carried about by for- 
 lorn widows and deserted wives to move tl^e 
 compassion of street-giving benevolence ; whei'e 
 young pickpockets were duly trained in the art 
 and mystery which was to conduct them in dii.e 
 course to an expensive voyage for the good of 
 their country [to Botany Bay]. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 8, ch. 23, p. 399. 
 
 1294. CRIMES, Equality of. Stoics. From 
 the portico the Roman civilians learned to liv?, 
 to reason, and to die ; but they imbibed in 8on<e 
 degree the prejudices of the sect — the love of 
 paradox, the pertinacious habits of dispute, and 
 a minute attachment to words and verbal dis- 
 tinctions. The superiority of form to mattiv 
 was introduced to ascertain the right of property; 
 and the equality of crimes is countenanced by an 
 opinion of Trebatius, that he who touches the ear 
 touches the whole body ; and that he who steals 
 from a heap of corn or a hogshead of wine is 
 guilty of the entire theft. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 44. 
 
 1295. CRIMINAL, A monster. Catiline. In 
 an age when licentiousness of the grossest kind 
 was too common to attract attention, Catiline 
 had achieved a notoriety for infamy. He had 
 intrigued with a Vestal virgin, the sister of Cice- 
 ro's wife, Terentia. If Cicero is to be believed, 
 he had made away with his own wife, that he 
 might marry Aurelia Orestilla, a woman as wick- 
 ed as she was beautiful, and he had killed hi: 
 child also because Aurelia had objected to be ir 
 cumbered with a stepson. But this, too, was 
 common in high society in those days. Adultery 
 and incest had become familiar excitements. 
 Boys of ten years old had learned the art of poi- 
 soning their fathers. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 11. 
 
 1296. CRIMINALS branded. Clerical. The 
 act for Bishops, to punish priests and other re- 
 ligious men for dishonest life, . . . provides that 
 if a person not in orders shall have once been ad- 
 mitted to such benefit [of clergy], he shall not 
 be again so admitted, but be marked with M up- 
 on the brawn of the left thumb if convicted of 
 murder, and with T if for any other felony, and 
 
156 
 
 CRIMINALS— CRITICISM. 
 
 then be delivered to tlie ordinaiy. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 243. 
 
 1297. CEIMINALS, Clerical. Favored. [In 
 1512 a statute was passed, which] exempts from 
 benefit of clergy all murderers, highway rob- 
 bers, and burglars, such as be within holy orders 
 only except. . . . The ecclesiastical authorities 
 regarded it as encroachment upon the privileges 
 of the Church, and they prevented its renewal 
 at the expiration of the first year. ... A cer- 
 tain abbot . . . denounced from the pulpit at 
 Paul's Cross all those who had assented to the 
 aft.— Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 277. 
 
 129§. CEIMINALS, Conniving with. Pirates. 
 [The Emperor Maximian appointed Carausius to 
 tlie command of his fleet in the British Channel 
 f(tr the suppression of the German pirates.] The 
 iittegrity of the new admiral corresponded not 
 with his abilities. When the German pirates 
 sjdled from their own harbors he connived at 
 their passage, but he diligently intercepted their 
 return, and appropriated to his own use an ample 
 share of the spoil which they had acquired. The 
 w ealth of Carausius was, on this occasion, very 
 justly considered as an evidence of his guilt ; 
 and Maximian gave orders for his death. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 409. 
 
 1299. CEIMINALS, Haunts of. London. The 
 house of the Carmelite Friai-s . . . had, before 
 the Reformation, been a sanctuary for criminals, 
 and still retained the privilege of protecting 
 debtors from arrest. Insolvents consequently 
 were to be found in every dwelling, from cellar 
 to garret. Of these a large proportion were 
 knaves and libertines, and were followed to their 
 a-sylum by women more abandoned than them- 
 S(!lves. . . . Though the immunities legally 
 belonging to the place extended only to cases of 
 debt ; cheats, false witnesses, forgers, and high- 
 waymen found refuge there ; for amid a rabble 
 so desperate no peace officer's life was in safety. 
 At the cry of " Rescue," bullies, with swords and 
 cudgels, and termagant hags, with spits and 
 broomsticks, poured forth by hundreds. . . . 
 Even the warrant of the chief justice of Eng- 
 land could not be executed without the help of a 
 companv of musketeers. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p.' 338. 
 
 1300. CEIMINALS honored. Highlanders. 
 The " Highlanders being in general poorly pro- 
 vided for, they are apt to covet other men's 
 goods ; nor are they taught by any laws to dis- 
 tinguish with great accuracy their own property 
 from that of other people. They are not 
 ashamed of the gallows— nay, they pay a relig- 
 ious respect to a fortunate plunderer." — Cun- 
 ningham, IN Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 6. 
 
 1301. CEIMINALS, Protection from. Police, 
 1780. [The London] police-officer of that day 
 was called a " thief -taker" — he was in no sense 
 of the word a detective or a preventive function- 
 ary. He knew the thieves, and the thieves knew 
 him. His business was to " let the matter ripen" 
 when he had information of a house to be broken 
 open or a mail to be robbed. When he was 
 sure of a capital conviction he took his man, and 
 obtained £40 "blood money. "—Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 117. 
 
 1302. CEIMINALS, Eule of. Bridewell, 1788, 
 Mr. Booth is committed to Bridewell. . . . 
 
 When he goes to prison, a number of persons 
 gather round him in the yard, and denjand 
 "garnish." The keeper explained that it was 
 customary for every new prisoner to treat the 
 others with something to drink. The young ^ 
 man had no money, and the keepers quietly 1 
 permit the scoundrels to strip him of his clothes. ' 
 All persons sent to Bridewell were treated alike, 
 so far as the prison discipline was concerned. — 
 EiELDiNG, IN Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 117. 
 
 1303. CEISIS, Equal to the. Cromwell. Pym 
 was dead, Hampden was dead. Cromwell, as 
 he looked along its benches, would notice many 
 a place vacated where once sat some strong 
 friend of order and of freedom. It had so shrunk- 
 en from honor that it had come to be called 
 " the Rump." . .,. On the 20th of April, 1653, 
 while Cromwell was quietly sitting in his own 
 " lodgings" in Whitehall, there was brought to 
 him a message, that at that very moment a bill 
 Avas being hurried through the House, by which 
 this most comely piece of government was re- 
 solving its own indefectible perpetuity, and thus 
 attempting a great act of usurpation. Let the 
 reader, therefore, distinctly understand that it 
 was the usurpation of capability against incapa- 
 bility ; the House must be checkmated. Crom- 
 well, therefore, immediately gathered his officers 
 round him and walked down to the assembly 
 [and turned it into the street]. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 14, p. 176. 
 
 1304. CEITIC at Church, The. Lord George 
 Sackville Germain. [Minister in charge of the 
 American department under George III., a.d. 
 1775.] Apparelled on Sunday morning in gala, 
 as if for the drawing-room, he constantly 
 marched out all his household to the parish 
 church, where he would mark time for the sing- 
 ing gallery, chide a rustic chorister for a dis- 
 cord, stand up during the sermon to survey the 
 congregation or overawe the idle, and with un- 
 moved sincerity gesticulate approbation to the 
 preacher, whom he sometimes cheered on by 
 name. . . . This friendless man . . . could plan 
 . . . how to lay America in ashes. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 8, ch. 51. 
 
 1305. CEITICISM, Aroused by. Lord Byron. 
 The Edird)urgh lieview appeared which con- 
 tained the celebrated article that stung the poet 
 so cruelly. "The poesy of this young lord," 
 began the reviewer, "belongs to the class which 
 neither gods nor men are said to permit. . . , 
 His effusions are spread over a dead flat, and 
 can no more get above or below the level than 
 if they were so much stagnant water." And so 
 on for three bantering pages, interspersed with 
 specimens of the noble ' ' minor's" stanzas. This 
 stinging satire, which would have crushed some 
 young writers of verses, fixed Lord Byron in 
 the career of letters. — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 294. 
 
 1306. CEITICISM, Directed. AlciUades. Al- 
 cibiades had a dog of uncommon size and beau- 
 ty, which cost him 70 minai, and yet his tail, 
 which was his principal ornament, he caused 
 to be cut off. Some of his acquaintance found 
 great fault with his acting so strangely, and told 
 him that all Athens rung with the story of his 
 foolish treatment of the dog ; at which he laughed 
 and said, " This is the very thing I wanted ; for 
 I would have the Athenians talk of this, lest they 
 
CRITICISM— CROSS. 
 
 157 
 
 should find something worse to say of me." — 
 Plutarch's Alcibiades. 
 
 1307. CEITICISM feared. William Cowper. 
 There was a trembling consultation as to the ex- 
 pediency of bringing the volume [of satires] un- 
 der the notice of Johnson. " One of his pointed 
 sarcasms, if he should happen to be displeased, 
 would soon find its way into all companies, and 
 spoil the sale. " " I think it would be well to send 
 in our joint names, accompanied with a hand- 
 some card, such a one as you will know how to 
 fabricate, and such as may predispose him to a 
 favorable perusal of the book, by coaxing him 
 into a good temper ; for he is a great bear, with 
 p'l his learning and penetration." Fear pre- 
 vailed ; but it seems that the book found its way 
 into the dictator's hands, that his judgment on 
 it was kind, and that he even did something to 
 temper the wind of adverse criticism to the shorn 
 lamb. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 4. 
 
 130§. CRITICISM, Good. Samuel Johnson. 
 When I pointed out to him in the newspaper 
 one of Mr. Grattan's animated and glowing 
 speeches, in favor of the freedom of Ireland, in 
 which this expression occurred (I know not if 
 accurately taken), " We will persevere till there 
 is not one link of the English chain left to clank 
 upon the rags of the meanest beggar in Ireland " 
 — "Nay, sir" (said Johnson), "don't you per- 
 ceive that one link cannot clank ?" — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 530. 
 
 1309. CRITICISM ignored. Abraham Lincoln. 
 [Being urged to set a false report right by a 
 statement of facts in the papers, he said :] Oh, 
 no, at least not now. If I were to try to read, 
 much less to answer, all the attacks made on me, 
 this shop might as well be closed for any other 
 business. I do the very best I know how — the 
 vQTj best I can ; and I intend to keep doing so 
 unto the end. If the end brings me out all right, 
 what is said against me won't amount to any- 
 thing. If the end brings me out wrong, ten an- 
 gels swearing I was right would make no differ- 
 ence. — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 753. 
 
 1310. CRITICISM, Mania for. ThacJceray. The 
 little courtesies of the world and the little dis- 
 courtesies became snobbish to him. A man could 
 not wear his hat, or carry his umbrella, or mount 
 his horse without falling into some error of 
 snobbism before his hypercritical eyes. St. Mi- 
 chael would have carried his armor amiss, and 
 St. Cecilia have been snobbish as she twanged 
 her harp. — Trollope's Thackeray, ch. 2. 
 
 1311. CRITICISM, Opposition by. Palmerston. 
 One great secret of his power was, that he could 
 always make the house laugh. He had a quiet, 
 homely way of joking, which no British audi- 
 epce could resist. Many of his comic illustra- 
 tions were drawn from the " ring," all the slang 
 and science of which he knew. I have no doubt 
 that if he had been attacked in one of his mid- 
 night walks by three unarmed men, not prize- 
 fighters, he would have been able to knock down 
 the first assailant, damage the second, and put to 
 flight the third. I remember, in one of his speech- 
 es, a passage like this : " Gentlemen on the other 
 side remind me of another sort of encounter fa- 
 miliar to us all. Tom Spring, hard pressed, 
 cries out, ' Tou strike too high ! ' Bob Clinch 
 changes his tactics ; whereupon Tom roars, ' Yoxi, 
 
 strike too low ! ' I have the same ill-luck ; let me 
 strike high' or low, I cannot please honorable 
 members opposite." — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 502. 
 
 1312. CRITICISM, Requests for. SamuelJohn- 
 son. We talked of a lady's verses on Ireland. 
 Reynolds : " And how was it, sir ?" Johnson : 
 "Why, very well for a young miss's verses — 
 that is to say, compared with excellence, noth- 
 ing ; but very well for the person who wrote 
 them. I am vexed at being sliown verses in that 
 manner. " Miss Reynolds : ' ' But if they should 
 be good, why not give them hearty praise ?" 
 Johnson : " Why, madam, because I have not 
 then got the better of my bad humor from hav- 
 ing been shown them. You must consider, mad- 
 am, beforehand, they may be bad as well as good. 
 Nobody has a right to put another under such a 
 difficulty, that he must either hurt the person by 
 telling the truth, or hurt himself by telling what 
 is not true." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 389. 
 
 1313. CRITICISM silenced. Bionysius. Phi- 
 loxenus, it is said, being invited to dine with Dio- 
 nysius [the tyrant of Syracuse], and to hear him 
 recite some poetical composition, was the only 
 one of the guests who took the liberty of censur- 
 ing it ; he was condemned to the mines ; but 
 being soon after set at liberty, and invited to hear 
 another recitation, he held his peace when it 
 came to his turn to give his opinion. "What," 
 said Dionysius, " have you nothing to say on this 
 occasion ?" " Carry me back to the mines," said 
 Philoxenus. Dionysius, we are told, was not dis- 
 pleased with the answer. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 8, p. 361. 
 
 1314. CRITICISM, Undisturbed by. Plato. 
 When one told Plato that the boys in the streets 
 were laughing at his singing, " Aj%" said he, 
 ' ' then I must learn to sing better. " Being at 
 another time reminded that he had many aspers- 
 ers, " It is no matter," said he ; "I will live so 
 that none shall believe them." And once again, 
 being told that a friend was speaking detract- 
 ingly of him, he replied, "I am confident he 
 would not do it if he had not some reason." 
 
 1315. CROAKING of Degeneracy. Puritarig. 
 There never was a period in which the satirist 
 did not affirm that the preceding generation wa« 
 healthier, braver, and altogether nobler than 
 that to which he had the misfortune to belong. 
 And so our good Puritan Avrites [Stubbes, m 
 1593:] "How strong men were in times past, 
 how long they lived, and how healthful they 
 were, before such niceness and vain pampering 
 curiosity was invented, we may read, and many 
 that live at this day can testify." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 248. 
 
 1316. CROAKING, Habit of. Weather. Ad- 
 dison's Tory Fox-hunter is the true representative 
 of that class of "country gentlemen who have 
 always lived out of the way of being better in- 
 formed." The Fox-hunter was of the opinion 
 there had been no good weather since the Revolu- 
 tion ; and that the weather was always fine in the 
 reign of Charles II. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 4, p. 54. 
 
 1317. CROSS, Emblems of the. Christian. 
 An instrument of the tortures which were in- 
 flicted only on slaves and strangers became aa 
 object of horror in the eyes of a Roman citizen ; 
 
168 
 
 CROSS— CROWN. 
 
 »nd the ideas of guilt, of pain, and of ignominy 
 were closely united with the idea of the cross. 
 The piety, rather than the humanity, of Con- 
 stantine soon abolished in his dominions the pun- 
 ishment which the Saviour of mankind had con- 
 descended to suffer ; but the emperor had already 
 learned to despise the prejudices of his educa- 
 tion and of his people before he could erect in 
 the midst of Rome his own statue, bearing a 
 cross in its right hand, with an inscription 
 which referred the victory of its arms and the 
 deliverance of Rome to the virtue of that salu- 
 tary sign, the true symbol of force and courage. 
 The same symbol sanctified the arms of the sol- 
 diers of Constantine ; the cross glittered on their 
 hslmet, was engraved on their shields, was in- 
 terwoven into their banners ; and the consecrated 
 emblems which adorned the person of the em- 
 peror himself were distinguished only by richer 
 irvaterials and more exquisite workmanship. — 
 Gibbok's Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 131S. CEOSS, Protection of the. Lab arum. 
 [The Roman labarum] is described as a long pike 
 mtersected by a transversal beam. The silken 
 veil which hung down from the beam was cu- 
 riously inwrought with the images of the reign- 
 ing monarch and his children. The summit of 
 the pike supported a crown of gold, which en- 
 closed the mysterious monogram, at once express- 
 ive of the figure of the cross and the initial let- 
 ters of the name of Christ. The safety of the 
 labarum was intrusted to fifty guards of ap- 
 proved valor and fidelity ; their station was 
 marked by honors and emoluments ; and some 
 fortunate accidents soon introduced an opinion, 
 that as long as the guards of the labarum were 
 engaged in the execution of their office they 
 were secure and invulnerable amid the darts of 
 the enemy. In the second civil war Licinius 
 felt and dreaded the power of this consecrated 
 banner, the sight of which, in the distress of bat- 
 tle, animated the soldiers of Constantine with an 
 invincible enthusiasm, and scattered terror and 
 dismay through the ranks of the adverse legions. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 18. 
 
 1319. CEOSS recovered, The. Belie. In the 
 recovery of the standards and prisoners which 
 had fallen into the hands of the Persians . . . 
 the subjects and brethren of Heraclius were re- 
 deemed from persecution, slavery, and exile ; 
 but, instead of the Roman eagles, the true wood 
 of the holy cross was restored to the importunate 
 demands of the successor of Constantine. . . . 
 Heraclius performed in person the pilgrimage of 
 Jerusalem, the identity of the relic was verified 
 by the discreet patriarch, and this august cere- 
 mony has been commemorated by the annual 
 festival of the exaltation of the cross. Before 
 the emperor presumed to tread the consecrated 
 ground he was instructed to strip himself of the 
 diadem and purple, the pomp and vanity of the 
 world. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 47. 
 
 1320. CBOSS, Victory by the. Constantine. 
 [Emperor of Rome.] In one of the marches of 
 Constantine be is reported to have seen with his 
 own eyes the luminous trophy of the cross, 
 placed above the meridian sun, and inscribed 
 with the following words : By this conquer. 
 This amazing object in the sky astonished the 
 whole army, as well as the emperor himself , who 
 was yet undetermined in the choice of a religion ; 
 
 but his astonishment was converted into faith by 
 the vision of the ensuing night. Christ appeared 
 before his eyes, and, displaying the same celes- 
 tial sign of the cross, He directed Constantine to 
 frame a similar standard, and to march, with an 
 assurance of victory, against Maxentius and all 
 his enemies. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20. 
 
 1321. CEOWN, Composite. Na/poleon I. On 
 the 26th of May [1805] the [second] coronation 
 of Napoleon took place in the Cathedral of Mi- 
 lan. The iron crown of Charlemagne, which is 
 a circlet of gold and gems covering an iron ring, 
 formed of one of the spikes said to have pierced 
 our Saviour's hand at the crucifixion . . . was 
 brought forth. ... He placed the crown upon 
 his own head, repeating aloud the historical 
 words, "God has given it to me — woe to him 
 who touches it." — Abbott's Napoleou B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 29. 
 
 1322. CEOWN declined. Cromwell. They 
 both refused the crown : Cromwell in the coun- 
 cil chamber, Washington in the camp. . . . Wash- 
 ington rose amid the acclamations and love of 
 the United States ; Cromwell knew that he only 
 leashed and held in check the gorgons, hydras, 
 and chimeras of persecution, despotism, and 
 tyranny. Washington beheld all conflicting in- 
 terests combining into one happy, prosperous na- 
 tionality ; Cromwell stood strong, holding the 
 balances and scales of toleration and justice be- 
 tween a hundred sects, all prepared to fly at each 
 other's throats, and every one of which hated, 
 him because he was strong. . . . Cromwell was, 
 as has been most truly said, the greatest human 
 force ever directed to a moral purpose, and 
 he seems to look across the ocean and even an- 
 ticipate Washington. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 
 14, p. 184. 
 
 1323. . CcEsar. The Senate, medi- 
 tating on the insult which they had received, 
 concluded that Caesar might be tempted, and 
 that if they could bring him to consent he would 
 lose the people's hearts. They had already made 
 him Dictator for life ; they voted next that he 
 really should be king, and, not formally perhaps, 
 but tentatively, they offered him the crown. He 
 was sounded as to whether he would accept it. 
 He understood the snare, and refused. What 
 was to be done next ? He would soon be gone 
 to the East. Rome and its hollow adulations 
 would lie behind him, and their one opportunity 
 would be gone also. They employed some one 
 to place a diadem on the head of his statue which 
 stood upon the Rostra. It was done publicly, 
 in the midst of a vast crowd, in Caesar's pres- 
 ence. Two eager tribunes tore the diaidem 
 down, and ordered the offender into custody. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 1324. CEOWN of Honor. Brnian. The civic 
 crown was the foundation of many privileges. 
 He who had once obtained it had a right to wear 
 it always. When he appeared at the public spec- 
 tacles, the senators rose up to do him hone. 
 He was placed near their bench ; and his father 
 and grandfather, by the father's side, were en- 
 titled to the same privileges. Here was an en- 
 couragement to merit, Avhich cost the public 
 nothing, and yet was productive of many great 
 effects.— Plutarch's Caius Marciub Corio- 
 
 LANUS, LaNGHORNE'S NoTE. 
 
CROWN— CRUELTY. 
 
 159 
 
 1325. CROWN of Merit. Poet. The cere- 
 mony of his coronation was performed in the 
 Capitol by his friend and patron, the supreme 
 magistrate of the republic. Twelve patrician 
 youths were arrayed in scarlet ; six representa- 
 tives of the most illustrious families, in green 
 robes, with garlands of flowers, accompanied the 
 procession ; in the midst of the princes and no- 
 bles, the senator, Count of Anguillara, a kinsman 
 of the Colonna, assumed his throne ; and at the 
 Yoice of a herald Petrarch arose. After dis- 
 coursing on a text of Virgil, and thrice repeating 
 his vows for the prosperity of Rome, he knelt 
 before the throne, and received from the senator 
 a laurel crown, with a more precious declara- 
 tion, " This is the reward of merit. " The people 
 shouted, " Long life to the Capitol and the 
 poet !" — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 70, p. 469. 
 
 1326. CSOWN, Self-imposed. Napoleon I. 
 The crown, the sceptre, the mantle, and the 
 sword were on the altar. The pope lifted the 
 crown ; but Napoleon, snatching the diadem, 
 modelled after the crown of Charlemagne, out of 
 the hands of the Holy Father, placed it upon his 
 own head ; and then he crowned the empress. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 437. 
 
 1327. CROWN, Theft of a. England. [In 
 lfi71 a Colonel Blood, disguised as a clergyman, 
 gagged the keeper of the royal jewels, and after 
 beating him senseless, with the aid of two others, 
 he made off with the crown. He was soon ar- 
 rested, and the crown was restored.] — Knight's 
 JEng., vol. 4, ch. 19, p. 314. 
 
 132S. CROWN, Transferred. Cmsar. Antony, 
 his colleague in the consulship, approached with 
 a tiara, and placed it on Caesar's head, saying, 
 '' The people give you this by my hand." That 
 Antony had no sinister purpose is obvious. He 
 perhaps spoke for the army ; or it may be that 
 Caesar himself suggested Antony's action, that he 
 might end the agitation of so dangerous a sub- 
 ject. He answered in a loud voice that the Ro- 
 mans had no king but God, and ordered that the 
 tiara should be taken to the Capitol and placed 
 ■on the statue of Jupiter Olympius. The crowd 
 burst into an enthusiastic cheer. — Froude's Cae- 
 sar, ch. 26. 
 
 1329. CROWN, A troublesome. Envy. Demos- 
 thenes rebuilt the walls of Athens at his own ex- 
 X^nse, for which the people, at the motion of 
 Ctesiphon, decreed him a crown of gold. This 
 excited the envy and jealousy of ^schines, who 
 thereupon brought that famous impea<^hment 
 against Demosthenes, which occasioned his inim- 
 itable oration " De Corona." — Plutarch's De- 
 mosthenes, Langhorne's Note. 
 
 1330. CROWNS of Iron and Gold. Charles IV. 
 Iq the cathedral of St. Ambrose, Charles [IV.] 
 "was crowned with the iron crown, which tradi- 
 tion ascribed to the Lombard monarchy ; but he 
 was admitted only with a peaceful train ; the 
 gates of the city were shut upon him ; and the 
 King of Italy was held a captive by the arms of 
 the Visconti, whom he confirmed in the sove- 
 Teignty of Milan. In the Vatican he was again 
 «rowned with the golden crown of the empire ; 
 but, in obedience to a secret treaty, the Roman 
 emperor immediately withdrew without reposing 
 •a single night within the walls of Rome. — Gib- 
 3on'8 Rome, vol. 5. 
 
 1331. CRUCIFIXION, Modern. India. [In 
 February, 1825, a part of the army in India made 
 an unsuccessful attack upon the formidable 
 works at Donoopew ; the retreat was so precipi- 
 tate that the wounded men were not canied off.] 
 These unfortunate men were all crucified, and 
 their bodies sent floating down the river upon 
 rafts. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 12, p. 220, 
 
 1332. CRUELTY, Aristocratic. "Norman 
 Oentlemen. " [In 1070 one of the Norman chiv- 
 alry, named Ivo Taillebois, at his good pleasure] 
 would follow the various animals of the people 
 of Croyland in the marshes with his dogs ; drive 
 them to a great distance, drown them in tiie lakes, 
 mutilate some in the tail, others in the ear ; while 
 often, by breaking the feet and the legs of the 
 beasts of burden, he would render them utterly 
 useless. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 14, p. 197. 
 
 1333. CRUELTY, Atrocious. Roman Emperor 
 Caracalla. The tyranny of Tiberius, Nero, and 
 Domitian, who resided almost constantly at 
 Rome, or in the adjacent villas, was confined to 
 the senatorial and equestrian orders. But Cara- 
 calla was the common enemy of mankind. . . . 
 Every province was by turns the scene of his ra- 
 pine and cruelty. The senators, compelled by 
 fear to attend his capricious motions, were 
 obliged to provide daily entertainments at an im- 
 mense expense, which he abandoned with con- 
 tempt to his guards ; and to erect, in every city, 
 magnificent palaces and theatres, which he either 
 disdained to visit or ordered to be immediately 
 thrown down. The most wealthy families were 
 ruined by partial fines and confiscations, and the 
 great body of his subjects oppressed by ingenious 
 and aggravated taxes. In the midst of peace, 
 and upon the slightest provocation, he issued his 
 commands, at Alexandria, in Egypt, for a gener- 
 al massacre. From a secure post in the temple 
 of Serapis he viewed and directed the slaughter 
 of many thousand citizens, as well as strangers, 
 without distinguishing either the number or the 
 crime of the sufferers ; since, as he coolly inform- 
 ed the Senate, all the Alexandrians, those who 
 had perished and those who had escaped, were 
 alike guilty. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6. 
 
 1334. CRUELTY, Barbarian. War. TheThu- 
 ringians served in the army of Attila ; they trav- 
 ersed, both in their march and in their return, the 
 territories of the Franks ; and it was perhaps in 
 this war that they exercised the cruelties which, 
 about fourscore years afterward, were revenged 
 by the son of Clovis. They massacred their hos- 
 tages as well as their captives ; two hundred 
 young maidens were tortured with exquisite and 
 unrelenting rage ; their bodies were torn asunder 
 by wild horses, or their bones were crushed un- 
 der the weight of rolling wagons ; and their un- 
 buried limbs were abandoned on the public roads 
 as a prey to dogs and vultures. Such were those 
 savage ancestors whose imaginary virtues have 
 sometimes excited the praise and envy of civil- 
 ized ages. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35. 
 
 1335. CRUELTY, Bloodless. Michael Palmolo- 
 gus. [He was the usurper of Constantinople.] 
 By fear or conscience Palaeologus was restrain- 
 ed from dipping his hands in innocent and royal 
 blood ; but the anxiety of a usurper and a parent 
 urged him to secure his throne by one of those im- 
 perfect crimes so familiar to the modem Greeks. 
 The loss of sight incapacitated the young prince 
 
160 
 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 for the active business of the world ; instead of 
 the brutal violence of tearing out his eyes, the 
 visual nerve was destroyed by the intense glare 
 of a red-hot basin, and John Lascaris was remov- 
 ed to a distant castle, where he spent many years 
 in privacy and oblivion. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 62. 
 
 1336. CEUELTY, Catholic. Ireland. "In 
 fact," writes Merle d'Aubigne, "the Catholics 
 burned the houses of the Protestants, turned 
 them out naked in the midst of winter, and drove 
 them, like herbs of swine, before them. If, 
 ashamed of their nudity, and desirous of seeking 
 shelter from the rigor of a remarkably severe sea- 
 son, these unhappy wretches took refuge in a 
 barn, and concealed themselves under the straw, 
 the rebels instantly set flre to it and burned them 
 alive. At other times they were led without 
 clothing to be drowned in rivers ; and if, on the 
 road, they did not move quick enough, they were 
 urged forward at the point of the pike. When 
 they reached the river 6t the sea they were pre- 
 cipitated into it, in bands of several hundreds, 
 which is doubtless an exaggeration. If these 
 poor wretches arose to the surface of the water, 
 men were stationed along the brink to plunge 
 them in again with the butts of their muskets, or 
 to fire at and kill them. Husbands were cut to 
 pieces in the presence of their wives ; wives and 
 virgins were abused in the sight of their nearest 
 relations ; and infants of seven or eight years 
 were hung before the eyes of their parents. Nay, 
 the Irish even went so far as to teach their own 
 children to strip and kill the children of the Eng- 
 lish, and dash out their brains against the stones. 
 Numbers of Protestants were buried alive, as 
 many as seventy in one trench. An Irish priest, 
 named MacOdeghan, captured forty or fifty Prot- 
 estants, and persuaded them to abjure their re- 
 ligion on a promise of quarter. After their ab- 
 juration he asked them if they believed that 
 Christ was bodily present in the Host, and that 
 the pope was head of the Church ? and on their 
 replying in the affirmative, he said : ' Now, then, 
 you are in a very good faith ! ' and, for fear they 
 should relapse into heresy, he cut all their 
 throats." — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 11, p. 141. 
 
 1337. CEUELTY to Children. Timour. [Ti- 
 mour the Tartar was a terrible destroyer of hu- 
 man life.] A Greek city on the coast of Ephesus 
 having sent to meet him and implore his pity a 
 multitude of children of both sexes, who sung 
 his praises and recited verses of the Koran to 
 flatter his religion : "What is that bleating of 
 sheep that annoys my ears ?" said he to his emirs. 
 " It is the children of the city sent by their par- 
 ents to meet your horse to implore you to spare 
 their fathers and mothers." " Let the horses of 
 the Tartars crush them all beneath their feet !" 
 cried Timour. The cavalry of the vanguard 
 rushed at the word upon those innocents, and 
 thousands of the bodies of mutilated children 
 traced the route of Timour. The habit of spilling 
 blood had ended with giving Timour that last 
 degree of military brutality — an indifference to 
 blood. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 358. 
 
 1338. CEUELTY of Civilization. American 
 Indians. We call them cruel ; yet they never 
 invented the thumb-screw, or the boot, or the 
 rack, or broke on the wheel, or exiled bands of 
 their nations for opinion's sake ; and never pro- 
 
 tected the monopoly of a medicine man by the 
 gallows, or the block, or by flre. — Bancroft's 
 Hist., U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 1339. CEXTELTY to Criminals. England. [In 
 1531] it was enacted that poisoning should be 
 deemed high treason, without having any advan- 
 tage of clergy, and that ... all future prisoners 
 should be boiled to death. . . . We have the fol- 
 lowing undoubted record under the thirteenth 
 year of Henry [VIII.] : " This year was a man 
 sodden in a cauldron in Smithfield ; and let up 
 and down divers times till he was dead, for be- 
 cause he would have poisoned divers persons." 
 " This year [1532] was a cook boiled in a caul- 
 dron in Smithfield, for he would have poisoned 
 the Bishop of Rochester, Fisher, with divers of 
 his servants ; and he was locked in a chain and 
 pulled up and down with a gibbet at divers times 
 till he was dead." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 21, p. 340. 
 
 1340. CEUELTY for Cruelty. Sicilian Ves- 
 pers. The pope armed in support of his vassal 
 Charles of Anjou. An engagement ensued, in 
 which Conradin and the Duke of Austria were 
 totally defeated — they were taken prisoners and 
 condemned as rebels against the supreme author- 
 ity of the holy church ; Charles ordered them to 
 suffer death upon a scaffold. Thus this prince 
 secured his claim to the kingdom of Naples and 
 Sicily by a deed which filled his new subjects 
 with horror. They submitted, for a while, with 
 silent indignation to his tyrannical government. 
 The Sicilians at length, to whom the authority 
 of this usurper became every day more intoler- 
 able, formed a conspiracy to vindicate their lib- 
 erty which terminated in one of the most dread- 
 ful massacres ever known in history. In the 
 year 1282, upon Easter Sunday, at the ringing qf 
 the bell for vespers, it was resolved to put to death 
 every Frenchman through the whole island of 
 Sicily, and the resolution was punctually execut- 
 ed. Even women and infants underwent the 
 general fate ; and such was the savage fury of the 
 Sicilians, that the priests assisted in the murder 
 of their brethren, and cut the throats even of 
 their female penitents. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 11. 
 
 1341. CEUELTY, Enjoyment of. By Romam. 
 The Bructeri (it is Tacitus who now speaks) 
 were totally exterminated by the neighboring 
 tribes, provoked by their insolence, allured by 
 the hopes of spoil, and perhaps inspired by tlie 
 tutelar deities of the empire. Above 60,000 bar- 
 barians were destroyed ; not by the Roman arms, 
 but in our sight, and for our entertainment. 
 May the nations, enemies of Rome, ever preserve 
 this enmity to each other. We have now at- 
 tained the utmost verge of prosperity, and have 
 nothing left to demand of fortune, except the 
 discord of the barbarians.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 9, p. 275. 
 
 1342. CEUELTY, Exquisite. Basil. [In the 
 beginning of the eleventh century the second 
 Basil came to the throne.] His cruelty inflicted a 
 cool and exquisite vengeance on 15,000 [Bulga- 
 rian] captives who had been guilty of the de- 
 fence of their country. They were deprived of 
 sight ; but to one of each hundred a single eye 
 was left, that he might conduct his blind centu- 
 ry to the presence of their king. Their king is 
 said to have expired of grief and horror ; the 
 
CRUELTY. 
 
 161 
 
 nation was awed by this terrible example. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 55. 
 
 1343. CEUELTY, Female. Constantina. 
 Constantina, the wife of Gallus, a Roman ruler, 
 is described, not as a woman, but as one of the 
 infernal furies tormented with an insatiate thirst 
 of human blood. Instead of employing her in- 
 fluence to insinuate the mild counsels of prudence 
 and humanity, she exasperated the fierce passions 
 of her husband ; and as she retained the vanity, 
 though she had renounced the gentleness, of her 
 sex, a pearl necklace was esteemed an equivalent 
 price for the murder of an innocent and virtuous 
 nobleman. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 19. 
 
 1344. . Theodora. [The wife of the 
 
 Roman Emperor Julian.] The reproach of cruel- 
 ty, so repugnant even to her softer vices, has 
 left an indelible stain on the memory of Theo- 
 dora. Her numerous spies observed, and zealously 
 reported, every action or word or look injuri- 
 ous to their royal mistress. Whomsoever they 
 accused were cast into her peculiar prisons, in- 
 accessible to the inquiries of justice ; and it was 
 rumored that the torture of the rack, or scourge, 
 had been inflicted in the presence of the female 
 tyrant, insensible to the voice of prayer or of 
 pity. Some of these unhappy victims perished 
 in deep, unwholesome dungeons, while others 
 were permitted, after the loss of their limbs, 
 their reason, or their fortunes, to appear in the 
 world, the living monuments of her vengeance, 
 which was commonly extended to the children 
 of those whom she had suspected or injured. 
 The senator or bishop, whose death or exile 
 Theodora had pronounced, was delivered to a 
 trusty messenger, and his diligence was quick- 
 3ned by a menace from her own mouth. "If 
 you fail in the execution of my commands, I 
 swear by Him who liveth forever, that your skin 
 shall be flayed from your body." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 41. 
 
 1345. CRUELTY of Government. Henry VIII. 
 
 iAt the time of the second rebellion, in 1537, 
 lenry wrote to his minister :] Our pleasure is, 
 that before you shall close up our said banner 
 again, you shall, in any wise, cause such dread- 
 ful execution to be done upon a good number of 
 the inhabitants of every towli, village and ham- 
 let, that have offended in this rebellion, as well 
 by the hanging them up in trees, as by the quar- 
 tering of them, and the setting of their heads and 
 quarters in every town, great and small, and in 
 all such other places, as they may be a fearful 
 spectacle to all others hereafter that would prac- 
 tise any like matter ; which we require you to 
 do without pity or respect. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 25, p. 403. 
 
 1346. . John Howard. He was 
 
 led to visit the bulks anchored in the Thames, 
 wherein were confined large numbers of convicts 
 awaiting transportation. He told members of 
 the government what he saw there. . . . He 
 went below, where he found large numbers of 
 sick men lying on the floor, with not so much as 
 straw under them, to whom were given only the 
 loathsome and poisonous provisions which had 
 caused their sickness. He was not surprised to 
 learn that one third of the convicts die be- 
 fore leaving the country to begin the fulfilment 
 of their sentence ; and he told the government 
 that, unless the system were changed, there 
 
 would be no need of transporting prisoners to 
 Botany Bay, for they would all die in tho 
 Thames. It was a horrid aggi'avation of this in- 
 fernal cruelty that the long detention on board 
 those hulks — from four to eight months — did not 
 expunge a day from the term of their sentence ; 
 it was so much added to their legal punishment. 
 — Cyclopedia OP Bigg., p. 53. 
 
 1347. CRITELTY, An inherited. Nero. He 
 appeared in public a wise and amiable prince ; 
 yet at this very time it was his favorite amuse- 
 ment to range through the streets of Rome with 
 a band of young debauchees, who indulged 
 themselves in every species of outrage and dis- 
 order. His natural disposition first publicly 
 showed itself in an indolent neglect of all the 
 cares of government ; and his mother, Agrippi- 
 na, took advantage of this disposition by ruling 
 everything as she chose. Seneca warned his pu- 
 pil of the danger of allowing free course to the 
 views of this ambitious and unprincipled woman, 
 and his first step was to dismiss from the court 
 her chief favorites and confidants. The violence 
 of Agrippina prompted her to seek an outrageous 
 revenge. She proposed to bring Britannicus to 
 the praetorian bands, and to acknowledge before 
 them the crimes she had committed to place 
 Nero on the throne. The emperor prevented the 
 execution of this purpose by poisoning Britanni- 
 cus, while he sat at supper with himself ; but he 
 sought against his mother a more refined ven- 
 geance. She was invited to Baiae, to celebrate 
 the feast of Bacchus. The ship in which she 
 sailed was constructed in such a manner as to 
 burst and fall to pieces at sea ; but the machin- 
 ery failed, and Agrippina came safe ashore. Ne- 
 ro, enraged at the disappointment of his strata- 
 gem, ordered one of his freedmen to assassinate 
 her. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1. 
 
 134§. CRUELTY, Inhuman. Phocas the Tyrant. 
 After the [forced] abdication of [the Greek Em- 
 peror] Maurice, the two factions disputed the 
 choice of an emperor ; but the favorite of the 
 blues was rejected by the jealousy of their an- 
 tagonists. ... On the third day, amid the 
 acclamations of a thoughtless people, Phocas 
 made his public entry in a chariot drawn by four 
 white horses ; the revolt of the troops was re- 
 warded by a lavish donative. . . . The minis- 
 ters of death were despatched to Chalcedon ; 
 they dragged the emperor from his sanctuary ; 
 and the five sons of Maurice were successively 
 murdered before the eyes of their agonizing par 
 ent. At each stroke, which he felt in his heart, 
 he found strength to rehearse a pious ejacula- 
 tion : "Thou art just, O Lord ! and thy judg- 
 ments are righteous." And such, in the last mo- 
 ments, was his rigid attachment to truth and jus- 
 tice, that he revealed to the soldiers the pious 
 falsehood of a nurse who presented her own child 
 in the place of a royal infant. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 46. 
 
 1349. CRUELTY, Love of. Scythians. In all 
 their invasions of the civilized empires of thei 
 South, the Scythian shepherds have been uni- 
 formly actuated by a savage and destructive 
 spirit. The laws of war, that restrain the exer- 
 cise (>f national rapine and murder, are founded 
 on two principles of substantial interest ; the 
 knowledge of the permanent benefits which may 
 be obtained by a moderate use of conquest, and 
 
162 
 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 a just apprehension lest the desolation which we 
 inflict on the enemy's country may be retaliated 
 on our own. But these considerations of hope 
 and fear are almost unknown in the pastoral state 
 of nations. . . . After the Moguls had subdued 
 the northern provinces of China, it was seriously 
 proposed, not in the hour of victory and passion, 
 but in calm, deliberate council, to exterminate all 
 the inhabitants of that populous country, that 
 the vacant land might be converted to the pas- 
 ture of cattle. The firmness of a Chinese man- 
 darin, who insinuated some principles of ration- 
 al policy into the mind of Zingis, diverted him 
 from the execution of this horrid design. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 34. 
 
 1350. CRUELTY, Maternal. Spartan. Cru- 
 elty, too, a quality extremely opposite to heroic 
 virtue, was a strong ingredient in the Spartan 
 system of manners. Paternal or maternal ten- 
 derness seemed perfectly unknown among this 
 ferocious people. New-born children were pub- 
 licly inspected by the elders of each tribe ; and 
 such as promised to be of a weak and delicate 
 constitution were immediately put to death by 
 drowning. At the festival of Diana children 
 were scourged, sometimes even to death, in the 
 presence of their mothers, who exhorted them, 
 meantime, to suiler every extremity of pain with- 
 out complaint or murmur. It is no wonder that 
 such mothers should receive, without emotion, 
 the intelligence of the death of a son in the field 
 of battle ; but is it possible to believe that on 
 such occasions they should so far conquer nature 
 as to express a transport of joy ? What judg- 
 ment must we form of the Spartan notions of 
 patriotic virtue, when, to love their country, it 
 was thought necessary to subdue and extinguish 
 the strongest feelings of humanity, the first in- 
 stinct of nature? — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 9. 
 
 1351. CRXJELTY, Merciless. Bonapa/rte. [At 
 the battle of Austerlitz] the flying Russians 
 crowded on the frozen lakes. Napoleon, from 
 the table-land of Pratzen, on the side of these 
 lakes, saw the disaster which he had so well pre- 
 pared. He ordered the battery of his guard to 
 fire round shot on the ice that was unbroken, 
 to complete the destruction of those who had 
 taken refuge upon the frozen waters. The bat- 
 teries fired on them till 6000 were either killed 
 or drowned. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 25, 
 p. 450. 
 
 1353. CRUELTY, Monster of. Roman Emper- 
 or Caligula. Upon the death of his sister, Dru- 
 silla, he punished some for mourning for her, 
 because they ought to have known she was a 
 goddess ; and put to death others for not mourn- 
 ing, because she was the sister of the emperor. 
 In addition to all this, Caligula loaded the prov- 
 inces with the most excessive taxes ; and such 
 was his avarice, that every day some of the citi- 
 zens fell a sacrifice in the confiscations of their 
 property. It would only create disgust were we 
 to enter into any detail of the complicated and 
 ingenious cruelties and the absurd extravagances 
 of a madman — of the multiplied instances of his 
 folly as well as of his depravity — his ridiculous 
 mock campaigns — the temples be erected in hon- 
 or of himself, where, in the character of his own 
 priest, he offered sacrifices to himself, sometimes 
 as Jupiter and sometimes as Juno. Oi^e day he 
 
 chose to be Mercury, the next he was Bacchus 
 or Hercules. At last, in the fourth year of his. 
 reign, this monster met with the fate which be 
 deserved, and was assassinated by Chsereas, a 
 tribune of the praetorian guards, in the twenty- 
 ninth year of his age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 5, ch. 1. 
 
 1353. CRUELTY, Natural. Samuel Johnson.. 
 Johnson : " Pity is not natural to man. Chil- 
 dren are always cruel. Savages are always cruel. 
 Pity is acquired and improved by the cultivation 
 of reason. We may have uneasy sensations from 
 seeing a creature in distress, without pity ; for 
 we have not pity unless we wish to relieve them. 
 When I am on my way to dine with a friend, 
 and, finding it late, have bid the coachman make 
 haste, if I happen to attend when he whips his 
 horses, I may feel unpleasantly that the animals 
 are put to pain, but I do not wish him to desist. 
 No, sir, I wish him to drive on." — Boswell'» 
 Johnson, p. 121. 
 
 1354. CRUELTY a Passion. Commodus. The 
 Emperor Commodus was not, as he has been 
 represented, a tiger born with an insatiate thirst 
 of human blood, and capable, from his infancy, 
 of the most inhuman actions. Nature had formed 
 him of a weak rather than a wicked disposition. 
 His simplicity and timidity rendered him the 
 slave of his attendants, who gradually corrupted 
 his mind. His cruelty, which at first obeyed the 
 dictates of others, degenerated into habit, and at 
 length became the ruling passion of his soul. [He 
 was made ruler of Rome a.d. 180.] — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 4. 
 
 1355. CRUELTY, Pleasure in. [Lu^yiv^ Quin 
 tius Flamininus] had a favorite boy whom he car- 
 ried with him, even when he commanded armies 
 and governed provinces. One day as they were 
 drinking, the boy, making his court to Lucius, 
 said : "I love you so tenderly, that, preferring 
 your satisfaction to my own, I left a show of 
 gladiators to come to you, though I have never 
 seen a man killed." Lucius, delighted with the 
 flattery, made answer : "If that be all you need 
 not be in the least uneasy, for I shall soon satis- 
 fy your longing." He immediately ordered a 
 convict to be brought from the prison, and hav- 
 ing sent for one of his lictors, commanded him. 
 to strike off the man's head in the room where 
 they were carousing. — Plutarch'sFlamininus. 
 
 1356. CBJTEJjTY to 'Srisoiiors. Black HoU. [la 
 1756 Surajah Dowlali, the nabob of Bengal, at- 
 tacked the British factory at Calcutta. After twa 
 days' bombardment the fort surrendered, having 
 the promise that their lives would be spared.] 
 There were one hundred and forty-five men 
 and one woman of this devoted company. They 
 were to be secured for the night in the dungeon • 
 of the fort. Into that den eighteen feet by four- 
 teen, with two small windows, were these one 
 hundred and forty -six adults forced by the fero- 
 cious guard that the tyrant had set over them ; 
 and the door was closed. Of that night of hor- 
 ror, the relation given by Mr. Hoi well [one of '■ 
 the prisoners] is one of the most powerful nar- 
 ratives of the extremity of suffering which was 
 ever penned. The expedient of the prisoners tO' ; 
 obtain more room and air, some sitting down, \ 
 never to rise again, through their companions \ 
 falling upon them ; the calling out to the guard > 
 to fire and relieve them from their misery ; the i 
 
CRUELTY. 
 
 163 
 
 raging thirst ; the delirium ; the stupefaction ; the 
 many dead trampled upon by the few living — 
 these are horrors without a parallel in history or 
 fiction. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 14, p. 223. 
 1357. CRUELTY in Punishment. Andronicus. 
 [After an unsuccessful attempt to escape from 
 the fury of his subjects, Andronicus, the Roman 
 emperor and tyrant,] was dragged to the pres- 
 ence of Isaac Angelus, one of his victims, load- 
 ed with fetters, and a long chain round his neck. 
 His eloquence, and the tears of his female com- 
 panions, pleaded in vain for his life ; but, instead 
 of the decencies of a legal execution, the new 
 monarch abandoned the criminal to the numer- 
 ous sufferers whom he had deprived of a fa- 
 ther, a husband, or a friend. His teeth and hair, 
 an eye and a hand, were torn from him, as a 
 poor compensation for their loss ; and a short 
 respite was allowed, that he might feel the bit- 
 terness of death. Astride on a camel, without 
 any danger of a rescue, he was carried through 
 the city, and the basest of the populace rejoiced 
 to trample on the fallen majesty of their prince. 
 After a thousand blows and outrages Androni- 
 cus was hung by the feet, between two pillars 
 that supported the statues of a wolf and a sow ; 
 and every hand that could reach the public ene- 
 my inflicted on his body some mark of ingenious 
 or brutal cruelty, till two friendly or furious 
 Italians, plunging their swords into his body, re- 
 leased him from all human punishment. In this 
 long and painful agony, "Lord, have mercy 
 upon me !" and " Why will you bruise a broken 
 reed ?" were the only words that escaped from 
 his mouth. Our hatred for the tyrant is lost in 
 pity for the man. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 48. 
 
 135§. CETTELTY, Reaction of. Nero's. [Taci- 
 tus says] various forms of mockery were add- 
 ed to enhance their dying agonies. Covered 
 with the skins of wild beasts [the Christians] 
 . . . were doomed to die by the mangling of 
 dogs, or by being nailed to crosses, or to be set 
 on fire and burnt after twilight by way of night- 
 ly illumination. Nero offered his own gardens 
 for this show. . . . Hence, guilty as the vic- 
 tims were [they were charged with hatred tow- 
 ard mankind], and deserving the worst of pun- 
 ishments, a feeling of compassion toward them 
 began to rise, as men felt they were immolated, 
 not for any advantage to the commonwealth, 
 but to glut the savagery of a single man. — Far- 
 bar's Early Days, p. 39. 
 
 1359. CRUELTY, Refined. Greek Emperor's 
 Persecution. [Constantine Sylvanus, the leader 
 of a Gnostic sect, fell a victim to Roman perse- 
 cution at the hands of a minister named Simeon.] 
 By a refinement of cruelty Simeon placed the 
 unfortunate Sylvanus before a line of his dis- 
 ciples, who were commanded, as the price of 
 their pardon and the proof of their repentance, 
 to massacre their spiritual father. They turned 
 aside from ;he impious ofiice ; the stones dropped 
 from their filial hands, and of the whole num- 
 ber only one executioner could be found, a new 
 David, as he is styled by the Catholics, who 
 boldly overthrew the giani: of heresy. This apos- 
 tate (Justus was his name) again deceived and 
 betrayed his unsuspecting brethren. — Gibbon's 
 RoMK, ch. 54. 
 
 1360. CRUELTY, Religious. Crusades. [In 
 1191, after the surrender of Acre to the Crusa 
 
 ders,] King Richard, aspiring to destroy the 
 Turks, root and branch, . . . and to vindicate the 
 Christian religion, on the Friday after the As- 
 sumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary ordered 
 twenty -seven hundred of the Turkish hostages 
 to be led forth from the city and hanged. The 
 soldiers marched forth with delight to fulfil his 
 commands. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 21, 
 p. 312. 
 
 1361. CRUELTY, Remorse from. Glotaire. 
 [One of the early kings of France was] embit- 
 tered by a rebellion stirred up by one of his own 
 sons, whom he at length took prisoner, and con- 
 demned, together with his wife and daughters, 
 to be burned alive. This horrible tragedy took 
 place in 560, and the wretched Clotaire expired 
 precisely a year afterward, a prey to the deepest 
 remorse. — Students' France, ch. 4, § 2. 
 
 1362. CRUELTY, Royal. Constantine V. His 
 reign was a long butchery of whatever was most 
 noble or holy or innocent in his empire. In 
 person the emperor assisted at the execution 
 of his victims, surveyed their agonies, listened 
 to their groans, and indulged, without satiating, 
 his appetite for blood ; a plate of noses was ac- 
 cepted as a grateful offering, and his domestic* 
 were often scourged or mutilated by the royal 
 hand. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 48. 
 
 1363. CRUELTY, Sectarian. Greek Church. 
 During the reign [of Manuel] and that of his sue 
 cessor, Alexius, they [the Romans] were exposed 
 at Constantinople to the reproach of foreigners, 
 heretics, and favorites ; and this triple guilt was 
 severely expiated in the tumult which announc- 
 ed the return and elevation of Andronicus. 
 The people rose in arms ; from the Asiatic 
 shore the tyrant despatched his troops and gal- 
 leys to assist the national revenge ; and the 
 hopeless resistance of the strangers served only 
 to justify the rage and sharpen the daggers of 
 the assassins. Neither age nor sex nor the 
 ties of friendship or kindred could save the 
 victims of national hatred and avarice and re- 
 ligious zeal ; the Latins were slaughtered in their 
 houses and in the streets ; their quarter was re- 
 duced to ashes ; the clergy were burnt in their 
 churches, and the sick in their hospitals ; and 
 some estimate may be formed of the slain from 
 the clemency which sold above four thousand 
 Christians in perpetual slavery to the Turks. 
 The priests and monks were the loudest and 
 most active in the destruction of the schismatics ; 
 and they chanted a thanksgiving to the Lord 
 when the head of a Roman cardinal, the pope's 
 legate, was severed from his body, fastened to 
 the tail of a dog, and dragged, with savage 
 mockery, through the city. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 60. 
 
 1364. CRUELTY, Shameful. James II. [The 
 Duke of Monmouth's rebellion had been crushed, 
 and his adherents were condemned to death.] 
 So many dead bodies were quartered that the 
 executioner stood ankle deep in blood. He was 
 assisted by a poor man whose loyalty was sus- 
 pected, and who was compelled to ransom his 
 own life by seething the remains of his friends 
 in pitch. The peasant who had consented to 
 perform this hideous office afterward returned to 
 his plough. But a mark like that of Cain was 
 upon him. He was known through his village hj 
 
164 
 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 the horrible name of Tom Boilman. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 1365. CEUELTY of Slavery. Lacedomionians. 
 The Helots were a neighboring people of Pelop- 
 onnesus, whom they had subdued in war and 
 reduced to servitude. They were numerous, and 
 had at times attempted to shake off their yoke ; 
 whence it was judged a necessary policy to 
 curb, to intimidate, and to weaken them by the 
 most shocking inhumanity. It was not allow- 
 able to sell or to export them ; but the youth were 
 encouraged to put them to death for pastime. 
 They went forth to the field to hunt them like 
 wild beasts ; and when at any time it was appre- 
 hended that those unhappy wretches had be- 
 come so numerous as to endanger the State, the 
 crypiia, or secret act — viz. , a general massacre in 
 the night — was ordained by law. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 136C. CEITELTY taught. Spartans. The 
 governors of the youth ordered the shrewdest of 
 them from time to time to disperse themselves 
 in the country provided only with daggers and 
 some necessary provisions. In the day-time 
 they hid themselves, and rested in the most pri- 
 vate places they could find ; but at night they 
 sallied out into the roads, and killed all the He- 
 lots they could meet with. Nay, sometimes by 
 day they fell upon them in the fields, and mur 
 dered the ablest and strongest of them. [Lang- 
 horne's Note.] These poor wretches were 
 marked out for slaves in their dress, their 
 gesture, and, in short, in everything. They 
 wore dogskin bonnets and sheepskin vests ; 
 they were forbidden to learn any liberal art, 
 or to perform any act worthy of their mas- 
 ters. Once a day they received a certain num- 
 ber of stripes, for fear they should forget 
 they were slaves ; and, to crown all, they 
 were liable to this cryptia, which was sure to be 
 executed on all such as spoke, looked, or walked 
 like freemen ; a cruel and unnecessary expedi- 
 ent, and unworthy of a virtuous people. — 
 Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 1367. CEUELTY, Terrible. Timour. [Leav- 
 ing his main army at Damascus, Timour] cross- 
 ed the desert of forty days' journey, with a se- 
 lect detachment, and ran to besiege Bagdad, a 
 third time revolted. His vengeance was this 
 time unpitying. The 100,000 Tartars whom 
 he led to the siege of Bagdad received orders to 
 bring him, each of them, the head of an insur- 
 gent. All perished, from the age of eight to that 
 of eighty years, in Bagdad. But he once more 
 saved the men of letters, the artists, the skilled 
 mechanics, the priests, the poets, the historians — 
 all those who give intelligence and immortality 
 to the human species. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 325. 
 
 136§. . Timour the Tartar. [Ti- 
 mour besieged Siwas, the most opulent city of 
 Asiatic Greece, which capitulated after receiv- 
 ing the promise that life should be spared.] 
 But scarcely entered into Siwas, he inundated 
 it with the blood of its defenders. "Whether anger 
 or policy, his ferocity made the East shudder. 
 Tour thousand Ottomans were buried alive to the 
 neck, and thus awaited the end of their life and 
 of their torture — a spectacle worthy of the bru- 
 lality of Tartars, and which the ferocious ani- 
 mals do not exhibit in their mutual carnage. 
 
 The Christians, cast by couples into trenches 
 covered with boards, and surcharged afterward 
 with earth, prolonged for unknown days their 
 subterraneous agony under the tents of the Tar- 
 tars, who heard their moanings. The brave 
 were massacred, that the contagion of their 
 courage might not gain upon the cowardly ; 
 the cowards died through their cowardice, which 
 rendered them unworthy to live. Every pretext 
 was good to consign to death. Timour caused 
 to be immolated even the unfortunate lepers of 
 the hospital of Siwas, lest their infirmity might 
 be communicated to his Tartars, among whom 
 it was unknown. With the exception of the 
 male children fit for slavery, and the young 
 girls fit for the harems, the entire population was 
 destroyed. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 319. 
 
 1369. CEUELTY, Undetested. JRoman Sena- 
 tors. In the hearing of that same Senate in a.d. 59, 
 not long before St. Paul wrote his letter to Phil- 
 emon, C. Cassius Longinus had gravely argued 
 that the only security for the life of masters was 
 to put into execution the sanguinary Silanian 
 law, which enacted that, if a master was mur- 
 dered, every one of his slaves, however numer- 
 ous, however notoriously innocent, should be in- 
 discriminately massacred. It was the senators of 
 Rome who thronged forth to meet with adoring 
 congratulations the miserable youth who came to 
 them with his hands reeking with the blood of 
 matricide. They offered thanksgivings to the 
 gods for his worst cruelties, and obediently vot- 
 ed Divine honors to the dead infant, four 
 months old, of the wife whom he afterward 
 killed with a brutal kick. — Farrab's Early 
 Days, p. 17. 
 
 1370. CEUELTY, A Victor's. Roman Em- 
 peror Gallienus. There is still extant a most 
 savage mandate from [the Emperor] Gallienus 
 to one of his ministers, after the suppression of 
 Ingenuus, who had assumed the purple in Illyr- 
 icum. "It is not enough," says that soft but 
 inhuman prince, " that you exterminate such as 
 have appeared in arms ; the chance of battle 
 might have served me as effectually. The 
 rnale sex of every age must be extirpated, pro- 
 vided that, in the execution of the children and 
 old men, you can contrive means to save our 
 reputation. Let every one die who has dropped 
 an expression, who has entertained a thought 
 against me — against me, the son of Valerian, the 
 father and brother of so many princes. Remem- 
 ber that Ingenuus was made emperor ; tear, 
 kill, hew in pieces. I write to you with my 
 own hand, and would inspire you with my own 
 feelings." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10. 
 
 1371. CEUELTY ofWar. Timour. Timour 
 [the Tartar] was satisfied with the siege and de- 
 struction of Siwas or Sebaste, a strong city on 
 the borders of Anatolia ; and he revenged the 
 indiscretion of the Ottoman on a garrison of 
 4000 Armenians, who were buried alive for the 
 brave and faithful discharge of their duty. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43. 
 
 1372. . CcEsar. Anxious debates 
 
 were held among the beleaguered chiefs [Gauls 
 in Alesia]. The faint-hearted wished to surren- 
 der before they were starved. Others were in 
 favor of a desperate effort to cut their way 
 through or die. One speech Csesar preserves 
 for its remarkable and frightful ferocity. A 
 
CRUELTY— CURES. 
 
 165 
 
 prince of Auvergne said that the Romans con- 
 quered to enslave and beat down the laws and 
 liberties of free nations under the lictors' axes, 
 and he proposed that, sooner than yield, they 
 should kill and eat those who were useless for 
 fighting. Vercingetorix was of noble nature. 
 To prevent the adoption of so horrible an expe- 
 dient, he ordered the peaceful inhabitants, with 
 their wives and children, to leave the town. 
 Caesar forbade them to pass his lines. Cruel — 
 but war is cruel ; and where a garrison is to be 
 reduced by famine the laws of it are inexor- 
 able. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 19. 
 
 1373. CRUELTY to Woman. Clot aire. 
 [Brunehaut, Queen of Austrasia, fell into the 
 hands of the King of Neustria, whose name 
 was] Clotaire. He overwhelmed her with a 
 torrent of reproaches, abandoned her for three 
 days to every kind of torture and indignity, 
 and then caused her to be fastened to the tail 
 of a wild horse, so that the wretched queen's 
 body was dragged, torn, and trampled into 
 fragments. The remains were collected, and 
 the ashes scattered to the winds. — Students' 
 France, ch. 4, § 5. 
 
 1374. CRUELTY in Worship. Ancient Druids. 
 In these graves [of England], and upon these 
 altars, the Druids offered sacrifices of various 
 kinds, the most acceptable of which were human 
 victims. This was not to be wondered at, con- 
 sidering that it was their opinion that the Su- 
 preme Deity placed his chief delight in blood 
 and slaughter. . . . Every ninth month there 
 was a sacrifice offered up to the gods of nine 
 human victims ; and in the first month of every 
 ninth year was held an extraordinary solemnity, 
 which was marked with dreadful slaughter. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6. 
 
 1375. CEUSADERS, Numerous. Six Millions. 
 We depend not on the eyes or knowledge, but on 
 the belief and fancy, of a chaplain of Count Bald- 
 win, in the estimate of six hundred thousand pil- 
 grims able to bear arms, besides the priests and 
 monks, the women and children of the Latin 
 camp. The reader starts ; and before he is recov- 
 ered from his surprise, I shall add, on the same 
 testimony, that if all who took the cross had ac- 
 complished their vow, above six millions would 
 have migrated from Europe to Asia. Under this 
 oppression of faith, I derive some relief from a 
 more sagacious and thinking writer, who, after 
 the same review of the cavalry, accuses the credu- 
 lity of the priest of Chartres, and even doubts 
 whether the Cisalpine regions (in the geography 
 of a Frenchman) were sufficient to produce and 
 pour forth such incredible multitudes. The 
 coolest scepticism will remember, that of these 
 religious volunteers great numbers never beheld 
 Constantinople and Nice. Of enthusiasm the in- 
 fluence is irregular and transient ; many were 
 detained at home by reason or cowardice, by 
 poverty or weakness ; and many were repulsed 
 by the obstacles of the way, the more insuperable 
 as they were unforeseen, to these ignorant fa- 
 natics. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58. 
 
 1376. CRUSADES, Origin of. Peter the Hermit. 
 About twenty years after the conquest of Jeru- 
 salem by the Turks, the holy sepulchre was 
 visited by a hermit by the name of Peter, a native 
 of Amiens, in the province of Picardy in France. 
 His resentment and sympathy were excited by 
 
 his own injuries and the oppression of the Chris- 
 tian name ; he mingled his tears with those of 
 the patriarch, and earnestly inquired if no hopes 
 of relief could be entertained from the Greek em- 
 perors of the East. The patriarch exposed the 
 vices and weakness of the successors of Constan- 
 tine. " I will rouse," exclaimed the hermit, 
 ' ' the martial nations of Europe in your cause ;" 
 and Europe was obedient to the call of the her- 
 mit. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58. 
 
 1377. CULTURE, Improvement by. Oermany. 
 The climate of ancient Germany has been molli- 
 fied, and the soil fertilized, by the labor of ten 
 centuries from the time of Charlemagne. The 
 same extent of ground which at present main- 
 tains, in ease and plenty,, a million of husband- 
 men and artificers, was unable to supply a hun- 
 dred thousand lazy warriors with the simple nec- 
 essaries of life. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9. 
 
 137§. CURE, Imaginary. Mohammedans. On 
 his back he had a round, fleshy tumor of the size 
 of a pigeon's egg ; its furrowed surface was cov- 
 ered with hair, and its base was surrounded by 
 black moles. This was considered as the seal of 
 his prophetic mission, at least during the latter 
 part of his career, by his followers, who were so 
 devout that they found a cure for their ailings 
 in drinking the water in which he had bathed ; 
 and it must have been very refreshing, for he 
 perspired profusely, and his skin exhaled a 
 strong smell." — Sprenger's Life of Moham- 
 med, p. 84. 
 
 1379. CURE, Superstitious. King's Evil. [Dr. 
 Samuel Johnson was afflicted with scrofula in 
 his childhood, which disfigured his countenance, 
 injured his visual nerves, and destroyed the sight 
 of one eye.] It has been said that he contracted 
 this grievous malady from his nurse. His moth- 
 er, yielding to the superstitious notion, which, 
 it is wonderful to think, prevailed so long in 
 this country, as to the virtue of the regal touch 
 — a notion which our kings encouraged, and to 
 which a man of such inquiry and such judgment 
 as Carte could give credit — carried him to Lon- 
 don, where he was actually touched by Queer 
 Anne. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 6. 
 
 13§0. CURES fanciful. Weakness. Queen 
 Anne revived the ceremony of touching for the 
 king's evil, by which all English monarchs, from 
 the time of Edward the Confessor, whether 
 saints or sinners, had asserted the miraculous 
 power of the wearer of the "golden rigol." 
 William III. was profane enough not to believe 
 in this power. William was once prevailed upon 
 to touch for the malady which kings could cure, 
 and he said to the patient that he prayed God to 
 heal him and grant him more wisdom at the 
 same time. — Knight's Enq., vol. 5, ch. 17, p. 
 272. 
 
 13§1. CURES, Fraudulent. King's Evil. An 
 old man who was a witness in a case described 
 how the good Queen [Anne] had touched him 
 wlien a child [for the cure of the king's evil]. He 
 was asked whether he was really cured, upon 
 which he answered, with a significant smile, that 
 he believed himself never to have had a com- 
 plaint that deserved to be considered as the 
 Evil, but that his parents were poor, and had no 
 objection to the bit of gold — the angel of gold — 
 with the impress of St. Michael, which was hung 
 
166 
 
 CURIOSITIES— DANGER. 
 
 about the patient's neck. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 5, ch. 17, p. 273. 
 
 13S2. CUEIOSITIES, Indifference to. General 
 Orant. [At Naples] he climbed to the castle of 
 San Martin, now a museum. , . . They spent 
 nearly an hour in examining the curiosities, in 
 which Mrs. Grant seemed to take more interest 
 than the General. . . . "When the guide showed 
 him the portrait of the man who gave the collec- 
 tion to Naples, he dryly remarked, in English : 
 " Well, if I had a museum like this, I would give 
 it to Naples, or anybody who would take it." — 
 Travels of General Grant, p. 95. 
 
 13§3. CUEIOSITY, Destructive. Empedodes. 
 [A Pythagorean] . . . who attained considerable 
 eminence in physical science, and who is said to 
 have thrown himself into the crater of Mount 
 Etna, either from the desire of exploring the 
 cause of its eruptions, or of propagating the be- 
 lief that the gods had caught him up in heaven ; 
 it is a wiser and more charitable supposition, 
 that he owed his death to a laudable but rash cu- 
 riosity. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9. 
 
 13S4. CUERENCY in Salt. In Abyssinia. In 
 Adal, a country in Africa bordering the Red Sea, 
 there is a large plain, called Harko ; it is covered 
 with salt three feet thick, which is not only used 
 for culinary purposes, but in Abyssinia as cur- 
 rency. — American Cyclopedia, " Adal." 
 
 1385. CUSTOM, Eeign of. "Ducking." At the 
 bridewell, in Liverpool, Howard found a singu- 
 lar custom pi'evailing. Every woman, on her 
 admission to the jail, was brought into the bath- 
 room clad only in a flannel chemise, and placed 
 in a chair with her back to the bath-tub. This 
 chair turned on a hinge, and when the signal 
 was given it was turned over, and the woman 
 with it, who went backward into the water over 
 head and ears. This operation was repeated 
 three times, when the woman was considered 
 initiated. [John] Howard inquired why the 
 men were not subjected to this ducking ; but he 
 could only learn that such was not the custom 
 at Liverpool. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 64. 
 
 13S6. DANCING, Ceremonious. Indian. 
 Though generally sedate in manners and serious 
 in behavior, the Red men at times gave them- 
 selves up to merry-making and hilarity. The 
 dance was universal — not the social dance of civ- 
 ilized nations, but the dance of ceremony, of re- 
 ligion, and of war. Sometimes the warriors 
 danced alone, but frequently the women joined 
 in the wild exercise, circling around and around, 
 chanting the weird, monotonous songs of the 
 tribes. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 1, p. 49. 
 
 13§7. DANCING, Delight in. Sixtsenih Cen- 
 tury. [With the people, high and low, it was a 
 favorite amusement.] Upon the rushes of the 
 torch-lighted hall the courtiers danced their 
 grave measures and corantoes to the airs of 
 Queen Elizabeth's "Virginal Book;" and the 
 peasant youths and maidens, on the village green, 
 saw the sun go down, as they tripped " the come- 
 ly country-round." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 
 16, p. 250. 
 
 1388. DANCING, Mystic. West Indians. The 
 dances to which the natives seemed so immod- 
 erately addicted, and which had been at first 
 considered by the Spaniards mere idle pastimes. 
 
 were found to be often ceremonials of a serious 
 and mystic character. They form, indeed, a sin- 
 gular and important feature throughout the cus- 
 toms of the aboriginals of the New World. In 
 these are typified, by signs well understood by 
 the initiated, and, as it were, by hieroglyphic ac- 
 tion, their historical events, their projected en- 
 terprises, their hunting, their ambuscades, and 
 their battles, resembling in some respects the 
 Pyrrhic dances of the ancients. — Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 1389. DANCING, Opposed to. Puritans. [In 
 1593] the Puritans denounced all dancing in 
 mixed companies of the sexes. The dancing 
 schools, which then abounded, were, they said, 
 for teaching " the noble science of heathen dev- 
 iltry." They held that "men by themselves, 
 and Avomen by themselves" might dance without 
 sin, " to recreate the mind oppressed with some 
 great toil and labor." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 16, p. 250. 
 
 1390. DANGEE, Contempt for. William the 
 Bed. [The son of William I., the Conqueror.] 
 Normandy had been pledged to him by his 
 brother Robert in exchange for a sum which 
 enabled the duke to march in the first Cnisade 
 for the delivery of the Holy Land, and a rebel- 
 lion at Le Mans was subdued hj the fierce ener- 
 gy with which William flung himself at the 
 news of it into the first boat he found, and crossed 
 the Channel in face of a storm. " Kings never 
 drown," he replied, contemptuously, to the re- 
 monstrances of his followers. — Hist, op Eng. 
 People, § 116. 
 
 1391. DANGEE, Needless. Admiral Nelson. 
 [Lord Nelson, the greatest of British admirals, 
 wore a bright uniform, and on the left breast 
 of his coat were four embroidered stars, the em- 
 blems of the orders with which he was invested. 
 When he was about to attack the French and 
 Spanish fleets off Cape Trafalgar,] he was im- 
 plored to put on a plainer dress, for there were 
 rifle-men among the 4000 troops on board the 
 French and Spanish ships. No ; what he had 
 won he would wear. On the deck he stood, a 
 mark for the enemy — one whose life was worth 
 a legion. There was a carelessness about his 
 own safety that day which was chivalrous, how- 
 ever unwise. . . . He was shot from the mizzen- 
 top of the Redoubtable, which he supposed 
 had struck. " They have done for me at last," 
 he said, "my backbone is shot through." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 448. 
 
 1392. DANGEE, Unconsciousness of. Explosion. 
 Once upon a time a London exquisite descended 
 into a coal mine on a voyage of exploration and 
 discovery; he saw everything — Davy lamps, 
 blind horses, trucks of coal rolling along subter- 
 ranean tramways. Seated on a cask to rest him- 
 self, he proceeded to question the swarthy miner, 
 who was his conductor, concerning many things, 
 and especially about the operation of blasting. 
 " And whereabouts, my man," condescendingly 
 said he — "whereabouts do you keep your pow- 
 der ?" "Please, sir," replied the swart one, 
 ' ' you're a-sittin' on it !" Charles was in a world 
 to him all dark and subterranean, and sitting on 
 a powder-mine, of the existence of which he- 
 had no knowledge, although it was beneath h» 
 throne. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 4, p. 89. 
 
DARKNESS— DEATH. 
 
 167 
 
 i 
 
 1393. DABENESS a Convenience. Columbus. 
 I^On his tliird voyage in the West Indies,] not- 
 withstanding their superstitious fancies, the sea- 
 men were glad to use a part of these sliarks for 
 food, being very short of provisions. Tlie length 
 of the voyage had consumed the greater part of 
 their sea-stores ; the heat and humidity of the 
 climate and the leakage of the ships had dam- 
 aged the remainder ; and their biscuit was so fill- 
 ed with worms that, notwithstanding their hun- 
 ger, they were obliged to eat in the dark, lest 
 their stomachs should revolt at its appearance. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 14, ch. 6. 
 
 1394. DABKNESS feared. In Day-time. In 
 1679 the Londoners were frightened, as if it 
 were a terrible omen, by a great darkness in Lon- 
 don on a Sunday morning, ' ' so that the people 
 in church could not see to read in their Bibles." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 21, p 341. 
 
 1395. DAYS, Inaaspicious. Black Day. As 
 Lucullus was going to pass the river to fight Ti- 
 granes the tyrant, some of his officers admon- 
 ished him to beware of that day, which had been 
 an inauspicious, or (as they called it) a black 
 one to the Romans. For on that day Caepio's 
 army was defeated by the Cimbri. Lucullus re- 
 turned that memorable answer, " I will make 
 this day an auspicious one for Rome." It was 
 the sixth of October. [He won a glorious and 
 complete victory.] — Plutarch's Lucullus. 
 
 1396. DAYS observed. Samuel Johnson. It 
 was his custom to observe certain days with a 
 pious abstraction — viz.. New- Year's day, the 
 day of his wife's death, Good Friday, Easter-day, 
 and his own birthday. He this year says : "I 
 have now spent fifty-five years in resolving, hav- 
 ing, from the earliest time almost that I can re- 
 member, been forming schemes of a better life. 
 I have done nothing. The need of doing, there- 
 fore, is pressing, since the time of doing is short. 
 O God, grant me to resolve aright, and to keep 
 my resolutions, for Jesus Christ's sake ! Amen." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 134. 
 
 1397. DEAD, Charity for the. Agesilaus. After 
 the death of Lysander, Agesilaus found out a 
 conspiracy which that general had formed 
 against him immediately after his return from 
 Asia. And he was inclined to show the public 
 what kind of man Lysander really was, by ex- 
 posing an oration found among his papers, which 
 had been composed for him by Cleon of Hali- 
 carnassus, and was to have been delivered by 
 him to the people, in order to facilitate the inno- 
 vations he was meditating in the constitution. 
 But one of the senators having the perusal of it, 
 and finding it a very plausible composition, ad- 
 vised him " not to dig Lysander out of his grave, 
 but rather to bury the oration T\ith him." The 
 advice appeared reasonable, and he suppressed 
 the paper. — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 139§. DEAD, Consciousness of the. American 
 Indians. On burying her daughter the Chip- 
 pewa mother adds not only snow-shoes and 
 beads and moccasins, but (sad emblem of wom- 
 an's lot in the wilderness !) the carrying belt 
 and the paddle. " I know my daughter will be 
 restored to me," she once said, as she clipped a 
 lock of hair for a memorial ; "by this lock of 
 hair I shall discover her, for I shall take it 
 "With me " — alluding to the day [of her own 
 burial]. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch, 22. 
 
 1399. DEAD respected, The. Solon's Law. That 
 law of Solon's is also justly commended which 
 forbids men to speak ill of the dead. For piety 
 requires us to consider the deceased as sacred ; 
 justice calls upon us to spare those that are not 
 in being ; and good policy to prevent the perpet- 
 uating of hatred. — Plutarch's Solon. 
 
 1400. DEAD, Unburied. Parsees in India. 
 They cannot burn them, as do the Hindoos, lest 
 the touch of death should pollute the flames ; 
 nor can they bury them in the earth, nor in the 
 sea, for earth and water and air are alike sacred. 
 They therefore expose the bodies of their dead 
 to be devoured by birds of the air. — General 
 Grant's Tratels, p. 287. 
 
 1401. DEATH, Admirable. MaJiomet's. The 
 conclusion of his life was admirable. ' 'Let him, " 
 said he, " to whom I have done violence or injus- 
 tice now appear, and I am ready to make him 
 reparation." For several days preceding his 
 death he ordered himself to be carried to the 
 mosque, and there harangued the people with 
 wonderful eloquence, which, from a dying man, 
 had a powerful effect. It is by no means im- 
 probable that he believed himself inspired — as 
 the singular success of all his enterprises might 
 have persuaded a mind of that enthusiastic turn 
 of a divine interposition in his favor. It is cer- 
 tain that with his latest breath he continued to 
 inculcate the doctrines of his new religion. He 
 recommended to his followers to keep the sword 
 unsheathed till they had driven all infidels out of 
 Arabia ; and in the agonies of death he declared 
 to Ayesha, the best beloved of his wives, that 
 God, by the mouth of the angel Gabriel, had 
 given him the choice of life or death, and that 
 he had preferred the latter. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 1. 
 
 1402. DEATH, Apprehension of. Ccesar. Caesar 
 was more and more weary. He knew that the 
 Senate hated him ; he knew they would kill him 
 if they could. All these men whose lips were 
 running over with adulation were longing to 
 drive their daggers into him. He was willing to 
 live if they would let him live ; but, for himself, 
 he had ceased to care about it. He disdained to 
 take precautions against assassination. On his 
 first return from Spain he had been attended by 
 a guard ; but he dismissed it in spite of the re- 
 monstrances of his friends, and went daily into 
 the Senate house alone and unarmed. He spoke 
 often of his danger with entire openness. . , . 
 " Better," he said, " to die at once than live in 
 perpetual dread of treason." — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 26. 
 
 1403. DEATH by Attrition. Samuel Johnson. 
 Johnson mentioned Dr. Barry's System of Phys- 
 ics. "Hewasaman," saidhe, " who had acquired 
 a high reputation in Dublin, came over to Eng- 
 land, and brought his reputation with him, but 
 had not great success. His notion was, that 
 pulsation occasions death by attrition ; and that, 
 therefore, the way to preserve life is to retard 
 pulsation. But we know that pulsation is strong- 
 est in infants, and that we increase in growth 
 while it operates in its regular course ; so it can- 
 not be the cause of destruction." Soon after 
 this he said something very flattering to Mrs. 
 Thrale, which I do not recollect ; but it conclud- 
 ed with wishing her long life. " Sir," said I, 
 "if Dr. Barry's system be true, you have now 
 
168 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 shortened Mrs. Thrale's life, perhaps, some min- 
 utes by accelerating her pulsation." — Boswell's 
 Johnson. 
 
 1 404. DEATH, Banquet of. G(mar in Africa. 
 The end of Juba and Petreius had a wild splen- 
 dor about it. They had fled together from Thap- 
 su3 to Zama, Juba's own principal city, and they 
 were refused admission. Disdaining to be taken 
 prisoners, as they knew they inevitably would 
 be, they went to a country-house in the neigh- 
 borhood belonging to the king. There, after a 
 'ast sumptuous banquet, they agreed to die like 
 warriors by each other's hands. Juba killed 
 Petreius, and then ran upon his own sword. — 
 Fboude's C^sar, ch. 24. 
 
 1405. . Antony. Antony, conclud- 
 ing that he could not die more honorably than 
 in battle, determined to attack Caesar at the same 
 time both by sea and land. The night preced- 
 ing the execution of this design he ordered his 
 servants at supper to render him their best ser- 
 vices that evening, and fill the wine round plenti- 
 fully, for the day following they might belong 
 to another master, while he lay extended on the 
 ground, no longer of consequence either to them 
 or to himself. [He lost the battle, and died by 
 suicide.] — Plutarch's Antony. 
 
 1406. DEATH, Bravado toward. Buke of 
 Ouise. The Duke of Guise received repeated se- 
 cret intimations of the assassination in prepara- 
 tion for him, but treated them with lofty disdain. 
 " They dare not," he exclaimed ; and added 
 that circumstances had brought him to such a 
 pitch of desperation that, even if he saw death 
 coming in at one of the windows, he would not 
 take the trouble to leave the room to escape him. 
 [He was shortly after destroyed by his enemies.] 
 — Students' France, ch. 17, § 11. 
 
 1407. DEATH, Bravery in. William Howard 
 Strafford. It was pressed upon [Lord] Strafford 
 to ask for a carriage to convey him to the place of 
 execution, fearing that the fury of the people 
 would anticipate the executioner and tear from 
 his hands the victim, denounced by Pym and 
 the orators of the House of Commons as the 
 public enemy. "No, "replied Strafford; "I know 
 how to look death and the people in the face ; 
 whether I die by the hand of the executioner or 
 by the fury of the populace, if it should so please 
 them, matters little to me." . . . Strafford's 
 brother accompanied him, weeping. ' ' Brother, " 
 said he, " why do you grieve thus ; do you see 
 anything in my life or death which can cause 
 you to feel any shame ? Do I tremble like a 
 criminal, or boast like an atheist ? Come, be 
 firm, and think only that this is my third mar- 
 riage, and that you are my bridesman. This 
 block," pointing to that upon which he was about 
 to lay his head, " will be my pillow, and I shall 
 repose there well, without pain, grief, or fear." 
 — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 15. 
 
 1408. DEATH, Bribery of. Riches. [In 1447 
 Cardinal Henry Beaufort died, aged eighty years. 
 On his death-bed he is reported by his chaplain 
 to have said,] Why should I die, having so much 
 riches ? If the whole realm would save my life, 
 I am able by policy to get it, or by riches to buy 
 it. Fie, will not death be hired, nor will money 
 do anything? — Knight's Eng., vol! 2, ch. 6, 
 p. 96. 
 
 1409. DEATH, Choice in. Sudden. The same 
 evening, the 14th of March, Caesar was at a 
 "Last Supper" at the house of Lepidus. The 
 conversation turned on death, and on the kind 
 of death which was most to be desired. Caesar, 
 who was signing papers while the rest were talk- 
 ing, looked up and said, "A sudden one." — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 1410. DEATH, Companions in. Despair. Some 
 violences committed against the Mantchou Tar- 
 tars had given high provocation to this warlike 
 people, and they determined to invade the em- 
 pire. Their attempt was favored by an insur- 
 rection in some of the provinces ; the Tartars 
 met with very little resistance. The rebel Chi- 
 nese, headed by a mandarin of the name of List- 
 ching, joined themselves to the Tartarian army, 
 and both together took possession of the impe- 
 rial city of Pekin. The conduct of the Chinese 
 emperor is unparalleled in history ; without 
 making the smallest attempt to defend his cap- 
 ital or maintain possession of his throne, he shut 
 himself up in his palace, and commanded forty 
 of his wives to hang themselves in his presence ; 
 he then cut off his daughter's head, and ended 
 the catastrophe by hanging himself. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 24. 
 
 1411. . AmeHcan Indians. The 
 
 chief within whose territory De Soto died se- 
 lected two young, well-proportioned Indians to 
 be put to death, saying the usage of the country 
 was, when any lord died, to kill Indians to wait 
 on him and serve him by the way. — Bancroft's 
 Hist. U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 1412. DEATH, Composure in. Duke of Mon-\ 
 mouth. He then accosted John Ketch, the ex- 
 ecutioner, a wretch who had butchered manj 
 brave and noble victims, and whose name hasj 
 during a century and a half, been vulgarly giver 
 to all who have succeeded him in his odious ot\ 
 fice. " Here," said the duke, "are six guinea 
 for you. Do not hack me as you did my Lor 
 Russell. I have heard that you struck him thre 
 or four times. My servant will give you some 
 more gold if you do the work well." He thei 
 undressed, felt the edge of the axe, expressed som^ 
 fear that it was not sharp enough, and laid hi4 
 head on the block. The divines in the mean tim< 
 continued to ejaculate with great energy, " Gc 
 accept your repeatance ; God accept your imper-j 
 feet repentance." [See ISTo. 1979.] — Macaulay'^ 
 Eng., ch. 5. 
 
 1413. DEATH conquered. Immortality. 
 first exploits of Trajan were against the Dacians^ 
 the most warlike of men, who dwelt beyond th^ 
 Danube, and who, during the reign of DomitianJ 
 had insulted, with impunity, the majesty 
 Rome. To the strength and fierceness of barba 
 rians they added a contempt for life, which wa 
 derived from a warm persuasion of the immor 
 tality and transmigration of the soul. — Gibbon'I 
 Rome, ch. 1. 
 
 1414. . Sir Henry Vane. [ConJ 
 
 demned by Charles II., and awaiting execution.! 
 A friend spoke of prayer, that for the presen^ 
 the cup of death might be averted. " Whj 
 should we fear death ?" answered Vane ; 
 find it rather shrinks from me than I from it." 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1415. DEATH conquers. William the Con- 
 queror. The death-bed of William, according 
 
DEATH. 
 
 165 
 
 to the chroniclers, was a death-bed of repentance. 
 He had always made a profession of religion, 
 and he was now surrounded by bishops and 
 confessors. He spoke, it is related, of the rivers 
 of blood he had shed. He lamented his barbar- 
 ities in England. [See No. 436.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, eh. 16, p. 218. 
 
 1416. DEATH, Contempt of. Scandinavians. 
 This characteristic of an absolute contempt of 
 death . . . was common to all the great parent 
 stock. The poet Lucan . . . assigns its true 
 cause — the belief of a future state, where rewards 
 were to be bestowed solely on the brave. To 
 enjoy the disgrace of dying a natural death, and 
 thus forfeiting the joys of Paradise, the ferocious 
 Scandinavians had often recourse to self-destruc- 
 tion. An Icelandic author mentions a rock in 
 Sweden from which the old men frequently pre- 
 cipitated themselves into the sea, in order that 
 they might go directly to the hall of Odin. — 
 Tytlek's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6. 
 
 1417. . Scandinavians. Death-song 
 
 of King Regner Lodbrog . . . King of Denmark 
 . . . about the end of the eighth century, or begin- 
 ning of the ninth. . . . Lodbrog seems to derive the 
 highest pleasure from recounting all the acts of 
 slaughter and carnage that he had committed in 
 his lifetime. These were his only consolations ; 
 they were, in his idea, a certain passport to the 
 joys of Paradise, and insured for him a distin- 
 guished place at the banquet of Odin. After 
 enumerating a series of heroic deeds, but all of a 
 most atrocious and sanguinary nature, he thus 
 concludes : " What is more beautiful than to see 
 the heroes pushing on through the battle, though 
 fainting with their wounds ? What boots it that 
 the timid youth flies from the combat ? he shall 
 not escape from misery ; who can avoid the fate 
 which is ordained for him ? I did not dream 
 that I should have fallen a sacrifice to .^lla, 
 whose shores I have covered with heaps of the 
 slain. But there is a never-failing consolation 
 for my spirit — the table of Odin is prepared for 
 the brave. There the hero shall know no grief. 
 There we shall quaff the amber liquor from the 
 capacious skulls. I will not tremble when I ap- 
 proach the hall of the god of death. Now the 
 serpents gnaw my vitals ; but it is a cordial to 
 my soul that my enemy shall quickly follow me, 
 for my sons will revenge my death. War was 
 my delight from my youth, and from my child- 
 hood I was pleased with the bloody spear. No 
 sigh shall disgrace my last moments. The im- 
 mortals will not disdain to admit me into their 
 presence. Here let me end my song — the heav- 
 enly virgins summon me away — the hours of my 
 life are at an end — I exult and smile at death 1" 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6. 
 
 1418. DEATH, Cowardly. Nero. The poor 
 wretch who, without a pang, had caused so 
 many brave Romans and so many innocent 
 Christians to be murdered, could not summon 
 up resolution to die. He devised every operatic 
 incident of which he could think. When even 
 his most degraded slaves urged him to have suf- 
 ficient manliness to save himself from the fearful 
 infamies which otherwise awaited him, he or- 
 dered his grave to be dug, and fragments of mar- 
 ble to be collected for its adornment, and water 
 and ^ood for his funeral pyre, perpetually whin- 
 ing, ' ' What an artist to perish J" Meanwhile a 
 
 courier arrived for Phaon. Nero snatched his 
 despatches out of his hand, and read that the 
 Senate had decided that he should be punished 
 in the ancestral fashion as a public enemy. Ask- 
 ing what the ancestral fashion was, he was in- 
 formed that he would be stripped naked and 
 scourged to death with rods, with his head thrust 
 into a fork. Horrified at this, he seized two dag- 
 gers, and after theatrically trying their edges, 
 sheathed them again, with the excuse that the fa- 
 tal moment had not yet arrived ! Then he bade 
 Sporus begin to sing his funeral song, and beg- 
 ged some one to show him how to die. Even 
 his own intense shame at his cowardice was an 
 insufficient stimulus, and he whiled away the 
 time in vapid epigrams and pompous quotations. 
 The sound of horses' hoofs then broke on his 
 ears, and, venting one more Greek quotation, he 
 held the dagger to his throat. It was driven 
 home by Epaphroditus, one of his literary slaves. 
 At this moment the centurion who came to arrest 
 him rushed in. ... So died the last of the Cae- 
 sars ! — Farrar's Early Days, ch. 4, p. 44. 
 
 1419. DEATH, Deceived in. By Friends. 
 [Henry V. was on his death-bed, and] having 
 delivered his last wishes, he asked the physicians 
 how long he might expect to live. They said 
 the Almighty had power to restore him to health. 
 He repeated the question, requiring a direct an- 
 swer. The answer was. Not more than two hours. 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 5, p. 74. 
 
 1420. DEATH, Deception in. Pi-iest. [The 
 Duchess of Portsmouth, one of the king's mis- 
 tresses, proposed a priest for the dying king, 
 Charles II.] The duke's orders were obeyed; 
 and even the physicians withdrew. The back 
 door was then opened, and Father Huddleston 
 entered. A cloak had been thrown over his sa- 
 cred vestments, and his shaven crown was con- 
 cealed by a flowing wig. " Sir," said the duke, 
 ' ' this good man once saved your I'f e. He now 
 comes to save your soul." Charles faintly an- 
 swered, "He is welcome." Huddleston went 
 through his part better than had been expected. 
 He knelt by the bed, listened to the confession, 
 pronounced the absolution, and administered 
 extreme unction. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 4, 
 p. 407. 
 
 1421. DEATH, Defiant in. Charles XII. 
 [King of Sweden at Frederickshall.] At the siege 
 of this town, on November 30, 1718 (old style), 
 this inveterate warrior received the fatal blow 
 which ended his troublous and eventful career. 
 He was struck in the head with a cannon ball, 
 and though death must have been instantaneous, 
 he was found with his right hand firmly grasp- 
 ing the handle of his sword, so prompt was he 
 to put himself in an attitude of defence. — 
 White's Swedenborg, ch. 2, p. 83. 
 
 1422. DEATH, Encouragement in. God liveth. 
 [At the death of Mahomet] fanaticism alone 
 could suggest a ray of hope and consolation. 
 " Plow can he be dead, our witness, our interces- 
 sor, our mediator, with God ? By God he is not 
 dead ; like Moses and Jesus, he is wrapped in a 
 holy trance, and speedily will he return to his 
 faithful people. " The evidence of sense was dis- 
 regarded ; and Omar, unsheathing his cimeter, 
 threatened to strike off the heads of the infidels 
 who should dare to affirm that the prophet was 
 no more. The tumult was appeased by the 
 
170 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 "Vf eight and moderation of Abubeker. "Is it 
 Mahomet," said he to Omar and the multitude, 
 "or the God of Mahomet, whom you worship ? 
 The God of Mahomet liveth forever ; but the 
 apostle was a mortal like ourselves, and, accord- 
 ing to his own prediction, he has experienced 
 the common fate of mortality." He was piously 
 interred by the hands of his nearest kinsman, on 
 the same spot on which he expired. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 1423. DEATH, Fear of. Samuel Johnson. 
 Mr, Henderson, with whom I had sauntered in 
 the venerable walks of Merton College, and 
 found him a very learned and pious man, supped 
 with us. Dr. .Johnson surprised him not a little 
 by acknowledging, with a look of horror, that he 
 was much oppressed by the fear of death. The 
 amiable Dr. Adams suggested that God was in- 
 finitely good. Johnson : " That He is infinitely 
 good, as far as the perfection of His nature will 
 allow, I certainly believe ; but it is necessary for 
 good upon the whole, that individuals should be 
 punished. As to an individual, therefore, He is 
 not infinitely good ; and as I cannot be sure that 
 I have fulfilled the conditions on which salva- 
 tion is granted, I am afraid I may be one of those 
 who shall be damned." (Looking dismally.) Dr. 
 Adams: "What do you mean by damned?" 
 Johnson (passionately and loudly):" Sent to 
 hell, sir, and punished everlastingly." Dr. Ad- 
 ams : " I don't believe that doctrine." Johnson: 
 " Hold, sir ; do you believe that some will be pun- 
 ished at all ?" Dr. Adams : " Being excluded 
 from heaven will be a punishment ; yet there 
 may be no great positive suffering." Johnson : 
 " Well, sir ; but if you admit any degree of pun- 
 ishment, there is an end of your argument for in- 
 finite goodness, simply considered ; for infinite 
 goodness would inflict no puiiishment whatever. 
 There is not infinite goodness, physically consid- 
 ered ; morally, there is. " — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 524. 
 
 1424. . The Druids. They ap- 
 pear to have taught the immortality of the 
 soul, or rather the transmigration of souls, and 
 a future state of rewards and punishments. 
 " They lay special stress," says Caesar, " upon the 
 doctrine that souls do not perish, but pass after 
 death into other bodies ; considering this as a 
 most powerful stimulus to bravery and courage, 
 since it tends to remove altogether the fear of 
 death." — Students' France, ch. 1, § 10-12. 
 
 1425. DEATH, Feast of. American Aborig- 
 ines. Of the strength and ardor of their affec- 
 tions there can be no evidence so strong as that 
 which arises from their treatment of the dead. 
 Believing in the immortality of the soul, they 
 bury along with the deceased his bow and ar- 
 rows, together with the most splendid ornaments 
 which belonged to him. They attend him to the 
 grave with the deepest manifestations of sorrow, 
 and those who are his nearest relations retire for 
 a great length of time to their huts, and refuse to 
 take any concern in the active occupations of 
 the tribe. But this is not all ; their concern for 
 the dead is manifested in a manner yet more 
 striking, by a ceremony the most solemn and 
 the most awfully affecting that imagination can 
 devise. At stated periods is held what is termed 
 the feast of the dead, or the feast of souls, when 
 all the bodies of those who have died since the 
 
 last ceremony of that kind are taken out of theii 
 graves, and brought together from the greatest 
 distances to one place. A great pit is dug in the 
 ground ; and thither, at a certain time, each per- 
 son, attended by his family and friends, marches 
 in solemn silence, bearing the dead body of a 
 son, father, or a brother. These are deposited 
 in the pit, from which each person takes a hand- 
 ful of earth, which he preserves afterward with 
 the most religious care. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 21. 
 
 1426. DEATH, Fortitude in. American Ind- 
 ians. [Brebeuf , the Jesuit missionary, describes 
 the tortures of an Iroquois prisoner, preceded 
 by a feast.] To the crowd of his guests he 
 declared: "My brothers, I am going to die; 
 make merry around me with good heart ; I am 
 a man ; I fear neither death nor your torments," 
 and he sang aloud. . . . Torments lasted till 
 after sunrise, when the wretched victim, bruis- 
 ed, gashed, mutilated, half roasted and scalped, 
 was carried out of the village and hacked in 
 pieces — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 1427. DEATH, An honorable. Bunyan. His 
 end was characteristic. It was brought on 
 by exposure when he was engaged in an act of 
 charity. A quarrel had broken out in a family 
 at Reading with which Bunyan had some ac- 
 quaintance. A father had taken offence at his 
 son, and threatened to disinherit him. Bunyan 
 undertook a journey on horseback from Bedford 
 to Reading in the hope of reconciling them. He 
 succeeded, but at the cost of his life. Returning 
 by London, he was overtaken on the road by a 
 storm of rain, and was wetted through before he 
 could find shelter. The chill, falling on a consti- 
 tution already weakened by illness, brought on 
 fever. He was able to reach the house of Mr. 
 Strudwick, one of his London friends ; but he 
 never left his bed afterward. In ten days he 
 was dead. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 9. 
 
 142S. DEATH, Impassioned. Alexander. 
 Whole days and nights were consumed in riot 
 and debauchery ... at Ecbatana. . . . Amid 
 these tumultuous pleasures the death of He- 
 phaestion, whom Alexander loved with sincere 
 affection, threw him into a paroxysm of despair. 
 He commanded the physicians who attended him 
 to be put to death ; he accused the gods as con- 
 spiring with them to deprive him of a life more 
 dear to him than his own ; he ordered a public 
 mourning, and that the sacred fires should be 
 extinguished through all Asia, an omen which 
 both his friends and enemies regarded as of the 
 blackest import. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4. 
 
 1429. DEATH, Information of. Samuel John- 
 son. Johnson, with that native fortitude which, 
 amid all his bodily distress and mental suffer- 
 ings, never forsook him, asked Dr. Brocklesby, 
 as a man in whom he had confidence, to tell him 
 plainly whether he could recover. " Give me," 
 said he, " a direct answer." The doctor, having 
 first asked him if he could bear the whole truth, 
 which way soever it might lead, and being an- 
 swered that he could, declared that, in his opin- 
 ion, he could not recover without a miracle. 
 " Then , " said Johnson ," I will take no more phys- 
 ic, not even my opiates ; for I have prayed that 
 I may render up my soul to God unclouded." 
 In this resolution he persevered, and, at the same 
 time, used only the weakest kinds of sustenance 
 
DEATH. 
 
 171 
 
 Being pressed by Mr. "Windham to take some- 
 Tvhat more generous nourishment, lest too low a 
 diet should have the very effect which he dread- 
 ed, by debilitating his mind, he said : " I will 
 take anything but inebriating sustenance." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 563. 
 
 1430. DEATH, Patriotic. Captain Nathan 
 Hale. September, 1776. [The British entered 
 New York.] He volunteered to venture under 
 disguise within the British lines. . . . He was 
 seized, . . . frankly avowed his name and rank 
 in the American army. . . . Howe ordered him 
 to be executed the next morning. ... As he as- 
 cended the gallows, he said : " I only regret that 
 I have but one life to lose for my covmtry." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 7. 
 
 1431. DEATH permitted. Malwmet. In a fa- 
 miliar discourse he mentioned his special prerog- 
 ative ; that the angel of death was not allowed to 
 take his soul till he had respectfully asked the 
 permission of the prophet. The request was 
 granted ; and Mahomet immediately fell into the 
 agony of his dissolution. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 50. 
 
 1432. DEATH, Prayer in. Mahomet. His 
 head was reclined on the lap of Ayesha, the best 
 beloved of all his wives ; he fainted with the vio- 
 lence of pain ; recovering his spirits, he raised 
 his eyes toward the roof of the house, and, with 
 a steady look, though a faltering voice, uttered 
 the last broken though articulate words : " O 
 God ! . . . pardon my sins. . . . Yes ... I 
 come . . . among my fellow-citizens on high ;" 
 and thus peaceably expired on a carpet spread 
 upon the floor. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 1433. . Luther. His friends com- 
 forted him, and administered medicines. But 
 a^ain he spoke : "I am passing away ; I shall 
 give up my spirit." Then he repeated in Latin, 
 quickly and three times in succession, the words, 
 " Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit ; 
 Thou hast redeemed me. Thou faithful God." — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 25, p. 195. 
 
 1434. . Cromwell. "Lord, al- 
 though I am a wretched and miserable creature, 
 I am in covenant with Thee through grace, and 
 I may, I will, come unto Thee for my people. 
 Thou hast made me a mean instrument to do 
 them some good, and Thee service ; and many 
 of them have set too high a value upon me, 
 though others wish and would be glad of my 
 death. But, Lord, however Thou dost dispose 
 of me, continue to go on, and do good for them. 
 Give them consistency of judgment, one heart, 
 and mutual love ; and go on to deliver them, and 
 with the work of reformation, and make the 
 name of Christ glorious in the world. Teach 
 those who look too much upon thy instruments 
 to depend more upon thyself. Pardon such as 
 desire to trample upon the dust of a poor worm, 
 for they are thy people too ; and pardon the 
 folly of this short prayer, for Jesus Christ His 
 sake, and give us a good night if it be thy 
 pleasure." — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 17, p. 223. 
 
 1435. DEATH, Preparation for. German Bar- 
 barians. All agreed that a life spent in arms, 
 and a glorious death in battle, were the best prep- 
 arations for a happy futurity, either in this or 
 in another world. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9. 
 
 1436. . MaJwmet. His mortal 
 
 disease was a fever of fourteen days, which de- 
 prived him by intervals of the use of reason. Aa 
 soon as he was conscious of his danger he edi- 
 fied his brethren by the humility of his virtue or 
 penitence. " If there be any man," said the 
 apostle from the pulpit, " whom I have unjustly 
 scourged, I submit my own back to the lash of 
 retaliation. Have I aspersed the reputation of a 
 Mussulman ? let him proclaim my thoughts in 
 the face of the congregation. Has any one been 
 despoiled of his goods ? the little that I possess 
 shall compensate the principal and the interest 
 of the debt." " Yes," replied a voice from the 
 crowd, " I am entitled to three drams of silver," 
 Mahomet heard the complaint, satisfied the de- 
 mand, and thanked his creditor for accusing him 
 in this world rather than at the day of judgment. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 1437. . Samuel Johnson. About 
 
 eight or ten days before his death, when Dr. 
 Brocklesby paid him his morning visit,he seemed 
 very low and desponding, and said: "I have 
 been as a dying man all night." He then em- 
 phatically broke out in the words of Shake- 
 speare : 
 " Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas'd ; 
 
 Pluck from the memory a rooted soitow ; 
 
 Raze out the written troubles of the brain ; 
 
 And, with some sweet oblivious antidote. 
 
 Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous 
 stuff 
 
 Which weighs upon the heart ?" 
 To which Dr. Brocklesby readily answered, 
 from the same great poet : 
 
 " therein the patient 
 
 Must minister to himself." 
 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 658. 
 
 1438. . Capture of Cordova. When 
 
 the result of the battle was known the leading 
 citizen, who had headed the revolt against Caesar, 
 gathered all that belonged to him into a heap, 
 poured turpentine over it, and, after a last feast 
 with his family, burnt himself, his house, his 
 children, and servants. — Froude's C^iESAR, ch. 
 25. 
 
 1439. DEATH, Reflections in. Cardinal Wol- 
 sey. On his death-bed his thoughts still clung 
 to the prince whom he had served. " Had I but 
 served God as diligently as I have served the 
 king," murmured the dying man, " He would 
 not have given me over in my gray hairs. But 
 this is my due reward for my pains and study, 
 not regarding my service to God, but only my 
 duty to my prince." — English People, § 562. 
 
 1440. DEATH, Eesults of. Christian's. They 
 testified their attachment for the cause of the 
 pope by the murder of the Calvinist Anne du 
 Bourg, a heroic confessor of the Protestant faith. 
 " Six feet of earth for my body, and the infinite 
 heavens for my soul, is what I shall soon have," 
 cried Anne du Bourg at sight of the scaffold, and 
 in presence of her executioners. — Lamartine's 
 Mary Stuart, p. 7. 
 
 1441. DEATH, Sayings in. Sir Henry Vane. 
 When he attempted to speak the trumpets 
 sounded to drown his voice. Enthusiasm wept 
 for him while it admired him I At last he 
 turned aside, exclaming, "It is a bad cause 
 which cannot hear the words of a dying man." 
 He seems to have been permitted to pray a little 
 
m 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 in peace ; such sentences as the following fell 
 from him, recorded by Sykes: "Bring us, O 
 Lord, into the true mystical Sabbath, that we 
 may cease from our works, rest from our labors, 
 and become a meet habitation for thy Spirit," 
 etc., etc. His last words were : " Father, glorify 
 thy servant in the sight of men, that he may 
 glorify Thee in the discharge of his duties to 
 Tliee and to his country." Thereupon he 
 stretched out his arms ; in an instant swift fell 
 the stroke, and the head of one of the greatest 
 and purest beings that ever adorned our world 
 rolled on the scaffold ! — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 
 18, p. 254. 
 
 1442. BE ATH, A seeming. Swedenborg. 
 While Swedenborg was living in Sweden, in 
 1751, his old friend and coadjutor, Polheim, 
 died ; and Swedenborg was favored with a view 
 of both sides of his grave. Writing in his " Spir- 
 itual Diary," he says : " Polheim died on Mon- 
 day, and spoke with me on Thursday. I w as 
 invited to the funeral. He saw the hearse, the 
 attendants, and the whole procession. He also 
 saw them let down the coffin into the grave, and 
 conversed Avith me while it was going on, asking 
 me why they buried him, when he was alive. 
 And when the priest pronounced that he would 
 rise again at the day of judgment, he asked why 
 this was, when he had already risen. He won- 
 dered that such a belief should prevail, consider- 
 ing that he was even now alive ; he also won- 
 dered at the belief in the resurrection of the 
 body, for he said he felt that he was in the body." 
 — Swedenborg, ch. 10, p. 77. 
 
 1443. DEATH, Self-evoked. Marius. Marius 
 [one of the thirty Roman tyrants] was killed by 
 a soldier who had formerly served as a workman 
 in his shop, and who exclaimed, as he struck, 
 " Behold the sword which thyself hast forged !" 
 — Note in Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10, p. 323. 
 
 1444. DEATH, Strength for. Cromwell. He 
 called for his Bible, and desired an honorable 
 and godly person there, with others present, to 
 read unto him that passage in Phil. 4 : 11-13 : 
 " Not that I speak in respect of want : for I have 
 learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to 
 be content. I know both how to be abased, and 
 I know how to abound : everywhere and in all 
 things I am instructed both to be full and to be 
 hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. 1 
 can do all things through Christ which strength- 
 enth me." Which read, said he, to use his own 
 words as near as we can remember them, " This 
 Scripture did once save my life, when my eldest 
 son, poor Oliver, died, which went as a dagger 
 to my heart — indeed it did." And then, repeat- 
 ing the words of the text himself, and reading 
 the tenth and eleventh verses of St. Paul's con- 
 tentment and submission to the will of God in 
 all conditions, said he : " It's true, Paul, you have 
 learned this, and attained to this measure of 
 grace ; but what shall I do ? Ah, poor creature, 
 it is a hard lesson for me to take out ! I find it 
 so." But reading on to the thirteenth verse, 
 where Paul saith, "I can do all things through 
 Christ which strengthen me," then faith began 
 work, and his heart to find support and comfort, 
 and he said thus to himself, " He that was Paul's 
 Christ is my Christ too ;" and so ' ' he drew water 
 out of the wells of salvation." — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch, 17, p. 221. 
 
 1445. DEATH, Study in. Dutch Explorer. 
 A.D. 1596. Barentzen sought to go round Nova 
 Zembla [seeking a north-east passage for Dutch 
 commerce], and when his ship was hopelessly 
 enveloped by ice had the courage to encamp 
 his crew on the desolate northern shore of the 
 island, and cheer them during a winter rendered 
 horrible by famine, cold, and the fierce attacks 
 of huge white bears, whom hunger had mad- 
 dened. When spring came the gallant company, 
 traversing more than sixteen hundred miles in 
 two open boats, were tossed for three months by 
 storms among icebergs, before they could reach 
 the shelter of the White Sea. Barentzen sunk 
 under his trials, but was engaged in poring 
 over a sea-chart as he died. The expeditions of 
 the Dutch were without a parallel for daring. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 1446. DEATH, Substitutional. Military. [The 
 soldiers of Marcus Crassus were defeated m au , 
 engagement.] The first 500, who had sho^ 
 the greatest marks of cowardice, he divide 
 into fifty parts, and put one in each decade 
 death, to whose lot it might happen to fall ; thi 
 reviving an ancient custom of military punisld 
 ment which had been long disused. Indeed J 
 this kind of punishment is the greatest mark of 
 infamy, and being put in execution in sight 
 of the whole army is attended with many awl 
 ful and affecting circumstances. — Plutaroh'I 
 Crassus. 
 
 1447. DEATH, Sudden. Washington. Or 
 the morning of the 13th [of December, 1799] tM 
 general was engaged in making some improve 
 ments in the front of Mount Vernon. ... Th€ 
 day became rainy with sleet . . . [lie became 
 wet] before his return to the house. About one 
 o'clock he was seized with chilliness and nauseaj 
 but, having changed his clothes, sat down to hi 
 indoor work. ... At night . . . remaine 
 writing until between eleven and twelve o'clocl 
 [He died about ten o'clock on the fol]owin| 
 night.] — CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 24. 
 
 144§. DEATH, Testimony in. Lm^d Montrose} 
 [A splendid Scotch nobleman, who vainly at 
 tempted a revolution in Scotland favorable to ex^ 
 iled Charles II.] They announced that the sen| 
 tence condemned him " to be hung on a gibbe| 
 thirty feet high, where he was to be exposed dm 
 ing three hours ; that his head would then be cu| 
 off and nailed to the gates of his prison, and tha| 
 his arms and legs, severed from his body, woulc 
 be distributed to the four principal cities of the 
 kingdom." " I only wish," replied Montrose^ 
 "that I had limbs enough to be disperse 
 through every city in Europe, to bear testimonj 
 in the cause for which I have fought and ar 
 content to die." — Lamartine's Cromweli 
 p. 52. 
 
 1 449. DEATH, Thoughts in, BonaparteM 
 " France^ tht, army, Josephine," were the lastimj 
 ages which lingered in the heart and the laa^ 
 words which trembled on the lips of the dyina 
 emperor. — Abbott's Napoleon B. , vol. 3] 
 ch. 34. 
 
 1450. DEATH, Thoughts of, Samuel Johnson.^ 
 BoswELL : ' ' But is not the fear of death natural 
 toman ?" Johnson : " So much so, sir, that the; 
 whole of life is but keeping away the thoughts 
 of it." He then, in a low and earnest tone. 
 
DEATH— DEBT. 
 
 173 
 
 talked of his meditating upon the awful hour of 
 his own dissolution, and in what manner he 
 should conduct himself upon that occasion : " I 
 know not," said he, " whether I should wish to 
 have a friend by me, or have it all between God 
 and myself." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 165. 
 
 1451. DEATH, Tranquillity in. Socrates. On 
 the day of his death he discoursed, with uncom- 
 mon force of eloquence, on the immortality of 
 the soul, on the influence that persuasion ought 
 to have on the conduct of life, and on the com- 
 fort it diffused on the last moments of existence. 
 He drank the poisoned cup without the smallest 
 emotion ; and in the agony of death showed to 
 his attending friends an example of tranquillity 
 which their deep-felt grief denied them all power 
 of imitating. The narrative of this concluding 
 scene, as it is given by Plato in his dialogue en- 
 titled " Phsedon," is one of the noblest specimens 
 of simple, eloquent, and pathetic description 
 which is anywhere to be met with — a narrative, 
 to the force of which Cicero bears this strong testi- 
 mony, that he never could read it without tears. 
 Such was the end of this true philosopher, of 
 whom his ungrateful conntrymeu knew not the 
 value till they had destroyed him. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 2. 
 
 1452. DEATH, Triumph in. Battle of Qxiebec. 
 [General] Wolfe, leading the charge, was wound- 
 ed in the wrist. Again he was struck, but 
 pressed on at the head of his grenadiers. Just 
 at the moment of victory a third ball pierced his 
 l)reast, and he sank quivering to the earth. 
 " TheyTun, they run !" said the attendant who 
 bent over him. " Who run Y' was the feeble re- 
 sponse. "The French are flying everywhere," 
 replied the officer. " Do they run already ? 
 Then 1 die happy," said the expiring hero ; and 
 his spirit passed away amid the smoke of battle. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 35, p. 276. 
 
 1453. DEATH, Triumphant in, "Stonewall" 
 Jackson. [Having received several severe wounds 
 at Chancellorsville, his arm was amputated. 
 Pneumonia set in, and death followed.] Advis- 
 ing his wife, in the event of his death, to return 
 to her father's house, he remarked : " You have a 
 kind and good father ; but there is no one so kind 
 and good as your Heavenly Father." When she 
 told him the doctors did not think he could live 
 two hours, although he did not himself expect to 
 die, he replied : " It will be infinite gain to be 
 translated to heaven and be with Jesus." — Pol- 
 lard's Second Year of the War, ch. 10, 
 p. 265. 
 
 1454. DEATH by Violence. Roman Emperors. 
 Such was the unhappy condition of the Roman 
 emperors, that, whatever might be their con- 
 duct, their fate was commonly the same. A life 
 of pleasure or virtue, of severity or mildness, of 
 indolence or glory, alike led to an untimely 
 grave ; and almost every reign is closed by the 
 «ame disgusting repetition of treason and mur- 
 der. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 1455. DEATH welcomed. Defeat. [At the 
 battle of Quebec the victorious General Wolfe 
 defeated the French, but died of his wounds. 
 When the French ran, General] Montcalm, still 
 attempting to rally his broken regiments, was 
 struck with a ball, and fell. " Shall I survive ?" 
 said he to his surgeon. "But a few hours at 
 
 most," replied the attendant. "So much the 
 better," replied the heroic Frenchman ; " I shall 
 not live to witness the surrender of Quebec." 
 [See more at No. 1452.] — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 35, p. 276. 
 
 1456. DEATH of the Wicked. Alexand&r. 
 The first person that brought the news of Alex- 
 ander's death was Asclepiades, the son of Hip- 
 parchus. Demades desired the people to give 
 no credit to it. " For," said he, " if Alexander 
 were dead, the whole world would smell the car- 
 cass." — Plutarch's Phocion. 
 
 1457. DEBATE, Personality in. SamuelJohn- 
 son. His Majesty then talked of the controversy 
 between Warburton and Lowth, which he seemed 
 to have read, and asked Johnson what he thought 
 of it. Johnson answered : " Warburton has 
 most general, most scholastic, learning ; Lowth 
 is the more correct scholar. I -do not know 
 which of them calls names best." The king 
 was pleased to say he was of the same opinion ; 
 adding, "You do not think then. Dr. Johnson, 
 that there was much argument in the case." 
 Johnson said he did not think there was. ' ' Why, 
 truly," said the king, "when once it comes to 
 calling names, argument is pretty well at an 
 end." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 151. 
 
 145§. DEBAUCHERY, Eoyal. Catherine II. 
 [Of Russia.] The common belief is, that she had 
 a new lover about every three months, who was 
 then dismissed with gifts and pensions One 
 author informs us that she expended in this 
 way, during her reign, a sum of money equal, 
 in our present currency, to $200,000,000. Lov- 
 ers she may have had ; but when I read her 
 pleasant, innocent, and high-bred letters to tho 
 great men of her time, and when I run over 
 the catalogue of the immense and solid benefits 
 which she bestowed upon her country, I find it 
 impossible to believe that she ever abandoned 
 herself to systematic debauchery. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BiOG. , p. 404. 
 
 1459. DEBT, Imprisonment for. England. In 
 the debtors' prison at Sheffield [John] Howard 
 found a cutler plying his trade, who was in jail 
 for thirty cents. The fees of the court which had 
 consigned him to prison amounted to nearly $5, 
 and this sum he had been for several years trying 
 to earn in prison. In another jail there was a 
 man, with a wife and five children, confined for 
 court fees of about $1 and jailer's fees of eighty 
 cents. This man was confined in the same apart- 
 ment with robbers and murderers, and had 
 little hope of being able to raise the money for 
 his discharge. All such debtors — and they 
 were numerous then in England — Howard re- 
 leased by paying their debts. — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 56. 
 
 1460. DEBT, Security for. Sir Walter Scott. 
 In May, 1812, Scott having now at last obtained 
 the salary of the Clerkship of Session, the work 
 of which he had for more than five years dis- 
 charged without pay, indulged himself in real- 
 izing his favorite dream of buying a " mountain 
 farm" at Abbotsf ord — five miles lower down the 
 Tweed than his cottage at Ashestiel. . . . The 
 place thus bought for £4000 — half of which, ac- 
 cording to Scott's bad and sanguine habit, was 
 borrowed from his brother, and half raised on 
 the security of a poem at the moment of sale 
 
174 
 
 DEBT— DECEITFULNESS. 
 
 wholly unwritten, and not completed even when 
 he removed to Abbotsford — " Rokeby" — became 
 only too much of an idol for the rest of Scott's 
 life. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 8. 
 
 1461. DEBT by War. United States. The 
 National debt, however, was the greatest and 
 most threatening question ; but the genius of 
 Hamilton triiunphed over every difficulty. The 
 indebtedness of the United States, including the 
 revolutionary expenses of the several States, 
 amounted to nearly $80,000,000. Hamilton 
 adopted a broad and honest policy. His plan, 
 which was laid before Congress at the beginning 
 of the second session, proposed that the debt of 
 the United States due to American citizens, as 
 well as the war debt of the individual States, 
 should be assumed by the general government, 
 and that all should be fully paid. By this meas- 
 ure the credit of the country was vastly im- 
 proved, even before actual payment was begun. 
 As a means of augmenting the revenues of the 
 government, a duty was laid on the tonnage of 
 merchant ships, with a discrimination in favor of 
 American vessels ; and customs were levied on 
 all imported articles. Hamilton's schemes were 
 violently opposed [but very successful]. — Rid- 
 path's U. S. , ch. 46. 
 
 1462. DEBTS discouraged. Laws of Amasis. 
 The unnecessary contracting of debts was like- 
 wise restrained in Egypt by a . . . very lauda- 
 ble regulation. The debtor was obliged to give 
 in pledge the embalmed body of his father, to 
 remain with the creditor till the debt was dis- 
 charged. He who died without redeeming this 
 sacred pledge was deprived himself of funeral 
 obsequies. — Tytlek'sHist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 1463. DEBTS, Dishonest. Precedence. The 
 royal custom [of Henry VIII.] has survived 
 among us in many a notorious example. The 
 loans advanced by honest creditors are repudi- 
 ated ; the gambling debts to " crafty persons" 
 are scrupulously discharged. [Henry was a 
 notorious gambler.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 20, p. 329. 
 
 1464. DEBTS prevented. Athenians. Solon 
 restrained the severity of creditors to their debt- 
 ors by prohibiting all imprisonment for debt ; 
 but he restrained, at the same time, the frequency 
 of contracting debts by the severe penalty of the 
 forfeiture of the rights of citizenship — a punish- 
 ment which, though it did not reduce a man to 
 servitude, deprived him of all voice in the pub- 
 lic assembly, or share in the government of the 
 commonwealth. In like manner, if a debtor 
 died insolvent, his heir was disfranchised till 
 the debt was paid. This was a wise regulation ; 
 for no indigent man ought to be a legislator. — 
 Tytleb's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10. 
 
 1465. DEBTS, Punishment for. Insolvent 
 Debtors. After judicial proof or confession of 
 the debt, thirty days of grace were allowed be- 
 fore a Roman was delivered into the power of 
 his fellow-citizen. In this private prison twelve 
 ounces of rice were his daily food ; he might be 
 bound with a chain of fifteen pounds weight ; 
 and his misery was thrice exposed in the market- 
 place, to solicit the compassion of his friends 
 and countrymen. At the expiration of sixty 
 days the debt was discharged by the loss of 
 liberty or life ; the insolvent debtor was either 
 
 put to death or sold in foreign slavery beyond 
 the Tiber ; but if several creditors were alike ob- 
 stinate and unrelenting, they might legally dis- 
 member his body, and satiate their revenge by 
 this horrid partition. The advocates for this 
 savage law have insisted that it must strongly 
 operate in deterring idleness and fraud from 
 contracting debts which they were unable to 
 discharge ; but experience would dissipate this 
 salutary terror, by proving that no creditor 
 could be found to exact this unprofitable penalty 
 of life or limb. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44. 
 
 1466. DEBTS scaled. Virginian Colony. In 
 Virginia debts had been contracted to be paid in 
 tobacco ; and when the article rose in value, in 
 consequence of [English] laws restricting its. 
 culture, the legislature of Virginia did not 
 scruple to provide a remedy, by enacting that 
 " no man need pay more than two thirds of his 
 debt during the stint ; " and that all creditors, 
 should take "forty pounds for a hundred." — 
 Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 1467. DEBTS, Small. Samuel Johnson. [Let- 
 ter to Joseph Simpson, son of an old friend.J 
 Your debts in the whole are not large, and of 
 the whole but a small part is troublesome. 
 Small debts are like small shot ; they are rattling 
 on every side, and can scarcely be escaped without 
 a wound ; great debts are like cannon ; of loud 
 noise, but little danger. You must, therefore, 
 be enabled to discharge petty debts, that you 
 may have leisure, with security, to struggle with 
 the rest. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 94. 
 
 146§. DECEIT, Temptation to. Mahomet. 
 From enthusiasm to imposture the step is per- 
 ilous and slippery ; the daemon of Socrates af- 
 fords a memorable instance how a wise man 
 may deceive himself, how a good man may de- 
 ceive others, how the conscience may slumber 
 in a mixed and middle state between self -illusion 
 and voluntary fraud. Charity may believe that 
 the original motives of Mahomet were those of 
 pure and genuine benevolence ; but a human 
 missionary is incapable of cherishing the obsti- 
 nate unbelievers who reject his claims, despise his. 
 arguments, and persecute his life ; he might 
 forgive his personal adversaries, he may lawfully 
 hate the enemies of God ; the stern passions 
 of pride and revenge were kindled in the bosom 
 of Mahomet, and he sighed, like the prophet of 
 Nineveh, for the destruction of the rebels whom 
 he had condemned. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 1469. DECEIT, A timely. Persian Prince. 
 [Harmozan was captured in the surrender of his. 
 country to Omar the Mohammedan.] The Per- 
 sian complained of intolerable thirst, but discov- 
 ered some apprehension lest he should be killed 
 while he was drinking a cup of water. "Be 
 of good courage," said the caliph ; " your life 
 is safe till you have drunk this water ; " the 
 crafty satrap accepted the assurance, and in- 
 stantly dashed the vase against the gi'ound. 
 Omar would have avenged the deceit, but his 
 companions represented the sanctity of an oath ; 
 and the speedy conversion of Harmozan entitled 
 him not only to a free pardon, but even to a 
 stipend of two thousand pieces of gold. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 51. 
 
 1470. DECEITFULNESS described. Lord 
 Breadalhane. [Lord Breadalbane,a Highland earl 
 
DECEIVER— DECEPTION. 
 
 ir§ 
 
 who professed submission to William III., is] 
 described by his contemporary, John Macky, 
 " cunning as a fox ; wise as a serpent ; but as 
 slippery as an eel." — Knight's Eng, vol. 5, ch. 
 9. p. 132. 
 
 1471. DECEIVER deceived, The. RocTiester. 
 [James II.] did not like to propose directly to his 
 brother-in-law [Lord Rochester, the treasurer] 
 the simple choice, apostasy or dismissal ; but 
 three days after the conference Barillon waited 
 on the treasurer, and, with much circumlocution 
 and many expressions of friendly concern, broke 
 the unpleasant truth. "Do you mean," said 
 Rochester, bewildered by the involved and cere- 
 monious phrases in which the intimation was 
 made, "that if I do not turn Catholic the con- 
 sequence will be that I shall lose my place ?" 
 " I say nothing about consequences," answered 
 the wary diplomatist. " I only come as a friend 
 to express a hope that you will take care to keep 
 your place." "But surely," said Rochester, 
 "the plain meaning of all this is, tliat I must 
 turn Catholic or go out." He put many ques- 
 tions for the purpose of ascertaining whether 
 the communication was made by authority, but 
 could extort only vague and mysterious replies. 
 A.t last, affecting a confidence which he was far 
 from feeling, he declared that Barillon must 
 have been imposed upon by idle or malicious re- 
 ports. "I tell you," he said, "that the king 
 will not dismiss me, and I will not resign. I 
 know him ; he knows me ; and I fear nobody." 
 The Frenchman answered that he was charmed, 
 that he was ravished to hear it, and that his only 
 motive for interfering was a sincere anxiety for 
 the prosperity and dignity of his excellent friend 
 the treasurer. And thus the two statesmen de- 
 parted, each flattering himself that he had duped 
 the other. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 140. 
 
 1472. DECENCY, Regard for. Isaac Newton. 
 His most intimate friend at the university was a 
 .foreign chemist of much note and skill. New- 
 ton enjoyed his conversation exceedingly, until, 
 one day, the Italian told him " a loose story of 
 a nun," which so much offended his sense of de- 
 dency that he would never associate with him 
 again. — Cyclopedia of Bigg. , p. 256. 
 
 1473. DECEPTION betrays Itself. EicMrd I. 
 [When Richard I. returned from the crusade, 
 with but a few attendants, they landed at Ra- 
 gusa] in the guise of pilgrims ; but the lavish- 
 ness of the king was so little in keeping with 
 his assumed character, that his real rank was 
 soon suspected. [He was soon after incarce- 
 rated in prison.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, 
 p. 319. 
 
 1474. DECEPTION, Day of. Dupes Day. An 
 outrageous scene took place in the king's pres- 
 ence between the queen-mother and Richelieu, 
 at the close of which Louis [XIII.] quitted the 
 palace without saying a word, and took his de- 
 parture for Versailles. Every one thought the 
 fall of the minister irrevocably certain. . . . The 
 good news was transmitted with precipitate joy 
 to Madrid, Vienna, Brussels, and Turin. But 
 the sound judgment of Louis . . . had conducted 
 him meanwhile to a very different conclusion. 
 A message from the king was despatched to 
 Richelieu. . . . He hurried to Versailles, was wel- 
 comed with every mark of confidence and favor, 
 and received an assurance from Louis that he 
 
 would steadily uphold him against all his adver- 
 saries, would listen to no insinuation to his prej- 
 udice, and would remove from court all who 
 had it in their power to thwart or injure him. 
 These curious occurrences took place on the 
 11th of November, 1630, which has remained fa- 
 mous in French history as the " Day of Dupes." 
 — Students' France, ch. 19, § 10, p. 398. 
 
 1475. DECEPTION justified. Reign of James 
 II. As, however, five years had elapsed since 
 her last pregnancy [Queen Mary's], the people, 
 under the influence of that delusion which 
 leads men to believe what they wish, had ceased 
 to entertain any apprehension that she would 
 give an heir to the throne. On the other hand, 
 nothing seemed more natural and probable than 
 that the Jesuits should have contrived a pious 
 fraud. It was certain that they must consider 
 the accession of the [Protestant] Princess of 
 Orange as one of the greatest calamities which 
 could befall their church. It was equally cer- 
 tain that they would not be very scrupulous 
 about doing whatever might be necessary to 
 save their church from a great calamity. In 
 books written by eminent members of the so- 
 ciety, and licensed by its rulers, it was distinctly 
 laid down that means even more shocking to 
 all notions of justice and humanity than the in- 
 troduction of a spurious heir into a family might 
 lawfully be employed for ends less important 
 than the conversion of a heretical kingdom. It 
 had got abroad that some of the king's advisers, 
 and even the [Roman Catholic] king himself, had 
 meditated schemes for defrauding the Lady Mary 
 [Princess of Orange ; her husband was after- 
 ward William HI.] either wholly or in part of 
 her rightful inheritance. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8, p. 287. 
 
 1476. DECEPTION, Pleasing. Abraham Lin' 
 coin. [Speaking of secession, in one of his mes- 
 sages] occurs the following remark : ' 'With rebel- 
 lion thus sugar-coated they have drugged the 
 public mind." . . . Mr. Defrees, the govern- 
 ment printer, . . . was a good deal disturbed 
 by the use of the term "sugar-coated," and 
 finally went to the President about it [as lack- 
 ing dignity]. ..." Defrees," replied Mr. Lin- 
 coln, ' ' that word expresses precisely my idea, 
 and I am not going to change it. The time 
 will never come in this country when the peo- 
 ple won't know exactly what sugar-coated 
 means !" — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 758. 
 
 1477. DECEPTION punished. Demostliemes. 
 [He had been bribed by Harpalus, and a great 
 clamor was raised by the people.] Demosthenes, 
 seemingly with a design to prove his innocence, 
 moved for an order that the affair should be 
 brought before the court of Areopagus, and all 
 persons punished who should be found guilty of 
 taking bribes. In consequence of which he ap- 
 peared before that court, and was one of the first 
 that were convicted. — Plutarch. 
 
 147§. DECEPTION of Self. Conspirators. 
 Their oaths [as senators] and their professions 
 were nothing to them. If they were entitled to 
 kill Caesar, they were entitled equally to deceive 
 him. No stronger evidence is needed of the de- 
 moralization of the Roman Senate than the com- 
 pleteness with which they were able to disguise 
 from themselves the baseness of their treacheiy. 
 One man only they were able to attract into co- 
 
176 
 
 DECEPTION— DEDICATION. 
 
 operation who had a reputation for honestj^ and 
 could be conceived, without absurdity, to be ani- 
 mated by a disinterested purpose. [It was] Mar- 
 cus Brutus. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 1479. DECEPTION, Superstitious. Sacred 
 Fawn. Spanus, a countryman,. . . happening to 
 fall in with a hind which had newly yeaned, and 
 which was flying from the hunters, failed in his 
 attempt to take her ; but charmed with the un- 
 common color of the fawn, which was a perfect 
 white, he pursued and took it. By good fortune 
 Sertorius had his camp in that neighborhood ; 
 and whatever was brought to him taken in hunt- 
 ing, or of the production of the field, he received 
 with pleasure, and returned the civility with in- 
 terest. The countryman went and offered him 
 the fawn. He received this present like the rest, 
 and at first took no extraordinary notice of it. 
 But in time it became so tractable and fond of 
 him, that it would come when he called, follow 
 him wherever he went, and learned to bear the 
 hurry and tumult of the camp. By little and 
 little he brought the people to believe there was 
 something sacred and mysterious in the affair, 
 giving it out that the fawn was a gift from Di- 
 ana, and that it discovered to him many important 
 secrets. For he knew the natural power of super- 
 stition over the minds of the barbarians. In pur- 
 suance of his scheme, when the enemy was mak- 
 ing a private irruption into the country under his 
 command, or persuading some city to revolt, he 
 pretended the fawn had appeared to him in a 
 dream, and warned him to have his forces ready. 
 And if he had intelligence of some victory gained 
 by his officers, he used to conceal the messenger, 
 and produced the fawn crowned with flowers for 
 its good tidings, bidding the people rejoice and 
 sacrifice to the gods, on account of some news 
 they would soon hear. — Plutarch's Serto- 
 rius. 
 
 1480. DECISION, Final. Rubicon. When Ju- 
 lius Cissar arrived at the banks of the Rubicon, 
 which divides Cisalpine Gaul from the rest of 
 Italy, his reflections became more interesting in 
 proportion as the danger grew near. Staggered 
 1)y the greatness of his attempt, he stopped to 
 weigh within himself its inconveniences ; and as 
 he stood revolving in silence the arguments on 
 both sides, he many times changed his opinion. 
 After which he deliberated upon it with such of 
 his friends as were by, among whom was Asinius 
 PoUio ; enumerating the calamities which the 
 passage of that river would bring upon the world, 
 and the reflections that might be made upon it by 
 posterity. At last, upon some sudden impulse, 
 bidding adieu to his reasonings, and plunging 
 into the abyss of futurity, in the words of those 
 who embark in doubtful and arduous enterprises, 
 he cried out, " The die is cast !" and immediately 
 passed the river. — Plutarch's C^sar. 
 
 14S1. . Rubicon. The boundary 
 
 which separates Italy from Cisalpine Gaul is a 
 small river named the Rubicon. The Roman 
 Senate, aware of the designs of Caesar, had pro- 
 nounced a decree devoting to the infernal gods 
 whatever general should presume to pass this 
 boundary with an army, a legion, or even a single 
 cohort. Caesar, who, with all his ambition, in- 
 berited a large share of the benevolent affections, 
 did not resolve on the decisive step which he had 
 now taken without some compunction of mind. 
 
 Arrived with his army at the border of his prov- 
 ince, he hesitated for some time, while he pictur- 
 ed to himself the inevitable miseries of that civil 
 war in which he was now preparing to unsheath 
 the sword. " If I pass this small stream," said he, 
 ' ' in what calamities must I involve my country ! 
 Yet if I do not I myself am ruined." The latter 
 consideration was too powerful. Ambition, too, 
 presented allurements which, to a mind like Cae- 
 sar's, were irresistible. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 4, ch. 2. 
 
 14§2. DECISION, Laclting. Charles I. [At 
 the battle of Naseby the king was totally defeated 
 by Fairfax and Cromwell. ] On this field the pas- 
 sionate Rupert, as at Marston, supposed that he 
 had won the day, and, thinking the victory all 
 his own, he clove his way back to the spot where 
 the poor helpless king was cheering his dismay- 
 ed troopers. Indeed, we can almost weep as we 
 hear that cry from the king : " One charge more, 
 gentlemen ! One charge more, .in the name of 
 God ! and the day is ours. " He placed himself 
 at the head of the troopers, and a thousand of 
 them prepared to follow him. One of his cour- 
 tiers snatched his bridle, and turned him from 
 the path of honor to that of despair. " Why," 
 says one writer, ' ' was there no hand to strike 
 that traitor to the ground ?" Alas ! if the king's 
 own hand could not strike that traitor to the 
 ground, was it possible that another's could ? 
 Who would have dared to have taken Crom- 
 well's bridle at such a moment ? And so, at the 
 battle of Naseby, the crown fell from the king's 
 head and the sceptre from his hand, and he was 
 henceforth never more in any sense a king. 
 Poor king ! " Who will bring me," cried he in 
 despair, " this Cromwell, dead or alive ?" Alas ! 
 your majesty, who? — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 
 10, p. 135. 
 
 1483. DECOBITH in Debate. American Ind- 
 ians. If his eloquence pleased, they esteemed him 
 a god. Decorum was never broken [in Indian 
 assemblies]. There were never two speakers 
 struggling to anticipate each other ; they did not 
 express their spleen by blows ; they restrained 
 passionate invective ; the debate was never dis- 
 turbed by an uproar ; questions of order were 
 unknown. — Bakcroft'sU. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 14§4. DECORUM, Ministerial. Samuel Johrir 
 son. Johnson's profound reverence for the hier- 
 archy made him expect from bishops the high- 
 est degree of decorum ; he was offended even 
 at their going to taverns. " A bishop," said he, 
 ' ' has nothing to do at a tippling-house. It is not 
 indeed immoral in him to go to a tavern ; neither 
 would it be immoral in him to whip a top 
 in Grosvenor Square ; but if he did, I hope 
 the boys would fall upon him, and apply the 
 whip to him. There are gradations in con- 
 duct ; there is morality, decency, and propriety. 
 None of these should be violated by a bishop." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 453. 
 
 14§5. DEDICATION changed. Biblia Pdyglot- 
 ta. It is to his immortal honor that the " Biblia 
 Polyglotta Waltonia," perhaps the most impor- 
 tant and valuable biblical book ever issued by 
 the British press, owed the existence of its gigan- 
 tic volumes to Cromwell. . . . Cromwell assisted 
 in defraying the expenses in publishing it, and 
 admitted five thousand reams of paper free of 
 duty, and so saved the author from loss by its 
 
DEDICATION— DEFEAT. 
 
 177 
 
 publication. It was published during the Pro- 
 tectorate and dedicated to Cromwell. But 
 its mean and dastardly compiler, upon the return 
 of Charles Stuart, erased the dedication to the 
 man who had so substantially aided him, and 
 inserted that of the king, who cared neither for 
 the project, its scholarship, nor the Bible. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 15, p. 200. 
 
 14§6. DEDICATION, The true. Church. [Cel- 
 ebrating the anniversary of the consecration of 
 the Castle Church of Wittenberg.] Not long 
 thereafter the same Augustinian monk that had 
 nailed the Latin theses to the church door stood 
 in the pulpit and preached upon the festival text, 
 Luke 19 : 1, etc., which records the history of 
 Zaccheus. Reverently did the congregation list- 
 en to the simple, calm, and heartfelt sermon of 
 the Augustinian monk. " Christ must become 
 everything to us," he said ; "and unto those to 
 whom Christ is something, all else will be noth- 
 ing. He must be sought with a heart which, 
 with a feeling of its unworthiness, does not dare 
 to invite Him, but which, for that very reason, 
 most urgently implores His presence. Such a 
 request, coming from the heart, God will grant. 
 Thus He would have our hearts. And thus every 
 feast of dedication should not be merely an out- 
 ward consecration of a church, but rather a con- 
 secration of the heart unto God." — Rein's Lu- 
 ther, ch. 1, p. 8. 
 
 1487. DEFAMATION punished. James II. 
 James, a short time before his accession, had in- 
 stituted a civil suit against Gates [the infamous 
 impostor and traducer] for defamatory words, 
 and a jury had given damages to the enormous 
 amount of £100,000. The defendant had been 
 taken in execution, and was lying in prison as a 
 debtor, without hope of release. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 4, p. 448. 
 
 14§8. DEFEAT, Beginning with. Abraham 
 Lincoln. He espoused the cause of Henry Clay 
 . . . and ran as a candidate for the State leg- 
 islature. . . . Mr. Lincoln was defeated, as he 
 undoubtedly expected to be, although his fail- 
 ure must have been amply compensated by the 
 highly complimentary vote that he received in 
 his own precinct, which gave him two hundred 
 and seventy -seven votes out of two hundred and 
 eighty-four cast ; and this, be it remembered, 
 was the first and last time that he was ever beaten 
 by the people. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 1. 
 
 14§9. DEFEAT, Brilliant. Napoleon I. [He 
 
 fled to Paris after the defeat at Waterloo.] 
 Throwing himself upon a sofa, he exclaimed, 
 ... " My most brilliant victories do not shed 
 more glory on the French army than the defeat 
 at Waterloo. Our troops have not been beaten ; 
 they have been sacrificed, massacred, by over- 
 whelming numbers. ... I desire to be alone. " 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B. , vol. 2, ch. 27. 
 
 1490. DEFEAT concealed. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 \ Johnson could not brook appearing to be worst- 
 ed in argument, even when he had taken the 
 wrong side, to show the force and dexterity of 
 his talents. When, therefore, he perceived that 
 his opponent gained ground, he had recourse to 
 some sudden mode of robust sophistry. Once, 
 when I was pressing upon him with visible ad- 
 vantage, he stopped me thus : " My dear Bos- 
 well, let's have no more of this ; you'll make 
 
 nothing of it. I'd rather have you whistle a 
 Scotch tune." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 464. 
 
 1491 . DEFEAT, DifBcult. Cmar. Caesar was 
 never defeated when personally present, save 
 once at Gergovia, and once at Durazzo ; and the 
 failure at Gergovia was caused by the revolt of 
 the ^dui ; and the manner in which the failure 
 at Durazzo was retrieved showed Caesar's great- 
 ness more than the most brilliant of his victories. 
 He was rash, but with a calculated rashness, 
 which the event never failed to justify. His 
 greatest successes were due to the rapidity of his 
 movements, which brought him on the enemy 
 before they heard of his approach. He travelled 
 sometimes a hundred miles a day, reading or 
 writing in his carriage, through countries with- 
 out roads, and crossing rivers without bridges. 
 No obstacles stopped him when he had a definite 
 aim in view. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 28, p. 71. 
 
 1492. DEFEAT inspiring. Bunker Hill. The 
 battle of Bunker Hill rather inspired than dis- 
 couraged the colonists. It was seen that the 
 British soldiers were not invincible. To capture 
 a few more hills would cost General Gage his 
 whole army. The enthusiasm of war spread 
 throughout the country. The news was borne 
 rapidly to the South, and a spirit of determined 
 opposition was everywhere aroused. The people 
 began to speak of the United Colonies of Amer- 
 ica. At Charlotte, North Carolina, the citizens 
 ran together in a hasty convention, and startled 
 the country by making a declaration of Indepen- 
 dence ! The British ministers had little dreamed 
 of raising such a storm. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 38, p. 301. 
 
 1493. DEFEAT, Instruction by. Peter the 
 Great. Charles [XII. of Sweden] left the de- 
 fence of Riga to a valiant old Swedish general, 
 who succeeded in holding it, and marched him- 
 self to meet the czar with 20,000 troops. Never 
 was victory more sudden, more easy, or more 
 complete than that which these 20,000 Swedes 
 won over the great mob of Russians led by Peter. 
 The czar escaped with but 40,000 men. [' ' Charles 
 was then only in the seventeenth year of his age. " 
 — Tytler. J From that defeat the military great- 
 ness of Russia was born. " I know well," said 
 the czar, as he was in retreat, " that these Swedes 
 will beat us for a long time ; but, at last, they 
 will teach us how to conquer." And so it prov- 
 ed ; for from that day Peter began the mighty 
 work of drilling his half-savage hordes into 
 soldiers— a work which is still going on, though 
 great progress has been made in it. The Russian 
 people attributed their defeat, to sorcery and 
 witchcraft, and we have still the prayer which 
 was addressed to St. Nicholas on this occasion 
 in all their churches. — Cyclopedia op Biog. , 
 p. 436. 
 
 1494. DEFEAT, Mortification of. General Mont- 
 calm. [He was defeated at Quebec, and moilally 
 wounded.] On hearing from the surgeon that 
 death was certain — " I am glad of it," he cried ; 
 " how long shall I survive T " Ten or twelve 
 hours, perhaps less." " So much the better ; I 
 shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 14. 
 
 1495. DEFEAT, Overwhelming. Bonaparte. 
 [Bonaparte invaded Russia with an army of 
 more than«600,000 men ; he was driven back by 
 
178 
 
 DEFEAT— DEFORMITY. 
 
 the destruction of all supplies and the approach 
 of an early winter. The retreat became a rout.] 
 The artillery and cavalry ceased to exist. The 
 different regiments were all mixed together, the 
 soldiers marching pell-mell, and only seeking to 
 prolong existence. Thousands of wandering men 
 fell into the hands of the Cossacks. The number 
 of the prisoners was very great, but that of the 
 dead exceeded it. During a month there were 
 no rations, and dead horses were the only re- 
 source. Of 400,000 Frenchmen who had crossed 
 the Niemen in May, with the persuasion of their 
 invincibility, not 20,000 had returned to the Vis- 
 tula. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 30, p. 559. 
 
 1496. DEFEAT, Service of. Bull Run. The 
 ix)ut [of the Union army] at Bull Run had the 
 effect to quicken the energies of the North, and 
 troops were rapidly hurried to Washington. The 
 aged General Scott . . . retired from active duty, 
 and [young] General McClellan was called from 
 West Virginia to take command of the Army of 
 the Potomac. By the middle of October his 
 forces had increased to 150,000 men. — Rid- 
 path'8 U. S., ch. 65, p. 494. 
 
 1497. DEFECTS covered. Pericles. [Pericles, 
 the Athenian statesman, obtained great renown. J 
 His person in other respects was well turned, but 
 his head was disproportionally long. For this 
 reason almost all his statues have the head cov- 
 ered with a helmet, the statuaries choosing, I 
 suppose, to hide that defect. — Plutarch's 
 Pericles. 
 
 149S. DEFENCE a Bondage. Fall of Verona. 
 [Constantine defeated many thousand Italians 
 under Pompeianus.] They wanted chains for 
 so great a multitude of captives ; and the whole 
 council was at a loss ; but the sagacious conquer- 
 or imagined the happy expedient of converting 
 into fetters the swords of the vanquished. — Note 
 IN Gibbon's Rome, ch. 54. 
 
 1499. DEFENCE, Brave. Count Qerontius. 
 Gerontius, abandoned by his own troops, es- 
 caped to tlie confines of Spain, and rescued his 
 name from oblivion by the Roman courage 
 which appeared to animate the last moments of 
 his life. In the middle of the night a great body 
 of his perfidious soldiers surrounded and attack- 
 ed his house, which he had strongly barricaded. 
 His wife, a valiant friend of the nation of the 
 Alani, and some faithful slaves, were still attach- 
 ed to his person ; and he used, with so much 
 skill and resolution, a large magazine of darts 
 and arrows, that above 300 of the assailants lost 
 their lives in the attempt. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 31. 
 
 1500. DEFENCE declined. Charles I. The 
 act of accusation was read to him, drawn up after 
 the customary formula, in which the words 
 traitor, murderer, and public enemy were, as 
 usual, freely applied by the conquering to the 
 vanquished party. He listened to them unmoved, 
 with the calm superiority of innocence. Deter- 
 mined not to degrade the inviolable majesty of 
 kings, of which he conceived himself the deposi- 
 tary and responsible representative, he replied 
 that he would never stoop to justify himself be- 
 fore a self -elected tribunal of his own subjects — a 
 tribunal which the religion as well as the laws of 
 England equally forbade him to acknowledge. 
 *'\ shall leave to God," said he, in conclusion. 
 
 "the care of my defence, lest by answering I 
 should acknowledge in you an authority which 
 has no better foundation than that of robbers and 
 pirates, and thus draw on my memory the re- 
 proach of posterity, that I had myself betrayed 
 the constitution of the country, instead of select- 
 ing the most estimable and enviable fate of a 
 martyr. " — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 42. 
 
 1501. DEFENCE, A frail. WaUrloo. [At the 
 battle of Waterloo some of the English were pro- 
 tected by a garden -wall enclosing about two acres 
 of ground and including a small house.] It is 
 scarcely an exaggeration to say "this Belgian 
 yeoman's garden- wall was the safeguard of Eu- 
 rope, and the destiny of mankind perhaps turn- 
 ed upon the possession of his house." — Lord 
 Dudley, in Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 2, p, 83. 
 
 1502. DEFENCE, Heroic. La BachelU. The 
 defence of La Rochelle was protracted for fifteen 
 months, and it was not till half the population 
 had perished from hunger, and scarcely a hun- 
 dred and fifty soldiers of the garrison remain- 
 ed alive, that the survivors consented to capitu- 
 late on the 28th of October, 1628. — Students* 
 France, ch. 19, § 8, p. 396. 
 
 1503. DEFENCE, Patriotic. Holland. The 
 national spirit swelled and rose high. The terms 
 offered by the allies were firmly rejected. The 
 dikes were opened. The whole country was 
 one great lake, from which the cities, with their 
 ramparts and steeples, rose like islands. The in- 
 vaders were forced to save themselves from de- 
 struction by a precipitate retreat. — Macaulay's 
 ENG.,ch. 2, p. 205. 
 
 1 504. DEFENCE, A savage. Babylonians. 
 The Babylonians were the first of the provinces 
 which endeavored to shake off the yoke of serv- 
 itude ; but their attempt cost them extremely 
 dear. Darius encircled Babylon with his army 
 so as to cut off all supplies from the adjacent 
 country. The inhabitants exerted a savage res- 
 olution. All who were useless for the defence 
 of the city, and served only to consume its pro- 
 visions — the women, the old men, and the chil- 
 dren — were strangled by a public decree, each 
 head of a family being allowed to preserve one 
 of his wives and a maid-servant. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1505. DEFIANCE, Challenge of. William, 
 Pnnce of Orange. [About to invade England 
 and mount the throne.] In the evening he arrived 
 at Helvoetsluys, and went on board of a frigate 
 called the Brill. His flag was immediately hoist- 
 ed. It displayed the arms of Nassau quartered 
 with those of England. The motto, embroidered 
 in letters three feet long, was happily chosen. 
 The house of Orange had long used the ellipti- 
 cal device, " I will maintain." The ellipsis was 
 now filled up with words of high import, " The 
 liberties of England and the Protestant religion." 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 438. 
 
 1506. DEFOEMITY forgotten. Thackeray. 
 When he was in America he met at dinner a lit 
 erary gentleman of high character, middle-aged, 
 and most dignified deportment. The gentleman 
 was one whose character and acquirements stpod 
 very high — deservedly so — but who in society 
 had that air of wrapping his toga around him, 
 which adds, or is supposed to add, many cubits 
 to a man's height. But he had a broken nose 
 
DEGENERACY— DEITY. 
 
 179 
 
 At dinner he talked much of the tender passion, 
 and did so in a manner which stirred up Thack- 
 eray's feeling of the ridiculous. " What lias the 
 world come to," said Thackeray, out loud to the 
 table, "when two broken-nosed old fogies like 
 you and me sit talking about love to each other !" 
 The gentleman was astounded, and could only 
 sit wrapping his toga in silent dismay for the 
 rest of the evening. — Trollope's Thackeray, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 1507. DEGENEEACY, Athenian. Despised. The 
 Athenians are . . . distinguished by the subtlety 
 and acuteness of their understandings ; but these 
 qualities, unless ennobled by freedom and en- 
 lightened by study, will degenerate into a low 
 and selfish cunning ; and it is a proverbial say- 
 ing of the country, " From the Jews of Thessa- 
 lonica, the Turks of Negropont, and the Greeks 
 of Athens, good Lord, deliver us !" By some, 
 who delight in the contrast, the modern language 
 of Athens is represented as the most corrupt and 
 barbarous of the seventy dialects of the vulgar 
 Greek ; this picture is too darkly colored ; but 
 it would not be easy, in the country of Plato and 
 Demosthenes, to find a reader or a copy of their 
 works. The Athenians walk with supine indif- 
 ference among the glorious ruins of antiquity ; 
 and such is the debasement of their character, 
 that they are incapable of admiring the genius 
 •of their predecessors. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63. 
 150§. DEGENEEACY, National. England, 
 1775. [Benjamin Franklin left England for his 
 native country in 1775, deprecating any further 
 attempt to restore united interests between the 
 mother country and her colonies. He writes :] 
 When I consider the extreme corruption prevail- 
 ing among all orders of men in tlie old rotten 
 state, and the glorious public virtue so predom- 
 inant in our rising country, I cannot but appre- 
 hend more mischief than benefit from a closer 
 vmion. Here numberless and needless places, 
 enormous salaries, pensions, perquisites, bribes, 
 .^oundless quarrels, foolish expeditions, false 
 accounts or no accounts, contracts and jobs, de- 
 vour all revenue, and produce continual neces- 
 sity in the midst of natural plenty. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 23, p. 353. 
 
 1509. DEGEADATION, National. Hungari- 
 4ins. Except the merit and fame of military 
 prowess, all that is valued by mankind appeared 
 vile and contemptible to these barbarians, whose 
 native fierceness was stimulated by the con- 
 sciousness of numbers and freedom. The tents 
 ■of the Hungarians were of leather, their garments 
 ■of fur ; they shaved their hair and scarified their 
 faces ; in speech they were slow, in action prompt, 
 in treaty perfidious ; and they shared the com- 
 mon reproach of barbarians, too ignorant to 
 ■conceive the importance of truth, too proud to 
 ■deny or palliate the breach of their most solemn 
 engagements. Their simplicity has been praised, 
 vet they abstained only from the luxury they 
 had never known ; whatever they saw they cov- 
 •eted ; their desires were insatiate, and their sole 
 industry was the hand of violence and rapine. — 
 •Gibbon's Rome, ch. 55. 
 
 1510. BEGEADATION and Poverty. Ireland. 
 [Young, in his " Tour in Ireland," says :] Mark 
 "the Irishman's potato-bowl placed on the floor, 
 ■the whole family on their hams around it, de- 
 vouring a quantity almost incredible ; the beg- 
 
 gar seating himself to it with a hearty welcome ; 
 the pig taking his share as readily as the wife ; 
 the cocks, hens, turkeys, geese, the cur, the cat 
 — and all partaking of the same dish. [The mud 
 hovel of one room blinds the family with its 
 smoke, and their clothing is so ragged that a 
 stranger is impressed with the idea of universal 
 poverty. Date 1776.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 2, p. 33. 
 
 1511. DEGEADATION, Social. Irish. [In 
 1593 Spencer described the degradation of the 
 Irish cabin as it continued for two hundred and 
 fifty years after. "Rather swine-sties than 
 houses" — these dwellings of abject poverty being 
 the chief est cause of the poor cultivator's] beastly 
 manner of life and savage condition, lying and 
 living with his beast, in one house, in one room, 
 in one bed — that is, clean straw or a foul dung- 
 hill.— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 18, p. 280. 
 
 1512. DEITY, Belief in the. Grecians. From 
 the foregoing brief account of the different sects 
 or schools of philosophy in Greece, I shall draw 
 only two reflections : the one is, that with a 
 very few exceptions, and more particularly that 
 of the sect last mentioned, amid all the errors 
 incident to the mind unenlightened by revealed 
 religion, the reason of mankind has, in all ages, 
 looked up to a supreme, intelligent, and omnipo- 
 tent Being — the Author of our existence — the 
 Creator and the Governor of the universe — a 
 belief which forces itself upon the most unculti- 
 vated understanding, and which the advance 
 ment of the intellectual powers tends always to 
 strengthen and confirm. The other reflection is, 
 that from the great variety and opposition of 
 those systems which we have enumerated of the 
 Greek philosophers, we may perceive among 
 that people a liberal spirit of toleration in matters 
 of opinion, which stopped short at absolute ir- 
 religion and impiety ; and a freedom of judg- 
 ment in all matters of philosophical speculation, 
 which did honor to their national character and 
 the genius of their legislative systems. — TyT' 
 ler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 9. 
 
 1513. DEITY concealed. Ancient Italians. 
 These gods were termed Patrii and Indigetes, but 
 their particular names were concealed with the 
 most anxious caution from the knowledge of 
 the people. It was a very prevalent superstitious 
 belief that no city could be taken or destroyed 
 till its tutelar gods abandoned it. Hence it was 
 the first care of a besieging enemy to evoke the 
 gods of the city or entice them out by ceremo- 
 nies, by promising them superior temples and 
 festivals, and a more respectful worship than 
 they had hitherto enjoyed ; but in order to ac- 
 complish this evocation, it was necessary to learn 
 the particular names of the deities, which every 
 people therefore was interested to keep secret. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch, 1. 
 
 1514. DEITY subjugated. Tyrians. [When 
 Alexander the Great besieged the Tyrians] he 
 had a dream, in which he saw Hercules offering 
 him his hand from the wall, and inviting him to 
 enter. And many of the Tyrians dreamed 
 that Apollo declared he would go over to 
 Alexander, because he was displeased with their 
 behavior in the town. Hereupon the Tyrians, 
 as if the god had been a deserter taken in the 
 fact, loaded his statue with chains, and nailed 
 the feet to the pedestal, not scrupling to cali 
 
180 
 
 DEJECTION— DELUSION. 
 
 him an Alexandriat. — Plutabch's Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 1515. DEJECTION, Mental. William Pitt. 
 [William Pitt possessed very feeble health in 
 his old age ; his mental prostration was very- 
 great. His condition is thus described :] Lord 
 Chatham's state of health is certainly the lov^^est 
 dejection and debility that mind or body can be 
 in. He sits all the day leaning on his hands, 
 which he supports on the table ; does not per- 
 mit any person to remain in the room ; knocks 
 when he wants anything ; and having made his 
 wants known, gives a signal, without speaking, 
 to the person who answers his call, to retire. 
 [Pitt had greatly damaged his popularity as the 
 "idol of the people" by receiving his title and 
 pension from the king, they being interpreted 
 as the price of his freedom. The " Great Com- 
 moner" was also a great sufferer from the gout. 
 Wounded pride and a diseased body threw him 
 into a state of melancholy.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 18, p. 288. 
 
 1516. DELAY, Dangerous. ArcMas. [On the 
 same night in which he was assassinated by 
 conspirators there arrived an express] from 
 Athens with a letter from Archias, high-priest 
 there, to Archias his namesake and particular 
 f liend, not filled with vain and groundless sur- 
 mises, but containing a clear narrative of the 
 whole affair, as was found afterward. The 
 messenger, being admitted to Archias, and now 
 almost intoxicated, as he delivered the letter 
 said : ' ' The person who sent this desired that it 
 might be read immediately, for it contains busi- 
 ness of great importance." But Archias receiv- 
 ing it, said, smiling, "Business to-morrow." Then 
 he put it under the bolster of his couch, and re- 
 sumed the conversation with Philidas. This 
 saying. Business to-morrow, passed into a prov- 
 erb, and continues so among the Greeks to this 
 day. — Plutarch's Pelopidas. 
 
 1517. DELAY, Providential, Texas. A great 
 agitation had arisen in the country in regard to 
 the republic of Texas. From 1831 to 1836 this 
 vast territory, lying between Louisiana and Mex- 
 ico, had been a province of the latter country. 
 For a long time it had been the policy of Spain 
 and Mexico to keep Texas uninhabited, in order 
 that the vigorous race of Americans might not 
 encroach on the Mexican borders. At last, how- 
 ever, a large land-grant was made to Moses 
 Austin, of Connecticut, on condition that he 
 would settle three hundred American families 
 within the limits of his domain. . . . Thus the 
 foundation of Texas was laid by people of the 
 English race. — Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 56, p. 445. 
 
 1518. DELIVEEANCE from God, Orleans. 
 [When Attila besieged Orleans] the assaults of 
 the Huns were vigorously repelled by the faith- 
 ful valor of the soldiers, or citizens, who de- 
 fended the place. The pastoral diligence of 
 Anianus, a bishop of primitive sanctity and con- 
 summate prudence, exhausted every art of relig- 
 ious policy to support their courage till the 
 arrival of the expected succors. After an obsti- 
 nate siege the walls were shaken by the battering- 
 rams ; the Huns had already occupied the sub- 
 urbs ; and the people who were incapable of 
 bearing arms lay prostrate in prayer. Anianus, 
 who anxiously counted the days and hours, de- 
 
 spatched a trusty messenger to observe, from 
 the rampart, the face of the distant country. He 
 returned twice, without any intelligence that 
 could inspire hope or comfort ; but in his third 
 report he mentioned a small cloud, which he 
 had faintly descried at the extremity of the 
 horizon. "It is the aid of God!" exclaimed 
 the bishop, in a tone of pious confidence ; and 
 the whole multitude repeated after him, " It is 
 the aid of God." The remote object, on which 
 every eye was fixed, became each moment larger 
 and more distinct ; the Roman and Gothic ban- 
 ners were gradually perceived ; and a favorable 
 wind blowing aside the dust, discovered, in deep 
 array, the impatient squadrons of ^tius and 
 Theodoric, who pressed forward to the relief of 
 Orleans. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35. 
 
 1519. DELIVERANCE, Strange. Capt. Cook. 
 It was while sailing about Australia that the En- 
 deavor had a most strange and narrow escape 
 from destruction. She struck a rock one day 
 with great force, but immediately floated off ; 
 and although she leaked badly, the crew man- 
 aged to keep her afloat until they reached » 
 harbor. What was their astonishment, on dock 
 ing the ship, to find a large rock stuck in the cav 
 ity, which alone had kept her from going down 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 382. 
 
 1520. DELUSION, Disastrous, Crusaders. [St. 
 Lewis IX. of France fitted out the last crusade.] 
 Unfortunately, in the delirium of a fever, he 
 fancied that he had received a summons from 
 heaven to take up the cross against the infidels ; 
 and neither the return of his reason, the entreaties 
 of his queen, nor the remonstrances of his coui- 
 sellors could divert him from that fatal project. 
 He employed four years in preparing for the ex- 
 pedition, and set out with his queen, his three 
 brothers and their wives, and all the knights of 
 France, with a prodigious number of their vas- 
 sals and attendants. . . . Half of their immense 
 army perished by sickness, and the other half 
 was defeated by Almoadin, the son of Melecsala. 
 Lewis himself, M'ith two of his brothers, was 
 taken prisoners, and the third was killed in the 
 engagement. Lewis offered 1,000,000 of be- 
 sants in gold for the ransom of himself and his 
 fellow -prisoners ; and such was the uncommon 
 generosity of this infidel prince, that he remitted 
 to him a fifth part of the sum. — Tytleb's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 19. 
 
 1521. DELUSION, Optical. Island. The peo- 
 ple of the Canaries were long under a singu- 
 lar optical delusion. They imagined that, from 
 time to time, they beheld a vast island to the 
 westward, with lofty mountains and deep val- 
 leys. Nor Avas it seen in cloudy and dubious 
 weather, but in those clear days common to trop- 
 ical climates, and with all the distinctness with 
 which distant objects may be discerned in their 
 pure, transparent atmosphere. The island, it is 
 true, was only seen at intervals, while at other 
 times, and in the clearest weather, not a vestige 
 of it was to be descried. When it did appear, 
 however, it was always in the same place, and 
 under the same form. So persuaded were the 
 inhabitants of the Canaries of its reality, that 
 application was made to the King of Portugal 
 for permission to discover and take possession of 
 it ; and it actually became the object of several 
 expeditions. — Irving's Columbus, ch. 4 
 
DELUSION— DEPENDENCE, 
 
 181 
 
 1522. DELUSION, Political. Stamp Tax. a.d. 
 1765. Every agent in England believed the stamp 
 tax would be peaceably levied. Not one "imag- 
 ined the colonies would think of disputing the 
 matter with Parliament at the point of the 
 sword." "It is our duty to submit" had been 
 the words of Otis. . . . Franklin . . . never 
 doubting that it would go into eflfect. . . . Still 
 less did the statesmen of England doubt the re- 
 sult. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 11. 
 
 1523. DELUSIONS, Popular. Fernando de 
 Soto. It had ever been believed that the depths 
 of the continent at the north concealed cities as 
 magnificent and temples as richly endowed as 
 any which had yet been plundered within the lim- 
 its of the tropics. Soto desired to rival Cortez in 
 glory, and surpass Pizarro in wealth. . . . He 
 demanded permission to conquer Florida at his 
 own cost ; and Charles V. readily conceded. — 
 Bancroft's Hist, op U. S., vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 1524. DEMAGOGUE, Changeful, Beign of 
 Charles II. [He was a Cabinet minister.] Buck- 
 ingham was a sated man of pleasure, who had 
 turned to ambition as to a pastime. As he had 
 tried to amuse himself with architecture and mu- 
 sic, with writing farces and with seeking for the 
 philosopher's stone, so he now tried to amuse him- 
 self with a secret negotiation and a Dutch war. 
 He had already, rather from fickleness and love 
 of novelty than from any deep design, been faith- 
 less to every party. At one time he had ranked 
 among the Cavaliers. At another time warrants 
 had been out against him for maintaining a trea- 
 sonable correspondence with the remains of the 
 Republican party in the city. He was now again 
 a courtier, and was eager to win the favor of the 
 king. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 199. 
 
 1525. DEMAGOGUE Class. Borne. Etruriawas 
 full of Sylla's disbanded soldiers, who had squan- 
 dered their allotments, and were hanging about, 
 unoccupied and starving. Catiline sent down 
 Manlius, their old officer, to collect as many as 
 he could of them without attracting notice. He 
 himself, as the election day approached, and 
 Cicero's year of office was drawing to an end, 
 took up the character of an aristocratic dema- 
 gogue, and asked for the suffrages of the people 
 as the champion of the poor against the rich, as 
 the friend of the wretched and oppressed ; and 
 those who thought themselves wretched and op- 
 pressed in Rome were so large a body, and so 
 bitterly hostile were they all to the prosperous 
 classes, that his election was anticipated as a 
 certainty. In the Senate the consulship of Cat- 
 iline was regarded as no less than an impending 
 national calamity. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 11, 
 p. 21. 
 
 1526. DEMAGOGUE, The First. Menestheus. 
 
 Menestheus, the son of Peteus, grandson of Or- 
 neus, and great-grandson of Erectheus, is said 
 to be the first of mankind that undertook to be a 
 demagogue, and by his eloquence to ingratiate 
 himself with the people. He endeavored also to 
 exasperate and inspire the nobility with sedition, 
 who had but ill borne with Theseus for some 
 time, reflecting that he had deprived every per- 
 am of family, of his government and command, 
 and shut them up together in one city, where 
 he used them as his subjects and slaves. Among 
 tlie common people he sowed disturbance by tell- 
 ing: them, that though they pleased themselves 
 
 with the dream of liberty, in fact they were 
 robbed of their country and religion ; and instead 
 of many good and native kings, were lorded 
 over by one man, who was a new-comer and a 
 stranger. — Plutarch's Theseus. 
 
 1527. DEMAGOGUE, Marks of the, Hearers. 
 The love of liberty, or the passion for national 
 freedom, is a noble, a disinterested, and a virtu- 
 ous feeling. Where this feeling is found to pre- 
 vail in any great degree, it is a proof that the 
 manners of that community are yet pure and un- 
 adulterated ; for corruption of manners infalli- 
 bly extinguishes the patriotic spirit. In a nation 
 confessedly corrupted, liiere is often found a 
 prevailing cry for liberty, which is heard the 
 loudest among the most profligate of the com- 
 munity ; but let us carefully distinguish that 
 spirit from virtuous patriotism. Let us examine 
 the morals, the private manners of the dema- 
 gogue who preaches forth the love of liberty ; 
 remark the character and examine the lives of 
 those who listen with the greatest avidity to his 
 harangues, and re-echo his vociferations ; and let 
 this be our criterion to judge of the principle 
 which actuates them. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 6. 
 
 152§. DEMONS, Origin of, Semi-Huns. A fab 
 ulous origin was assigned, worthy of their form 
 and manners, that the witches oi Scythia, who, 
 for their foul and deadly practices, had been 
 driven from society, had copulated in the desert 
 with infernal spirits ; and that the Huns were the 
 offspring of this execrable conjunction. The 
 tale, so full of horror and absurdity, was greed- 
 ily embraced by the credulous hatred of the 
 Goths. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 1529. DENUNCIATION, Terrible. Napoleon I. 
 [Having escaped from exile at St. Elba, and been 
 welcomed by the army and people of France, the 
 allied sovereigns declared,] "He has deprived 
 himself of the protection of the laws. . . . Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte has thrown himself out of all re- 
 lations with civilized society ; and that as an 
 enemy and disturber of the world, he has ren- 
 dered himself an object of public vengeance." — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 26. 
 
 1530. DEPAETUEE, Mysterious, Cleomedes. 
 [According to the Grecian fable, Cleomedes] was 
 a man of gigantic size and strength ; but behav- 
 ing in a foolish and frantic manner, he was 
 guilty of many acts of violence. At last he went 
 into a school, where he struck the pillar that 
 supported the roof with his fists, and broke it 
 asunder, so that the roof fell in and destroyed 
 the children. Pursued for this, he took refuge 
 in a great chest, and having shut the lid upon 
 him, he held it down so fast, that many men to- 
 gether could not force it open. When they had 
 cut the chest in pieces, they could not find him 
 either dead or alive. Struck with this strange 
 affair, they sent to consult the oracle at Delphi, 
 and had from the priestess this answer : "The 
 race of heroes ends in Cleomedes." — Plu- 
 tarch's Cleomedes. 
 
 1531. DEPENDENCE, Needless, Virginian Col- 
 onists. They pretended to fear starvation, and in 
 the latter part of August almost compelled Gov- 
 ernor White to return to England for an addi- 
 tional cargo of supplies. It was a great mistake. 
 If White had remained, and the settlers had giveo 
 
182 
 
 DEPRAVITY— DESIRES. 
 
 themselves to tilling the soil and building houses, 
 no further help would be needed. White set 
 sail. . . . What their fate was has never been 
 ascertained. — Ridpath's U. S., eh. 6, p. 83. 
 
 1532. DEPRAVITY by Descent. Nero. Though 
 the traditions of cruelty and treachery had been 
 carried on from generation to generation, they 
 seem to have culminated in the father of Nero, 
 who added a tinge of meanness and vulgarity to 
 the brutal manners of his race. His loose morals 
 had been shocking even to a loose age, and men 
 told each other in disgust how he had cheated 
 in his praitorship ; how he had killed one of his 
 f reedmen only because tie had refused to drink 
 as much as he was bidden ; how he had purpose- 
 ly driven over a poor boy on the Appian Road ; 
 how in a squabble in the Forum he had struck 
 out the eye of a Roman knight ; how he had been 
 finally banished for crimes still more shameful. It 
 was a cun-ent anecdote of this man, who was 
 " detestable through every period of his life," 
 that when, nine years after his marriage, the 
 birth of his son Nero was announced to him, he 
 answered the congratulations of his friends with 
 the remark, that from himself a"d Agrippina 
 nothing could have been born but what was 
 hateful, and for the public ruin. — Fak^ar's 
 Early Days, p. 15. 
 
 1533. DEPRAVITY, Evidence of. Samuel 
 Johnson. [In conversation with Boswell, he 
 said :] With respect to original sin, the in- 
 quiry is not necessary ; for whatever is the 
 cause of human corruption, men are evidently 
 and confessedly so corrupt, that all the laws of 
 heaven and earth are insufficient to restrain 
 them from crimes. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 
 466. 
 
 1534. DEPRECIATION, Financial. Plymouth 
 Colony. At the end of the fourth year there 
 were only one hundred and eighty persons in 
 New England. The managers had expected 
 profitable returns, and were disappointed. They 
 had expended $34,000 ; there was neither profit 
 nor the hope of any. ... In November, 1627, 
 eight of the leading men of Plymouth purchased 
 from the Londoners their entire interest, for the 
 sum of $9000.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13, p. 
 135. 
 
 1535. DEPRECIATION, Foolish. Of Luther. 
 How did the pope act in this violent conflict ? 
 [Which began the great Reformation.] Two 
 of his utterances are recorded : "Brother Mar- 
 tin is a very ingenious fellow ; but the conflict 
 itself is merely a quarrel between jealous 
 monks." And again: "A drunken German 
 must have written these theses ; as soon as he 
 becomes sober he will change his mind." The 
 highest circles of Rome and the immediate at- 
 tendants upon the pope were guilty of the same 
 depreciative and contemptuous treatment of the 
 Germans and of Luther's theses. In their re- 
 plies the "obscure German" and his "dog- 
 biting" theses were treated in the most deroga- 
 tory manner. — Rein's Luther, ch. 4, p. 49. 
 
 1536. DERISION, Public. Beignof James II. 
 [Obadiah Walker had converted Oxford Univer- 
 sity into a Roman Catholic seminary.] Actors 
 came down to Oxford. . . . Howard's Commit- 
 tee was performed. This play, written soon 
 after the Restoration, exhibited the Puritans in 
 
 an odious and contemptible light, and had there> 
 fore been, during a quarter of a century, a fa- 
 vorite with Oxonian audiences. It was now a 
 greater favorite than ever ; for, by a lucky coin- 
 cidence, one of the most conspicuous characters 
 was an old hypocrite named Obadiah. The au- 
 dience shouted with delight when, in the last 
 scene, Obadiah was dragged in with a halter 
 round his neck ; and the acclamations redou- 
 bled when one of the players, departing from 
 the written text of the comedy, proclaimed 
 that Obadiah should be hanged because he had 
 changed his religion. The king was much pro- 
 voked by this insult. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 262. 
 
 1537. DESERTION, Imitated. To William 
 of Orange. [Colonel] Cornbury was soon kept 
 in countenance by a crowd of deserters superior 
 to him in rank and capacity ; but during a fe>v 
 days he stood alone in his shame, and was bit- 
 terly reviled by many who afterward imitated 
 his example and envied his dishonorable prece- 
 dence. Among these was his own father. The 
 first outbreak of Clarendon's rage and sorrow 
 was highly pathetic. "O God!" he ejaculot- 
 ed, ' ' that a son of mine should be a rebel !" A. 
 fortnight later he made up his mind to be a rebel 
 himself. Yet it would be unjust to pronounce 
 him a mere hypocrite. In revolutions men live 
 fast ; the experience of years is crowded into 
 hours ; old habits of thought and action are vio- 
 lently broken ; novelties, which at first sight in 
 spire dread and disgust, become in a few dajw 
 familiar, endurable, attractive. Many men o^ 
 far purer virtue and higher spirit than Claren 
 don were prepared, before that memorable year 
 ended, to do what they would have pronounced 
 wicked and infamous when it began. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng. , ch. 9, p. 464. 
 
 153S. DESERTION, Shameful. Agathocles. 
 He suffered a signal reverse of fortune. Dur- 
 ing his absence in Africa the Sicilian States, 
 oppressed by Syracuse, formed a league in de- 
 fence of their liberties. Agathocles having re- 
 embarked a part of his troops, with the design 
 of chastising this revolt, the Carthaginians in 
 the mean time reduced the remainder of the Syr- 
 acusan army to such extremity, that even the 
 return of their leader was insufficient to retrieve 
 their losses. Regarding their situation as des- 
 perate, Agathocles, with the meanest treachery, 
 abandoned his army in the night, and escaped 
 back to Sicily in a single vessel, leaving his two 
 sons to the mercy of the Carthaginians, who 
 put them both to death. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 8. 
 
 1539. DESIRES, Potential. Swedenborg. 
 Any one in the spiritual world appears to be 
 present if another intensely desires his presence ; 
 for f'om that desire he sees him in thought, and 
 puts himself in his state. Again one person is 
 removed f i-om another in proportion as lie holds 
 him in aversion ; for all aversion is from con- 
 trariety of the affections and disagreement of 
 the thoughts ; therefore many who appear to- 
 gether in one place in the spiritual world,_ so 
 long as they agree, separate as soon as they disa- 
 gree. Further : when any one goes from one 
 place to another, whether it be in his own city, 
 in the courts, or the gardens, or to others out of 
 his own city, he arrives sooner when he has a 
 
DESOLATION— DESTRUCTION. 
 
 183 
 
 strong desire to be there, and later when his desire 
 is less strong ; the way itself being lengthened or 
 shortened according to his desire of arrival. 
 Hence again it is evident that distances, and 
 consequently spaces, exist with the angels alto- 
 gether according to the state of their minds. — 
 White's Swedenborg, p. 112. 
 
 1540. DESOLATION by Pestilence. London. 
 Looking back upon these times, they seem sad, 
 black, and desolate ; the plague ravaged the 
 metropolis, the deaths averaging about five 
 thousand a week. The city was empt}^ grass 
 was growing in the street ; and Lily, the astrol- 
 oger, going to prayers to St. Antholin's, in Wat- 
 ling Street, from a house over the Strand Bridge, 
 between six and seven in a summer morning of 
 the month of July, testifies that so few people 
 were then alive, and the streets so unfrequented 
 he met only three persons in the way. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 56. 
 
 1541. DESPAIR of the Defeated. American 
 Revolution. [Fort Washington and Fort Lee, 
 near New York, had been captured by the Brit- 
 ish. Two thousand prisoners and great military 
 stores sorely needed fell into the enemy's hands.] 
 The British pressed forward after the retreating 
 Americans. Washington, with his army now 
 reduced to 3000 men, crossed the Passaic to 
 Newark ; but Cornwallis and Knyphausen came 
 hard after the fugitives. The patriots retreated 
 to Elizabethtown, thence to New Brunswick, 
 thence to Princeton, and finally to Trenton on 
 the Delaware. The British were all the time in 
 close pursuit, and the music of their bands was 
 frequently heard by the rear-guard of the Amer- 
 ican army. Nothing but the consummate skill 
 of Washington saved the remnant of his forces 
 from destruction. Despair seemed settling on 
 the country like a pall. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 
 39, p. 314. 
 
 1542. DESPAIB, Determination of. Roman 
 Emperor Aurelian. He there experienced that 
 the most absolute power is a weak defence 
 against the effects of despair. He had threaten- 
 ed one of his secretaries who was accused of ex- 
 tortion ; and it was known that he seldom threat- 
 ened in vain. The last hope which remained 
 for the criminal was to involve some of the 
 principal officers of the army in his danger, or 
 at least in his fears. Artfully counterfeiting 
 his master's hand, he showed them, in a long 
 and bloody list, their own names devoted to 
 death. Without suspecting or examining the 
 fraud, they resolved to secure their lives by the 
 murder of the emperor. [They assassinated 
 him.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 11. 
 
 1543. DESPERATION in Battle. Persians. 
 [Khaled, a Mohammedan general, marched with 
 20,000 men against Harmouz, a vassal of the 
 Persian king.] The battle commenced by a 
 chivalrous duel, in view of both camps, by the 
 two generals. Harmouz, slain in the combat 
 bv Khaled, left his army without a general. 
 The Persians, decided either to die or vanquish, 
 had chained themselves to one another by the 
 legs, so as to deprive themselves beforehand of 
 the means of flight. They perished in a body 
 beneath the swords and arrows of the Arabs. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 162. 
 
 1544. DESPERATION, Final. Blind King 
 John. "The King of Bohemia, who was nearly 
 
 blind, told his men to lead him so far forward 
 that he might strike one stroke with his sword ; 
 and they all tied the reins of their bridles each to 
 the other, that they should not lose him in the 
 press ; and they were all slain, the king in the 
 midst. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 30, p. 462. 
 
 1545. DESPERATION, Scheme in. Monarch- 
 ical. Thomas Wentworth, successively created 
 Lord Wentworth and Earl of Strafford, a man of 
 great abilities, eloquence, and courage, but of a 
 cruel and imperious nature, was the counsellor 
 most trusted in political and military affairs. He 
 . . . formed a vast and deeply-meditated scheme < 
 which very nearly confounded even the able tac- 
 tics of the statesmen by whom the House of Com- 
 mons had been directed. To this scheme, in his 
 confidential correspondence, he gave the expres- 
 sive name of Thorough. His object was to do in 
 England all, and more than all, that Richelieu 
 was doing in France ; to make Charles a monarch 
 as absolute as any on the Continent ; to put the 
 estates and the personal liberty of the whole peo- 
 ple at the disposal of the Crown ; to deprive the 
 courts of law of all independent authority, even 
 in ordinary questions of civil right between man 
 and man, and to punish with merciless rigor 
 all who murmured. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 81. 
 
 1546. DESPOTISM, Revival of. Cardinal WoU 
 sey. The ten years which follow the fall of Wol- 
 sey are among the most momentous in our his- 
 tory. The monarchy at last realized its power, 
 and the work for which Wolsey had paved the 
 way was carried out with a terrible thoroughness. 
 The one great institution which could still offer 
 resistance to the royal will was struck down. 
 The church became a mere instrument of the 
 central despotism. The people learned their help- 
 lessness in rebellions easily suppressed and aveng- 
 ed with ruthless severity. A reign of terror, or- 
 ganized with consummate and merciless skill, 
 held England panic-stricken at Henry's feet. 
 The noblest heads rolled from the block. Virtue 
 and learning could not save Thomas More ; royal 
 descent could not save Lady Salisbury. The put- 
 ting away of one queen, the execution of anoth- 
 er, taught England that nothing was too high 
 for Henry's " courage" or too sacred for his 
 ' ' appetite. " Parliament assembled only to sanc- 
 tion arts of unscrupulous tyranny or to build 
 up by its own statutes the fabric of absolute rule. 
 All the constitutional safeguards of English free 
 dom were swept away. Arbitrary taxation, ar- 
 bitary legislation, arbitrary imprisonment, were 
 powers claimed without dispute and unsparingly 
 used by the Crown. — Eng. People, § 555. 
 
 1547. DESTINY, Unavoidable. Napoleon I. 
 [At the battle of Friedland] a cannon ball came 
 over their heads, just above the bayonets of the 
 troops. A young soldier instinctively dodged. 
 Napoleon looked at him, and, smiling, said : 
 " My friend, if that ball were destined for you, 
 though you were to burrow a hundred feet under 
 ground, it would be sure to find you there." — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 35. 
 
 154§. DESTRUCTION, Difficult. Temple of Ju- 
 piter, In Syria the divine and excellent Marcel- 
 lus, as he is styled bv Theodoret, a bishop ani- 
 mated with apostolic fervor, resolved to level with 
 the ground the stately temples within the diocese 
 of Apamea. His attack was resisted by the skill 
 
184 
 
 DESTRUCTION— DETECTIVE. 
 
 and solidity with which the temple of Jupiter 
 liad been constructed. The building was seated 
 on an eminence ; on each of the four sides the 
 lofty roof was supported by fifteen massy col- 
 umns, sixteen feet in circumference ; and the 
 large stones of which they were composed were 
 firmly cemented with lead and iron. The force 
 of the strongest and sharpest tools had been tried 
 without effect. It was found necessary to unde"*- 
 mine the foundations of the columns, which fell 
 down as soon as the temporary wooden props had 
 been consumed with fire. — Gibbon's Rome, eh. 
 28. 
 
 1549. DESTRUCTION of Empire. Fall of 
 Rome. The decline and fall of Rome is the 
 greatest event in history. It occupied a larger 
 portion of the earth's surface, it affected the lives 
 and fortunes of a larger number of human be- 
 ings, than any other revolution on record. For 
 it was essentially one, though it took centuries to 
 consummate, and though it had for its theatre 
 the civilized world. Great evolutions and catas- 
 trophes happened before it, and have happened 
 since, but nothing which can compare with it in 
 volume and mere physical size. Nor was it less 
 morally. The destruction of Rome was not only 
 a destruction of an empire, it was the destruc- 
 tion of a phase of human thought, of a system 
 of human beliefs, of morals, politics, civilization, 
 as all these had existed in the world for ages. 
 The drama is so vast, the cataclysm so appalling, 
 that even at this day we are hardly removed 
 from it far enough to take it fully in. The mind 
 is oppressed, the imagination flags under the 
 load imposed upon it. The capture and sack of 
 a town one can fairly conceive : the massacre, 
 outrage, the flaming roofs, the desolation. Even 
 the devastation of a province can be approxi- 
 mately reproduced in thought. But what thought 
 can embrace the devastation and destruction of 
 all the civilized portions of Europe, Africa, and 
 Asia ? "Who can realize a Thirty Years' War last- 
 ing five hundred years ? — Morrison's Gibbon, 
 ch. 7. 
 
 1550. DESTRUCTION", Terrible. Cimbrians. 
 [Caius Marius defeated the Cimbrians, who en- 
 deavored to escape by flight.] The Romans 
 drove back the fugitives to their camp, where 
 they found the most shocking spectacle. The 
 women standing in mourning by their carriages 
 killed those that fled ; some their husbands, 
 some their brothers, others their fathers. They 
 strangled their little children with their own 
 hands, and threw them under the wheels and 
 horses' feet. Last of all, they killed themselves. 
 They tell us of one that was seen slung from the 
 top of a wagon, with a child hanging at each heel. 
 The men, for want of trees, tied themselves by the 
 neck, some to the horns of oxen, others to their 
 legs, and then pricked them on ; that by the start- 
 ing of the beasts they might be strangled or torn 
 to pieces. But though they were so industrious 
 to destroy themselves, above 60,000 were taken 
 prisoners. — Plutarch's Caius Marius. 
 
 1551. DETAILS, Importance of. Military. 
 There were no stores sent from Italy to supply 
 the daily waste of material. The men had to 
 mend and perhaps make their own clothes and 
 shoes, and repair their own arms. Skill in the 
 use of tools was not enough without the tools 
 themselves. Had the spades and mattocks been 
 
 supplied by contract, had the axes been of soft 
 iron, fair to the eye and failing to the stroke, not 
 a man in Caesar's army would have returned to 
 Rome to tell the tale of its destruction. How the 
 legionaries acquired these various arts, whether 
 the Italian peasantry were generally educated in 
 such occupations, or whether on this occasion 
 there was a special selection of the best, of this 
 we have no information. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 
 14. 
 
 1552. DETECTIVE, Harmless. Robert Bm^ns. 
 [He was an excise officer. ] Smuggling was then 
 common throughout Scotland, both in the shape 
 of brewing and of selling beer and whiskey with- 
 out license. Burns took a serious yet humane 
 view of his duty. To the regular smuggler he is 
 said to have been severe ; to the country folk, 
 farmers, or cotters, who sometimes transgressed, 
 he tempered justice with mercy. Many stories 
 are told of his leniency to these last. At Thorn- 
 hill, on a fair day. he was seen to call at the door 
 of a poor woman who for the day was doing 
 a little illicit business on her own account. A 
 nod and a movement of the forefinger brought 
 the woman to the doorway. "Kate, are you 
 mad ? Don't you know that the supervisor and 
 I will be in upon you in forty minutes ?" Burns 
 at once disappeared among the crowd, and the 
 poor woman was saved a heavy fine. — Shairp's 
 Burns, ch. 5. 
 
 1553. DETECTIVE, A stupid. Colonel Jame- 
 son. Major Andre [the spy] passed the American 
 outposts in safety ; but at Tarrytown, twenty -five 
 miles from the city, he was suddenly confronted 
 by three militia men, who stripped him, found 
 his papers, and delivered him to Colonel Jame- 
 son at North Castle. Through that officer's amaz- 
 ing stupidity Arnold was at once notified that 
 John Anderson — that being the assumed name of 
 Andre — had been taken with his passport and 
 some papers "of a very dangerous tendency." 
 Arnold [the American traitor and commandant at 
 West Point] fled to the river and escaped on board 
 the [British vessel, the] Vulture. — Ridpatii's 
 U. S., ch. 43, p. 345. 
 
 1554. DETECTIVE, Useful. Cicero. The am- 
 bassadors of the AUobroges having fruitlessly ap- 
 plied to the Roman Senate for a redress of griev- 
 ances, Publius Lentulus, the praetor, gave them 
 assurance in private of protection and favor, pro- 
 vided they would return to their province, and 
 dispose their countrymen to arm in support of a 
 powerful party, which, he affirmed, would soon 
 have the command of the republic. Of tliis ne- 
 gotiation Cicero received intelligence. The con- 
 sul, with infinite prudence, instructed his infor- 
 mant to encourage the correspondence between 
 Lentulus and the ambassadors, and to urge the 
 latter to demand from Lentulus a list of the names 
 of all his partisans, in order to show to their 
 countrymen the number and power of those 
 friends on whose protection they might depend, 
 if they armed in support of this great revolution 
 in the State. Lentulus fell into the snare that 
 was laid for him. He gave a Hst of the names of 
 all concerned in the conspiracy of Catiline to the 
 ambassadors, who, setting out upon their jour- 
 ney, were waylaid, and their despatches seized 
 by order of the consul. Cicero had now in his 
 hands the most complete evidence against the 
 whole of the conspirators. Assembling the Sep 
 
DETERMINATION. 
 
 185 
 
 ate, he produced first the written evidence, con- 
 sisting of letters, under the hands of the chief 
 partisans of Catiline, together with lists of arms, 
 and the places where they were deposited, as 
 well as separate instructions for the ready co- 
 operation of the different leaders in their distinct 
 departments of the plot. The deputies of the 
 Allobroges were produced before the Senate, and 
 made no scruple to confirm the proof arising from 
 those documents. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 1555. DETERMINATION asserted. Sword. 
 We are told that a centurion whom Caesar had 
 sent to Rome, waiting at the door of the Senate- 
 house for the result of the deliberations, and be- 
 ing informed that the Senate would not give Cae- 
 sar a longer term in his commission, laid his hand 
 upon his sword, and said, "But this shall give 
 it." — Plutarch's C^sar. 
 
 1556. DETERMINATION, Emphatic. Ballot. 
 [When the Persians had invaded Greece, and the 
 allies had evaded a conflict by removing their 
 camp,] Amompharetus, an intrepid man, who 
 had long been eager to engage, and uneasy to see 
 the battle so often put oflt' and delayed, plainly 
 called this decampment a disgraceful flight, and 
 declared he would not quit his post, but re- 
 main there with his troops, and stand it out 
 against Mardonius. And when Pausanias rep- 
 resented to him that this measure was taken in 
 pursuance of the counsel and determination of 
 the confederates, he took up a large stone with 
 both his hands, and throwing it at Pausanias' 
 feet, said, " This is my ballot for a battle ; and I 
 despise the timid counsels and resolves of others." 
 — Plutarch's Aristides. 
 
 1557. DETERMINATION, Fixed. Joan of 
 .Arc. It was in vain that her father, when he 
 heard her purpose, swore to drown her ere she 
 should go to the field with men at arms. It was 
 in vain that the priest, the wise people of the vil- 
 lage, the captain of Vaucouleurs, doubted and 
 refused to aid her. " I must go to the king," 
 persisted the peasant girl, "even if I wear my 
 limbs to the very knees. I had far rather rest and 
 spin by my mother's side," she pleaded, with a 
 touching pathos, " for this is no work of my 
 
 Kjhoosing ; but I must go and do it, for my Lord 
 wills it." "And who," they asked, "is your 
 Lord?" "He is God." Words such as these 
 touched the rough captain at last ; he took 
 .Jeanne by the hand, and swore to lead her to the 
 king. — Eng. People, § 429. 
 
 1558. DETERMINATION, Obstinate. Scotch 
 Presbyterians. Persecution, they said, could onlj^ 
 kill the body, but the black indulgence was dead- 
 ly to the soul. Driven from the towns, they as- 
 sembled on heaths and mountains. Attacked by 
 the civil power, they without scruple repelled 
 force by force. At every conventicle they mus- 
 tered in arms. They repeatedly broke out into 
 open rebellion. They were easily defeated, and 
 mercilessly punished ; but neither defeat nor pun- 
 ishment could subdue their spirit. Hunted down 
 like wild beasts, tortured till their bones were 
 beaten flat, imprisoned by hundreds, hanged by 
 ascores, exposed at one time to the license of sol- 
 •diers from England, abandoned at another time 
 "to the mercy of bands of marauders from the 
 Highlands, they still stood at bay in a mood so 
 aavage that the boldest and mightiest oppressor 
 
 could not but dread the audacity of their despair. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 174. 
 
 1559. DETERMINATION, Strange. Joan of 
 Arc. Orleans had already been driven by fam- 
 ine to offers of surrender when Jeanne appeared 
 in the French court, and a force was gathering, 
 under the Count of Dunois, at Blois, for a final 
 effort at its relief. It was at the head of this 
 force that Jeanne placed herself. The girl was 
 in her eighteenth year, tall, finely formed, with 
 all the vigor and activity of her peasant rearing, 
 able to stay from dawn till nightfall on horse- 
 back without meat or drink. As she mounted 
 her charger, clad in white armor from head to 
 foot, with a great white banner studded with 
 fleur-de-lis waving over her head, she seemed "a 
 thing wholly divine, whether to see or hear." 
 The 10,000 men at anns who followed her from 
 Blois — rough plunderers, whose only prayer was 
 that of La Hire, ' ' Sire Dieu, I pray you to do for 
 La Hire what La Hire would do for you were 
 you captain at arms and he God" — left off their 
 oaths and foul living at her word, and gathered 
 round the altars on their march. . . . The people 
 crowded round her as she rode along, praying her 
 to work miracles, and bringing crosses and chap- 
 lets to be blessed by her touch. " Touch them 
 yourself," she said to an old dame, Margaret ; 
 " your touch will be just as good as mine." But 
 her faith in her mission remained as firm as ever. 
 " The maid prays and requires you," she wrote 
 to Bedford, " to work no more distraction in 
 France, but to come in her company to rescue 
 the Holy Sepulchre from the Turk." " I bring 
 you," she told Dunois, when he sallied out of 
 Orleans to meet her after her two days' march 
 from Blois — " I bring you the best aid ever sent 
 to any one — the aid of the King of heaven." The 
 besiegers looked on overawed as she entered 
 Orleans, and, riding round the walls, bade the 
 people shake off the fear of the forts which sur- 
 rounded them. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 430. 
 
 1560. DETERMINATION for Success. " Win 
 
 his Spurs." [At the battle of Cressy, in 1346,] 
 when the battle was at its hottest, a knight came 
 to the king [Edward III.] and said that War- 
 wick and Oxford and the Prince of Wales [the 
 king's son, the Black Prince] were fiercely fought 
 withal, and were sore handled, and they desired 
 aid from him and his men. Then the king 
 asked if his son were dead or hurt, or felled to 
 the earth; and the knight answered, "No." 
 " Say, then, to them that sent you," replied the 
 king, " that they suffer him this day to win his 
 spurs, and ask me not for aid while my son is 
 alive." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 30, p. 461. 
 
 1561. DETERMINATION, Vow of. Philip of 
 France. The easy reduction of Normandy on 
 the fall of Ch&teau Gaillard at a later time 
 proved Richard's foresight ; but foresight and 
 sagacity were mingled in him with a brutal vio- 
 lence and a callous indifference to honor. "I 
 would take it were its walls of iron !" Philip 
 exclaimed in wrath as he saw the fortress rise. 
 " I would hold it were its walls of butter," was 
 the defiant answer of his foe. It was church land, 
 and the Archbishop of Rouen laid Normandy 
 under interdict at its seizure ; but the king met 
 the interdict with mockery, and intrigued vdth 
 Rome till the censure was withdrawn. He was 
 just as defiant of a " rain of blood." whose fail 
 
186 
 
 DETERMINATION— DEVOTION. 
 
 scared Ms courtiers. " Had an angel from heav- 
 en bid him abandon his work," says a cool ob- 
 server, " he vFould have answered with a curse." 
 ■ — Hist, of Eng. People, § 153. 
 
 1562. DETEEMINATION, Youthful. AlciMa- 
 des. One day he was playing at dice with other 
 boys in the street ; and when it came to his turn 
 to throw a loaded wagon came up. At tirst he 
 called to the driver to stop, because he was to 
 throw in the way over which the wagon was to 
 pass. The rustic disregarding him and driving 
 on, the other boys broke away ; but Alcibiades 
 threw himself upon his face directly before the 
 wagon, and stretching himself out, bade the fel- 
 low drive on if he pleased. Upon this he was 
 so startled that he stopped his horses, while 
 those that saw it ran up to him with terror. — 
 Plutarch's Alcibiades. 
 
 1563. DETESTATION, Courage under. Crom- 
 well. Numberless little coteries of hissing snakes 
 and slippery eels were wriggling and twisting 
 toward desired eminence. As we have said, 
 Cromwell never was a republican — less so now 
 than ever. Shouts of " Usurper !" " Tyrant !" 
 "Traitor!" "Deceiver!" from other factions; 
 "Detestable wretch !" "Murderer !" were met 
 by the calm lightning of that deep, clear gray 
 eye. "Very likely, gentlemen; just as you 
 please, about all such pleasant epithets. Mean- 
 time, distinctly understand that I am here some- 
 bow or other. I have some notion that I have 
 been put here by the Eternal God, who raiseth 
 up and casteth down. Noble natures, you will 
 please to understand that I am ruler here to save 
 you from clammy eels or hissing snakes ; and 
 vou, Messieurs Eels and Snakes, put yourselves 
 into the smallest compass, if you please, or, by 
 that Eternal God that sent me, so much the 
 worse for you I" — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 18, 
 p. 240. 
 
 1564. DETESTATION, PubUc. EutropJiius. 
 [The eunuch and minister of the Emperor Ar- 
 cadius, in the last period of Roman history.] 
 Secure as he now imagined himself in the favor 
 of his sovereign, and defended by the terror of 
 his own uncontrolled authority, this base eunuch 
 endeavored to engross the whole power of the 
 government. He caused the/ weak Arcadius to 
 create him a patrician, to honor him vdth the 
 title of father to the emperor, and at length to 
 confer on him the consulship. His image, pre- 
 ceded by the fasces, was carried in triumph 
 through all the cities of the East, but was more 
 generally saluted with hissing than with ap- 
 plause. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 5. 
 
 1565. DEVELOPMENT, Social. Lombards. 
 So rapid was the influence of climate and exam- 
 ple, that the Lombards of the fourth generation 
 surveyed with curiosity and affright the portraits 
 of their savage forefathers. Their heads were 
 shaven behind, but the shaggy locks hung over 
 their eyes and mouth, and a long beard repre- 
 sented the name and character of the nation. 
 Their dress consisted of loose linen garments, 
 after the fashion of the Anglo-Saxons, which 
 were decorated, in their opinion, with broad 
 stripes of variegated colors. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 45. 
 
 1566. DEVIL, Casting out the. Bunyan. 
 An ale-house keeper in the neighborhood of 
 
 Elstow had a son who was half-witted. The fa- 
 vorite amusement, when a party was coUected^ 
 drinking, was for the father to provoke the lad's, 
 temper, and for the lad to curse his father and 
 wish the devil had him. The devil at last did 
 have the ale-house keeper, and rent and tore him. 
 till he died. "I," says Bunyan, "was eye and 
 ear witness of what I here say. ... I saw him 
 in one of his fits, and saw his flesh, as it was- 
 thought, gathered up in a heap about the bigness, 
 of half an egg, to the unutterable torture and af- 
 fliction of the old man. There was also one- 
 Freeman, who was more than an ordinary doc- 
 tor, sent for to cast out the devil, and I was 
 there when he attempted to do it. The manner 
 whereof was this. They had the possessed in an 
 outroom, and laid him upon his belly upon a 
 form, with his head hanging down over the- 
 form's end. Then they bound him down thereto, 
 which done, they set a pan of coals under his- 
 mouth, and put something therein which made 
 a gi'eat smoke — by this means, as it was said, 
 to fetch out the devil. There they kept the 
 man till he was almost smothered in the smoke,, 
 but no devil came out of him, at which Freeman 
 was somewhat abashed. — Froude's Bunyan,, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 1567. H'EVl'L^ teitedi. Boston Damsel. Cotton 
 Mather . . . invited her to his house ; and the 
 artful girl easily imposed on his credulity. The 
 devil would permit her to read in Quaker books, 
 or the Common Prayer, or Popish books ; but a 
 prayer from Cotton Mather or a chapter from 
 the Bible would throw her into convulsions. 
 By a series of experiments, in reading aloud pas- 
 sages from the Bible in various languages, the 
 minister satisfied himself, ' ' by trials of their ca- 
 pacity," that devils are well skilled in languages, 
 and understand Latin, and Greek, and even. 
 Hebrew, though he fell " upon one inferior Ind- 
 ian language, which the demons did not seem 
 so well to understand. " Experiments were made, 
 with unequal success, to see if devils can know 
 the thoughts of others ; and the inference was 
 that "all devils are not alike sagacious." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 19. 
 
 156§. DEVOTION, Absolute. Mohammedan. 
 [After one of Mahomet's unsuccessful battles,} 
 one of the women encountered the vanquished 
 army returning to Medina. "Where is my fa- 
 ther ?" asked she of the soldiers. " He is slain,"" 
 was the reply. " And my husband?" "Slain 
 also." "And my son ?" "Slain with them,'' 
 said they. "But Mahomet?" " Here is he, alive,' 
 replied the wamors. "Very well," said she, 
 apostrophizing the prophet, " since thou livest 
 still, all our misfortunes are as nothing!" — ; 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 117. 
 
 1569. DEVOTION, Commendable. St. Am- 
 brose. Ambrose had devoted his life and hisi 
 abilities to the service of the church. Wealth 
 was the object of his contempt ; he had re- \ 
 nounced his private patrimony ; and he sold, i 
 without hesitation, the consecrated plate for thei 
 redemption of captives. The clergy and people 
 of Milan were attached to their archbishop ; and 
 he deserved the esteem, without soliciting the 
 favor, or apprehending the displeasure, of his 
 feeble sovereigns. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 27. 
 
 1570. DEVOTION, Entire. E&v. Thomas Coke 
 The first Protestant bishop in the Western Hem 
 
DEVOTION— DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 187 
 
 isphere expended his large patrimonial estate 
 on his missions and chapels. He was married 
 twice ; both his wives were like-minded with 
 himself, and both had considerable fortunes, 
 which were used like his o-wn. ... It is doubtful 
 whether any Protestant of his day contributed 
 more from his own property for the spread of 
 
 the Gospel Plying.duringnearly forty years, 
 
 over England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland ; 
 crossing the Atlantic eighteen times ; traversing 
 the United States and the West Indies ; the 
 founder of Methodist missions in the West In- 
 dies, in Africa, and in Asia ; in England, Wales 
 and Ireland ; the founder of its first Tract Soci- 
 ety ; ... he has been pronounced " the greatest 
 man of the last century," in " labors and services 
 as a minister of Christ." [He died while on his 
 passage to India as a missionary, going at his 
 own expense, at the age of sixty-seven.] — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 3, p. 340. 
 
 1571. DEVOTION, Ministerial. Thomas Lee 
 [a Methodist itinerant under Wesley] was in- 
 itiated at Pateley Bridge into the common lot of 
 Methodist evangelists, and received his first bap- 
 tism from the clods, clubs, and stones of the 
 mob. His meek and pure spirit was not weak, 
 but displayed during this and later trials a hero- 
 ism to be admired. " We have done enough," 
 cried the mob — " we have done enough to make 
 an end of him." " I did, indeed," he says, "reel 
 to and fro, and my head was broken with a 
 stone. But I never found my soul more happy, 
 nor was ever more composed in my closet. It 
 was a glorious time, and there are several who 
 date their conversion from that day." — Stevens' 
 Methodism:, vol. 1, p. 356. 
 
 1572. DEVOTION, Self-sacrificing. Belisarius. 
 In the siege of Osimo the general was nearly 
 transpierced with an arrow, if the mortal stroke 
 had not been intercepted by one of his guards, 
 who lost, in that pious office, the use of his hand. 
 [It was the weapon of a Goth.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 eh. 41. 
 
 1573. DEVOTIONS, Morning. Ancient Bo- 
 mans. The first, second, and third hours were 
 differently employed at Rome by the different 
 ranks of the people ; and even by these differ- 
 ently according to their separate inclinations. 
 It was the custom with many to begin the day 
 by visiting the temples, where, according as their 
 ideas of devotion were more or less strict, they 
 either sacrificed, or paid their adoration by sim- 
 
 j ply kissing their hand, or prostrating themselves 
 i before their own particular deity. Those who 
 ^ere more rigorously devout made their consci- 
 entious circuit to most of the temples in the city, 
 k business which must necessarily have occupied 
 lany hours ; but the great bulk of the citizens, 
 ttached to temporal concerns, and intent on 
 lore substantial duties, employed the morning 
 ery differently. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 4. 
 
 1574. DIARY, Artful. Samuel Johnson. [To 
 [rs. Thrale.] Johnson : " No, madam ; a man 
 
 loves to review his own mind. That is the use 
 of a diary or journal." Lord Trimlestown : 
 " True, sir. As the ladies love to see themselves 
 in a glass, so a man likes to see himself in his 
 journal." Boswell : " A very pretty allusion." 
 Johnson: "Yes, indeed." Boswell : "And 
 as a lady adjusts her dress before a mirror, a 
 
 man adjusts his character by looking at his jour- 
 nal." — Boswell's Johnson. 
 
 1575. DICTATION, Simultaneous. Napoleon I. 
 At the four corners of the room tables were set 
 for his secretaries ; ... he was accustomed to 
 dictate simultaneously. He possessed the rare 
 faculty of giving judgment upon almost any 
 number of subjects at the same time. He usu- 
 ally paced the floor with his hat on, and his 
 hands clasped behind his back. ... To one scribe 
 he would dictate instructions for the manoeuvres 
 of the army. Turning to another he would give 
 the decisive opinion on a diflScult question of 
 finance or on the administrative government of 
 the empire. To a third he would communicate 
 answers to the ambassadors in foreign countries. 
 A fourth was not unfrequently intrusted witk 
 his private correspondence. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 7. 
 
 1576. DIET, Simplicity in. John Howard'.. 
 On one of his tours he had a severe fit of the- 
 gout, which led him to resolve that, if ever he- 
 recovered, he would never again drink wine or 
 spirits. He kept his resolution, though he con- 
 tinued to provide wine for his guests. Soon af- 
 ter, his health being still impaired, he tried the 
 experiment of living without meat ; and, as a 
 vegetable diet seemed to benefit him, he never 
 again partook of animal food. All this wasr. 
 highly serviceable to him in his philanthropic 
 travels, when he was often beyond the reach of 
 any supplies except the most simple. He could: 
 live, and often did live, for weeks at a time,, 
 upon biscuit, raisins, and tea. Tea, in fact, w/is 
 his only luxury. He always travelled with a 
 supply of the best tea, and a portable apparatus 
 for preparing it. On arriving at a town he 
 would sit in his carriage and dine upon tea and 
 biscuit, but send his servant to the inn to get a 
 good dinner. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 40. 
 
 1577. DIFFICULTIES, Firmness amid. Em- 
 peror Olaudius. An original letter addressed b} 
 Claudius to the Senate and people. . . . "Conscript 
 fathers," says the emperor, "know that 320,000 
 Goths have invaded the Roman territory. If I 
 vanquish them, your gratitude will reward my 
 services. Should I fall, remember that I am the. 
 successor of Gallienus. The whole republic is 
 fatigued and exhausted. We shall fight after 
 Valerian, after Ingenuus, Regillianus, Lollianus, 
 Posthumus, Celsus, and a thousand others,, 
 whom a just contempt for Gallienus provoked 
 into rebellion. We are in want of darts, of 
 spears, and of shields. The strength of the em- 
 pire, Gaul, and Spain are usurped by Tetricus, 
 and we blush to acknowledge that the archers of 
 the East serve under the banners of 2^nobia. 
 Whatever we shall perform will be sufficiently 
 great. " The melancholy firmness of this epistle 
 announces a hero careless of his fate, conscious 
 of his danger, but still deriving a well-groundea 
 hope from the resources of his own mind. [A 
 great victory followed.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch.ll. 
 
 157§. DIFFICULTIES, Mechanical. Charles 
 Ooodyear. The agent of that company, however, 
 had but a sorry tale to tell Charles Goodyear in 
 1833. He told him that the material had pre- 
 sented unexpected difficulties. Shoes made in 
 winter melted as soon as the summer came. 
 When exposed to the cold, they grew as bard as^ 
 stone ; but a temperature of one hundred degrees 
 
 I 
 
188 
 
 DIFFICULTIES— DIGNITY. 
 
 reduced a case of shoes to a mass of gum. And, 
 what was worse, no one could tell of the winter- 
 made shoes, whether they would stand the 
 summer heats or not. The company feared to 
 manufacture a large quantity, since the first hot 
 week in June would melt the product of eight 
 months' labor, as readily as a single pair of shoes. 
 In short, the agent said, unless a way could be 
 discovered of hardening or curing this singular 
 substance, and that very soon, the Roxbury 
 Company would be obliged to wind up its affairs 
 from the exhaustion, at once, of its patience and 
 it's capital. This catastrophe, in fact, soon after 
 happened, to the ruin of a large number of 
 the people of Massachusetts. — Cyclopedia of 
 BtOG., p. 216. 
 
 1579. DIFFICULTIES overcome. Timour. 
 [Invasion of India.] Between the Jihoon and 
 tbe Indus they crossed one of the ridges of the 
 iLOuntains which are styled by the Arabian 
 geographers the Stony Girdles of the earth. The 
 h/ghland robbers were subdued or extirpated ; 
 b/it great numbers of men and horses perished in 
 tl;e snow ; the emperor himself was let down a 
 precipice on a portable scaffold — the ropes were 
 oae hundred and fifty cubits in length ; and be- 
 fore he could reach the bottom, this dangerous 
 operation was five times repeated. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 65. 
 
 1580. . Napoleon I. [When cross- 
 ing the Alps with his army] two skilful engi- 
 neers had been sent to explore the path, and to 
 do whatever could be done in the removal of 
 obstructions. They returned with an appalling 
 r(;cital of the apparently insurmountable difficul- 
 ties of the way. "Is it possible," inquired Na- 
 poleon, "to cross the pass ?" "Perhaps," was 
 the hesitating reply ; " it is within the limits of 
 possibility." "Forward, then," was the ener- 
 getic response. — Abbott's Napoleon B. , vol. 1, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 1581. DIFFICULTIES removed. Gordium 
 Knot. [When Alexander the Great took] Gor- 
 dium, which is said to have been the seat of the 
 ancient Midas, he found the famous chariot, 
 fastened with cords, made of the bark of the 
 cornel tree, and was informed of a tradition, 
 firmly believed in among the barbarians, that the 
 Fates had decreed the empire of the world to the 
 man who should untie the knot. Most historians 
 say that it was twisted so many private ways, 
 and the ends so artfully concealed within, that 
 Alexander, finding he could not untie it, cut it 
 asunder with his sword, and so made many ends 
 instead of two. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 1582. DIGNITAEIES multiplied. Virginia 
 Colony. On the 23d of May, 1609, King James, 
 without consulting the wishes of his American 
 colonists, revoked their constitution, and granted 
 to the London company a new charter. . , . The 
 council was at once organized in accordance with 
 this charter, and the excellent Lord De La Ware 
 chosen governor for life. With him were joined 
 in authority Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant gen- 
 eral ; Sir George Somers, admiral ; Christopher 
 Newport, vice-admiral ; Sir Thomas Dale, high 
 marshal ; Sir Ferdinand Wainman, master of 
 horse ; and other dignitaries of similar sort . . . 
 five hundred emigrants . , , sailed for America. 
 [There were about seven hundred colonists in 
 all.]— Ridpath'8 U. S., ch. 10, p. 105. 
 
 1583. DIGNITY compromised. Theodora. 
 [Wife of the Roman Emperor Theophilus.] She 
 deserved the love, but did not escape the sever- 
 ity, of her lord. From the palace garden he be- 
 held a vessel deeply laden, and steering into the 
 port ; on the discovery that the precious cargo 
 of Syrian luxury was the property of his wife, 
 he condemned the ship to the flames, with a 
 sharp reproach, that her aA^arice had degraded the 
 character of an empress into that of a merchant. 
 ^Gibbon's Rome, ch. 48. 
 
 1584. DIGNITY, Cruel. Dejoces. The mon- 
 archy of the Medes, the third of those which 
 sprang from the ruins of the first Assyrian em- 
 pire, appears to have begun later than the other 
 two ; Dejoces, its first sovereign ... is reported to 
 have built the city of Ecbatan, and to have be- 
 stowed much pains in polishing and civilizing 
 his people ; yet those laws which he is said to 
 have enacted breathed strongly the spirit of des- 
 potism. It was common to the Asiatic monarchs 
 very rarely to show themselves to their subjects. 
 Dejoces is said to have carried the haughtiness 
 of his deportment to an unusual height. It was 
 death only to smile in his presence. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1585. DIGNITY exhibited. Samuel Johnson. 
 That superiority over his fellows, which he 
 maintained with so much dignity in his march 
 through life, was not assumed from vanity and 
 ostentation, but was the natural and constant 
 effect of those extraordinary powers of mind, of 
 which he could not but be conscious by compari- 
 son ; the intellectual difference, which, in other 
 cases of comparison of characters, is often a 
 matter of undecided contest, being as clear in 
 his case as the superiority of stature in some 
 men above others. Johnson did not strut or 
 stand on tiptoe ; he only did not stoop. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 7. 
 
 1586. DIGNITY, Ludicrous. Bollo. Rollo of 
 Normandy took the oath of fealty to [Charles, the 
 simple King of France,] in the accustomed form ; 
 but on being told that, in order to complete the 
 ceremony, it was necessary that he should kneel 
 and kiss the monarch's foot, he started back, and 
 disdainfully refused to comply. The point of 
 etiquette being insisted on, Rollo at length de- 
 puted one of his attendants to perform the duty 
 in his stead. The rude soldier, either intention- 
 ally or from awkwardness, lifted the king's foot 
 with so little circumspection, that Charles fell 
 backward from his seat. His comrades could 
 not repress a shout of laughter, which the French 
 were in no condition to resent, — Students'" 
 France, ch. 6, § 10. 
 
 1587. DIGNITY offended. Bodolph. Lewis, 
 Duke of Bavaria, named for emperor Rodolph 
 of Hapsburg. It may be conceived that it 
 should be somewhat humiliating to [Ottocarus 
 II.] the King of Bohemia, who was one of the 
 proudest princes of his time, to find the master 
 of his household elevated to the rank of his sov- 
 ereign, and as such entitled to exact homage 
 from his dominions of Bohemia. When this de- 
 mand was made by the heralds of the new em- 
 peror, [Ottocarus II.] indignantly replied, " Go 
 tell your master that I owe him nothing, for I 
 have paid him his wages.". . . Rodolph instantly 
 declared war against him, and in one campaign 
 deprived him of Austria, Stiria, and Carniola. . . . 
 
DIGNITY— DIPLOMACY. 
 
 189 
 
 He now acquainted the king of Bohemia that his 
 dignity as emperor positively required that he, 
 the king, should perform homage as his vassal. 
 Ottocarus II. was obliged to submit ; but he re- 
 quired, as a condition, that the homage should 
 be privately performed in the emperor's tent, and 
 before the officers of the empire alone. On the 
 day appointed, he repaired in his robes of state 
 to the camp of the emperor, who chose on that 
 occasion to be clothed in the plainest apparel. 
 When Ottocarus was on his knees before Ro- 
 dolph, the curtains of the tent were drawn up, 
 and the King of Bohemia was exhibited in that 
 attitude to the whole imperial army. This pro- 
 voked the king to the highest pitcla of indigna- 
 tion. He immediately renounced his allegiance, 
 and declared war against the emperor, in hopes 
 of recovering his dominions of Austria ; but in 
 his first battle he was defeated and slain. — 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 11. 
 
 1588. DIGNITY preserved. Poms. [Alexan- 
 der invaded India and defeated Porus, one of its 
 princes. ] The captive prince being brought into 
 the presence of his conqueror, Alexander gener- 
 ously praised him for the courage and ability he 
 had displayed, and concluded by asking him in 
 what manner he wished and expected to be treat- 
 ed. " As a king," said Porus. Struck with the 
 magnanimity of this answer, Alexander declared 
 he should not be frustrated of his wishes ; for 
 from that moment he should regard him as a 
 sovereign prince and think himself honored by 
 his friendship and alliance. ... He added to 
 the kingdom of Porus some of the adjoining 
 provinces. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4. 
 
 1589. DIGNITY, Regard for. George Wash- 
 ington. A.D. 1776. [In July Lord Howe arrived 
 at New York commissioned to paciflcate the col- 
 onists.] The person with whom he most wished 
 to communicate was the American commander- 
 in-chief. On the second day after his arrival he 
 sent a white flag up the harbor, with a copy of 
 his declaration enclosed in a letter addressed to 
 Washington as a private man. But Washington 
 declined to receive the communication. Lord 
 Howe was grieved at the rebuff ; in the judg- 
 ment of Congress, Washington " acted with dig- 
 nity becoming his station." — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 9, ch. 1. 
 
 1590. . Lucullus. [Once when 
 
 Lucullus was to] sup alone, and saw but one ta- 
 ble and a very moderate provision, he called the 
 servant who had the care of these matters, and 
 expressed his dissatisfaction. The servant said 
 he thought, as nobody was invited, his master 
 would not want an expensive supper. ' ' What," 
 said he, " didst thou not know that this evening 
 Lucullus sups with Lucullus ?" — Plutarch's 
 Lucullus. 
 
 1591. DILEMMA decided. Marcia. Commo- 
 dus fought as a common gladiator in the circus, 
 and his favorite epithet was that of the Roman 
 Hercules, which is still to be seen upon his coins 
 and medals. His whole conduct was equally 
 odious and contemptible, and the public meas- 
 ures of his reign consist of nothing but the de- 
 tection of some conspiracies which the hatred of 
 his subjects and his own cruelty and inhumanity 
 could not fail to excite. One conspiracy, at 
 length, delivered the empire of its tyrant. His 
 concubine Marcia, his chamberlain, and the com- 
 
 mander of his guard had ventured to remon- 
 strate with him on the indecency of an emperor 
 displaying himself as a combatant in the public 
 games. This was an offence which could not be 
 forgiven, and he accordingly determined their 
 immediate destruction. Marcia found the list 
 of his intended victims written in his own hand. 
 She made haste to anticipate his purpose, and 
 caused this worthless and inglorious wretch to be 
 strangled, in the thirty-second year of his age 
 and the thirteenth of his reign. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 2. 
 
 1592. DINNER, Bad. Samuel Johnson. At 
 the inn where we stopped he was exceedingly 
 dissatisfied with some roast mutton which he had 
 for dinner. The ladies, I saw, wondered to see 
 the great philosopher, whose wisdom and wit 
 they had been admiring all the way, get into ill- 
 humor from such a cause. He scolded the wait- 
 er, saying, " It is as bad as bad can be ; it is ill- 
 fed, ill-killed, ill-kept, and ill-dressed." — Boj* 
 well's Johnson, p. 519. 
 
 1593. DINNER, Waiting. Samuel Johnson. 
 One of the company not being come at the aj>' 
 pointed hour, I proposed, as usual upon such oc- 
 casions, to order dinner to be served, addinjj, 
 " Ought six people to be kept waiting for one !"' 
 " Why, yes," answered Johnson, with a delicate 
 humanity, " if the one will suffer more by yoiii* 
 sitting down than the six will do by waiting."- — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 163. 
 
 1594. DIPLOMACY, Effect of. Bdgn of Charles 
 II. Sunderland was Secretary of State. In this 
 man the political immorality of his age was per- 
 sonified in the most lively manner. Nature had 
 given him a keen understanding, a restless and 
 mischievous temper, a cold heart, and an abject 
 spirit. His mind had undergone a training by 
 which all his vices had been nursed up to the 
 rankest maturity. At his entrance into public 
 life he had passed several years in diplomatic 
 posts abroad, and had been, during some time, 
 minister in France. Every calling has its pecul- 
 iar temptations. There is no injustice in saying 
 that diplomatists, as a class, have always been 
 more distinguished by their address, by the art 
 with which they win the confidence of those with 
 whom they have to deal, and by the ease with 
 which they catch the tone of every society into 
 which they are admitted, than by generous en- 
 thusiasm or austere rectitude ; and the relations 
 between Charles and Louis were such that no 
 English nobleman could long reside in France as 
 envoy and retain any patriotic or honorable sen- 
 timent. Sunderland came forth from the bad 
 school in which he had been brought up, cun- 
 ning, supple, shameless, free from all preju- 
 dices, and destitute of all principles. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch.i2. 
 
 1595. DIPLOMACY, Expensive. Bntish. [In 
 1862] the ports of the Southern States were . . . 
 so closely blockaded that war-vessels could no 
 longer be sent abroad. In this emergency the 
 Confederates turned to the ship-yards of Great 
 Britain, and from that vantage-ground began to 
 build and equip their cruisers. In spite of the 
 remonstrances of the United States, the British 
 Government connived at this proceeding ; and 
 here was laid the foundation of a difficulty which 
 afterward cost the treasury of England $15,000 - 
 000. [The award of a coiirt of arbitration for 
 
190 
 
 DIPLOMACY— DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 damages to American commerce.] — Ridpath's 
 U. S.,ch. 66, p. 533. 
 
 1596. DIPLOMACY of Falsehood. Queen Eliza- 
 beth. Had Elizabeth written the story of her 
 reign she would have prided herself, not on the 
 triumph of England or the ruin of Spain, but on 
 the skill with which she had hoodwinked and 
 outwitted every statesman in Europe during fifty 
 years. Nothing is more revolting, but nothing is 
 more characteristic, of the queen than her shame- 
 less mendacity. It was an age of political lying ; 
 but in the profusion and recklessness of her lies 
 Elizabeth stood without a peer in Christendom. 
 A falsehood was to her simply an intellectual 
 means of meeting a difficult}'- ; and the ease with 
 ■which she asserted or denied whatever suited her 
 p arpose was only equalled b)'' the cynical indiffer- 
 ■euee with which she met the exposure of her lies 
 as soon as their purpose was answered. Her 
 irricker}', in fact, had its political value. Ig- 
 noble and wearisome as the queen's diplomacy 
 «eems to us now, tracking it as we do through a 
 thousand despatches, it succeeded in its main 
 •ejid, for it gained time, and every year that was 
 gained doubled Elizabeth's strength. — Hist. 
 OP Eng, People, § 716. 
 
 1597. DIPLOMACY, Game of. Go-ncealment. 
 Pn 1697 Bouflers, one of the marshals of France, 
 ai;ked his sovereign's permission to meet Port- 
 land, the confidential friend and adviser of Will- 
 iam III., at a point midway between the two ar- 
 ndes of Britain and France, for private conver- 
 sation respecting the possibility of a peace. 
 Louis consented, adding this suggestion,] "He 
 w as to speak as little as possible, and to draw 
 fiom Portland all he could." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 198. 
 
 159§. DIPLOMACY, Inscrutable. Bismarck. 
 When he was ambassador at Frankfort . , . 
 he saw, with the clearness of an honest mind, 
 all the humbug of what is called diplomacy. He 
 gives a humorous account of the manner in which 
 he and his fellow -diplomatists "worried them- 
 selves with their important nothings." "No- 
 body," he wrote, " not even the most malicious 
 sceptic of a Democrat, believes what quackery 
 and self-importance there is in this diplomatizing. 
 ... I am making enormous progress in the art 
 of saying nothing in a great many words. I 
 write reports of many sheets, which read as 
 tersely and roundly as leading articles ; and if 
 the minister can say what there is in them, after 
 lie has read them, he can do more than I can." — 
 Cyclopedia op Biog. , p. 634. 
 
 1599. DIPLOMACY, RevengefuL French. The 
 I'rench king [Louis XV.] would never have 
 ;agreed to the treaty of 1763, by which Canada 
 "was ceded to Great Britain, had it not been with 
 i.l\e hope of securing American independence. 
 Ir was the theory of France that by giving up 
 Canada on the north the English colonies would 
 l>ecome so strong as to renounce their allegiance 
 to the Crown. England feared such a result. 
 More than once it was proposed in Parliament to 
 re-cede Canada to Prance in order to check the 
 growth of the American States. " There now," 
 said a French statesman, when the treaty of 1763 
 was signed, ' ' we have arranged matters for an 
 American rebellion, in which England will lose 
 lier empire in the West." — Ridpath's U. S., 
 «1l 37. D. 286. 
 
 1600. DIPLOMACY, Trained to. John Quincy 
 Adams. The new President was inaugurated 
 on the 4th of March, 1825. He was a man of the 
 highest attainments in literature and statesman- 
 ship. At the age of eleven years he accompa- 
 nied his father, John Adams, to Europe. At 
 Paris, at Amsterdam, and St. Petersburg the 
 son continued his studies, and at the same time 
 became acquainted with the manners and politics 
 of the old world. The vast opportunities of 
 his youth were improved to the fullest extent. 
 In his riper years he served his country as ambas- 
 sador to the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, 
 Russia, and England. Such were his abilities in 
 the field of diplomacy as to elicit from Washing- 
 ton the extraordinary praise of being the ablest 
 minister of which America could boast. His life 
 from 1794 till 1817 was devoted almost wholly 
 to diplomatic services at various European capi- 
 tals. At that critical period, when the relations 
 of the United States with foreign nations were as 
 yet not well established, his genius secured the 
 adoption of treaty after treaty, in which the inter- 
 ests of his country were guarded with patriotic 
 vigilance. ... To the Presidential chair he 
 brought the wisdom of mature years, great ex- 
 perience, and unusual ability. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 53, p. 423. 
 
 1601. DIBECTNESS commanded. Emperoi' of 
 Russia. The railroad between St. Petersburg 
 and Moscow was built by two American engi- 
 neers named Winans and Wilson. They laid 
 it out first as they would one in this country, so 
 as to take in the principal places on the way, for 
 the purpose of benefiting the people and increas- 
 ing the traffic. But when the plan was shown 
 the emperor he drew a straight line between the 
 two cities, and said : " Lay out the road on that 
 line," and they did so. Cuts and chasms and 
 hills were of no account to the imperial will. 
 This single anecdote illustrates the difference be- 
 tween a republic and a despotism. In the for- 
 mer a road is built to accommodate the people ; in 
 the latter to please the monarch. — General 
 Grant's Travels, p. *248. 
 
 1602. DISAPPOINTMENT, Bitter. Imenta, s. 
 In 1803 the first steamboat of Livingston and 
 Fulton was built in France upon the Seine. 
 When she was almost ready for the experimen-j 
 tal trip a misfortune befell her which woulc' 
 have dampened the ardor of a man less deter-l 
 mined than Fulton. Rising one morning afterj 
 a sleepless night, a messenger from the boat,| 
 with horror and despair written upon his coim-l 
 tenance, burst into his presence, exclaiming :| 
 " O sir ! the boat has broken in pieces and gone] 
 to the bottom !" For a moment Fulton was ut- 
 terly overwhelmed. Never in his whole life, he] 
 used to say, was he so near despairing as then. 
 Hastening to the river, he found, indeed, thatj 
 the weight of the machinery had broken the 
 framework of the vessel, and she lay on the bot-i 
 tom of the river, in plain sight, a mass of timber^ 
 and iron. Instantly, with his own hands, he' 
 began the work of raising her, and kept at it, 
 without food or rest, for twenty-four hours — an 
 exertion which permanently injured his health. 
 His death in the prime of life was, in all prob- 
 ability, remotely caused by the excitement, ex- 
 posure, and toil of that terrible day and night. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 156. 
 
DISAPPOINTMENT— DISASTER. 
 
 191 
 
 1603. DISAPPOINTMENT, Fatal. Oicero. 
 IfV^hen Cicero stood for the praetorship he had 
 jnany competitors who were persons of distinc- 
 tion, and yet he was returned first. As a presi- 
 -dent in the courts of justice he acted with great 
 integrity and honor. Licinius Macer, who liad 
 great interest of his own, and was supported, be- 
 side, with that of Crassus, was accused before 
 him of some default with respect to money. He 
 had so much confidence in his own influence and 
 the activity of his friends, that when the judges 
 were going to decide the cause, it is said he went 
 home, cut his hair, and put on a white habit, as 
 if he had gained the victory, and was about to 
 return so equipped to thefortmi. But Crassus 
 met him in his court-yard, and told him that all 
 the judges had given a verdict against him ; 
 Tvhich affected him in such a manner that he 
 turned in again, took to his bed, and died. — 
 Plutarch's Cicero. 
 
 1604. DISAPPOINTMENT overruled. Gem-ge 
 Muller. [He had collected funds for building 
 his large Orphan House, and, as usual, he begun 
 to pray for Providence to open the way for the 
 purchase of a plot of ground.] After waiting 
 upon him for thirteen weeks, he heard one morn- 
 ing that a suitable piece of ground might be pur- 
 chased on Ashley Down. At seven o'clock in 
 the evening, therefore, of the same day he called 
 upon the owner of the property , a merchant, who 
 — he was told — would at that hour be at home ; 
 but not finding him at his own house, as was ex- 
 pected, he proceeded — directed by the servants — 
 to his counting-house, where, they said, he would 
 be sure to meet with him. Upon arriving there, 
 however, he was informed that the gentleman 
 had just left his counting-house and had returned 
 to his own residence. "Now," thought Mr. 
 Miiller, " shall I go again to him, or — as the hand 
 ■of God surely is in this — shall I wait until to- 
 morrow ? but as I was told that he would cer- 
 tainly be found either at home or at his count- 
 ing-house, and at both places I have failed to 
 meet him, it may be better to wait until to- 
 morrow." Accordingly, the next morning, at 
 nine o'clock, he called upon the merchant, who 
 .said to him at once : "I have heard about your 
 visit, and of yoxir desire to purchase land in or- 
 der to build an Orphan House upon it. For three 
 hours last night I lay awake, and during that 
 time kept on thinking : If this gentleman comes 
 again, I must sell the ground to him for £120 
 instead of £200 an acre ; and now I am willing 
 to let you have it at that price." This kind pro- 
 posal was immediately accepted, and in less than 
 ten minutes a contract was signed for the pur- 
 chase of seven acres. — Life of George MtJx,- 
 LER, p. 35. 
 
 1605. DISAPPOINTMENT, Trial by. CoIutti- 
 bus. While Columbus, his pilot, and several of 
 his experienced mariners were studying the map, 
 
 j^and endeavoring to make out from it their actual 
 [position, they heard a shout from the Pinta, and 
 looking up, beheld Martin Alonzo Pinzon mount- 
 "l on the stern of his vessel crying, ' ' Land ! land ! 
 3enor, I claim my reward !" He pointed at the 
 same time to the south-west, where there was in- 
 ■deed an appearance of land at about twenty -five 
 kagues' distance. Upon this Columbus threw 
 himself on his knees and returned thanks to God ; 
 and I\Iartin Alonzo repeated the Gloria in excel- 
 
 sis, in which he was joined by his own crew and 
 that of the admiral. The seamen now mounted 
 to the masthead or climbed about the rigging, 
 straining their eyes in the direction pointed . . . 
 out. The morning light, however, put an end 
 to all their hopes, as to a dream. The fancied 
 land proved to be nothing but an evening cloud, 
 and had vanished in the night. — Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 3, ch. 4. 
 
 1606. DISAPPOINTMENT with Victory. Rich- 
 ard I. [Richard the Lion-hearted. Third Cru- 
 sade.] The English monarch went on from vic- 
 tory to victory. The most remarkable of his bat- 
 tles was that near to Ascalon, where he engaged 
 and defeated Saladin [King of Jerusalem], the 
 most renowned of the Saracen monarchs, and left 
 40,000 of the enemy dead on the field. Ascalon 
 surrendered, as did several other cities, to the vic- 
 torious Richard, who now prepared for the siege 
 of Jerusalem [the capture of which was the ob- 
 ject of this great enterprise] ; but at the most im- 
 portant crisis, which if fortunate — as everything 
 seemed to promise — would have terminated the 
 expedition in the most glorious manner, the King 
 of England, on a review of his army, found them 
 so wasted with famine, with fatigue, and even 
 with victory, that with the utmost mortifica- 
 tion of heart he was obliged to entirely adandon 
 the enterprise. The war was finished by a truce 
 with Saladin. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 8. 
 
 1607. DISAPPOINTMENTS in Life. Faun- 
 tain of Youth. Many Spaniards were killed ; the 
 survivors were forced to hurry to their ships ; 
 Ponce de Leon himself, mortally wounded by an 
 aiTow, returned to Cuba to die. So ended the 
 adventurer who had coveted immense wealth, 
 and had hoped for perpetual youth. — Bak- 
 croft's Hist, of U. S., ch. 2. 
 
 160S. DISASTER concealed. General Nash of 
 NortJi Carolina. [At the battle of Germantown] 
 a round shot from the British artillery . . . pass 
 ing through his horse shattered the general's 
 thigh on the opposite side. The fall of the ani- 
 mal hurled its unfortunate rider with considera- 
 ble force to the ground. With surpassing cour- 
 age and presence of mind General Nash, cover- 
 ing his wound with both hands, gayly called to 
 his men, " Never mind me ; I've had a devil of a 
 tumble ; rush on, my boys — rush on the enemy ; 
 I'll be after you presently." [In a few days he 
 died.] — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 1609. DISASTER, Energy by. Romans. [At 
 the battle of Cannae, Avith Hannibal and his Car- 
 thaginians,] the Roman army was entirely cut to 
 pieces. Forty thousand were left dead on the 
 field . . . almost the whole body of the Roman 
 knights. . . . The Romans, amid the conster- 
 nation of so great disaster, displayed a magna- 
 nimity truly heroic. The Senate, on the first re- 
 port of the fate of their army, ordered the gates 
 of the city to be shut, lest the exaggerated intel- 
 ligence of those who fled from the fight should 
 add to the general alarm. The women were forbid- 
 den to stir out of their houses, lest their cries and 
 lamentations should dispii-it those who had their 
 country to defend ; and the senators exerted 
 themselves in every quarter to dispel the fears of 
 the people. Varro, from the wreck of the army, 
 Avas able to collect 10,000 men ; with these he 
 repaired to Rome to defend the city, in case Han- 
 nibal, as was expected, should immediately at- 
 
192 
 
 DISCHAKGE— DISCIPLINE. 
 
 tack it. This measure was undoubtedly his wis- 
 est policy, and he was strongly urged to it by 
 Maherbal. one of his ablest officers. It appeared, 
 however, to Hannibal a doubtful enterprise ; and 
 while he deliberated the opportunity was lost. 
 Varro, whose temerity was the cause of this great 
 disaster, on approaching Rome with the shat- 
 tered remains of the army, whom he had with 
 much pains collected, was met by the Senate, and 
 received their solemn thanks, because 7ie had not 
 despaired of the repubUc. The effect of this 
 spirited conduct was wonderful. The citizens 
 thronged to carry their money to the public treas- 
 ury. All above the age of seventeen, of what- 
 ever rank, enrolled themselves, and formed an ar- 
 my of four legions and 10,000 horse. Eight 
 thousand of the slaves voluntarily offered their 
 services, and with the consent of their masters 
 were embodied and armed, [a.d. 214. Hanni- 
 bal failed in his enterprise.] — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 9. 
 
 1610. DISCHARGE, An honored. Beign of 
 Charles II. Halifax . . . openly accused Roches- 
 ter of malversation. An inquiry took place. It ap- 
 peared that £40,000 had been lost to the public 
 by the mismanagement of the first lord of the 
 treasury. In consequence of this discovery, he 
 was not only forced to relinquish his hopes of 
 the white staff, but was removed from the direc- 
 tion of the finances to the more dignified but less 
 lucrative and important post of Lord-President. 
 "I have seen people kicked down-stairs before," 
 said Halifax, " but my Lord Rochester is the first 
 person that I ever saw kicked up-stairs." — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 259. 
 
 1611. DISCIPLESHIP, Honor of. Constants.. 
 The bishops whom he summoned, in his last ill- 
 ness, to the palace of Nicomedia, were edified 
 by the fervor with which he requested and re- 
 ceived the sacrament of baptism, by the solemn 
 protestation that the remainder of his life should 
 be worthy of a disciple of Christ, and by his hum- 
 ble refusal to wear the imperial purple after he 
 had been clothed in the white garment of a ne- 
 ophyte. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20, p. 273. 
 
 1612. DISCIPLINAEIAN, Valued. Baron Steu- 
 ben. Baron Steuben, a veteran soldier and disci- 
 plinarian from the army of Frederick the Great 
 , . . repaired to York, where Congress was in 
 session. From that body he received a commis- 
 sion, and at once joined Washington at Valley 
 Forge. His accession to the American army was 
 an event of great importance. He received the 
 appointment of Inspector-General, and from the 
 day in which he entered upon the discharge of 
 his duties there was a marked improvement in 
 the condition and discipline of the soldiers. The 
 American regulars were never again beaten when 
 £onf routed by the British in equal numbers. — 
 Bidpath's U. S., ch. 41, p. 328. 
 
 1613. DISCIPLINE, Failure of. Bomam. [Pe- 
 rennis, a servile and ambitious minister, was ob- 
 noxious to the army. Reign of Commodus.] The 
 legions of Britain, discontented with the admin- 
 istration of Perennis, formed a deputation of 
 1500 select men, with instructions to march to 
 Rome, and lay their complaints before the em- 
 peror. These military petitioners, by their own 
 determined behavior, by inflaming the divisions 
 of the guards, by exaggerating the strength of 
 the British army, and by alarming the fears of 
 
 Commodus, exacted and obtained the minister'* 
 death, as the only redress of their grievances- 
 This presumption of a distant army, and their 
 discovery of the weakness of government, was- 
 a sure presage of the most dreadful convulsions, 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 107. 
 
 1614. . Constantine's Army. The 
 
 most flourishing cities were oppressed by the in- 
 tolerable weight of quarters. The soldiers insen- 
 sibly forgot the virtues of their profession, and 
 contracted only the vices of civil life. They wer& 
 either degraded by the industry of mechanic 
 trades or enervated by the luxury of baths and 
 theatres. They soon became careless of their 
 martial exercises, curious in their diet and ap- 
 parel ; and while they inspired terror to the sub- 
 jects of the empire, they trembled at the hostile^ 
 approach of the barbarians. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 17, p. 127. 
 
 1615. DISCIPLINE, Impossible. Beign of 
 Charles II. [The Earl of Mulgrave, not three 
 months afloat,] was appointed captain of a ship 
 of eighty -four guns, reputed the finest in the 
 navy. . . . The same interest [avarice] which 
 had placed him in a post for which he was unfit 
 maintained him there. No admiral, bearded by 
 these corrupt and dissolute minions of the pal- 
 ace, dared to do more than mutter something- 
 about a court-martial. If any officer showed a. 
 higher sense of duty than his fellows, he soon 
 found that he lost money without acquiring hon- 
 or. One captain, who, by strictly obeying the 
 orders of the Admiralty, missed a cargo [offered 
 for safe conveyance on board a man-of-war] 
 which would have been worth £4000 to him, 
 was told by Charles [II.], with ignoble levity, 
 tnat he was a great fool for his pains. — Ma 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 3, p. 282. 
 
 1616. DISCIPLINE, Military. Belisarius^ 
 [The Roman general] was endeared to the hus- 
 bandmen by the peace and plenty which thej 
 enjoyed under the shadow of his standard. In- 
 stead of being injured, the country was enriched 
 by the march of the Roman armies ; and such 
 was the rigid discipline of their camp, that 
 not [a complaint was made against the presence 
 of his army]. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41, p. 183, 
 
 1617. . Boman. [Roman Emper- 
 or Aurelian.] His military regulations are con- 
 tained in a very concise epistle to one of his in- 
 ferior officers, who is commanded to enforce, 
 them, as he wishes to become a tribune or as he= 
 is desirous to live. Gaming, drinking, and the 
 arts of divination were severely prohibited. Au- 
 relian expected that his soldiers should be mod- 
 est, frugal, and laborious ; that their armor 
 should be constantly kept bright, their weapons- 
 sharp, their clothing and horses ready for imme- 
 diate service ; that they should live in their quar- 
 ters with chastity and sobrietj^ without damag- 
 ing the cornfields, without stealing even a sheep, 
 a fowl, or a bunch of grapes, without exacting, 
 from their landlords either salt, or oil, or wood. 
 " The public allowance," continues the emperor, 
 "is sufficient for their support; their wealth 
 should be collected from the spoils of the enemj, 
 not from the tears of the provincials." — Gibbon's. 
 Rome, ch. 11, p. 340. 
 
 1618. DISCIPLINE resented, Athalanc. [The 
 young Emperor of Rome . ] O n a solemn festival. 
 
DISCIPLINE— DISCORD, 
 
 193 
 
 Tvhen the Goths were assembled in the palace of 
 Ravenna, the royal youth escaped from his moth- 
 er's apartment, and, with tears of pride and an- 
 ^er, complained of a blow which his stubborn 
 disobedience had provoked her to inflict. The 
 barbarians resented the indignity which had been 
 ofl'ered to their king ; accused the regent of con- 
 spiring against his life and crown ; and imperi- 
 ously demanded that the grandson of Theodoric 
 should be rescued from the dastardly discipline 
 of women and pedants, and educated, like a val- 
 iant Goth, in the society of his equals and the 
 glorious ignorance of his ancestors. . . . The 
 King of Italy was abandoned to wine, to women, 
 :and to rustic sports. ... At the age of sixteen 
 was consumed by premature intemperance. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41 , p. 148. 
 
 1619. DISCIPLINE, Severe. Bomam. [In the 
 Roman army it] was impossible for cowardice 
 or disobedience to escape the severest punish- 
 ment. The centurions were authorized to chas- 
 tise with blows, the generals had a right to pun- 
 ish with death ; and it was an inflexible maxim 
 •of Roman discipline, that a good soldier should 
 dread his ofiicers far more than the enemy. . . . 
 The valor of the Imperial troops received a degree 
 •of firmness and docility unattainable by the im- 
 petuous and irregular passions of barbarians. — 
 ■Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 1620. . Henry VI. [The boy 
 
 Henry (Henry VI.), in accordance with the will 
 of his dying father, was placed under the tutelage 
 of the Earl of Warwick.] The system of educa- 
 tion . . . pursued might not have been the best 
 fitted for a sensitive boy. The tutor applied to 
 the council for powers, which were granted, to 
 hold the pupil under the strictest discipline, even 
 after he had been crowned king in 1429 [Henry 
 being nine years old]. He was not to be spoken 
 to unless in the presence of Warwick and of the 
 four knights appointed to be about his person, 
 " as the king, by the speech of others private, 
 has been stirred from his learning, and spoken 
 to of divers matters not behooveful." The coun- 
 ■cil promised that they would firmly assist the 
 ■earl in chastising the king for his defaults. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 5, p. 79. 
 
 1621. . Cromwell. An interesting 
 
 incident illustrates Cromwell's strict severity in 
 exacting compliance from his own army, with 
 its articles. When information was laid before 
 him by the vanquished that they had been plun- 
 dered by some of his soldiers on leaving the city, 
 contrary to the terms granted to them, he or- 
 dered the offenders to be tried by a court-martial, 
 &X which they were sentenced to death. Where- 
 upon he ordered the unfortunate men, who were 
 •six in number, to cast lots for the first sufferer ; 
 and after his execution sent the remaining five, 
 with a suitable explanation, to Sir Thomas Glen- 
 ham, Governor of Oxford, requesting him to 
 deal with them as he thought fit ; a piece of 
 conduct which so charmed the Royalist ofllcer, 
 that he immediately returned the men to Crom- 
 Mell, with a grateful compliment, and expression 
 of much respect. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 10, 
 p. 139. 
 
 1622. DISCIPLINE, Value of. The Aril In 
 the Lygian nation the Arii held the first rank 
 by their numbers and fierceness. "The Arii" 
 
 (it is thus that they are described by the energy 
 of Tacitus) "study to improve by art and cir- 
 cumstances the innate terrors of their barbarism. 
 Their shields are black, their bodies are painted 
 black. They choose for the combat the darkest 
 hour of the night. Their host advances, covered 
 as it were with a funeral shade ; nor do they 
 often find an enemy capable of sustaining so 
 strange and infernal an aspect. Of all our 
 senses, the eyes are the first vanquished in battle. " 
 Yet the arms and discipline of the Romans easily 
 discomfited these horrid phantoms. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 12, p. 380. 
 
 1623. DISCIPLINE, Want of. Military. [Ju- 
 lian, who bought the office of Emperor of Rome 
 at auction, was endangered by the approach of 
 Severus with his legions.] Fear and shame pre- 
 vented the guards from deserting his standard ; 
 but they trembled at the name of the Pannonian 
 legions, commanded by an experienced general, 
 and accustomed to vanquish the barbarians on 
 the frozen Danube. They quitted with a sigh 
 the pleasures of the baths and theatres, to put on 
 arms, whose use they had almost forgotten, and 
 beneath the weight of which they were oppress- 
 ed. The unpractised elephants, whose uncouth 
 appearance, it was hoped, would strike terror 
 into the army of the north, threw their unskilful 
 riders ; and the awkward evolutions of the ma- 
 rines, drawn from the fleet of Misenum, were an 
 object of ridicule to the populace ; while the 
 Senate enjoyed, with secret pleasure, the distress 
 and weakness of the usurper. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 5, p. 136. 
 
 1624. DISCORD, Dangers of. At Marcianap- 
 olis. Lupicinus [the military governor of Thrace] 
 had invited the Gothic chiefs to a splendid en- 
 tertainment ; and their martial train remained 
 under arms at the entrance of the palace. But 
 the gates of the city were strictly guarded, and 
 the barbarians were sternly excluded from the 
 use of a plentiful market, to which they asserted 
 their equal claim of subjects and allies. Their 
 humble prayers were rejected with insolence and 
 derision ; and as their patience was now exhaust- 
 ed, the townsmen, the soldiers, and the Goth.s 
 were soon involved in a conflict of passionate al- 
 tercation and angry reproaches. A blow was 
 imprudently given ; a sword was hastily drawn ; 
 and the first blood that was spilt in this acci- 
 dental quarrel became the signal of a long and 
 destructive war. In the midst of noise and bru- 
 tal intemperance Lupicinus was informed, by a 
 secret messenger, that many of his soldiers were 
 slain and despoiled of their arms ; and as he 
 was already inflamed by wine and oppressed by 
 sleep, he issued a rash command, that their death 
 should be revenged by the massacre of the guards 
 of Fritigern and Alavivus. [The Romans were 
 defeated, and the Goths became independent cit- 
 izens of the empire.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, 
 p. 36. 
 
 1625. DISCOBD, Perverted by. Crusaders. 
 [About 200,000 crusaders joined the second at- 
 tempt to rescue the Holy Sepulchre in a.d. 1146.] 
 The Turks cut them entirely to pieces, and Hugh, 
 their leader, died helpless and abandoned in 
 Asia. The situation of Jerusalem at this time 
 was extremely weak ; the numbers of the garri- 
 son were greatly reduced. Even the monks, 
 who were at first instituted to serve the sick and 
 
194 
 
 DISCORD— DISCOVERY. 
 
 wounded, were obliged to arm in the common 
 defence, and they associated themselves into a 
 military society called Templars and Hospital- 
 lers. This was the origin of these two orders of 
 knights, who afterward signalized themselves 
 by their exploits, and becoming rivals, fought 
 agaiiut each other with as much keenness as ever 
 they had done against the infidels. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 158. 
 
 1626. DISCORD, Shameful. Emperors. [Car- 
 acalla and Geta, the sons of Servius, were both 
 chosen by the army to succeed their deceased 
 father.] Such a divided form of government 
 would have proved a source of discord between 
 the most affectionate brothers. It was impossible 
 that it could long subsist between two implacable 
 enemies, who neither desired nor could trust a rec- 
 onciliation. It was visible that one only could 
 reign, and that the other must fall ; and each of 
 them, judging of his rival's designs by his own, 
 guarded his life with the most jealous vigilance 
 from the repeated attacks of poison or the sword. 
 Their rapid journey through Gaul and Italy, 
 during which they never ate at the same table 
 or slept in the same house, displayed to the prov- 
 inces the odious spectacle of fraternal discord. 
 On their arrival at Rome they immediately di- 
 vided the vast extent of the imperial palace. No 
 communication was allowed between their apart- 
 ments ; the doors and passages were diligently 
 fortified, and guards posted and relieved with 
 the same strictness as in a besieged place. The 
 emperors met only in public, in the presence of 
 their atflicted mother, and each surrounded by 
 a numerous train of armed followers. Even on 
 these occasions of ceremony the dissimulation 
 of courts could ill disguise the rancor of their 
 hearts. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 155. 
 
 1627. DISCOURAGEMENT difficult. Pilgrims' 
 Petition to the London Company. " We are well 
 weaned," added Robinson and Brewster, "from 
 the delicate milk of our mother country, and 
 inured to the difficulties of a strange land ; the 
 people are industrious and frugal. We are 
 knit together as a body in a most sacred cove- 
 nant of the Lord, of the violation whereof we 
 make great conscience, and by virtue whereof 
 we hold ourselves straitly tied to all care of each 
 other's good, and of the whole. It is not with 
 us as with men whom small things can discour- 
 age." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 162§. DISCOURAGEMENT, Discontent of. Be- 
 
 siegenhent of New York. a.d. 1776. Howe and 
 forty-five ships, or more, laden with troops, had 
 arrived off Sandy Hook, and the whole fleet 
 [was] expected in a day or two. . . . [Wash- 
 ington wrote to Congress :] I am hopeful. . . . 
 Reed, the new adjutant-general, quailed before 
 the inequality of the British and American force, 
 and thus in private described the state of the 
 American camp : " With an army of force be- 
 fore and a secret one behind, we stand on a 
 point of land with 6000 old troops — if a year's 
 service of about half can entitle them to the 
 name — and about 1500 new levies of this [New 
 York] province, many disaffected and more 
 doubtful ; every man, from the general to the 
 private, acquainted with our true situation is 
 exceedingly discouraged ; had I known the true 
 posture of affairs, no consideration would have 
 tempted me to have taken an active part in this 
 
 scene; and this sentiment is universal." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 69. 
 
 1629. DISCOURAGEMENT, Superior to. Sam- 
 uel Adams. Difficulties could not discourage 
 his decision, nor danger appall his fortitude. . . . 
 Of despondency he knew nothing ; trials only 
 nerved him for superior struggles ; his sublime 
 and unfaltering hope had a cast of solemnity, 
 and was as much a part of his nature as if his 
 confidence sprung from insight into the divine 
 decrees, and was as firm as a sincere Calvinist's- 
 assurance of his election. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 5, ch. 10. 
 
 1630. DISCOURAGEMENTS, Ministerial. Ma- 
 homet. One evening, after passing all the day 
 in the city engaged in preaching to deaf ears the 
 convictions which he was so full of, and whick 
 he deemed it duty to cast abroad at any hazard, 
 even on the rock, he returned home without 
 having met, said he, a single being, man or 
 woman, free or slave, who had not flouted him 
 as an impostor, or who had been willing to pay 
 a moment's attention to his preaching. — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 79. 
 
 1631. DISCOVERIES, Accumulative. Isaaa 
 Newton. With his noble modesty, he said : "If 
 I have seen farther than Descartes it is by stand- 
 ing on the shoulders of giants." In a corporeal 
 sense he was seated in his mother's orchard, but 
 it was from the height which Copernicus and 
 Galileo had brought the science of astronomy 
 that he contemplated the fall of the apples. The 
 grand mystery that remained to be elucidated 
 was. What is the force that retains the planets 
 and moons in their spheres ? Why does not the 
 moon fly off into space ? — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 251. 
 
 1632. DISCOVERY, Age of. Age of Galileo. 
 The age of Kepler and Galileo was the era of 
 great discoveries in the arts and sciences. The in- 
 vention of the telescope gave rise to a thousand 
 experiments by means of glasses ; and the 
 science of optics received great improvements. 
 The new discoveries in astronomy led to im- 
 provements in navigation ; and geometry, of 
 course, made rapid advances toward perfection. 
 The science of algebra, which Europe is said to 
 have owed to the Arabians, as well as the num- 
 eral ciphers, contributed greatly to abridge the 
 labor of calculation, as did still more the inven- 
 tion of logarithms, discovered in the year 1614, 
 by Napier of Merchiston. The improvement of 
 mechanics kept pace with the advancement of 
 geometry ; and the science of natural philosophy 
 was successfully cultivated in all its branches. 
 The Torricellian experiment, made about the 
 year 1640, determined the height of the atmos- 
 phere. Experiments upon the oscillations of 
 pendulums, which were found always to pre- 
 serve an equal time, though the spaces de- 
 scribed were unequal, suggested the idea of 
 applying the pendulum to regulate the motions 
 of a clock ; and the observation that adding to its 
 weight adds nothing to the celerity of its motion 
 led to the conclusion that the velocity with 
 which a body gravitates to the centre is not in 
 proportion to its weight. Galileo had discovered 
 the laws which determine this velocity. The 
 ardor of prosecuting discoveries extended itself 
 through the whole of the sciences. In the year 
 1616 Dr. Harvey made the great discovery ot 
 
DISCOVERY— DISEASE. 
 
 195 
 
 the circulation of the blood. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 36. 
 
 1633. DISCOVERY, Ambition for. Prince 
 Henry. Prince Henry, the son of John, King of 
 Portugal, was a young man of great talents, 
 possessed of that ardor which is fitted to patron- 
 ize and promote every beneficial design, and 
 that enthusiasm which the dangers and difficul- 
 ties of an enterprise rather inflame than relax. 
 Struck with the success of this first attempt of 
 his countrjanen, he endeavored to engage in 
 his service all who were eminent for their skill 
 in navigation, both Portuguese and foreigners. 
 His first effort, however, was with a single ship, 
 which was despatched with instructions to at- 
 tempt, if possible, the doubling of Cape Boya- 
 dor. The mariners, as usual, were afraid to 
 quit the coasts, and consequently encountered 
 numberless difficulties. A squall of wind, how- 
 ever, driving them out to sea, landed them on a 
 small island to the north of Madeira, which they 
 named Porto Santo ; thence they returned to 
 Portugal to give an account of their discovery. 
 Three ships were fitted out by Prince Henry the 
 subsequent year, which, passing Porto Santo, 
 discovered the island which they denominated 
 Madeira, from its being covered with wood. Here 
 they fixed a small colony, and planted slips of 
 the Cyprus vine, and of the sugar-cane from 
 Sicily, for both which productions the island was 
 remarkably favorable. I have formerly observed 
 that it was from this island that the sugar-cane 
 was transplanted to the West Indies, of which it 
 is not a native. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, ch.l8. 
 
 1634. DISCOVERY, Heart-breaking. Henry II. 
 [His two sons, Geoffrey and Richard, joined 
 Philip, King of France, in the invasion and plun- 
 dering of their father's continental dominions. 
 He agreed to a treaty with mortifying conces- 
 sions. He agreed] ... to give a free pardon to 
 all his rebellious lords and vassals. A list was 
 presented to him of their names, among whom 
 he saw that of his son John, his favorite child, 
 whom he had till that moment believed faithful 
 to his duty. The unhappy father broke out in ex- 
 pressions of the utmost despair ; cursed the day 
 on which he had received his miserable being, 
 and bestowed on his ungrateful children a male- 
 diction, which he could never be prevailed on 
 to retract ; a lingering fever, caused by a broken 
 heart, soon after terminated his life. Richard, it 
 is said, came to view the body of his father, and, 
 struck with remorse, accused himself in the 
 deepest terms with having contributed by his 
 unnatural conduct to bring his parent to the 
 grave. Thus died Henry, in the fifty-eighth 
 year of his age, an ornament to the English 
 throne and a monarch surpassing all his contem- 
 poraries in the valuable qualities of a sovereign. 
 — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 8. 
 
 1635. DISCOVERY, A simple. Charles Good- 
 year. In the fifth year of his investigations a 
 glorious success rewarded him. He made one 
 of the simplest and yet one of the most useful 
 discoveries which has ever been made in the 
 United States. It was this : take a piece of 
 common, sticky India rubber, sprinkle upon it 
 powdered sulphur, put it into an oven heated to 
 two hundred and seventy-five degrees, bake it 
 
 w a short time, and it comes out a new material, 
 which has all the good properties of India rub- 
 
 ber, without that liability to harden in cold 
 weather and dissolve in warm, which had hither- 
 to baffled all his endeavors to turn it to useful 
 account. ... By varying the proportions of 
 heat he could make it as soft or as hard as he 
 pleased. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 218. 
 
 1636. DISCOVERY unappreciated. Potato. 
 [Columbus and his men were searching for 
 gold and spices in the West Indies.] In the 
 course of their researches in the vegetable king- 
 dom, in quest of the luxuries of commerce, 
 they met with the potato, a humble root, little 
 valued at the time, but a more precious acqui- 
 sition to man than all the spices of the East. — 
 Irving's Cohtmbus, Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 1637. DISCRETION better than Valor. Charles 
 V. [When the English invaded France in 
 1373] Charles strictly charged his generals to 
 adhere to the plan of cautious defensive warfare, 
 and never to accept a great battle. " Let the 
 storm rage," said he ; " retire before it ; it will 
 soon exhaust itself." [Such was the result.] — 
 Studekts' France, ch. 10, § 17. 
 
 163§. DISEASE, Destructive. Army. Among: 
 the cities which the barbarians ruined, Genoa,, 
 not yet constructed of marble, is particularly 
 enumerated ; and the deaths of thousands, ac- 
 cording to the regular practice of war, appear 
 to have excited less horror than some idolatrous 
 sacrifices of women and children, which were 
 performed with impunity in the camp of the 
 most Christian king. If it were not a melan- 
 choly truth, that the first and most cruel suffer- 
 ings must be the lot of the innocent and help- 
 less, history might exult in the misery of the con- 
 querors, who, in the midst of riches, were left 
 destitute of bread or wine, reduced to drink the 
 waters of the Po, and to feed on the flesh of 
 distempered cattle. The dysentery swept away 
 one third of their army. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 41, p. 177. 
 
 1630. DISEASE, "Literary." Leigh Hunt. 
 [He aided his brother in conducting a London 
 paper.] In the midst of his labors he fell into 
 ill-health and melancholy ; palpitations, hypo- 
 chondria, dyspepsia — in other words, the "lite- 
 rary disease " had attacked him. He recovered 
 by ceasing his occupation for a time and taking 
 exercise. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 305. 
 
 1640. DISEASE, Peculiarities of. Sir Walter 
 Scott. Twelve days before the final failure — 
 which was announced to him on the 17th of 
 January, 1836 — he enters in his diary : " Much 
 alarmed. I had walked till twelve with Skene 
 and Russell, and then sat down to my work. 
 To my horror and surprise I could neither write 
 nor spell, but put down one word for another,, 
 and wrote nonsense. I was much overpowered at 
 the same time, and could not conceive the rea» 
 son. I fell asleep, however, in my chair, and 
 slept for two hours. On my waking my head 
 was clearer, and I began to recollect that last 
 night I had taken the anodyne left for the pur- 
 pose by Clarkson, and being disturbed in the 
 course of the night, I had not slept it off." In 
 fact, the hyoscyamus had, combined with his 
 anxieties, given him a slight attack of what is. 
 now called apJiasia, that brain disease the most 
 striking symptom of which is that one word is 
 mistaken for another. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 16. 
 
196 
 
 DISEASE— DISGUISE. 
 
 1641. DISEASE, Preventable. Cromwell. A 
 slow intermittent fever seized him. He strug- 
 gled with the first attack so successfully, that 
 no one about him suspected he was seriously 
 ill. The fever became tertian and more acute ; 
 his strength was rapidly giving way. The phy- 
 sicians summoned from London attributed the 
 disease to the bad air engendered by the marshy 
 and ill-drained banks of the Thames, which 
 joined the gardens of Hampton Court. He was 
 brought back to AVhitehall, as if Providence had 
 decreed that he should die before the same win- 
 dow of the same palace, in front of which he 
 had ordered to be constructed, ten years before, 
 the scaffold of his royal victim [Charles I.] — 
 Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 77. 
 
 1642. DISEASE, Protection from. Ohio Set- 
 tleinent. A contagious disease invaded the mix- 
 ed population [of Canadians and Indians] ; the 
 Indians, with extravagant ceremonies, sacrificed 
 forty dogs to appease their manitou ; and when 
 they began to apprehend that the manitou of 
 the French was more powerful than their own, 
 the medicine men would walk round the fort in 
 circles, crying out, "We are dead; gently, 
 manitou of the French, strike gently, do not 
 kill us all. Good manitou, master of life and 
 death, leave death within thy coffer ; give life." 
 . . . The dreadful mortality broke up the set- 
 tlement. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 1643. DISEASE in Beligion. Mahomet. He 
 affected a solitary life ; bestowed a great deal 
 in charity ; retired at times to the desert, and 
 pretended that he held conferences with the 
 angel Gabriel. The epilepsy, a disease to which 
 he was subject, was, he pretended, a divine ec- 
 stasy, or rapture, in which he was admitted to 
 the contemplation of Paradise. He made his 
 wife an accomplice in the cheat, and she pub- 
 lished his visions and revelries to all the neigh- 
 borhood. In a short time the whole city of 
 Mecca talked of nothing but Mahomet. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 1. 
 
 1644. DISEASE, Survival of. Sir Walter 
 Scott. In the second year of Scott's apprentice- 
 ship, at about the age of sixteen, he had an at- 
 tack of hemorrhage, no recurrence of which 
 took place for some forty years, but which was 
 then the beginning of the end. During this ill- 
 ness silence was absolutely imposed upon him 
 — two old ladies putting their fingers on their 
 lips whenever he offered to speak. — Hutton's 
 Life of Sir Walter Scott, ch. 2. 
 
 1645. DISOBACE, Humiliating. Oeneral Lee. 
 A-t Monmouth [N. J.] . . . the British were over- 
 waken. . . . General Lee was ordered to attack 
 ifle enemy. The first onset was made by the 
 American cavalry, under Lafayette, but they 
 were driven back by Cornwallis and Clinton. 
 Lc-e, who had opposed the battle, and was not 
 anxious for victory, ordered his line to fall back 
 to a stronger position ; but the troops mistook 
 the order, and began a retreat, the British charg- 
 ing after them. Washington met the fugitives, 
 rallied them, administered a severe rebuke to 
 Lee, and ordered him to the rear. [The Ameri- 
 cans succeeded, and the British withdrew in the 
 night.]— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 41, p. 331. 
 
 1646. DISOBACE, Insupportable. Clotilda. 
 [Clotilda was one of the early queens of France.] 
 
 By a base artifice Childebert and Clotaire decoy- 
 ed their nephews into their power, and then sent 
 a messenger to Clotilda with a pair of scissors 
 and a naked sword, bidding her decide whether 
 the royal youths should be shaven, and thus 
 made incapable of reigning, or be put to death 
 outright. The queen, almost beside herself with 
 horror, exclaimed that she would rather see 
 them dead than degraded. Clotaire, on receiv- 
 ing this reply, murdered the two elder princes 
 with his own hand. — Students' France, ch. 4, 
 § 10, p. 41. 
 
 1647. DIS6BACE, Punishment by. In Den- 
 mark. Criminals were still executed by beheads 
 ing, and, not unfrequently, by breaking on the 
 wheel. Petty thefts were punished by inserting 
 the head of the thief in the head of a barrel, so 
 that the barrel covered him like a cloak, and in 
 this costume he was marched about the streets, 
 attended by a guard. No penalty, he says, was 
 so much dreaded by petty criminals as this. 
 [Time of John Howard.] — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 65. 
 
 1648. DIS(xBACE, Unmerited. Columbus. No 
 sooner did Bobadilla hear of his arrival than ha 
 gave orders to put him in irons and confine him 
 in the fortress. This outrage to a person of such 
 dignified and venerable appearance and such 
 eminent merit seemed for the time to shock even 
 his enemies. When the irons were brought, 
 every one present shrank from the task of put- 
 ting them on him, either from a sentiment of 
 compassion at so great a reverse of fortune, or 
 out of habitual reverence for his person. To fill 
 the measure of ingratitude meted out to him, it 
 was one of his own domestics, ' ' a graceless and 
 shameless cook. "... He, with his brothers, was 
 put in irons and confined on board of a caravel. 
 They were kept separate from each other, and 
 no communication permitted between them. 
 Bobadilla did not see them himself, nor did he 
 allow others to visit them, but kept them in ig- 
 norance of the cause of their imprisonment^ the 
 crimes with which they were charged, and the , 
 process that was going on against them. [Boba 
 dilla exceeded his authority. Columbus was fo^ 
 a time a victim to false representations. ]^Ii ' 
 vino's Columbus, Book 13, ch. 4. 
 
 1649. DISGUISE betrayed. Ex- Queen Mary\ 
 [In 1568 Mary, ex-queen of Scots, made her ea 
 cape from captivity at Lochleven, in the disguis< 
 of a laundress.] Mary had put on the hood ol 
 her laundress, and had covered her face with 
 muffler or veil ; and so, with a bundle of clothesj 
 she entered a boat that was about to cross the 
 Loch. After some space one of them that rowj 
 ed said merrily, " Let us see what manner of 
 dame this is," and therewith offered to pull do^ 
 her muffler, which to defend she put up hei 
 hands, which they espied to be very fair and^ 
 white. [The boatmen carried her back to tW 
 castle.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 10, p. 154.: 
 
 1650. DISGUISE, Clerical. Bunyan. It maj 
 be doubted whether any English Dissenter ha 
 suffered more severely under the penal laws than 
 John Bunyan. Of the twenty-seven years whicl 
 had elapsed since the Restoration, he had passed 
 twelve in confinement. He still persisted 
 preaching ; but, that he might preach, he wa 
 under the necessity of disguising himself like 
 carter. He was often introduced into meeting 
 
DISGUISE— DISLIKE. 
 
 197 
 
 through back doors, with a smock frock on his 
 back and a whip in his hand. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 7, p. 210. 
 
 1651. DISGUISE, Dangerous. Longchamp. 
 [William de Longchamp, the extortionate chan- 
 cellor of Richard I., attempted to escape the 
 popular fury at Dover.] He was lame, and walk- 
 ed down from the heights of the castle to the 
 beach, disguised in a woman's green gown of in- 
 convenient length, having some brown cloth in 
 his hand, as if for sale, and carrying a measuring 
 rod. He sits upon a rock on the shore, and a 
 fisherman is rude to the supposed lady. A wom- 
 an comes up and asks the price of an ell of cloth, 
 to which the unhappy chancellor can give no 
 answer, for he understands not a word of Eng- 
 lish. Other women gather about him, and 
 having pulled off his hood, beheld a swarthy 
 man recently shaved. He is then rabbled and 
 dragged through the town, the men and women 
 crying, " Come, let us stone this monster ; he is a 
 .disgrace to either sex." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 
 ch. 22, p. 316. 
 
 1652. DISGUISE detected. Clodius PulcJier. 
 He was bold, clever, unprincipled, and unscru- 
 pulous, with a slender, diminutive figure, and a 
 delicate woman's face. His name was Clodius 
 Pulcher. Cicero played upon it, and called him 
 Pulchellus Puer, " the pretty boy." Between 
 this promising young man and Caesar's wife 
 Pompeia there had sprung up an acquaintance, 
 which Clodius was anxious to press to further 
 extremes. Pompeia was difficult of access, her 
 mother-in-law Aurelia keeping a strict watch 
 over her ; and Clodius, who was afraid of noth- 
 ing, took advantage of the Bona Dea festival to 
 make his way into Caesar's house dressed as a 
 woman. Unfortunately for him, his disguise 
 was detected. The insulted Vestals and the other 
 ladies who were present flew upon him like the 
 dogs of Actaeon, tore his borrowed garments 
 from him, and drove him into the street naked 
 and wounded. [See result at No. 1942.] — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 12, p. 24. 
 
 1653. DISGUISE, Difficult. Charles I. Some- 
 times the [fugitive] king was " Will Jones," a 
 woodman; then he was changed into "Will 
 Jackson," a groom, clad in gray cloth. Once he 
 had to take Jane Lane's horse to a smitliy ; it 
 had cast a shoe, and the smith begun wailing the 
 non-capture of [King] Charles Stuart [now be- 
 fore him in disguise] ; and the king chimed in 
 that if that rogue could only be taken, he deserv- 
 ed hanging more than all the rest, for bringing 
 in the Scots. Once, close to Stratford, "Will 
 Jackson," in pursuance of his disguise, was sent 
 into the kitchen, where the cook-maid, who was 
 providing supper, desired him to wind up the 
 jack ; he was obedient, but he did not do it in 
 the right way, which led the maid with some 
 passion to ask, ' ' What countryman are you, that 
 you know not how to wind up a jack ?" " Will 
 Jackson" appears to have answered very satisfac- 
 torily : "I am a poor tenant's son of Colonel 
 Lane, in Staffordshire ; we seldom have roast 
 meat, and when we have, we don't make use of 
 a jack," and so the maid's anger was appeased. 
 — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 13, p. 172. 
 
 1654. DISGUISE, Successful. Majorian. [The 
 Emperor Majorian possessed a courage which 
 exceeded his prudence.] Anxious to explore, 
 
 with his own eyes, the state of the Vandals, he 
 ventured, after disguising the color of his hair, 
 to visit Carthage, in the character of his own. 
 ambassador ; and Genseric was afterward mor- 
 tified by the discovery that he had entertained 
 and dismissed the emperor of the Romans. Such 
 an anecdote may be rejected as an improbable 
 fiction ; but it is a fiction which would not have 
 been imagined unless in the life of a hero. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 36, p. 481. 
 
 1655. DISHONESTY, General. Beign of James 
 II. [He was his own minister of marine.] It 
 would have been easy to find an abler minister 
 of marine than James, but it would not have 
 been easy to find, among the public men of that 
 age, any minister of marine, except James, who 
 would not have embezzled stores, taken bribes 
 from contractors, and charged the Crown with 
 the cost of repairs which had never been made. 
 The king Avas, in truth, almost the only person 
 who could be trusted not to rob the king. There 
 had, therefore, been during the last three years 
 much less waste and pilfering in the dockyards 
 than formerly. Ships had been built which were 
 fit to go to sea. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 426. 
 
 1656. DISHONOB, Insensible to. Exiled 
 Princes of Spain. Without firing a gun, he [Na- 
 poleon] overturned the monarchy of Spain. A 
 proud and powerful dynasty he removed from 
 the throne of their ancestors. He sent them into 
 exile. He placed his own brother upon their 
 throne. And yet these exiled princes thanked 
 him for the deed, and were never weary of pro- 
 claiming his praises. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 2, ch. 1. 
 
 1657. DISHONOB, Posthumous. Admiral 
 Blake. When Charles II. returned to his coun- 
 try, the purely national glory which surrounded 
 the memory of this great English hero did not 
 exempt his body from the indecent and inhu- 
 man indignities which were heaped upon the re- 
 mains of the great Republicans. By the king's 
 command the remains of this, perhaps the great- 
 est English admiral that ever walked a deck, 
 were torn from the tomb and cast into a pit in 
 St. Margaret's churchyard. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 16, p. 209. 
 
 165S. DISHONOB recompensed. Cicero. His 
 great acquisition of fame had now sensibly ob- 
 scured the glory of Pompey, whose infiuence was 
 visibly on the decline. To strengthen himself by 
 the interest and by the talents of Cicero, whom 
 he had before so meanly abandoned, he now pro- 
 cured the recall of that illustrious exile, and the 
 repeal of the sentence of confiscation which had 
 deprived him of his whole property. Cicero re- 
 turned to his country after an absence of sixteen 
 months. His journey from Brundisium to Rome 
 was a triumphal procession. All Italy, as he said 
 himself, seemed to flock together to hail his 
 auspicious return ; that single day made his 
 glory immortal. He was loaded with honors ; 
 and his houses and villas, which had been razed 
 to the ground, were rebuilt with increased mag- 
 nificence at the expense of the public. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 1. 
 
 1659. DISLIKE, Natural. Wife of James II. 
 Arabella Churchill had, more than twenty years 
 before, borne him a son, afterward widely re- 
 nowned as one of the most skilful captains of 
 
198 
 
 DISLOYALTY— DISPOSITION. 
 
 Europe. The youth, named James Fitzjames, 
 had as yet given no promise of tlie eminence 
 which he afterward attained ; but his manners 
 were so gentle and inoffensive that he had no 
 enemy except Mary of Modena, who had long 
 hated the child of the concubine with the bitter 
 hatred of a childless wife. [Queen Mary.] A 
 small part of the Jesuitical faction had, before 
 the pregnancy of the queen was announced, seri- 
 ously thought of setting him up as a competitor 
 of the Princess of Orange. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8, p. 805. 
 
 1660. DISLOYALTY detested. Bewlutionary 
 War. Threats and promises were used to induce 
 captive American sailors to enlist in the British 
 service. " Hang me if you will to the yard-arm 
 of your ship, but do not ask me to beco;me a 
 traitor to my country," was the answer of Na- 
 than Coffin. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 18. 
 
 1661. DISMISSAL, Humiliating. Beign of 
 James II. [Lord Castlemaine was English min- 
 ister to Rome.] He positively declared that the 
 rule which excluded Jesuits from ecclesiastical 
 preferment should not be relaxed in favor of 
 Father Petre. Castlemaine, much provoked, 
 threatened to leave Rome. Innocent [XIH.] 
 replied', with a meek impertinence, which was 
 the moi'e provoking because it could scarcely be 
 distinguished from simplicity, that his excel- 
 lency might go if he liked. " But if we must 
 lose him," added the venerable pontiff, " I hope 
 that he will take care of his health on the road. 
 English people do not know how dangerous it 
 is in this country to travel in the heat of the day. 
 The best way is to start before dawn, and to take 
 .some rest at noon." With this salutary advice, 
 :and with a string of beads, the unfortunate am- 
 bassador was dismissed. In a few months ap- 
 peared, both in the Italian and in the English 
 tongue, a pompous history of the mission, mag- 
 nificently printed in folio, and illustrated with 
 plates. The frontispiece, to the great scandal of 
 all Protestants, represented Castlemaine in the 
 robes of a peer, with his coronet in his hand, 
 kissing the toe of Innocent. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 c\\. 7, p. 248. 
 
 166!2. DISOBEDIENCE atoned. Dr. Johnson. 
 [Dr. Samuel Johnson's father had a book-stand 
 at Lichfield and surrounding towns every mar- 
 ket day. Being sick, he directed his son to attend 
 in his place, which he refused to do because of 
 his pride. Fifty years later,] on a rainy day, 
 somewhere about 1780, a man of advanced age 
 stood bareheaded in the market of Uttoxeter, 
 making strange contortions of visage, while he 
 remained for an hour in front of a particular 
 stall. It was Dr. Samuel Johnson, who had 
 gone from Lichfield to this small market town, 
 .to subject himself to the penance of rough 
 weather and mocking bystanders, for expiation 
 -of an act of filial disobedience which he had com- 
 mitted fifty years before. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 7, ch. 5, p. 83. 
 
 1663. DISOBEDIENCE necessary. Mary Bo- 
 ■sanquet. [She became one of the most useful and 
 devoted of the early Methodists ; was the accom- 
 plished daughter of wealthy and fashionable 
 parents, who were greatly displeased with her 
 religious zeal.] One day her father said to her : 
 "There is a particular promise which I require 
 XI f you — that is, that you will never, on any occa- 
 
 sion, neither now nor hereafter, attempt to make 
 your brothers what you call a Christian." " I 
 answered," she writes, "looking to the Lord, I 
 think, sir, I dare not consent to that." He re- 
 plied : " Then you force me to put you out of my 
 house." "Yes, sir," she answered, "according 
 to your views of things, I acknowledge it ; and 
 if I may but have your approval, no situation 
 will be disagreeable." [She removed a short 
 distance from her father's house.] — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, p. 266. 
 
 1664. DISPARAGEMENT, Intellectual. Oliver 
 Ooldsmith. On a certain occasion, when he was 
 conversing in company with great vivacity, and 
 apparently to the satisfaction of those around 
 him, an honest Swiss, who sat near, one George 
 Michael Moser, keeper of the Royal Academy, 
 perceiving Dr. Johnson rolling himself as if 
 about to speak, exclaimed, " Stay, stay ! Toctor 
 Shonson is going to say something." " And are 
 you sure, sir," replied Goldsmith, sharply, "that 
 you can comprehend what he says ?" — Ieving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 41, p. 233. 
 
 1665. DISPATCH demanded. Napoleon I. 
 [When preparing for his Egyptian expedition, 
 he said to one of his assistants :] Now, sir, use 
 dispatch. Remember that the world was created 
 in six days. Ask me for whatever you please, 
 except time ; that is the only thing which is be- 
 yond my power. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 1666. DISPLAY, Confusing. Gharlemagne. 
 [Seeking a treaty of alliance, the] ambassadors of 
 Nicephorus found Charlemagne in his camp, on 
 the banks of the river Sala ; and he affected to 
 confound their vanity by displaying, in a Fran- 
 conian village, the pomp, or at least the pride, 
 of the Byzantine palace. The Greeks were suc- 
 cessively led through four halls of audience ; in 
 the first they were ready to fall prostrate before 
 a splendid personage in a chair of state, till he 
 informed them that he was only a servant, the 
 constable, or master of the horse, of the emper- 
 or. The same mistake and the same answer 
 were repeated in the apartments of the count 
 palatine, the steward, and the chamberlain ; and 
 their impatience was gradually heightened, till 
 the doors of the presence-chamber were thrown 
 open, and they beheld the genuine monarch, on 
 his throne, enriched with the foreign luxury 
 which he despised, and encircled with the love 
 and reverence of his victorious chiefs. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 49, p. 57. 
 
 1667. DISPLAY, Distasteful, Julian. [Soon 
 after the Emperor Julian's] entrance into the 
 palace of Constantinople, he had occasion for 
 the service of a barber. An officer, magnificently 
 dressed, immediately presented himself. " It is 
 a barber," exclaimed the prince, with affected 
 surprise, " that I want, and not a receiver-gen- 
 eral of the finances !" — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 22, 
 p. 396. 
 
 166§. DISPOSITION, Alarming. Wwdsworih. 
 [The poet's mother died when he was eight years 
 old.] An intimate friend of hers told me that 
 she once said to her that the only one of her five 
 children about whose future life she was anxious 
 was William ; and he, she said, would be re- 
 markable, either for good or for evil. The cause 
 of this was that I was of a stiff, moody, and 
 
DISPOSITION— DISSEMBLING. 
 
 199 
 
 violent temper ; so much so that I remember 
 going once into the attics of my grandfather's 
 house at Penrith, upon some indignity having 
 been put upon me, with an intention of destroy- 
 ing myself with one of the foils which I knew 
 was kept there. I took the foil in my liand, but 
 my heart failed. Upon another occasion, while 
 I was at my gi'andf ather's house at Penrith, along 
 with my eldest brother, Richard, we were whip- 
 ping tops together in the large drawing-room, on 
 which the carpet was only laid down upon partic- 
 ular occasions. The walls were hung round 
 with family pictures, and I said to my brother, 
 ' ' Dare you strike your whip through that old 
 lady's petticoat?" He replied, "No, I won't." 
 " Then," said I, "here goes !" and I struck my 
 lash through her hooped petticoat ; for which, 
 no doubt, though I liave forgotten it, I was prop- 
 erly punished. But, possiblj^ from some want of 
 judgment in punishments inflicted, I had be- 
 come perverse and obstinate in defying chastise- 
 ment, and rather proud of it than otherwise. — 
 Meyer's Wordsworth, ch. 1. 
 
 1669. DISPOSITION, An evil. Charles tlie Bad. 
 Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, was a singular 
 instance of the combination of great mental en- 
 dowments with the worst dispositions, by which 
 all his gifts were perverted into instruments of 
 evil. He had received from nature talents of a 
 high order ; he possessed a remarkable power of 
 eloquence, keen penetration, popular, insinuating 
 manners ; but beneath this attractive exterior he 
 concealed a malicious, treacherous, revengeful 
 heart, capable of the most atrocious crimes ; nor 
 Tvas he ever known to hesitate at any sacrifice to 
 his ambition, hatred, or other dominant passion. 
 — Students' France, ch. 10, § 10. 
 
 1670. DISPOSITION, Gloomy. Dr. Young. I... 
 Informed Dr. Johnson that Mr. Young, son of 
 Dr. Young, the author of "Night Thoughts," 
 whom I had just left, desired to have the honor 
 of seeing him at the house where his father 
 lived. I said to Mr. Young that I had been 
 told his father was cheerful. "Sir," said he, 
 "he was too well bred a man not to be cheerful 
 In company ; but he was gloomy when alone. 
 He never was cheerful after my mother's death, 
 and he had met with many disappointments." 
 Dr. Johnson observed to me afterward " that this 
 was no favorable account of Dr. Young ; for it 
 is not becoming in a man to have so little acqui- 
 •escence in the ways of Providence." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 467. 
 
 1671. DISPOSITION, Quarrelsome. Ij)uisXIV. 
 Louis gave a proof of his haughty and imperious 
 temper on the occasion of a quarrel between his 
 ambassador in England, the Count D'Estrades, 
 and the Spanish envoy at the same court, who 
 had insisted on taking precedence of the repre- 
 sentative of France at a diplomatic reception. 
 Louis recalled his ambassador from Madrid, de- 
 manded full and immediate reparation, and 
 threatened war in case of refusal. Philip IV. 
 made an unqualified submission, and in the pres- 
 ence of the whole diplomatic body assembled at 
 Fontainebleau, his ambassador declared that the 
 •Spanish agents would no longer contest the pre- 
 tensions of the crown of France. — Students' 
 France, ch. 21, §3. 
 
 1672. DISPOSITION, Savage. Frederick Will- 
 iam. The nature of Frederick William was hard 
 
 and bad, and the habit of exercising arbitrary 
 power had made him frightfully savage. His 
 rage constantly vented itself to right and left 
 in curses and blows. When his Majesty took a 
 walk, every human being fled before him, as if 
 a tiger had broken loose from a menagerie. If 
 he met a lady in the street he gave her a kick, 
 and told her to go home and mind her brats. If 
 he saw a clergyman staring at the soldiers, h& 
 admonished the reverend gentleman to betake 
 himself to study and prayer, and enforced this 
 pious advice by a sound caning, administered on 
 the spot. — Macaulay's Frederick the Great, 
 p. 10. 
 
 1673. DISPOSITION, Variable. Alexander. 
 Portraits of the same person, taken at different 
 periods of life, though they differ greatly from 
 each other, retain a resemblance upon the whole. 
 And so it is in general with the characters of men. 
 But Alexander seems to be an exception ; for 
 nothing can admit of greater dissimilarity than 
 that which entered into his disposition at differ- 
 ent times and in different circumstances. He 
 was brave and pujiillanimous, merciful and cruel, 
 modest and vain, abstemious and luxurious, ra- 
 tional and superstitious, polite and overbearing, 
 politic and imprudent. Nor were these changes 
 casual or temporal ; the style of his character 
 underwent a total revolution, and he passed from 
 virtue to vice in a regular and progressive man- 
 ner. Munificence and pride were the only char- 
 acteristics that never forsook him. If there wer» 
 any vice of which he was incapable, it was ava- 
 rice ; if any virtue, it was humility. — Pjuu- 
 tarch's Alexander, Langhorne's Note. 
 
 1674. DISPUTATION rewarded. Oliver Gold- 
 smith. He had acquired, as has been shown, a 
 habit of shifting along and living by expedients, 
 and a new one presented itself in Italy. ' ' My 
 skill in music," says he, in the ' ' Philosophic Vag- 
 abond," " could avail me nothing in a country 
 where every peasant was a better musician thau 
 I ; but by this time I had acquired another tal- 
 ent, Avhich answered my purpose as well, and 
 this was a skill in disputation. In all the foreign 
 universities and convents there are, upon certain 
 days, philosophical theses maintained against 
 every adventitious disputant ; for which, if the 
 champion opposes with any dexterity, he can 
 claim a gratuity in money, a dinner, and a bed 
 for one night." — Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 7, 
 p. 50. 
 
 1675. DISSEMBLING, Successful. Faustina. 
 Faustina . . . has been as much celebrated for her 
 gallantries as for her beauty. . . . The Cupid 
 of the ancients was, in general, a very sensual 
 deity ; and the amours of an empress, as they 
 exact on her side the plainest advances, are sel- 
 dom susceptible of much sentimental delicacy. 
 Marcus was the only man in the empire who 
 seemed ignorant or insensible of the irregularities 
 of Faustina ; which, according to the prejudices 
 of every age, reflected some disgrace on the in- 
 jured husband. He promoted several of her 
 lovers to posts of honor and profit, and during 
 a connection of thirty years invariably gave 
 her proofs of the most tender confidence, and of 
 a respect which ended not with her life. In his 
 "Meditations" he thanks the gods, who had be- 
 stowed on him a wife so faithful, so gentle, and 
 of such a wonderful simplicity of manners. The 
 
200 
 
 DISSEMBLING— DISSIPATION. 
 
 obsequious Senate, at his earnest request, de- 
 clared her a goddess. She was represented in 
 her temples with the attributes of Juno, Vesta, 
 and Ceres ; and it was decreed that, on the day 
 of their nuptials, the youth of either sex should 
 pay their vows before the altar of their chaste 
 patroness. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 102. 
 
 1676. DISSEMBLING, Unsuccessful. Charles 
 I. A prince, therefore, who is habitually a de- 
 ceiver when at the height of power, is not likely 
 to learn frankness in the midst of embarrassments 
 and distresses. Charles was not only a most un- 
 scrupulous, but a most unlucky dissembler. 
 There never was a politician to whom so many 
 frauds and falsehoods were brought home by 
 undeniable evidence. He publicly recognized 
 the houses at Westminster as a legal Parliament, 
 and, at the same time, made a private minute in 
 council declaring the recognition null. He pub- 
 licly disclaimed all thought of calling in foreign 
 aid against his people ; he privately solicited aid 
 from France, from Denmark, and from Lorraine. 
 He publicly denied that he employed papists ; 
 at the same time he privately sent to his generals 
 directions to employ every papist that would 
 serve. He publicly took the sacrament at Ox- 
 ford as a pledge that he never would even con- 
 nive at popery ; he privately assured his wife 
 that he intended to tolerate popery in England, 
 and he authorized Lord Glamorgan to promise 
 that popery should be established in Ireland. 
 Then he attempted to clear himself at his agent's 
 expense. Glamorgan received, in the royal hand- 
 writing, reprimands intended to be read by oth- 
 ers, and eulogies which were to be seen only by 
 himself. To such an extent, indeed, had insin- 
 cerity now tainted the king's whole nature, that 
 his most devoted friends could not refrain from 
 complaining to each other, with bitter grief and 
 shame, of his crooked politics. His defeats, they 
 said, gave them less pain than his intrigues. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 118. 
 
 1677. DISSIMULATION, Dangers of. Charles 
 I. [While a prisoner in the hands of his Parlia- 
 ment. ] The three leading parties were the army, 
 the Parliament, and the Scotch. Cromwell and 
 his son-in-law, Ireton, were confident in their 
 personal intiuence over the king ; an accident 
 undeceived them. The king, having written a 
 private letter to his wife, charged one of his con- 
 fidential servants to conceal this letter in his 
 horse's saddle, and convey it to Dover, where 
 the fishing-boats served to transmit his corre- 
 spondence to the Continent. . . . [The letter was 
 taken by Cromwell, who says :] We read the 
 king's letter to his wife. He told her that each 
 faction was anxious that he should join them, 
 but he thought he ought to conclude with the 
 Scotch in preference to any other. We returned 
 to the camp, and seeing that our cause had noth- 
 ing to expect from the king, from that moment 
 we resolved on his destruction. — Lamartine's 
 Cromwell, p. 39. 
 
 1678. DISSIMULATION, Polite. Courtiers. 
 Burnet, describing the general character of 
 Charles [II.], says : " He was affable and easy, 
 and loved to be made so by all about him. The 
 great art of k-eeping him long was the being 
 easy, and the making every thing easy to him." 
 The modern phrase is "to make things pleas- 
 ant ;" and both phrases mean that there shall be 
 
 a large ingredient of falsehood in human affairs, 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, p. 237. 
 
 1679. DISSIMULATION, Political. JDiike of 
 Newcastle. [The Duke of Newcastle was the- 
 Secretary of the Treasury under George II. ;] liis 
 thirst for power was insatiable. Jealous of every 
 man of ability to whom it was necessary to en- 
 trust some share of authority, he was always in 
 terror that his subalterns might be called to com- 
 mand, although ever professing his anxiety for 
 their promotion. Always seeking the doubtful 
 support of " troops of friends," he never offend- 
 ed any man by a plain "No," and was often 
 "under the same engagements to at least ten 
 competitors." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 13, 
 p. 198. 
 
 16§0. . Turks. When Sir Dudley 
 
 North was pressed [by the tools of James II. to 
 favor the abolition of the Test Act] he remem- 
 bered an old Turkish saying — viz., that a man is 
 to say "no" only to the devil. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 26, p. 418. 
 
 16§1. DISSIMULATION, Eeligious. Boman^ 
 Emperor Julian. His sentiments were changed ;; 
 but as it would have been dangerous to have 
 avowed his sentiments, his conduct still contin- 
 ued the same. Very different from the ass in 
 ^sop, who disguised himself with a lion's hide, 
 our lion was obliged to conceal himself under 
 the skin of an ass ; and, while he embraced the 
 dictates of reason, to obey the laws of prudence 
 and necessity. The dissimulation of Julian 
 lasted about ten years, from his secret initiation 
 at Ephesus to the beginning of the civil war, 
 when he declared himself at once the implacable 
 enemy of Christ and of Constantius. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 23, p. 420. 
 
 1682. DISSIMULATION, Eoyal. George III. 
 [He was on a morning ride when a messenger 
 reached him with a note, bearing a private mark, 
 which indicated the death of George II. and his 
 own elevation to royal authority.] Saying his- 
 horse was lame, he turned back to Kew, and dis- 
 mounting, said to his groom : " I have said this, 
 horse is lame ; I forbid you to say to the con- 
 trary." Walpole comments : " The first moment, 
 of the new reign affords a symptom of the prince's, 
 character ; of that cool dissimulation in which 
 he had been so well initiated by his mother, and 
 which comprehended almost the whole of what 
 she had taught him." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6,. 
 ch. 12, p. 241. 
 
 16§3. DISSIPATION, Philosopher's. Samuel 
 Johnson. One night, when Beauclerk and Lang- 
 ton had supped at a tavern in London, and sat 
 till about three in the morning, it came into their ; 
 heads to go and knock up Johnson, and see if 
 they could prevail on him to join them in a ram- 
 ble. They rapped violently at the doors of his^ 
 chambers in the Temple, till at last he appeared 
 in his shirt, with his little black wig on the top 
 of his head instead of a nightcap, and a poker in 
 his hand, imagining, probably, that some ruffians- 
 were coming to attack him. When he discov- 
 ered who they were, and was told their errand, 
 he smiled, and with great good-humor agreed to 
 their proposal : " What, is it you, you dogs ! I'll 
 have a frisk with you." He was soon dressed, 
 and they sallied forth together. . . . Garrick bein^ 
 told of this ramble, said to him, smartly, " I hearc 
 
DISSIPATION— DIVISION. 
 
 201 
 
 of your frolic t'other night. You'll be in the 
 Chranicle." Upon which Johnson afterward 
 observed, " He durst not do such a thing. His 
 mfe would not let him !" — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 65. 
 
 16§4. DISSIPATION, Youthful. Edgar Allan 
 Poe. [He was awarded the prize for the best 
 story and the best poem by the Baltimore Visit- 
 or. '\ The author was sent for. . . . He was 
 in the utmost state of destitution, pale, ghastly, 
 filthy. His seedy frock coat, buttoned up to his 
 throat, concealed the absence of a shirt, and his 
 dilapidated boots disclosed the want of stock- 
 ings. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 338. 
 
 16§5. DISSUASION impossittle. Oort^z. fHe 
 set out for the conquest of Mexico.] The am- 
 bassadors [of Montezuma] tried in vain to dis- 
 suade the terrible Spaniard [from advancing on 
 their capital]. They made him costly presents, 
 and then hastened back to their alarmed sover- 
 eign. Montezuma immediately despatched them 
 a second time with presents still more valu- 
 able, and with urgent appeals to Cortez to pro- 
 ceed no farther. . . . The Mexican emperor, 
 by his messengers, forbade their approach to his 
 city ; still they pressed on. — Ridpath's U. S. , 
 ch. 4, p. 58. 
 
 16§6. DISTINCTION, Military. BelisaHus. 
 Whenever he appeared in the streets and public 
 places of Constantinople Belisarius attracted and 
 satisfied the eyes of the people. His lofty stat- 
 ure and majestic countenance fulfilled their ex- 
 pectations of a hero ; the meanest of his fellow- 
 citizens were emboldened by his gentle and gra- 
 cious demeanor ; and the martial train which at- 
 tended his footsteps left his person more accessi- 
 ble than in a day of battle. Seven thousand 
 horsemen, matchless for beauty and valor, were 
 maintained in the service, and at the private ex- 
 pense, of the general. Their prowess was always 
 conspicuous in single combats, or in the fore- 
 most ranks ; and both parties confessed that in 
 the siege of Rome the guards of Belisaiius had 
 alone vanquished the barbarian host. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 41, p. 183. 
 
 leiT. DISTRUST concealed. Ramans. It was 
 dangerous to trust the sincerity of Augustus ; 
 to seem to distrust it was still more dangerous. 
 The respective advantages of monarchy and a 
 republic have often divided speculative inquir- 
 ers ; the present greatness of the Roman State, 
 the corruption of manners, and the license of 
 the soldiers supplied new arguments to the ad- 
 vocates of monarchy ; and these general views 
 of government were again warped by the hopes 
 and fears of each individual. Amid this confu- 
 sion of sentiments the answer of the Senate was 
 unanimous and decisive. They refused to ac- 
 cept the resignation of Augustus ; they conjured 
 him not to desert the republic, which he had 
 saved. After a decent resistance the crafty ty- 
 rant submitted to the orders of the Senate, and 
 consented to receive the government of the prov- 
 inces, and the general command of the Roman 
 armies, under the well-known names of Pro- 
 consul and Imperator. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3, 
 p. 75. 
 
 16§§. DISUNION, Weakness of. Samuel John- 
 son. Boswell: " So, sir, you laugh at schemes of 
 political improvement. " Johnson: " Why, sir, 
 
 most schemes of political improvement are very 
 laughable things." He observed : "Providence 
 has wisely ordered that the more numerous men 
 are, the more difficult it is for them to agree in 
 anything, and so they are governed. There is no 
 doubt that if the poor should reason, ' We'll be 
 the poor no longer, we'll make the rich take their 
 turn,' they could easily do it, were it not that 
 they can't agree. So the common soldiers, though 
 so much more numerous than their officers, are 
 governed by them for the same reason." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 168. 
 
 16S9. DIVERSION, Mental. Dangerous. Ar- 
 temidorus . . . had got intelligence of [the con- 
 spiracy to assassinate Caesar, and he] approached 
 Caesar with a paper, explaining what he had to 
 discover. Observing that he gave the papers, a& 
 fast as he received them, to his officers, he got 
 up as close as possible, and said : " Caesar, read 
 this to yourself, and quickly ; for it contains 
 matters of great consequence, and of the last con- 
 cern to you." He took it, and attempted several 
 times to read it, but was always prevented by 
 one application or other. He therefore kept that 
 paper, and that only, in his hand, when he en- 
 tered the house. — Plutarch's C^sar. 
 
 1690. DIVERSITY of Interests. Society. [About 
 1593 Sidney writes in his " Arcadia" concerning 
 the popular temper of his times :] "When they 
 begin to talk of their griefs, never bees made 
 such confused humming. The town-dwellers 
 demand putting down of imposts, the coun- 
 try fellows laying out of commons ; some would 
 have the prince to keep his court in one place, 
 some in another ; all cried out to have new coun- 
 sellors ; but when they should think of any new 
 counsellors, they liked them as well as any that 
 they could remember ; . . . the artisans they 
 would have corn and wine set at a lower price ; 
 . . . the plough-men, vine-laborers, and farmers 
 would have none of that. The peasants would 
 have all the gentlemen destroyed ; the citizens, 
 specially the cooks, barbers, and those other that 
 lived most on gentlemen would but have them 
 reformed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 262. 
 
 1691. DIVINITY, Proof of. Fernando de 
 Soto. He attempted to overawe a tribe of Indians 
 near Natchez, by claiming a supernatural birth 
 and demanding obedience and tribute. "You 
 say you are the child of the sun," replied the un- 
 daunted chief ; "dry up the river, and I will 
 believe you. You desire to see me ? visit the 
 town where I dwell. If you come in peace, I 
 will receive you with special good-will ; if in 
 war, I will not shrink one foot back." — Ban 
 croft's Hist, of U. S., vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 1692. DIVISION, Helpless by. Roman Em- 
 peror Aurelian. The emperor was almost at the 
 same time informed of the irruption and of the 
 retreat of the barbarians. Collecting an active 
 body of troops, he marched with silence and 
 celerity along the skirts of the Hyrcanian forest ; 
 and the Alemanni, laden with the spoils of Italy, 
 arrived at the Danube, without suspecting that 
 on the opposite bank, and in an advantageous 
 post, a Roman army lay concealed and prepared 
 to intercept their return. Aurelian indulged the 
 fatal security of the barbarians, and permitted 
 about half their forces to pass the river without 
 disturbance and without precaution. Their sit- 
 
^02 
 
 DIVISION— DIVORCE. 
 
 nation and astonishment gave him an easy vic- 
 tory. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 343. 
 
 1693. DIVISION necessary. Barbarian Allies. 
 Among the useful conditions of peace imposed 
 by Probus [the emperor] on the vanquished na- 
 tions of Germany was the obligation of supply- 
 ing the Roman army with 16,000 recruits, the 
 bravest and most robust of their youth. The 
 emperor dispersed them through all the prov- 
 inces, and distributed this dangerous re-enforce- 
 ment, in small bands of fifty or sixty each, 
 •among the national troops, judiciously observ- 
 ing that the aid which the republic derived 
 from the barbarians should be felt but not seen. 
 —Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 383. 
 
 1694. DIVISION, Partisan. Beign of Charles 
 II. His object was not to destroy our [Eng- 
 lish] Constitution, but to keep the various ele- 
 ments of which it was composed in a perpetual 
 state of conflict, and to set irreconcilable enmity 
 between those who had the power of the purse 
 and those who had the power of the sword. 
 With this view he bribed and stimulated both 
 parties in turn, pensioned at once the ministers 
 of the Crown and the chiefs of the Opposition, 
 encouraged the court to withstand the seditious 
 -encroachments of the Parliament, and conveyed 
 to the Parliament intimations of the arbitrary 
 designs of the court. [Charles sought aid of 
 Louis XIV. to make him independent of Parlia- 
 ment.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 195. 
 
 1695. DIVISION, Euinous. Roman Empire. 
 The decay of Rome has been frequently ascribed 
 to the translation of the seat of empire ; but this 
 history has already shown that the powers of 
 government were divided rather than removed. 
 ■The throne of Constantinople was erected in the 
 East, while the West was still possessed by a 
 jBeries of emperors who held their residence in 
 
 Italy, and claimed their equal inheritance of the 
 legions and provinces. This dangerous novelty 
 impaired the strength and fomented the vices 
 of a double reign ; the instruments of an oppres- 
 sive and arbitrary system were multiplied. — 
 Oibbon's Rome, ch. 38, p. 635. 
 
 1696. DIVISION by Civil War. IMgn of 
 Charles I. Soon the two straggling parties were 
 locked in deadly conflict, and the spot became 
 memorable for ages for the blood shed in a skir- 
 mish which could not be dignified by the name 
 of a battle. Throughout the land family ties 
 were severed ; everywhere ' ' a man's foes were 
 of his own household." " Old armor came down 
 from a thousand old walls, and clanked upon the 
 anvil of every village smithy ;" " boot and sad- 
 dle !" was the order of the day and night ; every 
 buff coat and every piece of steel that could 
 turn or deal a blow became of value. Even 
 the long-bow, the brown bill, and cross-bow re- 
 sumed their almost forgotten use ; rude spears 
 and common staves and Danish clubs assumed 
 the rank of weapons. The trumpets of the Cav- 
 aliers rang out fearlessly through the half of 
 England, and thrilled the spirits of the people 
 with the cries of loyalty ; responded to by the 
 thrill blast of the Roundhead and the cry of 
 liberty. " Those," says Carlyle, " were the most 
 confused months England ever saw ;" in every 
 shire, in every parish, in court-houses, ale- 
 houses, churches, and markets, wheresoever men 
 were gathered together. England was, with 
 
 sorrowful confusion in every fibre, tearing itself 
 into hostile halves, to carry on the voting by pike 
 and bullet henceforth. The spirit of war stalked 
 forth ; many times we find the record of men 
 who slew an enemy, and found a parent in the 
 corpse they were about to spoil. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 6, p. 96. 
 
 1697. DIVISION, Weakness by. Germans. 
 [Ancient] Germany was divided into more than 
 forty independent states ; and even in each state 
 the union of the several tribes was extremely 
 loose and precarious. The barbarians were 
 easily provoked ; they knew not how to forgive 
 stn injury, much less an insult ; their resent- 
 ments were bloody and implacable. The casual 
 disputes that so frequently happened in their 
 tumultuous parties of hunting or drinking Avere 
 sufficient to inflame the minds of whole nations ; 
 the private feuds of any considerable chieftains 
 diffused itself among their followers and allies. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 275. 
 
 1698. DIVORCE advocated. John Milton. The 
 suggestion, which I believe was first made by a 
 writer in the Athenmum, is that Milton's young 
 wife refused him the consummation of the mar- 
 riage. The supposition is founded upon a cer- 
 tain passage in Milton's pamphlet. ... If the 
 ' ' Doctrine and Discipline" [of divorce] was in the 
 hands of the public on August 1 ; if Milton was 
 brooding over this seething agony of passion all 
 through July, with the young bride, to whom he 
 had been barely wedded a month, in the house 
 where he was writing, then the only apology for 
 this outrage upon the charities, not to say decen 
 cies of home, is that which is suggested by the 
 passage referred to. Then the pamphlet, however 
 imprudent, becomes pardonable. It is a passion- 
 ate cry from the depths of a great despair. — 
 Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 5. 
 
 1699. DIVORCE, Agonizing. Napoleon I. [Af- 
 ter a dinner in painful silence] he took her 
 hand, and placed it upon his heart, and with a 
 faltering voice said : " Josephine, my own good 
 Josephine, you know how I have loved you ! It 
 is to you alone that I owe the only few moments' 
 happiness I have known in the world. Josephine, 
 my destiny is stronger than my will. My dear- 
 est affections must yield to the welfare of France. " 
 The cruel blow, all expected as it was, pierced 
 that loving heart. Josephine fell lifeless to the 
 floor. Napoleon alarmed rushed to the door and 
 called for assistance. [They] . . . conveyed the 
 Empress Josephine up a flight of stairs to her 
 apartment. She murmured, as they bore her 
 along, "Oh, no, no ! you cannot do it ! You 
 surely would not kill me." Napoleon was intense- 
 ly agitated. ... He paced the floor in anguish 
 until the dawn of the morning, . . . trembling 
 with emotion and his eyes filled with tears, . . . 
 articulating with diflSculty. [He declared the in- 
 terest of France made a divorce his painful 
 duty. It was consummated on December 15, 
 1809.] — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 10. 
 
 1700. DIVORCE, Causes of. Confucius. He 
 permits divorce for any one of seven reasons : 
 ' ' When a woman cannot live in peace with her 
 father-in-law or mother-in-law ; when she can- 
 not bear children ; when she is unfaithful ; when, 
 by the utterance of calumnies or indiscreet 
 words, she disturbs the peace of the house ; 
 when her husband has for her an unconquerabl* 
 
DIVORCE— DOMINION. 
 
 203 
 
 .•repugnance ; when she is an inveterate scold ; 
 "when she steals anything from her husband's 
 house ;" in any of these cases her husband may 
 put her away. — Cyclopedia of BioG., p. 418. 
 
 1701. DIVOECE, Convenient. Carinus. In 
 the Gallic war he discovered some degree of per- 
 sonal courage ; but from the moment of his 
 arrival at Rome he abandoned himself to the 
 luxury of the capital and to the abuse of his 
 fortune. He was soft, yet cruel ; devoted to 
 pleasure, but destitute of taste ; and though ex- 
 quisitely susceptible of vanity, indifferent to the 
 public esteem. In the course of a few months 
 he successively married and divorced nine wives, 
 most of whom he left pregnant ; and notwith- 
 standing this legal inconstancy, found time to 
 indulge such a variety of irregular appetites as 
 brought dishonor on himself and on the noblest 
 houses of Rome. He beheld with inveterate 
 hatred all those who might remember his former 
 obscurity, or censure his present conduct. He 
 banished or put to death the friends and coun- 
 
 :sellors whom his father [Emperor Carus] had 
 placed about him, to guide his inexperienced 
 youth ; and he persecuted with meanest revenge 
 his school-fellows and companions, who had not 
 -sufficiently respected the latent majesty of the 
 emperor. . . . From the dregs of that populace 
 he selected his favorites, and even his ministers. 
 The palace and even the Imperial table were 
 filled with singers, dancers, prostitutes, and all 
 the various retinue of vice and folly. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 364. 
 
 1702. DIVORCE, Demoralized by. Romans. 
 When the Roman matrons became the equal and 
 voluntary companions of their lords, a new ju- 
 risprudence was introduced, that marriage, like 
 other partnerships, might be dissolved by the 
 abdication of one of the associates. In three 
 centuries of prosperity and corruption this prin- 
 ciple was enlarged to frequent practice and per- 
 nicious abuse. Passion, interest, or caprice sug- 
 gested daily motives for the dissolution of mar- 
 riage ; a word, a sign, a message, a letter, the 
 mandate of a freedman, declared the separation ; 
 the most tender of human connections was de- 
 graded to a transient society of profit or pleasure. 
 According to the various conditions of life, both 
 sexes alternately felt the disgrace and injury ; an 
 inconstant spouse transferred her wealth to a new 
 family, abandoning a numerous, perhaps a spu- 
 rious, progeny to the paternal authority and care 
 of her late husband ; a beautiful virgin might be 
 dismissed to the world, old, indigent, and friend- 
 less. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 349. 
 
 1703. DIVOECE disallowed. Puritans of New 
 England. Of divorce I have found no exam- 
 ple. . . . Divorce from bed and board, the sep- 
 :arate maintenance without the dissolution of the 
 marriage contract — an anomaly in Protestant leg- 
 islation, that punishes the innocent more than 
 the guilty — was utterlyabhorrent from their prin- 
 •ciples ... the sanctity of the marriage-bed is the 
 safeguard of families ; ... its purity was pro- 
 tected by the penalty of death — a penalty which 
 ■was inexorably enforced against the guilty wife 
 vand her paramour. — Bancroft's U. S., ch. 10, 
 
 vol. 1. 
 
 1704. DIVOECE, First. Roman. Time bears 
 "witness to the conjugal modesty, tenderness, and 
 ^fidelity which he established ; for during two 
 
 hundred and thirty years no man attempted to 
 leave his wife, nor any woman her husband. 
 And as the very curious among the Greeks can 
 tell you who was the first person that killed his 
 father and mother, so all the Romans know that 
 Spurius Carvilius was the first that divorced his 
 wife, alleging her barrenness. — Plutarch's 
 Romulus and Theseus. 
 
 1705. DIVOECE of Mothers. Amenean Indian 
 Marriage. Children were the strongest bond ; for 
 if the mother was discarded, it was the unwrit- 
 ten law of the red man that she should herself 
 retain those whom she had borne and nursed. — 
 Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 1706. DIVOECE, One-sided. Roman. The 
 causes of the dissolution of matrimony have 
 varied among the Romans ; but the most solemn 
 sacrament, the confarreation itself, might always 
 be done away by rites of a contrary tendency. 
 In the first ages the father of a family might sell 
 his children, and his wife was reckoned in the 
 number of his children ; the domestic judge might 
 pronounce the death of the offender, or his mercy 
 might expel her from his bed and house ; but 
 the slavery of the wretched female was hopeless 
 and perpetual, unless he asserted for his own 
 convenience the manly prerogative of divorce. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 248. 
 
 1707. DIVOECE permissible. Roman Law. 
 In the most rigorous laws a wife was condemned 
 to support a gamester, a drunkard, or a liber- 
 tine, unless he were guilty of homicide, poison, 
 or sacrilege, in which cases the marriage, as it 
 should seem, might have been dissolved by the 
 hand of the executioner. But the sacred right 
 of the husband was invariably maintained, to 
 deliver his name and family from the disgrace 
 of adultery ; the list of mortal sins, either male 
 or female, was curtailed and enlarged by succes- 
 sive regulations, and the obstacles of incurable 
 impotence, long absence, and monastic profes- 
 sion were allowed to rescind the matrimonial 
 obligation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 349. 
 
 170§. DIVOECE regulated. Emperor Augus- 
 tus. Augustus, who vinited the powers of both 
 magistrates, adopted their different modes of re- 
 pressing or chastising the license of divorce. 
 The presence of seven Roman witnesses was re- 
 quired for the validity of this solemn and delib- 
 erate act ; if any adequate provocation had been 
 given by the husband, instead of the delay of 
 two years, he was compelled to refund immedi- 
 ately, or in the space of six months ; but if he 
 could arraign the manners of his wife, her guilt 
 or levity was expiated by the loss of the sixth or 
 eighth part of her marriage portion. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 44, p. 350. 
 
 1709. DIVOECE, Views of. Reformers. [The 
 early English Reformers, as represented by Cran- 
 mer,] did not regard marriage as indissoluble. 
 Divorce for adultery might be pronounced by the 
 ecclesiastical courts, with libeity to marry again 
 by the party sinned against, and not sinning. 
 Divorce was also held lawful in cases of mortal 
 enmities, the desertion of a husband, his lasting 
 cruelty, or his prolonged absence. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 3, p. 40. 
 
 1710. DOMINION, Boundless. Roman. The 
 slave of Imperial despotism . . . expected his fate 
 in silent despair. To resist was fatal, and it was 
 
204 
 
 DOMINION— DRAMA. 
 
 impossible to fly. On every side he was encom- 
 passed with a vast extent of sea and land, which 
 he could never hope to traverse without being 
 discovered, seized, and restored to his irritated 
 master. Beyond the frontiers his anxious view 
 could discover nothing, except the ocean, inhos- 
 pital deserts, hostile tribes of barbarians, of fierce 
 manners and unknown language, or dependent 
 kings, who would gladly purchase the emperor's 
 protection by the sacrifice of an obnoxious fugi- 
 tive. "Wherever you are," said Cicero to the 
 exiled Marcellus, " remember that you are equal- 
 ly within the power of the conqueror." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 100. 
 
 1711. DOMINION, Proofs of. Water. Dinon 
 informs us that the kings of Persia used to have 
 water fetched from the Nile and the Danube, and 
 put among their treasures, as a proof of the extent 
 of their dominions, and their being masters of the 
 world. — Plutarch. 
 
 1713. DOUBT expressed. Marcus 
 He was drawing his troops out of winter quar- 
 ters when ambassadors came from Arsaces, and 
 addressed him in this short speech : "If this 
 army was sent against the Parthians by the Ro- 
 man people, that people has nothing to expect 
 but perpetual war and enmity irreconcilable. 
 But if Crassus, against the inclinations of his 
 country (which they were informed was the 
 case), to gratify his own avarice, has undertaken 
 this war, and invaded one of the Parthian prov- 
 inces, Arsaces will act with more moderation. 
 He will take compassion on Crassus's age, and 
 let the Romans go, though in fact he considers 
 them rather as in prison than in garrison." To 
 this Crassus made no return but a rhodomon- 
 tade ; he said he would give them his answer 
 at Seleucia. Upon which Vagises, the oldest of 
 the ambassadors, laughed ; and turning up the 
 palm of his hand, replied, "Crassus, here will 
 hair grow before thou shalt see Seleucia." — 
 Plutarch's Crassus. 
 
 1713. DOUBT, Philosophic. Academics. Next 
 to the Epicurean system the doctrines most prev- 
 alent at that time were those of the new Acad- 
 emy, very different from those of the old Acad- 
 emy, founded by Plato. The new Academics as- 
 serted the impossibility of arriving at truth, and 
 held it entirely a matter of doubt whether vice 
 or virtue were preferable. These opinions evi- 
 dently struck at the foundation not only of relig- 
 ion, but of morality. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 1714. DOUBTS overcome. George Fox, the 
 Quaker, a.d. 1648. One morning as Fox sat 
 silently by the fire a cloud came over his mind ; 
 a baser instinct seemed to say, " All things come 
 by nature ;" and the elements and the stars op- 
 pressed his imagination with the vision of pan- 
 theism. But as he continued musing, a true 
 voice arose within him and said, " There is a 
 God." At once the clouds of scepticism rolled 
 away . . . his soul enjoyed the sweetness of re- 
 pose . . . the paradise of contemplation. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., ch. 16, vol. 2. 
 
 1715. DRAINAGE, Scheme of. Charles I. In 
 those days some millions of acres of the finest 
 plains in the counties of Cambridge, Hunting- 
 don, Northampton, and Lincoln lay undrained. 
 Several vears before the period to which we now 
 
 refer the Earl of Oxford and other noblemen of 
 that day had proposed to drain large portions of 
 them, and in fact had done so. The Bedford 
 Level, containing nearly 400,000 acres, had beeu 
 completed, when it was found necessary to call 
 in other aid ; and a proposition was made to the 
 Crown, offering a fair proportion of the land for 
 its assistance and authority in the completion of 
 the whole. Until now all had gone on well ; 
 but hungry Charles saw here an opportunity of 
 gratifying his cupidity. A number of commis- 
 sioners came from the king to Huntingdon ; 
 they, instructed by the king's own letter, pro- 
 ceeded to lay claim under various pretexts, such 
 as corrupt and servile ministers know how to 
 use, to 95,000 acres of land already drained. 
 Cromwell stepped upon the stage of action, and 
 the draining of the fens was entirely stopped. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 4, p. 78. 
 
 1716. DRAINAGE, Success by. Bomans. The 
 lake of Alba increased prodigiously, and depu- 
 ties were sent to inquire what the gods meant by 
 that extraordinary phenomenon. The deputies, 
 brought back word that the conquest of Veil de- 
 pended on draining the lake, and that particular 
 care should be taken to convey the waters to the 
 sea (a most wise and salutary advice, in a sea- 
 son of contagious disease). The work was imme- 
 diately begun ; and that fine canal was cut, 
 which subsists at this day, and conveys the wa- 
 ters of the lake Albano, by Castel-Gondolfo, to 
 the sea. This was likewise an instance in which 
 the faith of the people in the veracity of the pre- 
 diction might have greatly aided its accomplish- 
 ment. — Tytler's Hist., Book 8, ch. 6. 
 
 1717. DRAMA, Indecent. Ticelfth Century. 
 In one of them, which is entitled a Play of the 
 Old and New Testament, Adam and Eve are 
 introduced upon the stage naked, and conversing 
 in very strange terms about their nakedness. 
 Mr. Warton has given a curious account of this 
 play in his ' ' History of English Poetry. " In some 
 of the first scenes of this play God is represent- 
 ed creating the world ; He breathes life into 
 Adam, leads him into Paradise, and opens his 
 side while sleeping. Adam and Eve appear 
 naked in the garden, and not ashamed, and the 
 Old Serpent enters, lamenting his fall. He con- 
 verses with Eve ; she eats of the forbidden 
 fruit ; they are cursed by God ; the Serpent exit* 
 hissing ; they are driven from Paradise by the 
 Cherubim, with a fiaming sword, and Adam 
 then appears digging the ground, and Eve spin- 
 ning. — Note in Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 16. 
 
 171§. DRAMA, Literature of the. Greece. 
 We see from this short review of the origin of 
 literature among the Romans, that its earliest 
 efforts were exclusively confined to dramatic 
 composition. The Romans, in a word, borrow- 
 ed their literature from Greece, and first attempt- 
 ed the species of literature then most popular in 
 Greece ; if, indeed, their Plautus and Terence, 
 and the rest, did more than translate or adapt the 
 then most popular pieces of the Greek stage. It 
 was not until the golden age of Augustus that, by 
 the revolutions which tlien took place in the 
 public taste, the other high departments of liter- 
 ature were introduced at Rome. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 3. 
 
 1719. DRAMA, Origin of the. Borne. About 
 the 390th year of Rome the city had been re- 
 
DRAMA— DRESS. 
 
 2oa 
 
 duced to extreme distress by a pestilence, and an 
 uncommon method was adopted to appease tlie 
 wrath of the gods, in sending into Etruria for 
 drolls or stage-dancers. The dances of these Etru- 
 rians, according to Livy, were not ungi-aceful, 
 and the Roman youth readily learned to imitate 
 their performances, adding to them their own 
 fescennine ballads, which they recited to the 
 sound of music, with appropriate gestures. Here 
 evidently was the first rise of dramatic perform- 
 ances among the Romans ; but, as yet, all was 
 rude and imperfect, and they were altogether 
 ignorant of the regular structure of a dramatic 
 composition. This they acquired the first idea 
 of from the Greeks. Euripides and Sophocles 
 had flourished nearly one hundred and sixty 
 years, and Menander above fifty years, before 
 this period. The dramatic poem was at this 
 time in the highest celebrity in Greece, and was 
 tit length, about the year of Rome 514, intro- 
 duced into that commonwealth by Livius Andron- 
 icus, a Greek slave. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 3. 
 
 1720. DEAMA, Eeligious. ChurcJies. The 
 first dramatic representations known in Europe 
 were devotional pieces, acted by the monks, in the 
 ■churches of their convents, representative of the 
 life and actions of our Saviour and of His apos- 
 tles. In England these representations were term- 
 •ed mysteries, and sometimes miracles and moral- 
 ities. They were brought into use about the 
 twelfth century, and continued to be performed 
 in England even to the sixteenth century. There 
 is, in the reign of Henry VIII. , a prohibition, by 
 the bishop of London, against the performance 
 of any plays or interludes in churches or chapels. 
 Perhaps at this time profane stories had begun to 
 take the place of the sacred mysteries ; it is cer- 
 tain, at least, that these sacred mysteries them- 
 selves often contained great absurdities and very 
 gross indecency. [See No. 1717.] — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 16. 
 
 1721. DREAM, Directed by a. Gonstantine. 
 He affirms, with the most perfect confidence, 
 that in the night which preceded the last battle 
 against Maxentius, Gonstantine was admonished 
 in a dream to inscribe the shields of his soldiers 
 with the celestial sign of Ood, the sacred mono- 
 gram of the name of Christ ; that he executed 
 the commands of heaven, and that his valor and 
 obedience were rewarded by the decisive victory 
 of the Milvian Bridge. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 30, 
 p. 263. 
 
 1722. DEE AM realized. Cicero's. Cicero, it 
 seems, had a dream, in which he thought he 
 called some boys, the sons of senators, up to the 
 Capitol, because Jupiter designed to pitch upon 
 one of them for sovereign of Rome. The citi- 
 zens ran with all the eagerness of expectation, 
 and placed themselves about the temple ; and 
 the boys in their prastextse sat silent. The doors 
 suddenly opening, the boys rose up one by one, 
 and, in their order, passed round the god, who 
 reviewed them all and sent them away disappoint- 
 ed ; but when Octavius approached, he stretch- 
 ed out his hand to him and said, ' ' Romans, this is 
 the person who, when he comes to be your prince, 
 will put an end to your civil wars." This vis- 
 ion, they tell us, made such an impression upon 
 Cicero, that he perfectly retained the figure and 
 countenance of the boy, though he did not yet 
 
 know him. Next day he went down to the Cam- 
 pus Martins, when the boys were just returning 
 from their exercises ; and the first who struck 
 his eye was the lad in the very form that he had 
 seen in his dream. Astonished at the discovery, 
 Cicero asked him who were his parents ; and he 
 proved to be the son of Octavius, a person not 
 much distinguished in life, and of Attia, sister 
 to Caesar. As he was so near a relation, and 
 Caesar had no children of his own, he adopted 
 him, and, by will, left him his estate. Cicero, 
 after his dream, whenever he met young Octa< 
 vius, is said to have treated him with particular 
 regard, and he received those marks of his 
 friendship with great satisfaction. Beside, he 
 happened to be born the same year that Cicero 
 was consul. — Pltitarcii's Cicero. 
 
 1723. DEEAMS, Eegard for. American Ind- 
 ians. Dreams are to the wild man the avenue 
 to the invisible world; he reveres them as divine 
 revelations, and believes he shall die unless they 
 are carried into effect. The capricious visions 
 in a feverish sleep are obeyed by the village or the 
 tribe ; the whole nation would contribute its har- 
 vest, its costly furs, . . . rather than fail in their 
 fulfilment, . . . even if it required the surren- 
 der of women to public embrace. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 1724. DREAMS verified. Bev. Richard Board- 
 man. [On his way to Parkgate, his jour 
 ney took him across the sands, where the tide 
 returning, and a blinding snow concealing his 
 course, his condition became extremely perilous. 
 A wall of perpendicular rocks on one side, the 
 sea on the other, left him little hope of escape, 
 till he observed two men running down a hill 
 on the opposite side of the water, who pushed 
 out a boat, and came to take him off from his 
 horse, just as the sea had reached his knees as 
 he sat in the saddle.] While we were in the 
 boat, one of the men said, " Surely, God is with 
 you." I answered, "I trust He is." The man 
 replied, "I know He is; last night I dreamed 
 that I must go to the top of such a hill. When 
 I awoke the dream made such an impression 
 that I could not rest. I went and called upon 
 this man to accompany me, . . . and there we 
 saw your distressed condition." — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 1, p. 96. 
 
 1725. DEEAMS, Visionary. Napoleon I. 
 [At St. Helena, in his last illness, one morning,] 
 Napoleon started up and exclaimed, in dreamy 
 delirium, " I have just seen my good Josephine, 
 but she would not embrace me. She disappear- 
 ed at the moment when I was about to take her 
 in my arms. She was seated there. . . . She 
 is not changed. She is still the same, full of de- 
 votion to me. She told me we were about to 
 see each other again, never more to part. Did 
 you see her ?" — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2. 
 ch. 34. 
 
 1726. DEESS, Criminal. Joan of Arc. She 
 feared in fact among the soldiery those outrages 
 to her honor, to guard against which she had from 
 the first assumed the dress of a man. In the eyes 
 of the church her dress was a crime, and she 
 abandoned it ; but a renewed affront forced her 
 to resume the one safeguard left her, and the re- 
 turn to it was treated as a relapse into heresy, 
 which doomed her to death. At the close of 
 May, 1431, a great pile was raised in the market- 
 
»06 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 place of Rouen, where her statue stands now. 
 Even the brutal soldiers who snatched the hated 
 " witch" from the hands of the clergy and hur- 
 ried her to her doom were hushed as she reached 
 the stake. One indeed passed to her a rough 
 cross he had made from a stick he held, and she 
 clasped it to her bosom. As her eyes ranged over 
 the city from the lofty scaffold, she was heard to 
 murmur, "O Rouen, Rouen, I have great fear 
 lest you suffer for my death !" " Yes, my voices 
 were of God !" she suddenly cried as the last 
 moment came ; ' ' they have never deceived me !" 
 Soon the flames reached her, the girl's head sank 
 on her breast, there was one cry of "Jesus !" 
 "We are lost," an English soldier muttered as 
 the crowd broke up ; "we have burnt a saint !" 
 — Hist, of Eng. People, § 433. 
 
 1T27. DRESS exchanged. Joan of Arc. To 
 travel at such a time with five or six men-at-arms 
 was enough to alarm a young girl. An English 
 woman or a German would never have risked 
 such a step ; the indelicacy of the proceeding 
 would have horrified her. Jeanne was nothing 
 moved by it ; she was too pure to entertain any 
 fears of the kind. She wore a man's dress — a 
 dress she wore to the last ; this close and closely 
 fastened dress was her best safeguard. Yet was 
 she young and beautiful. But there was around 
 her, even to those who were most with her, a 
 barrier raised by religion and fear. — Michelet's 
 Joan of Arc, p. 8. 
 
 172§. DRESS, Extravagance in. By Example. 
 [The period of proud Henry VIII. and the os- 
 tentatious Cardinal Wolsey] was an age of dis- 
 play, when the king set the example to his court 
 of the most extravagant splendor, which many 
 of the nobles ruined themselves to imitate. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 278. 
 
 1729. . Middle Ages. [From 1450 
 
 to 1485 was a most luxurious period.] It has 
 been truly said [by Sir N. H. Nichols] that ex- 
 travagance in dress "was a peculiar characteris- 
 tic of the middle ages throughout Europe." The 
 handsome Edward IV. and the misshapen Rich- 
 ard HI. were equally careful of the splendor of 
 their array. Lewis XI. of France ... in his last 
 days his gowns were all crimson satin lined with 
 rich martins' furs. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 
 7, p. 103. 
 
 1730. . Bomans. It was a com- 
 plaint worthy of the gravity of the Senate, that, 
 in the purchase of female ornaments, the wealth 
 of the State was irrecoverably given away to for- 
 eign and hostile nations. The annual loss is 
 computed, by a writer of an inquisitive but cen- 
 sorious temper, at upward of £800,000 sterling. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 69. 
 
 1731, DRESS, Impressed by. Luther. On 
 Sunday morning early Luther sent for his bar- 
 ber. When he had arrived he asked Luther, 
 " Doctor, how comes it that you desire to be 
 shaved at so early an hour ?" Luther replied, 
 ' ' I am called to meet the ambassador of his Holy 
 Father, the Pope ; hence I must prepare and 
 adorn myself to appear before him as if I were 
 young ; then the legate will think, ' The deuce ! 
 if Luther in his youth has done us so much mis- 
 chief, what may he not do hereafter ?' " — Rein's 
 Luther, ch. 22, p. 177. 
 
 1732. DRESS, Investment in, Samuel John- 
 son. A gentleman told him he had bought a suit 
 
 of lace for his lady ; he said: "Well, sir, you. 
 have done a good thing and a wise thing." " I . 
 havedoneagood thing," said the gentleman, "but 
 I do not know that I have done a wise thing. "^ 
 Johnson : " Yes, sir ; no money is better spent 
 than what is laid out for domestic satisfaction. 
 A man is pleased that his wife is dressed as well 
 as other people ; and a wife is pleased that she 
 is dressed." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 248. 
 
 1733. DRESS, Legislation on. England. [The 
 statute of 1463 declares] the squire and gentle- 
 man having £40 a j^ear may indulge in damask 
 or satin, forbidden to their less wealthy neigh- 
 bors. Mayors, sheriffs, and aldermen have 
 special exemptions. Below the class of esquire 
 and gentleman are those who have obtained po- 
 sition by their wealth ; and those who have £40' 
 of yearly value may rejoice in furs and gilt gir- 
 dles. The men possessed of less than £40 yearly 
 are debarred from furs and fustian and scarlet 
 cloth. The yeomen and the persons under this 
 degi'ee are to have no stuffing in their doublets. 
 Lastly, the servants in husbandly and artificers 
 are to wear no clothing of which the cloth shall 
 cost more than two shillings the broad yard. 
 The second statute of 1483 prescribes what pe- 
 culiar cloth of gold or silk shall be forbidden tO' 
 all below the royal rank ; what to those below 
 a duke ; what to those below a lord, of whont 
 the knight only shall wear velvet in his doublet. 
 By a comprehensive clause, no man under the^ 
 estate of a lord should wear cloth of foreign 
 manufacture ; and the old price of cloth is again 
 fixed for laborers and artificers. — Knight's Eng. ,, 
 vol. 2, ch. 7, p. 101. 
 
 1734. . Sumptuary. [In 1593 the 
 
 sumptuary laws of Henry VIII. were not repeal- 
 ed, but could not be enforced.] Those who were 
 winning wealth by industry would no longer 
 submit, if they ever did submit, to be told by 
 statute what they were not to wear, according tO' 
 a scale of income varying from £200 to £5. 
 They utterly despised the reason set forth for 
 such arbitrary regulation — namely, to prevent 
 "the subversion of good and politic order in 
 knowledge and distinction of people, according 
 to their estates, pre-eminences, dignities, and de- 
 grees." A statute of Philip and Mary was direct- 
 ed against the wearing of silk, except by certain 
 privileged classes. . . . By statute of 1562-63 . 
 "foreign stuff or wares" ... if sold to any 
 person not possessing £3000 a year, in lands or 
 fees, not being paid for in ready money, the sell- 
 er was debarred of any legal remedy for the recov- 
 ery of the debt. By a statute of 1566 velvet 
 hats or caps were prohibited to all persons under 
 the degree of a knight ; and by that of 1571 
 every person, except ladies, lords, knights, and 
 gentlemen having twenty marks by the year iaJ 
 land, was to wear upon his head, on Sundays and-jj 
 holidays, a home-made cap of wool, very decent 
 and comely for all states and degrees. If Stubbes 
 is to be relied upon, all states and degrees re-j 
 jected the statutory notion of what was decent and j 
 comely. They wore hats " perking up like the I 
 spear or shaft of a temple ;" or hats " flat and? 
 broad and flat on the crown, like the battlements \ 
 of a house ; " or " round crowns," with bands of I 
 every color. They wore hats of silk, velvet, taf-l 
 fety, sarsenet, wool, and of "fine hair, whickj 
 they called beaver." .... He was in no esti- 
 
DRESS— DRINKING. 
 
 2or 
 
 mation among them who had not a velvet or taffe- 
 ty hat ; ' ' and so common a thing it is, that every 
 serving-man, country-man, or other, even all in- 
 differently, do wear of these hats." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol.3, ch. 16, p. 246. 
 
 1735. . Henry VIII. In 1536 
 
 Henry VIII. writes to his " well beloved " of the 
 town of Galway, straightly charging and com- 
 manding that they should perpetually observe 
 certain articles set forth for their weal and profit : 
 " Itsm, That every inhabitant, as well within 
 the said town as the suburbs of the same, do 
 shave their over [upper] lips, called crompeaulis ; 
 and suffer the hair of their heads to grow till it 
 cover their ears ; and that every of them wear 
 English caps. Item, That no man nor manchild 
 do wear mantles in the streets, but cloaks or 
 gowns, coats, doublets, hose, shapen after the 
 English fashion, of the country cloth, or any 
 other cloth shall please them to buy." ... In 
 the reign of Elizabeth ..." the ancient dress " 
 was still worn. The mantle was still " a fit house 
 for an outlaw, a neet bed for rebel, and an apt 
 cloak for a thief." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 
 24, p. 396. 
 
 1 736. . England. [In 1351 a statute 
 
 was passed to] restrain the outrageous and exces- 
 sive apparel of divers people against their estate 
 and degree. ' ' Servants, artificers, . . . tradesmen 
 . . . and their wives are to wear cloth of a cer- 
 tain low price, with no gold, or silver, or silk, or 
 embroidery. . . . Laborers in husbandry, . . . 
 if they had not forty shillings of goods or chat- 
 tels, they were to wear only a blanket and russet, 
 and girdles of linen, according to their estate. 
 In these two classes must have been comprised 
 the bulk of the population." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 31, p. 479. 
 
 1737. DBESS an Obstacle. Oliver Goldsmith. 
 We have stated his great objection to clerical 
 life, the obligation to wear a black coat ; and, 
 whimsical as it may appear, dress seemed in fact 
 to have formed an obstacle to his entrance into 
 the church. He had ever a passion for clothing 
 his sturdy but awkward little person in gay col- 
 ors ; and on this solemn occasion, when it was to 
 be supposed his garb would be of suitable gravity, 
 he appeared luminously arrayed in scarlet breech- 
 es ! He was rejected by the bishop. — Irving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 3, p. 30. 
 
 173§. DBESS, Preaching against. Bishop of 
 London. [Queen Elizabeth carried her love of 
 foreign dress almost into a mania. It was the 
 only expenditure of which she was profuse. Sir 
 John Harrington says :] On Sunday my lord of 
 London preached to the Queen's Majesty, and 
 seemed to touch the vanity of decking the body 
 too finely. Her Majesty told the ladies that "if 
 the bishop held more discourse on such matters, 
 she would fit him for heaven, but he should walk 
 thither without a staff, and leave his mantle be- 
 hind him." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, 
 p. 247. 
 
 1739. DRESS, Sinful. Joan of Arc. What 
 illustrates the time, the uninformed mind of these 
 doctors, and their blind attachment to the letter 
 without regard to the spirit, is, that no point 
 seemed graver to them than the sin of having as- 
 sumed male attire. They represented to her that, 
 according to the canons, those who thus change 
 
 the liabit of their sex are abominable in the sight 
 of God. At first she would not give a direct an- 
 swer, and begged for a respite till the next day -^ 
 but her judges insisting on her discarding the 
 dress, she replied that she was not empowered 
 to say when she could quit it. — Michelet's 
 Joan, p. 43. 
 
 1740. DRINKING, Ancient. England. They 
 were hard drinkers, no doubt, as they were hard 
 toilers, and the "ale-feast" was the centre of 
 their social life. But coarse as the revel might 
 seem to modern eyes, the scene within the tim- 
 bered hall, which rose in the midst of their vil- 
 lages, was often Homeric in its simplicity and 
 dignity. Queen or earl's wife, with a train of maid- 
 ens, bore ale-bowl or mead-bowl round the hall,, 
 from the high settle of king or ealdorman in the 
 midst to the mead benches ranged around its- 
 walls, while the gleeman sang the hero-songs of 
 his race. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 19. 
 
 1741. DRINKING, Art in. SaniuelJohnson. 
 Talking of the effects of drinking, he said : 
 " Drinking may be practised with great pru- 
 dence ; a man who exposes himself when he is 
 intoxicated has not the art of getting drunk ; a 
 sober man, who happens occasionally to get 
 drunk, readily enough goes into a new company , 
 which a man who has been drinking should never' 
 do. Such a man will undertake anything ; he- 
 is without skill in inebriation. I used to slink 
 home when I had drunk too much. A man ac- 
 customed to self-examination will be conscious 
 when he is drunk, though an habitual drunkard 
 will not be conscious of it. I knew a physician 
 who for twenty years was not sober ; yet in a 
 pamphlet, which he wrote upon fevers, he appeal- 
 ed to Garrick and me for his vindication from a. 
 charge of drunkenness. A bookseller (naming, 
 him) who got a large fortune by trade was sa 
 habitually and equally drunk, that his most in- 
 timate friends never perceived that he was more- 
 sober at one time than another." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 411. 
 
 1742. DRINKING, Effects of. Samtiel John- 
 son. I dined with him at Sir Joshua Reynolds'^ 
 I have not marked what company was there. 
 Johnson harangued upon the qualities of different, 
 liquors, and spoke with great contempt of claret, 
 as so weak that " a man would be drowned by 
 it before it made him drunk." He was persuad. 
 ed to drink one glass of it, that he might judge, 
 not from recollection, which might be dim, but 
 from immediate sensation. He shook his head,, 
 and said : " Poor stuff ! No, sir ; claret is the 
 liquor for boys ; port for men ; but he who- 
 aspires to be a hero (smiling) must drink brandy. 
 In the first place, the flavor of brandy is most 
 grateful to the palate ; and then brandy will do 
 soonest for a man what drinking can do for him. " 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 409. 
 
 1743. . Samuel Johnson. We dis- 
 cussed the question whether drinking improved 
 conversation and benevolence. Sir Joshua main- 
 tained it did. Johnson : ' ' No, sir ; before din- 
 ner men meet with great inequality of under- 
 standing ; and those who are conscious of their 
 inferiority have the modesty not to talk. When 
 they have drunk wine every man feels himself 
 happy, and loses that modesty, and grows impu- 
 dent and vociferous ; but he is not improved ; he- 
 is only not sensible of his defects. I admit that> 
 
208 
 
 DRUNKENNESS— DUEL. 
 
 the spirits are raised by drinking, as by the com- 
 mon participation of any pleasure ; cock-fight- 
 ing or bear-baiting will raise the spirits of a 
 company, as drinking does, though surely they 
 will not improve conversation. I also admit 
 that there are some sluggish men who are im- 
 proved by drinking, as there are fruits which 
 are not good till they are rotten. There are such 
 men, but they are meddlers. I indeed allow that 
 there have been a very few men of talents who 
 were improved by drinking." — ^Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 299. 
 
 1744. DRUNKENNESS, Melancholy. Alexan- 
 der, [During adrunken carousal offence wasgiven 
 to Alexander the Great by one of his officers. An 
 opportunity being presented , ] Alexander snatched 
 a spear from one of his guards, and meeting Cli- 
 tus, as he was putting by the curtain, ran him 
 through the body. He fell immediately to the 
 ground, and with a dismal groan expired. Alex- 
 ander's rage subsided in a moment ; he came to 
 himself ; and seeing his friends standing in silent 
 astonishment by him, he hastily drew the spear 
 •out of the dead body, and was applying it to his 
 own throat, when his guards seized his hands, 
 and carried him by force into his chamber. He 
 passed that night and the next day in anguish in- 
 expressible ; and when he had wasted himself 
 ■with tears and lamentations, he lay in speechless 
 ffrief , uttering only now and then a groan. His 
 friends, alarmed at this melancholy silence, 
 forced themselves into the room, and attempted 
 to console him. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 1 745. DRUNKENNESS punished. Drunkard's 
 Cloak. [In 1793 there were punishments for 
 low debauchery, such as the drunkard's cloak, 
 consisting of a barrel minus the lower head, hav- 
 ing an opening in the upper part for the projec- 
 tion of the head of the wearer, whose body was 
 enclosed by it ; small openings on the sides per- 
 mitted the extension of the hands, which could 
 not reach the mouth.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 16. 
 
 1746. DUEL, Combat by. Alexander. Alex- 
 ander having subdued all on this side the Eu- 
 phrates, began his march against Darius, who 
 had taken the field with 1,000,000, men. Dur- 
 ing this march one of his friends mentioned to 
 him, as a matter that might divert him, that the 
 servants of the army had divided themselves into 
 two bands, and that each had chosen a chief, 
 one of which they called Alexander, and the 
 other Darius. They began to skirmish with 
 clods, and afterward fought with their fists ; and 
 at last, heated with a desire of victory, many of 
 them came to stones and sticks, insomuch that 
 they could hardly be parted. The king, upon 
 this report, oi-dered the two chiefs to fight in sin- 
 gle combat, and armed Alexander with his own 
 hands, while Philotas did the same for Darius. 
 The whole army stood and looked on, consider- 
 ing the event of this combat as a presage of the 
 issue of the war. The two champions fought 
 with great fury ; but he who bore the name of 
 Alexander proved victorious. He was reward- 
 ed with a present of twelve villages, and allowed 
 to wear a Persian robe, as Eratosthenes tells the 
 story. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 1747. DUEL, Murder by. Alexander Hamil- 
 ton. In the summer of 1804 the country was 
 ishocked by the intelligence that Vice-President 
 
 Burr had killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 
 [Burr was ambitious to secure the Presidential 
 chair after Mr. Jefferson's second term. To this 
 end he became a candidate for the governor's 
 oflice in New York.] But Hamilton's powerful 
 influence in New York prevented Burr's elec- 
 tion, and his Presidential ambition received a 
 stunning blow. From that day he determined 
 to kill the man whom he pretended to regard as 
 the destroyer of his hopes. He accordingly sought 
 a quarrel with Hamilton ; challenged him ; met 
 him at Weehawken, opposite New York, on the 
 morning of the 11th of July, and deliberately 
 murdered him ; for Hamilton had tried to avoid 
 the challenge, and when face to face with hia 
 antagonist refused to fire. Thus, under the sav- 
 age and abominable custom of duelling, was put 
 out the brightest intellect in America. — Rid- 
 PATH's U. S., ch. 48, p. 382. 
 
 174§. DUEL, Naval. Paul Jones. Dr. Frank- 
 lin succeeded in getting him another ship, the 
 ever famous Bon Homme Richard, thus named 
 by Captain Jones in honor of the venerable edi- 
 tor of Poor Richard's Almanac. She was a 
 large, slow, rotten old ship, carrying forty guns, 
 and manned by three hundred and eighty sail- 
 ors and landsmen of all nations — French, Irish, 
 Scotch, Portuguese, Malays, Maltese, and a 
 sprinkling of Americans. It was in this ship 
 that the indomitable Jones fought the Serapis, a 
 new British ship of forty -four guns, one of the 
 stoutest vessels in the English navy. This was 
 perhaps the most desperate and bloody contest 
 that ever took place between single ships. It 
 was fought in the evening of September 23d, 
 1778, so near the Yorkshire coast that the battle 
 was witnessed by hundreds of spectators on the 
 shore. ... At half -past ten in the evening, the 
 British ship being on fire in many places, her 
 captain struck his colors. The Bon Homme 
 Richard was so completely knocked to pieces, 
 that she could not be kept afloat. She sank the j 
 next day, and Captain Jones went into port in 
 the captured ship, with 700 prisoners. This great 
 victory raised his fame to the highest point. The 
 King of France gave him a magnificent diamond ] 
 hilted sword, and Congress voted him a gold med- 
 al. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 337. 
 
 1749. DUEL proposed. Monarchs. The French] 
 army had passed the Alps, when Charles V. 
 set out from Rome, and obliged them again] 
 to retreat across the mountains, and entering j 
 Provence, advanced as far as Marseilles, anaj 
 laid siege to Aries, while another army ray- 
 aged Champagne and Picardy. It was on this J 
 occasion of the enterprise against the Milanese j 
 that Francis [I.] took it into his head to send] 
 Charles a challenge to engage him in single J 
 combat, staking as a prize Milan on the one' 
 part, and Burgundy on the other. The chal- 
 lenge was accepted, but it may be believed that^ 
 this extraordinary duel was never fought. — Tyt- | 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 19. 
 
 1750. DUEL, Religious. Wellington. [Onj 
 the 31st of March, 1829, the Duke of Wellington 1 
 had a hostile meeting in Battersea fields with the 
 Earl of Winchelsea, occasioned by an insinuation , 
 respecting the duke's sincere attachment to Prot- 
 estantism.] The Duke of Wellington fired: 
 without effect ; the Earl of Winchelsea dis- 
 charged his pistol in the air, and then tendered 
 
DUELS— EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 30^ 
 
 a written apology. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 
 13, p. 240. 
 
 1751. BXTELS, Inequality in. Josiah Quincy. 
 His ardor in debate would have led to frequent 
 challenges and duels if he had not from the first 
 made up his mind never to be bullied into an ac- 
 quiescence with so barbarous a custom. In con- 
 versation with Southern members on the sub- 
 ject, he would say : "We do not stand upon 
 equal grounds in this matter. If we fight and 
 you kill me, it is a feather in your cap, and your 
 constituents will think all the better of you for 
 it. If I should kill you, it would ruin me with 
 mine, and they would never send me to Congress 
 again." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 752. 
 
 1752. DUPLICITY, National. Treacherous. An 
 amount of duplicity and treachery, happily un- 
 paralleled in the future conduct of our coun- 
 try, [was practised by the ministry of Queen 
 Anne toward the allies, with whom she was 
 bound, by special treaties, to resist France]. The 
 ministry were afraid of some brilliant success in 
 Flanders that might derange their plans ; and to 
 prevent such a calamity, they gave secret infor- 
 mation to the enemy of the military projects of 
 the allies, and at the most critical moment of the 
 campaign they withdrew their troops from the 
 contest. [Their general was commanded to keep 
 Tip the pretence of co-operation, but to prevent 
 any engagement before he was ordered home 
 with his army.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 25, 
 p. 392. 
 
 1753. DUTIES, High. /Sa«. [During the reign 
 of William III. the duty on salt was raised to 
 forty times the value of the article taxed.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 2, p. 22. 
 
 1754. DWELLINGS, Plainness in. Lycurgus 
 ilie Lawgiver. He issued an ordinance which 
 levelled against magnificence and expense, direct- 
 ed that the ceilings of houses should be wrought 
 with no tool but the axe, and the doors with 
 nothing but the saw. For Epaminondas is re- 
 ported to have said, afterward . . . such a house ad- 
 mits of no luxury and needless splendor. Indeed, 
 no man could be so absurd as to bring into a 
 dwelling so homely and simple, bedsteads with 
 silver feet, purple coverlets, golden cups, and a 
 train of expense that follows these, but all would 
 necessarily have the bed suitable to the room, 
 the coverlet of the bed and the rest of their 
 utensils and furniture to that. — Plutarch's 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 1755. EARNESTNESS, Eloquence of. Peter the 
 Hermit. [Heinstigated the Crusades.] When he 
 painted the sufferings of the natives and pilgrims 
 of Palestine, every heart was melted to compas- 
 sion ; every breast glowed with indignation when 
 he challenged the warriors of the age to defend 
 their brethren and rescue their Saviour ; his igno- 
 rance of art and language was compensated by 
 sighs and tears and ejaculations ; and Peter sup- 
 plied the deficiency of reason by loud and fre- 
 quent appeals to Christ and His mother, to the 
 saints and angels of paradise, with whom he had 
 personally conversed. The most perfect orator 
 of Athens might have envied the success of his 
 eloquence ; the rustic enthusiast inspired the 
 passions which he felt, and Christendom expect- 
 '■(1 with impatience the counsels and decrees of 
 the supreme pontiff. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, 
 p. 538. 
 
 1756. EARNESTNESS vs. Humor. Abraham 
 Lincoln. A radical member of . . . Congress 
 . . . during the dark days of 1862 . . . called 
 upon the President. Mr. Lincoln commenced 
 telling some trifling incident, which the Con- 
 gressman was in no mood to hear. He rose to 
 his feet, and said, " Mr. President, I did not come 
 here this morning to hear stories ; it is too serious- 
 a time." Instantly the smile disappeared from 
 
 Mr. Lincoln's face, who exclaimed, "A , sit 
 
 down ! I respect you as an earnest and sincere 
 man. You cannot be more anxious than I am 
 constantly, and I say to you now, that were it 
 not for this occasional vent, I should die !" — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 726. 
 
 1757. EARNESTNESS, Success by. Woodenr 
 Sword. Abdel-Mourad, a dervish and a favor- 
 ite warrior of Orkhan, made a vow never to em- 
 ploy in battle but a sabre made of the wood of the 
 plane-tree. The vigor of his arm gave, it is said, 
 to this weapon the weight and the edge of one of 
 iron. Orkhan, at the death of Abd-el-Mourad, 
 caused the weapon to be treasured in the archives- 
 of the empire. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 220. 
 
 175§. EARTHQUAKE, Destructive. Ancient. 
 In the second year of the reign of Valentinian 
 and Valens, on the morning of the twenty-first 
 day of July, the greatest part of the Roman world 
 was shaken by a violent and destructive earth- 
 quake. The impression was communicated to- 
 the waters ; the shores of the Mediterranean were^ 
 left dry by the sudden retreat of the sea ; great 
 quantities of fish were caught with the hand ; 
 large vessels were stranded on the mud ; and a 
 curious spectator amused his eye, or rather his- 
 fancy, by contemplating the various appearance 
 of valleys and mountains, which had never, since 
 the formation of the globe, been exposed to the 
 sun. But the tide soon returned, with the weight 
 of an immense and irresistible deluge, which was- 
 severely felt on the coasts of Sicily, of Dalmatia, 
 of Greece, and of Egypt ; large boats were trans- 
 ported and lodged on the roofs of houses, or at 
 the distance of two miles from the shore ; the- 
 people, with their habitations, were swept away 
 by the waters ; and the city of Alexandria annu- 
 ally commemorated the fatal day on which 
 fifty thousand persons had lost their lives in the 
 inundation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26. 
 
 1759. EARTHQUAKES, Period of. Ancient. 
 [The historian observes] that this fever of the 
 earth raged with uncommon violence during the 
 reign of Justinian. Each year is marked by the^ 
 repetition of earthquakes, of such duration tha 
 Constantinople has been shaken above forty days y 
 of such extent, that the shock has been commu 
 nicated to the whole surface of the globe, or 8^^ 
 least of the Roman empire. An impulsive or 
 vibratory motion was felt ; enormous chasms 
 were opened, huge and heavy bodies were dis- 
 charged into the air, the sea alternately advanced 
 and retreated beyond its ordinary bounds, and a 
 mountain was torn from Libanus and cast into 
 the waves, where it protected, as a mole, the new 
 harbor of Botrys in Phoenicia. The stroke that 
 agitates an ant-hill may crush the insect-myriads- 
 in the dust ; yet truth must extort confession that 
 man has industriously labored for his own de- 
 struction. The institution of great cities, which 
 include a nation within the limits of a wall, al- 
 most realizes the wish of Caligula, that the Ro- 
 
.^10 
 
 EASE— ECONOMY. 
 
 man people had but one neck. Two hundred 
 and fifty thousand persons are said to have per- 
 ished in the earthquake of Antioch, whose do- 
 mestic multitudes were swelled by the conflux 
 of strangers to the festival of the Ascension. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43. 
 
 1760. EASE, Irreligious. Samuel Johnson. 
 In Ms "Meditations" he thus accuses himself: 
 " Good Friday, April 20, 1764. I have made 
 no reformation ; I have lived totally useless, 
 more sensual in thought, and more addicted 
 to wine and meat." And next morning he 
 thus feelingly complains : " My indolence, since 
 my last reception of the sacrament, has sunk 
 into grosser sluggishness, and my dissipation 
 spread into wilder negligence. My thoughts 
 have been clouded with sensuality ; and ex- 
 cept that from the beginning of this year I 
 have, in some measure, forborne excess of strong 
 drink, my appetites have predominated over my 
 reason. A kind of strange oblivion has over- 
 ^spread me, so that I know not what has become 
 of the last year ; and perceive that incidents and 
 intelligence pass over me without leaving any 
 impression." He then solemnly says : " This is 
 not the life to which heaven is promised ;" and 
 he earnestly resolves an amendment. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 134. 
 
 1761. EATING, Custom in. Manchester. The 
 ■social condition of Manchester at the end of the 
 seventeenth century was very primitive. Its man- 
 ufactures were carried on by small masters, who 
 had apprentices residing in their houses. The 
 master and his young men breakfasted together 
 upon " water pottage boiled thick," and a bowl 
 of milk stood upon the table, into which all 
 dipped their spoons. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 2, p. 24. 
 
 1762. . Roman. The custom of 
 
 reclining on couches came not into use till the 
 .end of the sixth century, and for some time after 
 it was adopted by the men the Roman ladies, 
 from motives of decency, continued to sit up- 
 right at table ; but these scruples were soon re- 
 moved, and all promiscuously adopted the re- 
 cumbent posture, except the youth who had not 
 yet attained the age of putting on the manly robe. 
 They sat in a respectful posture at the bottom of 
 the couch. These couches were ranged along 
 three sides of a square table,which was then called 
 triclinium, as was likewise the chamber itself in 
 which they supped. The fourth side of the table 
 remained open for the servants to place and re- 
 move the dishes. Above was a large canopy of 
 cloth suspended by the corners, to prevent the 
 company being incommoded with dust. It was 
 this custom that enables Horace to introduce a 
 ludicrous accident, which he describes as occur- 
 ring at a supper given by the niggardly but os- 
 tentatious Nasidienus to Mecsenas, and some 
 other courtiers. While the landlord is enlarging 
 on the praises of a favorite dish, and discussing 
 the merits of the component ingredients of the 
 sauce, the canopy falls down and involves every- 
 thing — host, guest, supper and dishes — in a cloud 
 of dust and darkness. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 4, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 1763. ECONOMY, Habit of. Treasure. For 
 their relief [the people], as often as they had 
 suffered by natural or hostile calamities, he was 
 impatient to remit the arrears of the past, or the 
 
 demands of future taxes ; he sternly rejected the 
 servile offerings of his ministers, which were 
 compensated by tenfold oppression ; and the wise 
 and equitable laws of Tiberius excited the praise 
 and regret of succeeding times. Constantinople 
 believed that the emperor had discovered a treas- 
 ure ; but his genuine treasure consisted in the 
 practice of liberal economy, and the contempt of 
 all vain and superfluous expense. The Romans 
 of the East would have been happy, if the best 
 gift of Heaven, a patriot king, had been con- 
 firmed as a proper and permanent blessing. [Ti- 
 berius was emperor of the Eastern Empire.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 45, p. 404. 
 
 1764. ECONOMY misrepresented. Meanness. 
 [It is common to impute blame to Elizabeth for 
 parsimony, as she was not accustomed to spend 
 her revenues for her own luxurious gratification. 
 She used them to pay the crown debt of four 
 millions, and to repair her decayed navy. She 
 consumed little or nothing in her pleasures.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 15, p. 238. 
 
 1765. ECONOMY, National. Frederick the 
 Qreat. [Every seventh man in the vigor of life 
 was a soldier — army expenses enormous.] In 
 order that it might not be utterly ruinous, it was 
 necessary that every other expense should be cut 
 down to the lowest possible point. Accordingly, 
 Frederick, though his dominions bordered on 
 the sea, had no navy. He neither had nor wished 
 to have colonies. His judges, his fiscal officers, 
 were meanly paid. His ministers at foreign 
 courts walked on foot, or drove shabby old car- 
 riages till the axletrees gave way. Even to his 
 highest diplomatic agents, who resided at Lon- 
 don and Paris, he allowed less than £1000 ster- 
 ling a year. The royal household was managed 
 with a frugality unusual in the establishments of 
 opulent subjects — unexampled in any other pal- 
 ace. The king loved good eating and drinking, 
 and during a great part of his life took pleasure 
 in seeing his table surrounded by guests ; yet the 
 whole charge of his kitchen was brought within 
 the sum of £2000 sterling a year. He examined 
 every extraordinary item with a care which might 
 be thought to suit the mistress of a boarding- 
 house better than a great prince. — Macaijlay's 
 Frederick the Great, p. 46. 
 
 1766. ECONOMY and Thrift. /mpmaZ. [John 
 Ducas Vataces, ruler of the Eastern Empire in 
 1222, rescued the provinces from national and 
 foreign usurpers.] The calamities of the times 
 had wasted the numbers and the substance of 
 the Greeks ; the motives and the means of agri- 
 culture were extirpated ; and the most fertile 
 lands were left without cultivation or inhabi- 
 tants. A portion of this vacant property was 
 occupied and improved by the command, and 
 for the benefit, of the emperor ; a powerful hand 
 and a vigilant eye supplied and surpassed, by a 
 skilful management, the minute diligence of a 
 private farmer ; the royal domain became the 
 garden and granary of Asia ; and without im- 
 poverishing the people, the sovereign acquired a 
 fund of innocent and productive wealth. Ac- 
 cording to the nature of the soil, his lands were 
 sown with corn or planted with vines ; the past- 
 ures were filled with horses and oxen, with sheep 
 and hogs ; and when Vataces presented to the 
 empress a crown of diamonds and pearls, he in- 
 formed her, with a smile, that this precious oma- 
 
ECONOMY— EDUCATION. 
 
 ari 
 
 ment arose from the sale of the eggs of his innu- 
 merable poultry. The produce of his domain 
 was applied to the maintenance of his palace and 
 hospitals, the calls of dignity and benevolence ; 
 the lesson was still more useful than the revenue ; 
 the plough was restored to its ancient security 
 and honor ; and the nobles were taught to seek 
 a sure and independent revenue from their es- 
 tates, instead of adorning their splendid beggary 
 by the oppression of the people, or (what is al- 
 most the same) by the favors of the court. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 42. 
 
 1767. ECONOMY, Wise. William Penn. a.d. 
 1683. [When about to leave his family for 
 America,] his wife, who was the love of his 
 youth, was reminded of his impoverishment be- 
 cause of his public spirit, and recommended econ- 
 omy. " Live low and sparingly till my debts be 
 paid." Yet for his children he adds : " Let their 
 learning be liberal ; spare no cost, for by such 
 parsimony all is lost that is saved." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 176§. ECSTASY, Eeligious, Bunyan. The 
 suffering was over now, and he felt that it had 
 been infinitely beneficial to him. He understood 
 better the glory of God and of His Son. The 
 Scriptures had opened their secrets to him, and 
 he had seen them to be in very truth the keys of 
 the kingdom of heaven. Never so clearly as 
 after this "temptation" had he perceived "the 
 heights of grace and love and mercy." Two 
 or three times "he had such strange apprehen- 
 sions of the grace of God as had amazed him." 
 The impression was so overpowering, that if it 
 had continued long "it would have rendered 
 him incapable for business." — Froude's Bun- 
 yan, ch. 4. 
 
 1769. EDIFICE, Monumental. Pericles. The 
 orators of Thucydides' party raised a clamor 
 •against Pericles, asserting that he wasted the 
 public treasure, and brought the revenue to noth- 
 ing. Pericles, in his defence, asked the people 
 in full assembly whether they thought he had 
 expended too much. Upon their answering in 
 the affirmative, " Then belt," said he, " charged 
 to my account, not yours ; only let the new edi- 
 fice be inscribed with my name, not that of the 
 people of Athens." Whether it was that they 
 admired the greatness of his spirit, or were am- 
 "bitious to share the glory of such magnificent 
 works, they cried out that he might spend as 
 much as he pleased of the public treasure, with- 
 out si^aring it in the least. — Plutarch's Per- 
 icles. 
 
 1770. EDUCATION, Ancient. Persians. Yet 
 I amid this wantonness of Asiatic magnificence, 
 
 the care which those princes bestowed on the 
 
 education of their children merited the highest 
 
 I praise. They were, almost as soon as born, re- 
 
 ! moved from the palace, and committed to the 
 
 I •charge of eunuchs of approved fidelity and dis- 
 
 • «rotion. At seven years of age they learned the 
 
 exercise of riding, and went daily to the chase, 
 
 to inure them betimes to fatigue and intrepidity. 
 
 At the age of fourteen they were put under the 
 
 care of four preceptors eminently distinguished 
 
 by their wisdom and abilities. The first opened 
 
 to them the doctrines of the magi ; the second 
 
 impressed them with a veneration for truth ; the 
 
 third exercised them in the habits of fortitude 
 
 and magnanimity ; and the fourth inculcated 
 
 the most diflacult of all lessons, especially to the 
 great — the perfect command and government of 
 their passions. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1771. . Popular. The Persians 
 
 in general, above every other nation, were noted 
 for their extreme attention to the education of 
 youth. Before the age of five the children were 
 exclusively under the tuition of the mother and 
 assistant females. After that age they were 
 committed to the charge of the magi, an order of 
 men whose proper function was that of priests 
 or ministers of the national religion, but who 
 spent their lives in the pursuit of wisdom and 
 the practice of the strictest morality. By their 
 precepts and their example, the Persian youth 
 were early trained to virtue and good morals. 
 They were taught the most sacred regard to truth, 
 the highest veneration for their parents and su- 
 periors, the most perfect submission to the laws 
 of their country, and respect for its magistrates. 
 Nor was the culture of the body neglected. The 
 youth were trained to every manly exercise — a 
 preparative to their admission into the body 
 of the king's guards, in which they were enrolled 
 at the age of seventeen. The general system of 
 education among the Persians is thus laconically 
 described by Herodotus: "From the age of 
 five to that of twenty they teach their children 
 three things alone — to manage a horse, to use 
 the bow with dexterity, and to speak truth." — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. 
 
 1772. EDUCATION, Anti-Classical. Frederick 
 the Great. The Latin was positively interdicted. 
 "My son," his Majesty wrote, "shall not learn 
 Latin ; and, more than that, I will not suffer any- 
 body even to mention such a thing to me." One 
 of the preceptors ventured to read the Goldekn 
 Bull in the original with the Prince Royal. 
 Frederick William entered the room, and broke 
 out in his usual kingly style. "Rascal, what 
 are you at there ?" " Please, your Majesty," an- 
 swered the preceptor, " I was explaining the 
 Golden Bull to his royal Highness." " I'll Gold- 
 en Bull you, you rascal," roared the majesty 
 of Prussia. Up went the king's cane, away ran 
 the terrified instructor, and Frederick's classical 
 education was ended. — Macaulay's Freder- 
 ick THE Great, p. 16. 
 
 1773. EDUCATION, Apportionment for. Massa- 
 chusetts Colony. The governor assigned for the 
 support of the [Harvard] college the profits of 
 the ferry over the Charles River, and the people 
 were called upon to make an annual contribution 
 to it, of at least one peck of corn ! For many, many 
 years, however, the college was a heavy charge 
 upon the people, and the tutors and president 
 were most scantily and precariously maintained. 
 . . . Nine years after their winter march through 
 the wilderness the Connecticut colonists begun 
 to contribute a little toward the support of Har- 
 vard College, each family being requested by the 
 legislature to give one peck of wheat per annum. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., pp. 584, 591. 
 
 1774. EDUCATION appreciated. Ancient Ro- 
 mans. Plutarch, in his comparison between 
 Numa and Lycurgus, has bestowed a severe cen- 
 sure on the Roman lawgiver, for his neglecting 
 to establish a system, or to institute any fixed 
 rules for the education of the Roman youth. 
 But the truth is, that although the laws prescrib- 
 ed no such system, or general plan of discipline- 
 
213 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 like those of Sparta, yet there never existed a 
 people who bestowed more attention on the ed- 
 ucation of their youth. In the dialogue, " De 
 Oratoribus," attributed by some authors to Taci- 
 tus, by others to Quintilian, there is a fine passage 
 which shows in a remarkable manner that extreme 
 care bestowed, even in the earliest infancy, to 
 form the manners and disposition of the Roman 
 children. From this passage we learn, that in 
 the earlier ages of the Roman commonwealth, 
 such was that anxious care bestowed on their 
 children by the Roman matrons — such that jeal- 
 ousy of their receiving any of their earliest im- 
 pressions from slaves or domestics — that they 
 not only educated their own children, but ac- 
 counted it an honorable employment to superin- 
 tend and assist in educating the children of their 
 relations. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 3. 
 
 1775. . Richard Arkwright. [Rich- 
 ard Arkwright, the inventor of the spinning-ma- 
 chine, was, after a severe struggle, raised from 
 poverty to wealth.] As he rose into rank and 
 importance, he felt the necessity of correcting 
 the defects of his early education ; and after his 
 fiftieth year he applied two hours of each day, 
 snatched from sleep, to improve himself in 
 grammar, orthography, and writing. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 49. 
 
 1776. . Sir William Jones. There 
 
 was a little boy who some years back entered 
 Harrow School, and was put into a class beyond 
 his years, wherein all the other boys had the ad- 
 vantage of previous instruction. His master 
 used to reprove his dulness, but all his efforts 
 could not raise him from the lowest place in the 
 form. But the boy, nothing daunted, procured 
 the grammar and other elementary books which 
 the others had previously studied ; he devoted 
 the hours of play, and not a few of the hours of 
 sleep, to the mastery of these, till, in a few weeks, 
 he began gradually to rise, and it was not long 
 before he shot far ahead of his companions, and 
 became not only the leader of his class but the 
 pride of Harrow. The statue of that boy, who 
 thus zealously began his career, is in St Paul's 
 Cathedral ; for he lived to be the greatest Orien- 
 tal scholar in modern Europe. 
 
 1777. . Bobert Stephenson's Father. 
 
 When Robert was a little boy, I saw how defi- 
 cient I wa« in education, and I made up my mind 
 that he should not labor under the same defect, 
 but that I would put him to a good school, and 
 give him a liberal training. I was, however, a 
 poor man. ... I betook myself to mending my 
 neighbors' clocks. — Smiles' Brief Biogra- 
 phies, p. 56. 
 
 177§. EDUCATION, Athletic. Boman. The 
 exercises of the body were . . . particularly at- 
 tended to. Wrestling, running, boxing, swim- 
 ming, using the bow and javelin, managing the 
 horse, and, in short, whatever might harden the 
 body and increase its strength and activity, were 
 all reckoned necessary parts of education. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist. , Book 4, ch. 3. 
 
 1779. EDUCATION, Beginning in. Colony 
 of Massachusetts. It was ever the custom, and it 
 soon became a law, in Puritan New England, 
 that " none of the brethren should suffer so much 
 barbarism in their families as not to teach their 
 children and apprentices so much learning as 
 
 may enable them perfectly to read the English 
 tongue." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch, 10. 
 
 17§0. EDUCATION, Christian. England, 1510. 
 John Colet . . . seized the opportunity to com- 
 mence the work of educational reform by devot- 
 ing, in 1510, his private fortune to the founda- 
 tion of a grammar school beside St. Paul's. The 
 bent of its founder's mind was shown by the 
 image of the child Jesus over the master's chair, 
 with the words " Hear ye Him " graven beneath 
 it. "Lift up your little white hands for me," 
 wrote the dean to his scholars in words which, 
 prove the tenderness that lay beneath the stern 
 outer seeming of a man — " forme which prayeth. 
 for you to God." All the educational designs of 
 the reformers were carried out in the new f otinda- 
 tion. The old methods of instruction were super- 
 seded by fresh grammars composed by Erasmus, 
 and other scholars for its use. Lily, an Oxford stu- 
 dent who had studied Greek in the East, wa» 
 placed at its head. The injunctions of the founder 
 aimed at the union of rational religion with sound 
 learning, at the exclusion of the scholastic logic, 
 and at the steady diffusion of the two classical 
 literatures. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 509. 
 
 1781. EDUCATION, Civilization by. Ancient 
 Germans. The Germans, in the age of Tacitus, 
 were unacquainted with the use of letters ; and 
 the use of letters is the principal circumstance 
 that distinguishes a civilized people from a herd 
 of savages incapable of knowledge or reflection. 
 Without that artificial help, the human memory- 
 soon dissipates or corrupts the ideas intrusted to- 
 her charge ; and the nobler faculties of the mind, 
 no longer supplied with models or with materials,, 
 gradually forget their powers ; the judgment be- 
 comes feeble and lethargic, the imagination lan- 
 guid or irregular. Fully to apprehend this im- 
 portant truth let us attempt, in an improved so-^ 
 ciety, to calculate the immense distance between 
 the man of learning and the illiterate peasant. 
 The former, by reading and reflection, multiplies- 
 his own experience, and lives in distant ages and 
 remote countries ; while the latter, rooted to a 
 single spot, and confined to a few years of exist- 
 ence, surpasses but very little his fellow-laborer, 
 the ox, in the exercise of his mental faculties. 
 The same, and even a greater difference, will be 
 found between nations than between individuals ; 
 and we may safely pronounce without some spe- 
 cies of writing, no people . . . has ever made any 
 considerable progress in the abstract sciences, or 
 ever possessed in any tolerable degree of perfec- 
 tion the useful and agreeable arts of life. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 258. 
 
 1782. EDUCATION, Collegiate. Southey. Of 
 all the months of his life, those passed at Oxford, 
 Southey declared, were the most unprofitable. 
 " All I learnt was a little swimming . . . and a 
 little boating. ... I never remember to have 
 dreamt of Oxford — a sure proof how little it en- 
 tered into my moral being ; of school, on the con- 
 trary, I dream perpetually." The miscellaneous 
 society of workers, idlers, dunces, bucks, men of 
 muscle and men of money, did not please him ; 
 he lacked what Wordsworth calls " the congre- 
 gating temper that pervades our unripe years." 
 — Dowden's Southey, ch. 3. 
 
 1783. EDUCATION, Contributions for. TaU 
 College. " 1 give these books for the founding 
 of a college in this colony." Such were the 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 213 
 
 •words of ten ministers who, in the year 1700, 
 assembled at the village of Branford, a few miles 
 £ast of New Haven. Each of the worthy fathers 
 -deposited a few books on the table around which 
 '.they were sitting ; such was the founding of Yale 
 College. . . . One of the most liberal patrons was 
 Elihu Yale.— Ridpath's U. S., eh. 21, p. 192. 
 
 iy§4. EDUCATION, Deficiency in. George 
 Washington. The son of a widow . . . born . . . 
 beneath the roof of a "Westmoreland farmer; 
 almost from infancy his lot had been the lot of 
 an orphan. No academy had welcomed him to 
 its shades, no college crowned him with its hon- 
 ors ; to read, to write, to cipher — these had been 
 his degrees in knowledge. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 <;h. 24, vol. 3. 
 
 17§5. EDUCATION, Deprived of. Peter Coo- 
 j)er, LL.D. From his delicacy of constitution 
 chiefly, he was never able to endure the confine- 
 ment of school ; in fact, he never attended school 
 more than one year, and then only a portion of 
 the time for a part of the day. Owing to this 
 cause, more than to the poverty of his father, he 
 was deprived of all school training. But this 
 turned out in after years a blessing, although he 
 could never so regard it ; for one of the deepest 
 influences that shaped his character and acts was 
 the high estimate he put upon knowledge, which 
 he was not able to obtain in his boyhood, and to 
 this fact we owe the existence of the Cooper In- 
 ;stitute. He often said to his friends that he was 
 determined, as far as in him lay, to save as many 
 _young people as he could from what he called 
 his misfortune — the lack of early education. 
 "This is one of the instances in which some of the 
 greatest gifts of fortune turn out to have been 
 blessings in disguise ... he persisted to the last in 
 Tegarding "the lack of schooling" as the great 
 misfortune of his life. " If I could have had 
 ;such advantages as we can give the poorest boy 
 now, how much more could I have done !" 
 These words often fell from his lips. — Lester's 
 Life of Peter Cooper, p. 11. 
 
 17§6. EDUCATION, Devoted to. Gonfudus. 
 Returning to his native country after his journey 
 in search of wisdom, he entered seriously upon 
 the great work of his life, which was to record 
 all that he had himself learned and thought, as 
 well as all which he considered worthy of preser- 
 vation iu the works of the ancients. His object 
 was to gather and to arrange the whole wisdom 
 of his country so that it could be conveniently 
 communicated to his people and their descendants 
 forever. To this labor he devoted all the leisure 
 of the rest of his life, and he produced a series of 
 works upon which the soul of China has ever 
 :since subsisted, and which do really contain a 
 very pure and exalted system of morals. — Cy- 
 
 •CLOPEDIA OF BlOG., p. 411. 
 
 17§7. EDUCATION difficult. Abraham Lin- 
 ■coln. During the twelve years that the family 
 remained in Indiana, Abraham's father encourag- 
 ed him to improve all the opportunities offered 
 for mental development. How scanty these 
 privileges were may be inferred from the fact that 
 the entire number of days that he was able to at- 
 tend school hardly exceeded one year. — Ray- 
 mond's Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 21. 
 
 iy§8. . George Washington. At 
 
 •eleven years old left an orphan to the care of 
 
 ... an unlettered mother, he grew up without 
 learning. Of arithmetic and geometry he ac- 
 quired just knowledge enough to be able to prac- 
 tise measuring land ; but all his instruction at 
 school taught him not so much as the orthogra- 
 phy or rules of grammar of his own tongue. His 
 culture was altogether his own work, and he was 
 in the strictest sense a self-made man ; yet from 
 his early life he never seemed uneducated. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 37. 
 
 17§9. EDUCATION disparaged. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [His mother] had instructed him in 
 the rudiments of writing, and Mr. Lincoln, in 
 spite of the disparaging remarks of his neigh- 
 bors, who regarded the accomplishment as en- 
 tirely unnecessary, encouraged his son to perse- 
 vere. . . . One of the very first efforts of his fal- 
 tering pen was writing a letter to an old friend of 
 his mother's, a travelling preacher, urging him 
 to come and deliver a sermon over her grave. 
 , . . Abraham's pen thereafter found frequent 
 employment in writing letters for the same neigh- 
 bors who had before pretended to esteem lightly 
 the accomplishment. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 
 1, p. 21. 
 
 1790. Education, Distinction by. Belative. 
 Our estimate of personal merit is relative to the 
 common faculties of mankind. The aspiring 
 efforts of genius or virtue, either in active or 
 speculative life, are measured not so much by 
 their real elevation as by the height to which 
 they ascend above the level of their age or coun- 
 try ; and the same stature which iu a people of 
 giants would pass unnoticed must appear con- 
 spicuous in a race of pygmies. Leonidas and 
 his three hundred companions devoted their 
 hves at Thermopylae ; but the education of the 
 infant, the boy, and the man had prepared and 
 almost insured this memorable sacrifice ; and 
 each Spartan would approve rather than admire 
 an act of duty of which himself and eight thou- 
 sand of his fellow-citizens were equally capable. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42, p. 190. 
 
 1791. EDUCATION, Donations to. Harvard 
 College, Some of the early donations were very 
 simple and curious. A clergyman, for example, 
 having neither money nor lands to bestow, gave 
 the coTlege two cews, valued at £9. A gentleman 
 presented nine shillings' worth of cotton cloth. 
 Another contributed forty shillings a year for ten 
 years ; and a farmer, who lived in Hartford, be- 
 queathed £100 to be paid in corn and meal, the 
 college to defray the cost of transportation. One 
 of the Bahama Islands,for which at a time of fam- 
 ine collections had been made in New England, 
 now in its turn made a collection for the college, 
 "out of their poverty," as they said, and sent 
 £124. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 583. 
 
 1792. EDUCATION, End of. Cooper Institute. 
 The corner-stone of the Union was laid. Within 
 that stone was placed a scroll which bore this 
 inscription : "The great object that I desire to 
 accomplish by the erection of this institution, is 
 to open the avenues of scientific knowledge to 
 the youth of our city and country, and so un- 
 fold the volume of nature, that the young may 
 see the beauties of creation, enjoy its blessings, 
 and learn to love the Author from whom cometh 
 every good and perfect gift." — Lester's Life 
 OF Peter Cooper, p. 34. 
 
214 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 1793. EDUCATION, Errors in. Luther's. In 
 Mansfield he received his first instruction, being 
 sent to school at a very early age. . . . The 
 discipline was so severe that Luther never forgot 
 it. He tells of severe tortures with declensions 
 and conjugations. " The schoolmasters in my 
 
 / days," says he, " v^ere tyrants and executioners ; 
 the schools were jails and hells ! And in spite 
 of fear and misery, floggings and tremblings, 
 nothing was learned. The young people were 
 treated altogether too severely, so that they 
 might well have been called martyrs. Time 
 was wasted over many useless things, and thus 
 many an able mind was ruined." He himself 
 was innocently lashed fifteen times in the course 
 of a single morning because he did not know 
 what had not been tai ght him. — Rein's Lu- 
 ther, ch. 2, p. 21. 
 
 1794. EDUCATION, General. New England. 
 In matters of education New England took 
 the lead. Her system of free schools extended 
 everywhere, from the Hudson to the Penobscot. 
 Every village furnished the facilities for ac- 
 quiring knowledge. So complete and universal 
 were the means of acquiring instruction, that in 
 the times preceding the Revolution there was 
 not to be-found in all New England an adult, 
 born in the country, who could not read and 
 write. Splendid achievement of Puritanism ! — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 36, p. 282. 
 
 1795. EDUCATION guarded. Books. [Ordi- 
 nances for the daily conduct of the Prince of 
 Wales were drawn up by his father, just before 
 his death,] which prescribed his morning attend- 
 ance at mass, his occupation "at his school," 
 his meals, and his sports. No man is to sit at 
 his board but such as Earl Rivers shall allow ; 
 and at this hour of meat it is ordered "that 
 there be read before him noble stories, as be- 
 hooveth a prince to understand ; and that the 
 communication at all times, in his presence, be 
 of virtue, honor, cunning [knowledge], wisdom, 
 and deeds of worship, and of nothing that shall 
 move him to vice. "... [The prince was twelve 
 years old at the time of his father's death, in 
 1483.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 11, p. 176. 
 
 1796. EDUCATION, Helps to. Robert Burns. 
 He appears not onlj^ as a true British poet, but 
 as one of the most considerable British men of 
 the eighteenth century. Let it not be objected 
 that he did little ; he did much, if we consider 
 where and how. If the work performed was 
 small, we must remember that he had his very 
 materials to discover ; for the metal he worked in 
 lay hid under the desert, where no eye but his 
 had guessed its existence ; and we may almost 
 say, that with his own hand he had to construct 
 the tools for fashioning it. For he found himself 
 in deepest obscurity, without help, without 
 instruction, without models, or with models only 
 of the meanest sort. An educated man stands, 
 as it were, in the midst of a boundless arsenal 
 and magazine, filled with all the weapons and 
 engines which man's skill has been able to devise 
 from the earliest time ; and he works, accord- 
 ingly, with a strength borrowed from all past 
 ages. How different is his state who stands on 
 the outside of that storehouse, and feels that its 
 gates must be stormed, or remain forever shut 
 against him ? His means are the commonest and 
 rudest ; the mere work done is no measure of his 
 
 strength. A dwarf behind his steam-engine may 
 remove mountains ; but no dwarf will hew them 
 down with the pickaxe ; and he must be a Titan 
 that hurls them abroad with his arms. — Car- 
 lyle's Burns, p. 15. 
 
 - 1797. EDUCATION, Higher Life by. Aris- 
 totle. Those who have not forgotten their Greek 
 Reader remember the list of Aristotle's wise say- 
 ings given in that work. Being asked in what 
 the educated differ from the uneducated, he said, 
 " As the living differ from the dead." — Cyc. of- 
 BioG., p. 558. 
 
 179§. EDUCATION, Imperfect. Washington. 
 Washington . . . before he became a public man 
 was a bad speller. People were not so particular 
 then in such matters as they are now, and,besides, 
 there really was no settled system of spelling a 
 hundred years ago. When the general wrote for 
 a " rheam of paper," a beaver " hatt," a suit of 
 " cloaths," and a pair of " sattin shoes," there 
 was no Webster unabridged to keep people's- 
 spelling within bounds. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 9. 
 
 1 799. EDUCATION imperilled. Reign of James: 
 11. Soon after the acquittal of the bishops, th& 
 venerable Ormond, the most illustrious of the 
 cavaliers of the great civil war, sank under his. 
 infirmities. The intelligence of his death was- 
 conveyed with speed to Oxford. Instantly the 
 university, of which he had long been chancellor, 
 met to name a successor. One party was for the 
 eloquent and accomplished Halifax ; another for 
 the grave and orthodox Nottingham. Some men- 
 tioned the Earl of Abingdon, who resided near" 
 them, and had recently been turned out of ther 
 lieutenancy of the county for refusing to join, 
 with the king against the established religion. 
 But the majority, consisting of a hundred and 
 eighty graduates, voted for the young Duke of 
 Ormond, grandson of their late head, and son of 
 the gallant Ossory. The speed with which they 
 came to this resolution was caused by their ap- \ 
 prehension that, if there were a delay even of a 
 day, the king would attempt to force on them 
 some chief who would betray their rights. The 
 apprehension was reasonable ; for only two 
 hours after they had separated came a mandate 
 from Whitehall requiring them to choose Jef- : 
 freys [the infamous and brutal chief-justice]. 
 Happily, the election of young Ormond was-, 
 already complete and irrevocable. — Macaulay's- 
 Eng., ch. 9, p. 389. 
 
 1§00. EDUCATION, Indecision in. Samuei- 
 Johnson. We talked of the education of chil- 
 dren ; and I asked him what he thought was^ 
 best to teach them first. Johnson : " Sir, it is 
 no matter what you teach them first, any more 
 than what leg you shall put into your breeches- 
 first. Sir, you may stand disputing which ia 
 best to put in first, but in the mean time your ; 
 breach is bare. Sir, while you are considering 
 which of iwo things you should teach your child 
 first, another boy has learnt them both." — Bos- ; 
 well's Johnson, p. 125. < 
 
 1801. EDUCATION, Independent. Gibbon. 
 I spent fourteen months at Magdalen College ; . 
 they proved the most idle and unprofitable of 
 my whole life. . . . Oxford and Cambridge for 
 nearly a century have been turning out crowds 
 of thorough-paced scholars of the orthodox pat- 
 tern. It is odd that the two greatest historian* 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 215- 
 
 who have been scholars as "well — Gibbon and 
 Grote — were not university-bred men. ... As if 
 to prove by experiment where the fault lay, in 
 " the school or the scholar," Gibbon had no 
 sooner left Oxford for the long vacation than 
 his taste for study returned, and, not content 
 with reading, he attempted original composition. 
 — Morrison's Gibbon, ch. 1. 
 
 1§02. EDUCATION vs. Legislation. Lycur- 
 gus. [Lycurgus, the lawgiver,] resolved the 
 whole business of legislation into the bringing 
 up of youth. And this, as we have observed, was 
 the reason why one of his ordinances forbade 
 them to have any written laws. — Plutarch's 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 1§03. EDUCATION vs. Licentiousness. Reign 
 of Charles II. Ladies liiglily born, highly bred, 
 and naturally quick-witted, were unable to write 
 a line in their mother-tongue without solecisms 
 and faults of spelling such as a charity girl 
 would now be ashamed to commit. . . . The ex- 
 planation may easily be found. Extravagant 
 licentiousness, the natural effect of extravagant 
 austerity, was now the mode ; and licentiousness 
 had produced its ordinary effect, the moral and 
 intellectual degradation of women. To their 
 personal beauty it was the fashion to pay rude 
 and impudent homage. But the admiration and 
 desire which they inspired were seldom mingled 
 with respect, with affection, or with any chival- 
 rous sentiment. The qualities which fit them to 
 be companions, advisers, confidential friends, 
 rather repelled than attracted the libertines of 
 Whitehall. In that court a maid of honor who 
 dressed in such a manner as to do full justice to 
 a white bosom, who ogled significantly, who 
 danced voluptuously, who excelled in pert rep- 
 artee, who was not ashamed to romp with 
 lords of the bed-chamber and captains of the 
 guards, to sing sly verses, with sly expression, or 
 to put on a page's dress for a frolic, was more 
 likely to be followed and admired, more likely 
 to be honored with royal attentions, more likely 
 to win a rich and noble husband than Jane Grey 
 or Lucy Hutchinson would have been. . . . The 
 standard of female attainments was necessarily 
 low, and it was more dangerous to be above that 
 standard than to be beneath it. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 366. 
 
 1§04. EDUCATION, Ministerial. Benevolent. 
 Lady Huntingdon opened a school in a dilapi- 
 dated castle of the twelfth century, at Trevecca, 
 for the education of young men for the ministry, 
 who, without regard to their denominational 
 preference, were welcomed, and provided, at the 
 countess's expense, with board, tuition, and a 
 yearly suit of clothes. — Stevens' Methodism, 
 vol. 1, p. 170. 
 
 1§05. EDUCATION misdirected. Accomplish- 
 ments. [The children of the nobility in the be- 
 ginning of the eighteenth century were] taught 
 dancing, fencing, and riding. It looks like a 
 satire when Burnet recommends that the sons of 
 the nobility should be instructed in geography 
 and history. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 6, 
 p. 57. 
 
 1§06. EDUCATION, Necessary. Alfred the 
 Great. This excellent prince wisely considered 
 the cultivation of letters as the most effectual 
 means of thoroughly eradicating barbarous dis- 
 positions. The ravages of the Danes had totally 
 
 extinguished any small sparks of learning, by 
 the dispersion of the monks, and the burning 
 their monasteries and libraries. To repair these 
 misfortunes, Alfred, like Charlemagne, invited 
 learned men from all quarters of Europe to re- 
 side in his dominions. He established schools, 
 and enjoined every freeholder possessed of two- 
 ploughs to send his children there for instruc- 
 tion. He is said to have founded, or, at least, 
 to have liberally endowed the illustrious semi- 
 nary afterward known as the University of Ox- 
 ford. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, ch. 5. 
 
 l§07. EDUCATION neglected. Ireland. Dur- 
 ing the vain struggle which two generations of 
 Milesian princes maintained against the Tudors, 
 religious enthusiasm and national enthusiasm be- 
 came inseparably blended in the minds of the 
 vanquished race. The new feud of Protestant 
 and papist inflamed the old feud of Saxon and 
 Celt. The English conquerors, meanwhile, 
 neglected all legitimate means of conversion. No 
 pains were taken to provide the conquered na- 
 tion with instructors capable of making them- 
 selves understood. No translation of the Bible 
 was put forth in the Erse language. The gov- 
 ernment contented itself with setting up a vast 
 hierarchy of Protestant archbishops, bishops, 
 and rectors, who did nothing, and who, for 
 doing nothing, were paid out of the spoils of a 
 Church loved and revered by the great body of 
 the people. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 64. 
 
 1§0§. . Reign of Charles II. Many 
 
 lords of manors had received an education dif- 
 fering little from that of their menial servants. 
 The heir of an estate often passed his boyhood 
 and youth at the seat of his family, with no bet- 
 ter tutors than grooms and gamekeepers, and 
 scarce attained learning enough to sign his name 
 to a mittimus. If he went to school and to col- 
 lege, he generally returned before he was twenty 
 to the seclusion of the old hall, and there, unless 
 his mind was very happily constituted by nature, 
 soon forgot his academical pursuits in rural busi- 
 ness and pleasures. His chief serious employ- 
 ment was the care of his property. He exam- 
 ined samples of grain, handled pigs, and on mar- 
 ket days made bargains over a tankard with 
 drovers and hop-merchants. His chief pleasures 
 were commonly derived from field-sports and 
 from an unrefined sensuality. — Macaulay's. 
 ENG.,ch. 3, p. 298. 
 
 1§09. ^— . Sam Houston. What 
 
 were the means of education offered to this Vir- 
 gina boy. We have learned that he never 
 could get into a schoolhouse till he was eight 
 years old, nor that he ever accomplished much, 
 in a literary way, after he did enter. Vir- 
 ginia, which has never become very famous 
 for her common schools, had still less to boast of 
 eighty years ago. The State made little or no 
 provision, by law, for the education of its chil- 
 dren, and each neighborhood was obliged to take 
 care of its rising population. — Lester's Hous- 
 ton, p. 13. 
 
 1§10. EDUCATION opposed.. Colonial Govern- 
 or of Virginia, 1671. " The ministers," continu- 
 ed Sir William [Berkeley,] ". . . should pray of t- 
 ener and preach less. But I thank God there 
 are no free schools nor printing ; and I hope we 
 shall not have these hundred years ; for learning 
 has brought disobedience and heresy and sects 
 
^16 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 into the world, and printing has divulged them, 
 .and libels against the best government. God 
 keep us from both !" — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 5, ch. 14. 
 
 1811. EDUCATION, Patron of. Luther's. 
 Martin Luther vf&s obliged to help himself, since 
 his parents could not provide a complete support. 
 But good-fortune awaited him. For, because 
 of his singing and heartfelt praying, he won the 
 favor of Ursula Cotta, who invited him to a seat 
 .at her table. She was of the family of Schalbe, 
 and the wife of Conrad Cotta, one of the fore- 
 most citizens of the town. — Rein's Luther, ch. 
 .2, p. 23. 
 
 1812. EDUCATION, Philanthropic. Smithso- 
 iian Institute. [In 1824] an eminent English 
 hemistand philanthropist, named James Smith- 
 on, . . . died at Genoa, bequeathing, on certain 
 
 ■conditions, a large sum of money to the United 
 .States. In the fall of 1838, by the death of 
 Smithson's nephew, the proceeds of the estate, 
 amounting to $515,000, were secured by the 
 agent of the national government and deposited 
 in the mint. It had been provided in the will 
 that the bequest should be used for the establish- 
 ment at Washington of an institution /or the in- 
 crease and diffusion of knowledge among men. — 
 RiDPATH's U. S., ch. 56, p. 460. 
 
 1813. EDUCATION, PoUtical. Alexander. 
 Alexander was in the twentieth year of his age 
 when he succeeded, by the death of Philip, to the 
 throne of Macedonia. This prince possessed 
 all the military abilities of his father, inherited a 
 .soul more truly noble, and an ambition yet more 
 unbounded. . , . Under the tutelage of the phi- 
 losopher Aristotle, he received not only a taste 
 for learning and the sciences, but those excel- 
 lent lessons of politics of which that great 
 teacher was qualified, beyond all his contempo- 
 raries, to instruct him. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 2, ch. 4. 
 
 1814. EDUCATION, Power of. Reign of 
 Charles II. In Ireland, at present, a peer holds 
 a far higher station in society than a Roman 
 Catholic priest ; yet there are in Munster and 
 <3onnaught few counties where a combination 
 of priests would not carry an election against a 
 combination of peers. In the seventeenth cen- 
 tury the pulpit was to a large portion of the popu- 
 lation what the periodical press now is. Scarce 
 any of the clowns who came to the parish church 
 ever saw a gazette or a political pamphlet. Ill 
 informed as their spiritual pastor might be, he 
 was yet better informed than themselves ; he 
 had every week an opportunity of haranguing 
 them ; and his harangues were never answered. 
 At every important conjecture, invectives against 
 the Whigs and exhortations to obey the Lord's 
 anointed resounded at once from many thou- 
 . sands of pulpits ; and the effect was formidable 
 
 indeed. Of all the causes which, after the 
 dissolution of the Oxford Parliament, produced 
 the violent reaction against the Exclusionists, 
 the most potent seems to have been the ora- 
 tory of the country clergy. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 311. 
 
 1815. EDUCATION, Precocity in. Samuel 
 Johnson. I hate by-roads in education. Edu- 
 cation is as well known, and has long been as 
 well kno^vn, as ever it can be. Endeavoring 
 
 to make children prematurely wise is useless la- 
 bor. Suppose they have more knowledge at 
 five or six years old than other children, what 
 use can be made of it ? It will be lost before it 
 is wanted, and the waste of so much time and 
 labor of the teacher can never be repaid. Too 
 much is expected from precocit}^, and too little 
 performed. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 266. 
 
 1816. EDUCATION prohibited. Ireland, a.d. 
 1763. No Protestant in Ireland might instruct 
 a papist. Papists could not supply their want 
 by academies and schools of their own ; for a 
 Catholic to teach, even in a private family or as 
 usher to a Protestant, was a felony, punishable by 
 imprisonment, exile, or death. Thus papiste 
 were excluded from all opportunity of education 
 at home. . . . By a statute of King William, to 
 be educated in any foreign Catholic school was 
 an " unalterable and perpetual outlawry." The 
 child sent abroad for education, no matter of 
 how tender an age, . . . could never sue in law 
 or equity, or be guardian, executor, or adminis- 
 trator, or receive any legacy or deed of gift ; he 
 forfeited all his goods and chattels, and forfeit- 
 ed for his life all his lands. Whoever sent him ; 
 abroad ... or assisted him with money 
 incurred the same liabilities and penalties. The j 
 Crown divided the forfeiture with the informer, i 
 — ^Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 4. 
 
 1817. EDUCATION, PubUc. Spartan. Amonj 
 the principal objects of the institutions of Lycui^ 
 gus, the education of the youth of the republi<j 
 was that on which the legislator had bestowed 
 the most particular attention. Children, afte 
 they had attained the age of seven, were nd 
 longer the charge of their parents, but of thd 
 State. Before that period they were taught 
 home the great lessons of obedience and frugall 
 ity. Afterward, under public masters. 
 "They were taught to despise equally danger an<3 
 pain. To shrink under the stroke of punish.1 
 ment was a sufficient reason for having that puaj 
 ishment redoubled. Their very sports ancf 
 amusements were such as are fitted to promot 
 a strength of constitution and vigor and agilit 
 of body. The athletic exercises were prescril 
 ed alike for both sexes, as the bodily vigor ol 
 the mother is essential to that of her offspringj 
 To run, to swim, to wrestle, to hunt, were th<[ 
 constant exercise of the youth. With regard 
 the culture of the mind, the Spartan discipline 
 admitted none of those studies which tend 
 refine or embellish the understanding. But th^ 
 duties of religion, the inviolable bond of apror 
 ise, the sacred obligation of an oath, the respe 
 due to parents, the reverence for old age, the 
 strictest obedience to the laws, and, above all, 
 the love of their country, the noble flame of pa- 
 triotism, were early and assiduously inculcated. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 1818. EDUCATION, Religious. Napoleon I. 
 Though not established in the belief that Chris- 
 tianity was of divine origin, he ever cherished 
 a profound reverence for the religion of the Bi- 
 ble. . . . When the schedule of study for 
 Madame Campan's female school was presented 
 to him, he found as one regulation, "The^oung 
 ladies shall attend prayers twice a week.''' He 
 immediately erased with his pen the words 
 " twice a week," and substituted "Every day." 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 32. 
 
EDUCATION— EFFEMINACY. 
 
 ^17 
 
 li§19. . Weslei/'s. [The home in 
 
 which John Wesley was reared was a model 
 Christian household, a sanctuary of domestic 
 and Christian virtues.] ' Ten of the children at- 
 tained adult years ; all these became devoted 
 Christians, and every one of them " died in the 
 Lord." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 58. 
 
 1S20. EDUCATION, Sacrifices for. Mother's. 
 " My father," thus narrates Dr. Martin Luther, 
 " was a poor miner. My mother gathered wood 
 and carried it home on her back, in order that 
 her children might be educated. Both toiled 
 slavishly for our sakes. In these days people 
 would not do so." But after a little while they 
 reached more comfortable circumstances. — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 2, p. 20. 
 
 1§21. EDUCATION and the State. Alexander. 
 [After the conquest of Persia Alexander the 
 Great accommodated himself] to the manners of 
 the Asiatics, and at the same time persuaded 
 them to adopt some of the Macedonian fashions; 
 for, by a mixture of both, he thought a union 
 might be promoted much better than by force, 
 and his authority maintained when he was at a 
 distance. For the same reason he elected thirty 
 thousand boys, and gave them masters to in- 
 struct them in the Grecian literature, as well as 
 to train them to arms in the Macedonian man- 
 ner. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 1822. EDUCATION, State. Spartan. The 
 Spartan children were not . . . under tutors pur- 
 chased or hired with money, nor were the 
 parents at liberty to educate them as they pleased ; 
 but as soon as they were seven years old Lycur- 
 gup ordered them to be enrolled in companies, 
 ^vhere they were all kept under the same order 
 nnd discipline, and had their exercises and rec- 
 reations in common. He who showed the most 
 conduct and courage among them was made 
 captain of the company. The rest kept their 
 (yes upon him, obeyed his orders, and bore with 
 patience the punishment he inflicted ; so that 
 I lieir Avhole education was an exercise of obedi- 
 ence. ... As for learning, they had just what 
 Avas absolutely necessary. All the rest of their 
 (ducaticn was calculated to make them subject 
 to command, to endure labor, to fight and con- 
 quer. They added, therefore, to their discipline, 
 iis they advanced in age : cutting their hair very 
 close, making them go barefoot, and play, for 
 the most part, quite naked. At twelve years 
 of age their under garment was taken away, 
 and but one upper one a year allowed them! 
 Hence they were necessarily dirty in their per- 
 sons, and not indulged the great favor of baths 
 and oils, except on some particular days of the 
 year. They slept in companies, on beds made 
 of the tops of reeds, which they gathered with 
 their own hands, without knives, and brought 
 from the banks of the Eurotas. In winter they 
 were permitted to add a little thistle-down, as that 
 seemed to have some warmth in it. — Plu- 
 tarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 1§23. EDUCATION substituted. Bunyan. 
 He had studied no great model of composition, 
 with the exception — an important exception un- 
 doubtedly — of our noble translation of the Bible. 
 His spelling was bad. He frequently transgressed 
 the rules of grammar. Yet the native force 
 of genius, and his experimental knowledge of 
 all the religious passions, from despair to ecstasy, 
 
 amply supplied in him the want of learning. 
 His rude oratory roused and melted hearers who 
 listened without interest to the labored discourses 
 of great logicians and Hebraists. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 7, p. 209. 
 
 1§24. EDUCATION suspected. By Jesuits. 
 The opposition of the Protestant mind of the 
 latter years of the seventeenth century to the 
 secular teaching of the Jesuits was natural and 
 inevitable. No consideration of their ability as 
 teachers could disarm the suspicion that they 
 sought to make converts, under the guise of 
 affording instruction. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 25, p. 410. 
 
 1825. EDUCATION, Tax for. Harvard Tlni- 
 versity. Once at least every family in each of 
 the colonies gave to the college at Cambridge 
 twelve pence, or a peck of corn, or its value in 
 unadulterated wompompeage, while the magis- 
 ti-ates and wealthier men were profuse in their 
 liberality. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 1826. EDUCATION, Trials in. Samuel John- 
 son. His debts in college, though not great, 
 were increasing ; and his scanty remittances 
 from Lichfield, which had all along been made 
 with great difficulty, could be supplied no long- 
 er, his father having fallen into a state of insol- 
 vency. Compelled, therefore, by irresistible ne- 
 cessity, he left the college in autumn, 1731, with- 
 out a degree, having been a member of it little 
 more than three years. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 15. 
 
 1827. EDUCATION, Varied. Military. [The 
 training of the Roman soldiers] comprehended 
 whatever could add strength to the body, activity 
 to the limbs, or grace to the motions. The sol- 
 diers were diligently instructed to march, to run, 
 to leap, to swim, to carry heavy burdens, to 
 handle every species of arms that was used either 
 for offence or for defence, either in distant en- 
 gagement or in a closer onset ; to form a variety 
 of evolutions ; and to move to the sound of fiutes 
 in the Pyrrhic or martial dance. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 1828. EDUCATION, Wealth for. Cooper Insti 
 tute. Believing, as few, very few, rich men do, 
 that his wealth was a sacred trust to be used for the 
 benefit of his fellow-creatures, Mr. Cooper gave 
 not merely of his money, but his life thenceforth, 
 and anxious thought to the building up and 
 maintenance of the Cooper Union for the ad- 
 vancement of science and art. , . . The advance 
 ment of science and art is well enough ; but 
 to teach, without one cent of charge, forty thou- 
 sand men and women to earn a good living at 
 skilled trades ; to cultivate, without money and 
 without price, the hands and brains of scores of 
 thousands so that they may advance themselves 
 in the world, and to exalt, mentally, morally, and 
 physically, the poor and friendless, are far nobler 
 objects. [Quoted from the New York Herald.] — 
 Lester's Life of Peter Cooper, p. 40. 
 
 1829. EFFEMINACY, Eoyal. Boman Em- 
 peror Elagabalus. As the attention of the new 
 emperor was diverted by the most trifling amuse- 
 ments, he wasted many months in his luxurious 
 progress from Syria to Italy, passed at Nicome- 
 dia his first winter after his victory, and deferred 
 till the ensuing summer his triumphal entry into 
 the capital. A faithful picture, however, which 
 
218 
 
 EFFORT— ELECTION. 
 
 preceded his arrival, and was placed by his im- 
 mediate order over the altar of Victory in the 
 senate house, conveyed to the Romans the just 
 but unworthy resemblance of his pei'son and 
 manners. He was drawn in his sacerdotal robes 
 of silk and gold, after the loose, flowing fashion 
 of the Medes and Phoenicians ; his head was cov- 
 ered with a lofty tiara, his numerous collars and 
 bracelets were adorned with gems of an inesti- 
 mable value. His eyebrows were tinged with 
 black, and his cheeks painted with an artificial red 
 and white. The grave senators confessed with a 
 sigh that, after having long experienced the 
 stern tyranny of their own countrymen, Rome 
 was at length humbled beneath the effeminate 
 luxury of Oriental despotism. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 6, p. 170. 
 
 1§30. EFFORT, Misdirected. OalUenus. [The 
 Emperor Gallienus was celebrated for his de- 
 baiichery.] In every art that he attempted his 
 lively genius enabled him to succeed ; and as his 
 genius was destitute of judgment, he attempted 
 every art, except the important ones of war and 
 government. He was a master of several curi- 
 ous but useless sciences, a ready orator, an ele- 
 gant poet, a skilful gardener, an excellent cook, 
 and most contemptible prince. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 10, p. 320. 
 
 1§31. EFFORT, Useless. Frederick tlie Great. 
 Dazzled by hope . . . Frederick went forth 
 [against the Austrian commander], and attempt- 
 ed to storm his intrenchments on tlie heights of 
 Colin. His brave battalions were repelled with 
 disastrous loss. Left almost unattended, as he 
 gazed at the spectacle, " Will you carry the bat- 
 tery alone ?" demanded one of his lieutenants ; 
 on which the hero rode calmly toward the left 
 wing, and ordered a retreat. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 4, ch. 13. 
 
 1§32. EGOTISM of Caste. Byron. On leav- 
 ing college, he again resided with his mother, 
 whose furious temper age had not subdued. In 
 her paroxysms of anger, she would throw at him 
 the poker and tongs, and not unfrequently he 
 had to fly from the house before her. At the age 
 of nineteen his first volume of verses appeared, 
 entitled, " Hours of Idleness. A Series of Poems, 
 original and translated. By George Gordon — 
 Lord Byron — a minor. New York, 1807." — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BioG., p. 293. 
 
 1§33. EGOTISM, Characteristic. President John 
 Adams. [He wrote his wife of his inaugural 
 address.] I had not slept well the night be- 
 fore, and did not sleep well the night after. I 
 was unwell, and did not know whether I should 
 get through or not. I did, however. How the 
 business was received, I know not, only I have 
 been told that Mason, the treaty-publisher, said 
 we should lose nothing by the change, for he 
 never heard such a speech in public in his life. 
 All agree that, taken altogether, it was the sub- 
 limest thing ever exhibited in America. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG. , p. 194. 
 
 ]§34. EGOTISM, Contrast in. Coisar— Cicero. 
 Like all real great men, he rarely speaks of him- 
 self. He tells us little or nothing of his own feel- 
 ings or his own purposes. Cicero never forgets 
 his individuality. In every line that he wrote 
 Cicero was attitudinizing for posterity, or reflect- 
 ing on the effect of his conduct upon his interests 
 
 or his reputation. Csesar is lost in his work ; 
 his personality is scarcely more visible thau 
 Shakespeare's. — Froude's C.<esar, ch. 14. 
 
 1§35. EGOTISM of Genius. Oliver Ooldsmith. 
 When accompanying two beautiful young ladies 
 with their mother on a tour in France, he waS' 
 seriously angry that more attention was paid to 
 them than to him ; and once at the exhibition 
 of the Fantoccini in London, when those who sat 
 next him observed with what dexterity a puppet 
 was made to toss a pike, he could not bear that 
 it should have such praise, and exclaimed, with 
 some warmth, "Pshaw ! I can do it better my- 
 self." Note. — He went home with Mr. Burke 
 to supper, and broke his shin by attempting to 
 exhibit to the company how much better he could 
 jump over a stick than the puppets. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 114. 
 
 1§36. EGOTISM, Royal. James XL [James 
 had pei'sonal merits,] but liis personal merits 
 were as fuel to nourish the fire of his intense ego- 
 tism. Every action of his life had reference to 
 his personality. James, the king, was the one 
 power in the State which was to counterbalance 
 every other power. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 
 25, p. 402. 
 
 1837. ELECTION, A close. John Adams. Pres- 
 ident Washington had announced his inten- 
 tion to retire. The withdrawal of that august 
 and commanding name threw the great prize 
 open to competition, and all the fierce passions 
 of party were enlisted in the strife. The Federal 
 candidates were Adams and Pinckney ; the Re- 
 publican, Jefferson and Burr. After a very ani- 
 mated contest, John Adams was elected to the 
 Presidency by a majority of one electoral vote ; 
 and Jefferson, having received next to the high- 
 est number, was elected vice-president. Neither 
 party, therefore, had won a complete triumph ; 
 for, though the Federalists elected their presi- 
 dent, the Republicans were partially consoled by 
 placing their favorite in the second office. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BlOG., p. 191. 
 
 1 83§. ELECTION, Coercion in. Samuel John- 
 son. He observed that " the statutes against 
 bribery were intended to prevent upstarts with 
 money from getting into Parliament ;" adding, 
 that " if he were a gentleman of landed property, 
 he would turn out all his tenants who did not vote 
 for the candidate whom he supported." Lang- 
 ton : " Would not that, sir, be checking the 
 freedom of election ?" Johnson : " Sir, the law 
 does not mean that the privilege of voting should 
 be independent of old family interest ; of the 
 permanent property of the country." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 244. 
 
 1839. ELECTION expenses. Treating. Eve- 
 lyn laments that so many from the country came 
 in to vote for his brother as knight for the shire 
 of Surrey, "that I believe they ate and drank 
 him out near to £2000, by a most abominable 
 custom." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 21, p. 341. 
 
 1840. ELECTION frustrated. John Howard. 
 In 1774 the liberal party in Bedfordshire nomi 
 nated him for Parliament, and, after a most sc 
 vere contest, he was elected by a small majority. 
 The " issue" in this election was, whether the 
 king and Lord North should be sustained in their 
 American policy ; and the election of Howard 
 was, therefore, a defeat for the administration. 
 
ELECTION. 
 
 219 
 
 The ministry, however, succeeded in finding a 
 pretext for annulling the election. Some of 
 Howard's votes were declared illegal — enough 
 to give the seat to a tory. Tlie loss of a seat in 
 Parliament was not much regretted b}" him for 
 his own sake, but he felt acutely the wrong done 
 to the great and patriotic party which had elected 
 him. "I was a victim of the ministry," he 
 wrote, after leai'ning the result of the struggle. 
 " Most surely I should not have fallen in with 
 all their severe measures relative to the Ameri- 
 cans, and my constant declaration that not one 
 emolument of five shillings, were I in Parliament, 
 would I ever accept of, marked me out as an 
 object of their aversion." — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 47. 
 
 1 §41. ELECTION of Grace. Cromwell. [On 
 his death-bed.] " It is terrible, yea, it is very ter- 
 rible," he muttered three times in succession, " to 
 fall into the hands of the living God !" " Do you 
 think," said he to his chaplain, " that a man who 
 has once been in a state of grace can ever perish 
 eternally?" "No," replied the chaplain, "there 
 is no possibility of such a relapse." " Then I am 
 safe," replied Cromwell ; " for at one time I am 
 confident that I was chosen." All his inquiries 
 tended toward futurity ; none bore reference to 
 the present life. "lam the most insignificant 
 of mortals," continued he after a momentary 
 lapse ; " but I have loved God, praised be His 
 name, or, rather, I am beloved by Him !" — Lam- 
 artine's Cromwell, p. 78. 
 
 1842. ELECTION resented.- Beign of James II. 
 [The fellows of Magdalen College refused to 
 elect as president the infamous Anthony Farmer, 
 whom the king urged.] Early in June the fel- 
 lows were cited to appear before the High Com- 
 mission at Whitehall. Five of them, deputed 
 by the rest, obeyed the summons. Jeffreys treat- 
 ed them after his usual fashion. When one of 
 them, a grave doctor named Fairfax, hinted some 
 doubts as to the validity of the commission, the 
 chancellor began to roar like a wild beast. ' 'Who 
 is this man ? What commission has he to be 
 impudent here ? Seize him. Put him into a 
 dark room. What does he do without a keeper ? 
 He is under my care as a lunatic. I wonder that 
 nobody has applied to me for the custody of 
 I him." But when this storm had spent its force, 
 i and the depositions concerning the moral char- 
 acter of the king's nominee had been read, none 
 of the commisioners had the front to pronounce 
 I that such a man could properly be made the head 
 of a great college. [See more at No. 2891.]— 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 269. 
 
 I §43. ELECTION, A scandalous. James II. 
 [lie sought to complete the religious revolution 
 of England by securing a Roman Catholic suc- 
 cession to the throne.] By corruption, by in- 
 timidation, by violent exertions of prerogative, 
 by fraudulent distortions of law, [he sought] an 
 assembly which might call itself a Parliament, 
 md might be willing to register any edict of the 
 sovereign. Returning ofiicers must be appointed 
 who would avail themselves of the slightest pre- 
 ;«nce to declare the king's friends duly elected. 
 Every placeman, from the highest to the lowest, 
 imst be made to understand that, if he wished 
 o retain his oftice, he must, at this conjuncture, 
 npport the throne by his vote and interest. The 
 Hgh Commission, meanwhile, would keep its 
 
 eye on the clergy. The boroughs which had 
 just been remodelled to serve one turn might be 
 remodelled again to serve another. By such 
 means the king hoped to obtain a majority in the 
 House of Commons. [See No. 1850.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 293. 
 
 1§44. ELECTION, A "tie." Jefferson— Burr. 
 The Democratic party triumphed in 1801, and 
 that triumph placed Thomas Jefferson in the 
 Presidential chair. But there was a "tie" be- 
 tween Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, each 
 of them having received seventy-three electoral 
 votes. Not that any single voter had expected 
 or desired the elevation of Aaron Burr to the first 
 ofliice. The diflSculty arose from the law, which 
 provided that the person receiving the greatest 
 number of electoral votes should be President, 
 and that the person who received the number 
 next to the highest should be the Vice-President. 
 Jefferson and Burr were the Republican candi- 
 dates for President and Vice-President, and as 
 each chanced to receive the same number of 
 electoral votes, neither of them was elected to 
 either oflTice, and the choice devolved upon the 
 House of Representatives. — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 350. 
 
 1§45. ELECTION, A timely. Rev. Robert 
 NeiDton. That Calvinism was not very dark or 
 sulphurous seems to be shown from his repeat- 
 ing with gusto the saying of one of the old wom- 
 en of Olney when some preacher dwelt on the 
 doctrine of predestination — " Ah, I have long 
 settled that point ; for if God had not chosen me 
 before I was born, I am sure He would have seen 
 nothing to have chosen me for afterward !" — 
 Smith's Cowper, ch. 3. 
 
 1§46. ELECTION, Unanimous. Washington. 
 The first Wednesday of January, 1789, was 
 named as the time for the election of a chief 
 magistrate. The people had but one voice as to 
 the man that should be honored with that trust. 
 Early in April the ballots of the electore were 
 counted in the presence of Congress, and George 
 Washington was unanimously chosen President 
 and John Adams Vice-President of the United 
 States.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 45, p. 362. Not 
 only was every electoral vote cast for General 
 Washington, but, so far as is known, he was the 
 choice of every individual voter in every State 
 of the Union. — James Parton, Cyclopedia 
 
 OF BlOG., p. 16. 
 
 1§47. ELECTION, Unique. Spartan. The 
 manner of the election was this : When the peo- 
 ple were assembled, some persons appointed for 
 the purpose were shut up in a room near the 
 place, where they could neither see nor be seen, 
 and only hear the shouts of the constituents ; for 
 by them they decided this and most other affairs. 
 Each candidate walked silently through the as- 
 sembly, one after another, according to lot. 
 Those that were shut up had writing-tables, in 
 which they set down in different columns the 
 number and loudness of the shouts, without 
 knowing who they were for ; only they marked 
 them as first, second, third, and so on, according ' 
 to the number of the competitors. He that had 
 the most and loudest acclamations was declared 
 duly elected. — Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 1§4§. . Captain John Smith. [Three 
 
 of the five Virginia councilmen attempted to de- 
 
^20 
 
 ELECTION— ELOQUENCE. 
 
 sert the colony, and were caught and impeached 
 and removed.] Only Martin and Smith now re- 
 mained ; the former elected the latter president 
 of Virginia ! It was a forlorn piece of business, 
 but very necessary for the public good. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 9, p. 97. 
 
 1S49. ELECTION, Vociferous. Em,perar Pom- 
 pey. The mob was packed so thick that the 
 house-tops were covered. A yell rose from tens 
 of thousands of throats, so piercing that it was 
 said a crow flying over the Forum dropped dead 
 at the sound of it. The old patrician Catulus 
 tried to speak, but the people would not hear 
 him. The vote passed by acclamation, and Pom- 
 pey was for three years sovereign of the Roman 
 world. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 10. 
 
 1850. ELECTIONS, Farcical. Beign of James 
 11. [He failed to secure a packed Parliament, 
 by which he hoped to destroy the established 
 church.] There was. . . only one way in which 
 they could hope to effect their object. The char- 
 ters of the boroughs must be resumed, and other 
 charters must be granted confining the elective 
 franchise to very small constituent bodies ap- 
 pointed by the sovereign. The judges them- 
 selves were uneasy. They represented that what 
 they were required to do was in direct opposition 
 to the plainest principles of law and justice ; but 
 all remonstrance was vain. The boroughs were 
 commanded to surrender their charters. Few 
 complied ; and the course which the king took 
 with those few did not encourage others to trust 
 him. In several towns the right of voting was 
 taken away from the commonalty, and given to 
 a very small number of persons, who were re- 
 quired to bind themselves by oath to support the 
 candidates recommended by the government. At 
 Tewkesbury, for example, the franchise was 
 confined to thirteen persons. Yet even this num- 
 ber was too large. Hatred and fear had spread 
 so widely through the community that it was 
 scarcely possible to bring together, in any town, 
 by any process of packing, thirteen men on 
 whom the court could absolutely depend. It was 
 rumored that the majority of the new constitu- 
 ent body of Tewkesbury was animated by the 
 same sentiment which was general throughout 
 the nation, and would, when the decisive day 
 should arrive, send true Protestants to Parlia- 
 ment. The regulators, in great wrath, threat- 
 ened to reduce the number of electors to three. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 311. 
 
 1 85 1 . ELECTIONS, Free. William of Orange. 
 [He ordered elections for members of Parliament. ] 
 The prince gave strict orders that no person in 
 the public service should, on this occasion, prac- 
 tise those arts which had brought so much oblo- 
 quy on the late government. He especially di- 
 rected that no soldiers should be suffered to ap- 
 pear in any town where an election was going 
 on. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 559. 
 
 1852. ELECTIONS, Venal. Parliament, a.d. 
 1768. [Reign of George III.] Boroughs were 
 sold openly, and votes purchased at advanced 
 prices. The market value of a seat in Parlia- 
 ment was £4000 ; at which rate the whole venal 
 House would have been bought for not much 
 over £2,000,000, sterling, and a majority for not 
 much over £1,000,000. Yet in some places a 
 contest cost the candidates £20,000 or £30,000 
 apiece, and it was atfirmed that in Cumber- 
 
 land one person lavished £100,000. [It was the 
 last Parliament] which ever legislated for Amer- 
 ica. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 33. 
 
 1853. ELECTEICITY, Light of. Columbus. 
 [On his second voyage,] toward the latter part 
 of October, they had in the night a gust of heavy 
 rain, accompanied by the severe thunder and 
 lightning of the tropics. It lasted for four hours, 
 and they considered themselves in much peril, 
 until they beheld several of those lambent flames 
 playing about the tops of the masts, and gliding 
 along the rigging, which have always been ob- 
 jects of superstitious fancies among sailors. Fer- 
 nando Columbus makes remarks on them strong- 
 ly characteristic of the age in which he lived. 
 " On the same Saturday, in the night, was seen 
 St. Elmo, with seven lighted tapers at the top- 
 mast : there was much rain and great thunder ; 
 I mean to say, that those lights were seen, which 
 mariners affirm to be the body of St. Elmo, on 
 beholding which they chant litanies and orisons, 
 holding it for certain that in the tempest in 
 which he appears no oncls in danger." — Irv- 
 lng's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 1. 
 
 1854. ELOQUENCE of Action. Samuel John- 
 son. At Mr. Thrale's in the evening, he repeat- 
 ed his usual paradoxical declamation against ac- 
 tion in public speaking. ' ' Action can have no 
 effect upon reasonable minds. It may augment 
 noise, but it never can enforce argument. If you 
 speak to a dog, you use action ; you hold up 
 your hand thus, because he is a brute ; and in 
 proportion as men are removed from brutes, ac- 
 tion will have the less influence upon them." 
 Mrs. Thrale : "What then, sir, becomes of 
 Demosthenes' saying, ' Action, action, action ' ?" 
 Johnson : " Demosthenes, madam, spoke to an 
 assembly of brutes ; to a barbarous people." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 204. 
 
 1855. ELOQUENCE of Facts. Appius Claudius. 
 [He was a tyrannical consul, and sought to sup- 
 press the plebeians. ] In the midst of the public as- 
 sembly, a venerable figure, hoary with age, pale 
 and emaciated, his countenance furrowed with 
 anguish, and his whole appearance expressive of 
 misery and calamity, stood up before the tribu- 
 nal of the consuls, and prayed aloud for mercy 
 against the oppression of an inhuman creditor. 
 Disfigured as he was, his countenance was known, 
 and many remembered to have seen him in the 
 wars, where he fought with great courage, and 
 had received many honorable wounds in the ser- 
 vice of his country. He told his story with af- 
 fecting simplicity. The enemy, in an mcursion, 
 had ravaged his little farm, and set fire to his 
 cottage. Bereft of subsistence, he had borrowed, 
 to support life, a small sum from one of the rich 
 citizens ; the interest had accumulated, and be- 
 ing quite unable to discharge the debt, he had 
 delivered himself, with two of his children, into 
 bondage. In this situation he affirmed that his 
 merciless creditor had treated him as the worst 
 of malefactors ; and throwing aside his garment, 
 he showed his back all covered with blood from 
 the recent strokes of the whip. This miserable 
 sight roused the populace to the highest pitch of 
 fury. They rushed upon the consul's tribunal ; 
 and Appius would have been torn to pieces had 
 not the lictors cleared for him a passage and car- 
 ried him off to a place of safety.— Tytler's 
 Hist.. Book 3. ch. 3. 
 
ELOQUENCE— EMIGRATIOI*r. 
 
 221 
 
 1§56. ELOQUENCE, Fear of. Deinosthenes. It 
 was in a similar strain of glowing eloquence that 
 Demosthenes roused the torpid spirits of his coun- 
 trymen to a vigorous effort to preserve their in- 
 dependence against the designs of this artful and 
 ambitious prince ; and Philip had just reason to 
 say that he was more afraid of that man than of 
 all the fleets and armies of the Athenians. It was 
 highly, therefore, to the honor of the Athenians 
 that tliey listened to the counsels of this excel- 
 lent orator, and, however unequal to the contest, 
 determined that they would dearly sell their free- 
 dom. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3. 
 
 1§57. ELOQUENCE, Necessary. Romans. It 
 must not appear extraordinary that this mode of 
 education should have been common to all the 
 young patricians, whether their inclination led 
 them to the camp or to the bar ; for as every cit- 
 izen of Rome was a branch of its legislative sys- 
 tem, the profession of arms became no apology 
 for the want of that ability of maintaining the 
 rights of the State in the assemblies of the peo- 
 ple, which was equally necessary with the ca- 
 pacity of defending them in the field. If a pub- 
 lic officer was accused, it was reckoned shame- 
 ful if he could not himself give an account of his 
 conduct, and plead his own cause. A senator 
 who could not support his opinion by the inge- 
 nuity of argument or force of eloquence was an 
 object of contempt to the people. — Tytler's 
 Hist. , Book 4, ch. 3. 
 
 185§. ELOPEMENT, Eoyal. Beauty. During 
 a visit which he paid at Tours to Foulques le 
 Rechin, Count of Anjou, the king conceived a 
 violent passion for Bertrade de Montfort, the 
 Count's wife, reputed the most beautiful wom- 
 an in the kingdom. The countess, who had 
 married her husband not from affection, but 
 for the sake of his rank and power, was easily 
 persuaded to elope from him and to join [King] 
 Phihp at Orleans. — Students' France, ch. 7, 
 gl4. 
 
 1S59. EMANCIPATION advocated. Massachu- 
 netts. Massachusetts, where the first planters as- 
 sumed to themselves "a right to treat the Ind- 
 ians on the foot of Canaanites or Amalekites," 
 always opposed the introduction of slaves from 
 abroad ; and in 1701 the town of Boston in- 
 structed its representatives "to put a period to 
 negroes being slaves." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 8, ch. 24. 
 
 1860. EMBARRASSMENT in Public. Bisliop 
 Roberts [was reared on the Western frontier, and 
 in early life was greatly embarrassed when in 
 public, owing to a constitutional diffidence]. 
 For a long time after his appointment as class- 
 leader among his rustic neighbors, he could not 
 assume courage enough to address them indi- 
 vidually, and it became necessary to supersede 
 him by another leader until he conquered his 
 timidity. In his first attempt at public exhorta- 
 tion he suddenly sat down, appalled at the intent 
 look of a good man, whose favorable interest he 
 took for disapprobation. At another time, when 
 he was expected to exhort, he was so alarmed as 
 to retire in agony and conceal himself in a barn. 
 In the third attempt he proceeded some time 
 with good effect, but fearing he had made a 
 blunder, stopped short in confusion. — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 4, p. 89. 
 
 1§61. EMBLEM, Significant. Wolf. [Among 
 the early Turks] the emperor's throne was turned 
 toward the east, and a golden wolf on the top 
 of a spear seemed to guard the entrance of his 
 tent. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42, p. 202. 
 
 1862. EMERGENCY, Deliverance in. m7fe»i. 
 Prince of Orange. [Invasion of England.] Tor- 
 bay was the place where the prince intended to 
 land. But the morning of Monday, the 5th of 
 November, was hazy. The pilot of the Brill 
 could not discern the sea-marks, and carried the 
 fleet too far to the west. The danger was great. 
 To return in the face of the wind was impossi- 
 ble. Plymouth was the next port ; but at Plym- 
 outh a garrison had been posted under the 
 command of Lord Bath. The landing might be 
 opposed ; and a check might produce serious 
 consequences. There could be little doubt, more- 
 over, that by this time the royal fleet had got 
 out of the Thames, and was hastening full sail 
 down the Channel. Russell saw the whole ex- 
 tent of the peril, and exclaimed to Burnet, " You 
 may go to prayers, doctor ; all is over !" At that 
 moment the wind changed ; a soft breeze sprang 
 up from the south ; the mist dispersed ; the sun 
 shone forth ; and under the mild light of an 
 autumnal noon, the fleet turned back, passed 
 round the lofty cape of Berry Head, and rode 
 safe in the harbor of Torbay. [See more at 
 No. 4550.] — Mac AULA y's Eng., ch. 9, p. 445. 
 
 1§63. EMIGRANTS, City of. New Ym-k. New 
 York was always a city of the world. Its set- 
 tlers were relics of the first-fruits of the Refor- 
 mation, chosen from the Belgic provinces and 
 England, from France and Bohemia, and the 
 Italian Alps. — Bancroft's U. S.,vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 1S64. EMIGRANTS, Dangerous. Criminals. 
 Thieves or homicides, the spendthrift or the 
 fraudulent bankrupt, the debtors to justice or 
 its victims, prisoners rightfully or wrongfully 
 detained, excepting only those arrested for trea- 
 son or counterfeiting money — these were to be 
 the people by whom the colony (of New France) 
 was, in part, to be established. . . . During the 
 winter one was hanged for theft ; several were 
 put in irons, and " divers persons," as well men as 
 women, were whipped. — Bancroft's Hist, of 
 U. S., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 1865. EMIGRATION, Benefits of. Greeks. At 
 all events, it is universally allowed that, from 
 the period of those strangers settling among 
 them, the Greeks assumed a new character, and 
 exhibited in some respects the manners of a civ- 
 ilized nation. The dawnings of a national re- 
 ligion began to appear ; for the Titans were a 
 religious people. They taught the savages to 
 worship the Phoenician gods, Ouranos, Saturn, 
 Jupiter, etc. , who were nothing more than dei- 
 fied heroes ; and by a progress of ideas not un- 
 natural, this rude people confounded in after 
 times those gods with the Titans who introduced 
 them. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 6. 
 
 1866. EMIGRATION, MUitary. Goths. The 
 march of Theodoric must be considered as the 
 emigration of an entire people ; the wives and 
 children of the Goths, their aged parents, and 
 most precious effects were carefully transported; 
 and some idea may be forrqed of the heavy 
 baggage that now followed the camp, by the loss 
 of two thousand wagons, which had been sus- 
 
.)>22 
 
 EMINENCE— EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 tained in a single action in the war of Epirus. 
 For tlieir subsistence the Goths depended on 
 the magazines of corn, which was ground in 
 portable mills by the hands of their women ; on 
 the milk and flesh of their flocks and herds ; on 
 che casual produce of the chase, and upon the 
 contributions which they might impose on all 
 who should presume to dispute the passage, or 
 to refuse their friendly assistance. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39, p. 9. 
 
 1§67. EMINENCE, Cowardly. Roman Em- 
 peror Honorius. The Emperor Honorius was 
 distinguished, above his subjects, by the pre- 
 eminence of fear, as well as of rank. The pride 
 and luxury in which he was educated had not 
 allowed him to suspect that there existed on the 
 earth any power presumptuous enough to invade 
 the repose of the successor of Augustus. The 
 arts of flattery concealed the impending danger, 
 till Alaric approached the palace of Milan. 
 [Honorius fled from Alaric, the king of the Vis- 
 igoths.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 30, p. 201. 
 
 186§. EMINENCE by Worth. Henry Wilson. 
 On the 22d of November, 1875, Vice-President 
 Wilson, whose health had been gradually fail- 
 ing since his inaiiguration, sank under a stroke 
 of paralysis, and died at Washington City. Like 
 Roger Sherman, he had risen from the shoe- 
 maker's bench to the highest honors of his coun- 
 try. Without the learning of Seward and Sum- 
 ner — without the diplomatic skill of the one 
 or the oratorial fame of the other, he never- 
 theless possessed those great abilities and sterling 
 merits which transmitted his name in after times 
 on the roll of patriot statesmen. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 68, p. 563 
 
 1869. EMOTION, Overpowered by. Empress 
 Josephine. [The imperial family and most illus- 
 trious officers of the empire were assembled at 
 the Tuileries to receive from Napoleon and Jo- 
 sephine the official announcement, from each, of 
 their intended divorce.] Josephine, holding a pa- 
 per in her hand, began to read. But her heart 
 was broken with grief. Uncontrollable sobs 
 choked her voice. She handed the paper to M. 
 Reynaud, and burying her face in her hands, sank 
 into a chair. [In the paper she declared her sac- 
 rifice of personal happiness in the interest of the 
 French people, who had no hope of an heir to 
 the throne from the present union.] — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B. , vol. 2, ch. 10. 
 
 1870. EMOTIONS, Hidden. American Indian. 
 He has little flexibility of features or transparency 
 of skin, and therefore if he depicts his passions, 
 it is by strong contortions, or the kindling of the 
 eye, that seems ready to burst from its socket. 
 He cannot blush ; the movement of the blood 
 does not visibly represent the movement of 
 his aflfections ... he cannot paint to the eye 
 the emotions of moral sublimity. — Bancroft's 
 HiST.U. S., vol. 3,ch. 22. 
 
 1871. EMOTIONS from Success. Newton. 
 Newton could, therefore, at once put his conject- 
 ure to the test of arithmetic. He could ascer- 
 tain two things with the greatest exactness : 1, 
 how much force was required to keep the mpon 
 in its orbit ; and, 2, with how much force the 
 earth did attract the moon, supposing that the 
 law of attraction, as established by Galileo, held 
 good. If these two calculations agreed, his con- 
 
 jecture was a discovery. He tried them. They 
 did not agree. Busy with other investigations, j 
 he laid aside this inquiry for nineteen years. 
 He then learned that he, in common with all the 
 English astronomers, was in error as to the dis- 
 tance of the moon from the earth. This error 
 being corrected, he repeated his calculations. 
 When he had brought them so near to a conclu- 
 sion that he was all but sure of the truth of his 
 theory, he became so agitated that he was un- 
 able to go on, and he was obliged to ask a friend 
 to complete them. When they were brought to 
 a close, he saw that his youthful thought was in- 
 deed a sublime, demonstrated truth. Thus it was 
 that the great law of the attraction of gravitation 
 was discovered — the most brilliant and valuable 
 discovery ever achieved by a human mind. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 252. 
 
 1872. EMPLOYMENT, Agreeable. Audubon. 
 One of the happiest men, and one of the most 
 interesting characters we have had in America, 
 was John James Audubon, the celebrated painter 
 and biographer of American birds. He was one 
 of the few men whose pursuits were in perfect 
 accordance with his tastes and his talents. . . . 
 Up with the dawn, and rambling about all day, 
 he was the happiest of men if he returned to his 
 camp at evening carrying in his game-bag a new 
 specimen with which to enrich his collection. 
 He had no thought whatever of publishing his 
 pictures. " It was no desire of glory," he assures 
 us, "which led me into this exile; I wished 
 only to enjoy nature." — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 163. 
 
 1873. EMPLOYMENT, Humble. Washington. 
 He became convinced of the defective nature of 
 the working animals employed in the agriculture 
 of the Southern States, and set about remedying \ 
 the evil by the introduction of mules, . . . the 
 mule being longer-lived, less liable to disease, re- ' 
 quires less food, . . . more serviceable. . . . Hej 
 received a present from the King of Spain of i 
 jack and two jennies. . . . The jack, called th« 
 Boyal Gift, was sixteen hands high. . . . Lafay| 
 ette sent out a jack and jennies from the islanfl 
 of Malta. [Washington bred very superior mule 
 from his coach mares.]— Custis' WashingtonJ 
 vol. 1, ch. 22. 
 
 1874. EMPLOYMENT, Opportune. Stephet 
 A. Douglas. In the autumn of the year 1833, 
 the town of Winchester, in Illinois, there was 
 be a great auction sale of property, which dre\ 
 to the place a large concourse of people from the 
 neighboring country. When the sale was abou| 
 to begin, the auctioneer was still unprovide 
 with a clerk to enter the goods as they were sold^ 
 and he looked about for a person to perform tha " 
 indispensable labor. At that moment he noticed 
 on the outskirts of the crowd a pale, short, sickly^ 
 looking young man, with his coat upon hisarmi 
 apparently about nineteen, a stranger in the vij 
 cinity, who looked as though he might be able 
 to write and keep accounts well enough for the 
 purpose. He hailed him and offered him the 
 place of clerk, at two dollars a day. It so hap 
 pened that this young man was in very pressina 
 need of employment, for he had recently arrived 
 in the State, and having walked into Winchester 
 that morning with all his worldly effects upoir 
 his person, including a few cents in his pockd 
 — and but a few — he was anxious how he should 
 
EMPLOYMENT— END. 
 
 223 
 
 get through the week. He had not a friend 
 within a thousand miles of the spot, and his en- 
 tire property would not have brought under the 
 hammer |5. He accepted the clerkship, and 
 mounted to his place near the auctioneer. — Cy- 
 clopedia OP BroG., p. 196. 
 
 I §75. EMPLOYMENT refused. Oliver Oold- 
 smith. He applied at one place, we are told, for 
 employment in the shop of a country apothecary ; 
 but all his medical science gathered in foreign 
 universities could not gain him the management 
 of a pestal and mortar. He even resorted, it is 
 said, to the stage as a temporary expedient, and 
 figured in low comedy at a country town in 
 Kent. — Irving's GoLDSMixn, ch. 6, p. 52. 
 
 1876. EMPLOYMENT, Seeking. John Fitch. 
 [The great inventor. His wife was a vixen and 
 unendurable.] Henceforth he was a wanderer. 
 Trudging along the road, he offered himself as 
 .•a farm-laborer ; but was refused on account of 
 his slender and weakly frame. He tried to en- 
 list as a soldier, but could not for the same rea- 
 son. He roamed the country, cleaning clocks 
 from house to house. At length, after many 
 wanderings, he reached Trenton, where he lived 
 awhile on three pence a day, making brass but- 
 tons, and selling them about the country. Hav- 
 ing, obtained a few shillings of his own, he in- 
 Tested them in the purchase of an old brass ket- 
 tle, which he made up into buttons and sold to 
 great advantage. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 149. 
 
 l§yr. EMPLOYMENT, Unworthy. Roman 
 Emperor llonorius. Honorius was without pas- 
 sions, and consequently without talents ; and 
 his feeble and languid disposition was alike in- 
 capable of discharging the duties of his rank, 
 or of enjoying the pleasures of his age. In his 
 ■early youth he made some progress in the exer- 
 cises of riding and drawing the bow ; but he 
 soon relinquished these fatiguing occupations, 
 .and the amusement of feeding poultry became 
 the serious and daily care of the monarch of the 
 West, who resigned the reins of empire to the 
 firm and skilful hand of his guardian Stilicho. 
 The experience of history will countenance the 
 suspicion that a prince who was born in the pur- 
 ple received a worse education than the meanest 
 peasant of his dominions ; and that the ambitious 
 minister suffered him to attam the age of man- 
 liood without attempting to excite his courage 
 or to enlighten his understanding. . . . The son 
 •of Theodosius passed the summer of his life, a 
 captive in his palace, a stranger in his country, 
 and the patient, almost the indifferent, spectator 
 of the ruin of the Western Empire, which was re- 
 peatedly attacked, and finally subverted, by the 
 |. -arms of the barbarians. In the eventful history of 
 a, reign of twenty -eight years, it will seldom be 
 necessary to mention the name of the emperor 
 Honorius.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 29, p. 188. 
 
 1§7§. . Roman Emperor Theoclo- 
 
 *ius. Tlae ample leisure which he acquired by 
 neglecting the essential duties of his high office 
 ^was filled by idle amusements and unprofitable 
 tudies. Hunting was the only active pursuit that 
 bould tempt him beyond the limits of the palace ; 
 "but he most assiduously labored, sometimes by 
 the light of a midnight lamp, in the mechanic 
 occupations of painting and carving ; and the ele- 
 trance with which he transcribed religious books 
 ■nlitled the Roman emperor to the singular epi- 
 
 thet of GalUgraphes, or a fair writer. Separated 
 from the world by an impenetrable veil, Theodo- 
 sius trusted the persons whom he loved ; he loved 
 those who were accustomed to amuse and flat- 
 ter his indolence ; and as he never perused the 
 papers that were presented for the royal signa- 
 ture, the acts of injustice the most repugnant to 
 his character were frequently perpetrated in his 
 name. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 32, p. 354. 
 
 1§79. ENCOURAGEMENT, Timely. Lutlier. 
 As Luther was passing to the assembly room of 
 the diet, a noted commander, George von Frunds- 
 berg, touched him on the shoulder and said, 
 " My dear monk, thou art now about taking a 
 step the like of which neither I nor many a com- 
 mander on the hardest-fought battle-field has 
 ever taken. If thou art right and sure of thy 
 cause, proceed in God's name, and be of good 
 cheer ; God will not forsake thee." — Rein's Lu- 
 ther, ch. 9, p. 85. 
 
 18§0. . Columbus. [His crews 
 
 threatened mutiny.] Fortunately the manifes- 
 tations of the vicinity of land were such on the 
 following day as no longer to admit a doubt. Be- 
 sides a quanity of fresh weeds, such as grow in 
 rivers, they saw a green fish of a kind which 
 keeps about rocks ; then a branch of thorn with 
 berries on it, and recently separated from the tree, 
 floated by them ; then they picked up a reed, a 
 small board, and, above all, a staff artificially 
 carved. All gloom and mutiny now gave way to 
 sanguine expectation ; and throughout the day 
 each one was eagerly on the watch, in hopes of 
 being the first to discover the long-sought-for 
 land. — Irving's Columbus, Book 3, ch. 4. 
 
 1881. ENCOURAGEMENT, Visionary. Colum- 
 bus. He says, about the festival of Christmas, 
 when menaced by Indian war and domestic re- 
 bellion, when distrustful of those around him and 
 apprehensive of disgrace at court, he sank for a 
 time into complete despondency. In this hour of 
 gloom, when abandoned to despair, he heard in 
 the night a voice addressing him in words of com- 
 fort, ' ' O man of little faith ! why art thou cast 
 down ? Fear nothing, I will provide for thee. 
 The seven years of the term of gold are not ex- 
 pired ; in that, and in all other things, I will take 
 care of thee." The seven years' term of gold here 
 mentioned alludes to a vow made by Columbus 
 on discovering the New World, and recorded by 
 him in a letter to the sovereigns, that within 
 seven years he would furnish, from the profits of 
 his discoveries, fifty thousand foot and five thou- 
 sand horse, for the deliverance of the holy sepul- 
 chre, and an additional force of like amount 
 within five years afterward. The comforting as- 
 surance given him by the voice was corroborated, 
 he says, that very day, by intelligence received 
 of the discovery of a large tract of country rich 
 in mines. This imaginary promise of divine aid, 
 thus mysteriously given, appeared to him at pres- 
 ent in still greater progress of fulfilment. The 
 troubles and dangers of the island had been suc- 
 ceeded by tranquillity. — Irving's Columbus, 
 Book 12, ch. 7. 
 
 1882. END recorded. The. " Cliarter Oak." 
 In 1686. . . Andros was made royal governor of' 
 New England. . . . On the day of his arrival 
 [at Hartford] he invaded the provincial assembly 
 while in session, seized the minutes, and wrote 
 Finis at the bottom of the page. He demanded 
 
224 
 
 ENDURANCE— ENERGY. 
 
 the immediate surrender of the colonial char- 
 ter. Governor Treat pleaded long and earnest- 
 ly for the precious document. Andros was in- 
 exorable. The shades of evening fell. Joseph 
 Wadsworth found in the gathering darkness an 
 opportunity to conceal the cherished parchment 
 — a deed which has made his name and the name 
 of a tree immortal. [The liberties of Connecti- 
 cut were restored two years later.] — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 21, p. 191. 
 
 1§§3. ENDUEANCE, German. General Dan- 
 iel Morgan, [of Revolutionar}^ fame, said :] As 
 to the fighting part of the matter, the men of all 
 nations are pretty much alike ; they fight as much 
 as they find necessary, and no more. But, sir, for 
 the grand essential in the composition of the good 
 soldier, give me the Dutchman — he starves well. 
 — CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 12. 
 
 1§§4. ENEMIES, Detraction of. " Adtocatus 
 diaboU." In the Roman Catholic Church the 
 person who shows cause against the canoniza- 
 tion of one proposed for sainthood is called advo- 
 catus diaboli. He insists upon the weak points 
 in the good man's or woman's life. Hence the 
 name is sometimes applied to all who delight in 
 detracting from the characters of good men. 
 Most men have their adwcatus diaboli. — Ameri- 
 can Cyclopedia, "Advocate." 
 
 1§§5, ENEMIES divided. Spanish Armada. 
 The Armada lay oif Calais, with its largest ships 
 ranged outside, "like strong castles fearing no 
 assault, the lesser placed in the middle ward." 
 The English admiral could not attack them in 
 their position without great disadvantage, but on 
 the night of the 29th he sent eight fire-ships 
 among them, with almost equal effect to that of 
 the fire-ships which the Greeks so often employ- 
 ed against the Turkish fleets in their late war of 
 independence. The Spaniards cut their cables, 
 and put to sea in confusion. One of the largest 
 galeasses ran foul of another vessel, and was 
 stranded. The rest of the fleet was scattered 
 about on the Flemish coast, and when the morn- 
 ing broke it was with difficulty and delay that 
 they obeyed their admiral's signal to range them- 
 selves round him near Graveliness. Now was 
 the golden opportunity for the English to assail 
 them, and prevent them from ever letting loose 
 Parma's flotilla against England, and nobly was 
 that opportunity used. Drake and Fenner were 
 the first English captains who attacked the un- 
 wieldy leviathans. — Decisive Battles, § 430. 
 
 1§86. ENEMIES neglected. Turkmans. The 
 shepherds were converted into robbers ; the bands 
 of robbers were collected into an army of con- 
 querors ; as far as Ispahan and the Tigris, Per- 
 sia was afflicted by their predatorj'^ inroads ; and 
 the Turkmans were not ashamed or afraid to 
 measure their courage and numbers with the 
 proudest sovereigns of Asia. Massoud, the son 
 and successor of Mahmud, had too long neglect- 
 ed the advice of his wisest Omrahs. " Your ene- 
 mies," they repeatedly urged, "were in their 
 origin a swarm of ants ; they are now little 
 snakes ; and, unless they be instantly crushed, 
 they will acquire the venom and magnitude of 
 serpents." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 57, p. 506. 
 
 1§87. ENEMIES. Partiality to. Philip of Mace- 
 don. Scarcely was he seated on the throne, when 
 lie was attacked from every quarter. The Illy- 
 
 rians and the Pa?onians made inroads upon his 
 territories. Two rival princes, Pausanias and 
 Argaeus, relations of the last monarch, disputed 
 his title, each claiming the sovereignty for him- 
 self. The Thracians armed for Pausanias, the 
 Athenians for Argaeus. Philip disarmed the Paeo- 
 nians by bribes and promises. The Thracians 
 were won by a similar policy. He gained a vic- 
 tory over the Athenians, in which his rival Ar^ 
 gaeus lost his life ; and having thus accomplished 
 the security of his title to the throne, he attained 
 with the people of Athens the character of ex- 
 treme moderation and generosity, by sending 
 back to their country, without ransom, all the 
 prisoners he had taken in battle. In this manner, 
 by the most dexterous policy, he removed a part 
 of his enemies, that he might have the rest at his 
 mercy. — Tytler'sHist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 169. 
 1 8§8. ENEMY, Generous. Luther. Miltitz 
 [the Pope's ambassador] had made an appoint- 
 ment to meet Tetzel at Altenburg, in Saxony, to 
 reprimand him for his excesses. But the latter, 
 fearing the popular wrath, did not dare to under- 
 take the journey. After Miltitz had concluded 
 his conference with Luther, he went to Leipsic, 
 and meeting Tetzel he administered so severe a 
 reproof that he sickened and died of chagrin in 
 a Dominican cloister, July 4, 1519. Luther wrote 
 Tetzel a comforting letter during his sickness — 
 an evidence of the nobility of soul and large- 
 heartedness of the great Reformer. — Rein's Lu- 
 ther, ch. 5, p. 59. 
 
 18§9. ENEMY, Weapons from the. Revolution- 
 ary War. [For Sumter's regiment in South 
 Carolina] bullets were cast of pewter, collected 
 from housekeepers. With scarcely three rounds 
 of cartridges to a man, they could obtain no 
 more but from their foes ; and the arms of the 
 dead and wounded in one engagement must 
 equip them for another. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 10, ch. 15. 
 
 1 8S0. ENEEGY complimented. Napoleon I. 
 With such tremendous energy did he do this [at- 
 tack English and Austrian armies], that he re- 
 ceived from his antagonists the complimentary 
 sobriquet of the one hundred thousand men. 
 Wherever Napoleon made his appearance in the 
 field, his presence alone was considered equal to 
 that force. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 1§91. ENEEGY, Expression of. General Grant. 
 [At the battle of Fort Donelson, when ready for 
 the final assault. General Buckner, the Confed- 
 erate commander, proposed an armistice to settle 
 terms of capitulation.] Grant wanted no armis- 
 tice. He knew hi?; advantage ; ... he replied : 
 ' ' No terms but unconditional and immediate sur- 
 render can be accepted. I propose to mm>e imme- 
 diately upon your works." [Buckner surrender- 
 ed.] — Headley's Grant, p. 68. 
 
 1§92. ENEEGY, Individual. Tribune Biemi. 
 Never perhaps has the energy and effect of a sin- 
 gle mind been more remarkably felt than in the 
 sudden though transient reformation of Rome 
 by the tribune Rienzi. A den of robbers was 
 converted to the discipline of a camp or a con- 
 vent ; patient to hear, swift to redress, inexora- 
 ble to punish, his tribunal was always accessible 
 to the poor and the stranger ; nor could birth 
 or dignity or the immunities of the Church pro- 
 tect the offender or his accomplices. The priv 
 
ENERGY— ENTERPRISE. 
 
 225 
 
 ileged houses, the private sanctuaries in Rome, 
 on which no officer of justice would presume to 
 trespass, were abolished ; and he applied the tim- 
 ber and iron of their barricades in the fortifica- 
 tions of the Capitol.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 70, 
 p. 477. 
 
 1§93. ENERGY, Military. Emperor Trajan. 
 Careless of the difference of seasons and of cli- 
 mates, he marched on foot, and bareheaded, over 
 the snows of Caledonia and the sultry plains of 
 Upper Egypt ; nor was there a province of the 
 empire which, in the course of his reign, was 
 not honored with the presence of the monarch. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 9. 
 
 1§94. ENERGY of Patriotism. Israel PutTiam. 
 A.D 1775. On the morning [following the fight 
 at Concord] . . , Israel Putnam, ... in leather 
 frock and apron, was assisting hired men to build 
 a stone wall on his farm, when he heard the cry 
 from Lexington. Leaving them to continue their 
 task, he set off instantly to rouse the militia offi- 
 cers of the nearest towns. On his return he 
 found hundreds who had mustered and chosen 
 him their leader. Issuing orders for them to 
 follow, he himself pushed forward, without 
 changing the checked shirt he had worn in the 
 field, and reached Cambridge at sunrise, . . . 
 having rode the same horse one hundred miles 
 in eighteen hours. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, 
 ch. 29. 
 
 1§95. E]NERGY, Success by. Wolsey. [Thom- 
 as Wolsey, afterward the great cardinal, was a 
 priest at Magdalen College, and subsequently 
 chaplain of Henry VII.] His promotion in that 
 €0urt arose out of his capacity to seize upon a fit 
 occasion for the display of remarkable energy. 
 It is an attribute of genius thus to make its op- 
 portunities, while the ordinary man passes them 
 by. [Wolsey was sent as a confidential messen- 
 ger to the Emperor Maximilian, then in Flan- 
 ders.] Having received his instructions from 
 the king, he left Richmond at noon, took the 
 ferry-boat at Gravesend, went on with horses to 
 Dover, had a quick passage to Calais, discharged 
 his commission to the emperor on the second 
 night, travelled back to Calais the next day, and 
 was again at Richmond on the fourth evening. 
 This was an extraordinary journey for those 
 times. Presenting himself to the king on the fol- 
 lowing morning, he was angrily asked why he 
 had not set forth on his travel. [Henry present- 
 ed him with the deanery of Lincoln.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 16, p. 265. 
 
 1896. ENERGY, Surpassing. Malwmet II. [To 
 the ambassadors of Constantine, who protested 
 against the erection of a threatening fortress :] 
 " Return and inform your king that the present 
 Ottoman is far different from his predecessors ; 
 that Ms resolutions surpass their wishes ; and 
 that he performs more than they could resolve. 
 Return in safety ; but the next who delivers a 
 similar message may expect to be flayed alive." 
 After this declaration Constantine, the first of 
 the Greeks in spirit as in rank, had determined 
 to unsheathe the sword, and to resist the ap- 
 proach and establishment of the Turks on the 
 Bosphorus. —Gibbon's Rome, ch. 68, p. 375. 
 
 1§97. ENGINEERS, Service of. War in Nether- 
 lands. When we contemplate [William, Prince 
 of Orange] this feeble-bodied man, with the 
 
 most heroic spirit, one day in the trenches, an- 
 other day on horseback from morning till night, 
 . . . we can understand the confidence he won ; 
 , . . but while we admire the perseverance of 
 William and the undaunted courage of all the 
 troops of the allies, we must not forget that 
 much of the success was due to the science of 
 the engineer, Coehorn, the great rival of Vau- 
 ban. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 12, p. 180. 
 
 1§9§. ENGRAVING invented. Mezzotinto. It 
 was invented by the celebrated Prince Rupert, 
 son of the Elector Palatine, about the year 1650 ; 
 and the hint was conceived from observing the 
 effect of rust upon a soldier's fusil, in covering 
 the surface of the iron with innumerable small 
 holes at regular distances. Rupert, who was a 
 great mechanical genius and virtuoso, concluded 
 that a contrivance might be found to cover a plate 
 of copper with such a regular ground of holes 
 so closely pierced as to give a black impression, 
 which, if scraped away in proper parts, would 
 leave the rest of the paper white ; that thus light 
 and shade might be as finely blended, or as 
 strongly distinguished, as by the pencil in paint- 
 ing. He tried the experiment by means of an 
 indented steel roller, and it succeeded to his 
 wishes. A crenulated chisel is now used to 
 make the rough ground in place of the roller. 
 This art has been brought to very high perfec- 
 tion. Its characteristic is a softness equal to 
 that of the pencil, and it is therefore particularly 
 adapted to portraits ; and nothing except the 
 power of colors can express flesh more naturally, 
 the flowing of hair, the folds of drapery, or the 
 reflection from polished surfaces. Its defect is, 
 that where there is one great mass of shade in 
 the picture it wants an outline to detach and 
 distinguish the different parts, Avhich are thus 
 almost lost in one entire shade ; but in the blend- 
 ing of light and shade there is no other mode of 
 engraving that approaches to it in excellence. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 22. 
 
 1899. ENMITY, Persistent. Cato. [Cato gave] 
 a stronger instance of his enmity to Carthage ; 
 he never gave his opinion in the Senate upon any 
 other point whatever without adding these 
 words : " And my opinion is, that Carthage 
 should be destroyed." Scipio, surnamed Nasica, 
 made it a point to maintain the contrary, and 
 concluded all his speeches thus : " And my opin- 
 ion is, that Carthage should be left standing."— 
 
 PliUTARCH. 
 
 1 900. ENMITY, Race. Normans. In no coun- 
 try has the enmity of race been carried far- 
 ther than in England. . . . His ordinary form 
 of indignant denial was, "Do you take me for 
 an Englishman ?" The descendant of such a 
 gentleman one hundred years later was proud 
 of the English name. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 15. 
 
 1901. ENTERPRISE, Vast. Pacific Railroad. 
 This vast enterprise was projected as early as 
 1853, but ten years elapsed before the work of 
 construction actually began. The first division 
 extended from Omaha . to Ogden, ... a 
 thousand and thirty -two miles ; the western di- 
 vision, called the Central Pacific, . . . from Og- 
 den to San Francisco, a distance of eight hun- 
 dred and eighty-two miles. On the 10th of May, 
 1869, the great work was completed. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 68, p. 553. 
 
226 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT— ENVY. 
 
 1902. ENTEETAINMENT, Genius for. Paulus 
 JEmilius. [After Paulus ^milius had subdued 
 the Macedonians, he made great entertainments.] 
 And he showed so just a discernment in the order- 
 ing, the placing, and saluting of his guests, and 
 in distinguishing what degree of civility was due 
 to every man's rank and quality, that the Greeks 
 were amazed at his knowledge of matters of 
 mere politeness, and that amid his great actions 
 even trifles did not escape his attention, but were 
 conducted with the greatest decorum. That 
 which afforded him the highest satisfaction 
 was, that, notwithstanding the magnificence 
 and variety of his preparations, he himself gave 
 the greatest pleasure to those he entertained. 
 And to those that expressed their admiration of 
 his management on these occasions, he said that 
 it required the same genius to draw up an army 
 and to order an entertainment ; that the one 
 might be most formidable to the enemy, and the 
 other most agreeable to the company. — Plu- 
 tarch's Paulus ^mililus. 
 
 1903. ENTHUSIASM, Patriotic. "Indepen- 
 dence Hall." All day long the old bellman of 
 the State House had stood in the steeple, ready 
 to sound the note of freedom to the city and the 
 nation. The hours went by ; the gray -haired 
 veteran in the belfry grew discouraged, and be- 
 gan to say, "They will never do it — they will 
 never do \t"\i.e. ,sign the Declaration of American 
 Independence]. Just then the lad who had been 
 stationed below ran out and exclaimed, at the top 
 of his voice, " Ring ! ring !" and the aged patriot 
 did ring as he never did before. . . . Everywhere 
 the declaration was received with enthusiastic 
 applause. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 39, p. 309. 
 
 1901. ENTHUSIASM, Persistent. Lord Nel- 
 son. [At the battle of Copenhagen, 1801, Nel- 
 son was vice-admiral, and led the attack against 
 the Danish fleet. By accident one fourth of 
 the fleet were unable to participate, and the 
 battle became very destructive. Admiral Parker, 
 a conservative and aged ofiicer, seeing how little 
 progress was made after three hours' conflict, 
 signalled the fleet to discontinue the engagement. ] 
 That signal was No. 39. Nelson continued to 
 walk the deck, without appearing to notice the 
 signal. " Shall I repeat it ? " said the signal 
 lieutenant. "No ; acknowledge it." He turned 
 to the captain : " You know, Foley, I have only 
 one eye. I can't see it," putting his glass to his 
 blind eye. " Nail my signal for close action to 
 the mast," cried Nelson. [The battle was a suc- 
 cess, and the Danish fleet destroyed. J — Knight's 
 Eno., vol. 7, ch. 23, p. 404. 
 
 1 905 . ENTHUSIASM for Philosophy. Archim- 
 edes. It is related of him, that being perpetu- 
 ally charmed by a domestic siren— that is, his 
 geometry, he neglected his meat and drink, and 
 took no care of his person ; that he was often 
 carried by force to the baths, and when there he 
 would make mathematical figures in the ashes, 
 and with his finger draw lines upon his body 
 when it was anointed ; so much was he transport- 
 ed with intellectual delight, such an enthusiast 
 in science. And though he was the author of 
 many curious and excellent discoveries, yet he 
 is said to have desired his friends only to place 
 on his tombstone a cylinder containing a sphere, 
 and to set down the proportion which the contain- 
 
 ing solid bears to the contained. — Plutarch's 
 Marcellus. 
 
 1906. ENTHUSIASM, Remarkable. Joan of 
 Arc. She honestly believed herself inspired by 
 Heaven, and she infused into others that belief. 
 An enthusiast herself, she filled a dispirited sol- 
 diery and a despairing people with enthusiasm. 
 The great secret of her success was the boldness 
 of her attacks. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 4, 
 p. 87. 
 
 1907. ENTHUSIASM, A Soldier's. Battle of 
 Manassas. [A Confederate soldier, wounded in 
 the breast, was being carried off the field by his 
 comrades. An officer expressed his sympathy. ] 
 "Yes, yes!" was his reply, "they have done 
 for me now, but my father's there yet ! our army 
 is there yet ! our cause is there yet !" and rais- 
 ing himself from the arms of his companions, 
 his face lighting up like a sunbeam, he cried 
 with an enthusiasm I shall never forget, "and 
 Liberty is there yet !" His spasmodic exertion 
 was too much for him ; . . . he swooned away. — 
 Pollard's First Year of the War, ch. 4, 
 p. 121. 
 
 1908. ENTHUSIASTS, Gospel. Quakers. 
 George Fox did not fail by letter to catechise 
 Innocent XI. Ploughmen and milkmaids, be- 
 coming itinerant preachers, sounded the alarm 
 throughout the world, and appealed to the con- 
 sciences of Puritans and Cavaliers, of the Pope 
 and the Grand Turk, of the negro and the sav- 
 age. The plans of the Quakers designed no less 
 than the establishment of a universal religion ; 
 their apostles made their way to Rome and Je- 
 rusalem, to New England and Egypt ; and some 
 were even moved to go toward China and Japan. 
 The rise of the people called Quakers is one of 
 the memorable events in the history of man. It 
 marks the moment when intellectual freedom 
 was claimed unconditionally by the people as an 
 inalienable birthright. — Bancroft's U. S., ch, 
 16, vol. 2. 
 
 1909. ENVY rebuked. Oliver Goldsmith. Upon 
 another occasion, when Goldsmith confessed 
 himself to be of an envious disposition, I contend- 
 ed with Johnson that we ought not to be angry 
 with him, he was so candid in owning it. "Nay, 
 sir," said Johnson, ' ' we must be angry that a man 
 has such a superabundance of an odious quality 
 that he cannot keep it within his own breast, but 
 it boils over." In my opinion, however, Gold- 
 smith had not more of it than other people have, 
 but only talked of it freely. — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 220. 
 
 1910. ENVY of Reputation. Aristides. At the 
 time that Aristides was banished, when the people 
 were inscribing the names on the shells, it is re- 
 ported that an illiterate burgher came up to Aris- 
 tides, whom he took for some ordinary person, 
 and giving him his shell, desired him to write 
 Aristides upon it. The good man, surprised at 
 the adventure, asked him whether Aristides had 
 ever injured him. "No," said he, "nor do I 
 even know him ; but it vexes me to hear him 
 everywhere called the Just." Aristides made no 
 answer, but took the shell, and having Avritten 
 his own name upon it, returned it to the man. 
 When he quitted Athens, he lifted up his hand* 
 toward Heaven, and, agreeably to his character, 
 made a prayer, very different from that of 
 
ENVY— EQUIVOCATION. 
 
 237 
 
 Achilles — namely, that the people of Athens 
 might never see the day which should force 
 them to remember Aristides.— Plutakch's Akis- 
 
 TIDES. 
 
 191 1. ENVY, TTnhappiness of. Henry III. 
 [After his victory over the German auxiliaries] 
 the king returned to Paris, where he made his tri- 
 umphal entry, . . . but found, to his extreme mor- 
 tification, that the entire credit and glory of the 
 campaign was assigned by the Parisians to their 
 idol, the Duke of Guise. " Saul has slain his 
 thousands," cried the multitude, "but David his 
 ten thousands." — Students' France, ch. 17, 
 § 8, p. 355. 
 
 1912. EPIDEMIC, Destructive. India. [In 
 1818 the British army in India] was encamped 
 in low ground, on the banks of a tributary of 
 the Jumna. The Indian cholera morbus had as- 
 cended the valley of the Ganges, and reaching 
 the camp of the main British army destroyed, 
 in a little more than a week, one tenth of the 
 number there crowded together. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 12, p. 417. 
 
 1913. EPICUEES, Eeputed. English. [The 
 English people were called epicures by the impov- 
 erished Scots, who opposed the union of the two 
 nations. They were said to be] devoted to Dutch 
 cabbages and wheaten bread, and despising hon- 
 est kale and oatmeal. — Knight's Eng.,vo1. 5, 
 ch. 21, p. 322. 
 
 1914. EPISCOPACY, Fictitious. Roman. 
 [Reign of James II. Adda, the Pope's nuncio 
 in England,] had, by a fiction often used in the 
 Church of Rome, been lately raised to the epis- 
 copal dignity without having the charge of any 
 see. He was called Archbishop of Amasia, the 
 birthplace of Mithridates, an ancient citj"^ of 
 ■which all trace had long disappeared. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 249. 
 
 1915. EPITAPH, Unique. Kihu Yale. [Chief 
 founder of Yale College.] Elilm Yale lived to 
 the age of seventy-three years, dying in 1721, and 
 was buried at Wrexam.'in Wales. The epitaph 
 on his tombstone is still legible. After the date 
 of his birth and death these lines follow : 
 Born in America, in Europe bred, 
 In Africa travelled, and in Asia wed, 
 Where long he lived and thrived : at London, 
 
 dead. 
 Much good, some ill, he did ; so hope all's even. 
 And that his soul through mercy's gone to heav- 
 en. 
 
 >You that survive and read, take care 
 For this most certain exit to prepare ; 
 For only the actions of the just 
 Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. 
 
 — Cyclopedia op Bigg. , p. 594. 
 1S16. EQUALITY, Religious. Mohammedan. 
 
 ■ One of the princes of Roman Syria, Djabalah, 
 adopted the faith of the conquerors. . . . Omar 
 took him along with him, at the epoch of the 
 pilgrimage, to accomplish the rites of Islamism at 
 ' Medina. The Syrian prince, arrayed in silken ap- 
 parel, and wearing a crown decked with priceless 
 pearls — which resembled the ear-drop of Maria, 
 of which this princess had made a present to the 
 temple of Mecca at the moment of her conver- 
 sion — followed by magnificent horses of Nedjid, 
 which his .slaves were leading by the hand, ac- 
 companied Omar in his stations around the holy 
 
 edifice. A Bedouin of the tribe of Fezara, who 
 was walking behind him, trod on the tail of his 
 cloak, and made it fall from his shoulders. Dja- 
 balah turned around angry, gave this man a slap, 
 and cut him on the face. 'The Fezarian claimed 
 of Omar satisfaction for this outrage. "Thou 
 hast stricken him ?" asked the Khalif of Dja- 
 balah. " Yes," replied the latter, " and but for 
 my veneration for the Kaaba, I would have clo- 
 ven his hand with my sword." " Thou avo west 
 the act," rejoined Omar ; " thoii must purchase 
 then from the offended party a desistance from 
 tlie complaint." " And if I am unwilling to do 
 it ?" ' ' Then thou wilt be subject to the penalty of 
 retaliation. I will order that this Bedouin shall 
 strike thee upon the face, as thou hast stricken 
 him." " But I am a king, and he is but an ob- 
 scure individual." "The king and the beggar 
 are equal before the Mussulman law ; thou hast 
 over him but the superiority of physical force." 
 ' ' I had thought I would be still more honored 
 in Islamism than in my former religion." " No 
 more words ; satisfy the complainant, or submit 
 to retaliation." — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 173. 
 
 1917. EQUALITY, Sentimental. Napoleon I. 
 [He professed to believe in the nobility of merit 
 and the equality of men.] Murat sought Napo- 
 leon's sister Caroline for a bride. ' ' Murat ! 
 Murat !" said Napoleon, thoughtfully and hesi- 
 tatingly. " He is the son of an inn-keeper. In 
 the elevated rank [of First Consul] to which I 
 have attained, I cannot mix my blood with his." 
 [He afterward consented as a matter of policy.] 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 191§. EQUIVOCATION declined. John Huss. 
 Huss . . . railed against the ecclesiastical hier- 
 archy and the disorderly lives of the popes and 
 bishops. He was cited to appear before the 
 council of Constance, and was examined touch- 
 ing the most obnoxious passages of his writings. 
 To deny the hierarchy, and to reproach the con- 
 duct and morals of the bishops, were sufficient 
 crimes in the judgment of a council of these 
 bishops, and Huss was condemned to be burnt 
 alive. He might have saved his life by simply 
 declaring that he abjured all his errors. The 
 Emperor Sigismund, who wanted to save him, 
 thus reasoned with him : " What harm can there 
 be," said he, " in any man declaring that he ab- 
 jures his errors ? I am ready this moment to 
 declare that I abjure all my errors ;" but John 
 Huss was too sincere to save his life by an equiv- 
 ocation, and he suffered death with heroic cour- 
 age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 11. 
 
 1919. EQUIVOCATION, Ingenious. Beign of 
 James II. [William, Prince of Orange, issued a 
 manifesto announcing the invitation of the prel- 
 ates to an invasion of England.] Bishop Comp- 
 ton was called into the royal closet and asked 
 whether he believed that there was the slightest 
 ground for the prince's assertion. The bishop 
 was in a strait, for he was himself one of the 
 seven who had signed the invitation ; and his 
 conscience, not a very enlightened conscience, 
 would not suffer him, it seems, to utter a direct 
 falsehood. " Sir," he said, " I am quite confi- 
 dent that there is not one of my brethren who is 
 not as guiltless as myself in this matter." The 
 equivocation was ingenious ; but whether the 
 difference between the sin of such an equivoca- 
 tion and the sin of a lie be worth any expense of 
 
228 
 
 EQUIVOCATION— ETIQUETTE. 
 
 ingenuity may perhaps be doubted. The king 
 was satisfied. "I fully acquit you all," he 
 said ; " but I think it necessary that you should 
 publiclycontradict the slanderous charge brought 
 against you in the prince's declaration." The 
 bishop very naturally begged that he might be 
 allowed to read the paper which he was required 
 to contradict ; but the king would not suffer 
 him to look at it. [At another interview, J when 
 Compton's turn came, he parried the question 
 with an adroitness which a Jesuit might have 
 envied. " I gave your Majesty my answer yes- 
 terday." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 440. 
 
 1920. EQUIVOCATION, Oracular. FaU. [Con- 
 stantine was approaching the city with a great 
 army.] Before Maxentius left Rome, he consult- 
 ed the Sibylline books. The guardians of these 
 ancient oracles were as well versed in the arts of 
 this world as they were ignorant of the secrets of 
 fate ; and they returned him a very prudent an- 
 swer, which might adapt itself to the event, and 
 secure their reputation, whatever should be the 
 chance of arms. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, p. 480. 
 
 1921. EBBOB from Vastness. Explorer. 
 [Seeking a western passage from Europe to 
 Asia.] August 10, 1519, Admiral Magalhaens 
 sailed from Seville, and reached the coast of 
 Brazil in the middle of December. He then 
 steered to the south, and, sailing close in shore, 
 looked out anxiously to find a break in the con- 
 tinent which would let him into the great ocean 
 that washed the shores of Asia, and encircled 
 the rich islands of which he was in quest. The 
 broad mouth of the La Plata lured him in at 
 length. He entered it, but discovering soon 
 that it was only a river, he dropped down the 
 stream, and resumed his run along the coast. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 297. 
 
 1922. ESCAPE by Bravery. Battle of Hast- 
 ings. [William the Norman addressed his troops :] 
 There will be no safety in asking quarter or in 
 flight ; the English will never love or spare a Nor- 
 man. Felons they were, and felons they are ; false 
 they were, and false they will be. Show no 
 weakness toward them, for they will have no 
 pity on you ; neither the coward for running 
 well, nor the bold man for smiting well, will be 
 the better liked by the English, nor will any be 
 the more spared on either account. You may 
 fly to the sea, but you can fly no farther ; you 
 will find neither ships nor bridge there ; there 
 •Will be no sailors to receive you ; and the Eng- 
 lish will overtake you there, and slay you in 
 your shame. More of you will die in flight 
 than in battle. Then, as flight will not secure 
 you, flglit, and you will conquer. — Decisive 
 Battles, § 308. 
 
 1923. ESCAPE difficult. Luther. Luther's 
 friends, fearing that he would not be permitted 
 to depart from the city, provided for him a 
 horse and an old companion at arms, and dis- 
 missed him at night through a secret gate in the 
 city walls. Thus he escaped upon a hard-riding 
 trotter, in his monk's coat, without boots or 
 pants, spurs or sword, travelling about forty 
 miles before he sought rest. When he dismount- 
 ed at the inn at Monheim he could hardly stand, 
 and for weariness fell down upon the straw. — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 5, p. 55. 
 
 1924. ESTBANGEMENT, Connubial. William 
 and Mary. A time would come when the prin- 
 
 cess [Mary], who had been educated only to 
 work embroidery, to play on the spinet, and to 
 read the Bible and the " Whole Duty of Man," 
 would be the chief of a great monarchy [the 
 English], and would hold the balance of Europe, 
 while her lord [William, Prince of Orange,] am- 
 bitious, versed in affairs, and bent on great en- 
 terprises, . . . would hold power only from her 
 bounty and during her pleasure. . . . The Prin- 
 cess of Orange had not the faintest suspicion of 
 her husband's feelings. Her preceptor. Bishop 
 Compton, had instructed her carefully in relig- 
 ion, and had especially guarded her mind against 
 the arts of Roman Catholic divines, but had 
 left her profoundly ignorant of the English 
 Constitution and of her own position. She 
 knew that her marriage vow bound her to obey 
 her husband ; and it had never occurred to her 
 that the relation in which they stood to each 
 other might one day be inverted. She had been 
 nine years married before she discovered the 
 cause of William's discontent ; nor would she 
 ever have learned it from himself. In general, 
 his temper inclined him rather to brood over his 
 griefs than to give utterance to them ; and in 
 this particular case his lips were sealed by a 
 very natural delicacy. At length a complete 
 explanation and reconciliation were brought 
 about by the agency of Gilbert Burnet. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 161. 
 
 1925. ETIQUETTE burdensome. Edward IV. 
 [In 1466 a Bohemian nobleman and suite were 
 entertained by Edward I V. ] Having been feast- 
 ed himself ... he was conducted into a costly or- 
 namented room, where the queen was to dine. 
 . . , " The queen sat down on a golden stool, 
 alone at her table ; and her mother and the king's 
 sister stood far below her. And when the queen 
 spoke to [them] they kneeled down every time 
 before her, and remained kneeling until the 
 queen drank water. And all her ladies and 
 maids, and those who waited upon her, even 
 great lords, had to kneel while she was eating, 
 which continued three hours. After dinner 
 there was dancing, but the queen continued sit- 
 ting upon her stool, and her mother knelt before 
 her." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 11, p. 170. 
 
 1926. ETIQUETTE, Questions of. Ainerican. 
 In the first months of his administration Wash- 
 ington was much vexed about questions of cere- 
 mony and etiquette. How should he appear in 
 public ? How often ? What kind of entertain- 
 ment should he give ? What title should he bear, 
 and in what manner be introduced ? . . . He 
 must not, on the one hand, demean himself like 
 a king, surrounded with peers and courtiers ; nor, 
 on the other hand, must he degrade his high oflice 
 by such blunt democratic ceremonies as would 
 render himself ridiculous and the Presidency 
 contemptible. In this embarrassment Washing- 
 ton sought the advice of Adams, Jefferson, Ham- 
 ilton, and others. . . . Adams, in answer, would 
 have much ceremony ; Jefferson, none at all. 
 The letter said : "I hope that the terms Excel 
 lency. Honor, Worship, Esquire, and even Mr. 
 shall shortly and forever disappear from among 
 us." Hamilton's reply favored a moderate and 
 simple formality, and this view was adopted by 
 Washington. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 46, p. 365. 
 
 1927. ETIQUETTE, Bestraints of. Princess 
 Anne. The princess became impatient of the re- 
 
EULOGISM— EVIDENCE. 
 
 229 
 
 straints which etiquette imposed ou her. She 
 could not bear the words Madam and Royal 
 Highness from [Sarah Churchill] the lips of one 
 who was more to her than a sister. . . . Anne 
 was Mrs. Morley ; Lady Churchill was Mrs. Free- 
 man ; and under those childish names was car- 
 ried on, during twenty years, a correspondence 
 on which, at last, the fate of administrations and 
 dynasties depended. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, 
 p. 238. 
 
 1928. EULOGISM, Sublime. By General Hen- 
 ry Lee. Washington ..." First in war, first in 
 peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 — CcsTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 16, 
 
 1929. EVASION, Deceptive. Samuel John- 
 son. [He wrote for the Adveniurer.'] Johnson's 
 saying, ' ' I have no part in the paper beyond now 
 and then a motto," may seem inconsistent with 
 his being the author of the papers marked T. 
 But he had, at this time, written only one num- 
 ber ; and besides, even at any after period, he 
 might have used the same expression, consider- 
 ing it as a point of honor not to own them ; for 
 Mrs. Williams told me that, "as he had given 
 those essays to Dr. Bathurst, who sold them at 
 two guineas each, he never would own them ; 
 nay, he used to say he did not write them ; but 
 the fact was, that he dictated them, while Bath- 
 urst wrote." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 66. 
 
 1930. EVASION, Legal. Reversal. It is said, 
 that when the ambassadors from Lacedaemon 
 came ... to Athens [to arrange the terms of 
 peace, they were deterred by a decree against the 
 Megarensians, their enemies]. Pericles pretended 
 there was a, law which forbade the taking down 
 any tablet on which a decree of the people was 
 written. "Then," said Polyarces, one of the 
 ambassadors, " do not take it down, but turn the 
 other side outward ; there is no law against 
 that." Notwithstanding the pleasantry of this 
 answer, Pericles relented not in the least. — Plu- 
 tarch's Pericles. 
 
 1931. EVIDENCE, Abundant. Imposdble. [Ma- 
 homet was inclined to jealousy, yet he] pub- 
 lished a law of domestic peace, that no woman 
 should be condemned unless four male witnesses 
 had seen her in the act of adultery. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50, p. 150. 
 
 1932. EVIDENCE, Circumstantial. Nero's 
 Persecution. When once the Christians were 
 pointed out to the popular vengeance, many rea- 
 sons would be adduced to prove their connection 
 with the conflagration. Temples had perished 
 — and were they not notorious enemies of the 
 temples ? Did not popular rumor charge them 
 with nocturnal orgies and Thyestaean feasts ? 
 Suspicions of incendiarism were sometimes 
 brought against Jews ; but the JewsAvere not in 
 the habit of talking, as these sectaries were, about 
 a fire which should consume the world, and re- 
 joicing in the prospect of that fiery consumma- 
 tion. Nay, more, when Pagans had bewailed 
 the destruction of the city and the loss of the an- 
 cient monuments of Rome, had not these perni- 
 cious people used ambiguous language, as though 
 they joyously recognized in these events the signs 
 of a coming end ? Even when they tried to sup- 
 press all outward tokens of exultation, had they 
 not listened to the fears and lamentations of 
 their fellow-citizens witli some sparkle in the 
 
 eyes, and had they not answered with something 
 of triumph in their tones ? — Farrar's Early 
 Days, ch. 4, p. 37. 
 
 1933. EVIDENCE, Conflicting. Napoleon I. 
 [After defeating the mob in the streets of. Paris] 
 a fish-woman, of enormous rotundity of person, 
 exhorted the mob, with the most vehement volu- 
 bility, not to disperse, exclaiming, " Nevermind 
 those coxcombs with epaulets on their shoul- 
 ders ; they care not if we poor people all starve, if 
 they can but feed well and grow fat !" Napoleon, 
 who was thin and meagre as a shadow, turned 
 to her and said : " Look at me, my good woman, 
 and tell me which of us two is the fatter." The 
 Amazon was completely disconcerted by this hap- 
 py repartee, and the crowd in good-humor dis- 
 persed. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 1934. EVIDENCE, Constructive. Trial of 
 Strafford. Never did an arraigned prisoner reply 
 with greater majesty of innocence than did 
 Strafford in his last defence before his accusers 
 and his king. Neither Athens nor Rome records 
 any incident of more tragic sublimity in the 
 united aanals. " Unable to find in my conduct," 
 said Strafford to his judges, ' ' anything to which 
 might be applied the name or punishment of 
 treason, my enemies have invented, in defiance 
 of all law, a chain of constructive and accumu- 
 lative evidence, by which my actions, although 
 innocent and laudable when taken separately, 
 viewed in this collected light, become treason- 
 able. It is hard to be questioned on a law which 
 cannot be shown. Where hath this fire lain hid 
 so many hundreds of years, without smoke to 
 discover it, till it thus bursts forth to consume me 
 and my children ? It is better to be without 
 laws altogether than to persuade ourselves that 
 we have laws by which to regulate our conduct, 
 and to find that they consist only in the enmity 
 and arbitrary will of our accusers. If a man 
 sails upon the Thames in a boat, and splits him- 
 self upon an anchor, and no buoy be floating 
 to discover it, he who owneth the anchor shall 
 make satisfaction ; but if a buoy be set there, 
 every one passeth it at his own peril. Now, where 
 is the mark, Avhere the tokens upon this crime, 
 to declare it to be high treason ? It has remained 
 hidden under the water ; no human prudence 
 or innocence could preserve me from the ruin 
 with which it menaces me. For two hundred 
 and forty years every species of treason has been 
 defined, and during that long space of time I am 
 the first, I am the only exception for whom the 
 definition has been enlarged, that I may be en- 
 veloped in its meshes." — Lamartine's Crom- 
 well, p. 11. 
 
 1935. EVIDENCE, Convincing. SamuelJohn- 
 son. After we came out of the church, we 
 stood talking for some time together of Bishop 
 Berkeley's ingenious sophistry to prove the non- 
 existence of matter, and that everything in the 
 imiverse is merely ideal. I observed, that 
 though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true, 
 it is impossible to refute it. I never shall forget 
 the alacrity with which Johnson answered, strik- 
 ing his foot with mighty force against a large 
 stone, till he rebounded from it, "I refute it 
 thus." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 131. 
 
 1936. EVIDENCE discredited. James II. 
 James informed this great assembly [of notables] 
 that he thought it necessary to produce proofs 
 
aso 
 
 EVIDENCE. 
 
 of the birth of his son. The arts of bad men 
 had poisoned the public mind to such an extent 
 that very many believed the Prince of Wales to 
 be a supposititious child ; but Providence had 
 graciously ordered things so that scarcely any 
 prince had ever come into the world in the pres- 
 ence of so many witnesses. All who were pres- 
 ent appeared to be satisfied. The evidence was 
 instantly published, and was allowed by judi- 
 cious and impartial persons to be decisive. But 
 the judicious are always a minority ; and scarce- 
 ly anybody was then impartial. The whole na- 
 tion was convinced that all sincere papists thought 
 it a duty to perjure themselves whenever they 
 could, by perjury, serve the interests of their 
 Church. Men who, having been bred Protes- 
 tants, had, for the sake of lucre, pretended to be 
 converted to popery, were, if possible, less trust- 
 worthy even than sincere papists. The deposi- 
 tions of all who belonged to these two classes 
 were therefore regarded as mere nullities. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 434. 
 
 1937. EVIDENCE, External. Gnostics. As the 
 Christian religion was received, at first, by many, 
 from the conviction of its truth from exter- 
 nal evidence, and without a due examination of 
 its doctrines, it was not surprising that many 
 who called themselves Christians should retain 
 the doctrines of a prevailing philosophy to which 
 they have been accustomed, and endeavor to ac- 
 commodate these to the system of revelation, 
 which they found in the sacred volumes. Such, 
 for example, were the Christian Gnostics, who 
 intermixed the doctrines of the Oriental philoso- 
 phy concerning the two separate principles, agood 
 and an evil, with the precepts of Christianity, 
 and admitted the authority of Zoroaster, as an 
 inspired personage, equally with that of Jesus 
 Christ. Such likewise were the sect of the Am- 
 monians, who vainly endeavored to reconcile to- 
 gether the opinions of all the different schools of 
 the pagan philosophy, and attempted, with yet 
 greater absurdity, to accommodate all these to the 
 doctrines of Christianity. From this confusion of 
 the pagan philosophy with the plain and simple 
 doctrines of the Christian religion, the Church, 
 in this period of its infant state, suffered in a 
 most essential manner. — Tytlkr's Hist., Book 
 5, ch. 4. 
 
 1938. EVIDENCE of common Fame, Mon- 
 mouth's Bebellion. The fact that Monmouth was 
 in arms against the government was so notorious 
 that the bill of attainder became a law with only 
 a faint show of opposition from one or two peers, 
 and has seldom been censured even by "Whig his- 
 torians ; yet when we consider how important it 
 is that legislative and judicial functions should 
 be kept distinct, how important it is that com- 
 mon fame, however strong and general, should 
 not be received as a legal proof of guilt, how im- 
 portant it is to maintain the rule that no man 
 shall be condemned to death without an oppor- 
 tunity of defending himself, and how easily and 
 speedily breaches in great principles, when once 
 made, are widened, we shall probably be dis- 
 posed to think that the course taken by the Par- 
 liament was open to some objection. Neither 
 house had before it anything which even so cor- 
 rupt a judge as Jeffreys could have directed a 
 jury to consider as proof of Monmouth's crime. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 538. 
 
 1939. EVIDENCE, Forced. Knights Templars. 
 On the 13th of October, 1307, not only Du Mo- 
 lay, but all the Knights Templars throughout the 
 realm of France, were arrested and thrown into 
 prison ; and Philip [IV.] proceeded in per- 
 son to the vast fortress of the Temple at Paris, 
 of which he took forcible possession. Certain se- 
 cret revelations had been made to the king by 
 two renegade members of the Order, who had 
 been condemned for gross misconduct and im- 
 prisoned for life ; and the Templars were charged 
 upon their testimony with the most monstrous 
 crimes, including systematic blasphemy and im- 
 piety, shameless immorality, and deliberate apos- 
 tasy from the Christian faith. One hundred and 
 forty of the prisoners were immediately examined 
 before the Grand Inquisitor at Paris ; and the 
 severest tortures having been employed to ex- 
 tract confession, admissions were obtained which 
 seemed to a great extent to establish their guilt. 
 — Students' France, ch. 9, § 19, p. 188. 
 
 1940. EVIDENCE, Impossible. Mutiny. In 
 their secret conferences they exclaimed against 
 him as a desperado, bent, in a mad phantasy, upon 
 doing something extravagant to render himself 
 notorious. What were their sufferings and dan- 
 gers to one evidently content to sacrifice his own 
 life for the chance of distinction ? ... As an ef- 
 fectual means of preventing his complaints, they 
 might throw him into the sea, and give out that 
 he had fallen overboard while busy with his in- 
 struments contemplating the stars ; a report 
 which no one would have either the inclination 
 or the means to controvert. Columbus was not 
 ignorant of the mutinous disposition of his crew, 
 but he still maintained a serene and steady coun- 
 tenance ; soothing some with gentle words ; en- 
 deavoring to stimulate the pride or avarice of 
 others, and openly menacing the refractory with 
 signal punishment, should they do anything to 
 impede the voyage. — Irving's Columbus, Book 
 3, ch. 4. 
 
 1941. EVIDENCE, Indisputable. Coat of Mail. 
 [In 1405 Archbishop Scrope joined a rebellion 
 against Henry IV. He was taken and behead- 
 ed. The pope claimed that the king had no 
 jurisdiction over a prelate — that it was an offence 
 against the Church, and he] issued a temporary 
 sentence of excommunication against all who 
 had been concerned in his death. There is a 
 story [that Henry] charged a messenger to de- 
 liver the armor of the archbishop to the pope, 
 with these words of the brothers of Joseph : 
 " Lo! this we have found ; we know not wheth- 
 er it be thy son's coat or no." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 3, p. 50. 
 
 1942. EVIDENCE, Inferential. Coesar. [The 
 young desperado Clodius evidently sought to 
 corrupt the wife of Caesar.] Caesar . . . divorced 
 Pompeia ; yet, when called as an evidence on 
 the trial, he declared he knew nothing of what 
 was alleged against Clodius [who was reputed 
 to have injured her virtue]. As this declaration 
 appeared somewhat strange, the accuser demand- 
 ed why, if that was the case, he had divorced 
 his wife : " Because," said he, "I would have 
 the chastity of my wife clear even of suspicion." 
 — Plutarch's Cesar. 
 
 1943. EVIDENCE manufactured. Nicias, 
 [The Athenian general] gave not only to those 
 who deserved his bounty, but to such as might 
 
EVIDENCE. 
 
 231 
 
 be able to do him harm ; and bad men found re- 
 sources in his feare, as well as good men in his 
 liberality. . . . Teleclides introduced a trading in- 
 former speaking thus: " Charicles would not 
 give one mina to prevent my declaring that he 
 was the first-fruits of his mother's amours ; but 
 Nicias, the son of Niceratus, gave me four. 
 Why he did it, I shall not say, though I know it 
 perfectly well. For Nicias is my friend, a very 
 wise man besides, in my opinion." — Plutarch's 
 Nicias. 
 
 1944. EVIDENCE perverted. Mahomet. Some 
 authors consider the fits of the prophet as the 
 principal evidence of his mission. . , . They 
 were preceded by great depression of spirits, 
 and his face was clouded ; and they were ush- 
 ered in by coldness of the extremities and shiv- 
 ering. He shook as if he were suffering from 
 ague, and called out for covering. His mind 
 was in a most painfully excited state. He heard 
 a tinkling in his ears, as if bells were ringing, or 
 a humming, as if bees were swarming round his 
 head, and his lips quivered ; but this motion was 
 under the control of volition. If the attack pro- 
 ceeded beyond this stage, his eyes became fixed 
 and staring, and the motions of his head con- 
 vulsive and automatic. At length perspiration 
 broke out, which covered his face in large drops ; 
 and with this ended the attack. Sometimes, 
 however, if he had a violent fit, he fell comatose 
 to the ground, like a person who is intoxicated ; 
 and (at least at a later period of his life) his face 
 was flushed, and his respiration stertorous, and 
 he remained in that state for some time. The 
 bystanders sprinkled water in his face. — Note in 
 Gtibbon's Mahomet, p. 53. 
 
 1945. EVIDENCE of Prejudice. James I. In 
 the second year of this reign was framed another 
 plot, , . . oneof the most infernal that ever entered 
 into the human breast to conceive — the Gun- 
 powder Treason. . . . This conspiracy . . . had for 
 its object to cut off at one blow the king and the 
 whole body of the Parliament. ... It had origi- 
 nated from the disgust and disappointment of the 
 Catholics, who, on the accession of James, the 
 son of a Catholic, had formed to themselves illu- 
 sive hopes of the establishment of their religion. 
 . . . The conduct of the king in the punishment 
 of this conspiracy was an instance of moderation, 
 if not of humanity. The majority of his people 
 would have gladly seen an utter extinction of all 
 the Catholics in the kingdom. But James con- 
 fined the vengeance of the laws to those only 
 who were actually engaged in the plot — a meas- 
 ure which was by a great part of his subjects 
 construed into his own tacit inclination to favor 
 the popish superstitions — an idea, of which the 
 absurdity was yet greater than its illiberality. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 29. 
 
 1946. EVIDENCE, Presumptive. Beign of 
 Charles II. [During the fight occasioned by 
 Titus Gates' pretended popery plot.] Edward 
 Coleman, a very busy and not very honest Ro- 
 man Catholic intriguer, had been among the per- 
 sons accused. Search was made for his papers. 
 It was found that he had just destroyed the 
 greater part of them ; but a few which had 
 escaped contained some passages which, to minds 
 strongly prepossessed, might seem to confirm the 
 evidence of Gates. . . . But the country was not 
 then inclined to construe the letters of papists 
 
 candidly ; and it was urged, with some show of 
 reason, that if papers which had been passed 
 over as unimportant were filled with matter so 
 suspicious, some great mystery of iniquity must 
 have been contained in those documents which 
 had been carefully committed to the flames. — 
 Macaulay's Hist., ch. 2, p. 218. 
 
 1947. EVIDENCE, Purchase of. Beign of 
 James II. [Papists] accused [William Douglas,] 
 the treasurer, not only of extenuating the crime 
 of the insurgents, but of having himself prompt- 
 ed it, and did all in their power to obtain evi- 
 dence of his guilt. One of the ringleaders, who 
 had been taken, was offered a pardon if he would 
 own that Queensberry had set him on ; but the 
 same religious enthusiasm which had impelled 
 the unhappy prisoner to criminal violence pre- 
 vented him from purchasing his life by a cal- 
 umny. He and several of his accomplices were 
 hanged. [James sought to advance the Catholic 
 religion in Scotland, and a riot ensued.] — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 107. 
 
 1948. EVIDENCE, Refuted by. Peculation. 
 The younger Scipio (Asiaticus) was soon after 
 impeached for the same crime which had been 
 matter of accusation against his brother. The 
 tribunes, it seems, were determined to have at 
 least one victim from that illustrious house of 
 the Cornelii. He was condemned to pay a heavy 
 fine, as is generally believed, upon false evi- 
 dence : for when his whole property was seized, 
 his poverty disproved the calumnious accusa- 
 tion, and the Senate decreed him a high recom. 
 pense for the injury he had sustained. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, p. 381. 
 
 1949. EVIDENCE rejected. Roman General 
 Belisarius. Before her marriage with Belisarius, 
 Antonina had one husband and many lovers ; 
 Photius, the son of her former nuptials, was of 
 an age to distinguish himself at the siege of 
 Naples ; and it was not till the autumn of her 
 age and beauty that she indulged a scandalous 
 attachment to a Thracian youth. Theodosius 
 had been educated in the Eunomian heresy ; the 
 African voyage was consecrated by the baptism 
 and auspicious name of the first soldiei* who em- 
 barked ; and the proselyte was adopted into the 
 family of his spiritual parents, Belisarius and 
 Antonina. Before they touched the shores of 
 Africa, this holy kindred degenerated into sen- 
 sual love ; and as Antonina soon overleaped the 
 bounds of modesty and caution, the Roman gen- 
 eral was alone ignorant of his own dishonor. 
 During their residence at Carthage, he surprised 
 the two lovers in a subterraneous chamber, sol- 
 itary, warm, and almost naked. Anger flashed 
 from his eyes. "With the help of this young 
 man," said the unblushing Antonina, "1 was 
 secreting our most precious effects from the 
 knowledge of Justinian." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 41, p. 184. 
 
 1950. EVIDENCE, Religious. Joan of Arc. 
 The English, wild with hate and humiliation, 
 urged and threatened. So great was their rage 
 against the Pucelle, that they burned a woman 
 alive for speaking well of her. If the Pucelle 
 herself were not tried, condemned, and burned as 
 a sorceress — if her victories were not set down as 
 due to the devil, they would remain in the eyes of 
 the people miracles, God's own works. The infer- 
 ence would be that God was against the English, 
 
232 
 
 EVIDENCE— EXAGGERATION. 
 
 that they had been rightfully and loyally de- 
 feated, and that their cause was the devil's. Ac- 
 cording to the notions of the time, there was no 
 medium. A conclusion like this, intolerable to 
 English pride, was infinitely more so to a gov- 
 ernment of bishops like that of England, and to 
 the cardinal, its head. — Michelet's Joan of 
 Arc, p. 39. 
 
 1951. EVIDENCE, Secondary. Samueljohn- 
 8on. As to the Christian religion, sir, besides the 
 strong evidence which we have for it, there 
 is a balance in its favor from the number of 
 great men who have been convinced of its truth, 
 after a serious consideration of the question. 
 Grotius was an acute man, a lawyer, a man ac- 
 customed to examine evidence, and he was con- 
 vinced. Grotius was not a recluse, but a man 
 of the world, who certainly had no bias to the 
 side of religion. Sir Isaac Newton set out an 
 infidel, and came to be a very firm believer. — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 125. 
 
 1952. EVIDENCE, Slender. Trial of Straffai'd. 
 Strafford was brought to trial ; he defended him- 
 self with great ability. The charge upon the 
 whole was certainly relevant ; but though it was 
 apparent he had acted with great intemperance 
 and indiscretion, nothing was proved which was 
 sufficient to justify a penal conclusion. His ene- 
 mies now found it necessary to attempt a new 
 mode of prosecution, and this was the most un- 
 justifiable part of their procedure. A bill of at- 
 tainder was brought into the House of Commons, 
 in which the principal proof adduced of Straf- 
 ford's guilt was a scrap of paper in the hand- 
 writing of Sir Henry Vane, consisting of notes 
 taken of a debate in the privy council on the 
 subject of the war against the Scots, in which 
 Strafford was said to have urged the king to go 
 on to levy the ship-money, and to have hinted 
 that he was now absolved from all rules of gov- 
 ernment. Six counsellors, together with Vane, 
 had been present at this debate. Four of tliese 
 declared that they recollected no such expres- 
 sions of Strafford's ; the other two could give no 
 evidence, as one had left the country and the 
 other was a state-prisoner. Vane's evidence, 
 therefore, stood single and unsupported ; yet a 
 majority of the Commons passed the bill of at- 
 tainder ; and the Peers, intimidated by these vio- 
 lent and desperate measures, which made every 
 man tremble for his own safety, [approved.] — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 403. 
 
 1953. . Roman Emperor Domitian. 
 
 The monster — for such his life declared him — 
 contrived, like some of his unworthy predeces- 
 sors, for awhile to conceal his vices. He affect- 
 ed to show a moderation and a love of justice, 
 which gave promise of a happy reign ; but his 
 natural position soon unveiled itself. An insur- 
 rection, which happened at that time in Ger- 
 many, gave him an opportunity of satiating him- 
 self with blood. The rebellion itself was speedi- 
 ly quelled, but its consequences were long de- 
 plored in the innumerable murders of the most 
 respected among the citizens, for which the bare 
 suspicion of having been concerned in the re- 
 bellion afforded always a sufficient pretext. In- 
 formers, that despicable brood, the scourge of 
 men of worth, began again to swarm through- 
 out the country ; slaves were bribed to give evi- 
 dence against their masters ; pretenders to astrol- 
 
 ogy were appointed to draw the horoscope of the 
 principal citizens, the emperor ordering those 
 to be put to death to whom fortune promised 
 anything great or successful. — Tytler's Hist. , 
 Book 5, ch. 3. 
 
 1954. EVIDENCE by Symbols. Barbarians. 
 Some of the northern barbarous nations use, at 
 this day, a mode of authenticating contracts by 
 symbols, Avhich is a nearer approach to the so- 
 lemnity of writing. After the agreement is made, 
 the parties cut a piece of Avood irregularlj^ into 
 two tallies ; each party keeps one of these, 
 and both are given up and destroyed when the 
 bargain is fulfilled. A custom of this kind sup- 
 poses a state of society where all agreements are 
 of the simplest nature ; for these tallies, though 
 they might certify the existence of a contract, 
 could never give evidence of its tenor. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 3. 
 
 1955. EVIL overruled. Henry VII I. The ori- 
 gin of the Reformation in England is to be traced 
 to a cause still more remote from the real inter- 
 ests of religion than that which gave rise to the 
 Reformation in Germany. As early as the middle 
 of the fourteenth century, the learned Wicliffe 
 had begun an attack against many of the abuses in 
 the Church of Rome, both in his sermons to the 
 people and in his writings. . . . Such was the 
 state of things at the beginning of the reign of 
 Henry VIII., who was a prince zealously at- 
 tached from education to the doctrines of the 
 Church of Rome ; but he wasj'^et more addicted 
 to the unrestrained gratification of his passions, 
 and this, in fact, was one of the minor though 
 immediate causes of the Reformation in Eng- 
 land. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20. 
 
 1956. EXAGGEEATION, Barbarian. Majesty. 
 The barbarian princes [underiAttilaJ confessed, in 
 the language of devotion or flattery, that they 
 could not presume to gaze, with a steady eye, on 
 the divine majesty of the king of the Huns. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 34, p. 391. 
 
 1957. EXAGGEEATION detected. Samuel 
 Johnson. The king then asked him what he 
 thought of Dr. Hill. Johnson answered that he 
 was an ingenious man, but had no veracity ; 
 and immediately mentioned, as an instance of it, 
 an assertion of that writer, that he had seen 
 objects magnified to a much greater degree by 
 using three or four microscopes at a time than 
 by using one. " Now," added Johnson, " every 
 one acquainted with microscopes knows that 
 the more of them he looks through the less the 
 object will appear." " Why," replied the king, 
 " this is not only telling an untruth, but telling it 
 clumsily ; for, if that be the case, every one who 
 can look through a microscope will be able to 
 detect him." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 151. 
 
 1958. EXAGGEEATION, Impious. Political. 
 There was launched from the Hague, in March, 
 1652, a virulent royalist piece in Latin, under the 
 title of Regii sanguinis clamm' ad ccelum (Cry of 
 the King's blood to Heaven against the English 
 parricides). Its one hundred and sixty pages 
 contained the usual royalist invective in a rather 
 common style of hyperbolical declamation, such 
 as that ' ' in compaiison of the execution of 
 Charles I., the guilt of the Jews in crucifying 
 Christ was as nothing." — Milton, by M. Pat- 
 TISON, ch. 10. 
 
EXAMINATION— EXCELLENCE. 
 
 233 
 
 1959. EXAMINATION needless. Samuel John- 
 son. Mrs. Montague, a lady distinguished for 
 having written an essay on Shakespeare, being 
 mentioned. Reynolds : " I think that essay does 
 her honor." Johnson: "Yes, sir, it does her 
 honor, but it would do nobodj'^ else honor. I have 
 indeed not read it all. But when I take up the 
 ead of a web, and find it pack-thread, I do not 
 expect, by looking farther, to find embroidery." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 164. 
 
 1960. EXAMPLE followed. Death. [The Mo- 
 guls invaded China.] The obstinate remnant 
 of independence and hostility was transported 
 from the land to the sea. But when the fleet of 
 the Song was surrounded and oppressed by a su- 
 perior armament, their last champion leaped into 
 the waves with his infant emperor in his arms. 
 " It is more glorious," he cried, " to die a prince 
 than to live a slave \" A hundred thousand Chi- 
 nese imitated his example ; and the whole em- 
 pire, from Tonkin to the gi-eat wall, submitted 
 to the dominion of Cublai. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 63. 
 
 1961. EXAMPLE, Instruction by. Gauls. 
 [Siege of Rome.] Some of the barbarians employ- 
 ed in the siege, happening to pass by the place 
 where Pontius had made his way by night up to 
 the [Roman] Capitol, observed many traces of his 
 feet and hands, as he had worked himself up the 
 rock, torn off what grew there, and tumbled down 
 the mould. Of this they informed the king, who, 
 coming and viewing it, for the present said noth- 
 ing ; but in the evening he assembled the light- 
 est and most active of his men, who were the 
 likeliest to climb any diflicult height, and thus 
 addressed them : ' ' The enemy have themselves 
 shown us a way to reach them, which we were 
 ignorant of, and have proved that this rock is 
 neither inaccessible nor imtrodden by human feet. 
 What a shame would it be, then, after having 
 made a beginning, not to finish ; and to quit the 
 place as impregnable, when the Romans them- 
 selves have taught us how to take it ! Where it 
 was easy for one man to ascend it cannot be dif- 
 ficult for many, one by one." . . . The foremost, 
 having gained the top, put themselves in order, 
 and were ready to take possession of the wall, 
 and to fall upon the guards, who were fast 
 asleep ; for neither man nor dog perceived their 
 coming. However, there were certain sacred 
 geese kept near Juno's temple. . . . They imme- 
 diately perceived the coming of the Gauls, and 
 running at them with all the noise they could 
 make, they awoke all the guards. — Plutabch's 
 Camxllus. 
 
 1963. EXAMPLE, Power of. Patriotism, a.d. 
 1 774. But what most animated the country was 
 the magnanimity of Boston; " suffering amaz- 
 ing loss, but determined to endure poverty and 
 death rather than betray America and poster- 
 ity." Its people, under the eyes of the [British] 
 ueneral, disregarding alike his army, his proc- 
 lamations against a provincial congress, and the 
 British statute against town-meetings, came to- 
 gether, according to their ancient foi-ms ; and 
 with Samuel Adams as moderator elected dele- 
 gates to the next provincial congress of Massa- 
 chusetts.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 16. 
 
 1963. . General Jackson, 1812. Dur- 
 ing the winter Jackson's troops, unprovided and 
 Starving, became mutinous.and Avere going home. 
 
 But the general set the example of living on 
 acorns ; tlien rode before the rebellious line, and 
 threatened with death the first mutineer that 
 stirred. And no man stirred. — Ridpath's U. S. , 
 ch. 50, p. 403. 
 
 1964. . John Huss. A few months 
 
 afterward Jerome of Prague, the disciple and 
 the friend of John Huss, underwent the same 
 fate with his master. He was a man of superior 
 talents and of great eloquence. The fear of death 
 was at first too powerful, and he signed a recan- 
 tation of his opinions ; but no sooner had he 
 heard how his master had encountered death 
 than he was ashamed to live. He publicly re- 
 tracted his recantation, preached forth his doc- 
 trines, and was condemned to the flames. . . . 
 These executions were attended with conse- 
 quences to the emperor of which he had little ex- 
 pectation. The succession to the kingdom of Bo- 
 hemia was opened to him by the death of his 
 brother Winceslaus ; but the Bohemians were so 
 exasperated at the fate of their two countrymen, 
 that it cost Sigismund a bloody war of sixteen 
 years' continuance before he acquired the full 
 possession of these dominions. — Tytler's Hist.> 
 Book 6, ch. 11. 
 
 1965. . Peter the Great. The Stre- 
 
 litzes, a body of militia consisting of about 
 30,000 men, like the Turkish Janizaries, had 
 frequently embroiled the empire by their sedi- 
 tions. Peter determined to abolish entirely this 
 dangerous body, and for that purpose began 
 with the formation of a regiment, which, by de- 
 grees, he increased to the number of 12,000 men. 
 To set an example of subordination to his nobil- 
 ity, he served himself in the quality of a private 
 soldier ; thence advancing gradually to the rank, 
 of captain and general officer. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 35. 
 
 1966. EXAMPLE quoted. Samuel Johnson. 
 Dr. Percy called upon Johnson to take him to 
 Goldsmith's lodgings ; he found Johnson arrayed 
 with unusual care in a new suit of clothes, a new 
 hat, and a well-powdered wig, and could not. 
 but notice his uncommon spruceness. "Why, 
 sir," replied Johnson, "I hear that Goldsmith, 
 who is a very great sloven, justifies his disre- 
 gard of cleanliness and decency by quoting my 
 practice, and I am desirous this night to show 
 him a better example." — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 12, p. 91. 
 
 1967. EXASPERATION, Rashness of. Colonel 
 Ethan Allen, a.d. 1775. [He failed in the at- 
 tempt to surprise Montreal, and was taken pris- 
 oner.] At the barrack yard in Montreal, Pres- 
 cott, a British brigadier, asked the prisoner, 
 " Are you that Allen who took Ticonderoga ?'' 
 " I am the very man," quoth Allen. Then Pres- 
 cott, in great rage, called him a rebel and other 
 hard names, and raised his cane. At this Allen 
 shook his fist, telling him : "This is the beetle 
 of mortality to you, if you offer to strike." — 
 Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 8, ch. 52. 
 
 196§. EXCELLENCE, Cost of. Time. Antis- 
 tlienes . . . when he was told that Ismenias played 
 excellently upon the flute, answered properly 
 enough, "Then he is good for nothing else; 
 otherwise he would not have played so well." 
 Such also was Philip's saying to his son, when 
 at a certain entertainment he sang in a verT'^ 
 
234 
 
 EXCESS— EXCITEMENT, 
 
 agreeable and skilful manner: "Are you not 
 ashamed to sing so well ?" It is enough for a 
 prince to bestow a vacant hour upon hearing 
 others sing ; and he does the muses sufficient 
 honor if he attends the performances of those who 
 excel in their arts. ... If a man applies himself to 
 servile or mechanical employments, his industry 
 in those things is a proof of his inattention to 
 nobler studies. — Plutarch's Periclbs. 
 
 1969. EXCESS, Eeaction of. Execution of 
 Charles I. His long misgovernment, his innu- 
 merable perfidies, were forgotten. His memory 
 was, in the minds of the great majority of his 
 subjects, associated with those free institutions 
 which he had, during many years, labored to 
 destroy ; for those free institutions had perished 
 with him, and, amid the mournful silence of a 
 community kept down by arms, had been defend- 
 ed by his voice alone. From that day began 
 a reaction in favor of monarchy and of the ex- 
 iled house — a reaction which never ceased till 
 the throne had again been set up in all its old 
 dignity. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 120. 
 
 1970. EXCESSES, Ruinous. Charles XII. 
 [King of Sweden.] His character, in a few words, 
 is well summed up by Voltaire : " He carried 
 all the virtues of a hero to that excess that they 
 became as dangerous as their opposite vices. 
 The obstinacy of his resolution occasioned all his 
 misfortunes in the Ukraine, and kept him five 
 years in Turkey. His liberality degenerating 
 into profusion ruined his kingdom of Sweden. 
 His courage pushed to temerity was the occa- 
 sion of his death. His justice often amounted 
 to cruelty ; and in the last years of his life the 
 maintenance of his authority approached to tyr- 
 anny. His many great qualities, of which a sin- 
 gle one might have immortalized another prince, 
 were the ruin of his country. He never was the 
 first to attack, but he was not always as prudent 
 as he was implacable in his revenge. He was 
 the first who had the ambition to be a conqueror 
 without the desire of aggrandizing his domin- 
 ions. He wished to gain empires only to give 
 them away. His ])assion for glory, for war, and 
 for revenge prevented his being a good politi- 
 cian, a quality without which there can be no 
 great conqueror. Before he gave battle, and 
 after he gained a victory, he was all modesty ; 
 after a defeat he was all resolution, rigid to 
 others as to himself, counting for nothing the 
 fatigues or the lives of his subjects any more 
 than his own. He was, in short, a singular man 
 rather than a great one — a character more to be 
 admired than imitated. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 35, p. 482. 
 
 1971. EXCISE, Laws of. First English. The 
 first imposition of a tax known as excise was 
 by the Parliament after the civil war. Beer, 
 ale, cider, and perry were so taxed in 1645. The 
 Royalists raised money by a similar tax. These 
 duties were continued at the Restoration, with 
 additional imposts on the new luxuries of tea 
 and coffee. In the reign of James II. there was 
 a temporary excise upon wine. In the reign of 
 William distilled liquors were thus taxed. The 
 customs duties were greatly diminished by frauds 
 of enormous magnitude. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 4, p. 69. 
 
 1972. EXCISE, Unexecuted. Robert Burns. 
 [When excise officer,] a woman who had been 
 
 brewing, on seeing Burns coming with another 
 exciseman, slipped out by the back door, leaving 
 a servant and a little girl in the house. ' ' Has 
 there been ony brewing for the fair here the day?" 
 " Oh no, sir, we hae nae license for that," an- 
 swered the servant maid. " That's no true," ex- 
 claimed the child ; " the muckle black kist is 
 fou' o' the bottles o' yill that my mither sat up 
 a' nicht brewing for the fair." ..." We are in 
 a hurry just now," said Burns, "but when we 
 return from the fair, we'll examine the muckle 
 black kist." — Shairp's Burns, ch. 5. 
 
 1973. EXCITEMENT, Delusive. William of 
 Orange. [In Devonshire] the very senses of the 
 multitude were fooled by the imagination. News- 
 letters conveyed to every part of the kingdom 
 fabulous accounts of the size and strength of the 
 invaders. It was affirmed that they were, with 
 scarcely an exception, above six feet high, and 
 that they wielded such huge pikes, swords, and 
 muskets, as had never before been seen in Eng- 
 land. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 452. 
 
 1974. EXCITEMENT of Discovery. Califor- 
 nia Gold. In the evening of February 2, 1848, 
 James Marshall suddenly rode into the fort — 
 his horse foaming, and both horse and rider spat- 
 tered all over with mud. The man was laboring 
 under wild excitement. Meeting Captain Sutter, 
 he asked to be conducted to a room where they 
 could converse alone. The astonished Sutter 
 complied with his desire, and they entered a se- 
 cluded apartment. Marshall closed the door, 
 and asked Captain Sutter if he was certain they 
 were safe from intrusion, and begged him to lock 
 the door. The honest Sutter began to think the 
 man was mad, and was a little alarmed at the idea 
 of being locked in with a maniac. He assured 
 Marshall that they were safe from interruption, 
 Satisfied, at length, upon this point, he took from 
 his pocket a pouch, from which he poured upon 
 the table half a thimbleful of yellow grains of 
 metal, with the exclamation that he thought they 
 were gold. " Where did you get it ?" asked Cap- 
 tain Sutter. Marshall replied that, early that 
 morning, the water being shot off from the mill, 
 race, as usual, he noticed, in passing along, shin- 
 ing particles scattered about on the bottom. He 
 picked up several, and, finding them to be metal, 
 the thought had burst upon his mind that they 
 might be gold. Having gathered about an ounce 
 of them, he had mounted his horse and ridden 
 forty miles to impart the momentous secret to 
 his employer, and bring the yellow substance to 
 some scientific test. Captain Sutter was at first 
 disposed to laugh at his excited friend. Among 
 his stores, however, he happened to have a bot- 
 tle of aqua-fortis, and the action of this power- 
 ful acid upon the yellow particles at once proved 
 them to be pure gold ! — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 525. 
 
 1975. EXCITEMENT, Popular. Assassination 
 of Coesar. Mark Antony took advantage of these 
 favorable dispositions. The body being laid on 
 a couch of state in theforuwi, he mounted the 
 consul's tribunal, and after reading the decree 
 of the Senate, which had conferred upon Caesar 
 even the honors due to a divinity, he entered into 
 an enumeration of all his illustrious achieve- 
 ments for the glory and aggrandizement of the 
 state ; he then proceeded to recount the examples 
 of his clemency, and heightened all his virtues 
 
EXCOMMUNICATION— EXPECTATION. 
 
 235 
 
 with the most pathetic eloquence. "By these 
 titles we have sworn that his person should be 
 held sacred and inviolable ; and here," said he, 
 " behold the force of our oaths." At these words 
 he lifted up the robe which covered the body, 
 and holding it out to the people, who melted into 
 tears, he showed it all covered with blood and 
 pierced with the daggers of the conspirators. A 
 general cry of vengeance was heard. — Tytler's 
 iliST., Book 4, ch. 2, p. 416. 
 
 1976. EXCOMMUNICATION or Money. Papal. 
 [Henry III. had received at the hands of the 
 j)ope the crown of Sicily for his son Edmund.] 
 The pope had really advanced a large sum, which 
 Henry could not repay ; and a Roman agent 
 came before Parliament, and followed up his de- 
 mand for instant payment by a threat of excom- 
 munication and general interdict. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 367. 
 
 1 977. EXCUSE abandoned. Lig arius. In 
 Pompey's part^ [against Caesar] there was one 
 Quintus Liganus, whom Caesar had pardoned, 
 though he had borne arms against him. This 
 man, less grateful for the pardon he had received 
 than offended with the powers which made him 
 stand in need of it, hated Caesar, but was the in- 
 timate friend of Brutus. The latter one day 
 visited him, and finding him not well, said, " O 
 Ligarius ! what a time is this to be sick !" Upon 
 which he raised himself on his elbow, and taking 
 Brutus by the hand, answered, " If Brutus has 
 any design worthy of himself, Ligarius is well." 
 —Plutarch's Marcus Brutus. 
 
 197§. EXCUSES, Ignominious. James 11. [He 
 had been accused of acting] undutif ully and dis- 
 respectfully toward France [the national enemy 
 of England]. He led [the French minister] Baril- 
 lon into a private room, and there apologized for 
 having dared to take so important a step [as to 
 call a Parliament] without the previous sanction 
 of Louis. "Assure your master," said James, 
 " of my gratitude and attachment. I know that 
 withoixt his protection I can do nothing. I know 
 what troubles my brother brought upon himself 
 for not steadily adhering to France. I will take 
 good care not to let the houses meddle with for- 
 eign affairs. If I see in them any disposition to 
 make mischief, I will send them about their bus- 
 iness. Explain this to my good brother. I hope 
 that he will not take it amiss that I have acted 
 without consulting him." — Mac aula y's Eng., 
 ch. 4, p. 435. 
 
 1979. EXECUTION, Brutal. Duke of Mon- 
 mouth. The hangman addressed himself to his 
 office ; but he had been disconcerted by what 
 the duke had said. The first blow inflicted only 
 a slight wound. The duke struggled, rose from 
 the block, and looked reproachfully at the exe- 
 cutioner. The head sank down once more. 
 The stroke was repeated agt^in and again ; but 
 still the neck was not severed, and the body con- 
 tinued to move. Yells of rage and horror rose 
 from the crowd. Ketch flung down the axe with 
 a curse. " I cannot do it," he said ; " my heart 
 fails me." " Take up the axe, man," cried the 
 sheriff. " Fling him over the rails," roared the 
 mob. At length the axe was taken up. Two 
 more blows extinguished the last remains of 
 life ; but a knife was used to separate the head 
 from the shoulders. The crowd was wrought 
 up to such an ecstasy of rage that the executioner 
 
 was in danger of being torn in pieces, and w^as 
 conveyed away under a strong guard. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 581. 
 
 19§0. EXECUTION, Inhuman. Kirke. [Com- 
 mander under James II.; execution of rebels 
 under the Duke of Monmouth.] The sign-post 
 of the White Hart Inn served for a gallows. It 
 is said that the work of death went on in sight 
 of the windows where the officers of the Tangier 
 regiment were carousing, and that at every health 
 a wretch was turned off. When the legs of the 
 dying men quivered in the last agony, the col- 
 onel ordered the drums to strike up. He would 
 give the rebels, he said, music to their dancing. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 587. 
 
 19§1. EXEBCISE, Important. Military. So 
 sensible were the Romans of the imperfection 
 of valor without skill and practice, that in their 
 language the name of an army was borrowed 
 from the word which signified exercise. Mili- 
 tary exercises were the important and unremitted 
 object of their discipline. The recruits and 
 young soldiers were constantly trained, both in 
 the morning and in the evening, nor was age 
 or knowledge allowed to excuse the veterans 
 from the daily repetition of what they had com- 
 pletely learned. Large sheds were erected in the 
 winter quarters of the troops, that their useful 
 labors might not receive any interruption from 
 the most tempestuous weather ; and it was care- 
 fully observed that the arms destined to this 
 imitation of war should be of double the weight 
 which was required in real action. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 19§2. EXERTION, Absorbed by. Napoleon 
 I. [The night before the battle of Waterloo.] 
 For eighteen hours the emperor had tasted nei- 
 ther sleep, repose, nor nourishment. His clothes 
 were covered with mud and soaked with rain. 
 But regardless of exposure and fatigue, he did 
 not seek even to warm himself by the fires. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 37. 
 
 19S3. EXHIBITION, Immense. Centennial. 
 The entire area of the ground floor [of the Main 
 Building] was 872,330 square feet ; of the floors 
 of the projections, 37,344 feet ; of the tower floors, 
 26,344, making an aggregate area of 936,008 
 square feet, or 21 and ^ acres ! The ground 
 floor proper covered a space of a little more 
 than 20 acres. [Length, 1880 feet ; breadth, 464 
 feet ; general height within, 70 feet ; principal 
 arcades, 100 feet high.] — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 
 68, p. 577. 
 
 19§4. EXPECTATION, Delusive. Columbus. 
 [On his second voyage.] One old man brought 
 two pieces of virgin ore, weighing an ounce, and 
 thought himself richly repaid when he received 
 a hawk's bell. On remarking that the admiral 
 was struck with the size of these specimens, he 
 affected to treat them with contempt, as insig- 
 nificant, intimating by signs that in his country, 
 which lay within half a day's journey, they 
 found pieces of gold as big as an orange. Other 
 Indians brought grains of gold weighing ten and 
 twelve drachms, and declared that in the country 
 whence they got them there were masses of ore 
 as large as the head of a child. As usual, how- 
 ever, these golden tracts were always in some 
 remote valley, or along some rugged and seques- 
 tered stream ; and the wealthiest spot was sure 
 
236 
 
 EXPECTATIONS— EXPERIMENT. 
 
 to be at the greatest distance — for the land of 
 promise is ever beyond the mountain. — Irving's 
 Columbus, Book 6, ch. 9. 
 
 19§5. EXPECTATIONS, Popular. Ciml War. 
 It was said at the beginning of the war that 
 while cotton would " bring Europe to its knees," 
 the Southern privateers would cut up the com- 
 merce of the North, and soon bring the merce- 
 nary and money-making spirits of that section 
 to repentance. Neither result was realized. — 
 Pollard's First Year of the War, ch. 8, 
 p. 212. 
 
 1986. EXPEDITION, Remarkable. Fernando 
 de Soto. At his own dictation he was . . . ap- 
 pointed [a.d. 1537J governor of Cuba and Flor- 
 ida, with the privilege of exploring and conquer- 
 ing the latter country. ... A great company of 
 young Spaniards, nearly all of them wealthy 
 and high born, flocked to his standard Of 
 these he selected 600 of the most gallant and 
 daring. They were clad in costly suits of armor 
 of the knightly pattern, with airy scarfs and 
 silken embroidery and all the trappings of chiv- 
 alry. Elaborate preparations were made for the 
 great conquest. . . . Arms and stores ; shackles 
 . . . for the slaves ; tools ; . . . bloodhounds 
 were bought and trained for the hunting of fugi- 
 tives ; cards to keep the young knights excited 
 with gaming ; twelve priests ; and, last of all, a 
 drove of swine to fatten on the maize and mast of 
 the country. . . . After a year of impatience and 
 delay . . . the gay Castilian squadron, ten ves- 
 sels in all, left the harbor of San Lucas to con- 
 quer imaginary empires in the New World. 
 [A constantly wasting number marched from 
 Florida northward and westward, until over- 
 come by melancholy and exhaustion. De Soto 
 died, and was buried in the Mississippi River 
 near Natchez. Mexico was no longer sought. 
 After great sufferings the 311 heart-broken fugi- 
 tives reached the Gulf.] Thus ended the most 
 marvellous expedition in the early history of our 
 country. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 4, p. 66. 
 
 19§T. EXPENSE, Divisions by. Thirteen States. 
 After [the Revolutionary War] the first great 
 duty of the new government was to provide 
 for the payment of the war debt, which had 
 now reached the sum of $38,000,000. Congress 
 could only recommend to the several States 
 the levying of a sufficient tax to meet the 
 indebtedness. Some of the States made the 
 required levy ; others were dilatory ; others re- 
 fused. At the very outset the government was 
 balked and thwarted. The serious troubles 
 that attended the disbanding of the army 
 were traceable rather to the inability than the 
 indisposition of Congress to pay the soldiers. 
 The princely fortune of Robert Morris was 
 exhausted, and himself brought to poverty in a 
 vain effort to sustain the credit of the govern- 
 ment. For three years after the treaty of peace 
 public affairs were in a condition bordering on 
 chaos. ... It was seen unless the Articles of 
 Confederation could be replaced with a better 
 system, the nation would go to ruin. [Hence 
 came the present national union of the States.] 
 —Ridpath's U. S., ch. 45, p. 358. 
 
 198§. EXPERIENCE, Guidance of. Bartholo- 
 mew Dias. [Exploring the west coast of Africa.] 
 As the ships advanced toward the south, the as- 
 tonishment of the navigators was unbounded 
 
 when they found the weather daily growing cold- 
 er. This was contrary to all past experience. 
 No European had ever before gone far enough 
 south of the equator to discover that the temper- 
 ature lowers as you go south of the equator in 
 the same proportion as when you go north of it. 
 This fact was the first great discovery of Dias 
 and his followers. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 285. 
 
 19§9. EXPERIENCE, Needless. Tfaro/1812. 
 The waters of Lake Erie were commanded by a 
 British squadron of six vessels, carrying sixty- 
 three guns. It was seen that a successful inva- 
 sion of Canada could only be made by first gain- 
 ing control of the lake. This serious undertak- 
 ing was imposed on Commodore Oliver H. Perry, 
 of Rhode Island, a young man not twenty-eight 
 years old, who»had never been in a naval battle. 
 His antagonist, Commodore Barclay, was a vet- 
 eran from the sea-service of Europe. With in- 
 defatigable energy Perry directed the construc- 
 tion of nine ships carrying fifty-four guns. [After 
 the battle] he sent to General Harrison this fa- 
 mous despatch : " We have met the enemy, and 
 they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schoon- 
 er, and one sloop." — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 50, 
 p. 401. 
 
 1990. EXPERIENCE, Personal. John Howard. 
 [The vessel in which he was sailing for Lisbon 
 was captured by a French privateer, and all on 
 board were made prisoners of war.] He now . . . 
 was called to endure the anguish " which wretch 
 es feel," and which he spent laborious years in 
 assuaging. The privateer was forty hours in 
 reaching the nearest French port; and during that 
 time the prisoners had not a drop of water nor 
 an atom of food. Arriving at Brest, they were 
 thrust into a filthy dungeon under ground, and 
 there again they were kept miserable hours 
 without nourishment. At length a joint of 
 mutton was thrown down into their dungeon, 
 like meat into a dog-kennel ; and this, for want 
 of a knife, they were obliged to tear to pieces 
 with their hands. For six days and nights they 
 were detained in this damp and stinking hole, 
 gnawing bones, and sleeping upon wet straw. 
 [This was the beginning of his great life-work in 
 ameliorating the sufferings of prisoners.] — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BiOG., p. 34. 
 
 1991. EXPERIENCE, Test of. Samuel John- 
 son. The conversation then took a philosophi- 
 cal turn. Johnson : " Human experience, which 
 is constantly contradicting theory, is the greatest 
 test of truth. A system, built upon the discov- 
 eries of a great many minds, is always of more 
 strength than what is produced by the mere 
 workings of any one mind, which, of itself, can 
 do little. There is not so poor a book in the 
 world that would not be a prodigious effort were 
 it wrought out entirely by a single mind, with- 
 out the aid of prior investigators. The French 
 writers are superficial, because they are not schol- 
 ars, and so proceed upon the mere power of their 
 own minds ; and we see how very little power 
 they have." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 125. 
 
 1992. EXPERIMENT, Incomplete. Professor 
 Benjamin Silliman. [The great American scien- 
 tist.] An instance of the lecturer's want of skill 
 used to be related by Professor Silliman. After in- 
 forming the class, one day, that life could not be- 
 
EXPERIMENT— EXPULSION. 
 
 237 
 
 sustained in hydrogen gas.a hen was placed under 
 a bell glass filled with hydrogen. The hen gasp- 
 ed, kicked, and was still. " There, gentlemen," 
 said the lecturer, ' 'you see she is dead. " He had no 
 sooner uttered these words than the hen over- 
 turned the bell glass and flew screaming across 
 the room, flapping with her wings the heads of 
 the students, who roared with laughter. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF Bigg., p. 597. 
 
 1993. EXPERIMENT, Scientific. Isaac JVew- 
 ton. On the day of Cromwell's death, when 
 [Sir Isaac] Newton was sixteen, a great storm 
 raged over all England. He used to say in his 
 old age, that on that day he made his first purely 
 scientific experiment. To ascertain the force of 
 the wind, he first jumped with the wind and then 
 against it ; and by comparing these distances 
 with the extent of his own jump on a calm day, 
 he was enabled to compute the force of the 
 storm. When the wind blew thereafter, he used 
 to say it was so many feet strong. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 248. 
 
 1994. EXPERT by Practice. Sir George Jef- 
 freys. During many years his chief business was 
 to examine and cross-examine the most hardened 
 miscreants of a great capital. Daily conflicts 
 with prostitutes and thieves called out and exer- 
 cised his powers so effectually, that he became 
 the most consummate bully ever known in his 
 profession. All tenderness for the feelings of 
 others, all self-respect, all sense of the becoming, 
 were obliterated from his mind. He acquired a 
 boundless command of the rhetoric in which the 
 vulgar express hatred and contempt. The pro- 
 fusion of maledictions and vituperative epithets 
 which composed his vocabulary could hardly 
 have been rivalled in the fish-market or the bear- 
 garden. His countenance and his voice must al- 
 ways have been unamiable ; but these natural 
 advantages — for such he seems to have thought 
 them — he had imjjroved to such a degree tbat 
 there were few who, in his paroxysms of rage, 
 could see or hear him without emotion. Impu- 
 dence and ferocity sat upon his brow. The glare 
 of his eyes had a fascination for the unhappy 
 victim on whom they were fixed ; yet his brow 
 and eye were said to be less terrible than the 
 savage lines of his mouth. His yell of fury, as 
 was said by one who had often heard it, sounded 
 like the thunder of the judgment-day. These 
 qualifications he carried, while still a young 
 man, from the bar to the bench. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 4, p. 418. 
 
 1 995 . EXPLANATION, Relief by. Louis Phi- 
 lippe. [A disguised exile, with a great reward 
 offered for his arrest.] Once, and once only, he 
 heard his ancestral name pronounced. Having 
 spent a day in the country with the family at 
 whose house he boarded (in Christiana, Norway), 
 just as they were about to summon their vehicles 
 to return to the town, a young man of the party 
 cried out in French: "The carriage of the 
 Duke of Orleans !" Penetrated with alarm, the 
 prince had self-control enough not to betray any 
 agitation ; and seeing that the young man did 
 not look at him, he ventured to inquire in a care- 
 less tone why he had called the Duke of Or- 
 leans' carriage, and what relations he had with 
 the duke. " None," replied the youth; "but 
 when I was at Paris, whenever we came from 
 the opera, I heard repeated from all quarters. 
 
 ' The carriage of the Duke of Orleans.' I have 
 been more than once stunned with the noise, 
 and I just took it into my head to make the same 
 exclamation." The prince, as may be imag- 
 ined, was much relieved by this explanation. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 506. 
 
 1996. EXPOSURE of Purpose. James II. 
 [Clarendon, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and 
 Halifax, Lord-Treasurer of England, two noted 
 Protestants, were dismissed from office.] The 
 dismission of the two brothers is a great epoch in 
 the reign of James. From that time it was clear 
 that what he really wanted was not liberty of 
 conscience for the members of his own church, 
 but liberty to persecute the members of other 
 churches. Pretending to abhor tests, he had 
 himself imposed a test. He thought it monstrous 
 that able and loyal men should be excluded from 
 the public service solely for being Roman Cath- 
 olics. Yet he had turned out of office a treas- 
 urer whom he admitted had been both loyal and 
 able, solely for being a Protestant. The cry 
 was, that a general proscription was at hand, 
 and that every public functionary must make 
 up his mind to lose his soul or lose his place. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 148. 
 
 1997. EXPOSURE, Threat of. Beign of James 
 II. [Tyrconnel was anxious to be Lord-Lieuten- 
 ant of Ireland.] All opposition, however, yield- 
 ed to Tyrconnel's energy and cunning. He 
 fawned, bullied, and bribed indefatigably. Pe- 
 tre's help was secured by flattery. Sunderland 
 was plied at once with promises and menaces. 
 . . . Tyrconnel threatened to let the king 
 know that [Sunderland] the lord president had, 
 at the Friday dinners, described his Majesty 
 as a fool, who must be governed either by a 
 woman or by a priest. Sunderland, pale and 
 trembling, offered to procure for Tyrconnel su- 
 preme military command, enormous appoint- 
 ments — anything but the vice-royalty ; but all 
 compromise was rejected ; and it was necessary 
 to yield. . . . With a chain of pearls he . . . 
 boasted ... he had purchased the support of the 
 queen. [He succeeded.] — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 145. 
 
 199§. EXPULSION of Scholars. Jam£s II. 
 [The fellows of Magdalen College refused to vote 
 for James' nominee for president, as he favor- 
 ed the overthrow of the Protestant faith.] Then 
 the king, as he had threatened, laid on them 
 the whole weight of his hand. They were by 
 one sweeping edict condemned to expulsion. 
 Yet this punishment was not deemed sufficient. 
 It was known that many noblemen and gentlemen 
 who possessed church patronage would be dis- 
 posed to provide for men who had suffered so 
 much for the* laws of England and for the 
 Protestant religion. The High Commission 
 therefore pronounced the ejected fellows inca- 
 pable of ever holding any church preferment. 
 Such of them as were not yet in holy orders 
 were pronounced incapable of receiving the 
 clerical character. James might enjoy the 
 thought that he had reduced' many of them 
 from a situation in which they were surround- 
 ed by comforts, and had before them the fairest 
 professional prospects, to hopeless indigence. 
 But all these severities produced an effect direct- 
 ly the opposite of that which he had anticipated. 
 [See No. 3.]— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 279. 
 
238 
 
 EXTERMINATION— EXTRAVAGANCE. 
 
 1999. EXTERMINATION, War of. Queen 
 Anne's War. The Indians vanished when their 
 homes were invaded ; they could not be re- 
 duced by the usual methods of warfare ; hence a 
 bounty was offered for every Indian scalp ; to 
 regular forces . . . the grant was £10 ; to volun- 
 teers in actual service twice that sum ; but if men 
 would of themselves . . . make up parties and 
 patrol the forests in search of Indians, as . . . 
 for wild beasts, . . . £50 per scalp. — Ba:n- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 2000. EXTOETION complete. England. 
 Longchamp [who had charge of the English 
 Government in the absence of Richard I., the 
 crusader] and his revellers had so exhausted the 
 whole kingdom, that they did not leave a man 
 his belt, a woman her necklace, nor a nobleman 
 his ring. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, p. 315, 
 
 2001. EXTOETION, Cruel. Jew8.\ [In 1211] 
 the memorable expedient of drawing a tooth 
 daily from a Jew at Bristol, until he paid down 
 10,000 marks, is recorded in connection with 
 the expedition of [King John] into Ireland. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 839. 
 
 2002. . Massachusetts Colony. The 
 
 summer of 1621 was unfruitful, and the pil- 
 grims were brought to the point of starvation. 
 To make their condition still more grievous, a 
 new company of emigrants, without provisions 
 or stores, arrived, and were quartered on the 
 colonists during the fall and winter. For six 
 months together the settlers were obliged to 
 subsist on half -allowance. At one time only a 
 few grains of parched corn remained to be dis- 
 tributed, and at another there was absolute des- 
 titution. In this state of aflfairs English fishing 
 vessels came to Plymouth and charged the starv- 
 ing colonies two prices for food enough to keep 
 them alive. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13, p. 125. 
 
 2003. EXTORTION, Dilemma in. Henry VII. 
 The chief aim of the king was the accumulation 
 of a treasure which should relieve him from the 
 need of ever appealing for its aid. Subsidies 
 granted for the support of wars which Henry 
 evaded formed the base of royal treasure, which 
 was swelled by the revival of dormant claims of 
 the Crown, by the exaction of fines for the breach 
 of forgotten tenures, and by a host of petty ex- 
 tortions. Benevolences were again revived. A 
 dilemma of Henry's minister, which received 
 the name of " Morton's fork," extorted gifts to 
 the exchequer from men who lived handsomely 
 on the ground that their wealth was manifest, 
 and from those who lived plainly on the plea 
 that economy had made them wealthy. Still 
 greater sums were drawn from those who were 
 compromised in the revolts which checkered the 
 king's rule. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 496. 
 
 2004. EXTORTION of Government. Charles 
 I. [In 1633 Charles I. employed a commission 
 to harass every owner of a new house, by levy- 
 ing enormous fines or commanding the houses 
 to be pulled down. There had been proclama- 
 tions by James and Charles against the increase 
 of buildings in London, in order to preserve the 
 health of the city ; fines were accepted in lieu 
 of removal of buildings. A Mr. Moore was fined 
 £2000 by the Star-Chamber for not having pulled 
 his houses down by Easter.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol 3, ch. 26, p. 416. 
 
 2005. EXTOETION misnamed. Edward IV. 
 Edward IV. had been accustomed to plunder his 
 subjects under the name of "Benevolences," 
 which practice the Duke of Buckingham defined 
 to be " that every man should pay, not what he 
 of his own good-will list, but what the king of 
 his own good-will list to take." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 12, p. 199. 
 
 2006. EXTORTION, Outrageous. Bomatis in 
 Briton. [The Roman officials, after the conquest 
 of Briton,] seized upon the corn, and made the 
 people buy it for their own consumption. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 35. 
 
 2007. EXTORTION, Royal. Richard IL lu 
 the face of his declared amnesty for all offences, 
 he extorted fines from fifteen counties, to whose 
 population he imputed crimes connected with 
 the levying of arms in 1387 [eleven years pre- 
 vious]. Under forced confession of treason done 
 at that period, he compelled rich individuals to 
 give blank obligations, which his officers filled 
 up vdth large sums, having no limitation tut 
 their despotic caprice. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 2, p. 32. 
 
 200§. EXTORTION, Submission to. Marcus 
 Crassus. [He was charged with wasting] his 
 money upon those who made a trade of impeach- 
 ments to prevent their doing him any harm ; it 
 was a circumstance which exposed him to ridi- 
 cule, and unworthy, perhaps, of the characters 
 of Pericles and Aristides, but necessary for him, 
 who had a timidity in his nature. It was a thing 
 which Lycurgus the orator afterward made a 
 merit of to the people ; when censured for hav- 
 ing bought off one of these trading informers, 
 " I rejoice," said he, " that after being so long 
 employed in the administration, I am discovered 
 to have given money, and not taken it." — Plu- 
 tarch's NiciAs AND Crassus Compared. 
 
 2009. EXTRAVAGANCE, Domestic. Richard 
 II. Richard's household consisted of ten thou- 
 sand persons ; he had three hundred in his kitch- 
 en ; ... all his oflSces were furnished in like pro- 
 portion. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 2, p. 23. 
 
 2010. EXTRAVAGANCE in Food. Coffee and 
 
 Tea. In the reign of George I. it was held that 
 " the luxury of the age will be the ruin of the 
 nation ;" one of the proofs of this degeneracy 
 was that "the wholesome breakfast of water- 
 gruel and milk pottage is changed for coffee and 
 tea." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 2, p. 24. 
 
 2011. EXTRAVAGANCE, Oppression by. 
 Charles I. While the people were starving be- 
 neath the weight of oppression and forced loans, 
 so that for the first twelve years of the reign of 
 Charles I. scarcely any one dared to call his 
 property his own, and a morning never rose 
 upon an English family which was not dreaded 
 as the possible herald of some new oppression, it 
 is quite curious, and moves to a natural indigna- 
 tion, to notice the enormous sums expended by 
 the king on diamonds, jewels, and chains of 
 gold, either for himself or for personal presents. 
 We read of £10,400 paid to one William Rogers, 
 a goldsmith ; we read of £10,000 paid to Philip 
 Jacobson, a jeweller, for a ring, etc. ; we read 
 of £2000 paid to Henry Garway, Esq., for one 
 large thick table diamond ; we read of £8000 
 paid to Sir Manrill Abbott for a diamond set ia 
 a collar of gold ; and, in fact, their lie before us 
 
EXTRAVAGANCE— FACTS. 
 
 239 
 
 a long catalogue of similar items, indicating the 
 reckless extravagance of the king. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, eh. 3, p. 55. 
 
 2012. EXTRAVAGANCE of wounded Pride. 
 Aged William Pitt. [By accepting the peerage 
 as Lord Chatham he lost his popularity with the 
 people and his power with Parliament.] A 
 morbid restlessness now led him to great and ex- 
 travagant expense, in which he vied with those 
 who were no more than his equals in the peer- 
 age, but who were besides the inheritors of vast 
 estates. He would drive out with ten outriders 
 and with two carriages, each drawn by six horses. 
 His vain magnificence deceived no one but him- 
 self, and was but the poor relief of humbled 
 pride. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 31. 
 
 201 3. EXTRAVAGANCE rebuked. Washington. 
 A single shad was caught in the Delaware in Feb- 
 ruary. . . . When the fish was served, "Washing- 
 ton suspected a departure from his orders touch- 
 ing the provision to be made for his table, and 
 said to Fraunces, ..." What fish is this ?" "A 
 shad, a very fine shad," was the reply ; " I knew 
 your Excellency was particularly fond of this 
 kind of fish, and was so fortunate as to procure 
 this one in market — a solitary one, and the first 
 of the season." "The price, sir; the price I" 
 continued Washington, in a stern, commanding 
 tone ; "the price, sir ?" " Three — three — three 
 dollars," stammered the conscience-stricken 
 steward. ' ' Take it away," thundered the chief — 
 " take it away, sir ; it shall never be said that 
 my table sets such an example of luxury and 
 extravagance." — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, 
 ch. 21. 
 
 2014. EXTRAVAGANCE, Ruinous. Eomans. 
 [Cato the Censor reproved the Romans for their 
 extravagant habits.] One day when the Romans 
 
 , clamored violently and unseasonably iov a dis- 
 tribution of corn, to dissuade them from it he 
 thus began his address : " It is a difficult task, my 
 fellow-citizens, to speak to the belly, because it 
 hath no ears. " Another time, complaining of the 
 luxury of the Romans, he said : " It was a hard 
 matter to save that city from ruin, where a fish 
 was sold for more than an ox." — Plutarch's 
 Cato. 
 
 2015. EXTREMITY, Desperate. Siege of Rome. 
 [See No. 2079.] A crowd of spectres, pale and 
 emaciated, their bodies oppressed with disease 
 and their minds with despair, surrounded the 
 palace of the governor, urged, with unavail- 
 ing truth, that it was the duty of a master to 
 maintain his slaves, and humbly requested 
 that he would provide for their subsistence, per- 
 mit their flight, or command their immediate 
 execution. Bessas replied, with unfeeling tran- 
 quillity, that it was impossible to feed, unsafe to 
 dismiss, and unlawful to kill, the subjects of the 
 ernperor. Yflt the example of a private citizen 
 might have shown his countrymen that a tyrant 
 cannot withhold the privilege of death. Pierced 
 by the cries of five children, who vainly called 
 on their father for bread, he ordered them to 
 follow his steps, advanced with calm and silent 
 despair to one of the bridges of the Tiber, and, 
 covering his face, threw himself headlong into 
 the stream, in the presence of his family and the 
 Roman people. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 255. 
 
 2016. EXTREMITY, Miserable. Britons. Pul- 
 cheria, the sister of Theodosius, who had in real- 
 
 ity governed the empire during the whole reign 
 of her weak and insignificant brother, now bold- 
 ly placed herself on the throne, and at the same 
 time married Marcianus, a soldier of fortune, and 
 their joint- title was acknowledged by the Eastern 
 Empire. The West was in the lowest state of 
 imbecility. Rome, unable to defend her prov- 
 inces, allowed them to drop off without an at 
 tempt to retain them. It was at this time that 
 the Britons, by a very melancholy deputation, 
 implored the Romans to protect them against the 
 Picts and Scots. " We are," said they, " in the 
 utmost misery, nor have we any refuge left us ; 
 the barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives 
 us back upon the barbarians." In return to this 
 miserable supplication, the Romans gave them 
 to understand that their own situation was such 
 that they could now afford them nothing but 
 compassion. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 5. 
 
 2017. EYE, Disfigured. Samuel Johnson. 
 Young Johnson had the misfortune to be much 
 afflicted with the scrofula, or king's evil, which 
 disfigured a countenance naturally well formed, 
 and hurt his visual nerves so much, that he did 
 not see at all with one of his eyes, though its 
 appearance was little different from that of the 
 other. There is among his prayers one inscribed 
 " When my eye vsas restored to its use." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 6. 
 
 2018. EYES, Useless. Siamese JunTcs. Great 
 clumsy junks were lying here and there at 
 anchor, with two great eyes in their prows, to 
 let them see their way on the sea — the natives 
 believing that they are as necessary to a ship as 
 to a man. [Seen at Bangkok.] — General 
 Grant's Travels, p. 362. 
 
 2019. FACTIONS, Dangerous. Constantinople. 
 The city . . . had been harassed during the two 
 last reigns with violent popular factions, which 
 had arisen from the intemperate fondness of the 
 people for the diversions of the circus — a strik- 
 ing indication of the most irretrievable degener- 
 acy of national character. The factions took 
 the names of the green, the blue, and the red, 
 from the dresses worn by the charioteers of the 
 different parties. Justinian espoused with zeal 
 the faction of the blue, while his queen Theo- 
 dora, with equal intemperance, took part with the 
 green. Her party proceeded so far as publicly 
 to insult the emperor ; and upon the punish- 
 ment of some of their ringleaders took up arms 
 to avenge their caiuse, and proclaimed Hypatius, 
 a man allied to the blood-royal, for their mon- 
 arch. Justinian appeared and offered indem- 
 nity, on condition of their returning to their 
 duty, but they compelled him to retreat for safety 
 to his palace. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 5, 
 p. 23. 
 
 2020. FACTS assumed. Anstotle. He mis- 
 states many things which he could have verified 
 with the utmost ease. He says, for example, 
 that a man has more teeth than a woman, and 
 that the ox and the horse have each a bone in 
 its heart. Mice, he informs us, die if they drink 
 in summer ; and all animals bitten by mad dogs 
 go mad, except man. He also says that horses 
 feeding in meadows suffer from no disease ex- 
 cept gout, which destroys their hoofs, and that 
 one sign of this disease is the appearance of a 
 deep wrinkle beneath the nose. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 562. 
 
240 
 
 FAILURE. 
 
 2021. fAILUBE, Beginning with. Demos- 
 thenes. In his first address to the people . . . was 
 laughed at and interrupted by their clamors ; for 
 the violence of his manner threw him into a 
 confusion of periods, and a distortion of his 
 argument. Beside, he had a weakness and a 
 stammering in his voice, and a want of breath, 
 which caused such a distraction in his discoui'se, 
 that it was difficult for the audience to under- 
 stand him. At last, upon his quitting the as- 
 sembly, Eunomus, the Thracian, a man now ex- 
 tremely old, found him wandering in a dejected 
 condition in the Piraeus, and took upon him to 
 set him right. " You," said he, "have a man- 
 ner of speaking very like that of Pericles ; and 
 yet you lose yourself out of mere timidity and 
 cowardice. You neither bear up against the 
 tumults of a popular assembly, nor prepare your 
 body by exercise for the labor of the rostrum, 
 but suffer your parts to wither away in negli- 
 gence and indolence." — Plutarch's Demos- 
 thenes. 
 
 2022. FAILUEE, Cause of. First Cable. The 
 cable was found, picked up, and joined to the 
 rest ; and this wonder of the world was accom- 
 plished. The cable was taken out of the ocean 
 where it was two and a half miles deep. " In 
 taking up the first cable," Mr. Cooper continued, 
 " the cause of the first failure was discovered. 
 In passing it into the vat manufactured for it 
 where it was intended to lie under water, the 
 workmen neglected to keep it immersed, and on 
 one occasion when the sun shone very hot down 
 into the vat, its rays melted the gutta-percha, so 
 that the copper wire inside sunk down against 
 the outer covering." — Lester's Life of Peter 
 Cooper, p. 27. 
 
 2023. FAILUEE, Discouragement by. Bis7i(yp 
 M' Kendree. [He became celebrated as a pulpit 
 orator, yet he] hardly escaped total discomfiture 
 in his first trial. At one of his appointments, 
 after singing and prayer, he took his text, and 
 attempted to look at his audience ; but such was 
 his embarrassment, that he could not lift his eyes 
 from the Bible till he finished his sermon. After 
 the sermon his host left the house, supposing the 
 preacher would follow him ; but not seeing him 
 lie returned to the church, and there found him 
 seated on the lowest step of the pulpit stairs, his 
 face covered with his hands, looking forlorn and 
 dejected, as if he had not a friend on earth. 
 He invited him to go home with him. M'Ken- 
 dree said, in a mournful tone, " I am not fit 
 to go home with anybody." — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 3, p. 85. 
 
 2024. FAILUEE at First. Battle of Molwitz. 
 Frederick's first battle was fought at Molwitz, 
 and never did the career of a great commander 
 open in a more inauspicious manner. . . . The 
 cavalry which he commanded in person was put 
 to flight. Unaccustomed to the tumult and car- 
 nage of a field of battle, he lost his self-posses- 
 sion, and listened too readily to those who urged 
 him to save himself. His English gray carried 
 him many miles from the field, while Schwerin, 
 though wounded in two places, manfully upheld 
 the day. The skill of the old field-marshal and 
 the steadiness of the Prussian battalions prevail- 
 ed ; and the Austrian army was driven from the 
 field with the loss of 8000 men. The news was 
 carried late at night to a mill in which the king 
 
 had taken shelter. It gave him a bitter pang. 
 He was successful ; but he owed his success to 
 dispositions which others had made, and to the 
 valor of men who had fought while he was fly- 
 ing. So unpromising was th^ first appearance 
 of the greatest warrior of that age ! — Macau- 
 lay's Frederick the Great, p. 33. 
 
 2025. FAILUEE by Incompetence. Invasion 
 of Canada. Vast preparations were now made 
 for the invasion of Canada [by the British]. . . . 
 But for the utter incompetence of [Sir Hovenden 
 Walker] the admiral, success would have been 
 assured. For six weeks in midsummer the great 
 fleet lay idly in Boston harbor. Sir Hovenden 
 was getting ready to sail. . . . The Indians car- 
 ried the new^s to Canada, and every day added 
 strength to the ramparts. At last, on the 30th of 
 July, when no further excuse could be invented, 
 the ships set sail for the St. Lawrence. ... On 
 the 22d of August were enveloped in a fog. 
 The wind blew hard. . . . The commander was 
 cautioned to remain on deck, but he quietly 
 went to bed. . . . Eight of his best vessels were 
 dashed on the rocks . . . 884 men went down. . . . 
 A council of war was held, and all voted that it 
 was impossible to proceed. In a letter to the 
 English Government, Walker expressed great 
 gratitude that by the loss of 1000 men the rest 
 had been s&\ed from freezing to death at Quebec. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 17, p. 155. 
 
 2026. FAILUEE, Lesson of. Minvdus. [Mi- 
 nucius, the Roman general, was envious of the 
 success of Fabius Maximus, who had held the 
 chief command of the Roman army operating 
 against Hannibal. He obtained command of a 
 part of the anriy, and was overwhelmingly de- 
 feated by the Carthaginians in an unwise attack.] 
 Minucius, having called his men together, lie 
 thus expressed himself: "Friends and\fellow-_ 
 soldiers ! not to err at all in the management of 
 great affairs is above the wisdom of men ; but it 
 is the part of a prudent and a good man to learn, 
 from his errors and miscarriages, to correct him- 
 self for the future. ... I confess . . . what I could 
 not be brought to be sensible of in so long a time, 
 I have learned in the small compass of one day 
 that I know not how to command, but have need 
 to be under the direction of another ; and from 
 this moment I bid adieu to the ambition of get- 
 ting the better of a man whom it is an honor to be 
 foiled by. In all other respects the dictator shall 
 be your commander ; but in the due expressions 
 of gratitude to him, I will be your leader still, 
 by being the first to show an example of obedi- 
 ence and submission." — Plutarch's Fabius 
 Maximus. 
 
 2027. FAILUEE in Life. Robert Burns. If 
 success were that which most secures men's sym- 
 pathy, Burns would have won but little regard ; 
 for in all but his poetry his was a defeated life — 
 sad and heart-depressing to contemplate beyond 
 the lives even of most poets. Perhaps it may be 
 the very fact that in him so much failure and 
 shipwreck were combined with such splendid 
 gifts, that has attracted to him so deep and com- 
 passionate interest. — Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 202S. FAILUEE, Signal. Spanish Armada. 
 This vast project was dissipated like a summer's 
 cloud. The English met the Invincible Armada 
 with 100 ships of smaller size and 80 fire-ships- 
 The fire-ships attacked them in the night, whick 
 
FAILURES— FAITH. 
 
 241 
 
 threw them into the utmost confusion ; an en- 
 gagement ensued, in which the English were 
 favored by a storm, which drove the Spaniards 
 upon the coast of Zealand ; many of their vessels 
 were taken, a great number beaten to pieces 
 upon the rocks and sand-banks, and only 50 
 ships with about 6000 men of all this prodigious 
 armament returned to Spain. When intelligence 
 of this great national misfortune arrived at Mad- 
 rid, the behavior of Philip [II.] upon that oc- 
 casion was, it must be owned, truly magnani- 
 mous. " QodJslwly will he done" said he ; "/ 
 tliought myself a match for tliepower of England, 
 but Idid not pretend to fight against tJie elements." 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 26, p. 370. 
 
 2029. FAILURES misunderstood. Oeorge 
 Whitefield. [The burning of Whitefield's Orphan 
 House, near Savannah, occasioned the failure of 
 the ostensible design of its founder, but] it had 
 accomplished a greater result, Avhich was destin- 
 ed never to fail : it had been the centre of Ameri- 
 can attraction to its founder, had prompted his 
 thirteen passages across the Atlantic, and had 
 thus Idd to those extraordinary evangelical labors 
 and travels, from Georgia to Maine, which quick- 
 ened the spiritual life of the continent. — Ste- 
 vens' M. E. Church, vol. 3, p. 50. 
 
 2030. FAILURES in Professions. Oliver Gold- 
 smith's. [He met Dean Goldsmith.] This august 
 dignitary was pleased to discover signs of talent 
 in Oliver, and suggested that as he had attempt- 
 ed divinity and law without success, he should 
 now try physic. The advice cajne from too im- 
 portant a source to be disregarded, and it was 
 determined to send him to Edinburgh to com- 
 mence his studies. The dean having given the 
 
 ' advice, added to it, we trust, his blessing, but 
 no money ; that was furnished from the scantier 
 purses of Goldsmith's brother, his sister (Mrs. 
 Hodson), and his ever-ready uncle, Contarine. 
 It was in the autumn of 1752 that Goldsmith 
 arrived in Edinburgh. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 3, p. 37. 
 
 203 1. FAILURES surmounted. Atlantic Ca- 
 ble. After a few weeks of successful opera- 
 tion, the first Atlantic cable, laid by Mr. Field in 
 1858, had ceased to work. The friends of the 
 enterprise were greatly disheartened. Not so 
 with Mr. Field. . . . He made fifty voyages across 
 the Atlantic, and finally secured sufficient capi- 
 tal to begin the laying of the second cable . . . 
 in 1865. When the steamer Great Eastern had 
 proceeded more than twelve hundred miles [from 
 Ireland], . . . the cable parted and was lost. Six 
 millions of money had been spent in unsuccess- 
 ful attempts, but still he persevered. In July of 
 1866 a third cable, two thousand miles in length, 
 was coiled in the Great Eastern, and again the 
 vessel started on her way. This time the work 
 was completely successful. After twelve years 
 of unremitting effort Mr. Field received a gold 
 medal from the Congress of his country and the 
 plaudits of all civilized nations. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 67, p. 545. 
 
 2032. FAITH conditioned. John Bunyan. His 
 wife had been overtaken by a premature con- 
 finement, and was suffering acutely. It was at 
 the time when Bunyan was exercised with ques- 
 tions about the truth of religion altogether. As 
 the poor woman lay crying at his side, he had 
 said, mentally, "Lord, if Thou wilt now re- 
 
 move this sad affliction from my wife, and cause 
 that she be troubled no more therewith this night, 
 then I shall know that Thou canst discern the 
 more secret thoughts of the heart." In a mo- 
 ment the pain ceased, and she fell into a sleep 
 which lasted till morning. Bunyan, though 
 surprised at the time, forgot what had happened 
 till it rushed back upon his memory, when he 
 had committed himself by a similar mental as- 
 sent to selling Christ. He remembered the 
 proof which had been given to him that God 
 could and did discern his thoughts. God had 
 discerned this second thought also, and in pun- 
 ishing him for it had punished him at the same 
 time for the doubt which he had allowed him- 
 self to feel . "I should have believed His word , " 
 he said, ' ' and not have put an 'if upon the all- 
 seeingness of God." — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 4. 
 
 2033. FAITH, Defenders of the. Henry VIII. 
 One of the first champions of the see of Rome 
 who took up his pen against Luther was Henry 
 VIII., King of England — the person who we 
 shall see became a few years afterward the most 
 inveterate enemy of the pope's jurisdiction. 
 Henry had been educated in all the subtleties of 
 the schools, and was fond of passing for a man 
 of learning, and an adept in the vain philosophy 
 of the times. He asked leave of Leo to read and 
 to examine the works of Luther, which at that 
 time were prohibited under pain of excommuni- 
 cation ; and in a short time he composed a trea- 
 tise in defence of the seven sacraments, against 
 the attacks of Luthei, which was received by 
 Pope Leo (who very probably never read it) with 
 the highest approbation. Henry and his succes- 
 sors (in return for this service done to the church) 
 had the title given them of Defenders of the 
 Faith.— Tytj^er's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, p. 293. 
 
 2034. FAITH despised. Science. A just and 
 severe censure has been inflicted on the law of 
 [the Emperor Julian] which prohibited the Chris- 
 tians from teaching the arts of grammar and 
 rhetoric. The motives alleged by the emperor 
 to justify this partial and oppressive measure 
 might command, during his lifetime, the silence 
 of slaves and the applause of flatterers. Julian 
 abuses the ambiguous meaning of a word which 
 might be indifferently applied to the language 
 and the religion of the Greeks ; he contempt- 
 uously observes, that the men who exalt the 
 merit of implicit faith are unfit to claim or to en- 
 joy the advantages of science ; and he vainly con- 
 tends, that if they refuse to adore the gods of 
 Homer and Demosthenes, they ought to content 
 themselves with expounding Luke and Matthew 
 in the churches of the Galilaeans. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 23, p. 442. 
 
 2035. FAITH, Fed by. George Milller. Chil- 
 dren's clothing, wearing appai'el, new and sec- 
 ond-hand, material for dresses, ladies' bags, pin- 
 cushions, needle-cases, toilet-covers, antimacas- 
 sars, pen-wipers, sofa-cushions, etc., etc., were 
 received and disposed of for the benefit of the 
 institution. Sometimes it would happen that at 
 nine o'clock in the morning there were no pro- 
 visions in the houses, neither was there money 
 in hand to purchase the food needed for the din- 
 ner ; then, in answer to the earnest cries of those 
 who were engaged in the work, money was re- 
 ceived in time to procure supplies and get the 
 meal ready by the dinner hour at one o'clock : 
 
242 
 
 FAITH— FALSEHOOD. 
 
 but often afterward there was nothing left for 
 supper. Another united prayer-meeting was, 
 therefore, held, in order that they might beseech 
 the Lord mercifully to appear on their behalf ; 
 and this He invariably did. — Life of George 
 MiiLLER, p. 30. 
 
 2036. FAITH invigorated. Difficulties. The 
 contemporaries of Moses and Joshua had beheld 
 with careless indifference the most amazing mir- 
 acles. Under the pressure of every calamity, 
 the belief of those miracles has preserved the 
 Jews of a later period from the universal conta- 
 gion of idolatry ; and in contradiction to every 
 known principle of the human mind, that singu- 
 lar people seem to have yielded a stronger and 
 
 ■ more ready assent to the traditions of their re- 
 mote ancestors than to the evidence of their own 
 senses. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 15, p. 510. 
 
 2037. FAITH, Living by. George MvZler. In 
 Bristol, as at Teignmouth, though he continued 
 to live without any regular income, God never 
 allowed him nor his family to want, and, with 
 the Apostle Paul, he was generally able to say, 
 " I have all and abound." On the other hand, 
 however, it is right to state, that times without 
 number his faith was sorely tried — because when 
 God gives faith He always tries it ; but when- 
 ever there was no money left, instead of being 
 discouraged, he and his beloved wife would 
 kneel down and ask God graciously to send 
 them help ; which, sooner or later, was invaria- 
 bly granted. Sometimes it happened, too, that 
 not only was there no money left, but that 
 all the provisions likewise in the house were gone 
 ■ — a trying state of things indeed ; the Lord 
 Uever suffered them, however, to be confounded. 
 —Life of George Miiller, p. 34. 
 
 203$. FAITH, Power of. Puritans. There 
 is nothing more remarkable, in the course of 
 this civil war, than the fact that men who had 
 just come from the market and plough should 
 meet the Cavaliers on their own ground, and de- 
 feat them. The Royalists prided themselves on 
 their military character ; war was their trade 
 and their boast ; swordsmen, they professed to 
 be skilled in all the discipline and practice of the 
 field. It was their ancestral character ; it was 
 the crest and crown of their feudalism, and, de- 
 feated in war, they had nothing further to boast 
 of. How was it ? The history we have given in 
 some degree explains it ; but the principal rea- 
 son, after all, is found in the higher faith. Look 
 at the watchwords of the two armies as they 
 rushed on to conflict: "Truth and Peace!" 
 " God is vrith us !" " The Lord of Hosts !" such 
 mottoes contrast favorably with " The King and 
 Queen Mary !" " Hey ! for Cavaliers !" or even 
 that of " The Covenant !" These men charged 
 in battle as if beneath the eye of God ; to them 
 it was no play, but business : they knew that 
 they rushed on, many of them, to their death, 
 but they heeded not, for their spirit's eye caught 
 visions of waiting chariots of fire, and horses of 
 fire, hovering round the field ; and they ad- 
 vanced to the conflict, mingling with the roar of 
 musketry and the clash of steel the sound of 
 psalms and spiritual songs. — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 6, p. 103. 
 
 2039. FAITH, Victory by. Sit Henry Vane. 
 [After the restoration of Charles II., Sir Henry 
 N'^ane, who supported the Commonwealth, was 
 
 pronounced guilty of treason, and confined in the 
 Tower. His enemies urged his execution. He 
 writes his wife from prison :] ' ' They that press 
 so earnestly to carry on my trial do little know 
 what presence of God may be afforded me in it, 
 and issue out of it, to the magnifying of Christ 
 in my body, by life or by death. Nor can they, 
 I am sure, imagine how much I desire to be dis- 
 solved and be with Christ, which of all things 
 that can befall me I account thebest." — Knight's 
 England, vol. 4, ch. 16, p. 260. 
 
 2040. FAITHFULNESS rewarded. By the 
 People. [In 1637 William Prynne was brought 
 up from his prison with his ears sewed on, to be 
 punished by the Star-Chamber for publishing 
 a book against Sabbath-breaking. Also came 
 Henry Burton, who had offended in a sermon, 
 and in a tract. And Robert Bastwick, who had 
 published prelacy as identical with popery. Each 
 were fined £5000, to be degraded from their pro- 
 fessions, to be placed in the pillory, to have their 
 ears cut off, and their cheeks and foreheads 
 branded, and to be confined for life in distant 
 prisons. Three years later their principles have 
 borne fruit. Their petitions reach the House. 
 These prisoners were ordered to be brought to 
 London. Burton and Prynne made a triumph- 
 al entry. Baillie says, "Never here such a 
 like show : about a thousand horse, and, as some 
 of good note say, above four thousand ; above a 
 hundred coaches and, as many say, above two 
 hundred." Bastwick returned with trumpets 
 sounding, and ^rches burning, and a thousand 
 horse for his convoy.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 28, p. 444. 
 
 2041. FALSEHOOD, Confirmed in. Charles I. 
 Cromwell, we believe, all along used the circum- 
 stances as they transpired as best he could. 
 What would we have had him do? When the king 
 was conquered, would we have had him place 
 the conquered tyrant once more upon the throne, 
 without any promise or constitution ? We have 
 seen that there was no reliance on his faith ; 
 yet there are those who have ever a good word 
 for him. But he could not be true, he could 
 not be sincere. " I wonder you don't leave off 
 this abominable custom of lying, George," said 
 Lord Muskerry to the celebrated George Rooke, 
 when they were sailing together. ' ' I can't help 
 it," said George. "Pooh ! pooh !" said his 
 lordship ; " it may be done by degrees. Suppose 
 you were to begin by uttering one truth a day !" 
 If Charles had only told the truth " by degrees," 
 had he been sincere only now and then, he 
 might have been saved ! He signed the death 
 warrant of his best friend and strongest servant. 
 Lord Strafford, after he had most faithfully 
 pledged that he would rather lose his crown than 
 perform such an act of unfealty, and "on the 
 word of a king" became a proverb and byword 
 from that circumstance through all ages. Then 
 came the revelations of the letters seized on the 
 field of Naseby. Then, when the king was in 
 the power of the Parliament, Cromwell desired 
 to save him, and Cromwell was willing to do so. 
 The king had appealed to him, in his despair, 
 from the Isle of Wight ; and the letters, in the 
 saddle-bags of the king's private messenger, to 
 the queen in France, seized at the Blue Boar, in 
 Holborn, revealed the king as saying of Crom- 
 well, whose hand was graciously at his own 
 
FALSEHOOD— FAME. 
 
 243 
 
 peril saving him, " He thinks that I may confer 
 upon him the Oart»r and the Star, but I shall 
 know in good time how to fit his neck to a hal- 
 ter !" — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 14, p. 181. 
 
 2042. FALSEHOOD, Governmental. Bonaparts. 
 It is difficult to determine whether his procla- 
 mations to the people of Egypt or his despatch- 
 es to the French Directory contain the greater 
 number of lies and exaggerations in reference to 
 Ms Sj^rian campaign. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 22, p. 381. 
 
 2043. FALSEHOOD, Growth of. Samuel John- 
 son. While we were at breakfast, Johnson gave 
 a very earnest recommendation of what he him- 
 self practised with the utmost conscientious- 
 ness : I mean a strict attention to truth, even in 
 the most minute particulars. " Accustom your 
 children," said he, " constantly to this ; if a thing 
 happened at one window, and they, when relat- 
 ing it, say that it happened at another, do not 
 let it pass, but instantly check them ; you do not 
 know where deviation from truth will end." . . . 
 ■" It is more from carelessness about truth than 
 from intentional lying that there is so much 
 falsehood in the world." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 361. 
 
 2044. FALSEHOOD justified. By Jesuits. 
 [When Henry Garnet, a Jesuit, was tried as a 
 conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot, he expressed 
 his general principles in a paper written before 
 his trial. He had been made privy to the design 
 through the confessional.] " Concerning equiv- 
 •ocation, this is my opinion : in moral affairs, and 
 in the common intercourse of life, when the 
 truth is asked among friends, it is not lawful to 
 use equivocation. But in cases where it becomes 
 necessary to an individval for his defence, or for 
 avoiding any injustice or loss, or for obtaining 
 any important advantage, without danger or 
 mischief to any other person, there equivocation 
 is lawful." In an examination after the trial he 
 goes further, and holds that an oath might be 
 lawfully used to confirm a simple equivocation. 
 " In cases of lawful equivocation, the speech by 
 equivocation being saved from a lie, the same 
 speech, without perjury, may be confirmed by 
 oath, or by any other usual way, though it were 
 by receiving the sacrament, if just necessity so 
 require."— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 21, p. 
 337. 
 
 2045. . Samuel Johnson. We 
 
 talked of the casuistical question. Whether it was 
 allowable at any time to depart from Truth? 
 Johnson : " The general rule is, that Truth 
 should never be violated, because it is of the ut- 
 most importance to the comfort of life, that we 
 should have a full security by mutual faith ; 
 and occasional inconveniences should be willing- 
 ly suffered, that we may preserve it. There 
 must, however, be some exceptions. If, for in- 
 stance, a murderer should ask you which way a 
 man is gone, you may tell him what is not true, 
 because you are under a previous obligation not 
 to betray a man to a murderer." Boswell : 
 " Supposing the person who wrote ' Junius ' were 
 asked whether he was the author, might he deny 
 it ?" Johnson : " I don't know what to say to 
 this. If you were sure that he wrote ' Junius,' 
 Avould you, if he denied it, think as well of him 
 afterward ? Yet it may be urged, that what a 
 m in has a right to ask yon may refuse to com- 
 
 municate ; and there is no other effectual mode 
 of preserving a secret and an important secret, 
 the discovery of which may be very hurtful to 
 you, but a flat denial ; for if you are silent, or 
 hesitate, or evade, it will be held equivalent to 
 a confession. But stay, sir ; here is another case. 
 Supposing the author had told me confidentially 
 that he had written ' Junius,' and I were asked if 
 he had, I should hold myself at liberty to deny 
 it, as being under a previous promise, express 
 or implied, to conceal it. Now what I ought 
 to do for the author, may I not do for myself ? 
 But I deny the lawfulness of telling a lie to a 
 sick man, for fear of alarming him. You have 
 no business with consequences ; you are to tell 
 the truth. Besides, you are not sure what ef- 
 fect your telling him that he is in danger may 
 have. It may bring his distemper to a crisis, 
 and that may cure him. Of all lying, I have 
 the greatest abhorrence of this, because I believe 
 it has been frequently practised on myself." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 526. 
 
 2046. FAME belated. John Quiney Adams. 
 His career was in many respects remarkable. He 
 had been minister to five different European 
 courts. Senator of the United States, appointed 
 to the Supreme bench, had been eight years Sec- 
 retary of State, and four years President. , . . 
 But it may fairly be doubted whether if his pres- 
 idency had closed his public life, his fame would 
 have attracted special observation. . . . But in 
 his sixty-fifth year, when the public life of the 
 most favored "^draws to a close, the noble and 
 shining career of Mr. Adams began. He entered 
 the House of Representatives in 1831, and for 
 the remainder of his life — a period of seventeen 
 years — he was the one grand figure in that assem- 
 bly. . . . His warfare ... in favor of the hum- 
 blest to petition for redress of grievances are 
 among the memorable events in the parliament- 
 ary history of the United States. It was in a large 
 degree the moral courage of his position that 
 first fixed the attention of the country, and then 
 attracted its admiration. — Blaine's Twenty 
 Years of Congress, p. 69. 
 
 2047. FAME by Competition, ^r William 
 Parry. In order to be very much distinguished 
 in this busy world, it is necessary to do some- 
 thing that nobody else ever did. Admiral Parry 
 could boast that he had been nearer the North 
 Pole than any other human being. It is doubt- 
 ful if a polar bear ever went nearer, or even a 
 seal. Four hundred and ninety-five miles more 
 would have brought him to the pole itself, and 
 he would have lived forever in history as the 
 first man who ever performed that feat. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF Biog. , p. 385. 
 
 204§. FAME, Costly. Sir Walter Scott. In 
 those days of high postage Scott's bill for letters 
 " seldom came under £150 a year," and " as to 
 coach parcels, they were a perfect ruination." 
 On one occasion a mighty package came by post 
 from the United States, for which Scott had to 
 pay £5 sterling. It contained a ms. play called 
 "The Cherokee Lovers," by a young lady of 
 New York, who begged Scott to read and correct 
 it, write a prologue and epilogue, get it put on the 
 stage at Drury Lane, and negotiate with Consta- 
 ble or Murray for the copyright. In about a 
 fortnight another packet not less formidable ar- 
 rived, charged with a similar postage, whicli 
 
244 
 
 FAME. 
 
 Scott, not grown cautious through experience, 
 recklessly opened ; out jumped a duplicate copy 
 of " The Cherokee Lovers,'' with a second letter 
 from the authoress, stating that as the weather 
 had been stormy, and she feared that something 
 might have happened to her former ms. , she had 
 thought it prudent to send him a duplicate. — 
 Hutton's Scott, ch. 12. 
 
 2049. FAME by Discovery. North-west Passage. 
 Martin Frobisher, an Englishman, well versed 
 in various navigation, had revolved the design of 
 accomplishing the discovery of the North-west- 
 ern passage, esteeming it ' ' the only thing of 
 the world that was yet left undone, by which a 
 notable mind might be made famous and fortu- 
 nate." — Bancroft's Hist, of U.S., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 2050. FAME, Distant. Lincoln. Since Garibal- 
 di overthrew the Bourbon King of Naples, and 
 the unification of Italy, Sicily has felt the spirit 
 of the age, and various modern improvements 
 have been made, and among them the laying 
 out of several new avenues, one of which bears 
 the name of Lincoln. — Travels of General 
 Grant, p. 106. 
 
 205 1 . FAME, Impostor's. Beign of Charles 11. 
 The tale of Gates . . . sufficient to convulse the 
 whole realm, would not, until confirmed by other 
 ■evidence, suffice to destroy the humblest of those 
 whom he had accused ; for, by the old law of 
 England, two witnesses are necessary to establish 
 a charge of treason. But the success of the first 
 impostor produced its natural consequences. In 
 a few weeks he had been raised from penury and 
 obscurity to opulence, to power which made him 
 the dread of princes and nobles, and to notoriety 
 such as has for low and bad minds all the attrac- 
 tions of glory. He was not long without coad- 
 jutors and rivals. — Macaula-k's Eng., ch. 2, 
 ■p. 222. 
 
 2052. FAME by Infamy. Assassination. A 
 young Saxon, twenty years of age, named Von 
 der Sulhn, was arrested in Paris. He confessed 
 that it was his intention to assassinate the emper- 
 or, and thus to immortalize his own name by 
 connecting it with that of Napoleon. [He was 
 confined, but not executed.] — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 2053. FAME, Locality for. Napoleon I. "Eu- 
 rope," said he, " presents no fields for glorious ex- 
 ploits ; no great empires or revolutions are to be 
 found but in the East. . . . [He had conquered 
 the Italians and the Austrians.] . . . My glory 
 is declining. This little corner of Europe is too 
 small to supply it. We must go to the East. All 
 the great men of the world have there acquired 
 their celebrity." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 
 1, ch. 10. 
 
 2054. FAME, Perverted. Columbus. Of all 
 
 the wrongs done to the memory of Columbus, 
 perhaps the greatest was that which robbed him 
 of the name of the new continent. This was be- 
 stowed upon one of the least worthy of the many 
 adventurers whom the genius and success of 
 Columbus had drawn to the west. . . . [Amer- 
 igo] Vespucci's only merit consisted in his recog- 
 nition of the fact that the recent discoveries were 
 not a portion of that India already known, but 
 in reality another continent. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 3, p. 59. 
 
 2055. FAME, Posthumous. Columbus. Colum- 
 bus ... in his lifetime met with no adequate rec- 
 ompense. The self-love of the Spanish monarch 
 was offended at receiving from a foreigner in his 
 employ benefits too vast for requital ; and the 
 contemporaries of the great navigator persecuted 
 the merit which they could not adequately re- 
 ward. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., ch. 1. 
 
 2056. FAME regarded. Cicero. In Decem- 
 ber it Avas known that an agrarian law would be 
 at once proposed under plea of providing for 
 Pompey's troops ; and Cicero had had to decide 
 whether he would act in earnest in the spirit 
 which he had begun to show when the tribunes 
 bill was under discussion, or would fall back 
 upon resistance with the rest of his party, or 
 evade the difficult dilemma by going on foreign 
 service, or else would simply absent himself from 
 Rome while the struggle was going on. " I 
 may either resist," he said, " and there will be 
 an honorable fight ; or I may do nothing, and 
 withdraw into the country, which will be hon- 
 orable also ; or I may give active help, which I 
 am told Caesar expects of me. . . . What will 
 history say of me six hundred years hence ? I 
 am more afraid of that than of the chatter of my 
 contemporaries." — Froude's C.<esar, ch. 12. 
 
 2057. FAME, Sudden. Lord Byron. The fame, 
 however, of Lord Byron dates from his twenty- 
 fourth year, when the publication of the first 
 cantos of " Childe Harold" revealed to England 
 the full splendor of his talents. . . . "I awoke 
 one morning," said he, "and found myself fa- 
 mous." . . . Such was his popularity at one time, 
 that ten thousand copies of one of his poems 
 were sold on the day of its publication at a price 
 equal to nearly $10 each. But his errors as a man 
 soon lost him the esteem of his countrymen ; 
 he was almost as extravagant as his father, and 
 quite as dissolute, and, like his father, he squan- 
 dered the fortune of his wife after he had ceased 
 to be a husband to her. — Cyclopedia op Biog.,. 
 p. 294. 
 
 205§. . " Berner's Street Hoax." 
 
 [Theodore Hook bet a guinea that in one week 
 he could make a neat and modest house the 
 most famous in all London.] The bet was taken, 
 and in four or five days Hook had written and 
 posted one thousand letters, annexing orders to 
 •tradesmen of every sort . . . all to be executed 
 on one particular day, and as nearly as possible 
 at a fixed hour. From "wagons of coals and 
 potatoes, to books, prints, feathers, ices, jellies, 
 and cranberry tarts," nothing whatever available 
 to any human being but was commanded from 
 scores of rival dealers, scattered all over the city. 
 . . . The mayor and his chaplain were invited 
 to take the death-bed confession of a peculating 
 common councilman. There also came the 
 Governor of the Bank, Chairman of the East In- 
 dia Company, the Lord Chief Justice, and the 
 Prime Minister, ... his Grace the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and his Royal Highness the Com- 
 mander in Chief. [All came at the call of 
 Hook's letters.] They could not all reach Ber- 
 ner's Street. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, 
 p. 354. 
 
 2059. FAME, Trials of. Sir Walter Scott. 
 At one time as many as sixteen parties of visitors 
 applied to see Abbotsford in a single day. 
 Strangers — especially the American travellers 
 
FAME— FAMILY. 
 
 245 
 
 of that day, who were much less reticent and 
 more irrepressible than the American travellers 
 of this — would come to him without introduc- 
 tions, facetiously cry out "Prodigious !" in imita- 
 tion of Dominie Sampson, at whatever they were 
 shown, inquire whether the new house was called 
 TuUyveolan or Tillytudlem, cross-examine, with 
 open note-books, as to Scott's age and the age 
 of his wife, and appear to be taken quite by sur- 
 prise when they were bowed out without being 
 asked to dine. — Hutton's Scott, ch. 12. 
 
 2060. FAME undesired. Emperor Maximin. 
 The emperor of the East commanded a disci- 
 plined and veteran army of above 70,000 men ; 
 4md Licinius, who had collected about 30,000 
 Ulyrians, was at first oppressed by the superior- 
 ity of numbers. His military skill and the 
 firmness of his troops restored the day, and ob- 
 tained a decisive victory. The incredible speed 
 which Maximin exerted in his flight is much 
 more celebrated than his prowess in the battle. 
 Twenty-four hours afterward he was seen, pale, 
 trembling, and without his Imperial ornaments, 
 at Nicomedia, one hundred and sixty miles from 
 the place of his defeat. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 14, p. 486. 
 
 2061. FAMILIARITY, Ill-mannered. Jarrm 
 Hogg. [Sir Walter Scott's poet-friend.] In a 
 shepherd's dress, and with hands fresh from 
 sheep-shearing, he came to dine for the first time 
 with Scott in Castle Street, and finding Mrs. 
 Scott lying on the sofa, immediately stretched 
 himself at full length on another sofa ; for, 
 as he explained afterward, "I thought I could 
 not do better than to imitate the lady of the 
 house. " At dinner, as the wine passed, he ad- 
 vanced from " Mr. Scott," to " Shirra" (Sher- 
 iff), "Scott," "Walter," and finally " Wattie," 
 till at supper he convulsed every one by address- 
 ing Mrs. Scott familiarly as " Charlotte." — Hut- 
 ton's Life op Scott, ch. 6. 
 
 2062. FAMILIARITY, Mistake of. Mary 
 Queen of Scots. The page of the Marechal de 
 Damville, the young Du Chatelard, had re- 
 
 ■ mained, as we have seen, at Holyrood, for the 
 purpose of entertaining his master with letters 
 about all that related to the queen, his idol. Du 
 Chatelard, treated as a child by the playful in- 
 dulgence of the queen, had conceived for his 
 mistress a passion bordering on madness. The 
 queen had encouraged him too much to retain 
 the right of punishing him. Du Chatelard, con- 
 stantly admitted to the most intimate familiarity 
 with his mistress, ended by mistaking sport for 
 earnest, persuading himself that she only desired 
 a pretext for yielding to his audacity. The la- 
 dies of the palace discovered him one night hid- 
 den under the queen's bed ; he was expelled 
 with indignation, but his boldness was placed 
 to the account of the thoughtlessness of his age 
 and character. Raillery was his only punish- 
 ment. — Lamartine's Mary Queen of Scots, 
 p. 15. 
 
 2063. FAMILIES, Old. Adams. People are 
 mistaken who suppose that we have in America 
 no old families. We have perhaps as many as 
 other countries, only the torrent of emigration, 
 and the suddenness with which new fortunes are 
 made and lost, conceal the fact from our obser- 
 vation. The Adams family, for example, which 
 descended from Thomas Adams, one of the first 
 
 proprietors of Massachusetts, has gone on stead- 
 ily increasing in wealth and numbers from 1620 
 to the present time, and the family estate still 
 comprises the lands originally bought by the 
 Adams who was grandfather to the second Pres- 
 ident of the United States. John Adams died 
 worth $100,000. His son, John Quincy Adams, 
 left, it is said, twice as much ; and his son, 
 Charles Francis Adams, late minister to London, 
 is supposed to be worth $2,000,000.— Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG., p. 173. 
 
 2064. FAMILY, Benefits of the. Lvther. In 
 place of the monk's cowl the habit of the citizen 
 was assumed. Because of this the heart of the 
 German people went out to the great Reformer. 
 As a struggling monk he excited wonder and 
 surprise. But as a husband and father he is 
 loved and revered by the German people. — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 16, p. 137. 
 
 2065. FAMILY deteriorated. Borne. Even 
 in the days of Tiberius the Senate, as Tacitus 
 tells us, had rushed headlong into the most ser- 
 vile flattery, and this would not have been pos- 
 sible if its members had not been tainted by the 
 prevalent deterioration. It was before the once 
 grave and pure-minded Senators of Rome — the 
 greatness of whose state was founded on the 
 sanctity of family relationships — that the Censor 
 Metellus had declared in a.u.c. 602, without one 
 dissentient murmur, that marriage could only 
 be regarded as an intolerable necessity. Before 
 that same Senate, at an earlier period, a leading 
 consular had not scrupled to assert that there 
 was scarcely one among them all who had not 
 ordered one or more of his own infant children 
 to be exposed to death. — Farrar's Early 
 Days, ch. 1, p. 7. 
 
 2066. FAMILY discord. Of Charles IV. of 
 Spain. [Prince Ferdinand accused his mother, 
 Louisa Maria, of shameless licentiousness with 
 one of the king's body-guard named Godroy, 
 She charged him with ignoble birth, her hus- 
 band not being his father. Napoleon was solic- 
 ited to favor each side in the possession of the 
 throne of Spain. He held an interview with 
 all.] The imbecile old king brandished over 
 the head of Ferdinand a long gold-headed cane 
 . . . loaded him with reproaches and impreca- 
 tions. Suddenly the mother , . . fell upon the 
 culprit. A flood of most uncourtly epithets she 
 poured upon the victim. ... As Napoleon left 
 the room he exclaimed ..." What a mother ! 
 What a son !" — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 2067. FAMILY interest. Theodoric. [The 
 conquest of] Italy . . . was finally decided by 
 the abilities, experience, and valor of the Gothic 
 king. Immediately before the battle of Verona 
 he visited the tent of his mother and sister, and 
 requested that on a day, the most illustrious 
 festival of his life, they would adorn him with 
 the rich garments which they had worked with 
 their own hands. "Our glory," said he, "is 
 mutual and inseparable. You are known to the 
 world as the mother of Theodoric ; and it be- 
 comes me to prove that I am the genuine off- 
 spring of those heroes from whom I claim my 
 descent." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39, p. 10. 
 
 206§. FAMILY kinship. Lines. Among civ- 
 ilized nations the family is so constructed that 
 
246 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 the lines of kinship diverge constantly from the 
 line of descent, so that collateral kinsmen with 
 each generation stand at a still greater remove 
 from each other. . . . this is traceable to the es- 
 tablishment of a male line of descent. In the 
 Indian family this is all reversed. The descent 
 is established in the female line. . . . Ties of kin- 
 ship converge upon each other until they all 
 meet in the granddaughter. . . . Every grand- 
 son and granddaughter was the grandson and 
 granddaughter of the whole tribe. . . . All the un- 
 cles were reckoned as his fathers ; also all mothers' 
 sisters as mothers ; all the cousins were sisters and 
 brothers ; all the nieces v/ere daughters ; all the 
 nephews, sons. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 1, p. 46. 
 
 2069. FAMILY, Prestige of. IrisJi. The dis- 
 tinction between those Irish Avho were of Celtic 
 blood and those Irish who sprang from Strongbow 
 and De Burgh was not altogether effaced. ... In 
 the preceding generation one of the most powerful 
 of the O'Neills refused to pay any mark of re- 
 spect to a Roman Catholic gentleman of old 
 Norman descent. " They say that the family 
 has been here four hundred years. No matter. I 
 hate the clown as though he had come here yes- 
 terday." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, ]). 121. 
 
 2070. FAMILY, Religion in the. Mahomet. 
 Islamism commenced like a family. It was prac- 
 tised for a longtime in the dwelling of Mahomet, 
 before it was diffused and exercised in any meet- 
 ing of the Khoreishites. The first of the faitli- 
 ful were himself, his wife, his nephew, his daugh- 
 ters, and his domestics. He seems to have been 
 long content with this conversion of himself and 
 household to the pure faith of Abraham, hoping 
 that God would be content with this restricted 
 worship, and would not ask of him a more on- 
 erous propagation of the truth. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 69. 
 
 2071. FAMILY, Eesponsibility to. Beign of 
 James II. Every battered old cavalier who, in 
 return for blood and lands lost in the royal 
 cause, had obtained some small place under the 
 keeper of the wardrobe or the master of the har- 
 riers, was called upon to choose between the 
 king and the church. The commissioners of 
 customs and excise were ordered to attend his 
 Majesty at the treasury. There he demanded 
 from them a promise to support his policy, and 
 directed them to require a similar promise from 
 all their subordinates. One custom-house offi- 
 cer notified his submission to the royal will in a 
 way which excited both merriment and compas- 
 sion. " I have," he said, " fourteen reasons for 
 obeying his Majesty's commands, a wife and 
 thirteen young children." — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8, p. 313. 
 
 2072. FAMILY, Sanguinary. Gmar's. On 
 the parents, and the three sons in succession, the 
 hopes of Rome were fixed. But Germanicus 
 was poisoned by order of Tiberius, and Agrip- 
 pina was murdered in banishment, after the en- 
 durance of the most terrible anguish. Their two 
 elder sons, Nero and Drusus, lived only long 
 enough to disgrace themselves, and to be forced 
 to die of starvation. The third was the monster 
 Gains. Of the three daughters, the youngest, 
 Julia Livia, was put to death by the orders of 
 Messalina, the wife of her uncle Claudius. 
 Drusilla died in prosperous infamy, and Agrip- 
 pina the younger, after a life of crime so abnor- 
 
 mal and so detestable that it throws into the shade- 
 even the monstrous crimes of many of her con- 
 temporaries, murdered her husband, and was 
 murdered by the orders of the son for whose 
 sake she had waded through seas of blood. . . . 
 That son was Nero ! Truly the palace of the 
 Caesars must have been haunted by many a rest- 
 less ghost, and amid its vast and solitary cham- 
 bers the guilty lords of its splendor must have 
 feared lest they should come upon some spec- 
 tre weeping tears of blood. — Farrar's Early 
 Days, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 207JI. FAMILY, Sorrowful. Martyr's. [At 
 two o'clock in the morning Dr. Rowland Tay- 
 lor was delivered to the sheriff in Aldgate.] Now 
 when the sheriff and his company came against 
 St. Botolph Church, Elizabeth, his daughter, 
 cried, saying, "O my dear father! Mother, 
 mother, here is my father led away !" Then 
 cried his wife, " Rowland, Rowland, where art 
 thou ?" for it was a very dark morning, that the 
 one could not see the other. Dr. Taylor an- 
 swered, " Dear wife, I am here," and stayed. 
 The sherifl"s men would have led him forth, but 
 the sheriff said, " Stay a little, masters, I pray 
 3-ou, and let him speak to his wife ;" and so 
 they stayed. Then came she to him ; and he 
 took his daughter Mary in his arms, and he, his 
 wife, and Elizabeth kneeled down and said the 
 Lord's Prayer ; at which sight the sheriff wept 
 apace, and so did divers others of the company. 
 After they had prayed, he rose up and kissed his 
 wife, and shook her by the hand and said, 
 " Farev. ell, my dear wife ; be of good comfort, 
 for I am quiet in my conscience. God shall stir 
 up a father for my children." Then he kissed 
 his daughter Mary and said, " God bless thee ; I 
 pray you all stand strong and steadfast unto 
 Christ and His words, and keep you from idola- 
 try." Then said his wife, " God be with thee,, 
 dear Rowland. I will with God's grace meet 
 thee at Hadleigh." [Afterward he said :] " Come 
 hither, my son Thomas ;" then John Hull lifted 
 up the child, and set him on the horse before his 
 father. Then lifted he up his eyes toward heaven • 
 and prayed for his son, laid his hand on the 
 child's head, and blessed him. [He then went 
 to the stake. ] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 3, ch. 6. 
 
 2074. FAMILY, Substitutes in the. Indians. 
 When one party prevailed, it was a rule to pur- 
 sue their success by an undistinguishing car- 
 nage, as long as the enemy gave the smallest 
 resistance. When that was over, they bound 
 and carried off the prisoners, who were re- 
 served for the most cruel and tormenting death. 
 This the captives themselves knew, and were 
 prepared for. They had, however, one chance 
 of life ; for, on returning to their village, the 
 victors made offer to each family of a captive 
 for every relation they had lost in the war. This 
 offer they might either accept or reject. If ac- 
 cepted, the captive became a member of the 
 family ; if rejected, he was doomed to die imder 
 the most excruciating tortures. In these exe- 
 cutions the women would bear their part, and 
 seem actuated by the spirit of furies. . What i.si 
 most remarkable is the fortitude with which 
 these unhappj'^ wretches submitted to their fate. 
 There was a contest between them and their 
 tormentors which should exceed, these in inflict- 
 ing, or the others in enduring the greatest ex- 
 
FAMILY— FANATICISM. 
 
 24-? 
 
 acerbations of pain. It is even said that by insults 
 they endeavored to provoke their executioners 
 and stimulate their fury by telling them of the 
 cruelties they had themselves inflicted on their 
 countrymen. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, eh. 21. 
 
 2075. FAMILY sufferings. House of the Qe- 
 sars. It has been well said that no page, even 
 of Tacitus, has so sombre and tragic an eloquence 
 as the mere Stemma Ccesarum. The great Julius, 
 robbed by death of his two daughters, was suc- 
 ceeded by his nephew Augustus, who, in order- 
 ing the assassination of Csesarion, the natural 
 son of Julius by Cleopatra, extinguished the 
 direct line of the greatest of the Caesars. Augus- 
 tus by his three marriages was the father of but 
 one daughter, and that daughter disgraced his 
 family and embittered his life. He saw his two 
 elder grandsons die under circumstances of the 
 deepest suspicion ; and being induced to disin- 
 herit the third for the asserted stupidity and 
 ferocity of his disposition, was succeeded by 
 Tiberius, who was only his stepson, and had 
 not one drop of the Julian blood in his veins. 
 Tiberius had but one son, who was poisoned by 
 his favorite, Sejanus, before his own death. 
 This son, Drusus, left but one son, who was 
 compelled to commit suicide by his cousin, 
 Gains ; and one daughter, whose son, Rubellius 
 Plautus, was put to death by order of Nero. — 
 Farrar's Early Days, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 2076. FAMINE, Brutalizing. .4 /^ema/i«. [Ath- 
 ens was besieged by Demetrius, and famine fol- 
 lowed.] In the course of it va»M\ dreadful things 
 happened, and this is related among the rest. A 
 father and his son were sitting in the same room, 
 in the last despair ; when a dead mouse happen- 
 ing to fall from the roof of the house, they both 
 started up and fought for it. — Plutarch's De- 
 metrius. 
 
 2077. FAMINE, Cannibals in. France. A 
 fearful famine, by which France was visited in 
 1033, occasioned throughout the country mise- 
 ries almost unparalleled in history. For three 
 years in succession the harvest had failed. . . , 
 Food was obtainable only at exorbitant prices ; 
 and the poorer classes . . . were driven at last 
 to the most revolting expedients to appease their 
 hunger. An innkeeper near Macon was burnt 
 alive for having massacred no less than forty- 
 eight unhappy wayfarers, whose bodies had 
 afterward been devoured. Human flesh was 
 publicly exposed for sale in the market of Tour- 
 nus. — Students' France, ch. 7, § 8, p. 110. 
 
 207§. FAMINE, Depopulated by. Bengal, 
 1770. [In 1770] there was a terrible famine in 
 Bengal, in which it is supposed one third of the 
 inhabitants perished. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 21, p. 334. 
 
 2079. FAMINE, Distress of. Borne, a.d. 546. 
 Totila proceeded, not to assault, but to encom- 
 pass and starve, the ancient capital. Rome was 
 afflicted by the avarice and guarded by the 
 valor of Bessas, a veteran chief of Gothic ex- 
 traction, who filled, with a garrison of 3000 
 soldiers, the spacious circle of her venerable 
 walls. From the disti'ess of the people he ex- 
 tracted a profitable trade, and secretly rejoiced 
 in the continuance of the siege. It was for his 
 use that the granaries had been replenished ; 
 the charity of Pope Vigilius had purchased and 
 
 embarked an ample supply of Sicilian corn ; 
 but the vessels which escaped the barbarians 
 were seized by a rapacious governor, who im- 
 parted a scanty sustenance to the soldiers, and 
 sold the remainder to the wealthy Romans. 
 The medimnus, or fifth part of the quarter of 
 wheat, was exchanged for seven pieces of gold ; 
 fifty pieces were given for an ox, a rare and 
 accidental prize ; the progress of famine en- 
 hanced this exorbitant value, and the mercenaries 
 were tempted to deprive themselves of the allow- 
 ance which was scarcely suflScient for the sup- 
 port of life. A tasteless and unwholesome 
 mixture, in which the bran thrice exceeded the 
 quantity of flour, appeased the hunger of the 
 poor ; they were gradually reduced to feed on 
 dead horses, dogs, cats, and mice, and eagerly 
 to snatch the grass, and even the nettles, which 
 grew among the ruins of the city. — [See No. 
 2015.] Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 255. 
 
 20§0. FAMINE, Eesource in. Hoises. [When 
 Bonaparte's army was retreating from Moscow, 
 during a month there were no rations, and 
 dead horses were the only resource.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 30, p. 359. 
 
 20S1. FAMINE, Trials of. Plymouth Colony. 
 The arrival of new emigrants, who came un- 
 provided with food, compelled the whole colony, 
 for six months in succession, to subsist on half- 
 allowance only. " I have seen men," says Wins- 
 low, "stagger by reason of faintness for want 
 of food." ... In the third year of their settle- 
 ment their victuals were so entirely spent that 
 "they knew not at night where to have a bit in 
 the morning." . . . When a few of their old 
 friends arrived to join them, a lobster or a piece 
 of fish, without bread or anything else but a 
 cup of fair spring water, was the best dish the 
 whole colony could offer. — B^vncroft's U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 20§2. FAMINE by War. Canada, a.d. 1758. 
 In the general dearth [caused by the prolonga- 
 tion of the war] the soldiers could receive but 
 a half pound of bread daily ; the inhabitants of 
 Quebec but two ounces. . . . Artisans and day 
 laborers were so enfeebled that they were unfit 
 for toil, and tottered from debility.— Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 4, ch. 13. 
 
 20S3. FANATIC, Insane. Puritan. A mad 
 tailor, named Ludowick Muggleton, wandered 
 from pot-house to pot-house, tippling ale, and 
 denouncing eternal torments against those who 
 refused to believe, on his testimony, that the 
 Supreme Being was only six feet high, and that 
 the sun was just four miles from the earth. 
 George Fox had raised a tempest of derision by 
 proclaiming that it was a violation of Christian 
 sincerity to designate a single person by a plural 
 pronoun, and that it was an idolatrous homage 
 to Janus and Woden to talk about January and 
 Wednesday. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 153. 
 
 20§4. FANATICISM, Danger from. Befor- 
 mation. Karlstadt forbade the paying and 
 taking of interest on money loaned, and even 
 went so far as to recommend the introduction 
 of the system of polygamy as practised by the 
 ancient Hebrews. [Luther wrote the elector] 
 he thought that Karlstadt had always ignored 
 the praise of Christ, and that he would alwayr, 
 do so. " His own insane desire for fame and 
 
us 
 
 FANATICISM. 
 
 praise has brought him to this. He has proved 
 to be our most dangerous enemy, so that I am 
 incHned to believe the poor, miserable wretch 
 is possessed of an evil spirit." — Rein's Luther, 
 ch. 14, p. 125. 
 
 20§5. FANATICISM, Idolatrous. Bassianus 
 Antoninus. In a solemn procession through the 
 streets of Rome, the way was strewed with gold 
 dust ; the black stone, set in precious gems, was 
 placed on a chariot drawn by six milk-white 
 horses, richly caparisoned. The pious emperor 
 held the reins, and, supported by his ministers, 
 moved slowly backward, that he might per- 
 petually enjoy the felicity of the divine presence. 
 In a magnificent temple raised on the Palatine 
 Mount, the sacrifices of the god Elagabalus were 
 celebrated with every circumstance of cost and 
 solemnity. The richest wines, the most extraor- 
 dinary victims, and the rarest aromatics were 
 profusely consumed on the altar. Around the 
 altar a chorus of Syrian damsels performed 
 their lascivious dances to the sound of barbarian 
 music, while the gravest personages of the state 
 and army, clothed in long Phoenician tunics, 
 oificiated in the meanest functions, with affected 
 zeal and secret indignation. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 6, p. 171. 
 
 2086. FANATICISM inflamed. Orleans. And 
 the Pucelle, left behind, found herself absolute 
 mistress of the city, where all authority but hers 
 seemed to be at an end. She caracolled round the 
 walls, and the people followed her fearlessly. The 
 next day she rode out to reconnoitre the English 
 bastilles, and young women and children went 
 too, to look at these famous bastilles, where all 
 remained still and betrayed no sign of movement. 
 She led back the crowd with her to attend ves- 
 pers at the church of Saint Croix ; and as she 
 wept at prayers, they all wept likewise. The 
 citizens were beside themselves ; they were raised 
 above all fears, were drunk with religion and 
 with war — seized by one of those formidable ac- 
 cesses of fanaticism in which men can do all and 
 believe all, and in which they are scarcely less 
 terrible to friends than to enemies. — Michelet's 
 Joan of Arc, p. 14. 
 
 20§r. FANATICISM, Miracles of. Test. [A 
 bitter contest existed between the Catholics and 
 Arsenite faction in the thirteenth century.] In 
 the confidence of fanaticism, they had proposed 
 to try their cause by a miracle ; and when the 
 two papers that contained their own and the 
 adverse cause were cast into a fiery brasier, they 
 expected that the Catholic verity would be re- 
 spected by the flames. Alas ! the two papers were 
 indiscriminately consumed, and this unforeseen 
 accident produced the union of a day, and re- 
 newed the quarrel of an age. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 62, p. 155. 
 
 20§§. FANATICISM, Religious. "Prophets." 
 Three of the prime movers came to Wittenberg 
 during the Christmas holidays in the year 1521. 
 They were curious fellows in warlike attire. 
 Wonderful experiences did they relate : God had 
 conversed with them ; they could foretell future 
 events ; in short, they claimed to be prophets 
 and apostles ! Melanchthon thought that they 
 were possessed of a particular spirit, whatever 
 be its nature, and that Luther alone could deter- 
 mine its true character. But Luther did not vdsh 
 to return on that account, especially since it was 
 
 not the desire of the Elector. He wrote to Me- 
 lanchthon, and also to his friend Amsdorf , that 
 the prophets of Zwickau should not be heard at 
 once, but that the matter should quietly take 
 its course. An investigation of their claims to 
 a special calling should be held, and their spirits 
 should be tried according to the advice of St. 
 John (I. 4 : 1), whether they be to God.— Rein's 
 Luther, ch. 11, p. 103. 
 
 20§9. . Gunpowder Plot. [Henry 
 
 Garnet, a Catholic priest, received through the 
 confessional information of the Gunpowder Plot, 
 which he did not ]-eveal. He defended his course 
 with ability. He acknowledged] that he had 
 done more than he could excuse by law in having 
 concealed his privity to the design, yet he main- 
 tained that " he had acted upon a conscientious 
 persuasion that he was bound to disclose noth- 
 ing that he had heard in sacramental confession." 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 21, p. 336. 
 
 3090. . Peter the Hermit. In this 
 
 austere solitude his body was emaciated, his 
 fancy was inflamed ; whatever he wished, he 
 believed ; whatever he believed, he saio in dreams 
 and revelations. From Jerusalem the pilgrim 
 returned an accomplished fanatic ; but as he ex- 
 celled in the popular madness of tlie times. Pope 
 Urban II. received him as a prophet, applaud- 
 ed his glorious design, promised to support it 
 in a general council, and encouraged him to pro- 
 claim the deliverance of the Holy Land. [Thus 
 began the crusades.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, 
 p. 538. 
 
 2091 . . Fifth Monarchy. The Fifth- 
 Monarchy men rose on the 6th of January, 1661, 
 under their old leader, Thomas Venner, the wine 
 cooper. Some fifty or sixty of them, after an 
 encounter with the feeble municipal police, 
 marched to Caen Wood, near Highgate, and hav- 
 ing been there concealed for two days, returned 
 to encounter the trained bands, and even a regu- 
 lar body of guards, in the confidence that their 
 cause — the establishment of the reign of Christ 
 on earth, and the suppression of all other author- 
 ity — would be miraculously upheld. The capital 
 was in fearful alarm ; the shops were shut ; the 
 city gates were barricaded. But these wild men 
 drove all before them, till a rally was made, and 
 they were for the most part slaughtered, refus- 
 ing quarter. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 15, 
 p. 251. 
 
 2092. . Fifth Monarchy. [In 1657 1 
 
 there was a great tumult in London over the Fifth j 
 Monarchy. The Assyrian monarchy, the Per- 
 sian, the Greek, and the Roman, being all four' 
 extinct, it was announced that the Fifth Mon- 
 archy — the greatest of all — the reign of the saints 
 on earth, was at hand. Thomas Venner, a wine 
 cooper, with its standard of the Lion of the tribe 
 of Judah, was to proclaim it as its herald on the 
 9th of April, on Mile End Green : a troop of 
 horse arrested the Fifth Monarchy.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 13, p. 206. 
 
 2093. . Protestant. [When Mary 
 
 Stuart, Queen of Scots, was on the scaffold,] the 
 Dean of Peterborough, Dr. Fletcher, standing 
 outside the rail, directly before her, began an ex- 
 hortation ; but she stopped him, saying: "Mr, 
 Dean, I am settled in the ancient Catholic Ro- 
 man religion, and mind to spend my blood in de- 
 fence of it. " The pertinacious dignitary replied. 
 
FANATICISM— FASHION. 
 
 249 
 
 with more zeal than charity, "Madam, change 
 your opinion, and repent of your former wicked- 
 ness, and settle your faith only in Jesus Christ, 
 l3y Him to be saved." Mary told him to trouble 
 himself no further ; and Shrewsbury and Kent 
 said they would pray for her. She thanked them ; 
 "but to join with you in prayer I will not, for 
 ihat you and I are not of one religion." The dean 
 then prayed aloud from the English liturgy ; and 
 Mary, with steadfast voice, having in her hand a 
 crucifix, began to pray in Latin ; and she finally 
 prayed in English for Christ's afiiicted church, 
 for her son, and for the Queen of England. The 
 callous Earl of Kent was not moved even by this 
 solemn earnestness, but told her to "leaAC those 
 trumperies." Such is fanaticism, from whatever 
 perverted view of the religion of love it may 
 spring. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 13, p. 303. 
 
 2094. FANATICISM, Scandalous. Quaker. [In 
 1656 James Nayler, one of the new sect of Qua- 
 kers, in his frantic enthusiasm had proclaimed 
 that the Redeemer was incarnate in His person ; 
 and he had given a great public scandal in going 
 about in a state of nudity. The madman nar- 
 rowly escaped hanging.] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 4, 
 ch. 13, p. 203. 
 
 2095. FANATICISM, Visions of. Crusaders. 
 Their victory, or even their attempt, would im- 
 mortalize the names of the intrepid heroes of 
 the cross ; and the purest piety could not be in- 
 sensible to the most splendid prospect of military 
 glory. . . , The vulgar, both the great and 
 small, were taught to believe every wonder, of 
 lands flowing with milk and honey, of mines 
 and treasures, of gold and diamonds, of palaces 
 of marble and jasper, and of odoriferous groves 
 of cinnamon and frankincense. In this earthly 
 paradise each warrior depended on his sword 
 to carve a plenteous and honorable establish- 
 ment, which he measured only by the extent of 
 his wishes. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 550. 
 
 2096. FAEEWELL to Country. Napoleon I. 
 [A captive, and sailing for St. Helena. Behold- 
 ing the receding vision of his native land,] he 
 then uncovered his head, bowed to the distant 
 hills, and said, with deep emotion, "Land of the 
 brave, I salute thee ! Farewell I France, fare- 
 well !" — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 30. 
 
 2097. FAREWELL desired, A final. James IT. 
 [When James II. left France to head an insur- 
 rection in Ireland, Louis XIV. said at their 
 parting, " The I>»est thing I can desire for you is 
 never to see you back again." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 6, p. 81. 
 
 209§. FAEEWELL, The last. Ghristiam. 
 [Maccail, a probationer preacher, was arrested 
 for joining the insurgents in Scotland against 
 Charles II. He died in torture, having a pair of 
 iron boots on his legs, with wedges driven be- 
 tween iron and flesh. He was in rapture of 
 soul ;] his last words were, Farewell, sun, moon, 
 and stars — farewell, kindred and friends — fare- 
 well, world and time — farewell, weak, frail body 
 — ^welcome, eternity — welcome, angels and saints 
 : — welcome. Saviour of the world, and welcome, 
 God the Judge of all. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 en. 17, p. 297. 
 
 2099. FAEEWELL, A touching. Washing- 
 ton's. [Nine days after the evacuation of New 
 Vork by the British] "Washington assembled 
 
 his officers, and bade them a final adieu. When 
 they were met, the chieftain spoke a few afflec 
 tionate words to his comrades, who came for- 
 ward in turn, and with tears and sobs, which the 
 veterans no longer cared to conceal, bade him 
 farewell. Washington then walked to White- 
 hall, foPowed by a vast concourse of citizens 
 and soldiers, and thence departed to Annapolis, 
 where Congress was in session. On his way he 
 paused at Philadelphia, and made to the proper 
 offic3rs a report of his expenses during the war. 
 The account was in his own handwriting, and 
 covered a total expenditure of $74,485, all cor- 
 rect to a cent. The route of the chief from 
 Paulus' Hook to Annapolis was a continuous 
 triumph. The people by hundreds and thou- 
 sands flocked to the villages and roadsides to 
 see him pass : gray-haired statesmen to speak 
 words of praise ; young men to shout with en- 
 thusiasm ; maidens to strew his way with flow- 
 ers. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 44, p. 355. 
 
 2100. FAEMEE, An unsuccessful. Isaac New- 
 ton. Isaac was taken from school to assist his 
 mother in the management of her farm. But 
 nature claimed him for higher work. He could 
 not be a farmer. Being sent to market once a 
 week, with an aged and faithful servant, no 
 sooner were the horses put into the stable than 
 he would shut himself up in a garret with his 
 books, till the produce was sold and it was time 
 to return. In summer he would choose a shady 
 nook on the road-side, out of town, and there 
 await the return of the wagon. If he was sent 
 to the fields to watch the sheep and cattle, he 
 would be found, hours ftfter, perched in a tree, 
 absorbed in a book, or on the banks of a stream, 
 eagerly watching the operation of a water- 
 wheel ; while the cattle, perhaps, were rioting 
 in a corn-field, and the sheep were wandering 
 down the road. — Parton's Newton, p. 76. 
 
 2101. . Edmund Burke. The read- 
 er may smile as he recognizes the ardor, the 
 earnestness, the fervid gravity of the political 
 speeches, in letters which discuss the merits of 
 carrots in fattening porkers, and the precise de- 
 gree to which they should be boiled. Burke 
 throws himself just as eagerly into white peas 
 and Indian com, into cabbages that grow into 
 head and cabbages that shoot into leaves, into 
 experiments with pumpkin-seed and wild par- 
 snip, as if they had been details of the Stamp 
 Act, or justice to Ireland. When he complains 
 that it is scarcely possible for him, with his 
 numerous avocations, to get his servants to en- 
 ter fully into his views as to the right treatment 
 of his crops, we can easily understand that his 
 farming did not help him to make money. It 
 is impossible that he should have had time or 
 attention to spare for the effectual direction of 
 even a small farm. — Morley's Burke, ch. 6. 
 
 2102. FASHION, Depreciated by. Science. 
 Charles [II.] himself had a laboratory. ... It 
 was almost necessary to the character of a fine 
 gentleman to have something to say about air- 
 pumps and telescopes ; and even fine ladies, 
 now and then, thought it becoming to affect a 
 taste for science, went in coaches and six to visit 
 the Gresham curiosities, and broke forth into 
 cries of delight at finding that a magnet reallj' 
 attracted a needle, and that a microscope really 
 made a fly look as large as a sparrow. ... It is 
 
250 
 
 FASHION— FEAR. 
 
 the universal law, that whatever pursuit, what- 
 ever doctrine becomes fashionable, shall lose a 
 portion of that dignity which it had possessed 
 while it was confined to a small but earnest 
 minority, and was loved for its own sake alone. 
 It is true that the follies of some persons who, 
 without any real aptitude for science, professed 
 a passion for it, furnished matter of contemptu- 
 ous mirth to a few malignant satirists who be- 
 longed to the preceding generation. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 380. 
 
 2103. FASHION disregarded. Benjamin 
 TVanklin. December, 1776. Franklin [the Am- 
 erican commissioner] reached Paris, . . . and was 
 welcomed with wonderful unanimity. His fame 
 as a philosopher, his unfailing good-humor, the 
 dignity, self-possession, and ease of his manners, 
 the plainness of his dress, his habit of wearing 
 his straight thin gray hair without powder, con- 
 trary to the fashion of that day in France, acted 
 as a spell. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 16. 
 
 2104. FASHION, Struggle for. French. Hats 
 were a French invention of 1449 ; a belted knight 
 writes: " Send me a hat and a bonnet by the same 
 man ; and let him bring the hat on his head, for 
 fear of misfashioning of it." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 8, p. 121. 
 
 2105. FASTS, Eeligious. Early Methodists. 
 Four fasts were appointed for each year on 
 every circuit, and the preachers were ordered 
 to write on all class papers : ' ' The first Friday 
 after every Quarterly Meeting is to be observed 
 as a day of fasting and prayer." The earliest 
 historian of Methodism remarks that it was the 
 custom of its people "to observe formerly all 
 Fridays as days of fasting or abstinence." — Ste- 
 vens' M. E. Church, vol. 2, p. 134. 
 
 2106. FATE, Belief in. Mohammedans. The 
 Koran inculcates, in the most absolute sense, the 
 tenets of fate and predestination, which would 
 extinguish both industry and virtue, if the ac- 
 tions of man were governed by his speculative 
 belief. Yet their influence in every age has ex- 
 alted the courage of the Saracens and Turks. 
 The first companions of Mahomet advanced to 
 battle with a fearless confidence ; there is no 
 danger where there is no chance ; they were or- 
 dained to perish in their beds ; or they were safe 
 and invulnerable amid the darts of the enemy. 
 — Gibbon's Mahomet, p. 39. 
 
 2107. FATHER, A confiding. John Milton's. 
 There is no attempt on the part of Milton to take 
 up a profession, not even for the sake of appear- 
 ances. The elder Milton was content to provide 
 the son, of whom he was proud, with the means 
 of prosecuting his eccentric scheme of life, to 
 continue, namely, to prepare himself for some 
 great work, nature unknown. For a young man 
 of simple habits and studious life a little suffices. 
 The chief want is books. — Milton, by M. Pat- 
 TISON, ch. 3. 
 
 210§. FATHERHOOD, Experience of. Agesi- 
 laus. Agesilaus [the Lacedaemonian king] was 
 certainly a most affectionate father. It is said, 
 when his children were small, he would join 
 in their sports ; and a friend happening to find 
 him one day riding among them upon a stick, 
 he desired him ' ' not to mention it until he was 
 \ father himself. " — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 2109. FATHERHOOD suppressed. War of 
 Rebellion. [At the battle of Malvern Hill in 
 Virginia] the son of [Confederate] Major Pey- 
 ton, but fifteen years of age, called to his father 
 for help. A ball had shattered both his legs. 
 "When we have beaten the enemy, then I will 
 help you," answered Peyton ; " I have here other 
 sons to lead to glory. Forward !" But the col- 
 umn had advanced only a few paces when the 
 major himself fell to the earth a corpse. — Pol- 
 lard's Second Year of the War, p. 323. 
 
 2110. FAVORITISM, Scandalous. Charles IT. 
 Whoever could make himself agreeable to the 
 prince, or could secure the good offices of the 
 mistress, might hope to rise in the world with- 
 out rendering any service to the government, 
 without being even known by sight to any min- 
 ister of State. This courtier got a frigate, and 
 that a company ; a third the pardon of a rich 
 offender ; a fourth, a lease of crown land on 
 easy terms. If the king notified his pleasure 
 that a briefless lawyer should be made a judge, 
 or that a libertine baronet should be made a 
 peer, the gravest counsellors, after a little mur- 
 muring, submitted. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 340. 
 
 2111. FEAR conquered by Faith. Moravians. 
 [When John Wesley came as a missionary to the 
 American colonists and Indians, he had not ob 
 tained the experience of the conscious favor of 
 God. While on his passage, in the midst of a 
 fearful storm which endangered the lives of all, 
 he observed the calmness of a little band of Mo- 
 ravian passengers who were holding religious 
 service. When in the midst of the psalm which 
 they were singing,] the sea broke over the ship, 
 split the mainsail into pieces, and poured in be- 
 tween the decks as if the great deep had already 
 swallowed them up. A terrible outcry arose 
 from the English, but the Moravians calmly 
 sung on. Wesley asked one of them, " Were 
 you not afraid ?" He answered : " I thank God, 
 no." " But were not your women and children?" 
 " No ; our women and children are not afraid to 
 die." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 78. 
 
 2112. FEAR, Contagious. Romans. They had 
 never yet looked Germans in the face, and im- 
 agination magnifies the unknown. Roman 
 merchants and the Gauls of the neighborhood 
 brought stories of the gigantic size and strength 
 of these northern warriors. The glare of their 
 eyes was reported to be so fierce that it could not 
 be borne. They were wild, wonderful, and 
 dreadful. Young officers, patricians, and 
 knights, who had followed Caesar for little mild 
 experience, began to dislike the notion of these 
 new enemies. Some applied for leave of ab- 
 sence ; others, though ashamed to ask to be al- 
 lowed to leave the army, cowered in their tents 
 with sinking hearts, made their wills, and com- 
 posed last messages for their friends. The centu- 
 rions caught the alarm from their superiors, and 
 the legionaries from the centurions. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 14, p. 32. 
 
 2113. FEAR and Courage. War. [While at | 
 war witli each other a small company of The- | 
 bans under Pelopidas imexpectedly met their j 
 Lacedaemonian enemies on the road.] As soon | 
 as they were perceived to be passing the straits, j 
 one ran and told Pelopidas, " We are fallen into* j: 
 
FEAR— FEARS. 
 
 251 
 
 the enemy's hands. " ' ' And why not they," said 
 he, " into ours ?"— Plutarch's Pelopidas. 
 
 2114. FEAR, Government by. England. [Ed- 
 mund Burke said of the success of the Revolu- 
 tionists of France :] I believe very few were able 
 to enter into the effects of mere terror. . . . For 
 four years we have seen loans made, treasuries 
 supplied, and armies levied and maintained, 
 more numerous than France ever showed in the 
 field, by the effects of fear alone. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 15, p. 268. 
 
 2115. . ScJwol. Fashion, and even 
 
 convenience, soon persuaded the conquerors of 
 Rome to assume the more elegant dress of the 
 natives; but they still persisted in the use of their 
 mother-tongue ; and their contempt for the Latin 
 schools was applauded by Theodoric himself, 
 who gratified their prejudices, or his own, by 
 declaring that the child who had trembled at a 
 rod would never dare to look upon a sword. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39. 
 
 2116. FEAR overcome. Joan of Arc. In 
 the midst of her triumph Jeanne still remained 
 the pure, tender-hearted peasant girl of the 
 Vosges. Her first visit as she entered Orleans was 
 to the great church, and there, as she knelt at 
 mass, she wept in such a passion of devotion that 
 ' ' all the people wept with her. " Her tears burst 
 forth afresh at her first sight of bloodshed and 
 of the corpses strewn over the battlefield. She 
 grew frightened at her first wound, and only 
 threw off the touch of womanly fear when she 
 heard the signal for retreat. — Hist, of Eng. 
 ■ People, § 431. 
 
 I 2117. FEAR, Panic of. Borne. Meanwhile 
 i the report reached Rome that Caesar had crossed 
 ! the Rubicon. The aristocracy had nursed the 
 pleasant belief that his heart would fail him, or 
 ; that his army would desert him. His heart had 
 ! not failed, his army had not deserted ; and, in 
 : their terror, they saw him already in their midst 
 i like an avenging Marius. He was coming. His 
 j horse had been seen on the Apennines. Flight, 
 I instant flight, was the only safety. Up they 
 i rose, consuls, praetors, senators, leaving wives 
 I and children and property to their fate, not halt- 
 : ing even to take the money out of the treasury, 
 
 ■ but contenting themselves with leaving it lock- 
 ) ed. On foot, on horseback, in litters, in car- 
 I riages, they fled for their lives to find safety un- 
 i der Pompey's wing in Capua. — Froude's C^- 
 
 ■ BAR, ch. 31. 
 
 2118. FEAR of Retribution. Reign of James 
 I //. [Lord Sunderland, his prime-minister and 
 I tool, apprehended the revolution which dethroned 
 ; James.] Visions of an innumerable crowd cov- 
 [ ering Tower Hill [the place of execution], and 
 f shouting with savage joy at the sight of the apos- 
 ' tate [who sought to betray James to William, 
 f Prince of Orange], of a scaffold hung with black, 
 
 ! of [Bishop] Burnet reading the prayer for the 
 i departing, and of Ketch [the executioner] lean- 
 ' ing on the axe with which Russell and Monmouth 
 had been mangled in so butcherly a fashion, be- 
 gan to haunt the unhappy statesman. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 411. 
 
 2119. FEAR, Shameless. Duke of Monmouth. 
 \ \S\s rebellion against James II. was suppressed.] 
 ■ The spoiled darling of the court and of the pop- 
 ulace, accustomed to be loved and worshipped 
 
 wherever he appeared, was now surrounded by 
 stern jailers, in whose eyes he read his doom. 
 Yet a few hours of gloomy seclusion, and he 
 must die a violent and shameful death. His 
 heart sank within him. Life seemed to be worth 
 purchasing by any humiliation ; nor could his 
 mind, always feeble, and now distracted by ter- 
 ror, perceive that humiliation must degi'ade 
 but could not save him. ... He wrote to the king. 
 The letter was that of a man whom a craven fear 
 had made insensible to shame. He professed in 
 vehement terms his remorse for his treason. He 
 affirmed that, when he promised his cousins at 
 the Hague not to raise troubles in England, he 
 had fuily meant to keep his word. Unhappily, 
 he had afterward been seduced from his alle- 
 giance by some horrid people who had heated 
 his mind by calumnies and misled him by soph- 
 istry : but now he abhorred them ; he abhorred 
 himself. He begged in piteous terms that he 
 might be admitted to the royal presence. — Ma- 
 caulay'sEng., ch. 5, p. 573. 
 
 2120. FEAR, Stranger to. Colony of Oeorgia. 
 A Cherokee appeared among the English. ' ' Fear 
 nothing," said Oglethorpe [the governor], "but 
 speak freely ;" and the mountainer answered, 
 " I always speak freely. Why should I fear ? 
 I am now among friends ; I never feared even 
 among my eneJiies." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 24. 
 
 2121. FEARLESSNESS, Astonishing. Bomans. 
 [Hannibal's approach to Rome.] Hannibal was 
 astonished by the constancy of the Senate, who, 
 without raising the siege of Capua, or recalling 
 their scattered forces, expected his approach. He 
 encamped on the banks of the Anio, at the dis- 
 tance of three miles from the city ; and he was 
 soon informed that the ground on which he had 
 pitched his tent was sold for an adequate price 
 at a public auction, and that a body of troops 
 was dismissed by an opposite road, to re-enforce 
 the legions of Spain. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, 
 p. 245. 
 
 2122. FEARLESSNESS, Boyish. Benedict Ar- 
 nold. He was no common boy. The most strik- 
 ing trait of his character was fearlessness. He 
 would place himself in situations of extreme 
 peril, for no other motive than to terrify his 
 elders, or to "show off" his courage. ... It 
 was often the duty of the boy Arnold to carry 
 bags of Indian corn to a mill, two miles from 
 home, himself riding upon the bags that were 
 thrown over the horse's back. While he was 
 waiting for his grist, it was his delight to aston- 
 ish the miller with his wild, daring tricks. As 
 he was bathing in the mill-stream, he would seize 
 hold of one of the spokes of the great water- 
 wheel, and go around with it, now dangling in 
 the air, now buried in the foaming water, while 
 the miller stood horror-stricken at his reckless- 
 ness. He was a most daring and headlong rider. 
 Horses that he was accustomed to ride were ob- 
 served to fall into bad habits, such as kicking, 
 starting, and running away. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 229. 
 
 2123. FEARS, Imaginary. Coesar. Sixty thou- 
 sand picked men left the Gauls' camp before 
 dawn ; they stole round by a distant route, and 
 were allowed to rest concealed in a valley till 
 the middle of the day. At noon they came over 
 the ridge at the Romans' back ;.and they had the 
 
252 
 
 FEAST— FIGHTING. 
 
 best of the position, being able to attack from 
 above. Their appearance was the signal for a 
 general assault on all sides, and for a determined 
 sally by Vercingetorix from within. Thus be- 
 fore, behind, and everywhere, the legions were 
 assailed at the same moment ; and Caesar ob- 
 serves that the cries of battle in the rear are al- 
 ways more trying to men than the fiercest onset 
 upon them in front ; because what they cannot 
 see they imagine more formidable than it is, and 
 they depend for their own safety on the courage 
 of others. [Caesar's genius saved the army.] — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 19. 
 
 2124. FEAST, Intellectual. Mahomet. He 
 assembled his relatives to the number of forty, 
 at a feast served in the court of his house, as was 
 the usage of the grand councils which preceded 
 great revolutions among the Arabs. They were 
 all the sons and descendants of his uncle and 
 adoptive father, Aboutaleb. The banquet, fru- 
 gal, like the life of the desert, was composed but 
 of a leg of mutton and some rice. Mahomet sup- 
 plied its meagreness by the nutriment of the soul ; 
 he entertained his guests with so much inspira- 
 tion and persuasion that they felt themselves 
 quite satisfied by his words. These simple minds, 
 astonished to find they had their fill despite the 
 pitiful supply upon the table, attributed to the 
 magic of the infernal spirits this charm and re- 
 pletion, which were but the magic of the divine 
 word. They retired uneasy, interrogating each 
 other, and promising not to return to expose 
 themselves to such enchantments. — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 73. 
 
 2125. FEES, Extortionate. Jailers. [At that 
 day a jailer had no salary, but was supported 
 chiefly by fees extorted from the prisoners on 
 their leaving jail. Custom had established, with 
 the force of law, that every prisoner, whether 
 felon or debtor, whether discharged because the 
 jury had acquitted him, or because no bill of in- 
 dictment was found against him, or because his 
 term of imprisonment had expired, should pay, 
 before leaving the jail, a fee of 15s. ^d. to the jail- 
 er, and another fee of 2«. to the turnkey — about 
 $5 in all. If a prisoner could not pay this sum 
 the jailer was allowed to keep him in prison till 
 he could. . . . [John] Howard discovered one man 
 who . . . had been confined /owr years solely be- 
 cause . . . unable to pay the fees for delivery. 
 He found some prisoners, who had been proved 
 innocent, and against whom no bill had been 
 found, still languishing in a loathsome dungeon, 
 because there was no one on earth able and 
 willing to lend them the trifling sum of 19«. M,., 
 while the county was at the expense of support- 
 ing them. Such frightful abuses . . . come of 
 great men putting their duties upon deputies. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 43. 
 
 3126. FEMALES, Imitation of. Theseus. 
 [When Theseus went with a tribute of seven 
 young men and as many virgins to be sacrificed 
 in the labyrinth at Crete, or save themselves by 
 destroying the Minotaur,] he did not take with 
 him all the virgins upon whom the lot had fall- 
 en, but selected two young men of his acquaint- 
 ance who had feminine and florid aspects, but 
 were not wanting in spirit and presence of mind. 
 These by warm bathing, and keeping them out 
 of the sun, by providing unguents for their hair 
 and complexions, and everything necessary for 
 
 their dress, by forming their voice, their man- 
 ner, and their step, he so effectually altered, thai 
 they passed among the virgins designed foi 
 Crete, and no one could discern the difference. — ■ 
 Plutarch's Theseus. 
 
 2127. FESTIVAL, A coronation. Edward I. 
 [On the 19th of August, 1274, King Edward I. 
 and his queen were crowned at Westminster.] 
 The coronation feast presents a curious illustra- 
 tion of the rude hospitality of that age. . . . There 
 were two halls ; . . . many new halls were built 
 up, in which tables were fixed in the ground, at 
 which all who came — princes, nobles, the rich, 
 and the poor — were feasted for fifteen days. In- 
 numerable kitchens were built beside the halls, 
 and numberless leaden cauldrons were placed 
 outside the kitchens, for additional cooking. 
 Oxen, sheep, and pigs were consumed in num- 
 bers exceeding those of a crowded market day in 
 recent Smithfield ; and Leadenhall market at 
 Christmas could not vie with this royal poultry- 
 show. The Pipe-rolls record that three hundred 
 barrels of wine were purchased for this occasion. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 25, p. 383. 
 
 2128. FIDELITY tested. Roman General Beli- 
 sarins. He marched to the gates of Rome, 
 which surrendered without an attack ; he pos- 
 sessed himself of the city, and with 5000 men un- 
 dertook to defend it against 100,000 of the rebel 
 Ostrogoths, who sat down to besiege him. . . . 
 After various successes the Goths themselves, 
 filled with admiration at the character of Beli- 
 sarins, requested him to accept of the crown of 
 Italy ; but that generous and heroic man refused 
 the offer of a kingdom, incapable of betraying 
 the interests of his sovereign, although he had 
 repeatedly experienced his ingratitude. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 5, p. 24. 
 
 2129. FIGHTING in Death. Persians. [When 
 Alexander defeated Darius, the Persians were 
 completely routed.] A few of the best and 
 bravest of them, indeed, met their death before 
 the king's chariot ; and falling in heaps one upon 
 another, strove to stop the pursuit ; for in the 
 very pangs of death they clung to the Macedo- 
 nians, and caught hold of their horses' legs as 
 they lay upon the ground. — Plutarch's Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 2130. FIGHTING, Desperate. BatUe of Man- 
 beuge. [Caesar's wars in Gaul.] The Nervii 
 fought with a courage which filled Caesar with 
 admiration ; men of greater spirit he said that he 
 had never seen. As their first ranks fell, they 
 piled the bodies of their comrades into heaps, 
 and from the top of them hurled back the Roman 
 javelins. They would not fly ; they dropped 
 where they stood ; and the battle ended only 
 with their extermination. Out of 600 senators 
 there survived but three ; out of 60,000 men 
 able to bear arms, only 500. The aged of the 
 tribe, and the women and children, who had 
 been left in the morasses for security, sent in 
 their surrender, their warriors being all dead. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 14. 
 
 2131. FIGHTING and Praying. Admiral 
 Blake. It was against those splendid Spanish gal- 
 leons and India-built merchantmen, their holds 
 full of the choicest products of the far Westr— 
 gold and silver, pearls and precious stones, hides, 
 indigo, cochineal, sugar, and tobacco — that be 
 
FILTH— FIRE. 
 
 253 
 
 and his men set forth ; and abundant were the 
 treasures of sparkling silver pieces which fell 
 into the horny hands of Blake's men. He made 
 his first seizure on this venture, and sent it home ; 
 the bullion was conveyed to London, under the 
 charge of soldiers, and eight-and-thirty wagon- 
 loads of silver reeled along through the streets of 
 London to the Tower, amid the cheerful ap- 
 
 Elause of the multitude. Blake did not come 
 ome ; he was still out on those distant seas 
 waiting for. and ready to pounce upon, more 
 prizes. Perhaps many of our readers will think 
 it a difficult thing to conceive of this warlike 
 Bailor as a God-fearing man, following up all 
 this mischief against the Spaniards in the fear of 
 the Lord ; but it was even so ; not an oath was 
 heard on board his vessel or vessels, the ordi- 
 nances of religion were followed up punctilious- 
 ly. Why not ? he was fighting the cause of free- 
 dom and faith against popery and absolutism, and 
 their persecutions ; and whereas Spain and Rome 
 had made Protestants everywhere tremble, this 
 Gustavus of the seas, in turn, made Spain and 
 Kome to tremble, and perhaps stirred some new 
 thoughts about Protestant heroism within their 
 cruel souls. He appears to have seen plainly the 
 *phere in which he had to play his part. " It is 
 aotforus," said he, "to mind State affairs, but 
 <o keep the foreigners from fooling us ;" and his 
 aame became as terrible to the foes of England 
 on the sea as Cromwell's on the land. — Hood's 
 4:!romwell, ch. 16, p. 207. 
 
 2132. FILTH and Disease. England,. The 
 sweating-sickness was the terror of England at 
 tiue beginning of the sixteenth century, as the 
 pUgue was in the seventeenth and the cholera in 
 the nineteenth.' Filth and imperfect ventilation 
 were among the main causes of epidemic disease 
 in each of these periods. — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 2, ca. 15, p. 254. 
 
 2133. FILTH, EquaUty in. Daniel Webster. 
 Daniel Webster whep a lad . . . was one day 
 called up by the teacher for punishment. . , . 
 His hands happened to be very dirty. Knowing 
 this, ho spit upon the palm of his right hand, 
 wiping it off on the side of his pantaloons. "Give 
 me youi* hand," said the teacher, very sternly. 
 Out went the right hand, partly cleansed. The 
 teacher looked at it a moment, and said, " Daniel, 
 if j'ou will find another hand in this room as 
 filthy as tnat, I will let you off this time !" In- 
 stantly from behind his back came the left hand. 
 " Here it is»," was the ready reply. "That will 
 do," said the teacher, " for this time ; you can 
 take your s^at, sir." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 
 748. 
 
 2134. FINANCE, Delusions in. John Law. [A 
 Scotchman who financiered for Louis XIV.] A 
 bank was Law's first scheme— capital 6,000,000 
 francs, in shares of 5000 francs each ; the 
 shares to he paid for in four instalments — one 
 fourth in coin and three fourtlis in royal bonds 
 at their -par value ! . . . All tax-gatherers [were 
 ordered] to receive the notes of the bank in pay- 
 ment of all sums due the government. To the 
 bank was soon added a company, called the 
 " Company of the West," designed to settle and 
 trade with the French province of Louisiana. 
 Shares in this company where also purchasable 
 with the same roj^al bonds at their par value, 
 with the addition of a small percentage in coin 
 
 or bank-notes. A " Guinea Company" was also 
 started for trading with the coast of Africa. . . . 
 The schemes having been launched, the next 
 thing was to impose upon the credulity and in- 
 flame the avarice of the public. A large engrav- 
 ing was posted . . . exhibiting a number of 
 Louisiana Indians running to meet a group of 
 Frenchmen, each holding out a piece of gold- 
 [^The collapse of these schemes was more aston 
 ishing than their rise.] — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 454. 
 
 2135. FINANCE, Fraudulent. Borne! K.Ji. 544. 
 The improvement of the revenue was commit- 
 ted to Alexander, a subtle scribe, long prac- 
 tised in the fraud and oppression of the Byzan- 
 tine schools, and whose name of Psalliction, the 
 scissors, was drawn from the dexterous artifice 
 with which he reduced the size, without defac- 
 ing the figure, of the gold coin. Instead of ex- 
 pediting the restoration of peace and industry, 
 he imposed a heavy assessment on the fortunes 
 of the Italians. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 252. 
 
 2136. FINANCE, Patriotism in. William of 
 Orange. The city of London undertook to ex- 
 tricate the prince from his financial difficulties. 
 The common council, by a unanimous vote, 
 engaged to find him £200,000. It was thought 
 a great proof, both of the wealth and of the 
 public spirit of the merchants of the capital, 
 that in forty-eight hours the whole sum was 
 raised on no security but the prince's word. 
 A few weeks before James had been unable to 
 procure a much smaller sum, though he had 
 offered to pay higher interest, and to pledge 
 valuable property. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, 
 p. 550. 
 
 2137. FINANCES, Unsoundness in. Bestora- 
 tion. [The selfish and profligate government of 
 Charles II. appropriated moneys designed to 
 support the navy. The Dutch invaded England, 
 and found sailors demoralized and ships rotting 
 in the ports. Many English sailors on Dutch 
 ships cried out to their companions,] " We did 
 heretofore fight for tickets ; now we fight for 
 dollars." . . . The sailors' wives went up and 
 down the streets of Wapping, crying, " This 
 comes of your not paying our husbands." [Eng- 
 land received a dishonor never to be wiped off, 
 from the corruption of national honor at the 
 fountain-head.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17, 
 p. 298. 
 
 2138. FINE nullified. Charles I. [He pre- 
 sented a declaration against illegal taxation and 
 innovations in the religion of the State ; Parlia- 
 ment was not reassembled for eleven years.] 
 Eliot was fined £2000 ; he very likely increased 
 the spite of the king by taking precautions 
 against his pouncing upon this valuable little 
 peculation ; he said he had two cloaks, a few 
 books, a few pairs of boots, and that was all his 
 personal substance, and if they could turn this 
 into £2000, much good might it do them. So 
 the sheriffs appointed to seize upon his posses- 
 sions in Cornwall, for the king, were obliged to 
 return anihil. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 75. 
 
 2139. FIRE, Ancient. Persians. The ancient 
 religion of Zoroaster, too, is yet preserved among 
 the Persian Guebres, who pretend in their tem- 
 ples to have kept alive the sacred fire from the 
 dnys of the great founder of their religion down 
 
254 
 
 FIRE— FIRMNESS. 
 
 to the present time. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 23, p. 331. 
 
 2140. FIRE, Calamity by. Eome. Fire is 
 the most powerful agent of life and death ; the 
 rapid mischief may be kindled and propagated 
 by the industry or negligence of mankind ; and 
 every period of the Roman annals is marked by 
 the repetition of similar calamities. A memo- 
 rable conflagration, the guilt or misfortune of 
 Nero's reign, continued, though with unequal 
 fury, either six or nine days. Innumerable 
 buildings, crowded in close and crooked streets, 
 supplied perpetual fuel for the flames ; and when 
 they ceased, four only of the fourteen regions 
 were left entire ; three were totally destroyed, 
 and seven were deformed by the relics of smok- 
 ing and lacerated edifices. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 71, p. 520. 
 
 2141. . Borne. In the tenth year 
 
 of the reign of Nero, the capital of the empire 
 was afflicted by a fire which raged beyond the 
 memory or example of former ages. The mon- 
 uments of Grecian art and of Roman virtue, the 
 trophies of the Punic and Gallic wars, the most 
 holy temples, and the most splendid palaces 
 were involved in one common destruction. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 17. 
 
 2142. FIBE, Destruction by. By Oovernrnent. 
 Louis XI v., unable to maintain his conquests,. . . 
 gave orders for the wholesale devastation of the 
 Palatinate by fire and sword, for the purpose of 
 preventing the enemy's army from reoccupying 
 the country. This inhuman decree was instantly 
 earned into execution, and with far more disas- 
 trous effect than in the former campaign under 
 Turenne. Having warned the population to re- 
 tire, the French generals set fire to Heidelberg, 
 with the magnificent palace of the electors, and 
 reduced it to a mass of blackened ruins. Man- 
 heim. Spires, Worms, Oppenheim, Bingen, were 
 condemned in succession to the flames. Crops, 
 farms, vines, orchards, fruit-trees, were all de- 
 stroyed ; and this once rich and smiling land 
 was converted into a desolate wilderness. The 
 houseless peasants, to the number of a hundred 
 thousand, wandered about in abject misery, im- 
 precating the vengeance of Heaven upon the 
 heartless tyrant who had caused their ruin. — 
 Students' France, ch. 22, § 13, p. 443. 
 
 2143. riEE, Destructive. Greek Fire. The 
 principal ingredient of the Greek fire was the 
 napJitha, or liquid bitumen, a light, tenacious, 
 and inflammable oil, which springs from the 
 earth, and catches fire as soon as it comes in con- 
 tact with the air. The naphtha was mingled, I 
 know not by what methods or in what propor- 
 tions, with sulphur and with the pitch that is 
 extracted from evergreen firs. From this mixt- 
 ure, which produced a thick smoke and a loud 
 explosion, proceeded a fierce and obstinate flame, 
 which not only rose in perpendicular ascent, but 
 likewise burnt with equal vehemence in descent 
 or lateral progress ; instead of being extin- 
 guished, it was nourished and quickened by the 
 element of water ; and sand, urine, or vinegar 
 were the only remedies that could damp the 
 fury of this powerful agent, which was justly 
 denominated by the Greeks the liquid or the 
 ma/ritime fire. . . . This important art was pre- 
 served at Constantinople, as the palladium of the 
 State ; the galleys and artillery might occasion- 
 
 ally be lent to the allies of Rome ; but the com- 
 position of the Greek fire was concealed with the 
 most jealous scruple, and the terror of the ene- 
 mies was increased and prolonged by their igno- 
 rance and surprise. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, 
 p. 283. 
 
 2144. FIRE, Helpful. London. The [great] 
 fire of London [in 1666] had rendered it impos- 
 sible to carry on the spiritual instruction of the 
 people by the established clergy (the parish 
 churches being in ruins), and therefore assem- 
 blies to hear the sermons of Presbyterians and 
 Independents were not visited with the penal- 
 ties of the Conventicle Act [which forbid five or 
 more Non-conformists to unite in independent 
 worship]. "It was," says Baxter, "at the first 
 a thing too gross to forbid an undone people aU 
 worshipping of God, with too great rigor ; and if 
 they had been so forbidden, poverty had left 
 them so little to lose as would have made them 
 desperate to go on." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 18, p. 307. 
 
 2145. FIRE, Holy. Altar of Jupiter. [After 
 the Greeks had defeated the Persians they of- 
 fered sacrifice.] They were directed by Apollo 
 " To build an altar to Jupiter, the deliverer, but 
 not to offer any sacrifice upon it until they had 
 extinguished all the fire in the country (because 
 it had been polluted by the barbarians), and sup- 
 plied themselves with pure fire from the common 
 altar at Delphi." Hereupon the Grecian gener- 
 als went all over the country, and caused the fires 
 to be put out ; and Euchidas, a Platsean, under- 
 taking to fetch fire, with all imaginable speed, 
 from the altar of the god, went to Delphi, sprin- 
 kled and purified himself there with water, put 
 a crown of laurel on his head, took fire from the 
 altar, and then hastened back to Plataea, where 
 he arrived before sunset, thus performing a 
 journey of a thousand furlongs in one day. But 
 having saluted his fellow-citizens, and delivered 
 the fire, he fell down on the spot and presently 
 expired. The Platseans carried him to the tem- 
 ple of Diana, sumamed Eucleia, and buried him 
 there, putting this short inscription on his tomb : 
 " Here lies Euchidas, who went to Delphi, and 
 returned the same day." — Plutarch's Aristi- 
 
 DES. 
 
 2146. FIRE, Ignorance of. Pacific Islanders. 
 The inhabitants of the Marian Islands, when they 
 were discovered by Magellan in 1521, had, till 
 that time, never seen fire, and expressed the ut- 
 most astonishment at it. They believed it to be 
 an animal which fixed itself upon wood and fed 
 upon it, and when approaching so near as to be 
 burnt, they thought they were bit by it. The 
 inhabitants of the Philippine and Canary Islands 
 were, at their first discovery, in a state of equal 
 ignorance. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 7, 
 p. 59. 
 
 2147. FIRMNESS, Callto. William III. [Wil- 
 liam of Orange, afterward King of England, 
 said he learned a word while crossing the Eng- 
 lish Channel which he would never forget.] 
 When in a great storm the captain was all night 
 crying out to the men at the helm, " Steady ! 
 steady ! steady !" — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 
 70, p. 330. 
 
 2148. FIRMNESS, Effect of. Alexander 8ev- 
 erus. While the emperor lay at Antioch, in his 
 
FISHING— FLATTERY. 
 
 255 
 
 ; Persian expedition, the particulars of which we 
 shall hereafter relate, the punishment of some 
 soldiers, who had been discovered in the baths 
 of women, excited a sedition in the legion to 
 which they belonged. Alexander ascended his 
 tribimal, and with a modest firmness represented 
 to the armed multitude the absolute necessity, as 
 well as his inflexible resolution, of correcting the 
 vices introduced by his impure predecessor, and 
 of maintaining the discipline, which could not 
 be relaxed without the ruin of the Roman name 
 and empire. Their clamors interrupted his mild 
 expostulation. " Reserve your shout," said the 
 undaunted emperor, "till you take the field 
 against the Persians, the Germans, and the Sar- 
 matians. Be silent in the presence of your sov- 
 ereign and benefactor, who bestows upon you 
 the corn, the clothing, and the money of the 
 provinces. Be silent, or I shall no longer style 
 you soldiers, but citizens, if those indeed who 
 disclaim the laws of Rome deserve to be ranked 
 among the meanest of the people." His menaces 
 inflamed the fury of the legion, and their bran- 
 dished arms already threatened his person. 
 " Your courage . . . would be more nobly dis- 
 played on the field of battle ; me you may destroy, 
 you cannot intimidate ; and the severe justice 
 of the republic would punish your crime and re- 
 venge my death." . , . The emperor pronounced 
 the decisive sentence, " Citizens, lay down your 
 arms !" [They were overwhelmed with shame 
 and repentance.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 183. 
 
 2149. FISHING, Fraud in. Antony. [When 
 visiting Cleopatra in Egypt he was guilty of 
 many follies.] He was a fishing one day with 
 Cleopatra, and had ill success, which, in the 
 presence of his mistress, he looked upon as a dis- 
 grace ; he therefore ordered one of his assist- 
 ants to dive and put on his hook such as had 
 been taken before. This scheme he put in prac- 
 tice three or four times, and Cleopatra perceived 
 it. She affected, however, to be surprised at his 
 success ; expressed her wonder to the people 
 about her ; and the day following invited them 
 to see fresh proofs of it. When the day follow- 
 ing came, the vessel was crowded with people ; 
 and as soon as Antony had let down his line, she 
 ordered one of her divers immediately to put a 
 salt fish on his hook. When Antony found he 
 had caught his fish, he drew up his line ; and 
 this, as may be supposed, occasioned no small 
 mirth among the spectators. " Go, general !" 
 said Cleopatra ; " leave fishing to us petty princes 
 of Pharos and Canopus ; your game is cities, 
 kingdoms, and provinces." — Plutarch's An- 
 tony. 
 
 21 50. FLAG, A despised. United States. 
 [During the war with England in 1812.] In the 
 course of the year 250 British ships, carrying 
 3000 sailors and cargoes of immense value, 
 were captured by American cruisers. . . . France 
 was well pleased. . . . For awhile the Eng- 
 lish themselves were well-nigh paralyzed. The 
 British newspapers burst forth raging, and de- 
 clared that the time-honored flag of England had 
 been disgraced "by a piece of striped bunting 
 flying at the mast-head of a few fir-built frig- 
 ates manned by a handful of . . . outlaws !" 
 And the comment, though stated in unpleasant 
 language, was true !— Ridpath's U. S. , ch. 49, 
 p. 398. I 
 
 2151. FLAG, Devotion to the. Sergeant Jasper. 
 For eight hours [June 28, 1776] the vessels of 
 the [British] fleet poured a tempest of balls upon 
 .the fort [Sullivan, South Carolina] ; but the 
 walls, built of the spongy palmetto, were little 
 injured. The 400 militiamen who composed 
 the garrison fought like veterans. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 89, p. 308. In the fort, William Jas- 
 per, a sergeant, perceived that the flag had been 
 cut down by a ball from the enemy, and had 
 fallen over the ramparts. " Colonel," said he to 
 Moultrie, "don't let us fight without a flag." 
 "What canyon do?" asked Moultrie; "the 
 staff is broken off." " Then," said Jasper, " I'll 
 fix it on a halberd, and place it on the merlon of 
 the bastion next the enemy;" and leaping through 
 an embrasure, and braving the thickest fire from 
 the ship, he took up the flag, returned with it in 
 safety, and planted it, as he had promised, on the 
 summit of the merlon. — ^Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 8, ch. 66. 
 
 2152. FLATTEKY, Artful. Captive queen 
 Zenobia. When the Syrian queen was brought 
 into the presence of Aurelian, he sternly asked 
 her how she had presumed to rise in arms 
 against the emperors of Rome. The answer of 
 Zenobia was a prudent mixture of respect and 
 firmness. " Because I disdained to consider as 
 Roman emperors an Aureolus or a Qallienus. 
 You alone I acknowledge as my conqueror and 
 my sovereign." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 357. 
 
 2153. FLATTERY, False. Henry VIII. [Rich, 
 
 the] Speaker of the House of Commons in 1537, 
 compared Henry [VIII.] to Solomon for pru- 
 dence, to Samson for strength, and to Absalom 
 for beauty — the very sun which warmed and 
 enlightened the universe. [History distinguishes 
 him as the licentious tyrant and infamous hus- 
 band of six successive wives.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 23, p. 380. 
 
 2154. FLATTERY, Fulsome. James I. [He 
 was called the "wisest fool in Christendom."] 
 His vanity was abundantly gratified in being 
 king of Great Britain and Ireland — an absolute 
 king as he believed — and not only a king, but a 
 master of all learning, and especially of theolog- 
 ical learning, of whom his chancellor declared, 
 at the Hampton Court conference, that never 
 since our Saviour's time had the king and the 
 priest been so wonderfully united in the same 
 person. . . . His figure was ungainly ; his habits 
 were slovenly ; he was by nature a coward. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 20, p. 319. 
 
 2155. FLATTERY, Irritating. Frederick the 
 Great. [Voltaire was made a member of the 
 court with great honor.] But even amid the 
 delights of the honeymoon, Voltaire's sensitive 
 vanity began to take alarm. A few days after 
 his arrival he could not help telling his niece 
 that the amiable king had a trick of giving a sly 
 scratch with one hand while patting and strok- 
 ing with the other. — Macaulay's Frederick 
 THE Great, p. 63. 
 
 2156. FLATTERY resented. Alexander. 
 While sailing down the Hydaspes, Aristobulus, 
 a mean sycophant, who had composed a narra- 
 tion of the king's battles, was reading to him for 
 his amusement the accounts of the Indian expe- 
 dition, in which the writer had exaggerated in 
 many circumstances palpably beyond the truth. 
 
»56 
 
 FLATTERY— FOGYISM. 
 
 Alexander seized the book, and threw it with 
 indignation into the river, telling the author that 
 he merited the same treatment for having ab- 
 surdly endeavored to magnify by fiction those 
 deeds which needed no embellishment to attract 
 the admiration of mankind. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 4, p. 192. 
 
 2157. FLATTEEY rewarded. Excessive. One 
 
 of his flatterers , . . procured a decree that Deme- 
 trius, whenever he visited Athens, should be re- 
 ceived with the same honors that were paid to 
 Ceres and Bacchus ; and that whoever exceeded 
 the rest in the splendor and magnificence of the 
 reception he gave that prince should have money 
 out of the treasury to enable him to set up 
 some pious memorial of his success. These in- 
 stances of adulation concluded with their chang- 
 ing the name of the month Munychion to Deme- 
 trion, with calling the last day of every month 
 Demetrias ; and the Dionysia, or feasts of Bac- 
 chus, Demetria. — Plutarch's Demetrius. 
 
 215S. FLEET, Immense. Powerless. Herac- 
 lian. Count of Africa, who, under the most difii- 
 cult and distressful circumstances, had support- 
 ed with active loyalty the cause of Honorius, 
 was tempted, in the year of his consulship, to 
 assume the character of a rebel and the title of 
 emperor. The ports of Africa were immediately 
 filled with the naval forces, at the head of which 
 he prepared to invade Italy ; and his fleet, when 
 it cast anchor at the mouth of the Tiber, indeed 
 surpassed the fleets of Xerxes and Alexander, if 
 all the vessels, including the royal galley and 
 the smallest boat, did actually amount to the in- 
 credible number of 3200. Yet with such an ar- 
 manent, which might have subverted or restored 
 the greatest empires of the earth, the African 
 usurper made a very faint and feeble impression 
 on the provinces of his rival. As he marched 
 from the port, along the road which leads to the 
 gates of Rome, he was encountered, terrified, 
 and routed by one of the Imperial captains ; and 
 the lord of this mighty host, deserting his fort- 
 une and his friends, ignominiously fled with a 
 single ship. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 2159. FLOGGING, Comfort under. Bev. 8am- 
 xiel Johnson. [He had written tracts against 
 Roman Catholicism. Reign of James II.] The 
 day appointed for the flogging came. A whip 
 of nine lashes was used. Three hundred and 
 seventeen stripes were inflicted ; but the suf- 
 ferer never winced. He afterward said that 
 the pain was cruel, but that, as he was dragged 
 at the tail of the cart, he remembered how 
 patiently the cross had been borne up Mount 
 Calvary, and was so much supported by the 
 thought that, but for the fear of incurring the 
 suspicion of vainglory, he would have sung a 
 psalm with as firm and cheerful a voice as if he 
 had been worshipping God in the congregation. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 99. 
 
 2160. FLOGGING, Excessive. Titus Oates. [Ti- 
 tus Gates, the infamous scoundrel and perjurer, 
 was flogged seventeen hundred lashes in two 
 days.] Flogging under the government of James 
 II. became a favorite punishment. — Knight's 
 Enq., vol. 4, ch. 24, p. 367. 
 
 2161 . FLOWEE, Mysterious. Oolden Base. The 
 mission of Miltitz was to deprive Luther of his 
 patron's support, and then to lead him away to 
 
 Rome. To this end the papal ambassador i.p- 
 peared before the Elector, presenting him with a 
 distinguished emblem of gi'acious favor, the 
 golden rose. This was "a very precious and 
 mysterious present," which the pope was accus- 
 tomed annually to bestow upon that eminent 
 Christian prince who had rendered good service 
 to the apostolic authority, the Pope at Rome. 
 Miltitz was commissioned to present this golden 
 rose to the Elector of Saxony, to the intent that 
 the divine fragrance of this flower should pene- 
 trate the heart of Frederick, so that he might re- 
 ceive the requests of the ambassador with a pious 
 regard, and be disposed with glowing ardor to 
 carry out the sacred wishes of the Pope. At 
 least this much was expected in Rome from the 
 fragrance of the golden rose. Irreverent wits 
 remarked, that if the rose had arrived sooner in 
 Wittenberg its perfume would have been more 
 agreeable ; for it had lost its fragrance on the 
 long and wearisome journey 1 — Rein's Luther, 
 ch. 5, p. 58. 
 
 2162. FLOWEES in Blood. War of the Bases. 
 [Gloucester had been adverse to the marriage of 
 Margaret of Anjou to Henry VII.] The Duke 
 of Gloucester was arrested soon after on an accu- 
 sation of treason, and was next morning found 
 dead in his bed. These outrageous proceedings 
 produced the greatest disgust in the minds of the 
 people against the queen and the cardinal of 
 Winchester, and rendered the king's name, who 
 was supposed at least to countenance these enor- 
 mities, both odious and despicable. It was the 
 time for a competitor to start forth and to avail 
 himself of this general disaffection to the prince 
 on the throne. This competitor was Richard, 
 duke of York, a descendant, by the mother's 
 side, from Lionel, who was one of the sons of 
 Edward III. , and elder brother to John of Gaunt, 
 from whom the present monarch was descended. 
 Richard, therefore, stood plainly in right of suc- 
 cession before Henry. He bore for his ensign a 
 white rose, while Henry bore a red one ; and this 
 circumstance gave the name to the two factions 
 which deluged England in blood. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 14. 
 
 2163. FLOWEES, Influence of. Wordsworth. 
 [The poet's mother died when he was eight years 
 old.] I remember my mother only in some 
 few situations, one of which was her pinning a 
 nosegay to my breast when I was going to cate- 
 chism in the church, as was customary before 
 Easter. — Myer's Wordsworth, ch. 1. 
 
 2164. FOGYISM, Judicial. Lear rdtig needless. 
 Lord Campbell says, " I have heard the late Lord 
 Ellenborough, from the bench, regret the 
 change [requiring lawyers to plead in English in- 
 stead of Latin], on the ground that it has had 
 the tendency to make attorneys illiterate." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 4, p. 66. 
 
 2165. FOGYISM an Obstacle. Manufactures. 
 An act of 1668 recites, that the wood and timber 
 of the crown in the forest of l3ean had become 
 totally destroyed. The manufacture of iron was 
 unpopular. Many said, " It were well if there 
 were no iron works in England, and it was bet- 
 ter when no iron was made in England ; the iron 
 works destroy all the woods, and foreign iron 
 from Spain will do better and last longer.'' — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 1, p. 12. 
 
FOGYISM— FOOD. 
 
 25? 
 
 2166. FOGYISM unveiled. British. It is nat- 
 ural that, being dissatisfied with the present, we 
 should form a too favorable estimate of the past. 
 ... It is now the fashion to place the golden 
 age of England in times when noblemen were 
 destitute of comforts the want of which would 
 be intolerable to a modern footman ; when farm- 
 ers and shop-keepers breakfasted on loaves the 
 very sight of which would raise a riot in a mod- 
 ern work-house ; when men died faster in the 
 purest country air than they now die in the most 
 pestilential lanes of our towns ; and when men 
 died faster in the lanes of our towns than they 
 now die on the coast of Guiana. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., eh. 3, p. 396. 
 
 2167. FOLLOWER, An inferior. Greek Em- 
 peror. I should perhaps compare the Emperor 
 Alexius to the jackal, who is said to follow the 
 steps and to devour the leavings of the lion. 
 Whatever had been his fears and toils in the pas- 
 sage of the first crusade, they were amply recom- 
 pensed by the subsequent benefits which he de- 
 rived from the exploits of the Franks. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 59, p. 1. 
 
 216§. FOLLY, Delight in. Z)%e7ies. Discours- 
 ing one day, in a grave tone, on the. practice of 
 virtue, when he observed his auditors dropping 
 off, he began all at once to bawl out a song of 
 ribaldry and nonsense, when immediately a great 
 •crowd gathered around him. " See," said he, 
 "how willingly a fool is listened to, when a 
 wise man is neglected." — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 2, ch. 9, p. 270. 
 
 2169. FOLLY incurable. James II. James, 
 as usual, came to the help of his enemies. A 
 letter from him to the convention had just ar- 
 rived in London. . . . No member of either 
 house ventured to propose that a paper which 
 came from such a quarter should be read. The 
 •contents, however, were well known to all the 
 town. His Majesty exhorted the Lords and Com- 
 mons not to despair of his clemency, and gra- 
 •ciously assured them that he would pardon those 
 who had betrayed him, some few excepted, 
 whom he did not name. How was it possible to 
 ■do anything for a prince who, vanquished, de- 
 serted, banished, living on alms, told those who 
 were the arbiters of his fate that, if they would 
 «et him on his throne again, he would only hang 
 a few of them. [After the overthrow of James 
 s. convention met to dispose of the throne.] — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 594. 
 
 2170. FOLLY, Learned. Disputes. [Pericles 
 was abused by his son Xanthippus in this man- 
 ner :] He exposed and ridiculed the company 
 he kept in his house and the conversations he 
 held with the philosophers. He said that Epiti- 
 mius, the Pharsalian, having undesignedly killed 
 a horse with a javelin which he threw at the pub- 
 lic games, his father spent a whole day in dis- 
 puting with Protogorus which might be prop- 
 erly deemed the cause of his death — the javelin, 
 ■or the man that threw it, or the president of the 
 ^ames. — Plutarch's Pericles. 
 
 2171. FOLLY rebuked. Joan of Arc. At Bour- 
 ses, when the woman prayed her to touch crosses 
 ■&nd chaplets, she began laughing, and said to 
 Dame Marguerite, at whose house she was stay- 
 ing, ' ' Touch them yourself ; they will be just as 
 
 good." — MiCHELET S JOAK OF ArC, p. 25. 
 
 2172. FOLLY, Religious. Egyptians. The ex- 
 travagant length to which the Egyptians car- 
 ried their veneration for their consecrated ani- 
 mals exceeds all belief. The sacred crocodile, 
 the dog, or the cat were kept in an enclosed 
 space set apart, adjoining to the temples dedicat- 
 ed to their worship. They were constantly at- 
 tended by men of the highest rank, whose busi- 
 ness was to provide them with the choicest victu- 
 als, which they were at pains to dress in the man- 
 ner they supposed most agreeable to their palate. 
 They washed them in warm baths, and anointed 
 them with the richest perfumes. The finest car- 
 pets were spread for them to lie on ; chains of 
 gold and circlets of precious stones were hung 
 around their legs and necks ; and when the stu- 
 pid animal, insensible of the honors that were 
 bestowed on him, died like the rest of his kind, 
 the whole province was filled with lamentation ; 
 and not only the fortunes of the priests but the 
 public revenue was without scruple expended in 
 the performance of the most sumptuous funeral 
 obsequies. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 2173. FOOD, Abominable. Tartars. Corn is 
 a bulky and perishable commodity ; and the 
 large magazines, which are indispensably neces- 
 sary for the subsistence of our troops, must be 
 slowly transported by the labor of men or horses. 
 But the flocks and herds which accompany the 
 march of the Tartars afford a sure and increasing 
 supply of flesh and milk ; in the far greater part 
 of the uncultivated waste the vegetation of the 
 grass is quick and luxuriant ; and there are few 
 places so extremely barren that the hardy cattle 
 of the North cannot find some tolerable pasture. 
 The supply is multiplied and prolonged by the 
 undistinguishing appetite and patient abstinence 
 of the Tartars. They indifferently feed on the 
 flesh of those animals that have been killed 
 for the table or have died of disease. Horse- 
 flesh, which in every age and country has been 
 proscribed by the civilized nations of Europe 
 and Asia, they devour with peculiar greediness ; 
 and this singular taste facilitates the success of 
 their military operations. The active cavalry of 
 Scythia is always followed, in their most distant 
 and rapid incursions, by an adequate number of 
 spare horses, who may be occasionally used, 
 either to redouble the speed or to satisfy the 
 hunger of the barbarians. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 26. 
 
 2 1 74. FOOD, Animal. King of tlie Huns. The 
 dress of Attila, his arms, and the furniture of 
 his horse were plain, without ornament, and of 
 a single color. The royal table was served in 
 wooden cups and platters ; flesh was his only 
 food ; and the conqueror of the North never 
 tasted the luxury of bread. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 34. 
 
 2175. FOOD, Changes in. Reign of Charles II. 
 The rotation of crops was very imperfectly un- 
 derstood. ... It was, therefore, by no means easy 
 to keep [cattle] alive during the season when 
 the grass is scanty. They were killed in great 
 numbers, and salted at the beginning of the cold 
 weather; and during several months even the gen- 
 try tasted scarcely any fresh animal food, except 
 game and river fish. ... In the reign of Henry 
 VII. fresh meat was never eaten, even by the 
 gentlemen attendant on a great earl, except dur- 
 ing tiie short interval between midsummer and 
 
.258 
 
 FOOD— FORCE. 
 
 Michaelmas. But in the course of two centuries 
 an improvement had taken place ; and under 
 Charles II. it was not till the beginning of No- 
 vember that families laid in their stock of salt 
 provisions, then called Martinmas beef. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 293. 
 
 2176. FOOD, Chosen. Lord Palmerston. It is 
 reported of Lord Palmerston, the late prime 
 minister of England, that whenever he engaged 
 a new cook he used to say to him : " I wish 
 you to prepare what is called a good table for 
 volw guests ; but for 7ne there must always be a leg 
 of mutton and an apple-pie. " . . .A life like this 
 Lord Palmerston led for fifty -seven years, sup- 
 porting the animal man on such fare as roast 
 mutton and apple-pie. He could not have done 
 it on turtle and venison, still less on our Ameri- 
 can hot bread, buckwheat cakes, and fried meat. 
 — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 499. 
 
 2177. FOOD, Dangerous. PoisonYuea. The Ind- 
 ians . . . brought . . . cakes of a kind of bread 
 called cassava, which constituted a principal part 
 of their food, and was afterward an important 
 article of provisions with the Spaniards. It was 
 formed from a great root called yuca, which 
 they cultivated in fields. This they cut into 
 small morsels, which they grated or scraped, and 
 strained in a press, making a broad thin cake, 
 which was afterward dried hard, and would 
 keep for a long time, being steeped in water 
 when eaten. It was insipid, but nourishing, 
 though the water strained from it in the prepa- 
 ration was a deadly poison. There was another 
 kind of yuca destitute of this poisonous quality 
 which was eaten in the root, either boiled or 
 roasted. — Ibving's Columbus, Book 4, ch. 15. 
 
 217S. FOOD, Extravagance in. Singing Birds. 
 ^sopus Clodius, a famous Roman actor, lived in 
 the most luxurious manner, and once served up 
 a dish of singing birds that cost $4000 at a ban- 
 quet. — Am. Cyclopedia, "^sopus." 
 
 2179. FOOD, Figure by. Spartans. The first 
 intention of their spare diet, a subordinate one, 
 is to make them grow tall. For when the ani- 
 mal spirits are not too much oppressed by a great 
 quantity of food, which stretches itself out in 
 breadth and thickness, they mount upward by 
 their natural lightness, and the body easily and 
 freely shoots up in height. This also contributes 
 to make them handsome ; for thin and slender 
 habits yield more freely to nature, which then 
 gives a fine proportion to the limbs, while the 
 heavy and gross resist her by their weight. — 
 Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 21 SO. FOOD, Mind affected by. Mahomet. [The 
 Arabs relate that the king of Persia, hearing the 
 renown of Mahomet,] asked : " What aliment 
 is he fed upon?" "Bread and cheese," it was 
 replied. " So I thought," rejoined the monarch, 
 " for milk and dates could not produce this sub- 
 tlety." — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 66. 
 
 21S1. FOOD, Poor. England. Meat was also 
 cheaper, but was still so dear that there were 
 hundreds of thousands of families who scarcely 
 knew the taste of it. In the cost of wheat there 
 has been very little change. The average price 
 of the quarter, during the last twelve years of 
 Charles II. , was fifty shillings. Bread, therefore, 
 such as is now given to the inmates of a work- 
 bouse, was then seldom seen, even on the tren- 
 
 cher of a yeoman or of a shopkeeper. The great 
 majority of the nation lived almost entirely on 
 rye, barley, and oats. — Macaulay'sEng., ch. 3, 
 p. 391. 
 
 2182. FOOD, Public. Spartan Tables. The 
 whole citizens of the republic were divided 
 into vicinages of fifteen families, and each vi- 
 cinage had a common table, where all were 
 obliged to dine . . . without distinction of ranks — 
 the kings, senators, and magistrates, indiscrimi- 
 nately with the people. Here all partook of the 
 same homely fare, dressed in the simplest and 
 most frugal manner. At those public tables the 
 youth not only learned moderation and temper- 
 ance, but wisdom and good morals. The conver- 
 sation was regulated and prescribed. It turned 
 solely on such subjects as tended to instil into the 
 minds of the rising generation the principles of 
 virtue, and that affection for their country which 
 characterizes the worthy citizens of every gov- 
 ernment, but was peculiarly eminent under the 
 Spartan constitution. — Tytler'sHist., Book 1, 
 ch. 9. 
 
 2 1 §3. FOOD, Regard for. Samuel Johnson. 
 I never knew any man who relished good eating 
 more than he did. When at table he was to- 
 tally absorbed in the business of the moment ; 
 his looks seemed riveted to his plate ; nor would 
 he, unless when in very high company, say one 
 word, or even pay the least attention to what 
 was said by others, till he had satisfied his appe- 
 tite, which was so fierce, and indulged with 
 such intenseness, that while in the act of eating 
 the veins of his forehead swelled, and generally 
 a strong perspiration was visible. To those 
 whose sensations were delicate this could not 
 but be disgusting ; and it was doubtless not very 
 suitable to the character of a philosopher, who 
 should be distinguished by self-command. — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 130. 
 
 21 §4. FOOD, Suspicious. Watering-place. Eng- 
 land, however, was not, in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, destitute of watering-places. The gentry 
 of Derbyshire and of the neighboring counties 
 repaired to Buxton, where they were crowded 
 into low wooden sheds, and regaled with oat- 
 cake and with a viand which the hosts called 
 mutton, but which the guests strongly suspected 
 to be dog. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 322. 
 
 2185. FOOD, Variety in. Emperor Elagah- 
 alus. The invention of a new sauce was liber- 
 ally rewarded ; but if it was not relished, the 
 inventor was confined to eat of nothing else till 
 he had discovered another more agreeable to 
 the Imperial palate. — Note in Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 6, p. 172. 
 
 2186. FOOD, Wonder in. London. The great- 
 est wonder that London presented to a New Zea- 
 lander, who was brought to England some years 
 ago, was the mystery of feeding an immense 
 population, as he saw neither cattle nor crops. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, p. 388. 
 
 2187. FOECE, Distinguished by. Charles Mat- 
 tel . [The deliverer of Europe from the Saracens.} 
 The Arabian fleet might have sailed without a 
 naval combat into the mouth of the Thames. 
 Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would 
 now be taught in the schools of Oxford, and her 
 pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised peo- 
 ple the sanctity and truth of the revelation of 
 
FORCE— FORGERY. 
 
 259 
 
 Mn'oorset. From such calamities was Christen- 
 dom delivered by the genius and fortune of one 
 m«B. Charles, the illegitimate son of the elder 
 Pepin, was content with the titles of mayor or 
 duke of the Franks ; but he deserved to become 
 the father of a line of kings. . . . The epithet 
 of Martel, the Hammer, which has been added 
 flo the name of Charles, is expressive of his 
 (weighty and irresistible strokes. — Gibbon's 
 Rome. ch. 51. 
 
 218§. FOECE, Fictitious. Qtieen of Scots. Some 
 |days after the Mth of April, while returning 
 f)om Stirling, where she had been visiting her 
 son, Bothwell, with a body of his friends, await- 
 ed her at Almond Bridge, six miles from Edin- 
 burgh. He dismounted from his horse, respect- 
 fully took hold of the bridal of the queen's pal- 
 fry, feigned a slight compulsion, and conducted 
 his voluntary cap'ive to the castle of Dunbar, of 
 which he was governor, as warden of the bor- 
 ders. There she passed with him eight days, as 
 if suffering violence, and returned on the 8th of 
 May with him to Edinburgh, "resigned," she 
 said, " to marry with her consent him who had 
 disposed of her by force." This comedy deceived 
 no one, but saved Mary from the open accu- 
 sation of espousing from choice the assassin 
 of her husband. Bothwell . . . had three other 
 wives living. By gold or threats he got rid of 
 two, and he divorced the third ; ... to secure 
 this divorce, he consented to be found guilty 
 of adultery. — Lamartine's Mary Queen of 
 Scots, p. 31. 
 
 21 §9. FOEEIGNEES, Antipathy to. Egyptians. 
 We have seen the Egyptians, a people remark- 
 able for their early civilization, for the antiquity 
 of their government, the systematic order of their 
 civil policy, the wisdom of many of their laws, 
 and their singular progress in the arts, at a pe- 
 riod when almost all the nations of the earth were 
 sunk in ignorance and barbarism. It must, 
 therefore, without doubt, appear extraordinary 
 that, with all these advantages, the character of 
 this people was held extremely low, and even 
 despisable among the contemporary nations of 
 antiquity. This peculiarity may, perhaps, be 
 traced up to a single cause. They were a peo- 
 ple who chose to sequester themselves from the 
 rest of mankind, and obstinately or fastidiously 
 refused all correspondence with other nations. 
 They were not known to them by their conquests; 
 they had no connection with them by their com- 
 merce ; and they had a rooted antipathy to the 
 manners, and even to the persons of all stran- 
 gers. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4. 
 
 2190. FOEEIGNEES dishonored. Athem. It 
 was a law at Athens, that every citizen who had 
 a foreigner to his mother should be deemed a 
 bastard, though born in wedlock, and should con- 
 .sequently be incapable of inheriting his father's 
 estate. — Plutarch's Themistocles, Lanq- 
 flOBNE's Note. 
 
 2191. FOEEIGNEES feared. Sparta. [Lycur- 
 gus forbid strangers] to resort to Sparta who 
 could not assign a good reason for their coming ; 
 not, as Thucydides says, out of fear they should 
 imitate the constitution of that city, and make 
 improvements in virtue, but lest they should 
 
 ; teach his own people some evil. For along with 
 
 I foreigners come new subjects of discourse ; new 
 
 discourse produces new opinions ; and from these 
 
 there necessarily spring new passions and desires, 
 which, like discords in music, would disturb the 
 established government. He therefore thought 
 it more expedient for the city to keep out of 
 it corrupt customs and manners, than even to 
 prevent the introduction of a pestilence. — Plu- 
 tarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 2192. FOEGEEY confessed. Deed. Upon the 
 accession of Philip [VI.] Robert, Count of Ar- 
 tois, became one of the most influential and 
 powerful persons in the kingdom, and he deter- 
 mined to make a third attempt to recover the 
 possessions of his ancestors. It was not likely, 
 however, that the Court of Peers would be in- 
 duced to reverse its former judgments, except 
 upon the strength of fresh and conclusive evi- 
 dence ; and the count accordingly gave out that 
 certain missing documents had lately come to 
 light which would establish his claim beyond 
 dispute. The trial proceeded, and Robert's prin- 
 cipal witness, a young lady of Bethune, named 
 Jeanne de Divion, at length produced a packet 
 of papers, which had hitherto been secreted, she 
 said, by the late Bishop of Arras, the friend and 
 minister of the last Count of Artois, and placed 
 in her hands by the deceased prelate on his 
 death-bed. Among these papers was a deed by 
 which the county of Artois was formerly be- 
 queathed to Philip, son of Robert II., and father 
 of the present claimant, who would of course 
 have succeeded as the natural heir. The evi- 
 dence, however, upon this critical point being 
 severely sifted, the witnesses began to hesitate, 
 grew confused, prevaricated, contradicted each 
 other, and the Demoiselle de Divion, struck with 
 remorse, at length confessed that she had been 
 guilty of a wholesale forgery, denouncing at 
 the same time Jeanne of Valois, Robert's wife, 
 as her accomplice in the fraud. . . . Jeanne 
 de Divion was at once condemned, and paid the 
 forfeit of her crime by being burnt at the stake, 
 together with others of the perjured witnesses. 
 — Students' France, ch. 10, § 3. 
 
 2193. FOEGEEY, Convenient. Roman Em- 
 peror Garinus. A confidential secretary, who 
 had acquired uncommon skill in the art of for- 
 gery, delivered the indolent emperor, with his 
 own consent, from the irksome duty of signing 
 his name. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 2194. FOEGEEY, A delusive. William of Ch . 
 ange. [He had invaded England. A manifesto 
 appeared under the apparent hand and seal of 
 the prince.] Vengeance alien from the usages 
 of Christian and civilized nations was denounced 
 against all papists who should dare to espouse 
 the royal cause. They should be treated, not ajs 
 soldiers or gentlemen, but as freebooters. The 
 ferocity and licentiousness of the invading army, 
 which had hitherto been restrained with a strong 
 hand, should be let loose on them. Good Prot- 
 estants, and especially those who inhabited the 
 capital, were adjured, as they valued all that 
 was dear to them, and commanded, on peril of 
 the prince's highest displeasure, to seize, disarm, 
 and imprison their Roman Catholic neighbors. 
 This document, it is said, was found by a Whig 
 bookseller one morning imder his shop door. 
 He made haste to print it. Many copies were 
 dispersed by the post, and passed rapidly from 
 hand to hand. Discerning men had no difBcul- 
 ^yiji pronouncing it a forgery devised by some 
 
260 
 
 FORGERY— FORSAKEN. 
 
 unquiet and unprincipled adventurer, such as, 
 in troubled times, are always busy in the foulest 
 and darkest offices of faction. But the multitude 
 was completely duped. — Macaulay's Eng., eh. 
 9, p. 491. 
 
 2195. FORGERY, Perilous. Paris, a.d. 1812. 
 [When Napoleon was retreating from Moscow,] 
 an officer by the name of Mallet forged an ac- 
 count of the death of Napoleon. Availing 
 himself of the panic which the announcement 
 caused, he gathered around him a few hundred 
 of the National Guard, and made the most auda- 
 cious attempt to take into his own hands the 
 reigns of power. The conspirator, however, was 
 soon arrested and shot. — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 2196. FORGETFULNESS desired. Themlsto- 
 cles. When Simonides offered to teach The- 
 mistocles the art of memory, he answered, " Ah ! 
 rather teach me the art of forgetting ; for I often 
 remember what I would not, and cannot forget 
 what I would." — Plutarch's Themistocles, 
 Langhorne's Note. 
 
 2197. FORGIVENESS, Christian. The Turk. 
 [Romanus] the successor of Constantine, in a ple- 
 beian habit, was led into the Turkish divan, and 
 commanded to kiss the ground before the lord 
 of Asia. He reluctantly obeyed ; and Alp Ars- 
 lan, starting from his throne, is said to have 
 planted his foot on the neck of the Roman em- 
 peror. ... In the preliminaries of negotiation. 
 Alp Arslan asked him what treatment he expect- 
 ed to receive, and the calm indifference of the 
 emperor displays the freedom of his mind. " If 
 you are cruel," said he, "you will take my life; 
 if you listen to pride, you will drag me at your 
 chariot- wheels ; if you consult your interest, you 
 will accept a ransom, and restore me to my 
 country." " And what," continued the sultan, 
 "would have been your own behavior had fort- 
 une smiled on your arms ?" The reply of the 
 Greek betrays a sentiment which prudence, and 
 even gratitude, should have taught him to sup- 
 press. "Had I vanquished," he fiercely said, 
 ' ' I would have inflicted on thy body many a 
 stripe." The Turkish conqueror smiled at the 
 insolence of his captive ; observed that the 
 Christian law inculcated the love of enemies and 
 forgiveness of injuries ; and nobly declared that 
 he would not imitate an example which he con- 
 demned. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 57. 
 
 219§. FORGIVENESS for the Dead. Napoleon 
 I. [At the battle of Wagram] Napoleon recog- 
 nized among the slain a colonel who had given 
 him cause for displeasure. He stopped and gazed 
 for a moment upon his sadly mutilated body 
 stretched upon the gory field, and said, with 
 emotions which every generous heart will un- 
 derstand, ' ' I regret not having been able to speak 
 to him before the battle, in order to tell him that 
 I had long forgotten everything." — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 9. 
 
 2199. FORGIVENESS, Gen^-rous. John Wes- 
 ley. Joseph Bradford was for many years the 
 travelling companion of the Rev. John Wesley, 
 and considered no assistance to him too servile, 
 but was subject to changes of temper. Wesley 
 directed him to carry a package of letters to the 
 post ; Bradford wished to hear his seWnon first ; 
 Wesley was urgent and insisted ; Bradford re- 
 
 fused. " Then," said Wesley, " you and I must 
 part." "Very good, sir," replied Bradford. . . . 
 They slept over it. On rising the next morning 
 Wesley accosted his old friend and asked if he 
 had considered what he had said, that "they 
 must part." "Yes, sir," replied Bradford. 
 "And must we part ?" inquired Wesley. 
 "Please yourself, sir," was the reply. "Will 
 you ask my pardon ?" rejoined Wesley. " No, 
 sir." " You won't ?"" No, sir." "Then I will 
 ask yours !" replied the great man. Bradford 
 melted tmder the example, and wept like a 
 child. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 386. 
 
 2200. . Louis XII. [When Louis 
 
 XII. was made king the] magistrates of Or- 
 leans, who sent a deputation to ask pardon . . . 
 for indignities which he had suffered while a pris- 
 oner in that city, were dismissed with the gener- 
 ous and celebrated answer that "it did not be- 
 come the King of France to resent the injuries 
 of the Duke of Orleans." — Students' France, 
 ch. 13, § 1. 
 
 2201. FORGIVENESS impossible. Divorce of 
 Josephine. It is the great and the ineffable stain 
 which rests upon the character of Napoleon. 
 Josephine the gentle, the loving, the magnani- 
 mous, forgave him. The world never can. . . . 
 Napoleon himself was constrained to confess 
 that it was the greatest calamity of his life. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 3. 
 
 2202. FORGIVENESS, Prospective. Freder- 
 ick William. [On his death-bed the minister 
 reminded him of the need of confession of sin.] 
 " Well — is there anything more ? Out with it, 
 then ; better now than too late !" [And certain 
 building operations of an oppressive character 
 come under review.] . . . "And then there is 
 forgiveness of enemies ; your Majesty is bound 
 to forgive all men, or how can you ask to be 
 forgiven ?" " Well, I will ; I do. You Feekin 
 [his wife. Queen Sophie], write to your brother 
 (unforgiveablest of beings), after I am dead, that 
 I forgave him, died in peace with him. " ' ' Better 
 her Majesty should write at once," suggests 
 Roloff. " No, after I am dead," persists the son 
 of nature, " that will be safer !" An unwedgeable 
 and gnarled big block of manhood and simplicity 
 and sincerity ; such as we rarely get sight of 
 among the modern sons of Adam, among the 
 crowned sons nearly never. At parting he said to 
 Roloff, ' ' You {Er, He) do not spare me ; it is 
 right. You do your duty like an honest Christian 
 man." — Carlyle's Frederick the Great, 
 vol. 2, pp. 681-683. 
 
 2203. FORSAKEN, Justly. James II. On the 
 morning of the 26th [his Protestant daughter] 
 Anne's apartment was found empty ; the con- 
 sternation was great in Whitehall. The ladies 
 of her bed-chamber ran up and down the courts 
 of the palace, screaming and wringing their 
 hands. ... In the midst of this distress and ter- 
 ror arrived the news of Prince George's flight. 
 The courier who brought these evil tidings was 
 fast followed by the king himself. The even- 
 ing was closing in when James arrived, and 
 was informed that his daughter had disappeared. 
 After all that he had suffered, this affliction 
 forced a cry from his lips. " God help me," he 
 said ; " my own children have forsaken me J" — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 9, p. 480. 
 
FORTITUDE— FORTUNE. 
 
 261 
 
 2204. FOETITUDE, Esteem for. Mucins. [He 
 entered into the camp of Porsena, a powerful 
 Italian prince, to assassinate him. Not knowing 
 which man was Porsena, he killed the wrong 
 man.] Upon this he was seized and examined. 
 Meantime, as there happened to be a portable 
 altar there, with fire upon it, where the king was 
 about to offer sacrifice, Mucius thrust his right 
 hand into it ; and as the flesh was burning, he 
 kept looking upon Porsena with a firm and 
 menacing aspect, until the king, astonished at his 
 fortitude, returned him his sword with his own 
 hand. He received it with his left hand, from 
 whence we are told he had the surname of Sccr- 
 vola, which signifies left-Jianded ; and thus ad- 
 dressed himself to Porsena: "Your threatenings I 
 regarded not, but am conquered by your gener- 
 osity, and out of gratitude will declare to you 
 what no force should have wrested from me. 
 There are three hundred Romans that have taken 
 the same resolution with mine, who now walk 
 about your camp, watching their opportunity. It 
 was my lot to make the first attempt, and I am 
 not sorry that my sword was directed by fortune 
 against another, instead of a man of so much 
 honor, who, as such, should rather be a friend 
 than an enemy to the Romans." Porsena be- 
 lieved this account, and was more inclined to 
 hearken to terms, not so much in my opinion 
 through fear of three hundred assassins, as ad- 
 miration of the dignity of the Roman valor. — 
 Plutarch's Publicola. 
 
 2205. FORTITUDE, Puritanic. Hugh Peter's. 
 [Once minister of Salem. Condemned for regi- 
 cide — death of Charles I.] He was allowed no 
 council. ... At the gallows he was compelled 
 to wait while the body of his friend Cooke, who 
 had just been hanged, was cut down and quar- 
 tered before his eyes. " How like you this?" 
 cried the executioner, rubbing his bloody hands. 
 " I thank Ood," replied the martyr, " I am not 
 terrified at it ; you may do your worst." To his 
 friends he said, " Weep not for me ; my heart is 
 full of comfort." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 11. 
 
 2206. FORTUNE, Change of. Columbus. 
 
 \ Great was the agitation of the inhabitants, there- 
 I fore, when they beheld one of the ships standing 
 i up the river ; but when they learned that she 
 \ returned in triumph from the discovery of a 
 > world, the whole community broke forth into 
 transports of joy. The bells were rung, the 
 shops shut, all business was suspended ; for a 
 time there was nothing but hurry and tumult. 
 Some were anxious to know the fate of a rela- 
 tive, others of a friend, and all to learn the par- 
 ticulars of so wonderful a voyage. When Co- 
 lumbus landed, the multitude thronged to see 
 and welcome him, and a grand procession was 
 formed to the principal church, to return thanks 
 to God for so signal a discovery made by the 
 people of that place — forgetting, in their exulta- 
 tion, the thousand difficulties they had thrown in 
 the way of the enterprise. Wherever Columbus 
 passed he was hailed with shouts and acclama- 
 tions. What a contrast to his departure a few 
 months before, followed by murmurs and exe- 
 crations ; or, rather, what a contrast to his first 
 : arrival at Palos, a poor pedestrian, craving bread 
 ' and water for his child at the gate of a convent ! 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 5. 
 
 2207. FORTUNE, Contrasts in. Inheritance. 
 " How different," said the younger Andronicus, 
 " is my situation from that of the son of Philip ! 
 Alexander might complain that his father would 
 leave him nothing to conquer ; alas ! my grand- 
 sire will leave me nothing to lose." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 63. 
 
 220S. FORTUNE, Favors of. Charles V. The 
 siege of Metz is one of the most memorable 
 episodes in the struggle between the rival houses 
 of France and Austria. For two months the Im- 
 perialists . . . battered the walls with a ceaseless 
 cannonade, and exhausted all other resources of 
 the art of war, with a total want of success. The 
 defenders repaired by night the breaches effected 
 by the enemy during the day. . . . Thousands 
 were slain by the well-directed fire from the ram- 
 parts ; and as the winter advanced, the besiegers 
 suffered still greater losses from the pitiless sever- 
 ity of the weather, from sickness, hardship, and 
 famine. The siege became at length evidently 
 hopeless ; and Charles, bitterly observing that 
 "Fortune, like the rest of her sex, favored the 
 young and neglected those advanced in years," 
 gave orders to abandon it. — Students' France, 
 ch. 15, § 4. 
 
 2209. FORTUNE, Forsaken by. Louis XIV. 
 Louis received the news of the disheartening re- 
 verses [of his forces at Blenheim and Ramillies] 
 with unmoved composure. His behavior to the 
 unfortunate marshal Villeroi was magnanimous. 
 " Monsieur le Marechal," said the king, when 
 he made his appearance at Versailles, "at our 
 age one is no longer fortunate." — Students' 
 France, ch. 22, § 8. 
 
 2210. FORTUNE reversed. Duke of Exeter. 
 [After the triumph of the Yorkists Edward 
 IV. was crowned, and Lancastrians went into 
 exile and poverty.] "Some of them," says 
 Comines, " were reduced to such extremity of 
 want before the Duke of Burgundy received 
 them, that no common beggar could have been 
 in greater. I saw one of them, who was Duke 
 of Exeter, but who concealed his name, follow- 
 ing the Duke of Burgundy's train bare-foot and 
 bare-legged, begging his bread from door to 
 door. This man was next of the house of Lan- 
 caster ; had married King Edward's sister ; and 
 being afterward known, had a small pension 
 allowed him for his subsistence." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 10, p. 151. 
 
 2211. . Nicetas. [Sacking of Con- 
 stantinople by crusaders.] His stately palace 
 had been reduced to ashes . . . and the senator 
 [Nicetas], with his family and friends, found an 
 obscure shelter in another house, which he pos- 
 sessed near the church of St. Sophia. It was 
 the door of this mean habitation that his friend, 
 the Venetian merchant, guarded in the disguise 
 of a soldier, till Nicetas could save, by a pre- 
 cipitate flight, the relics of his fortune and the 
 chastity of his daughter. In a cold, wintry 
 season, these fugitives, nursed in the lap of 
 prosperity, departed on foot ; his wife was with 
 child ; the desertion of their slaves compelled 
 them to carry their baggage on their shoulders ; 
 and their women, whom they placed in Ihe cen- 
 tre, were exhorted to conceal their beauty with 
 dirt, instead of adorning it with paint and jew- 
 els. Every step was exposed to insult and dan 
 ger.' — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 60. 
 
.362 
 
 FORTUNE— FRIEND. 
 
 2212. FOETUNE, Reverses of. Beggar. John 
 of Cappadocia, whose actions had deserved a 
 thousand deaths, was at last condemned for a 
 crime of which he was innocent. A great minis- 
 ter, who had been invested with the honors of 
 consul and patrician, was ignominiously scourged 
 like the vilest of malefactors ; a tattered cloak 
 was the sole remnant of his fortunes ; he was 
 transported in a bark to the place of his banish- 
 ment at Antinopolis in Upper Egypt, and the 
 prefect of the East begged his bread through the 
 cities which had trembled at his name. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 2213. FORTUNE, Sensitiveness of. Timothe- 
 us. The enemies of Timotheus ascribed all his 
 success to fortune, and got a picture drawn in 
 which he was represented asleep, and Fortune 
 by his side taking cities for him in her net. Upon 
 this he gave way to an indecent passion, and 
 complained that he was robbed of the glory due 
 to his achievements. Nay, afterward, on his 
 return from a certain expedition, he addressed 
 the people in these terms : ' ' My fellow-citizens, 
 you must acknowledge that in this Fortune has 
 no share." It is said the goddess piqued her- 
 self so far on being revenged on this vanity of 
 Timotheus, that he could never do anything 
 extraordinary afterward, but was baffled in all 
 his undertakings, and became so obnoxious to 
 the people that they banished him. — Plutarch's 
 Sylla. 
 
 2214. FRAUD, Gigantic. South Sea Scheme. 
 [In July of 1720] . . . the crowds of those that 
 possess the redeemable annuities is so great that 
 the bank . . . has been forced to set tables 
 with clerks in the streets. The £100 shares 
 went up to £1000 in August. [The company 
 sought to lessen the number of their compet- 
 itors. A panic ensued.] By the middle of Sep- 
 tember holders of South Sea Stock were crowd- 
 ing the Exchange, not as buyers, but as more 
 eager sellers. The stock was at 850 on the 18th 
 of August ; in a month it had fallen to 410. 
 ... On the 29th of September ... it was 175. 
 [The consternation was inexpressible ; thousands 
 of families were red-uoed to beggary ;] mer- 
 chants, lawyers, physicians, clergy, passed from 
 their dream of fabulous wealth and from their 
 wonted comforts into poverty. Some died of 
 broken hearts, others withdrew to remote parts 
 of the world, and never returned. [The sufferers 
 reproached every one but themselves who 
 sought sudden wealth by gambling rather than 
 by work.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 3, p. 40. 
 
 2215. FRAUD, Governmental. Charles II. 
 The first object of Charles was to obtain from 
 the Commons supplies which might be employ- 
 ed in executing the secret treaty [with France]. 
 ... It was necessary to have recourse to fraud. 
 The king accordingly professed great zeal for 
 the principles of the Triple Alliance, and pre- 
 tended that, in order to hold the ambition of 
 France in check, it would be necessary to aug- 
 ment the fleet. The Commons fell into the 
 snare, and voted a grant of £800,000. The Par- 
 liament was instantly prorogued ; and the court, 
 thus emancipated from control, proceeded to 
 the execution of the great design. — Macatjlay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p, 201. 
 
 2216. FRAUD, Suspicions of. First Gdhle. 
 This was placed upon two ships, which were to 
 
 meet in mid-ocean. They did meet ; the two 
 ends of the cable were joined and laid down 
 successfully. At the Newfoundland end four 
 hundred messages were received from Europe, 
 when the current became weaker and weaker, 
 and finally ceased to make any mechanical move- 
 ment. On this side people were sceptical ; few 
 believed that any message had been sent at all ; 
 they looked upon the whole thing as a gigantic 
 humbug. — Lester's Life of Peter CoOpeb, 
 p. 26. 
 
 2217. FRAUD in Trade. " Honest Leather." 
 [In 1536 Parliament passed] acts to protect the 
 public against the frauds of money-making 
 tradesmen ; to provide that shoes and boots 
 should be made of honest leather ; that food 
 should be sold at fair prices ; that merchants 
 should part with their goods at fair profits. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 23, p. 369. 
 
 2218. FREEDOM, Determined for. William 
 Wallace. Wallace in September, 1297, encamped 
 near Stirling, the pass between the north and the 
 south, and awaited the English advance. It was 
 here that he was found by the English army. 
 The offers of John of Warenne were scornfully 
 rejected. " We have come," said the Scottish 
 leader, " not to make peace, but to free our coun- 
 try." The position of Wallace behind a loop of 
 Forth was, in fact, chosen with consummate 
 skill. The one bridge which crossed the river 
 was only broad enough to admit two horsemen 
 abreast ; and though the English army had been 
 passing from daybreak, but half its force was 
 across at noon, when Wallace closed on it and 
 cut it, after a short combat, to pieces in sight of 
 its comrades. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 291. 
 
 2219. FREEDOM of Speech. In Parliament. 
 [James I. attempted a despotism in the govern- 
 ment of England.] On the 18th of December, 
 1681, the Commons deliberately recorded their 
 opinions in a memorable protestation, in which 
 they solemnly affirmed that the liberties and ju- 
 risdictions of Parliament are the ancient and un- 
 doubted birthright and inheritance of the subjects 
 of England ; that the affairs of the kine and the 
 State, of the defence of the realm, and of the 
 Church of England, the making of laws, the re- 
 dress of grievances, are proper subjects of debate 
 in Parliament ; that in handling such business 
 every member of the House hath, and of right 
 ought to have, freedom of speech ; and that 
 every member hath like freedom from all im- 
 peachment, imprisonment, and molestation, ex- 
 cept by the censure of the House itself.— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 24, p. 382. 
 
 2220. FRIEND, Chosen. Alexander's. Hephsea- 
 tion was the constant companion of his pleas- 
 ures, and dear to him through the sweetness of 
 his nature ; they were nearly of the same age, 
 but Hephaestion was the more handsome. When 
 Sysigambis, the captive mother of Darius, entered 
 Alexander's tent, she threw herself at Hephaes- 
 tion's feet ; he modestly retired, and the empress 
 felt abashed at her mistake. The generous con- 
 queror said, " You have not erred, madam, for 
 he too is Alexander." 
 
 2221. FRIEND or Foe. Agesilaus. When the 
 [King of Sparta] had crossed the Hellespont, he 
 marched through Thrace without asking leave 
 of any of the barbarians. He only desired to 
 
FRIEND— FRIENDS. 
 
 263 
 
 know of each people whether they would have 
 him pass as a friend or as an enemy. All the rest 
 received him with tokens of friendship, and 
 showed him all the civilities in their power on 
 his way ; but the Trallians, of whom Xerxes is 
 «aid to have bought a passage, demanded of 
 Agesilaus 100 talents of silver, and as many 
 women. He answered the messenger ironically, 
 " Why did not they then come to receive them ?" 
 At tlie same time, he marched forward, and 
 finding them drawn up to oppose him, he gave 
 them battle, and routed them with great slaugh- 
 ter. He sent some of his people to put the same 
 question to the King of Macedon, who answered, 
 "I will consider of it." "Let him consider," 
 said he ; " in the mean time we march." The 
 king, surprised and awed by his spirit, desired 
 him to pass as a friend. — Plutarch's Agesi- 
 laus. 
 
 2222. FRIEND, Otsequions. Ccesar's. One ob- 
 sequious senator proposed that every woman in 
 Rome should be at his disposition, and filthy li- 
 T)els against him were set floating under the sui-- 
 face. The object, he perfectly understood, " was 
 to draw him into a position more and more in- 
 vidious, that he might the sooner perish." — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 2223. FRIEND in Sickness, A. Priiice of Gr- 
 ange. [Seized by the small -pox.] The public con- 
 sternation was great. . . . His escape was attrib- 
 uted partly to his own singular equanimity, and 
 partly to the intrepid and indefatigable friend- 
 ship of Bentinck [a noble BatavianJ. From the 
 hands of Bentinck alone William took food and 
 medicine. By Bentinck alone William was lifted 
 from bed and laid down in it. " Whether Ben- 
 tinck slept or not while I was ill," said William 
 to Temple, with great tenderness, " I know not ; 
 but this I know, that, through sixteen days and 
 nights, I never once called for anything but that 
 Bentinck was instantly at my side, bentinck 
 took the disease, but recovered.] [See No. 2235.] 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 157. 
 
 2224. FRIEND, A sordid. Oliver Ooldsmith's. 
 [He went out to see the world, and fell short of 
 cash to return home. Called on an old ' ' friend. "1 
 I again renewed the tale of my distress, and asked 
 " how he thought I could travel above a hundred 
 miles upon one half crown ?" I begged to borrow 
 a single guinea, which I assured him would be re- 
 paid with thanks. "And you know, sir," said 
 I, "it is no more than I have done for you." To 
 which he firmly answered, " Why, look you, Mr. 
 Goldsmith, that is neither here nor there. I have 
 paid you all you ever lent me, and this sickness of 
 mine has left ^e bare of cash. But I have be- 
 thought myself of a conveyance for you ; sell 
 your horse, and I will furnish you a much bet- 
 ter one to ride on." I readily grasped at his pro- 
 posal, and begged to see the nag ; on which he 
 led me to his bed-chamber, and from under the 
 bed he pulled out a stout oak stick. " Here he 
 is," said he ; "take this in your hand, and it will 
 carry you to your mother's with more safety 
 than such a horse as you ride." I was in doubt, 
 when I got it into my hand, whether I should 
 not, in the first place, apply it to his pate. — Ir- 
 ving's Goldsmith, ch. 3, p. 34. 
 
 2225. FRIEND, A welcome. Lafayette. At 
 last the Republicans of France, displeased with 
 the double-dealing of their government, began to 
 
 embark for America. Foremost of all came the 
 gallant young Marquis of Lafayette. Though 
 the [French] king withheld permission, though 
 the British minister protested, though family 
 and home and kindred beckoned the youthfui 
 nobleman to return, he left all to fight the battle 
 of freedom in another land. Fitting a vessel al 
 his own expense, he eluded the oflBcers, and witK 
 the brave De Kalb and a small company of fol- 
 lowers reached Georgetown, South Carolina, in 
 April of 1777.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 40, p. 320. 
 
 2220. FRIEND, A wounded. " StonewallJach- 
 son." [On the 2d of May, 1863, he led a destruc- 
 tive attack on the right wing of General Hook- 
 er's Union army.] As night came on, with ruin 
 impending over the Federal army, the brave 
 Confederate leader, riding through the gathering 
 darkness, received a volley from his own lines, 
 and fell mortally wounded. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 65, p. 518. 
 
 2227 . FRIENDS in Battle. Locked their 
 Shields. Being placed together among the heavy- 
 armed infantry, and fighting with the Arca- 
 dians, that wing of the Lacedaemonians in which 
 they were gave way, and was broken ; where- 
 upon Pelopidas and Epaminondas locked their 
 shields together, and repulsed all that attacked 
 them, until at last Pelopidas, having received sev- 
 en large wounds, fell upon a heap of friends and 
 enemies who lay dead together. Epaminondas, 
 though he thought there was no life left in him, 
 yet stood forward to defend his body and his 
 arms, and being determined to die rather than 
 leave his companion in the power of his enemies, 
 he engaged with numbers at once. He was now 
 in extreme danger, being wounded in the breast 
 with a spear and in the arm with a sword, when 
 Agesipolis, King of the Lacedaemonians, brought 
 succors from the other wing, and, beyond all 
 expectation, delivered them both. — Plutarch's 
 Pelopidas. 
 
 222§. FRIENDS, Complemental. Lady Church- 
 ill — Princess Anne. Differences of taste, under 
 standing, and disposition are no impediment* 
 to friendship, and . . . the closest intimacies ofte» 
 exist between minds each of which supplier 
 what is wanting to the other. Lady Churchill 
 was loved and even worshipped by Anne. The 
 princess could not live apart from the object of 
 her romantic fondness. She manied, and was 
 a faithful and even an affectionate wife ; but 
 Prince George, a dull man, whose chief pleasures 
 were derived from his dinner and his bottle, ac- 
 quired over her no influence comparable to that 
 exercised by her female friend, and soon gave 
 himself up with stupid patience to the dominion 
 of that vehement and commanding spirit by 
 which his wife was governed. [Also see No. 
 1927.]— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 239. 
 
 2229. FRIENDS, Discouraging. Luther's. 
 "Go to your ceU and pray, my brother, that the 
 Lord will have mercy upon you" — thus said 
 many a one that thought so vast an undertaking 
 by an insignificant monk against the pope — of 
 whose might and influence kings were afraid — 
 would surely come to grief. " My dear Brother 
 Martin," said an aged Westphalian clergyman, 
 "if you can do away with purgatory and the 
 traffic in indulgences, you are indeed a great 
 man !" . . . Luther's prior and sub-prior came 
 and, entreated him not to bring reproach upon 
 
264 
 
 FRIENDS— FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 his order, for the other orders were already 
 leaping with joy, saying that they were not the 
 only ones guilty of offences, but that now the 
 Augustinians were also in the fire and bearers 
 of shame. Luther replied to them, ' ' Dear fa- 
 thers, if this work has not been begun in God's 
 name, it will soon come to naught ; but if it has 
 been begun in His name, then let Him rule as 
 He will !" — Rein's Luthek, ch. 4, p. 47. 
 
 2230. FRIENDS, Faults of. Napoleon I. 
 [During his captivity at St. Helena a paper was 
 presented] to all the companions [who had chosen 
 to go into exile with him] and the domestics of 
 the Emperor, stating that they were at liberty to 
 leave St. Helena and return to Europe if they 
 wished to do so. If they desired to remain . . . 
 they were required to submit to all the restric- 
 tions which might be imposed upon the emperor, 
 . . . and remaining on the dreary rock during 
 the lifetime of the emperor. All promptly 
 signed it [to remain] but General Bertrand. His 
 hesitation wounded the feelings of the emperor. 
 He simply remarked, however, " Bertrand is al- 
 ways the same. Although he constantly speaks 
 of going, when the time comes he will not have 
 the courage to leave. We must be able to love 
 our friends with all their faults." — Abbott's 
 Napoleon, vol. 2, ch. 31. 
 
 2231. FEIENDS, Unlike. Halifax— Burnet. 
 Halifax and Burnet had long been on terms of 
 friendship. No two men, indeed, could resem- 
 ble each other less. Burnet was utterly desti- 
 tute of delicacy and tact. Halifax's taste was 
 fastidious, and his sense of the ludicrous mor- 
 bidly quick. Burnet viewed every act and every 
 character through a medium distorted and col- 
 ored by party spirit. The tendency of Halifax's 
 mind was always to see the faults of his allies 
 more strongly than the faults of his opponents. 
 Burnet was, with all his infirmities, and through 
 all the vicissitudes of a life passed in circum- 
 stances not very favorable to piety, a sincerely 
 pious man. The sceptical and sarcastic Halifax 
 lay under the imputation of infidelity. Halifax, 
 therefore, often incurred Burnet's inaignant cen- 
 sure, and Burnet was often the butt of Halifax's 
 keen and polished pleasantry. Yet they were 
 drawn to each other by a mutual attraction, 
 liked each other's conversation, appreciated each 
 other's abilities, interchanged opinions freely, 
 and interchanged also good offices in perilous 
 times. [Lord Halifax was a statesman, and 
 Bishop Burnet the religious adviser of Queen 
 Mary.]— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 499. 
 
 2232. FEIENDSHIP applauded. Napoleon I. 
 [In 1808 there was a notable meeting of kings 
 and emperors at Erfurth. Princes and court- 
 iers were numerous. ] The town was illuminated. 
 A tragedy developing the noblest traits of hu- 
 man nature was performed by the most accom- 
 plished actors of France. [Emperor] Alexander 
 [of Russia] sat by the side of Napoleon. As the 
 sentiment was expressed from the stage, 
 
 " The friendship of a great man is a gift from 
 
 the gods !" 
 Alexander gracefully rose, took the hand of 
 Napoleon, and bowing said, "I experience 
 the truth of that sentiment to-day." An instinc- 
 tive burst of applause from a pit full of princes, 
 nobles, and kings shook the walls of the theatre. 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B. , vol. 2, ch. 3. 
 
 2233. FRIENDSHIP, Commanding. Reign of 
 James II. Ever since the reign of Edward III. 
 the Talbots had sat among the peers of the 
 realm. . . . [The Earl of Shrewsbury was Charles 
 Talbot.] His person was pleasing, his tem- 
 per singularly sweet, his parts such as, if he 
 had been born in a humble rank, might well 
 have raised him to the height of civil greatness. 
 All these advantages he had so improved, that 
 before he was of age he was allowed to be one 
 of the finest gentlemen and finest scholars of his 
 time, . . . though his principles were unsteady, 
 his impulses were so generous, his temper so 
 bland, his manners so gracious and easy, that it 
 was impossible not to love him. He was early 
 called the King of Hearts, and never, through 
 a long, eventful, and checkered life, lost his 
 right to that name. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 296. 
 
 2234. FRIENDSHIP, Complemental. William 
 of Orange. [See No. 2235.] The friends [Wil- 
 liam and Bentinck] were indeed made for each 
 other. William wanted neither a guide nor a 
 flatterer. Having a firm and just reliance on 
 his own judgment, he was not partial to coun- 
 sellors who dealt much in suggestions and ob- 
 jections. At the same time, he had too much 
 discernment and too much elevation of mind to 
 be gratified by sycophancy. The confidant of 
 such a prince ought to be a man, not of inventive 
 genius or commanding spirit, but brave and 
 faithful, capable of executing orders punctually, 
 of keeping secrets inviolably, of observing facts 
 vigilantly, and of reporting them truly ; and 
 such a man was Bentinck. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 7, p. 159. 
 
 2235. FRIENDSHIP, Confidential. William, 
 Prince of Orange. [Bentinck was a noble Bata- 
 vian and chosen friend. See No. 2223.] He 
 whom even his admirers generally accounted 
 the most distant and frigid of men here forgets 
 all distinctions of rank, and pours out all his 
 feelings with the ingenuousness of a schoolboy. 
 He imparts without reserve secrets of the high- 
 est moment. He explains with perfect simplic- 
 ity vast designs affecting all the governments of 
 Europe. Mingled with his commimications on 
 such subjects are other communications of a 
 very different, but perhaps not of a less inter- 
 esting kind. All his adventures, all his personal 
 feelings, his long run after enormous stags, his 
 carousals on St. Hubert's day, the growth of his 
 plantations, the failure of his melons, the state 
 of his stud, his wish to procure an easy pad-nag 
 for his wife, his vexation at learning that one oi 
 his household, after ruining a girl of good fam- 
 ily, refused to marry her, his fits oi sea-sickness, 
 his coughs, his headaches, his devotional moods, 
 his gratitude for the Divine protection after a 
 great escape, his struggles to submit himself to 
 the Divine will after a disaster, are described 
 with an amiable garrulity hardly to have been 
 expected from the most discreet and sedate 
 statesman of the age.— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, 
 p. 157. 
 
 2236. FRIENDSHIP, Confirmed. By Money. 
 Frederick,. . . the Elector of Saxony — a bold man 
 and a hard drinker, . . . was brought into the 
 confederacy [against the encroachments of 
 France under Louis XIV.] by the uromise of 
 money. ' ' For," said he, ' ' our friendships, though 
 
FRIENDSHIP— FRUGALITY. 
 
 265 
 
 ever so good, must be confirmed by presents." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, cb. 8, p. 123. 
 
 2237. FRIENDSHIP by Contrast. Frederick 
 ths Great. [The infidel] . . . Marquess D'Argens 
 was among the king's favorite companions, on 
 account, as it would seem, of the strong opposi- 
 tion between their characters. The parts of 
 D'Argens were good and his manners those of a 
 finished French gentleman ; but his whole soul 
 was dissolved in sloth, timidity, and self-indul- 
 gence. . . . He was the slave of dreams and omens 
 — would not sit down to the table with thirteen 
 in company, turned pale if the salt fell toward 
 him, begged his guests not to cross their knives 
 and forks on their plates, and would not for the 
 world commence a journey on Friday. His 
 health was a subject of constant anxiety to him. 
 Whenever his head ached or his pulse beat quick, 
 his dastardly fears and effeminate precautions 
 were the jest of all Berlin. All this suited the 
 king's purpose admirably. He wanted somebody 
 by whom he might be amused, and whom he 
 might despise. When he wished to pass half an 
 hour in easy, polished conversation, D'Argens 
 was an excellent companion ; when he wanted to 
 vent his spleen and contempt, D'Argens was an 
 excellent butt. — Macaulay's Frederick the 
 Great, p. 55. 
 
 223§. FEIENDSHIP, Controlling. Alexander 
 Pope. Pope resembled one of the inferior bodies 
 of the solar system, whose orbit is dependent 
 upon that of some more massive planet ; and hav- 
 ing been a satellite of Swift, he was now swept 
 into the train of the more imposing Bolingbroke. 
 — Myer's Wordsworth, ch. 7. 
 
 2239. FRIENDSHIP, Inseparable. Napoleon 
 I. [After his burial at St. Helena] the devoted 
 household of Napoleon sadly embarked for 
 Europe. . . . One of their number, however, Ser- 
 geant Hubert, in the enthusiasm of his death- 
 less devotion, refused to abandon even the grave 
 of the emperor. For nineteen years he con- 
 tinued at St. Helena, daily guarding the solitary 
 tomb ; and when . . . they were removed to 
 repose on the banks of the Seine, beneath the 
 dome of the Invalides, . . . this faithful servant 
 followed them to their last resting-place. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 3, ch. 34. 
 
 2240. FRIENDSHIP, Perilous. Robert Bums. 
 [With smugglers and adventurers at Irving.] 
 Among these he contracted, says Gilbert, " some 
 acquaintance of a freer manner of thinking and 
 living than he had been used to, whose society 
 prepared him for overleaping the bonds of rigid 
 virtue which had hitherto restrained him." One 
 companion, a sailor-lad of wild life and loose 
 and irregular habits, had a wonderful fascination 
 for Burns, who admired him for what he 
 thought his independence and magnanimity. 
 "He was," says Burns, "the only man I ever 
 knew who was a greater fool than myself where 
 woman was the presiding star ; but he spoke of 
 lawless love with levity, which hitherto I had 
 regarded with horror. Here his friendship did 
 me a mischief." — Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 2241. FRIENDSHIP repaired. Samuel John- 
 son. He said to Sir Joshua Reynolds : " If a 
 man does not make new acquaintance as he ad- 
 vances through life, he will soon find himself 
 left alone. A man, sir, should keep his friend- 
 
 ship in constant repair." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 80. 
 
 2242. FRIENDSHIP, Schoolboy's. Byron. We 
 have one of his school letters, in which he re- 
 proaches one of his friends for beginning his. 
 last letter "My dear Byron," instead of "My 
 dearest Byron." In the defence of his friends he 
 was a very valiant champion. One of them be- 
 ing weak from a recent sickness was ill-fitted 
 to fight his way in a great concourse of rough 
 boys, and Bj'^ron said to him : " Harness, if any 
 one bullies you, tell me, and I'll thrash him if I 
 can." He kept his word, and the two boys re- 
 mained fast friends for many years. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BiOG., p. 292. 
 
 2243. FRIENDSHIP, Treacherous. James I. 
 [In 1616 James I. ordered the arrest of the Earl 
 of Somerset, once his favorite, on suspicion of a 
 connection with the murder of Thomas Over- 
 bury, in the Tower.] The king had a loathsome 
 way of lolling his arms about his favorites' 
 necks, and kissing them. In this posture the 
 messenger with the warrant found the king 
 with Somerset, saying, "When shall I see thee 
 again ?" . . . Somerset exclaimed that never such 
 an affront was offered to a peer of England 
 in presence of the king. " Nay, man," said 
 the king; "if Coke "(the Lord Chief Justice) 
 "sends for me, I must go ; " and when he was 
 gone : " Now may the Deel go with thee," said 
 the king, " for I will never see thy face any 
 more." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 24, p. 365. 
 
 2244. FRIVOLITY, Shameful. Charles II. 
 The Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames and burn- 
 ed the ships of war which lay at Chath;am. It 
 was said that on the very day of that great hu- 
 miliation the king feasted with the ladies of 
 his seraglio, and amused himself with hunting 
 a moth about the supper-room. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 179. 
 
 2245. FRUGALITY, Misapplied. Charles II. 
 Our relations with foreign courts had been put 
 on the most economical footing. In this frugal- 
 ity there was nothing laudable. Charles was, 
 as usual, niggardly in the wrong place, and 
 munificent in the wrong place. The public ser- 
 vice was starved that courtiers might be pam- 
 pered. The expense of the navy, of the ord- 
 nance, of pensions to needy old officers, of mis- 
 sions to foreign courts, must seem small indeed 
 to the present generation ; but the personal fa- 
 vorites of the sovereign, his ministers, and the 
 creatures of those ministers were gorged with 
 public money. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 
 287. 
 
 2246. FRUGALITY, Plan of. Irish Painter. 
 [To Samuel Johnson.] His Ofellus, in the "Art 
 of Living inLondon,"! have heard him relate, was 
 an Irish painter, whom he knew at Birmingham, 
 and who had practised his own precepts of econ- 
 omy for several years in the British capital. He 
 assured Johnson, who, I suppose, was then 
 meditating to try his fortune in London, but was. 
 apprehensive of the expense, "that £30 a year- 
 was enough to enable a man to live there without 
 being contemptible. He allowed £10 for clothes 
 and linen. He said a man might live in a garret 
 at 18rf. a week ; few people would inquire where 
 he lodged ; and if they did, it was easy to say, 
 "Sir, lam to be found at such a place." Br 
 
266 
 
 FUNERAL. 
 
 spending Sd. in a coffee-house he might be for 
 some hours every day in very good company ; 
 he might dine for 6^. , breakfast on bread and 
 milk for a penny, and do w^ithout supper. On 
 «lean-sMrt-day he went abroad and paid visits. 
 — Bosw^ell's Johnson, p. 23. 
 
 2247. FUNERAL criticised. Of Charles II. 
 [Under reign of his brother James II.] The 
 funeral called forth much censure. It would, 
 indeed, hardly have been accounted worthy of 
 a noble and opulent subject. The Tories gently 
 blamed the new king's parsimony ; the Whigs 
 sneered at his want of natural affection ; and 
 the fiery Covenanters of Scotland exultingly pro- 
 claimed that the curse denounced of old against 
 wicked princes had been signally fulfilled, and 
 that the departed tyrant had been buried with 
 the burial of an ass. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, 
 p. 413. 
 
 2248. FUNERAL Customs. From the Bo- 
 imans. Our funeral images and customs are 
 Roman — the cypress and the yew, the flowers 
 strewn upon the graves, the black for mourning. 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 49. 
 
 2249. FUNERAL, An expensive. Queen 
 Mary's. The funeral [of Queen Mary] cost 
 £50,000.— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 11, p. 
 174. 
 
 2250. FUNERAL, Fatal. Oeorge Canning, 
 Premier. The funeral of the Duke of York 
 took place at Windsor on the night of the 20th 
 of January. . . . The Cabinet ministers were 
 marshalled by the heralds in the nave of St. 
 George's Chapel two hours before the arrival of 
 the funeral procession. The night was bitterly 
 cold. As we ourselves looked down from the 
 organ loft upon the greatest in the land, thus 
 doomed to stand upon the unmatted pavement, 
 shivering, and shifting their uneasy positions, 
 we observed the oldest man in the Cabinet taking 
 very wise precautions for his personal comfort 
 and safety. One who was by the side of Mr. 
 Canning attributes to his kindness of heart a sug- 
 gestion to the chancellor that he should lay 
 down his cocked hat and stand upon it. The 
 chancellor's health was preserved by this pre- 
 caution. The funeral of the duke proved fatal 
 to Mr. Canning. He caught a cold there which 
 resulted in an illness from which he never really 
 recovered. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 11, p. 
 202. 
 
 2251. FUNERAL, Honors of. Julius Ccesar's. 
 Part proposed to carry it to the Temple of Ju- 
 piter, in the Capitol, and to burn it under the 
 eyes of the assassins ; part to take it into the Sen- 
 ate house and use the meeting-place of the Opti- 
 mates a second time as the pyre of the people's 
 friend. A few legionaries, perhaps to spare the 
 city a general conflagration, advised that it 
 should be consumed where it lay. The platform 
 was torn up and the broken timbers piled into 
 a heap. Chairs and benches were thrown on to 
 it, the whole crowd rushing wildly to add a 
 chip or splinter. Actors flung in their dresses, 
 musicians their instruments, soldiers their 
 swords. Women added their necklaces and 
 scarfs. Mothers brought up their children to 
 contribute toys and playthings. On the pile so 
 composed the body of Csesar was reduced to 
 ashes. The remains were collected with affec- 
 tionate care and deposited in the tomb of the 
 
 Caesars, in the Campus Martius. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 27. 
 
 2252. . Egyptians. To be deprived 
 
 of funeral rites the}* considered as one of the 
 greatest calamities. The Egyptians did not, 
 like most other nations, consign the bodies of 
 the dead to destruction ; they preserved them by 
 embalming, and celebrated their obsequies with 
 extraoi-dinary solemnity. But these funeral hon- 
 ors were never bestowed unless in virtue of a 
 solemn and judicial decree. A court composed 
 of forty judges granted their warrant for every 
 funeral. The character of the deceased was rig- 
 orously investigated, and if any criminal or im- 
 proper conduct was proved, the customary hon- 
 ors were refused to him. If his life had been 
 virtuous and exempt from all blame, a public 
 panegyric was pronounced on his memory, and 
 permission was granted for the usual embalming 
 and obsequies. The most singular and at the 
 same time the most admirable circumstance at- 
 tending this custom was, that the sovereigns 
 themselves, though venerated during their lives 
 with an almost superstitious regard, which for- 
 bade all scrutiny into their actions, were yet 
 after death subjected to the same rigorous and 
 impartial inquest with the meanest of their sub- 
 jects ; and Diodorus assures us that some of the 
 Egyptian kings had been deprived of funeral ob- 
 sequies, and their memories thus consigned to 
 infamy, by the judgment of that solemn tribu- 
 nal. — ^Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 37. 
 
 2253. FUNERAL, Humble. Pompey. [His 
 assassinators] cut off his head and cast his naked 
 body upon the sand, where a faithful slave who 
 had attended him, stealing to the place during 
 the silence of the night, made a small funeral pile 
 from the fragments of a boat, and burnt the 
 body, carrying the ashes to Cordelia. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 2, p. 410. 
 
 2254. FUNERAL, Immense. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. [The funeral cortege stopped at New York 
 en route for Springfield, 111. The remains of the 
 assassinated President were exhibited at the City 
 Hall.] All through that day [April 24, 1866] 
 and the succeeding night the endless stream 
 poured in, while outside the Park, Broadway, 
 and the entire area of Printing House Square, 
 reaching up Chatham Street and East Broad- 
 way, as far as the eye could see, a vast throng 
 of people stood silent and hopeless, but still ex- 
 pectant, of a chance to enter and see the body 
 of the murdered President. Not less than 
 150,000 persons obtained admission, and not 
 less than twice that number had waited for it in 
 vain. ... On the 25th, . . . escorted by the 
 finest military display ever seen in New York, 
 and followed in procession by great numbers of 
 her citizens, the car moved through the princi- 
 pal streets ... to the depot. — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 21. p. 710. 
 
 2255. FUNERAL, Impressive. Julius CcBsar's. 
 Caesar's body, after remaining till evening on the 
 floor of the Senate-house, had been canied home 
 in the dusk in a litter by three of his servants, 
 and was now lying in his palace. If it was not 
 to be thrown into the Tiber, what was to be 
 done with it? . . . Though Cicero had advised in 
 the Senate that the discussion whether Caesar ^had 
 deserved death should not be raised, yet it was 
 plain to him and to every one that, unless Caesju 
 
FUNERAL— FUTURITY. 
 
 267 
 
 was held guilty of conspiring against the Consti- 
 tution, the murder was and would be regarded 
 as a most execrable crime. He dreaded the ef- 
 fect of a public funeral. . . . The body was 
 brought down to the Forum and placed upon the 
 Rostra. The dress had not been changed ; the 
 ^own, gashed with daggers and soaked in blood, 
 was still wrapped about it. The will was read 
 :first. Cicero said: . . . " Toward the gods he was 
 High Priest. To you he was Consul ; to the army 
 he was Imperator ; to the enemies of his coun- 
 try. Dictator. In sum he was Pater Patrim. 
 And this your father, your Pontifex, this hero, 
 whose person was declared inviolable, lies dead 
 — dead, not by disease or age, not by war or 
 visitation of God, but here at home, by conspir- 
 acy within your own walls, slain in the Senate- 
 house, the warrior unarmed, the peacemaker 
 naked to his foes. The righteous judge in the 
 «eat of judgment. He whom no foreign enemy 
 could hurt has been killed by his fellow-coun- 
 trymen — he, who had so often shown mercy, by 
 those whom he had spared. Where, Caesar, is 
 your love for mankind ? Where is the sacred- 
 ness of your life ? Where are your laws ? Here 
 you lie murdered — here in the Forum, through 
 which so often you marched in triumph 
 wreathed with garlands ; here upon the Rostra 
 from which you were wont to address your peo- 
 ple. Alas for your gray hairs dabbled in blood ! 
 alas for this lacerated robe in which you were 
 dressed for the sacrifice !" — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 27. 
 
 2256. FUNERAL panegyrics. Criticised. It 
 was an ancient custom in the funerals, as well 
 as in the triumphs, of the Romans, that the 
 voice of praise should be corrected by that of 
 satire and ridicule ; and that, in the midst of the 
 splendid pageants, which displayed the glory of 
 the living or of the dead, their imperfections 
 should not be concealed from the eyes of the 
 world. This custom was practised in the funeral 
 of Julian. The comedians, who resented his 
 contempt and aversion for the theatre, exhibited, 
 with the applause of a Christian audience, the 
 lively and exaggerated representation of the 
 faults and follies of the deceased emperor. His 
 various character and singular manners afforded 
 an ample scope for pleasantry and ridicule. In 
 the exercise of his uncommon talents he often 
 descended below the majesty of his rank. Alex- 
 ander was transformed into Diogenes ; the phil- 
 osopher was degraded into a priest. The purity 
 of his virtue was sullied by excessive vanity ; 
 his superstition disturbed the peace and endan- 
 gered the safety of a mighty empire ; and his 
 irregular sallies were the less entitled to indul- 
 gence, as they appeared to be the laborious ef- 
 forts of art, or even of affectation. The remains 
 of Julian were interred at Tarsus in Cilicia ; his 
 stately tomb arose in that city, on the banks of 
 the cold and limpid Cydnus. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 24. 
 
 225'}'. FUNEEAL, Patriotic. Boston. A. d. 1770. 
 A number of boys chased Richardson [an in- 
 former] to his own house,and threw stones. Pro- 
 voked but not endangered, he fired among them 
 and killed one of eleven years old, the son of 
 a poor German. At his funeral five hundred 
 children walked in front of the bier ; six of his 
 school-fellows held the pall ; and men of all 
 
 ranks moved in procession from Liberty Tree to 
 the Town House, and thence to the "burying- 
 place." Soldiers and officers looked on with 
 wounded pride. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, cii. 
 43. 
 
 2258. FUTURE LIFE, Belief in. GauU. [With 
 the Gauls] it was a common practice to contract 
 debts with a stipulation that they should be pay- 
 able in the next stage of existence. Hence, let- 
 ters were thrown upon the funeral pile, that the 
 deceased might carry to his relatives and friends 
 in Paradise information of the wishes and pro- 
 ceedings of those who remained on earth. And 
 thus, upon the death of a chieftain, whatever he 
 had most valued in this life — armor, ornaments, 
 horses, dogs, sometimes even his household ser- 
 vants — were either burned or interred with him, 
 that he might resume his treasures at his entrance 
 on a higher sphere. — Students' France, ch. 1, 
 §10. 
 
 2259. . Persians. Man becomes 
 
 subject to death in consequence of his sins ; but 
 when the period arrives that the whole inhabi- 
 tants of the earth shall be converted to the relig- 
 ion of Zoroaster, then shall be the resurrection 
 of the dead, with their earthly bodies and souls. 
 The just shall be separated from the unjust, the 
 former to be translated to Paradise, where they 
 shall enjoy the highest pleasures, both of soul 
 and body ; the latter to be purified for an ap- 
 pointed space in burning metals, and cleansed 
 from all their offences ; after which all created 
 beings shall enjoy the most perfect happiness 
 forever. Ahriman and his evil genii shall un- 
 dergo the same purification ; and after his lim- 
 ited punishment even he shall partake of the 
 joys of eternity, repeat the Zendavesta, and join 
 with all beings in the praises of Ormuzd. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11, p. 123. 
 
 2260. FUTURE overlooked. Ignorance. The 
 Indian who fells the tree that he may gather the 
 fruit, and the Arab who plunders the caravans 
 of commerce, are actuated by the same impulse 
 of savage nature, which overlooks the future in 
 the present, and relinquishes for momentary ra- 
 pine the long and secure possession of the most 
 important blessings. And it was thus that the 
 shrine of St. Peter was profaned by the thought- 
 less Romans, who pillaged the offerings and 
 wounded the pilgrims, without computing the 
 number and value of similar visits, which they 
 prevented by their inhospitable sacrilege. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 69, p. 425. 
 
 2261. FUTURITY disclosed. Impostors. With 
 a rude and unenlightened people there is no 
 passion more strong than the desire of pene- 
 trating into futurity. It would seem that the 
 less the human mind is aided by experience, or 
 enabled from extensive knowledge to form prob- 
 able conjectures of the future from the past, 
 the more it is apt to wish for and to believe the 
 possibility of some secret art or method of ob- 
 taining such anticipated views. All bai'barous 
 nations have their augurs, their sorcerers, or 
 their oracles. The Canadian savages have in 
 every tribe a few crafty impostors, who pretend 
 to foretell future events by visions, which they 
 have in their sleep, and who are thence termed 
 dreamers. When the tribe marches to war, these 
 dreamers constantly attend in the rear of the 
 troop, and no measure is ventured upon till they 
 
268 
 
 GAIN— GAMBLING, 
 
 are consulted. The African negroes have their 
 Obi men and women, who deal in charms and in- 
 cantations, and are firmly believed to have the 
 power of dispensing good and evil fortune at 
 their pleasure. The sorceries of the Laplander 
 are well known, and the second-sight of the 
 Scottish Highlanders ; all proceed from the same 
 source — ignorance and superstition. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 7, p. 64. 
 
 2262. GAIN or Loss. The Tartar. [When 
 the inhabitants of the conquered city of Ispahan 
 revolted against the authority of Timour,] he 
 despatched instantly 100,000 men, with orders 
 that each should bring him the head of a Per- 
 sian, under penalty of losing his own. — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 311. 
 
 2263. GALLANTEY, Inconsiderate. Olimr 
 Ooldsmith. While strolling one day in these 
 gardens, he met three females of the family of a 
 respectable tradesman to whom he was under 
 some obligation. With his prompt disposition 
 to oblige, he conducted them about the garden, 
 treated them to tea, and ran up a bill in the 
 most open-handed manner imaginable ; it was 
 only when he came to pay that he found himself 
 in one of his old dilemmas — ^he had not the 
 wherewithal in his pocket. A scene of perplex- 
 ity now took place between him and the waiter, 
 in the midst of which came up some of his ac- 
 quaintances, in whose eyes he wished to stand 
 particularly well. This completed his mortifica- 
 tion. There was no concealing the awkward- 
 ness of his position. The sneers of the waiter 
 revealed it. His acquaintances amused them- 
 selves for some time at his expense, professing 
 their inability to relieve him. When, however, 
 they had enjoyed their banter, the waiter was 
 paid, and poor Goldsmith enabled to convoy off 
 the ladies with flying colors. — Irving's Gold- 
 BMITH, ch. 12, p. 95. 
 
 2264. GALLANTEY, Proof of. Female Rulers. 
 As Alexander [Severus] was a modest and duti- 
 ful youth, of only seventeen years of age, the 
 reins of government were in the hands of two 
 women — of his mother Mamsea, and of Maesa, his 
 grandmother. ... In hereditary monarchies, . . . 
 especially those of modern Europe, the gallant 
 spirit of chivalry and the law of succession have 
 accustomed us to allow a singular exception [to 
 the confinement of the female sex to domes- 
 tic life] ; and a woman is often acknowledged 
 the absolute sovereign of a great kingdom, in 
 which she would be deemed incapable of exer- 
 cising the smallest employment, civil or military. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 175. 
 
 2265. GAMBLING, Degraded by. Charles Fox. 
 [When Fox was opposing, as a member of the 
 government, the petition of some of the clergy,] 
 Gibbon writes : " Charles Fox prepared himself 
 for that holy work by passing twenty-two hours 
 in the pious exercise of hazard ; his devotion 
 only cost him about £500 an hour — in all, £11,- 
 000. " [In 1779 Lord Carlisle writes :] ' ' Charles 
 tells me that he has not now, nor has had for 
 some time, one guinea, and is happier on that ac- 
 count." [He must have felt the degradation of 
 his situation when he borrowed money of club- 
 waiters, and saw his goods seized for execution.] 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 105. 
 
 2266. . Earl of Sunderland. [Reign 
 
 of James II.] His ill-luck at the hazard-table was 
 
 such that his estates were daily becoming more 
 and more encumbered. In the hope of extricate 
 ing himself from his embarrassments, he betray- 
 ed to Barillon all the schemes adverse to France 
 which had been meditated in the English cabi- 
 net, and hinted that a secretary of state could in 
 such times render services for which it might be 
 wise in Louis to pay largely. The ambassador 
 told his master that 6000 guineas was the small- 
 est gratification that could be offered to so im- 
 portant a minister. Louis consented to go as 
 high as 25,000 crowns, equivalent to about £5600 
 sterling. It was agreed that Sunderland should 
 receive this sum yearly, and that he should, in 
 return, exert all his influence to prevent the 
 reassembling of the Parliament. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 59. 
 
 2267. . Coffee-Houses. Into these 
 
 places of public resort [the coffee-houses] the 
 lowest sharpers found their way ; and gentlemen 
 were not ashamed to stake their money against 
 the money of the most infamous of society. The 
 "people of quality" were not ashamed of their 
 companions till the light of public opinion was 
 let in on them. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 27, 
 p. 429. 
 
 2268. GAMBLING, Escape from. Wilberforce. 
 [When young and rich, he went to London as 
 Member of Parliament. He writes his expe- 
 rience :] The very first time I went to Boodle's 
 I won 25 guineas of the Duke of Norfolk. I be- 
 longed at that time to five clubs. The first time 
 I was at Brookes', scarcely knowing any one, I 
 joined, from mere shyness, in play at the faro- 
 table. A friend who knew my inexperience, and 
 regarded me as a victim decked out for sacrifice, 
 called out to me, "What, Wilberforce, is that 
 you ?" The bank-keeper resented the interfer- 
 ence, and said, in his most expressive tone, " Oh 
 sir, don't interrupt Mr. Wilberforce ; he could 
 not be better employed." Some time after he 
 was persuaded to keep the bank at a faro-table 
 of one of the clubs. " As the game grew deep," 
 says his son, " he rose the winner of £600. Much 
 of this was lost by those who were only heirs to 
 future fortunes, and could not therefore meet 
 such a call without inconvenience. The pain he- 
 felt at their annoyance cured him of a taste 
 which seemed but too likely to become predomi- 
 nant." — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 106. 
 
 2269. GAMBLING, Fashionable. Folly. Cowper 
 wrote : " It is in vain to look for conversation — 
 where we might expect to find it in the greatest 
 perfection — among persons of fashion ; there it 
 is almost annihilated by universal card-playing." 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 106. 
 
 2270. GAMBLING, Losses by. Gibbon. In 
 July, 1776, he writes : " I have undone myself, 
 and it is to no purpose to conceal from you my 
 abominable madness and folly. I never lost so 
 much in five times as I have to-night, and am in 
 debt to the house for the whole." [He lost 
 £10,000.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 104. 
 
 2271. GAMBLING, Passion for. England, a.d. 
 1752. Peers went out of town to Richmond to 
 play at whist on Saturday and Sunday ; and 
 Lord Sandwich, a minister of state, when he 
 hunted with the Duke of Cumberland carried 
 dice in his pocket, to throw a main under a tree 
 when the hounds were at fault. — Knight's. 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 192. 
 
GAMBLING— GAMES. 
 
 2G9 
 
 2272. GAMBLING, Pride in. High Life. High 
 play was then the reigning pleasure of society 
 in every country in Europe. Louis XIV. was 
 not displeased when he heard that the Portu- 
 guese ambassador had won 1,800,000 francs of 
 his niece in a single night. High play, he 
 thought, became a princess of the royal house of 
 France, and he was willing Europe should know 
 on what a scale of grandeur gambling was done 
 at his court. John Law, cool, adroit, calculat- 
 ing, found the careless nobles of the time an 
 easy prey. A stout footman preceded him to 
 the houses of his antagonists, carrying two heavy 
 bags of gold, and the servant usually had a 
 heavier load to carry home than the one he 
 brought. In the course of a few years, besides 
 living like a prince, he could produce in ready 
 money a sum equal in our currency to $1,000,- 
 000. Indeed, such was his success, that he was 
 suspected of cheating, and at last few ventured 
 to play with him. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 451. 
 
 2273. GAMBLING, Ruinous. Oliver Goldsmith. 
 [He had recently lost £30 — all his earnings — in a 
 short tour taken to "see the world."] A new 
 consultation was held among Goldsmith's 
 friends as to his future course, and it was deter- 
 mined he should try the law. His uncle Conta- 
 rine agreed to advance the necessary funds, and 
 actually furnished him with £50, with which he 
 set off for London to enter on his studies at the 
 Temple. Unfortunately, he fell in company at 
 Dublin with a Roscommon acquaintance, one 
 "Whose wits had been sharpened about town, who 
 beguiled him into a gambling-house, and soon 
 left him as penniless as when he bestrode the re- 
 doubtable Fiddle-back. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 4, p. 35. 
 
 2274. . English Gentry. [Henry 
 
 St. John writes in 1766 :] You ask me how play 
 uses me this year ? I am sorry to say very ill, 
 •as it has already, since October, taken £800 
 from me ; nor am I in a likely way to reimburse 
 myself soon by the emoluments of any place or 
 military preferment, having voted the other even- 
 ing in a minority. ... If ruined, there were 
 two resources against starvation — a place or a 
 ivife. Henry St. John became Lord Bolingbroke. 
 In 1777 Charles Townshend writes of him : " He 
 is gone to Bath in pursuit of a lady, who he 
 proposes should recruit his finances. It is said 
 she has accepted his proposal." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 103. 
 
 2275. GAMBLING, Universal, a.d. 1194. The 
 passion of playing for money was so universal, 
 that in the crusade, in which all ranks of men 
 were engaged, the kings of England and France 
 made the most stringent regulations to keep 
 gambling within limits. No man in the army 
 was to play at any kind of game for money, 
 with the exception of knights and the clergy, 
 and no knight or clerk was to lose more than 
 20«. in one day.— Kkight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, 
 p. 326. 
 
 2276. GAMBLING, Vice of. Prolific. Petro- 
 nius Maximus, a wealthy senator of the Ani- 
 cian family, who had been twice consul, was pos- 
 sessed of a chaste and beautiful wife ; her obsti- 
 nate resistance served only to irritate the desires 
 •of Valentinian ; and he resolved to accomplish 
 them either by stratagem or force. Deep gam- 
 ing was one of tlie vices of the court ; the em- 
 
 peror, who, by chance or contrivance, had gained 
 from Maximus a considerable sum, uncourte- 
 ously exacted his ring as a security for the debt 
 and sent it by a trusty messenger to his wife, 
 with an order, in her husband's name, that she 
 should immediately attend the Empress Eudoxia. 
 The unsuspecting wife of Maximus was con- 
 veyed in her litter to the Imperial palace ; the 
 emissaries of her impatient lover conducted her 
 to a remote and silent bedchamber ; and Valen- 
 tinian violated, without remorse, the laws of hos- 
 pitality. Her tears, when she returned home, 
 her deep affliction, and her bitter reproaches 
 against a husband whom she considered as the 
 accomplice of his own shame, excited Maximus 
 to a just revenge. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35. 
 
 2277, GAME, Preservation of. Inhuman. The 
 African lions, when pressed by hunger, infest- 
 ed the open villages and cultivated country ; 
 and they infested them with impunity. The 
 royal beast was reserved for the pleasure of the 
 emperor and the capital ; and the unfortunate 
 peasant who killed one of them, though in his 
 own defence, incurred a very heavy penalty. 
 This extraordinary gam£-law was mitigated by 
 Honorius, and finally repealed by Justinian. 
 — Milman's Note, Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4. 
 
 227§. GAMES, Beneficial. Ancient. In a po- 
 litical view, these public games were, during the 
 fii-st ages of their institution, of the most im- 
 portant consequence. Independently of their 
 effect in promoting in the youth a hardy and 
 vigorous conformation of body, and that activ- 
 ity and address in martial exercises and in single 
 combat, which, according to the ancient system 
 of war, were of the utmost importance, a most 
 beneficial consequence of those public games 
 was the frequent assembling together of the in- 
 habitants of all the States of Greece, and thus 
 promoting a national union ; to which the differ- 
 ence of their governments, and their separate in- 
 terests, were otherwise opposing a constant re- 
 sistance. Assembled on these public occasions 
 from motives of pleasure and amusement, to 
 which was joined the notion of performing a 
 duty of religion and indulging in eveiy species 
 of festivity, they could not avoid considering 
 each other as brethren and fellow-citizens. 
 Whatever were the political interferences of the 
 several States, or their national animosities, every 
 grudge of this kind was at least for the time ob- 
 literated. Thucydides informs us that all hostile 
 operations between States actually at war were 
 suspended during the performance of those sol- 
 emnities. Another consequence of those meet- 
 ings was the dissemination of knowledge, arts, 
 science, and literature ; for it must be observed, 
 that although the chief contests in the sacred 
 games were those in the martial and athletic ex- 
 ercises, there were likewise trials of skill in 
 poetry, history, and music ; and it is chiefly to 
 these latter exercises of genius that we must at- 
 tribute the eminence of the Greeks in those 
 sciences above all the nations of antiquity. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 7, p. 66. 
 
 2279. GAMES, Employment in. Military. In 
 a long-continued war at a distance, as that of 
 Troy, the winter season was spent in the camp, 
 and there was a complete cessation of hostilities. 
 Dictys of Crete informs us that the Greeks 
 during the winter exercised themselves in a va- 
 
«70 
 
 GAMES— GENEROSITY. 
 
 riety of games, which tended to relieve the anx- 
 iety of the ti'oops, and keep up the martial 
 spirit. The game of chess is said to have been 
 invented by Palamedes during this tedious siege. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 8. 
 
 2280. GAMES, Passion for. Oreehs. This pas- 
 sion of the Greeks for shows and games, ex- 
 tremely laudable, and even beneficial, when con- 
 fined within due bounds, was carried, at length, 
 to a most blamable and pernicious excess. The 
 victor, in the Olympic games, who had gained 
 the first prize at running, wrestling, or driving a 
 chariot, was crowned with higher honors than 
 the general who had gained a decisive battle. 
 His praises were sung by the poets ; he had 
 statues, and even temples, dedicated to his name. 
 Cicero remarks that among the Greeks it was 
 accounted more glorious to carry oflf the palm at 
 the Olympic games than among the Romans to 
 have obtained the honors of a triumph. Of 
 these nations it was easy to foretell which was 
 doomed to be the master, and which the slave. 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 8, p. 238. 
 
 2281. GAMES, Use of. SamuelJohnson. John- 
 son, I believe, did not play at draughts after 
 leaving college, by which he suffered ; for it 
 would have afforded him an innocent, soothing 
 relief from the melancholy which distressed him 
 so often. I have heard him regret that he had 
 not learned to play at cards ; and the game of 
 draughts we know is peculiarly calculated to fix 
 the attention without straining it. There is a 
 composure and gravity in draughts which in- 
 sensibly tranquillizes the mind ; and, according- 
 ly, the Dutch are fond of it, as they are of 
 smoking, of the sedative influence of which, 
 though he himself never smoked, he had a high 
 opinion. Besides, there is in draughts some ex- 
 ercise of the faculties ; and, accordingly, John- 
 son wishing to dignify the subject in his Dedica- 
 tion with what is most estimable in it, observes : 
 ' ' Triflers may find or make anything a trifle ; 
 but since it is the great characteristic of a wise 
 man to see events in their causes, to obviate con- 
 sequences, and ascertain contingencies, your 
 Lordship will think nothing a trifle by which the 
 mind is inured to caution, foresight, and circum- 
 spection." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 85. 
 
 22§2. GAMING condemned. Napoleon I. For 
 gaming in all its branches he manifested . . . 
 through the whole of his life the strongest dis- 
 approval. He ever refused to repose confidence 
 in any one who was addicted to that vice. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 22§3. Generalization, Vicious. Sophists. As 
 all the strength and skill of the Sophists lay 
 in the application of general arguments to the 
 questions which they canvassed, nothing more 
 was necessary for their confutation than to bring 
 them to particulars — to set out by some simple 
 and self-evident proposition, which being grant- 
 ed, another followed equally undeniable, till the 
 disputant was conducted, step by step, by his 
 own confessions, to that side of the question on 
 which lay the truth. No method could be de- 
 vised more effectual than this for the detection 
 of sophistry ; and the Athenian logicians very 
 soon found that their general aposatus of argu- 
 ment would not avail them against so subtile an 
 antagonist. They lost all credit and reputation 
 
 as philosophers. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 
 9, p. 267. 
 
 22§4. GENEBALS, Too many. Macedonians. 
 When Micion marched a considerable corps of 
 Macedonians and mercenaries to Rhamnus, and 
 ravaged the sea-coast and the adjacent country, 
 Phocion advanced against him with a body of 
 Athenians. On this occasion a number of them 
 were very impertinent in pretending to dictate or 
 advise him how to proceed. One counselled him 
 to secure such an eminence, another to send his 
 cavalry to such a post, and a third pointed out 
 a place for a camp. " Heavens !" said Phocion, 
 "how many generals we have, and how few 
 soldiers !" — Plutarch's Phocion. 
 
 22S&. GENERALSHIP, Successful. Pompey. 
 Rome had put out her real strength, and at 
 once, as before, all opposition went down before 
 her. Asia was completely conquered up to the 
 line of the Euphrates. ... A triumphal inscrip- 
 tion in Rome declared that Pompey, the people's 
 general, had in three years captured 1500 cities, 
 and had slain, taken, or reduced to submission, 
 12,000,000 human beings. He justified what 
 Cicero had foretold of his moral uprightness. 
 In the midst of opportunities such as had fallen 
 to no commander since Alexander, he outraged 
 no woman's honor, and he kept his hands clean 
 from " the accursed thing." When he returned 
 to Rome, he returned, as he went, personally 
 poor, but he filled the treasury to overflowing. — 
 Froudr's C^sar, ch. 10. 
 
 22§«. GENEROSITY, Artful. Boman Emper- 
 or Tacitus. When Tacitus was elected by the 
 Senate, he resigned his ample patrimony to the 
 public service, an act of generosity specious in 
 appearance, but which evidently disclosed his 
 intention of transmitting the empire to his de- 
 scendants. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12. 
 
 22§7. GENEROSITY, Easy. Pope Alexander 
 VI. Several causes impeded the career of Eng- 
 lish discovery during the greater part of the six- 
 teenth century. The next year after the new 
 world was found the pope, Alexander VI., drew 
 an imaginary line north and south, three hun- 
 dred miles west of the Azores, and issued a 
 papal bull, giving all islands and countries west 
 of that line to Spain. Henry VII. of England 
 was himself a Catholic, and he did not care to 
 begin a conflict with his Church by pressing his 
 own claims to the newly found regions of the 
 West. His son and successor, Henry VIII. , at 
 first adopted the same policy, and it was not 
 till after the Reformation had been accomplished 
 in England that the decision of the pope came 
 to be disregarded, and finally despised and 
 laughed at. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 6, p. 78. 
 
 22§§. GENEROSITY, Example of. Bev. John 
 Harvard. After struggling with disease for about 
 a year, he died of consumption. When his will 
 was opened, it was found tliat he had left his 
 whole library of two hundred and sixty volumes 
 and one half of his estate to the proposed col- 
 lege — his estate being worth nearly £1600 ster- 
 ling. Provided thus with a fund of nearly £1200, 
 the trustees went forward, erected a building, es- 
 tablished the college, and conferred upon it the 
 name of its first benefactor. The example of 
 John Harvard was more beneficial even than the 
 money which he bequeathed, for it inspired a 
 
GEiNEKOSITY— GENIUS. 
 
 271 
 
 large number of other persons with generous 
 feelings toward the infant institution. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG. , p. 583. 
 
 22S9. GENEROSITY, Indiscreet. Mohamme- 
 dan. A dispute had arisen, who, among the citi- 
 zens of Mecca, was entitled to the prize of generos- 
 ity ; and a successive application was made to the 
 three who were deemed most worthy of the trial. 
 Abdallah, the son of Abbas, had undertaken a 
 distant journey, and his foot was in the stirrup 
 when he heard the voice of a suppliant, " O son 
 of the uncle of the apostle of God, I am a trav- 
 eller, and in distress !" He instantly dismounted 
 to present the pilgrim with his camel, her rich 
 caparison, and a purse of 4000 pieces of gold, ex- 
 cepting only the sword, either for its intrinsic 
 value, or as the gift of an honored kinsman. The 
 servant of Kais informed the second suppliant 
 that his master was asleep ; but he immediately 
 added, " Here is a purse of 7000 pieces of gold 
 (it is all we have in the house), and here is an 
 order that will entitle you to a camel and a slave;" 
 the master, as soon as he awoke, praised and en- 
 franchised his faithful steward, with a gentle re- 
 proof, that by respecting his slumbers he had 
 stinted his bounty. The third of these heroes, 
 the blind Arabah, at the hour of prayer, was 
 supporting his steps on the shoulders of two 
 slaves. "Alas!" he replied, "my coffers are 
 empty ! but these you may sell ; if you refuse, 
 I renounce them." At these words, pushing away 
 the youths, he groped along the wall with his 
 staff. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 2290. GENEROSITY, Noble. Benjamin Frank- 
 lin. When, at the age of seventeen, he landed 
 at Philadelphia, a runaway apprentice, he had 
 one silver dollar and one shilling in copper 
 coin. It was a fine Sunday morning, as prob- 
 ably the reader remembers, and he knew not a 
 soul in the place. He asked the boatmen upon 
 whose boat he had come down the Delaware how 
 much he had to pay. They answered. Nothing, 
 because he had helped them row. Franklin, 
 however, insisted upon their taking his shilling's 
 worth of coppers, and forced the money upon 
 them. An hour after, having bought three rolls 
 for his breakfast, he ate one, and gave the other 
 two to a poor woman and her child, who had 
 been his fellow-passengers. These were small 
 things, you may say ; but remember, he was a 
 poor, ragged, dirty runaway, in a strange town. 
 — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 129. 
 
 2291. .Peter Cooper. [Erection of 
 
 Cooper Institute.] He bought the first lot about 
 thirty years before he began to build, and from 
 that time continued to buy pieces of the ground 
 as he could spare the money. In 1854 the 
 whole block was his own, and he began to 
 erect thereon a massive structure of stone, brick, 
 and iron, six stories in height, and fire-proof in 
 every part. It cost $700,000, which was all the 
 fortune the founder possessed, except that in- 
 vested in his business. In 1859 he delivered the 
 property, with the joyful and proud consent of 
 'is wife and children, into the hands of trustees, 
 id thus placed it forever beyond his control. 
 ?wo thousand pupils immediately applied for 
 j admission, a number which 5ias greatly increased 
 pvery year, until now most of the departments 
 re filled during the winter season with attentive 
 tudents. From the beginning, as many as three 
 
 thousand persons used the reading room every 
 week. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 579. 
 
 2292. GENEROSITY, Patriotic. Worth Caro- 
 lina to Boston. A. D. 1774. At Wilmington . . . 
 the sum of £2000 currency was raised in a few 
 days ; the women of the place gave liberally ;. 
 Parker Quince offered his vessel to carry a load 
 of provisions, freight free, and master and mar- 
 iners volunteered to navigate her without wages. 
 — Banckoft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 5. 
 
 2293. . South Carolina to Boston. 
 
 A.D. 1774. [Boston port was closed by the Port 
 Act, and the people began to suffer.] The colo- 
 nies vied with each other in liberality. The rec- 
 ord kept at Boston shows that ' ' the patriotic 
 and generous people" of South Carolina were the 
 first to minister to the sufferers, sending early in 
 June two hundred barrels of rice, and promising 
 eight hundred more. — Banckoft's U. S., vol. 7, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 2294. GENEROSITY, Sincerity in. Cromwell. 
 He was moved to tears when he heard of the 
 sufferings of the people of the valleys. He sent 
 immediately the sum of £2000 from his own 
 purse to aid the exiles. He appointed a day of 
 humiliation to be held throughout the kingdom, 
 and a general collection on their behalf. The 
 people heartily responded to his call, and testified 
 their sympathy with their distressed brethren 
 by raising the sum of £40,000 for distribu- 
 tion among them. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, 
 p. 213. 
 
 2295. GENIUS, Advance of. Isaac NewUm. This 
 great man, whose genius far outshone all who 
 have gone before him in the path of philosophy, 
 and who has, perhaps, exhausted the most impor- 
 tant discoveries of the law of nature, so as not to 
 leave to posterity the possibility of eclipsing his 
 fame, had, it is certain, made the greatest of his 
 discoveries before he had attained the age of twen- 
 ty-four. Before that early period of life he had 
 discovered the theory of universal gravitation. 
 Dr. Pemberton, who has given an excellent view 
 of his philosophy, informs us that Newton, as 
 he sat one day alone in a garden, fell into a rev- 
 ery or speculation on the power of gravity. It 
 occurred to him that as this power is not found 
 sensibly to diminish at the remotest distance to 
 which we can ascend from the centre of the 
 earth — for instance, at the top of the highest 
 mountains — it was not unreasonable to suppose 
 that it might extend much farther than was usu- 
 ally thought. Why not (said he to himself) as 
 high as the moon ? and if so, her motion must 
 be influenced by it. Perhaps it is that which re- 
 tains her in her orbit ! However, though the 
 power of gravity is not sensibly weakened in the 
 little change of distance at which we can place 
 ourselves from the centre of the earth, yet it is 
 very possible that so high as the moon this pow- 
 er may differ much in strength from what it is 
 here. To make an estimate what might be the 
 degree of the diminution, he considered with 
 himself that if the moon be retained in her orbit 
 by the force of gravity, no doubt the primary 
 planets are carried round the sun by the like 
 power ; and by comparing the periods of the 
 several planets with their distances from the sun^ 
 he found that if any power like gravity held 
 them in their courses, its strength must decrease 
 in the duplicate proportion of the increase of 
 
272 
 
 GENIUS. 
 
 distance. Supposing, therefore, the power of 
 gravity, when extended to the moon, to decrease 
 in the same proportion, he computed whether 
 that force would be sufficient to keep the moon 
 in her orbit, and he found it would be sufficient. 
 Newton had now the satisfaction to perceive 
 that this inquiry, which an accidental thought 
 had given rise to, led to the discovery of a uni- 
 versal law of nature, which solved the most strik- 
 ing of her phenomena. It is thus that genius 
 proceeds, step by step, from the simplest prin- 
 ciples to the most sublime conclusions. — Tyt- 
 leb's Hist., Book 6, ch. 36, p. 490. 
 
 2296. GENIUS, Age of. Athenians. Athens, 
 after her Persian triumphs, adopted the philoso- 
 phy of Ionia and the rhetoric of Sicily ; and these 
 studies became the patrimony of a city whose 
 inhabitants, about thirty thousand males, con- 
 densed, within the period of a single life, the 
 genius of ages and millions. Our sense of the 
 dignity of human nature is exalted by the sim- 
 ple recollection that Isocrates was the compan- 
 ion of Plato and Xenophon ; that he assisted, 
 perhaps, with the historian Thucydides, at the 
 first representations of the CEdipus of Sophocles 
 and the Iphigenia of Euripedes ; and that his 
 pupils ^schines and Demosthenes contended 
 for the crown of patriotism in the presence of 
 Aristotle, the master of Theophrastus, who 
 taught at Athens with the founders of the Stoic 
 and Epicurean sects. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40. 
 
 229r. GENIUS, Ages of. Age of Leo X. There 
 are periods in which the human genius seems to 
 turn strongly to one particular direction. In one 
 period the reasoning faculty seems chiefly to de- 
 light in contemplating its own powers, the na- 
 ture and operations of the mind ; in another, per- 
 haps the imagination reigns predominant, and 
 the general taste is attracted to works of fancy in 
 poetry or romance. In another era the mechanic 
 or the useful arts engross the general attention, 
 and are cultivated with high success ; in a fourth, 
 as in the period of which we now treat, the pop- 
 ular taste delighted in the contemplation of 
 the beautiful. — Tytler'b Hist., Book 6, ch. 23, 
 p. 317. 
 
 229§. GENIUS by Ancestry. John Milton. A 
 host of eminent men have traced the first impulse 
 of their genius to their mother. Milton always 
 acknowledged with just gratitude that it was to 
 his father's discerning taste and fostering care 
 that he owed the encouragement of his studies, 
 and the leisure which rendered them possible. 
 He has registered this gratitude in both prose 
 and verse. — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 7. 
 
 2299. GENIUS, Ascendency of. William Pitt. 
 [See No. 2835.] " I am sure," said he to the Duke 
 of Devonshire, ' ' I can save this country, and no- 
 body else can." For eleven weeks England was 
 without a ministry. [On his dismissal in April 
 no man had dared to -accept his place.] So long 
 was the agony, so desperate the resistance, so 
 reluctant the surrender. At last the king [George 
 III.] and the aristocracy were alike compelled 
 to recognize the ascendency and yield to the 
 guidance of the man whom the nation trusted 
 and loved.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 12. 
 
 2300. GENIUS, Belated. William Cowper. 
 [Mrs. Unwin, his best friend, took care of him 
 while insane.] Mrs. Unwin, who had terrible 
 reason for studying his case, saw that the thing 
 
 most wanted was congenial employment for the 
 mind, and she incited him to try his hand at 
 poetry on a larger scale. He listened to her ad- 
 vice, and when he was nearly fifty years of age 
 became a poet. He had acquired the faculty 
 of verse-writing, as we have seen ; he had even 
 to some extent formed his manner when he was 
 young. Age must by this time have quenched 
 his fire and tamed his imagination, so that the 
 didactic style would suit him best. In the length 
 of the interval between his early poems and his 
 great work he resembles Milton ; but widely 
 different in the two cases had been the current of 
 the intervening years. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 4. 
 
 2301. GENIUS in Childhood. Oliver GolcL- 
 mnith. Before he was eight years old Goldsmith 
 had contracted a habit of scribbling verses on 
 small scraps of paper, which, in a little while, 
 he would throw into the fire. A few of these 
 sibylline leaves, however, were rescued from the 
 flames and conveyed to his mother. The good 
 woman read them with a mother's delight, and 
 saw at once that her son was a genius and a 
 poet. From that time she beset her husband with 
 solicitations to give the boy an education suit- 
 able to his talents. — Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 1, 
 p. 16. 
 
 2302. GENIUS, Constructive. Ccemr. [Hav- 
 ing driven the Germans out of Gaul, he deter- 
 mined to terrify them by an invasion of their 
 own country.] They begged Caesar to show 
 himself among them, though his stay might be 
 but short, as a proof that he had power and will 
 to protect them ; and they offered him boats and 
 barges to carry his army over. Caesar decided 
 to go, but to go with more ostentation. The ob- 
 ject was to impress the German imagination , 
 and boats and barges, which might not always 
 be obtainable, would, if they seemed essential, 
 diminish the effect. The legions were skilled 
 workmen, able to turn their hand lo anything. 
 He determined to make a bridge, and he chose 
 Bon for the site of it. The river was broad, 
 deep, and rapid. The materials were still stand- 
 ing in the forest ; yet in ten days from the first 
 stroke that was delivered by an axe, a bridge had 
 been made standing firmly on rows of piles with 
 a road over it forty feet wide. A strong guard 
 was left at each end. Caesar marched across 
 with the legions, and from all sides deputations 
 from the astonished people poured in to beg for 
 peace. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 16, p. 39. 
 
 2303. . Sir Isaac Newton. [In 
 
 3'outh] he constructed also a four-wheeled car 
 riage, propelled by the person sitting in it. To 
 amuse his schoolfellows, he made very ingen- 
 ious kites, to the tails of which he attached lan- 
 terns of crimpled paper, which, being lighted by 
 a candle and sent up in the evening, alarmed the 
 rustics of the parish. Observing the shadows of 
 the sun, he marked the hours and half hours by 
 driving in pegs on the side of the house, and at 
 length perfected the sun-dial which is still 
 shown. Without an instructor he learned to 
 draw so well as to adorn his room with the por- 
 traits of his schoolfellows and teachers, the 
 frames of which were very elegantly made by 
 his own hand. . . . For the young ladies of 
 his acquaintance he was never weary of making 
 little tables, chairs, cupboards, dolls, and trink- 
 ets. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 247. 
 
GENIUS. 
 
 273 
 
 2304. GENIUS, Co-operative. Isaac Newton. 
 Suppose an apple should fall from the moon — 
 then what ? It appears to have been at this point 
 that the great Conjecture occurred to his mind : 
 Perhaps the same force that draws the apples to 
 the ground holds the moon in its orbit ! Now, 
 but for the labors of the giants who had pre- 
 ceded him, this mighty thought would have re- 
 mained a conjecture. Those giants, however, 
 had learned the magnitude of the moon, its dis- 
 tance from the earth, and the force of the earth's 
 attraction at any distance. Newton could, there- 
 fore, at once put his conjecture to the test of 
 arithmetic. He could ascertain two things with 
 the greatest exactness : 1, how much force was 
 required to keep the moon in its orbit ; and 2, 
 with how much force the earth did attract the 
 moon, supposing that the law of attraction, as 
 established by Galileo, held good. If these two 
 calculations agreed, his conjecture was a discov- 
 ery. He tried them. They did not a^ree. Busy 
 with other investigations, he laid aside this in- 
 quiry for nineteen years. He then learned that 
 he, in common with all the English astronomers, 
 was in error as to the distance of the moon from 
 the earth. [His work now proved correct.] — 
 Parton's Newton, p. 83. 
 
 2305. GENIUS, Creation of. Declaration of 
 Independence. This immortal State paper, which 
 for its composer [Thomas Jefferson] was the 
 aurora of enduring fame, was " the genuine ef- 
 fusion of the soul of the country at that time," 
 the revelation of its mind, when in its youth, its 
 enthusiasm, its sublime confronting of danger, 
 it rose to the highest creative powers of which 
 man is capable. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, 
 ch. 70. 
 
 2306. GENIUS disdained. Robert Fulton. In 
 September, 1807, the famous Clermont, one hun- 
 dred and sixty tons, was completed. Monday, 
 September 10, was the day appointed for a 
 grand trial trip to Albany, and by noon a vast 
 crowd had assembled on the wharf to witness 
 the performance of what was popularly called 
 " Fulton's Folly. " Fulton himself declares that, 
 at noon on that day, not thirty persons in the 
 city had the slightest faith in the success of the 
 steamboat ; and that, as the boat was putting 
 off, he heard many " sarcastic remarks." At one 
 o'clock, however, she moved from the dock, 
 vomiting smoke and sparks from her pine-wood 
 flres, and casting up clouds of spray from her un- 
 covered paddle-wheels. As her speed increased, 
 the jeers of the incredulous were silenced, and 
 soon the departing voyagers caught the sound 
 of cheers. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 157. 
 
 2307. . John Fitch. It usually 
 
 requires several generations to perfect a great in- 
 vention. The steamboat was still very imper- 
 fect ; it frequently got out of order and made no 
 money. Poor John Fitch formed another com- 
 pany, and began another steamboat ; but the 
 faith and the money of his coadjutors gave out 
 before it was finished. He petitioned Congress 
 for help. He sought the aid of State legisla- 
 tures. He even went to France. All was in 
 vain. No one believed the steamboat would 
 ever pay, and few could see in this poor scare- 
 crow, this pallid, gaunt, and ragged Yankee, 
 one of the ablest natural mechanics that ever 
 lived. He used to slink, in his dirt and rags. 
 
 about Philadelphia, an object of compassion to 
 some, and to others an object of derision and 
 contempt. But start the darling topic of the 
 steamboat, and the whole man was changed. 
 Fire sparkled in his eye, eloquence flowed from 
 his tongue. Rising to his full stature, and lift- 
 ing his long, lean arm, he would exclaim : " You 
 and I will not live to see the day, but the time 
 will come when steamboats will be preferred to 
 all other modes of conveyance ; when steamboats 
 will ascend the western rivers from New Orleans 
 to Wheeling ; when steamboats will cross the 
 ocean ! Johnny Fitch will be forgotten, but 
 other men will carry out his ideas, and grow 
 rich and great upon them." Those who listened 
 to such harangues as these would exchange 
 glances, as if to say, "He is a good fellow 
 enough ; what a pity he is mad !" — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BioG., p. 151. 
 
 230§). GENIUS disparaged. George Washing- 
 ton. The march thither [to winter quarters at 
 Valley Forge] occupied four days. Thousands 
 of the soldiers were without shoes, and the fro- 
 zen ground was marked with bloody footprints. 
 . . . Log cabins were built for the soldiers ; . . . 
 it was a long and dreary winter ; moaning and 
 anguish were heard in the camp, and the echo 
 fell heavily upon the soul of the commander. 
 These were the darkest days of Washington's 
 life. Congress in a measure abandoned him ; the 
 people withheld their sympathies. The brilliant 
 success of the army of the North was unjustly 
 compared with the reverses of the army of the 
 South. Many men high in military and civil 
 station left the great leader unsupported in the 
 hour of his grief ; even Samuel Adams, impa- 
 tient under calamity, withdrew his confidence. 
 There was a miserable conspiracy headed by 
 generals Gates, Conway and Mifflin. Washing- 
 ton was to be superseded, and Gates or Lee 
 [who proved either a crank or a traitor (see No. 
 1645)] was to be made commander-in-chief. But 
 the alienation was only for a moment ; the al 
 legiance of the army remained unshaken, and 
 the nation's confidence in the troubled chieftain 
 became stronger than ever. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 40, p. 327. 
 
 2309. GENIUS, Eccentricity of. Samuel John- 
 son. Mr. Hogarth came one day to see Rich- 
 ardson, soon after the execution of Dr. Cam- 
 eron, for having taken arms for the house of Stu- 
 art in 1745-46 ; and being a warm partisan of 
 George II., he observed to Richardson that cer- 
 tainly there must have been some very un- 
 favorable circumstances lately discovered in this 
 particular case, which had induced the king to 
 approve of an execution for rebellion so long af- 
 ter the time when it was committed, as this had 
 the appearance of putting a man to death in cold 
 blood, and was very unlike his Majesty's usual 
 clemency. While he was talking, he perceived 
 a person standing at a window in the room, 
 shaking his head, and rolling himself about in a 
 strange, ridiculous manner. He concluded that 
 he was an idiot, whom his relations had put un- 
 der the care of Mr. Richardson, as a very good 
 man. To his great surprise, however, this fig- 
 ure stalked forward to where he and Mr. Rich- 
 ardson were sitting, and all at once took up the 
 argument, and burst out into an invective against 
 George II. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 85. 
 
274 
 
 GENIUS. 
 
 2310. . SamuelJohnson. One in- 
 stance of his absence and particularity, as it is 
 characteristic of tlie man, may be worth relating. 
 When he and I took a iourney together into the 
 West, we visited the late Mr. Banks, of Dorset- 
 shire ; the conversation turning upon pictures, 
 which Johnson could not well see, he retired to 
 a comer of the room,, stretching out his right 
 leg as far as he could reach before him, then 
 bringing up his left leg, and stretching his right 
 still further on. The old gentleman observing 
 him, went up to him, and in a very courteous 
 manner assured him, though it was not a new 
 house, the flooring was perfectly safe. The 
 Doctor started from his revery, like a person 
 waked out of his sleep, but spoke not a word. — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 35. 
 
 2311. . Samuel Johnson. While 
 
 talking or even musing as he sat in his chair, he 
 commonly held his head to one side toward his 
 right shoulder, and shook it in a tremulous man- 
 ner, moving his body backward and forward, 
 and rubbing his left knee in the same direction, 
 with the palm of his hand. In the intervals of 
 articulating he made various sounds with his 
 mouth, sometimes as if ruminating, or what is 
 called chewing the cud, sometimes giving half a 
 whistle, sometimes making his tongue play back- 
 ward from the roof of his mouth, as if clucking 
 like a hen, and sometimes protruding it against 
 his upper gums in front, as if pronouncing 
 quickly under his breath, too, too, too — all this 
 accompanied sometimes with a thoughtful look, 
 but more frequently with a smile. Generally 
 when he had concluded a period, in the course 
 of a dispute, by which time he was a good deal 
 exhausted by violence and vociferation, he used 
 to blow out his breath like a whale. This I 
 suppose was a relief to his lungs, and seemed 
 in him to be a contemptuous mode of expression, 
 as if he had made the arguments of his oppo- 
 nent fly like chaff before the wind. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 135. 
 
 2312. . Samuel Johnson. He re- 
 ceived me very courteously ; but it must be 
 confessed that his apartment and furniture and 
 morning dress were sufliciently uncouth. His 
 brown suit of clothes looked very rusty ; he had 
 on a little old shrivelled unpowdered vidg, which 
 was too small for his head ; his shirt-neck and 
 knees of his breeches were loose ; his black wors- 
 ted stockings ill drawn up ; and he had a pair 
 of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But 
 all these slovenly particularities were forgotten 
 the moment that he began to talk. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 109. 
 
 2313. GENIUS, Enterprise of. Cromwell. Eng- 
 land had never been more than a third-rate pow- 
 er in Europe ; and the other nations were in the 
 height and heat of their grandeur and fame. 
 Spain, with a population of about thirty millions 
 — it had declined recently ; in the time of Charles 
 V. its population had been about thirty-six 
 millions ; and the population of England at this 
 time could not have been six millions — [Spain] 
 was the kingdom of the Inquisition, the chief 
 land of the Romish power ; with her continents 
 of golden isles in the west, her possessions of 
 ^old in her own country — haughty, defiant, and 
 strong. Spain Cromwell determined to crush. 
 Erance was powerful. Only recently had she 
 
 known the monarchy of Henry of Navarre and 
 the statesmanship of Richelieu. Her destinies 
 were now guided by the wiliest man and most 
 fox-like statesman in Europe, Cardinal Mazarin. 
 Him Cromwell treated as a valet or a footman, 
 and his power lay humbled and stricken before 
 the genius of the bluff farmer statesman. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 210. 
 
 2314. GENIUS, Failures of. Youthful Poets. 
 Shelley now began to yearn for fame and pub- 
 licity. Miss Shelley speaks of a play written by 
 her brother and her sister Elizabeth which was 
 sent to Matthews the comedian, and courte- 
 ously returned as unfit for acting. . . . Medwin 
 gives a long account of a poem . . . composed by 
 him in concert with Shelley. . . . They sent the 
 manuscript to Thomas Campbell, who returned 
 it with the observation that it contained but two 
 good lines — 
 
 " It seem'd as if an angel's sigh 
 Had breathed the plaintive symphony." 
 — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 2. 
 
 2315. GENIUS, Hereditary. James Watt. It 
 is said to require three generations to make a 
 gentleman. We sometimes find it has taken 
 three generations to make a genius. The grand- 
 father of James Watt was a teacher of naviga^ 
 tion, well skilled in mathematics, and a very in- 
 genious and worthy man. The father of the 
 great inventor was a shipwright, noted for his 
 skill and enterprise. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 141. 
 
 2316. GENIUS, Imitation of. Columbus. A 
 shallow courtier present, impatient of the hon- 
 ors paid to Columbus, and meanly jealous of 
 him as a foreigner, abruptly asked him whether 
 he thought that, in case he had not discovered 
 the Indies, there w^re not other men in Spain 
 who would have been capable of the enterprise ? 
 To this Columbus made no immediate reply, 
 but, taking an egg, invited the company to make 
 it stand on one end. Every one attempted it, 
 but in vain ; whereupon he struck it upon the 
 table so as to break the end, and left it standing 
 on the broken part ; illustrating in this simple 
 manner that when he had once shown the way 
 to the New World nothing was easier than to 
 follow it. — Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 7. 
 
 2317. GENIUS impoverished. Homer. Ho- 
 mer, of whose birth both the place and the era 
 are very uncertain, is, according to the most 
 probable opinion, believed to have been a native 
 of Ionia, and to have flourished . . . nine hundred 
 and seventy years before the birth of Christ. 
 This illustrious man, the father of poetry, was 
 probably a wandering minstrel, who earned his 
 subsistence by- strolling from one city to another, 
 and freqiienting public festivals and the tables 
 of the great, where his music and verses pro- 
 cured him a M'elcome reception. ... It has been 
 justly remarked that from the poems of Homer, 
 as from the fountain of knowledge, the princi- 
 pal authors among the ancients have derived 
 useful information in almost every department — 
 moral, political, and scientific — Tytler'sHist., 
 Book 2, ch. 8, p. 238. 
 
 231!^. GENIUS, Late evidence of. Sir Walter 
 Scott. Scott's genius flowered late. " Cadyow 
 Castle," the first of his poems, I think, that has 
 indisputable genius plainly stamped on its terse 
 and fiery lines, was composed in 1802, when he 
 
GENIUS. 
 
 375 
 
 was already thirty-one years of age. It was in 
 the same year that he wrote the first canto of 
 Ms first great romance in verse, " The Lay of the 
 Last Minstrel," a poem which did not appear till 
 1805, when he was thirty-four. — Hutton's Life 
 OF Scott, ch. 5. 
 
 2319. GENIUS, Manifold. Nwpoleon I. " Sin- 
 gular destiny," exclaims Thiers, after perus- 
 ing volumes of manuscripts from his pen, "of 
 that prodigious man, to be the greatest wnter of 
 his time, while he was its greatest captain, its 
 greatest legislator, its greatest administrator." — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 38. 
 
 2320. GENIUS, Merit of. Cromwell. The 
 wisest, who have been disposed to form an opin- 
 ion adverse to the great English Protector, have 
 confessed themselves compelled to pause before 
 pronouncing ; others again have ransacked the 
 archives of State paper offices, the heaps of dingy 
 family letters and scrolls, every shred of paper 
 bearing Oliver's name that could be brought to 
 light has been produced ; and the result is, that 
 no name, perhaps, in all history stands forth so 
 transparent and clear, so consistent throughout. 
 It is the most royal name in English history, 
 rivalling in its splendor that of Elizabeth, the 
 Edwards, and the Henrys ; outshining the proud- 
 est names of the Norman, the Plantagenet, or 
 the Tudor. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 20. 
 
 2321. GENIUS misdirected. Audubon the Or- 
 nitJwlogist. He engaged ... in various branch- 
 es of commerce, none of which succeeded with 
 him, his mind being preoccupied by his fa- 
 vorite study. His friends called him "fool" 
 — all excepting his wife and children. At last, 
 irritated by the remarks of relatives and others, 
 he broke entirely away from the pursuits of 
 trade, and gave himself up wholly to natural 
 history. He ransacked the woods, the lakes, 
 the prairies, and the shores of the Atlantic, spend- 
 ing years away from his home and family. — 
 Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 175. 
 
 2322. GENIUS misjudged. Thomas Gray. 
 [Author of the " Elegy."] I dined with Johnson 
 at Mr. Thrale's. He attacked Gray, calling him 
 " a dull fellow." Bos well : "I understand he 
 was reserved, and might appear dull in company ; 
 but sxirely he was not dull in poetry." Johnson : 
 " Sir, he was dull in company, dull in his closet, 
 dull everywhere. He was dull in a new way, 
 and that made many people think him great. 
 He was a mechanical poet." He then repeated 
 some ludicrous lines, which have escaped my 
 memory, and said, " Is not that great, like his 
 Odes ?" — Bos well's Johnson, p. 241. 
 
 2323. GENIUS, Mortality of. Early Death. 
 Such refiections are forced upon us by the lives 
 of three great English poets of this century. 
 Byron died when he was thirty -six, Keats when 
 he was twenty -five, and Shelley when he was on 
 the point of completing his thirtieth year. Of 
 the three Keats enjoyed the briefest space for 
 the development of his extraordinary powers. 
 His achievement, perfect as it is in some poetic 
 qualities, remains so immature and incomplete 
 that no conjecture can be hazarded about his 
 future. Byron lived longer, yet he was exfin- 
 
 fuished when his genius was still ascendant. . . . 
 helley's early death is more to be regretted. 
 Unlike Keats and Byron, he died by a mere ac- 
 
 cident. His faculties were far more complex, 
 and his aims were more ambitious than theirs. 
 He therefore needed length of years for their co- 
 ordination ; and if a fuller life had been allotted 
 him, we have the certainty that from the dis- 
 cords of his youth he would have wrought a 
 clear and lucid harmony. — Symonds' Shelley, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 2324. GENIUS originating. Blaise Pascal. [In- 
 ventor of the arithmetical calculating machine 
 and of the omnibus system, adopted by cities.] 
 A kind of club of geometers met at the Pascal 
 home every week, and there was continued con- 
 versation upon problems of geometry at the 
 table in the evening. To thwart the awakened 
 curiosity of his son, the father abstained from 
 such conversation, locked up all the mathemati- 
 cal books, and endeavored in every way to keep 
 the boy from so much as knowing what geom- 
 etry was. These precautions were unavailing 
 The inkling of knowledge, which the lad could 
 not but gather in such a house, so inflamed his 
 desire for more, that he employed his leisure in 
 contriving a system of geometry for himself, 
 aided only by a piece of charcoal and some 
 boards. His father, coming into his room one 
 d^j, found him so deeply absorbed in this pur- 
 suit that the boy heard nothing of his approach, 
 but continued poring over his triangles and 
 circles until he was startled into consciousness 
 by hearing his father ask, "What are you 
 doing, my son ?" Father and son were equally 
 moved — the son to be detected in devouring 
 forbidden fruit, the father to discover that this 
 youth of thirteen had effected a demonstration 
 of the thirty-second proposition of the first 
 book of Euclid. Without even knowing the 
 names of the figures, he had advanced so far. 
 He called a circle a " round," and a line a " bar," 
 but he understood the rudimental principles of 
 science. — CyclopediaofBiog., p. 99. 
 
 2325. GENIUS overlooked. John Milton. The 
 neglect of the merit of Milton during his own 
 life is suificiently known. Hume, in his " History 
 of England," . . . marks the small regard that 
 was had for this great poet, even by the party 
 to whose service he had devoted his talents. 
 Whitelock, in his Memorials, talks of one Milton, 
 a blind man, wlu) was employed in translating a 
 treaty with Sweden into Latin ! — Tytleb's Hist,, 
 Book 6, ch. 36. 
 
 2326. GENIUS, Perils of. Jonathan Swift 
 {Bean). In his latter years [Swift] looked some 
 time on his first great work, and then, shutting 
 the book, exclaimed, " Good God ! what a genius 
 I had when I wrote that !" A ,s;enius indeed ; 
 but how fatal a possession ! What miseries of 
 disappointed ambition, and then what horrors 
 of crushed misanthropy it brought with it 1 — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 28. 
 
 2327. GENIUS, Power of. Oliver Cromwell. 
 Cromwell was one of those rare men whom even 
 his enemies cannot name without acknowledg- 
 ing his genius. The farmer of Huntingdon, ac- 
 customed only to rural occupations, unnoticed 
 until he was more than forty years old, engaged 
 in no higher plots than how to improve the re- 
 turns of his farm and fill his orchard with choice 
 fruit, of a sudden became the best oflScer in the 
 British army and the greatest statesman of hia 
 
276 
 
 GENIUS. 
 
 time ; subverted the English constitution, which 
 had been the work of centuries ; held in his own 
 grasp the liberties which the English people had 
 fixed in their affections, and cast the kingdoms 
 into a new mould. Religious peace, such as 
 England till now had never seen, flourished 
 under his calm mediation ; justice found its 
 way even among the remotest Highlands of 
 Scotland ; commerce filled the English marts 
 with prosperous activity under his powerful pro- 
 tection ; his fleets rode triumphant in the West 
 Indies; Nova Scotia submitted to his orders 
 without a struggle ; the Dutch begged of him 
 for peace as for a boon ; Louis XIV. was humil- 
 iated ; the pride of Spain was humbled ; the 
 Protestants of Piedmont breathed their prayers 
 in security ; the glory of the English name was 
 spread throughout the world. — Bancroft's 
 U.S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 232§. GENIUS, Practical. PeUrtJie Great He 
 resolved to go himself to Holland, England, and 
 Italy, to acquire a better knowledge of the me- 
 chanic arts. He was twenty-five years of age — 
 tall, strongly built, of fresh complexion, and of 
 very easy, familiar manners, though in his mien 
 and bearing " every inch a king." Le Fort, his 
 old tutor, and now his Lord High Admiral, 
 accompanied him. The czar, on this occasion, 
 travelled incognito, passing as a mere member 
 of a grand embassy, which was composed of 
 three ambassadors (Le Fort was one of them), 
 four chief secretaries, twelve gentlemen, six 
 pages, one company of the imperial guards, fifty 
 in number, and several servants — the whole cor- 
 tege numbering two hundred and fifteen persons. 
 In this company the czar was nothing but an 
 attache, and was attended only by one valet, one 
 footman, and a dwarf with whom he used to 
 amuse himself. I need not dwell upon this 
 memorable journey of a year and a half ; who 
 does not know that the czar labored with his 
 own hands at Amsterdam as a ship carpenter, 
 and that he travelled over half of Europe, visiting 
 workshops, factories, hospitals, and everything 
 that could instruct a monarch of such a country 
 as Russia was in 1697 ? — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 430. 
 
 2329. GENIUS, Precocious. William Cullen 
 Bryant. William Cullen, a boy of thirteen, who, 
 young as he was, was already somewhat famous 
 in his native county as a poet. At nine he had 
 written harmonious verses, and at ten he had 
 composed a poem for a school exhibition, which 
 was thought good enough for publication, and 
 was actually published in the county paper. 
 And now this gifted boy, moved by what he 
 heard of the terrible embargo, and the more 
 terrible Jefferson and the Democratic party, 
 wrote a poem, in the heroic measure, entitled 
 "The Embargo," in which he endeavored to 
 express the feeling of New England respecting 
 tlie course of the general government. The 
 poem was published in pamphlet form, and was 
 so well received in the county that, a year after, 
 it was republished in a little thin volume. . . . The 
 lad was nearly fifteen years of age when this 
 volume of thirty-six pages saw the light. It 
 contained poems so extraordinary, that it was 
 thought necessary in the preface to print a kind 
 of certificate, declaring that the author was really 
 only a bey ! — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 730. 
 
 2330. GENIUS, Prodigious, Napoleon I. Na- 
 poleon, having thus made his arrangements for 
 the terrific conflict of the ensuing day [the battle 
 of Jena and Auerstadt], retired to his tent, about 
 midnight, and calmly sat down to draw up a 
 plan of study and of discipline /(?r Madaiae Cam- 
 pan's female school. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 35. 
 
 2331. GENIUS, Proof of. Benjamin FranJcUn. 
 The author of the first treaty made between the 
 United States and a foreign nation [was the 
 son] ... of a manufacturer of soap and candles ; 
 . . . the walls of a candleshop were too narrow for 
 his aspiring genius. At the age of twelve he was 
 apprenticed to his brother to learn the art of 
 printing ; but the brother beat him, and he ran 
 off to New York. There he found no employ- 
 ment. In 1723 he repaired to Philadelphia . . . 
 and rose to distinction. . . . He founded the first 
 circulating library in America ; became a man 
 of science; edited Poor Bichard's Almanac; 
 originated the American Philosophical Society ; 
 discovered the identity of electricity and light- 
 ning ; made himself known to both hemispheres ; 
 espoused the cause of the patriots ; and devoted 
 the unimpaired energies of his old age to per- 
 fecting the American Union. The name of 
 Franklin is one of the brightest in the history of 
 any nation. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 41, p. 330. 
 
 2332. GENIUS, Eemarkatle. Benjamin Frank- 
 lin. The genius of Dr. Franklin shone with a 
 peculiar lustre. At the gay court of Louis XVI. 
 he stood as the representative of his country. 
 No nation ever had an ambassador of greater 
 wisdom or sagacity. His reputation for learning 
 had preceded him ; the dignity of his demeanor 
 and the simplicity of his manners added to his 
 fame. Whether as philosopher or diplomatist, 
 no man in that great city of fashion was the 
 equal of the venerable American patriot. His 
 wit and genial humor made him admired ; his 
 talents and courtesy commanded respect ; his 
 patience and perseverance gave him final suc- 
 cess. — Ridpath's Hist., ch. 41, p. 329. 
 
 2333. GENIUS, Eesources in. Ccesar. Re- 
 source in difiiculties is the distinction of great 
 generals. He had observed in Britain that the 
 coast fishermen used boats made out of frames 
 of wicker covered with skins. The river banks 
 were fringed with willows. There were hides 
 in abundance on the carcasses of the animals in 
 the camp. Swiftly in these vessels the swollen 
 waters of the Segre were crossed ; the convoys 
 were rescued. The broken bridges were repair- 
 ed. The communications of the Pompeians were 
 threatened in turn, and they tried to fall back 
 over the Ebro ; but they left their position only 
 to be intercepted, and after a few feeble strug- 
 gles laid down their arms. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 22. 
 
 2334. GENIUS, Rewards of. Dr. Morton. 
 [Practical use of ether was discovered by him.] 
 This great discovery brought upon the discover- 
 er, during the rest of his life, little but vexation 
 and bitterness. As the process could not be pat- 
 ented, he wasted many years and many thou- 
 sands of dollars in trying to induce Congress to 
 make him a grant of public money. He did not 
 succeed ; and although he received considerable 
 sums from hospitals and medical colleges in rec- 
 ognition of his right, he became at last a bank- 
 
GENIUS 
 
 rupt, and the sheriff held his estate. His circum- 
 fitances afterward improved, but he died upon 
 his farm in Massachusetts, a few years ago, 
 a comparatively poor man. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 642. 
 
 2335. GENIUS, Subjects for. Milton. Mrs. 
 Kennicot related a living saying of Dr. Johnson 
 to Miss Hannah More, who had expressed a 
 wonder that the poet who had written " Para- 
 dise Lost " should wiite such poor sonnets ; 
 " Milton, madam, was a genius that could cut 
 a Colossus from a rock, but could not carve 
 heads upon cherry-stones." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 526. 
 
 2336. GENIUS, Success by. Son of Edward 
 III. The Black Prince, with an army of 12,000 
 men, was sent into France, and carried devasta- 
 tion into the heart of the kingdom. John took 
 the field against him with 60,000 men, and ad- 
 vanced toward Poictiers with the design of sur- 
 rounding and cutting him off at once. The mil- 
 itary skill displayed by the prince in the arrange- 
 ment of his little army was admirable. He con- 
 trived to give them the appearance of numbers, 
 "while he even diminished them in reality, by 
 placing a considerable body of his troops in am- 
 buscade. The French had to march through a 
 Jane to the attack. The Black Prince with one di- 
 vision opposed them on the front, while his main 
 body, divided into two, poured down upon their 
 lengthened flank. The confusion of the enemy 
 was completed by the troops in ambuscade, and 
 this immense army was dispersed and cut to 
 pieces. King John himself, with one of his sons, 
 was taken. The moderation of the Prince of 
 Wales was equal to his heroism. He treated the 
 captive monarch with every distinction due to 
 his rank ; he refused to be seated in his presence ; 
 and when he conducted his royal prisoner to 
 London amid the acclamations of the people, 
 he rode himself on the left hand on a small black 
 palfrey, while John upon the right was mounted 
 on a horse remarkable for his beauty and rich 
 accoutrements. Thus, two monarchs were at the 
 same time prisoners in London — David of Scot- 
 land and John of France. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 12, p. 199. 
 
 2337. GENIUS, Successful. Turk. Orkhan, 
 the chief of a petty tribe of Turkish shepherds, 
 came to conquer without artillery that capital 
 of Nice, which 500,000 Latin crusaders, com- 
 manded by the first princes and the first captains 
 of Christendom, had not been able to conquer 
 after seven weeks' storming, with all the ap- 
 pliances of Europe. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 315. 
 
 2338. GENIUS, Superstition of. Samuel John- 
 son. It appeared to me some superstitious habit 
 which he had contracted early, and from which 
 he had never called upon his reason to disentan- 
 gle him. This was his anxious care to go out or in 
 at a door or passage by a certain number of 
 steps from a certain point, or at least so as that 
 either his right or his left foot (I am not certain 
 which) should constantly make the first actual 
 movement when he came close to the door or 
 passage. Thus I conjecture ; for I have, upon 
 innumerable occasions, observed him suddenly 
 :stop, and then seem to count his steps with a deep 
 earnestness ; and when he had neglected or gone 
 ivrong in this sort of magical movement, I have 
 
 2339. GENIUS, Time for. Bemval. On the re- 
 vival of letters the youthful vigor of the imagi- 
 nation, after a long repose, national emulation, 
 a new religion, new languages, and a new world, 
 called forth the genius of Europe. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, vol. 1, ch. 2, p. 72. 
 
 2340. GENIUS, Timely. Isaac Newton. In no 
 other mind have the demonstrative faculty and 
 the inductive faculty co-existed in . . . supreme 
 excellence and perfect harmony. Perhaps in an 
 age of Scotists and Thomists even his intellect 
 might have run to waste, as many intellects ran to 
 waste which were inferior only to his. Happily, 
 the spirit of the age on Avhich his lot was cast 
 gave the right direction to his mind ; and his mind 
 reacted with tenfold force on the spirit of the age. 
 In the year 1685 his fame, though splendid, was 
 only dawning ; but his genius was in the merid- 
 ian. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 383, 
 
 2341. GENIUS, Toils of. Virgil. Seven years 
 the poet is said to have expended in the composi- 
 tion of the Georgics, and they could all be print- 
 ed in about seven columns of an ordinary newspa- 
 per. Tradition reports that he was in the habit 
 of composing a few lines in the morning, and 
 spending the rest of the day in polishing them, 
 Campbell used to say that if a poet made one 
 good line a week, he did very well ; but Moore 
 thought that if a poet did his duty he could get 
 a line done every day. Virgil seems to have ac- 
 complished about four lines a week ; but then 
 they have lasted eighteen hundred years, and will 
 last eighteen hundred years more. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 139. 
 
 2342. GENIUS, unappreciated. Wa^ington. 
 A.D. 1777. [Victorious at Brandy wine, the Brit- 
 ish were advancing on Philadelphia.] John Ad- 
 ams blamed Washington without stint. . . . 
 " O Heaven, grant us one great soul ! One lead- 
 ing mind would extricate the best cause from 
 that ruin which seems to await it." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 23. 
 
 2343. GENIUS uncontrolled. Edrmind Burke. 
 No man had a better heart or more thoroughly 
 hated oppression ; but he possessed neither ex- 
 perience in affairs nor tranquil judgment nor the 
 rule over his own spirit, so that his genius, under 
 the impulse of his bewildering passions, wrought 
 much evil to his country and to Europe, even 
 while he rendered noble service to the cause of 
 commercial freedom, to Ireland and to America. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 15. 
 
 2344. GENIUS, Undiscovered. Columbus. 
 He applied himself first to the State of Genoa, 
 of Avhich he was a subject, and humbly solicited 
 the public aid for assistance to attempt some dis- 
 coveries in the western seas. He was treated as 
 a visionary by his countrymen, and with the same 
 ill success he made application to tlie courts of 
 Portugal and of England. He then betook him- 
 self to Spain, where, after fruitless solicitation 
 for several years, he at length obtained [help] 
 from Ferdinand and Isabella. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 21, p. 305. 
 
278 
 
 GENIUS— GESTICULATION. 
 
 2345. . Admiral Blake. Such was 
 
 Robert Blake, when, at fifty years of age, he was 
 called forth to an entirely new world of work, 
 and from a general on the field to tread the deck 
 as an admiral on the seas. Excellent as the ser- 
 vice was which he had rendered as a soldier, we 
 should scarcely have heard his name but that he 
 added to all that had gone before the renown of 
 a sailor whose name shines as an equal by the 
 side of Drake, Nelson, Collingwood, and Hood ; 
 and yet how strange it seems that he should rise 
 to the rank of a first-rate English seaman after 
 his fiftieth year ! strange that he should have 
 been equal to such victorious fights ! and yet 
 probably in our day he would not have passed 
 either a civil or an uncivil service examination. 
 — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 205. 
 
 2346. GENIUS, Work of. Epaminondas. The 
 ancient historians have ranked him among the 
 greatest heroes and most illustrious characters 
 of antiquity. ... As a general, there needs no 
 other criterion of his merit than to compare the 
 situation in which he found his country — en- 
 slaved, oppressed, weak, and inconsiderable — 
 with that in which he left it — the most formid- 
 able power in Greece. As a private citizen, his 
 social virtues, the generosity of his disposition, 
 a total disregard of wealth, which his high em- 
 ployments gave him an easy opportunity of ac- 
 cumulating, his eminent philosophical and lit- 
 erary genius, and, above all, a modest simplicity 
 of demeanor, which added lustre to all his nu- 
 merous accomplishments, were the distinguish- 
 ing features of his character. With him the 
 glory of his country may be said to have been 
 born and to have died ; for from the inauspi- 
 cious day of his death the Theban power van- 
 ished at once, and that Boeotian republic sunk 
 again into its original obscurity. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 167. 
 
 2347. . Lycurgus. "He appear- 
 ed," says Plato, "like a god among men." He 
 realized and actually executed what the great- 
 est philosophers have scarcely dared to im- 
 agine : to raise men above the passion of inter- 
 est, above pain, above pleasure ; to extinguish 
 in them the strongest propensities of nature, and 
 to fill their whole souls with the love of glory 
 and of their country. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 9, p. 68. 
 
 234§. GENTILITY by Restraint. Samuel 
 Johnson. An elegant manner and easiness of be- 
 havior are acquired gradually and impercepti- 
 bly. No man can say, " I'll be genteel." There 
 are ten genteel women for one genteel man, be- 
 cause they are more restrained. A man with- 
 out some degree of restraint is insufferable ; 
 but we are all less restrained than women. Were 
 a woman sitting in company to put out her 
 legs before her as most men do, we should be 
 tempted to kick them in. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 303. 
 
 2349. GENTILITY, Vicious. SamuelJohnson. 
 Boswell: . . . The gentee lest characters are of ten 
 the most immoral. Does not Lord Chesterfield 
 give precepts for uniting wickedness and the 
 graces ? A man, indeed, is not genteel when he 
 gets drunk ; but most vices may be committed 
 very genteelly : a man may debauch his friend's 
 wife genteelly ; he may cheat at cards genteelly. " 
 HiCKY : " I do not think that is genteel." Bos- 
 
 well : " Sir, it may not be like a gentleman, but 
 it may be genteel." Johnson : " You are mean- 
 ing two different things. One means exterior 
 grace ; the other, honor. It is certain that a 
 man may be very immoral with exterior grace. 
 Lovelace, in ' Clarissa,' is a very genteel and a very 
 wicked character. Tom Hervey, who died 
 t'other day, though a vicious man, was one of 
 the genteelest men that ever lived." Tom Daviea 
 instanced Charles II. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 245. 
 
 2350. GENTLENESS, Power of. Christian. 
 Mr. Marsh, of Monsul, relates of an Armenian, 
 named John, that when living at Constantinople 
 he was hired by persecuting Armenians to strike 
 a watchmaker. The latter, upon receiving the 
 blow, nobly prayed, "May God bless you." 
 This remarkable answer was effectual; "for," 
 said John, in allusion to the affair, " I could not 
 strike again, and at night I said to the money, 
 ' Instead of my eating you, you will eat me ?' " 
 
 2351. . Exhibited. Before his con- 
 version Rev. Matthias Joyce was a fearfully 
 wi(;ked man. When fifteen years old he came 
 near murdering the child of his master with 
 a pair of shears ; when nineteen he ran from 
 home to enlist on a man-of-war, and made 
 an attempt to kill himself. He became a gam- 
 bler, and attempted to murder a young man whom 
 he had led into vice ; he sank into drunkenness 
 which nearly caused his death. He was drawn 
 by the crowd to hear Mr. Wesley preach, who 
 obtained great power over his mind by one of 
 his simple and characiteristic acts of tenderness 
 toward a child. He says : " What endeared him 
 still more to me was seeing him stoop down 
 and kiss a little child that sat on the stairs of 
 the pulpit. " For thirty years he was a pure, de- 
 vout, and successful minister. — Stevens' Meth- 
 odism, vol. 2, p. 303. 
 
 2352. GESTICULATION a Specialty. Ancient 
 Actors. The ancient actors used in their perform- 
 ance a great deal of gesticulation, which was 
 requisite, from tbe immense size of their thea- 
 tres, in order to supply the defect of the voice. 
 ... A violent and strongly marked gesticula- 
 tion was therefore in some degree necessary ; 
 and this led to a very extraordinary practice in 
 the latter period of the Roman theatre — namely, 
 that there were two persons employed in the 
 representation of one character. Livy, the his- 
 torian, relates the particular incident which gave 
 rise to this practice. The poet Livius Andron- 
 icus, in acting upon the stage in one of his own 
 plays, was called by the plaudits of the audience 
 to repeat some favorite passages so frequently, 
 that his voice became inaudible through hoarse- 
 ness, and he requested that a boy might be al- 
 lowed to stand in front of the musicians and re- 
 cite the part, while he himself performed the 
 consonant gesticulation. It was remarked, says 
 the historian, that his action was much more free 
 and forcible from being relieved of the labor of 
 utterance ; and hence it became customary, adds 
 Livy, to allow this practice in monologues, or 
 soliloquies, and to require both voice and gest- 
 ure from the same actor only in the colloquial 
 parts. We have it on the authority of Lucian 
 that the same practice came to be introduced 
 upon the Greek stage. Formerly, says that au- 
 thor, the same actors both recited and gesticu- 
 
GHOST— GIFTS. 
 
 879 
 
 lated ; but as it was observed that the continual 
 motion, by affecting the breathing of the actor, 
 was an impediment to distinct recitation, it was 
 judged better to make one actor recite and 
 another gesticulate. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 8, p. 350. 
 
 2353. GHQST, An improvised. Oliver Oold- 
 smith. At another of these meetings there was 
 an earnest dispute on the question of ghosts, 
 some being firm believers in the possibility of 
 departed spirits returning to visit their friends 
 and familiar haunts. One of the disputants set 
 sail the next day for London, but the vessel put 
 back through stress of weather. His return was 
 unknown except to one of the believers in ghosts, 
 who concerted with him a trick to be played off 
 on the opposite party. In the evening, at a 
 meeting of the studeiits, the discussion was re- 
 newed ; and one of the most strenuous oppos- 
 ers of ghosts was asked whether he considered 
 himself proof against ocular demonstration ? 
 He persisted in his s(;offlng. Some solemn proc- 
 ess of conjuration was performed, and the com- 
 rade supposed to bes on his way to London made 
 his appearance. Tiie effect was fatal. The un- 
 believer fainted at tiie sight, and ultimately went 
 mad. — Irving's Gi>ldsmith, ch. 4, p. 39. 
 
 2354. GHOSl*?., Belief in. Samuel Johnson. 
 Of John Wesley', \)'i said : " He can talk well on 
 any subject." Bcswell : "Pray, sir, what has 
 he made of his story of the ghost ?" Johnson : 
 " Why, sir, he believes it ; but not on sufficient 
 authority. He did not take time enough to ex- 
 amine the girl. It was at Newcastle, where the 
 ghost was said to have appeared to a young 
 ■woman several times, mentioning something 
 about the right to an old house, advising appli- 
 cation to be made to an attorney, which was done; 
 and at the same time saying the attorney 
 would do nothing, which proved to be the fact. 
 * This,' says John,* is a proof that a ghost knows 
 our thoughts.' Now (laughing) it is not neces- 
 saay to know our thoughts to tell that an at- 
 torney will sometimes do nothing. Charles Wes- 
 ley, who is a more stationary man, does not be- 
 lieve the story. I am sorry that John did not 
 take more pains to inquire into the evidence for 
 it." Miss Seward (with an incredulous smile) : 
 " What, sir ! about a ghost ?" Johnson (with 
 solemn vehemence): "Yes, madam; this is a 
 question, which, after five thousand years, is yet 
 undecided — at, question, whether in theology oi- 
 philosophy, one of the most important that can 
 come before the human understanding." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 382. 
 
 2355. GHOSTS, Fear of. In Biam. [When 
 a death occurs], after a day or two the coffin is 
 removed, not through the door, but through an 
 opening specially made in the wall, and is escort- 
 ed thrice around the house at full speed, in order 
 that the dead, forgetting the way through which 
 he has passed, may not return to molest the liv- 
 ing. — Genekaij Grant's Travels, p. 383. 
 
 2356. GIFT, A dangerous. Samuel Johnson. 
 Tom Hervey had a great liking for Johnson, 
 and in his will had left him a legacy of £50. 
 One day he said to me, " Johnson may want this 
 money now more than afterward. I have a 
 mind to give it him directly. Will you be so 
 
 food as to carry a £50 note from me to him ?" 
 'his I positively refused to do, as he might, per- 
 
 haps, have knocked me down for insulting Mm. 
 and have afterward put the note in his pocket. 
 But I said if Hervey would write him a letter, 
 and enclose a £50 note, I should take care to 
 deliver it. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 149. 
 
 2357. GIFT, A rejected. Napoleon I. [The 
 Duke of Modena sued for peace.] When, in treaty 
 with the Duke of Modena, the Commissary of the 
 French army came to Napoleon and said", " The 
 brother of the duke is here with $800,000 in 
 gold. . . . He comes in the name of the duke 
 to beg you to accept them, and I advise you to do 
 so. The money belongs to you. Take it with- 
 out scruple." . . . " I thank you," replied Na- 
 poleon, coolly ; "I shall not, for that sum, 
 place myself in the power of the Duke of 
 Modena." The whole contribution went into the 
 army chest. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 235 §. GIFTS of Affection. Napoleon I. [Af- 
 ter his restoration to the throne he visited the 
 school he had established] at Ecouen for the 
 orphan daughters of the members of the L( gion 
 of Honor. [He was received with intense en- 
 thusiasm.] . . . One of the young ladies vent- 
 ured to slip a ring upon Napoleon's finger. 
 Encouraged by the smile of the emperor, the 
 rest, rushing upon him, seized his hands and 
 covered them with these pledges of love and 
 gratitude. " Young ladies," said the emperor, 
 ' ' they shall be as precious to me as the jewels 
 of my crown." On retiring to his carriage he 
 exclaimed, with moistened eyes, " This is the 
 height of happiness ; these are the most delight- 
 ful moments of my life 1" — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 3, ch. 36. 
 
 2359. GIFTS, Bridal. OfPladdia. The mar 
 riage of Adolphus and Placidia was consummat- 
 ed before the Goths retired from Italy ; and the 
 solemn, perhaps the anniversary, day of their 
 nuptials was afterward celebrated in the house 
 of Ingenuus, one of the most illustrious citizens 
 of Narbonne in Gaul. The bride, attired and 
 adorned like a Koman empress, was placed on a 
 throne of state ; and the king of the Goths, who 
 assumed, on this occasion, the Roman habit, 
 contented himself with a less honorable seat by 
 her side. The nuptial gift, which, according to 
 the custom of his nation, was offered to Placidia, 
 consisted of the rare and magnificent spoils of 
 her country. Fifty beautiful youths, in silken 
 robes, carried a basin in each hand ; and one of 
 these basins was filled with pieces of gold, the 
 other with precious stones of an inestimable 
 value. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31. 
 
 2360. GIFTS, Fictitious. Siege of Borne. The 
 Goths were apprehensive of disturbing, by any 
 rash hostilities, the negotiation to which Beli- 
 sarius had craftily listened. They credulously 
 believed that they saw no more than the van- 
 guard of a fleet and army, which all eady covered 
 the Ionian Sea and the plains of Campania ; and 
 the illusion was supported by the haughty lan- 
 guage of [Belisarius] the Roman general, when 
 lie gave audience to the ambassadors of Vitiges. 
 After a specious discourse to vindicate the jus- 
 tice of his cause, they declared that, for the sake 
 of peace, they were disposed to renounce the 
 possession of Sicily. " The emperor is not less 
 generous," replied his lieutenant, with a disdaio.- 
 ful smile, "in return for a gift which you on 
 
280 
 
 GIFTS— GOD. 
 
 longer possess ; he presents you with an ancient 
 province of the empire ; he resigns to the Goths 
 the sovereignty of the British island." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 41, 
 
 2361. GIFTS, Bare. To Boyalty. The gifts 
 which a rich and generous matron of Pelopon- 
 nesus presented to the Emperor Basil, her adopt- 
 ed son, were doubtless fabricated in the Grecian 
 looms. Danielis bestowed a carpet of fine wool, 
 of a pattern which imitated the spots of a pea- 
 cock's tail, of a magnitude to overspread the 
 floor of a new church, erected in the triple name 
 of Christ, of Michael the archangel, and of the 
 prophet Elijah. She gave six hundred pieces of 
 silk and linen, of various use and denomination ; 
 the silk was painted with the Tyrian dye, and 
 adorned by the labors of the needie ; and the 
 linen was so exquisitely fine, that an entire piece 
 might be rolled in the hollow of a cane. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 53. 
 
 2362. GLOEY departed. Portuguese. In the 
 court of a Portuguese king the compass was first 
 seriously studied. There, too, were constructed 
 the first tables of the sun's declinations, for sail- 
 ors' use ; and there was first disclosed the modern 
 mode of taking observations of the sun. By 
 Portuguese navigators the islands lying off 
 the African coast — the Azores, Madeiras, Cape 
 Verdes, and others — were discovered. Portu- 
 guese sailors first ventured down along the coast 
 of Africa ; first visited the negro in his native 
 home ; first saw the elephant ; first brought to 
 Europe pepper, ivory, and gold dust from the 
 shores of Guinea ; first planted the cross upon 
 those distant coasts ; first saw that remote head- 
 land which was afterward named the Cape of 
 Good Hope ; first doubled the cape, and so 
 reached by sea the East Indies. These were 
 great achievements, second in importance only 
 to the discovery of a new continent, and surpass- 
 ing even that in difficulty and danger. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OP BioG., p. 283. 
 
 2363. GLORY, Enduring, Goodness. [Agesi- 
 laus, the Lacedaemonian king] might have led 
 Tigranes, King of Armenia, captive at the wheels 
 of his chariot ; he rather chose to make him an 
 ally ; on which occasion he made use of that 
 memorable expression, ' ' I prefer the glory that 
 will last forever to that of a day." — Plutarch. 
 
 2364. GLORY, False, Edward III. The reign 
 of Edward III., which was of fifty-one years' 
 duration, is, on the whole, certainly one of the 
 most glorious in the annals of England ; nor 
 is it alone the splendor of his foreign victo- 
 ries which has contributed to render the memory 
 of this king great and illustrious. His foreign 
 wars, though most eminently successful, were 
 neither founded in justice nor productive of any 
 substantial benefit to the nation. But England 
 in his time enjoyed domestic tranquillity. His 
 nobles were overawed by the spirit and valor of 
 their sovereign, and his people attached to him 
 on account of his acts of munificence and his 
 salutary laws. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, ch. 12. 
 
 2365. GLORY forgotten. Pyramids. Of the 
 purpose for which those obelisks were reared we 
 can only form conjectures, as the ancient writers 
 give us no information. It has been supposed 
 that they were intended to serve as gnomons for 
 astronomical purposes, or to determine the length 
 
 of the solar year by the measure of the meridian 
 shadows ; but their situation upon uneven 
 ground, and the number of them, sometimes 
 three or four erected in the same place, give no 
 countenance to that idea ; . . . was probably to 
 commemorate or record either public events in 
 the history of the nation, or to be registers of 
 the season as affected by the periodical inunda- 
 tions of the Nile. , . . But neither the age nor the 
 builders of those structures are known with any 
 degree of certainty ; a just reward, as Pliny well 
 remarks, of the vanity of such undertakings. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 38. 
 
 2366. GLORY to God only, Cromwell. [Crom- 
 well, in announcing the victory at the battle of 
 Naseby to the Speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons, added :] " Sir, this is none other but the 
 hand of God, and to Him alone give the glory, 
 wherein none are to share with Him. " — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 3, p. 42. 
 
 2367. GLORY, Military, Trajan. Trajan was 
 ambitious of fame ; and as long as mankind 
 shall continue to bestow more liberal applause 
 on their destroyers than on their benefactors, the 
 thirst of military glory will ever be the vice of 
 the most exalted characters. The praises of 
 Alexander, transmitted by a succession of poets 
 and historians, had kindled a dangerous emula- 
 tion in the mind of Trajan. Like him, the 
 Roman emperor undertook an expedition against 
 the nations of the East ; but he lamented with a 
 sigh that his advanced age scarcely left him any 
 hopes of equalling the renown of the son of 
 Philip. Yet the success of Trajan, however 
 transient, was rapid and specious — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 1. 
 
 236§. GOD, Conception of. American Indians. 
 The God of the savage was what the meta- 
 physician endeavors to express by the word sub- 
 stance. The red man, unaccustomed to generaliza- 
 tion, obtained no conception of an absolute sub- 
 stance, of a self -existent being, but saw a divinity 
 in every power. Wherever there was being, mo- 
 tion, or action, there to him was a spirit. . . . 
 When he feels his pulse throb or his heart beat he 
 knows that it is a spirit. . . . Faith in the Great 
 Spirit . . . infused itself into the heart of the re- 
 motest tribes. — Bancroft's U. S.,vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 2369. . General La Hire. [Joan of 
 
 Arc found rough soldiers in the army of Charles 
 VII.] These brigands, it is true, hit upon 
 strange means of reconciling religion and rob- 
 bery. One of them, the Gascon La Hire, gave 
 vent to the original remark: "Were God to 
 turn man-at-arms. He would be a plunderer ;" 
 and when he went on a foray, he offered up his 
 little Gascon prayer without entering too mi- 
 nutely into his wants, conceiving that God would 
 take a hint : " Sire God, I pray thee to do for La 
 Hire what La Hire would do for thee wert thou 
 a captain and wert La Hire God." — Miche- 
 let's Joan op Arc, p. 12. 
 
 2370. GOD, Existence of. Atheists. [During 
 the Reign of Terror the French were declared 
 to be a nation of atheists by the National As- 
 sembly ; but a brief experience convinced them 
 that a nation of atheists could not long exist. 
 Robespierre then] proclaimed in the Convention 
 that belief in the existence of a God was neces- 
 sary to those principles of virtue and morality 
 
GOD. 
 
 281 
 
 upon which the republic was founded ; and on 
 the 7th of May the national representatives, who 
 had so lately prostrated themselves before the 
 Ooddess of Reason, voted by acclamation that 
 " the French people acknowledge the existence 
 of the Supreme Being, and the immortality of 
 the soul." — Students' France, ch. 27, § 6. 
 
 ^371. GOD our Father. Egyptians. Alexan- 
 der the Great went to hear Psammo, an Egyp- 
 tian philosopher ; and the saying of his that 
 pleased him most was that all men are gov- 
 erned by God, for in everything that which 
 rules or governs is divine. But Alexander's 
 ■own maxim was more agreeable to sound phi- 
 losophy ; he said : " God is the common Father 
 -of men, but more particularly of the good and 
 t\\Q virtuous." — Plutauch's Alexander. 
 
 2372. GOD, First for. Thomas More. Young 
 lis he was. More no sooner quitted the univer- 
 sity than he was known throughout Europe as 
 one of the foremost figures in the new move- 
 ment. ... In a higher, because in a sweeter 
 and more lovable form than Colet, More is the 
 representative of the religious tendency of the 
 new learning of England. The young law 
 student who laughed at the superstition and 
 asceticism of the monks of his day wore a hair 
 shirt next his skin, and schooled himself by pen- 
 ances for the cell he desired among the Carthu- 
 sians. It was characteristic of the man that 
 iunong all the gay, profligate scholars of the 
 Italian Renaissance, he chose as the object of 
 his admiration the disciple of Savonarola, Pico 
 di Mirandola. Free-thinker as the bigots" who 
 listened to his daring speculations termed him, 
 his eye would brighten and his tongue falter as 
 he spoke with friends of heaven and the af ter- 
 •ife. When he took office, it was with the open 
 stipulation, "First to look to God, and after God 
 to the king." — Hist, of Eng. People, § 519. 
 
 2373. GOD, Ideas of. PhilosopJiers. Of the 
 four most celebrated schools, the Stoics and the 
 1 "latonists endeavored to reconcile the jarring in- 
 k' rests of reason and piety. They liave left us the 
 most sublime proofs of the existence and perfec- 
 tions of the first cause ; but as it Avas impossible 
 ior them to conceive the creation of matter, the 
 ■workman in the Stoic philosophy was not sufii- 
 •ciently distinguished from the work ; while, on 
 the contrary, the spiritual God of Plato and his 
 ■disciples resembled an idea rather than a sub- 
 jstance. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2. 
 
 2374. GOD, Ignorance of. Sage. [Zayd, one 
 •of the sages of Mecca,] broke openly with the re- 
 ligion of his country ; he blasphemed heroically 
 the gods of the Khoreisliites ; he wished to travel 
 into foreign lands and to take counsel of their 
 ■sages. His family caused him to be kept by force 
 •at Mecca, closely watched by his wife Saphya. 
 He sighed under the constraint he was thus sub- 
 jected to. He was sometimes overheard, with his 
 hack against the wall of the temple, to say with 
 l)itterness to the unknown God who was agitat- 
 ing his conscience : " Lord, if I only knew how 
 thou wouldst be served and adored, 1 would obey 
 thy will ; but I am in ignorance. "... He then 
 prostrated his face against the ground and moist- 
 ened the place with his tears. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 60. 
 
 2375. GOD invisible. Bevealed. [The Ishma- 
 elite Arabs have a tradition, which says Abra- 
 
 ham was concealed in a cave when an infant, 
 because of the persecution of Nimrod. There he 
 was] nursed by the angels, grew in strength and 
 intellect in his cavern. His first egression from 
 it was by night. The firmament of Chaldea, 
 filled with luminous creatures that floated in the 
 ether, revealed to him God. Only he was not 
 yet able to distinguish Him from His works. A 
 star resplendent beyond the others flrst arrested, 
 his dazzled eyes : ' ' There is my God ! " exclaim- 
 ed he to himself. Presently the star descended 
 and disappeared in the horizon. ' ' No," said he, 
 "that cannot be the God whom I adore." So 
 with several other constellations. Afterward the 
 moon arose: "There is my God," cried he. 
 And it set. " No, it is not my God." In fine, 
 the sun arose majestically in the East, at the bor- 
 der of the forest. " Here, truly, is my God," 
 said he; "it is large and dazzling beyond all 
 others." The sun accomplished his career, and 
 went down in the horizon, leaving the mantle of 
 night upon the earth. " That is not still the God 
 I look for to adore," muttered pensively the in- 
 fant destined for the adoration of the divinity in- 
 visible, immovable, and eternal. He returned to 
 his cavern to seek his God in his own soul. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 41. 
 
 2376. GOD, A political. East Indian. The re- 
 ligion and government of Thibet form one of the 
 most extraordinary plienomena in the history of 
 mankind. The kingdom of Thibet is governed 
 by a young man personating a living god, who 
 is called the Great Lama, or Dalai Lama. He re- 
 sides in a pagoda or temple upon a mountain, 
 where lie is seen continually sitting in a cross- 
 legged posture, without speaking or moving, ex- 
 cept sometimes lifting his hand, when he ap- 
 proves of the addresses of his votaries. He ap- 
 pears to be a young man of a fair complexion, 
 between twenty and thirty years of age. Not 
 only the people of Thibet, but the neighboring 
 princes, resort to the shrine of the lama, and 
 bring thither the most magnificent presents. The 
 lama is both the national god and the sovereign. 
 He appoints deputies under him, the chief of 
 whom is called the Tipa, who manages the tem- 
 poral affairs of the kingdom, which it is beneath 
 the dignity of the lama ever to attend to. The 
 creation of this prince or god is kept a most 
 mysterious secret by the priests. When it is the 
 misfortune of this poor image of divinity and 
 sovereignty to fall sick, or to lose his youthful 
 appearance, he is put to death by the priests, 
 who have always another young man whom they 
 have privately educated and properly trained to 
 supply his place. Thus the religion of the lama 
 is nothing else than an artful contrivance of 
 the priests of Thibet to engross to themselves 
 the sovereignty and absolute government of 
 the country. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 23, 
 p. 333. 
 
 2377. GOD, Presence of. Mahomet. Three 
 days Mahomet and [AH] his companion were con- 
 cealed in the cave of Thor, at the distance of a 
 league from Mecca ; and in the close of each even- 
 ing they received from the son and daughter of 
 Abubeker a secret supply of intelligence and 
 food. The diligence of the Koreish explored 
 every haunt in the neighborhood of the city ; they 
 arrived at the entrance of the cavern ; but the 
 providential deceit of a spider's web and a 
 
283 
 
 GOD— GODS. 
 
 pigeon's nest is supposed to convince them that 
 the place was solitary and inviolate. " We are 
 only two," said the trembling Abnbeker. ' ' There 
 is a third," replied the prophet ; " it is God him- 
 self." No sooner was the pursuit abated than the 
 two fugitives issued from the rock and moimt- 
 ed their camels. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 
 
 237S. . Huron Chief. [Brebceuf, 
 
 the Jesuit missionary, visited the Hurons.] Be- 
 fore you came to this country (the great warrior 
 Ahasistari) . . . would say. When I have incur- 
 red the greatest perils, and have alone escaped, 
 I have said to myself, ' ' Some powerful spirit has 
 the guardianship of my days ;" and he professed 
 his belief in Jesus as the good genius and pro- 
 tector whom he had unconsciously adored. — 
 Banckopt's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 2379. GOD required. The Soul. [Timour the 
 Tartar desired a iiuiversal conquest, saying the 
 earth was too small for more than one master.] 
 " It is too small to satisfy the ambition of a great 
 soul." "The ambition of a great soul," said one 
 day to him the Sheik of Samarcand, " is not to 
 be satisfied by the possession of a morsel of earth 
 added to another, but by the possession of God, 
 alone sufficiently great to fill up an infinite 
 thought." — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 310. 
 
 23§0. GOD, Severity of. Scandinavians. Odin 
 . . . was their principal divinity ; ... to him 
 they attributed every character that could in- 
 spire fear and horror, without any mixture of the 
 amiable or merciful. He is called in the Edda 
 the terrible and severe God, the father of car- 
 nage, the avenger, the deity who marks out those 
 who are destined to be slain. This terrible God 
 was held to be the creator and father of the uni- 
 verse. — Tytler'sHist., Book 5, ch. 6. 
 
 23S1. GOD, Sons of. Christians. How decisive 
 a proof is this of Cromwell's genius, this enlisting 
 the religious enthusiasm of the country on the 
 side of the Parliament ; thus fronting the idea of 
 lofty birth with Divine ancestry — loyalty to the 
 king with loyalty to God — immense possessions 
 with heirship to a Divine inheritance — and obe- 
 dience to the laws and prerogative of the mon- 
 arch Avith obedience to those truths engraven 
 on the " tables of stone," but written by the 
 Divine Spirit on " the fleshly table of the heart," 
 in the heroism of discipline and faith and prayer. 
 — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 6, p. 100. 
 
 23§2. GOD, Views of. Cmiforting. On one 
 occasion he required a Saxon peasant to repeat 
 the Creed. He began, "I believe in God the 
 Father Almighty," when Luther stopped him 
 and asked, " What is Almighty ?" The peasant 
 replied, " I do not know." " You are right, my 
 dear fellow," responded Luther ; " neither I nor 
 all the learned men can tell what God's power 
 and might is. But do you continue to believe in 
 all simplicity that God is your beloved and faith- 
 ful Father, who as the Only Wise can and will 
 help your wife and children in every hour of 
 need." — Rein's Luther, ch. 16, p. 149. 
 
 23§3. (JOD, Vision of. American Indians. 
 On approaching maturity, the young Chippewa, 
 anxious to behold God, blackens his face with 
 charcoal, and building a lodge of cedar boughs, 
 it may be on the summit of a hill, there begins his 
 fast in solitude. The fast endures, perhaps, ten 
 days, sometimes even without water, till, excited 
 
 by the severest irritation of thirst, watchfulness, 
 and famine, he beholds the vision of God, and 
 knows it to be his guardian spirit. — Bancroft'? 
 U. S.,vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 23§4. GOD, Voice of. Joan of Arc. Her own 
 words describe them best. " At the age of thir- 
 teen a voice from God came to her to help hei 
 in ruling herself, and that the voice came to her 
 about the hour of noon, in summer time, while 
 she was in her father's garden. And she had fast- 
 ed the day before. And she heard the voice on 
 her right, in the direction of the church ; and 
 when she heard the voice, she saw also a blight 
 light." Afterward St. Michael and St. Margaret 
 and St. Catharine appeared to her. They were 
 always in a halo of glory ; she could see that 
 their heads were crowned with jewels ; and she 
 heard their voices, which were sweet and mild. 
 She did not distinguish their arms or limbs. She 
 heard them more frequently than she saw them ; 
 and the usual time when she heard them was 
 when the church bells were sounding for prayer. 
 — Decisive Battles, § 373. 
 
 23§5. GOD, Win of. Crusaders. From the j 
 synod of Placentia, the rumor of his great design ' 
 had gone forth among the nations ; the clergy on I 
 their return had preached in every diocese the] 
 merit and glory of the deliverance of the Holyj 
 Land ; and when the pope ascended a loft;i 
 scaffold in the market-place of Clermont, his elc 
 quence was addressed to a well-prepared and im| 
 patient audience. His topics were obvious, his 
 exhortation was vehement, his success inevitableJ 
 The orator was interrupted by the shout of thou| 
 sands, who with one voice, and in their rustid 
 idiom, exclaimed aloud, "God wills it, Goc 
 wills it." "It is indeed the will of God," replied 
 the pope ; " and let this memorable word, the inJ 
 spiration surely of the Holy Spirit, be forevei 
 adopted as your cry of battle, to animate the de 
 votion and courage of the champions of Christ^ 
 His cross is the symbol of your salvation ; weal 
 it, a red, a bloody cross, as an external mark, oi 
 your breasts or shoulders, as a pledge of your sa 
 cred and irrevocable engagement." The proposal 
 was joyfully accepted ; great numbers, both of 
 the clergy and laity, impressed on their garment 
 the sign of the cross, and solicited the pope 
 march at their head. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58| 
 p. 543. 
 
 23§6. GODS, Descent from. Spurious. Ther 
 was a woman in Pontus who gave it out 1 lat s_h<! 
 was pregnant by Apollo. . . . When she w{» < delivj 
 eredof a son . . . gave him the name of Mlenus.^ 
 Lysander took this miraculous birth for a foun- 
 dation, and raised all his building upon it. He 
 made choice of such assistants as might bring 
 the story into reputation, and put it beyond sus- 
 picion. Then he got another story propagated at 
 Delphi and spread at Sparoa that certain an- 
 cient oracles were kept in the private registers 
 of the priests, which it was not lawful to touch 
 or to look upon, until in some future age a per- 
 son should arise who could clearly prove him- 
 self the son of Apollo, and he was to interpret 
 and publish those oracles. The way thus pre 
 pared, Silenus was to make his appearance, as 
 the son of Apollo, and demand the oracles. The 
 priests, who were in combination, were to in- 
 quire into every article, and examine him strictly 
 as to his birth. At last they were to pretend to 
 
GODS— GOODNESS. 
 
 283 
 
 be convinced of his divine parentage, and to 
 show Iiim the books. Silenus then was to read 
 in public all those prophecies, particularly that 
 for which the whole design was set on foot — 
 namely, that it would be more for the honor 
 and interest of Sparta to set aside the present 
 race of kings, and choose others out of the best 
 and most worthy of men in the commonwealth. 
 But when Silenus was grown up, and came to 
 undertake his part, Lysander had the mortifica- 
 tion to see his piece miscarry by the cowardice 
 of one of the actors, Avhose heart failed him just 
 as the thing was going to be put in execution. 
 However, nothing of this was discovered while 
 Lysander lived. — Plutarch's Lysandek. 
 
 23§7. GODS, Great. Persuanon— Force. [The- 
 mistocles said to the Adrians when he wished 
 to exhort money from them :] He brought two 
 gods along with him — Persuasion and Force. 
 They replied they had also two great gods on 
 iheir side — Poverty and Despair, who forbade 
 them to satisfy him. — Plutarch's Themisto- 
 
 CLES. 
 
 23§8. GOLD, Craze for. Emigrants to James- 
 town. [Second lot of emigrants.] The new- 
 comers were chiefly vagabond gentlemen and 
 goldsmiths, who, in spite of the remonstrances 
 of Smith, . . . believed they had discovered 
 grains of gold in a glittering earth. . . . "There 
 was now no talk, no hope, no work, but to dig 
 gold, wash gold, refine gold." Newport, the com- 
 mander, . . . believed himself immeasurably 
 rich, as he embarked for England with a freight 
 of worthless earth. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., 
 eh. 4. 
 
 23§9. GOLD, Delusion of. Londoners. One 
 of Frobisher's ships . . . proceeded to the north- 
 west [seeking a passage to India north of Hud- 
 son's Strait] ; ... he came upon an island which 
 he supposed to be the mainland of Asia ; to this 
 he gave the name Meta Incognita. North of this 
 island he entered the [Frobisher's] Strait, . . . 
 carrying home with him ... a stone which was 
 declared by the English refiners to contain gold. 
 London was greatly excited. Queen Elizabeth 
 herself added a vessel to the new fleet which in 
 . . . 1577 departed for Meta Incognita to gather 
 the precious metal by the shipload. . . . The 
 summer was unfavorable. [The ships returned 
 empty after passing great perils.] Were the 
 English gold-hunters satisfied ? Not at all. Fif- 
 teen new vessels were immediately fitted out. 
 ... In 1578 . . . the third voyage was begun. 
 This time a colony was to be planted in the gold- 
 regions, . . . twelve of the ships were to be 
 freighted with gold-ore and return to London. 
 . . . They encountered icebergs more terrible 
 than ever. The vessels finally reached Meta In- 
 cognita and took on cargoes of dirt. . . . The 
 provision ship now slipped away and returned 
 to London. . . . The colony which was to be 
 planted was no longer thought of. Faith in the 
 shining earth which they had stored in the holds 
 gave way, and so, with . . . several tons of the 
 spurious ore, . . . the ships set sail for home. 
 The El Dorado of the Esquimaux had proved an 
 utter failure.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 6, p. 80. 
 
 2!{90. . Spaniards. In the year 
 
 1526 Charles V. appointed the unprincipled Pan- 
 filo de Narvaez governor of Florida, . . . with 
 the usual privilege of conquest. . . . His force 
 
 consisted of 260 soldiers and forty horsemen. 
 The natives treated them with suspicion, and, 
 anxious to be rid of the intruders, began to hold 
 up their trinkets and to point to the north. The 
 hint was eagerly taken by the avaricious Span- 
 iards. . . . They struck boldly into the forests, 
 expecting to find cities and empires, and found 
 instead swamps and savages. ... A squalid 
 village of forty cabins . . . was the mighty city to 
 which their guides had directed them. . . . They 
 reached the sea at the harbor of St. Mark's. . . . 
 With great labor they constructed brigantines, 
 and put to sea in the vain hope of reaching the 
 Spanish settlements in Mexico. . . . They were 
 thrown upon the shore, drowned, slain by the 
 savages, . . . until finally four miserable men, 
 of all the adventurous company, . . . were rescued 
 at . . . San Miguel on the Pacific coast. . . . The 
 story can hardly be paralleled in the annals of 
 suffering and peril. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 4, 
 p. 63. 
 
 2391. GOLD vs. Labor. Hernando Cortez. 
 Being then nineteen, he took passage in a mer- 
 chant vessel, and after a most tempestuous pas- 
 sage reached the island of Hispaniola, then the 
 seat of Spanish power in America. He was at 
 that time a very handsome young man, graceful, 
 self-confident, a superior swordsman and horse- 
 man, and highly accomplished in all warlike 
 exercises. On leaving the ship he went at once 
 to the house of the governor, a friend of his 
 family. The governor being absent upon an ex- 
 pediiion, his secretary received Cortez with po- 
 liteness, and, by way of encouraging a new- 
 comer, assured him that the governor, upon his 
 retu«-n, would doubtless allot to him a liberal 
 tract of land. " Land !" said Cortez, " I come 
 to find gold, not to plough the ground like a 
 peasant." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 318. 
 
 2392. GOLD, Euined by. John A. Sutter. 
 [The discoverer of gold in California.] People 
 often say what they would do if they should find 
 a gold mine, evidently supposing that a man who 
 finds a gold mine is made rich of course. But 
 this, it appears, is not always the case. Neither 
 the man who discovered gold in California nor 
 the man upon whose land it was discovered have 
 been benefited by it. On the contrary, the dis- 
 covery ruined them both, and both are to-day 
 poor men. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 522. 
 
 2393. GOOD, Doing. Daily. [Alexander the 
 Great found in Persia] philosophers, [who were] 
 so called from their goin^ naked. [They] were 
 divided into tw^o sects — the Brachmani and the 
 Germani. The Brachmani were most esteemed 
 because there was a consistency in their princi- 
 ples. Apuleius tells us that not only the schol- 
 ars but the younger pupils were assembled 
 about dinner time, and examined what good they 
 had done that day ; and such as could not point 
 out some act of humanity or useful pursuit that 
 they had been engaged in were not allowed 
 any dinner. — Plutarch's Alexander, Lang- 
 horne's Note. 
 
 2394. GOODNESS, False. CharUaus. [The * 
 Grecian] was so remarkable for the gentleness of 
 his disposition, that Archelaus, his partner in 
 the throne, is reported to have said to some that 
 were praising the young king : ' ' Yes, Charilaus 
 
 is a good man to be sure, who cannot find in his 
 
284 
 
 GOODNESS— GOVERNMENT. 
 
 heart to punish the bad." — Plutarch's Lycur- 
 
 GUS. 
 
 2395. GOOBNESS, Greatness of. Pei-icles. 
 When he was at the point of death his surviving 
 friends and the principal citizens sitting about 
 his bed discoursed together concerning his ex- 
 traordinary virtue and the great authority he 
 had enjoyed, and enumerated his various ex- 
 ploits and the number of his victories ; for 
 while he was commander-in-chief he had erected 
 no less than nine trophies to the honor of Athens. 
 These things they talked of, supposing that he 
 attended not to what they said, but that his senses 
 were gone. He took notice, however, of every 
 word they had spoken, and thereupon delivered 
 himself audibly as follows: "I am surprised, 
 that while you dwell upon and extol these acts 
 of mine, though fortune had her share in them, 
 and many other generals have performed the 
 like, you take no notice of the greatest and most 
 honorable part of my character, that no Athe- 
 nian, throitghmy means, ever put on mourning." 
 — Plutarch's Pericles. 
 
 2306. . Puritans. Those who 
 
 hated the Commonwealth acknowledged that 
 England never stood higher than when she de- 
 manded justice for a few poor cultivators of the 
 Alps — those who had kept the truth 
 "When all our fathers worshipped stocks and 
 
 stones." 
 [Cromwell, by envoy extraordinary, had remon- 
 strated against the cruelties to the Vaudois. By 
 his firmness and earnestness he secured to them 
 their ancient liberties.] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 4, 
 ch. 13, p. 198. 
 
 2397. GOODNESS, Terrified by. Henry III. 
 [In July of 1261 Henry III.] was at Westmin- 
 ster ; and being in his pleasure barge on the 
 Thames a thunder-storm came on, at which he 
 was alarmed, and landed in the garden of the 
 Bishop of Durham. De Montfort was in the 
 palace of the bishop, and went forward to meet 
 the king. " What do you fear, sir ?" said the 
 earl ; " the storm has passed over." The king 
 replied, ' ' I fear thunder and lightning beyond 
 measure ; but b}^ God's head ! I fear you more 
 than all the thunder and lightning in the world." 
 [The earl was a patriot and the foremost man 
 of his times.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, 
 p. 372. 
 
 239§. GOSPEL, Heavenly. Sailor. [John Tun- 
 nell, one of the early Methodist preachers of 
 that church in America, was so pale he resem- 
 bled a dead man ; but his voice was strong 
 and musical, and his style was eloquent. A sailor 
 was one day passing where he was preaching. 
 He stopped to listen, and was observed to be 
 much affected. Afterward meeting with his 
 companions, he said :] " I have been listening to 
 a man who has been dead, and in heaven ; but 
 he has returned, and is telling the people all 
 about that world." — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 2, ch. 6, p. 38. 
 
 2399. GOSPEL, Triumph of. Paganimn. The 
 ruin of paganism, in the age of Theodosius, is 
 perhaps the only example of the total extirpa- 
 tion of any ancient and popular superstition ; 
 and may therefore deserve to be considered as a 
 singular event in the history of the human 
 mind. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 28, p. 131. 
 
 2400. GOSSIP, Serviceable. Omar. [One of 
 Mahomet's converts, named] Omar, wishing to 
 let his conversion transpire among the Khore- 
 ishites without avowing it himself, went, on leav- 
 ing the meeting, to the house of a Khoreishite 
 notorious as a ncM'smonger and for his impotence 
 to keep a secret. " Listen," said he to him, "but 
 do not betray me ; I have just made a secret pro- 
 fession of faith to Islamism." The newsmonger 
 runs immediately to the vestibule of the Kaaba, 
 the habitual resort of the idlers of Mecca, crying 
 aloud that Omar had apostatized the idols, ana 
 was become perverted like the others. "Thou 
 liest," said Omar to him, coming up behind: 
 him ; " I am not perverted, I am converted, I am 
 a Mussulman, I make confession that there are 
 no other gods but the only God, and that Ma- 
 homet is the revealer of that God." — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 90. 
 
 2401. GOVEENMENT, Arbitrary. British. 
 The most general cause of the American Revolu- 
 tion was the right of arbitrary government, 
 claimed by Great Britain and denied by the colo- 
 nies. So long as this claim was asserted by Eng- 
 land only as a theory, the conflict was post- 
 poned ; when the English Government began to 
 enforce the principle in practice, the colonies re- 
 sisted. . . . There were also many subordinate! 
 causes tending to bring on a conflict. — Rid- 
 path'sU. S., ch. 37, p. 285. 
 
 2402. GOVERNMENT, Art of. Diocletian. 
 Nor were the vices of Maximian less useful tohia 
 benefactor. Insensible to pity, and fearless of 
 consequences, he was the ready instrument of 
 every act of cruelty which the policy of that art-r 
 ful prince might at once suggest and disclaim. 
 As soon as a bloody sacrifice had been offered tO 
 prudence or to revenge, Diocletian, by his season- 
 able intercession, saved the remaining few whom, 
 he had never designed to punish, gently censured, 
 the severity of his stern colleague, and enjoyed 
 the comparison of a golden and an iron age,whicl] 
 was universally applied to their opposite maxims 
 of government. Notwithstanding the difference 
 of their characters, the two emperors maintained, 
 on the throne, that friendship which they had 
 contracted in a private station. The haughty, 
 turbulent spirit of Maximian, so fatal after 
 ward to himself and to the public peace, wa 
 accustomed to respect the genius of Diocletian, 
 and confessed the ascendancy of reason over bru« 
 tal violence. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 405. 
 
 2403. GOVEENMENT, Atrocious. Beign oP 
 James II. a.d. 1685. The history of our colo 
 nization is the history of the crimes of Europe. 
 Thus did Jeffreys contribute [by condemning to 
 transportation and sale of convicts] to people 
 the New World. . . . Kidnapping had become 
 common in Bristol ; and not felons only, but 
 young persons and others, were hurried across 
 the Atlantic and sold for money. At Bristol the 
 mayor and the justices would intimidate small 
 
 , rogues and pilferers, who, under the terror of 
 being hanged, prayed for transportation as the 
 only means of safety, and were then divided 
 among the members of the court [who sold 
 them]. The trade was exceedingly profitable- 
 far more so than the slave-trade — and had been 
 conducted for years. — Bancroft's U. S., ch. 14. 
 
 2404. GOVERNMENT, Coerced. Charles I 
 There was j^et one last expedient Avhich, as the 
 
GOVERNMENT. 
 
 285 
 
 king flattered himself, might save him from the 
 misery of facing another House of Commons. 
 . . . Departing from the uninterrupted practice 
 of centuries, he called a great council consisting 
 of peers alone. But the lords were too prudent 
 to assume the unconstitutional functions with 
 which he wished to invest them. Without money, 
 without credit, without authority even in his 
 own camp, he yielded to the pressure of neces- 
 sity. The houses were convoked, and the elec- 
 tions proved that, since the spring, the distrust 
 and hatred with which the government was re- 
 garded had made fearful progress. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 89. 
 
 2405. GOVERNMENT, Complex. Holland. 
 
 i William of Orange meditated an invasion of 
 England.] It seemed very doubtful whether he 
 would be able to obtain the assistance of a single 
 battalion. Of all the difficulties with which he 
 had to struggle, the greatest, though little no- 
 ticed by English historians, arose from the con- 
 stitution of the Batavian republic. No great so- 
 ciety has ever existed during a long course of 
 years under a polity so inconvenient. The States- 
 General could not make war or peace, could not 
 conclude any alliance of levy any tax, without 
 the consent of the States of every province. The 
 States of a province could not give such con- 
 sent without the consent of every municipal- 
 ity which had a share in the representation. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 381. 
 
 2406. GOVERNMENT, Concentrated. Beignof 
 Georcje III. [It was resolved to tax and otherwise 
 oppress the American colonies.] It would seem 
 that the execution of so momentous a design 
 must have engaged the attention of the whole peo- 
 ple of England and of the civilized world. But so 
 entirely was the British Government of that day 
 in the hands of the few, and so much was their 
 curiosity engrossed by what would give influence 
 at court or secure votes in the House of Com- 
 mons, that the most eventful measures ever 
 adopted in that country were entered upon with- 
 out any observation on the part of historians and 
 writers of memoirs at the time. The ministry it- 
 self was not aware of what it was doing. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 5, ch 5. 
 
 2407. . Louis XIV. Louis imbibed 
 
 the most extravagant ideas of the nature and 
 extent of the royal prerogative. ... He aimed 
 to concentrate in himself individually all the 
 powers and functions of government. The sov- 
 ereign, in his view, was . . . the fountain and 
 author of all law and all justice. This theory he 
 was accustomed to express in the well-known 
 apothegm, "The State is myself." — Students' 
 France, ch. 21, § 1. 
 
 240§. GOVERNMENT confased. New Jersey. 
 
 It was almost impossible to tell to whom the 
 jurisdiction of the territory rightfully belonged. 
 So far as the eastern province was concerned, 
 the representatives of Carteret claimed it ; the 
 Governor of New York claimed it ; Penn and 
 his associates claimed it. As to the western 
 province, the heirs of Byllinge claimed it ; Lu- 
 cas, Laurie, and Penn claimed it ; the Governor 
 of New York claimed it. Over all these stood 
 the paramount claim of the English king. From 
 1689 to 1692 there was no "settled form of 
 government in the territory. And for ten years 
 thereafter the colony was vexed .and distracted 
 
 with the presence of more rulers than any one 
 province could accommodate. — Ridpath's U. S. 
 ch. 24, p. 207. 
 
 2409. GOVERNMENT, Dangerous. Deeemmrs. 
 Whatever we may judge of the designs of these 
 decemvirs, it is certain that they endeavored to 
 maintain their authority by extreme violence, and 
 as certain that they became almost immediately 
 the objects of public indignation. From their 
 first appearance in the forum, they were pre- 
 ceded by twelve lictors, who constantly carried 
 the fasces armed with axes. Their suite was 
 commonly composed of a number of the most li- 
 centious patricians ; profligates loaded with debt 
 or stained with crimes ; men whose pleasure lay 
 in every species of disorder, and who contributed 
 a desperate aid to those ministers whose power 
 protected them in their lawless excesses. . . . Such 
 was the miserable situation of Rome under her 
 new governors, that many of the principal citi- 
 zens betook themselves for refuge to the allied 
 states. — Gibbon's Rome, Book 3, ch. 5, p. 386. 
 
 2410. GOVERNMENT, Demoralizing. Bad. 
 The horrid practice, so familiar to the ancients, 
 of exposing or murdering their new-born infants, 
 was become every day more frequent in the prov- 
 inces, and especially in Italy. It was the eftect 
 of distress ; and the distress was principally oc- 
 casioned by the intolerable burden of taxes, and 
 by the vexatious as well as cruel prosecutions of 
 the officers of the revenue against their insolvent 
 debtors. The less opulent or less industrious part 
 of mankind, instead of rejoicing in an increase 
 of family, deemed it an act of paternal tenderness 
 to release their children from the impending mis- 
 eries of a life which they themselves were unable 
 to support. [Such was the condition of the Ro- 
 man people early in the fourth century.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 94. 
 
 2411. GOVERNMENT, Destitute of. New Jer- 
 sey. For twelve years the whole province was not 
 in a settled condition. From June, 1689, to Au- 
 gust, 1692, east New Jersey had no government 
 whatever, being, in time of war, without military 
 officers, as well as without magistrates ; and af- 
 terward commissions were issued by two sets of 
 proprietors, of which each had its adherents ; 
 while a third party, swayed by disgust at the 
 confusion, . . . rejected the proprietaries alto- 
 gether. — Bancroft's U. S., ch. 19, vol. 3. 
 
 2412. GOVERNMENT detested. Charles II. 
 The roar of foreign guns was heard, for the first 
 and last time, by the citizens of London. In the 
 council it was seriously proposed that, if the en- 
 emy advanced, the Tower should be abandoned. 
 Great multitudes of people assembled in the 
 streets, crying out that England was bought and 
 sold. The houses and carriages of the ministers 
 were attacked by the populace ; and it seemed 
 likely that the government would have to deal 
 at once with an invasion and with an insurrec- 
 tion. The extreme danger, it is true, soon passed 
 by. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 2, p. 180. 
 
 2413. GOVERNMENT, Dictatorial. Otistavus 
 III. He declared that, in future, the king alone 
 should have power to convene and dissolve the 
 legislature ; that the king should have the abso- 
 lute command of army and navy, and the power 
 to appoint and remove all officers, military, na- 
 val, and civil ; that, in case of necessity, of 
 
286 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 wMch the king alone was to be the judge, he 
 should impose taxes without consulting the Sen- 
 ate ; that the Senate should discuss no subjects 
 except those proposed by the king ; but that no 
 offensive war should be undertaken without 
 their consent. He then declared the Senate dis- 
 solved, and its members dismissed from all their 
 employments. He concluded by taking a psalm- 
 book from his pocket, and gave out a thanks- 
 giving hymn, which the whole assembly rose 
 and sang. . . . The king's triumph was complete. 
 In two days Sweden, from being the most strict- 
 ly limited monarchy in Europe, became one 
 of the most absolute. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 343. 
 
 2414. GOVEENMENT difficult. Scots. Though 
 the Scottish Parliament was obsequious, the 
 Scottish people had always been singularly tur- 
 bulent and ungovernable. They had butchered 
 their first James in his bedchamber ; they had 
 repeatedly arrayed themselves in arms against 
 James II. ; they had slain James III. on the 
 the field of battle ; their disobedience had broken 
 the heart of James V. ; they had deposed and 
 imprisoned Mary ; they had led her son captive ; 
 and their temper was still as untractable as ever. 
 Their habits were rude and martial. All along 
 the southern border and all along between the 
 Highlands and the Lowlands ranged an inces- 
 sant and predatory war. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 1, p. 87. 
 
 24 15. GOVERNMENT, Discordant. Acre. [Un- 
 der the Crusaders.] After the loss of Jerusalem, 
 Acre, which is distant about seventy miles, 
 became the metropolis of the Latin Christians, 
 and was adorned with strong and stately build- 
 ings, with aqueducts, an artificial port, and a 
 double wall. The population was increased by 
 the incessant streams of pilgrims and fugitives ; 
 in the pauses of hostility the trade of the East 
 and West was attracted to this convenient sta- 
 tion ; and the market could offer the produce of 
 every clime and the interpreters of every tongue. 
 But in this conflux of nations every vice was 
 propagated and practised ; of all the disciples of 
 Jesus and Mahomet, the male and female inhab- 
 itants of Acre were esteemed the most corrupt ; 
 nor could the abuse of religion be corrected by 
 the discipline of law. The city had many sov- 
 ereigns, and no government. The kings of 
 Jerusalem and Cyprus, of the house of Lusig- 
 nan, the princes of Antioch, the counts of Trip- 
 oli and Sidon, the great masters of the hospital, 
 the temple, and the Teutonic order, the repub- 
 lics of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, the pope's leg- 
 ate, the kings of France and England, assumed 
 an independent command ; seventeen tribunals 
 exercised the power of life and death ; every 
 criminal was protected in the adjacent quarter ; 
 and the perpetual jealousy of the nations often 
 burst forth in acts of violence and blood. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 46. 
 
 2416. GOVERNMENT disgraced. Geoi^ge Vil- 
 liers. George Villiers, afterward Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, on whom the king, in the space of a few 
 years, lavished all possible honors, . . . was devoid 
 of every talent of a minister ; he was headstrong 
 in his passions, imprudent, impolitic, and capri- 
 cious. He was distinguished by a romantic spirit, 
 which led him into the most extravagant excess- 
 es ; and the indulgence of his favorite passions 
 
 had their influence even upon the public meas- 
 ures of the nation. He projected an absurd 
 expedition of Charles, the Prince of Wales, intf) 
 Spain, on a visit, in disguise, to the Infanta, the 
 daughter of Philip IV. , who had been proposed 
 to him as a desirable match. Their adventures 
 on this expedition have more the air of romance 
 than of history ; but Buckingham was the hero 
 of the piece. He filled all Madrid with his in- 
 trigues, his amours, serenades, challenges, and 
 jealousies. He insulted the prime-minister Oli- 
 varez by openly making love to his wife, as he 
 did afterward, with still more folly and inso- 
 lence, to the Queen of France ; in short, the 
 projected match with the Infanta seemed to be 
 the least object of Buckingham's journey, and 
 it accordingly was never concluded. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 398. 
 
 2417. GOVERNMENT, Disordered. Reign of 
 Commodus. The negligence of the public ad- 
 ministration was betrayed, soon afterward, by 
 a new disorder, which arose from the smallest 
 beginnings. A spirit of desertion began to pre- 
 vail among the troops ; and the deserters, instead 
 of seeking their safety in flight or concealment, 
 infested the highways. Maternus, a private sol- 
 dier, of a daring boldness above his station, col- 
 lected these bands of robbers into a little army, 
 set open the prisons, invited the slaves to assert 
 their freedom, and plundered with impunity the 
 rich and defenceless cities of Gaul and Spain. 
 The governors of the provinces, who had long 
 been the spectators, and perhaps the partners, of 
 his depredations, were at length roused from 
 their supine indolence by the threatening com- 
 mands of the emperor. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, 
 p. 107. 
 
 2418. GOVERNMENT, Divine. Royal. It was 
 gravely maintained that the Supreme Being re- 
 garded hereditary monarchy, as opposed to other 
 forms of government, with peculiar favor ; that 
 the rule of succession in order of primogeniture ' 
 was a divine institution, anterior to the Chris- 
 tian, and even to the Mosaic dispensation ; that : 
 no human power, not even that of the whole 
 Legislature — no length of adverse possession, 
 though it extended to ten centuries, could de- 
 prive the legitimate prince of his rights ; that 
 his authority was necessarily always despotic ; 
 that the laws by which, in England and in other 
 countries, the prerogative was limited, were to 
 be regarded merely as concessions wliich the 
 sovereign had freely made and might at his 
 pleasure resume ; and that any treaty into which 
 a king might enter with his people was merely 
 a declaration of his present intentions, and not a 
 contract of which the performance could be de- 
 manded. [Reign of James I.]— Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 66. 
 
 2419. GOVERNMENT, The earliest. Monar- 
 chy. We may, therefore, fairly presume that 
 a limited monarchy was the earliest form of reg- 
 ular government among the ancient nations. 
 The scriptures, as well as the profane historians, 
 bear evidence to this fact. A republic is an idea 
 too refined and too complex for a rude people to 
 form ; and despotic monarchies arise only after 
 extensive conquests, and a great enlargement of 
 empire. — Tytler's Hist., Bookl, ch. 1, p. 20. 
 
 2420. GOVERNMENT, Economical. Washing- 
 ton. When Washington came to the Presidency, 
 
GOVERNMENT. 
 
 287 
 
 one of the first acts was to name the young West 
 Indian — then but thirty-three years of age — to 
 the most difficult post in his administration — that 
 •of secretary of the treasury. Albert Gallatin, 
 "who became secretary of the treasury twenty 
 years after, said that Alexander Hamilton had 
 so regulated the business of the office as to 
 make it a sinecure for his successors ; and I have 
 been informed that as late as 1860 the business 
 continued to be done upon the plans and meth- 
 ods established by Hamilton at the beginning of 
 the government. From this position, after four 
 years of service, he was compelled to retire, be- 
 cause the salary would not support his family. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 474. 
 
 2421. GOVERNMENT, Farcical. Constantine. 
 Some of these official ensigns were really ex- 
 hibited in their hall of audience ; others preceded 
 their pompous march whenever they appeared 
 in public ; and every circumstance of their de- 
 meanor, their dress, their ornaments, and their 
 train was calculated to inspire a deep reverence 
 for the representatives of supreme majesty. By 
 a philosophic observer, the system of the Roman 
 government might have been mistaken for a 
 splendid theatre, filled with players of every 
 character and degree, who repeated the language 
 and imitated the passions of their original model. 
 — Gibbok's Rome, ch. 17, p. 108. 
 
 2422. GOVERNMENT, rraudulent. Cromwell's. 
 After a debate of three days the Parliament, of 
 whom a great majority were now most sincerely 
 desirous of an accommodation, passed a vote, 
 by which it was declared that the king's conces- 
 sions were a reasonable foundation for the House 
 to proceed upon in the settlement of the king- 
 dom. The vote was no sooner heard than 
 Cromwell marched into London, surrounded the 
 House of Commons, and suffering none to enter 
 but his own party, excluded about two hundred 
 of the members. Thus there remained about 
 sixty of the independent party, sure and unani- 
 mous in their intended measures. The vote 
 agreeing to the king's concessions was now re- 
 scinded, and another passed, declaring it treason 
 in a king to levy war against his Parliament, and 
 appointing a high court of justice to take trial 
 of Charles' treason. This vote being sent up to 
 the House of Lords was rejected without a dis- 
 senting voice. But this mockery of a Parliament 
 was not thus to be stopped in their career. The 
 next vote was that the Commons of England 
 have the supreme authority of the nation, inde- 
 pendent of either king or peers. Cromwell him- 
 self was ashamed of the glaring illegality of 
 these proceedings, and apologized for his con- 
 duct by declaring that he had a divine impulse 
 that the king had been abandoned by Heaven.— 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 408. 
 
 2423. GOVERNMENT, Genius for. Alfred the 
 Great. Alfred divided all England into coun- 
 ties ; these he subdivided into hundreds ; and 
 the hundreds again into tithings. Ten neigh- 
 boring householders formed a tithing, a fribourg, 
 or decennery , over which one man was appointed 
 to preside, called a tithingman or borgholder. 
 Every householder was answerable for the con- 
 duct of his family, and the borgholder for the 
 conduct of all within his district. Every man 
 was punished as an outlaw who did not register 
 himself in some tithing ; and none could change 
 
 their habitation without a warrant from the 
 tithingman or borgholder. When any person 
 was accused of a crime, the borgholder was 
 summoned to answer for him ; if he declined to 
 become his security, the criminal was committed 
 to prison till trial. If he escaped before trial, 
 the borgholder was subjected to a penalty. The 
 borgholder, in deciding disputes or small law- 
 suits, summoned his whole decennary or tithing 
 to assist him. In matters of greater importance, 
 in appeals from the decennary, or in controver- 
 sies arising between members of different decen- 
 naries, the cause was brought before the hundred, 
 which consisted of ten decennaries, or one hun 
 dred families of freemen, and which was regu- 
 larly assembled every four weeks for the decid- 
 ing of causes. Their method of deciding de- 
 serves particularly to be noticed as being the 
 origin of juries, that inestimable privilege of 
 Britons. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 5, p. 110. 
 
 2424. . Bichelieu. The factious no- 
 bility began to excite new disturbances, which 
 Louis XIII., who was now of age, had neither 
 the discretion nor the ability to compose. These 
 commotions were increased by religious differ- 
 ences, for the Protestants, who had enjoyed an 
 unmolested tranquillity under Henry Iv., and 
 for a while under the minority of Louis, were 
 now exposed to fresh persecutions. They were 
 obliged to take up arms ; and a political and a 
 religious war raged with equal violence at the 
 same time. The king, amid these commotions, 
 was obliged alternately to bribe his own ser- 
 vants and to negotiate with his rebel nobility. 
 While public affairs were in this situation Mary 
 de Medicis had the address to bring the new 
 favorite Richelieu into the council, against the 
 inclination of the king and his favorite counsel- 
 lors ; and in a very short time this great politi- 
 cian completely gained the confidence of his 
 royal master, and signally displayed his splendid 
 abilities in quieting all disorders and raising the 
 French monarchy to a very high pitch of splen- 
 dor. The Cardinal de Richelieu entered on his ad- 
 ministration with that vigorous activity which 
 marks a bold and daring spirit. . . . Richelieu 
 was a man whose genius was truly astonishing. 
 He was negotiating at one time loith all and 
 against most of the sovereigns of Europe. ... A 
 formidable cable at court was secretly undermin- 
 ing his power. Gaston, Duke of Orleans, the 
 king's brother, detested the Cardinal de Riche- 
 lieu ; Mary de Medicis was jealous of that very 
 power which she had contributed to raise ; and 
 most of the nobility were his secret enemies. 
 This illustrious man, whose intrepidity was equal 
 to all situations, suppressed these cabals in a 
 manner which astonished all Europe. The most 
 surprising circumstance in the whole of these 
 transactions is, that Cardinal de Richelieu found 
 himself able to make such exertions of the most 
 despotic power while tTie nation were his ene- 
 mies. He surmounted all opposition ; and while 
 the genius of most men, even of great abilities, 
 would have found it sufficient occupation to 
 wage war against those cabals and factions which 
 were continually meditating his downfall, this 
 extraordinary man not only completely foiled 
 the schemes of his enemies, but found means to 
 raise the kingdom of France to a most flourish- 
 ing condition at home, while he extended her 
 
•288 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 glory and influence over all Europe. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 32, p. 443. 
 
 2425. GOVERNMENT, Growth of. Necessary. 
 
 What fiction can be more absurd and incredible 
 than to suppose an ignorant and rude youth, the 
 leader of a gang of banditti, or the chief of a 
 troop of shepherds, immediately after he had 
 reared the turf walls of his projected city, call- 
 ing together his followers, and delivering a labor- 
 ed and methodical oration on the nature of the 
 different kinds of government, such as he had 
 heard existed in Greece and other nations, de- 
 siring his hearers seriously to weigh the advan- 
 tages and defects of those different political con- 
 stitutions, and modestly concluding with a dec- 
 laration that he is ready to accede with cheerful- 
 ness to whatever form they, in their aggregate 
 wisdom, may decree ? On this absurd fiction 
 Dionysius rears the structure of a finely attem- 
 pered constitution, all at once framed and adopt- 
 ed by this troop of barbarians. [Romulus found- 
 ing Rome.] — Tytjler'sHist., Book 3, ch.2, p.308. 
 
 2426. GOVEENMENT, Imperfections of. Brit- 
 ish. The English long enjoyed a large measure 
 of freedom and happiness. Though during the 
 feeble reign of Henry VI. the State was torn 
 first by factions and at length by civil war ; 
 though Edward IV. was a prince of dissolute 
 and imperious character ; though Richard III. 
 has generally been represented as a monster of 
 depravity ; though the exactions of Henry VII. 
 caused great repining, it is certain that our ances- 
 tors. Tinder those kings, were far better governed 
 than the Belgians under Philip, surnamed the 
 Good, or the French under that Louis who was 
 styled the father of his people. — Mac aula y's 
 Hist., ch. 1, p. 35. 
 
 242T. GOVERNMENT, Impracticable. James 
 II. James was the instrument of his own misfor- 
 tunes, and ran headlong to destruction. In a 
 government where the people have a determined 
 share of power and a capacity of legally resist- 
 ing every measure which they apprehend to be 
 to their disadvantage, every attempt to change, 
 in opposition to their general desire, the religion 
 or civil constitution of the country, must be im- 
 practicable. The Roman Catholics in England 
 were not at this time one hundredth part of the 
 nation. How absurd, then (as Sir William 
 Temple told his sovereign) — how contrary to 
 common-sense was it to imagine that one part 
 should govern ninety-nine who were of opposite 
 sentiments and opinions ! Yet James was weak 
 enough to make that absurd and desperate at- 
 tempt. The nobility of the kingdom, by natur- 
 al right the counsellors of the sovereign, were 
 obliged to give place to a set of Romish priests, 
 who directed all his measures ; and James, as if 
 he was determined to neglect nothing which 
 might tend to his own destruction, began his 
 reign by levying, without the authority of Parlia- 
 ment, all the taxes which had been raised by his 
 predecessor ; he showed a further contempt of 
 the constitution and of all national feeling by 
 going openly to mass ; and though in his first 
 Parliament he solemnly promised to observe the 
 laws and to maintain the Protestant religion, he, 
 at the same time, hinted in pretty strong terms 
 that if he found them at all refractory or back- 
 ward in granting such supplies as he should re- 
 quire, he could easily dispense with calling any 
 
 more such assemblies. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, 
 ch. 30, p. 424. 
 
 242§. GOVERNMENT, Indiscreet. James I. 
 During two hundred years all the sovereigns who 
 had ruled England, with the single exception 
 of the unfortunate Henry VI., had been strong- 
 minded, high-spirited, courageous, and of prince- 
 ly bearing. Almost all had possessed abilities 
 above the ordinary level. It was no light thing 
 that, on the very eve of the decisive struggle be- 
 tween our kings and their Parliaments, royalty 
 should be exhibited to the world stammering, 
 slobbering, shedding unmanly tears, trembling 
 at a drawn sword, and talking in the style alter- 
 nately of a buffoon and of a pedagogue. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 68. 
 
 2429. GOVERNMENT, Insulted. Citizen Ge- 
 net. The Jacobins of France had beheaded the 
 king and abolished the monarchy. Citizen Ge- 
 net was sent by the new French republic as 
 minister to the United States. . . . He was greet- 
 ed with unbounded enthusiasm. Taking advan- 
 tage of his popularity, the ambassador began to 
 abuse his authority, fitted out privateers to prey 
 on the commerce of Great Britain, planned ex- 
 peditions against Louisiana, and although the 
 President had already issued a proclamation of 
 neutrality, demanded an alliance with the gov- 
 ernment. Washington and his Cabinet firmly 
 refused, and the a,udacious minister threatened 
 to appeal to the people. In this outrageous con- 
 duct he was sustained by the Anti-Federal party, 
 and for a while the government was endangered. 
 But Washington stood unmoved, declared the 
 course of the French minister an insult to the 
 sovereignty of the United States, a,nd demanded 
 his recall, and Genet was superseded. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 46, p. 368. 
 
 2430. GOVERNMENT without Law. Ameri- 
 can Indians. There can be no society without gov- 
 ernment ; but among the Indian tribes . . . 
 there was not only no written law — there was no 
 traditionary expression of law ; government 
 rested upon opinion and usage, and the motives 
 for usage were never embodied in language. No 
 ancient legislator believed that human society 
 could be maintained with so little artifice. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 2431. GOVERNMENT of Majority. lihode Isl- 
 and Colony. All the powers of the colonial 
 government were intrusted to the people. A 
 simple agreement was made and signed by the 
 settlers, that in all matters not affecting the 
 conscience they would yield a cheerful obedi- 
 ence to such rules as the majority might make 
 for the public welfare. In questions of religion 
 the individual conscience should be to every man 
 a guide. When Massachusetts objected that 
 such a democracy would leave nothing for the 
 magistrates to do, Rhode Island answered tha^ 
 magistrates were wellnigh useless. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 22, p. 194. 
 
 2432. GOVERNMENT, Menace of. Charles 11 
 The moderation of this assembly [the Parliament 
 of 1640] has been highly extolled by the most dis- 
 tinguished Royalists, and seems to have caused 
 no small vexation and disappointment to the 
 chiefs of the opposition ; but it was the uniform 
 practice of Charles — a practice equally impolitic 
 and ungenerous — to refuse all compliance with 
 
GOVERNMENT. 
 
 389. 
 
 the desires of his people till those desires were 
 expressed in a menacing tone. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., eh. 1, p. 89. 
 
 2433. GOVERNMENT, Military. Cromwell's. 
 In the summer of 1647, about twelve months 
 after the last fortress of the Cavaliers had sub- 
 mitted to the Parliament, the Parliament was 
 compelled to submit to its own soldiers. Thir- 
 teen years followed, during which England was, 
 under various names and forms, really governed 
 by the sword. Never before that time or since 
 that time was the civil power in our country 
 subjected to military dictation. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 112. 
 
 2434. GOVERNMENT misdirected. Piracy. 
 Captain John Nutt was one of the most daring 
 sea-devils of that lawless time. He was an untak- 
 able man. . . . [While a pardon without restitu- 
 tion was in progress, Admiral] Elliot did manage 
 to get possession of him. . . . The pirate was more 
 powerful than the admiral. . . . Such a buccaneer 
 as Nutt — an immensely wealthy man, a daring, 
 resolute man — had friends at court. ... It is 
 marvellous to relate that Nutt was permitted to 
 become the accuser of the admiral — that admiral 
 who had first been congratulated by Conway the 
 Secretary of State, . . . who had been told by 
 letter that he was to receive the king's thanks 
 and to kiss the king's hand in acknowledgment 
 of his rescue of the western counties and seas 
 from Nutt's piracy, plunder, and murder. That 
 admiral, . . . for that very transaction of seizing 
 that pirate, the month following lay in the Mar- 
 shalsea prison upon some frivolous pretences ; 
 while the happy, blithe-hearted pirate and plun- 
 derer stepped forth with a free and uncondition- 
 al pardon to renew his pleasant adventures upon 
 the seas. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 51. 
 
 2435. GOVERNMENT mismanaged. Colony. 
 In September, 1609, there remained at James- 
 town a colony of four hundred and ninety per- 
 sons, well armed, well supplied, and well shel- 
 tered. But such was the viciousness and profli- 
 gacy of the greater number, and such the insub- 
 ordination and want of proper leadership, after 
 [John] Smith's departure, that by the beginning 
 of winter the settlement was face to face with star- 
 vation. . . . Cold and hunger completed the ter- 
 rors of a winter long remembered with a shudder, 
 and called tJie starving time. By the last of March 
 there were only sixty persons alive, and these, if 
 help had not come speedily, could hardly have 
 lived a fortnight. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 10, 
 p. 106. 
 
 2436. GOVERNMENT, A model. North Car- 
 jina. The philosopher John Locke was employ- 
 by Sir Astley [Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury] 
 
 ind his associates to prepare the constitution. 
 The legislation of the world furnishes no parallel 
 for the pompous absurdity of Locke's perform- 
 ance. From March until July of 1669 the phi- 
 losopher worked away in the preparation of his 
 grand model. . . . Political rights were made de- 
 pendent upon hereditary wealth. The officers 
 were put beyond the reach of the people. There 
 were two grand orders of nobility. There were 
 dukes, earls, and marquises ; knights, lords, and 
 esquires; baronial courts, heraldic ceremony, and 
 every sort of feudal nonsense, . . . for a few col- 
 onists who lived on venison and potatoes, and 
 Daid their debts in tobacco. . . . After twenty 
 
 years . . . they concluded that an empire . . . 
 was impossible.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 27, p. 225. 
 
 2437. GOVERNMENT, Moral. Optimism. The 
 fashionable philosophy then was that of Pope's 
 " Essay on Man ;" . . . it was continually 
 quoted in society. It was very common to hear 
 such expressions as, " Whatever is, is right ;" 
 " Partial evil is the general good ;" " This is the 
 best of possible worlds ;" " Each creature is as 
 happy as is consistent with the happiness of the 
 whole." Sentiments of this kind we now call 
 "Optimism." In the midst of all this shallow 
 talk came the tidings of an appalling catas- 
 trophe [the earthquake at Lisbon], which struck 
 every soul with amazement and terror, as if to 
 show the futility of all human attempts to form 
 a consistent theory respecting the government of 
 the universe. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 31. 
 
 2438. GOVERNMENT, Municipal. Origin of. 
 In the next place, the towns or boroughs, which 
 were then tied down by a sort of vassalage and 
 clientship to the nobles, began now to purchase 
 their immunity ; and instead of being entirely 
 governed by these nobles, to whom the magis- 
 trates were no more than servants and stewards, 
 while they exercised themselves the supreme 
 civil and criminal authority, and imposed what 
 taxes or exactions they thought fit, the towns 
 now acquired a right of choosing their own mag- 
 istrates, who were responsible to the public ; 
 they freed themselves from those arbitrary im- 
 positions, and were governed by their own mu- 
 nicipal statutes, subordinate to the public laws of 
 the kingdom. Thus the municipal government 
 began, in many of the towns of Europe, to take 
 the place of the feudal. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 10, p. 165. 
 
 2439. GOVERNMENT needless. North Caro- 
 lina. The people, without molestation, enjoyed 
 their wild independence. It was the liberty of 
 freemen in the woods. " North Carolina," like 
 ancient Rome, was famed "as the sanctuary 
 of runaways ;" seventy years after its origin 
 Spotswood describes it as "a country where 
 there is scarce any form of government ;" and it 
 long continued to be said, with but slight ex- 
 aggeration, that " in Carolina every one did what 
 was right in his own eyes, paying tribute neither 
 to God nor to Caesar."— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 2440. GOVERNMENT, Neglect of. Pirates. 
 During the recess of 1625 Eliot travelled to the 
 West. As he passed along, news reached him 
 of the cruel mischief inflicted by Turkish pi- 
 rates, who,f rom under forts and castles left help- 
 less and unguarded, sprung on English ships. 
 The western sea, with all the villages lining 
 its coasts, was entirely at their mercy ; all trade 
 was interrupted, and the number of Christians 
 captured to be sold into slavery during the 
 outrages of three months could not be less than 
 twelve hundred. There were wailings for fa- 
 thers and sons, for brothers, for husbands and 
 wives. Meantime the ships of the nation lay 
 in harbor, men and provisions on board, and 
 government careless of the inflictions on its sub- 
 jects. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 57. 
 
 2441. GOVERNMENT, Nominal. Monarch of 
 England. The king reigned, but by the theory 
 of the constitution was not to govern. He ap 
 
390 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 peared in the Privy Council on occasions of 
 state ; but Queen Anne was the last of the Eng- 
 lish monarchs to attend the debates of the House 
 of Lords, or to preside at a meeting of the min- 
 istry. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 3. 
 
 2442. GOVEKNMENT, Odious. Rump Parlia- 
 ment. The long parliament of five years' dura- 
 tion, christened, by one of those contemptuous 
 designations vrhich mark popular disgust, The 
 Bump, a term suggested by its apparently inter- 
 minable sessions upon the benches of Westmin- 
 ster, had thoroughly wearied out the people of 
 England. The long harangues of the Puritans, 
 the bigoted discourses of the saints, the personal 
 unpopularity of the demagogues, the anti-social 
 absurdities of the Levellers, the murder of an 
 innocent and heroic monarch, which penetrated 
 the conscience of the nation with remorse, the 
 imposts and slaughters of the civil war, finally, 
 the heaviness of that anonymous tyranny which 
 the people endured more impatiently than the 
 autocracy of a glorious name — all these com- 
 bined objections fell back in accumulated odium 
 and ridicule on the Parliament. — Lamartine's 
 Cromwell, p. 57. 
 
 2443. GOVERNMENT, Outrages of. Virginia 
 Colony. An aristocratic party which had arisen 
 in the colony obtained control of the House of 
 Burgesses. . . . Episcopalianism was again es- 
 tablished as the State religion. A proscriptive 
 ordinance was passed against the Baptists, and 
 the peace-loving Quakers were fined, persecuted, 
 and imprisoned. Burdensome taxes were laid 
 on personal property and polls ; the holders of 
 large estates were exempt, and the poorer people 
 atflicted. . . . The biennial election of burgesses 
 was abolished, so that the existing assembly con- 
 tinued indefinitely in power. . . . The tyranny 
 outdid England ; . . . then came open resistance. 
 — RiDPATii's U. S., ch. 12, p. 119. 
 
 2444. GOVERNMENT, Paradoxical. Republic. 
 It may, indeed, be confidently asserted that there 
 never was that government called a republic, 
 which was not ultimately ruled by a single will, 
 and, therefore (however bold may seem the par- 
 adox), virtually and substantially a monarchy. 
 The only difference between governments, with 
 respect to the political freedom of the subject, 
 consists in the greater or the smaller number of 
 restraints by which the regulating will is con- 
 trolled. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 6, p. 216. 
 
 2445. GOVERNMENT, Patriotic. Cleomenes. 
 He began by the judicious measure of attaching 
 the army to his interest, securing the confidence 
 and allegiance of all the principal ofiicers, and 
 dextrously removing from command such as he 
 judged to be unfriendly to the revolutionary de- 
 sign. Several of the richer citizens, and even 
 some of the Ephori, from whom he expected op- 
 position, were on various pretences banished or 
 put to death. Trusting to the ready co-operation 
 of the lower orders, he then assembled the peo- 
 ple, and detailing the great benefits to be ex- 
 pected from a complete change of system, pro- 
 claimed the abolition of all the debts, and begin- 
 ning by divesting himself of the whole of his 
 property, made a new partition of the lands of 
 the republic, and restored the ancient plan of ed- 
 ucation, the institution of the public tables, and, 
 in a word, as nearly as possible, the long-forgot- 
 ten regimen of Lycurgus. Cleomenes was hailed 
 
 the second founder and father of his country, 
 and Greece resounded with his praise. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 5, p. 209. 
 
 2446. GOVERNMENT, Powerless. Colony of 
 Virginia. The burgesses had many privileges, 
 but very little power. They might discuss the 
 affairs of the colony, but could not control them ; 
 pass laws, but could not enforce them ; declare 
 their rights, but could not secure them. . . . No 
 law was binding until ratified by the company iu 
 England. Only one great benefit was gained — 
 the freedom of debate. Wherever that is recog- 
 nized, liberty must soon follow. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 11, p. 110. 
 
 2447. GOVERNMENT, Provisional. Fliglit of 
 James II. The peers repaired to Guildhall, and 
 were received there with all honor by the mag- 
 istracy of the city. In strictness of law, they 
 were no better entitled than any other set of per- 
 sons to assume the executive administration. 
 But it was necessary to the public safety that 
 there should be a provisional government, and 
 the eyes of men naturally turned to the heredi- 
 tary magnates of the realm. The extremity of the 
 danger drew Sancroft forth from his palace. 
 He took the chair ; and under his presidency 
 the new Archbishop of York, five bishops, and 
 twenty-two temporal lords determined to draw 
 up, subscribe, and publish a declaration. [They 
 took the responsibility of temporarily conducting 
 the government.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, 
 p. 511. 
 
 244S. GOVERNMENT, Reaction in. Oeorge 
 III. A. D. 1766. [The Stamp Act was repealed by 
 Parliament.] The king, who regard(?d the repeal 
 of the Stamp Act as "a fatal compliance," which 
 had forever "wounded the majesty" of England, 
 and "planted thorns" under his pillow, pre- 
 ferred the hazard of losing the colonies to tem- 
 pering the British claim of absolute authority. . . , 
 "The coming hour" was foretold "when the 
 British Augustus would grieve for the obscuring 
 of the glories of his reign by the loss, not of a 
 province, but of an empire more extensive than 
 that of Rome ; not of three legions, but of whole 
 nations." No party in England could prevent 
 an instantaneous reaction. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 6, ch. 25. 
 
 2449. GOVERNMENT, Restraints of. Flight 
 of James II. Legitimate authority there was 
 none. All those evil passions which it is the of- 
 fice of government to restrain, and which the 
 best governments restrain but imperfectly, were 
 on a sudden emancipated from control : ava- 
 rice, licentiousness, revenge, the hatred of sect 
 to sect, the hatred of nation to nation. On such 
 occasions it will ever be found that the human 
 vermin which, neglected by ministers of State 
 and ministers of religion, barbarous in the 
 midst of civilization, heathen in the midst of 
 Christianity, burrows, among all physical and 
 all moral pollution, in the cellars and garrets 
 of great cities, will at once rise into a terrible 
 importance. So it was now in London. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 514. 
 
 2450. GOVERNMENT revolutionized. Roman, 
 The creation of the Tribunes of the people is 
 the era of a change in the Rcnnan constitution. 
 The Valerian law had given a severe blow to the 
 aristocracy, or party of the patricians ; and the 
 creation of popular magistrates with such high 
 
GOVERNMENT. 
 
 291 
 
 powers had now plainly converted the govern 
 ment into a democracy. . . . But the immediate 
 cause of things coming to an open rupture was, 
 as we have seen, the intolerable burden of the 
 debts owing by the poor to the rich. This 
 grievance became at length so general, from the 
 frequency of the military campaigns, in which 
 every soldier was obliged to serve at his own 
 charges, and from the ravages committed on the 
 lands by the hostile armies, which reduced the 
 poorer sort entirely to beggary, that the plebeians 
 began to look upon their order as born to a state 
 of hereditary servitude. Hence that desperate 
 measure of abandoning the city and encamping 
 in arms upon the Mons Sacer. All that the peo- 
 ple at this time desired was not power, but a re- 
 lief from oppression and cruelty. And had this 
 just claim been readily listened to, and a relief 
 granted to them, if not by an entire abolition of 
 the debts, at least by repressing the enormous 
 usury, and taking away the inhuman rights of 
 slavery and of corporal punishment, this peo- 
 ple would, in all probability, have cheerfully re- 
 turned to order and submission, and the Roman 
 constitution might long have remained, what we 
 have seen it was at first, aristocratical. But a 
 torrent imprudently resisted will in time acquire 
 that impetuous force which carries everything 
 before it. The patricians, sensible that they had 
 pushed matters to a most alarming extreme, and 
 now thoroughly intimidated, were obliged to 
 grant the demand of creating popular magis- 
 trates. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 3, ch. 3, p. 316. 
 
 2451. GOVEENMENT, Ridiculous. Hereditary 
 Monarchy. Of the various forms of government 
 which have prevailed in the world, an hereditary 
 monarchy seems to present the fairest scope for 
 ridicule. Is it possible to relate without an in- 
 dignant smile that, on the father's decease, the 
 property of a nation, like that of a drove of 
 oxen, descends to his infant son, as yet unknown 
 to mankind and to himself ; and that the bravest 
 warriors and the wisest statesmen, relinquishing 
 their natural right to empire, approach the roy- 
 al cradle with bended knees and protestations 
 of inviolable fidelity ? — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 7, 
 p. 18. 
 
 2452. CM)VERNMENT, Rights of. Mw York 
 Colony. [New York had been reconquered 
 from the Dutch, and Sir Edmund Andros ap- 
 pointed governor.] The principles of arbitrary 
 government were openly avowed. Taxes were 
 levied without authority of law, and the appeals 
 and protests of the people were treated with de- 
 rision. The clamor for a popular assembly had 
 been so great that Andros was on the point of 
 yielding. . . . The Duke [of York wrote] . . . 
 popular assemblies were seditious and dangerous ; 
 that they only fostered discontent and disturbed 
 the peace of the government ; and, finally, that 
 he did not see any use of them. — Ridpath's U. S. , 
 ch. 20, p. 174. 
 
 2453. GOVERNMENT, Ruinous. Bo man. 
 The agriculture of the Roman provinces was in- 
 sensibly ruined, and, in the progress of despo- 
 tism, which tends to disappoint its own purpose, 
 the emperors were obliged to derive some merit 
 from the forgiveness of debts or the remission 
 of tributes, which their subjects were utterly in- 
 capable of paying. According to the new divi- 
 sion of Italy, the fertile and happy province of 
 
 Campania, the scene of the early victories and 
 of the delicious retirements of the citizens of 
 Rome, extended between the sea and the Apen- 
 nine from the Tiber to the Silarus. Within 
 sixty years after the death of Constantine, and 
 on the evidence of an actual survey, an exemp- 
 tion was granted in favor of 330,000 English 
 acres of desert and uncultivated land, which 
 amounted to one eighth of the whole surface of 
 the province. As the footsteps of the barba- 
 rians had not yet been seen in Italy, the cause of 
 this amazing desolation, which is recorded in the 
 laws, can be ascribed only to , the administra- 
 tion of the Roman emperors. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 17, p. 144. 
 
 2454. GOVERNMENT, Scriptural. Mw Ha- 
 ven Colony. The first year there was no govern- 
 ment except a simple covenant, into which the 
 settlers entered, that all would be obedient to the 
 rules of Scripture. In June, 1639, the leading 
 men of New Haven held a convention in a baim 
 and formally adopted the Bible as the constitu- 
 tion of the State. Everything was conformed 
 to the religious standard. The government was 
 called the House of Wisdom, of which . . . [sev- 
 en men] were the seven pillars. None but 
 church-members were admitted to the rights of 
 citizenship. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 21, p. 188. 
 
 2455. GOVERNMENT, Spirit of. Honor- 
 Fear — Virtue. The author of the "Spirit of 
 Laws" [Dr. Adam Ferguson], a work which 
 must ever be regarded as the production of a 
 most enlightened mind, has built a great deal of 
 plausible and ingenious reasoning on this gen- 
 eral idea, that the three distinct forms of govern 
 ment, the monarchical, the despotic, and the re- 
 publican, are influenced by three separate prin- 
 ciples, upon which the whole system in each 
 form is constructed, and on which it must de- 
 pend for its support. " The principle of the 
 monarchical form," says Montesquieu, "is 7ion- 
 or ; of the despotical,/<2ary and of the republi- 
 can, virtue :" a position which, if true, would at 
 once determine to which of the three forms the 
 preference ought to be given in speculating on 
 their comparative degrees of merit. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 6, p. 218. 
 
 2456. GOVERNMENT, Strife in. English 
 Barons. For the first and last time in her his- 
 tory England was in the hands of the baronage, 
 and their outrages showed from what horrors 
 the stern rule of the Norman kings had saved 
 her. Castles sprang up everywhere. " They 
 filled the land with castles," says the terrible an- 
 nalist of the time. "They greatly oppressed 
 the wretched people by making them work at 
 these castles, and when they were finished they 
 filled them with devils and armed men." In 
 each of these robber-holds a petty tyrant ruled 
 like a king. The strife for the crown had bro- 
 ken into a medley of feuds between baron and 
 baron, for none could brook an equal or a supe- 
 rior in his fellow. " They fought among them- 
 selves with deadly hatred, they spoiled the fair- 
 est lands with fire and rapine ; in what had been 
 the most fertile of counties they destroyed almost 
 all the provision of bread." For, fight as they 
 might with one another, all were at one in the 
 plimder of the land. Towns were put to ransom. 
 Villages were sacked and burned. All who 
 were deemed to have goods, whether men or 
 
292 
 
 GOVERNMENT— GRATITUDE. 
 
 women, were carried off and flung into dungeons 
 and tortured till they yielded up their wealth. No 
 ghastlier picture of a nation's misery has ever been 
 painted. ..." They hanged up men by their feet 
 and smoked them with foul smoke. Some were 
 hanged up by their thumbs, others by the head, 
 and burning things were hung on to their feet. 
 They put knotted strings about men's heads, and 
 writhed them till they went to the brain. They 
 put men into prisons where adders and snakes 
 and toads were crawling, and so they tormented 
 them. Some they put into a chest, short and 
 narrow, and not deep, and that had sharp stones 
 within, and forced men therein so that they broke 
 all their limbs." — Hist, of Eng. People, § 129. 
 
 2457. GOVESNMENT, A strong. Cromwell's. 
 While he lived his power stood firm, an object 
 of mingled aversion, admiration, and dread to 
 his subjects. Few, indeed, loved his govern- 
 ment ; but those who hated it most hated it less 
 than they feared it. Had it been a worse gov- 
 ernment, it might, perhaps, have been over- 
 thrown in spite of all its strength. Had it been 
 a weaker government, it would certainly have 
 been overthrown in spite of all its merits. But 
 it had moderation enough to abstain from those 
 oppressions which drive men mad ; and it had a 
 force and energy which none but men driven 
 mad by oppression would venture to encounter. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 1, p. 130. 
 
 2458. GOVEENMENT, Succession in. Amer- 
 ican Indians. The succession depended on birth, 
 and was inherited through the female line. 
 Even among the Narragansetts, the colleague of 
 Canonicus was his nephew. This rule of descent, 
 which sprung from the general licentiousness, 
 and was known throughout various families of 
 tribes, was widely observed. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 2459. GOVEENMENT, Trifles in. Time of tU 
 'Revolution. During twenty years the chief em- 
 ployment of busy and ingenious men had been 
 to frame constitutions with first magistrates, 
 without first magistrates, with hereditary senates, 
 with senates appointed by lot, with annual sen- 
 ates, with perpetual senates. In these plans 
 nothing was omitted. All the detail, all the no- 
 menclature, all the ceremonial of the imaginary 
 government was fully set forth, Polemarchs and 
 Phylarchs, Tribes and Galaxies, the Lord Archon 
 and the Lord Strategus ; which ballot-boxes 
 were to be green and which red ; which balls 
 were to be of gold and which of silver ; which 
 magistrates were to wear hats and which black 
 velvet caps with peaks ; how the mace was to be 
 carried, and when the heralds were to uncover 
 ■ — these and a hundred more such trifles were 
 gravely considered and arranged by men of no 
 common capacity and learning. — 'Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 378. 
 
 2460. GOVEENMENT, Unfitted for. Richa/rd 
 I. Richard I., surnamed Coeur de Lion, had all 
 those qualities which gain the admiration of a 
 romantic age, but few that could conduce to the 
 happiness of his subjects or command the appro- 
 bation of posterity. The whole of his reign was 
 a tale of romance, intrepid valor, imprudence, 
 and misfortune. All Europe was at that time 
 infected with the enthusiasm of the holy wars, 
 and Richard, immediately upon his accession, 
 prepared to signalize himself in an expedition to 
 
 Palestine, which his conscience, or rather his 
 romantic turn of mind, represented to him as the 
 only field of real glory for a Christian prince. 
 Little regardful of the interests of his people, 
 he raised an immense sum of money, by all the 
 various methods of arbitrary enforcement, and 
 forming a league with Philip Augustus, King of 
 France, who possessed somewhat of his own dis- 
 position, though with less generosity, the two sov- 
 ereigns agreed to join their forces in an expedi- 
 tion against the infidels. — Tytlek'sHist., Book 
 6, ch. 8, p. 144. 
 
 2461. GOVEENMENT, Venal. FourUenth Par- 
 liament. A.D. 1774. Excess had impoverished 
 many even of the heirs of the largest estates, 
 and lords as well as commoners offered them- 
 selves at market; so that "if America," said 
 [Benjamin] Franklin, "would save for three or 
 four years the money she spends in the fash- 
 ions and fineries and fopperies of this country, 
 she might buy the whole Parliament, ministry 
 and all. [This was the Parliament to which the 
 Continental Congress appealed.] — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 7, ch. 16. 
 
 2462. GOVEENMENT, Weakness of. Roman. 
 Cicero . . . told Catiline that under the powers 
 which the Senate had conferred on him he might 
 order his instant execution. He detailed Cati- 
 line's past enormities, which he had forgotten 
 when he sought his friendship, and he ended in 
 bidding him leave the city, go and join Manlius 
 and his army. Never had Cicero been greater 
 and never did oratory end in a more absurd con- 
 clusion. He dared not arrest Catiline. He con- 
 fessed that he dared not. There was not a doubt 
 that Catiline was meditating a revolution — but 
 a revolution was precisely what half the world 
 was wishing for. Rightly read, those sounding 
 paragraphs, those moral denunciations, those 
 appeals to history and patriotic sentiment, were 
 the funeral knell of the Roman Commonwealth. 
 — Froude's Cjesar, ch. 11. 
 
 2463. GEADUATION, Dishonorable. Hugh 
 Miller. He was becoming a big, wild, insubor- 
 dinate boy. . . . After a severe fight and wrest- 
 ling-match with his schoolmaster, he left school 
 [smarting under his defeat]. — Smiles' Brief 
 Biographies, p. 91. 
 
 2464. GEATITUDE expressed. Charles II. 
 Richard Penderel, Charles introduced to his 
 Court, saying, " The simplest rustic who serves 
 his sovereign in the time of need to the utmost 
 extent of his ability is as deserving of our com- 
 mendation as the victorious leader of thousands. 
 Friend Richard," continued the king, "I am 
 glad to see thee ; thou wert my preserver and 
 conductor, the bright star that showed me to my 
 Bethlehem, for which kindness I will engrave 
 thy memory on the tablet of a faithful heart." 
 Turning to the lords, the king said, " My lords, 
 I pray you respect this good man for my sake. 
 Master Richard, be bold and tell these lords 
 what passed among us when I had quitted the 
 oak at Boscobel to reach Pit Leason." [When 
 Charles had been defeated he was aided in mak- 
 ing his escape to France by Penderel.] — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 13, p. 174. 
 
 2465. . Samuel Johnson. Amid 
 
 this cold obscurity, there was one brilliant cir- 
 cumstance to cheer him — he was well acquaint- 
 
GRATITUDE— GREATNESS. 
 
 293 
 
 ed with Mr. Henry Hervey. . . . Not long before 
 his death ... he described his early friend, 
 " Harry Hervey," thus : " He was a vicious man, 
 but very kind to me. If you call a dog Hervey 
 I will love him." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 21. 
 
 2466. GRATITUDE, Improvident. Oliver 
 Goldsmith. He intended to proceed to Paris and 
 pursue his studies [medical] there, and was fur- 
 nished by his friend with money for the journey. 
 Unluckily, he rambled into the garden of a flor- 
 ist just before quitting Leyden. The tulip mania 
 was still prevalent in Holland, and some species 
 of that splendid flower brought immense prices. 
 In wandering through the garden Goldsmith rec- 
 ollected that his Uncle Contarine was a tulip- 
 fancier. The thought suddenly struck him that 
 here was an opportunity of testifying, in a deli- 
 cate manner, his sense of that generous uncle's 
 past kindnesses. In an instant his hand was in 
 his pocket ; a number of choice and costly tulip- 
 roots were purchased and packed up for Mr. 
 Contarine ; and it was not until he had paid for 
 them that he bethought himself that he had spent 
 all the money borrowed for his travelling ex- 
 penses. Too proud, however, to give up his jour- 
 ney, and too shamefaced to make another appeal 
 to his friend's liberality, he determined to travel 
 on foot, and depend upon chance and good-luck 
 for the means of getting forward ; and it is said 
 that he actually set off on a tour of the Continent, 
 in February, 1755, with but one spare shirt, 
 a flute, and a single guinea. — Irving's Gold- 
 smith, ch. 4, p. 47. 
 
 2467. GRAVE, Possession of. Harold II. 
 [When William of Normandy invaded England 
 Harold II. , King of the Anglo-Saxons, met Tos- 
 tig, his own brother, who had come to aid Will- 
 iam.] Harold would have negotiated with his 
 brother ; but when Tostig asked what the king 
 of Norway should have, the Saxon answered, 
 "Seven feet of earth for a grave." a.d. 1066. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 13, p. 180. 
 
 246§. GRAVITY by Discipline. Constantius. 
 From Milan to Rome ... he approached with- 
 in forty miles of the city ; the march of a prince 
 who had never vanquished a foreign enemy as- 
 sumed the appearance of a triumphal procession. 
 His splendid train was composed of all the min- 
 isters of luxury ; but in a time of profound 
 peace he was encompassed by the glittering 
 arms of the numerous squadrons of his guards 
 and cuirassiers. . . . Constantius sat alone in a 
 lofty car, resplendent with gold and precious 
 gems ; and except when he bowed his head to 
 pass under the gates of the cities, he affected a 
 stately demeanor of inflexible, and, as it might 
 seem, of insensible gravity. The severe disci- 
 pline of the Persian youth had been introduced 
 by the eunuchs into the Imperial palace ; and 
 such were the habits of patience which they had 
 inculcated, that during a slow and sultry march 
 he was never seen to move his hand toward his 
 face, or to turn his eyes either to the right or to 
 the left. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 19, p. 217. 
 
 2469. GREATNESS, Blot on. Dryden. Dry- 
 (len was poor and impatient of poverty. He knew 
 little and cared little about religion. If any sen- 
 timent was deeply fixed in him, that sentiment 
 was an aversion to priests of all persuasions. . . . 
 Finding that if he continued to call himself a 
 Protestant his services would be overlooked, he 
 
 declared himself a papist. The king's [James II. ] 
 parsimony instantly relaxed. Dryden was grati- 
 fied with a pension of £100 a year, and was em- 
 ployed to defend his new religion both in prose 
 and in verse. . . . There will always be a strong 
 presumption against the sincerity of a conver- 
 sion by which the convert is a direct gainer.— 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 183. 
 
 2470. GREATNESS burdensome. Oliver Crom- 
 well. [When Cromwell was in the height of his 
 success as Protector of England, he was ap- 
 prehensive for the safety of his life. His aged 
 mother at the sound of a musket would often 
 be afraid her son was shot, and covild not be sat- 
 isfied unless she saw him once a day at least. In 
 a burst of disappointment amid the conten- 
 tions around him he said, " I had rather keep a 
 flock of sheep."] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 12, 
 p. 188. 
 
 2471. GREATNESS, Buried. Alexander the 
 Great. Finding the tomb of Cyrus broken open, 
 he put the author of that sacrilege to death, 
 though a native 'of Pella, and a person of some 
 distinction. His name was Polymachus. After 
 he had read the epitaph, which was in the Per- 
 sian language, he ordered it to be inscribed also 
 in Greek. It was as follows : " O man ! whoso- 
 ever THOU ART, AND WHENSOEVER THOU COM- 
 EST (for come I KNOW THOU WILT), I AM Cy- 
 RUS, THE FOUNDER OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE ; 
 ENVY ME NOT THE LITTLE EARTH THAT COV- 
 ERS MY BODY." Alexander was much affected 
 at these words, which placed before him in so 
 strong a light the uncertainty and vicissitude of 
 things. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 2472. GREATNESS by Contrast. Charlemagne. 
 The appellation of great has been often bestow- 
 ed, and sometimes deserved ; but Charlemagne is 
 the only prince in whose favor the title has been 
 indissolubly blended with the name. That name, 
 with the addition of saint, is inserted in the Ro- 
 man calendar ; and the saint, by a rare felicity, 
 is crowned with the praises of the historians and 
 philosophers of an enlightened age. His rea^j 
 merit is doubtless enhanced by the barbarism of 
 the nation and the times from which he emerged ; 
 but the apparent magnitude of an object is like- 
 wise enlarged by an unequal comparison ; and 
 the ruins of Palmyra derive a casual splendor 
 from the nakedness of the surrounding desert. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39, p. 44. 
 
 2473. GREATNESS, Downfall of. Columbus. 
 [Bobadilla had put him in irons on the accusa- 
 tion of adventurers.] So violently had he been 
 treated, and so savage were the passions let loose 
 against him, that he feared he should be sacri- 
 ficed without an opportunity of being heard, 
 and his name go down sullied and dishonored to 
 posterity. When he beheld the officer enter with 
 the guard, he thought it was to conduct him to 
 the scaffold. "Villejo," said he, mournfully, 
 " whither are you taking me ?" " To the ship, 
 your Excellency, to embark," replied the other. 
 " To embark !" repeated the admiral, earnestly ; 
 "Villejo, do you speak the truth ?" "By the 
 life of your Excellency," replied the honest offi- 
 cer, " it is true !" With these words the admiral 
 was comforted, and felt as one restored from 
 death to life. Nothing can be more touching 
 and expressive than this little colloquy. — Irv- 
 ing's Columbus, Book 13, ch. 7. 
 
294 
 
 GREATNESS. 
 
 2474. GREATNESS, Dream of. Cromwell. Ol- 
 iver himself " often averred, when he was at 
 the height of his glory," that, on a certain 
 night, in his childhood, he "saw a gigantic 
 figure, which came and opened the curtains 
 of his bed, and told him that he should be the 
 greatest person in the kingdom, but did not men- 
 tion the word king ; and," continues the rever- 
 end narrator, " though he was told of the folly 
 as well as wickedness of such an assertion, he 
 persisted in it ; for which he was flogged by 
 Dr. Beard, at the particular desire of his father ; 
 notwithstanding which, he would sometimes re- 
 peat it to his Uncle Stewart, who told him it 
 was traitorous to relate it. — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 2, p. 31. 
 
 2475. GREATNESS, End of. Saladin. The 
 Turks and Christians in Palestine were, in the 
 mean time, mutually exterminating and destroy- 
 ing each other, when a new character appeared 
 on the stage, who, in all respects, was one of the 
 greatest men who have adorned the annals of 
 the world ; this was Saladin, thewnephew of Nou- 
 reddin, the sultan of Egypt. In a very short 
 space of time he had overrun Syria, Arabia, Per- 
 sia, and Mesopotamia, and now formed the de- 
 sign of the conquest of Jerusalem, then under 
 the dominion of the Christian prince, Guy of 
 Lusignan. . . . [He was defeated by Richard 
 the Lion.] Soon after died the illustrious Sala- 
 din, leaving behind him the character not only 
 of one of the most heroic, but of one of the best 
 of princes. In his last illness, instead of the im- 
 perial ensigns which used to adorn the gates of 
 his palace, he ordered a winding-sheet to be hung 
 up, while a slave proclaimed, with a loud voice, 
 " This is all that Saladin, the conqueror of the 
 East, has obtained by his victories \" He be- 
 queathed by his last will a large sum of money 
 to be distributed equally among the poor, wheth- 
 er they were Mohammedans, Christians, or Jews, 
 intending, as Voltaire well remarks, to teach, by 
 his bequest, that all men are brethren, and that 
 when we assist them we ought not to inquire 
 what they beliem, but what Xhey feel. This great 
 
 Srince died in the year 1195. — Tytleb's Hist., 
 look 6, ch. 9, p. 163. 
 
 2476. GREATNESS, Fictitious. Alfonso d' Al- 
 buquerque. Three hundred and fifty years ago 
 it was as familiar and famous as the names 
 of Napoleon, Wellington, and "Washington now 
 are. He was generally spoken of as the great 
 Albuquerque ; sometimes as the " Mars of Portu- 
 gal ;" and to this day the Portuguese regard him 
 as the greatest man of their greatest age. He 
 was certainly one of the most successful of con- 
 querors, and excelled all the commanders of his 
 time, except Pizarro and Cortez, in battering 
 down other people's towns, and carrying off their 
 gold, silver, and diamonds. On one occasion, 
 we are told, his booty amounted to a sum equal, 
 in greenbacks of to-day, to $100,000,000 ; but no 
 historian has taken the trouble to inform us what 
 offence the people of Malacca had committed, 
 that they should be subjected to this heavy fine. 
 At that day all Christians appear to have 
 been fully convinced that the heathen had no 
 rights which Christians were bound to respect. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 311. 
 
 2477. GREATNESS of Goodness. Cosmo de' 
 Medici. Perhaps there never was a family which 
 
 deserved better of mankind than that of the Med- 
 ici. Cosmo de' Medici, who was born in the 
 year 1389, lived as a private citizen of Florence, 
 without courting rank or titles, though the wealth 
 which he had acquired by commerce might have 
 raised him to a level with the most powerful of the 
 European princes. The use he made of his 
 riches was to relieve the poor, to perform the 
 most splendid acts of public munificence, to 
 embellish and to refine his country, and to 
 promote the cultivation of the sciences and 
 fine arts, by inviting to Florence from every 
 quarter men eminent for their learning and 
 talents. He died distinguished by no diadems 
 nor splendid epithets of honor, but known by 
 that most honorable of human titles, tfie Father 
 of Ms Country. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, 
 p. 214. 
 
 247§. GREATNESS imposaible. Francs under 
 Charles IX. The colony of the Huguenots at 
 the south sprung from private enterprise ; a gov- 
 ernment which could devise the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew was neither worthy nor able to 
 found new States. — Bancroft's Hist. ofU. S., 
 ch. 1. 
 
 2479. GREATNESS, Multiplex. Julius Ccesar. 
 Lord Byron wrote : " It is possible to be a very 
 great man, and to be still very inferior to Julius 
 Caesar, the most complete character, so Lord 
 Bacon thought, of all antiquity. Nature seems 
 incapable of such extraordinary combinations as 
 composed his versatile capacity, which was the 
 wonder even of the Romans themselves. The 
 first general ; the only triumphant politician ; in- 
 ferior to none in point of eloquence ; comparable 
 to any in the attainments of wisdom, in an age 
 made up of the greatest commanders, statesmen, 
 orators, and philosophers, that ever appeared 
 in the world ;' an author who composed a perfect 
 specimen of military annals in his travelling car- 
 riage ; at one time in a controversy with Cato, 
 at another writing a treatise on punning, and 
 collecting a set of good sayings ; fighting and 
 making love at the same moment, and willing to 
 abandon both his empire and his mistress for 
 a sight of the fountains of the Nile. Such did 
 Julius Caesar appear to his contemporaries, and 
 to those of the subsequent ages who were the 
 most inclined to deplore and execrate his fata., 
 genius." — Note in Gibbon, vol. 1. 
 
 24S0. GREATNESS, Patriotic. Cromwell. 
 Some have compared him with Napoleon — Na- 
 poleon I. — to his disadvantage. But we shall 
 soon see the justice of that criticism which finds 
 the greatness of Napoleon rather in that he did 
 his work on stilts ; he performed his work in a 
 large, ambitious manner, and strode to and fro 
 in self-conscious exaggeration before the eyes of 
 Europe. Cromwell performed his work on our 
 own island, but he did not leave it. He humbled 
 the proud empires of Europe by a glance. It 
 took battles to raise himself to his place of Pro- 
 tector, but he became the Dictator of Europe by 
 the magnetism of a great intelligence. From his 
 council- chamber in Whitehall he dictated his 
 own terms. Always let it be remembered that 
 Napoleon I., in order to retain his power, directed 
 all the energies of his country away from any, 
 even the slightest, attempt at domestic reform of 
 his own land, where reforms of eveiy kind were 
 so much needed ; and he decimated the unhappy 
 
GREATNESS— GROVES. 
 
 295 
 
 people of his own land by embroiling them in 
 wars with every nation in Europe ; he kindled 
 the conflagrations of martial glory, and carried 
 everywhere the banners and eagles of conquest, 
 in order that he might dazzle by the fame of his 
 great military dictatorship. To our indignant 
 humanity Napoleon looks like a poor, self-ex- 
 aggerating child, contrasted with the farmer of 
 St. Ives. Macaulay well points out how greatly 
 it wotdd have been to the interests of Cromwell's 
 ambition to have plunged his country into a 
 great European war, and how fertile were the 
 occasions for such a war ! And had he consti- 
 tuted himself the armed as he was the peaceful 
 protector of Protestantism in Europe, like 
 another Gustavus Adolphus, how prompt at his 
 call for such a cause would have leaped up that 
 mighty army of which he was the chief, and 
 which had regarded his voice, through so many 
 well-fought fields, as the very voice of the Lord 
 of Hosts speaking to men. He had no such am- 
 bition ; only to serve his country as best he 
 could, and Protestantism always, in all peaceful 
 sincerity. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 14, p. 185. 
 
 24§1. GREATNESS, Proof of. Robert Burns. 
 Great men, great events, great epochs, it has been 
 said, grow as we recede from them ; and the 
 rate at which they gi*ow in the estimation of 
 men is in some sort a measure of their greatness. 
 Tried by this standard. Burns must be great in- 
 deed ; for during the eighty years that have 
 passed since his death men's interest in the man 
 himself and their estimate of his genius have 
 been steadily increasing. Each decade since he 
 died has produced at least two biographies of 
 him. — Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 24§2. OBEATNESS recognized. Riclielieu. Al- 
 though it was by no means intended to bestow 
 on Richelieu the first place in the administra- 
 tion, he had not been six months in oflice before 
 his supremacy was fully understood and recog- 
 nized by the king, the council, the court, and 
 the whole nation. Every department of the 
 ! public service soon felt the irresistible energy of 
 I his character, and his extraordinary capacity for 
 f the great task of government. — Students' 
 France, ch. 19, § 5. 
 
 2483. GEEATNESS, Threefold. Francis I. 
 " Three of this monarch's deeds," says Marshal 
 Tavannes, "have justly procured for him the 
 title of Great : the victory of Marignano, the res- 
 toration of letters, and his single-handed resist- 
 ance to the combined powers of Europe." — 
 Students' France, ch. 14, § 16. 
 
 24§4. GEE ATNESS with Vice. Hannibal. His 
 boldness in undertaking a perilous enterprise was 
 equalled by his prudence in conducting it. 
 His strength, neither of body nor mind, was ever 
 seen to yield to the severest labor. Insensible 
 alike to heat or cold, his food and drink were 
 limited to the necessities of nature, never in- 
 dulged to gratification. All hours of the day or 
 night were to him alike, whether for duty or re- 
 pose ; what could be spared from the former was 
 given to the latter ; no appliances were wanted 
 — no soft couch or silent retirement. Often 
 was he seen, amid the bustle of a military post, 
 snatching a brief repose on the bare ground, his 
 cloak his only covering. He affected no supe- 
 riority of dress ; valuing himself only on his arms 
 and on his horses ; himself the hardiest foot- 
 
 soldier and the most gallant horseman ; the first 
 to rush into combat, the last to quit the field. 
 Yet were these high qualities counteracted by 
 enormous vices, by the most inhuman cruelty, 
 by worse than Punic perfidy, by the utter disre- 
 gard of truth and of everything sacred — owning 
 no fear of heaven, and regardless alike of prom- 
 ises and oaths. — Tytleb's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, 
 p. 273. 
 
 24§5. GEE ATNESS by Wisdom. Alexander. 
 Above twenty other cities bearing the name of 
 Alexandria were reared in the course of Alex- 
 ander's various expeditions. It is such works as 
 these which justly entitle the Macedonian to the 
 epithet of Great. By the cities which he built, 
 by rearing in the midst of deserts those nurseries 
 of population and of industry, he repaired the 
 waste and havoc of his conquests. Without those 
 monuments of his real glory, posterity might 
 have agreed in bestowing on him an epithet 
 synonymous to that by which he is yet known 
 among the bramins of India — tfie mighty Mur- 
 derer. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 186. 
 
 2486. GEIEF, Conjugal. Thomas Jefferson. 
 One of her children has given a most affecting 
 account of her last moments, and of Jefferson's 
 grief at her death. "For four months," she 
 says, " he was never out of calling ; when not at 
 her bedside, he was writing in a small room 
 which opened close at the head of her bed. A 
 moment before the closing scene he was led from 
 the room almost in a state of insensibility by his 
 sister, who, with great difficulty, got him into 
 his library, where he fainted, and remained so 
 long insensible that they feared he never would 
 revive. The scene that followed I did not wit- 
 ness ; but the violence of his emotion, when 
 almost by stealth I entered his room at night, to 
 this day I dare not trust myself to describe. He 
 kept his room three weeks, and I was never a 
 moment from his side. He walked almost in- 
 cessantly, night and day, only lying down occa- 
 sionally^ when nature was completely exhausted, 
 on a pallet that had been brought in during his 
 long fainting fit. When at last he left his room, 
 he rode out, and from that time he was inces- 
 santly on horseback, rambling about the moun- 
 tain in the least frequented roads, and just as 
 often through the woods."— Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 225. 
 
 2487. GEIEF, Fatal. Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes 
 soon after died of a broken heart. Darius, his 
 eldest son, together with fifty of his natural 
 brothers, had conspired against their father, but 
 their designs were defeated, and they were all 
 put to death. Ochus, the third of his lawful 
 sons, succeeded him. This monster had made 
 his way to the throne by murdering his elder 
 brother, and to secure his possession he mur- 
 dered all that remained of his kindred.— Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 168. 
 
 2488. GEIEF, Public. Jerusalem taken. In 
 1187 Jerusalem was surrendered to Saladin. Then 
 went forth deep lamentation throughout Europe. 
 A pope died of grief. A king wore sackcloth. 
 Other sovereigns trembled for the safety of their 
 own possessions. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 1, ch. 21, 
 p. 804. 
 
 2489. GEOVES, Worship in. Ancients. The 
 only temples in Germany were dark and ancient 
 
296 
 
 GRUMBLING— GUILT. 
 
 groves, consecrated by the reverence of succeed- 
 ing generations. Their secret gloom, the imag- 
 ined residence of an invisible power, by present- 
 ing no distinct object of fear or worship, im- 
 pressed the mind with a still deeper sense of 
 religious horror ; and the priests, rude and illit- 
 erate as they were, had been taught by experience 
 the use of every artifice that could preserve and 
 fortify impressions so well suited to their own 
 interest. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 270. 
 
 2490. GEUMBLING over Failures, Nelson. 
 [He missed the French fleet carrying Bonaparte 
 to Egypt; when he returned to Sicily to refurnish, 
 there was great complaint in England.] Jour- 
 nalists talked of naval mismanagement and of 
 worn-out captains who were hanging about 
 the Admiralty asking for employ ; marvelled at 
 the rashness of Lord St. Vincent [admiral] in 
 sending so young a commander upon so great 
 an enterprise. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, 
 p. 355. 
 
 2491. GUAED, Insignificant. Cortez. Velas- 
 quez, the governor of Cuba, jealous of that suc- 
 cess which he was informed had attended the 
 Spanish arms in Mexico, sent an army of 800 
 men to supersede Cortez, and to assume the gov- 
 ernment of the country. This intrepid man, 
 leaving his conquests to' be secured by fourscore 
 of his soldiers, attacked with the rest of his 
 troops the army of Velasquez, defeated them, 
 and forced them to submit to his command as 
 their general. At his return to Mexico he 
 found his Spaniards besieged in their quarters. 
 The Mexicans had attempted to set at liberty their 
 captive monarch, and on the sight of the Spanish 
 army pouring down upon them in immense 
 numbers they attacked them with the most des- 
 perate fury. A horrible carnage ensued, which 
 Montezuma himself endeavored to put a stop to 
 by offering himself a mediator between the 
 Spaniards and the Americans. The pusillanim- 
 ity of this proposal struck his own subjects with 
 the highest indignation, and an enraged Mexican 
 pierced him to the heart with a javelin. — Tvt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 21, p. 310. 
 
 2492. GUIDE, The unseen. Conatantin e's. 
 Writers describe the nocturnal vision which ap- 
 peared to the fancy of Constantine as he slept 
 within the walls of Byzantium. The tutelar 
 genius of the city, a venerable matron sinking 
 under the weight of years and infirmities, was 
 suddenly transformed into a blooming maid 
 whom his own hands adorned with all the sym- 
 bols of Imperial greatness. The monarch awoke, 
 interpreted the auspicious omen, and obeyed, 
 without hesitation, the will of Heaven. The 
 day which gave birth to a city or colony was 
 celebrated by the Romans with such ceremonies 
 as had been ordained by a generous superstition ; 
 and though Constantine might omit some rites 
 which savored too strongly of their Pagan ori- 
 gin, yet he was anxious to leave a deep impres- 
 sion of hope and respect on the minds of the 
 spectators. On foot, with a lance in his hand, 
 the emperor himself led the solemn procession, 
 and directed the line, which was traced as the 
 boundary of the destined capital, till the gi"ow- 
 ing circumference was observed with astonish- 
 ment by the assistants, who at length ventured 
 to observe that he had already exceeded the 
 most ample measure of a great city. *' I shall 
 
 still advance," replied Constantine, " till He, the 
 invisible guide who marches before me, thinks 
 proper to stop." Without presuming to inves- 
 tigate the nature or motives of this extraordinary 
 conductor, we shall content ourselves with the 
 more humble task of describing the extent and 
 limits of Constantinople. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1 7, 
 p. 95. 
 
 2493. GUIDES, Blind. Biblical. A learned 
 Oriental, having been to visit the library of a 
 French convent, writes thus to his friend in Per- 
 sia concerning what had passed : " Father." 
 said I to the librarian, "what are these huge 
 volumes which fill the whole side of the library?" 
 "These," said he, "are the interpreters of the 
 Scriptures." "There is a prodigious number 
 of them," replied I ; " the Scriptures must have 
 been very dark formerly, and be very clear at 
 present. Do there remain still any doubts ? 
 Are there now any points contested ?" "Are 
 there !" answered he with surprise — "are there I 
 There are almost as many as there are lines." 
 " You astonish me," said I ; "what then have 
 all these authors been doing ?" " These au- 
 thors," returned he, "never searched the Script- 
 ures for what ought to be believed, but for 
 what they did believe themselves. They did 
 not consider them as a book wherein were con- 
 tained the doctrines which they ought to receive, 
 but as a work which might be made to author- 
 ize their own ideas." 
 
 2494. GUILDS, Establishment of. Twelfth Cen- 
 tury. In all of the trading communities there 
 were stringent regulations for buying and selling, 
 enforced by the universal machinery of guilds. 
 This organization w^as as complete as that of 
 the military system of feudality ; and as the lord 
 controlled his tenant and received his fealty, 
 the tenant commanded his socman, and the 
 socman his serf, so the chief of a guild ruled 
 over his company, and his company over their 
 apprentices, and their apprentices over their 
 servants. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, p. 322. 
 
 2495. GUILT, Division of. Assassins. [By 
 the enemies of Mahomet.] His death was re- 
 solved, and they agreed that a sword from each 
 tribe should be buried in his heart, to divide the 
 guilt of his blood and baffle the vengeance of 
 the Hashemites. An angel or a spy revealed 
 their conspiracy ; and flight was the only re- 
 source of Mahomet. At the dead of night, ac- 
 companied by his friend Abubeker, he silently 
 escaped from his house ; the assassins watched 
 at the door, but they were deceived by the fig- 
 ure of Ali, who reposed on the bed, and was 
 covered with the green vestment of the apostle. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 124. 
 
 2496. GUILT, Evidence of. Sudden Death. 
 [In 1052 Edward (III.) the Confessor w^as ban- 
 queting at Windsor.] At the king's banquet 
 sat Godwin [a powerful Saxon noble], in the 
 house where his daughter was again the queen. 
 Edward in a dispute hinted that the earl was ac- 
 cessory to the death of his brother Alfred. He 
 stood up to aver his innocence, and fell speech- 
 less to the earth. Other writers say that he in- 
 voked Heaven to choke him by the bread which 
 he was about to swallow if that guilt was his ; 
 and that he was choked. — Knight's Eng., vol 
 1, ch. 13, p. 171. 
 
HABIT— HAIR. 
 
 297 
 
 2497. HABIT, Power of. Omlization. [The 
 early Greeks were cannibals.] Necessity only, in 
 the most savage nations, could at first get the bet- 
 ter of the strongest instinct ; but that once over- 
 come, a habit is soon acquired, and will not be 
 laid aside as long as subsistence remains in any 
 degree precarious. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 7, p. 60. 
 
 249§. HABITS, Personal. John Milton. His 
 habit in early life had been to study late into the 
 night. After he lost his sight he changed his 
 hours, and retired to rest at nine. In summer he 
 rose at four, in winter at five, and began the day 
 with having the Hebrew Scriptures read to him. 
 ' ' Then he contemplated. At seven his man came 
 to him again, and then read to him and wrote 
 till dinner. The writing was as much as the read 
 ing" (Aubrey). Then he took exercise, either 
 walking in the garden or swinging in a machine. 
 His only recreation, besides conversation, was 
 music. He played the organ and the bass-viol, 
 the organ most. Sometimes he would sing him- 
 self, or get his wife to sing to him, thougli she 
 had, he said, no ear, yet a good voice. Then he 
 went up to his study to be read to till six. After 
 six his friends were admitted to visit him, and 
 would sit with him till eight. At eight he went 
 down to supper, usually olives or some light 
 thing. He was very abstemious in his diet, hav- 
 ing to contend with a gouty diathesis. He was 
 not fastidious in his choice of meats, but content 
 with anything that was in season, or easy to be 
 procured. After supping thus sparingly, he 
 smoked a pipe of tobacco, drank a glass of water, 
 and then retired to bed. He was sparing in his 
 use of wine. His Samson, who in this as in other 
 things is Milton himself, allays his thirst ' ' from 
 the clear milky juice." — Pattison's Milton, 
 ch. 12. 
 
 2499. HAIR changed. Early Gray. [Timour 
 the Tartar is said to have been very beautiful in 
 person during his early life.] One thing alone, 
 according to the Tartar historians, contrasted 
 with this youthfulness and grace of his counte- 
 nance : it is the hair, which turned gray upon his 
 head almost in the cradle. This phenomenon, 
 which recalled, say his painters, the gray hair of 
 the popular hero of the Persians, Sam, of whom 
 the exploits are celebrated in the Snahnameh, 
 had contributed to draw upon the young Timour 
 the attention and respect of the Tartars. They 
 saw in it a sign of precocious maturity, indicated 
 by heaven in that crown of wisdom on the brow 
 of a boy. They conceived it the augury of a con- 
 summate intellect, with a heroic heart. He prid- 
 ed himself on this disgrace of nature as a priv- 
 ilege of heaven. These white hairs on the cheeks 
 of twenty set off the lustre of his complexion, 
 and impressed a strange, but rather agreeable 
 than ungraceful, character upon his beauty. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 305. 
 
 2500. HAIR, Manly. Cutting. As it was 
 then the custom for such as had arrived at man's 
 estate to go to Delphi to offer the first-fruits of 
 their hair to Apollo, Theseus, the legendary 
 founder of Attica, went thither, and the place 
 where this ceremony is performed, from him, is 
 said to be yet called Thesea. He shaved, however, 
 only the fore part of his head, as Homer tells us 
 the Abantes did ; and this kind of tonsure, on his 
 account, was called Theseis. The Abantes first 
 
 cut their hair in this manner, not in imitation of 
 the Arabians, as some imagine, nor yet of the 
 Mysians, but because they were a warlike peo- 
 ple, who loved close fighting, and were more ex- 
 pert in it than any other nation. That they might 
 not, therefoce, give advantage to their enemies by 
 their hair, they took care to cut it off. And we 
 are informed that Alexander of Macedon, having 
 made the same observation, ordered his Macedo- 
 nian troops to cut off their beards, these being a 
 ready handle in battle. — Plutarch's Lives. 
 
 2501. HAIB, Pride in. Eoman Emperor Ju- 
 lian. His body was covered with hair ; the use 
 of the razor was confined to his head alone • and 
 [he] celebrates, with visible complacency, the 
 shaggy and populous beard, which he fondly 
 cherished, after the example of the philosophers 
 of Greece. Had Julian consulted the simple dic- 
 tates of reason, the first magistrate of the Romans 
 would have scorned the affectation of Diogenes, 
 as well as that of Darius. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 23, p. 398. 
 
 2502. HAIR, Princely. Ung. The Franks, 
 whose monarchy was still confined to the neigh- 
 borhood of the Lower Rhine, had wisely estab- 
 lished the right of hereditary succession in the 
 noble family of the Merovingians. These princes 
 were elevated on a buckler, the symbol of mil- 
 itary command ; and the royal fashion of long 
 hair was the ensign of their birth and dignity. 
 Their flaxen locks, which they combed and 
 dressed with singular care, hung down in flow- 
 ing ringlets on their back and shoulders, while 
 the rest of the nation were obliged, either bylaw 
 or custom, to shave the hinder part of their head, 
 to comb their hair over the forehead, and to con- 
 tent themselves with the ornament of two small 
 whiskers. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 34, p. 428. 
 
 2503. HAIR ridiculed. ''Roundhead:' Of 
 the orgin of the latter, Mrs. Hutchinson gives the 
 following account: "When Puritanism grew 
 into a faction, the zealots distinguished tliem- 
 selves, both men and women, by several affec- 
 tions of habit, looks, and words, which, had it 
 been a real declension of vanity, and embracing 
 of sobriety in all those things, had been most com 
 mendable in them. . . . Among other affected 
 habits, few of the Puritans, what degree soever 
 they were of, wore their hair long enough to 
 cover their ears ; and the ministers and many 
 others cut it close round their heads, with so 
 many little peaks, as was something ridiculous 
 to behold. From this custom of wearing their 
 hair, that name of 'Roundhead' became the 
 scornful term given to the whole Parliament 
 party, whose army indeed marched out so, but 
 as if they had been sent out only till their hair 
 was grown. Two or three years afterward, how- 
 ever," she continues (the custom, it may be pre- 
 sumed, having declined), "any stranger that had 
 seen them would have inquired the reason of that 
 name." — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 6, p. 98. 
 
 2504. HAIR, Uncombed. Harald II. [Saxon 
 King of England.] Legend told how one of its 
 many rulers, Harald of Westfold, sent his men to 
 bring him Gytha of Hordaland, a girl he had 
 chosen for wife, and how Gytha sent his men 
 back again with taunts at his petty realm. The 
 taunts went home, and Harald vowed never to 
 clip or comb his hair till he had made all Norway 
 hie own. So every spring-tide came war and 
 
298 
 
 HAIR— HAPPINESS. 
 
 hosting, harrying and burning, till a great fight 
 at Hafursflord settled the matter, and Harald 
 " Ugly-Head," as men called him while the strife 
 lasted, was free to shear his locks again and be- 
 came Harald " Fair-Hair." — Hist, of Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 77. 
 
 2505. HAIB, Use of. Spartans. They let their 
 hair, therefore, grow from their youth, but took 
 more particular care, when they expected an ac- 
 tion, to have it well combed and shining, remem- 
 bering a saying of Lycurgus, that " a large head 
 of hair made the handsome more graceful and 
 the ugly more terrible." — Plutabch's Lycur- 
 gus. 
 
 2506. HALLUCINATION, Kealistic. Martin 
 Luther. In October, 1521, ... he passed many a 
 day in melancholy and depression of spirits. At 
 such times he believed himself tormented of the 
 Evil One. . . . [He relates :] "It was in the year 
 1521 that I was in Patmos at the Wartburg, alone 
 in my little room, no one being permitted to come 
 to me save two pages of honor, who brought me 
 food and drink. They had brought me a bag of 
 hazelnuts, of which I ate from time to time, and 
 which I locked up in a chest. One evening on 
 retiring I heard some one at the hazelnuts, 
 cracking one after another with force against the 
 rafters ; then the noise approached my bed, but 
 I cared little for that. After I had fallen asleep 
 there begun such a tumult in the stairway, as if 
 threescore barrels were being thrown down. I 
 arose, went to the stairs, and cried out, ' Art thou 
 here (meaning the Evil One) ? So be it !' I then 
 commended my soul to the Lord Jesus Christ, 
 of whom it is said . . . ' Thou hast put all things 
 under his feet,' and retired to rest. For this is 
 the best method to expel him (the devil) — despis- 
 ing him and calling upon Christ. That he cannot 
 endure." But finally, when Satan exceeded all 
 bounds, as the legend records, Luther threw his 
 inkstand at him, and he never returned again. — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 10, p. 97. 
 
 2507. HANDS, Fortune in. Omar. Omar am- 
 nestied all the Arabs who, after the death of Ma- 
 homet, had hesitated in their faith. This amnesty 
 and the report of his triumphs led thousands of 
 Mussulmans to flock beneath his banners. Amr, 
 chief of those insurgents, a warrior of colossal 
 stature and an arm of iron, brought him 2000 
 combatants. " What pay dost thou ask ?" said 
 Omar to him, joking, " since thou must by thy- 
 self be worth several men." " A thousand dir- 
 hems for this," replied Amr, with his head upon 
 his left side ; "a thousand for this," added he, 
 striking upon the right side ; " and in fine, a 
 thousand for this," continued he, striking upon 
 his heart. " Very well," said Omar, smiling, " I 
 assign thee three thousand dirhems." Then sur- 
 veying him from the head to the feet and admir- 
 ing his gigantic height : " Praise be to God, who 
 has created Amr ! " cried the Khalif . He sent him 
 to join the army then forming on the banks of 
 the Euphrates to attack Persia. — Lamaktine's 
 Turkey, p. 168. 
 
 250S. HANDS, Hundred. VanguisJied. JEgse- 
 on, a famous giant of antiquity, was the son of 
 Titan and Terra. He is described as having pos- 
 sessed one hundred hands. He was vanquished 
 by Jupiter and loaded with chains. — Am. Cy- 
 clopedia, "^G^ON." 
 
 2509. HAND-SHAKING, Weariness of. Gen 
 eral Grant. [When abroad he was] asked if he 
 did not tire of so much hand-shaking. " Yes," 
 said he, " I . . . think hand-shaking a great nui- 
 sance, and it should be abolished. In 1865 it was 
 awful with me ; I thought I could hardly sur- 
 vive the task. It not only makes the right arm 
 sore, but it shocks the whole system, and unfits 
 a man from writing or attending to other duties. 
 It demoralizes the entire nervous and muscular 
 system." — Travels of General Grant, p. 57. 
 
 2510. HANGING, Forecast of. Patriots. When 
 the members were signing the Declaration [of 
 Independence] Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, 
 an enormously corpulent man, looking at the 
 slender, withered form of Elbridge Gerry, of 
 Massachusetts, said: "Gerry, when the hang- 
 ing comes, I shall have the advantage ; you'll 
 kick in the air half an hour after it is all over 
 with me." It was about this time, too, that 
 Franklin achieved one of his celebrated witti- 
 cisms. " We must all hang together in this bus- 
 iness," said one of the members. "Yes," said 
 Franklin, "we must all hang together, or, most 
 assuredly, we shall all hang separately." — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BiOG. , p. 349. 
 
 2511. HANGING, Public. Samuel Johnson. 
 He said to Sir William Scott : " The age is run- 
 ning mad after innovation ; and all the business 
 of the world is to be done in a new way ; men 
 are to be hanged in a new way ; Tyburn itself 
 is not safe from the fury of innovation. " It hav- 
 ing been argued that this was an improvement — 
 " No, sir," said he, eagerly, " it is not an improve- 
 ment ; they object that the old method drew to- 
 gether a number of spectators. Sir, executions 
 are intended to draw spectators. If they do not 
 draw spectators, they don't answer their purpose. 
 The old method was most satisfactory to all par- 
 ties : the public was gratified by a procession, 
 the criminal was supported by it. Why is all 
 this to be swept away ?" — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 488. 
 
 2512. HANGING a Remedy. Cromwell's. Ter- 
 rible also was the contest of Clonmell, before 
 which Cromwell sat down with the resolution of 
 fighting and of conquest. Many persons were 
 here taken, and among them the celebrated fight- 
 ing Bishop of Ross, who was carried to a castle 
 kept by his own forces, and there hanged before 
 the walls, in sight of the garrison ; which so dis- 
 couraged them that they immediately surren- 
 dered to the Parliament's forces. This bishop 
 was used to say, " There was no way of curing 
 the English but by hanging them." — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 11, p. 143. 
 
 2513. HAPPINESS vs. Amusement. George 
 Story. He sought happiness in floriculture and 
 angling, in cards and in drinking, without suc- 
 cess. He went to the Doncaster races, and says : 
 " As I passed through the company, dejected and 
 disappointed, it occurred to my mind, What is 
 all this immense multitude assembled here for ? 
 To see a few horses gallop two or three times 
 around the course as if the devil was in them 
 and their riders ! Certainly we are all mad, we 
 are flt for Bedlam, if we imagine that the Al- 
 mighty made us to seek happiness in such sense- 
 less amusements. I was ashamed and confound- 
 ed, and determined never to be seen there any 
 
HAPPINESS— HASTE. 
 
 299 
 
 •more." [He became a faithful minister.] — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 3, p. 246. 
 
 2514. HAPPINESS compared. Samuel John- 
 son. I mentioned Hume's notion, that all who 
 are happy are equally happy : a little miss with a 
 new gown at a dancing-school ball, a general at 
 the head of a victorious army, and an orator, 
 after having made an eloquent speech in a great 
 assembly. Johnson . '* Sir, that all who are hap- 
 py are equally happy, is not true. A peasant and 
 a philosopher may be equally satisfied, but not 
 equallj'^ happy. Happiness consists in the mul- 
 tiplicity of agreeable consciousness. A peasant 
 has not capacity for having equal happiness 
 witn a philosopher " — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p, 141. 
 
 2515. HAPPINESS, Constructive. Samuel 
 ■Johnson. Pound St. Paul's church into atoms, 
 «nd consider any single atom ; it is, to be sure, 
 good for nothing ; but put all these atoms to- 
 gether, and you have St. Paul's Church. So it 
 is with human felicity, which is made up of 
 many ingredients, each of which may be shown 
 to be very insignificant. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p 121. 
 
 2516. HAPPINESS, Domestic. Reign of James 
 IT, [The Duke of Monmouth was banished at 
 the time of the coronation of James II. , his rival 
 for the throne of England.] The prospect which 
 lay before Monmouth was not a bright one. 
 There was no probability that* he would be re- 
 called from banishment. On the Continent his 
 life could no longer be passed amid the splendor 
 and festivity of a court. ... He retired to 
 Brussels, accompanied by Henrietta Wentworth, 
 Baroness Wentworth, of Nettlestede, a damsel of 
 high rank and ample fortune, who loved him 
 passionately, who had sacrificed for his sake her 
 maiden honor and the hope of a splendid alli- 
 ance, who had followed, him into exile, and 
 whom he believed to be his wife in the sight of 
 Heaven. Under the soothing influence of female 
 friendship his lacerated mind healed fast. He 
 seemed to have found happiness in obscurity and 
 repose, and to have forgotten that he had been 
 the ornament of a splendid court and the head 
 of a great party, that h3 had commanded armies, 
 and that he had aspired to a throne. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 496. 
 
 2517. HAPPINESS, Eeceipt for. Plato's. The 
 maxim of Plato is, that the man who would be 
 truly happy should not study to enlarge his es- 
 tate, but to contract his desires. For he who 
 does not restrain his avarice must forever be 
 poor. — Plutabch's Sertokius. 
 
 25 1§. HAPPINESS in SimpUcity. Quakers. 
 When Peter, the great Russian reformer, attend- 
 ed in England a meeting of Quakers, the semi- 
 barbarous philanthropist could not but exclaim, 
 " How happy must be a community instituted 
 on their principles !" " Beautiful !" said the phil- 
 osophic Frederick of Prussia, when a hundred 
 years later he read the account of the govern- 
 ment of Pennsylvania ; " it is perfect, if it can 
 endure."— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 25 19. HARANGUE, Incessant. Bonaparte. 
 [When Lord Whitworth was sent as British am- 
 bassador to Bonaparte, in 1803, he asked an ex- 
 planation of French aggressions, made in viola- 
 tion of treaty agreement.] Bonaparte harangued I 
 
 him for two hours, Lord Whitworth in vain try- 
 ing to put in a word. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 24, p. 420. 
 
 2520. HARDSHIPS, Military. Roman Legion- 
 aries. Besides their arms, which the legionaries 
 scarcely considered as an encumbrance, they 
 were laden with their kitchen furniture, the 
 instruments of fortification, and the provision 
 of many days. Under this weight, which 
 would oppress the delicacy of a modern sol- 
 dier, they were trained by a regular step to 
 advance in about six hours near twenty miles. 
 On the appearance of an enemy they threw 
 aside their baggage, and by easy and rapid evo- 
 lutions converted the column of march into an 
 order of battle. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 19. 
 
 2521. HARDSHIPS, Success by. Ghauncey Je- 
 rome. [The inventor of machine-made Yankee 
 clocks.] After working awhile at the dials, 
 he started with two others on a tour to New 
 Jersey — they to sell the works of clocks, and he 
 to make the cases for them. Thej^ travelled in 
 a lumber- wagon, and carried their own provi- 
 sions. By this time the clockmakers of Connec- 
 ticut had so systematized their business that they 
 could sell a pretty good clock that stood seven 
 feet high for $40. [Formerly costing about 
 $150.] Chauncey Jerome worked about fifteen 
 hours a day that winter at case-making. . . , He 
 well remembers passing through New York, and 
 seeing the crowds of people walking up and 
 down Chatham Street stopping a man to ask him 
 what was the matter. At New Haven — where he 
 afterward lived in a splendid mansion — he walked 
 about the streets eating bread and cheese, and 
 carrying his clothes in a bundle. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 212. 
 
 2522. HARMONY, Fear of. Ancients. As 
 the writers upon physics say that if war and disx 
 cord were banished the universe, the heavenly 
 bodies would stop their course, and all genera- 
 tion and motion would cease, by reason of that 
 perfect harmony, so the great Lawgiver infused 
 a spirit of ambition and contention into the Spar- 
 tan constitution, as an incentive to virtue, and 
 wished always to see some difference and dispute 
 among the good and virtuous. — Plutarch's 
 Agesilaus. 
 
 2523. HARVEST, A lost. Golden. Antigonus 
 conceived some suspicion of Mithridates from a 
 dream. He thought he entered a large and 
 beautiful field, and sowed it with filings of gold. 
 This produced a crop of the same precious met- 
 al ; but coming a little after to visit it, he found 
 it was cut, and nothing left but the stalks. As 
 he was in great distress about his loss, he heard 
 some people say that Mithridates had reaped 
 the golden harvest, and was gone with it toward 
 the Euxine Sea. — Plutarch's Marcus Crassus. 
 
 2524. HASTE, Defective. Art. It is said that 
 when Agatharcus the painter valued himself 
 upon the celerity and ease with which he dis- 
 patched his pieces, Zeuxis replied, " If I boast, 
 it shall be of the slowness with which I finish 
 mine." For ease and speed in the execution 
 seldom give a work any lasting importance or 
 exquisite beauty ; while, on the other hand, the 
 time which is expended in labor is recovered 
 and repaid in the duration of the performance. 
 — Plutarch's Pericles. 
 
300 
 
 HASTE— HEARING. 
 
 2525. HASTE, Needless. Admiral Drake. A 
 match at bowls was being played, in Avhicli 
 Drake and other high officers of the fleet were 
 engaged, when a small armed vessel was seen 
 running before the wind into Plymouth harbor 
 with all sails set. Her commander landed in 
 haste, and eagerly sought the place where the 
 English lord admiral and his captains were 
 standing. His name was Fleming ; he was the 
 master of a Scotch privateer ; and he told the 
 English officers that he had that morning seen 
 ihe Spanish Armada off the Cornish coast. At 
 this exciting information the captains began to 
 hurry down to the water, and there was a shout- 
 ing for the ships' boats ; but Drake coolly 
 checked his comrades, and insisted that the 
 match should be played out. He said that there 
 "was plenty of time both to win the game and 
 beat the Spaniards. — Decisive Battles, § 398. 
 
 2526. HATBED, Savage. French vs. Italians 
 Mary de Medicis disgusted the French, in the 
 first place, by her partiality to her countrymen, 
 the Italians. Concini, a Florentine, a high fa- 
 vorite of the queen regent, was advanced to the 
 dignity of a marshal of France — a suflicient rea- 
 son for rendering the queen and her minister 
 odious to the nobility and to the kingdom. The 
 Mar6chal d'Ancre, for such was the title he as- 
 sumed, trusted too much to the favor of his mis- 
 tress and to the appearance of power, which was 
 its consequence. The nobility combined against 
 him, and he was assassinated in a most inhuman 
 manner in the palace of the Louvre. The pop- 
 ulace, in that spirit of savage cruelty which in 
 all scenes of disorder seems to be characteristic 
 of that nation, are said actually to have torn his 
 heart from his body and devoured it. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 33, p. 443. 
 
 2527. HAUGHTINESS, Lordly. Sapor. [The 
 Persian tyrant-king.] At the time when the East 
 trembled at the name of Sapor, he received a 
 present not unworthy of the greatest kings — a 
 long train of camels, laden with the most rare 
 and valuable merchandises. The rich offering 
 was accompanied with an epistle, respectful, 
 but not servile, from Odenathus, one of the no- 
 blest and most opulent senators of Palmyra. 
 "Who is this Odenathus," said the haughty 
 victor, and he commanded that the presents 
 should be cast into the Euphrates, " that he thus 
 insolently presumes to write to his lord ? If he 
 entertains a hope of mitigating his punishment, 
 let him fall prostrate before the foot of our 
 throne, with his hands bound behind his back. 
 Should he hesitate, swift destruction shall be 
 poured on his head, on his whole race, and on 
 his country." [Odenathus resented the insult, 
 and met the Persian king in arms, and compelled 
 his retreat beyond the Euphrates.] The voice of 
 history, which is often little more than the organ 
 of hatred or flattery, reproaches Sapor with a 
 proud abuse of the rights of conquest. We are 
 told that Valerian, in chains, but invested with 
 the Imperial purple, was exposed to the multi- 
 tude, a constant spectacle of fallen greatness ; 
 and that whenever the Persian monarch mounted 
 on horseback, he placed his foot on the neck of 
 a Roman emperor. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10, 
 p. 318. 
 
 252S. HEALTH foUowing Disease. Glwlera. 
 [In 1833 England was visited with the cholera, 
 
 which] left a real blessing behind it. The care 
 of the public health from that time became a 
 duty wliich no ministry could neglect, and which 
 placed us in a condition not only to mitigate the 
 evils of any pest in recurring years, but to ele- 
 vate the whole body of the people in habits of 
 cleanliness and comfort, and to prolong the du- 
 ration of life in village and in city, in tbe pleas- 
 ant fields and in the close factories. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 16, p. 393. 
 
 2529. HEALTH, Heroism without. William 
 III. William III ... . had a thin and weak body. 
 ... He was always asthmatical, and the dregs, 
 of the small-pox falling upon his lungs, he had 
 a constant deep cough. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 5, p. 65. 
 
 2530. HEALTH prized. Arabs. The custom 
 of the sedentary Arabs in good circumstances 
 and living in towns, w^as what it is at this day. 
 They sent their sons to nurse into the families of 
 the nomad Arabs living in tents. The object 
 of this sort of adoption was twofold : in the first 
 place, the child contracted amid this rural and 
 pastoral life a sounder health and more mascu- 
 line habits ; and secondly, the affection that grew 
 up between the child and the nomadic family 
 wherein he had been suckled and had commenced 
 his life gave to the powerful family to whom he 
 owed his blood an indissoluble clientage among 
 the tribes of the country. — Lamartine's Tuu 
 key, p. 55. 
 
 2531. HEALTH by Travel. Washington Irv 
 ing. I am too w^eak to take any exercise, and too 
 low-spirited half the time to enjoy company. 
 " Was that young Irving," asked Judge Kent 
 of his brother-in-law, "w^ho slept in the room 
 next to me, and kept up such an incessant cough 
 during the night ?" " It was." " He is not long 
 for this world." This lugubrious judgment of 
 the great jurist was shared by the family of Irv- 
 ing, who determined to send him to Europe. . . . 
 He started on the 19th of May, 1804. " There's- 
 a chap," said the captain, "who will go over- 
 board before we get across." . . . Irving set out 
 from Gravesend on the 18th of January, 1806, 
 and reached New York after a stormy passage 
 of sixty-four days. He had contradicted the 
 prophecy of the captain with whom he originally 
 sailed — that he would go overboard before he 
 got across ; and of Judge Kent, who declared 
 he was not long for this world. He returned in 
 good health, and resumed his legal studies. — 
 Stoddard's Irving, p. 17, 18, 23. 
 
 2532. HEAREES, Unappreciative. Samuel: 
 Johnson. His noble friend. Lord Elibank, well 
 observed that if a great man procured an inter- 
 view with Johnson, and did not wish to see him 
 more, it showed a mere .idle curiosity, and a 
 wretched want of relish for extraordinary pow- 
 ers of mind. Mrs. Thrale justly and wittily ac- 
 counted for such conduct by saying that John- 
 son's conversation was by much too strong for a 
 person accustomed to obsequiousness and flat- 
 tery ; it was mustard in a young child's mouth ! — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 465. 
 
 2533. HEARING, Released from. Congrega- 
 tion. [King James II. commanded his Liberty 
 of Conscience act to be read by the unwilling 
 clergy in the churches to the unwilling hearers.} 
 One, more pleasantly than gravely, told his peo- 
 
HEART— HEAVEN. 
 
 301 
 
 k 
 
 pie that, though he was obliged to read it, they 
 were not obliged to hear it ; and he stopped till 
 they all went out, and then he read it to the 
 walls. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 26, p. 426. 
 
 2534. HEAET, A broken. Miss Perronet. A 
 gentleman so called had, by the utmost assidu- 
 ity and innumerable professions of the tenderest 
 affection, gained by slow degrees her love. The 
 time of the marriage was fixed, the ring was 
 bought, and the wedding-clothes were sent to 
 her. He came a week before the day, and con- 
 tinued to avow the most ardent regard ; but at a 
 later visit, sitting down very carelessly on a 
 chair, he declared in the coolest manner that he 
 had changed his purpose ; that he had been mis- 
 taken, did not love her, and could not many 
 her. He walked away, leaving her dumb with 
 grief. The sorrow which she endeavored to 
 conceal preyed upon her spirits, till, three or 
 four days after, she suddenly laid down, and in 
 four minutes died. " One of the ventricles of 
 her heart burst, so she literally died of a broken 
 heart." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 262. 
 
 2535. ■ . By Washington Irving. [A 
 
 friend handed Byro.a a copy of the " Sketch 
 Book" shortly before his death.] He turned to 
 the " Broken Heart." " That," said he, " is one 
 of the finest things ever written on earth, and I 
 want tc hear an American read it. But stay — 
 do you know Irving?" I replied that I had 
 never seen him. " God bless him !" exclaimed 
 Byron. " He is a genius ; and he has something 
 better than genius — a heart. I wish I could see 
 him, but I fear I never shall. Well, read the 
 ' Broken Heart ' — yes the ' Broken Heart ' What 
 a word !" In closing the first paragraph, I said, 
 " Shall I confess it ? I do believe in broken 
 hearts." " Yes/' exclaimed Byron, " and so do 
 I, and so does everybody but philosophers and 
 fools !" While I was reading one of the most 
 touching portions of that mournful piece. I ob- 
 served that Byron wept. He turned his eyes 
 upon me, and said, "You see me weep, sii*. 
 Irving himself never wrote that story without 
 weeping ; nor can I hear it without tears. I 
 I have not wept much in this world, for trouble 
 never brings tears to my eyes, but I always have 
 tears for the ' Broken Heart.' " [See No. 3351.]— 
 Stoddahd's Irving, p. 40. 
 
 2536. HEART, Hardened. James II [Trial 
 of Benjamin Hewling for rebelling under the 
 Duke of Monmouth.] Even Jeffreys Avas, or 
 pretended to be, inclined to lenity. . . . Time was 
 allowed for a reference to Londofi. The sister 
 of the prisoner went to Whitehall with a petition. 
 Many courtiers wished her success, and Church- 
 ill [the Duke of Marlborough], among whose nu- 
 merous faults cruelty had no place, obtained ad- 
 mittance for her. ' ' I wish well to your suit with 
 all my heart," he said, as they stood together in 
 the ante-chamber; "but do not flatter yourself 
 ■with hopes. This marble" — and he laid his hand 
 on the chimney-piece — "is not harder than the 
 king." This prediction proved true. Benjamin 
 Hewling died with dauntless courage, amid lam- 
 entations in which the soldiers who kept guard 
 round the gallows could not refrain from join- 
 ing.— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 600. 
 
 2537. HEART, An honest. Fortress. The 
 first of tuo family [of Stephen Colonna] in fame 
 acd merit was the elder Stephen, whom [the poet] 
 
 Petrarch loved and esteemed as a hero superioi 
 to his own times, and not unworthy of ancient 
 Rome. Persecution and exile displayed to the 
 nations his abilities in peace and war ; in his dis- 
 tress he was an object not of pity, but of rever- 
 ence ; the aspect of danger provoked him to 
 avow his name and country ; and when he was 
 asked, " Where is now your fortress ?" he laid 
 his hand on his heart, and answered, "Here." 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 69, p. 463. 
 
 253§. HEART longing for God. Arvtnaga 
 Tambiran. [He was a] Hindoo of high family, 
 and celebrated for his knowledge ; had made pil- 
 grimages of many thousands of miles, to seek rest 
 to his inquiring mind. He at last met with 
 some native Christians . . . and with Carver 
 the missionary. [He began to seek the truth,] 
 when some of his disciples attempted to cany 
 hiaa off ; he appealed to the magistrate at Mad- 
 ras, wearing his heathen robes in the court, for 
 the last time, that he might be identified as the 
 head of the order. Before the officer and a 
 great multitude he bore this eloquent testimony 
 for Christianity. Alluding to hi? pilgrimages, 
 he said : " Fifty years of my life have been thus 
 spent. I sought all heathen books, but found 
 nothing for the soul. I have taught many hun- 
 dred disciples, as you know. I discovered noth- 
 ing in heathen books, in heathen temples, in 
 heathen ceremonies, to satisfy my spirit. I met 
 with this missionary, and he opened to my un- 
 derstanding the way of salvation. I determined 
 to abandon heathenism. By heathenism I got 
 money in abundance, and honors. I was wor- 
 ship]ied by my disciples ; but my soul shrunk 
 back at its blasphemy against the God of whom 
 I had heard. ... I wish to be baptized in 
 the name of Jesus, and to teach others also of 
 this Saviour." — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 3, 
 p. 347. 
 
 2539. HEART, Obdurate. Murderer. The 
 Earl of Ferrers, an infidel and a di-unkard, . . . 
 murdered his steward for rendering assistance 
 to his lady, who had been compassionately sepa- 
 rated from him by act of Parliament. The 
 House of Lords condemned the wretched no- 
 bleman ; he was to be executed and his body 
 dissected. His brother . . . [and others, both 
 men and women] sought to arouse him to a 
 sense of his moral peril. He was prayed for in 
 the churches ; but he remained unmoved. He 
 spent the evenings of his imprisonment in play- 
 ing piquet ; he demanded intoxicating drinks ; 
 the night before his execution he had Hamlet 
 read while he was in bed, and half an hour 
 before he was carried to the gallows he was em- 
 ployed in correcting verses which he had com- 
 posed in the Tower. Dressed in his wedding 
 clothes, decked with silver embroidery, he rode 
 to the gallows in his carriage, drawn by six 
 horses, and accompanied by troops and a hearse. 
 He died without penitence and apparently with- 
 out fear. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 20. 
 
 2540. HEAVEN, A carnal. Mahomet. It is 
 natural enough that an Arabian prophet should 
 dwell with rapture on the groves, the fountains, 
 and the rivers of paradise ; but instead of inspir- 
 ing the blessed inhabitants with a liberal taste 
 for harmony and science, conversation and 
 friendship, he idly celebrates the pearls and dia- 
 monds, the robes of silk, palaces of marble, 
 
302 
 
 HEAVEN. 
 
 dishes of gold, rich wines, artificial dainties, nu- 
 merous attendants, and the whole train of sensual 
 and costly luxiiry which becomes insipid to the 
 owner even in the short period of this mortal 
 life. Seventy-two houris, or black-eyed girls of 
 resplendent beauty, blooming youth, virgin pu- 
 rity, and exquisite sensibility will be created for 
 the use of the meanest believer ; a moment of 
 pleasure will be prolonged to a thousand years, 
 and his faculties will be increased a hundred- 
 fold to render him worthy of his felicity. Not- 
 withstanding a vulgar prejudice, the gates of 
 heaven will be open to both sexes ; but Mahomet 
 has not specified the male companions of the 
 female elect, lest he should either alarm the 
 jealousy of their former husbands or disturb 
 their felicity by the suspicion of an everlasting 
 marriage. — Gibbon's Mahomet, p. 30. 
 
 2541. HEAVEN, Division of. Swedeinborg. The 
 infinite variety of heaven thus arranges itself, in 
 general, into two kingdoms ; specifically into three 
 heavens ; and in particular, into innumerable so- 
 cieties. The two kingdoms are respectively called 
 celestial and spiritual. The angels forming the 
 celestial kingdom are characterized by their ex- 
 ceeding love of the Lord and of goodness ; and 
 the angels who form the spiritual kingdom are 
 distinguished by their exceeding love of their 
 neighbor and of truth. The celestial angels are 
 immensely wiser than the spiritual, and their 
 blessedness is ineffable. Specifically there are 
 three heavens, perfectly distinct, called the first 
 heaven, the second or middle heaven, and the 
 third or highest heaven ; or they may be called 
 external, internal, and inmost ; or natural, spirit- 
 ual, and celestial. . . . The external, first, or 
 natural heaven, is formed of those who, from 
 a principle of obedience and duty, live in ac- 
 cordance with the Divine will. The second, 
 spiritual, or middle heaven, is formed of such 
 as love truth, delight in things intellectual, and 
 at the same time are in disinterested love to the 
 neighbor. The inmost, third, or celestial heav- 
 en is formed of those who, full of love to the 
 Lord, are in innocence. — White's Sweden- 
 BOR6, ch. 13, p. 104. 
 
 2542. HEAVEN, Materialistic. Bomell. I re- 
 member, many years ago, when my imagina- 
 tion was warm, and I happened to be in melan- 
 choly mood, it distressed me to think of going 
 into a state of being in which Shakespeare's 
 poetry did not exist. A lady whom I then much 
 admired, a very amiable woman, humored my 
 fancy, and relieved me by saying, "The first 
 thing you will meet in the other world will be 
 an elegant copy of Shakespeare's works present- 
 ed to you." Dr. Johnson smiled benignantly 
 at this, and did not appear to disapprove of the 
 notion. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 387. 
 
 2543. HEAVEN, Views of. Adaptation. "Grace 
 and Peace in Christ. My dear little Son : 
 I rejoice to hear that thou art learning diligently 
 and praying faithfully. Continue to do this, 
 my son, and when I return home I will bring 
 you some beautiful toys, representing an annual 
 fair. I know of a delightful garden in which 
 manj^ children are found, dressed in golden 
 clothing ; they gather beautiful apples, pears, 
 cherries, and plums ; they also sing and leap, 
 and are happy ; they have beautiful little horses, 
 with golden bridles and silver saddles. There- 
 
 upon I asked the man, whose garden it is, ta 
 whom these children belonged. He answered, 
 ' These are the children that love to pray and 
 learn, and that are pious.' Then said I, ' My 
 dear sir, I too have a son, named Johnnie Lu- 
 ther ; could not he also come into this garden 
 and eat such beautiful apples and pears, and ride 
 such little horses and play with these children ? ' 
 And the man said, ' If he loves to pray and to 
 study, and is pious, he shall likewise go to 
 heaven, and with him Lippus and Jost [sons of 
 Melanchthon and JonasJ. And when they all 
 return they shall have fifes and flutes and drums, 
 and all sorts of stringed instruments ; they shall 
 also dance, and shoot with small cross-bows.' 
 And he showed me a beautiful plot in the garden 
 set apart for dancing ; there I saw hanging real 
 golden fifes and drums, and fine silver cross- 
 bows. But it was quite early, so that the chil- 
 dren had not yet eaten their meal. Hence I 
 could not wait to see them dance, and I said to^ 
 the man, ' I will hurriedly go and write my little 
 son Johnnie all about these things, so that he 
 may pray diligently, study well, and be pious, and 
 also come into this garden. But he has an aunt, 
 Lena, whom he must take along with him. ' Then 
 the man replied, ' Let it be so ; go and write him 
 all about it.' Therefore, my dear little son 
 Johnnie, keep on studying and praying, and tell 
 Lippus and Jost that they also study and pray, 
 and then you will all together come into this 
 garden. Herewith I commend thee to Almighty 
 God. Greet Aunt Lena with a kiss from me. 
 Thj^ dear father, Martinus Luther," — Rein's 
 Luther, ch. 16, p. 149. 
 
 2544. HEAVEN visited. MaJwmet. His dream 
 of a nocturnal journey is seriously described as 
 a real and corporeal transaction. A mysterious 
 animal, the Borak, conveyed him from the tem- 
 ple of Mecca to that of Jerusalem ; with his com- 
 panion Gabriel he successfully ascended the 
 seven heavens, and received and repaid the salu- 
 tations of the patriarchs, the prophets, and the 
 angels, in their respective mansions. Beyond 
 the seventh heaven Mahomet alone was permit- 
 ted to proceed ; he passed the veil of unity, ap- 
 proached within two bow-shots of the throne, 
 and felt a cold that pierced him to the heart 
 when his shoulder was touched by the hand of 
 God. After this familiar though important con- 
 versation he again descended to Jerusalem, re- 
 mounted the Borak, returned to Mecca, and per- 
 formed in the tenth part of a night the journey 
 of many thoifsand years. — Gibbon's Mahomet, 
 p. 26. 
 
 2545. HEAVEN, The Warriors'. Scandinavians. 
 The way in which the departed heroes pass their 
 time in Valhalla, or in the palace of Odin, is de- 
 scribed in several places of the Edda. They have 
 every day the pleasure of arming themselves, 
 marshalling themselves in military order, engag- 
 ing in battle, and being all cut to pieces ; but 
 when the stated hour of repast arrives their 
 bodies are reunited, and they return on horse- 
 back safe to the hall of banquet, where they feed 
 heartily on the flesh of a boar, and drink beer 
 out of the skulls of their enemies, till they are in 
 a state of intoxication. Odin sits by himself at 
 a particular table. The heroes are served by the 
 beautiful virgins, named Valkirie, who officiate 
 as their cup-bearers ; but the pleasures of love 
 
HEEDLESSNESS— HERESY 
 
 303 
 
 I 
 
 do not enter at all into the joys of this extra- 
 ordinary Paradise. These notions of religious 
 belief among the Scandinavians, arising from a 
 native ferocity of character, had a strong effect 
 on their national manners and on the conduct of 
 individuals. Placing their sole delight in war 
 and in the slaughter of their enemies, they had 
 an absolute contempt of danger and of bodily 
 pain. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6. 
 
 2546. HEEDLESSNESS, Loss by. Ooldsmith. 
 I went to Cork and converted my horse, which 
 you prize so much higher than Fiddleback, into 
 cash, took my passage in a ship bound for 
 America, and at the same time paid the captain 
 for my freight and all the other expenses of my 
 voyage. But it so happened that the wind did 
 not answer for three weeks ; and you know, 
 mother, that I could not command the elements. 
 My misfortune was that, when the wind served, 
 I happened to be with a party in the country, 
 and my friend the captain never inquired after 
 me, but set sail with as much indifference as if 
 I had been on board. — Irving's Goldsmitbt, 
 ch. 3, p. 32. 
 
 2547. HELL necessary. President Andrew Jack- 
 son. [Here is] his famous reply to a young man 
 who objected to the doctrine of future pun- 
 ishment. "I thank God," said the youth, "I 
 have too much good sense to believe there is such 
 a place as hell." " Well, sir," said General Jack- 
 son, ' ' / thank God there is such a place. " ' ' Why, 
 general," asked the young man, " what do you 
 want with such a place of torment as hell ?" To 
 which the general replied as quick as lightning, 
 "To put such rascals as you in, that oppose 
 and vilify the Christian religion." The young 
 man said no more, and soon after found it con- 
 venient to take his leave. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 538. 
 
 254§. HELL, Temporary. Mohammedan. Ac- 
 cording as the shares of guilt or virtue shall pre- 
 ponderate, the sentence will be pronounced, and 
 all, without distinction, will pass over the sharp 
 and perilous bridge of the abyss ; but the inno- 
 cent treading in the footsteps of Mahomet will 
 gloriously enter the gates of paradise, while the 
 guilty will fall into the first and mildest of the 
 seven hells. The term of expiation will vary 
 from nine hundred to seven thousand years ; but 
 the prophet has judiciously promised that all his 
 disciples, whatever may be their sins, shall be 
 saved by their own faith and his intercession 
 from eternal damnation. — Gibbon's Mahomet, 
 p. 30. 
 
 2549. HELP, Fictitioas. Julian the Apostate 
 confiscated the whole property of the church ; 
 the money was distributed among the soldiers ; 
 the lands were added to the domain ; and this 
 act of oppression was aggravated by the most un- 
 generous irony. " I show myself," says Julian, 
 " the true friend of the Galileans. Their admi- 
 rable law has promised the kingdom of heaven to 
 the poor ; and they will advance with more dil- 
 igence in the paths of virtue and salvation when 
 they are relieved by my assistance from the load 
 of temporal possessions." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 23. p. 454. 
 
 2550. HELFEBS, Dependence on. "Auxili- 
 aries." The safety and honor of the empire was 
 principally intrusted to the legions, but the pol- 
 
 icy of Rome condescended to adopt every use- 
 ful instrument of war. Considerable levies were 
 regularly made among the provincials, who had 
 not yet deserved the honorable distinction of 
 Romans. Many dependent princes and com- 
 munities, dispersed round the frontiers, were 
 permitted for a while to hold their freedom 
 and security by the tenure of military service. 
 Even select troops of hostile barbarians were 
 frequently compelled or persuaded to consume 
 their dangerous valor in remote climates, and 
 for the benefit of the State. All these were includ- 
 ed under the general name of auxiliaries ; and 
 howsoever they might vary according to the 
 difference of times and circumstances, their num- 
 bers were seldom much inferior to those of the 
 legions themselves. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, 
 p. 17. 
 
 2551. HEEITAGE of Disposition. Frederick II. 
 Frederick, it is true, by no means relinquished 
 his hereditary privilege of kicking and cudgel- 
 ling. His practice, however, as to that matter 
 differed in some important respects from his 
 father's. To Frederick William the mere cir- 
 cumstance that any persons whatever, men, 
 women, or children, Prussians or foreigners, 
 were within reach of his toes and of his cane, 
 appeared to be a sufficient reason for proceeding 
 to belabor them. Frederick required provoca- 
 tion as well as vicinity ; nor was he ever known 
 to inflict this paternal species of correction on 
 any but his born subjects. — Macaijlay's Fred- 
 erick the Great, p. 25. 
 
 2552. HEEEDITY, Failure of. Earthquake 
 of Lisbon. It was this catastrophe which was 
 the means of calling into exercise the latent be- 
 nevolence of John Howard, who is now styled in 
 all lands and tongues " the philanthropist." 
 The father of this benevolent being was noted 
 for his penuriousness. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 31. 
 
 2553. HERESY fined. Donatists. [During 
 the persecution of the Donatists by the Catho- 
 lics, a] regular scale of fines, from ten to two 
 hundred pounds of silver, was curiously ascer- 
 tained, according to the distinctions of rank and 
 fortune, to punish the crime of assisting at a 
 schismatic conventicle ; and if the fine had been 
 levied five times, without subduing the obsti- 
 nacy of the offender, his future punishment was 
 referred to the discretion of the Imperial court. 
 By these severities, Avhich obtained the warmest 
 approbation of St. Augustin, great numbers of 
 Donatists were reconciled to the Catholic Church; 
 but the fanatics, who still persevered in their op- 
 position, were provoked to madness and despair, 
 the distracted country was filled with tumult 
 and bloodshed ; the armed troops of Circumcel 
 lions alternately pointed their rage against them- 
 selves, or against their adversaries ; and the cal- 
 endar of martyrs received on both sides a con- 
 siderable augmentation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 33, p. 373. 
 
 2554. HERESY hunting. Boger Williams. 
 The banishment of Roger Williams, instead of 
 bringing peace, brought strife and dissension to 
 the people of Massachusetts. The ministers 
 were stern and exacting. Every shade of popu- 
 lar belief was closely scrutinized ; the slightest 
 departure from orthodox doctrines was met 
 with the charge of heresy, and to be a heretic 
 
304 
 
 HERESY— HERO. 
 
 was to become an outcast. Still, the advocates 
 of free opinion multiplied. The clergj', notwith- 
 standing their great influence among the people, 
 felt insecure. Religious debates became the or- 
 der of the day. Every sermon had to pass the or- 
 deal of reviev? and criticism. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 eh. 13, p. 128. 
 
 2555. HERESY, Madness at. Philip II. 
 Philip returned in triumph to Spain, where his 
 active mind, now at ease from foreign disturb- 
 ances, began to be disquieted on the score of re- 
 ligion, and he laid down a fixed resolution to ex- 
 tirpate every species of heresy from his domin- 
 ions. The Inquisition was invested with all the 
 plenitude of the powers of persecution. It is 
 wonderful how much the spirit of this tyrant 
 coincided with that of his consort, Mary of Eng- 
 land ; only Mary burnt the Protestants at once, 
 and Philip prepared them for that ceremony by 
 racks and tortures. The King of Spain, hearing 
 that there were some heretics in a valley of Pied- 
 mont, bordering on the Milanese, sent orders to 
 the Governor of Milan to despatch a few troops 
 that way, and concluded his order in two re- 
 markable words — " aJwrcad todos" — hang them 
 all. Being informed that the same opinions 
 were entertained by some of the inhabitants of 
 Calabria, he ordered one half to be hanged and 
 the other burned; the consequences of these 
 cruelties were what he did not foresee — the loss 
 of a third part of his dominions. — Tytlek's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 26, p. 362. 
 
 2556. HEEESY, Suppression of. %Xaw. [Will- 
 iam III. obtained the passage of an act of Par- 
 liament] by which it was provided that if any 
 person who had been educated in the Christian 
 religion, or had made profession of the same, 
 should by writing, preaching, or teaching deny 
 the Holy Trinity, or deny the Christian religion 
 to be true, or the Holy Scriptures to be of divine 
 authority, he should for the first offence be dis- 
 qualified for any office ; for the second, be ren- 
 dered incapable of bringing any action, of pur- 
 chasing lands, or of being guardian, executor, or 
 legatee. He was, moreover, to be subject to 
 three years' imprisonment. With the exception 
 of the part relating to the denial of the Holy 
 Trinity, "the law still remains unrepealed or 
 unmodified." — Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 13. 
 
 2557. HERETICS terrified. Cruelty. [In 1166 
 about thirty German men and women had 
 settled at Oxford, whose] lives were perfectly 
 blameless ; and their opinions, whatever they 
 might be, were not very attractive, for they had 
 obtained only one proselyte, a woman of humble 
 station. [They were brought before the Synod.] 
 They answered perversely and erroneously con- 
 cerning the sacraments. . . . This was the first 
 ebullition of heresy in England since the differ- 
 ences of the days of Augustin. An example was 
 to be made ; and the wretched exiles were brand- 
 ed, whipped, and turned out naked and bleed- 
 ing into the fields, in the depths of winter. 
 None dared to succor them, none to pity, and 
 they all miserably perished. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 20. 
 
 2558. HERETICS, Vengeance against. Corpse. 
 [In 1556 the commissioners of Cardinal Pole] 
 not only burnt all the English Bibles and other 
 heretical books, but went through the farce of 
 making a process against the body of Peter 
 
 Martyr's wife, who had l)een buried in one of the 
 churches. They could find no witnesses who 
 had heard her utter any heresies, for she could 
 speak no English. So under the direction of the 
 cardinal they transferred her body to a dung- 
 hill, upon the plea that she had been a nun, and 
 had died excommunicated. A scene equally dis- 
 gusting was perpetrated by Pole's commission- 
 ers at Cambridge. They laid the churches of 
 St. Mary's and St. Michael's under interdict, be- 
 cause the bodies of the great reformers, Bucer and 
 Fagius, were buried in them. The dead were 
 then cited to appear ; but not answering to the 
 summons, they were judged to be obstinate her- 
 etics, and their bodies were to be taken out of 
 their graves and delivered to the secular power. 
 On the 6th of February these bodies were public- 
 ly burnt, according to the ancient ceremonies, 
 which Rome had found so effectual in the case 
 of Wycliffe. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 7, 
 p. 100. 
 
 2559. HERMIT, Mysterious. At Niagara Falls. 
 His assumed name was Abbot. He occupied a 
 hut on Goat Island. His appearance and accom- 
 plishments indicated that he had once been fa- 
 vored by fortune, but he would never give any 
 clew to his past history. He was wont to write 
 in English, Spanish, Italian, and Latin, and to 
 destroy the compositions as soon as made. The 
 island became too much frequented for him, 
 and he removed to the mainland. It was his 
 habit to bathe three times a day in the river ; 
 one morning in the year 1835 the ferryman saw 
 Abbot's clothes lying on the bank, but no trace 
 of their owner. He never afterward made his 
 appearance, and no doubt was drowned. — Ap- 
 pleton's Cyclopedia, "Abbot." 
 
 2560. HERO, Patriotic. William Wallace. 
 In this state of universal despondency arose 
 William Wallace, a man who deserves to be 
 numbered among the heroes of antiquity. With 
 no advantages of birth or fortune, conscious of 
 his personal merits alone, with an invincible 
 spirit, a courage equal to the greatest attempts, 
 and every requisite quality of a consummate 
 general, he undertook to retrieve the honor and 
 the liberties of his country. A few patriots 
 joined him in that glorious attempt, and his con- 
 fessed superiority of merit bestowed on him the 
 rank of their chief and leader. Taking advan- 
 tage of an expedition of the English monarch 
 into Flanders, while the government of Scotland 
 had been intrusted to an imperious viceroy, 
 Wallace, with his associates, began hostilities 
 by an assault upon some of the strongest cas- 
 tles which contained English garrisons. Of 
 these they made themselves masters by force or 
 by surprise. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 12, 
 p. 191. 
 
 2561. HERO, Unsurpassed. Muley Moluc. 
 [De facto king of Fez and Morocco.] This Mu- 
 ley Moluc was a prince who, in some circum- 
 stances of character, was equal to the greatest 
 heroes of ancient Greece or Rome. There does 
 not exist in history a nobler instance of intrepid- 
 ity or greatness of soul than what this man ex- 
 hibited in his djdng moments, in that remark- 
 able engagement. Moluc was in full possession 
 of the empire of Morocco at the time when his 
 dominions were invaded by Don Sebastian ; but 
 he was fast consuming with a distemper which 
 
HEROES— HEROISM. 
 
 505 
 
 he knew to be incurable. He prepared, how- 
 ever, for the reception of so formidable an ene- 
 my. He was indeed reduced to such weakness 
 of body, that on the day when the last decisive 
 battle was to be fought he did not expect to 
 live so long as to know the fate of the engage- 
 ment. Hfe planned himself the order of battle, 
 and being carried on a litter through the ranks, 
 endeavored, by his voice and gesture, to ani- 
 mate his troops to the utmost exertions of cour- 
 age. Conscious that the fate of his family and 
 of his kingdom depended upon the issue of that 
 day, he gave orders to his principal officers, that 
 if he died during the engagement, they should 
 conceal his death from the army, and that they 
 should from time to time ride up to the litter in 
 which he was carried, under pretence of receiv- 
 ing orders from him as usual. When the battle 
 had continued for some time, Muley Moluc per- 
 ceived with great anguish of mind that his troops 
 in one quarter began to give way. He was then 
 near his last agonies ; but collecting what re- 
 mained of strength and life, he threw himself 
 out of the litter, rallied his army, and again led 
 them on to the charge. Quite exhausted, he fell 
 down on the field, and being carried back to his 
 litter he laid his finger on his mouth to enjoin 
 secrecy to his officers who stood around him, 
 and expired a few moments after in that posture. 
 [The Moors were victorious.] — Tytleb's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 26, p. 368. 
 
 2562. HEROES, Dead. Turks. In their pub- 
 lic perils the Turks make invocation to the 
 name of Solyman. He appears sometimes in 
 battle athwart the smoke of the cannon, mount- 
 ed on a white steed and surrounded by divini- 
 fied heroes. [Solyman was marvellously success- 
 ful in the conquest of European cities.] — La- 
 martine's Turkey, p. 332. 
 
 2563. HEROES for Freedom. Toussaint L' Ou- 
 verture. [Toussaint L'Ouverture, a colored man, 
 had the military genius and the political sagac- 
 ity to establish the civil and military dominion of 
 free negroes in the island of St. Domingo ; he be- 
 came the undisputed head of the government. 
 Was conquered and taken to France by order 
 of Bonaparte.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 24, 
 p. 418. 
 
 2564. HEROISM, Admirable. Lafayette. The 
 young and high-spirited Marquess de Lafayette, 
 afterward so celebrated in the Revolution, equip- 
 ped a ship at his own expense, and proceeded to 
 join the army of the American patriots under 
 General Washington. — Students' France, ch. 
 24, § 20. 
 
 2565. . Prince Gonde. [In 1569, 
 
 on] the 13th of March, Coligny [one of the 
 Protestant leaders], with the rear guard only of 
 his army, was surprised by the Duke of Anjou 
 near Jamac, on the Charente. Conde, sum- 
 moned to the rescue, galloped to the scene of 
 action with 300 cavalry, but found the admiral's 
 troops already overpowered and in disorder. The 
 gallant prince, though he had been wounded in 
 the arm the evening before, instantly headed an 
 impetuous charge, and at the moment of engage- 
 ing received a kick from a vicious horse, which 
 fractured one of his leg. " Nobles of France !" 
 he exclaimed, ' ' behold in what a condition Louis 
 of Bourbon goes to battle for Christ and his 
 country !" His horse was soon killed under 
 
 him, and the prince fell nelpiess in the midst of 
 the enemy. A desperate conflict took place 
 around his body, but his defenders were borne 
 down by numbers and slain almost to a man. 
 Conde at length surrendered his sword. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 16, § 8, p. 338. 
 
 2566. HEROISM, Patriotic. Bayard. [The 
 commander of the army of Francis I. against 
 the Milanese was defeated, and in a combat on the 
 Sesia [he] received a severe wound, which com- 
 pelled him to resign the command to the Chev- 
 alier Bayard and the Count de St. Pol. A des- 
 perate struggle followed, in the course of which 
 the noble Bayard, having resisted for some time 
 the whole strength of the enemy, and thus se 
 cured the retreat of the French army, was mor- 
 tally wounded by a musket-shot in the loins. He 
 caused himself to be placed at the foot of a tree, 
 with his face still turned toward the enemy, and 
 in this position calmly prepared himself for 
 death. The Constable Bourbon rode up soon 
 afterward, in hot pursuit of his flying country- 
 men, and addressed the expiring hero in words 
 of respectful sympathy. "I am no object of 
 compassion," returned Bayard; "I die as be- 
 comes a soldier and a man of honor ; it is your- 
 self who are to be pitied — you who have the 
 misfortuhe to be fighting against j^our king, your 
 country, and your oath." — Students' France. 
 
 2567. HEROISM, Persistent. Mohammedan. 
 The Mohammedans were invading, with 3000 
 soldiers, the territory of Palestine, that extends 
 to the eastward of the Jordan. The holy ban- 
 ner was intrusted to Zeid. . . . Zeid fell, like a 
 soldier, in the foremost ranks ; the death of Jaa- 
 far was heroic and memorable : he lost his right 
 hand ; he shifted the standard to his left '; the 
 left was severed from his body ; he embraced 
 the standard with his bleeding stumps, till he 
 was transfixed to the ground with fifty honorable 
 wounds. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 141. 
 
 256S. HEROISM in Suffering. Loi^d Nelson. 
 [Nelson was wounded in the battle of the Nile, 
 and was carried below to the cock-pit.] The effu- 
 sion of blood being very great, the wound was 
 held to be dangerous, if not mortal. The sur- 
 geons left their wounded to bestow their care 
 upon the first man of the fleet. "No," said 
 Nelson, "I will take my turn with my brave 
 fellows."— Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 356. 
 
 2569. HEROISM, Tarnished. Benedict Ar- 
 nold. In the midst of the general gloom the 
 country was shocked by the rumor that Benedict 
 Arnold had turned traitor. And the news, though 
 hardly creditable, was true. The brave, rash 
 man, who on behalf of the patriot cause had 
 suffered untold hardships and shed his blood 
 on more fields than one, had blotted the record 
 of his heroism with a deed of treason. [He was- 
 promoted to major-generalship for gallant be- 
 havior. Marrying an extravagant wife, he] en- 
 tered upon a career of luxury and extravagance 
 which soon overwhelmed him with debt and 
 bankruptcy. In order to keep up his magnifi- 
 cence he began a system of frauds on the com- 
 missary department of the army. His bearing 
 toward the citizens was that of a military des- 
 pot ; the people groaned under his tyranny, and 
 charges were preferred against him by Congress. 
 . . . By a court-martial ... he was convicted 
 on two charges, and by order of the court was 
 
306 
 
 HEROISM— HISTORY. 
 
 mildly reprimanded by Washington. Profess- 
 ing unbounded patriotism, [he betrayed the 
 fortress at West Point to Major Andre fbr Brit- 
 ish gold, and fled to the enemies of his country.] 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 43, p. 342. 
 
 2570. HEEOISM, Unfaltering. Captain James 
 Lawrence. He received a challenge from Cap- 
 tain Broke, of the British frigate Shannon, lo 
 eome out of [Boston harbor] and fight. Law- 
 rence ought not to have accepted the banter, for 
 his equipments were incomplete and his crew 
 ill-assorted, sick, and half mutinous. But he 
 was young, the favorite of the nation ; fired 
 with applause [over his recent successes], he 
 went unhesitatingly to meet his foe. . . . The 
 battle was obstinate, brief, dreadful. In a short 
 iime every officer who could direct the move- 
 ments of the Chesapeake was either killed or 
 wounded. The brave young Lawrence was 
 struck with a musket-ball, and fell dying on the 
 bloody deck. As they bore him down the hatch- 
 way he gave in feeble voice his last heroic order 
 — ever after the motto of the American sailor 
 — "Don't give up the ship!" The British were 
 already leaping on the deck, and the flag of 
 England was hoisted over the shattered vessel. 
 —Ridpath's U. S., ch. 50, p. 406. 
 
 2571. HETERODOXY, Evidence of. Photiiis. 
 [The patriarch of Constantinople] assumed the 
 title of (Ecumenical or General Patriarch, and 
 accused all the western bishops of heresy, not 
 only for adhering to the Roman pontiff, but for 
 various heterodox articles of doctrine and un- 
 christian practices, such, for example, as using 
 unleavened bread in the sacrament, eating cheese 
 and eggs in Lent, shaving their beards, and 
 lastly, that they prohibited priests to marry, and 
 separated from their wives such married men 
 as chose to go into orders. The last of these 
 articles, he alleged, gave rise to the most scan- 
 dalous immoralities. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 6, p. 95. 
 
 2572. HISTORY, Divisions of. Ancient and 
 Modern. A remarkable revolution now awaited 
 the empire, which, from a slender beginning, 
 effected a surprising change on the great theatre 
 of human affairs. This was the rise of Mahomet 
 and his religion. But here we fix the termina- 
 tion of ancient history, and the commencement 
 of the modern. Previous, however, to our en- 
 tering upon this second and most important part 
 of our work, we shall consider, with some atten- 
 tion, the manners, genius, laws, and policy of 
 those Gothic nations who subverted the Roman 
 tmpire in the West, and, establishing themselves 
 in every quarter of Europe, are justly considered, 
 at this day, as the parent stock of most of the 
 modern European nations, [a.d. 575.] — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6, p. 26. 
 
 2573. HISTORY, Fictions of. Of ancient Bri- 
 tain. [From history of his times, by Laonicus 
 Chalcondyles,] the most singular circumstance 
 of their manners is their disregard of conjugal 
 honor and female chastity. In their mutual 
 visits, as the first act of hospitality, the guest 
 is welcomed in the embraces of their wives 
 and daughters ; among friends they are lent and 
 borrowed without shame ; nor are the islanders 
 offended at this strange commerce and its inevi- 
 table consequences. Informed as we are of the 
 customs of Old England, and assured of the 
 
 virtue of our mothers, we may smile at the cre- 
 dulity, or resent the injustice, of the Greek, who 
 must have confounded a modest salute with a 
 criminal embrace. But his credulity and injus- 
 tice may teach an important lesson : to distrust 
 the accounts of foreign and remote nations, and 
 to suspend our belief of every tale that deviates 
 from the laws of nature and the character of 
 man. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 66, p. 304. 
 
 2574. . Pocahontas. In short, of 
 
 the events which occurred in Virginia during the 
 first ten years of the colony's existence, we have 
 seven distinct sources of information, all but 
 one of which are the productions of men who 
 had lived in the colony ; but in none of them is 
 there an intimation that Pocahontas saved the 
 life of Captain Smith. Two of these narratives 
 contain several particulars of the life and death 
 of this Indian girl, and the authors of them had 
 a strong interest in exalting her reputation. . . . 
 I say, then, farewell the Pocahontas of roma:nce ! 
 and approach the true Pocahontas, the dumpy, 
 dingy little squaw whom John Rolfe married, 
 and the council sent to England to advertise 
 forlorn Virginia ! — Cyclopedia of Biography, 
 p. 656. 
 
 2575. . Sir Isaac Newton. Thestory 
 
 of his dog Diamond throwing down a lighted 
 candle among his papers, by which the labors 
 of years were consumed, and of Newton's calmly 
 saying, "O Diamond, Diamond! thou little 
 knowest the mischief thou hast done," is not 
 true. The candle was left by his own careless- 
 ness in such a position that it set fire to the pa- 
 pers without the intervention of a dog — an ani- 
 mal he never kept. Nor did he contemplate his 
 loss with the slightest approach to philosophic 
 calmness. On the contrary, it almost drove 
 him out of his senses, and it was a month before 
 he had regained his tranquillity. The story also 
 of his using his wife's finger, in a fit of absence 
 of mind, to press down the tobacco in his pipe, 
 is liable to two slight objections : 1, he never 
 had a wife ; 2, he never smoked. Being once 
 asked why he never smoked or took snuff, he 
 answered, "I will not make to myself any ne- 
 cessities." — Parton's Newton, p. 93. 
 
 2576. HISTORY, Influence of. Nicola Rienzi. 
 The study of history and eloquence, the writings 
 of Cicero, Seneca, Livy, Caesar, and Valerius 
 Maxim us elevated above his equals and contem- 
 poraries the genius of the young plebeian ; he 
 perused with indefatigable diligence the manu- 
 scripts and marbles of antiquity ; loved to dis- 
 pense his knowledge in familiar language ; and 
 was often provoked to exclaim, "Where are 
 now these Romans ? their virtue, their justice, 
 their power ? why was I not born in those happy 
 times ?" [He became the deliverer of Rome.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 69, p. 447. 
 
 2577. HISTORY misinterpreted. CromwelVs. 
 We cannot readily find the instance of another 
 personage in history whose acts and memory 
 have been the subjects of such conflicting theo- 
 ries as those of Cromwell. The unphilosophical 
 and paradoxical verdict of Hume, the historian 
 of England, that he was a fanatical hypocrite, 
 may now be dismissed ; we suppose that by all 
 parties it is dismissed, with the contempt to 
 which it is only entitled, to the limbo to which 
 it properly belongs, vdth many other of the 
 
HISTORY 
 
 307 
 
 verdicts this writer ventured to announce in his 
 history. Hume's character as an historian has 
 not only been long since impeached, but, by Mr. 
 Brodie, reliance upon its veracity has been en- 
 tirely destroyed ; and even the Quarterly Review 
 many years since distinctly showed in how many 
 instances his prejudices have permitted him to 
 distort evidence, and even to garble documents. 
 — Hood's Ckomwell,, ch. 1, p. 15. 
 
 2578. HISTORY, Mistakes of. Cromwell. The 
 name of Cromwell up to the present period has 
 l)ecn identified with ambition, craftiness, usur- 
 pation, ferocity, and tyranny ; we think that his 
 true character is that of a fanatic. History is like 
 the sibyl, and only reveals her secrets to time, 
 leaf by leaf. Hitherto she has not exhibited the 
 real nature and composition of this human enig- 
 ma. He has been thought a profound politician ; 
 he was only an eminent sectarian. Far-sighted 
 historians of deep research, such as Hume, Lin- 
 gard, Bossuet, and Voltaire, have all been mis- 
 taken in Cromwell. The fault was not theirs, 
 but belonged to the epoch in which they wrote. 
 Authentic documents had not then seen the light, 
 and the portrait of Cromwell had only been 
 painted by his enemies. — Lamartine's Crom- 
 well, p. 1. 
 
 2579. HISTORY overlooked. Senator YuUe of 
 Florida. [He withdrew from the Senate when his 
 State seceded, and said in parting :j " The State 
 of Florida . . . had decided to recall the powers 
 she had delegated to the Federal Government, 
 And to assume the full exercise of her sovereign 
 rights as an independent . . . community." At 
 what particular period in the history of the Amer- 
 ican continent Florida had enjoyed ' ' sovereign 
 Tights," by what process she had ever ' ' delegated 
 powers to the Federal Government," or at what 
 time she had ever been an "independent . . . 
 community," Mr. Yulee evidently preferred not 
 to inform the Senate. [Florida was not one of 
 the original States.] — Blaine's Twenty Years, 
 ch. 11, p. 244. 
 
 25§0. HISTORY, Partiality of. TlwmasCrom- 
 ■weU. The history of this great revolution, for it 
 Is nothing less, is the history of a single man. In 
 the whole line of English statesmen there is no 
 one of whom we would willingly know so much, 
 no one of whom we really know so little, as of 
 Thomas Cromwell. When he meets us in Henry's 
 semce he had already passed middle life ; and 
 during his earlier years it is hardly possible to 
 do more than disentangle a few fragmentary 
 facts from the mass of fable which gather round 
 them. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 556. 
 
 25§1. HISTORY, Providence in. Battle. The 
 French were defeated at Turin, and the whole 
 country was abandoned to the emperor ; while 
 in the mean time his son, the archduke, was pro- 
 claimed at Madrid ; and Philip V. , on the point 
 of losing his kingdom, had thoughts of evacuat- 
 ing Spain altogether, and establishing his do- 
 minion in America. This desperate resolution, 
 however, was changed upon the victory of Al- 
 manza, where the Duke of Berwick, the natural 
 «on of James II., defeated the imperialists with 
 their allies, and restored the spirits of the despond- 
 ing monarch. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, 
 p. 466. 
 
 25§2. HISTORY, Rewritten. Oliver Cromwell. 
 The evident contradictions of the historians of 
 
 his own and other countries who had invariably 
 exhibited him as a fantastic tyrant and a melo- 
 dramatic hypocrite, induced Mr. Carlyle to think, 
 with justice, that beneath these discordant com- 
 ponents there might be found another Cromwell, 
 a being of nature, not of the imagination. Guid- 
 ed by that instinct of truth and logic in which is 
 comprised the genuis of erudite discovery, Mr. 
 Carlyle, himself possessing the spirit of a secta- 
 ry, and delighting in an independent course, un- 
 dertook to search out and examine all the cor- 
 respondence buried in the depths of public or 
 private archives, and in which, at the different 
 dates of his domestic, military, and political life, 
 Cromwell, without thinking that he should thus 
 paint himself, has in fact done so for the study 
 of posterity. Supplied with these treasures of 
 truth and revelation, Mr. Carlyle shut himself 
 up for some years in the solitude of the country, 
 that nothing might distract his thoughts from his 
 work. Then having collected, classed, studied, 
 commented on, and rearranged these volumi- 
 nous letters of his hero, and having resuscitated, 
 as if from the tomb, the spirit of the man and 
 the age, he committed to Europe this hitherto 
 unpublished correspondence, saying, with more 
 reason than Jean Jacques Rousseau, "Receive, 
 and read ; behold the true Cromwell !" — Lamar- 
 tine's Cromwell, p. 1. 
 
 2583. HISTORY, Romance of. Decinve Lo^es. 
 Arietta's pretty feet twinkling in the brook made 
 her the mother of William the Conqueror. Had 
 she not thus fascinated Duke Robert, the Lib- 
 eral of Normandy, Harold would not have fallen 
 at Hastings, no Anglo-Norman dynasty could 
 have arisen, no British empire. The reflection 
 is Sir Francis Palgrave's ; and it is emphatically 
 true. If any one should write a history of " De- 
 cisive loves that have materially influenced the 
 drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes," 
 the daughter of the tanner of Falaise would de- 
 serve a conspicuous place in his pages. — Deci- 
 sive Battles, § 273. 
 
 2584. HISTORY, Slandered by. Christians. 
 "Nero," says Tacitus, "exposed to accusation 
 and tortured with the most exquisite penalties 
 a set of men detested for their enormities, whom 
 the common people called ' Christians.' Chris- 
 tus, the founder of this sect, was executed during 
 the reign of Tiberius by the Procurator Pontius 
 Pilate, and the deadly superstition, suppressed 
 for a time, began to burst out once more, not 
 only throughout Judaea, where the evil had its 
 root, but even in the city, whither from every 
 quarter all things horrible or shameful are drift- 
 ed, and find their votaries." The lordly disdain 
 which prevented Tacitus from making any in- 
 quiry into the real views and character of the 
 Christians is shown by the fact that he catches 
 up the most baseless allegations against them. 
 He talks of their doctrines as savage and shame- 
 ful, when they breathed the very spirit of peace 
 and purity. He charges them with being animat- 
 ed by a hatred of their kind, when their central 
 tenet was an universal charity. The masses, he 
 says, called them " Christians ;" and while he al- 
 most apologizes for staining his page with so 
 vulgar an appellation, he merely mentions, in 
 passing, that, though innocent of the charge of , 
 being turbulent incendiaries, on which they 
 were tortured to death, they were yet a set of 
 
308 
 
 HISTORY— HOME. 
 
 guilty and infamous sectaries, to be classed with 
 the lowest dregs of Roman criminals. — Far- 
 ear's Early Days, eh. 3, p. 34. 
 
 25§5. HI8T0EY, Voluminous. SJialcespeare. 
 The catalogue of works about Shakespeare in the 
 British Museum consists, I am told, of four folio 
 volumes. The mere catalogue ! We have in this 
 city several collectors of Shakesperian literature, 
 one of whom has got together a whole room full 
 of books, numbering, perhaps, two thousand 
 volumes, all of which relate, in some way, to 
 Shakespeare. Nevertheless, the substance of what 
 we really know of the man and his life can be 
 stated in one of these short articles. — Cyclope- 
 dia OP BiOG. , p. 23. 
 
 25§6. HOAXES, Success by. Washington Irv- 
 ing. [Irving's humorous satire, ' ' The City of 
 New York."] A stupendous hoax, it was launch- 
 ed with a series of small hoaxes, the first of 
 which appeared in the Evening Post of October 
 25, 1809, in the shape of a paragraph narrating 
 the disappearance from his lodging of a small, 
 elderly gentleman, by the name of Knickerbock- 
 er. He was stated to be dressed in an old black 
 coat and a cocked hat, and it was intimated that 
 there were some reasons for believing that he was 
 not in his right mind. Great anxiety was felt, and 
 any information concerning him would be thank- 
 fully received at the Columbian Hotel, Mulber- 
 ry Street, or at the office of the paper. This 
 feeler was followed in a week or two by a com- 
 munication from " A Traveller," who professed 
 to have seen him. . . . Ten days later (Novem- 
 ber 6th) Mr. Seth Handaside, landlord of the 
 Independent Columbian Hotel, inserted a card 
 in the same paper, in which he declared that 
 there had been found in the room of the missing 
 man, Mr. Diedrich Knickerbocker, a curious kind 
 of a written book, in his own handwriting ; and 
 he wished the editor to notify him, if he was 
 alive, that if he did not return and pay off his 
 bill for board he would have to dispose of his 
 book to satisfy him for the same. The bait took. 
 . . . The " History of New York," which was 
 published in this city on the 6th of December, 
 1809, was a success in more ways than one. Its 
 whim and satire amused the lovers of wit and 
 humor, and its irreverence toward the early 
 Dutch settlers of the State annoyed and angered 
 their descendants. Between these two classes of 
 readers it was much talked about and largely 
 circulated. — Stoddard's Irving, p. 28. 
 
 25§7. HOBBYIST ridiculed. Columbus. Dur- 
 ing all this time he was exposed to continual 
 scoffs and indignities, being ridiculed by the 
 light and ignorant as a mere dreamer, and stig- 
 matized by the illiberal as an adventurer. The 
 very children, it is said, pointed to their fore- 
 heads as he passed, being taught to regard him 
 as a kind of madman. The summer of 1490 
 passed away, but still Columbus was kept in 
 tantalizing and tormenting suspense. — Irving's 
 Columbus, Book 2, ch. 4. 
 
 25§8. HOLINESS, Fictitious. Mahomet. Such 
 were the calm and rational precepts of the legis- 
 lator ; but in his private conduct Mahomet in- 
 dulged in the appetites of a man, and abused the 
 claims of a prophet. A special revelation dis- 
 pensed him from the laws which he had imposed 
 on his nation ; the female sex without reserve 
 was abandoned to his desires ; and this singular 
 
 prerogative excited the envy rather than the 
 scandal, the veneration rather than the envy of 
 the devout Mussulmans. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 50, p. 149. 
 
 2589. HOLY Spirit professed. Mahomet. The 
 piety of Moses and of Christ rejoiced in the as- 
 surance of a future prophet more Ulustriout 
 than themselves ; the evangelic promise of the 
 Paraclete or Holy Ghost was prefigured in the 
 name and accomplished in the person of Ma- 
 homet, the greatest and the last of the apostles of 
 God. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 109. 
 
 2500. HOMAGE, Disgusting. James II. [Ad- 
 da, the pope's nuncio, was consecrated archbishop 
 of a fictitious bishopric] Adda, wearing the robes 
 of his new office, joined the circle in the queen's 
 apartments. James fell on his knees in the pres- 
 ence of the whole court, and implored a blessing. 
 In spite of the restraints imposed by etiquette, 
 the astonishment and disgust of the bystanders 
 could not be concealed. It was long, indeed, 
 since an English sovereign had knelt to mortal 
 man. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 249. 
 
 2591. HOMAGE unsurpassed. SamuelJohnson. 
 His respect for the hierarchy, and particularly 
 the dignitaries of the church, has been more than 
 once exhibited in the course of this work. Mr. 
 Seward saw him presented to the Archbishop of 
 York, and described his bow to an archbishop 
 as such a studied elaboration of homage, such 
 an extension of limb, such a flexion of body, as 
 have seldom or ever been equalled. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 491. 
 
 2592. HOME beautified. Sir Walter Scott's first. 
 His first country home was the cottage at Lass- 
 wade, on the Esk, about six miles from Edin- 
 burgh, which he took in 1798, a few months after 
 his marriage, and retained till 1804. It was a pretty 
 little cottage, in the beautiflcation of which Scott 
 felt great pride, and where he exercised himself 
 in the small beginnings of those tastes for altering i 
 and planting which grew so rapidly upon him, 
 and at last enticed him into castle-building and 
 tree-culture on a dangerous, not to say ruinous, 
 scale. One of Scott's intimate friends, . . . Mr. 
 Morritt, walked . . . with Scott four years after he 
 had left it, and was taken out of his way to see 
 it. "I have been bringing you," he said, ' ' where 
 there is little enough to be seen, only that Scotch 
 cottage ; but though not worth looking at, I 
 could not pass it. It was our first country house 
 when newly married, and many a contrivance it 
 had to make it comfortable. I made a dining- 
 table for it with my own hands. Look at these 
 two miserable willow trees on either side the gate 
 into the enclosure ; they are tied together at the 
 top to be an arch, and a cross made of two stick* 
 over them is not yet decayed. To be sure, it is 
 not much of a lion to show a stranger, but I 
 wanted to see it again myself, for I assure you 
 that after I had constructed it, mamma (Mre. 
 Scott) and I both of us thought it so fine we 
 turned out to. see it by moonlight, and walked 
 backward from it to the cottage-door, in admi- 
 ration of our own magnificence and its pictu- 
 resque effect." — Hutton's Life op Scott, ch. 7. 
 
 2593. HOME, Common. Boman. The houses of 
 private citizens, and even those of the higher 
 classes, were of a very moderate size during the 
 times of the republic. The Romans appear ta 
 
HOME— HONESTY. 
 
 309 
 
 have lived much in the open air, as a great part 
 of their buildings consisted of vestibules and 
 porticos. The houses were detached from each 
 other, and usually of one floor. The different 
 apartments had each a single door, entering from 
 the gallery or portico. These apartments, except 
 the triclinium or hall, where they sat at meals, 
 were generally small, and lighted only by one 
 square window near the ceilings. The furniture 
 of the house and its decorations were simple, the 
 walls ornamented with fresco painting in a light 
 and cheerful style. The larger houses had each 
 a garden behind for the cultivation of vegeta- 
 bles, and a few trees to yield a refreshing shade 
 in summer. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 6, 
 p. 445. 
 
 2594. HOME deserted. Londoners. The cof- 
 fee-house was the Londoner's home ; . . . those 
 who wished to find a gentleman commonly asked, 
 not whether he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery 
 Lane, but whether he frequented the Grecian or 
 the Rainbow. [Reign of Charles II.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng. , ch. 3, p. 342. 
 
 2595. HOME, A palatial. Roman. After din- 
 ner the youth repaired to the Campus Mar- 
 tins, and spent the hours till sunset in a variety 
 of sports and athletic exercises. The elder class 
 retired for an hour to repose, and then passed 
 the afternoon in their porticos or galleries, 
 which, in the house of every man of rank, 
 formed a conspicuous part of the building. 
 Many of these were open to the air, supported on 
 pillars of stone or marble, under which they en- 
 joyed the exercise of walking, and sometimes 
 of being carried in their litters. Other galleries 
 were sheltered from the air and lighted by 
 windows of a transparent talc or lapis specularis, 
 which supplied the place of glass. These covered 
 galleries were ornamented in the richest manner 
 and with the most expensive decorations — gilded 
 roofs, paintings on the walls, and statues in the 
 niches — and adjoining to them were their libra- 
 ries, which, in the latter days of the republic, 
 became an article of great expense, and on the 
 furnishing of which the higher classes expended 
 much taste. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 2596. HOME, A shaded. Puritan's. Crom- 
 well's . . . household was not so unpleasant for 
 the imagination to linger upon as some may think. 
 The life of the Puritan home reveals the Church 
 life of the period ; even the air was laden with 
 mysticism — a floating mysticism pervaded almost 
 the whole theology of the time ; a mystic man 
 can never be a very merry man. The recreations 
 of the Puritan homes were reduced to the nar- 
 rowest compass compatible with good sense and 
 good taste. Wakes were abolished. May -poles 
 pulled down, and cockfights and bearbaitings 
 brought to an end. Meantime the Puritan was 
 not destitute of recreation : there were nice flower 
 gardens for the ladies and brave field sports for 
 the gentlemen ; but the daily life of the Puritan 
 was brought within a compass which, while it 
 did not prohibit the joke and the merry laugh, 
 must, we fancy, have often and usually shaded 
 down life to a sternness and habitual severity very 
 much in harmony, it may be, with the serious- 
 ness of the times, but not reflecting that cheer- 
 fulness which a wiser and wider view of God 
 and truth and nature would create and permit. 
 — Hood's Ckomwkll, ch. 15, p. 196. 
 
 2597. HOME, Thoughtful of. Abraham Lin^ 
 coin. [In 1860 Mr. Lincoln was nominated for 
 President by the Republican Convention at 
 Chicago.] The superintendent of the telegraph 
 company, who was present, wrote on a scrap of 
 paper : " Mr. Lincoln : You are nominated on the 
 third ballot," and a boy ran with the message to 
 Mr. Lincoln. He looked at it in silence, amid 
 the shouts of those around him ; then rising and 
 putting it in his pocket, he said, quietly, " There 
 is a little woman down to our house who would 
 like to hear this — I'll go down and tell her." — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 3, p. 104. 
 
 259§. HOME-LIFE, Savages'. American Ind- 
 ians. The savages are proud of idleness. At 
 home they do little but cross their arms and 
 sit listlessly, or engage in games of chance, haz- 
 arding all their possessions on the result ; or 
 meet in council, or sing and eat, or play and 
 sleep. The greatest toils of the men were to 
 perfect the palisades of the forts, to manufact- 
 ure a boat out of a tree by means of fire and a 
 stone hatchet, to repair their cabins, to get 
 ready instruments of war or the chase, and to 
 adorn their persons. Woman is the laborer, 
 woman bears the burdens of life. The food that 
 is raised from the earth is the fruit of her in- 
 dustry. With no instrument but a wooden mat- 
 tock or a shoulderblade of the buffalo she plants 
 the maize, the beans, and the running vines. She 
 drives the blackbirds from the cornfield, breaks 
 the weeds, and . . . gathers the harvest. She 
 pounds the parched corn, dries the buffalo meat, 
 and prepares for winter the store of wild fruits ; 
 she brings home the game which her husband 
 has killed ; she bears the wood and draws the 
 water and spreads the repast. . . . The Indian's 
 wife was his slave, and the number of his slaves 
 was the criterion of his wealth. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 2599. HOMES, Filthy. England, 1509. [Eras- 
 mus, the Dutch writer, describes the homes of the 
 English as he saw them.] The English so con- 
 structed their rooms as to admit no thorough 
 draft. . . . The floors are mostly of clay and 
 strewed with rushes. Fresh rushes are periodi- 
 cally laid over them, but the old ones remain for 
 a foundation for perhaps twenty years together. 
 [The abominations which Erasmus mentions 
 as collected in these successive layers need not 
 be mentioned.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, 
 p. 254. 
 
 2600. HOMES, Eohbed of. CJieroJcee Indians. 
 These were the most civilized and humane of all 
 the Indian nations. They had adopted the man- 
 ners of the whites. They had pleasant farms, 
 goodly towns, schools, printing-presses, a writ- 
 ten code of laws. The Government of the United 
 States had given to Georgia a pledge to purchase 
 the Cherokee lands for the benefit of the State. 
 . . . [Unjust State legislation robbed them of 
 their rights.] The Indians then appealed to the 
 President [Jackson]. . . . He recommended their 
 removal . . . beyond the Mississippi. . . . More 
 than $5,000,000 were paid them for their lands, 
 but still they clung to their homes. At last 
 General Scott was ordered to remove them to the 
 new territory, using force if necessary. — Rid- 
 path's U. 8., ch. 44, p. 480. 
 
 2601. HONESTY assumed. Oliv&r Goldsmith. 
 The company was of a familiar, unceremonious 
 
310 
 
 HONESTY. 
 
 kind, delighting in that very questionable wit 
 which consists in playing off practical jokes upon 
 each other. Of one of these Goldsmith was 
 made the butt. Coming to the club one night in 
 a hackney coach, he gave the coachman by mis- 
 take a guinea instead of a shilling, which he set 
 down as a dead loss, for there was no likelihood, 
 he said, that a fellow of this class would have 
 the honesty to return the money. On the next 
 club evening he was told a person at the street 
 door wished to speak with him. He went forth, 
 but soon returned with a radiant countenance. 
 To his surprise and delight the coachman had 
 actually brought back the guinea. While he 
 launched forth in praise of this unlooked-for 
 piece of honesty, he declared it ought not to go 
 unrewarded. Collecting a small sum from the 
 club, and no doubt increasing it largely from his 
 own purse, he dismissed the Jehu with many en- 
 comiums on his good conduct. He was still 
 chanting his praises when one of the club re- 
 quested a sight of the guinea thus honestly re- 
 turned. To Goldsmith's confusion it proved to 
 be a counterfeit. The universal burst of laugh- 
 ter which succeeded, and the jokes by which he 
 was assailed on every side, showed him that the 
 whole was a hoax, and the pretended coachman 
 as much a counterfeit as the guinea. He was so 
 disconcerted, it is said, that he soon beat a retreat 
 for the evening. — Irvlng's Goldsmith, ch. 19, 
 p. 128. 
 
 2602. HONESTY confessed. Shovel. [When 
 James II. sent his Jacobite emissary to seduce 
 the commanders of the British navy, he report- 
 ed that Sir Cloudesley Shovel was incorruptible. 
 " He is a man not to be spoken to," was the em- 
 issary's tribute.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 21, 
 p. 332. 
 
 2603. HONESTY of Convictions. Wm. Penn. 
 A.D. 1671. Never fearing to openly address 
 a Quaker meeting, he was soon on the road to 
 Newgate, to suffer for his honesty by a six 
 months' imprisonment. "You are an ingen- 
 ious gentleman," said the magistrate at the 
 trial ; " you have a plentiful estate ; why should 
 you render yourself unhappy by associating with 
 such simple people?" "I prefer," said Penn, 
 " the honestly simple to the ingeniously wicked." 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 2604. HONESTY, Ludicrous. Diary. "A Spir- 
 itual Diary and Soliloquies, by John Rutty, 
 M.D." Dr. Rutty was one of the people called 
 Quakers, a physician of some eminence in Dub- 
 lin, and author of several works. This diary, 
 which was kept from 1753 to 1775, the year in 
 which he died, and was now published in two 
 volumes octavo, exhibited, in the simplicity of 
 his heart, a minute and honest register of the 
 state of his mind ; which, though frequently 
 laughable enough, was not more so than the 
 history of many men would be, if recorded with 
 equal fairness. The following specimens were ex- 
 tracted by the reviewers : " 'Tenth month, 1753 — 
 23. Indulgence in bed an hour too long. Twelfth 
 month, 17. An hypochondriac obnubilation from 
 vdnd and indigestion. Ninth month, 28. An 
 over-dose of whiskey. 29. A dull, cross, choleric 
 day. First month, 1757—22. A little swinish at 
 dinner and repast. 31. Dogged on provocation. 
 Second month, 5. Very dogged or snappish. 14. 
 Snappish on fasting. 26. Cursed snappishness to 
 
 those under me, on a bodily indisposition. Third 
 month, 11. On a provocation exercised a dumb 
 resentment for two days instead of scolding. 
 22. Scolded too vehemently. 23. Dogged again. 
 Fourth month, 29. Mechanically and sinfully 
 dogged." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 342. 
 
 2605. HONESTY, Official. Abnbeker. When 
 Abubeker assumed the office of caliph he en- 
 joined his daughter Ayesha to take a strict ac- 
 count of his private patrimony, that it might be 
 evident whether he were enriched or impover- 
 ished by the service of the State. He thought 
 himself entitled to a stipend of three pieces of 
 gold, with the sufficient maintenance of a single 
 camel and a black slave ; but on the Friday of 
 each week he distributed the residue of his owa 
 and the public money, first to the most worthy, 
 and then to the most indigent, of the Moslems. 
 The remains of his wealth — a coarse garment 
 and five pieces of gold — were delivered to his- 
 successor, who lamented with a modest sigh his. 
 own inability to equal such an admirable model. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 173. 
 
 2606. HONESTY, Promotion by. Pompey. His- 
 tory has dealt tenderly with him on account of 
 his misfortunes, and has not refused him de- 
 served admiration for qualities as rare in his age- 
 as they were truly excellent. His capacities as a 
 soldier were not extraordinary. He had risen to- 
 distinction by his honesty. The pirates who had 
 swept the Mediterranean had bought their impu- 
 nity by a tribute paid to senators and governors. 
 They were suppressed instantly when a command- 
 er was sent against them whom they were unable- 
 to bribe. The conquest of Asia was no less easy 
 to a man who could resist temptations to enrich 
 himself. The worst enemy of Pompey never 
 charged him with corruption or rapacity. So 
 far as he was himself concerned, the restoration 
 of Ptolemy was gratuitous, for he received noth- 
 ing for it. His private fortune, Avhen he had the- 
 world at his feet, was never more than moder- 
 ate ; nor as a politician did his faults extend be- 
 yond weakness and incompetence. — Froude'» 
 C^SAR, ch. 23. 
 
 260T. HONESTY, Public. Italy. [Early in the 
 sixth centuiy Italy, being a] country possess- 
 ed of many valuable objects of exchange, soon 
 attracted the merchants of the world, whose- 
 beneflcial traffic was encouraged and protected 
 by the liberal spirit of Theodoric. The free in- 
 tercourse of the provinces by land and water wa» 
 restored and extended ; the city gates Avere never 
 shut either by day or by night ; and the com- 
 mon saying, that a purse of gold might be safely 
 left in the fields, was expressive of the conscious 
 security of the inhabitants. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 39, p. 27. 
 
 260S. HONESTY in public Life. Oliver Crom- 
 well. [Cromwell the Protector left no wealth to 
 his family, notwithstanding the high positions 
 which he occupied and the opportunities of en- 
 richment at the expense of the State.]— Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, p. 217. 
 
 2609. HONESTY punished. Greek Bmperar 
 Theodore Lascai-is II. On a march in Bul^ia^ 
 he consulted on a question of policy his princi- 
 pal ministers ; and the Greek logothete, George- 
 Acropolita, presumed to offend him by the dec- 
 laration of a free and honest opinion. The em. 
 
HONESTY— HONOR. 
 
 311 
 
 peror half unsheathed his cimeter ; but his more 
 deliberate rage reserved Acropolita for a baser 
 punishment. One of the first officers of the em- 
 pire was ordered to dismount, stripped of his 
 robes, and extended on the ground in the pres- 
 ence of the prince and army. In this posture he 
 was chastised with so many and such heavy 
 blows from the clubs of two guards or execution- 
 ers, that when Theodore commanded them to 
 cease, the great logothete was scarcely able to 
 rise and crawl away to his tent. After a seclusion 
 of some days he was recalled by a peremptory 
 mandate to his seat in council ; and so dead were 
 the Greeks to the sense of honor and shame, that 
 it is from the narrative of the sufferer himself that 
 we acquire the knowledge of his disgrace. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 62, p. 144. 
 
 '26 lO. HONESTY, Scarcity of. Plato. [Plato 
 was invited to lecture before Dionysius the ty- 
 rant.] Justice was the . . . topic ; and when Plato 
 asserted the happiness of the just and the wretch- 
 ed condition of the unjust, the tyrant was stung ; 
 and being unable to answer his arguments, he 
 expressed his resentment against those who seem- 
 ed to listen to him with pleasure. At last he was 
 extremely exasperated, and asked the philoso- 
 pher what business he had in Sicily. Plato an- 
 swered that he came to seek an honest man. 
 "And so, then," replied the tyrant, "it seems 
 you have lost your labor." — Plutarch's Dion. 
 
 261 1 . HONESTY, Unquestioned. Washing- 
 ton's. So noted for excellence was everything 
 bearing his brand, that a barrel of flour stamped 
 " Oeorge Washington, Mount Vernon," was ex- 
 empted from the customary inspection in the 
 West India ports. — Custis' Washington, vol. 
 1, ch. 2. 
 
 2612. HONOB, Appeal to. Roman Emperor. 
 Gallienus often displayed his liberality by distrib- 
 uting among his officers the property of his sub- 
 jects. On the accession of Claudius an old 
 woman threw herself at his feet, and complained 
 that a general of the late emperor had obtained 
 an arbitrary grant of her patrimony. This gener- 
 al was Claudius himself, who had not entirely es- 
 caped the contagion of the times. The emperor 
 blushed at the reproach, but deserved the confi- 
 dence which she had reposed in his equity. The 
 confession of his fault was accompanied with im- 
 mediate and ample restitution. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 11, p. 334. 
 
 2613. HONOR, Dangerous. Emperor of Borne. 
 [The preceding emperors had been murdered 
 each in their turn during fourscore years.] The 
 troops, as if satiated vdth the exercise of power, 
 again conjured the senate to invest one of its own 
 body with the Imperial purple. The senate still 
 persisted in its refusal, the army in its request. 
 The reciprocal offer was pressed and rejected at 
 least three times, and while the obstinate mod- 
 esty of either party was resolved to receive a mas- 
 ter from the hands of the other, eight months 
 insensibly elapsed ; an amazing period of tran- 
 quil anarchy, during which the Roman world re- 
 mained without a sovereign, without a usurper, 
 and without a sedition. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 12, p. 367. 
 
 2614. HONOR, Debts of. Gambling. [The 
 German barbarians were deep gamblers.] Their 
 debts of honor (for in that light they have trans- 
 
 mitted to us those of play) they discharged with 
 the most romantic fidelity. The desperate game- 
 ster, who had staked his person and liberty on 
 a last throw of the dice, patiently submitted to 
 the decision of fortune, and suffered himself to 
 be bound, chastised, and sold into remote slavery 
 by his weaker but more lucky antagonist. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 261. 
 
 2615. HONOR, Humility with. iMrd Byron. 
 He was a schoolboy, ten years old at the time, 
 living in Scotland with his mother, who had an 
 income of £135 a year, equal to about $25 a week 
 in our present cuiTency. All at once came news 
 that Lord Byron, the grand-uncle of the boy, was 
 dead, leaving no heirs to his title and estates ex- 
 cept this poor widow's son. Imagine the effect 
 upon a forward, sensitive, bashful, imaginative 
 boy — painfully ashamed because he had a lame 
 foot. It seems that he was puzzled at first with 
 his new lordship. The day after the news arrived 
 he ran up to his mother, and said, "Mother, do 
 you see any difference in me since I became lord X 
 I see none." — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 289. 
 
 2616. HONOR misplaced. Major Andre. [Hav- 
 ing been executed by Washington as a confessed 
 spy,] his king did right in offering honorable 
 rank to his brother, and in granting pensions 
 to his mother and sisters, but not in raising a 
 memorial to his name in Westminster Abbey. 
 Such honor belongs to other enterprises and 
 deeds. The tablet has no fit place in a sanctuary, 
 dear from its monuments to every friend to gen- 
 ius and mankind. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 10, 
 ch. 18. 
 
 2617. HONOR, National. Bomans. [During 
 the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius] the 
 Roman name was revered among the most re- 
 mote nations of the earth. The fiercest barba- 
 rians frequently submitted their differences to the 
 arbitration of the emperor, and we are informed 
 by a contemporary historian that he had seen am- 
 bassadors who were refused the honor which 
 they came to solicit, of being admitted into 
 the rank of subjects. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, 
 p. 10. 
 
 261 §. HONOR, Test of. John II. the Good. 
 John was sent back to his dominions on promise 
 of a large ranson ; but he was without finances, 
 without soldiers, for they refused to obey him, 
 and without credit ; yet he had a strong principle 
 of honor, for, being unable to satisfy the condi- 
 tions of his liberation, he returned to England, 
 surrendered himself once more a prisoner, and 
 died soon after in London. Note. — It was a no- 
 ble maxim of this prince, " That if good faith 
 should be totally forgotten by the rest of man- 
 kind, it ought still to find a place in the breast of 
 princes." It has, however, been conjectured that 
 John's strongest motive for returning to England 
 was a passion he had conceived for the Countess 
 of Salisbury, one of the most beautiful women 
 of that age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 12, 
 p. 199. 
 
 2619. HONOR, Vanity of. Queen Mary. [Mary 
 Queen of Scots, in her illness, was subject to 
 great melancholy, which she expressed often by 
 the exclamation,] I could wish to be dead ! — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 9, p. 144. 
 
 2620. HONOR in War. Napoleon. [When 
 he escaped from exile at St. Elba the army wel- 
 
312 
 
 HONORS. 
 
 corned him, and Louis XVIII. fled. At the Tuil- 
 eries, in Napoleon's former cabinet, were found] 
 a portfolio . . . containing the private and con- 
 fidential papers of the king. They were safe in 
 the keeping of Napoleon ; his pride of character 
 and delicate sense of honor would not allow him 
 to pry into these disclosures of the private life of 
 his enemies. He ordered them all to be sealed, 
 and to be sent by a despatch to their owner. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 26. 
 
 2621. HONOES, Burdensome. Or ant— Alfonso. 
 [When General Grant visited Alfonso, King of 
 Spain,] Grant spoke of the sympathy the death 
 of his wife created in America. The king said 
 . . they had been very happy together, and 
 
 . she had helped him bear the burdens of the kingly 
 oflice, which were extremely irksome to him 
 Grant replied that the eight years of his Presi- 
 dency had been the most harassing and weary 
 ones of his whole life. — General Grant's 
 Travels, p. 259. 
 
 2622. HONOES, Compulsory. Saturninus. [He 
 was appointed to command the Eastern Empire 
 under Emperor Probus.] That general, a man of 
 merit and experience, was driven into rebellion 
 by the absence of his sovereign, the levity of the 
 Alexandrian people, the pressing instances of 
 his friends, and his own fears ; but from the 
 moment of his elevation he never entertained a 
 hope of empire or even of life. " Alas !" he said, 
 " the republic has lost a useful servant, and the 
 rashness of an hour has destroyed the services 
 of many years. You know not," continued he, 
 ' ' the misery of sovereign power ; a sword is per- 
 petually suspended over our head. We dread 
 our very guards, we distrust our companions." 
 [He was soon destroyed.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 12, p. 383. 
 
 2623. HONOES demanded. Cromwell. Not 
 an iota of the honors due to a crowned head 
 would he dispense with when negotiating, as the 
 Protector of England, with the proudest mon- 
 archs of Europe. Spain yielded, with little hesi- 
 tation, to accord to him the same style as was 
 claimed by her own haughty monarchs ; but 
 Louis [XIV.] of France sought, if possible, some 
 compromise. His first letter was addressed to 
 "His Most Serene Highness, Oliver, Lord Pro 
 tector," etc., but Cromwell refused to receive it. 
 The more familiar title of ' ' Cousin" was in like 
 manner rejected, and Louis and his crafty min- 
 ister, the Cardinal Mazarin, were compelled to 
 concede to him the wonted mode of address be- 
 tween sovereigns : "To Our Dear Brother." 
 " What !" exclaimed Louis to his minister, 
 " shall I call this base fellow my brother ?" 
 " Ay," rejoined his astute adviser, " or your fa- 
 ther, if it will gain your ends, or you will have 
 him at the gates of Paris I" — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 16, p. 215. 
 
 2624. HONOES, Miserable. Aged Emperor Tac- 
 itus. The glory and life of Tacitus were of 
 short duration. Transported, in the depth of 
 winter, from the soft retirement of Campania to 
 the foot of Mount Caucasus, he sunk under the 
 unaccustomed hardships of a military life. The 
 fatigues of the body were aggravated by the cares 
 of the mind. . , . The angry and selfish passions of 
 the soldiers . . . soon broke out with redoubled 
 violence, and raged in the camp and even in the 
 tent of the aged emperor. His mild and amiable 
 
 character served only to inspire contempt, and 
 he was incessantly tormented with factions which 
 he could not assuage and by demands which it 
 was impossible to satisfy. . . . His last hour was 
 hastened by anguish and disappointment. It 
 may be doubtful whether the soldiers imbrued 
 their hands in the blood of this innocent prince. 
 It is certain that their insolence was the cause of 
 his death. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 373. 
 
 2625. HONOES, Premature. Bolivar. [The 
 Washington of the States of Colombia.] Spain 
 renewed the war, and Bolivar was called again to 
 the supreme command. Three more bloody cam- 
 paigns were necessary before the Spaniards were 
 wholly and finally expelled from the soil of Co- 
 lombia, by which name the confederated republics 
 were called. In 1825 Bolivar once more abdicat- 
 ed the dictatorship. An equestrian statue having 
 been decreed him by the corporation of his na- 
 tive city, he declined the honor, saying, "Wait 
 till after my death, that you may judge me with- 
 out prejudice, and accord to me then such honors 
 as you may deem suitable ; but never rear monu- 
 ments to a man as long as he is alive. He can 
 change, he can betray. You Avill never have this 
 reproach to make to me ; but wait a little long- 
 er." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 490. 
 
 2626. HONOES resigned. Diocletian. It was 
 in the twenty -first year of his reign that Diocle- 
 tian executed his memorable resolution of abdi- 
 cating the empire, an action more naturally to 
 have been expected from the elder or the younger 
 Antoninus than from a prince who had never 
 practised the lessons of philosophy either in the 
 attainment or in the use of supreme power. Dio- 
 cletian acquired the glory of giving to the world 
 the first example of a resignation, which has not 
 been very frequently imitated by succeeding 
 monarchs. . . . [He was only fifty nine.] It 
 was time to put an end to the painful struggle 
 which he had sustained during more than a year, 
 between the care of his health and that of his 
 dignity. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 441. 
 
 2627. . Cfiarles V. The abdica- 
 tion of Charles appears to have been hastened by 
 the vicissitude of fortune ; and the disappoint- 
 ment of his favorite schemes urged him to relin 
 quish a power which he found inadequate to his 
 ambition. But the reign of Diocletian had flow- 
 ed with a tide of uninterrupted success ; nor was 
 it till after he had vanquished all his enemies 
 and accomplished all his designs that he seems 
 to have entertained any serious thoughts of re- 
 signing the empire. . . . [He was fifty -five years 
 old, and] required indulgence and relaxation ; the 
 latter compelled him to direct, from the bed of 
 sickness, the administration of a great empire. 
 He resolved to pass the remainder of his days in 
 honorable repose, to place his glory beyond the 
 reach of fortune, and to relinquish the theatre 
 of the world to his younger and more active as- 
 sociates. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 441. 
 
 262§. HONOES, Unexpected. Miss Sallie 
 Thompson. [A Massachusetts girl, daughter of 
 " Count Rumford."] Rumford assumed the com- 
 mand of the Bavarian forces, and by his firmness 
 and presence of mind prevented either French or 
 Austrians from entering Munich. The considera- 
 tion in which he was held is illustrated by the 
 fact that the elector made Miss Thompson a 
 countess of the empire, conferring on her a pen- 
 
HONORS— HOSPITALITY. 
 
 313 
 
 sion of £200 a year, with liberty to enjoy it in 
 any country where she might wisli to reside. 
 The New England girl, brought up in the quiet 
 ude of Concord, transplanted thence to Lon- 
 don, and afterward to Munich, was subjected to 
 a somewhat trying ordeal. — Tyndall's Count 
 
 Ru.MFOBD. 
 
 2029. HONORS, Unmerited. Emperor Carinus. 
 With the senators Carinus affected a lofty and 
 regal demeanor, frequently declaring that he 
 designed to distribute their estates among the 
 populace of Rome. From the dregs of that popu- 
 lace he selected his favorites, and even his minis- 
 ters. The palace, and even the Imperial table, 
 were filled with singers, dancers, prostitutes, and 
 all the various retinue of vice and folly. One 
 of his doorkeepers he intrusted with the govern- 
 ment of the city. In the room of the Praetorian 
 prefect, whom he put to death, Carinus substi- 
 tuted one of the ministers of his looser pleas- 
 ures. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 393. 
 
 2630. HONORS won by Merit. '• Win Ms 
 Spurs." [Battle of Crecy, 1346.] The counts of 
 AlenQon and Flanders at length disengaged 
 themselves, and wheeling round, made a des 
 perate onset on the first division of the English, 
 commanded by the young Prince of Wales. The 
 prince fought heroically, but finding himself 
 hardly pressed, sent to entreat his father to sup- 
 port him with the reserve. The king, who watch- 
 ed the battle from a windmill, first satisfied him- 
 self that his son was neither dead nor disabled, 
 and then declined to move to his assistance. " Let 
 the boy win his spurs," said he ; " for, if God will, 
 I desire that this day be his, and that all the 
 honor of it shall remain with him and those to 
 whom I have given him in charge." Thus en 
 couraged and excited, the English stood as im- 
 movable as a rock." — Students' Fbance, ch. 
 10, § 7. 
 
 2631. HOPE, Happiness in. SamuelJohnson. 
 He this day enlarged upon Pope's melancholy 
 remark, 
 
 " Man never is, but always to Je blest.'' 
 He asserted that the present was never a happy 
 state to any human being ; but that, as every 
 part of life of which we are conscious was at 
 some point of time a period yet to come, in which 
 felicity was expected, there was some happiness 
 produced by hope. Being pressed upon this 
 subject, and asked if he really was of opinion 
 that though, in general, happiness was very rare 
 in human life, a man was nof sometimes happy 
 in the moment that was present, he answered, 
 "Never, but when he is drunk." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 248. 
 
 2632. HOPE a Treasure. Perdiccas. [Alex- 
 ander the Great was generous to his friends.] 
 Thougli his provision was . . . small, he chose, at 
 his embarkation, to inquire into the circum- 
 
 ; stances of his friends ; and to one he gave a farm, 
 
 to another a village ; to this the revenue of a 
 
 borough, and to that of a post. When in this 
 
 manner he had disposed of almost all the estates 
 
 of the crowd, Perdiccas asked him what he 
 
 ; had reserved for himself. The king answered, 
 
 I " Hope." " Well," replied Perdiccas, " we who 
 
 [Share in your labors will also take part in your 
 
 ! hopes." In consequence of which he refused 
 
 the estate allotted him, and some others of the 
 
 king's friends did the same. — Plutarch's Al- 
 exander. 
 
 2633. HORSE, An honored. By Washington. 
 The charger which bore him when he received 
 the sword of the vanquished [Cornwallis] . . . was 
 a chestnut with a white face and legs, and was 
 called Nelson. . . . After the war was over it was 
 never mounted more, but . . . well cared for. . . . 
 It died of old age at Mount Vernon many years 
 after the Revolution. — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 2634. HORSEMEN, Expert. Scythians. The 
 Scythians of every age have been celebrated a.s 
 bold and skilful riders ; and constant practice 
 had seated them so firmly on horseback, that 
 they were supposed by strangers to perform the 
 ordinary duties of civil life, to eat, to drink, and 
 even to sleep, without dismounting from their 
 steeds. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 9. 
 
 2635. HORSES, Care of. Washington's. The 
 President's stables at Philadelphia were under 
 the care of German John, and the grooming of 
 the white chargers will rather surprise the mod- 
 erns. The night before the horses were ... to 
 be ridden they were covered entirely over with 
 white paste, of which whiting was the principal 
 component part ; then the animals w^ere swathed, 
 in body-clothes and left to sleep on clean straw. 
 In the morning the composition had become 
 hard, was well rubbed in, and curried and 
 brushed, which process gave to the coats a 
 beautiful glossy and satin-like appearance. — 
 Custis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 20. 
 
 2636. HORSES in War. Troy. Troy was 
 taken three times : the first time by Hercules, on 
 account of Laomedon's horses ; the second time 
 by Agamemnon, through means of the wooden 
 horse ; the third by Charidemus, a horse happen- 
 ing to stand in the way, and hindering the "Tro- 
 jans from shutting the gates so quickly as they 
 should have done. — Plutarch's Sertobius. 
 
 2637. HORTICULTURE, Pleasures of. Theo- 
 doric. [The Gothic King of Italy.] After the 
 example of the last emperors, Theodoric pre- 
 ferred the residence of Ravenna, where he culti- 
 vated an orchard with his own hands. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 39, p. 25. 
 
 263S. . Napoleon I. [When in 
 
 exile at St. Helena his physician recommended 
 digging in the ground.] Things around soon as 
 sumed a different aspect. Here was an excava. 
 tion, there a basin or a road. We made alleys, 
 grottoes, cascades. We planted willows, oaks, 
 peach-trees, to give a little shade around the 
 house. . . . We sowed beans and peas. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 33. 
 
 2639. HOSPITALITY appreciated. Boman. 
 It was a general custom, in preparing for a lux- 
 urious meal, to take a vomit a short time before 
 sitting down to table. This was not regarded as 
 a mark either of gluttony or epicurism, but was 
 held to be done in compliment to the entertainer, 
 that his guests might be enabled to carry off a 
 greater quantity of his good fare. When Julius 
 Caesar paid a visit of reconcilement to Cicero by 
 inviting himself to sup with him, he took care 
 to lot Cicero know that he had taken a vomit 
 beforehand, and was resolved to make a most 
 enormous meal ; and Cicero tells us he kept his 
 word, which, for his own part, he took very 
 
314 
 
 HOSPITALITY. 
 
 kindly, and as a mark of Caesar's high polite- 
 ness. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 4, p. 450. 
 
 2640. HOSPITALITY without Charity. Eng- 
 lish. [An Italian traveller of 1509 ridicules Eng- 
 lish ostentation in feasting.] They think that 
 no greater honor can be conferred or received 
 than to invite others to eat with them ; and 
 they would sooner give five or six ducats to 
 provide an entertainment for a person than a 
 groat to assist him in any distress. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 2641. HOSPITALITY, Courtly. Louis XIV. 
 [To James II., the fugitive king of England.] 
 baint Germain's had now been selected to be the 
 abode of the royal family of England. Sumptu- 
 ous furniture had been hastily sent in. The 
 nursery of the Prince of Wales had been care- 
 fully furnished with everything that an infant 
 could require. One of the attendants presented 
 to the queen the key of a superb casket which 
 stood in her apartment. She opened the casket, 
 and found in it six thousand pistoles. On 
 the following day James arrived at Saint Ger- 
 main's. Louis was already there to welcome 
 him. The unfortunate exile bowed so low that 
 it seemed as if he was about to embrace the 
 knees of his protector. Louis raised him, and 
 embraced him with brotherly tenderness. The 
 two kings then entered the queen's room. " Here 
 is a gentleman," said Louis to Mary, " whom 
 you will be glad to see." Then, after entreating 
 his guests to visit him next day at Versailles, and 
 to let him have the pleasure of showing them his 
 buildings, pictures, plantations [he gave him 
 £45,000 sterling a year and £10,000 for his out- 
 fit]. — Mac AULA y's Eng., ch. 10, p. 555. 
 
 2642. HOSPITALITY, Duty of. Abraham. 
 [The Arabs have a tradition that the] first time 
 Abraham visited Mecca he stopped at the door of 
 Ishmael and called him by his name. Amara, 
 the wife of Ishmael, came to the door. " Where 
 is Ishmael ?" inquired the patriarch, without dis- 
 mounting. "He is hunting," replied Amara. 
 " Have you nothing to give me to eat ? for I 
 cannot come down." " I have nothing," said 
 Amara; "this country is a desert." "Very 
 well," rejoined Abraham ; "say to your husband 
 that you have seen a stranger, describe to him 
 my figure, and tell him that 1 recommend him to 
 change the threshold of his door." Amara, on 
 the return of Ishmael, acquitted herself of the 
 message. Her husband, offended that she had 
 refused his father hospitality, repudiated her, and 
 married a woman of another tribe, named Sayda. 
 Abraham returned some time after to visit his 
 son. He was absent. A young, slim, and grace- 
 ful woman came to the threshold of the door to 
 make reply to the stranger. "Have you some 
 nourishment to give me ?" asked Abraham of 
 his daughter-in-law, without making himself 
 known or dismounting from his horse. " Yes," 
 said she in an instant. And going into the house, 
 she returned soon after, presenting to the traveller 
 some cooked venison, milk, and dates. Abraham 
 tasted the edibles, then blessed them in saying, 
 " May God multiply in this country these three 
 species of nutriment." — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 44. 
 
 2643. HOSPITALITY, False. Boman. Hos- 
 pitality was formerly the virtue of the Romans ; 
 and every stranger who could plead either mer- 
 
 it or misfortune was relieved or rewarded by 
 their generosity. At present, if a foreigner, per- 
 haps of no contemptible rank, is introduced to 
 one of the proud and wealthy senators, he is 
 welcomed indeed in the first audience Avith such 
 warm professions and such kind inquiries that 
 he retires, enchanted with the affabilitj" of his 
 illustrious friend, and full of regret that he had 
 so long delayed his journey to Rome, the native 
 seat of manners, as well as of empire. Secure of 
 a favorable reception, he repeats his visit the en- 
 suing day, and is mortified by the discovery that 
 his person, his name, and Jiis country are al- 
 ready forgotten. If he still has resolution to 
 persevere, he is gradually numbered in the train 
 of dependents, and obtains the permission to pay 
 his assiduous and unprofitable court to a haughty 
 patron, incapable of gratitude or friendship, 
 who scarcely deigns to remark his presence, his 
 departure, or his return. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 31, p. 356. 
 
 2644. HOSPITALITY forgotten. Bemdict Ar- 
 nold. [He led the British to burn New London, 
 Conn.] Men who had kno"v\Ti him in other days 
 as an enterprising trader recognized him as he sat 
 upon his horse, calmly surveying the progress of 
 the flames. He had the effrontery to enter a house 
 where often he had been honorably entertained 
 as a guest, and there satisfy his hunger from the 
 plunder of the pantrj"^ ; and when he had finished 
 his repast he ordered the house to be fired. He 
 is said to have expressed his regret that he could 
 not go as far as Norwich, and burn the very 
 house in which he was bom. — Cyclopedia op^ 
 Bigg., p. 231. 
 
 2645. HOSPITALITY painful. To Lombards. 
 While Alboin served under his father's stand- 
 ard, he encountered in battle and transpierced 
 with his lance the rival prince of the Gepidae. 
 The Lombards, who applauded such early 
 prowess, requested his father, with unanimous 
 acclamations, that the heroic youth, who had 
 shared the dangers of the field, might be admit-, 
 ted to the feast of victory. " You are not un- 
 mindful," replied the inflexible Audoin, " of thei 
 wise customs of our ancestors. Whatever mayj 
 be his merit, a prince is incapable of sitting at 
 table with his father till he has received his arms 
 from a foreign and royal hand." Alboin bowed 
 with reverence to the institutions of his country, 
 selected forty companions, and boldly visited the 
 court of Turisund, king of the Gepidae, who 
 embraced and entertained, according to the laws 
 of hospitality, the %nurderer of his son. At the 
 banquet, while Alboin occupied the seat of the 
 youth whom he had slain, a tender remembrance 
 arose in the mind of Turisund. " How dear 
 is that place ! how hateful is that person 1" 
 were the words that escaped, with a sigh, from 
 the indignant father. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 45, 
 p. 389. 
 
 2646. HOSPITALITY, Eeluctance in. Rev. 
 TJwmas Ware. [He was one of the early Meth- 
 odist preachers. On one occasion he stopped at 
 the house of a Captain Sears, whom he first re-: 
 proved for his anger toward his barking dogs, 
 and then applied for entertainment.] The cap- ^ 
 tain paused a long time, looking steadily at him, 
 and then said, " I hate to let you stay the worst 
 of any man I ever saw ; but, as I never refused 
 a stranger a night's lodging in my life, you may 
 
HOSPITALITY— HUMANITY. 
 
 315 
 
 alight." The captain soon became a Christian 
 and a lifelong friend. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 2, p. 306. 
 
 2647. HOSPITALITY, Sacred. Arabs. The 
 Arabs pushed to superstition their respect of 
 hospitality. Their most inveterate enemy found 
 refuge, security, and even protection, as soon as 
 he succeeded in touching the cord of their tents 
 or the gown skirts of their wives. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 47. 
 
 264S. . " Salt." In a nocturnal visit 
 
 to the treasure of the prince of Sistan, Jacob, 
 the son of Leith, stumbled over a lump of salt, 
 which he unwarily tasted with his tongue. Salt, 
 among the Orientals, is the symbol of hospitality, 
 and the pious robber immediately retired with- 
 out spoil or damage. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, 
 p. 327. 
 
 2649. HOSPITALITY of Savages. Columbus. 
 Their kindness and gratitude could not then be 
 exceeded, and the march of the army was con- 
 tinually retarded by the hospitality of the nu- 
 merous villages through which it passed. Such 
 was the frank communion among these people 
 that the Indians who accompanied the anny en- 
 tered without ceremony into the houses, helping 
 themselves to anything of which they stood in 
 need, without exciting surprise or anger in the 
 inhabitants ; the latter offered to do the same 
 with respect to the Spaniards, and seemed as- 
 tonished when they met a repulse. This, it 
 is probable, was the case merely with respect 
 to articles of food ; for we are told that the Ind- 
 ians were not careless in their notions of prop- 
 erty, and the crime of theft was one of the few 
 which were punished among them with great 
 severity. Food, however, is generally open to 
 free participation in savage life, and is rarely 
 made an object of barter, until habits of trade 
 have been introduced by the white men. The 
 untutored savage in almost every part of the 
 world scorns to make a traffic of hospitality. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 9. 
 
 2650. HOSPITALITY, Spirit of. ' ' Lodgings. " 
 Johnson said once to me : " Sir, I honor Derrick 
 for his presence of mind. One night, when 
 Floyd, another poor author, was wandering 
 about the streets in the night, he found Derrick 
 fast asleep upon a bulk ; upon being suddenly 
 waked, Derrick started up ; ' My dear Floyd, I 
 am sorry to see you in this destitute state ; will 
 you go home with me to my lodgings ?'" — Bos- 
 well's Johnson. 
 
 2651. HOSPITALITY, Universal. American 
 Indians. The hospitality of the Indian has rare- 
 ly been questioned. The stranger enters his 
 cabin, by day or by night, without asking leave. 
 
 He will take his own rest abroad, that he 
 ^ may give up his own skin or mat of sedge to his 
 lest. Nor is the traveller questioned as to the 
 Purpose of his visit ; he chooses his own time 
 freely to deli verbis message. — Bancroft's [J S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 2652. HOSPITALS, Mohammedan. Imurets. 
 [Orkhan, the Mohammedan conqueror of Nice, 
 founded there] the first hospitals charged to feed 
 the poor by obligatory donations from the faith- 
 ful. These hospitals, suggested by a prescrip- 
 tion of Mahomet, which claimed a portion of the 
 revenues of the rich for the indigent, were called 
 
 imarets. Orkhan himself, after the example of 
 the prophet and the Khalifs, used to distribute 
 soup there to the poor of Nice. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 216. 
 
 2653. HOSTAGE, Safety by. Cm-Uz. [He in- 
 vaded Mexico.] Millions of natives who swarmed 
 around him were becoming familiar with his 
 troops, and no longer believed them immortal. 
 There were murmurings of an outbreak which 
 threatened to overwhelm them in an hour. In 
 this emergency the Spanish general adopted the 
 bold and unscrupulous expedient of seizing Mon- 
 tezuma and holding him as a hostage. A plau- 
 sible pretext for this outrage was found. — RiD- 
 path's U. S., ch. 4, p. 59. 
 
 2654. HOSTILITY, Supreme. William of Or. 
 ange. Yet even his affection for the land of his 
 birth was subordinate to another feeling which 
 early became supreme in his soul, which mixed 
 itself with all his passions, which impelled him 
 to marvellous enterprises, which supported him 
 when sinking under mortification, pain, sickness, 
 and sorrow, which, toward the close of his ca- 
 reer, seemed during a short time to languish, but 
 which soon broke forth again fiercer than ever, 
 and continued to animate him even while the 
 prayer for the departing was read at his bedside. 
 That feeling was enmity to France, and to the 
 magnificent king who, in more than one sense, 
 represented France, and who, to virtues and ac- 
 complishments eminently French, joined in large 
 measure that unquiet, unscrupulous, and vain- 
 glorious ambition which has repeatedly drawn 
 on France the resentment of Europe. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng. , ch. 7, p. 169. 
 
 2655. HOTELS, First established. England. 
 [In the thirteenth century] there were drinking 
 houses for wine, and alewives sold beer ; there 
 was no establishment at this period which sup- 
 plied, besides drink, food and beds. It was not 
 until the middle of the fourteenth century that 
 the hostel or tavern had its origin. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 26, p. 899. 
 
 2656. HUMANITY, A common. Sinful. Says 
 
 the Duchess of Buckingham to Lady Hunting- 
 don, who had asked her to come and hear White- 
 field : " I thank your ladyship for the informa- 
 tion concerning the Methodist preachers ; their 
 doctrines are most repulsive, and strongly tinct- 
 ured with disrespect toward their superiors, in 
 perpetually endeavoring to level all ranks and do 
 away with all distinctions. It is monstrous to 
 be told you have a heart as sinful as the common 
 wretches that crawl on the earth. This is high- 
 ly offensive and insulting ; and I cannot but 
 wonder that your ladyship should relish any sen- 
 timents so much at variance with high rank and 
 good breeding. I shall be most happy to come 
 and hear your favorite preacher." Her Grace's 
 sentiments toward the common wretches that 
 crawl on the earth were shared, we may be sure, 
 by her Grace's waiting-maid. Of humanity there 
 was as little as there was of religion. It was the 
 age of the criminal law which hanged men for 
 petty thefts, of life-long imprisonment for debt, 
 of the stocks and the pillory, of a Temple Bar 
 garnished with the heads of traitors. — Smith's 
 COWPER, ch. 1. 
 
 2657. HUMANITY deified. Julius Ccesqr. 
 His person was declared sacred, and to injure 
 
316 
 
 HUMANITY— HUMILIATION. 
 
 Mm by word or deed was to be counted sacri- 
 lege. The fortune of Caesar was introduced into 
 the constitutional oath, and the Senate took a 
 solemn pledge to maintain his acts inviolate. Fi- 
 nally they arrived at a conclusion that he was 
 not a man at all ; no longer Caius Julius, but 
 Divus Julius, a god or the son of a god. A tem- 
 ple was to be built to Caesar as another Quirinus, 
 and Antony was to be his priest. Caesar knew 
 the meaning of all this. He must accept their 
 flattery and become ridiculous, or he must ap- 
 pear to treat with contumely the Senate which 
 offered it. — Froude's C^sar, cli. 26. 
 
 2658. HUMANITY, Dwarfs of. Of the Moon. 
 Swedenborg tells us that the Lunarians are 
 dwarfs, like boys of seven years old, with ro- 
 bust bodies and pleasant countenances. They 
 do not speak from their lungs, on account of the 
 attenuated nature of their atmosphere, but from 
 a quantity of air collected in the abdomen. — 
 White's Swedenborg, ch. 14, p. 133. 
 
 2659. HUMANITY, Generous. Samud John- 
 son. His generous humanity to the miserable 
 was almost beyond example. The following in- 
 stance is well attested : Coming home late one 
 night he found a poor woman lying in the 
 street, so much exhausted that she could not 
 walk ; he took her upon his back and carried 
 her to his house, where he discovered that she 
 was one of those wretched females who had 
 fallen into the lowest state of vice, poverty, and 
 disease. Instead of harshly upbraiding her, he 
 had her taken care of with all tenderness for a 
 long time, at a considerable expense, till she 
 was restored to health, and endeavored to put 
 her into a virtuous way of living. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 531. 
 
 2660. HUMILIATION, Abject. Lord Claren- 
 don. The viceroy had scarcely returned to Dub- 
 lin from his unpleasing tour when he receiv- 
 ed letters which informed him that he had in- 
 curred the king's serious displeasure. His 
 Majesty — so these letters ran — expected his ser- 
 vants not only to do what he commanded, but 
 to do it from the heart, and with a cheerful 
 countenance. The lord-lieutenant had not, in- 
 deed, refused to co-operate in the reform of the 
 army and of the civil administration, but his co- 
 operation had been reluctant and perfunctory 
 His looks had betrayed his feelings, and every- 
 body .saw that he disapproved of the policy 
 which he was employed to carry into effect. In 
 great anguish of mind he wrote to defend him- 
 self ; but he was sternly told that his defence 
 was not satisfactory. He then, in the most ab- 
 ject terms, declared that he would not attempt 
 to justify himself ; that he acquiesced in the 
 royal judgment, be it what it might ; that he 
 prostrated himself in the dust ; that he implored 
 pardon ; that of all penitents he was the most 
 sincere ; that he should think it glorious to die 
 in his sovereign's cause, but found it impossible 
 to live under his sovereign's displeasure. Nor 
 was this mere interested hypocrisy, but, at least 
 in part, unaffected slavishness and poverty of 
 spirit ; for in confidential letters, not meant for 
 the royal eye, he bemoaned himself to his family 
 in the same strain. He was miserable ; he was 
 crushed ; the wrath of the king was insupport- 
 able ; if that -WTath could not be mitigated, life 
 would not be worth having. The poor man's 
 
 terror increased when he learned that it had been 
 determined at Whitehall to recall him, and to 
 appoint, as his successor, his rival and calum- 
 niator, Tyrconnel. — Macaulay's Eno., ch. 6, 
 p. 185. 
 
 2661. HUMILIATION, Barbarous. By Ti- 
 mour. Ahmed Arabshah likewise relates another 
 outrage, which Bajazet [the captured Ottoman 
 sultan] endured, of a more domestic and tender 
 nature. His indiscreet mention of women and 
 divorces was deeply resented by the jealous 
 Tartar ; in the feast of victory the wine was 
 served by female cupbearers, and the sultan be- 
 held his own concubines and wives confounded 
 among the slaves, and exposed without a veil to 
 the eyes of intemperance. To escape a similar 
 indignity, it is said that his successors, except in 
 a single instance, have abstained from legitimate 
 nuptials. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 269. 
 
 2662. HUMILIATION by Defeat. Romamat 
 Caudium. The Samnites, surprising them in a 
 narrow defile near that town, had it in their 
 power to cut them off to a man. Pontius, the 
 general of the Samnites, made the whole Roman 
 armj^ with the consuls at their head, naked and 
 disarmed, pass under the yoke. . . . When the 
 dreadful ceremony began, and when they saw 
 the garments torn from the backs of the consuls, 
 and those men whom they had been accustomed 
 to regard with veneration thus ignominiously 
 treated, every one forgot his own calamity, and, 
 filled with horror, turned aside his eyes, that he 
 might not behold the miserable humiliation of 
 the rulers of his country. It was evening when 
 the Roman army was suffered to pass out of the 
 defile ; and when night came on, naked and des- 
 stitute of everything, they threw themselves 
 down in despair in a field near the city of Capua. 
 The magistrates, senators, and chief men of the 
 place repaired to the spot where they lay, and 
 endeavored to comfort and soothe their distress ; 
 but they spoke not a word, nor ever raised their 
 heads from the ground. The next day they 
 proceeded in the same melancholy dejection to 
 Rome, where their disaster had occasioned the 
 utmost consternation, and the whole city had 
 gone into mourning. — Tytler's Hist., Book 8, 
 ch. 7, p. 353. 
 
 2663. HUMILIATION with Insult. Henry VI. 
 Pope Celestinus, while Henry VI. was kneel- 
 ing to kiss his feet, took that opportunity of 
 kicking off his crown. He made amends to 
 him, however, for this insolence, by making him 
 a gift of Naples and Sicily, from which Henry 
 had extirpated the last of the Norman princes, 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, p. 130. 
 
 2664. HUMILIATION, Insupportable. Oliver 
 Goldsmith. He forthwith gave a supper and 
 dance at his chamber to a nximber of young per- 
 sons of both sexes from the city, in direct viola- 
 tion of college rules. The unwonted sound of 
 the fiddle reached the ears of the implacable 
 Wilder. He rushed to the scene of unhallowed 
 festivity, inflicted corporal punishment on the 
 " father of the feast," and turned his astonished 
 guests neck and heels out of doors. . . . This 
 filled the measure of poor Goldsmith's humilia- 
 tions ; he felt degraded both within college and 
 without. He dreaded the ridicule of his fellow- 
 students for the ludicrous termination of his or- 
 gie, and he was ashamed to meet his city ac- 
 
HUMILIATION— HUMILITY. 
 
 317 
 
 quaintances after the degi-ading chastisement re- 
 ceived in their presence, and after their own 
 ignominious expulsion. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 2, p. 25. 
 
 2665. HUMILIATION, National. Accession of 
 James II. It was not without many misgivings 
 that James had determined to call the estates of 
 his realm together. The moment was, indeed, 
 most auspicious for a general election. Never 
 since the accession of the house of Stuart had 
 the constituent bodies been so favorably dispos- 
 ed toward the court. But the new sovereign's 
 mind was haunted by an apprehension not to be 
 mentioned, even at this distance of time, with- 
 out shame and indignation. He was afraid that 
 by summoning the Parliament of England he 
 might incur the displeasure of the King of 
 France. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 4, p. 423. 
 
 2666. HUMILIATION, Painful. Attains. 
 [Formerly Emperor of Rome.] When the Goths, 
 two years after the siege of Rome, established 
 their quarters in Gaul, it was natural to suppose 
 that their inclinations could be divided only be- 
 tween the Emperor Honorius, with whom they 
 had formed a recent alliance, and the degraded 
 Attains, whom they reserved in their camp for 
 the occasional purpose of acting the part of a 
 musician or a monarch. — Gibbon's Rome, ch 
 31, p. 306. 
 
 2667. HUMILIATION, Proof of. Indian Gant- 
 let. The Romans in their triumphal processions 
 exhibited captives to the gaze of the Roman 
 people ; the Indian conqueror compels them to 
 run the gantlet, through the women and children 
 of his tribe. To inflict blows that cannot be re- 
 turned, is proof of full success and the entire 
 humiliation of the enemy ; moreover, it is an ex- 
 periment of courage and patience. Those who 
 show fortitude are applauded ; the coward be- 
 comes an object of scorn.— Bancroft's U. S 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 266§. HUMILIATION, Eoyal. Eleventh Cen- 
 twy. [Frederic, surnamed Barbarossa,] was sum- 
 moned to go to Rome to receive the imperial 
 crown from [Pope] Adrian IV. The emperor 
 promised that he would make no attempt against 
 the life, the person, nor the honor of the pope, 
 the cardinals, and the magistrates. A knight, 
 completely armed, made this oath, in the name 
 of Frederic Barbarossa ; but the ceremonial re- 
 quired that when the pope came out to meet 
 him the emperor should prostrate himself on 
 the ground, kiss his feet, hold the stirrup of his 
 horse while he mounted, and lead hini by the 
 bridle for nine paces. Frederic refused at first. 
 . . . His indignation broke out immediately in 
 the plainest terms when the deputies of the peo- 
 ple of Rome informed him that they had chosen 
 him, though a foreigner, to be their sovereign. 
 " It is false," said he ; "you have not chosen me 
 to be your sovereign ; my predecessors, Charle- 
 magne and Otho, conquered you by the strength 
 of their arms ; and I am, by established posses- 
 sion, your lawful sovereign." . . . The troubles 
 of Italy at last compelled him to measures 
 which his haughty spirit could very ill brook. 
 He acknowledged the supremacy of Alexander 
 III., he condescended to kiss his feet and to 
 hold the stirrup, and to restore what he possess- 
 ed which had at any time belonged to the holy 
 see.— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, p. 129. 
 
 2669. . Henry II [In 1174,] on 
 
 the 10th of July, Henry rode from Southamp- 
 ton during the night, and as he saw the cathe- 
 dral towers of Canterbury looming in the gray 
 dawn, he alighted, and walked in penitential 
 garb, barefoot into the city. He knelt at the 
 tomb of Becket in deep humiliation. The Bish- 
 op of London preached, and maintained that 
 Henry had thus appealed to Heaven in avowal 
 of his innocence of the guilt of blood. Then 
 the great king, before the assembled monks and 
 chapter, poured forth his contrition for the pas- 
 sionate exclamation which had been so rashly 
 interpreted ["Is there no one to deliver me 
 from this turbulent priest V" Four knights af- 
 terward assassinated Becket]; and he was scourged 
 with a knotted cord. He spent the night in a 
 dark crypt, and the next day rode fasting to 
 London.— Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 21, p. 301, 
 
 2670. HUMILITY, Christian. St. Bernard. In 
 speech, in writing, in action, Bernard stood high 
 above his rivals and contemporaries ; his com- 
 positions are not devoid of wit and eloquence ; 
 and he seems to have preserved as much rea- 
 son and humanity as may be reconciled with 
 the character of a saint. In a secular life he 
 would have shared the seventh part of a private 
 inheritance ; by a vow of poverty and penance, by 
 closing his eyes against the visible world, by the 
 refusal of all ecclesiastical dignities, the abbot of 
 Clairvaux became the oracle of Europe and the 
 founder of one hundred and sixty convents. 
 Princes and pontiffs trembled at the freedom of 
 his apostolical censures ; France, England, and 
 Milan consulted and obeyed his judgment in a 
 schism of the church ; the debt was repaid by 
 the gratitude of Innocent II. ; and his successor, 
 EugeniusIII., was the friend and disciple of the 
 holy Bernard. It was in the proclamation of 
 the second crusade that he shone as the mis. 
 sionary and prophet of God. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 89, p. 13. 
 
 2671. . Godfrey. [When tha 
 
 Crusaders had taken Jerusalem the] unanimous 
 voice of the army proclaimed Godfrey of Bouil- 
 lon the first and most worthy of the champions 
 of Christendom. His magnanimity accepted a 
 trust as full of danger as of glory ; but in a city 
 where his Saviour had been crowned with thorns, 
 the devout pilgrim rejected the name and en- 
 signs of royalty ; and the founder of the king- 
 dom of Jerusalem contented himself with the 
 modest title of Defender and Baron of the Holy 
 Sepulchre. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 595. 
 
 2672. HUMILITY, Mohammedan. Mahomet. 
 His apparel was tliat of the poor — the coarsest 
 cloth of sheep's wool, the cinctures woven from 
 camel's hair ; he rejected, as an article of luxury 
 and vanity, the white turbans of Indian cotton 
 worn by his warriors. He lived upon dates and 
 the milk of his sheep, which he did not disdain 
 to milk himself. He but rarely made use of the 
 hand of his slave for the most disagreeable ser- 
 vices of the house. He went to fetch water from 
 the well, swept and washed the boards of his 
 floor. Seated on the ground, upon his mat of 
 straw, he mended himself his sandals and stitch- 
 ed his worn garments. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 152. 
 
 2673. . Mahomet. The good sense 
 
 of Mahomet despised the pomp of royalty ; the 
 
318 
 
 HUMILITY— HUSBAND. 
 
 apostle of God submitted to the menial offices 
 of the family ; he kindled the fire, swept the 
 floor, milked the ewes, and mended with his 
 own hands his shoes and his woolen garment. 
 Disdaining the penance and merit of a hermit, 
 he observed, without effort or vanity, the abste- 
 mious diet of an Arab and a soldier. On solemn 
 occasions he feasted his companions with rustic 
 and hospitable plenty ; but in his domestic life 
 many weeks would elapse without a fire being 
 kindled on the hearth of the prophet. The 
 interdiction of wine was confirmed by his ex- 
 ample ; his hunger was appeased with a spar- 
 ing allowance of barley-bread ; he delighted in 
 the taste of milk and honey ; but his ordinary 
 food consisted of dates and water. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50, p. 148. 
 
 2674. HUMILITY and Pride united. Thomas 
 Becket. [Thomas] Becket wore coarse sackcloth 
 made of goat's hair from the arms to the knees, 
 but his outer garments were remarkable for their 
 splendor and extreme costliness, to the end that, 
 thus deceiving human eyes, he might please the 
 sight of God. Thus writes his panegyrist Hove- 
 den. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 20, p. 294. 
 
 2675. HUMILITY, Victor's. Charles VIII. 
 Charles set out [for the conquest of Italy]. . . . 
 Incensed at his perfidy, he besieged the pope in 
 the castle of St. Angelo. Alexander VI. was at 
 length forced to sue for an accommodation ; and 
 then the French monarch, with great devotion, 
 kissed his holiness' feet and served him with 
 water to wash his hands. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 13, p. 215. 
 
 2676. HUMILITY, Wisdom by. Statesman- 
 ship. The formation of political institutions in 
 the United States was not effected by giant 
 minds or " nobles after the flesh." American 
 history knows but one avenue to success in 
 American legislation — freedom from ancient 
 prejudice. The truly great lawgivers in our 
 colonies first became as little children. In 
 framing constitutions for Carolina, [John] Locke 
 forgot the fundamental principles of practical 
 philosophy. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 13. 
 
 2677. HUMOR admired. Abraham Lincoln. 
 [To a party of friends he said :] There is a chap 
 out in Ohio who has been writing a series of 
 letters for the newspapers over the signature of 
 Petroleum V. Nasby. Some one sent me a 
 pamphlet collection of them the other day. I 
 am going to write to "Petroleum" to come 
 down here, and I intend to tell him, if he will 
 communicate his talent to me, I will swap 
 places with him ! — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 744. 
 
 267S. HUMOE, Fondness for. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. [Frank B. Carpenter says :] I never knew 
 him to sit down with a friend for a five minutes' 
 chat without being " reminded " of one or more 
 incidents about somebody alluded to in the 
 course of conversation. In a corner of his 
 desk he kept a copy of the latest humorous 
 work ; and it was frequently his habit when 
 greatly fatigued, annoyed, or depressed to take 
 this up, and read a chapter with great relief. — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 744. 
 
 2679. HUNGEE, Insatiable. Gold Seekers. 
 A man came in one morning and reported that 
 his comrades were some miles distant in the des- 
 ert country, dying of starvation. [John A.] 
 
 Sutter instantly loaded a few of his best mules 
 with provisions, and despatched them to the re- 
 lief of the perishing band, under the guidance 
 of two Indians. The starving party was so 
 large that the supplies were insufficient. After 
 consuming the provisions, they killed the mules 
 and ate them ; then they killed the two Indians 
 and devoured them ; and even after that, when 
 some of their own number fell exhausted, they 
 ate them. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 524. 
 
 26§0. HUEKICANE, Ominous. Bonaparte. At 
 St. Helena, ... on the 5th of May, 1821, died 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. ... A hurricane swept 
 over the island as he was dying, shaking houses 
 to their foundation and tearing up the largest 
 trees. We cannot avoid thinking of the similar 
 phenomenon that attended the death of Crom- 
 well. ... To Napoleon the war of the elements 
 seemed as if " the noise of battle hurtled in the 
 air," and he died uttering the words, 2'ete d'Ar- 
 mee. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 10. 
 
 2681. HUSBAND, Dignity of the. After the 
 Bedolution. [Under William's personal govern- 
 ment Parliament discussed the question of the 
 future rulers of the realm.] The prince, true to 
 his promise that he would leave the settlement 
 of the government to the Convention, had main- 
 tained an impenetrable reserve, and had not suf- 
 fered any word, look, or gesture, indicative either 
 of satisfaction or of displeasure, to escape him. 
 One of his countrymen, who had a large share 
 of his confidence, had been invited to the meet- 
 ing, and was earnestly pressed by the peers to 
 give them some information. He long excused 
 himself. At last he so far yielded to their urgency 
 as to say, ' ' I can only guess at his Highness' 
 mind. If you wish to know what I guess, I 
 guess that he would not like to be his wife's gen- 
 tleman usher ; but I know nothing." " I know 
 something now, however," said Danby.' "I 
 know enough, and too much." — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 591. 
 
 26§2. HUSBAND, A good. Cato the Censor. 
 He used to say that they who beat their wives 
 or children laid their sacrilegious hands on the 
 most sacred things in the world ; and that he 
 preferred the character of a good husband to 
 that of a great senator. — Plutarch's Cato. 
 
 2683. HUSBAND governed by Wife. George 
 II. In Queen Caroline George [II.] for ten 
 years of his reign had such an adviser and friend 
 as few sovereigns have ever been blessed with. 
 She possessed the rare wisdom — difficult even in 
 private life, but far more difficult in the relations 
 of a king and his consort — of governing her hus- 
 band without appearing to govern. She never 
 offered an opinion when any matter of State was 
 discussed between the king and his ministers in 
 her presence ; but her opinion was ever certain 
 to prevail. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 4, p. 59. 
 
 26§4. HUSBAND vs. Lover. Queen Elizabeth. 
 Among those who chiefly distinguished them 
 selves in these Spanish expeditions was the young 
 Earl of Essex, a nobleman of great courage, fond 
 of glory, and of a most enterprising disposition. 
 He possessed no less the talents of a warrior than 
 of a finished courtier ; yet his impetuosity was 
 apt to exceed the bounds of prudence. He was 
 haughty and utterly impatient of advice or con- 
 trol. Elizabeth, then almost sixty years of age, 
 
HUSBAND— HYPOCRISY. 
 
 319 
 
 was smitten with the personal charms of this ac- 
 complislied youth ; for it was peculiar to the 
 queen, that though she had always rejected a 
 husband, she was passionately fond of having a 
 lover. The flattery of her courtiers had persuad- 
 ed her that, though wrinkled and even deform- 
 ed, she was yet young and beautiful ; and she 
 was not sensible of any disparity of choosing 
 Essex for her partner in all the masks at court. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 28, p. 392. 
 
 26§5. HUSBAND, Precedence of. Beign of James 
 II. [His daughter Mary was wife of William 
 of Orange, who drove James from the throne.] 
 On the present occasion, however, she judged 
 that the claim of James to her obedience ought 
 to yield to a claim more sacred. And, indeed, 
 all divines and publicists agree in this, that when 
 the daughter of a prince of one country is mar- 
 ried to a prince of another country, she is bound 
 to forget her own people and her father's house, 
 and, in the event of a rupture between her hus- 
 band and her parents, to side with her husband. 
 This is the undoubted rule even when the hus- 
 band is in the wrong ; and to Mary the enterprise 
 which William meditated appeared not only just, 
 but holy. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 380. 
 
 2680. HUSBAND, Servitude of. Belisanus. 
 [After his conquests of Italy and his victory 
 over the Persian] Belisarius reposed from his 
 toils in the high station of general of the East 
 and count of the domestics ; and the older con- 
 suls and patricians respectfully yielded the prec- 
 edency of rank to the peerless merit of the first 
 of the Romans. The first of the Romans still 
 submitted to be the slave of his wife. [See more 
 at No. 1949.]— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 363. 
 
 2687. HUSBAND, A vicious. Of Mai-y Queen 
 of Scots. The consort of Mary made an ill re- 
 turn to her affection ; he was a weak man, an 
 abandoned profligate, and addicted to the mean- 
 est of vices. Pleased as she had been at first 
 with his person and external accomplishments, 
 it was impossible that her affection should not 
 at length have given place to disgust at a char- 
 acter so worthless and despicable ; and Darnley, 
 enraged at her increasing coldness, was taught 
 to believe that he was supplanted in the queen's 
 affections by the arts and insinuations of a favor- 
 ite — a despicable one indeed — the musician 
 Rizzio, whom Mary had promoted to the office 
 of her secretary. ... A new plot was devised by 
 Morton and Lethington, of which the weak and 
 vicious Darnley was made an active instrument. 
 The queen was then far advanced in her preg- 
 nancy, when, as she was one evening at supper 
 in a private apartment of her palace, along with 
 the Countess of Argyle, while her secretary Rizzio 
 and some other of her domestics were in waiting, 
 the Earl of Morton, with one hundred and sixty 
 men, took possession of the palace ; a few ruffians 
 in arms broke into the apartment, Darnley him- 
 self showing the way by a private staircase ; 
 they overturned the table at which the queen 
 sat, and seizing the secretary Rizzio, who clung 
 for protection to the garments of his mistress, 
 they stabbed him to the heart, and thence 
 dragging him into the ante-chamber, laid him 
 deadwith numberless wounds. — Tytler's Hist. , 
 Book 6, ch. 28, p. 386. 
 
 2688. HUSBANDRY, Changes by. Caliph 
 Omar. He requested that his lieutenant would 
 
 place before his eyes the realm of Pharaoh and 
 the Amalekites ; and the answer of Amrou ex- 
 hibits a lively and not unfaithful picture of that 
 singular country. " O commander of the faith- 
 ful, Egypt is a compound of black earth and 
 green plants between a pulverized mountain and 
 a red sand. . . . According to the vicissitudes 
 of the seasons, the face of the- country is adorned 
 with a silver wave, a verdant emerald, and the 
 deep yellow of a golden harvest." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 233. 
 
 2689. HUSBANDS, Good. Bomans. [The Sa- 
 bines attacked the Romans, who had carried 
 away their daughters and made them wives. The 
 women rushed between the anuies and plead for 
 peace, speaking tenderly to both sides.] The 
 generals proceeded to a conference. In the mean 
 time the women presented their husbands and 
 children to their fathers and brothers, brought 
 refreshments to those that wanted them, and 
 carried the wounded home to be cured. Here 
 they showed them that they had the ordering 
 of their own houses, what attentions their hus- 
 bands paid them, and with what respect and in- 
 dulgence they were treated. Upon this a peace 
 was concluded, the conditions of which were, 
 that such of the women as chose to remain with 
 their husbands should be exempt from all labor 
 and drudgery, except spinning ; that the city 
 should be inhabited by the Romans and Sabines 
 in common, with the name of Rome, from Rom- 
 ulus. — Plutarch's Romulus. 
 
 2690. HUSBANDS to love. Wives to Obey. [Ma- 
 ry, wife of Prince William of Orange and the 
 heir apparent to the English throne, was asked 
 what her husband the prince should be if she 
 became queen. She called in her husband and] 
 she promised him he should always bear rule ; 
 and she asked only that he would obey the com- 
 mand of "Husbands, love your wives," as she 
 should do that, " Wives, be obedient to your 
 husbands in all things." — Knight's Eno. , vol. 4, 
 ch. 27, p. 432. 
 
 2691. HYPOCHONDRIA, Constitutional. Will- 
 iam Cowper. When Cowper was thirty -two, and 
 still living in the Temple, came the sad and de- 
 cisive crisis of his life. He went mad, and at- 
 tempted suicide. What was the source of his 
 madness ? There is a vague tradition that it 
 arose from licentiousness, which, no doubt, is 
 sometimes the cause of insanity. But in Cow- 
 per's case there is no proof of anything of the 
 kind. . . . The truth is, his malady was simple 
 hypochondria, having its source in delicacy of 
 constitution and weakness of digestion, com- 
 bined with the influence of melancholy surround- 
 ings. . . . When its crisis arrived he was living 
 by himself without any society of the kind that 
 suited him (for the excitement of the Nonsense 
 Club was sure to be followed by reaction) ; he 
 had lost his love, his father, his home, and, as it 
 happened, also a dear friend ; his little patrimony 
 was fast dwindling away ; he must have de- 
 spaired of success in his profession ; and his out- 
 look was altogether dark. It yielded to the rem- 
 edies to which hypochondria usually yields — air, 
 exercise, sunshine, cheerful societj', congenial 
 occupation. It came Avith January and went 
 with May. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
 2692. HYPOCRISY, Brazen. Pope Adrian VI. 
 [After the capture of Rome by the emperor 
 
330. 
 
 HYPOCRISY— IDEAS. 
 
 Charles V. the] helpless pope was treated with 
 gross indignity, and closely imprisoned in the 
 Castle of St. Angelo. Charles, with grotesque 
 hypocrisy, professed the deepest distress at the 
 misfortunes of the holy father, and ordered pub- 
 lic prayers in all the churches of Spain for his 
 deliverance. — Students' France, ch. 14, § 10. 
 
 2693. HYPOCBISY, Diplomatic. Bonaparte. 
 [In Egypt he sought to conciliate the people by 
 publishing :] " We Frenchmen are true Mussul- 
 mans. Have not we destroyed the pope, who 
 called upon Europe to make war upon the Mus- 
 siUmans ? Have we not destroyed the Knights 
 of Malta because these madmen believed that 
 God had called them to make war upon Mussul- 
 mans ?" After obtaining possession of Cairo, 
 ' ' ' The Favorite of Victory ' was seated in the 
 grand mosque at the Feast of the Prophets, sit- 
 ting cross-legged as he repeated the words of the 
 Koran, and edified the sacred college by his 
 piety." — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 354. 
 
 2694. HYPOCEISY exposed. Charles II. Two 
 papers, in which were set forth very concisely 
 the arguments ordinarily used by Roman Cath- 
 olics in controversy with Protestants, had been 
 found in Charles's strong-box, and appeared to 
 be in his handwriting. These papers James 
 showed triumphantly to several Protestants, and 
 declared that, to his knowledge, his brother had 
 lived and died a Roman Catholic. One of the 
 persons to whom the manuscripts were exhibited 
 was Archbishop Sancroft. He read them with 
 much emotion, and remained silent. Such si- 
 lence was only the natural effect of a struggle 
 between respect and vexation. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 41. 
 
 2695. HYPOCEISY in Friendship. Bukes Or- 
 leans — Burgundy. These rivals gave every out- 
 ward token of restored confidence and amity, 
 even sharing the same couch at night ; but the ex- 
 treme care which each bestowed in fortifying his 
 hotel, and guarding against surprise, betrayed the 
 deep distrust concealed beneath the mask of rec- 
 onciliation. — Students' France, ch. 11, § 7. 
 
 2696. HYPOCEISY invited. Puritans. One 
 of the first resolutions adopted by Barebones' 
 Parliament, the most intensely Puritanical of all 
 our political assemblies, was that no person 
 should be admitted into the public service till 
 the House should be satisfied of his real godli- 
 ness. What were then considered as the signs 
 of real godliness, the sad-colored dress, the sour 
 look, the straight hair, the nasal whine, the 
 speech interspersed with quaint texts, the abhor- 
 rence of comedies, cards, and hawking, were 
 easily counterfeited by men to whom all relig- 
 ions were the same. The sincere Puritans soon 
 found themselves lost in a multitude, not mere- 
 ly of men of the world, but of the very worst sort 
 
 , of men of the world. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, 
 p. 155. 
 
 2697. HYPOCEISY, Eeligious. DuTces Orleans 
 — Burgundy. On the 20th of November, 1407, 
 the two cousins heard mass and partook of the 
 holy sacrament together at the church of the 
 Augustins. Never was there a blacker instance 
 of sacrilegious hypocrisy At the very moment 
 when he thus profaned the most solemn rite of 
 Christianity, Jean sans Peur had deliberately 
 doomed his enemy to a bloody and violent 
 death. — Students France, ch. 11, § 7. 
 
 269§. . Roman Philosophers. View- 
 ing with a smile of pity and indulgence the 
 various errors of the vulgar, they diligently 
 practised the ceremonies of their fathers, devout- 
 ly frequented the temples of the gods, and some- 
 times condescending to act a part on the theatre 
 of superstition, they concealed the sentiments of 
 an atheist under the sacerdotal robes. Reason- 
 ers of such a temper were scarcely inclined to 
 wrangle about their respective modes of faith or 
 of worship. It was indifferent to them what 
 shape the folly of the multitude might choose to 
 assume ; and they approached with the same in- 
 ward contempt and the same external rever- 
 ence the altars of the Libyan, the Olympian, or 
 the Capitoline Jupiter. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, 
 p. 37. 
 
 2699. HYPOCEITE, An accompUshed. ''Dick" 
 Talbot. Whenever he opened his mouth, he rant- 
 ed, cursed, and swore with such frantic violence 
 that superficial observers set him down for the 
 wildest of libertines. The multitude was unable 
 to conceive that a man who, even when sober, was 
 more furious and boastful than others wlien they 
 were drunk, and who seemed utterly incapable 
 of disguising any emotion or keeping any secret, 
 could really be a cold-hearted, far-sighted, 
 scheming sycophant ; yet such a man was Tal- 
 bot. In truth, his hypocrisy was of a far higher 
 and rarer sort than the hypocrisy which had flour- 
 ished in Barebones' Parliament ; for the con- 
 summate hypocrite is not he who conceals vice 
 behind the semblance of virtue, but he who 
 makes the vice which he has no objection to 
 show a stalking horse to cover darker and more 
 profitable vice which it is for his interest to hide. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 45. 
 
 2700. HYPOCEITE, Epitaph of the. Greek 
 Emperor. [The Emperor Alexius was by the 
 clergy esteemed a Christian.] But the sincerity 
 of his moral and religious virtues was suspected 
 by the persons Avho had passed their lives in his 
 familiar confidence. In his last hours, when he 
 was pressed by his wife Irene to alter the succes- 
 sion, he raised his head, and breathed a pious 
 ejaculation on the vanity of this world. The in- 
 dignant reply of the empress may be inscribed 
 as an epitaph on his tomb : " You die, as you 
 have lived — a hypocrite !" — Gibbon's Rome. 
 ch. 48, p. 620. 
 
 2701. IDEAS, Penalty for. John Milton. 
 Proud, reserved, self-contained, repellent, brood- 
 ing over his own ideas, not easily admitting into 
 his mind the ideas of others. It is indeed an 
 erroneous estimate of Milton to attribute to him 
 a hard or austere nature. He had all the quick 
 sensibility which belongs to the poetic tempera- 
 ment, and longed to be loved that he might love 
 again. But he had to pay the penalty of all who 
 believe in their own ideas, in that their ideas 
 come between them and the persons that ap- 
 proach them, and constitute a mental barrier 
 which can only be broken down by sympathy. 
 And sympathy for ideas is hard to find, just in 
 proportion as those ideas are profound, far-reach- 
 ing, the fruit of long study and meditation. 
 Hence it was that Milton did not associate read- 
 ily with his contemporaries, but was affable and 
 instructive in conversation with young pereons, 
 and those who would approach him in the atti- 
 tude of disciples. — Pattison's Milton, ch. 11. 
 
IDLENESS— IGNORANOE. 
 
 331 
 
 3702. IDLENESS, Burden of. Spartans. The 
 insipid and inactive life of the Spartans was ac- 
 cordingly a perpetual subject of raillery to the 
 rest of the Greeks, and to none more than to the 
 busy, restless, and volatile Athenians. To this 
 purpose ^lian mentions a witticism of Alci- 
 biades, when some one was vaunting to him the 
 contempt which the Lacedaemonians had for 
 death : "It is no wonder," said he, " since it re- 
 lieves them from the heavy burden of an idle 
 and stupid life." — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9, 
 p. 97. 
 
 2703. IDLENESS punished. Beggars. Sturdy 
 beggars . . . shall be set at work at the king's 
 charges, some at Dover, and some at the place 
 Avhere the water hath broken in on the land, and 
 other more places. Then if they fall to idleness, 
 the idler shall be had before a justice of the 
 peace and his fault written ; then if he be taken 
 idle again in another place, he shall be known 
 where his dwelling is, so at the second mention 
 he shall be burned in the hand ; and if he fail 
 the third time he shall die for it. [In 1536 it 
 was whipping for the first offence, whipping for 
 the second offence, and] the upper part of the 
 gristle of the right ear clean cut off. [For the 
 third offence, imprisonment in the jail,] and at 
 the next quarter sessions, if indicted of wander- 
 ing, loitering, and idleness, and found guilty, 
 " he shall have judgment to suffer pains and 
 execution of death as a felon and as an enemy 
 of the Commonwealth." — Knight's Eng. ,vo1. 2, 
 ch. 21, p. 342. 
 
 2704. — . AtJiens. It was a punish- 
 able crime at Athens to be idle, and every citizen 
 was compelled to industry and to the utmost ex- 
 ertion of his talents. It was not enough that each 
 should choose himself a particular profession. 
 The court of Areopagus inquired into and ascer- 
 tained the extent of his funds, the amount of his 
 expenditure, and consequently the measure of his 
 industry and economy. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 1, ch. 10, p. 108. 
 
 2705. IDOL, A helpless. Brahmin. The pa- 
 goda of Sumnat was situate on the promontory 
 of Guzarat, in the neighborhood of Diu, one of 
 the last remaining possessions of the Portuguese. 
 It was endowed with the revenue of two thou- 
 sand villages ; two thousand Brahmins were con- 
 secrated to the service of the Deity, whom they 
 washed each morning and evening in water 
 from the distant Ganges ; the subordinate minis- 
 ters consisted of three hundred musicians, three 
 hundred barbers, and five hundred dancing girls, 
 conspicuous for their birth or beauty. Three 
 sides of the temple were protected by the ocean, 
 the narrow isthmus was fortified by a natural or 
 artificial precipice ; and the city and adjacent 
 country were peopled by a nation of fanatics. 
 They confessed the sins and the punishment of 
 Kinnoge and Delhi ; but if the impious stranger 
 should presume to approach tlieir holy precincts, 
 he would surely be overwhelmed by a blast of 
 the divine vengeance. By this challenge the 
 faith of Mahmud [the Turk] was animated to a 
 personal trial of the strength of this Indian dei- 
 ity. Fifty thousand of his worshippers were 
 pierced by the spear of the Moslems ; the walls 
 were scaled ; the sanctuary was profaned ; and 
 the conqueror aimed a blow of his iron mace at 
 the head of the idol. The trembling Brahmins 
 
 are said to have offered £10,000,000 sterling for 
 his ransom ; and it was urged by the wisest coun- 
 sellors that the destruction of a stone image 
 would not change the hearts of the Gentoos, and 
 that such a sum might be dedicated to the re- 
 lief of the true believers. "Your reasons," re- 
 plied the sultan, "are specious and strong ; but 
 never in the eyes of posterity shall Mahmud ap- 
 pear as a merchant of idols. " He repeated his 
 blows, and a treasure of pearls and rubies, con- 
 cealed in the belly of the statue, explained in 
 some degree the devout prodigality of the Brah- 
 mins. The fragments of the idol were distrib- 
 uted to Gazna, Mecca, and Medina. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 57, p. 502. 
 
 2706. IDOLATRY of Heroism. Claudius. 
 [When he returned from the conquest of Britain] 
 the army saluted him with the title of Imperator ; 
 and he returned to Rome, to assume the name 
 of Britannicus, and to be worshipped as a god. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 2, p. 19. 
 
 2707. IGNOEANCE of Bigotry. Beign of 
 Charles II. Divines who were the boast of the 
 universities and the delight of the capital . . . 
 leaned toward constitutional principles of gov- 
 ernment, lived on friendly terms with Pres- 
 byterians, Independents, and Baptists, would 
 gladly have seen a full toleration granted to all 
 Protestant sects, and would even have consent- 
 ed to make alterations in the Liturgy for the 
 purpose of conciliating honest and candid Non- 
 conformists. But such latitudinarianism was held 
 in horror by the country parson. He was, in- 
 deed, prouder of his ragged gown than his supe- 
 riors of their lawn and of their scarlet hoods. The 
 very consciousness that there was little in his 
 worldly circumstances to distinguish him from 
 the villagers to whom he preached, led him to 
 hold immoderately high the dignity of that sa- 
 cerdotal oifice which was his single title to rever- 
 ence. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 310. 
 
 270§. IGNOEANCE confessed. Samuel John- 
 son. A few of his definitions must be admitted 
 to be erroneous. ... A lady once asked him 
 how he came to define Pastern the knee of a 
 horse ; instead of making an elaborate defence, 
 as she expected, he at once answered, "Igno- 
 rance, madam, pure ignorance." [Author of 
 Dictionary, etc.] — Boswell's Johnson, p. 79. 
 
 2709. IGNOEANCE, Folly of. West Indians. 
 They gave their own island of Hayti priority of 
 existence over all others, and believed that the 
 sun and moon originally issued out of a cavern 
 in the island to give light to the world. This cav- 
 ern still exists, about seven or eight leagues from 
 Cape Fran9ais, now Cape Haytien, and is known 
 by the name of La Voute & Minguet. It is about 
 one hundred and fifty feet in depth, and nearly 
 the same in height, but very narrow. It receives 
 no light but from the entrance, and from a round 
 hole in the roof, whence it was said the sun and 
 moon issued forth to take their places in the sky. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 2710. IGNOEANCE, General. Bsign of Charlei 
 II. The clergy had also lost the ascendency 
 which is the natural reward of superior mental 
 cultivation. Once the circumstance that a man 
 could read had raised a presumption that he was 
 in orders ; but in an age which produced such lay- 
 men as William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon, Roger 
 
323 
 
 IGNORANCE. 
 
 Aschani and Thomas Smith, Walter Mildmay 
 and Francis Walsingham, there was no reason 
 for calling away prelates from their dioceses to 
 negotiate treaties, to superintend the finances, or 
 to administer justice. — Mac aula y's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 303. 
 
 2711. IGNORANCE, Geographical. Captain 
 John Smith. With a company of six Englishmen 
 and two Indian guides he began the ascent of the 
 Chickahominy River. It was generally believed 
 by the people of Jamestown that by going up 
 this stream they could reach the Pacific Ocean. 
 Smith knew well enough the absurdity of such 
 an opinion, but humored it because of the op- 
 portunity it gave him to explore new territory. 
 The rest might dig imaginary gold dust and hunt 
 for the Pacific ; he would see the country and 
 map the course of the river. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 9, p. 99. 
 
 2712. IGNORANCE, Impediments of. Golum- 
 bus. [The counsellors of the King of Spain urged 
 against a westward voyage of discovery.] The 
 doctrine of antipodes, . . . incompatible with 
 the historical foundations of our faith, . . . would 
 be to maintain that there were nations not de- 
 scended from Adam ; ... in the Psalms the heav- 
 ens are said to be extended like a hide — that is, 
 . . . covering of a tent ; . . . they brought up the 
 chimera ... of the insupportable heat of the 
 torrid zone. . . . Even granting this could be 
 passed, they observed that the circumference of 
 the earth must be so great as to require at least 
 three years to the voyage, and those who should 
 undertake it must perish of hunger and thirst, 
 from the impossibility of carrying provisions for 
 so long a period. He was told, on the authority 
 of Epicurus, that, admitting the earth to b3 
 spherical, it was only inhabitable in the northern 
 hemisphere, and in that section only was cano- 
 pied by the heavens ; that the opposite half was 
 a chaos, a gulf, or a mere waste of water. Not 
 the least absurd objection advanced was, that 
 should a ship even succeed in reaching, in this 
 way, the extremity of India, she could never get 
 back again ; for the rotundity of the globe would 
 present a kind of mountain, up which it would 
 be impossible for her to sail with the most favor- 
 able wind. — Irving's Columbus, Book 3, ch. 3. 
 
 2713. IGNORANCE, Loss by. Egyptians. 
 While such was the state of affairs in the East, 
 the Venetians, who had hitherto engrossed the 
 whole trade from India, by means of the Red 
 Sea and the port of Alexandria, soon perceived 
 that this most lucrative commerce was on the 
 point of annihilation, and that every advantage 
 of the Indian trade must now be transferred to the 
 Portuguese. Various expedients were thought 
 of to obviate these impending misfortunes. It 
 was the interest of the Sultan of Egypt to concur 
 with the Venetians in support of a trade from 
 which he as well as they had derived great ben- 
 efits. A plan was meditated for some time of 
 cutting through the Isthmus of Suez, and thus 
 joining the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ; but 
 the Egyptians were apprehensive that their low 
 and flat country might be drowned altogether 
 in this attempt, and therefore the project was 
 abandoned, [a.d. 1518.J — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 18, p. 270. 
 
 2714. IGNORANCE vs. Negligence. Samuel 
 Johnson. [At school.] Mr. Hunter, the head- 
 
 master, according to his account, "was very 
 severe, and wrong-headedly severe. He used," 
 said he, ' ' to beat us unmercifully ; and he did 
 not distinguish between ignorance and neg- 
 ligence ; for he would beat a boy equally for 
 not knowing a thing, as for neglecting to know 
 it. He would ask a boy, a question, and if he 
 did not answer it he would beat him, without 
 considering whether he had an opportunity of 
 knowing how to answer it. For instance, he 
 would call up a boy and ask him Latin for a 
 candlestick, which the boy could not expect to 
 be asked. Now, sir, if a boy could answer everj' 
 question there would be no need of a master 
 to teach him." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 7. 
 
 2715. IGNORANCE, Night of. England. After 
 the example of Charlemagne, the English Alfred, 
 posterior to him about fifty years, introduced 
 among the Anglo-Saxons a taste for literature, 
 of which he himself, a most accomplished char- 
 acter, possessed a remarkable share. He en- 
 couraged learning, not only by his own example, 
 but by founding seminaries and rewarding the 
 labors of ingenious men. But these favorable 
 appearances were blasted no less by the igno- 
 rance and barbarism of his successors than by 
 the continual disorders of the kingdom from the 
 Danish incursions ; and from the age of Alfred 
 to the Norman conquest there was in England 
 a long night of the most illiberal ignorance. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 16, p. 244. 
 
 2716. IGNORANCE, Official. Buke of New- 
 castle. [The Duke of Newcastle, the Secretary 
 of the Treasury under George II. , was an igno- 
 rant official.] He had heard that 30,000 French 
 had marched to Cape Breton. " Where did they 
 get transports?" was asked. ' ' Transports !" cried 
 he ; "I tell you they marched by land." " By 
 land to the island of Cape Breton !" " What ! is. 
 Cape Breton an island ?" It was pointed out on 
 the map ; and the delighted minister, hugging 
 his informant, ejaculated, "Egad! I'll go di- 
 rectly and tell the king that Cape Breton is an 
 island." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 13, p. 198. 
 
 2717. . Buke of Neiccastle. For 
 
 nearly four and twenty years he remained 
 minister for British America ; yet to the last 
 the statesman who was so deeply versed in 
 the statistics of elections knew little of the con- 
 tinent of which he was the guardian. He ad- 
 dressed letters, it used to be confidently said,, 
 to " the island of New England," and could not 
 tell but that Jamaica was in the Mediterranean, 
 Heaps of colonial memorials and letters remain- 
 ed unread in his olflce ; and a paper was almost 
 sure of neglect unless some agent remained with 
 him to see it opened. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 4, ch. 1. 
 
 27 1§. IGNORANCE, Professional. Navy. Most 
 of the ships which were afloat were commanded 
 by men who had not been bred to the sea. . . . 
 Great fleets had been intrusted to the direction 
 of Rupert and Monk ; Rupert, who was re- 
 nowned chiefly as a hot and daring cavalry 
 ofiicer, and Monk, who, when he wanted his 
 ship to tack to larboard, moved the mirth of his 
 crew by calling out, " Wheel to the left !" But 
 about this time wise men began to perceive that 
 the rapid improvement, both of the art of war 
 and of the art of navigation, made it necessary 
 to draw a line between two professions which 
 
IGNORANCE— ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 323 
 
 had hitherto been confounded. — Macaulay's 
 ENG.,ch. 3, p. 279. 
 
 2719. IGNORANCE removed. Europeans. 
 "Who could imagine," says M. Goguet, "that 
 that ingenious people to whom Europe is indebt- 
 ed for all its knowledge were descended from 
 savages who wandered in the woods and fields, 
 without laws or leaders, having no other retreat 
 but dens and caverns, ignorant even of the use 
 of fire, and so barbarous as even to eat one an- 
 other ?"— Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 7, p. 59. 
 
 2720. IGNORANCE, Royal. Eastern Empire. 
 The elder Justin, as he is distinguished from 
 another emperor of the same family and name, 
 ascended the Byzantine throne at the age of 
 sixty-eight years ; and, had he been left to his 
 own guidance, every moment? of a nine years' 
 reign must have exposed to his subjects the im- 
 propriety of their choice. His ignorance was 
 similar to that of Theodoric ; and it is remark- 
 able that in an age not destitute of learning two 
 contemporary monarchs had never been instruct- 
 ed in the knowledge of the alphabet. — Gibbon's 
 RojiE, ch. 40, p. 42. 
 
 2721. IGNORANCE, Stubborn. Inquisitors. In 
 Rome, . . . 1633, . . . Galileo . . . appeared be- 
 fore an assembly of cardinals and inquisitors, 
 where he was permitted to speak in his defence 
 [against the charge of heresy]. He began to dem- 
 onstrate the truth of the Copernican system, as 
 he had been wont to do at the university. His 
 accusers, ignorant of science, could not com- 
 prehend his reasoning. . . . They broke in upon 
 his arguments with loud outcries, accusing him 
 of bringing scandal upon the church, and repeat- 
 ing over and over the passage of the Bible which 
 declares that Joshua commanded the sun and 
 moon to stand still, and they obeyed him. In 
 vain Galileo reminded them that the Bible also 
 says that the heavens are solid and are polished 
 like a mirror of brass ; in vain he pointed ovit 
 that the language of the Bible is invariably con- 
 formed to the state of science at the time when 
 it was written. The assembled priests only shrug- 
 ged their shoulders at his reasoning, or interrupt- 
 ed him with derisive and contemptuous shouts. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 263. 
 
 2722. IGNORANCE, Superstition of. Ancients. 
 The ancients, who had a very faint and imper- 
 fect knowledge of the great peninsula of Africa, 
 were sometimes tempted to believe that the tor- 
 rid zone must ever remain destitute of inhab- 
 itants ; and they sometimes amused their fancy 
 by filling the vacant space with headless men, or 
 rather monsters ; with horned and cloven-footed 
 satyrs ; with fabulous centaurs, and with human 
 pygmies, who waged a bold and doubtful war- 
 fare against the cranes. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 25, 
 p. 576. 
 
 2723. IGNORAJfCE, XJnappreciative. Utility. 
 [When the army of Galeriiis sacked the camp of 
 the routed Persians a] bag of shining leather, 
 filled with pearls, fell into the hands of a private 
 soldier ; he carefully preserved the bag, but he 
 threw away its contents, judging that whatever 
 was of no use could not possibly be of any value. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 425. 
 
 2724. IGNORANCE, Zealous. Crusaders. 
 [Among the Crusaders] the chiefs themselves had 
 an imperfect notion of the length of the way and 
 
 the state of their enemies ; and such was the stu- 
 pidity of the people, that, at the sight of the first 
 city or castle beyond the limits of their knowl- 
 edge, they were ready to ask whether that was 
 not the Jerusalem, the term and object of their 
 labors. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 552. 
 
 2725. ILLEGITIMACY respected. William tM 
 Conqueror. It appeared to Edward more ad- 
 visable to nominate for his successor William, 
 Duke of Normandy, a prince whose power, repu- 
 tation, and great abilities were sufficient to sup- 
 port any destination which he might make in his 
 favor. This celebrated prince was the natural 
 son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by the daugh- 
 ter of a furrier of Falaise. Illegitimacy in those 
 days was accounted no stain, and his father left 
 him, while yet a minor, heir to his whole domin- 
 ions. He had to struggle with an arrogant nobil- 
 ity, several of whom even advanced claims to 
 his crown ; but he very early showed a genius 
 capable of asserting and vindicating his rights, 
 and soon became tlie terror both of his rebellious 
 subjects and of foreign invaders. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 5, p. 115. 
 
 2726. ILLITERACY compensated. Col. Will- 
 iam Washington. [Colonel Tarleton was made 
 a prisoner with Cornwallis' army.] Because of 
 his cruel and resentful disposition he was most 
 heartily despised by the republicans. . . . 
 Tarleton spoke of Washington as an illiterate 
 fellow, hardly able to write his name. ' ' Ah, colo- 
 nel," said Mrs. Jones, "you ought to know bet- 
 ter, for you bear on your person proof that he 
 knows very well how to make his mark." [He 
 had been severely wounded in his hand.] — Note 
 IN CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 2727. ILLUSTRATION by Analogy. Ttev. Sarn- 
 uel Johnson. Johnson prepared a reply to his 
 assailants, in which he drew an elaborate par- 
 allel between Julian and James, then Duke of 
 York. Julian had during many years pretend- 
 ed to abhor idolatry, while in heart an idolater. 
 Julian had, to serve a turn, occasionally affected 
 respect for the rights of conscience. Julian had 
 punished cities which were zealous for the true 
 religion, by taking away their municipal privi- 
 leges. Julian had, by his flatterers, been called 
 the Just. James was provoked beyond endu- 
 rance. Johnson was prosecuted for a libel, con- 
 victed, and condemned to a fine, which he had 
 no means of paying. He was, therefore, kept 
 in jail ; and it seemed likely that his confine- 
 ment would end only with his life. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6. 
 
 272§. ILLUSTRATION, Information by. Paint- 
 ing. One step farther in this process is the ex- 
 pression of ideas by painting. When the Span- 
 iards arrived in Mexico, the inhabitants of the 
 sea-coasts sent intelligence to their emperor, Mon- 
 tezuma, by a large cloth, on which they had care- 
 fully depicted everything they had seen of the 
 appearance and progress of the invaders. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 3, p. 26. 
 
 2729. ILLUSTRATIONS, Use of. Abraham. 
 Lincoln. Much has been said of Mr. Lincoln's 
 habit of telling stories, and it could scarcely be 
 exaggerated. He had a keen sense of the humor- 
 ous and the ludicrous, and relished jokes and 
 anecdotes for the amusement they afforded him. 
 But story -telling was with him rather a mode of 
 
824 
 
 IMAGE— IMAGINATION. 
 
 stating and illustrating facts and opinions than 
 anything else. There is a great diiference among 
 men in the manner of expressing their thoughts. 
 Some are rigidly exact, and give everything they 
 say a logical form ; others express themselves in 
 figures and by illustrations drawn from nature 
 or history. Mr. Lincoln often gave clearness and 
 force to his ideas by pertinent anecdotes and il- 
 lustrations drawn from daily life. — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 21, p. 720. 
 
 2730. IMAGE, Supernatural. Image of Christ. 
 [The perfect impression of His face on a piece of 
 linen.] The image of Edessa was preserved with 
 respect and gratitude ; and if the Armenians re- 
 jected the legend, the more credulous Greeks 
 adored the similitude, which was not the work 
 of any mortal pencil, but the immediate creation 
 of the divine original. The style and sentiments 
 of a Byzantine hymn will declare how far their 
 worship was removed from the grossest idolatry. 
 ' ' How can we with mortal eyes contemplate this 
 image, whose celestial splendor the host of heav- 
 en presumes not to behold ? He who dwells in 
 heaven condescends this day to visit us by His 
 venerable image ; He who is seated on the cheru- 
 bim visits us this day by a picture, which the 
 Father has delineated with His immaculate hand, 
 which He has formed in an ineffable manner, and 
 which we sanctify by adoring it with fear and 
 love." Before the end of the sixth century these 
 Images, made icithout hands (in Greek it is a sin- 
 gle word), were propagated in the camps and cit- 
 ies of the Eastern empire ; they were the objects 
 of worship and the instruments of miracles ; and 
 in the hour of danger or tumult their venerable 
 presence could revive the hope, rekindle the 
 courage, or repress the fury of the Roman le- 
 gions. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, p. 6. 
 
 2T31. IMAGES in Churches, ^.i). 300. The 
 public religion of the early Catholics was uni- 
 formly simple and spiritual ; and the first notice 
 of the use of pictures is in the censure of the 
 council of lUiberis, three hundred years after the 
 Christian era. At first the experiment was made 
 with caution and scruple, and the venerable pict- 
 ures were discreetly allowed to instruct the ig- 
 norant, to awaken the cold, and to gratify the 
 prejudices of the heathen proselytes-. By a slow 
 though inevitable progression the honors of the 
 original were transferred to the copy; the devout 
 Christian prayed before the image of a saint ; 
 and the Pagan rites of genuflection, luminaries, 
 and incense again stole into the Catholic Church. 
 The scruples of reason or piety were silenced 
 by the strong evidence of visions and miracles ; 
 and the pictures which speak and move and 
 bleed must be endowed with a divine energy, 
 and may be considered as the proper objects of 
 religious adoration. . . . The use and even the 
 worship of images was firmly established before 
 the end of the sixth century. . . . The first intro- 
 duction of symbolic worship was in the venera- 
 tion of the cross and of relics. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 49, p. 2. 
 
 2732. IMAGES, Worship of. A.D. 842. I 
 shall only notice the judgment of the bishops on 
 the comparative merit of image-worship and 
 morality. A monk had concluded a truce with 
 the demon of fornication, on condition of inter- 
 rupting his daily prayers to a picture that hung 
 in his cell. His scruples prompted him to con- 
 
 sult the abbot. " Rather than abstain from ador 
 ing Christ and His Mother in their holy images, 
 it would be better for you," replied the casuist, 
 "to enter every brothel and visit every pros- 
 titute in the city." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, 
 p. 38. 
 
 2733. IMAGINATION, Active. Bunyan. He 
 saw evil spirits in monstrous shapes, and fiends 
 blowing flames out of their nostrils. "Once," 
 says a biographer who knew him well, and had 
 heard the story of his visions from his own lips, 
 " he dreamed that he saw the face of heaven as 
 it were on fire, the firmament crackling and shiv- 
 ering with the noise of mighty thunder, and an 
 archangel flew in the midst of heaven, sounding 
 a trumpet, and a glorious throne was seated in 
 the east, whereon sat One in brightness like the 
 morning star. Upon which he, thinking it was 
 the end of the world, fell upon his knees and 
 said, ' Oh, Lord, have mercy on me ! What 
 shall I do ? The Day of Judgment is come, 
 and I am not prepared.' " — Fkoude's Bunyan, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 2734. IMAGINATION corrected. Washington 
 Irving. His next literary favorites were " Rob- 
 inson Crusoe" and " Sindbadthe Sailor," and a 
 collection of voyages and travels, entitled " The 
 World Displayed," which he used to read at 
 night by the glimmer of secreted candles after 
 he had retired to bed, and which begot in him a 
 desire to go to sea — a strong desire that by the 
 time he left school almost ripened into a deter- 
 mination to run away from home and be a 
 sailor. It led him, at any rate, to try to eat salt 
 pork, which he abominated, and to lie on the 
 hard floor, which, of course, was distasteful to 
 him. These preliminary hardships proved too 
 much for his heroism, so the notion of becom- 
 ing a gallant tar was reluctantly abandoned. — 
 Stoddakd's Irving, p. 13. 
 
 2735. IMAGINATION, Delusions of. Si:amsh 
 Explorers. America was the region of romance, 
 where the heated imagination could indulge in 
 the boldest delusions ; where the simple natives 
 ignorantly wore the most precious ornaments ; 
 and by the side of the clear runs of water 
 the sands sparkled with gold. — Bancroft's 
 Hist, of U. 8., vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 2736. IMAGINATION, Diseased. Poet Shelley. 
 Toward midnight on the 18th of July Byron 
 recited the lines in " Christabel" about the lady's 
 breast ; when Shelley suddenly started up, 
 shrieked, and fled from the room. He had seen a 
 vision of a woman with ej^es instead of nipples. . . . 
 He was writing notes upon the phenomena of 
 sleep. . . . Mrs. Shelley informs us that the mere 
 effort to remember dreams of thrilling or mysteri- 
 ous import so disturbed his nervous system that 
 he had to relinquish the task. At no period of his 
 life was he wholly free from .visions which had 
 the reality of facts. Sometimes they occurred 
 in sleep, and were prolonged with painful vivid- 
 ness into his waking moments. Sometimes they 
 seemed to grow out of his intense meditation, or 
 to present themselves before his eyes as the pro- 
 jection of a powerful inner impression. All his 
 sensations were abnormally acute, and his ever- 
 active imagination confused the border-lands of 
 the actual and the visionary. — Symonbs' Shel 
 LEY, ch. 4. 
 
IMAGINATION— IMMORTALITY. 
 
 325 
 
 27'3r. IMAGINATION, Misled by the. Histon- 
 ans. The imagination is a great deceiver. We 
 have a curioiis example of this truth in the dif- 
 ferent accounts vrhich have come down to us re- 
 specting the appearance of General "Washington. 
 Josiah Quincy and his wife both saw this illus- 
 trious man, and both were persons of eminent 
 intelligence and perfect truth. Nevertheless, 
 how different their impressions ! Mrs. Quincy, 
 who was of a highly imaginative temperament, 
 used to speak of him as being as far above ordi- 
 nary mortals, in grace and majesty of person and 
 demeanor, as he was in character. Mr. Quincy, 
 on the contrary, though revering Washington 
 not less, thought him rather countrified and awk- 
 ward in his appearance and manners. He used 
 to say that " President Washington had the air 
 of a country gentleman not accustomed to mix 
 much witli society, perfectly polite, but not easy 
 in his address and conversation, and not grace- 
 ful in his gait and movements." We can account 
 for these different representations by supposing 
 that one of the witnesses was, and the other was 
 not, misled by the imagination. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 755. 
 
 273§. IMAGINATION overwrought. Poet Shel- 
 ley. His somnambulism returned, and he saw 
 visions. On one occasion he thought that the 
 dead AUegra rose from the sea, and clapped 
 her hands, and laughed, and beckoned to him. 
 On another he roused the whole liouse at night 
 by his screams, and remained terror-frozen in 
 the trance produced by an appalling vision. This 
 mood he communicated, in some measure, to his 
 friends. One of them saw what she afterward 
 believed to have been his phantom, and another 
 dreamed that he was dead. — Symonds' Shelley, 
 ch. 7. 
 
 2739. IMAGINATION, Ruled by. Napoleon f. 
 " It is nothing but imagination," said one, once 
 to Napoleon. '' Nothing but imagination {" he 
 rejoined. " Imagination rules the world." — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 19. 
 
 2740. IMAGINATION in Statesmanship. Na- 
 poleon I. [a.d. 1798. He was about to begin 
 his campaign.] In private he expressed in the 
 strongest terms his horror of Jacobin cruelty 
 and despotism. "The Directors [of France]," 
 said he, ' ' cannot long retain their position. They 
 know not how to do anything for the imagina- 
 tion of the nation." — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 2741. IMAGINATION, Suffering by. Blaise 
 Pascal. As he was riding one day in Paris, in 
 a carriage drawn by four horses, the leading 
 horses took friglit, ran away, and dashing upona 
 bridge, which was without railings, sprang into 
 the water. Fortunately the traces broke, the 
 carriage stopped on the very edge of the bridge, 
 and no one was injured. Pascal, however, 
 whose mind and body were worn and weakened 
 by excessive study, was so completely terrified 
 that for many months he fancied he saw an abyss 
 yawning at his side, into which he was about to 
 be precipitated. To break the illusion, he would 
 place a chair at that side of him ; but it was long 
 before he could lose the sense of imminent peril 
 from this imaginary precipice. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 100. 
 
 2742. IMAGINATION, Victim of. Columbus. 
 [From natives of San Salvador. ] He understood 
 
 also that there was land to the south, the south- 
 west, and the north-west, and that the people 
 •from the last-mentioned quarter frequently pro- 
 ceeded to the south-west in quest of gold and 
 precious stones, making in their way descents 
 upon the islands, and carrying off the inhab- 
 itants. Several of the natives showed him scars 
 of wounds received in battles with these inva- 
 ders. It is evident that a great part of this fancied 
 intelligence was self-delusion on the part of Co- 
 lumbus ; for he was under a spell of the imagi- 
 nation, which gave its own shapes and colors to 
 every object. He was persuaded that he had 
 arrived among the islands described by Marco 
 Polo as lying opposite Cathay, in the Chinese 
 sea, and he construed everything to accord with 
 the account given of those opulent regions. Thus 
 the enemies which the natives spoke of as com- 
 ing from the north-west he concluded to be the 
 people of the mainland of Asia. — Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 4, ch. 1. 
 
 2743. IMITATION, Fameless. Fenimore Coo- 
 per. He had never given any indication of pos- 
 sessing a talent for literature. . . . He was read- 
 ing aloud to his wife one of those tedious and 
 trivial English novels which were so common 
 before Scott and Cooper supplanted them. 
 Weary of the spiritless delineation of inane char- 
 acters, he said to his wife, with a yawn, " I can 
 write a better novel than that myself." ..." You 
 had better try," replied she, and thought no 
 more of it. It was a happy and a timely sug- 
 gestion. He was young, energetic, with plenty 
 of ambition, and nothing to do. Without tell- 
 ing even his wife of his intention, he began to 
 write a novel, which he named " Precaution," 
 and which, after a few weeks of secret toil, he 
 had the pleasure of submitting to his wife's in- 
 spection, and reading it to a circle of friends. 
 It is a curious thing, but he produced merely a 
 tolerable imitation of the very kind of novel with 
 which he had been so much disgusted. . . . This 
 partial failure was the event which roused him 
 to a consciousness of his abilities. He now 
 abandoned English models, and formed the 
 scheme of producing a story of American life, a 
 tale of the Revolution — the classic period in the 
 history of the infant nation. The " Spy" was 
 the result of his labors — the first and greatest of 
 a class of novels now to be numbered by thou- 
 sands. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 725 
 
 2744. IMITATION unappreciated. Art. [Age- 
 silaus, the Lacedaemonian king,] being asked 
 to go to hear a man who mimicked the nightin- 
 gale to great perfection, he refused and said, " I 
 have heard the nightingale herself . "—Plu- 
 tarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 2745. IMMORTALITY, Belief in. Poet Shelley. 
 Whatever Shelley may from time to time have 
 said about the immortality of the soul, he was 
 no materialist, and no believer in the extinction 
 of the spiritual element by death. Yet he was 
 too wise to dogmatize upon a problem which by 
 its very nature admits of no solution in this world. 
 " I hope," he said, " but my hopes are not un- 
 mixed with fear for what will befall this inesti- 
 mable spirit when we appear to die." On another 
 occasion he told Trelawny, " I am content to see 
 no farther into futurity than Plato and Bacon. 
 My mind is tranquil ; I have no fears and some 
 hopes. In our present gross material state our 
 
326 
 
 IMMORTALITY— IMPOSITIO:??. 
 
 faculties are clouded ; when death removes our 
 clay coverings, the mystery will be solved." — 
 Symonds' Shelley, cli. 6. 
 
 2746. IMMORTALITY, Faith in. Arabs. 
 [Some of the Arabs think] the life of man to be 
 but one of those infinite periods of existence to 
 be renewed in other worlds and under other 
 forms. When an Arab died, his finest camel 
 was tied to a stake beside his grave, and left to 
 expire of hunger upon the body of its master, in 
 order that he should be furnished with his hab- 
 itual inoaiitwje in the region to which death had 
 introduced him. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 46. 
 
 2747. IMMORTALITY, Hope of. Baleigh. Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, the night before his death, wrote 
 these lines on a blank leaf of his Bible : 
 
 "E'en such is time ; who takes in trust 
 Our youth, our joj^s, and all we have. 
 
 And pays us but with age and dust ; 
 Who in the dark and silent grave, 
 
 When we have wander'd all our ways, 
 
 Shuts up the story of our days. 
 
 But from this earth, this grave, this dust, 
 
 The Lord will raise me up, I tnist." 
 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 24, p. 376. 
 274§. IMPATIENCE, Disagreement by. Alex- 
 ander Hamilton. This impatience and discontent 
 led finally to a rupture between General Wash- 
 ington and his aide-de-camp. . . . Hamilton him- 
 self has related : "Two day sago. . . the general 
 and I passed each other on the stairs ; he told me 
 he wanted to speak with me ; I answered that I 
 would wait upon him immediately. I went be- 
 low and delivered Mr. Tilghman a letter to be 
 sent to the commissary, containing an order of a 
 pressing and interesting nature. Returning to 
 the general, I was stopped on the way by the 
 Marquis de Lafayette, and we conversed together 
 about a minute on a matter of business. He can 
 testify how impatient I was to get back, and that 
 I left him in a manner which, but for our inti- 
 macy, would have been more than abrupt. In- 
 stead of finding the general, as is usual, in his 
 room, I met him at the head of the stairs, where, 
 accosting me in an angry voice, ' Colonel Ham- 
 ilton,' said he, 'you have kept me waiting at 
 the head of the stairs these ten minutes ; I must 
 tell you, sir, you treat me with disrespect.' I re- 
 plied, without petulancy, but with decision, ' I 
 am not conscious of it, sir ; but since you have 
 thought it necessary to tell me so, we part.' 
 ' Very well, sir,' said he, 'if it be your choice,' 
 or something to that effect, and we separated. 
 I sincerely believe my absence, which gave so 
 much umbrage, did not last two minutes. In less 
 than an hour after Mr. Tilghman came to me 
 in the general's name, assuring me of his confi- 
 dence in my ability, integrity, usefulness, etc., 
 and of his desire, in a candid conversation, to 
 heal a difference which could not have happened 
 but in a moment of passion. I requested Mr. 
 Tilghman to tell him, first, that I had taken my 
 resolution in a manner not to be revoked." — 
 Cyclopedia op Bigg. , p. 473. 
 
 2749. IMPATIENCE, Folly of. Oliver Oold- 
 gmith. Goldsmith adverts, in his own humorous 
 way, to his impatience at the tardiness with 
 which his desultory and unacknowledged essays 
 crept into notice. " I was once induced," says 
 he, " to show my indignation against the public 
 by discontinuing my efforts to please, and was 
 
 bravely resolved, like Raleigh, to vex them by 
 burning my manuscripts in a passion. Upon re- 
 flection, however, I considered what set or body 
 of people would be displeased at my rashness. 
 The sun, after so sad an accident, might shine 
 next morning as bright as usual ; men might 
 laugh and sing the next day, and transact bus- 
 iness as before ; and not a single creature feel 
 any regret but myself. . . . Perhaps all Grub 
 Street might laugh at my fate, and self-approv 
 ing dignity be unable to shield me from ridicule." 
 — Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 9, p. 66. 
 
 2750. IMPEACHMENT, Escape from. Presi- 
 dent Johnson. Concerning the reorganization of 
 the Southern States, the real question at issue 
 was whether a civil or a military method . . . 
 
 ought to be adopted The President had urged 
 
 [the former] ; ... in Congress the opposite opin- 
 ion prevailed. ... On the 21st of February, 1868, 
 he notified Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, 
 of his dismissal from ofiice. "The act was regard- 
 ed by Congress as a usurpation of authority, and 
 a violation of law on the part of the President. 
 . . . Articles of impeachment were agreed to by 
 the House of Representatives. ... On the 26th of 
 May . . . the President was acquitted. But his 
 escape was very narrow : a two-thirds majority 
 [of the Senate] was required to convict, and but 
 one vote was wanting. — Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 67, 
 p. 550. 
 
 2751. IMPORTUNITY, Victim of. Charles 11. 
 He was a slave without being a dupe. Worthless 
 men and women, to the very bottom of whose 
 hearts he saw, and whom he knew to be destitute 
 of affection for him and undeserving of his con- 
 fidence, could easily wheedle him out of titles, 
 places, domains, State secrets, and pardons. He 
 bestowed much, yet he neither enjoyed the pleas- 
 ure nor acquired the fame of beneficence. He 
 never gave spontaneously, but it was painful to 
 him to refuse. The consequence was, that his 
 bounty generally went, not to those who deserved 
 it best, nor even to those whom he liked best, 
 but to the most shameless and importunate suitor 
 who could obtain an audience. — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 158. 
 
 2752. IMPOSSIBILITIES accomplished. Bridge 
 atLodi. A. D. 1796. [Napoleon proposed to cross 
 the bridge at Lodi in the face of the Austrian 
 batteries that swept it.] " It is impossible," said 
 one [of his olBcers], "that any men can force 
 their way across that narrow bridge, in the face 
 of such an annihilating storm of balls as must be 
 encountered." "How! impossible!" exclaimed 
 Napoleon; " that word is not French." [Napo- 
 leon, bearing a standard, was the second across.] 
 — Abbott's Napoleox B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 2753. IMPOSITION, Artfol. Alexander. It 
 was impossible to retain the territory he had 
 overrun ; and his troops, foreseeing no end to 
 their labors, positively refused to proceed. With 
 a sensible mortification to his pride, he was forced 
 to return to the Indus, after rearing, as monu- 
 ments of his conquests, twelve altars upon the 
 eastern banks of the Hyphasis, of enormous 
 height, on which he inscribed his own name, 
 with those of his father Ammon and his brothers 
 Hercules and Apollo. He is said also to have 
 traced a camp in the same place of three times 
 the necessary extent, surrounding it with a strong 
 rampart and fosse, and to have built in it enor- 
 
IMPOSITION— IMPOSTOR. 
 
 327 
 
 mous stables for horses, with the mangers of a 
 most extraordinary height. He is, in like man- 
 ner, said to have caused suits of armor to be 
 buried in the earth, of size far exceeding the hu- 
 man proportions, with bedsteads, and all other 
 utensils on a similar gigantic scale. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 190. 
 
 2754. IMPOSITION, Official. William Coio- 
 per's Letter. [To Rev. John Newton,] the junior 
 son of Molly Boswell. He had stolen some iron- 
 work, the property of Griggs the butcher. Being 
 convicted, he was ordered to be whipped, which 
 operation he underwent at the cart's tail, from 
 the stone-house to the high arch, and back again. 
 He seemed to show great fortitude, but it was 
 all an imposition upon the public. The beadle, 
 who performed it, had filled his left hand with 
 yellow ochre, through which, after every stroke, 
 he drew the lash of his whip, leaving the appear- 
 ance of a wound upon the skin,' but in reality 
 not hurting him at all. This being perceived by 
 Mr. Constable H. , who followed the beadle, he 
 applied his cane, without any such management 
 or precaution, to the shoulders of the too merci- 
 ful executioner. The scene immediately became 
 more interesting. The beadle could by no means 
 be prevailed upon to strike hard, which provoked 
 the constable to strike harder ; and this double 
 flogging continued till a lass of Silver End, pity- 
 ing the pitiful beadle thus suffering under the 
 hands of the pitiless constable, joined the pro- 
 cession, and placing herself immediately behind 
 the latter, seized him by his capillary club, and 
 pulling him backward by the same, slapped his 
 face with a most Amazon fury. This concate- 
 nation of events has taken up more of my paper 
 than I intended it should, but I could not for- 
 bear to inform you how the beadle thrashed the 
 thief, the constable the beadle, and the lady the 
 constable, and how the thief was the only person 
 concerned who sviffered nothing. — Smith's Cow- 
 PER, ch. 7. 
 
 2755. IMFOSTOB, Contemptible. Lambert 8im- 
 nel. The reign of Henry VII. was disturbed for 
 awhile by two very singular enterprises. The 
 Earl of Warwick, son of the late Duke of Clar- 
 ence, had been confined by Richard in the Tow- 
 er, and by his long imprisonment was totally 
 unknown, and unacquainted with the world. 
 One Simon, a priest of Oxford, trained up a 
 young man, Lambert Simnel, the son of a baker, 
 to counterfeit the Earl of Warwick's person, and 
 instructed him in the knowledge of all the facts 
 which were necessary to support the imposture. 
 He first made his public appearance in Dublin, 
 where he found many to espouse his cause, and 
 he was there solemnly crowned King of England 
 and Ireland. Thence passing over to England, 
 he ventured to give battle to Henry near Notting- 
 ham. Simnel, with his tutor, the priest, were 
 both taken prisoners. The priest, who could 
 not be tried by the civil power, was imprisoned 
 for life ; and the impostor himself, who was too 
 mean an object for the revenge of Henry, was 
 employed by him as a scullion in his kitchen. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, p. 229. 
 
 2756. IMFOSTOB, Deceived by a. Perkin War- 
 beck. The old Duchess of Burgundy, sister of 
 Edward IV. and widow of Charles the Bold, 
 who wished by all means to embroil the govern- 
 ment of Henry, caused a report to be spread that 
 
 the young Duke of York, who, along with his 
 brother Edward, was hitherto believed to have 
 been smothered in the Tower by Richard III., 
 was still alive, and she soon after produced a 
 young man who assumed his name and char 
 acter ; this was Perkin Warbeck, the son of a 
 Jew broker of Antwerp, a youth of great per- 
 sonal beauty and insinuating address. He found 
 means, for a considerable time, to carry on the 
 deception, and seemed, from his valor and abili- 
 ties, to be not undeserving of the rank which he 
 assumed. For five years he supported his cause 
 by force of arms, and was aided by a respect- 
 able proportion of the English nobility. James 
 IV., King of Scotland, espoused his interest, and 
 gave him in marriage a relation of his own, 
 a daughter of the Earl of Huntley. . . . [He 
 was captured and sentenced to perpetual impri- 
 sonment.] — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, 
 p. 229. 
 
 2757. . Reign of James II. In 
 
 1698, when England had long enjoyed constitu- 
 tional freedom under a new dynasty, the son of 
 an inn-keeper passed himself on the yeomanry 
 of Sussex as their beloved Monmouth, and de 
 f rauded many who were by no means of the low 
 est class. Five hundred pounds were collected 
 for him. The farmers provided him with a 
 horse. Their wives sent him baskets of chick- 
 ens and ducks, and were lavish, it was said, of 
 favors of a more tender kind ; for, in gallantry 
 at least, the counterfeit was a not unworthy rep- 
 resentative of the original. When this impostor 
 was thrown into prison for his fraud, his fol- 
 lowers maintained him in luxury. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 583. 
 
 275S. IMPOSTOE punished. Beign of James 
 II. Such was the devotion of the people to their 
 unhappy favorite, that, in the face of the strong- 
 est evidence by which the fact of a death was 
 ever verified, many continued to cherish a hope 
 that he was still living, and that he would 
 again appear in arms. A person, it was said, 
 who was remarkably like Monmouth had sac- 
 rificed himself to save the Protestant hero. The 
 vulgar long continued, at every important crisis, 
 to whisper that the time was at hand, and that 
 King Monmouth would soon show himself. In 
 1686 a knave who had pretended to be the duke, 
 and had levied contribution In several villages 
 of Wiltshire, was apprehended and whipped 
 from Newgate to Tyburn,— Macaulay's Eng , 
 ch. 5, p. 583 
 
 2759. IMPOSTOR reproved. General Grant. 
 [Early in the war nis commuud were marching 
 in Missouri. One of the lieutenants obtained re- 
 freshments for himself and friends by assuming 
 to be General Grant and staff. Grant came to 
 the same house for refreshments, and was curtly 
 told he could have nothing, because General 
 Grant and staff had eaten everything except a 
 pumpkin-pie. Grant gave half a dollar for it, 
 and requested the woman to keep it till sent for. 
 When the army halted, parade was formed, and 
 expectations aroused by so unusual a circum- 
 stance when on a long march. The following or- 
 der was read : " Lieutenant Wickfield, . . . hav 
 ing on this day eaten everything in Mrs. Sel- 
 vidge's house, at the crossing, . . . except one 
 pumpkin-pie. Lieutenant Wickfield is hereby 
 ordered to return with an escort of one hundred 
 
328 
 
 IMPOSTOR— IMPULSE. 
 
 cavalry and eat that pie also.— U. S. Grant, 
 Brigadier- General Commander. " It is impossible 
 to describe the effect ... on the troops — Head- 
 ley's Grant, p. 50. 
 
 2760. IMPOSTOR rewarded. Titus Oates. A 
 worthless impostor, one Titus Oates, who had 
 more than once changed his religion, now set 
 the whole nation in a ferment by the discovery 
 of a pretended plot of the Catholics. He assert- 
 ed that the pope, claiming the sovereignty of 
 England, had intrusted the exercise of his pow- 
 er to the Jesuits, who had already got patents 
 for the principal offices of the kingdom ; that 
 fifty Jesuits had undertaken that the king should 
 be assassinated, and the crown bestowed on the 
 Duke of York, who, if he declined it, was like- 
 wise to be murdered ; that the Jesuits, who it 
 was supposed had already almost reduced Lon- 
 don to ashes in the late d^-eadful fire, had planned 
 another fire and massacre, with which they in- 
 tended to begin the execution of their project. 
 
 . . . The informer received the thanks of Par- 
 liament, with a pension of £1200 sterling. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 421. 
 
 2761. IMPOSTURE, Political. "Voice in the 
 Wall. " [In 1554, when England was disquieted by 
 the partisans for Catholic Mary on the one side, 
 against those of Protestant Elizabeth on the oth 
 er,] imposture availed itself of the prevailing 
 disquiet to stimulate the superstitious by a pre- 
 tended voice in a wall, which was silent when 
 "God save Queen Mary" was uttered, but 
 which cried, "So be it" when "God save the 
 Lady Elizabeth" was pronounced. More than 
 17,000 persons were collected round this house. 
 — Knight's Eng. , vol. 8, ch. 5, p. 72. 
 
 2762. IMPRESSIONS, Early. William III. 
 [William, Prince of Orange.] The Dutch lan- 
 guage was the language of his nurserj'. Among 
 the Dutch gentry he had chosen his early friends. 
 The amusements, the architecture, the landscape 
 of his native country had taken hold on his 
 heart. To her he turned with constant fondness 
 from a prouder and fairer rival. In the gallery 
 of Whitehall he pined for the familiar house in 
 the wood at the Hague, and never was so happy 
 as when he could quit the magnificence of Wind- 
 sor for his far humbler seat at Loo. During his 
 splendid banishment it was his consolation to 
 create round him, by building, planting, and 
 digging, a scene which might remind him of the 
 formal piles of red brick, of the long canals, and 
 of the symmetrical flower-beds amid which his 
 early life had been passed. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 7, p. 168. 
 
 2763. IMPRESSIONS, Tragical. GTiarles I. 
 Then taking the little Duke of Gloucester, who 
 was only five years old, upon his knees, and desir- 
 ing to impress upon the mind of the infant, by a 
 tragical image, the counsel which through him 
 he addressed to all the family, " My child," said 
 he, ' ' they are going to cut off thy father's head !" 
 The boy gazed with anxious and astonished 
 looks upon the countenance of the speaker. 
 " Yes," continued the king, seeking to fix the 
 terrible remembrance by repetition, "they will 
 cut off my head, and perhaps make thee king ! 
 But pay attention to my words : thou must not 
 be made a king by them while thy elder broth- 
 ers, Charles and James, are living. They will 
 cut off their heads also, if they can lay hands on 
 
 them, and will end by cutting off thine. I there^ 
 fore command thee never to be made a king by 
 them." The child, who was impressed with the 
 mournful scene and solemn warning, appeared 
 suddenly struck by a light and a sense of obe- 
 dience be3^ond his age. " No," he replied, "I 
 will not consent — they shall never make me a 
 king. I will be torn to pieces first !" Charles, 
 in this infantine heroism, recognized a voice 
 from heaven, which assured him that his poster- 
 ity would be true to themselves in seeking to re- 
 store the throne after his decease. He shed tears 
 of joy as he surrendered back the Duke of Glou- 
 cester to the arms of the jailers. — Lamartine's 
 Cromwell, p. 46. 
 
 2764. IMPRISONMENT, Long. John Bun- 
 yan's. Such was the world-famous imprisonment 
 of John Bunyan,which has been the subject of so 
 much eloquent declamation. It lasted in all for 
 more than twelve years. It might have ended 
 at any time if he would have promised to con- 
 fine his addresses to a private circle. It did end 
 after six years. He was released under the first 
 declaration of indulgence ; but as he instantly 
 recommenced his preaching, he was arrested 
 again. Another six years went by ; he was again 
 let go, and was taken once more immediately 
 after, preaching in a wood. This time he was 
 detained but a few months, and in form more 
 than reality. The policy of the government was 
 then changed, and he w^as free for the rest of 
 his life. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 6. 
 
 2765. IMPROVEMENT opposed. Elias Howe. 
 Like all the other great inventors, Mr. Howe 
 found that when he had completed his machine 
 his difficulties had but begun. After he had 
 brought the machine to the point of making a 
 few stitches, he went to Boston one day to get 
 a tailor to come to Cambridge and arrange some 
 cloth for sewing, and give his opinion as to the 
 quality of the work done by the machine. The 
 comrades of the man to whom he first applied 
 dissuaded him from going, alleging that a sew- 
 ing-machine, if it worked well, must necessarily 
 reduce the whole fraternity of tailors to beg- 
 gary ; and this proved to be the unchangeable 
 conviction of the tailors for the next ten years. 
 It is probable that the machines first made would 
 have been destroyed by violence but for another 
 fixed opinion of the tailors, which was, that 
 no machine could be made that would really 
 answer the purpose. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 683. 
 
 ^766. IMPROVEMENT repressed. Social. 
 [In the beginning of the eighteenth century] 
 the facilities possessed by the people of pass- 
 ing from one occupation to another occupa- 
 tion were very limited, and the power of what 
 we term rising in the world was equally re- 
 stricted. In the locality in which a laborer 
 was born he generally remained to the end of 
 his life. . . . The severe enforcement of 
 the laws of apprenticeship kept a man for- 
 ever in the particular pursuit for which he 
 had served seven years of dreary education. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 48. 
 
 2767. IMPULSE, Success by. Sylla writes in 
 his Commentaries that his instantaneous resolu- 
 tions and enterprises, executed in a manner dif- 
 ferent from wh^t he had intended, always suc- 
 ceeded better than those on which he bestowed 
 
INAUGURATION— INCONSISTENCY. 
 
 329 
 
 the most time and forethought. It is plain too 
 from that saying of his, that he was born 
 rather for fortune than war, that he attributed 
 more to fortune than to valor. — Plutakch's 
 Sylla. 
 
 276§. INAXTGUEATION, Joyful. Washington's. 
 When all was hushed into silence, Washington 
 again rose, and came forward, and stood in view 
 of ail the people, with the Vice-President on his 
 right and Chancellor Livingston, wlio was to 
 administer the oath, on the left. When the 
 chancellor was about to begin, the secretary 
 of the Senate held up the Bible on its crimson 
 cushion ; and while the oath was read, Washing- 
 ton laid his hand upon the open book. When 
 the reading was finished, he said, with great so- 
 lemnity of manner, " I swear ; so help me God !" 
 After which he bowed and kissed the book. 
 The chancellor then, waving his hand toward 
 the people, cried out, " Long live George Wash- 
 ington, President of the United States !" — Cy- 
 clopedia OP Bigg., cli. 20. 
 
 2769. INAUGURATION, Mystic. Togrul. 
 [The Sultan of Turkey.] After the chastise- 
 ment of the guilty and the restoration of peace, 
 the royal shepherd accepted the reward of his 
 labors ; and a solemn comedy represented the 
 triumph of religious prejudice over barbarian 
 power. The Turkish sultan embarked on the 
 Tigris, landed at the gate of Racca, and made 
 his public entry on horseback. At the palace- 
 gate he respectfully dismounted and walked on 
 foot, preceded by his emirs without arms. The 
 caliph [Cayem] was seated behind his black 
 veil ; the black garment of the Abbassides was 
 cast over his shoulders, and he held in his hand 
 the staff of the apostle of God. The conqueror of 
 the East kissed the ground, stood some time in a 
 modest posture, and was led toward the throne 
 by the vizier and aa interpreter. After Togrul 
 had seated himself on another throne, his com- 
 mission was publicly read, which declared him 
 the temporal lieutenant of the vicar of the 
 prophet. He was successively invested with 
 seven robes, seven climates of the Arabian em- 
 pire. His mystic veil was perfumed with musk ; 
 two crowns were placed on his head, two cime- 
 ters were girded to his side, as the symbols 
 of a double reign over the East and West. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 57, p. 510. 
 
 2770. INAUGUBATION, Simplicity of. TJmnas 
 Jefferson. The President-elect . . . was dressed in 
 plain cloth, which was very unusual at that 
 time, as we may see in old portraits. He came 
 out of his lodgings unattended, and mounted 
 his horse, which had been waiting for him be- 
 fore his door. He rode to the Capitol, unaccom- 
 panied by any friend, and without a servant, 
 and when he had reached the building he dis- 
 mounted without assistance, and with his own 
 hands tied the horse to a paling of the fence. 
 He was received at the steps of the Capitol by a 
 large number of his political friends, who abso- 
 lutely would not permit him to carry out his in- 
 tention of going alone to the senate-chamber to 
 take the oath of office. A kind of procession 
 was formed, and they walked together to the 
 apartment. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 353. 
 
 2771. INCAPACITY, Official. Bibulm. The 
 weather was wild. Even of transports he had 
 but enough to carry half his army in a single trip. 
 
 With such a prospect and with the knowledge 
 that if he reached Greece at all he would have to 
 land in the immediate neighborhood of Pompey's 
 enormous host, surprise has been expressed that 
 Caesar did not prefer to go round through Uly- 
 ria, keeping his legions together. But Caesar 
 had won many victories by appearing where he 
 was least expected. He liked well to descend 
 like a bolt out of the blue sky ; and for the 
 very reason that no ordinary person would un- 
 der such circumstances have thought of attempt- 
 ing the passage, he determined to ivy it. Long 
 marches exhausted the troops. In bad weather 
 the enemy's fleet preferred the harbors to the 
 open sea; and perhaps he had a further and special 
 ground of confidence in knowing that the officer 
 in charge at Corfu was his old acquaintance, 
 Bibulus — Bibulus, the fool of the aristocracy, 
 the butt of Cicero, who had failed in everything 
 which he had undertaken, and had been thanked 
 by Cato for his ill successes. Caesar knew the 
 men with whom he had to deal. He knew Pom- 
 pey's incapacity ; he knew Bibulus's incapacity. 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 22. 
 
 2772. INCENDIARY punished. Boman. After 
 the previous ceremony of whipping, he himself 
 was delivered to the flames ; and in his exam- 
 ple alone our reason is tempted to applaud the 
 justice of retaliation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, 
 p. 372. 
 
 2773. INCONSISTENCY of Character. Pity. 
 To a point of honor Motassem, the Mohammedan 
 general, had sacrificed a flourishing city, two 
 hundred thousand lives, and the property of 
 millions. The same caliph descended from his 
 horse and dirtied his robe to relieve the distress 
 of a decrepit old man, who, with his laden ass, 
 had tumbled into a ditch. On which of these 
 actions did he reflect with the most pleasure 
 when he was summoned by the angel of death ? 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, p. 320. 
 
 2774. INCONSISTENCY, Christian. Effe c t. 
 [The Emperor Julian is known in history as 
 " the Apostate."] The cause of his strange and 
 fatal apostasy may be derived from the early 
 period of his life, when he was left an orphan 
 in the hands of the murderers of his family. 
 The names of Christ and of Constantius, the ideas 
 of slavery and of religion, were soon associated 
 in a youthful imagination, which was suscep- 
 tible of the most liv^ely impressions. [Constan- 
 tius murdered his father and mother and im- 
 prisoned him during his youth.] — Gebbon's 
 Rome, ch. 23, p. 410. 
 
 2775. INCONSISTENCY, Disgraceful. William 
 Penn. [See No. 1842.] Then Penn tried a 
 gentler tone. He had an interview with Hough 
 and with some of the fellows, and, after many 
 professions of sympathy and friendship, began 
 to hint at a compromise. The king could not 
 bear to be crossed. The college must give way. 
 Parker must be admitted . But he was in very bad 
 health. All his preferments would soon be va- 
 cant. " How should you like," said Penn, " to 
 see Doctor Hough Bishop of Oxford ?" Penn 
 had passed his life in declaiming against a hire- 
 ling ministry. He held that he was bound to 
 refuse the payment of tithes, and this even when 
 he had bought land chargeable with tithes, and 
 had been allowed the value of the tithes in the 
 purchase-money. According to his own prin 
 
330 
 
 INCONSISTENCY— INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 ciples, he would have committed a great sin if 
 he had interfered for the purpose of obtaining 
 a benefice on the most honorable terms for the 
 most pious divine. Yet to such a degree had 
 his manners been coiTupted by evil communica- 
 tions, and his understanding obscured by inor- 
 dinate zeal for a single object, that he did not 
 scruple to become a broker in simony of a pecu- 
 liarly discreditable kind, and to use a bishopric 
 as a bait to tempt a divine to perjury. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 275. 
 
 2776. INCONSISTENCY by Self-interest. Sam- 
 uel Johnson. Having defined the word pension 
 as "pay given to a State hireling for treason to 
 his country," he himself became a pensioner ; 
 and . . . with small hire ... set about the 
 task of his work-masters. In a tract called 
 " Taxation no Tyranny," he echoed to the crowd 
 [the wishes of the ministry against America]. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 24. 
 
 2777. INCEEASE, Ineffective. Gem-ge in. 
 A.D. 1775. [He was determined to crush the 
 opposition of the American colonies.] When he 
 announced that a numerous body of German 
 troops was to join the British forces, [the Duke 
 of] Grafton [keeper of the privy seal] answered 
 earnestly : " Your Majesty will find too late 
 that twice the number will only increase the 
 disgrace, and never effect the purpose." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 51. 
 
 2778. INDECISION of Timidity. Conspirator. 
 [Gaston of Orleans and Count de Soissons en- 
 tered into a conspiracy against the life of Rich- 
 elieu.] The unsuspecting minister descended 
 the staircase surrounded by the conspirators, 
 and at this moment his fate hung upon a thread. 
 But Gaston's nerve failed him : he hesitated to 
 give the appointed signal ; the rest dared not 
 strike without his orders ; they separated, and 
 the cardinal escaped. — Students' France, ch. 
 19, § 12. 
 
 2779. INDECISION in Wrong-doing. James 
 II. [The clergy had generally refused to read the 
 king's anti-Protestant manifesto.] Even the king 
 stood aghast for a moment at the violence of the 
 tempest which he had raised. What step was 
 he to take next ? He must either advance or 
 recede ; and it was impossible to advance with- 
 out peril, or to recede without humiliation. At 
 one moment he determined to put forth a second 
 order, enjoining the clergy in high and angry 
 terms to publish his declaration, and menacing 
 every one who should be refractory with instant 
 suspension. This order was drawn up and sent 
 to the press, then recalled, then a second time 
 sent to the press, then recalled a second time. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 328. 
 
 27§0. INDEPENDENCE, American. Samuel 
 Adams. [The governor of Massachusetts, in 
 October, 1773, wrote Lord Dartmouth, the co- 
 lonial secretary, that Samuel Adams] was the 
 first person that openly and in any public as- 
 sembly declared for a total independence. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 22, p. 337. 
 
 27§1 . INDEPENDENCE, Childish. Toung Sam- 
 uel Johnson. One day when the servant who 
 used to be sent to school to conduct him home 
 not having come in time, he set out by himself, 
 though he was then so near-sighted that he was 
 obliged to stoop on his hands and knees to take 
 
 a view of the kennel before he ventured to step 
 over it. His schoolmistress, afraid that he might 
 miss his way or fall into the kennel, or be run 
 over by a cart, followed him at some distance. 
 He happened to turn about and perceive her. 
 Feeling her careful attention as an insult to his 
 manliness, he ran back to her in a rage, and 
 beat her as well as his strength would permit. 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 5. 
 
 27§2. INDEPENDENCE, Declaration of. Am- 
 erican. Thus, on the 4th of July, was com- 
 pleted what has been not unjustly termed "the 
 most memorable public document which his- 
 tory records." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 23, 
 p. 367. 
 
 2783. . Congress. August 3, 1776. 
 
 The members of Congress, having no army 
 but a transient one, no confederation, no treas- * 
 ury, no supplies of materials of war, signed 
 the Declaration of Independence, which had 
 been engrossed on parchment. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 2. 
 
 2784. INDEPENDENCE defeated. Canadian. 
 In the latter part of 1837 there was an insurrection 
 in Canada. A portion of the people, dissatisfied 
 with the British Government, broke out in revolt, 
 and attempted to establish their independence. 
 The insurgents found much sympathy and en- 
 couragement in the United States. . . . Seven] 
 hundred men [from New York] seized andj 
 fortified Navy Island, in the Niagara River. The 
 loyalists of Canada attempted to capture the! 
 place, and failed. They succeeded, however, in | 
 firing the Caroline, the supply-ship of the ad- 
 venturers, cut her moorings, and sent the burn- 
 ing vessel over Niagara Falls. . . . The President \ 
 [Van Buren] issued a proclamation of neutrality, 
 forbidding interference with the affairs of Can- 1 
 ada. The New York insurgents on Navy Island ] 
 were obliged to surrender, and order was re-l 
 stored. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 55, p. 438. 
 
 2785. INDEPENDENCE determined. Alger- 
 non Sidney. While hunting with Louis XIV. 
 ... in a royal park near Paris, . . . the king \ 
 was so captivated by the stranger's horse that 
 he determined to possess it, and sent a messen- 
 ger to ask the owner to name the price and 
 deliver the animal. This was the king's way : 
 of buying anything upon which he had fixed 
 covetous eyes, and no one ever presumed to 
 refuse him. But this Englishman, to the sur- 
 prise of the messenger, and to the great irrita- 
 tion of the king, replied to the proposal that 
 his horse was not for sale. The haughty mon- 
 arch caused a liberal price for a horse to be 
 counted out, and sent it to the Englishman, with 
 a positive order to accept the same and surrender 
 the animal. An exile from his native land, 
 where, at that bad time, there was no justice for 
 such as he, where king and ministers were the 
 paid servants of the French monarch, he seemed 
 to have no clioice but to obey. But this was a 
 man of the heroic type. He drew a pistol, and 
 shot the horse through the head, sajing: "My 
 horse was born a free creature, has served a free 
 man, and shall not be mastered by a king of 
 slaves." There you have Algernon Sidney, the 
 blunt, brave, noble-minded Republican, among 
 the first of his time and country who clearly 
 understood the rights of man and the just foun- 
 dation of human government — the forerunner 
 
INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 331 
 
 of our Jeiferson and Madison. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 807. 
 
 27§6. INDEPENDENCE, Domestic. Washing- 
 ton's Mother. George Wasliington asked her to 
 come and live with him at Mount Vernon. " I 
 thank you, George," she said, "but I prefer 
 being independent. " And so to the last she lived 
 in her own plain farmhouse, and superintended 
 the culture of her own acres, not disdaining to 
 labor with her own hands. When Lafayette 
 visited her he found her at work in her garden, 
 with her old sun-bonnet on, and she came in to 
 see him, saying, " I would not pay you so 
 poor a compliment, marquis, as to stay to change 
 my dress." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 11. 
 
 2787. INDEPENDENCE, Ministerial. Meth- 
 odists. [In 1796 Dr. Coke presided at the session 
 of the Methodist Conference held at Baltimore ; 
 and one of the striking features of this good 
 Englishman's character was, that he was impa- 
 tient of contradiction, and not wholly insensible 
 to his own personal importance. He had on 
 this occasion introduced some proposition which 
 seemed to some of the preachers a little dictato- 
 rial ; and one of them, an Irishman, by the 
 name of Mathews, . . . sprung to his feet, and 
 cried out," Popery ! Popery ! Popery!" Dr. Coke 
 rebuked the impulsive rudeness of Mathews. 
 While the conference was now in a state of 
 great suspense and agitation. Dr. Coke seized 
 the paper containing his own resolution, and 
 tearing it up, not in the most moderate manner, 
 looked round upon the preachers, and said, 
 " Do you think yourselves equal to me ?" Nel- 
 son Reed instantly arose, and said : " Dr. Coke 
 has asked whether we think ourselves equal to 
 him ; I answer. Yes ; we do think ourselves equal 
 to him, notwithstanding he was educated at Ox- 
 ford, and has been honored with the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws ; and more than that, we think 
 ourselves equal to Dr. Coke's king." [The doc- 
 tor saw his error, and asked pardon.] — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 2, p. 70. 
 
 27§§. INDEPENDENCE, Natural. Julius Cce- 
 mr Caesar was now eighteen, his daughter Julia 
 having been lately born. He had seen his 
 party ruined, his father-in-law and young Mari- 
 us killed, and his nearest friends dispersed or 
 murdered. . , . The dictator had his eye on him, 
 and Sylla had seen something in ' ' the youth 
 with the loose girdle" which struck him as re- 
 markable. Closely connected though Caesar 
 was both with Cinna and Marius, Sylla did not 
 wish to kill him if he could help it. There was 
 a cool calculation in his cruelties. . . . Making 
 a favor perhaps of his clemency, he proposed to 
 Caesar to break with his liberal associates, divorce 
 Cinna's daughter, and take such a wife as he 
 would himself provide. If Pompey had com- 
 plied, who had made a position of his own, 
 much more might it be expected that Caesar 
 would comply. Yet Caesar answered with a 
 distinct and unhesitating refusal. The terrible 
 Sylla, in the fulness of his strength, after deso- 
 lating lialf the homes in Italy, after revolution- 
 izing all Roman society, from the peasant's cot- 
 tage in the Apennines to the senate-house itself, 
 was defied by a mere boy ! Throughout his ca- 
 reer Caesar displayed always a singular indiffer- 
 ence to life. He had no sentimental passion 
 aboTxt him, no Byronic mock-heroics. He had 
 
 not much belief either in God or the gods. On 
 all such questions he observed from first to last 
 a profound silence. But one conviction he had. 
 He intended, if he was to live at all, to live mas- 
 ter of himself in matters which belonged to him- 
 self. Sylla might kill him if he so pleased. It 
 was better to die than to put away a wife who 
 was the mother of his child, and to marry some 
 other woman at a dictator's bidding. Life on 
 such terms was not worth keeping. — Frgude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 8. 
 
 2789. INDEPENDENCE necessary. Archbish- 
 op Anselrn. The boldness of Anselm's attitude 
 not only broke the tradition of ecclesiastical 
 servitude, but infused through the nation at 
 large a new spirit of independence. The real 
 character of the strife appears in the primate's 
 answer when his remonstrances against the law- 
 less exactions from the church were met by a 
 demand for a present on his own promotion, and 
 his first offer of £500 was contemptuously re- 
 fused. "Treat me as a free man," Anselm replied, 
 "and I devote myself and all that I have to 
 your service ; but if you treat me as a slave you 
 shall have neither me nor mine." A burst of the 
 red king's [William] fury drove the archbishop 
 from court, and he finally decided to quit the 
 country ; but his example had not been lost, and 
 the close of William's reign found a new spirit of 
 freedom in England with which the greatest of 
 the conqueror's sons was glad to make terms. — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 116. 
 
 2 790. INDEPENDENCE proclaimed. American. 
 On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of 
 Virginia, offered a resolution in Congress declar- 
 ing that the united colonies are and of right ought 
 to be free and independent States ; that they 
 are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown ; and that all political connection between 
 them and Great Britain is and ought to be dis- 
 solved. A long and exciting debate ensued. . . . 
 On the 1st of July Lee's resolution was taken 
 up, and at the same time the committee's report 
 was laid before Congress. On the next day the 
 original resolution was adopted. During the 
 3d the formal declaration was debated with 
 great spirit. . . . The discussion was resumed on 
 the 4th, and at two o'clock in the afternoon of 
 that memorable day the Declaration of Amer- 
 ican Independence was adopted by a unani 
 mous vote. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 39, p. 309. 
 
 2791. INDEPENDENCE, Profitless. Samuet 
 Johnson. [The Crown bestowed on him a pen- 
 sion.] I talked of the numerous reflections which 
 had been thrown out against him on account of 
 his having accepted a pension from his present 
 Majesty. " Why, sir," said he, with a hearty 
 laugh, "it is a mighty foolish noise that they 
 make. I have accepted of a pension as a reward 
 which has been thought due to my literary mer- 
 it ; and now that I have this pension, I am the 
 same man in every respect that I have ever 
 been ; I retain the same principles. It is true 
 that I cannot now curse" (smiling) ' ' the House of 
 Hanover ; nor would it be decent for me to 
 drink King James' health in the wine that King 
 George gives me money to pay for. But, sir, 
 I think that the pleasure of cursing the House 
 of Hanover and drinking King James' health 
 are amply overbalanced by £300 a year."— Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 119. 
 
332 
 
 INDEPENDENCE— INDULGENCE. 
 
 2792. DTDEPENDENCE.Seligious. Cromwell's 
 Time. They held the Presbyterians in as great 
 abhorrence as those of the Church of England. 
 They pretended to immediate inspiration from 
 heaven ; rejected all ecclesiastical establish- 
 ments ; disdained all creeds and systems of be- 
 lief ; and, despising every distinction of govern- 
 ors and governed, held all men — king, nobility, 
 and commons — to be upon a level of equality. 
 Of this sect Cromwell was one of the chief 
 leaders. He was a person of a rude and uncul- 
 tivated, but very superior genius — a man whose 
 peculiar dexterity lay in discovering the charac- 
 ters and taking advantage of the weaknesses of 
 mankind. He was in religion at once an enthu- 
 siast and a hypocrite ; in political matters, both 
 a leveller and a tyrant ; and in common life, 
 cautious, subtle, and circumspect ; at the same 
 time he was daring and impetuous. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 406. 
 
 2793. INDIFFEEENCE, Cruel. Julms Ccesar. 
 They were expected to decorate the city with 
 new ornaments and to entertain the people with 
 magnificent spectacles. If they fell short of 
 public expectation, they need look no further 
 for the suffrages of their many-headed master. 
 .... Caesar, either more ambitious or less con- 
 fident in his services, raised a new and costly 
 row of columns in front of the Capitol. He 
 built a temple for the Dioscuri, and he charmed 
 the populace with a show of gladiators unusu- 
 ally extensive. Personally he cared nothing for 
 these sanguinary exhibitions, and he displayed his 
 indifference ostentatiously by reading or writing 
 while the butchery was going forward. But he 
 required the favor of the multitude, and then, 
 as always, took the road which led most directly 
 to his end. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 11. 
 
 2794. INDIFFERENCE, Eeligious. Charles II. 
 Charles [II.] was a heartless voluptuary, and 
 selfish in his craving for ease and pleasure. Se- 
 cretly a Papist, openly a scoffer, Episcopalian, 
 Presbyterian, or Independent might harass each 
 other, so that Charles was quiet. — Knight's 
 Eng.,vo1. 4, ch. 14, p. 234. 
 
 2795. INDIGNATION expressed. Patriots to 
 a Tory. a.d. 1774. The people of Plymouth 
 were grieved that George Watson, their respect- 
 ed townsman, was willing [to be a member of 
 the Tory council appointed in Massachusetts by 
 Governor Gates]. . . . On the first Lord's day 
 after his purpose was known, as soon as he took 
 his seat in meeting, his neighbors and friends 
 put on their hats before the congregation and 
 walked out of the house. The extreme public 
 indignity was more than he could bear. As they 
 passed his pew, he hid his face by bending his 
 head over his cane, and determined to resign. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 8. 
 
 2796. INDIGNITY deserved. Juba. Before 
 he was praetor he was engaged in defending 
 Masintha, a young Numidian prince, who had 
 suffered some injury from Hiempsal, the father 
 of Juba. Juba himself came to Rome on the 
 occasion, bringing with him the means of influ- 
 encing the judges which Jugurtha had found 
 so effective. Caesar in his indignation seized 
 Juba by the beard in court. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 28. 
 
 2797. INDISCRETION, Destructive. Passion. 
 [The Emperor Valentinian drew his sword — the 
 
 first sword he ever drew — and plunged it in the 
 breast of ^tius, the general who had saved his 
 empire but excited his envy.] The emperor was 
 confounded by the honest reply of a Roman, 
 whose approbation he had not disdained to 
 solicit. " I am ignorant, sir, of your motives or 
 provocations ; I only know that you have acted 
 like a man who cuts off his right hand with his 
 left." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35, p. 455. 
 
 279§. INDISCRETION, Pre-eminent. Bishop 
 Burnet. Burnet was allowed by his friends and 
 admirers to be the most officious and indiscreet 
 of mankind ; but the sagacious prince perceived 
 that this pushing, talkative divine, who was al- 
 ways blabbing secrets, asking impertinent ques- 
 tions, obtruding unasked advice, was neverthe- 
 less an upright, courageous, and able man, well 
 acquainted with the temper and the views of 
 British sects and factions. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 7, p. 165. 
 
 2799. INDULGENCE, Constitutional. Samuel 
 Johnson. [He engaged to translate " A Voyage 
 to Abyssinia" from the French into English. 
 He began, and the printer] was set to work with 
 what was ready, and Johnson engaged to sup- 
 ply the press with copy as it should be wanted \ 
 but his constitutional indolence soon prevailed, 
 and the work was at a stand. Mr. Hector, who 
 knew that a motive of humanity would be the 
 most prevailing argument with his friend, Avent 
 to Johnson, and represented to him that the 
 printer could have no other employment till this 
 undertaking was finished, and that the poor man 
 and his family were suffering. Johnson upon 
 this exerted the powers of his mind, though his 
 body was relaxed. He lay in bed with the 
 book, which was a quarto, before him, and dic- 
 tated while Hector wrote. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 17. 
 
 2§00. INDULGENCE given to Sin. Penance. 
 [During the time of Charlemagne the more ordi- 
 nary offences of fornication and adultery, of 
 perjury and sacrilege, of rapine and murder, 
 were expiated by a penance, which, accordingto 
 the various circumstances, was prolonged from 
 forty days to seven years.] A literal accomplish- 
 ment of penance was indeed impracticable : the 
 guilt of adultery was multiplied by daily repeti- 
 tion ; that of homicide might involve the mas- 
 sacre of a whole people ; each act was separate- 
 ly numbered ; and in those times of anarchy 
 and vice a modest sinner might easily incur a 
 debt of three hundred years. His insolvency was 
 relieved by a commutation, or indulgence ; a year 
 of penance was appreciated at twenty-six soUdi of 
 silver, about £4 sterling, for the rich ; at 3 solidi, 
 or 9s. , for the indigent ; and these alms were 
 soon appropriated to the use of the church, 
 which derived, from the redemption of sins, an 
 inexhaustible source of opulence and dominion. 
 A debt of three hundred years, or £1200, was 
 enough to impoverish a plentiful fortune ; the 
 scarcity of gold and silver was supplied by the 
 alienation of land ; and the princely donations 
 of Pepin and Charlemagne are expressly given 
 for the remedy of their soul. It is a maxim of 
 the civil law that whosoever cannot pay with 
 his purse must pay with his body ; and the 
 practice of flagellation was adopted by the 
 monks, a cheap though painful equivalent. By 
 a fantastic arithmetic, a year of penance was 
 
INDULGENCES— INDUSTRY, 
 
 333 
 
 taxed at three thousand lashes ; and such was 
 the skill and patience of a famous hermit, St. 
 Dominic of the Iron Cuirass, that in six days he 
 could discharge an entire century by a whip- 
 ping of three hundred thousand stripes. His 
 example was followed by many penitents of 
 both sexes ; and, as a vicarious sacrifice was ac- 
 cepted, a sturdy disciplinarian might expiate on 
 his own back the sins of his benefactors. These 
 compensations of the purse and the person in- 
 troduced, in the eleventh century, a more honora- 
 ble mode of satisfaction. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 58, p. 54. 
 
 2§01. INDULGENCES, Cargo of. Papal. [In 
 1593 Thomas White, of London, captured in a 
 Spanish vessel two millions of papal bulls for 
 indulgences.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 17, 
 p. 267. 
 
 2§02. INDULGENCES, Papal. Tetzel. The form 
 of the absolution issued by Tetzel was as fol- 
 lows : "I absolve thee from all ecclesiastical 
 censures, and from all thy sins, how enormous 
 soever ; and by this plenary indulgence I remit 
 thee all manner of punishment which thou ought- 
 est to suffer in purgatory. And I restore thee to 
 the sacraments of the church, and to that inno- 
 cence and purity which thou hadst at thy bap- 
 tism ; so as, at death, the gates of hell shall be 
 shut against thee, and the gates of paradise shall 
 be laid open to receive thee. In the name of the 
 Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. 
 Amen." — Keith's Hist, of Scotland, Introd., p. 4. 
 — Note in Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, 
 p. 291. 
 
 2§0:j. INDULGENCES, Sale of. Church-build^ 
 in[j. A project had likewise been set on foot by 
 his predecessor, Julius II., which Leo keenly 
 adopted, and which required a prodigious sum 
 of money to carry it into execution. This was 
 the building of St. Peter's Church at Rome, a 
 fabric which it was intended should surpass all 
 the magnificent structures that had ever been 
 reared by the art of man. For the construction 
 of this noble edifice, and to supply the luxuries 
 of his court, Leo X. had recourse (to use an ex- 
 pression of Voltaire) to one of the keys of St. 
 Peter, to open the coffers of Christians. Under 
 the pretence of a crusade against the Turks, he 
 instituted through all Christendom a sale of in- 
 dulgences, or releases from the pains of purga- 
 tory, which a pious man might purchase for a 
 small sum of money either for himself or for his 
 friends. Public offices were appointed for the 
 sale of them in every town, and they were farmed 
 or leased out to the keepers of taverns and bag- 
 nios. Their efficacy was proclaimed by all the 
 preachers, who maintained that the most atro- 
 cious offences against religion might be expiated 
 and forgiven by the purchase of a remission. A 
 Dominican friar of the name of Tetzel, a princi- 
 pal agent in this extraordinary and most abomi- 
 nable merchandise, was wont to repeat in his 
 public orations this blasphemous assertion, 
 "That he himself had saved more souls from 
 hell by these indulgences than St. Peter had 
 converted to Christianity by his preaching." — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, p. 291. 
 
 2§04. INDUSTRY, Education in. Samuel John- 
 son. At the inn where we dined the gentlewom- 
 an said that she had done her best to educate 
 her children ; and, particularly, that she had 
 
 never suffered them to be a moment idle. John- 
 son : "I wish, madam, you would educate me 
 too, for I have been an idle fellow all my life." 
 " I am sure, sir," said she, "you have not been 
 idle." Johnson : " Nay, madam, it is very true ; 
 and that gentleman there" (pointing to me) ' ' has 
 been idle. He was idle at Edinburgh. His fa- 
 ther sent him to Glasgow, where he continued to 
 be idle. He then came to London, where he lias 
 been very idle ; and now he is going to Utrecht, 
 where he will be as idle as ever." I asked him 
 privately how he could expose me so. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 129. 
 
 2§05. INDUSTRY, Exposition of. Timour. 
 [About A.D. 1400 Timour gathered at his capi- 
 tal all the officers and chief men for a national 
 council. When assembled] there was an exhibi- 
 tion of all the industry, of all the arts, and all 
 the trades of the world, as far as subject to the 
 laws of the Khan. The most expert artisans 
 displayed there the master-works of their profes- 
 sions ; in their shops they erected trophies, arch- 
 es of flowers to represent the victories, wherein 
 they showed superior skill in the refinements of 
 their various trades. The jewellers exhibited 
 necklaces of pearls and precious stones, princi- 
 pally mbies, grenadines, and sapphires, with an 
 infinity of pieces of rock crystal, of coral and of 
 agate. A vast amphitheatre was erected for the 
 ladies, in front of which played the musicians, 
 with all the species of amusements. There was 
 also an amphitheatre assigned to all the trades, 
 and containing thus a hundred compartments. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 365. 
 
 2S06. INDUSTRY, Happiness by. English. 
 [Early in the eighteenth century] the greater 
 number of fashionable women "spent their hours 
 in an indolent state of body and mind, with- 
 out either recreations or reflections." Stimu- 
 lants, if we may believe the censor, were some- 
 times resorted to : " Palestris, in her drawing- 
 room, is supported by spirits, to keep off the re- 
 turn of spleen and melancholy, before she can 
 get over half the day, for want of something to 
 do ; while the wench in the kitchen sings and 
 scours from morning to night." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, p. 418. 
 
 2807. INDUSTRY misapplied. Jamestoim Col- 
 orm. The kind of industry which Smith had 
 encouraged in the colony was now laughed at. 
 As soon as the weather would permit . . . [the 
 colonists] began to stroll about the country dig- 
 ging for gold. In a bank of sand , . . some 
 glittering particles were found, and the whole 
 settlement was in a blaze of excitement. Martin 
 [a member of council] ... in imagination saw 
 himself loaded with wealth and honored with 
 a peerage. [Another member] . . . having fill- 
 ed up one of his ships with the supposed gold- 
 dust, then sailed up the James River to find the 
 Pacific Ocean. Fourteen weeks of the precious 
 springtime, that ought to have been given to 
 ploughing and planting, were consumed in this 
 stupid nonsense. Even the Indians ridiculed 
 the madness of the men who for imaginary grains 
 of gold were wasting their chances for a crop of 
 corn. — Ridpath's U. S. , ch. 9, p. 102. 
 
 280§. INDUSTRY, Proof of. Calloused Hands. 
 [The persecutors of the Christians during the 
 reign of Trajan found] the grandsons of St. Jude 
 the apostle, who himself was the brother of Jesus 
 
334 
 
 INDUSTRY—INFANTS. 
 
 Christ. Their natural pretensions to the throne 
 of David might perhaps attract the respect of the 
 people, and excite the jealousy of the govern- 
 or. .. . When they were examined concerning 
 their fortune and occupation, they showed their 
 hands, hardened with daily labor, and declared 
 that they derived their whole subsistence from the 
 cultivation of a farm near the village of Cocaba, 
 of the extent of about twenty-four English acres, 
 and of the value of 9000 drachms, or £300 
 sterling. The grandsons of St. Jude were dis- 
 missed with compassion and contempt. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 24. 
 
 2809. INDUSTRY, Eeport of. Egyptians. 
 [The law] of Amasis ordained every individual 
 to appear annually before a particular magistrate 
 and give an account of his profession and the 
 manner in which he acquired his subsistence. 
 A capital punishment, it is said, was decreed 
 against the person who could not show that he 
 procured it by honest means. We shall observe 
 a similar treatment of the Athenian republic. 
 — Tytlek's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 38. 
 
 2S10. INDUSTRY sacrificed to Pride. Charles 
 I. [During the reign of Charles I.] all shops in 
 Cheapside and Lombard Street, except those of 
 the goldsmiths, were commanded to be shut up, 
 that the great avenue to the cathedral might not 
 exhibit any trace of vulgar industries, and that 
 when foreigners went to see the Lord Mayor's 
 procession, they might not be offended by butch- 
 ers' stalls and "fripperies." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 425. 
 
 2§ 1 1 . INDUSTRY, Standard of. Leathern 
 Apr'on. [While Timour, the conquering Tartar,] 
 was wintering at the foot of the Caucasus and 
 inviting whole populations to his gigantic hunt- 
 ing parties, those images of the pleasures of 
 Tartary, Ispahan, occupied by the rear guard of 
 his army, arose at the drum sound of a patriotic 
 blacksmith, who hoisted as a standard his leath- 
 ern apron. At his voice the Persians massacred 
 3000 Tartars, and delivered the city from their 
 oppressors. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 311. 
 
 2§12. INDUSTRY, Virtue by. Corrective. It 
 was reported by Hannibal that, in order to pre- 
 serve his troops from the dangerous temptations 
 of idleness, he had obliged them to form large 
 plantations of olive trees along the coast *of 
 Africa. From a similar principle, Probus exer- 
 cised his legions in covering with rich vineyards 
 the hills of Gaul and Pannonia, and two consider- 
 able spots are described, which were entirely 
 dug and planted by military labor. . . . One of 
 these ... by converting into tillage a large and 
 unhealthy tract of marshy ground .... An army 
 thus employed constituted perhaps the most use- 
 ful as well as the bravest portion of Roman 
 subjects. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 385. 
 
 2§1 3. INEXPERIENCE, Mistakes from. Be- 
 
 treat. [At the beginning of the civil war the 
 Parliament's troops were defeated in a skirmish 
 at Worcester. A witness says:] " The lieuten- 
 ant commanded us to wheel about ; but our 
 gentlemen, not yet well understanding the dif- 
 ference between wheeling about and shifting for 
 themselves, their backs being toward the enemy 
 whom they now thought to be close in the rear, 
 retired to the army in a very dishonorable man- 
 ner." — Knight's" Eng., vol. 4, ch. 1, p. 3. 
 
 2814. INEXPERIENCE, Presumption of. 
 
 Youth, ^milius having joined Nasica, marched 
 in good order against the Macedonians. But 
 when he saw the disposition and number of 
 their forces he was astonished, and stood still to 
 consider what was proper to be done. Hereupon 
 the young officers, eager for the engagement, and 
 particularly Nasica, flushed with his success at 
 Mount Olympus, pressed up to him, and begged 
 of him to lead them forward without delay. 
 Emilias only smiled and said, " My friend, if I 
 was of your age I should certainly do so ; but 
 the many victories I have gained have made me 
 observe the errors of the vanquished, and forbid 
 me to give battle immediately after a march to 
 an army well drawn up, and every way pre- 
 pared." — Plutarch's ^milius. 
 
 2815. INEXPERIENCE removed. By Loss. 
 " Were you ever in a battle ?" asked the Prince 
 of Conde of the young Duke of Gloucester, son 
 of Charles I., who had joined him as a volunteerj 
 [to engage in the battle of " the Downs," before 
 Dunkirk]. The prince answered in the nega 
 five. " Well," returned Conde, inltated by the 
 incapacity and obstinacy of the Spaniards, " ii 
 the course of half an hour you will see us los 
 one." His words were fully verified ; the Spanj 
 ish army was totally overthrown, and dispersed 
 in all directions. — Students' France, ch. 20,| 
 §10. 
 
 2816. INFAMY posthumous. Roman Empero 
 Commodus. [After his assassination the] mem| 
 ory of Commodus was branded with eternal inl 
 famy. The names of tyrant, of gladiator, ol 
 public enemy, resounded in every corner of the 
 house. They decreed in tumultuous votes tha| 
 his honors should be reversed, his titles erasec 
 from the public monuments, his statues thro\ 
 down, his body dragged with a hook into i\vi 
 stripping-room of the gladiators, to satiate the 
 public fury ; and they expressed some indigna 
 tion against those officious servants who had all 
 ready presumed to screen his remains from the 
 justice of the Senate. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. ij 
 p. 118. 
 
 2817. INFAMY, Stain of. Frenchtmm, Lnd^ 
 ana. The Americans were suddenly assaileO 
 by . . . 1005 British and Indians under com| 
 mand of General Proctor. A severe battle wa 
 fought. . . . General Winchester having beel 
 taken by the enemy, advised his forces to ca 
 pitulate under a pledge of protection given bj 
 Proctor and his subordinates. As soon as the sur^l 
 render was made the British general went off at i 
 rapid rate to return to Maiden. The America 
 wounded were left to the mercy of the savages^ 
 who at once began their work with tomahawl 
 and scalping-knife and torch. The two house 
 into which most of the wounded had been crowdij 
 ed were fired, while the painted barbarians stood 
 around them and hurled back into the flame 
 whoever attempted to escape. The rest of the 
 prisoners were dragged away, through untolc 
 sufferings, to Detroit. . . . This shameful cam-l 
 paign has fixed on the name of Proctor the in| 
 delible stain of infamy. — Ridpath's U. S., chf 
 50, p. 400. 
 
 2818. INFANTS in Heaven. Swedenborg. Ai 
 soon as infants are raised from the dead, which* 
 takes place immediately after decease, they are 
 carried up into heaven, and delivered to the care 
 
INFATUATION— INFIDELITY. 
 
 335 
 
 of angels of the female sex, who in the life of 
 the body loved infants tenderly, and at the 
 same time loved God. By these good angels 
 they are educated and brought up until they at- 
 tain a suitable age, vrhen they are transferred to 
 other teachers. They grow up and become 
 young men and women ; are instructed in wis- 
 dom and trained in the duties of the heavenly 
 life ; and when their character is fully devel- 
 oped they become settled in some society, either 
 of the cdestial or spiritual kingdom, in agree- 
 ment with their inherited genius or disposition. 
 — White's Swedenborg, ch. 13, p. 115. 
 
 2§I9. INFATUATION, Destructive. Nero. 
 
 Nero became deeply enamored of Poppaea Sa- 
 bina, the wife of his friend Otho, and one of the 
 most cruel and cold-blooded intriguers amid the 
 abandoned society of Roman matrons. Nero 
 was deeply smitten with her infantile features, 
 the soft complexion, which was preserved by 
 daily bathing in warm asses' milk, her assumed 
 modesty, her genial conversation and sprightly 
 wit. He was especially enchanted with her 
 soft, abundant hair, the envy of Roman beauties, 
 for which he invented the fantastic, and to Ro- 
 man writers the supremely ludicrous, epithet 
 of "amber tresses," From the day that he 
 first saw Poppaga a headlong deterioration is 
 traceable in his character. She established a 
 complete influence over him, and drove him by 
 her taunts and allurements to that crime which, 
 even among his many enormities, is the most 
 damning blot upon his character — the murder 
 of his mother. She lived in daily dread of 
 assassination. Her watchfulness evaded all at- 
 tempts at poisoning, and she was partly protect- 
 ed against them by the current fiction that she 
 had fortified herself by the use of antidotes. 
 Plots to murder her by the apparently accident- 
 al fall of the fretted roof in one of the chambers 
 of her villa were frustrated by the warning 
 which she received from her spies. At last 
 Anicetus, a freedman, admiral of the fleet at 
 Misenum, promised Nero to secure her end in an 
 unsuspicious manner by means of a ship which 
 should suddenly fall to pieces in mid-sea. Nero 
 invited her to a banquet at Baiae, which was to 
 be the sign of their public reconciliation. De- 
 clining, however, to sail in the pinnace which 
 had been surreptitiously fitted up for her use, 
 she was carried to her son's villa in her own lit- 
 ter. [The weighted canopy was made to fall, 
 but she escaped] . . . bolts were withdrawn, and 
 the ship fell to pieces, but she swam ashore, 
 and was soon afterward assassinated. — Farkak's 
 Early Days, p. 25. 
 
 2§20. INFATUATION of Pride. James II. 
 James was bent on ruining himself, and every 
 attempt to stop him only made him rush more 
 eagerly to his doom. When his throne was 
 secure, when his people were submissive, when 
 the most obsequious of Parliaments was eager 
 to anticipate all his reasonable wishes, when 
 foreign kingdoms and commonwealths paid 
 emulous court to him, when it depended only 
 on himself whether he would be the arbiter of 
 Christendom, he had stooped to be the slave and 
 the hireling of France. And now when, by a 
 series of crimes and follies, he had succeeded in 
 alienating his neighbors, his subjects, his sol- 
 
 self no refuge but the protection of France, he 
 was taken with a fit of pride, and determined 
 to assert his independence. That help which, 
 when he did not want it, he had accepted with 
 ignominious tears, he now, when it was indis- 
 pensable to him, threw contemptuously away. 
 Having been abject when he might, with pro- 
 priety, have been punctilious in maintaining his 
 dignity, he became ungratefully haughty at a 
 moment when haughtiness must bring on him at 
 once derision and ruin. He resented the friendly 
 intervention which might have saved him. Was 
 ever king so used ? Was he a child, or an idiot, 
 that others must think for him ? — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 9, p. 416. 
 
 2§21. INFECTION feared. Pest-field. On the 
 east was a field not to be passed without a shud- 
 der by any Londoner of that age. There, as in 
 a place far from the haunts of men, had been 
 dug, twenty years before, when the great plague 
 was raging, a pit into which the dead-carts had 
 nightly shot corpses by scores. It was popularly 
 believed that the earth was deeply tainted with 
 infection, and could not be disturbed without 
 imminent risk to human life. No foundations 
 were laid there till two generations had passed 
 without any return of the pestilence, and till the 
 ghastly spot had long been surrounded with 
 buildings. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 333. 
 
 2§22. INFERENCE, Mistakes of. Alexander. 
 One fact recorded by Strabo affords a very strik- 
 ing proof of the great ignorance of the ancients 
 with respect to the situation even of those king- 
 doms with which they had intercourse. When 
 Alexander the Great marched along the banks 
 of the Hydaspes and Acesina, two rivers which 
 fall into the Indus, he observed that there were 
 many crocodiles in those rivers, and that the 
 country produced beans of the same species 
 with those which were common in Egypt. From 
 these circumstances he concluded that he had 
 discovered the source of the Nile, and prepared 
 a fleet to sail down the Hydaspes into Egypt. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 17, p. 256. 
 
 2§23. INFIDELITY, Dishonest. SamuelJohn- 
 son. I told him that a foreign friend of his, 
 whom I had met with abroad, was so wretchedly 
 perverted to infidelity that he treated the hopes 
 of immortality with brutal levity, and said, "As 
 man dies like a dog, let him live like a dog." 
 Johnson: " If 'h.e, dies like a dog, let him lie 
 like a dog." I added that this man said to me, 
 " I hate mankind, for I think myself one of the 
 best of them, and I know how bad I am." John- 
 son : ' ' Sir, he must be very singular in his 
 opinion if he thinks himself one of the best of 
 men, for none of his friends think him so." 
 He said, " No honest man could be a Deist, for 
 no man could be so after a fair examination of 
 the proofs of Christianity." I named Hume. 
 Johnson : ' ' No, sir ; Hume owned to a clergy- 
 man in the bishopric of Durham that he had 
 never read the New Testament with attention." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 141. 
 
 2§24. INFIDELITY, Escape from. Benjamin 
 Franklin. The son of a rigid Calvinist, the 
 grandson of a tolerant Quaker, . . . sceptical 
 of tradition as the basis of faith, he respected 
 reason rather than authority, and after a mo- 
 mentary lapse into fatalism, escaping from the 
 
 diers, his sailors, his children, and had left him- I mazes of fixed decrees and free will, he gained 
 
336 
 
 INFIDELITY— INFIDELS. 
 
 with increasing years an increasing trust in the 
 overruling providence of God. Adhering to 
 none "of all the religions" in the colonies, he 
 yet devoutly, though without form, adhered 
 to religion. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 2825. INFIDELITY, Leader in. Voltaire. In 
 an age of scepticism he was the prince of scof- 
 fers ; when philosophy hovered round saloons, 
 he excelled in reflecting the brilliantly licentious 
 mind of the intelligent aristocracy. His great 
 works were written in retirement, but he was 
 himself the spoiled child of society. He sunned 
 himself in its light, and dazzled it by concentrat- 
 ing its rays. He was its idol, and courted its 
 idolatry. . . . The complacent courtier of sov- 
 ereigns and ministers, he could even stand and 
 wait for smiles at the toilet of the French king's 
 mistress, or prostrate himself in flattery before 
 the Semiramis of the north ; willing to shut his 
 eyes on the sorrows of the masses, if the great 
 would but favor men of letters. . . . He praised 
 George I. of England as a sage and a hero, who 
 ruled the world by his virtues ; . . . when the 
 French king took a prostitute for a mistress, . . . 
 extolled the monarch's mistress as an adorable 
 Egeria. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 2. 
 
 2§26. INFIDELITY, Metaphysical. Unnat- 
 ural. Atheism is a folly of the metaphysi- 
 cian, not the folly of human nature. Of sav- 
 age life, Roger Williams declared that he had 
 never found one native American who denied 
 the existence of God ; in civilized life, when it 
 was said of the court of Frederick that the place 
 of king's atheist was vacant, the gibe was felt as 
 the most biting sarcasm. Infidelity gains the 
 victory when she wrestles with hypocrisy or 
 with superstition, but never when its antagonist 
 is reason. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 2§2r. INFIDELITY, Peril of. Sa?)iuel John- 
 son. Hume and other sceptical innovators are 
 vain men, and will gratify themselves at any 
 expense. Truth will not afford sufficient food 
 to their vanity, so they have betaken themselves 
 to error. Truth, sir, is a cow which will yield 
 such people no more milk, and so they are gone 
 to milk the bull. If I could have allowed my- 
 self to gratify my vanity at the expense of truth, 
 what fame might I have acquired ! Everything 
 which Hume has advanced against Christianity 
 had passed through my mind long before he 
 wrote. Always remember this, that after a sys- 
 tem is well settled upon positive evidence, a few 
 partial objections ought not to shake it. The 
 human mind is so limited that it cannot take 
 in all the parts of a subject, so that there may 
 be objections raised against anything. There 
 are objections against a plenum, and objections 
 against a tacuum ; yet one of them must cer- 
 tainly be true. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 123. 
 
 282§. INFIDELITY, Secret of. Samuel John- 
 son. [To General Paoli.] The general asked 
 him what he thought of the spirit of infidelity 
 which was so prevalent. Johnson : " Sir, this 
 gloom of infidelity, I hope, is only a transient 
 cloud passing through the hemisphere, which 
 will soon be dissipated, and the sun break forth 
 with his usual. splendor." " You think, then," 
 said the general, " that they will change their 
 principles like their clothes." Johnson: "Why, 
 sir, if they bestow no more thought on princi- 
 ples than on dress, it must be so." The general 
 
 said that a great part of the fashionable in- 
 fidelity was owing to a desire of showing cour- 
 age. Men who have no opportunities of show- 
 ing it as to things in this life, take death and 
 futurity as objects on which to display it. 
 Johnson : " That is mighty foolish affectation. 
 Fear is one of the passions of human nature, of 
 which it is impossible to divest it. You remem- 
 ber that the Emperor Charles V., when he read 
 upon the tombstone of a Spanish nobleman, 
 ' Here lies one who never knew fear'' wittily 
 said, ' Then he never snuffed a candle with his 
 fingers.'" — Boswell's Johnson, p. 163. 
 
 2§29. INFIDELITY and the State. Ruinous 
 in Finance. Thus scepticism proceeded uncon- 
 sciously in the work of destruction, invalidating 
 the past, yet unable to construct the future, 
 for good government is not the creation of scep- 
 ticism. Her garments are red with blood, and 
 ruins are her delight ; her despair may stim- 
 ulate to voluptuousness and revenge ; she never 
 kindled with the disinterested love of man. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 2. 
 
 2830. INFIDELITY, Weakness of. Napoleon I. 
 A whole generation had grown up in Francei 
 without any knowledge of Christianity. Cor-' 
 ruption was universal. A new sect sprang up, ^ 
 Theophilanthropists, who gleaned as the basis of ' 
 their system some of the moral precepts of thej 
 gospel, divested of the sublime sanctions of Chris 
 tianit3^ [Napoleon said of them :] . , . "Thej 
 can accomplish nothing ; . . . they are mere acW 
 ors. . . . The gospel alone has exhibited a com- 
 plete assemblage of the principles of morality' 
 divested of all absurdity. ... Do you wish to| 
 see that which is really sublime ? Repeat the 
 Lord's Prayer. Such enthusiasts are only to ' 
 encountered by the weapons of ridicule." — Ai 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 2831. INFIDELS, Treatment of . Samtiel John-i 
 son. Dr. Adams had distinguished himself bj 
 an able answer to David Hume's "Essay or 
 Miracles." He told me he had once dined in com-^ 
 pany with Hume in London ; that Hume shool 
 hands with him, and said, "You have treated 
 me much better than I deserve ;" and that thej 
 exchanged visits. I took the liberty to object to 
 treating an infidel writer with smooth civility.] 
 Where there is a controversy concerning a pas 
 sage in a classic author, or concerning a questioi 
 in antiquities, or any other subject in which hu-j 
 man happiness is not deeply interested, a mar 
 may treat his antagonist with politeness and eyei 
 respect ; but where the controversy is concerning 
 the truth of religion, it is of such vast importancfl 
 to him who maintains it to obtain the victory,] 
 that the person of an opponent ought not to 
 spared. If a man firmly believes that religioal 
 is an invaluable treasure, he will consider a wri-| 
 ter who endeavors to deprive mankind of it as s 
 robber ; he will look upon him as odious, thougl 
 the infidel might think himself in the right. 
 An abandoned profligate may think that it is no^ 
 wrong to debauch my wife ; but shall I, there 
 fore, not detest him ? and if I catch him in makj 
 ing an attempt, shall I treat him with politeness 
 No, I will kick him down-stairs, or run hin 
 through the body — that is, if I really love m) 
 wife, or have a true rational notion of honor.l 
 An infidel, then, shall not be treated handsome| 
 ly by a Christian merely because he endeavors 
 
INFLUENCE. 
 
 337 
 
 to rob with ingenuity. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 
 p. 277. 
 
 2§32. INFLUENCE, Personal. Magnetism. 
 [Charles Edward, grandson of James II. , entered 
 Scotland to claim its crown as his legitimate in- 
 heritance. He sent a young Highlander to rally 
 all the clans. Cameron of Lochiel was doubtful. 
 He was told:] "If this prince once sets his 
 eyes upon you he will make you do whatever 
 he pleases." The result verified the remark. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 8, p. 123. 
 
 283ct. . Napoleon 1. Incredible as 
 
 it may appear. Napoleon, while thus dethroning 
 I hem [the sons of Charles IV. , King of Spain, 
 and compelling them to accept a residence in ex- 
 ile and income from himself], gained such an as- 
 cendency over their minds, that they became his 
 warm admirers and friends. They exulted in his 
 successive victories, and celebrated them with 
 illuminations and bonfires. Nothing in Napo- 
 leon's whole career more strikingly than this 
 exhibits his extraordinary powers. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 1. 
 
 2834. . Napoleon's Aides. Murat 
 
 was to Napoleon a body of ten thousand horse- 
 men, ever ready for a resistless charge ; Lannes 
 was a phalanx of infantry , bristling with bayonets 
 which neither artillery nor cavalry could bat- 
 ter down ; Augereau was an ai'med column, in- 
 \ incible, black, dense, massy, impetuous, resist- 
 less, moving with gigantic tread wherever the 
 finger of the conqueror pointed. These were but 
 the members of Napoleon's body — the limbs obe- 
 dient to the mighty soul that swayed them. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 14. 
 
 2§35. . William Pitt. A private 
 
 man in England, in middle life, with no fortune, 
 with no party, witli no strong family connections, 
 having few votes under his sway in the House 
 of Commons, and perhaps not one in the House 
 of Lords — a feeble valetudinarian, shunning 
 pleasure and society, haughty and retired, and 
 half his time disabled by the agonies of heredi- 
 tary gout, was now the hope of the English 
 world [when the Whig aristocracy had failed to 
 conquer Canada]. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, 
 ch. 11. 
 
 2§36. . George Washington. So 
 
 powerful were the President's views in deter- 
 mining the actions of the people, that Jefferson, 
 Writing to Monroe at Paris, said : " Congress 
 has adjourned. You will see by their proceed- 
 ings the truth of what I always told you — 
 namely, that one man outweighs them all in 
 influence over the people, who support his 
 judgment against their own and that of their 
 representatives. Republicanism resigns the 
 vessel to its pilot." — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 46, 
 p. 371. 
 
 2837. . Julius CoRsar. [His sol- 
 diers had been styled "brothers in arms." In 
 consequence of mutinous conduct he called 
 them " quirites " — plain citizens.] The familiar 
 word was now no longer heard from him. ' ' You 
 Bay well, quirites," he answered; "you have 
 labored hard, and you have suffered much ; 
 you desire your discharge — you have it. I dis- 
 "Jharge you who are present. I discharge all 
 Who have served their time. You shall have 
 your recompense. It shall never be said of me 
 
 that I made use of you when I was in danger, and 
 was ungrateful to you when the peril was past." 
 " Quirites" he had called them ; no longer Ro- 
 man legionaries, proud of their achievements, 
 and glorying in their great commander, but 
 " quirites " — plain citizens. The sight of Cajsar, 
 the familiar form and voice, the words, every 
 sentence of which they knew that he meant, 
 cut them to the heart. They were humbled, 
 they begged to be forgiven. They said they 
 would go with him to Africa, or to the world's 
 end. He did not at once accept their penitence. 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 24. 
 
 2838. INFLUENCE, Posthumous. Constan- 
 tine. If Constantine reckoned among the favors 
 of fortune the death of his eldest son, of his 
 nephew, and perhaps of his wife, he enjoyed an 
 uninterrupted flow of private as well as public 
 felicity till the thirtieth year of his reign — a 
 period which none of his predecessors, since 
 Augustus, had been permitted to celebrate. 
 Constantine survived that solemn festival about 
 ten months ; and at the mature age of sixty-lour, 
 after a short illness, he ended his memorable 
 life ... in the suburbs of Nicomedia, whither he 
 had retired for the benefit of the air, and with 
 the hope of recruiting his exhausted strength by 
 the use of the warm baths. The excessive dem- 
 onstrations of grief, or at least of mourning, 
 surpassed whatever had been practised on any 
 former occasion. Notwithstanding the claims 
 of the Senate and people of ancient Rome, the 
 corpse of the deceased emperor, according to 
 his last request, was transported to the city 
 which was destined to preserve the name and 
 memory of its founder. The body of Constan- 
 tine, adorned with the vain symbols of great- 
 ness— tlie purple and diadem — was deposited on 
 a golden bed in one of the apartments of the 
 palace, which for that purpose had been splen- 
 didly furnished and illuminated. The forms of 
 the court were strictly maintained. Ever}^ day, 
 at the appointed hours, the principal officers of 
 the state, the army, and the household, ap- 
 proaching the person of their sovereign with 
 bended knees and a composed countenance, 
 offered their respectful homage as seriously as 
 if he had been still alive. From motives of 
 policy this theatrical representation was for 
 some time continued ; nor could flattery neglect 
 the opportunity of repiarking that Constantine 
 alone, by the peculiar indulgence of Heaven, 
 had reigned after his death. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 18, p. 173. 
 
 2839. . Na/poleon I. [Napoleon 
 
 had requested that after his death his body 
 should be buried in France. It was denied.] 
 The aristocrats of Europe feared Napoleon even 
 in his grave. The governor could not consent, 
 notwithstanding the most affecting supplications 
 on the part of Madame Bertrand, to allow even 
 the stomach and heart to be removed. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch, 34. 
 
 2840. . Noureddin. Some years 
 
 after the sultan's death an oppressed subject 
 called aloud in the streets of Damascus, "O 
 Noureddin, Noureddin, where art thou now ? 
 Arise, arise, to pity and protect us ! " A tumult 
 was apprehended, and a living tyrant blushed 
 or trembled at the name of a departed monarch. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 17. 
 
338 
 
 INFLUENCE— INGENUITY 
 
 2§41. INFLUENCE sacrificed. James 11. [Roy- 
 al progress through England.] On the road 
 the royal train was joined by two courtiers 
 who in temper and opinions differed widely from 
 each other. [William] Penn was at Chester 
 on a pastoral tour. His popularity and author- 
 ity among his brethren had greatly declined 
 since he had become a tool of the king and of 
 the Jesuits. He was, however, most graciously 
 received by James, who even condescended to 
 go to the Quaker meeting, and to listen with 
 decency to his friend's melodious eloquence. 
 Tyrconnel had crossed the sea from Dublin to 
 give an account of his administration. — Ma- 
 caulay'sEng., ch. 8, p. 272. 
 
 i2§42. INFLUENCE, Strange. Catherine Sed- 
 ley. [Mistress of James II.] Personal charms 
 she had none, with the exception of two brilliant 
 eyes, the lustre of which, to men of delicate 
 taste, seemed fierce and unfeminine. Her form 
 was lean, her countenance haggard. Charles, 
 though he liked her conversation, laughed at 
 her ugliness, and said that the priest must have 
 recommended her to his brother by way of pen- 
 ance. . . . Catherine herself was astonished at 
 the violence of his passion. " It cannot be my 
 beauty," she said, "for he must see that I have 
 none ; and it cannot be my wit, for he has not 
 enough to know that I have any. " — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 63. 
 
 2543. INFORMATION, Importance of. Black 
 Hawk. The troops of General Atkinson . . . 
 waged a vigorous campaign against the Indians, 
 . . . and made Black Hawk a prisoner. The 
 captive chieftain was taken to Washington and 
 the great cities of the east, where his understand- 
 ing was opened as to the power of the nation 
 against which he had been foolish enough to 
 lift his hatchet. Returning to his own people, 
 he advised them that resistance was hopeless. 
 The warriors then abandoned the disputed lands, 
 and retired into Iowa. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 
 44, p. 430. 
 
 2544. INFORMATION, Pleasing. Abraham 
 Lincoln. When the telegram from Cumberland 
 G^p reached Mr. Lincoln that "firing was 
 heard in the direction of Knoxville," he remark- 
 ed that he was " glad of it." Some person pres- 
 ent . . . could not see why. . . . "Why, you 
 see," responded the President, " it reminds me 
 of Mistress Sallie Ward, a neighbor of mine, 
 who had a very large family. Occasionally one 
 of her numerous progeny would be heard crying 
 in some out-of-the way place, upon which Mrs. 
 Ward would exclaim, ' There's one of my chil- 
 dren that isn't dead ! ' "—Raymond's Lincoln, 
 p. 756. 
 
 2§45. INFORMERS rejected. Roman Empe- 
 ror Vespasian. Vespasian was among those few 
 princes whose character has changed for the 
 better on their arrival at empire. Augustus, 
 ftom a vicious aud cruel man, became, if not a 
 virtuous, in many respects an admirable, prince. 
 Vespasian had ingratiated himself by the most 
 servile flattery with Caligula and Claudius, and 
 raised himself by degrees from the meanest sta- 
 tion to rank and distinction. His character 
 before he came to the empire was at the best 
 an equivocal one ; but no sooner did he mount 
 the throne than all these suspicions were at once 
 shown to be unfounded. He gave a general 
 
 pardon to all who had been found in arms 
 against him. He allowed every citizen, pro- 
 vided he spoke only of his own grievances, to 
 have free access to his person, but declared war 
 against that vile race of pensioned informers 
 which had multiplied so exceedingly during the 
 preceding reign. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 
 1, p. 491. 
 
 2§46. INGENUITY vs. Difficulties. Augustus. 
 [Transporting Egyptian obelisks to Rome.] 
 Those immense masses, consisting of one entire 
 block of granite, were hewn in the quarries of 
 Upper Egypt, whence they were conveyed by 
 water to the place where they were to be erected. 
 The contrivance for transporting them is describ- 
 ed by Pliny, and is equally simple and ingenious. 
 The Nile runs near to the base of those moun- 
 tains where the quarries are situated. A canal 
 was cut from the river to the spot where the 
 obelisk lay, and made to pass under it, so as to 
 leave the stone supported by its two extremities 
 resting on either bank of the canal. Two broad 
 boats were then loaded with a great weight of 
 stones, so as to sink them so deep in the water 
 as to allow them to pass freely under the obe- 
 lisk ; when immediately under it, the stones 
 were thrown out ; the boats, of consequence 
 [raised and lifted the obelisks]. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 89. 
 
 2847. INGENUITY, Practical. Benj. Fi-ank- 
 lin. When the scientific world began to inves- 
 tigate the wonders of electricity, Franklin ex- 
 celled all observers. ... In the summer of 1752, 
 going out into the fields, with no instrument 
 but a kite, no companion but his son, he es- 
 tablished his theory by obtaining a line of con- 
 nection with a thunder-cloud. Nor did he cease 
 until he had made the lightnini;- a household 
 pastime, taught his family to catch the subtile 
 fluid in its inconceivably rapid leaps between 
 the earth and the sky, and compelled it to give 
 warning of its passage by the harmless ringing 
 of bells.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 2§4§. INGENUITY of Savages. Hatchets. 
 The North American Indians, having no iron, 
 use stone hatchets in cutting down the largest 
 trees. They found, says Charlevoix, in his " Trav- 
 els in Canada," a very hard and tough species 
 of flint, which by great labor they sharpened 
 for the head of the instrument. The difficulty 
 lay in fastening it to the handle. They cut off 
 the top of a young tree, and making a transverse 
 slit, insert the stone into the opening. The parts 
 of the tree growing together close so firmly upon 
 the stone that it is impossible to move it. Then 
 they cut the tree of such length as they judge 
 sufficient for the handle. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 
 7, ch. 3, p. 31. 
 
 2§49. INGENUITY, Success by. Columbus. On 
 the 13th of September, . . . about two hundred 
 leagues from the island of Ferro, Columbus for 
 the first time noticed the variation of the needle, 
 a phenomenon which had never before been re- 
 marked. He perceived about nightfall that the 
 needle, instead of pointing to the north star, 
 varied about half a point, or between five and 
 six degrees, to the north-west, and still more on 
 the following morning. . . . The variation in- 
 creased as he advanced. [It was feared they were 
 entering another world, and the compass Avould 
 lose its virtues.] Columbus tasked his science 
 
INGRATE— INGRATITUDE. 
 
 339 
 
 and ingenuity for reasons with which to allay 
 their terror. He observed that the direction of 
 the needle was not to the polar star, but to some 
 fixed and invisible point. The variation, there- 
 fore, was not caused by any fallacy in the com- 
 pass, but by tlie movement of the north star it- 
 self, which, like the other heavenly bodies, had 
 its changes and revolutions, and every day de- 
 scribed a circle round the pole. The high opin- 
 ion which the pilots entertained of Columbus as 
 u profound astronomer gave weight to this 
 theory, and their alarm subsided. — Irving's 
 Goldsmith, Book 3, ch. 2. 
 
 2850. INGRATE, Cowardly. Eeigti of James 
 II. [James Burton had been engaged in the 
 Rye House Plot, but escaped by the aid of an 
 aged Christian named Elizabeth Gaunt. He had 
 rebelled under the Duke of Monmouth, and fled 
 to the home of a poor barber named John 
 Fernley.] He knew that a reward of £100 had 
 been offered by the government for the appre- 
 hension of Burton ; but the honest man was in- 
 capable of betraying one who, in extreme peril, 
 liad come under the shadow of his roof. The an- 
 ger of James was more strongly excited against 
 those who harbored rebels than against the rebels 
 themselves. He had publicly declared that, of 
 all forms of treason, the hiding of traitors from 
 his vengeance was the most unpardonable. Bur- 
 ton knew this. He delivered himself up to the 
 irovernment, and he gave information against 
 Fernley and Elizabeth Gaunt. They were 
 brought to trial. The villain whose life they 
 had preserved had the heart and the forehead to 
 appear as the principal witness against them. 
 They were convicted. Fernley was sentenced 
 to the gallows, Elizabeth Gaunt to the stake. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 615. 
 
 2§51. INGRATITUDE, Base. Bichelieu. Louis 
 XIII. owed all his success for eighteen years to 
 the wonderful genius of Richelieu ; when that 
 most noted statesman of his day died, his cold- 
 hearted remark was simply this, "There is a 
 great politician gone !" — Students' France, 
 ch. 19, § 17. 
 
 2§52. . Brutus. What Brutus is 
 
 chiefly blamed for was his ingratitude to Caesar. 
 He owed his life to his favor, as well as the lives 
 of those prisoners for whom he interceded. He 
 was treated as his friend, and distinguished with 
 particular marks of honor ; and yet he imbrued 
 his hands in the blood of his benefactor. — Plu- 
 tarch's Brutus. 
 
 2§53. INGRATITUDE, Filial. Sons of Henry 
 II. Prince Henry [eighteen years old], at the 
 instigation, it is believed, of his father-in-law 
 [Louis of France], set up a pretension to divide 
 the royal power with his father, and demanded 
 that the king should resign to him either Eng- 
 land or Normandy. In the same spirit Richard, 
 the boy of fifteen, claimed Aquitaine, because he 
 had performed homage to Louis for that duchy ; 
 and the other boy of fourteen, Geoffrey, claimed 
 the immediate possession of Brittany. The re- 
 bellious sons fled from the court of their father 
 to the French king, and their mother soon fol- 
 lowed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 21, p. 299. 
 
 2854, INGRATITUDE, Official. James IL 
 [The Roman Catholic king sought to overthrow 
 the Anglican Church by illegal and violent 
 
 means.] There was no prebendary, no rector, 
 no vicar whose mind was not haunted by the 
 thoughts that, however quiet his temper, how- 
 ever obscure his situation, he might, in a few 
 months, be driven from his dwelling by an arbi- 
 trary edict, to beg in a ragged cassock with his 
 wife and children, while his freehold, secured to 
 him by laws of immemorial antiquity and by 
 the royal word, was occupied by some apostate. 
 This, then, was the reward of that heroic loyaltj* 
 never once found wanting through the vicissi- 
 tudes of fifty tempestuous years. It was for 
 this that the clergy had endured spoliation and 
 persecution in tlie cause of Charles I. It was 
 for this that they had supported Charles IL in his 
 hard contest with the Whig opposition. It was 
 for this that they had stood in the front of the 
 battle against those who sought to despoil James 
 of his birthright. To their fidelity alone their 
 oppressor owed the power which he was now 
 employing to their ruin. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8, p. 281. 
 
 2855. INGRATITUDE, Political. Grecian De- 
 mocracy. Epaminondas and Pelopidas, on their 
 return to Thebes, were accused of having retain- 
 ed their command four months beyond their 
 commissions while engaged in the Peloponnesian 
 expedition. This, on the specious pretext of a 
 strict regard to military duty, was adjudged to be 
 a capital offence, and the people were on the point 
 of condemning to death those men who had not 
 only rescued their country from servitude, but 
 raised the Theban name to the highest pitch of 
 glory. Epaminondas undertook to defend the 
 conduct of Pelopidas by taking the whole blame 
 upon himself. ' ' I was," said he, " the author of 
 those measures for which we stand here accused. 
 I had indulged a hope that the signal success 
 which, under our conduct, has attended the The- 
 ban arms would have entitled us to the grati- 
 tude and not to the censure of our country. 
 Well ! let posterity, then, be informed of our 
 crimes and of our punishment ; let it be known 
 that Epaminondas led your troops into the heart 
 of Laconia, which no hostile power till then had 
 ever penetrated ; that his crime was that he 
 abased the glory of Sparta, and brought her to 
 the brink of ruin ; that he made Thebes the most 
 illustrious of the Grecian States ; let it be in- 
 scribed on his tomb that death was the reward 
 which his country decreed for these services." 
 The Thebans were ashamed of their own con- 
 duct ; the judges dismissed the charge, and the 
 people atoned for their ingratitude by the strong- 
 est expressions of praise and admiration. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 165. 
 
 2856. . Athenians. [When Themis- 
 
 tocles, the distinguished Athenian general, was 
 young] his father, to dissuade him from accepting 
 any public employment, showed him some old 
 galleys that lay worn out and neglected on the sea- 
 shore, just as the populace neglect their leaders 
 when they have no further service for them. — 
 Plutarch's Themistocles. 
 
 2857. INGRATITUDE, Shameful. Francis Ba- 
 con. [In 1601, on the trial of the Earl of Essex 
 for rebellion, Francis Bacon was one of the 
 queen's counsel employed against him.] He 
 was bound to Essex by no common obligations. 
 The generous earl had given him an estate, be- 
 cause he could not procure for him a lucrative 
 
340 
 
 INHERITANCE— INHUMANITY. 
 
 appointment. Essex had struggled against the 
 ill-will of the Cecils to advance Bacon's fortunes, 
 in season and out of season. Yet upon the trial 
 Bacon said stronger things against his friend 
 than were urged by his bitterest adversaries. 
 [He made the severest comparisons, which awak- 
 ened a general indignation. He afterward wrote 
 an "Apology" of his conduct on this trial.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 18, p. 289. 
 
 285§. INHERITANCE, Household-goods. Eng- 
 land. Common utensils were transmitted from 
 generation to generation. . . . John J3aret, of 
 Bury, in 1463 bequeaths to his niece ... "a 
 great earthen pot that was my mother's." Wives 
 had a life interest in "stuff of household," 
 which was bequeathed to descend, after the de- 
 cease of the wife, article by article, to rel- 
 atives and friends. The riches so handed down 
 are such as pottle pot and a quart pot, a pair of 
 tongs and a pair of bellows. Roger Rokewoode 
 . . . bequeaths to his son Robert ... a brass pot, 
 two brass pans, six pewter dishes, four saucers, 
 and three platters of pewter, a feather bed, a 
 pair of sheets, and a pair of blankets. . . . The 
 deficiency of household comfort is sufficient- 
 ly shown by such minute descriptions of old 
 and mean chattels, of little value now, but then 
 estimated in proportion to their scarcity. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 2, ch. 7, p. 120. 
 
 2859. INHUMANITY, Commercial. Cato. One 
 of his sayings has exposed him to just censure — 
 "A master of a family should sell off his old 
 oxen, and all his cattle that are of a delicate 
 frame, all his sheep that are not hardy ; he should 
 sell his old wagons, and his old implements ; he 
 should sell such of Ms slaves as are old and in- 
 firm, and every thing else that is old and useless." 
 — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 422. 
 
 2860. INHUMANITY of Man. English Ances- 
 tors. Our English ancestors were less humane 
 than their posterity. The discipline of work- 
 shops, of schools, of private families, though not 
 more efficient than at present, was infinitely 
 harsher. Masters well born and bred were in 
 the habit oi beating their servants. Pedagogues 
 knew no way of imparting knowledge but by 
 beating their pupils. Husbands of decent sta- 
 tion were not ashamed to beat their wives. The 
 unplacability of hostile factions was such as we 
 can scarcely conceive. Whigs were disposed to 
 murmur because Strafford was suffered to die 
 without seeing his bowels burned before his face. 
 Tories reviled and insulted Russell as his coach 
 passed from the Tower to the scaffold in Lin- 
 coln's Fields. As little mercy was shown by the 
 populace to sufferers of a humbler rank. If an 
 offender was put into the pillory, it was well if 
 he escaped with life from the shower of brick- 
 bats and paving-stones. If he was tied to the 
 cart's tail, the crowd pressed round him, implor- 
 ing the hangman to give it the fellow well, and 
 make him howl. Gentlemen arranged parties of 
 pleasure to Bridewell on court days for the pur- 
 pose of seeing the wretched women who beat 
 hemp there whipped. A man pressed to death 
 for refusing to plead, a woman burned for coin- 
 ing, excited less sympathy than is now felt for a 
 galled horse or an over-driven ox. Fights, com- 
 pared with which a boxing-match is a refined and 
 humane spectacle, were among the favorite di- 
 versions of a large part of the town. Multitudes 
 
 assembled to see gladiators hack each other to 
 pieces with deadly weapons, and shouted with 
 delight when one of the combatants lost a finger 
 or an eye. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 3, p. 394. 
 
 2861. . Spaniards. The conduct 
 
 of the Spaniards toward the inhabitants of these 
 new-discovered countries, and the cruelties ex- 
 ercised by them under their first governors, fur> 
 nish a subject which it were to be wished, for 
 the honor of humanity, could be forever veiled 
 in oblivion. Religion and policy were the pre- 
 texts for the most outrageous acts of inhumani- 
 ty. Avarice, which the more it is fed is still the 
 more insatiable, had suggested to some of these 
 rapacious governors that the inhabitants of the 
 New World had discovered to the Spaniards but 
 a very small proportion of treasures, which were 
 inexhaustible. The missionaries encouraged the 
 idea, and insinuated, at the same time, that the 
 most proper method of obtaining an absolute 
 authority over these new subjects was to con- 
 vert them to the doctrines of Christianity, for 
 which purpose the priests were to be furnished 
 with every authority sufficient for the extirpa- 
 tion of idolatry. The favorite instruments of 
 conversion employed in these pious purposes 
 were the rack and the scourge. While some, to 
 escape these miseries, put an end to their life with 
 their own hand, others, flying from their inhu- 
 man persecutors into the woods, were there 
 hunted down with dogs, and torn to pieces like 
 wild beasts. In a little time Hispaniola, which 
 contained three millions of inhabitants, and Cu- 
 ba, that had above six hundred thousand, were 
 absolutely depopulated. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 21, p. 309. 
 
 2862. INHUMANITY, Professional. Jeffreys. 
 As judge at the city sessions he exhibited the 
 same propensities which afterward, in a higher 
 post, gained for him an unenviable immortality. 
 Already might be remarked in him the most 
 odious vice which is incident to human nature— 
 a delight in misery merely as misery. There 
 was a fiendish exultation in the way in which he 
 pronounced sentence on offenders. Their weep- 
 ing and imploring seemed to titillate him volup- 
 tuously, and he loved to scare them into fits, by 
 dilating with luxuriant amplification on all the 
 details of what they were to suffer. Thus when 
 he had an opportunity of ordering an unlucky 
 adventuress to be whipped at the cart's tail, 
 " Hangman," he would exclaim, "I charge you 
 to pay particular attention to this lady. Scourge 
 her soundly, man ! Scourge her till the blood 
 runs down ! It is Christmas — a cold time for 
 madam to strip in ! See that you warm her 
 shoulders thoroughly !" — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 
 4, p. 418. 
 
 2863. INHUMANITY, Revenge for. Rdgn 
 of Charles II. The prisons were hells on earth, 
 seminaries of every crime and of every disease. 
 At the assizes the lean and yellow culprits 
 brought with them from their cells to the dock 
 an atmosphere of stench and pestilence which 
 sometimes avenged them signally on bench, bar, 
 and jury. But on all this misery society looked 
 with profound indifference. Nowhere could be 
 found that sensitive and restless compassion 
 which has, in our time, extended a powerful 
 protection to the factory child. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 395. 
 
INITIATION— INJUSTICE. 
 
 341 
 
 3S64. INITIATION, Terrific. Roman Em- 
 peror Julian. He obtained the privilege of a 
 solemn initiation into the mysteries of Eleusis, 
 which, amid the general decay of the Grecian wor- 
 ship, still retained some vestiges of their primeval 
 sanctit}^ ; and such was the zeal of Julian, that 
 he afterward invited the Eleusinian pontiff to 
 the court of Gaul, for the sole purpose of con- 
 summating, by mystic rites and sacrifices, the 
 great work of his sanctiflcation. As these cere- 
 monies were performed in the depth of cav- 
 erns, and in the silence of the night, and as the 
 inviolable secret of the mysteries was preserved 
 by the discretion of the initiated, I shall not pre- 
 sume to describe the horrid sounds and fiery 
 apparitions which were presented to the senses 
 or the imagination of the credulous aspirant, 
 till the visions of comfort and knowledge broke 
 upon him in a blaze of celestial light. . . . From 
 that moment be consecrated his life to the service 
 of the gods. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 23, p. 418. 
 
 2§65. INJURIES, Forgetful of. Julius Ccemr. 
 Domitius Ahenobarbus, believing that for him 
 at least there could be no forgiveness, tried to 
 escape, anel was killed. The rest were par- 
 doned. So ended the battle of Pharsalia. A hun- 
 dred and eighty standards were taken and all 
 the eagles of Pompey's legions. In Pompey's 
 own tent was found his secret correspondence, 
 implicating persons, perhaps, whom Ca!sar had 
 never suspected, revealing the mysteries of the 
 past three years. Curiosity and even prudence 
 might have tempted him to look into it. His 
 only wish was that the past should be forgotten ; 
 he burnt the whole mass of papers unread. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 22. 
 
 2§66. INJURIES, Redressing. Knights. The 
 Gothic kings had the highest pride in redressing 
 wrongs and grievances ; but in this honorable 
 employment the wrongs they committed were 
 often greater than those they redressed, and in 
 the vindication of the honor or fame of a mis- 
 tress a real and most atrocious injury was fre- 
 quently committed in revenge for one purely 
 ideal. Their religion, too, was of that extraor- 
 dinary cast, that, though professedly superior 
 to all other duties, it always in reality acted a 
 part subordinate to military fame and the honor 
 of the ladies. It is confessed by one of their great- 
 est encomiasts, M. de St. Palaye, that their de- 
 votion consisted chiefly in the observance of 
 some external ceremonies, and that the greatest 
 offences might be easily expiated by a penance 
 or a pilgrimage, which furnished an agreeable 
 opportunity for new adventures. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 10, p. 169. 
 
 2§67. INJURIES, Reparation of . Laws, a.d, 
 600. [By the laws of Ethelbert, one of the early 
 British kings,] it was not held that damages, to 
 use a familiar word of explanation, were to be 
 paid without respect of persons, but that a 
 bishop was to be compensated elevenfold, and 
 a clerk threefold of the value of any stolen prop- 
 erty. The amends, atonement, or indemnifica- 
 tion was called "bSt." The king's "bot" was 
 always the largest, except in the case of the 
 bishop, who had twofold higher compensation 
 for theft than even the king. If a man slew 
 another in the king's "tun" (dwelling with 
 lands appertaining), he was to pay 50*.; if in 
 that of an " eorl" (jarl, noble), 12s. The slayer 
 
 of the "hlafseta" (loaf -eater, domestic) ot <i 
 " ceorl " (churl, freeman, not noble) was to 
 atone for 6s. The mutilation of an "esne" 
 (slave) was to be compensated to the owner at 
 the full worth of the slave. The penalties to 
 personal injuries to freemen are among the 
 most curious of these dooms. It was not "an 
 eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth," but 
 the eye had a pecuniary value, and so had the 
 tooth. The evil consequence of the infliction, 
 and not the motive of the offender, regulated 
 the amount of the amends. Thus if the ear was 
 struck off, the " b5t" was 12s. ; but " if the other 
 ear hear not, let the 'bot' be made with 25s." 
 In all cases of default of payment the remedy 
 was prompt and effective — the offender became 
 a penal slave. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 5, 
 p. 70. 
 
 2§6§. . Bomans. The rude ju- 
 risprudence of the decemvirs had confounded all 
 hasty insults, which did not amount to the fract- 
 ure of a limb, by condemning the aggressor to 
 the common penalty of twenty-five asses. But 
 the same denomination of money was reduced, 
 in three centuries, from a pound to the weight 
 of a half an ounce ; and the insolence of a 
 wealthy Roman indulged himself in the cheap 
 amusement of breaking and satisf jang the law 
 of the twelve tables. Veratius ran through the 
 streets striking on the face the inoffensive pas- 
 sengers, and his attendant purse-bearer immedi- 
 ately silenced their clamors by the legal tender 
 of twenty -five pieces of copper, about the value 
 of Is. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 370. 
 
 2§09. INJURIES, Sensitiveness to. Voltaire. 
 His fame had raised him up enemies. His sen- 
 sibility gave them a formidable advantage over 
 him. They were, indeed, contemptible assail- 
 ants. Of all that they wrote against him, noth- 
 ing has survived except what he has himself 
 preserved. But the constitution of his mind re- 
 sembled the constitution of those bodies in which 
 the slightest scratch of bramble or the bite of a 
 gnat never fails to fester. — Macaulay's Fred- 
 erick THE Great, p. 58. 
 
 28rO. INJURY, Mutual. Charles L—Bupert. 
 Prince Rupert has often been called the evil ge- 
 nius of Charles, but it would perhaps be quite 
 as true, if not more so, to designate Charles as 
 the evil genius of Rupert. There is, no doubt, 
 a not unnatural prejudice against the prince, as 
 a foreigner, commanding the royal army against 
 the arms of the Parliament and the people. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 9, p. 128. 
 
 2§71. INJUSTICE with Cruelty. C alii as. 
 [After the battle of Marathon one] of the bar- 
 barians happening to meet [Callias, the torch- 
 bearer,] in a private place, and probably taking 
 him for a king, on account of his long hair and 
 the fillet which he wore, prostrated himself be- 
 fore him, and taking him by the hand, showed 
 him a great quantity of gold that was hid in a 
 well. But Callias, not less cruel than unjust, 
 took away the gold, and then killed the man 
 that had given him information of it, lest he 
 should mention the thing to others. — Plu- 
 tarch's Aristides. 
 
 2§72. INJUSTICE reproved. Puritans, a.d. 
 1667. The Mohawks committed ravages near 
 Northampton on the Connecticut River, and the 
 
342 
 
 INJUSTICE— INQUISITION. 
 
 general court of Massachusetts addressed them 
 a letter : " We never yet did any wrong to you 
 or any of yours" — such was the language of 
 the Puritan diplomatists — "neither will we take 
 any from you, but will right our people ac- 
 cording to justice." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 14. 
 
 2§73. INJUSTICE, Stigma of. Cicero. Cice- 
 ro imagined that the world looked upon him 
 as its saviour. In his own eyes he was another 
 Romulus, a second founder of Rome. The 
 world, unfortunately, had formed an entirely 
 different estimate of him. The prisoners had 
 been killed on the 5th of December. On the 
 last day of the year it was usual for the out-go- 
 ing consuls to review the events of their term of 
 office before the Senate ; and Cicero had pre- 
 pared a speech in which he had gilded his own 
 performances with all his eloquence. Metellus 
 commenced his tribunate with forbidding Cice- 
 ro to deliver his oration, and forbidding him on 
 the special ground that a man who had put Ro- 
 man citizens to death without allowing them a 
 hearing did not himself deserve to be heard. 
 In the midst of the confusion and uproar which 
 followed Cicero could only shriek that he had 
 saved his country, a declaration wiiich could 
 have been dispensed with, since he had so often 
 insisted upon it alread}'^ without producing the 
 assent which he desired. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 12. 
 
 2874. INNOCENCE, False. "Bet Flint." 
 Poor Bet [a woman of the town] was taken up 
 on a charge of stealing a counterpane, and tried 
 
 at the Old Bailey. Chief Justice , who loved 
 
 a wench, summed up favorably, and she was 
 acquitted. After which Bet said, with a gay 
 and satisfied air, " Now that the counterpane 
 is my own, I shall make a petticoat of it." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 461. 
 
 2875. INNOVATION resented. PeUr tlie Great. 
 Meantime the absence of the Czar had given 
 occasion to some disturbances in the empire. 
 The spirit of innovation which he had already 
 shown, and the further fruits expected from 
 his foreign travels, gave great disgust to a bar- 
 barous people wedded to their ancient man- 
 ners. The ambition of Sophia fomented these 
 disquiets, and the Strelitzes had determined to 
 place that princess upon the throne. At this 
 important juncture Peter returned to Russia ; 
 he found it necessary to make a most severe ex- 
 ertion of his power ; and he took that opportu- 
 nity of entirely annihilating that dangerous body 
 of the Strelitzes who by this revolt furnished 
 him with a just pretext. " They had marched in 
 arms to Moscow. The regular troops of the 
 Czar, headed by Gordon and another foreign 
 officer, attacked and totally defeated them ; a 
 vast number was slain ; their leaders who were 
 taken prisoners were broken upon the wheel ; 
 two thousand were hanged upon the walls of 
 Moscow and on the side of the high roads, and 
 the rest banished with their wives and children 
 into the wilds of Siberia. Thus the whole of 
 this formidable body was destroyed, and their 
 name abolished forever. The astonished Rus- 
 sians beheld this dreadful example with silent 
 terror, which paved the way for an easy sub- 
 mission to all those innovations which the Czar 
 afterwards made in the constitution, police, 
 
 laws, and customs of his empire. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 35, p. 476. 
 
 2876. INNS, Attractive. England. In the 
 seventeenth century England abounded with ex- 
 cellent inns of every rank. The traveller some- 
 times, in a small village, lighted on a public 
 house such as Walton has described, where the 
 brick floor was swept clean, where the walls were 
 stuck round with ballads, where the sheets smelt 
 of lavender, and where a blazing fire, a cup of 
 good ale, and a dish of trouts fresh from the 
 neighboring brook were to be procured at small 
 charge. At the larger houses of entertainment 
 were to be found beds hung with silk, choice 
 cookery, and claret equal to the best Avhich was 
 drunk in London. The innkeepers too, it was 
 said, were not like other innkeepers. On the 
 Continent the landlord was the tyrant of those 
 who crossed the threshold. In England he was 
 a servant. Never was an Englishman more at 
 home than when he took his ease in his inn. . . . 
 The liberty and jollity of inns long furnished 
 matter to our novelists and dramatists. Johnson 
 declared that a tavern chair was the throne of 
 human felicity ; and Shenstone gently complain- 
 ed that no private roof, however friendly, gave 
 the wanderer so warm a welcome as that which 
 was to be found at an inn. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 359. 
 
 2877. INQUISITION, Abominable, In Spain. 
 A wise and vigorovis though a severe adminis- 
 tration characterized the beginning of the reign 
 of Ferdinand and Isabella. Spain was at this 
 time in great disorder — the whole country was a 
 prey to robbers and outlaws. Even the nobility 
 lived by depredation, and defended themselves 
 in their castles against every legal attempt to re- 
 strain their violence. The new monarchs of Cas- 
 tile and Arragon determined to repress these 
 enormities. The castles of the piratical nobles 
 were razed to the ground. The office of the 
 Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brotherhood, was in- 
 stituted for the detection and punishment of mur- 
 ders, thefts, and all atrocious crimes. But amid 
 these laudable cares, the abominable tribunal of 
 the Inquisition was furnished with such an ex- 
 tent of powers that, under the pretence of extir- 
 pating heresy and impiety, the whole kingdom 
 became a scene of blood and horror. The fort- 
 unes and the lives of individuals were entirely 
 at the mercy of the grand inquisitor and his as- 
 sociates. It was never allowed to a criminal to 
 be confronted with his accuser, nor even to be 
 informed of his crime ; the sole method of trial 
 was by exposing the unhappy wretch to the most 
 extreme tortures, w^hich either ended his life in 
 agony or forced a confession of his guilt, which 
 was expiated by committing him to the flames. 
 It is computed that after the appointment of 
 Torquemada, the inquisitor-general of Spain, 
 there were six thousand persons burnt in the 
 short space of four years. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch.l5, p. 218. 
 
 2878. INQUISITION, Eomish. France. With 
 a view to consolidate the conquest, the Inquisi- 
 tion was formally established at Toulouse by a 
 council held there in November, 1229, the office 
 of inquisitors being intrusted to the order of the 
 Dominicans, or Friars Preachers. ... Its pro- 
 ceedings took place in secret ; no advocates were 
 permitted to plead, no witnesses were produced. 
 
INSANITY— INSINCERITY. 
 
 343 
 
 The object was to extort the confession of crime 
 through the moral and physical prostration of the 
 miserable victim ; and to this end the most iniqui- 
 tous and revolting means were employed with- 
 out scruple ; the most subtle trickery, the most 
 unblushing deceit, the most ruthless torture. On 
 certain occasions, which soon became frequent, 
 the Holy Office published its sentences and inflict- 
 ed its punishments. Of the latter there were three 
 degrees ; those who had made absolute submis- 
 sion, and were deemed the least criminal, were 
 admitted to penance ; those who had not given 
 complete satisfaction (the most numerous class) 
 were immured for life in prison ; those who stub- 
 bornly refused to confess, or who relapsed after 
 confession, were committed to the flames. — Stu- 
 dents' France, cli. 9, § 2. 
 
 2§79. INSANITY, Capacity with. George III. 
 At the moment of passing the Stamp Act, George 
 III. was crazed. . . . [He had] taught the world 
 that a bit of parchment bearing the sign of his 
 hand, scrawled in the flickering light of clouded 
 reason, could, under the British constitution, do 
 the full legislative olBce of the king. Had he 
 been a private man, his signature could have 
 given validity to no commission whatever. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 11. 
 
 2§§0. INSANITY feared. Samuel Johnson. 
 To Johnson, whose supreme enjoyment was the 
 exercise of his reason, the disturbance or obscura- 
 tion of that faculty was the evil most to be dread- 
 ed. Insanity, therefore, was the object of his 
 most dismal apprehension ; and he fancied him- 
 self seized by it, or approaching to it, at the very 
 time when lie was giving proofs of a more than 
 ordinary soundness and vigor of judgment. — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 12. 
 
 2§§1. INSANITY, Moral. Cambyses. [The 
 Persian monarch and son of Cyrus.] His con- 
 duct was such as to bear every mark of insanity. 
 In an inconsiderate expedition against the Ethi- 
 opians, he threw away the greater part of his 
 army. Fifty thousand men, sent into the deserts 
 of Ammon, perished through fatigue and fam- 
 ine. With a deliberate purpose of wantonly ex- 
 asperating the Egyptians, who were disposed to 
 the most peaceable submission, Cambyses ordered 
 the magnificent temple of Thebes to be pillaged 
 and burnt. At the celebration of the festival of 
 Apis, at Memphis, he stabbed the sacred ox with 
 his poniard, ordered the priests to be scourged, 
 and massacred all the people who assisted at 
 the sacrifice. He put to death his brother Smer- 
 dis, because he dreamed that he saw him seated 
 on the throne ; and w-hen his wife and sister, 
 Meroe, lamented the fate of her brother, he killed 
 her with a stroke of his foot. To prove his dex- 
 terity in archery, he pierced the son of his favor- 
 ite Prexaspes though the heart with an arrow. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11, p. 116. 
 
 2§§2. INSANITY, Perils from. Sir Walter 
 Scott. At the age of eighteen months the boy 
 had a teething-fever, ending in a life-long lame- 
 ness ; and this was the reason why the child was 
 sent to reside with his grandfather ... at Sandy- 
 Knowe, near the ruined tower of Smailholm, 
 celebrated afterward in his ballad of " The Eve 
 of St. John," in the neighborhood of some fine 
 crags. To these crags the housemaid sent from 
 Edinburgh to look after him used to carry him 
 
 up, with a design (which s^ie- confessed to the 
 housekeepers) — due, of course, to incipient in- 
 sanity — of murdering the child there and burning 
 him in the moss. Of course the maid was dis- 
 missed. — Hutton's Life of Scott, ch. 1. 
 
 2&§3. INSANITY, Religious. William Cow- 
 per. [His life had become an almost endless 
 round of devotional exercises, without recrea- 
 tion.] His mode of life under [Rev. John] New- 
 ton was enough to account for the return of his 
 disease, which in this sense may be fairly laid to 
 the charge of religion. He again went mad, fan- 
 cied, as before, that he was rejected of Heaven, 
 ceased to pray as one helplessly doomed, and 
 again attempted suicide. Newton and Mrs. Un- 
 win at first treated the disease as a diabolical visi- 
 tation^ and "with deplorable consistency," to 
 borrow the phrase used by one of their friends in 
 the case of Cowper's desperate abstinence from 
 praj^er, abstained from calling in a physician. Of 
 this, again, their religion must bear the reproach. 
 In other respects they behaved admirably. Mrs. 
 Unwin, shut up for sixteen months with her un- 
 happy partner, tended him with unfailing love ; 
 alone she did it, for he could bear no one else 
 about him ; though, to make her part more try- 
 ing, he had conceived the insane idea that she 
 hated him. Seldom has a stronger proof been 
 given of the sustaining power of affection. — 
 Smith's Cowper, ch. 3. 
 
 2§§4. INSANITY, Royal. George III. [He 
 was incapacitated for the duties of his position, 
 at various times, from insanity ; during the last 
 nine years of his life he was in a demented con- 
 dition.] —Knight's Eng. 
 
 28§5. INSENSIBILITY to Suffering. William 
 Penn. William Penn, for whom exhibitions 
 which humane men generally avoid seem to have 
 had a strong attraction, hastened from Cheapside, 
 where he had seen Cornish hanged, to Tyburn, 
 in order to see Elizabeth Gaunt burned. He 
 afterward related that, when she calmly dis- 
 posed the straw about her in such a manner as 
 to shorten her sufferings, all the bystanders burst 
 into tears. [See more at No. 2850.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 616. 
 
 ■2§§6. INSINCERITY, Blemish of. Julius Cm- 
 sar. So ended Cicero, a tragic combination of 
 magnificent talents, high aspirations, and true 
 desire to do right, with an infirmity of purpose 
 and a latent insincerity of character which neu- 
 tralized and could almost make us forget his no- 
 bler qualities. ... In Cicero nature half made a 
 great man and left him uncompleted. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 27. 
 
 28§7. INSINCERITY of Jesuits. Dissem- 
 bling. [When, in 1580, the Jesuits invaded Eng- 
 land, they maintained that Queen Elizabeth was 
 not only a heretic but also a usurper, and that the 
 pope had a right to deprive her of her crown.] 
 Gregory XIII. opened the door for the evasion 
 of this charge by granting to Romanists permis- 
 sion to dissemble, under the color of an expla- 
 nation, "that the bull should be considered as 
 always in force against Elizabeth and the he- 
 retics, but should only be binding on Catholics 
 when due execution of it could be had" — that is, 
 chat they should obey till they were strong 
 enough to throw off their allegiance. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 12, p. 180. 
 
(fU 
 
 INSOLENCE— INSULT. 
 
 2§8§. INSOLENCE, Consummate. Jeffreys'. 
 The renegade soon found a patron in the obdurate 
 and revengeful James, but was always regarded 
 with scorn and disgust by Charles, whose faults, 
 great as they were, had no affinity with inso- 
 lence and cruelty. " That man," said the king, 
 "has no learning, no sense, no manners, and 
 more impudence than ten carted street- walkers." 
 Work was to be don€, however, which could be 
 trusted to no man who reverenced law or was 
 sensible of shame ; and thus Jeffreys, at an age 
 at which a barrister thinks himself fortunate if 
 he is employed to lead an important cause, was 
 made chief justice of the King's Bench [by 
 James II.]. — M.^caulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 420. 
 
 2§§9. INSOLENCE, Ecclesiastical. Pope Greg- 
 ory VII. [Being deposed by the pope,] Jlenry 
 [11.], now reduced to extremity, was forced to 
 deprecate the wrath of that power which he had 
 formerly so much despised. Attended by a few 
 domestics, he passed the Alps, and finding the 
 pope at Canosa, he presented himself at his holi- 
 ness' gate, without either guards or attendants. 
 This insolent man ordered him to be stripped of 
 his clothes, which were exchanged for a haii'- 
 cloth ; and after making him fast for three days, 
 condescended to allow him to kiss his feet, where 
 he obtained absolution, on condition of await- 
 ing and conforming himself to the sentence of 
 the diet of Augsburg. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, 
 ch. 7, p. 138. 
 
 2§90. INSOLENCE, Official. James IL [See 
 more at No. 1842.] On the day after his arri- 
 val the fellows of Magdalen College were or- 
 dered to attend him. [They had voted against 
 his wishes for a Protestant President.] He treated 
 them with an insolence such as had never been 
 shown to their predecessors by the Puritan visit- 
 ors. " You have not dealt with me like gentle- 
 men," he exclaimed. " You have been unman- 
 nerly as well as undutiful." They fell on their 
 knees and tendered their petition. He would 
 not look at it. " Is this your Church of England 
 loyalty ? I could not have believed that so many 
 men of the Church of England would have been 
 concerned in this business. Go home. Get you 
 gone. I am king. I will be obeyed. Go to your 
 chapel this instant and admit the Bishop of Ox- 
 ford [the king's Roman Catholic nominee for 
 president]. Let those who refuse look to it. 
 They shall feel the whole weight of my hand. 
 They shall know what it is to incur the displeas- 
 ure of their sovereign." . . . [They retired to 
 their chapel, and] declared that in all things law- 
 ful they were ready to obey their king, but that 
 they would not violate their statutes and their 
 oaths. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 273. 
 
 2891. INSOLENCE resented. Of Darius. Pre- 
 viously to the commencement of his expedition, 
 he sent, according to a national custom, two 
 heralds into the; country which he intended to 
 invade, who, in their master's name, demanded 
 earth and water, the usual symbols of subjection. 
 The insolence of this requisition provoked the 
 Athenians and Spartans into a violation of the 
 law of civilized nations. They granted the re- 
 quest of the ambassadors by throwing one of 
 them into a ditch and the other into a well. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1, p. 128. 
 
 2§92. INSOLVENCY, Governmental. Beignof 
 Charles II. Ashley and Clifford [members of 
 
 his cabinet] proposed a flagitious breach of 
 public faith. The goldsmiths of London were 
 then not only dealers in the precious metals, but 
 also bankers, and were in the habit of advancing 
 large sums of money to the government In 
 return for these advances they received assign- 
 ments on the revenue, and were repaid with in- 
 terest as the taxes came in. About £1,300,000 had 
 been in this way intrusted to the honor of the 
 State. On a sudden it was announced that it was 
 not convenient to pay the principal, and that the 
 lenders must content themselves with interest. 
 They were consequently unable to meet their 
 own engagements. The Exchange was in an 
 uproar ; several great mercantile houses broke ; 
 and dismay and distress spread through all so- 
 ciety. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 200. 
 
 2§93. INSPIRATION, Claim of. King of the 
 Gotlis. An Italian hermit, whose zeal and sanc- 
 tity were respected by the barbarians themselves, 
 encountered the victorious monarch, and boldly 
 denounced the indignation of Heaven against 
 the oppressors of the earth ; but the saint him- 
 self was confounded hj the solemn asseveration 
 of Alaric, that he felt a secret and preternatural 
 impulse, which directed and even compelled 
 his march to the gates of Rome. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 31, p. 249. 
 
 2§94. INSPIRATION, Professed. Joan of Are. 
 The sorceress was eighteen years of age ; she 
 was a beautiful and most desirable girl, of good 
 height, and with a sweet and heart-touching 
 voice. She entered the splendid circle with 
 all humility, "like a poor little shepherdess,' 
 distinguished at the first glance the king, who 
 had purposely kept himself amid the crowd of 
 courtiers ; and although at first he maintained 
 that he was not the king, she fell down and em- 
 braced his knees. But as he had not been crown- 
 ed, she only styled him dauphin. " Gentle dau- 
 phin," she addressed him, " my name is Jehanne 
 la Pucelle. The King of Heaven sends you 
 word by me that you shall be consecrated and 
 crowned in the city of Rheims, and shall be lieu- 
 tenant of the King of Heaven, who is King of 
 France." — Michelet's Joan of Arc, p. 9. 
 
 2895. INSPIRATION, Proof of. Joan of Arc. 
 Charles designedly dressed himself far less richly 
 than many of his courtiers were apparelled, and 
 mingled with them when Joan was introduced, 
 in order to see if the Holy Maid would address 
 her exhortations to the wrong person. But she 
 instantly singled him out, and kneeling before 
 him, said: "Most noble dauphin, the King of 
 Heaven announces to you by me that you shall 
 be anointed and crowned king in the city of 
 Rheims, and that you shall be His vicegerent in 
 France." His features may probably have been 
 seen by her previously in portraits, or have been 
 described to her by others ; but she herself be- 
 lieved that her Voices inspired her when she ad- 
 dressed the king ; and the report soon spread 
 abroad that the Holy Maid had found the king 
 by a miracle. — Decisive Battles, § 374. 
 
 2896. INSULT more than Injury. Arabs. The 
 nice sense of honor which weighs the insult rath- 
 er than the injury sheds its deadly venom on the 
 quarrels of the Arabs ; the honor of their wom- 
 en and their beards is most easily wounded ; an 
 indecent action, a contemptuous word, can be 
 expiated only by the blood of the offender ; and 
 
INSULT— INSULTS. 
 
 345 
 
 sucli is their patient inveteracy, that they expect 
 whole months and years the opportunity of re- 
 venge. A fine or compensation for murder is 
 familiar to the barbarians of every age ; but in 
 Arabia the kinsmen of the dead are at liberty to 
 accept the atonement, or to exercise with their 
 own hands the law of toleration. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50, p. 88. 
 
 2897. INSULT to Jealousy. Flogging. [The 
 aristocracy were mad at Csesar.] Como, one of 
 the most thriving towns in the north of Italy, 
 had been enfranchised by Caesar. An eminent 
 citizen from Como happening to be at Rome, 
 Marcellus publicly flogged him, and bade him 
 go back and tell his fellow-townsmen the value 
 of Caesar's gift to them. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 20. 
 
 2898. INSULT, The last. Crusaders. A sin- 
 gle knight could impart, according to his judg- 
 ment, the character which he received ; and the 
 warlike sovereigns of Europe derived more glory 
 from this personal distinction than from the lus- 
 tre of their diadem. This ceremony, of which 
 some traces may be found in Tacitus and the 
 woods of Germany, was in its origin simple and 
 profane : the candidate, after some previous trial, 
 was invested with the sword and spurs ; and his 
 cheek or shoulder was touched with a slight 
 blow, as an emblem of the last affront which it 
 was lawful for him to endure. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 58, p. 563. 
 
 2899. INSULT, Political. To William Pitt, 
 Prime Minister. Pitt, on the 27th of July, went 
 to pay Rockingham [ex-prime-minister and lead- 
 er of the aristocracy] a visit of respect, and had 
 passed the threshold, when the young chief of 
 the great Whig families, refusing to receive him, 
 turned the venerable man of the people from 
 Ms door. But he was never afterward able to 
 resume ofBce, except with the friends of the 
 minister he now insulted. — Bancroft's U. 8., 
 vol. 6, ch. 26. 
 
 2900. INSULT, Rebellion from. Persians. 
 [The Persian Emperor Hormouz was jealous of 
 his successful and loyal General Bahram after 
 his great victory over the Turks. And] no soon- 
 er had Bahram collected and reviewed his forces, 
 than he received from a royal messenger the in- 
 sulting gift of a distaff, a spinning-wheel, and a 
 complete suit of female apparel. Obedient to 
 the will of his sovereign, he showed himself to 
 the soldiers in this unworthy disguise ; they 
 resented his ignominy and their own ; a shout 
 of rebellion ran through the ranks ; and the 
 general accepted their oath of fidelity and vows 
 of revenge. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 46, p. 434. 
 
 2901. INSULT, Remembrance of. Darius. 
 The lonians, with their xVthenian allies, ravaged 
 and burnt the city of Sardis, destroying the mag- 
 nificent temple of Cybele, the tutelary goddess 
 of the country ; but the Persians defeated them 
 with great slaughter, and compelled the Athe- 
 nians hastily to re-embark their troops at Ephe- 
 sus, glad to make the best of their way to 
 Greece. This insult, however, sunk deep into 
 the mind of Darius, and from that moment he 
 vowed the destruction of Greece. That his resolu- 
 tion might suffer no delay or abatement, he 
 caused a crier to proclaim every day when he 
 <5at down to table, "Great sovereign, remem- 
 
 ber the Athenians." — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 1, p. 128. 
 
 2902. INSULT, Stinging. Colonel Tarleton. 
 Tarleton [a captured British officer of Corn- 
 wallis' army] was speaking sarcastically of Col- 
 onel [William] Washington in the presence of 
 Mrs. Ashe. " I would be happy to see Colonel 
 Washington," he said, with a sneer. Mrs. Ashe 
 instantly replied, "If you had looked behind 
 you at the battle of Cowpens you would have 
 enjoyed that pleasure." — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 2903. INSULT, An unconscious. James II. 
 [The young grandsons of William Kiffin had 
 been legally murdered by the monster Jeffreys, 
 because of their religious faith. The king wish- 
 ed to gain the Dissenters, to use them against the 
 Established Church.] The heartless and venal 
 sycophants of Whitehall, judging by themselves, 
 thought that the old man would De easily pro- 
 pitiated by an alderman's gown, and by some 
 compensation in money for the property which 
 his grandsons had forfeited. . . . Kiffin was 
 ordered to attend at the palace. He found a 
 brilliant circle of noblemen and gentlemen as- 
 sembled. James immediately came to him, 
 spoke to him very graciously, and concluded by 
 saying, " I have put you down, Mr. Kiffin, for 
 an alderman of London." The old man looked 
 fixedly at the king, burst into tears, and made 
 answer, "Sir, I am worn out; I am unfit to 
 serve your Majesty or the city. And, sir, the 
 death of my poor boys broke my heart. That 
 wound is as fresh as ever. I shall carry it to 
 my grave." The king stood silent for a minute 
 in some confusion, and then said, " Mr. Kiffin, 
 I will find a balsam for that sore." Assuredly 
 James did not mean to say anything cruel or in- 
 solent. . . . They are the words of a hard-heart- 
 ed and low-minded man, unable to conceive any 
 laceration of the affections for which a place or 
 a pension would not be a full compensation. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 212. 
 
 2904. INSULTS, Argument by. Samuel John- 
 son's. The great lexicographer, spoiled by the 
 homage of society, was still more prone than 
 Goldsmith to lose temper when the argument 
 went against him. He could not brook appearing 
 to be worsted, but would attempt to bear down 
 his adversary by the rolling thunder of his peri- 
 ods ; and when that failed, would become down- 
 right insulting. Boswell called it "having re- 
 course to some sudden mode of robust sophis- 
 try ;" but Goldsmith designated it much more 
 happily. " There is no arguing with Johnson," 
 said he, "for when his pistol 7nissesfire, he knocks 
 you down with tJie butt end of it." — Irving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 19, p. 127. 
 
 2905. INSULTS with Misfortunes. James II. 
 [When his perversity had ruined all his pros- 
 pects, he called a council of eminent men. Eng- 
 land was now invaded by William of Orange.] 
 Then Clarendon rose, and, to the astonish- 
 ment of all who remembered his loud profes- 
 sions of loyalty and the agony of shame and 
 sorrow into which he had been thrown, only a 
 few days before, by the news of his son's defec- 
 tion, broke forth into a vehement invective 
 against tyranny and popery. '' Even now," he 
 said, ' ' his Majesty is raising in London a regi- 
 
346 
 
 INTELLECT— INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 ment into which no Protestant is admitted." 
 " That is not true," cried James, iu great agita- 
 tion, from the head of the board. Clarendon 
 persisted, and left this offensive topic only to pass 
 to a topic still more offensive. He accused the 
 unfortunate king of pusillanimity. Why retreat 
 from Salisbury ? Why not try the event of a 
 battle ? Could people be blamed for submitting 
 to the invader when they saw their sovereign 
 run away at the head of his army ? James felt 
 these insults keenly, and remembered them long. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., cli. 9, p. 482. 
 
 2906. INTELLECT clouded. Jeffreys. His le- 
 gal knowledge, indeed, was merely such as he 
 had picked up in practice of no very high kind ; 
 but he had one of those happily-constituted in- 
 tellects which, across labyrinths of sophistry and 
 through masses of immaterial facts, go straight 
 to the true point. Of his intellect, however, he 
 seldom had the full use. Even in civil causes his 
 malevolent and despotic temper perpetually dis- 
 ordered his judgment. . . . His looks and tones 
 had inspired terror when he was merely a young 
 advocate struggling into practice. Now that he 
 was at the head of the most formidable tribunal 
 in the realm, there were few indeed who did not 
 tremble before him. Even when he was sober, 
 his violence was sufficiently frightful ; but in 
 general his reason was overclouded and his evil 
 passions stimulated by the fumes of intoxication. 
 His evenings were ordinarily given to revelry. 
 People who saw him only over his bottle would 
 have supposed him to be a man gross indeed, 
 sottish. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 418. 
 
 2907. INTELLECT, Dullness of. John How- 
 ard. John Howard, therefore, was a decidedly 
 illiterate man. He spelled very incorrectly, and 
 expressed himself on paper in the most awk- 
 ward and ungrammatical manner. He was 
 probably a dull boy, as he was rather a dull 
 man. There is no question that, in point of 
 mere intellect, he was not much above the aver- 
 age of English tradesmen. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 32. 
 
 290§. INTELLECT, Parsimonious. Later 
 Greeks. The Greeks of Constantinople, after 
 purging away the impurities of their vulgar 
 speech, acquired the free use of their ancient lan- 
 guage, the most happy composition of human 
 art, and a familiar knowledge of the sublime 
 masters who had pleased or instructed the first 
 of nations. But these advantages only tend to 
 aggravate the reproach and shame of a degener- 
 ate people. They held in their lifeless hands the 
 riches of their fathers, without inheriting the 
 spirit which had created and improved that sa- 
 cred patrimony ; they read, they praised, they 
 compiled, but their languid souls seemed alike 
 incapable of thought and action. In the revo- 
 lution of ten centuries, not a single discovery 
 was made to exalt the dignity or promote the 
 happiness of mankind. Not a single idea has 
 been added to the speculative systems of an- 
 tiquity, and a succession of patient disciples be- 
 came in their turn the dogmatic teachers of the 
 next servile generation. Not a single composi- 
 tion of history, philosophy, or literature has 
 been saved from oblivion by the intrinsic beau- 
 ties of style or sentiment, of original fancy, or 
 even of successful imitation. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 53, p. 381. 
 
 2909. INTELLECT, Uncultivated. Americmz 
 Indians. The red man has aptitude at imitation 
 rather than invention ; he learns easily ; his natu- 
 ral logic is correct and discriminating, and he 
 seizes on the nicest distinctions in comparing 
 objects. But he is deficient in the power of im- 
 agination to combine and bring unity into his 
 floating fancies, and in the faculty of abstraction 
 to lift himself out of the dominion of his imme- 
 diate experience. He is nearly destitute of ab- 
 stract moral truth — of general principles ; and 
 as a consequence equalling the white man in the 
 sagacity of the senses, and in judgments resting 
 on them, he is inferior in reason and the moral 
 qualities. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 22. 
 
 2910. INTELLIGENCE, Poverty of. Samuel 
 Johnson. Speaking of a diill, tiresome fellow, 
 whom he chanced to meet, he said, " That fel- 
 low seems to me to possess but one idea, and 
 that is a wrong one." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 177. 
 
 2911. INTEMPERANCE, Ancient. "Norman. 
 Gentleman." [In 1090] the " wealthy curled dar- 
 lings" passed their time in banqueting and drunk- 
 enness, in idle talk and gambling. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 16, p. 221. 
 
 2912. . Alexander. Alexander, as 
 
 soon as he retired from the f ijneral pile [where 
 an Indian prince named Calanus had been con- 
 sumed], invited his friends and officers to supper, 
 and, to give life to the carousal, promised that 
 the man who drank most should be crowned for 
 his victory Promachus drank four measures of 
 wine (about fourteen quarts), and carried off the 
 crown, which was worth a talent, but survived 
 it only three days. The rest of the guests, as 
 Charles tells us, drank to such a degree that 
 forty-one of them lost their lives, the weather 
 coming upon them extremely cold during their 
 intoxication. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 2913. INTEMPERANCE a fine Art. Gyrus. 
 [Cyrus wrote the Lacedasmonians for assistance. 
 In his letter he] spoke in very high terms of him- 
 self, telling them he had a greater and more 
 princely heart than his brother ; that he was the 
 better philosopher, being instructed in the doc- 
 trines of the Magi, and that he could drink and 
 bear more wine than his brother. — Plutarch's. 
 Artaxerxes. 
 
 2914. INTEMPERANCE, BUght of. Edgar Al- 
 lan Poe. [He was engaged to marry one of the 
 most brilliant young women of New England. 
 After the bans were published he was seen] reel- 
 ing through the streets of the city which was the 
 lady's home ; and in the evening that should 
 have been the evening before the bridal, in his 
 drunkenness he committed at her house such 
 outrages as made necessary a summons of the 
 police. [He was afterward found in the streets 
 of Baltimore drunk and dying, and closed his 
 life in the hospital.] — Smiles' Brief Biogra- 
 phies, p. 341. 
 
 2915. INTEMPERANCE, Burdens of. Benja- 
 min Franklin. [He took a young Boston friend 
 with him on his return to Philadelphia.] On 
 the journey [young] Franklin discovered that 
 his friend had become a slave to drink. He was 
 sorely plagued and disgraced by him, and at last 
 the young drunkard had spent all his money, and 
 
INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 347 
 
 had no way of getting on but by Franklin's aid. 
 ... He shared his purse with liim till it was 
 empty, and then began on some money wliich 
 he had been intrusted with for another, and so 
 got him to Philadelphia, where he still assisted 
 him. It was seven years before Franklin could 
 pay off all the debt. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 130. 
 
 2916. INTEMPERANCE destroys Character. 
 Do-nothing Kings. The title of " Rois faineants" 
 — " do-nothing kings" — expresses very aptly the 
 character of the last descendants of the house of 
 Clovis. At the moment when circumstances de- 
 manded from the occupants of the Prankish 
 throne a more than ordinary share of talent and 
 force of character, they lapsed into a state of im- 
 becility and insignificance, both bodily and men- 
 tal. Intemperance and debauchery entailed on 
 them premature decrepitude ; few attained the 
 mature age of manhood ; they rarely appeared in 
 public, except at the annual pageant of the 
 Champ de Mars. — Students' France, ch.4, § 8. 
 
 2917. INTEMPEEANCE, ChiurcUy. " WJdt- 
 sun-ales. " [In the latter part of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury,] at the season of Whitsuntide, when the 
 spring was calling up " a spirit of life in every- 
 thing," there was a parish feast, which the 
 church-wardens had prepared for by an ale-brew- 
 ing [called Church-ale] ; and the profit that was 
 made by filling the black-jacks of the jovial 
 countrymen was applied to the repairs of the 
 church. Fancy -fairs have superseded Whitsun- 
 ales. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 254. 
 
 2918. INTEMPERANCE common. England, 
 1593. [Stubbes says] every country, city, town, 
 village, and other places hath abundance of 
 alehouses, taverns, and inns, which are so fraught 
 
 1 with malt-worms night and day that you v,^ould 
 i wonder to see them. [Knight says] there were 
 I punishments for low debauchery, such as the 
 1 drunkard's cloak. Against this growing sin, 
 J which was creeping up from the peasant and 
 
 mechanic to the yeoman and the courtier, the 
 , preachers lifted up their voices in the pulpit, and 
 
 not always in vain. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 
 ch. 16, p. 242. 
 
 , 2919. INTEMPERANCE in Court. Trial of 
 \ Strafford. [On the trial of Strafford by Parlia- 
 jment it is said that] after ten o'clock bottles of 
 ,beer and wine were going from mouth to mouth 
 
 without cups. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 28, 
 
 p. 450. 
 
 2920. INTEMPERANCE, Crime by. England, 
 1750. [In 1750 Henry Fielding gives] his ex- 
 perience as a magistrate : " Wretches are often 
 brought before me charged with theft or rob- 
 bery, whom I am forced to confine before they 
 are in a condition to be examined ; and when 
 they have afterward become sober, I have plainly 
 perceived, from the state of the case, that the gin 
 •ilone was the cause of the transgression." . . . In 
 1751 Mr. Potter, a rising member of Parliament, 
 
 ' produced several physicians, and masters of 
 ■vorkhouses, to prove the fatal consequences of 
 jipirituous liquors, which laid waste the meaner 
 iiarts of the town, and were now spreading into 
 
 he country."— Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, 
 
 ). 191. 
 
 2921. INTEMPERANCE, Crimes of. Working 
 'lasses. The awful misuse of the labor of chil- 
 
 dren and women [in the British collieries] pro- 
 ceeded, not from the necessities of the coUier's- 
 f amily, but from his own gross and sensual indul- 
 gences. It was in evidence that many of the mi- 
 ners worked only eight or nine days in a fortnight, 
 and then spent the large earnings of two thirds- 
 of their working- time in drinking and gambling. 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, p. 396. 
 
 2922. INTEMPERANCE, Custom of. England,. 
 1742. The Duke of Newcastle gave a great- 
 dinner at Claremont to his colleagues. The ser- 
 vants, as was customary at this period, all got 
 drunk. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 7, p. 108. 
 
 2923. . Loi-ds of Manors. [Reign 
 
 of Charles II.] His table was loaded with coarse 
 plenty, and guests were cordially welcomed to 
 it ; but, as the habit of drinking to excess was 
 general in the class to which he belonged, and 
 as his fortune did not enable him to intoxicate 
 large assemblies daily with claret or canary, 
 strong beer was the ordinary beverage. The 
 quantity of beer consumed in those days was in- 
 deed enormous ; for beer then was to the middle 
 and lower classes not on^y all that beer now is, 
 but all that wine, tea, and ardent spirits now are. 
 It was only at great houses or on great occasions 
 that foreign drink was placed on the board. The 
 ladies of the house, whose business it had com- 
 monly been to cook the repast, retired as soon as 
 the dishes had been devoured, and left the gen- 
 tlemen to their ale and tobacco. The coarse 
 jollity of the afternoon was often prolonged till 
 the revellers were laid under the table. — Ma- 
 caitlay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 299. 
 
 2924. INTEMPERANCE, Debased by. Najzo- 
 leon I. "The English," s;iid he, " appear to 
 prefer the bottle to the society of their ladies, 
 as is exemplified by dismissing the ladies from 
 the table, and remaining for hours to drink and 
 intoxicate them.selves. Were I in England, I 
 should certainly leave the table with the ladies." 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 7. 
 
 2925. INTEMPERANCE, Diseased by. Au- 
 gustus Oalerius. His death was occasioned by a 
 very painful and lingering disorder. His body, 
 swelled by an intemperate course of life to aa 
 unwieldy corpulence, was covered with ulcers, 
 and devoured by innumerable swarms of those 
 insects which have given their name to a most 
 loathsome disease. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, 
 p. 470. 
 
 2926. INTEMPERANCE in Eating. Soliman. 
 Soliman [the Mohammedan caliph] died of an in- 
 digestion in his camp near Kinnisrin or Chalcis ia 
 Syria, as he was preparing to lead against Con- 
 stantinople the remaining forces of the East. 
 Note. — The caliph had emptied two baskets of 
 eggs and of figs, which he swallowed alternately, 
 and the repast was concluded with marrow and 
 sugar. In one of his pilgrimages to Mecca, Soli- 
 man ate, at a single meal, seventy pomegranates, 
 a kid, six fowls, and a huge quantity of the 
 grapes of Tayef . If the bill of fare be correct, 
 we must admire the appetite rather than the lux- 
 ury of the sovereign of Asia. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 52, p. 280. 
 
 2927. . Sam,uel Johnson. It must 
 
 be owned that Johnson, though he could be 
 rigidly abstemious, was not a temperate man 
 either in eating or drinking. He could refrain. 
 
348 
 
 INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 I 
 
 but he could not use moderately. He told me 
 that he had fasted two days without inconven- 
 ience, and that he had never been hungry but 
 once. They who beheld with wonder how much 
 he eat upon all occasions when his dinner was to 
 his taste, could not easily conceive what he must 
 have meant by hunger ; and not only was he re- 
 markable for the extraordinary quantity which 
 he eat, but he was, or affected to be, a man of 
 a very nice discernment in the science of cook- 
 ery. — Bos well's Johnson, p. 130. 
 
 292$. INTEMPERANCE, Example of. For the 
 Young. [The Spartans had many slaves called 
 Helotes. Sometimes they] made them drink un- 
 til they were intoxicated, and in that condition 
 led them into the public halls, to show the young 
 men what drunkenness was. They ordered them 
 to sing mean songs and to dance ridiculous 
 dances, but not to meddle with any that were 
 genteel and graceful. — Plutarch's Lycubgus. 
 
 2929. INTEMPERANCE, Fatal. Louis X. He 
 expired at Vincennes of a disorder occasioned 
 by drinking wine immoderately when over- 
 heated by a game at ball. — Students' France, 
 ch. 9, § 21, p. 190. 
 
 2930. . Athalaric. [Athalaric, the 
 
 young Gothic King of Italy, was abandoned 
 to wine, and at the age of sixteen was consumed 
 by premature intemperance.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 41, p. 149. 
 
 2931. . Alexander tJie Great. One 
 
 day after he had given Nearchus [one of his com- 
 manders] a sumptuous treat, he went, according 
 to custom, to refresh himself in the bath in order 
 to retire to rest. But in the mean time Medius 
 came and invited him to take part in a carousal, 
 and he could not deny him. There he drank all 
 that night and the next day, until at last he 
 found a fever coming upon him. It did not, 
 however, seize him as he was drinking the cup 
 of Hercules, nor did he find a sudden pain in his 
 back, as if it had been pierced with a spear. 
 These are circumstances invented by writers, 
 "who thought the catastrophe of so noble a trag- 
 edy should be something affecting and extraor- 
 dinary. Aristobulus tells us that in the rage of 
 his fever and the violence of his thirst he took a 
 draught of wine, which threw him into a frenzy, 
 and that he died the thirtieth of the month Dm- 
 sius {June). — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 2932. INTEMPERANCE of Females. Nobility. 
 A.D. 1606. [James I., having received a liberal 
 subsidy from Parliament,] indulged in every 
 species of disgusting excess, in which the royal 
 example was so encouraging that . . . the ladies 
 abandoned their sobriety, and were seen to roll 
 about in intoxication. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 22, p. 339. 
 
 2933. INTEMPERANCE fostered. Hugh Mil- 
 ler. ' ' The drinking usages of the [stone ma- 
 sons'] profession in which I labored were at 
 this time many ; when a foundation was laid, 
 the workmen were treated to drink ; . . . when 
 the walls were levelled for laying the joists ; . . . 
 when the building was finished ; . . . when an ap- 
 prentice joined the squad ; . . . when his " apron 
 was washed ;" ... when his time was out, and 
 occasionally they learned to treat one another. 
 [Miller soon became a teetotaler.] — Smiles' 
 33RIEF Biographies, p. 94. 
 
 2934. INTEMPERANCE and Genius. Addison. 
 Hear Swift : " I dined with Mr. Addison and 
 Dick Stuart. They were half fuddled, but not 
 I ; for I mixed water with my wine, and left 
 them together between nine and ten." [October 
 31, 1710.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, p. 426. 
 
 2935. INTEMPERANCE, Governmental. 
 
 Drunken Parliament, The Parliament which met 
 at Edinburgh on the 1st of January, 1661, has 
 been honored with the name of ' ' the drunken Par- 
 liament." [Bishop] Burnet says : " It was a mad, 
 roaring time, full of extravagance ; and no won- 
 der it was so, when the men of affairs were almost 
 perpetually drunk." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 16, p. 258. 
 
 2936. INTEMPERANCE through Hospitality. 
 Treating. [At the commencement of the eigh- 
 teenth century] the barbarous hospitality that in- 
 duced ' ' gentlemen to think it was one of the hon- 
 ors of their houses that none must go out of them 
 sober," was a little wearing away. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 54. 
 
 2937. INTEMPERANCE, Loss by. Stephen A. 
 Douglas. On the breaking out of the rebellion, 
 in 1861, he gave his hand to Abraham Lincoln, 
 and engaged to stand by him in his efforts to 
 save the country ; all his errors were instantly 
 forgiven. But his days were numbered. During 
 his herculean labors of the previous year he had 
 sustained himself by deep draughts of whiskey ; 
 and his constitution gave way at the very time 
 when a new and nobler career opened up before 
 him. . . . When I saw him last he was standing 
 on the balcony of the Metropolitan Hotel in New 
 York, . . . his large face as red as fire. — Par- 
 ton's Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 203. 
 
 293S. INTEMPERANCE manifested. Offen- 
 sive. I heard him [Johnson] once give a very 
 judicious practical advice upon this subject : 
 ' ' A man who has been drinking wine at all free- 
 ly should never go into a new company. With 
 those who have partaken wine with him he 
 may be pretty well in unison ; but he will, prob- 
 ably, be offensive, or appear ridiculous, to other 
 people." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 276. 
 
 2939. INTEMPERANCE, Perils of. Retreat 
 from Moscow. On the 9th of November Napoleon 
 reached Smolensk. He had hoped to find shel- 
 ter, clothing, and provisions. He found only 
 rain and famine. There was brandy in abun- 
 dance. The soldiers in despair drank to utter 
 stupefaction, and during the night perished mis- 
 erably in the icy streets. In the morning the 
 pavement was covered with the frozen bodies 
 of the dead. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 14. 
 
 2940. . Indians. [After the sur- 
 render of Fort William Henry, at Lake George, 
 to the French,] a safe escort was promised to 
 Fort Edward. . . . Unfortunately the Indians 
 procured a quantity of whiskey from the Eng- 
 lish camp. Maddened with intoxication, and in i 
 spite of the utmost exertions of Montcalm and j 
 his officers, the savages fell upon the prisoners, j 
 and began a massacre. Thirty of the English 
 were tomahawked. . . . The retirement ... be- 
 came a panic and a rout. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 34, p. 270. 
 
 2941. INTEMPERANCE, Power of. W(vr. 
 The intemperate thirst of strong liquors often 
 
INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 349 
 
 Purged the barbarians to invade the provinces on 
 which art or nature had bestowed those much- 
 envied presents. The Tuscan who betrayed his 
 country to the Celtic nations attracted them 
 into Italy by the prospect of the rich fruits and 
 delicious wines, the productions of a happier 
 climate. And in the same manner the German 
 auxiliaries, invited into France during the civil 
 wars of the sixteenth century, were allured by 
 the promise of plenteous quarters in the prov- 
 inces of Champagne and Burgundy. Drunken- 
 ness, the most illiberal, but not the most danger- 
 ous of our vices, was sometimes capable, in a 
 less civilized state of mankind, of occasioning a 
 battle, a war, or a revolution. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 9, p. 262. 
 
 2942. INTEMPERANCE prolonged. Dionysius. 
 The reins of that monarchy which Dionysius 
 vainly called adamantine fell gradually from the 
 loose and dissolute hand that held them. This 
 young prince, it is said, would continue the scene 
 of intoxication for ninety days without intermis- 
 sion, during which time no sober person was 
 admitted to his court, where all was drunkenness 
 and buffoonery, revelry and riot. — Plutarch. 
 
 2943. INTEMPERANCE— PROPERTY. Con- 
 sumption. [Cato the Censor was one day] pointing 
 to a man who had sold a paternal estate near the 
 seaside ; he pretended to admire him as one that 
 was stronger than the sea itself ; " For," said he, 
 ' ' what the sea could not have swallowed with- 
 out difficulty, this man has taken down with all 
 the ease imaginable." — Plutarch's Cato. 
 
 2914. INTEMPERANCE, Religion against. 
 Puritans. [In 1653 Colonel Hutchinson, M.P. , 
 in the part of the country where he lived] 
 procured unnecessary ale-houses to be put down 
 in all the towns ; and if any one that he heard 
 of suffered any disorder or debauchery in his 
 house, he would not suffer him to brew any 
 more. He was a little severe against drunk- 
 enness, for which the drunkards would some- 
 times rail at him. — Knight's Eng.,vo1. 4, ch. 11, 
 p. 172. 
 
 294o. INTEMPERANCE renounced. Normans. 
 They renounced that brutal intemperance to 
 which all the other branches of the great Ger- 
 man family were too much inclined. The polite 
 luxury of the Norman presented a striking con- 
 trast to the coarse voracity and drunkenness of 
 his Saxon and Danish neighbors. He loved to 
 display his magnificence, not in huge piles of 
 food and hogsheads of strong drink, but in 
 large and stately edifices, rich armor, gallant 
 horses, choice falcons, well-ordered tournaments, 
 banquets delicate rather than abundant, and 
 wines remarkable rather for their exquisite flavor 
 than for their intoxicating power. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 11. 
 
 2946. INTEMPERANCE, Revenue from. State. 
 [The national debt of Great Britain was begun by 
 borrowing ten millions of money to carry on the 
 war of William III. against Louis XIV. The 
 loan was secured by] " An Act for granting to 
 their majesties certain rates and duties of excise 
 upon beer, ale, and other liquors." — Knight's 
 ExG., vol. 5, ch. 10, p. 156. 
 
 2947. INTEMPERANCE, Shameful. Reirjn of 
 ■Tiuaes IF. There were two Protestant members 
 I if the cabinet who took no decided part in the 
 
 struggle. Jeffreys was at that time tortured by 
 a cruel internal malady which had been aggra- 
 vated by intemperance. At a dinner which a 
 wealthy alderman gave to some of the leading 
 members of the government, the lord treasurer 
 and the lord chancellor were so drunk that they 
 stripped themselves almost stark naked, and 
 were with difficulty prevented from climbing up 
 a sign-post to drink his Majesty's health. — Ma 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 61. 
 
 2948. INTEMPERANCE, Shameless. English. 
 Noble Britons, up to the end of the eighteenth 
 century, thought it no disgrace to a gentleman to 
 be led reeling home by the watchman, or to fall 
 under the table, whilst roaring out the bacchana- 
 lian songs which were the most precious gifts 
 of the English muse. . . . The president who is 
 concocting a fresh bowl of punch is a rubicund 
 divine, whose calling, according to the theory 
 of that age, is as much devoted to the corkscrew 
 hanging from his finger as by the band and cas- 
 sock which he wears. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 30, p. 468. 
 
 2949. INTEMPERANCE endangers the State. 
 Battle of Oermantown. The delay in the arrival 
 of the ammunition wagons Avas productive of the 
 most serious consequences in the action of the 
 succeeding day [to the Americans]. The gen- 
 eral officer to whom the blame of this delay was 
 attached was afterward discovered in a state of 
 intoxication, lying in the corner of a fence. [In 
 the midst of the battle the ammunition failed.} 
 He was brought to a court-martial and cashiered.^ 
 — CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 2950. INTEMPERANCE, Strange. Tartars.. 
 The wines of a happier climate ari^ the most grate- 
 ful present, or the most valuable commodity, that 
 can be offered to the Tartars ; and the only ex- 
 ample of their industry seems to consist in the 
 art of extracting from mare's milk a fermented 
 liquor, which possesses a very strong power of 
 intoxication — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 6. 
 
 2951. INTEMPERANCE, Suppression of. By 
 Legislation. [In 1752, to suppress the evils of] 
 drinking gin, additional duties were imposed 
 from time to time ; and the consumption of the 
 liquid fire became gradually diminished, not so 
 much, perhaps, by the operation of the duties 
 as by the general improvement of all classes of 
 society. Drunkenness in the time of George II. 
 was the vice of the high as well as the low. 
 When it became a disgrace f 6r a gentleman to be 
 drunk, it might reasonably be expected that the 
 artisan would see that his own character and his 
 own happiness were compromised by drunken- 
 ness. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 191. 
 
 2952. INTEMPERANCE, Victim of. Sheridan. 
 The same night in which Sheridan had electrified 
 Parliament with his eloquence he might have 
 been picked up drunk in the streets. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, p. 402. 
 
 2953. . Robert Burns, \i&.vmg gone 
 
 from his plough to become the spoiled child 
 of Edinburgh society, fell into habits of intem- 
 perance. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 7, p. 116. 
 
 2954. . Robert Burns. Early in 
 
 the month of January, when his health was in 
 the course of improvement. Burns tarried to a 
 late hour at a jovial party in the Globe tavern. 
 Before retui'ning home, he unluckily remained 
 
^50 
 
 INTEMPERANCE— INTOLERANCE. 
 
 for some time in the open air, aud overpowered 
 by the effects of the liquor he had drunk, fell 
 asleep. ... A fatal chill penetrated his bones ; 
 he reached home with the seeds of a rheumatic 
 fever already in possession of his weakened 
 frame. In this little accident, and not in the 
 pressure of poverty or disrepute, or wounded 
 feelings or a broken heart, truly lay the deter- 
 mining cause of the sadly shortened days of our 
 national poet. — Shairp's Burns, ch. 7. 
 
 2955. . Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Al- 
 lan Poe, like Byron and many others, appears to 
 have been a man whose brain was permanently 
 injured by alcohol, and so injured that there was 
 no safet}^for him except in total and eternal ab- 
 stinence from every intoxicating drink. I have 
 often heard the late N. P. Willis speak of Poe's 
 conduct when he was sub-editor of the Even- 
 ing Mirror, of which Mr. Willis was one of the 
 editors. Poe, he would say, was usually one of 
 the most quiet, regular, and gentlemanlike of 
 men, remarkably neat in his person, elegant and 
 orderly about his work, and wholly unexception- 
 able in conduct and demeanor. But in a weak 
 moment, tempted, perhaps, by a friend or by 
 the devil Opportunity, he would take one glass 
 of wine or liquor. From that moment he was 
 another being. His self-control was gone. An 
 irresistible thirst for strong drink possessed him, 
 and he would drink and drink and drink, as long 
 as he could lift a glass to his lips. If he could not 
 get good liquor, he would drink bad; all he 
 desired was something fiercely stimulating. He 
 would frequently keep i\\m up for several days 
 and nights, until, in fact, his system was per- 
 fectly exhausted, and he had been taken helpless 
 and unresisting to bed. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 736. 
 
 2956. INTEMPEEANCE, Wages and. ' ' Cider 
 Wages." [About the close of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury began a custom which has continued until 
 the present time. It was] " the payment, by the 
 farmer, of a portion of his laborers' wages in 
 cider." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 15, p. 15. 
 
 2957. INTEECOITRSE, TTnity ty. United 
 States. The third cause of the civil war was the 
 want of intercourse between the people of the North 
 and the South. The great railroads and thorough- 
 fares ran East and West. Emigration flowed 
 from the East to the West. Between the North 
 and South there was little travel or interchange 
 of opinion. From want of acquaintance the peo- 
 ple, without intendingit, became estranged, jeal- 
 ous, suspicious. They misjudged each other's 
 motives ; they misrepresented each other's beliefs 
 and purpose^ • they suspected each other of dis- 
 honesty and ill- . ''.1. Before the outbreak of the 
 war the people of the two sections looked upon 
 each other almost in the light of different nation- 
 alities.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 62, p. 489. 
 
 2958. INTEREST prohibited. Reign of Henry 
 "TZZZ It is worthy of notice that in this reign, 
 likewise, the interest of money was first fixed by 
 law in England. While this continued an arbi- 
 trary matter — that is to say, while the prohibi- 
 tions of the canon law were in full force, which, 
 as we formerly remarked, condemned all interest 
 as illegal and contrary to the express command 
 of Scripture — its exaction, being kept secret, was 
 beyond measure exorbitant. Twenty and thirty 
 per cent were, in the fourteenth century, ac- 
 
 counted a moderate rate of usance. Henry VIII., 
 by a statute passed in the year 1546, for the pun- 
 ishment of usury, limited the legal interest to 
 ten per cent, at which rate it continued till after 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 18, p. 274. 
 
 2959. INTERPRETATION unrestricted. My- 
 
 thology. As the traditions of pagan mythology 
 were variously related, the sacred interpreters 
 were at liberty to select the most convenient 
 circumstances ; and as they translated an arbi- 
 trary cipher, they could extract from any fable 
 any sense which was adapted to their favorite 
 system of religion and pWlosophy. The lasci- 
 vious form of a naked Venus was tortured into 
 the discovery of some moral precept or somo 
 physical truth ; and the castration of Atys ex- 
 plained the revolution of the sun between the 
 tropics, or the separation of the human soul 
 from vice and eiTor. [Time of Julian.] — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 23, p. 415. 
 
 2960. INTERVIEW, Formal. Grant^McMa- 
 hon. [A French inquirer asked General Grant, 
 when in Paris,] " How did you find our Presi- 
 dent ?" " We were unable to comprehend each 
 other." "How was that ?" I said, with aston- 
 ishment. " Simple enough ; I didn't under- 
 stand a word of French ; the marshal doesn't 
 know a word of English. He bowed to me ; I 
 bowed to him. He extended his hand to me ; I 
 extended mine to him. Then all was over." — 
 Travels op General Grant, p. 88. 
 
 2961. INTIMIDATION successful. Captain 
 John Smith. Smith's first and chief care was to 
 make a proper impression upon the minds of the 
 savages .... He ordered the two cannon which 
 he had promised to give to [King] Powhatan to 
 be brought out and loaded to the muzzle with 
 stones. Then, under the pretence of teaching 
 the Indians gunnery, he had the pieces dis- 
 charged among the tree-tops, which were brist- 
 ling with icicles. There was a terrible crash, and 
 the savages, cowering with fear and amazement, 
 could not be induced to touch the fearful engines. 
 —Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, p. 101. 
 
 2962. INTOLERANCE and Immorality. Cha/r- 
 lemagne. Charlemagne was fully equal to any 
 of those sovereigns to whom history awards 
 the name of Great, if he did not surpass them 
 all. His two great faults were his religious in- 
 tolerance, which carried him into the most san- 
 guinary excesses of inhuman cruelty, and his 
 laxity of personal morals. — Students' France, 
 ch. 5, § 11. 
 
 2963. INTOLERANCE, Protestant. To Roman, 
 ists. [In 1698 was passed] the " Act for the fur- 
 ther preventing the growth of Popery ;" it recites 
 that there has been a greater resort into this 
 kingdom than formerly of popish priests, bish- 
 ops, and Jesuits. Any person apprehending and 
 prosecuting to conviction any bishop, priest, or 
 Jesuit, for saying mass or exercising any priest- 
 ly function, is to receive a reward of £100. The 
 punishment of such convicted persons, or for a 
 papist keeping a school, is to be perpetual im- 
 prisonment. Every person educated in the po- 
 pish religion upon attaining the age of eighteen, 
 to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy, and 
 subscribe the declaration against transubstantia- 
 tion and the worship of saints, and in default of 
 
INTOLERAXCE— INVENTION. 
 
 351 
 
 such oath and subscription is declared incapable 
 of purchasing lands, or of inheriting lands under 
 any devise or limitation, the next of kin being a 
 Protestant, to enjoy such devised lands during 
 life. — Knight's ExG., vol. 5, ch. 15, p. 235. 
 
 2964. INTOLERANCE, ReUgious. Tender Con- 
 sciences. [In 1670 Parker, afterward Bishop of 
 Oxford, was intolerant toward Nonconformists, 
 and proclaimed] tender consciences, instead of 
 being complied with, must be restrained with 
 more peremptory and unyielding rigor than 
 naked and unsanctified villainy. — Knight's 
 Eng.,vo1. 4, ch. 19, p. 311. 
 
 2965. INTOXICATION, ResponsibiUty for. 
 Murder. [Belisarius, the great Roman general, 
 was distinguished by his firmness and severity.] 
 Two of the Huns, who in a drunken quarrel had 
 slain one of their fellow-soldiers, were instantly 
 shown to the army suspended on a lofty gibbet. 
 The national dignity was resented by their coun- 
 trymen, who disclaimed the servile laws of the 
 empire, and asserted the free privilege of Scyth- 
 ia, where a small fine was allowed to expiate the 
 hasty sallies of intemperance and anger. Their 
 complaints were specious, their clamors were 
 loud, and the Romans were not averse to the ex- 
 ample of disorder and impunity. But the rising 
 sedition was appeased by the authority and elo- 
 quence of the general ; and he represented to the 
 assembled troops the obligation of justice, the 
 importance of discipline, the rewards of piety 
 and virtue, and the unpardonable guilt of mur- 
 der, which, in his apprehension, was aggravated 
 rather than excused by the vice of intoxication. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41, p. 121. 
 
 2966. INTRIGUE, Genius for. GarondeBeau- 
 marchais. a.d. 1774. " Is there," said he through 
 De Sartines, the head of the police [to Louis 
 XVI. , twenty years of age, and absolute monarch 
 of France], " anything which the Icing wishes to 
 know alone and at once — anything which he 
 wishes done quickly and secretly, here am I, 
 •who have at his service a head, a heart, arms, 
 and no tongue." — Bancroft's U.S., vol. 7,ch. 1. 
 
 2967. INTRIGUER, Successful. Sunderland. 
 ^Secretary of State under Charles II.] Like many 
 other accomplished flatterers and negotiators, he 
 was far more skilful in the art of reading the 
 characters and practising on the weaknesses of 
 individuals than m the art of discerning the feel- 
 ings of great masses and of foreseeing the ap- 
 proach of great revolutions. He was adroit in 
 intrigue ; and it was difficult even for shrewd 
 and experienced men, who had been amply fore- 
 warned of his perfidy, to withstand the fascina- 
 tion of his manner, and to refuse credit to his 
 professions of attachment ; but he was so intent 
 on observing and courting particular persons, 
 that he forgot to study the temper of the nation. 
 He therefore miscalculated grossly with respect 
 to all the most momentous events of his time. 
 Everj important movement and rebound of the 
 
 jfPublic mind took him by surprise ; and the 
 
 rorld, unable to understand how so clever a 
 
 lan could be blind to what was clearly discern- 
 
 ' by the politicians of the coffee-houses, some- 
 
 IjUmes attributed to deep design what were, in 
 
 Itruth, mere blunders. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, 
 
 |p. 231. 
 
 296!». INVENTION by Accident. Spinning- 
 jenny. In 1767 James Hargreaves completed his 
 
 "spinning-jenny." The spinster's machine in 
 Hargreaves' cottage being accidentally over- 
 turned, it was observed that the wheel and the 
 spindle continued to revolve. In ihe position of 
 the wheel on its side the spindle became perpen- 
 dicular. The ingenious man caught the idea, 
 and forthwith constructed a multiplying wheel, 
 with eight rovings and eight upright spindlea 
 His jealous neighbors broke into his house, de- 
 stroyed his invention, and compelled him to fly 
 for his life to Nottingham. [He took out a pat- 
 ent, but his invention soon became common 
 property.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 46. 
 
 2969. . Chauncey Jerome. He began, 
 
 erelong, to send consignments of wooden clocks 
 to the Southern cilies, and this it was that led to 
 the discarding of wood for the works of Yankee 
 clocks. On the voyage the wood would swell 
 sometimes, and spoil them. One night, when 
 Jerome was depressed from a temporary lull in 
 the business, and much troubled with this new 
 difficulty, the idea darted into his mind that 
 possibly a clock could be made of brass as 
 cheaply as of wood. He sprang out of bed and 
 fell to ciphering. He found it could be done. 
 He did it. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 213. 
 
 2970. INVENTION, Aid of. Julius Ccesar. 
 The Veneti had collected every ship that they or 
 their allies possessed to defend themselves. They 
 had two hundred and twenty sail in all — a 
 force, considering its character, extremely for- 
 midable. Their vessels were too strong to be 
 run down. The galleys carried turrets ; but the 
 bows and sterns of the Veneti were still too 
 lofty to be reached effectively by the Roman 
 javelins. The Romans had the advantage in 
 speed ; but that was all. They too, however, 
 had their ingenuities. They had studied the 
 construction of the Breton ships. They had 
 provided sickles with long handles, with which 
 they proposed to catch the halyards which held 
 the weight of the heavy leather sails. It was 
 not difficult to do, if, as is probable, the hal- 
 yards were made fast, not to the mast, but to 
 the gunwale. Sweeping rapidly alongside they 
 could easily cut them ; the sails would fall, and 
 the vessels would be unmanageable. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 15. 
 
 2971. INVENTION appreciated. Power-loom. 
 [Dr. Edmund Cartwright, a clergyman, invented 
 the power-loom in 1784 ; and in 1807 Parliament 
 granted him £10,000] for the good service he 
 had rendered the public by his invention of 
 weaving. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 54. 
 
 2972. INVENTION, Benefit of. Cannon. In 
 the battle of Angora the main body itself was 
 supported on the flanks and in the rear by the 
 bravest squadrons of the reserve, commanded 
 by the sons and grandsons of Timour, The con- 
 queror of Hindostan ostentatiously showed a 
 line of elephants, the trophies rather than the 
 instruments of victory ; the use of the Greek 
 fire was familiar to the Moguls and Ottomans ; 
 but had they borrowed from Europe the recent 
 invention of gunpowder and cannon, the artifi- 
 cial thunder, in the hands of either nation, must 
 have turned the fortune of the day. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 65, p. 265. 
 
 2973. INVENTION, Comfort by. Ear the n- 
 ware. [In 1763 Josiah Wedgwood, a mechanic. 
 
352 
 
 INVENTION. 
 
 discovered a process of manufacturing a cheap 
 and excellent earthenware, which removed] the 
 pewter dishes from the dingy rows in the trades- 
 man's kitchen, and superseded the wooden plat- 
 ter and the brown dish of the poor man's cottage, 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 8, p. 57. 
 
 2974. INVENTION, Crisis of. Elias Howe. 
 One day, in 1844, the thought flashed upon him. 
 Is it necessary that a macjiine should imitate the 
 performance of the hand ? May there not be 
 another stitch ? This was the crisis of the inven- 
 tion The idea of using two threads, and form- 
 ing a stitch by the aid of a shuttle and a curved 
 needle, with the eye near the point, soon occurred 
 to him, and he felt that he had invented a sewing- 
 machine. It was in the month of October, 1844, 
 that he was able to convince himself, by a rough 
 model of wood and wire, that such a machine 
 as he had projected would sew. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 680. 
 
 2975. INVENTION, Discouragement in. James 
 Watt. I have now brought the engine near a con- 
 clusion, yet I am not an idea nearer that rest I 
 wish for than I was four years ago. However, I 
 am resolved to do all I can to carry on this busi- 
 ness, and if it does not thrive with me I will lay 
 aside the burden I cannot carry. Of all things 
 in life there is nothing more foolish than invent- 
 ing. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 30. 
 
 2976. INVENTION, Failure of. George Wash- 
 ington. We find in his diary many such entries 
 as these : " Spent the greater part of the day in 
 making a new plough of my own invention." 
 " Peter (my smith) and I, after several efforts to 
 make a plough after a new model, partly of my 
 own contriving, were fain to give it over, at 
 least for the present." — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 12. 
 
 2977. INVENTION, Genius for. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. It is an attempt to make it an easy mat- 
 ter to transport vessels over shoals and snags 
 and sawyers. The main idea is that of an appa- 
 ratus resembling a noiseless bellows, placed on 
 each side of the hull of the craft, just below the 
 water-line, and worked by an odd but not com- 
 plicated system of ropes, valves, and pulleys. 
 When the keel of the vessel grates . . . these 
 bellows are to be filled with air ; and thus buoy- 
 ed up, the ship is expected to float. . . . The 
 model is [at the Patent Office] about eighteen or 
 twenty inches long, . . . whittled with a knife 
 out of a shingle and a cigar-box. — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 42. 
 
 297§. . Chinese. The Chinese 
 
 have had a manufacture of glass for two thou- 
 sand years ; they have made paper of the bam- 
 boo from time immemorial ; and they invented 
 the art of printing in the time of Julius Caesar. 
 The use of gunpowder they have possessed be- 
 yond all memory, but they employed it only in 
 ornamental fireworks. They have been great 
 observers of the heavens, and proficients in as- 
 tronomy, from time immemorial. They were 
 acquainted with the compass, but only as a mat- 
 ter of curiosity, not applying it to navigation. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 24, p. 340. 
 
 2979. . James Watt. A Masons' 
 
 lodge in Glasgow desired to have an organ, and 
 he was asked to build it. He was totallj' desti- 
 tute of a musical ear, and could not distinguish 
 
 one note from another. But he accepted the 
 offer. He studied the philosophical theory of 
 music, and found that science would be a substi- 
 tute for his want of an ear. — Smiles' Brief Bi 
 
 OGRAPHIES, p. 14. 
 
 2980. INVENTION, Great. Spinning Ma- 
 chine. [Richard Arkwright, born in Preston, 
 England, a barber by trade, invented the spin- 
 ning-machine in 1768.] Ten years after the date 
 of his first patent his enterprise was regarded by 
 many as a doubtful novelty, [His right to his in- 
 ventions was contested, and his monopoly invad- 
 ed on every side.] In October, 1779, a mill 
 which he had erected in the neighborhood of 
 Chorley was burned by a mob, who in a similar 
 manner destroyed the cotton-spinning machines 
 at Manchester, Wigan, Blackburn, Bolton, and 
 Preston. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 49. 
 
 2981 . INVENTION, Growth of. Samuel F. B. 
 Morse. There is no instance on record, I believe, 
 of a great invention completed by . . , one man. 
 Usually an invention of first-rate importance ia 
 originated in one age, and brought to perfection 
 in another ; and we can sometimes trace its prog' 
 ress for thousands of years. Probably so simple 
 a matter as a pair of scissors — one of the oldest 
 of inventions — was the result of the cogitations 
 of many ingenious minds, and has undergone 
 improvements from the days of Pharaoh to those 
 of Rogers & Sons, The most remarkable case 
 of rapid invention with which I am acquainted 
 is that of the sewing-machine, which, in twenty- 
 five years, has been brought to a point not dis- 
 tant from perfection. But, then, thousands of in- 
 genious minds have exerted themselves upon it I 
 In the Patent Office at Washington not less than 
 thirteen hundred devices and improvements have 
 been patented relating to this beautiful contri- 
 vance. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 604. 
 
 2982. INVENTION, Preservation by. Qreeh 
 Mre. The invention of the Greek fire did not, 
 like that of gunpowder, produce a total revolu- 
 tion in the art of war. To these liquid combus- 
 tibles the city and empire of Constantine owed 
 their deliverance ; and they were employed in 
 sieges and sea-fights with terrible effect. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 367. 
 
 2983. INVENTION, Saved by. The State. The 
 only hope of calvation for the Greek Empire and 
 the adjacent kingdoms would have been some 
 more powerful weapon, some discovery in the 
 art of war, that should give them a decisive su- 
 periority over their Turkish foes. Such a weap- 
 on was in their hands ; such a discovery had been 
 made in the critical moment of their fate. The 
 chemists of China or Europe had found, by cas- 
 ual or elaborate experiments, that a mixture of 
 saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal produces, with 
 a spark of fire, a tremendous explosion. It was 
 soon observed that if the expansive force were 
 compressed in a strong tube, a ball of stone or 
 iron might be expelled with irresistible and de- 
 structive velocity. The precise era of the in- 
 vention and application of gunpowder is involved 
 in doubtful traditions and equivocal language ; 
 yet we may clearly discern that it was known 
 before the middle of the fourteenth century ; and 
 that before the end of the same the use of artil- 
 lery in battles and sieges, by sea and land, was 
 familiar to the states of Germany, Italy, Spain 
 
INVENTION— INVESTIGATION. 
 
 353 
 
 France, and England. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, 
 p. 289. 
 
 29§4. INVENTION, Useful. Chauncey Jerome. 
 He invented the cheap brass clock, as now 
 made. He it was who invented the ingenious 
 machinery by the use of which those clocks can 
 be manufactured for a tenth of the sum for which 
 they could be produced by hand. He it was who 
 first sent Yankee clocks to foreign countries. He 
 it was who first made these clocks at anything like 
 the present rate of speed or on anything like the 
 present scale. During the fifty years that he 
 has been in the business, he has superintended 
 the manufacture of perhaps ten millions of 
 clocks, and he has brought the machinery for 
 making them to such a point that six men can 
 make the wheels for one thousand clocks in ten 
 hours. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 210. 
 
 29§5. INVENTION, UsefiU. Pit-iron. [Dr. 
 John Roebuck, a physician at Birmingham, was 
 the first to smelt iron by pit-coal. He also in- 
 vented the process for converting cast-iron into 
 malleable iron.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, 
 p. 55. 
 
 29§6. INVENTION in Youth. The "Mule." 
 [Samuel Crompton was sixteen years old when, 
 in 1769, he invented the" mule," which changed 
 the whole course of cotton-spinning.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 46. 
 
 2987. INVENTIONS, Co-operative. Arkwright 
 — Watt. The patent for the spinning-frame was 
 taken out in 1769, the very year in which James 
 Watt patented his improved steam-engine, which 
 was to keep this spinning-frame in motion. — 
 Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 711. 
 
 298§. INVENTIONS and Politics. Cotton Gin. 
 [One of the subordinate causes of the civil war] 
 was the invention of the cotton gin by . . . Eli 
 
 Whitney, in 1793, ... of Massachusetts The 
 
 industry of the cotton-growing States was paral- 
 yzed by the tediousness of preparing the staple 
 for market. Mr. Whitney undertook to remore 
 the difficulty, and succeeded in inventing a gin 
 which astonished the beholder by the rapidity 
 and excellence of its work. From being profit- 
 less, cotton became the most profitable of all the 
 staples. . . . Whitney's gin added a thousand mill- 
 ion dollars to the revenues of the Southern 
 States. . . . Just in proportion to the increased 
 profitableness of cotton, slave-labor became im- 
 portant, slaves valuable, and the system of sla- 
 very a fixed and deep-rooted institution. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 62, p. 487. 
 
 2989. INVENTOE by Accident. Samuel F. B. 
 Morse. During the voyage of the packet ship 
 Sully, from Havre to New York, in October, 
 1832, a conversation arose one day in the cabin 
 upon electricity and magnetism. Dr. Charles S. 
 Jackson, of Boston, described an experiment re- 
 cently made in Paris with an electro-magnet, by 
 means of which electricity had been transmitted 
 through a great length of wire, arranged in cir- 
 cles around the walls of a large apartment. The 
 transmission had been instantaneous, and it 
 seemed as though the flight of electricity was too 
 rapid to be measured. Among the group of 
 passengers, no one listened more attentively to 
 Dr. Jackson's recital than a New York artist, 
 named Samuel Finley Breese Morse, who was 
 returning from a three years' residence in Europe, 
 
 whither he had gone for improvement in his art. 
 " Why," said he, when the doctor had finished, 
 "if that is so, and the presence of electricity 
 could be made visible in any desired part of the 
 circuit, I see no reason why intelligence might 
 not be transmitted instantaneously by electrici- 
 ty." " How convenient it would be, " added one 
 of the passengers, " if we could send news in that 
 manner !" " Why can't we ?" asked Morse, fas- 
 cinated by the idea. From that hour the subject 
 occupied his thoughts ; and he began forthwith 
 to exercise his Yankee ingenuity in devising 
 the requisite apparatus. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 602. 
 
 2990. INVENTOR, Trials of the. John Fitch. 
 In all the records of invention there is no story 
 more sad and affecting than his. Poor he was 
 in many senses — poor in purse, poor in appear 
 ance, poor in spirit. He was born poor, lived 
 poor, died poor. ... If there ever was a true 
 inventor, this man was one. He was one of those 
 eager souls who would, literally, coin their own 
 flesh to carry their point. He only uttered the 
 obvious truth when he said, one day, in a crisis 
 of his invention, that if he could get £100 by cut- 
 ting off one of his legs, he would gladly give it 
 to the knife. ... In 1790 he had the first steam- 
 boat ever constructed that answered the purpose 
 of one. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 147. 
 
 2991. INVENTOR wronged. Eli Whitney. 
 [The cotton gin added a thousand million dol- 
 lars to the revenue of the Southern States. — Rid- 
 path.] How much did the inventor gain by it? 
 Not one dollar ! Associating himself with a man 
 of capital, he went to Connecticut to set up a 
 manufactory of cotton gins. But the simplicity 
 of the machine was such that any good mechanic 
 who saw it could make one ; and long before 
 Whitney was ready to supply machines of his 
 own making there were great numbers in opera- 
 tion all over the cotton States. His patent proved 
 to be no protection to him. If he brought a suit 
 for its infringement, no Southern jury would 
 give him a verdict. He struggled on against ad- 
 verse influences for fifteen years. In 1808, when 
 his patent expired, he gave up the contest, and 
 withdrew from the business a poorer man than 
 he was on the day when he went, with his hand- 
 ful of cotton-pods, into Mrs. Greene's basement. 
 [See Nos. 8113, 3115.] — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 161. 
 
 2992. . John Kay. [John Kay is 
 
 supposed to have invented the first spinning-ma- 
 chine, about 1760, in Yorkshire, England. He 
 invented the "fly-shuttle," by whicli a weaver 
 could weave twice as fast as before.] He was 
 mobbed out of the country, and died in a foreign 
 land. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 44. 
 
 2993. INVENTORS remunerated. Slowly. It 
 was ten years before Boulton and Watt derived 
 any profit from the discovery [of the steam-en- 
 gine made by the latter. They had to struggle 
 against common prejudice]. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 3. 
 
 2994. INVESTIGATION opposed. Finandal. 
 [During the reign of Charles II.] Pepys records 
 that in the lord treasurer's accounts there was a 
 sum unaccounted for of over two millions ; and 
 that it was thought that over £400,000 of the 
 money voted for the war had gone into the privy 
 
354 
 
 INVESTIGATION— JEALOUSY. 
 
 purse. He then says that a notion of a commis- 
 sion to inspect the accounts " makes the king and 
 court mad, the king having given order to my 
 lord chamberlain to send to the playhouses and 
 brothels, to bid all the Parliament men that were 
 there to go to the Parliament presently." The 
 times were altered since they were to be sought 
 for in churches and conventicles. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 15, p. 224. 
 
 2995. INVESTIGATION resented. Lord Clar- 
 endon. [Reign of Charles II.] Tlie government 
 engaged with the United Provinces. The House 
 of Commons readily voted sums unexampled in 
 our history — sums exceeding those which had 
 supported the armies and fleets of Cromwell at 
 the time when his power was the terror of all 
 the world. But such was the extravagance, dis- 
 honesty, and incapacity of those who had suc- 
 ceeded to his authority, that this liberality 
 proved worse than useless. The sj^cophants of 
 the court, ill-qualified to contend against the great 
 men who then directed the arms of Holland — 
 against such a statesman as De Witt, and such a 
 commander as De Ruyter — made fortunes rapid- 
 ly, while the sailors mutinied from very hunger, 
 while the dockyards were unguarded, while the 
 ships were leaky and without rigging. It was at 
 length determined to abandon all schemes of of- 
 fensive war ; and it soon appeared that even a de- 
 fensive war was a task too hard for that adminis- 
 tration. . . . But when the Commons began to 
 inquire in what manner the money voted for the 
 war had been wasted, and to examine into the 
 maladministration of the navy, he flamed with 
 indignation. Such inquiry, according to him, 
 was out of their province. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 2, p. 179. 
 
 2996. INVESTIGATION, Startling. Credit 
 Mobilier. The Credit Mobilier of America was a 
 joint-stock company, organized in 1863 for the 
 purpose of facilitating the construction of public 
 works. In 1867 another company which had un- 
 dertaken to build the Pacific Railroad purchased 
 the charter of the Credit Mobilier, and the cap- 
 ital was increased to $3,750,000. [It was very 
 profitable ; . . . the stock rose rapidly in value.] 
 In 1872 a lawsuit in Pennsylvania developed the 
 startling fact that much of the stock , . . was 
 owned by members of Congress. A suspicion that 
 those members had voted corruptly on the legis- 
 lation affecting the Pacific Railroad at once 
 seized the public mind, and led to a congressional 
 investigation, in the course of which many scan- 
 dalous transactions were brought to light. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 68, p. 560. 
 
 2997. INVESTMENT, Timely. New York.x.-D. 
 1626. Hitherto the Dutch had no title to owner- 
 ship of the land. [Peter] Minuit [the leader of the 
 Dutch colonists] succeeded at once in purchasing 
 the island of Manhattan from its native proprie- 
 tors. The price paid was 60 guilders — about $25 
 — for more than twenty thousand acres. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 2998. IBON, Importance of. England. What 
 mighty efforts of invention and energy between 
 England depending upon foreign countries for 
 iron, and England supplying the whole world 
 with iron ! England without iron to hold together 
 " its wooden walls," and England building iron 
 ships — using iron as the great material of the 
 grandest as well as the humblest purposes of con- 
 
 structive art — covering the whole island with 
 iron roads for vehicles drawn by iron engines, 
 connecting opposite hills by iron viaducts, and 
 carrying iron bridges over the narrowest river 
 and the broadest estuary — the England of every 
 tool and every machine produced from iron, and 
 the England with scarcely iron enough to make 
 its ploughshares. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 1, 
 p. 11. 
 
 2999. IRON prized. Early Greeks. It is proper 
 to observe that iron, though known before this 
 period, was a rare metal, and accounted of high 
 value. Achilles proposed a ball of iron as one of 
 the prizes in the funeral games which he cele- 
 brated in honor of Patroclus. It was not used 
 in the fabrication of weapons of war. These 
 were formed of copper hardened by an admixt- 
 ure of tin ; and even in much later periods the 
 Roman swords were of the same compound 
 metal. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 8, p. 79. 
 
 3000. ISOLATION, Safety by. German States. 
 [In their early history] themost formidable States 
 of Germany affected to encompass their territo- 
 ries with a wide frontier of solitude and devas- 
 tation. The awful distance preserved by their 
 neighbors attested the terror of their arms, and 
 in some measure defended them from the dan- 
 ger of unexpected incursions. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 9, p. 275. 
 
 3001. ITINERACY, Ministerial. Methodist. 
 [The first Methodist preachers in America 
 changed their circuits every six months.*] In 
 1804 the General Conference limited the period 
 of pastoral service to two successive years to the 
 same charge ; hitherto there had been no re- 
 striction, and some had been three years in one 
 appointment. In 1864 the limitation was ex- 
 tended to three years. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 4, p. 179. 
 
 3002. JEALOUSY, Appeal to. Voltaire's. [He 
 was invited to reside at Frederick's court. His 
 avarice occasioned hesitation.] Frederick, with 
 great dexterity, affected indifference, and seemed 
 inclined to transfer his idolatry to Baculard 
 d'Arnaud. His Majesty even wrote some bad 
 verses, of which the sense was, that Voltaire was 
 a setting sun, and that Arnaud was rising. Good- 
 natured friends soon carried the lines to Voltaire. 
 He was in his bed. He jumped out in his shirt, 
 danced about the room with rage, and sent for his 
 passport and his post-horses [and went to Prus- 
 sia]. — Macaulay's Frederick the Great, 
 p. 62. 
 
 3003. JEALOUSY, Cruelty of. Commodtis. One 
 evening, as the emperor was returning to the 
 palace through a dark and narrow portico in the 
 amphitheatre, an assassin, who waited his pas- 
 sage, rushed upon him with a drawn sword, 
 loudly exclaiming, " T/ie Senate sends you this." 
 The menace prevented the deed ; the assassin 
 was seized by the guards, and immediately re- 
 vealed the authors of the conspiracy. It had been 
 formed, not in the State, but within the walls of 
 the palace. Lucilla, the emperor's sister, and 
 widow of Lucius Verus, impatient of the second 
 rank, and jealous of the reigning empress, had 
 armed the murderer against her brother's life.— 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 104. 
 
 3004. JEALOUSY, Extensive. Fatal. Abdal- 
 lah was the most beautiful and modest of the 
 
JEALOUSY— JESUITS. 
 
 doa 
 
 Arabian youth ; and in the first night, when he 
 consummated his marriage with Anima, of the 
 noble race of the Zahrites, two hundred virgins 
 are said to have expired of jealousy and despair. 
 ^Gibbon's Rome, oh. 50, p. 100. 
 
 3005. JEALOUSY, National. English. [In 
 1780 the people of England were generally unit- 
 ed with the government in the prosecution of the 
 war against the American colonies. France had 
 come to their aid, and prejudice in England was 
 very strong against that country.] Hartley writes 
 to Franklin : " I verily believe, so great is the jeal- 
 ousy between England and France, that this 
 country would fight for a straw to the last man 
 and the last shilling rather than be dictated to 
 by France." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 28, 
 p. 438. 
 
 3008. JESTING, Danger of. Demoralizing. 
 Thespis began to change the form of tragedy, 
 and the novelty of the thing attracted many spec- 
 tators ; for this was before any prize was pro- 
 posed for those that excelled in this respect. So- 
 lon, who was always willing to hear and to learn, 
 and in his old age more inclined to anything that 
 might divert and entertain, particularly to music 
 and good-fellowship, went to see Thespis him- 
 self exhibit, as the custom of the ancient poets 
 was. When the play was done, he called to 
 Thespis, and asked him if he was not ashamed 
 to tell so many lies before so great an assembly. 
 Thespis answered it was no great matter, if 
 he spoke or acted so in jest. To which Solon re- 
 plied, striking the ground violently with his staff, 
 "If we encourage such jesting as this, we shall 
 quickly find it in our contracts and agreements." 
 — Pl,utarcii's Solon. 
 
 3007. JESUITS abolished. Eighteenth Century. 
 Books were written without number to expose 
 their artifice and ambition. Their frauds, their 
 vices, and even atrocious crimes were loudly 
 proclaimed ; and it was urged, with great reason, 
 that the doctrines which they taught and the 
 maxims they inculcated were equally pernicious 
 to religion, to civil government, and to all the 
 interests of society. The sovereigns of the dif- 
 ferent Catholic kingdoms, by degrees, began to 
 perceive that their power and even personal se- 
 curity was in danger, and the Jesuits were suc- 
 cessively expelled from France, from Spain, 
 from Portugal, and from Sicily ; and such at 
 length was the influence of the house of Bour- 
 bon with the Holy See, that the order was en- 
 tirely suppressed and abolished in 1773. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 19, p. 285. 
 
 300§. JESUITS, Achievements by. Distinguish- 
 ed. Before the order had existed a hundred 
 years, it had filled the whole world with memo- 
 rials of great things done and suffered for the 
 faith. No religious community could produce 
 a list of men so variously distinguished ; none had 
 extended its operations over so vast a space ; yet 
 in none had there ever been such perfect unity 
 of feeling and action. There was no region of 
 the globe, no walk of speculative or of active 
 life, in which Jesuits were not to be found. 
 They guided the counsels of kings. They deci- 
 phered Latin inscriptions. They observed the 
 motions of Jupiter's satellites. They published 
 whole libraries, controversy, casuistry, history, 
 treatises on optics, Alcaic odes, editions of the 
 fathers, madrigals, catechisms, and lampoons. 
 
 The liberal education of youth passed almost 
 entirely into their hands, and was conducted by 
 them with conspicuous ability. They appear to 
 have discovered the precise point to which intel- 
 lectual culture can be carried without risk of 
 intellectual emancipation. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 50. 
 
 3009. JESUITS, Assassination by. Henry IV. 
 A daring attempt [was] made upon his life by a 
 young Jesuit named Chastel, who wounded him 
 in the mouth with a dagger as he re-entered Paris 
 from Amiens. This crime was imputed, with or 
 without reason, to the instigation of the King of 
 Spain ; it furnished ground for an exemplary 
 chastisement of the order of the Jesuits, who 
 were sentenced to banishment from the kingdom 
 within fifteen days by a decree of the Parliament 
 of Paris. [He was killed by a monk.] — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 18, § 7. 
 
 3010. . William of Orange. Will- 
 iam, Prince of Orange, had fallen beneath the 
 blow of an assassin, hired, it is more than suspect- 
 ed, by the King of Spain, and directed by the 
 Jesuits. — Students' France, ch. 17, § 7. 
 
 3011. JESUITS estranged.. Bdgn of Jame» 
 II. Louis XIV. was now their chief support. 
 His conscience had, from boyhood, been in their 
 keeping ; and he had learned from them to ab- 
 hor Jansenism quite as much as he abhorred 
 Protestantism, and very much more than he ab- 
 horred atheism. Innocent XI., on the other 
 hand, leaned to the Jansenist opinions. The 
 consequence was, that the society found itself in. 
 a situation never contemplated by its founder. 
 The Jesuits were estranged from the supreme 
 pontiff, and they were closely allied with a 
 prince who proclaimed himself the champion of 
 the Gallican liberties and the enemy of Ultra- 
 montane pretensions. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6^ 
 p. 57. 
 
 3012. JESUITS, Mission of. Cosmopolitan. 
 They glided from one Protestant country to an 
 other under innumerable disguises, as gay cava- 
 liers, as simple rustics, as Puritan preachers. 
 They wandered to countries which neither mer- 
 cantile avidity nor liberal curiosity had ever im- 
 pelled any stranger to explore. They were to be 
 found in the garb of Mandarins, superintending 
 the observatory at Pekin. They were to be 
 found, spade in hand, teaching the rudiments of 
 agriculture to the savages of Paraguay. Yet, 
 whatever might be their residence, whatever 
 might be their employment, their spirit was the 
 same — entire devotion to the common cause, im- 
 plicit obedience to the central authority. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 51. 
 
 301 3. JESUITS, Plotting of. Gunpowder Plot. 
 [When Gruido Fawkes was examined after his 
 arrest, the king asked,] " Why would you have 
 killed me ?" ' ' Because you are excommunicated 
 by the pope," was the reply. "How so?" 
 said James. ' ' Every Maundy Thursday the pope 
 doth excommunicate all heretics who are not 
 of the Church of Rome," is the explanation. 
 [Various bodies of Roman Catholics were mov- 
 ing on that perilous 5th of November to Dun- 
 church, which was the place of rendezvous, by 
 arrangement.] They were all followers of the 
 Jesuits. There were none of the conspirators 
 who belonged to the more loyal body of Catho 
 
356 
 
 JESUITS. 
 
 lies, vho were guided by tlie secular priestliood. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, cli. 21, p. 326. 
 
 3014. JESUITS, Popularity of, Eightsenth Cen- 
 tury. It was not strange that people of all ranks, 
 and especially people of the highest ranks, 
 crowded to the confessionals in the Jesuit tem- 
 ples, for from those confessionals none went dis- 
 contented away. There the priest was all things 
 to all men. He showed just so much rigor as 
 might not drive those who knelt at his spiritual 
 tribunal to the Dominican or the Franciscan 
 Church. If he had to deal with a mind truly 
 devout, he spoke in the saintly tone of the prim- 
 itive fathers ; but with that very large part of 
 mankind who have religion enough to make them 
 uneasy when they do wrong, and not religion 
 enough to keep them from doing wrong, he fol- 
 lowed a very different system. Since he could 
 not reclaim them from guilt, it was his business 
 to save them from remorse. He had at his com- 
 mand an immense dispensary of anodynes for 
 wounded consciences. — MACAULAY'sENG.,ch. 6, 
 p. 52. 
 
 3015. JESUITS, Power of. Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury. Strangely were good and evil intermixed 
 in the character of these celebrated brethren ; 
 and the intermixture was the secret of their 
 gigantic power. That power could never have 
 belonged to mere hypocrites. It could never 
 have belonged to rigid moralists. It was to be 
 attained only by men sincerely enthusiastic in the 
 pursuit of a great end, and at the same time un- 
 scrupulous as to the choice of means. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 53. 
 
 3016. JESUITS, Purpose of. Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury. The Jesuits, therefore, to the three vows of 
 poverty, chastity, and monastic obedience added 
 a fourth, which was implicit devotion to the pope. 
 The manifest utility of this institution to the sup- 
 port of the holy see procured them from Pope 
 Paul III. an apostolic bull, granting them the 
 most ample privileges. It was soon perceived 
 that, if confined to their cloisters, their utility 
 would be too much circumscribed. They were 
 allowed to mingle in the world, and to take a 
 share in all the active concerns of public life, 
 which it was their duty to influence and direct 
 assiduously toward the great end of establish- 
 ing the power and authority of the popedom ; 
 and this end, it must be owned, they most zeal- 
 ously promoted. Under the command of a 
 superior, or general of the order, whose instruc- 
 tions they were bound to receive with implicit 
 submission, they dispersed themselves over the 
 greatest part of the globe. By the most insinu- 
 ating arts they courted the favor and wrought 
 themselves into the confidence of statesmen, of 
 civil and ecclesiastical governors, and of sover- 
 eign princes ; and operating on all to the same 
 purpose, and regularly communicating their in- 
 telligence to their head, from whom they received 
 their instructions, the whole Catholic world 
 was in a manner directed by one great and per- 
 vading system of policy, which centred in the 
 establishment of the pope's supreme tempo- 
 ral and spiritual jurisdiction. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 19, p. 285. 
 
 3017. JESUITS, Rescued by. Papacy. In the 
 sixteenth century the pontificate, exposed to new 
 dangers more formidable than had ever before 
 threatened it, was saved by a new religious order, 
 
 which was animated by intense enthusiasm and 
 organized with exquisite skill. When the 
 Jesuits came to the rescue of the papacy, they 
 found it in extreme peril ; but from that mo- 
 ment the tide of battle turned. Protestantism, 
 which had, during a whole generation, carried 
 all before it, was stopped in its progress, and 
 rapidly beaten back from the foot of the Alps to 
 the shores of the Baltic. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 50. 
 
 301§. JESUITS, Self-sacrifice of. Benevolence. 
 When in our time a new and terrible pestilence 
 passed round the globe ; when in some great 
 cities fear had dissolved all the ties which hold 
 society together ; when the secular clergy had 
 deserted their flocks ; when medical succor was 
 not to be purchased by gold ; when the strong- 
 est natural affections had yielded to the love of 
 life, even then the Jesuit was found by the pal- 
 let which bishop and curate, physician and nurse, 
 father and mother, had deserted, bending over 
 infected lips to catch the faint accents of confes- 
 sion, and holding up to the last, before the ex- 
 piring penitent, the image of the expiring Re- 
 deemer. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 51. 
 
 3019. JESUITS vs. the State. In England. 
 [The Jesuits invaded England in 1580, for the 
 purpose of restoring it to the Roman faith. It 
 was a principle with them that the pope had a 
 right to deprive kings of their crowns, which 
 could not be doubted. They were severely pun- 
 ished when they obstinately maintained the 
 pope's bull depriving the queen of the crown.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 12, p. 180. 
 
 3020. JESUITS suppressed. By Government. 
 They had been expelled from Portugal, in 1759,. 
 with many odious circumstances of severity. Ii 
 1764 their society was suppressed in France,^ 
 and their property confiscated. In 1767 the 
 members of the order were driven out of Spain. 
 On the 31st of July, 1773, the society waa 
 abolished by Pope Clement XIV. [Their func- 
 tions, houses, and institutions were abolished.]- 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 21, p. 327. 
 
 3021. JESUITS, Vices of. Insincerity. It wa 
 alleged, and not without foundation, that the ar- 
 dent public spirit which made the Jesuit regard 
 less of his ease, of his liberty, and of his lif( 
 made him also regardless of truth and of mercy 
 that no means which could promote the ^^ 
 terest of his religion seemed to him unlawful, 
 and that by the interest of his religion he tofl 
 often meant the interest of his society. II 
 was alleged that, in the most atrocious plots 
 corded in history, his agency could be distinctlj 
 traced ; that, constant only in attachment to th( 
 fraternity to which he belonged, he was in som< 
 countries the most dangerous enemy of freedom, 
 and in others the most dangerous enemy of or- 
 der. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 52. 
 
 3022. JESUITS, Victories of. Fictitious. 
 The mighty victories which he [the Jesuit] 
 boasted that he had achieved in the cause of the 
 Church were, in the judgment of many illustri- 
 ous members of that Church, rather apparent 
 than real. He had, indeed, labored with a won- 
 derful show of success to reduce the world 
 under her laws, but he had done so by relaxing 
 her laws to suit the temper of the world. In- 
 stead of toiling to elevate human nature to the 
 
JEWELRY— JOY. 
 
 357 
 
 noOle standard fixed by divine precept and ex- 
 ample, he had lowered the standard till it was be- 
 neath the average level of human nature. He 
 gloried in multitudes of converts who had been 
 baptized in the remote regions of the East ; but 
 it was reported that from some of these converts 
 the facts on which the whole theology of the Gos- 
 pel depends had been cunningly concealed, and 
 that others were permitted to avoid persecution 
 by bowing down before the images of false gods, 
 t while internally repeating Paters and Aves. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., cli. 6, p. 53. 
 
 3023. JEWELRY, Passion for. Henry VII. 
 [It is said] his desire for the acquirement of jew- 
 els scarcely knew any bounds ; and on them 
 alone he spent £110,000. It appears . . . that 
 this investment of money in jewels was a part of 
 the habitual prudence of the king. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 236. 
 
 3024. JOKE accepted. LacedcBmonians. [At 
 the public tables, where all the people ate in com- 
 mon,] they were allowed to jest without scurrility, 
 and were not to take it ill when the raillery was 
 returned. For it was reckoned worthy of a lace- 
 dmmonian to bear a jest ; but if any one's patience 
 failed, he had only to desire them to be quiet, 
 and they left oflE immediately. — Plutarch's 
 Lives. 
 
 3025. JOKES, Practical. Frederick the Great. 
 He had one taste which maybe pardoned in a boy, 
 but which, when habitually and deliberately in- 
 dulged in by a man of mature age and strong un- 
 derstanding, is almost invariably the sign of a 
 bad heart — a taste for severe practical jokes. If 
 a friend of the king was fond of dress, oil was 
 flung over his richest suit. If he was fond of 
 money, some prank was invented to make him 
 disburse more than he could spare. If he was 
 hypochondriacal, he was made to believe he had 
 the dropsy. If he particularly set his heart on 
 visiting a place, a letter was forged to frighten 
 him from going thither. — Macaulay's Fred- 
 erick THE Great, p. 57. 
 
 3026. JOURNEY, Bridal. Thmnas Jefferson. 
 At sunset they reached the seat of one of their 
 neighbors, which was eight miles from Monti- 
 cello-=-the road to which was a rough mountain 
 track, upon which the snow lay to the depth of 
 two feet. Late at night, exhausted with their 
 long journey, and penetrated with the cold, they 
 reached the house, to find the fires all out, and 
 the servants all gone to their own cabins for the 
 night. Not a light was burning ; not a spark of 
 f^fire was left ; not a morsel of food could be 
 found ; and not a creature was in the house. 
 This was a sorry welcome to a bride and bride- 
 groom ; but they were young and merry, and 
 made a jest of it. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 121. 
 
 3027. JOURNEY, Tireless. Tenth Century. A 
 matron of Peloponnesus, who had cherished the 
 infant fortunes of Basil the Macedonian, was 
 excited by tenderness or vanity to visit the great- 
 ness of her adopted son. In a journey of five 
 hundred miles from Patras to Constantinople, 
 her age or indolence declined the fatigue of a 
 horse or carriage ; the soft litter or bed of Dan- 
 ielis was transported on the shoulders of ten ro- 
 bust slaves ; and as they were relieved at easy 
 distances, a band of three himdred were selected 
 for the performance of this service. She was 
 
 entertained in the Byzantine palace with filial 
 reverence, and the honors of a queen. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 53, p. 352. 
 
 3028. JOY of Discovery. Galileo. He invent- 
 ed the thermometer and improved the compass. 
 Hearing one day, by chance, that some one irt 
 Holland had invented a contrivance by which, 
 distant objects could be seen as though they 
 were near, he entered upon a course of experi- 
 ments which, in a few days, resulted in the con- 
 struction of a telescope. At once he began to- 
 use the new instrument in the study of the heav- 
 ens. To his boundless wonder and delight, he 
 discovered that the moon, like the earth, had her 
 mountains and her valleys ; that the planet Ju- 
 piter went his round accompanied by four moons; 
 that the Milky Way was composed of innumer- 
 able stars ; and that there were spots upon the 
 sun. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 262. 
 
 3029. JOY, Fatal. Explorers. Dias had sta- 
 tioned a small store-ship in one of the bays on 
 the coast of Guinea, which he left in charge of a 
 purser and a small crew. "During his long ab- 
 sence disease had reduced the number of this 
 little band, until none remained but the purser 
 and two or three sick, despairing sailors. When 
 at last the purser saw in the distance the well- 
 known vessel of his commander, such was the 
 shock of his joy that he fell dead upon the deck 
 of his vessel. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 286. 
 
 3030. JOY intoxicating. Wellington. [When 
 Wellington was pursuing the routed French from 
 Waterloo, he rode with the advanced guard.] 
 Colonel Hervey, who was with him, advised him 
 to desist, as the country was growing less open, 
 and he might be fired at by some stragglers from 
 behind the hedges. " Let them fire away," he re- 
 plied ; ' ' the battle is won, and my life is of no val- 
 ue now." — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 2, p. 36. 
 
 3031. JOY, Public. Beign of James II. [Ac- 
 quittal of the seven bishops who refused to join 
 the king in overthrowing the Protestant faith.] 
 The jury appeared in their box, and there was 
 a breathless stillness. Sir Samuel Astry spoke. 
 " Do you find the defendants, or any of them, 
 guilty of the misdemeanor whereof they are im- 
 peached, or not guilty ?" Sir Roger Langley 
 answered, " Not guilty." As the words passed 
 his lips, Halifax sprang up and waved his hat. 
 At that signal benches and galleries raised a 
 shout. In a moment ten thousand persons, who 
 crowded the great hall, replied with a still loud- 
 er shout, which made the old oaken roof crack ; 
 and in another moment the innumerable throng- 
 without set up a third huzza, which was heard 
 at Temple Bar. The boats which covered the 
 Thames gave an answering cheer. A peal of 
 gunpowder was heard on the water, and another, 
 and another ; and so, in a few moments, the 
 glad tidings went flying past the Savoy and the 
 Friars to London Bridge, and to the forest of 
 masts below. As the news spread, streets and[ 
 squares, market-places and coffee-houses, broke 
 forth into acclamations. Yet were the acclama- 
 tions less strange than the weeping ; for the feel- 
 ings of men had been wound up to such a point, 
 that at length the stern English nature, so little 
 used to outward signs of emotion, gave way, 
 and thousands sobbed aloud for very joy. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 355. 
 
358 
 
 JUBILEE— JUDGMENT. 
 
 3032. JUBILEE, National. British. [The 25th 
 of October, 1809,] was celebrated throughout 
 the kingdom [of Great Britain] as " the Jubilee" 
 — the fiftieth anniversary of the accession to the 
 throne of George III. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 20, p. 526. 
 
 3033. JUDGE, Dishonorable. Reign of James 
 II. It was, indeed, necessary to go very low 
 down in the legal profession before men could 
 be found willing to render such services as were 
 now required. The new chief justice, Sir Rob- 
 ert Wright, was ignorant to a proverb ; yet ig- 
 norance was not his worst fault. His vices had 
 ruined him. He had resorted to infamous ways 
 of raising money, and had, on one occasion, 
 made a false affidavit in order to obtain posses- 
 sion of £500. Poor, dissolute, and shameless, 
 lie had become one of the parasites of Jeffrey's, 
 "who promoted him and insulted him. Such 
 •was the man who was now selected by James 
 to be lord chief justice of England. — Macau- 
 lay'sEng., ch. 8, p. 253. 
 
 3034. JUDGES despised. Athenians. Anachar- 
 sis having seen an assembly of the people at 
 Athens, said Jie was surprised at this, that in 
 Oreece wise men pleaded causes, and fools deter- 
 mined them. — Plutarch. 
 
 3035. JUDGES, Impartial. Early Greeks. 
 They were ciiosen from among the wisest and 
 most respectable of the citizens, and in the latter 
 times consisted principally of such as had en- 
 joyed the dignity of archons or chief magis- 
 trates. They held their meetings in the open 
 air, upon an eminence in the middle of the city, 
 and determined all causes during the night ; for 
 these two reasons, as Athenajus informs us, that 
 neither the number nor the faces of the judges 
 being known, there might be no attempts to 
 corrupt them ; and that, as they neither saw the 
 plaintiff nor defendant, their decisions might be 
 quite impartial. — Tytler's Hist., Bookl, ch. 6, 
 p. 55. 
 
 3036. JUDGES, Justice by. Ancient Persians. 
 The sovereign, in certain causes of importance, 
 sat himself in judgment ; though in the ordinary 
 administration of justice there were a certain 
 number of judges chosen, on account of their 
 acknowledged wisdom and probity, who made 
 Tegular circuits through the provinces, and at- 
 tended the sovereign in his stated visitations of 
 Ms dominions. These held their offices for life, 
 but were removable in cases of malversation. 
 The story is well known of the judge who, 
 being guilty of corruption in his high function, 
 Tvas by Cambyses condemned to be flayed alive, 
 and his skin hung over the seat of judgment. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11, p. 121. 
 
 3037. JUDGES, Partisan. Bdgn of James II. 
 Yast numbers of those unhappy prisoners who 
 were taken after the defeat of Monmouth were 
 hanged without any form of trial ; and the exe- 
 crable Judge Jeffreys filled the kingdom with 
 daily executions under the sanction of justice. 
 Many of these trials were attended with the 
 most iniquitous procedure ; but all applications 
 to the king for pardon were checked by a decla- 
 ration that he had promised to forgive none 
 Tvho should be legally condemned. "When 
 the bench is under the direction of the cabinet, 
 trials are conspiracies, and executions are mur- 
 ders," — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 30, p. 425. 
 
 303§. JUDGES, Reputable. Athenian. The 
 judges of the Areopagus were chosen from 
 among the most respectable of the citizens, and 
 were generally such as had discharged the office 
 of archon. 'The most scrupulous attention Avas 
 paid to character in the election of these judges. 
 The slightest imputation of immorality, a sin- 
 gle act of indecency, or even of unbecoming 
 levity, was sufficient to disqualify from obtain- 
 ing a seat in that tribunal, or to forfeit a place 
 after it liad been conferred. To be found in a 
 tavern was such a stain on the character of a 
 judge that it was deemed a sufficient reason of 
 exclusion from that office. " Let no Areopagite," 
 says the Athenian laws, " compose a comedy." 
 That judge was justly thought to have prostitut- 
 ed his character who had stooped to employ hia 
 talents in furnishing a frivolous amusement for 
 the people. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10, 
 p. 102. 
 
 3039. JUDGMENT, Dishonest. James II. 
 [James wished a justification for appointing 
 Catholics to office contrary to law.] Jones, the 
 chief justice of the Common Pleas, a man who 
 had never before shrunk from any drudgery, 
 however cruel or servile, now held in the royal 
 closet language which might have become the 
 lips of the purest magistrates in our history. 
 He was plainly told that he must give up either 
 his opinion or his place. "For my place," he 
 answered, "I care little. I am old, and worn 
 out in the service of the crown ; but I am mor- 
 tified to find that your Majesty thinks me capa- 
 ble of giving a judgment which none but an igno- 
 rant or a dishonest man could give." " I am deter- 
 mined," said the king, " to have twelve judges 
 who will be all of my mind as to this matter." 
 "Your Majesty," answered Jones, "may find 
 twelve judges of your mind, but hardly twelve 
 lawyers." He was dismissed. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 76. 
 
 3040. JUDGMENT, Duplicity in. Francis 
 North. [Lord Guildford.] He had sense enough 
 to perceive from the first that Gates and Bedloe 
 were impostors ; but the Parliament and the 
 country were greatly excited ; the government 
 had yielded to the pressure ; and North was a 
 man not to risk a good place for the sake of jus- 
 tice and humanity. Accordingly, while he was 
 in secret drawing up a refutation of the whole 
 romance of the Popish Plot, he declared in pub- 
 lic that the truth of the story was as plain as the 
 sun in heaven, and was not ashamed to brow- 
 beat, from the seat of judgment, the unfortunate 
 Roman Catholics who were arraigned before 
 him for their lives. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 3, 
 p. 257. 
 
 3041. JUDGMENT by Experts. Frederick 
 the Great. It never occurred to him that a body 
 of men whose lives were passed in adjudicating 
 on questions of civil right were more likely to 
 form correct opinions on such questions than a 
 prince whose attention was divided between a 
 thousand objects, and who had probably never 
 read a law-book through. The resistance op- 
 posed to him by the tribunals inflamed him to 
 fury. He reviled his chancellor. He kicked 
 the shins of his judges. He did not, it is true.i 
 intend to act unjustly. He firmly believed that 
 he was doing right and defending the cause of 
 the poor against the wealthy. Yet this well- 
 
JUDGMENT— JURY. 
 
 359 
 
 meant meddling probably did far more harm 
 than all the explosions of his evil passions dur- 
 ing the whole of his long reign. — Macaulay's 
 Frederick the Great, p. 51. 
 
 3042. JUDGMENT, Mistake of. George III. 
 [George III. informed his secretary, Lord North, 
 immediately after "the Boston tea party," that 
 General Gage was willing to return to Boston 
 and quell the disturbance.] Four regiments sent 
 to Boston will, he thinks, be sufficient to pre- 
 vent any disturbance. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 22, p. 339. 
 
 3043. JUDGMENT, Partiality in. Reign of 
 James II. None of the English nobles enjoyed 
 a larger measure of public favor than Charles 
 Sackville, Earl of Dorset. He was, indeed, a 
 remarkable man. In his youth he had been one 
 of the most notorious libertines of the wild time 
 which followed the Restoration. He had been 
 the terror of the city watch, had passed many 
 nights in the round-house, and had at least once 
 occupied a cell in Newgate. His passion for 
 Betty Morrice and for Nell Gwynn, who always 
 called him her Charles the First, had given no 
 small amusement and scandal to the town^ Yet, 
 in the midst of follies and vices, his courageous 
 spirit, his fine understanding, and his natural 
 goodness of heart had been conspicuous. Men 
 said that the excesses in which he indulged were 
 common between him and the whole race of gay 
 young cavaliers, but that his sympathy with 
 human suffering and the generosity with which 
 he made reparation to those whom his freaks 
 had injured were all his own. His associates 
 were astonished by the distinction which the 
 public made between him and them. " He may 
 do what he chooses," said Wilmot ; " he is never 
 in the wrong." The judgment of the world be- 
 came still more favorable to Dorset when he had 
 been sobered by time and marriage. His grace- 
 ful manners, his brilliant conversation, his soft 
 heart, his open hand, were universally praised. 
 No day passed, it was said, in which some dis- 
 tressed family had not reason to bless his name. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 8, p. 297. 
 
 3044. JUDGMENT, An unfortunate. Louis 
 XVI. Louis XVI. was full of excellent inten- 
 tions, pure in morals, not deficient in natural 
 good sense, and sincerely anxious for the wel- 
 fare of his subjects ; but he was diffident and 
 timid to a fault, lamentably wanting in strength 
 and energy of character, and, by an unfortunate 
 fatality, always disposed both to be firm and to 
 give way at the wrong moment. — Students' 
 France. 
 
 3045. JUDGMENT-DAY anticipated. Maho- 
 met. His mortal disease was a fever of four- 
 teen days, which deprived him by intervals of 
 the use of reason. As soon as he was conscious 
 of his danger, he edified his brethren by the hu- 
 mility of his virtue or penitence. " If there be 
 any man," said the apostle from the pulpit, 
 "whom I have unjustly scourged, I submit my 
 own back to the lash of retaliation. Have I as- 
 persed the reputation of a Mussulman ? let him 
 proclaim my faults in the face of the congrega- 
 tion. Has any one been despoiled of his goods ? 
 the little that I possess shall compensate the 
 principal and the interest of the debt." " Yes," 
 replied a voice from the crowd, " I am entitled 
 to three drachms of silver." Mahomet heard 
 
 the complaint, satisfied the demand, and thanked 
 his creditor for accusing him in this world 
 rather than at the day of judgment. — Gibbon's 
 Mahomet, p. 49. 
 
 3046. JUDGMENT-DAY, Fear of. Samuel 
 Johnson. Boswell : ' ' But may not a man at-.^ 
 tain to such a degree of hope as not to be un- 
 easy from the fear of death ?" Johnson : " A 
 man may have such a degree of hope as to keep 
 him quiet. You see I am not quiet, from the 
 vehemence with which I talk ; but I do not de- 
 spair." Mrs. Adams: "You seem, sir, to for- 
 get the merits of our Redeemer." Johnson : 
 " Madam, I do not forget the merits of my Re- 
 deemer ; but my Redeemer has said that He will 
 set some_ on His right hand and some on His 
 left." He was in gloomy agitation, and said, 
 "I'll have no more on't." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 524. 
 
 3047. JUEISPKUDENCE, Origin of. Roman. 
 Romulus, Numa, and Servius Tullius are cele- 
 brated as the most ancient legislators ; and each 
 of them claims his peculiar part in the threefold 
 division of jurisprudence. The laws of marriage, 
 the education of children, and the authority of 
 parents, which may seem to draw their origin 
 from nature itself, are ascribed to the untutored 
 wisdom of Romulus. The law of nations and of 
 religious worship, which Numa introduced, was 
 derived from his nocturnal converse with the 
 nymph Egeria. The civil law is attributed to the 
 experience of Servius ; he balanced the rights and 
 fortunes of the seven classes of citizens, and 
 guarded, by fifty new regulations, the observance 
 of contracts and the punishment of crimes. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 301. 
 
 304§. JURY coerced. Reign of James II. 
 [Alice Lisle was accused of high treason for 
 sheltering rebels defeated with the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth.] The jury retired, and remained long 
 in consultation. The judge grew impatient. [It 
 was Jeffreys.] He could not conceive, he said, 
 how, in so plain a case, they should ever have 
 left the box. He sent a messenger to tell them 
 that, if they did not instantly return, he would 
 adjourn the court and lock them up all night. 
 Thus put to the torture, they came, but came to 
 say that they doubted whether the charge had 
 been made out. Jeffreys expostulated with them 
 vehemently, and after another consultation, they 
 gave a reluctant verdict of guilty. On the fol- 
 lowing morning sentence was pronounced. Jef- 
 freys gave directions that Alice Lisle should be 
 burned alive that very afternoon. This excess 
 of barbarity moved the pity and indignation 
 even of that class which was most devoted to the 
 crown. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 595. 
 
 3040. JURY, A determined. Reign of James 
 II. [Trial of the seven bishops of the Church of 
 England who refused to aid the king in the over- 
 throw of the Protestant faith.] It was absolute- 
 ly necessary to watch the officers who watched 
 the doors, for those officers were supposed to be 
 in the interest of the crown, and might, if not 
 carefully observed, have furnished a courtly 
 juryman with food, which would have enabled 
 him to starve out the other eleven. Strict guard 
 was therefore kept. Not even a candle to light 
 a pipe was permitted to enter. Some basins of 
 water for washing were suffered to pass at about 
 four in the morning. The jurymen, raging with 
 
360 
 
 JURY— JUSTICE. 
 
 thirst, soon lapped up the whole. Great num- 
 bers of people walked the neighboring streets till 
 dawn. ... At first nine were for acquitting and 
 three for convicting. Two of the minority soon 
 gave way ; but Arnold was obstinate. Thomas 
 Austin, a country gentleman of great estate, who 
 had paid close attention to the evidence and 
 speeches, and had taken full notes, wished to 
 argue the question. Arnold declined. He was 
 not used, he doggedly said, to reasoning and de- 
 bating. His conscience was not satisfied ; and 
 he should not acquit the bishops. ' ' If you come 
 to that," said Austin, " look at me. I am the 
 largest and strongest of the twelve ; and before I 
 find such a petition as this a libel, here will I stay 
 till I am no bigger than a tobacco pipe." It was 
 six in the morning before Arnold yielded. [See 
 more at No. 3031.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 353. 
 
 3050. JURY imprisoned. For Verdict. [In 
 1554, on the trial of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, 
 the judges and counsel heaped accusation upon 
 accusation, perplexed him with questions, and 
 urgently exhorted him to confess his guilt. They 
 read over garbled evidence not taken in open 
 court, and required him to answer each separate 
 charge as produced. The talent and energy of 
 Throckmorton produced a surprising result. He 
 was acquitted.] The court immediately after 
 the trial committed the jury to prison. Four 
 made a submission, and were released. Eight re- 
 mained in confinement for many months ; and 
 when brought before the council in the Star 
 Chamber were sentenced to the payment of enor- 
 mous fines. It was more than a century before 
 the infamous system was discontinued of pun- 
 ishing juries for verdicts in State prosecutions 
 that were not agreeable to the crown. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 4, p. 67. 
 
 305 1 . JURY limited. ' ' Three Bays. " [Dur- 
 ing the " Reign of Terror "] a resolution was . . . 
 passed in the Convention authorizing the jury, 
 when three days had been spent in the investiga- 
 tion of a case, to declare themselves satisfied, 
 without waiting for further pleadings ; this infa- 
 mous justification was at once acted upon, and 
 the Girondists were sentenced to death. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 27, § 4. 
 
 3052. JURY perverted. By Clergy. In 1683 
 . . . the sheriffs could pack the jurymen upon 
 State trials ; the jurymen would be exhorted from 
 every pulpit to believe, upon authority of the 
 Scriptures, that, as all resistance to authority was 
 a sin, the support of authority in all its desires 
 was a virtue. When a subject stood at the bar, in- 
 dicted for treason or misdemeanor of the king's 
 command, it was necessary for the country's 
 peace that the crown should have its wished-for 
 verdict. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 23, p. 369. 
 
 3053. JURY, Unterrified. Trial of William 
 Penn. a.d. 1670. He was arraigned for having 
 spoken at a Quaker meeting. . . . Amid angry ex- 
 clamations and menaces, he proceeded to plead 
 earnestly for the fundamental laws of England • 
 and as he was hurried out of court, still reminded 
 the jury that "they were his judges." Dissatis- 
 fied with the first verdict returned, the recorder 
 heaped upon the jury every opprobrious epithet. 
 — " We will have a verdict by the help of God, or 
 you shall starve for it." " You are Englishmen," 
 said Penn, who had again beeu brought to the 
 
 bar ; " mind your piivilege, give not away youi* 
 right." ... At last the jury, who had received 
 no refreshments for two days and two nights, on 
 the third day gave their verdict, " Not guilty." 
 The recorder fined them forty marks apiece for 
 their independence. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 16. 
 
 3054. JUSTICE by Combat. Gaul. The trials 
 by single combat gradually obtained superior 
 credit and authority among a warlike people 
 who could not believe that a brave man deserved 
 to suffer, or that a coward deserved to live. Both 
 in civil and criminal proceedings the plaintiff or 
 accuser, the defendant, or even the witness, were 
 exposed to mortal challenge from the antagonist 
 who was destitute of legal proofs ; and it was in- 
 cumbent on them either to desert their cause or 
 publicly to maintain their honor in the lists of 
 battle. They fought either on foot or horse- 
 back, according to the custom of their nation ; 
 and the decision of the sword or lance was rat- 
 ified by the sanction of Heaven, of the judge, and 
 of the people. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 38, p. 596. 
 
 3055. JUSTICE, Even. Aristides. He was 
 carrying on a prosecution against his enemy, and 
 after he had brought his charge, the judges were 
 going to pass sentence ; without hearing the per- 
 son accused, he rose up to his assistance, en- 
 treating that he might be heard, and have the 
 privilege which the laws allowed. — PiiUTARCH's 
 Aristides. 
 
 3056. JUSTICE exceeded. Bajazet. [French 
 princes who had been taken captive by the Ot- 
 toman Bajazet I. were the witnesses of his zeal 
 for justice.] In their presence, and at his com- 
 mand, the belly of one of his chamberlains was 
 cut open, on a complaint against him for drink- 
 ing the goat's milk of a poor woman. The 
 strangers were astonished by this act of justice, 
 but it was the justice of a sultan who disdains to 
 balance the weight of evidence or to measure 
 the degrees of guilt. — Gibbon's Rome, ch, 64, 
 p. 241. 
 
 3057. — . . Theophilus. [The Roman 
 
 emperor.] A poor woman threw herself at the 
 emperor's feet to complain of a powerful neigh- 
 bor, the brother of the empress, who had raised 
 his palace-wall to such an inconvenient height, 
 that her humble dwelling was excluded from, 
 light and air ! On the proof of the fact, instead 
 of granting, like an ordinary judge, sufficient or 
 ample damages to the plaintiff, the sovereign ad- 
 judged to her use and benefit the palace and the 
 ground. Nor was Theophilus content with this 
 extravagant satisfaction ; his zeal converted a 
 civil trespass into a criminal act ; and the unfort- 
 unate patrician was stripped and scourged in 
 the public place of Constantinople. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 68, p. 593. 
 
 3058. . Emperor Julian. [The 
 
 Emperor Julian was superior] to the last temp- 
 tation of virtuous minds, an indiscreet and in- 
 temperate zeal for justice ; he restrained, with 
 calmness and dignity, the warmth of an advo- 
 cate who prosecuted, for extortion, the presi- 
 dent of the Narbonnese province. " Who will 
 ever be found guilty," exclaimed the vehement 
 Delphidius, "if it be enough to deny ?" " And 
 who," replied Julian, " will ever be innocent, if 
 it be sufficient to affirm ?" — Gibbon's Rome, 
 Ch, 19, p, 344, 
 
JUSTICE. 
 
 361 
 
 3059. JUSTICE by Force. Sir Francis Drake. 
 [While engaged in the slave-trade, the Spaniards 
 attacked the "fleet with which he sailed.] Captain 
 Drake succeeded in rescuing his ship from the 
 foe ; but he reached England a ruined man. Al- 
 though the King of Spain was already meditating 
 the conquest of England, the two nations were 
 still at peace, and Captain Drake therefore ap- 
 plied to the Spanish Government for the restora- 
 tion of the property unlawfully seized. His de- 
 mands being disregarded, he swore to take by 
 force what had been denied to his solicitations. 
 Never was an oath better kept. In 1772 he con- 
 trived to equip and arm two small vessels, and 
 obtained from the queen a commission such as 
 was requisite for his purpose. Joined by a third 
 vessel in the South American waters, he sudden- 
 ly descended upon the coasts of New Granada, 
 plundered the settlements, burnt the Spanish 
 shipping, and held the whole region at his mer- 
 cy. He returned to England laden with a pro- 
 digious booty — enough to make him one of the 
 richest private persons in Europe. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BioG., p. 358. 
 
 3060. JUSTICE, Governmental. Roman. [Early 
 in the sixth century the Jews were insulted 
 in person, their] effects were pillaged, and their 
 synagogues were burnt by the mad populace 
 of Ravenna and Rome, inflamed, as it should 
 seem, by the most frivolous or extravagant pre- 
 tences. The government which could neglect, 
 would have deserved such an outrage. A legal 
 inquiry was instantly directed ; and as the au- 
 thors of the tumult had escaped in the crowd, 
 the whole community was condemned to repair 
 the damage ; and the obstinate bigots, who re- 
 fused their contributions, were whipped through 
 the streets by the hand of the executioner. This 
 simple act of justice exasperated the discon- 
 tent of the Catholics, who applauded the merit 
 and patience of these holy confessors. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39, p. 31. 
 
 3061. JUSTICE honored. Canute the Great. 
 [Canute, . . . the first Danish king of England, 
 m his letter to] " all the nations of the English," 
 . . . has one passage which may make us be- 
 lieve that power and prosperity are not always 
 corrupting — "And now be it known unto you 
 all that I have dedicated my life to God, to gov- 
 ern my kingdoms with justice, and to observe 
 the right in all things. If in the time that is 
 past, and in the violence and carelessness of my 
 youth, I have violated justice, it is my intention, 
 by the help of God, to make full compensation. 
 Therefore I beg and command those to whom I 
 have intrusted the government, as they wish to 
 preserve my good- will, and save their own souls, 
 to do no injustice either to poor or rich. Let 
 those who are noble, and those who are not, 
 equally obtain their rights, according to the laws, 
 from which no deviation shall be allowed, either 
 from fear of me, or through favor to the 
 powerful, or for the purpose of supplying my 
 treasury. I want no money raised by injustice." 
 [a.d. 1035.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 11, 
 p. 158. 
 
 3062. JUSTICE, Impartiality of. Roman. Tar- 
 ■^uin was at this time in Etruria, where he pre- 
 vaiied on two of the most powerful cities, Veil 
 and Tarquinii, to espouse his cause. These States 
 "ent ambassadors to Rome with a formal requisi- 
 
 tion that the exiled prince might be allowed to 
 return. . . . This purpose they gained by a liber- 
 al employment of bribes and promises. The con- 
 spiracy, however, was detected ; and it was found 
 that among the chief persons concerned were the 
 two sons of Brutus and the nephews of Collati- 
 nus. An example was now exhibited, severely 
 virtuous indeed, but which the necessity of cir- 
 cumstances required and justified. Brutus him- 
 self sat in judgment upon his two sons, and con- 
 demned them to be beheaded, himself witness- 
 ing their execution. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3,, 
 ch. 3, p. 309. 
 
 3063. . A Turk's. [As Mahmud 
 
 the Gaznevide] sat in the Divan, an unhappy sub- 
 ject bowed before the throne to accuse the inso- 
 lence of a Turkish soldier who had driven him 
 from his house and bed. " Suspend your clam- 
 ors," said Mahmud ; " inform me of his next vis- 
 it, and ourself in person will judge ^nd punish 
 the offender." The sultan followed his guide, 
 invested the house with his guards, and extin- 
 guishing the torches, pronounced the death of 
 the criminal, who had been seized in the act of 
 rapine and adultery. After the execution of his 
 sentence the lights were rekindled, Mahmud fell 
 prostrate in prayei and rising from the ground,, 
 demanded some homely fare, which he devoured 
 with the voraciousness of hunger. The poor 
 man, whose injury lie had avenged, was unable 
 to suppress his astonishment and curiosity ; and 
 the courteous monarch condescended to explain 
 the motives of this singular behavior. ' ' I had 
 reason to suspect that none, except one of my 
 sons, could dare to perpetrate such an outrage ; 
 and I extinguished the lights, that my justice 
 might be blind and inexorable. My prayer was 
 a thanksgiving on the discovery of the offender ; 
 and so painful was my anxiety, that I had passed 
 three days without food since the first moment 
 of your complaint." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 57, 
 p. 503. 
 
 3064. . Alexander. It is said that 
 
 in the first years of his reign, when capital causes 
 were brought before him, he used to stop one of 
 his ears with his hand, while the plaintiff was 
 opening the indictment, that he might reserve it 
 perfectly unprejudiced for hearing the defend- 
 ant. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 3065. JUSTICE, Mockery of. Papal. [In 1556, 
 when Archbishop Cranmer] came before the com- 
 missioners, he was cited to appear at Rome with- 
 in eighty days, there to answer the charges 
 against him. This was one of the mockeries of 
 the Papal rule in England. There were prison- 
 walls between the archbishop and Rome, and at 
 the end of the time he was declared contuma- 
 cious. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 6. 
 
 3066. JUSTICE for Money. Egyptians. A 
 hundred of the principal Alexandrians came to 
 Italy with a remonstrance [against the appoint- 
 ment of Ptolemy to the Egyptian throne] ; and 
 had they brought money with them they might 
 have had a respectful hearing. But they had 
 brought none or not enough, and Ptolemy, se- 
 cure of his patron's support, hired a party of 
 banditti, who set on the deputation when it land- 
 ed, and killed the greater part of its members. 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 15. 
 
 3067. JUSTICE outraged. Jeffreys. The chiel- 
 justice was fast accumulating a fortune out of 
 
362 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 the plunder of a higher class of Whigs. He 
 treated largely in pardons. His most lucrative 
 transaction of this kind was with a gentleman 
 named Edmund Prideaux. ... It is probable 
 that his only crime was the wealth which he had 
 inherited from his father, an eminent lawyer, 
 who had been in high office under the Protector. 
 No exertions were spared to make out a case [of 
 disloyalty] by the crown. Mercy was offered to 
 some prisoners on condition that they would bear 
 evidence against Prideaux. The unfortunate 
 man lay long in jail, and at length, overcome by 
 fear of the gallows, consented to pay £15,000,- 
 000 for his liberation. This great sum was re- 
 ceived by Jeffreys. He bought with it an estate, 
 to which the people gave the name Aceldama, 
 from that accursed field which was purchased 
 with the price of innocent blood. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 604. 
 
 306§. , Jeffreys. [Trial of rebels 
 
 under the Duke of Monmouth.] Jeffreys reached 
 Dorchester, the principal town of the county in 
 which Monmouth had landed, and the judicial 
 massacre began. The court was hung, by order 
 of the chief-justice, with scarlet ; and this inno- 
 vation seemed to the multitude to indicate a 
 bloody purpose. It was also rumored that, when 
 the clergyman who preached the assize sermon 
 enforced the duty of mercy, the ferocious mouth 
 of the judge was distorted by an ominous grin. 
 These things made men augur ill of what was 
 to follow. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 596. 
 
 3069. JUSTICE, Partiality of. Professed. The- 
 mistocles, who was an agreeable companion, 
 gained many friends, and became respectable in 
 the strength of his popularity. Thus when he 
 was told that he would govern the Athenians ex- 
 tremely well, if he would but do it without re- 
 spect of persons, he said, "May I never sit 
 on a tribunal where my friends shall not find 
 more favor from me than strangers." — Plu- 
 tarch's Aristides. 
 
 3070. JUSTICE, Partialityin. AgesUaus. Age- 
 silaus, indeed, in other respects was strictly and 
 inflexibly just ; but where a man's friends are 
 concerned, he thought a rigid regard to justice 
 a mere pretence. There is still extant a short 
 letter of his to Hydreius the Carian, which is 
 a proof of what we have said : " If Nicias is inno- 
 cent, acquit him ; if he is not innocent, acquit 
 him on my account ; however, be sure to acquit 
 him." — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 3071. JUSTICE, Poetic. Cardinal Wolsey. Un- 
 der Cromwell the coercion of juries and the 
 management of judges rendered the courts mere 
 mouthpieces of the royal will ; and where even 
 the shadow of justice proved an obstacle to 
 bloodshed, Parliament was brought into play to 
 pass bill after bill of attainder. "He shall be 
 judged by the bloody laws he has himself made," 
 was the cry of the council at the moment of his 
 fall, and by a singular retribution the crowning 
 injustice which he sought to introduce even into 
 the practice of attainder — the condemnation of a 
 man without hearing his defence — was only prac- 
 tised on himself . — Hist, op Eng. People, § 577. 
 
 3072. JUSTICE, Public. Origin. Among the 
 English, as among all the races of mankind, jus- 
 tice had originally sprung from each man's per- 
 sonal action. There had been a time when every 
 
 freeman was hie own avenger. But even in the 
 earliest forms of English society of which we 
 find traces this right of self-defence was being 
 modified and restricted by a growing sense of 
 public justice. The " blood-wite," or compensa- 
 tion in money for personal wrong, was the first 
 effort of the tribe as a whole to regulate private 
 revenge. The freeman's life and the freeman's 
 limb had each on this system its legal price. 
 "Eye for eye" ran the rough code, and "life 
 for life," or for each fair damages. We see a 
 farther step toward the modern recognition of 
 a wrong as done, not to the individual man, but 
 to the people at large, in another custom of early 
 date. The price of life or limb was paid, not 
 by the wrong-doer to the man he wronged, but 
 by the family or house of the wrong-doer to the 
 family or house of the wronged. Order and 
 law were thus made to rest in each little group 
 of people upon the blood-bond which knit its 
 families together. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 12. 
 
 3073. JUSTICE, Satisfaction of. Ma hornet. 
 [When near his end, Mahomet] made an effort to 
 obtain himself the peace and pardon of the liv- 
 ing before presenting himself before his Judge. 
 Sustained beneath the arms by his two cherished 
 disciples, Abubeker and Ali, he trailed himself 
 along to the pulpit of the mosque, and said, with 
 a feeble voice : " Mussulmans ! if I have ever 
 maltreated any among you, let him now come 
 and strike me in turn. If I have offended any 
 of you byword, let him return insult for insult. 
 If I have taken from any his property, let him 
 take all that I possess upon the earth. And these 
 are not vain words ; let no one, in doing him- 
 self justice, apprehend my resentment. Resent- 
 ment and anger are not in my character." A 
 man dared to step from the crowd and claim of 
 him a concealed debt. " Help thyself," said the 
 prophet; " it is better to blush in this life be- 
 fore men, for one's injustice, than to blush in the 
 other world before God." — Lamartike's Tur- 
 key, p. 148. 
 
 3074. JUSTICE, Systematized. Charlemagne. 
 Still further to harmonize the discordant parts 
 of his empire, Charlemagne divided the provinces 
 into different districts, each of which contained 
 several counties. He abolished the ancient cus- 
 tom of governing them by dukes ; and in their 
 place he appointed three or four royal envoys, 
 called Misd Dominici, to govern each province 
 or Missaticum, obliging them to an exact visita- 
 tion of it every three months. These envoys 
 held four courts in the year for the administra- 
 tion of justice ; and the arrangement in which 
 the business of these courts was conducted re- 
 flects the highest honor on the character of 
 Charlemagne. The causes of the poor were first 
 heard, next those of the king, then the causes of 
 the clergy, and lastly those of the people at 
 large. — Tytler's Hist., Book 0, ch. 3, p. 71. 
 
 3075. JUSTICE, Tardy. Cromwell. His govern- 
 ment was strong. Charles II. followed, and his 
 government was cowardly, contemptible, and 
 weak. Then, at length, tardy justice was done 
 to the memory of Oliver. Everywhere men mag- 
 nified his valor, genius, and patriotism. Every- 
 where it was remembered how, when he ruled, 
 all foreign powers had trembled at the name of 
 England ; how the States-General, now so haugh- 
 ty, had crouched at his feet ; and how, when it 
 
KIDNAPPING— KNEELING. 
 
 363 
 
 was known that he was no more, Amsterdam 
 was lighted up as for a great deliverance, and 
 children ran along the canals shouting for joy 
 that the devil was dead. Even Royalists ex- 
 claimed that the State could be saved only by 
 calling the old soldiers of the Commonwealth 
 to arms. Soon the capital begun to feel the 
 miseries of a blockade. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 ch. 2, p. 179. 
 
 3076. KIDNAPPING by Government. Reign of 
 James II. [The exiled Bishop Burnet was a 
 powerful antagonist of James in the Roman Cath- 
 olic controversy.] Proceedings were accord- 
 ingly instituted against him at Edinburgh ; but 
 lie had been naturalized in Holland ; he had 
 married a woman of fortune who was a native 
 of that province ; and it was certain that his 
 adopted country would not deliver him up. It 
 was therefore determined to kidnap him. Ruf- 
 fians were hired with great sums of money for 
 this perilous and infamous service. An order 
 for £3000 on this account was actually drawn up 
 for signature in the office of the secretary of 
 State. — Macaulay's Esg., ch. 7, p. 225. 
 
 3077. KINDNESS, Religion of. Rev. John New- 
 ton. Nevertheless there were in him not only 
 force, courage, burning zeal for doing good, 
 but great kindness, and even tenderness of heart. 
 " I see in this world," he said, " two licaps of hu- 
 man happiness and misery ; now, if I can take 
 but the smallest bit from one heap and add it to 
 the other, I carry a point ; if, as I go home, a 
 child has dropped a half-penny, and by giving 
 it another I can wipe away its tears, I feel I have 
 done something." — Smith's Cowper, ch. 3. 
 
 3078. KING of Fanatics. JohnBoccold. [The 
 Anabaptists. ] They surprised and took posses- 
 sion of the city of JVlunster, where they preached 
 their doctrines with such effect that the people, 
 inspired with frenzy, expelled their bishop, and 
 declared that they would have no other governor 
 than God Almighty. Matthias, who was their 
 chief prophet, having been killed in a sally from 
 the town upon the troops of the bishop who had 
 laid siege of it, John Boccold, a journeyman 
 tailor, who had been distinguished by the name 
 of Jack of Lej'den, caused himself, with great 
 ceremony, to be anointed king, and appointed 
 twelve apostles to proclaim his sovereign author- 
 ity over all the lower Germany. One of his fa- 
 vorite tenets was polygamy ; and he set a most il- 
 lustrious example himself by marrying fourteen 
 wives. One of his wives having expressed some 
 doubt as to his divine mission, Boccold immedi- 
 ately cut off her hea(i. and the thirteen others 
 danced round her body with transports of joy. 
 Munster being closely besieged, this fanatic de- 
 fended the city obstinately for twelve months ; 
 but he fell at length a victim to the treachery of 
 some of his own followers, and his enemies . . . 
 put him to death with . . . cruelty. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6,ch. 20, p. 298. 
 
 3079. KING, An infant. James. [When 
 Mary abdicated the throne of Scotland, James, 
 her infant son, was borne to the High Church of 
 Stirling ; the abdication of his mother was read ; 
 Knox preached ; the child was crowned ; the 
 lords took the oaths of allegiance ; and the in- 
 fant of thirteen months was carried back to his 
 cradle.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 10, p. 152. 
 
 30§0. . Of France and England. 
 
 Henry V. . . . died in the thirty -fourth year of his 
 age, one of the most heroic princes that ever 
 swayed the sceptre of England. The Duke of 
 Bedford, brother of Henry V., was declared 
 regent of France, and Henry VI., a child of 
 nine months old, was proclaimed king at Paris 
 and London. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, 
 p. 205. 
 
 30§1. KING.Odd. George Washingto;:. [In Siam 
 there is a first and second king. ] A first king, who 
 does everything, whose power is absolute ; and 
 a second king, who does nothing but draw a 
 large income. This second king, oddly enough, 
 is named George Washington, having been so 
 named by his father, who greatly admired Amer- 
 icans. — General Grant's Travels, p. 268. 
 
 30§2, KING, An unkingly. James II. He 
 was of middle stature, more corpulent through 
 his clothes than in his body, yet fat enough ; 
 his eye large, ever rolling after any stranger that 
 came in his presence, insomuch as many, for 
 shame, left the room as being out of counte- 
 nance ; his tongue was too large for his mouth, 
 and made him drink very uncomely, as if eating 
 his drink, which came out into his cup at each 
 side of his mouth ; his skin was as soft as taffeta 
 sarsenet, which felt so because he never washed 
 his hands, but rubbed his fingers' ends quite 
 slightly with the wet end of a napkin ; his legs 
 were very weak, some have thought through 
 some foul play in his youth, and the weakness 
 made him ever leaning on other people's shoul- 
 ders, and his walk was ever circular. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 37. 
 
 30§3. KINGS unhappy. William III He... 
 told the Duke of Hamilton " he wished he were 
 a thousand miles from England, and that he 
 had never been king of it." [He was annoyed 
 by the unpatriotic bickerings in Parliament.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 7, p. 99. 
 
 3084. KISSING Husbands. Origin of . When 
 Troy was taken, some of the Trojans, having es- 
 caped and gained their ships, put to sea, and 
 being driven by the winds upon the coast of Tus- 
 cany, came to an anchor in the river Tiber ; 
 . . . here their wives being much fatigued, and no 
 longer able to bear the hardships of the sea, one 
 of them, superior to the rest in birth and pru- 
 dence, named Roma, proposed that they should 
 burn the fleet ; . . . this being effected, the men 
 at first were much exasperated, but afterward, 
 through necessity, fixed their seat on the Pala- 
 tine Hill, and in a short time things succeeded be- 
 yond their expectation; for the country was good, 
 and the people hospitable ; . . . therefore, beside 
 other honors paid to Roma, they called their city, 
 as she was the cause of its being built, after her 
 name. Hence too, we are informed, the custom 
 arose for the women to salute their relations and 
 husbands with a kiss, because tliose women, when 
 they had burned the ships, used such kind of en- 
 dearments to appease the resentment of their hus- 
 bands. — Plutarch's Romulus. 
 
 30§5. KNEELING to God only. Alexander 
 Hurray. [In 1751 Hon. Alexander Murraj"- was 
 accused "of having illegally interfered to ob- 
 struct the proceedings on the scrutiny, and to 
 influence] the high bailiff in certain returns of 
 the inhabitants of Westminster. When he was 
 
364 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD— KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 brought to the bar to receive his sentence of 
 close committal to Newgate he refused to kneel, 
 as commanded by the Speaker. The Speaker 
 called out, ' ' Your obeisances ! sir, your obei- 
 sances !" and then, " Sir, you must kneel." He 
 replied, " Sir, I beg to be excused ; I never 
 kneel but to God." The Speaker repeated the 
 command with great warmth. Murray answer- 
 ed, " Sir, I am sorry I cannot comply with your 
 request; I would in anything else." The Speak- 
 er cried, "I call upon you again to consider 
 it." Murray answered, " Sir, when I have com- 
 mitted a crime I kneel to God for pardon ; but I 
 know my own innocence, and cannot kneel to 
 anybody else. " The Speaker ordered the sergeant 
 to take him away and secure him. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 186. 
 
 30S6. KNIGHTHOOD, Ceremony of. Chivalry. 
 The candidate for that honor was previously 
 prepared for it by the most austere fasts. He 
 was obliged to spend a whole night in a church 
 in prayer, to make a solemn and full confession 
 of his sins, to receive the holy eucharist, and to 
 have his body purified by bathing ; then he was 
 again introduced into the church, where he pre- 
 sented to the priest a sword, who, giving it his 
 benediction, hung it round the neck of the nov- 
 ice ; he again, taking it off, presented it to the 
 knight, or chief, who was to confer the honor 
 upon him ; and falling down on his knees, and 
 joining his hands, after solemnly swearing to 
 maintain the cause of religion and chivalry, he 
 received from him the spurs, the halberd, the 
 coat-of-mail, and the sword. Then the chief, em- 
 bracing him round the neck, and gently striking 
 Mm three times with the flat part of his sword 
 upon the shoulder, finished the ceremony by pro- 
 nouncing these words, "In the name of God, 
 St. Michael, and St. George, I make thee a 
 knight. Be valiant, hardy, and loyal." — Tyt- 
 liEB's Hist., Book 6, ch. 10, p. 167. 
 
 30§7. KNOWLEDGE desired. Samuel John- 
 son. He observed, " All knowledge is of itself 
 of some value. There is nothing so minute or 
 inconsiderable that I would not rather know it 
 than not. In the same manner, all power, of 
 whatever sort, is of itself desirable. A man 
 would not submit to learn to hem a ruffle of his 
 ■wife, or his wife's maid ; but if a mere wish 
 could attain it, he would rather wish to be able 
 to hem a ruffle."— Boswell' a Johnson, p. 250. 
 30SS. KNOWLEDGE, Eagerness for. The Poet 
 Shelley. No student ever read more assidu- 
 ously. He was to be found, book in hand, at all 
 hours ; reading in season and out of season ; at 
 table, in bed, and especially during a walk ; not 
 only in the quiet country, and in retired paths ; 
 not only at Oxford, in the public walks, and 
 High Street, but in the most crowded thorough- 
 fares of London. Nor was he less absorbed by 
 the volume that was open before him in Cheap- 
 side, in Cranbourne Alley, or in Bond Street, 
 than in a lonely lane or a secluded library. — 
 Symonds' Shelley, ch. 2. 
 
 3089. KNOWLEDGE, Happiness by. Socrates. 
 With regard to the pursuit of knowledge, Socra- 
 tes held that all science was contemptible which 
 did not tend to the happiness of man, by the 
 regulation of his conduct in society ; that the 
 most beneficial wisdom is to be intimately ac- 
 quainted with ourselves, to see our errors and 
 
 defects, that we may be enabled to amend them. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 268, 
 
 3090. KNOWLEDGE, Humility for. jyimna, 
 [Rev. Thomas Coke, LL.D., a graduate of Ox- 
 ford,] found in Devonshire an untutored but 
 intelligent Methodist, a class leader of the rus- 
 tics in the neighborhood. The nature of faith, 
 justification, regeneration, and the evidences 
 which attend them — the "unsearchable riches of 
 Christ" — were themes upon which the clergy- 
 man found he could be instructed by the un- 
 lettered peasant. He acknowledged that he owed, 
 to him greater obligations "with respect to the 
 means of finding peace with God and tranquillity 
 of mind than to any other person." — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 2, p. 152. 
 
 3091. KNOWLEDGE without Learning. Peter 
 Cooper, LL.D. With no proclivity to classical 
 or philosophical learning, he was through life a 
 diligent student of human aifairs, and nothing 
 that concerned the well-being of his fellow-men 
 escaped his notice, from his nearest neighbors 
 to the mightiest changes in the conditions of 
 nations. So that, while he could not be called 
 a man of learning, he was pre-eminently a man 
 of knowledge. He was an untiring student of 
 nature and art ; the mingling of those two made 
 up his whole life ; they culminated at last in 
 the Institute, which represents their blending. — 
 Life of Peter Cooper, by Lester, p. 12. 
 
 3092. KNOWLEDGE, Limitations of. Aristo- 
 tle. A great body of his writings is yet pre- 
 served, and is sufficient to w^arrant our estima- 
 tion of Aristotle as one of the most vigorous and 
 comprehensive geniuses that ever the world has 
 produced. . . . The vanity of Aristotle prompt- 
 ed him to aim at universal knowledge ; and pro- 
 fessing to embrace the whole circle of the 
 sciences, he only manifests the more signally hia 
 superficial knowledge in many departments, and 
 his presumptuous rashness in deciding ques- 
 tions beyond the reach of human intellect. These 
 palpable defects have injured his legitimate repu- 
 tation in those branches of science in which he is 
 truly excellent. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, 
 p. 275. 
 
 3093. KNOWLEDGE, Progress of. Aristotle. 
 Mr. Lewes makes a remark concerning Aristo- 
 tle : " It is the glory of science to be constantly 
 progressive. After the lapse of a century, the 
 greatest teacher, on reappearing among men, 
 would have to assume the attitude of a learner. 
 The tery seed sown hy himself would have sprunff 
 vp into a forest to obscure the view. But he who 
 rejoices in the grandeur of the forest must not 
 forget by whom the seeds Avere sown. His her- 
 itors, we are richer, but not greater than he."" 
 This is a just and beautiful passage. There is 
 not an intelligent boy or girl in a well-conduct- 
 ed school who could not set Aristotle right on a 
 thousand points of science, who could not laugh 
 at many of his mistakes ; and yet it is not less 
 true that he was one of the greatest intellects 
 that has ever appeared among men. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BiOG., p. 553. 
 
 3094. KNOWLEDGE, Promotion of. Jared 
 Sparks. [Dr. Jared Sparks went from the car- 
 penter's bench to the Presidency of Harvard 
 College.] He was a Connecticut boy, born as 
 long ago as 1789, and as poor as any boy that 
 reads this book. He earned his living as soon as 
 
KNOWLEDGE— LABOR. 
 
 365 
 
 he was strong enough to wield a hoe or drive a 
 plough-horse, by working on a rough, stony 
 Connecticut farm ; and when he had grown to 
 be a pretty stout lad, he was occasionally em- 
 ployed in a saw-miU of the neighborhood. When 
 the time came for him to learn a business he 
 apprenticed himself to a carpenter, and he work- 
 ed diligently at this trade for two years. When 
 he was twenty years of age he was still ham- 
 mering, planing, and mortising as a carpenter's 
 apprentice. But during all this time, whether 
 working on a farm, or in the saw-mill, or in the 
 -carpenter's shop, he spent his leisure hours in 
 reading and study. He had a most extraordina- 
 ry thirst fo: knowledge. — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 619. 
 
 3095. kJTOWLEDGE, Sacrifices for. Benja- 
 min Franklin. Benjamin being a printer's ap- 
 prentice, he was more and more puzzled to grat- 
 ify his love of knowledge. But one day he hit 
 upon an expedient that brought in a little cash. 
 By reading a vegetarian book, this hard, calcu- 
 lating Yankee lad had been led to think that 
 people could live better without meat than with 
 it, and that killing innocent animals for food 
 was cruel and wicked. So he abstained from 
 meat altogether for about two years. As this 
 led to some inconvenience at his boarding-house, 
 lie made this cunning proposition to his master : 
 " Give me one half the money you pay for my 
 board, and I will board myself." The master 
 consenting, the apprentice lived entirely upon 
 such things as hominy, bread, rice, and potatoes, 
 and found that he could actually live upon half 
 of the half. What did the calculating wretch 
 do with the money ? Put it into his money-box ? 
 No ; he laid it all out in the improvement of his 
 mind. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 129. 
 
 3096. . John Fitch. [The inventor.] 
 
 rinding an old arithmetic in his father's house, he 
 studied it in the evenings till he had mastered it. 
 He heard one day, when he was eleven years old, 
 of a wonderful book called Salmon's Geography, 
 which, he was told, would give him information 
 about the whole world. But, alas ! the price was 
 ten shillings. After vainly entreating his father to 
 buy it for him, he hit upon a plan for raising 
 that enormous sum himself. There were some 
 lands upon his father's farm, too high to be 
 reached by the plough, which were not cultivat- 
 ed. His father consented to let him plant po- 
 tatoes there, and to have the produce himself, 
 provided he worked the land only on holidays, 
 or after his regular work was done. [The prod- 
 uce came to ten shillings, the book cost twelve 
 shillings, and his father made him pay for the 
 seed potatoes. So he incurred a debt.] — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG., p. 148. 
 
 3097. KNOWLEDGE, Theft of. Stilpo. Deme- 
 trius [the Macedonian general, having taken the 
 city of Megara, was] satisfied with expelling 
 the garrison, and declared the city free. Amid 
 these transactions, he bethought himself of Stil- 
 po, a philosopher of great reputation, who sought 
 only the retirement and tranquillity of a studious 
 life. He sent for him, and asked him whether 
 they had taken anything from him. " No," said 
 Stilpo, " I found none that wanted to steal any 
 knowledge." — Plutarch's Demetrius. 
 
 309§. LABOR vs. Capital. England. The 
 common people of that age were not in the habit 
 
 of meeting for public discussion, of haranguing, 
 or of petitioning Parliament. No newspaper 
 pleaded their cause. It was in rude rhyme that 
 their love and hatred, their exultation and their 
 distress, found utterance. A great part of their 
 history is to be learned only from their ballads. 
 One of the most remarkable of the popular lays 
 chanted about the streets of Norwich and Leeds 
 in the time of Charles II. may still be read on 
 the original broadside. It is the vehement and 
 bitter cry of labor against capital. It describes 
 the good old times when every artisan employed 
 in the woollen manufacture lived as well as a 
 farmer. But those times were past. Sixpence a 
 day now was all that could be earned by hard la- 
 bor at the loom. If the poor complained that 
 they could not live on such a pittance, they were 
 told that they were free to take it or leave it. 
 For so miserable a recompense were the produ- 
 cers of wealth compelled to toil, rising early and 
 laying down late, while the master clothier, eat- 
 ing, sleeping, and idling, became rich by their 
 exertions. A shilling a day, the poet declares, 
 is what the weaver would have, if justice were 
 done. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 389. 
 
 3099. LABOR degraded. By Charity. [In 
 1831 the laborers of England] believed, as they 
 had long been encouraged by the magistrates to 
 believe, that the parish was bound to find work 
 and pay wherever there was no profitable work 
 to be done. [In England was the parish gravel- 
 pit.] The gravel-pit lowered the wages of all 
 agricultural labor, by confounding the distinc- 
 tions between industry and idleness, between 
 strength and weakness, between dexterity and 
 clumsiness. All the moral qualifications that 
 made one laborer more valuable than another 
 were broken down. And so when the weekly 
 pittance for unprofitable labor was doled out by 
 the overseer of the poor — when the farmer equal- 
 ized the rate of wages by reducing his plough, 
 man and carter almost to the level of the gravel- 
 diggers, and sent their wives to the overseer to 
 make up by allowance the just payment of which 
 they were defrauded — the peasantry took to burn- 
 ing ricks and breaking machines. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 16, p. 287. 
 
 3100. LABOR, Deliverance by. "Apron." 
 The Saracens confess a loss of 7500 men ; and 
 the battle of Cadesia is justly described by the 
 epithets of obstinate and atrocious. The stand- 
 ard of the monarchy was overthrown and capt- 
 ured in the field — a leathern apron of a black- 
 smith, who in ancient times had arisen the de- 
 liverer of Persia ; but this badge yf heroic pov- 
 erty was disguised, and almost concealed, by a 
 profusion of precious gems. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 51, p. 179. 
 
 3101. LABOR, Evening. English — Irish. The 
 Irish laborers close the day with a game on 
 greasy cards, or lying stretched before the fire. 
 In England, when the labor of the day is over, it 
 is usual for men to betake themselves to some 
 other labor of a different kind. In the northern 
 parts of that industrious land the inhabitants 
 meet, a jolly crew, at one another's houses, where 
 they merrily and frugally pass the long dark 
 winter evenings, several families by the same 
 light and by the same fire working at their dif- 
 ferent manufactures of wool, flax, or hemp, 
 company meanwhile mutually cheering and pro- 
 
366 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 Yoking to labor. In certain other parts you may 
 see, on a summer's evening, the common labor- 
 ers sitting along the streets of a town or village, 
 each at his own door, with a cushion before him, 
 making bone-lace, and earning more in an even- 
 ing's pastime than an Irish family would in a 
 whole day. Alas ! for the bone-lace makers. 
 Their industry was almost extinguished by the 
 inexorable machine (the bobbin-net-frame) in 
 1809. — Berkeley, in Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 2, p. 19. 
 
 3102. LABOB, Expensive. George Washing- 
 ton. He owned one hundred and one cows, and 
 yet had to buy butter sometimes for the use of 
 his family. Would the reader like to know the 
 reason ? General Washington himself tells us. 
 He mentions in his diary that one morning in 
 February, 1760, he went out to where " my car- 
 penters " were hewing — the said carpenters be- 
 ing black slaves. "I found," he wrote, "that 
 four of them — namely, George, Tom, Mike, and 
 young Billy — had only hewed one hundred and 
 twenty feet since yesterday at ten o'clock." Sur- 
 prised at this meagre result of a day's labor of 
 four men, he sat down to see how they managed. 
 Under the spell of the master's eye they worked 
 faster, but still in a wonderfully bungling and 
 dawdling manner. He records that, after they 
 had prepared a log for cutting into lengths, "they 
 spent twenty-five minutes more in getting the 
 cross-cut saw, standing to consider what to do, 
 sawing the stock in two places," etc. He found 
 that the four men had done exactly one man's 
 
 * work the day before, supposing they could work 
 no faster than they had done while he watched 
 them, and that one intelligent, active laborer 
 could do about as much hewing in two days as 
 they would in a week. Here we have the reason 
 why a man possessing one hundred and one 
 cows had to buy butter. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., 
 p. 13. 
 
 3103. LABOR, Forced. Defence. [In antici- 
 pation of a French descent upon the coasts of 
 England,] there is a statute of 1513 for the special 
 erection of bulwarks from Plymouth to Land's 
 End, and in all other landing-places. ... To as- 
 sist their country against invasion necessarily 
 demands some personal privation from the high 
 and the lowly. But the government which en- 
 acted that all the inhabitants of the maritime dis- 
 tricts should be compelled to work at such bul- 
 warks, with their own instruments, and to re- 
 ceive no compensation for their toil, was a gov- 
 ernment that hesitated not to rob the poor of 
 their only capital, their power of labor, to spare 
 the rich, whose property was chiefly imperilled 
 by the probable assaults of a hostile force. 
 Those who came not to work and to starve, at 
 the summons of the mayors and constables, were 
 to be committed to prison. The builders of the 
 pyramids, with their scanty fare of onions and 
 garlic, were in a happier condition than the free 
 English under Henry VIII. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 16, p. 267. 
 
 3104./ LABOR honored. Ahraham Lincoln. 
 [In 1830 Thomas Lincoln moved to Macon Co., 
 111.] He immediately erected a log-cabin, and 
 with the aid of his son, who was now twenty- 
 one, proceeded to fence in his new farm. Abra- 
 ham had little idea while . , . mauling the rails 
 ... he was writing a page in his life which 
 
 would be read by the whole nation years after- 
 ward. . . . During the sitting of the Republicau 
 State Convention, at Decatur, a banner attached 
 to two of these rails . . . was brought into the 
 assemblage, and formally presented to that body, 
 amid a scene of unparalleled enthusiasm. . . . 
 They were in demand in every State of the 
 Union. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 22. 
 
 3105. LABOR by Impressment. Edward III. 
 In 1349 his letters-patent went forth to press 
 hewers of stone, carpenters, and other artificers ; 
 and the same principle of impressing workmen 
 was put in force twenty years. — Kjsight'sEng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 30, p. 469. 
 
 3106. LABOR lost. Audubon. After fifteen 
 years of such a life as this [forest life] he paid 
 a visit to his relations in Philadelphia, carrying 
 with him two hundred of his designs, the result 
 of his laborious and perilous wanderings. Being 
 obliged to leave Philadelphia for some weeks, he 
 left these in a box at the house of one of his re- 
 lations. On his return, what were his horror and 
 despair to discover that they were totally destroy- 
 ed by mice ! "A poignant flame," he relates, 
 " pierced my brain like an arrow of fire, and for 
 several weeks I was prostrated with fever. At 
 length physical and moral strength awoke with- 
 in me. Again I took my gun, my game-bag, and 
 portfolio, and my pencils, and plunged once more 
 into the depths of my forests." — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 164. 
 
 3107. LABOR, Machinery relieves. Changes. 
 [The Yorkshire clothier, about the close of the 
 seventeenth century, kept] his one horse to fetch 
 home his wool and his provisions from the 
 market, to carry his yarn to the spinners, his 
 manufactures to the fulling-mill, and, when fin- 
 ished, to the market to be sold. — Knight's Eng. , 
 vol. 5, ch. 2, p. 27. 
 
 310§. . Mining. De Foe says: "We 
 
 saw the poor wretch [a lead miner in Derby- 
 shire] working and heaving himself up with dif- 
 ficulty. ... He was clothed all in leather ; had 
 a cap of the same without brims, and some tools 
 in a little basket, which he drew up with him. . . . 
 Beside his basket of tools he brought up with 
 him about three quarters of a himdred weight of 
 ore." [He worked sixty fathoms deep. He as- 
 cended by anarrow, square opening, in the angles 
 of which pieces of wood were inserted.] Such 
 was mining in the days before the steam-engine. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 2, p. 21. 
 
 3109. LABOR misapplied. Cheat Wall of 
 China. [General Grant visited it, and said :] " I 
 believe that the labor expended on this wall 
 could have built every railroad in the United 
 States, every canal and highway, and most if 
 not all our cities." — General Grant's Trav- 
 els, p. 464. 
 
 3110. LABOR oppressed by Law. England. 
 A.D. 1388. [In 1388 it was] enacted "that he or 
 she which use to labor at the plough and cart, or 
 other labor or service of husbandry, till they be 
 of the age of twelve years, from thenceforth 
 shall abide at the same labor, without being put 
 to any mj^stery or handicraft ; and if any cove- 
 nant or bond of apprentice be from henceforth 
 made to the contrary, the same shall be holden 
 for none. " Another enactment of the same Par- 
 liament is to the effect that artificers and men of 
 
LABOR. 
 
 367 
 
 craft, servants and apprentices, shall be com- 
 pelled to serve in the harvest, to cut, gather, 
 and bring in the corn. . . . Male and female 
 servants and laborers are not to depart at the end 
 of their term, to go to another place, without let- 
 ters testimonial under the king's seal, intrusted 
 for that purpose to some good man of the hun- 
 dred, rape, wapentake, city, or borough ; wan- 
 dering without such letters they were put in the 
 stocks. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 3111. LABOR oppressed. By Law. [In 1349] 
 tlie Statute of Laborers was passed. Its pre- 
 amble read : " Because a great part of the peo- 
 Y)\e, and especially of workmen and servants, 
 late died of the pestilence, many, seeing the ne- 
 cessity of masters and great scarcity of servants, 
 ^\'ill not serve unless they may receive excessive 
 wages. "... It was enacted ' ' That every able- 
 bodied man and woman, not being a merchant or 
 exercising any craft, or having estate or land, 
 should be bounden to serve, whenever required 
 so to do, at the wages accustomed to be given in 
 the twentieth year of the king, and in five or six 
 years next before. If any man or woman, free 
 or bond, . . . would not, he or she should be com- 
 mitted to the next jail." It also enacted that 
 laborers departing from their service should be 
 imprisoned, and that those masters who consent- 
 ed to give the higher wages should be liable to 
 be mulcted in double the amount paid or prom- 
 ised. The statute then goes on to apply tlie 
 same regulations to all artificers — saddlers, 
 skinners, . . . cordwainers, tailors, smiths, carpen- 
 ters, masons, tylers, shipwrights, carters. . . . 
 xNo person should give alms to such as might be 
 able to labor, . . . under pain of imprisonment. 
 But the laws of nature were too strong for the 
 laws of policy. Two years later we have an- 
 other statute. ... A scale of wages is then set 
 for laborers in husbandry ; and the wages of car- 
 penters, masons, tylers, and others concerned in 
 building are also fixed. The principle of con- 
 fining the laborer to one locality is established by 
 enacting, with the exception of the inhabitants 
 of Stafford, Lancashire, Derby, Craven, and of 
 the Welsh and Scotch marches, who may come 
 and go to other places in harvest time — "that 
 none of them goeth out of the town where he 
 dwelleth in the winter, to serve the summer, if 
 he may serve in the same town." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 30, p. 471. 
 
 3112. . Fixed Wages. [About 1597 
 
 Parliament enacted that rates of wages were to 
 be settled annually by the justices in sessions as- 
 sembled. The rate so settled having been ap- 
 proved by the Privy Council, was to be pro- 
 claimed by the sheriff ; and the payer and re- 
 ceiver of higher wages were subjected to fine and 
 imprisonment. All able-bodied laborers wander- 
 ing through refusal to work for such wages 
 were styled "rogues and vagabonds," and sub- 
 ject to cruel punishments.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 271. 
 
 3113. LABOR, Profitless. Cotton. This pod, 
 which is about as large as a hen's egg, bursts 
 when it is ripe, and the cotton gushes out at the 
 top in a beautiful white flock. If you examine 
 this flock closely, you discover that it contains 
 eight or ten large seeds, much resembling, in 
 size and shape, the seeds of a lemon. The fibres 
 of the cotton adhere so tightly to the seeds, that 
 
 to get one pound of clean cotton, without wast- 
 ing any, used to require a whole day's labor. It 
 was this fact that rendered the raising of cotton 
 so little profitable, and kept the Southern States 
 from sharing in the prosperity enjoyed by the 
 States of the North, after the close of the Revo- 
 lutionary War. When the gentlemen [who were 
 visiting Mrs. Green] had been conversing for 
 some time, the idea was started that perhaps 
 this work could be done by a machine. Mrs. 
 Greene then remarked : " Gentlemen, apply to 
 my young friend, Mr. Whitney ; he can make 
 anything." Few words have ever been spoken 
 on this globe that have had such important and 
 memorable consequences as this simple observa- 
 tion of Mrs. Nathaniel Greene. [See No. 2991.] 
 — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 159. 
 
 3114. LABOR prolonged. Fourteen Hours. [By 
 a statute of 1495 it was required that] from 
 the middle of March to the middle of September 
 every laborer and artificer was to be at his work 
 before five o'clock in the morning, and he was 
 to depart not till between seven and eight in the 
 evening. In this season he was to have half an 
 hour for breakfast, an hour for dinner, and half 
 an hour for his " nonemete ;" and from the mid- 
 dle of May to the middle of August he was to 
 have half an hour for sleep in the day. From 
 September to March he was to be at his work 
 " in the springing of the day, and depart not 
 till night of the same day." — Knight's Eng. , 
 vol. 2, ch. 7, p. 113. 
 
 3115. LABOR reduced. By Machinery. [Eli 
 Whitney invented the cotton gin, and invited in- 
 spection.] The gentlemen saw, with unbounded 
 wonder and delight, that one man, with this 
 young Yankee's engine, could clean as much cot- 
 ton in one day as a man could clean by hand in a 
 whole winter. The cotton grown on a large 
 plantation could be separated from the seed in a 
 few days, which before required the constant la- 
 bor of a hundred hands for several months. — 
 Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 161. 
 
 3116. LABOR, Remarkable. JoJm Wesley. He 
 preached 42,400 sermons after his return from 
 Georgia — more than fifteen a week. [He died in 
 the eighty-eighth year of his age, after preaching 
 the gospel for sixty-four years.] His public life 
 . . . stands out in the history of the world un- 
 questi€>nably pre-eminent in religious labors above 
 that of any other man since the apostolic age. — 
 Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 2, p. 290. 
 
 3117. Labor respected. Napoleon I. [At St. 
 Helena.] Some slaves, with heavy burdens on 
 their shoulders, came toiling up the narrow path. 
 Mrs. Balcombe, who was on her voyage to Eng- 
 land from Bombay, ... in rather an angry tone 
 ordered them to keep back. But the emperor, 
 making room for the slaves, turned to Mrs. Bal- 
 combe, and said, mildly, " Respect the bur- 
 den, madame." — Abbott s Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 30. 
 
 31 1§. LABOR, Success by. Jamestown Colony. 
 Many circumstances impeded the progress of the 
 oldest Virginia colony. The first settlers at James- 
 town were idle, improvident, and dissolute. Of 
 the one hundred and five men who came ... in 
 the spring of 1607, only twelve were common la- 
 borers. There were four carpenters and six or 
 eight masons and blacksmiths, but the lack of 
 
368 
 
 LABOR— LAND. 
 
 mechanics was compensated by a long list of 
 forty-eight gentlemen. . . . The prospect of 
 planting an American State on the James River 
 was not at all encouraging. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 9, p. 95. [Bancroft adds : " One half of the 
 colony perished before autumn." Vol. 1, ch. 4.] 
 
 3119. LABOB, Wages of. Small. [In the be- 
 ginning of the eighteenth century, the average 
 wage paid to a farm-laborer was 5s. , without food. 
 Fifteen pounds was the average yearly income 
 of the laboring man's family. Some consider 
 Is. to have had a purchasing power equal to 2s. 
 at the present time.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 4, p. 50. 
 
 3120. . Samuel Johnson. Rais- 
 ing the wages of day-laborers is wrong ; for it 
 does not make them live better, but only makes 
 them idler, and idleness is a very bad thing for 
 iuman nature. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 485. 
 
 3121. LABOE, Youthful. Thurloio Weed. My 
 first employment, when about eight years old, 
 was in blowing a blacksmith's bellows for a Mr. 
 Reeves, who gave me six cents a day, which con- 
 tributed so much toward the support of the fam- 
 ily. I stood upon a box to enable me to reach the 
 handle of the bellows. ... I got a situation as 
 cabin-boy on board the sloop Ranger ... in my 
 ninth year. — Life op Thurlow Weed, vol. 1, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 3122. LABOEEE honored, The. Abdolonymus. 
 The Phoenicians had suffered much oppression 
 under the Persian yoke, and were thus glad to 
 be emancipated from its tyranny. Strato, the 
 king or governor of Sidon, attempted in vain to 
 maintain his province in its allegiance ; he was 
 deposed, and Alexander having allowed his fa- 
 vorite Hephaestion to dispose of the crown, he 
 conferred it on Abdolonymus, a man of great 
 worth and virtue, and of illustrious and even 
 royal descent, but whom misfortunes had re- 
 duced to seek a subsistence by manual labor. — 
 Tytlek's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 184. 
 
 3123. LABOEEE impoverished. English,. The 
 laborer of the eighteenth century never ate 
 wheaten bread. . . . Tea and sugar, the comforts 
 of the modern cottage, were wholly for the rich. 
 Fresh meat was eaten only twice a week by half 
 the working people, and never tasted at all by 
 the other half. The salt to cure the flesh of his 
 hog was very dear and frightfully unwholesome. 
 . . . Woolen clothing of every sort was far dearer 
 then. Linen was almost beyond the reach of his 
 wife and children. There were no cheap calicoes 
 for their shirts, no smart prints equally cheap 
 for their frocks. His hovel, with " one chimney," 
 was unglazed, and its thatched roof and battered 
 walls offered the most miserable shelter. Furni- 
 ture he had none beyond a bench and a plank 
 on trestles, an iron pot, and a basin or two. He 
 had the ague, and his children died of the small- 
 pox without medical aid. ... He had not the 
 slightest chance of going out of his condition 
 through education. . . . His children were shut 
 out of any broader view of life than that of their 
 native hamlet ; for charity schools, few and mean 
 as they were, . . . were only established in some 
 favored towns. The farmers and the small free- 
 holders were, with the exception of their greater 
 command over the necessaries and comforts of 
 life, at no great elevation above the husbandman, 
 
 who worked for wages. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 3124. LABOEEES despised. By Normans. 
 The Normans brought into England a contempt 
 for the laboring people, the serfs, the villein, . . . 
 which did not exist in any such degree before 
 the Norman conquest. The peasant was . . . 
 in every respect in bondage. His foreign master 
 plundered him and held him in contempt. . . . 
 The humblest cabin and the coarsest fare were 
 thought almost too good for the villein. " Whv 
 should villeins eat beef or any dainty foodr' 
 asks one of the Norman jongleurs. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, p. 325. 
 
 3125. LABOEEES ignored. 3Iagna Charta. 
 Such were the stipulations in favor of the higher 
 orders of the State, the barons, the clergy, the 
 landholders, and freemen. But that part of the 
 people who tilled the ground, who constituted in 
 all probability the majority of the nation, seem 
 to have been very lightly considered in this 
 great charter of freedom. They had but one 
 single clause in their favor, which stipulated that 
 no villein or rustic should by any fine be be- 
 reaved of his carts, his ploughs, and instruments 
 of husbandry ; in other respects they were con- 
 sidered as a part of a property belonging to an 
 estate, and were transferable along with the 
 horses, cows, and other movables, at the will 
 of the owner. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 8, 
 p. 149. 
 
 3126. LAND, Division of. Beneficial. One 
 certain effect of the crusades must have been 
 great changes in territorial property through- 
 out the kingdoms of Europe. The nobility and 
 barons who went on those expeditions were 
 obliged to sell their lands to defray their charges. 
 The lands passed into the hands of other propri- 
 etors, and their former masters, such of them as 
 ever returned to their country, had expended the 
 whole of their fortunes. This fluctuation of 
 property diminished the -^veight and influence of 
 the greater barons, and weakened the aristocrat- 
 ical spirit of the feudal system. The lands of a 
 single lord were likewise divided among a num- 
 ber of smaller proprietors, for few individuals 
 were then opulent enough to have purchased en- 
 tire lordships. This would necessarily diffuse 
 a spirit of independence, and bring men nearer 
 to an equality of property.— Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 10, p. 165. 
 
 3127. LAND, Ownership of. England. A 
 landed proprietor who held an estate under the 
 crown by knight service — and it was thus that 
 most of the soil of England was held — had to 
 pay a large fine on coming to his property. He 
 could not alienate one acre without purchasing 
 a license. When he died, if his domains descend- 
 ed to an infant, the sovereign was guardian, and 
 was not only entitled to great part of the rents 
 during the minority, but could require the ward, 
 under heavy penalties, to marry any person of 
 suitable rank. The chief bait which attracted a 
 needy sycophant to the court was the hope of ob- 
 taining, as the reward of servility and flattery, a 
 royal letter to an heiress. These abuses had per- 
 ished with tlie monarchy.- Macahlay's Eng., 
 ch. 2, p. 143. 
 
 312§. LAND, Unimproved. Reign of Charles 
 11. The arable land and pasture land were not 
 
LANDS— LANGUAGE. 
 
 369 
 
 supposed by the best political arithmeticians of 
 that age to amount to much more than half the 
 area of the kingdom. The remainder was be- 
 lieved to consist of moor, forest, and fen. These 
 computations are strongly confirmed by the road- 
 books and maps of the seventeenth century. 
 From those books and maps it is clear that many 
 routes which now pass through an endless suc- 
 cession of orchards, hay-fields, and bean-fields, 
 then ran through nothing but heath, swamp and 
 warren. — Macaulay's Eng., cli. 3, p. 290. 
 
 3129. LANDS, Hereditary. GranUd. To con- 
 ciliate the affections of the soldiery was a very 
 material object with the first emperors ; and for 
 this purpose no policy seemed more proper than 
 to assign to them gifts of portions of land in the 
 provinces where they were stationed. This, we 
 find, was the case even in Italy, as we may learn 
 from the first and ninth eclogues of Virgil. Of 
 these distributions of land we find frequent men- 
 tion among the ancient Roman lawyers. They 
 became more frequent among the latter emper- 
 ors, who found it necessary to court the favor 
 and support of the army, now become the dis- 
 posers of the imperial diadem. These distribu- 
 tions of land were at first only for life. The 
 first who allowed them to descend to the heirs of 
 the grantees was Alexander Severus, who, as 
 Lampridius informs us, permitted the heirs of 
 the grantees to enjoy their possessions, on the ex- 
 press condition of their following the profession 
 of arms. Constantine the Great in like manner 
 made gifts of land to his principal ofiicers, per- 
 petual and hereditary. — Tyti,er's Hist. , Book 6, 
 ch. 2, p. 65. 
 
 3130. LANGUAGE, Adaptation of. Greek and 
 Roman. The two languages exercised at the 
 same time their separate jurisdiction throughout 
 the empire ; the former as the natural idiom of 
 science ; the latter as the legal dialect of public 
 transactions. Those who united letters with 
 business were equally conversant with both ; 
 and it was almost impossible, in any province, 
 to find a Roman subject, of a liberal education, 
 who was at once a stranger to the Greek and 
 to the Latin language. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, 
 p. 47. 
 
 3131. LANGUAGE, Contempt for. Battle of 
 Hastings. When the English fall the Normans 
 shout. Each side taunts and defies the other, yet 
 neither knoweth what the other saith ; and the 
 Normans say the English bark, because they un- 
 derstand not their speech. — Decisive Battles, 
 §327. 
 
 3132. LANGUAGE and Manners. Romans. 
 So sensible were the Romans of the influence of 
 language over national manners, that it was their 
 most serious care to extend, with the progress of 
 their arms, the use of the Latin tongue. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 44. 
 
 3133. . Early. Language, in the 
 
 early periods of every nation, is in a very rude 
 condition, and it is in this imperfection and ap- 
 parent barrenness of the language that we shall 
 find one cause for the lofty tone assumed by the 
 poetry. The words are few, but they are invari- 
 ably expressive. They are descriptive of the 
 strongest passions, of the deepest feelings of the 
 human heart — of patriotism and valor, of grief 
 and joy, of triumph and despair, of love and 
 
 hatred ; of such feelings as are to be found 
 among every uncultivated people — when nature 
 is certainly comparatively in a savage state ; 
 when none of those fantastic and artificial ideas, 
 and therefore none of those low and insipid ex- 
 pressions have been introduced, which invariably 
 accompany the process of luxury and refinement. 
 In the ancient languages of a rude people we find 
 no redundancy of expletives, no unnecessary 
 words, no unmeaning synonymes, because lan- 
 guage is formed to describe what passes in the 
 minds or before the eyes of those who use it. 
 Even in their common discourse, and still more 
 in their war-songs, or their solemn harangues, 
 the speakers were actually compelled to be ner- 
 vous, concise, and frequently metaphorical. The 
 high-flown and figurative style must have then 
 become as much a matter of necessity, owing to 
 the barrenness of the language, as the effect of 
 taste or imagination. When man first found him- 
 self in society, the Almighty, in the language 
 which He created for him, did not furnish him 
 with what was calculated to delineate the minu- 
 ter feelings of the heart, or the more detailed 
 and delicate scenery of nature, but with that 
 broad and bolder pencil which could describe 
 those conflicting passions which then tore his 
 mind, or those awful solitudes with which he 
 was then surrounded. — Tytler's Hist. , Book 4, 
 ch. 3, p. 426. 
 
 3134. LANGUAGE, Origin of. Samuel John- 
 son. Talking of the origin of language. John- 
 son : "It must have come by inspiration. A 
 thousand — nay, a million of children could not 
 invent a language. While the organs are pliable, 
 there is not understanding enough to form a lan- 
 guage ; by the time that there is understanding 
 enough, the organs are become stiff. We know 
 that after a certain age we cannot learn to pro- 
 nounce a new language. No foreigner who 
 comes to England when advanced in life ever 
 pronounces English tolerably well ; at least, such 
 instances are very rare. When I maintain that 
 language must have come by inspiration, I do 
 not mean that inspiration is required for rhetoric, 
 and all the beauties of language ; for when once 
 man has language, we can conceive that he may 
 gradually form modifications of it. I mean only 
 that inspiration seems to me to be necessary to 
 give man the faculty of speech ; to inform him 
 that he may have speech ; which I think he 
 could no more find out without inspiration than, 
 cows or hogs would think of such a faculty."— 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 495. 
 
 3135. LANGUAGE, Paradisaic. Persian. [Ma- 
 homet recommended the Persian language to the 
 use of paradise, it being a smooth and elegant 
 idiom.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42, p. 216. 
 
 3136. LANGUAGE, Training in. Romans. 
 Next to this care of the mother, or the female 
 tutor, in instilling the rigid principle of patriotic 
 virtue, a very remarkable degree of attention 
 appears to have been bestowed by the Romans in 
 accustoming their children to correctness of lan- 
 guage and purity of expression. Cicero informs 
 us that the Gracchi were educated non tarn in 
 gremio quam, in sermone matris. And in speak- 
 ing of Curio, who was one of the best orators of 
 his time, he adds, that without possessing the 
 rules of his art, and without any knowledge of 
 the laws, he had attained to eminence merely 
 
870 
 
 LAUGHTER— LAW. 
 
 from the elegance and purity of his diction. 
 This attention to the language of children may 
 appear, in these niodern days, an absurd and 
 useless refinement. Among the Romans it was 
 not thought so. They were well aware how 
 much the man is influenced by the earliest im- 
 pressions and habits of infancy. They suspected, 
 and not without just grounds, that they who be- 
 came familiar with the language and expressions 
 of their slaves were likely to be initiated also in 
 their vices, and to become reconciled to their 
 ideas of servility and dependence. That urbanity 
 upon which this people so much prided them- 
 selves in the more advanced periods of the com- 
 monwealth was nothing else than a certain man- 
 ly elegance, which distinguished the Roman 
 citizens from those nations whom they account- 
 ed barbarous. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, 
 p. 423. 
 
 3137. LAUGHTER, Importance of. Lycurgus. 
 Lycurgus [the lawgiver] . . . dedicated a little 
 statue to the god of laughter in each hall. He 
 considered facetiousness as a seasoning of the 
 hard exercise and diet, and therefore ordered it 
 to take place on all proper occasions, in their 
 common entertainments and parties of pleasure. 
 — Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 313§. LAW, Above. James II. It was deter- 
 mined that the nuncio should go to court in 
 solemn procession. Some persons on whose 
 obedience the king had counted showed, on this 
 occasion, for the first time, signs of a mutinous 
 Bpirit. Among these the most conspicuous was 
 the second temporal peer of the realm, Charles 
 Seymour, commonly called the proud Duke of 
 Somerset. He was, in truth, a man in whom the 
 pride of birtli and rank amounted almost to a dis- 
 ease. . . . Some members of his family implored 
 him not to draw on himself the royal displeasure, 
 but their entreaties produced no effect. The 
 king himself expostulated. "I thought, my 
 lord," said he, "that I was doing you a great 
 honor in appointing you to escort the minister of 
 the first of all crowned heads." " Sir," said the 
 duke, " I am advised that I cannot obey your 
 Majesty without breaking the law." " I will 
 make you fear me as well as the law," answered 
 the king, insolently. " Do you not know that I 
 am above the law ?" " Your Majesty may be 
 above the law," replied Somerset, "but I am 
 not ; and while I obey the law I fear nothing." 
 The king turned away in high displeasure, and 
 Somerset was instantly dismissed from his posts 
 in the household and in the army. [James soon 
 after was a fugitive and an exile.] — Mac aula y's 
 Eng., ch. 8, p. 250. 
 
 3139. LAW, Delay of the. John Hampden. 
 [In 1636 " John Hampden, Esq. ," refused to pay 
 an illegal tax of 31s. M. " There were six weeks 
 of solemn pleading in the Exchequer Chamber 
 before all the judges— the greatest cause that 
 ever was tried in Westminster Hall — followed by 
 many months of judicial deliberation, before the 
 king's right to enforce the tax of ship-money was 
 adjudged to be lawful. Hampden refused to 
 pay 20s. assessed upon his lands. The formal 
 pleadings upon the writ occupied five months 
 before the question came to be argued. The 
 speeches of the crown lawyers and of Hamp- 
 den's counsel occupy one hundred and seventeen 
 pages in Rushworth's folio volume. After these 
 
 protracted arguments before the judges, three 
 terms were occupied by them in giving their 
 opinions. They were not agreed in their judg- 
 ment. It was finally decided that the tax was 
 lawful.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 422. 
 
 3140. LAW, Ignorance of. Romans. It was 
 reckoned dishonorable for any person of the pa- 
 trician rank not to have thoroughl}' studied the 
 laws and the constitution of his country. In one 
 of the laws of the Roman pandects an anecdote 
 is recorded of Sulpitius, a gentleman of the pa- 
 trician order, who had occasion to resort for ad- 
 vice to Quintus Mucins Scaevola, then the most 
 eminent lawyer in Rome. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 4, ch. 3, p. 425. 
 
 3141. LAW levels all. Emperor Julian. Dur- 
 ing the games of the circus he had, imprudent- 
 ly or designedly, performed the manumission 
 of a slave in the presence of the consul. The 
 moment he was reminded that he had trespassed 
 on the jurisdiction of another magistrate, he con- 
 demned himself to pay a fine of ten pounds of 
 gold ; and embraced this public occasion of de- 
 claring to the world that he was subject, like 
 the rest of his fellow-citizens, to the laws, and 
 even to the forms, of the republic— Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 22, p. 403. 
 
 3142. LAW, Majesty of. Protection. The poor- 
 est man in his cottage may bid defiance to all 
 the forces of the crown. It may be frail ; its 
 roof may shake ; the storm may enter it ; but the 
 King of England cannot enter it. All his pow- 
 er dares not cross the threshold of that ruined 
 tenement. [Speech of Chatham.]— Knight's 
 Eng., Vol. 1, ch. 12, p. 166. 
 
 3143. LAW, Mockery of. Romans. The gov- 
 ernors of the provinces being chosen from those 
 who have been consuls or praetors, were neces- 
 sarily members of the Senate. Peculation and 
 extortion in these high functions were offences 
 in the theory of gravest kind ; but the offend- 
 er could only be tried before a limited number 
 of his peers, and a governor who had plundered 
 a subject State, sold justice, pillaged temples, 
 and stolen all that he could lay hands on, was 
 safe from punishment if he returned to Rome a 
 millionaire and would admit others to a share in 
 his spoils. The provincials might send deputa- 
 tions to complain, but these complaints came 
 before men who had themselves governed prov- 
 inces or else aspired to govern them. It had 
 been proved in too many instances that the law 
 which professed to protect them was a mere 
 mockery — Froude's C^sar, ch. 3. 
 
 3144. LAW, Novice in. Patrick Heni-y. He 
 married at eighteen ; attempted trade ; toiled 
 successfully as a farmer; then with buoyant 
 mind resolved on becoming a lawyer ; and an- 
 swering questions successfully by the aid of six 
 weeks' study of Coke upon Littleton and the stat- 
 utes of Virginia, he gained a license as a barris- 
 ter. For three years the novice dwelt under the 
 roof of his father-in-law, an innkeeper, . . .ig- 
 norant of the science of law, and slowly learning 
 its forms. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 9. 
 
 3145. LAW overturned. Charles II. Mean- 
 while, rapid strides were made toward despot- 
 ism. Proclamations, dispensing with acts of Par- 
 liament, or enjoining what only Parliament could 
 lawfully enjoin, appeared in rapid succession. 
 
LAW— LAWS. 
 
 371 
 
 'Of these edicts, the most important was the Dec- 
 laration of Indulgence. By this instrument the 
 penal laws against Roman Catholics were at once 
 set aside by royal authority ; and, that the real 
 object of the measure might not be perceived, 
 the laws against Protestant Nonconformists were 
 also suspended. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, 
 p. 203. 
 
 3146. LAW, Partiality of the. England. [In 
 the middle of the eighteenth century Parson 
 Adams is taken before a fox-hunting justice, 
 who] will not at once condemn him to the hang- 
 man. "No, no; you will be asked what you 
 Jiave to say for yourself when you come on your 
 trial ; we are not trying you now ; I shall only 
 commit you to gaol." In vain the poor curate 
 asked, "Is it no punishment, sir, for an inno- 
 cent man to be several months in gaol ?" His 
 mittimus would have been signed had not a by- 
 stander affirmed that Mr. Adams was a clergy- 
 man and a gentleman of good character. ' ' Then," 
 said the justice, " I know how to behave myself 
 to a gentleman as well as another. Nobody can 
 say I have committed a gentleman since I have 
 been in the commission." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 108. 
 
 3147. LAW, Sacredness of. Socrates. He was 
 sentenced, after an imprisonment of thirty days, 
 to drink the juice of hemlock. That time he spent 
 as became the hero and the philosopher. His 
 friends had prepared the means of his escape, 
 and earnestly endeavored to persuade him to at- 
 tempt it ; but he convinced them that it is a 
 crime to violate the law, even where its sen- 
 tence is unjust. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 2, 
 p. 156. 
 
 314§. LAW, Supremacy of . Accessary. [Charles 
 II., in 1673, in detiance of law, made the "Dec- 
 laration of Indulgence."] Mr. Alderman Love, 
 one of the members [of Parliament] for the city 
 of London, opposed the declaration. A member 
 said to him, " Why, Mr. Love, you are a Dissent- 
 er yourself ; it is very ungrateful that you who 
 receive the benefit should object against the man- 
 ner." He replied : "I am a Dissenter, and there- 
 by unhappily obnoxious to the law. The law 
 against the Dissenters I should be glad to see re- 
 pealed by the same authority that made it ; but 
 while it is a law the king cannot reneal it by proc- 
 lamation ; and I had much rather see the Dis- 
 senters suffer from the rigor of the law, though 
 I suffer with them, than see all the laws of Eng- 
 land trampled under the foot of the prerogative, 
 as in this example." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 19, p. 320. 
 
 3149. LAW suspended. Rome. It had long 
 been the rule at Rome that no officer of justice 
 or finance could enter the dwelling inhabited by 
 the minister who represented a Catholic State. 
 In process of time, not only the dwelling, but a 
 large precinct round it, was held inviolable. . . . 
 At length half the city consisted of privileged 
 districts, within which the papal government had 
 no more power than within the Louvre or the 
 Escurial. Every asylum was thronged with con- 
 traband traders, fraudulent bankrupts, thieves, 
 and assassins. In every asylum were collected 
 magazines of stolen or smuggled goods. From 
 every asylum ruffians sallied forth nightly to 
 plunder and stab. In no town of Christendom, 
 consequently, was law so impotent and wicked- 
 
 ness so audacious as in the ancient capital of re- 
 ligion and civilization. On this subject Innocent 
 felt as became a priest and a prince. He declared 
 that he would receive no ambassador who in- 
 sisted on a right so destructive of order and mo- 
 rality. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 402. 
 
 3150. LAW, Technicalities of the. Pilgrim 
 Fathers. [Long sought a patent of the London 
 Company for a home in the American wilder- 
 ness.] At last, in 1619, its members, in their open 
 court, writes one of the Pilgrims, " demanded 
 our ends of going ; which being related, they said 
 the thing was of God, and granted a large pat- 
 ent." Being taken in the name of one who failed 
 to accompany the expedition, the patent was 
 never of the least service. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 3151. LAW, Unprotected by. Reign of James 
 II. [Protestantism had been suppressed and Ca- 
 tholicism promoted in Ireland.] Those who had 
 lately been the lords of the island now cried out, 
 in the bitterness of their souls, that they had be- 
 come a prey and a laughing-stock to their own 
 serfs and menials ; that houses were burned and 
 cattle stolen with impunity ; that the new [Catho- 
 lic] soldiers roamed the country, pillaging, in- 
 sulting, ravaging, maiming, tossing one Protes- 
 tant in a blanket, tying up another by the hair, 
 and scourging him ; that to appeal to the law was 
 vain ; that Irish judges, sheriffs, juries, and wit- 
 nesses were all in league to save Irish criminals, 
 . . . the whole soil would soon change hands . . . 
 In every action of ejectment under the adminis- 
 tration of [lord-lieutenant] Tyrconnel, judgment 
 had been given for the native against the Eng- 
 lishman. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 16, p. 147. 
 
 3152. LAW, Without. English Cabinet. Few 
 things in our history are more curious than the 
 origin and growth of the power now possessed 
 by the cabinet. . . . During many years old-fash- 
 ioned politicians continued to regard the cabinet 
 as an unconstitutional and dangerous board. 
 Nevertheless, it constantly became more and 
 more important. It at length drew to itself the 
 chief executive power, and has now been regard- 
 ed, durfng several generations, as an essential 
 part of our polity. Yet, strange to say, it still 
 continues to be altogether unknown to the law. 
 —Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 197. 
 
 3153. LAWS, Broken. The Roman Consul. 
 Tarquinius Superhus had trampled on all the con- 
 stitutional restraints and on all the regulations 
 of the preceding sovereigns. He had nev«r as- 
 sembled the senate, nor called together * ne peo- 
 ple in the Comitia. He is even said «) have de- 
 stroyed or broken the tablets on which the laws 
 were written, in order to efface all remembrance 
 of them. It was necessary, therefore, after his ex- 
 pulsion, that new tablets should be framed. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 3, p. 309. 
 
 3154. LAWS disregarded. American Colonies. 
 [The Importation Act of Parliament was passed 
 in 1733.] Exorbitant duties were laid on all the 
 sugar, molasses, and rum imported into the col- 
 onies. At first the payment of these unreasonable 
 customs was evaded by the merchants, and then 
 the statute was openly set at naught, in 1750 it 
 was futher enacted that iron- works should not be 
 erected in America. The manufacture of steel 
 was specially forbidden, and the felling of pines 
 
372 
 
 LAWS. 
 
 [useful for English ship-masts] outside of en- 
 closures was interdicted. All these laws were dis- 
 regarded and denounced by the people of the 
 colonies as being unjust and tyrannical. — Rid- 
 PATH'sU. S.,ch. 37, p. 287. 
 
 3155. LAWS, Enforcement of. Good. When 
 Anacharsis knew what Solon was about, he 
 laughed ... at the absurdity of imagining he 
 could restrain the avarice and injustice of his citi- 
 sens by written laws, which in all respects resernbled 
 spiders' webs, and would, like them, only entangle 
 and hold the poor and weak, while the rich and 
 powerful easily broke through them. To this So- 
 lon replied : "Men keep their agreements when 
 it is an advantage to both parties not to break 
 them ; " and he would so frame his laws as to 
 make it evident to the Athenians that it would be 
 more for their interest to observe than to trans- 
 gress them. — Plutarch's Solon. 
 
 3156. LAWS, Obsolete. Enfm-ced. Henry VII. 
 enforced obsolete laws, in order to obtain money 
 from the wealthy London merchants, in which 
 false witnesses, called promoters, were systemati- 
 cally employed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, 
 p. 241. 
 
 3157. LAWS, First printed. England. [In 
 1484,] for the first time, the laws to be obeyed by 
 the English people are enacted in the English 
 tongue. But beyond this, they are the first laws 
 in our land which were ever printed. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol.2, ch. 12, p. 200. 
 
 315S. LAWS, Proposal of. Athenians. It was 
 a singular peculiarity of the constitution of 
 Athens, and, as Plutarch informs us, likewise of 
 Thebes, that after a law was voted and passed in 
 the assembly of the people, the proposer of the 
 law might have been cited in the ordinary civil 
 courts, tried, and brought to punishment, if the 
 court was of opinion that the law was prejudicial 
 to the public. This peculiarity is noticed in one of 
 Mr. Hume's political essays (" Of Some Remark- 
 able Customs " ), and that author mentions several 
 examples in the Grecian history, among the rest 
 the trial of Ctesiphon, for that law which he had 
 proposed and carried, for rewarding the services 
 of Demosthenes with a crown of gold — a trial 
 which gave occasion to two of the most splendid 
 and animated orations that remain to us of the 
 composition of the ancients — the orations of 
 ^schines and Demosthenes. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Bookl, ch. 10, p. 106. 
 
 3159. LAWS, Severe. Solon. Solpn repealed 
 the laws of Draco, except those concerning mur- 
 der, because of the severity of the punishments 
 they appointed, which for almost all offences 
 were capital ; even those that were convicted of 
 idleness were to suffer death, and such as stole 
 only a few apples or potherbs were to be punish- 
 ed in the same manner as sacrilegious persons 
 and murderers. Hence a saying of Demades, 
 who lived long after, was much admired, that 
 Draco wrote his laws not with ink, but with blood. 
 And he himself being asked why he made death 
 the punishment for most offences, answered, 
 " Small ones deserve it, and I can find no great- 
 er for the most heinous." — Plutarch's Solon. 
 
 30.60. . Egyptian. The penal laws 
 
 of Egypt were remarkably severe. Whoever had 
 it in his power to save the life of a citizen and 
 neglected that duty, was punished as his murder- 
 
 er — a law which we must presume admitted of 
 much limitation, according to circumstances. It 
 appears to have been from the same motive of 
 preserving the lives of the citizens, that if a per- 
 son was found murdered, the city within whose 
 bounds the murder had been committed was 
 obliged to embalm the body in the most costly 
 manner, and bestow on it the most sumptuous 
 funeral. Perjury was justly held a capital crime ; 
 for there is no offence productive of more perni- 
 cious consequences to society. Calumniators 
 were condemned to the same punishment which 
 the calumniated person either had or might have 
 suffered, had the calumny been believed. The 
 citizen who was so base as to disclose the secrets 
 of the State to its enemies was punished by the 
 cutting out of his tongue ; and the forger of pub- 
 lic instruments or private deeds, the counterfeiter 
 of the current coin, and the user of false weights 
 and measures, were condemned to have both 
 their hands cut off. The laws for the preservation 
 of the chastity of women were extremely rigid : 
 emasculation was the punishment of him who 
 violated a free woman, and burning to death 
 was the punishment of an adulterer. — Tytler's 
 HiST.,Bookl, ch. 4, p. 37. 
 
 3161. LAWS, Sumptuary. Bomans. In order, 
 if possible, to restrain siich extreme luxury, a 
 variety of sumptuary laws were promulgated 
 from time to time, some of them limiting the 
 number of dishes, others the number of guests, 
 and others the expense to be bestowed on an enter- 
 tainment ; but all these attempts were complete- 
 ly unsuccessful. How, in effect, could it have 
 been possible to bring back ancient simplicity, 
 unless they could have also recalled ancient pov- 
 erty ? When a state has once become generally 
 opulent, the expenses of the rich must keep pace 
 with their fortunes, otherwise the poor would 
 want employment and subsistence. It is luxury 
 that is silently levelling that inequalitj^ or at least 
 keeping fortunes in a constant fluctuation. . . . 
 We may wish that Rome had remained poor and 
 virtuous ; but, being once great and opulent, it 
 was to have required an impossibility that she 
 should not have been luxurious. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 5, p. 451. 
 
 3162. . Roman. Caesar made an 
 
 effort, in which Augustus afterward imitated 
 him, to check the luxury which was eating into 
 the Roman character. He forbade the idle young 
 patricians to be carried about by slaves in litters. 
 The markets of the world had been ransacked to 
 provide dainties for these gentlemen. He appoint- 
 ed inspectors to survey the dealers' stalls, and oc- 
 casionally prohibited dishes were carried off from 
 the dinner-table under the eyes of the disappoint- 
 ed guests. Enemies enough Caesar made by these 
 measures ; but it could not be said of him that he 
 allowed indulgences to himself which he inter- 
 dicted to others. His domestic economy was 
 strict and simple, the accounts being kept to a 
 sesterce. His frugality was hospitable. He had 
 two tables always — one for his civilian friends, 
 another for his officers, who dined in uniform. 
 The food was plain, but the best of its kind ; and 
 he was not to be played with in such matters. 
 An unlucky baker who supplied his guests 
 with bread of worse quality than he furnished for 
 himself was put in chains. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 26. 
 
LAWS— LEADER. 
 
 373 
 
 3163. LAWS, Suspension of. Lacedamonians. 
 
 iWben the Lacedaemonians had been defeated at 
 jeuctra they were too greatly reduced in strength 
 and numbers to enforce the laws against those 
 who had fled in battle.] In this perplexity they 
 had recourse to Agesilaus, and invested him with 
 new powers of legislation. But he, without mak- 
 ing any addition, retrenchment, or change, went 
 into the assembly, and told the Lacedaemonians 
 the laws should sleep that day, and resume their 
 authority the day following, and retain it for- 
 ever. By this means he preserved to the State 
 its laws entire, as well as the obnoxious persons 
 from infamy. — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 3164. LAWS, Unwritten. Spartan. Lycur- 
 gus did not permit his laws to be written. They 
 were few and simple, and were impressed on 
 the memory of the youth by their parents and 
 masters, continually renewed in their minds by 
 the conversation of their elders, and most effect- 
 ually enforced by the daily practice of their 
 lives. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9. 
 
 3165. LAWYER, An ignorant. Pahlius Cotia. 
 Publius Cotta, who afliected to be thought an 
 able lawyer, though he had neither learning nor 
 capacity, being called in as a witness in a certain 
 cause, declared he knew nothing of the mat- 
 ter. "Perhaps," said Cicero, "you think I 
 am asking you some question in law." — Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 3166. LAWYERS, Arts of. Roman. In the 
 decline of Roman jurisprudence, the ordinary 
 promotion of lawyers was pregnant with mis- 
 chief and disgrace. The noble arJ;, which had 
 once been preserved as the sacred inheritance of 
 the patricians, was fallen into the hands of f reed- 
 men and plebeians, who, with cunning rather 
 than with skill, exercised a sordid and perni- 
 cious trade. Some of them procured admittance 
 into families for the purpose of fomenting dif- 
 ferences, of encouraging suits, and of preparing 
 a harvest of gain for themselves or their breth- 
 ren. Others, recluse in their chambers, main- 
 tained the dignity of legal professors by furnish- 
 ing a rich client with subtleties to confound the 
 plainest truths, and with arguments to color the 
 most unjustifiable pretensions. The splendid 
 and popular class was composed of the advo- 
 cates, who filled the Forum with the sound of 
 their turgid and loquacious rhetoric. Careless 
 of fame and of justice, thej^ are described, for 
 the most part, as ignorant and rapacious guides, 
 who conducted their clients through a maze of 
 expense, of delay, and of disappointment ; from 
 whence, after a tedious series of years, they 
 were at length dismissed, when their patience 
 and fortune were almost exhausted. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 17, p. 123. 
 
 3167. LAWYERS, Hatred of. By Germans. 
 The Germans, who exterminated Varus and his 
 legions, had been particularly offended with the 
 Roman laws and lawyers. One of the barbari- 
 ans, after the effectual precautions of cutting 
 out the tongue of an advocate, and sewing up 
 his mouth, observed, with much satisfaction, 
 that the viper could no longer hiss. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 33, p. 399. 
 
 3 1 6§ . LAWYERS imprisoned. For Deceit. 
 [The statute of 1275] provided that no sergeant 
 9r pleader should use deceit to beguile the court, 
 
 under pain of imprisonment. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 25, p. 385. 
 
 3169. LAWYERS, Patriotic. New York, a.d, 
 1765. [The Stamp Act was everywhere resisted. 
 Governor Golden yielded to the people reluct- 
 antly, and no stamps were issued.] "The law- 
 yers," he wrote, ..." of this place are the au- 
 thors and conductors of the present sedition. If 
 judges be sent from England, with an able at- 
 torney-general and solicitor-general, to make 
 examples of some very few, this colony wUl re- 
 main quiet." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 19. 
 
 3170. LAWYERS, Special. Reign of James 11. 
 Sawyer had been sufl'ered to retain his situation 
 more than a year and a half after he had de- 
 clared against the dispensing power. This ex- 
 traordinary indulgence he owed to the extreme 
 difficulty which the government found in sup- 
 plying his place. It was necessary, for the pro- 
 tection of the pecuniary interests of the crown, 
 that at least one of the two chief law officers 
 should be a man of ability and knowledge. . . . 
 It had been impossible to provide a better solic- 
 itor-general than Powis, a man who'indeed stuck 
 at nothing, but who was incompetent to perform 
 the ordinary duties of his post. In these circum- 
 stances, it was thought desirable that there 
 should be a division of labor. An attorney, the 
 value of whose professional talents was much 
 diminished by his conscientious scruples, was 
 coupled with a solicitor whose want of scruples 
 made some amends for his want of talents. 
 When the government wished to enforce the 
 law, recourse was had to Sawyer. When the 
 government wished to break the law, recourse 
 was had to Powis. This arrangement lasted till 
 the king obtained the services of an advocate 
 who was at once baser than Powis and abler 
 than Sawyer. — Macaulay'sEng., ch. 8, p. 315. 
 
 3171. LAYMEN ignored. MntJi Century. It 
 is curious to remark that while the clergy were 
 steadily aiming at temporal power, secular 
 princes, as if interchanging character with them, 
 seem to have fixed their chief attention on spir- 
 itual concerns. The monastic life was now 
 universally in the highest esteem, and nothing 
 could equal the veneration that was paid to such 
 as devoted themselves to the sacred gloom and 
 indolence of a convent. . . . Kings, dukes, and 
 counts, regarding their secular duties as mean 
 and sordid, beheld with contempt everything 
 that regarded this world, and, abandoning their 
 thrones and temporal honors, shut themselves 
 up in monasteries, and devoted themselves en- 
 tirely to the exercises of prayer and mortifica- 
 tion. Others, wiiose zeal had not led them 
 quite so far, showed their reverence for the 
 church by employing ecclesiastics in every de- 
 partment of secular government. At this time 
 all embassies, negotiations, and treaties of State 
 were conducted by monks and abbots, who most 
 naturally contrived that all public measures 
 should contribute to the great end of advancing 
 the sovereign and paramount jurisdiction of the 
 pope and the ecclesiastical councils.— Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 4, p. 95. 
 
 3172. LEADER, Matchless. Henry Clay. Oth- 
 er men have excelled him in specific powers, 
 but in the rare combination of qualities which 
 constitute at once the matchless leader of party 
 and the statesman of consummate ability and 
 
374 
 
 LEADER— LEARNING. 
 
 inexhaustible resource, he lias never been sur- 
 passed by any man speaking the English tongue. 
 — Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, vol. 
 1, p. 108. 
 
 3173. LEADER, Noble. John Winthrop. In 
 the year 1630 about three hundred of the best 
 Puritan families in the kingdom came to New 
 England. Not adventurers, not vagabonds, were 
 these brave people, but virtuous, well-edu- 
 cated, courageous men and women, who for con- 
 science' sake left comfortable homes, with no ex- 
 pectation of returning. It was not the least of 
 their good fortune to choose a noble leader. If 
 ever a man was worthy to be held in perpetual 
 remembrance, that man was John Winthrop, 
 Governor of Massachusetts. Born a royalist, he 
 cherished the principles of republicanism. Him- 
 self an Episcopalian, he chose affliction with 
 the Puritans. Surrounded with affluence and 
 comfort, he left all to share the destiny of the 
 persecuted Pilgrims. Calm, prudent, and peace- 
 able, he joined the zeal of an enthusiast with 
 the sublime faith of a martyr. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 13, p. 126! 
 
 3174. LEADEE, Unnatural, llead. The tail, 
 it seems, one day quarrelled with the head, and 
 instead of being forced always to follow, in- 
 sisted that it should lead in its turn. Accord- 
 ingly, the tail undertook the charge, and as it 
 moved forward at all adventures, it tore itself in 
 a terrible manner ; and the head, which was 
 thus obliged, against nature, to follow a guide 
 that could neither see nor hear, suffered likewise 
 in its turn. — Plutarch. 
 
 3175. LEASERS, Change of. Buinous. By the 
 10th of the month [July, 1864] the whole Confed- 
 erate army had retired within the defences of At- 
 lanta. This stronghold of the Confederacy was al 
 once besieged. Here were the great machine- 
 shops, foundries, car-works, and depots of sup- 
 plies, upon the possession of which so much de- 
 pended. At the very beginning of the siege the 
 cautious and skilful General Johnston was super- 
 seded by the rash but daring General J. B. Hood. 
 It was the policy of the latter to fight at whatever 
 hazard. On the 20th, 22d, and 28th of July he 
 made three desperate assaults on the Union lines 
 around Atlanta, but was repulsed with dreadful 
 losses in each engagement. In the three conflicts 
 the Confederates lost more men than Johnston 
 had lost in all his masterly retreating and fight- 
 ing between Chattanooga and Atlanta. For 
 more than a month the siege was pressed with 
 great vigor. At last, by an incautious move- 
 ment. Hood separated his army ; Sherman 
 thrust a column between the two divisions ; and 
 the immediate evacuation of Atlanta followed. 
 On the 2d of September the Union army marched 
 into the captured city. Since leaving Chatta- 
 nooga General Sherman had lost fully 30,000 
 men ; and the Confederate losses were even 
 greater. . . . [On the 15th of December General 
 Hood was defeated at Nashville.]. . . The Con- 
 federate army was ruined, and the rash general 
 who had led it to destruction was relieved of 
 his command.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 66, p. 526. 
 
 3176. LEADERSHIP, Omen of. Tarquin. Tar- 
 quin, during some of his wars, had vowed to 
 erect a temple to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva ; 
 but he lived only to see the work begun. In dig- 
 ging for the foundation of this structure, on the 
 
 top of the Tarpeian Hill, the skull of a man was 
 found — a very ordinary occurrence, but which 
 the augurs declared to be a presage that Rome 
 was one day to become the head, or mistress, of 
 the universe. The new temple was from this 
 incident called Cajyitolium. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 2, p. 296. 
 
 3177. LEARNING dishonored. James II. [He 
 proposed one Anthony Farmer to be President 
 of Magdalen College — the wealthiest in Eng- 
 land.] This man's life had been one series of 
 shameful acts. He had been a member of the 
 University of Cambridge, and had escaped ex- 
 pulsion only by a timely retreat. He had then 
 joined the Dissenters. Then he had gone to Ox- 
 ford, had entered himself at Magdalen, and had 
 soon become notorious there for every kind of 
 \\cQ. He generally reeled into his college at night 
 speechless with liquor. He was celebrated for 
 having headed a disgraceful riot at Abingdon. 
 He had been a constant frequenter of noted 
 haunts of libertines. At length he had turned 
 pander, had exceeded even the ordinary vileness 
 of his vile calling, and had received money from 
 dissolute young gentleman commoners for ser- 
 vices such as it is not good that history should' 
 record. This wretch, however, had pretended to 
 turn papist. His apostasy atoned for all his vices ; 
 and, though still a youth, he was selected to rule 
 a grave and religious society in which the scan- 
 dal given by his depravity was still fresh. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 267. 
 
 317§. LEARNING esteemed. Puritans. [The 
 Puritans were not distinguished for any capri- 
 cious dislike* of music, after the rantings of 
 Stubbesand Prynne, nor of secular knowledge.] 
 No man was more eager than Cromwell himself 
 to protect learning and learned men. He sought 
 out scholars for public employments. . . . His 
 house was as remarkable for its refined amuse- 
 ments as its decorous piety. The love of music 
 was with him almost a passion, as it was with 
 Milton. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 11, p. 173. 
 
 3179. LEARNING honored. Tartar. [Timour 
 the Tartar was one of the most cruel conquerors.] 
 Everywhere, however, Timour saved and pro- 
 tected the learned men of the conquered city. 
 The aristocracy of human thought and wisdom 
 appeared to him to form an exception to that hu- 
 manity which he despised to the extreme of 
 nothingness. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 321. 
 
 31 §0. LEARNING, Secular. Rejected. [Ed- 
 mund Rich was Archbishop of Canterbury — a 
 saint also.] Even knowledge brought its trou- 
 bles ; the Old Testament, which, with a copy of 
 the Decretals, long formed his sole library, 
 frowned down upon a love of secular learning, 
 from which Edmund found it hard to wean him- 
 self. At last, in some hour of dream, the form 
 of his dead mother floated into the room, where 
 the teacher stood among his mathematical dia- 
 grams. " What are these '?" she seemed to say ; 
 and, seizing Edmund's right hand, she drew on 
 the palm three circles interlaced, each of which 
 bore the name of a person of the Christian Trin- 
 ity. " Be these," she cried, as the figure faded 
 away, "thy diagrams henceforth, my son." — 
 Hist, op Eng. People, § 164. 
 
 31§1. LEARNING, Superficial. Samud John- 
 son. He defended his remark upon the general 
 
LEARNING— LEGISLATION . 
 
 375 
 
 insufficiency of education in Scotland, and con- 
 firmed to me the autlienticity of bis witty saying 
 on the learning of the Scotch : " Their learning 
 is like bread in a besieged town : eveiy man gets 
 a little, but no man gets a full meal." " There is," 
 said he, " in Scotland a diffusion of learning, a 
 certain portion of it widely and thinly spread. 
 A merchant has as much learning as one of their 
 clergy." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 251. 
 
 3182. LEARNING, Wide. Samuel Johnson. 
 The two years which he spent at home, after 
 his return from Stourbridge, he passed in what he 
 thought idleness, and was scolded by his father 
 for his want of steady application. He might, per- 
 haps, have studied more assiduously ; but it may 
 be doubted whether such a mind as his was not 
 more enriched by roaming at large in the fields 
 of literature than if it had been confined to any 
 single spot. The analogy between body and mind 
 is very general, and the parallel will hold as to 
 their food, as well as any other particular. The 
 flesh of animals who feed excursively is allowed 
 to have a higher flavor than that of those who are 
 cooped up. May there not be the same differ-, 
 ence between men who read as their taste 
 prompts, and men who are confined in cells and 
 colleges to stated tasks ? — Boswell's .Tohnson, 
 1). 10. 
 
 31§3. LEGACIES, Christian. Reign of Constan- 
 tine. Eight years after the edict of Milan, Con- 
 stantine granted to all his subjects the free and 
 universal permission of bequeathing their fort- 
 unes to the Holy Catholic Church ; and their 
 devout liberality, which during their lives was 
 checked by luxury or avarice, flowed with a pro- 
 fuse stream at the hour of their death. The 
 wealthy Christians were encouraged by the ex- 
 ample of their sovereign. An absolute monarch, 
 who is rich without patrimony, may be charita- 
 ble without merit ; and Constantine too easily 
 believed that he should purchase the favor of 
 Heaven if he maintained the idle at the expense 
 of the industrious, and distributed among the 
 saints the wealth of the republic. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 20, p. 285. 
 
 31 S4. LEGACIES, Eagerness for. Romans. 
 A.D. 408. The prospect of gain will urge a rich 
 and gouty senator as far as Spoleto ; every sen- 
 timent of arrogance and dignity is subdued by 
 the hopes of an inheritance, or even of a legacy ; 
 and a wealthy childless citizen is the most pow- 
 erful of the Romans. The art of obtaining the 
 signature of a favorable testament, and sometimes 
 of hastening the moment of its execution, is per- 
 fectly understood ; and it has happened that in 
 the same house, though in different apartments, 
 a husband and a wife, with the laudable design 
 of overreaching each other, have summoned 
 their respective lawyers to declare, at the same 
 time, their mutual but contradictory intentions. 
 —Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 259. 
 
 31§5. LEGACIES, Enriched by. Cicero. While 
 so many unjust and extravagant wills were every 
 day dictated by cunning and subscribed by folly, 
 a few were the result of national esteem and 
 virtuous gratitude. Cicero, who had so often de- 
 fended the lives and fortunes of his fellow-citi- 
 zens, was rewarded with legacies to the amount 
 of a hundred and seventy thousand pounds ; 
 nor do the friends of the younger Pliny seem to 
 
 have been less generous to that amiable orator. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 193. 
 
 31§6. LEGISLATION, Complicated. "Log- 
 rolling." When the bill to admit Missouri as a 
 State was finally, in January of 1820, brought 
 before Congress, the measure was opposed by 
 those who had desired the exclusion of slavery. 
 But at that time the new free State of Maine was 
 asking for admission into the Union ; and those 
 who favored slavery in Missouri determined to 
 exclude Maine unless Missouri should also be 
 admitted. After another angry debate, which 
 lasted till the 16th of February, the bill coupling 
 the two new States together was actually passed. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 52, p. 421. 
 
 3187. LEGISLATION, Corruption of. Mem- 
 bers of Parliament. [In 1674 the " indigent cour- 
 tiers" in the House of Commons were thus de- 
 scribed by Lord Shaftesbury as supposed :] Their 
 votes are publicly saleable for a guinea and a 
 dinner every day in the week, unless the House 
 be upon money, or a minister of State ; for that 
 is their harvest ; and then they make their earn- 
 ings suit the work they are about, which incline* 
 them most constantly as sure clients to the court. 
 The only thing that we are obliged to them for 
 is, that they do nothing gratis, but make every 
 tax as well chargeable to the court as burden- 
 some to the country, and save no man's neck but 
 they break his purse. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 20, p. 324. 
 
 3188. LEGISLATION, Fanatical. " Barehonei 
 Parliament." Yet Cromwell, thus become abso- 
 lute master of the whole power, civil and mili- 
 tary, of the three kingdoms, thought it necessary 
 to leave the nation some shadow, some phantom, 
 of liberty. It was proper that there should be 
 the appearance of a parliament ; and he there- 
 fore, by the advice of his council of officers, sum- 
 moned one hundred and twenty eight persons, 
 from the different towns and counties of Eng- 
 land — five from Scotland and six from Ireland — 
 to assemble at Westminster, with power to exer- 
 cise legislative authority for fifteen months. 
 These, who were chiefly a set of low fanatical 
 mechanics. Anabaptists, and Independents, were 
 in scorn denominated by the people Barebones' 
 Parliament, from the name of one of their most 
 violent and active members, Praisegod Bare- 
 bones, a leather-seller. This assembly, whose 
 shameful ignorance, meanness, and absurdity of 
 conduct rendered them useless and contemptible 
 both to Cromwell and the nation, voluntarily- 
 dissolved themselves by a vote after a session of 
 five months. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, 
 p. 414. 
 
 3189. LEGISLATION by Packing. Oliver Grom- 
 xcell. ■ Amid these successes abroad the Protec- 
 tor found his situation at home extremely un- 
 easy. His parliaments were refractory, and he 
 was obliged to have recourse to the violent 
 method of excluding, by a guard at the door, 
 such of the members as he knew to be disaffect- 
 ed to him. At length, by using every art to in- 
 fluence the elections and to fill the house with 
 his sure friends, he got one parliament so per- 
 fectly to his mind that a vote was proposed and 
 passed for investing the Protector with the dig- 
 nity of king, and a committee was appointed to 
 confer with him on that subject, and overcome 
 any scruples which he might have on that score. 
 
376 
 
 LEGISLATION— LEVITY. 
 
 But Cromwell's scruples were not violent ; lie 
 had other objections than what proceeded from 
 his own inclinations. He dreaded the resent- 
 ment of the army. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 30, p. 415. 
 
 3190. LEGISLATION ridiculed. British Pro- 
 hibition. [Manufactures were forbidden in the 
 colonies. Men said :] " Catching a mouse within 
 his Majesty's colonies with a trap of our own 
 making will be deemed, in the ministerial cant, 
 an infamous, atrocious, and nefarious crime." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 14. 
 
 3191. LEGISLATION, Special. Emperor Jus- 
 tinian. [That he might marry a prostitute,] a 
 law was promulgated in the name of the Em- 
 peror Justin, which abolished the rigid jurispru- 
 dence of antiquity. A glorious repentance (the 
 words of the edict) was left open for the unhappy 
 females who had prostituted their persons on the 
 theatre, and they were permitted to contract a 
 legal union with the most illustrious of the Ro- 
 mans. This indulgence was speedily followed by 
 the solemn nuptials of Justinian and Theodora ; 
 her dignity was gradually exalted with that of 
 her lover. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 52. 
 
 3192. LEGISLATION, Strange. Andrew Jack- 
 son. In 1796 he was elected to the House of 
 Representatives from the new State of Tennessee. 
 Here his turbulent and wilful disposition mani- 
 fested itself in full force. During the next year 
 he was promoted to the Senate, where he remain- 
 ed a year, without making a speech or casting a 
 Dote. He then resigned his seat, and returned 
 home. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 54, p. 427. 
 
 3193. LEGISLATION suspended. "Eleven 
 Years." Now commenced a new era. Many 
 English kings had occasionally committed un- 
 constitutional acts, but none had ever systemati- 
 cally attempted to make himself a despot, and to 
 reduce the Parliament to a nullity. Such was 
 the end which Charles distinctly proposed to 
 himself. From March, 1629, to April, 1640, the 
 houses were not convoked. Never in our history 
 had there been an interval of eleven years be- 
 tween Parliament and Parliament. Only once 
 had there been an interval of even half that 
 length. — ^Iacaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 81. 
 
 3194. LEGISLATION unintelligent. Stamp 
 Act. [Of the Stamp Act, which occasioned the 
 Revolutionary War,] Walpole says : " This fa- 
 mous bill, little undersood here at that lime, 
 was less attended to." [Knight sa^s there 
 was] only a feeble debate and one division. It 
 was passed in the House of Lords without a de- 
 bate or division. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 17, 
 p. 272. 
 
 3195. LETTER, Decoy. Washington. Wash- 
 ington had written a letter to . . . Lafayette, 
 then in Virginia, which he caused to be inter- 
 cepted. In the letter he remarked that he was 
 pleased with the probability that Earl Cornwal- 
 lis would fortify either Portsmouth or Old Point 
 Comfort, for were Tie to fix upon Torktown, 
 from its great capabilities of defence, he might 
 remain there snugly and unharmed, until a supe- 
 rior British fleet would relieve him with strong 
 re-enforcements or embark him altogether. This 
 fated letter quieted the apprehensions of the 
 British commander-in-chief . — Custis'Washing- 
 TON, vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 3196. LETTEE from Heaven. The Pope's. 
 [The pope aided his usurpation of the crown.] 
 Pepin prepared to discharge his obligations to 
 the see of Rome, of which he was reminded by 
 a most extraordinary letter from heaven, written 
 by Pope Stephen III., the successor of Zachary, 
 in the character of St. Peter . Urged by this invo' 
 cation, he passed the Alps, and compelled the 
 King of the Lombards to evacuate the greater 
 part of his territories. His conquests put him 
 in possession of a great part of Italy. — Tytler'8 
 Hist , Book 6, ch. 2, p. 60. 
 
 3197. LETTERS, Civilization by. Qerrmns. 
 The Germans in the age of Tacitus were unac- 
 quainted with the use of letters ; and the use of 
 letters is the principal circumstance that distin- 
 guishes a civilized people from a herd of savages, 
 incapable of knowledge or reflection. Without 
 an artificial help the memory soon dissipates or 
 corrupts the ideas intrusted to her charge ; and 
 the nobler faculties of the mind, no longer sup- 
 plied with models or with materials, gradually 
 forget their powers ; the judgment becomes feeble 
 and lethargic, the imagination languid or irreg- 
 ular. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 257. 
 
 319S. LETTERS, Mystery of. Captain John 
 Smith. [When a prisoner in the hands of the 
 Indians] he managed to write a letter to his 
 countrymen, telling them of his captivity and 
 their peril [from attack], asking certain articles, 
 and requesting that those bearing the note 
 should be thoroughly frightened before their re- 
 turn. This letter, which seemed to have such 
 mysterious power of carrying intelligence to a 
 distance, was not lost on the Indians, who dread- 
 ed the writer more than ever. When the war- 
 riors bearing the epistle arrived at Jamestown 
 and found everything precisely as Smith had 
 said, their terror and amazement knew no bounds; 
 ... all thought of attacking the settlement was 
 given up. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, p. 100. 
 
 3199. LEVITY, Characteristic. French. The 
 passion for religious warfare was not jcl extin- 
 guished in Europe ; a new expedition was fitted 
 out in the year 1202, under Baldwin [I.], Count 
 of Flanders, consisting of about 40,000 men. 
 The object of this crusade was different from all 
 the rest, and its leaders, under the cloak of a 
 holy war, proposed, instead of extirpating the 
 infidels, to dethrone the Emperor of Constanti- 
 nople. . . . Baldwin and his army . . . laid siego 
 to Constantinople ; he took it almost without re- 
 sistance. The crusaders put all that opposed 
 them to the sword ; and it is remarked, as strong- 
 ly characteristic of a spirit of national levity, 
 that the French, immediately after a scene of 
 massacre and pillage, celebrated a splendid ball, 
 and danced with the ladies of Constantinople, in 
 the sanctuary of the church of St. Sophia. Thus 
 Constantinople was taken for the first time, sack- 
 ed, and plundered by the Christians. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 161. 
 
 3200. LEVITY contrasted. French. A civil 
 war was kindled in Paris, of which the object 
 was the removal of the Cardinal Mazarin. The 
 fortune and the power of this minister naturally 
 excited envy, and gave rise to cabals to pull him 
 down ; and the maladministration of the finances, 
 the distresses of the State, and the oppression of 
 the people, by a variety of new taxes, were suf- 
 ficient to render these discontents universal. The 
 
LEWDNESS— LIBERTIES. 
 
 377 
 
 Parliament, which saw edicts pronounced for 
 taxes, without being, as usual, confirmed by 
 them, expressed an open and violent disapproba- 
 tion of Mazarin's measures. . . . The gay hu- 
 mor of the French, that spirit of levity which 
 turns everything into ridicule, was never more 
 conspicuous than in this war — a strong contrast 
 to the temper that characterized those civil com- 
 motions, which almost, at this very time, had 
 drowned England in blood. The grievances of 
 the English prompted to a serious, a gloomy, 
 and a desperate resistance, which embroiled the 
 whole nation, and ended in the destruction of 
 the constitution. The grievances of the French 
 kindled the civil war of the Fronde, but afford- 
 ed to this volatile people nothing more than the 
 occasion of an agreeable confusion, and a fit sub- 
 ject for lampoons and ballads. The Parisians 
 marched out to attack the royal army adorned 
 with plumes of feathers and fine nosegays ; and 
 when the regiment of the Coadjutor de Retz, who 
 Avas nominal Archbishop of Corinth, was defeat- 
 ed by the Royalists, they called this engagement 
 the first epistle to the Corinthians. The women 
 had as active a share in these proceedings as the 
 men ; and the Duchess of Longueville actually 
 prevailed on the great Turenne to leave the king's 
 party, and revolt with his army to that of the 
 xebels. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, p. 454. 
 
 3201. LEWDNESS, Habitual. Charles II. 
 He did not merely indulge his passions ; his 
 neck bowed to the yoke of lewdness. He was 
 Attached to women, not from love, for he had no 
 jealousy, and was regardless of infidelities ; nor 
 entirely from debauch, but from the pleasure of 
 living near them, and sauntering in their com- 
 pany. His delight — such is the record of the 
 Toyalist Evelyn — was in "concubines, and cat- 
 tle of that sort ;" and up to the last week of his 
 life he spent his time in dissoluteness and listen- 
 ing to love-songs. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ■ch. 11. 
 
 3202. LIAR, Proverbial. Beign of Jamies II. 
 Richard Talbot . . . had long before earned the 
 nickname of Lying Dick Talbot ; and at White- 
 hall any wild fiction was commonly designated 
 as one of Dick Talbot's truths. He now daily 
 proved that he was well entitled to this unenvi- 
 able reputation. Indeed, in him mendacity was 
 almost a disease. He would, after giving orders 
 for the dismission of English officers, take them 
 into his closet, assure them of his confidence and 
 friendship, and implore Heaven to confound 
 him, sink him, blast him, if he did not take good 
 care of their interests. Sometimes those to whom 
 he had thus perjured himself learned, before the 
 day closed, that he had cashiered them. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 134. 
 
 3203. LIBEL, Trials for. William Horn. 
 The three trials of William Hone are among the 
 rnost remarkable in our [British] constitutional 
 history. They produced more distinct effects 
 upon the temper of the country than any public 
 proceedings of that time. [They taught the 
 government that the diffusion of knowledge is 
 the best corrective for a seditious and irreligious 
 press. William Hone was a bookseller, who 
 vended his wares in a little shop in the Old 
 Bailey. On the 18th of December, 1817, he is 
 brought for trial to Guildhall as a libeller. He 
 liad written a series of politicai satires. He was 
 
 a well-read man, of remarkable ability, but he 
 made a financial failure of every enterprise which 
 he undertook. His clothes were threadbare. 
 And being too poor to hire counsel, he plead for 
 himself before the jury, and defended himself 
 against the prosecution by the attorney-general. 
 He was charged with writing a parody on the 
 Catechism, the Lord's Prayer, and the Ten Com- 
 mandments. The offence was a libel. Hone 
 read in defence parodies, written by authors, 
 from Martin Luther to the editor of Blacktcood's 
 Magazine. He was acquitted. The lord chief- 
 justice was mortified at his acquittal.] He swore 
 that, at whatever cost, he would preside in court 
 next day himself, so that conviction might be 
 certain. [He was charged with writing] a pro- 
 fane libel on the Litany. [The jury acquit- 
 ted him. The lord chief -justice the next day 
 brought him to answer to an indictment for] 
 publishing a parody on the creed of St. Athana- 
 sius, called "The Sinecurest's Creed." [Hone 
 was again acquitted. He became very popular 
 with tiie masses, and his writings had an immense 
 sale.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 5, p. 86. 
 
 3204. LIBERALITY, Cloak of. Commodus. 
 [The infamous Roman emperor.] To divert 
 the public envy, Oleander, under the emperor's 
 name, erected baths, porticos, and places of ex- 
 ercise, for the use of the people. He flattered 
 himself that the Romans, dazzled and amused by 
 this apparent liberality, would be less affected 
 by the bloody scenes which were daily exhibited ; 
 that they would forget the death of Byrrhus, a 
 senator to whose superior merit the late emperor 
 had granted one of his daughters ; and that thejr 
 would forgive the execution of Arrius Antoni- 
 nus, the last representative of the name and vir- 
 tues of the Antonines. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, 
 p. 109. 
 
 3205. LIBERALITY in Opinions. John Wes- 
 ley. [When Wesley was eighty-six years of age 
 he boasted that the Methodist Church] " requires 
 of its members no conformity, either in opinions 
 or modes of worship, but barely this one thing, 
 to fear God and work righteousness." — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, p. 388. 
 
 3206. LIBERALITY uncertain. Charles I. 
 He relied, indeed, chiefly, for pecuniary aid, on 
 the munificence of his opulent adherents. Many of 
 these mortgaged their land, pawned their jewels, 
 and broke up their silver charges and christen- 
 ing bowls in order to assist him. But experience 
 has fully proved that the voluntary liberality of 
 individuals, even, in times of the greatest excite- 
 ment, is a poor financial resource when com- 
 pared with severe and methodical taxation,which 
 presses on the willing and unwilling alike. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 106. 
 
 3207. LIBERTIES demanded. Magna Charta. 
 A charter very favorable to the liberties of the 
 people, and tending to abridge the power of 
 the sovereign in many capital articles, had been 
 granted by Henry I. A copy of this charter, 
 which had never been followed by any substan- 
 tial effect, came into the possession of Langton, 
 who, in a conference with some of the principal 
 barons, proposed that, on the ground of these 
 concessions from his predecessor, they should 
 insist that John should grant a solemn confli-ma- 
 tion and ratification of their liberties and privi^ 
 leges. The barons bound themselves with an 
 
378 
 
 LIBERTIES— LIBERTY. 
 
 oath to support their claims by a vigorous and 
 steady perseverance. An application was drawn 
 up and presented to the sovereign, who, unwill- 
 ing to yield and yet unable to refuse, appealed 
 to the holy see. The pope [Innocent III.] had 
 now an interest to support his vassal, and he 
 wrote instantly to England, requiring by his 
 supreme authority that all confederacies among 
 the barons which tended to disturb the peace of 
 the kingdom should be immediately put an end 
 to. This requisition met with its just disregard. 
 The associated barons had taken the most effect- 
 ual measures to enforce their claims. They had 
 assembled an army of 2000 knights, and a very 
 numerous body of foot. With these forces they 
 surrounded the residence of the court, which was 
 then at Oxford, and transmitting to the king a 
 scroll of the chief articles of their demand, they 
 were answered, that he had solemnly sworn never 
 to comply with any one of them. They pro- 
 ceeded immediately to hostilities, laid siege to 
 Northampton, took the town of Bedford, and 
 marched to London, where they were received 
 with the acclamations of all ranks of the people. 
 The King [John], who found his partisans daily 
 abandoning him, began now to talk in a more 
 submissive strain. He offered first to submit 
 all differences to the pope, and this being per- 
 emptorily refused, he at length acquainted the 
 confederates that it was his supreme pleasure 
 to grant all their demands. At Runnymede, be- 
 tween Staines and Windsor, a spot which will 
 be deemed sacred to the latest posterity, a solemn 
 conference was held between John and the as- 
 sembled barons of England, when, after a very 
 short debate, the king signed and sealed that 
 great charter, which is at this day the founda- 
 tion and bulwark of English liberty — Magna 
 Charta. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 8, p. 142. 
 
 320§. LIBERTIES lost. Massachusetts Colony. 
 Sir Edmund Andros had been . . . appointed 
 royal governor of all New England. His com- 
 mission ought to have been entitled an article 
 
 FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF COLONIAL LIBERTY. 
 
 , . . The scarlet-coated despot landed at Boston on 
 the 20th of December [1686], and at once began 
 the work of demolishing the cherished institu- 
 tions of the people .... Nothing might be print- 
 ed without his [censor's] sanction. Popular 
 representation was abolished. Voting by ballot 
 was prohibited. Town meetings were forbidden. 
 . . . The public schools were allowed to go to 
 ruin. Men were arrested without warrant of 
 law. . . . Thus did Massachusetts lose her lib- 
 erty. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 15, p. 146. 
 
 3209. LIBEBTIES unprotected. Rdgn of 
 James II. In Ireland . . . panic spread fast among 
 the English when they found that the viceroy 
 [Lord Clarendon], their fellow-countryman and 
 fellow-Protestant, was unable to extend to them 
 the protection which they had expected from 
 him. They began to know by bitter experience 
 what it is to be a subject caste. They were 
 harassed by the natives with accusations of trea- 
 son and sedition. This Protestant had corre- 
 sponded with Monmouth ; that Protestant had 
 said something disrespectful of the king four or 
 five years ago, when the Exclusion BiU was under 
 discussion ; and the evidence of the most infa- 
 mous of mankind was ready to substantiate every 
 charge. The lord-lieutenant expressed his ap- 
 
 prehension that, if these practices were not. 
 stopped, there would soon be at Dublin a reign, 
 of terror similar to that which he had seen iu 
 London, when every man held his life and honor 
 at the mercv of Gates and Bedloe. — Macattlay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 129. 
 
 3210. LIBERTINE, The aged. Louis XV. 
 Libertinage must be observed in an old man, to 
 learn all its baseness. It takes the experience 
 and daring hardihood of sensual age to be thor- 
 oughly depraved .... In the old voluptuary 
 sensuality springs from infidelity in the moral 
 existence. . . . The absolute King of France, now 
 that he was growing old, abandoned himself to 
 unbounded dissoluteness, and while he trembled 
 before the unknown future, and dared not hear 
 death named, he filled his remaining days with 
 lewd pleasure, in which Richelieu, a profligate 
 of seventy-two, was his counsellor. — Bancroft'^ 
 U.S., vol. 6, ch. 48. 
 
 3211. LIBERTY, Celebration of. Paris. [In 
 1790] it was resolved that the anniversary of the 
 taking of the Bastile should be honored by a mag- 
 nificent festival in the Champ de Mars— a grand 
 federation, to which deputies should come from 
 every one of the eighty-three departments of 
 France. To prepare an immense amphitheatre for 
 this gathering, . . . 12,000 workmen were em- 
 ployed. But they worked too slowly. All Paris 
 then went forth to dig and to move earth— all 
 classes, men and women, coming in the early 
 morning . . . and returning home by torchlight. 
 [Three hundred thousand persons were present 
 on the 14th of July, seated on the grass, in the 
 midst of a pouring rain. All swore to be faith- 
 ful to the nation, the law, and the king. The 
 king swore to maintain the constitution.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 10, p. 188. 
 
 3212. LIBERTY, Champion for. Lafayette. 
 In spite of the remonstrances of England, Amer- 
 ica, and the friends of liberty everywhere, La- 
 fayette remained a prisoner. To every demand 
 for his liberation, the Austrian Government re- 
 plied, with its usual stupidity, that the liberty of 
 Lafayette was incompatible with the safety of 
 the governments of Europe. He owed his liber- 
 ation, at length, to General Bonaparte, and it re- 
 quired all his great authority to procure it. 
 When Lafayette was presented to Napoleon to 
 thank him for his interference, the First Consul 
 said to him : " I don't know what the devil you 
 have done to the Austrians, but it cost them a 
 mighty struggle to let you go."— Cyclopedia op 
 BioG. , p. 484. 
 
 3213. LIBERTY, Cloak of. Criminals. [Dur- 
 ing the Reign of Terror the] enthusiastic anc^ 
 noble-hearted Madame Roland was led to the 
 scaffold. ... On passing before the statue of Lib- 
 erty, which was erected at the Place de la Re- 
 volution, she apostrophized it in the memorable 
 words, " O Liberty ! what crimes are committed 
 in thy name !" — Students' France, ch. 27, § 4. 
 
 3214. LIBERTY, Defence of. English in Ire- 
 land. [James II. sought the overthrow of Prot- 
 estantism.] Already the designs of the court 
 began gradually to unfold themselves. A royal 
 order came from Whitehall for disarming the 
 population. This order [the viceroy in Ireland] 
 Tyrconnel strictly executed as respected the 
 English. Though the country was infested by 
 
LIBERTY. 
 
 379 
 
 predatory bands, a Protestant gentleman could 
 scarcely obtain permission to keep a brace of 
 pistols. The native peasantry, on tlie other hand, 
 were suffered to retain their weapons. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 128. . 
 
 3315. LIBERTY, Delusive. Bomans. The in- 
 fatuated Romans now believed themselves a free 
 people, since they had no longer to fight for 
 their liberty. It was the policy of Augustus to 
 keep up this favorable delusion, by extraor- 
 dinary marks of indulgence and munificence. 
 He gratified the people by continually amusing 
 them with their favorite games and spectacles ; 
 he affected an extreme regard for all the ancient 
 popular customs ; he pretended the utmost def- 
 f erence for the Senate ; he re-established the Co- 
 mitia, which the internal commotions of the gov- 
 ernment had prevented from being regularly 
 held ; he flattered the people with the ancient 
 right of electing their own magistrates ; if he 
 presented candidates, it was only to give a simple 
 recommendation, under reservation that they 
 should be judged worthy by the people, and the 
 people, on their part, could not but regard as the 
 most certain symptom of desert there commen- 
 dation of so gracious a prince. It was in this 
 manner that Augustus, by the retention of all 
 those empty but ancient appendages of liberty, 
 concealed the form of that arbitrary monarchy 
 which he determined to maintain. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 476. 
 
 3216. LIBEETY, Devotion to. Lafayette. 
 By the time he had left America, at the close of 
 the war, he had expended in the service of Con- 
 gress 700,000 francs — a free gift to the cause of 
 liberty. One of the most pleasing circumstances 
 of Lafayette's residence in America was the af- 
 fectionate friendship which existed between him- 
 self and General Washington. He looked up to 
 Washington as to a father as well as a chief, and 
 Washington regarded him with a tenderness tru- 
 ly paternal. Lafayette named his eldest son 
 George Washington, and never omitted any op- 
 portunity to testify his love and veneration for 
 the illustrious American. Franklin, too, was 
 much attached to the youthful enthusiast, and 
 privately wrote to General Washington, asking 
 him, for the sake of the young and anxious wife 
 of the marquis, not to expose his life except in 
 an important and decisive engagement. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OP Bigg. , p. 479. 
 
 3217. LIBERTY in DisgniBe. Barbarians 
 civilized. The western countries were civilized 
 by the same hands which subdued them. As 
 soon as the barbarians were reconciled to obe- 
 dience, their minds were opened to any new im- 
 pressions of knowledge and politeness. The 
 language of Virgil and Cicero, though with some 
 inevitable mixture of corruption, was so univer- 
 sally adopted in Africa, Spain, Gaul, Britain, 
 and Panonia, that the faint traces of the Punic 
 or Celtic idioms were preserved only in the moun- 
 tains, or among the peasants. Education and 
 study insensibly inspired the natives of those 
 countries with the sentiments of Romans ; and 
 Italy gave fashions, as well as laws, to her Latin 
 provincials. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 45. 
 
 3218. LIBERTY, Emblem of. Liberty Pole. 
 A.D. 1770. [After three repulses the British sol- 
 diers cut down the citizens' pole in New York.] 
 The Sons of Liberty, purchasing a piece of land 
 
 near the junction of Broadway and Boweiy, 
 erected a Liberty Pole, strongly guarded by iron 
 bands and bars, deeply sunk into the earth, and 
 inscribed " Liberty and Property." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 6, ch. 43. 
 
 3219. LIBERTY endangered. Fugitive Slaw 
 LaiD. It allowed the personal liberty of a man 
 to be peremptorily decided by a United States 
 commissioner, acting with absolute power and 
 without appeal. For a claim exceeding $20 
 in value, every citizen has the right to a trial 
 by jury ; but by this law the body, the life, the 
 very soul of a man, possibly a free-born cit- 
 izen, might be consigned to perpetual enslave- 
 ment on the fallible judgment of a single official. 
 . . . The commissioner, ... in the event of his 
 remanding the alleged fugitive to slavery, re- 
 ceived a fee of $10, and if he adjudged him to 
 be free, only $5. — Blaine's Twenty Years op 
 Congress, p. 98. 
 
 3220. LIBERTY, Enthusiasm for. Lafayette. 
 December, 1776. When [Deane,] the American 
 commissioner, told Lafayette plainly that the 
 credit of his government was too low to furnish 
 the volunteers [from France] a transport, 
 " Then," said the young man, " I will purchase 
 one myself." ... At his own cost he bought 
 and secretly freighted the Victory, which was to 
 carry himself, the veteran De Kalb, and twelve 
 other French officers to America. ... At the 
 age of nineteen it seemed to him an amusement 
 to be presented to the king against whom he was 
 going to fight. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 16. 
 
 3221. LIBERTY, Government for. Roman. 
 [When the consuls were elected] they immediate- 
 ly exercised an act of jurisdiction, by the manu- 
 mission of a slave, who was brought before them 
 for that purpose ; and the ceremony was intend- 
 ed to represent the celebrated action of the elder 
 Brutus, the author of liberty and of the consul- 
 ship, when he admitted among his fellow-citi- 
 zens the faithful Vindex, who had revealed the 
 conspiracy of the Tarquins. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 17, p. 111. 
 
 3222. LIBERTY lost. Athenians. The aver- 
 sion to restraint assumes the same external ap- 
 pearance with the love of liberty ; but this cri- 
 terion will enable us to distinguish the reality 
 from the counterfeit. In fact, the spirit of liber- 
 ty and a general corruption of manners are so 
 totally adverse and repugnant to each other, that 
 it is utterly impossible they should have even the 
 most transitory existence in the same age and na- 
 tion. When 'Thrasybulus delivered Athens from 
 the thirty tyrants, liberty came too late ; the man- 
 ners of the Athenians were irretrievably corrupt- 
 ed ; licentiousness, avarice, and debauchery had 
 induced a mortal disease. When Antigonus and 
 the Achaean States restored liberty to the Spar- 
 tans, they could not enjoy or preserve it ; the 
 spirit of liberty was utterly extinct, for they 
 were a corrupted people. The liberty of Rome 
 could not be recovered by the death of Caesar ; it 
 had gone forever with her virtuous manners. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 6, p. 465. 
 
 3223. LIBERTY, Love of. Unconquerable. 
 Such was the result of the Flemish war — a mem- 
 orable strug'gle, as proving for the first time that 
 it was possible for a small feudal State, if well 
 organized and animated by a fervent love of lib- 
 
380 
 
 LIBERTY. 
 
 erty, to resist successfully the will of a despotic 
 suzerain, and to humble the pride of a great mili- 
 tary kingdom. — Students' Frxkce, ch. 9, § 15. 
 
 3224. LIBEETY, Martyr for. Sir Henry Vane. 
 [Executed by Charles II., a.d. 1662.] "Blessed 
 be God !" exclaimed he, as he bared his neck for 
 the axe, " I have kept a conscience void of of- 
 fence till this day, and have not deserted the 
 righteous cause for which I suffer." That cause 
 was democratic liberty ; in the history of the 
 world he was the first martyr to the principle 
 of the paramount power of the people. . . . The 
 manner of his death was the admiration of his 
 times. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 3225. LIBERTY of Mountaineers. By Arms. 
 [In Gaul.] Of the native barbarians, the Celti- 
 berians were the most powerful, as the Canta- 
 brians and Asturians proved the most obstinate. 
 Confident in the strength of their mountains, 
 they were the last who submitted to the arms of 
 Rome, and the first who threw off the yoke of 
 the Arabs. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 22. 
 
 3226. LIBEETY, Personal. HaJieas Corpus. 
 The famous act of Habeas Carpus was likewise 
 the work of this Parliament — one of the chief 
 securities of English liberty. By this excellent 
 statute, the nature of Vv'^hich we shall hereafter 
 more fully consider, it is prohibited to send any 
 one to a prison beyond seas ; no judge, under 
 severe penalties, must refuse a prisoner a writ of 
 habeas coi'pus by which the jailer is directed to 
 produce in court the body of the prisoner, and 
 to certify the cause of his detainer and imprison- 
 ment ; every prisoner must be indicted the first 
 term after his commitment, and brought to trial 
 In the subsequent term. A law of this kind, so 
 favorable to the liberty of the subject, takes place 
 in no government except that of Britain, and even 
 of itself is a sufficient argument of the superior- 
 ity of our constitution to that of all other gov- 
 ernments. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, 
 p. 422. 
 
 3227. LIBEETY, Proclamation of. Abraham 
 Lincoln. On the 1st of January, 1863, the Pres- 
 ident issued one of the most important documents 
 of modern times — the emancipation procla- 
 mation. The war had been begun with no 
 well-defined intention on the part of the govern- 
 ment to free the slaves of the South. But the 
 President and the Republican party looked with 
 disfavor on the institution of slavery ; during the 
 progress of the war the sentiment of abolition 
 had grown with great rapidity in the North ; and 
 when at last it became a military necessity to 
 strike a blow at the labor-system of the Southern 
 States, the step was taken with but little hesitan- 
 cy or opposition. Thus, after an existence of 
 two hundred and forty-four years, the institution 
 of African slavery in the United States was 
 swept away. — Ridpatii's U. S., ch. 65, p. 511. 
 
 322S. LIBEETY protected. Eleventh Centu- 
 ry. At a period when the feudal oppression was 
 at its height and the condition of the common- 
 alty, through the greater part of Europe, was in 
 the lower stage of degradation, one of these small 
 Christian kingdoms exhibited the example of a 
 people who shared the sovereignty with the 
 prince, and wisely limited his arbitrary govern- 
 ment by constitutional restraints. This was the 
 kingdom of Aragon, in which not only the rep- 
 
 resentatives of the towns had a seat in the Cortes, 
 or national assemblies, but an officer was elect- 
 ed by the people, termed a Justiza, who was the 
 supreme interpreter of the law, and whose recog- 
 nized duty it was to protect the rights of the peo- 
 ple against the encroachments of the crown. 
 This officer, whose person was sacred, was cho- 
 sen from among the commoners ; he had a right 
 to judge whether the royal edicts were agreeable 
 to law before they could be carried into effect ; 
 and while the king's ministers were answerable 
 to him for their conduct, he was responsible to 
 the Cortes alone. This great officer had likewise 
 the privilege of receiving, in the name of the 
 people, the king's oath of coronation ; and dur- 
 ing this ceremony he held a naked sword, point- 
 ed at the breast of the sovereign, whom he thus 
 addressed : " We, your equals, constitute you: 
 our sovereign, and we solemnly engage to obey 
 your mandates on condition that you protect us 
 in the enjoyment of our rights ; if otherwise,; 
 not." — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, p. 126. 
 
 3229. LIBEETY by Eeaction. William the 
 Conqueror. William, in short, through the whole 
 of his reign, considered the English as a conquer- 
 ed nation. Under the Anglo-Saxon government < 
 the people had enjoyed a very considerable por- 
 tion of freedom. The greater barons, perhaps 
 even some of the landholders, had their share in 
 the government, by their place in the Wittenage- 
 mot, or assembly of the States. Under William 
 the rights and privileges of all the orders of the 
 State seem to have been annihilated and overpow- 
 ered by the weight of the crown ; but this very 
 circumstance, unfavorable as it may appear to 
 the people's liberties, was, in fact, the very cause 
 of the subsequent freedom of the English con- 
 stitution. It was the excessive power of the 
 crown that gave rise to a spirit of union among 
 the people in all their efforts to resist it ; and 
 from the want of that spirit of union in the oth- 
 er feudal kingdoms of the continent — a spirit 
 which was not excited in them by a total extinc- 
 tion of their liberties as it was in England by the 
 whole career of William the Conqueror — we can 
 easily account for the ^reat difference at this 
 day between their constitutions and ours, with 
 respect to political freedom. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 8, p. 133. 
 
 3230. LIBEETY in Eeligion. James II. He 
 had, as supreme ordinary, put forth directions, 
 charging the clergy of the establishment to ab- 
 stain from touching in their discourses on con- 
 troverted points of doctrine. Thus, while ser- 
 mons in defence of the Roman Catholic religion, 
 were preached on every Sunday and holiday ^ 
 within the precincts of the royal palaces, the 
 Church of the State, the Church of the great ma- 
 jority of the nation, was forbidden to explain 
 and vindicate her own principles. The spirit of j 
 the whole clerical order rose against this injus- 
 tice. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 84. 
 
 3231. LIBEETY, Eeligious. Colony of Mary- 
 land. The foundation of Maryland was peace- 
 fully and happily laid. Within six months it 
 had advanced more than Virginia had in as many 
 years. . . . Every other country in the world 
 had persecuting laws. " I will not" — such was 
 the oath of the Governor of Maryland — " I will 
 not by myself or any other, directly or indirect- 
 ly, molest any person professing to believe in 
 
LIBERTY— LIBRARIES. 
 
 381 
 
 Jesus Christ, for or in respect of religion." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, cli. 7. 
 
 3232. LIBERTY secured. Magna Charta. 
 With respect to the people, the following were 
 the principal clauses calculated for their benefit. 
 It was ordained that all the privileges and immu- 
 nities granted by the king [John I.] to his bar- 
 ons should be also granted by the barons to their 
 vassals. That one weight and one ineas u re should 
 be observed throughout the kingdom. That 
 merchants should be allowed to transact all busi- 
 ness without I)eing exposed to any arbitrarj^ tolls 
 or impositions ; that they, and all freemen, should 
 be allowed to go out of the kingdom and return 
 to it at pleasure. London, and all cities and bor- 
 oughs, shall preserve their ancient liberties, im- 
 munities, and free customs. Aids or taxes shall 
 not be required of them, except by the consent 
 of the great council. No towns or individuals 
 shall be obliged to make or support bridges, un- 
 less it has been the immemorial custom. The 
 goods of every freeman shall be disposed of ac- 
 cording to his will or testament ; if he die intes- 
 tate, his heirs at law shall succeed to them. The 
 king's courts of justice shall be stationary, and 
 shall no longer follow his person ; they shall be 
 open to every one, and justice shall no longer be 
 bought, refused, or delayed by them. The sher- 
 iffs shall be incapacitated to determine pleas of 
 the crown, and shall not put any person upon 
 his trial from rumor or suspicion alone, but upon 
 the evidence of lawful witnesses. No freeman 
 shall be taken or imprisoned, or dispossessed of 
 his free tenements or liberties, or outlawed or 
 banished, or any way hurt or injured, unless by 
 the legal judgment of his peers, or by the law of 
 the land; and all who suffered otherwise in this 
 and the former reigns shall be restored to their 
 rights and possessions. Every freeman shall be 
 fined in proportion to his fault, and no fine shall 
 be levied on him to his utter ruin. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, p. 149. 
 
 3233. LIBERTY of Speech denied. The Com- 
 mons. [In 1593 the lord-keeper replied to the 
 Commons in the name of the queen, when they 
 asked for liberty of speech.] Privilege of speech 
 is granted, but you must know what privilege 
 you have : not to speak every one what he list- 
 eth, or what cometh into his brain to utter that ; 
 but your privilege is aye or no. Wherefore, 
 Mr. Speaker, her Majesty's pleasure is, that if 
 you perceive any idle heads, which will not 
 stick to hazard their own estates, which will 
 meddle with reforming the church and trans- 
 forming the Commonwealth, and do exhibit any 
 bills to such purpose, that you receive them not, 
 until they be viewed and considered by those 
 who it is fitter should consider of such things, 
 and can better judge of them. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 262. 
 
 3234. LIBERTY vs. Tyranny. Roman Sen- 
 ator Boethius. In the last gloomy season of The- 
 odoric [the Gothic King of Italy] he indignantly 
 felt that he was a slave ; but as his master had 
 only power over his life, he stood without arms 
 and without fear against the face of an angry 
 barbarian, who had been provoked to believe 
 that the safety of the Senate was incompatible 
 with his own. The Senator Albinus was accused 
 and already convicted on the presumption of 
 hoping, as it was said, the liberty of Rome. " If 
 
 Albinus be criminal," exclaimed the orator, " the 
 Senate and myself are all guilty of the same 
 crime. If we are innocent, Albinus is equally 
 entitled to the protection of the laws." These 
 laws might not have punished the simple and 
 barren wish of an unattainable blessing, but they 
 would have shown less indulgence to the rash 
 confession of Boethius, that, had he known of a 
 conspiracy, the tyrant never should. The advo- 
 cate of Albinus was soon involved in the danger 
 and perhaps the guilt of his client. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39, p. 35. 
 
 3235. LIBERTY, Unexpected. Oeorge Wash- 
 ington. A.D. 1774. [Addressing a royal ofl[icer, 
 he said :] "It is not the wish of that government 
 [Massachusetts] or any other upon this conti- 
 nent, separately or collectively, to set up for in- 
 dependence ; but none of them will ever submit 
 to the loss of those rights and privileges without 
 which life, libertj', and property are rendered 
 totally insecure." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 3236. LIBERTY and Union. Sources of The 
 Netherlands divide with England the glory of 
 having planted the first colonies in the United 
 States ; they also divide the glory of having set 
 the examples of public freedom. If England 
 gave our fathers the idea of a popular represen- 
 tation, the United Provinces were their model of 
 a federal union. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 15. 
 
 3237. LIBERTY by Vigilance. British. In 
 the Middle Ages the state of society was widely 
 different. Rarely and with great difficulty did 
 the wrongs of individuals come to the knowl- 
 edge of the public. A man might be illegally 
 confined during many months in the Castle 6i 
 Carlisle or Norwich, and no whisper of the trans 
 action might reach London. It is highly prob- 
 able that the rack had been many years in use 
 before the great majority of the nation had the 
 least suspicion that it was ever employed. Nor , 
 were our ancestors by any means so much alive 
 as we are to the importance of maintaining great 
 general rules. We have been taught by long 
 experience that we cannot, without danger, suf- 
 fer any breach of the Constitution to pass unno- 
 ticed. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 31. 
 
 3238. LIBRARIES, Ancient. Arabian. In 
 every city the productions of Arabic literature 
 were copied and collected by the curiosity of the 
 studious and the vanity of the rich. A private 
 doctor refused the invitation of the sultan of 
 Bochara because the carriage of his books would 
 have required four hundred camels. The royal 
 library of the Fatimites consisted of one hundred 
 thousand manuscripts, elegantly transcribed and 
 splendidly bound, which were lent, without jeal- 
 ousy or avarice, to the students of Cairo. Yet 
 this collection must appear moderate, if we can 
 believe that the Ommiades of Spain had formed 
 a library of six hundred thousand volumes, for- 
 ty-four of which were employed in the mere cat- 
 alogue. Their capital, Cordova, with the adja- 
 cent towns of Malaga, Almeria, and Murcia, had 
 given birth to more than three hundred writers, 
 and above seventy public libraries were opened 
 in the cities of the Andalusian kingdom. The 
 age of Arabian learning continued about five 
 hundred years, till the great eruption of the Mo- 
 guls, and was coeval with the darkest and most 
 
382 
 
 LIBRARIES— LICENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 slothful period of European annals ; but since 
 the sun of science has arisen in the West, it should 
 seem that the Oriental studies have languished 
 and declined. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, p. 302. 
 
 3239. LIBEABIES, Subscription. Benjamin 
 Franklin. He invented the system of subscrip- 
 tion libraries, and laid the foundation of one that 
 was long the most considerable library in Amer- 
 ica. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 3240. LIBRAEY destroyed. Alexandria. Ptol- 
 emy Soter founded the famous library of Al- 
 exandria, that immense treasury of literature, 
 which, in the time of his son Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus, contained above one hundred thousand 
 volumes. It was still enlarged 'by the succeeding 
 monarchs of the same race, till it amounted, at 
 length, as Strabo informs us, to seven hundred 
 thousand volumes — a collection quite prodigious, 
 when we consider the comparative labor and ex- 
 pense of amassing books before the invention of 
 printing, and since that era. This immense li- 
 brary was burnt to ashes in the war which Julius 
 Caesar waged with the inhabitants of Alexandria. 
 Adjoining to this was a smaller library, which 
 escaped the conflagration at that time, and 
 which became, in the course of ages, very con- 
 siderable ; but, as if fate had opposed the prog- 
 ress and continuance of Egyptian literature, this 
 second library of Alexandria was burnt, about 
 eight hundred years afterward, when the Sara- 
 cens took possession of Egypt. The books were 
 taken out by order of the Caliph Omar, and 
 •used, for six months, in supplying the fires of the 
 public baths. " If these books," said Omar, "con- 
 tain nothing but what is in the Alcoran, they 
 are of no use ; if they contain anything not in it, 
 they are of no consequence to salvation ; and if 
 anything contrary to it, they are damnable, and 
 ought not to be suffered." — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 5, p. 192. 
 
 3241. . Constantinople. [The royal 
 
 college of Constantinople was burnt in the reign 
 of Leo the Isaurian. In the pompous style of the 
 age, the president] of that foundation was named 
 the Sun of Science ; his twelve associates, the 
 professors in the different arts and faculties, 
 were the twelve signs of the zodiac ; a library of 
 thirty-six thousand five hundred volumes was 
 open to their inquiries ; and they could show an 
 ancient manuscript of Homer, on a roll of parch- 
 ment one hundred and twenty feet in length, the 
 intestines, as it was fabled, of a prodigious ser- 
 pent. But the seventh and eighth centuries were 
 a period of discord and darkness ; the library 
 was burnt, the college was abolished, the Icono- 
 clasts are represented as the foes of antiquity ; 
 and a savage ignorance and contempt of letters 
 has disgraced the princes of the Heraclean and 
 Isaurian dynasties. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53, 
 p. 378. 
 
 3242. LICENTIOUSNESS authorized. MaTiom- 
 et. In his adventures with Zeineb, the wife of 
 Zeid, and with Mary, an Egyptian captive, the 
 amorous prophet forgot the interest of his repu- 
 tation. At the house of Zeid, his freedman and 
 adopted son, he beheld, in a loose undress, the 
 beauty of Zeineb, and burst forth into an ejacu- 
 lation of devotion and desire. The servile, or 
 grateful freedman understood the hint, and yield- 
 ed without hesitation to the love of his benefac- 
 tor. But as the filial relation had excited some 
 
 doubt and scandal, the Angel Gabriel descended 
 from heaven to ratify the deed, to annul the 
 adoption, and gently to reprove the apostle for 
 distrusting the indulgence of his God. One of his 
 wives, Hafna, the daughter of Omar, surprised 
 him on her own bed, in the embrace of [Mary] 
 his Egyptian captive ; she promised secrecy and 
 forgiveness ; he swore that he would renounce 
 the possession of Mary. Both parties forgot their 
 engagements ; and Gabriel again descended with 
 a chapter of the Koran, to absolve him from his 
 oath, and to exhort him freely to enjoy his cap- 
 tives and concubines, without listening to the 
 clamors of his wives. In a solitary retreat of 
 thirty days he labored, alone with Mary, to ful- 
 fil the commands of the angel. When his love 
 and revenge were satiated, he summoned to his 
 presence his eleven wives, reproached their diso- 
 bedience and indiscretion, and threatened them 
 Avith a sentence of divorce, both in this world 
 and in the next ; a dreadful sentence, since those 
 who had ascended the bed of the prophet were 
 forever excluded from the hope of a second mar- 
 riage. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 150. 
 
 3243. LICENTIOUSNESS, Fashionable. Milan. 
 A.D. 1797. [Napoleon had conquered Italy and 
 Austria, and was the most famous man in Eu- 
 rope. After the war, with Josephine he resided 
 for a time at Milan.] Every conceivable temp- 
 tation was at this time presented to entice Na- 
 poleon into habits of licentiousness. . . . The 
 corruption of those days of infidelity was such 
 that the ladies were jealous of Josephine's exclu- 
 sive influence over her illustrious spouse, and 
 they exerted all their powers of fascination to 
 lead him astray. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 
 1, ch. 9. 
 
 3244. LICENTIOUSNESS, Literary. John Dry- 
 den. Not a line tending to make virtue contempt- 
 ible or to inflame licentious desire would thence- 
 forward have proceeded from his pen. The 
 truth unhappily is, that the dramas which he 
 wrote after his pretended conversion are in no 
 respect less impure or profane than those of his 
 youth. Even when he professed to translate he 
 constantly wandered from his originals in search 
 of images which, if he had found them in his 
 originals, he ought to have shunned. What was 
 bad became worse in his versions. What was in- 
 nocent contracted a taint from passing through 
 his mind. He made the grossest satires of Juve- 
 nal more gross, interpolated loose descriptions in 
 the tales of Boccaccio, and polluted the swset and 
 limpid poetry of the Georgics with filth which 
 would have moved the loathing of Virgil. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 184. 
 
 3245. LICENTIOUSNESS, Pontifical. Clement 
 VI. Clement was ill-endowed with the virtues 
 of a priest ; he possessed, however, the spirit and 
 magnificence of a prince, whose liberal hand dis- 
 tributed benefices and kingdoms with equal fa- 
 cility. Under his reign Avignon was the seat of 
 pomp and pleasure ; in his youth he had sur- 
 passed the licentiousness of a baron ; and the 
 palace — nay, the bed-chamber of the pope, was 
 adorned or polluted by the visits of his female 
 favorites. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 66, p. 294. 
 
 3246. LICENTIOUSNESS prevalent. Beign of 
 CJiarles II. [After the overthrow of the Puri- 
 tans] men flew to frivolous amusements and to 
 criminal pleasures with the greediness which 
 
LICENTIOUSNESS— LIFE. 
 
 383 
 
 long and enforced abstinence naturally pro- 
 duces. Thomas Hobbes had . . . relaxed the 
 obligations of morality, and degraded religion 
 into a mere affair of state. Hobbism soon became 
 an almost essential part of the character of the 
 fine gentleman. All the lighter kinds of litera- 
 ture were deeply tainted by the prevailing licen- 
 tiousness. Poetry stooped to be the pander of 
 every low desire. Ridicule, instead of putting 
 guilt and error to the blush, turned her formida- 
 ble shafts against innocence and truth. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 169. 
 
 3247. LICENTIOUSNESS, Regal. Louis XV. 
 "When the personal attractions [of Marchioness 
 of Pompadour] began to wane, she had the ad- 
 dress to maintain her empire over the king, by 
 sanctioning, if she did not actually suggest, the 
 infamous establishment called the Pare aux 
 Cerfs, which was neither more nor less than a 
 -seraglio, after the fashion of the Oriental mon- 
 archs, formed by Louis in a beautiful retreat be- 
 longing to his mistress near Versailles. The fa- 
 vorite thus secured herself against the rise of any 
 •dangerous rival who might dispute her suprem- 
 .acy ; but the spectacle offered thenceforth by 
 the French court was a flagrant outrage to every 
 principle of public decency, and produced results 
 in the highest degree prejudicial to the royal au- 
 thorit3^ — Students' France, ch. 24, § 1. 
 
 324§. LICENTIOUSNESS, Ruinous. Dagobert. 
 The private life of Dagobert was marked by 
 gross licentiousness. He is said to have had, at 
 the same time, three queens-consort, besides nu- 
 merous mistresses. These excesses, added to the 
 lavish expenditure of his court, in the course of 
 a few years exhausted his revenues ; and in order 
 to raise money, he began to confiscate the estates 
 of nobles who offended him, imposed exorbitant 
 taxes, revoked fiefs which had been granted in 
 perpetuity, and exacted heavy contributions 
 from rich churches and abbeys. — Students' 
 -France, ch. 4, § 7. 
 
 3249. H'E'E, idmia.. Diogenes. Diogenes held 
 4hat the practice of virtue was man's chief end 
 of existence ; that as the body is strengthened by 
 active labor, the mind is invigorated and kept in 
 health by a constant tenor of active virtue ; that 
 •even the contempt of pleasure is a solid and ra- 
 tional pleasure ; that self -applause is a sufficient 
 reward to the wise man ; while glory, honors, 
 ^nd wealth are only the bait of fools ; that the 
 consummation of folly is to be loud in the praise 
 of virtue without practising it ; that the gods re- 
 fuse the prayers of man often from compassion. 
 — Tytler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 9, p. 269. 
 
 3250. LIFE, Ambition of. John Milton's. The 
 ruling idea of Milton's life, and the key to his 
 mental history, is his resolve to produce a great 
 poem. Not that the aspiration in itself is singu- 
 lar, for it is probably shared by every young 
 
 )et in his turn. As every clever schoolboy is 
 iestined by himself or his friends to become lord- 
 ehancellor, and every private in the French army 
 fcarries in his haversack the baton of a marshal, 
 go it is a necessary ingredient of the dream on 
 %rnassus, that it should embody itself in a form 
 af surpassing brilliance. What distinguishes 
 [ilton from the crowd of young ambition, au- 
 ixjuventa, is the constancy of resolve. He not 
 )nly nourished through manhood the dream 
 &f youth, keeping imder the importunate in- 
 
 stincts which carry off most ambitions in middle 
 life into the pursuit of place, profit, honor — the 
 thorns which spring up and smother the wheat 
 — but carried out his dream in its integrity in 
 old age. He formed himself for this achieve- 
 ment, and for no other. Study at home, travel 
 abroad, the arena of political controversy, the 
 public service, the practice of the domestic 
 virtues, were so many parts of the schooling 
 which was to make a poet. — Pattison's Milton, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 3251. LIFE, Changes in. Samuel Houston. 
 His separation from his friends at the steamboat 
 was a touching scene. He was a young man, for 
 he had not passed his thirty -fifth year. He was 
 in the vigor and strength of early manhood. He 
 had filled the highest stations, and been crowned 
 with the highest honors his State could give. 
 They knew the history of his early life, and they 
 felt pride in his character. He was literally a 
 man of the people, and they looked forward to 
 his future advancement with all the pride of kin- 
 dred feelings. A storm had suddenly burst upon 
 his path, rin an unhappy married life of three 
 months. He returned to the Cherokee Indians. 
 He remained three years. Became the deliv- 
 erer of Texas.] But it was a voluntary exile 
 from scenes which only harrowed his feelings 
 while he stayed, and the Providence which had 
 shaped out his future life was leading him in a 
 mysterious way through the forests to found a 
 new empire. Let those who laugh at a Divine 
 Providence, which watches over its chosen in- 
 struments, sneer as they read this ; they are wel- 
 come to their creed. — Lester's Houston, p. 42. 
 
 3252. . Captain Cook. At thirteen 
 
 (which was in the year 1741) he v^as apprenticed 
 to a dealer in dry goods near one of the seaport 
 towns of Yorkshire, and passed his time in carry- 
 ing home parcels and waiting upon customers. 
 He did not like this occupation ; and the sea, the 
 open sea, was ever before his eyes, alluring him 
 to a life of adventure. His father d ying, he per 
 suaded his master to give up his indentures, and 
 restore him to liberty. He hastened to the port, 
 and binding himself apprentice to the owner of a 
 coal-vessel, he went on board in the capacity of 
 cabin-boy. Certainly, if a dandy naval officer 
 had cast his eyes upon this coal-blackened cabin- 
 boy, and had been told that that boy would die a 
 post-captain in the royal navy of Great Britain, he 
 would have laughed the prediction to scorn. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 379. 
 
 3253. LIFE attests Character. Humble. On 
 the decease of Zeno, the emperor, Ariadne, the 
 daughter, and mother, and the widow of an em- 
 peror, gave her hand and the imperial title to 
 Anastasius, an aged domestic of the palace, who 
 survived his elevation above twenty -seven years, 
 and whose character is attested by the acclama- 
 tion of the people, " Reign as you have lived !" 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39, p. 5. 
 
 3254. LIFE, Choice in. Parable. The Arabs 
 express this by a parable that incarnates, as is 
 their wont, the Word in the recital. King Nim- 
 rod, say they, one day summoned into his pres- 
 ence his three sons. He ordered to be set before 
 them three urns under seal. One of the urns was of 
 gold, the other of amber, the third of clay. The 
 king bade the eldest of his sons to choose among 
 these urns that which appeared to him to contain 
 
384 
 
 LIFE. 
 
 the treasure of greatest price. The eldest chose 
 the vase of gold, on which was wTitten the word 
 Empire ; he opened it, and found it full of blood. 
 The second took the vase of amber, whereon was 
 written the word Olory ; he opened it, and found 
 it full of the ashes of men who had made a great 
 sensation in the world. The third son took the 
 only remaining vase, the clay one ; he opened it, 
 and found it quite empty ; but on the bottom the 
 potter had inscribed the name of Ood. " Which 
 of these vases weighs the most ?" asked the king 
 of his courtiers. The men of ambition replied 
 it was the vase of gold ; the poets and conquer- 
 ors, that it was the amber one ; the sages, that it 
 was the empty vase, because a single letter of the 
 name of God was of more weight than the entire 
 globe. We are of the opinion of the sages. We 
 believe that the greatest things are great but in the 
 proportion of divinity which they contain. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 39. 
 
 3255. LIFE, City. Samuel Johnson. I sug- 
 gested a doubt, that if I were to reside in London, 
 the exquisite zest with which I relished it in oc- 
 casional visits might go off, and I might grow 
 tired of it. Johnson : " Why, sir, you find no 
 man, at all intellectual, who is willing to leave 
 London. No, sir ; when a man is tired of London, 
 he is tired of life ; for there is in London all that 
 life can afford." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 345. 
 
 3256. LIFE degraded. Romans. Only a little 
 above the slaves stood the lower class, who form- 
 ed the vast majority of the freeborn inhabitants 
 of the Roman Empire. They were, for the most 
 part, beggars and idlers, familiar with the gross- 
 est indignities of an unscrupulous dependence. 
 Despising a life of honest industry, they asked 
 only for bread and the games of the circus, and 
 were ready to support any government, even the 
 most despotic, if it would supply these needs. 
 They spent their mornings in lounging about the 
 EoiTim, or in dancing attendance at the levees of 
 patrons. . . . They spent their afternoons and 
 evenings in gossiping at the Public Baths, in list- 
 lessly enjoying the polluted plays of the theatre, 
 or looking with fierce thrills of delighted horror 
 at the bloody sports of the arena. At night they 
 crept up to their miserable garrets in the sixth 
 and seventh stories. — Farrar's Early Days, 
 ch. 1, p. 3. 
 
 3257. LIFE delusive. Edward Oibbon. Twen- 
 ty hours before his death Mr. Gibbon happened 
 to fall into a conversation not uncommon with 
 him, on the probable duration of his life. He 
 said that he thought himself a good life for ten, 
 twelve, or perhaps twenty years. About six he 
 ate the wing of a chicken and drank three glasses 
 of Madeira. After dinner he became very uneasy 
 and impatient, complained a good deal, and ap- 
 peared so weak that his servant was alarmed. — 
 Morrison's Gibbon, ch. 10. 
 
 325 §. LIFE, Destruction of. Crusades. In 
 these two unfortunate expeditions of Lewis IX., 
 it is computed that there perished 100,000 men : 
 50,000 had perished under Frederic Barbarossa, 
 300,000 under Philip Augustus and Richard 
 Coeur de Lion ; 200,000 in the time of John de 
 Brienne ; and 160,000 had before been sacrificed 
 in Asia, besides those that perished in the expe- 
 dition of Constantinople. Thus, without men- 
 tioning a crusade in the North, and that afterward 
 to be taken notice of against the Albigenses, it is 
 
 a reasonable computation to estimate that two 
 millions of Europeans, in these expeditions, were 
 buried in the East. — Tytlkr's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 10, p. 165. 
 
 3259. LIFE, Farewell to. John Quincy Adams. 
 The last words of John Quincy Adams are said ta 
 have been, " This is the last of earth ; lam con- 
 tent." — American Cyclopedia, "John Quin- 
 cy Adams." 
 
 3260. LIFE forfeited. By Neglect. Edward 
 Gibbon's . . . malady was dropsy, complicated 
 Avith other disorders. He had most strangely neg- 
 lected a very dangerous symptom for upward of 
 thirty years, not only having failed to take medi- 
 cal advice about it, but even avoiding all allusion 
 to it to bosom friends like Lord Sheffield. But 
 longer concealment was now impossible. He sent 
 for the eminent surgeon Farquhar. . . . Thus, 
 in consequence of his own strange self-neglect 
 and imprudence, was extinguished one of the 
 most richly-stored minds that ever lived. Occur- 
 ring when it did, so near the last summons. Gib- 
 bon's prospective hope of continued life ' ' for ten,, 
 twelve, or twenty years " is harshly pathetic, and 
 full of that irony which mocks the vain cares of 
 men. But, truly, his forecast was not irrational 
 if he had not neglected ordinary precautions. — 
 Morrison's Gibbon, ch. 10. 
 
 3261 . LIFE, Future. American Indians. The 
 dying chief sometimes arrayed himself in the gar- 
 ments in which he was to be buried ; . . . and 
 when he had given up the ghost, he was placed by 
 his wigwam in a sitting posture, as if to show 
 that though life was spent, the principle of being 
 was not gone ; and in that posture he was buried. 
 Everywhere in America this posture was adopt- 
 ed at burials. — Bancroft's Hist. U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 23. 
 
 3262. LIFE, Impediments in. Samuel John- 
 son. His figure was large and well formed, and 
 his countenance of the cast of an ancient statue ;. 
 yet his appearance was rendered strange and 
 somewhat uncouth by convulsive cramps, by the 
 scars of that disiemper which it was once imag- 
 ined the royal touch could cure, and by a sloven- 
 ly mode of dress. He had the use only of one- 
 eye ; yet so much does mind govern and even 
 supply the deficiency of organs, that his visual 
 perceptions, as far as they extended, w^ere uncom- 
 monly quick and accurate. So morbid was his- 
 temperament that he never knew the natural joy 
 of a free and vigorous use of his limbs •. when he 
 w^alked, it was like the struggling gait of one in 
 fetters ; when he rode, he had no command or 
 direction of his horse, but was carried as if in a 
 balloon. That with his constitution and habits of 
 life he should have lived seventy -five years is a 
 proof that an inherent vimda vis is a powerful 
 preservative of the human frame. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 565. 
 
 3263. LIFE, Indestructible. Animals. The 
 Indian believes also of each individual animal 
 that it possesses the mysterious, the indestnicti- 
 ble principle of life ; there is not a breathing thing- 
 but has its shade, which never can perish. — Ban- 
 croft's Hist. U. S. , vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 3264. LIFE, Influence of. A Good. [A young- 
 man in a fit of anger struck out one of Lycurgus' 
 eyes with a stick. The offender was surrendered 
 to him for punishment.] He took him into hi& 
 
LIFE. 
 
 385 
 
 iouse, but showed him no ill treatment either by 
 word or action, only ordering him to wait upon 
 him, instead of his usual servants and attendants. 
 The youth, who was of an ingenuous disposition, 
 without murmuring, did as he was commanded. 
 Living in this manner with Lycurgus, and hav- 
 ing an opportunity to observe the mildness and 
 goodness of his heart, his strict temperance and 
 indefatigable industry, he told his friends that 
 Lycurgus was not that proud and severe man he 
 might have been taken for, but, above all others, 
 gentle and engaging in his behavior. This, then, 
 was the chastisement, and this punishment he suf- 
 fered, of a wild and headstrong young man to be- 
 come a very modest and prudent citizen. — Plu- 
 tarch's Lycuugus. 
 
 3265. LIFE, Inner. " Inner Voice." Bacon 
 iardly proceeded beyond the province of natural 
 philosophy. He compared the subtile visions, 
 in which the contemplative soul indulges, to the 
 jspider's web, and sneered at them as frivolous 
 and empty ; but the spider's web is essential to 
 the spider's well-being, and for his neglect of the 
 
 ; inner voice Bacon paid the terrible penalty of a 
 life disgraced by flattery, selfishness, and mean 
 ■compliance. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 16. 
 
 3266. LIFE, Insignificant. Bibulus. Ceesar 
 iad touched the right point in congratulating 
 •Cicero on his military exploits. His friends in 
 the Senate had been less delicate. Bibulus had 
 been thanked for hiding from the Parthians. 
 When Cicero had hinted his expectations [of 
 receiving a triumph], the Senate had passed 
 to the order of the day. "Cato," he wrote, 
 " treats me scurvily. He gives me praise for. jus- 
 tice, clemency, and integrity, which I did not 
 want. What I did want he will not let me have. 
 Caesar promises me everything. Cato has given 
 a twenty days' thanksgiving to Bibulus. Par- 
 don me, if this is more than I can bear. But 
 I am relieved from my worst fear. The Par- 
 thians have left Bibulus half alive." — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 20. 
 
 3267. LIFE lengthened. One Fourth. [Sta- 
 tistics show that between the years 1693 and 
 1790 the expectation of human life in England 
 iad increased one fourth, resulting from great 
 social advancement, temporal prosperity, and 
 from less frequent and less fatal epidemics.] — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 10, p. 58. 
 
 326§. LIFE, Measure of. Charles XII. Hav- 
 ing read a Latin life of Alexander, some one 
 asked him what he thought of that conqueror. 
 "I think," said he, "that I should like to re- 
 semble him." " But, "said his tutor, " Alexander 
 lived only thirty-two years." " Ah," replied the 
 prince, "and is not that enough when one has 
 conquered kingdoms ?" When his father heard 
 of this reply, he said : " Here is a boy who will 
 make a better king than I am, and who will go 
 farther even than Gustavus the Great." — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF Bigg., p. 433. 
 
 3269. LIFE, Miserable. Roman Slaves. At 
 the lowest extreme of the social scale were mill- 
 ions of slaves, without family, without religion, 
 without possessions, who had no recognized 
 lights, and toward wh : m none had any recog- 
 nized duties, passing r rmally from a childhood 
 •of degradation to a manhood of hardship and 
 ^n old age of unpitied neglect. — Farrar's Ear- 
 ly Days, p. 2. 
 
 3270. LIFE neglected. Robert Burns. Robert 
 Burns, in the course of nature, might yet have 
 been living ; but his short life was spent in toil 
 and penury ; and he died, in the prime of his 
 manhood, miserable and neglected ; and yet al- 
 ready a brave mausoleum shines over his dust, 
 and more than one splendid monument has been 
 reared in other places to his fame : the street 
 where hj languished in poverty is called by his 
 name ; the highest personages in our literature 
 have been proud to appear as his commentators 
 and admirers, and here is the sixth narrative of 
 his Life that has been given to the world ! — 
 Carlyle's Burns, p. 12. 
 
 3271. LIFE, Object in. Philosophy of Epicurus. 
 It proposed . . . the attainment of a perfect tran- 
 quillity of mind. The term by which he marked 
 the object of his philosophy contributed much to 
 increase the number of his disciples. " The su- 
 preme happiness of man," said Epicurus, " con- 
 sists in pleasure. To this centre tend all his de- 
 sires ; and this, however disguised, is the real ob- 
 ject of all his actions. The purpose of philos- 
 ophy is to teach whatever best conduces to those 
 laws. Vice therefore was folly, and virtue the 
 only true wisdom." — Tytler's Hist. , Book 2, 
 ch. 9, p. 279. 
 
 3272. LIFE, Opening in. Abraham Lincoln. 
 When nineteen years old Abraham Lincoln, 
 moved perhaps equally by the desire to earn an 
 honest livelihood, in the shape of " ten dollars a 
 month and found," and by curiosity to see more 
 of the world, made a trip down the Mississippi 
 to New Orleans in a flat-boat. He went in com- 
 pany with the son of the owner of the boat, who 
 intrusted a valuable cargo to their care. — Ray- 
 mond's Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 22. 
 
 3273. LIFE, Price of. Human. The nation- 
 al inequality established by the Franks, in their 
 criminal proceedings, was the last insult and 
 abuse of conquest. In the calm moments of leg- 
 islation they solemnly pronounced that the life 
 of a Roman was of smaller value than that of a 
 barbarian. The Antrustion, a name expressive 
 of the most illustrious birth or dignity among 
 the Franks, was appreciated at the sum of six 
 hundred pieces of gold ; while the noble provin- 
 cial, who was admitted to the king's table, might 
 be legally murdered at the expense of three hun- 
 dred pieces. Two hundred were deemed sufii- 
 cient for a Frank of ordinary condition ; but the 
 meaner Romans were exposed to disgrace and 
 danger by a trifling compensation of one hun- 
 dred, or even fifty, pieces of gold. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 38, p. 594. 
 
 3274. LIFE, A protected. Washington's. [The 
 Indians concentrated the aim of their rifles on. 
 him at Braddock's defeat, but he escaped injury. 
 Sixty-four British officers were killed or wound- 
 ed, and Washington was the only mounted officer 
 left. A distinguished chief said] 'twas all in 
 vain ; a poAver mightier than we shielded him 
 from harm. He cannot die in battle. . . . Lis- 
 ten ! The Great Spirit protects that man, and 
 guides his destinies ; he will become the chief of 
 nations. [At the battles of Princeton, German- 
 town, and Monmouth he was peculiarly exposed, 
 yet uninjured.] — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, 
 ch. 11. 
 
 3275. LIFE, Public. Fm- Otliers. AsPelop- 
 idas . . . was departing for the army, his wife, 
 
sse 
 
 LIFE. 
 
 who followed him to the door, besought him, 
 with tears, to take care of himself ; he answered : 
 "My dear, private persons are to be advised to 
 take care of themselves, but persons in a public 
 character to take care of others." — Plutakch's 
 Pelopidas. 
 
 3276. LIFE, Purpose in. John Milton. A 
 seeming idler, but really hard at work, in his 
 father's liouse at Horton. The intimation which 
 he had given of his purpose in the sonnet 
 . . . had become, in 1641, "an inward prompt- 
 ing which grows dailj' upon me, that by labor 
 and intent study, which I take to be my portion 
 in this life, joined with the strong propensity of 
 nature, I might perhaps leave something so writ- 
 ten to after times as they should not willingly 
 let it die." — Pattison's Milton, ch. 2. 
 
 3277. . Peter Cooper. Cooper Insti- 
 tute is that evening school which Peter Coo- 
 per resolved to found as long ago as 1810, when 
 he was a coach-maker's apprentice looking about 
 in New York for a place where he could get in- 
 struction in the evening, but was unable to find 
 it. Through all his career, as a cabinet-maker, 
 grocer, manufacturer of glue, and iron-founder, 
 he never lost sight of this object. If he had a 
 fortunate year, or made a successful speculation, 
 he was gratified, not that it increased his wealth, 
 but because it brought him nearer to the reali- 
 zation of his dream. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 577. 
 
 327§. LIFE, Qualification for. Education. 
 His son Alexander being then fourteen years of 
 age, Philip invited Aristotle to reside in his 
 court, and take charge of the prince's education. 
 This was the greatest honor which a king could 
 then bestow upon a man of learning. Aristotle 
 accepted the invitation. He was received at 
 court with the greatest honor, and Alexander 
 became tenderly attached to his instructor. He 
 said once that he honored Aristotle no less than 
 his own father ; for if to the one he owed his 
 life, he owed to the other that which made life 
 worth having. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 556. 
 
 3279. LIFE, A rational. Roman Emperor Alex- 
 ander. [Alexander rose early ; the first moments 
 of the day were consecrated to private devotion, 
 and his domestic chapel was filled with the 
 images of those heroes who, by improving oi* 
 reforming human life, had deserved the grate- 
 ful reverence of posterity. But as he deemed 
 the service of mankind the most acceptable 
 worship of the gods, the greatest part of his 
 morning hours was employed in his council, 
 where he discussed public affairs and determined 
 private causes with a patience and discretion 
 above his years. The diyness of business was 
 relieved by the charms of literature ; and a por- 
 tion of time was always set apart for his favorite 
 studies of poetry, history, and philosophy. The 
 works of Virgil and Horace, the republics of 
 Plato and Cicero, formed his taste, enlarged his 
 understanding, and gave him the noblest ideas 
 of man and government. The exercises of the 
 body succeeded to those of the mind ; and Alex- 
 ander, who was tall, active, and robust, sur- 
 passed most of his equals in the gymnastic arts. 
 Refreshed by the use of the bath and a slight 
 dinner, he resumed, with new vigor, the busi- 
 ness of the day ; and till the hour of supper, 
 the principal meal of the Romans, he was at- 
 
 tended by his secretaries, with whom he read 
 and answered the multitude of letters, memo- 
 rials, and petitions, that must have been ad- 
 dressed to the master of the greatest part of the 
 world. His table was served with the most 
 frugal simplicity ; and whenever he was at lib- 
 erty to consult his own inclination, the company 
 consisted of a few select friends, men of learning- 
 and virtue, among whom Ulpian was constantly 
 invited. Their conversation was familiar and 
 instructive ; and the pauses were occasionally 
 enlivened by the recital of some pleasing com- 
 position, which supplied the place of the dancers, 
 comedians, and even gladiators, so frequently 
 summoned to the tables of the rich and luxuri- 
 ous Romans. The dress of Alexander was ])lain 
 and modest, his demeanor courteous and affable ; 
 at the proper hours his palace was open to all his 
 subjects, but the voice of a crier was heard, as in, 
 the Eleusinian mysteries, pronouncing the same 
 salutary admonition : ' ' Let none enter those holy 
 walls, unless he is conscious of a pure and inno- 
 cent mind." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 179. 
 
 32§0. LIFE regulated. Stoics. The virtue- 
 of the Stoics was not a principle of tranquil and 
 passive acquiescence ; it was a state of continual,, 
 active, and vigorous exertion. It was the duty 
 of man to exercise the faculties of his mind in 
 acquainting himself with the nature, the causes, 
 and the relations of every part of that universe- 
 which he sees around him, that he may truly 
 understand his own place in it and the duties 
 which he is destined and called on to fulfil. It 
 is incumbent on man likewise to exercise his 
 faculties in the discerning and distinguishing 
 those things over which he has the power and 
 control, and those which are beyond his power, 
 and therefore ought not to be the objects of his. 
 care or his attention. All things whatever, ac- 
 cording to the Stoics, fall under one or the other 
 of these descriptions. To the class of things 
 within our power belong our opinions, our de- 
 sires, affections, endeavors, aversions, and, in a 
 word, whatever may be termed our own works. 
 To the class of things beyond our power belong- 
 the body of man, his goods or possessions, hon- 
 ors, dignities, offices, and generally what cannot 
 be termed his works. — Tytler'sHist., Book *. 
 ch. 9, p. 279. 
 
 32§1. LIFE, Rules of. Swedemborg. His " Rules- 
 of Life" [were] : 1, often to read and meditate 
 on the Word of God ; 2, to submit everything^ 
 to the will of Divine Providence ; 3, to observe 
 in everything a propriety of behavior, and to 
 keep the conscience clear ; 4, to discharge with 
 fidelity the functions of ray employment and 
 the duties of my office, and to render myself in 
 all things useful to society. — White's Sweden- 
 BORG, ch. 7, p. 61. 
 
 3282. LIFE, Secret of. JosiaJi Quincy. It con- 
 cerns us all to know the secret of such health 
 and longevity as this. His father died very 
 young, and his mother in middle life. Nor had 
 any of his paternal ancestors lived beyond seven- 
 ty-four. ... In the first place, he was strictly 
 temperate in the use of intoxicating drinks, 
 almost to total abstinence. At breakfast and at 
 night he ate moderately . id of plain food. At 
 dinner, which he had the good sense to eat in the- 
 middle of the day, he ate heartily of whatever 
 was set before him. He discovered, many year* 
 
LIFE. 
 
 387 
 
 I ago, how important perfect cleanliness is to the 
 ^reservation of health, and he made a frequent 
 ase of the bath-tub, the flesh-brush, and the hair 
 gloves. He v^as an exceedingly early riser. He 
 was addicted to no vice whatever. His life was 
 blameless and cheerful. He indulged none of the 
 passions which waste the vitality and pervert the 
 character. All his objects were such as a rational 
 and virtuous man could pursue without self-re- 
 proach, and with the approbation of the wise 
 and good. Thus living, he attained nearly to the 
 age of ninety-three, enjoying life almost to the 
 last hour, and passed away as peacefully and 
 painlessly as a child goes to sleep. He was an 
 eminently handsome man, from youth to ex- 
 treme old age. His fine set of teeth he kept en- 
 tire until his death ; and this, no doubt, had 
 much to do with preserving the health of his 
 body and the proportions of his countenance. 
 [See No. 3287.]— Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 759. 
 32§3. LIFE shortened. " Artemus Ward." 
 [Mr. Chai'les F. Browne.] Wherever he lectured, 
 whether in New England, California, or Lon- 
 don, there was sure to be a knot of young fellows 
 to gather round him, and go home with him to 
 his hotel, order supper, and spend half the night 
 in telling stories and singing songs. To any man 
 this will be fatal in time ; but when the nightly 
 carouse follows an evening's performance before 
 an audience, and is succeeded by a railroad jour- 
 ney the next day, the waste of vitality is fear- 
 fully rapid. Five years of such a life finished 
 poor Charles Browne [Artemus Ward]. He died 
 in London, in 1867, aged thirty -three years ; and 
 he now lies buried at the home of his childhood 
 in Maine. ... He was not a deep drinker. He 
 was not a man of strong appetites. It was the 
 nights wasted in conviviality, which his system 
 needed for sleep, that sent him to his grave forty 
 years before his time. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 748. 
 
 32§4. LIFE, Simplicity of. Backwoodsman. 
 The hardy backwoodsman, clad in a hunting 
 shirt and deer-skin leggings, armed with a rifle, 
 a powder-horn, and a pouch for shot and bullets, 
 a hatchet and a hunter's knife, descended the 
 mountains in the quest of more distant lands, 
 which he forever imagined to be richer and love- 
 lier than those he knew. Wherever he fixed his 
 halt, the hatchet hewed logs for his cabin and 
 blazed trees of the forest kept the records of his 
 title-deeds.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 15. 
 
 32§5. LIFE, Start in. Alexander StepTiens. 
 The most part of his younger days had been 
 passed in the ordinary farm labors of a Southern 
 plantation. His earliest practice in these labors 
 would seem to have been in corn-dropping, an art 
 in which he soon became an expert. At the age 
 of eleven he commenced ploughing, and by the 
 following year was one of the regular ploughers 
 on the farm. As he also ran all the errands, 
 was mill-boy, shop-boy, and did, in fact, all the 
 little jobs that fall to a lad so situated, it will 
 readil^ be perceived that his opportunities for 
 schooling must have been few and far between. 
 — Norton's Life of Alexander Stephens, 
 ch. 1, p. 1. 
 
 32§6. LIFE, A successful. Washington Ir- 
 ving. The life of Washington Irving was one of 
 the brightest ever led by an author. He discov- 
 ered his genius at an early age ; was graciously 
 
 welcomed by his countrymen ; answered the 
 literary condition of the period when he ap- 
 peared ; won easily, and as easily kept, a distin- 
 guished place in the republic of letters ; was 
 generouslj^ rewarded for his work ; charmed his 
 contemporaries by his amiability and modesty ; 
 lived long, wisely, happily, and died at a ripe 
 old age, in the fulness of his powers and his 
 fame. — Stoddard's Irving, p. 9. 
 
 32§7. LIFE, Training for. Josiah Qmncy. 
 Born in 1772, and died in 1864 ! Ninety-two years 
 of happy, prosperous, and virtuous life ! How 
 was it that, in a world so full of the sick, the 
 miserable, and the unfortunate, Josiah Quincy 
 should have lived so long, and enjoyed, during 
 almost the whole of his life, uninterrupted hap- 
 piness and prosperity ? Let us see. . . . Left an 
 orphan at so early an age, his education was 
 superintended by one of the best mothers a boy 
 ever had ; and this was the first cause both of 
 the length and of the happiness of his life. This 
 admirable mother was so careful lest her fond- 
 ness for her only son should cause her to indulge 
 him to his harm, that she even refrained from 
 caressing him, and, in all that she did for him,, 
 thought of his welfare first, and of her own 
 pleasure last, or not at all. To harden him, she 
 used to have him taken from a warm bed in 
 winter, as well as in summer, and carried down 
 to a cellar kitchen, and there dipped three times 
 in a tub of cold water. She even accustomed 
 him to sit in wet feet, and endeavored in all 
 ways to toughen his physical system against the 
 wear and tear of life. [See No. 3283.] — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG. , p. 749. 
 
 32§8. LIFE, Uncivilized. Indian. In mid- 
 winter of 1703-4 the town of Deerfleld was de- 
 stroyed. . . . Forty-seven of the inhabitants were 
 tomahawked. A hundred and twelve were 
 dragged into captivity. The prisoners, many 
 of them women and children, were obliged to 
 march to Canada. The snow lay four feet deep. 
 The poor wretches, haggard with fear and star- 
 vation, sank down and died. The deadly 
 hatchet hung ever above the heads of the feeble 
 and the sick. Eunice Williams, the minister's 
 wife, fainted by the wayside ; in the presence of 
 her husband and five captive children her brains 
 were dashed out with a tomahawk. Those who 
 survived to the end of the journey were after- 
 ward ransomed and permitted to return to their 
 desolated homes. A daughter of Mr. Williams 
 remained with the savages, grew up among the 
 Mohawks, married a chieftain, and in after years 
 returned in Indian garb to Deerfield. No en- 
 treaties could induce her to remain with her 
 friends. The solitude of the woods and the so- 
 ciety of her tawny husband had prevailed over 
 the charms of civilization. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 17, p. 154. 
 
 32§9. LIFE, Unhappy. Samuel Johnson. He 
 used frequently to observe that there was more 
 to be endured than enjoyed in the general con- 
 dition of human life ; and frequently quoted 
 those lines of Dry den : 
 
 " Strange cozenage ! none would live past years 
 
 again. 
 Yet all hope pleasure from what still remain." 
 For his part, he said, he never passed that week 
 in his life which he would wish to repeat, were 
 
388 
 
 LIFE— LIGHT. 
 
 an angel to make the proposal to him. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 176. 
 
 3290. LIFE, A useful. Sir Humphry Davy. 
 It was Davy who gave the great impulse to agri- 
 cultural chemistry — a branch of science which 
 has already revolutionized farming in the Old 
 World, and which is destined to be the farmer's 
 best friend in the New. It was he who applied 
 chemistry to the art of tanning. It was he who 
 discovered that diamond is nothing but crystal- 
 lized charcoal, and he who foimd out how to 
 convert whiskey into tolerable brandy. His 
 discoveries in galvanism and electricity were 
 striking and valuable, and they have been fur- 
 ther developed by his celebrated pupil and 
 friend, Faraday. ... Of all his inventions, the 
 one which he and his contemporaries valued 
 most was the safety -lamp, to prevent the explo- 
 sion of fire-damp in mines. This lamp, which 
 is merely a lantern made of wire-gauze, was the 
 result of an exhaustive investigation of the na- 
 ture and composition of the explosive gas. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 304. 
 
 3291. LIFE, Value of. In Gold. [With the 
 Romans.] According to the strange jurispru- 
 dence of the times, the guilt of blood might be 
 redeemed by a fine ; yet the high price of nine 
 hundred pieces of gold declares a just sense of 
 the value of a simple citizen. Less atrocious 
 injuries, a wound, a fracture, a blow, an oppro- 
 brious word, were measured with scrupulous 
 and almost ridiculous diligence ; and the pru- 
 dence of the legislator encouraged the ignoble 
 practice of bartering honor and revenge for a 
 pecuniary compensation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 
 45, p. 415. 
 
 3292. LIFE, Vanity of. Triumphal Proces- 
 lion. [The great soldier Belisarius] obtained 
 the honors of a triumph, a ceremony . . . which 
 ancient Rome, since the reign of Tiberius, had 
 reserved for the auspicious arms of the Caesars. 
 From the palace of Belisarius the procession 
 was conducted through the principal streets to 
 the hippodrome. . . . The wealth of nations was 
 displayed, the trophies of martial or effeminate 
 luxury ; rich armor, golden thrones, and the 
 chariots of state which had been used by the 
 Vandal queen ; the massy furniture of the royal 
 banquet, the splendor of precious stones, the 
 elegant forms of statues and vases, the more 
 substantial treasure of gold. ... A long train of 
 the noblest Vandals reluctantly exposed their 
 lofty stature and manly countenance. Gelimer 
 [the captive Vandal king] slowl)^ advanced : he 
 was clad in a purple robe, and still maintained 
 the majesty of a king. Not a tear escaped from 
 his eyes, not a sigh was heard ; but his pride or 
 piety derived some secret consolation from the 
 worids of Solomon, which he repeatedly pro- 
 Bounced, Vanity ! vanity ! all is vanity ! 
 Instead of ascending a triumphal car drawn by 
 four horses or elephants, the modest conqueror 
 marched on foot at the head of his brave com- 
 panions ; his prudence might decline an honor 
 too conspicuous for a subject, and his magna- 
 nimity might justly disdain what had been so 
 often sullied by the vilest of tyrants. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 41, p. 139. 
 
 3293. LIFE, Vision of. Strong and Weak. 
 Truly affecting is the imaginary spectacle, so 
 
 easily conjured up, of Cromwell and his bride 
 standing by the altar of St. Giles' Church, 
 Cripplegate. . . . The soft hand of Elizabeth — the 
 rough, strong hand of Oliver ; the hand holding 
 that little one in its grasp was to deal death- 
 blows on battle-fields ; it was to sign a mon- 
 arch's death-warrant ; it was to grasp the trun- 
 cheon of royalty and power ; it was to fold the 
 purple of sovereignty over the shoulders ; it 
 was to wave back an offered crown ! That 
 frank but strongly lined face, so youthful, yet 
 prematurely thoughtful, and that kind and gen- 
 tle creature, face to face before him — through 
 what a crowd of varying changes shall it sorrow 
 and smile : in a lowly homestead, directing the 
 work of maids and churls ; in a palace and a 
 court, among nobles and sagacious statesmen ; 
 and again, in silence and obscurity, and shining 
 with the same equable lustre through all. Beau- 
 tiful Elizabeth Boucher ! so humble, and yet so 
 dignified ! — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 25, p. 42. 
 
 3294. LIFE, "Wandering. Tartars. The wan- 
 dering Tartars follow at this day the life of the 
 ancient Scythians. In the spring a large body 
 or horde, amounting perhaps to ten thousand, 
 sets out in quest of settlement for the summer. 
 They drive before them their flocks and herds ; 
 and when they come to an inviting spot, they 
 live upon it till all its verdure is eaten up, and 
 till the country supplies no more game for the 
 chase. They exchange cattle with the Russians, 
 the Persians, and the Turks, for money, with 
 which they purchase cloth, silks, stuffs, and ap- 
 parel for their women. They have the use of 
 fire-arms, which they are very dexterous at mak- 
 ing, and it is almost the only mechanical art 
 which they exercise. They disdain every other 
 species of labor, and account no employment to 
 be honorable, unless that of hunting. When a 
 man, from age, is incapable of partaking in the 
 usual occupation of his tribe, it is customary 
 with them, as it is likewise with the Canadian 
 savages, to build him a small hut upon the banks 
 of a river, and, giving him some provisions, 
 leave him to die, without taking any further 
 charge of him. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 23, 
 p. 332. 
 
 3295. LIFE, "Wasted. Charles II. He wished 
 merely to be a king such as Louis XV. of 
 France afterward was — a king who could draw 
 without limit on the treasury for the gratifica- 
 tion of his private tastes, who could hire with 
 wealth and honors persons capable of assist- 
 ing him to kill the time, and who, even when 
 the State was brought by maladministration to 
 the depths of humiliation and to the brink of 
 ruin, could still exclude unwelcome truth from 
 the purlieus of his own seraglio, and refuse to 
 see and hear whatever might disturb his lux- 
 urious repose. . . . His favorite vices were pre- 
 cisely those to which the Puritans were least in- 
 dulgent. He could not get through one day 
 without the help of diversions which the I*u- 
 ritans regarded as sinful. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 2, p. 159. 
 
 3296. LIGHT, Contribution of. " Hang out 
 your Lights. " The steeple of Bow Church, erect- 
 ed in 1512, had lanterns, " which were meant to 
 have been glazed," says Stow, " and lights placed 
 nightly in them in the winter, whereby travellers 
 to the city might have the better sight thereof. 
 
LIGHT— LITERATURE. 
 
 389 
 
 and not to miss of their ways." The mayor 
 commanded a century earlier that lanterns and 
 lights should be suspended in front of the houses 
 on winter evenings. " Hang out your lights" 
 was the cry of the ancient watchman. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 481. 
 
 3297. LIGHT introduced. London Streets. In 
 the last year of the reign of Charles II. began a 
 great change in the police of London — a change 
 which has perhaps added as much to the happi- 
 ness of the great body of the people as revolu- 
 tions of much greater fame. An ingenious pro- 
 jector, named Edward Heming, obtained letters 
 patent, conveying to him, for a term of years, the 
 exclusive right of lighting up London. He un- 
 dertook, for a moderate consideration, to place a 
 light before every tenth door, on moonless 
 nights, from Michaelmas to Lady Day, and from 
 six to twelve of the clock. Those who now see 
 the capital all the year round, from dusk to 
 dawn, blazing with a splendor compared with 
 which the illuminations for La Hogue and Blen- 
 heim would have looked pale, may perhaps smile 
 to think of Heming's lanterns, which glimmer- 
 ed feebly before one house in ten during a small 
 part of one night in three.— Mac aula y's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 336. 
 
 329§. LIGHT opposed. Gas. In 1807 Pall Mall 
 was lighted by gas. The original gas com- 
 pany, whose example was to be followed, not 
 only by all England, but by the whole civil- 
 ized world, was first derided, and then treated 
 in Parliament as rapacious monopolists, intent 
 upon the ruin of established industry. The ad- 
 venturers, in gaslight did more for the preven- 
 tion of crime than the government had done 
 since the days of Alfred. [It was said to be 
 ruinous to the whale-fisheries and to the sea- 
 men engaged in them.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 8 
 ch. 6, p. 66. 
 
 3299. LIGHTNING, Fear of. Superstition. 
 The public expected that [the Emperor Carinus,] 
 the successor of [the Roman Emperor] Cams, 
 would pursue his father's footsteps, and, without 
 allowing the Persians to recover from their con- 
 sternation, would advance sword in hand to the 
 palaces of Susa and Ecbatana. But the legions, 
 however strong in numbers and discipline, were 
 dismayed by the most abject superstition. Not- 
 withstanding all the arts that were practised to 
 disguise the manner of the late emperor's death, 
 it was found impossible to remove the opinion of 
 the multitude, and the power of opinion is irre- 
 sistible. Places or persons struck with light- 
 ning were considered by the ancients with pious 
 horror, as singularly devoted to the wrath of 
 Heaven.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 393. 
 
 3300. . Mother of Washington. 
 
 One weakness alone belonged to this lofty-mind- 
 ed and intrepid woman. It was a fear of light- 
 ning. In early life a female friend had been 
 killed at her side while sitting at the table. . . . 
 The matron never recovered from the shock. 
 ... On the approach of a thunder cloud she 
 would retire to her chamber, and not leave it 
 again till the storm had passed over.— Custis' 
 Washington, vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 3301. LIQUOR-TEAFFIC vs. Sabbath. France. 
 [When Bonaparte was banished to Elba, and 
 Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne of 
 
 France, he] forbade shops to be opened on Sun- 
 days and fete days. Wine-sellers, restauranteurs, 
 and billiard-table-keepers thought that no tyr- 
 anny could be equal to that of closing their es- 
 tablishments during the hours of divine service. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 2, p. 23. 
 
 3302. LITERATURE, Conceit in. Greeks of 
 Constantinople. In prose the least offensive of 
 the Byzantine writers are absolved from censure 
 by their naked and unpresuming simplicity ; 
 but the orators most eloquent in their own con- 
 ceit are the farthest removed from the models 
 whom they affect to emulate. In every page 
 our taste and reason are wounded by the choice 
 of gigantic and obsoleie words, a stiff and intri- 
 cate phraseology, the discord of images, the child- 
 ish play of false or unseasonable ornament, and 
 the painful attempt to elevate themselves, to as- 
 tonish the reader, and to involve a trivial mean- 
 ing in the smoke of obscurity and exaggeration. 
 Their prose is soaring to the vicious affectation 
 of poetry ; their poetry is sinking below the flat- 
 ness and insipidity of prose. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 53, p. 381. 
 
 3303. LITERATURE, Effects of. Military. 
 We are told that in the sack of Athens the Goths 
 had collected all the libraries, and were on the 
 point of setting fire to this funeral pile of Gre- 
 cian learning, had not one of their chiefs, of 
 more refined policy than his brethren, dissuaded 
 them from the design by the profound obser- 
 vation that as long as the Greeks were addicted 
 to the study of books, they would never apply 
 themselves to the exercise of arms. The saga- 
 cious counsellor (should the truth of the act be ad- 
 mitted) reasoned like an ignorant barbarian. In 
 the most polite and powerful nations genius of 
 every kind has displayed itself about the same 
 period ; and the age of science has generally 
 been the age of military virtue and success. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10, p. 314. 
 
 3304. LITERATURE, Fame in. Limited. Of the 
 thirty "heirs of fame" (authors and poets) who 
 occupy about seven hundred pages of Johnson's 
 biographies, there are only about seven whom 
 the world has not very ' ' willingly let die. " Rowe, 
 Prior, Congreve, Gay, are still talked about. 
 Addison and Swift are read for their prose. 
 Pope is almost the sole name in poetry that is 
 not partially or hermetically sealed up in the 
 "monument of banished minds." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 26, p. 415. 
 
 3305. LITERATURE, Genius in. Tasso. He 
 is peculiarly excellent in the delineation of his 
 characters. ... It is now generally allowed 
 that Boileau and Addison have much underval- 
 ued the merit of Tasso, when, in contrasting him 
 with Virgil, they speak of the tinsel ornaments 
 of his poems compared with the gold of the other. 
 Tasso, though not on the whole so correct a poet 
 as Virgil, has his strokes of the sublime — his gold- 
 en passages — which will stand the test of the sever- 
 est criticism. In point of fancy and imagina- 
 tion no poet has gone beyond him : witness the 
 description of his enchanted forest ; nor have we 
 anywhere more beautiful examplestf the true 
 pathetic— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 36. 
 p. 493. 
 
 3306. . Ariosto. A work . . , (about 
 
 the middle of the sixteenth century) appeared in 
 
390 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Italy, which engrossed the attention of all the 
 literary world. This was the "Orlando Furi- 
 oso " of Ariosto, an epic poem, which, with a 
 total disregard of all the rules of this species of 
 composition, without plan, without probability.. 
 without morality or decency, has the most cap- 
 tivating charms to all who are possessed of the 
 smallest degree of genuine taste. Orlando is the 
 hero of the piece, and he is mad. Eight books 
 are consumed before the hero is introduced, and 
 his first appearance is in bed desiring to sleep. 
 His great purpose is to find his mistress Angel- 
 ica ; but his search of her is interrupted by so 
 many adventures of other knights and damsels, 
 each of them pursuing some separate object, few 
 of which have any necessary relation to the 
 piece, that it becomes almost impossible to pe- 
 ruse this poem with any degree of connection be- 
 tween the parts. . . . The reader must hunt 
 for . . . [any tale] through a dozen books, for it 
 is often cut short in the most interesting part, 
 and resumed at the distance of five or six cantos, 
 as abruptly as it was broken off. There is no 
 good moral in the adventures of the mad Orlan- 
 do, and the scenes which the poet describes are 
 often most grossly indecent. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 36, p. 493. 
 
 3307. . Milton. From the date of 
 
 ■•lie Gerusalemme Liberata of Tasso, the genius 
 jf epic poetry seems to have lain asleep for 
 above a century, till the days of Milton ; with 
 the exception only of the Fairy Queen of Spen- 
 ser, which has many detached passages abound- 
 ing in beauties, but, as an intricate and protract- 
 ed allegory, is dry and tedious upon the whole. 
 The merits of the Paradise Lost have been so 
 admirably illustrated by Addison in the Specta- 
 tor, and the work itself, as well as his criticism, 
 are so generally known, that it becomes entirely 
 unnecessary in this place to bestow much time 
 in characterizing it. Compared with the great 
 epic poems of antiquity, the Iliad, the Odyssey, 
 and the ^neid, the Paradise Lost has more ex- 
 amples of the true sublime than are to be found in 
 all those compositions put together. At the same 
 time, if examined by critical rules, it is not so 
 perfect a work as any one of them ; and there are 
 greater instances of a mediocrity, and even sink- 
 ing in composition, than are to be found in any 
 of those ancient poems, unless in the sixth book, 
 which is almost one continued specimen of the 
 sublime. It is but seldom that the poet sustains 
 himself for a single page without degenerating 
 into bombast, false wit, or obscurity. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 36, p. 493. 
 
 330S. . John Dry den. In the end 
 
 of the seventeenth century lyric poetry in Eng- 
 land was carried to its highest perfection by 
 Dryden. The ode on St. Cecilia's Day has never 
 since been equalled ; and it may even be pro- 
 nounced equal to the best lyric compositions of 
 antiquity. The genius of Dryden, as a poet, 
 was universal. As a satirist, he has the keen- 
 ness without the indelicacy of Horace or Juve- 
 nal. In this species of composition his Mack- 
 flecknoe and Absalom and Achitophel have never 
 been surpassed. He excels Boileau in this re- 
 spect, that the satire of the French poet is too 
 general, and therefore falls short of its great 
 purpose, which is to amend. The author who 
 makes mankind in general the subject of his cen- 
 
 sure or of his ridicule will do no good as a re 
 former. Dryden, as a fabulist, displays a verj 
 happy turn for the poetical narrative, and though 
 the subjects of his fables are not his own, they 
 are in general well chosen. The merit of his 
 dramatic pieces, though considerable, is not very 
 high. He certainly possessed that invention 
 which is the first quality of a dramatic poet ; 
 but he is very deficient in the expression of pas- 
 sion, and in his finest scenes we are inclined 
 more to admire the art of the poet than to par- 
 ticipate in the feelings of his characters. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 36, p. 496. 
 
 3309. . Shakespeare. The merits 
 
 of Shakespeare have often been analyzed, and are 
 familiar to every person of taste. He cannot be 
 measured by the rules of criticism — he under- 
 stood them not, and has totally disregarded 
 them ; but this very circumstance has given 
 room for those beauties of unconfined nature and 
 astonishing ebullitions of genius which delight 
 and surprise in his productions, and which the 
 rules of the drama would have much confined 
 and repressed. I know not whether there is not 
 something, even in the very absurdities of Shake- 
 speare, which tends, by contrast, to exalt the 
 lustre of his beauties and to elevate his strokes of 
 the sublime. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 36, 
 p. 496. 
 
 3310. LITEEATUEE, Honors of. Milton. [See 
 No. 3307.] The neglect of the merit of Milton 
 during his own life is sufficiently known. Hume, 
 in his History of England, mentions an anecdote 
 which strongly marks the small regard that was 
 had for this great poet, even by that party to 
 whose service he had devoted his talents. White- 
 locke, in his Memorials, talks of one Milton, 
 a blind man, who was employed in translating a 
 treaty with Sweden into Latin ! — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 36, p. 494. 
 
 3311. LITEEATUEE, Importance of. Fame. 
 The vigor with which Attila wielded the sword 
 of Mars convinced the world that it had been 
 reserved alone for his invincible arm. But the 
 extent of his empire affords the only remaining 
 evidence of the number and importance of his 
 victories ; and the Scythian monarch, however 
 ignorant of the value of science and philosophy, 
 might perhaps lament that his illiterate subjects 
 were destitute of the art which could perpetuate 
 the memory of his exploits. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 34, p. 397. 
 
 3312. LITEEATUEE, Opportunity of. Alex- 
 ander Pope. External conditions pointed to let 
 ters as the sole path to eminence, but it was pre- 
 cisely the path for which he had admirable quali- 
 fications. The sickly son of the Popish trades- 
 man was cut off from the Bar, the Senate, and the 
 Church. Physically contemptible, politically 
 ostracised, and in a humble social position, he 
 could yet win this dazzling prize and force his 
 way with his pen to the highest pinnacle of con- 
 temporary fame. Without adventitious favor, 
 and in spite of many bitter antipathies, he was 
 to become the acknowledged head of English lit- 
 erature and the welcome companion of all the 
 most eminent men of his time. Though he 
 could not foresee his career from the start, he 
 worked as vigorously as if the goal had already 
 been in sight. — Meyer's Wordsworth, ch. 1. 
 
LITERATURE— LOAN. 
 
 391 
 
 3313. LITERATURE, Pleasures of. Charles 
 James Fox. [When Fox, the greut orator and man 
 of the world, withdrew, disaffected, from the 
 excitements oi politics and from his place in Par- 
 liament, he employed his time in] reading the 
 Iliad; writing of Prior, and Ariosto, and Dry- 
 den, and La Fontaine ; going through Lucretius 
 regularly ; and taking up Chaucer upon his ne- 
 phew's suggestion. It is pleasant to see how lit- 
 erature can fill up an aching void, however creat- 
 ed. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 350. 
 
 3314. LITERATURE and Poverty. Samuel 
 Johnson. Dr. Samuel Johnson . . . came to Lon- 
 don, a literary adventurer, in 1737. He was long 
 destined to bear the poverty and to encounter 
 the supposed degradation that surrounded the 
 author who wrote for subsistence — the successor 
 of the author who wrote for preferment. [He 
 swallowed the scraps from the bookseller Cave's 
 table, hidden behind a screen to conceal his rag- 
 ged clothes.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 5, 
 p. 85. 
 
 3315. LITERATURE, Preservation of. Monk- 
 ery. However absurd to the eye of reason and 
 philosophy may appear the principle which led to 
 monastic seclusion, the obligations which learn- 
 ing owes to those truly deserving characters 
 who, in ages of barbarism, preserved alive, in 
 their secluded cloisters, the embers of the literary 
 spirit, ought never to be forgotten. The ancient 
 classics were multiplied by transcripts, to which 
 undoubtedly we owe the preservation of such of 
 the Greek and Roman authors as we now possess 
 entire. Even the original labors of some of those 
 monkish writers are possessed of considerable 
 merit, and evince a zeal for the cultivation of let- 
 ters, which does them the highest honor. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 16, p. 245. 
 
 3316. LITERATURE, Profligate. Beign of 
 Charles II. The profligacy of the English plays, 
 satires, songs, and novels of that age is a deep 
 blot on our national fame. The evil may easily 
 be traced to its source. The wits and the Puri- 
 tans had never been on friendly terms. There 
 was no sympathy between the two classes. They 
 looked on the whole system of human life from 
 different points and in different lights. The ear- 
 nest of each was the jest of the other ; the pleas- 
 ures of each were the torments of the other. To 
 the stern precision, even the innocent sport of the 
 fancy, seemed a crime. To light and festive na- 
 tures the solemnity of the zealous brethren fur- 
 nished copious matter of ridicule. — Macaulay's 
 HisT..ch. 3, p. 370. 
 
 3317. LITERATURE, Recompense of. Alex- 
 ander Pope. Between 1715 and 1725 Pope com- 
 pleted the Iliad and the Odyssey. Never was 
 literary labor in those times more abundantly rec- 
 ompensed. Pope received nearly £9000 from 
 his subscribers and his publisher as his clear gain 
 from these undertakings. — Knight's Eng. 
 
 331 S. LITERATURE, Restoration of. Arabs. 
 It is generally admitted that the Arabians were 
 the first restorers of literature in Europe, after 
 that extinction which it suffered from the irrup- 
 tion of the barbarous nations and the fall of the 
 Western Empire. About the beginning of the 
 eighth century this enterprising people, in the 
 course of their Asiatic conquests, found many 
 manuscripts of the ancient Greek authors, which 
 
 they carefully preserved ; and in that dawn of 
 mental improvement which now began to appeal 
 at Bagdad, the gratification which the Arabians 
 received from the perusal of those manuscripts 
 was such that they requested their caliphs to pro- 
 cure from the Constantinopolitan emperors the 
 works of the best Greek writers. These they 
 translated into Arabic ; but the authors who chief 
 ly engaged their attention were those who treat- 
 ed of mathematical, metaphysical, and physical 
 knowledge. The Arabians continued to extend 
 their conquests and to communicate their knowl- 
 edge to some of the European nations, which aJ 
 that time were involved in the greatest ignorance. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 16, p. 244. 
 
 3319. LITERATURE ridiculed. Crusaders. 
 [They pillaged Constantinople.] To expose the 
 arms of a people of scribes and scholars, they 
 affected to display a pen, an inkhorn, and a sheet 
 of paper, without discerning that the instruments 
 of science and valor were alike feeble and useless 
 in the hands of the modern Greeks. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 60, p. 93. 
 
 3320. LITERATURE,Viciou8. Reign of Charles 
 II. Of that generation, from Dryden down to 
 Durfey, the common characteristic was hard- 
 hearted, shameless, swaggering licentiousness, at 
 once inelegant and inhuman. The influence ol 
 these writers was doubtless noxious, yet less nox- 
 ious than it would have been had they been les? 
 depraved. The poison which they administered 
 was so strong that it was, in long time, rejected 
 with nausea. None of them understood the dan- 
 gerous art of associating images of unlawful 
 pleasure with all that is endearing and ennobling. 
 None of them was aware that a certain decorum 
 is essential even to voluptuousness ; that drapery 
 may be more aUuring than exposure ; and that the 
 imagination may be far more powerfully moved 
 by delicate hints which impel it to exert itself 
 than by gross descriptions which it takes in pas- 
 sively. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 373. 
 
 3321. LITIGATION, Period of. Fifteenth 
 Century. One of the most remarkable featurea 
 of society in this period [a.d. 1450-1485] is the 
 incessant litigation. Every gentleman had some 
 knowledge of law, and his knowledge never rust- 
 ed for want of practice. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 7, p. 109. 
 
 3322. LITTLE THINGS, Importance of. Span- 
 ish War. [The Duke of Wellington wrote in hia 
 despatches from Portugal to the government :] 
 The people of England . . . will not readily be^ 
 lieve that important results here frequently de- 
 pend on fifty or sixty mules, more or less, or a 
 few bundles of straw to feed them. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 30, p. 538. 
 
 3323. LITURGY opposed. Scots. Charles [I.] 
 and Laud determined to force on the Scots the 
 English Liturgy, or, rather, a liturgy which, 
 wherever it differed from that of "England, 
 differed, in the judgment of all rigid Protestants, 
 for the worse. . . . The first performance of the 
 foreign ceremonies produced a riot. The riot 
 rapidly became a revolution. Ambition, patriot- 
 ism, fanaticism, were mingled in one headlong 
 torrent. The whole nation was in arms. — • 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 88. 
 
 3324. LOAN, A hopeless. Samuel Johnson. 
 The heterogeneous composition of human na- 
 
392 
 
 LOBBYIST— LOST. 
 
 ture was remarkably exemplified in Johnson. 
 His liberality in giving his money to persons in 
 distress was extraordinary. Yet there lurked 
 about him a propensity to paltry saving. One 
 day I owned to him that " I was occasionally 
 troubled with a fit of narrowness." " Why, sir," 
 said he, " so am I. But I do not tell it." He has 
 now and then borrowed a shilling of me ; and 
 when I asked him for it again seemed to be ra- 
 ther out of humor. A droll little circumstance 
 once occurred : as if he meant to reprimand my 
 minute exactness as a creditor, he thus address- 
 ed me : " Boswell, lend me sixpence — Twt to be 
 repaid." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 3325. LOBBYIST, A successful. Marcus Cras- 
 svs. As he despaired of rising to an equality with 
 him [Pompey] in war, he betook himself to the 
 administration ; and by paying his court, by de- 
 fending the impeached, by lending money, and 
 by assisting and canvassing for persons who 
 stood for offices, he gained an authority and in- 
 fluence equal to that which Pompey acquired by 
 his military achievements. — Plutarch's Mar- 
 cus Crassus. 
 
 3326. LONGEVITY, Causes of. John Locke. 
 Whenever it was possible he preferred the quiet 
 life and pure air of the country to the many at- 
 tractions which the capital must have offered to 
 a man with his wide acquaintance, and with so 
 many political and literary interests. In diet he 
 practised an abstemiousness very rare among 
 men of that age. His ordinary drink was water, 
 and to this habit he attributed not only his length 
 of years, but also the extraordinary excellence 
 of his eyesight. Till recently a curious relic of 
 Locke's water-drinking habits was preserved in 
 the shape of a large mortar of spongy stone, 
 which acted as a natural filter, and which he 
 used to call his brew-house. He was assiduous 
 in taking exercise, and was specially fond of 
 walking and gardening. In the latter years of 
 his life he used to ride out slowly every day after 
 dinner. [He had feeble health from his youth.] 
 — Fowler's Locke, ch. 7. 
 
 3327. LONGEVITY by Prudence. Peter Cooper. 
 Peter was the fifth of nine children, of whom 
 seven were boys. He seemed not to inherit a 
 strong constitution, and in his case, as in so 
 many others, the fact that he reached so advanced 
 an age could be attributed only to his living so 
 natural a life ; that he subjected himself to no 
 influences or exposures which cut off the great 
 mass of men in civilized countries from living 
 out their natural lives. He owed his longevity 
 chiefly to himself. — Lester's Life of Peter 
 Cooper, p. 10. 
 
 332§i. LOBB absent, The. House of Commons. 
 A few of the members who dissented, . . . con- 
 tinuing to occupy the House of Commons, Crom- 
 well sent one of his officers to turn them out. 
 This officer, a Colonel White, entering the house, 
 demanded what they were doing there ; the 
 chairman answered, "They are seeking the 
 Lord." "Then," said White, "you may go else- 
 where, for to my certain knowledge the Lord 
 has not been here these many years ;" so saying 
 he turned them out of doors. Thus the supreme 
 power became vested in the council of officers, 
 [who nominated Cromwell Lord Protector of 
 the three kingdoms]. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 30, p. 414. 
 
 3329. LOSS, Gain by partial. Hannibal. [Ha^i 
 ing conquered Spain,] he left Hanno, with 11,- 
 00*0 men, to retain possession gf the newly- 
 conquered country ; and he further diminished! 
 his army by sending home as many more of his- 
 Spanish soldiers, probably those who had most 
 distinguished themselves, as an earnest to the 
 rest, that they too, if they did their duty well, 
 might expect a similar release, and might look 
 forward to return erelong to their homes, full 
 of spoil and glory. — Arnold's Hannibal, p. 9. 
 
 3330. LOSS, Inevitable. Battle of Sedgemoor. 
 [Rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth against 
 James II.] The . . . divisions of the royal army 
 were in motion. The Life Guards and Blues came 
 pricking fast from Weston Zoyland, and scatter- 
 ed in an instant some of Grey's horse, who had 
 attempted to rally. The fugitives spread a panic 
 among their comrades in the rear, who had 
 charge of the ammunition. The wagoners drove 
 off at full speed, and never stopped till they 
 were many miles from the field of battle. Mon- 
 mouth had hitherto done his part like a stout and 
 able warrior. He had been seen on foot, pike in 
 hand, encouraging his infantry by voice and by 
 example. . . . But the struggle of the hardy rustics 
 could not last. Their powder and ball were 
 spent. Cries were heard of ' ' Ammunition ! for 
 God's sake, ammunition !" But no ammunitiort 
 was at hand. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 564. 
 
 3331. LOSSES, Disparity in. Battle of Nem 
 Orleans. Earthworks had been constructed, 
 and a long line of cotton bales and sand-bags- 
 thrown up for protection. On the morning of 
 the memorable 8th of January the British moved 
 forward. They went to a terrible fate. The 
 battle began with the light of early morning,, 
 and was ended before nine o'clock. Pakenham 
 hurled column after column against the Ameri- 
 can position, and column after column was smit- 
 ten with irretrievable ruin. Jackson's men be- 
 hind their breastworks were almost entirely 
 secure from the enemy's fire, while every dis- 
 charge of the Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told 
 with awful effect on the exposed veterans of 
 England. Pakenham, trying to rally his men,, 
 was killed ; General Gibbs, second in command, 
 was mortally wounded ; General Keene fell disa- 
 bled ; only General Lambert was left to call the 
 shattered fragments of the army from the field. 
 Never was there in a great battle such disparity 
 of losses. Of the British fully 700 were killed, 
 1400 wounded, and 500 taken prisoners. The 
 American loss amounted to 8 killed and 13- 
 wounded. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 51, p. 418. 
 
 3332. LOST, Seeking the. Sir John Franklin'^ 
 Crew. This prolonged search for a handful of 
 men presents a curious contrast to the reckless- 
 ness with which human life is frequently risked 
 and destroyed. We kill 40,000 of one another 
 in a great battle without the slightest remorse ; 
 but if a poor little child goes astray in the woods, 
 the population of half a dozen towns engager 
 eagerly in the search for it, day and night, till 
 its fate is ascertained. Thousands of England's- 
 people are permitted to perish every year for 
 want of food and care, and no one regards the 
 fact ; but let a few men be lost in the polar ice, 
 and the resources of the empire are lavished in 
 the endeavor to rescue them. Such a creature 
 is man ! — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 400. 
 
LOT— LOVE. 
 
 393 
 
 3333. LOT, Choice by. Turkmans. The vic- 
 torious Turkmans immediately proceeded to the 
 election of a king ; and if the probable tale of a 
 Latin historian deserves any credit, they deter- 
 mined by lot the choice of their new master. A 
 number of arrows were successively inscribed 
 with the name of a tribe, a family, and a candi- 
 date ; they were drawn from the bundle by the 
 hand of a child. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 57, 
 p. 507. 
 
 3334. LOTTERY, Profitable. Peter Cooper. In 
 his seventeenth year, stirred with a higher am- 
 bition, the boy came to New York to start in life 
 for himself. He had accumulated $10 of his 
 own money, and, thinking to augment it rapidly, 
 he invested his capital in a lottery ticket. He 
 lost it, of course, as millions of older fools have 
 since. But he never regretted it, and he often 
 recalled the fact with good-humor and thankful- 
 ness, for he said it was " the cheapest piece of 
 knowledge he ever bought." — Lester's Life of 
 Peter Cooper, p. 13. 
 
 3335. LOVE, The abode of. " Agapemone." In 
 1246 the Rev. Henry Prince, a curate of Char- 
 linch, Eng. , united with several members of his 
 church in founding an establishment near Spax- 
 ton, called by them the Agapemone. They 
 possess a long file of elegant buildings, where 
 they live professedly in the most refined pleas- 
 ure. The cusine is admirable. The " turn-out" 
 in the afternoon consists of a graceful barouche 
 drawn by four thorough-bred grays, preceded by 
 outriders and bloodhounds, and accompanied 
 by a mounted escort. Thus dashingly ' ' the 
 family of love" was wont to take the air. . . . 
 Without care, in a beautiful spot, amid sound 
 of music, delicious cookery, and all those appli- 
 ances which to the sensualist makes even nature 
 more delightful, they lived in their ease in much 
 enjoyment, and mocked at the religious commu- 
 nities outside their extensive walls for their 
 seriousness and their cares. They rode out on 
 gallant horses, they followed the hounds with 
 keen delight, played at all manner of manly 
 sports within their own grounds, and took espe- 
 cial joy in a game peculiar to England, called 
 "hockey," which they played on Sundays to the 
 disediflcation of their neighbors around. Their 
 property is considerable and in common, and, 
 strange to relate, all their converts have been 
 from among the wealthy. The relations between 
 the sexes are not of a grossly sensual nature, as 
 might be inferred from the title of the sect. . . . 
 They enter upon matrimonial unions while the 
 attraction lasts, or until a new one supersedes 
 it ; but one partner at a time is all that is allowed 
 to any one. They profess to be Trinitarians, and 
 hold to the Apostles' Creed. They now declare 
 that they do all things for the glory of God. 
 . . . They renounce prayers, but sing hymns 
 of praise. — Am. Cyclopedia, "Agapemone." 
 
 3336. LOVE, Accidental. I:^r Walter Scott. 
 One Sunday, about two years before ills call to 
 the bar, Scott offered his umbrella to a young 
 lady of much beauty who was coming out of the 
 Greyfriars Church during a shower ; the um- 
 brella was graciously accepted ; and it was not 
 an unprecedented consequence that Scott fell in 
 love with the borrower, who turned out to be 
 Margaret, daughter of Sir John and Lady Jane 
 Stuar:, Eelches, of Invernay. For near six years 
 
 after this Scott indulged the hope of marrying 
 this lady, and it does not seem doubtful that the 
 lady herself was in part responsible for this im- 
 pression. — Hutton's Life of Scott, ch. 3. 
 
 3337. LOVE, Active. Oeorge WMtefield. The 
 device of Whitefield's seal was a winged heart, 
 soaring above the globe, and the motto, Astror 
 petamus. — Southey. 
 
 333§. LOVE, Battle of. Lovers. [Aidoneus, 
 king of the Molossians,] named his wife Proser- 
 pine, his daughter Core, and his dog Cerberus ; 
 with this dog he commanded all his daughter's 
 suitors to fight, promising her to him that 
 should overcome him. — Plutarch's Theseus. 
 
 3339. LOVE, Changed by. Another Body. Cato 
 the Censor used to say the soul of a lover lived iu 
 the body of another. — Plutarch. 
 
 3340. LOVE, Conjugal. Napoleon I. While 
 these scenes were conspiring [in opening the 
 Italian campaign] Napoleon did not forget the 
 bride he had left in Paris. Though for seven 
 days and nights he had allowed himself no quiet 
 meal, no regular repose, and had not taken off 
 either his coat or his boots, he found time to 
 send frequent and most affectionate, though 
 very short, notes to Josephine. — Abbott's Na- 
 poleon B., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 3341. LOVE, Disappointment in. Kosciusko the 
 Pole. He left his native country from a disap- 
 pointment in love ; and devoting himself to 
 freedom and humanity, in the autumn of 1776 
 he entered the American army as an officer of 
 engineers. [He was a grand soldier, and fell in 
 the war.] — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 19. 
 
 3342. LOVE, Infatuation of. Mary Stuart. 
 Du Chatelard [her page], surprised a second time 
 hidden behind the curtains of the queen's bed, 
 was sent to trial, and condemned to death by the 
 judges of Edinburgh for a meditated treason. 
 With a single word Mary might have commuted 
 his punishment or granted him pardon, but she 
 ungenerously abandoned him to the executionero 
 Ascending the scaffold erected before the win- 
 dows of Holyrood Palace, the theatre of his mad- 
 ness and the dwelling of the queen, he faced 
 death like a hero and a poet. " If," said he, "I 
 die not without repi'oach, like the Chevalier Bay. 
 ard, my ancestor, like him I die, at least, without 
 fear." For his last prayer he recited Ronsard's 
 beautiful Ode on Death. Then, casting his last 
 looks and thoughts toward the windows of the 
 palace inhabited by the charm of his life and 
 the cause of his death, " Farewell !" he cried, 
 " thou who art so beautiful and so cruel ; who 
 killest me, and whom I cannot cease to love !"— 
 Lamartine's Queen of Scots, p. 16. 
 
 3343. LOVE, Juvenile. Napoleon I. When 
 Napoleon was but five or six years of age he 
 was placed in a school. . . . There a fair-haired 
 little maiden won his youthful heart. It was 
 Napoleon's first love. His impetuous nature was 
 all engrossed by his new passion, and he inspired 
 as ardent an affection in the bosom of his loved 
 companion. . . . He walked to and from school, 
 holding the hand of Giacominetta. He aban- 
 doned all the plays and companionship of other 
 children to talk and muse with her. The older 
 boys and girls made themselves merry with the 
 display of affection which the loving couple ex- 
 hibited ; . . . [this] exerted not the slightest influ- 
 
394 
 
 LOVE— LOVER. 
 
 jence to abash Jsapoleon. — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 3344. LOVE a Necessity. Cannoneers. [Na- 
 poleon's soldiers dragged their dismembered 
 «annon over the Alps.] It was now the great 
 glory of these men to take care of their guns. 
 They loved tenderly the merciless monsters. 
 They lavished caresses and terms of endearment 
 upon the glittering, polished, death-dealing brass. 
 The heart of man is a strange enigma. Even 
 when most degraded it needs something to love. 
 These blood-stained soldiers, brutalized by vice, 
 amid all the horrors of battle, lovingly fondled 
 the murderous machines of war. . . . The unre- 
 lenting gun was the stern cannoneer's lady-love. 
 He kissed it with unwashed, mustached lips. 
 . . . Affectionately he named it Mary, Emma, 
 Jiizzie. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 19. 
 
 3345. LOVE, Passionate. Poet Shelley. Shelley 
 fell suddenly and passionately in love with God- 
 win's daughter, Mary. Peacock, [his intimate 
 friend, says] as to the overwhelming nature of the 
 new attachment : " Nothing that I ever read in 
 lale or history could present a more striking image 
 of a sudden, violent, irresistible, uncontrollable 
 passion, than that under which I found him 
 laboring. . . . Between his old feeling toward 
 Harriet [his wife], /?w?^ wliom he was not then sep- 
 arated, and his passion for Mary, he showed in 
 his looks, in his gestures, in his speech, the state 
 of a mind ' suffering, like a little kingdom, the 
 nature of an insurrection.' His eyes were blood- 
 shot, his hair and dress disordered. He caught 
 up a bottle of laudanum, and said, ' I never part 
 from this.'" — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 4. 
 
 3346. LOVE vs. Prudence. Agesilaus. [Age- 
 fiilaus was very ardent in his friendships. ] There 
 were, indeed, times when his attachments gave 
 way to the exigencies of state. Once being ob- 
 liged to decamp in a hurry, he was leaving a 
 favorite sick behind him. The favorite called 
 after him, and earnestly entreated him to come 
 back ; upon which he turned and said, " How 
 little consistent are love and prudence !" — Plu- 
 tarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 3347. LOVE, Religion of. Napoleon I. [Na- 
 poleon said to Montholon at St. Helena :] " Al- 
 ■exander, Caesar, Charlemagne, and myself have 
 founded empires ; but upon what did we rest 
 the creations of our genius ? Upon force. Jesus 
 Christ alone founded His empire upon love ; and 
 at this moment millions of men would die for 
 Him. I die before my time, and my body will 
 be given back to worms. Such is the fate of him 
 who has been called the great Napoleon. What 
 an abyss between my deep misery and the eter- 
 nal kingdom of Christ, which is proclaimed, 
 loved, and adored, and which is extended over 
 the whole earth ! Call you this d^ng ? Is it not 
 rather living ? The death of Christ is the death 
 of a God !" — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 14. 
 
 334§. LOVE, Eomantic. Geoffrey Eudel was 
 •a mad poet, who fell in love with the Countess of 
 Tripoli, whom he had never seen, and who, 
 being afterward blessed with a sight of her, 
 dropped down dead for joy. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 16, p. 248. 
 
 3349. . Samuel Johnson. A young 
 
 "Woman of Leek, in Staffordshire, while he 
 
 served his apprenticeship there, conceived a vio- 
 lent passion for him ; and though it met with no 
 favorable return,followed him to Lichfield, where 
 she took lodgings opposite to the house in which 
 he lived, and indulged her hopeless flame. When 
 he was informed that it so preyed upon her mind 
 that her life was in danger, he with a generous 
 humanity went to her and offered to marry her, 
 but it was then too late ; her vital power was ex- 
 hausted ; and she actually exhibited one of the 
 very rare instances of dying for love. She was 
 buried in the cathedral of Lichfield ; and he, 
 with a tender regard, placed a stone over her 
 grave. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 5. 
 
 3350. . Poet Shelley. Nearly the 
 
 whole of the winter was spent in Naples, where 
 Shelley suffered from depression of more than 
 ordinary depth. Mrs. Shelley attributed this 
 gloom to the state of his health ; but Medwin 
 tells a strange story, which, if it is not wholly a 
 romance, may better account for the poet's mel- 
 ancholy. He says that so far back as the year 
 1816, on the night before his departure from 
 London, " a married lady, young, handsome, 
 and of noble connections," came to him, avowed 
 the passionate love she had conceived for him, 
 and proposed that they should fly together. He 
 explained to her that his hand and heart had 
 both been given irrevocably to another, and, 
 after the expression of the most exalted senti- 
 ments on both sides, they parted. — Symonds' 
 Shelley, ch. 5. 
 
 3351. LOVE, Shadow of. Washington Irving. 
 He had passed through troubles which had deep- 
 ened his knowledge of life, having lost his fa- 
 ther, who died shortly before the completion of 
 " Salmagundi," and his mother, who died about 
 ten years later, and whose death was still fresh 
 in his memory. Between these two sorrows 
 came the tragedy which darkened his young 
 manhood, and was never forgotten — the death of 
 Matilda Hoffman, the young lady to whom he 
 was attached, who closed her brief existence at 
 the age of eighteen, while he was composing the 
 amusing annals of Mr. Diedrich Knickerbocker. 
 — Stoddard's Irving, p. 35. 
 
 3352. LOVE, Supremacy of. Domestic. [Queen 
 Elizabeth required obedience. A domestic an- 
 ecdote illustrates this principle of her conduct. 
 Harrington says] the queen did once ask rny 
 wife in merry sort, " how she kept my good- will 
 and love, which 1 did always maintain to be 
 truly good toward her and my children." My 
 Moll, in wise and discreet manner, told her High- 
 ness " she had confidence in her husband's \m- 
 derstanding and courage, well founded on her 
 own steadfastness, not to offend or thwart, but to 
 cherish and obey ; hereby did she persuade her 
 husband of her own affection, and in so doing 
 did command his." " Go to, go to, mistress," 
 saith the queen ; " you are wisely bent, I find ; 
 after such sort do I keep the good-will of all my 
 husbands, my good people ; for if they did not 
 rest assured of some special love toward them, 
 they would not readily yield me such good obe- 
 dience." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 18, p. 284. 
 
 3353. LOVER, A fallen. Hernando Cortez. 
 Spanish girls were kept almost as secluded, and 
 guarded almost as carefully, as the ladies in 
 the harem of a Turk. Therefore, when a young 
 man fell in love, instead of ringing the door-befl 
 
LOVER— LUCK. 
 
 395 
 
 ■and sending in his card, he often made a rope lad- 
 -der, and surveyed the residence of the young 
 lady, with a view to ascertain the best mode of 
 getting upon her balcony or into her window. 
 Our adventurer proceeded in this manner. In 
 scaling the wall of the garden which enclosed the 
 house wherein lived the object of his passion, he 
 fell to the ground, and injured himself so seri- 
 ously that it was long before he recovered his 
 health. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 317. 
 
 3354. LOVER, Fickle. Robert Burns. For 
 .several years love-making was his chief amuse- 
 ment, or rather his most serious business. His 
 brother tells us that he was in the secret of half 
 .the love affairs of the parish of Tarbolton, and 
 was never without at least one of his own. There 
 was not a comely girl in Tarbolton on whom 
 he did not compose a song, and then he made 
 -one which included them all. — Shaikp's Burns, 
 ^h 1. 
 
 3355. LOVER, A youthful. Lord Byron. 
 When first he imagined himself the victim of the 
 tender passion he was only eight years of age ; 
 and he cherished so fond a recollection of his 
 infant flame, that when, at the age of sixteen, his 
 mother carelessly told him that his " old sweet- 
 lieart, Mary Duff," was married, he was nearly 
 thrown into convulsions, which so alarmed his 
 mother that she avoided mentioning the subject to 
 him ever after. At twelve he thought himself 
 madly in love with a beautiful cousin. " I could 
 not sleep — I could not eat — I could not rest," he 
 afterward wrote. The last of his boyish pas- 
 sions, which seized him when he was fifteen, be- 
 fore it was possible for him to have been really in 
 love, was not so violent as his first ; but he always 
 spoke of it as something exceedingly serious. 
 The lady was much older than himself, and very 
 properly regarded and treated him as a school- 
 l)oy. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 291. 
 
 3356. LOVERS, Rival. Thomas Jefferson. 
 Urs. Martha Skelton [had many lovers, and] 
 among all her lovers he was the favored swain. 
 The story goes that two of his rivals arrived at 
 the same moment at the widow's house, and 
 -were shown into a room together. It happened 
 that, at that moment, Mr. Jefferson and Mrs. 
 Skelton were singing and playing together, their 
 voices being accompanied by her harpsichord 
 :and his violin. The song was a tender and 
 plaintive melody, and they performed it as two 
 lovers might be expected to execute a piece of 
 music which enabled them to express their feel- 
 ings to one another. The rivals listened for a 
 few moments, and then retired, to return no 
 more on the same errand. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 221. 
 
 3357. LOYALTY esteemed. Cromwell. We 
 think this is the moment to say a few words upon 
 that other ever difficult problem. What were 
 Cromwell's intentions with reference to himself 
 and to Charles [I.] ? We cannot see that there is 
 foundation for any other thought than that Crom- 
 well especially intended to preserve English law ; 
 and to him, we dare say, a king was not more 
 .-sacred than a man, and a lawless king not so 
 -sacred as an obedient and law-keeping man, — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 14, p. 179. 
 
 3358. LOYALTY, Unreserved. Widow Wind- 
 Jiam. [After his defeat Charles I. was] conveyed 
 
 to the residence of a widow named Windham, 
 who had lost her husband and three eldest sons 
 in the cause of Charles I. , and with unshaken 
 devotion now offered her two surviving ones to 
 the successor of the decapitated monarch. She 
 received Charles, not as a fugitive but as a king. 
 "When my husband lay on his death-bed," said 
 she, "he called to him our five sons, and thus 
 addressed them : ' My children, we have hither- 
 to enjoyed calm and peaceful days under our 
 three last sovereigns ; but I warn you that I see 
 clouds and tempests gathering over the kingdom. 
 I perceive factions springing up in every quarter, 
 which menace the repose of our beloved country. 
 Listen to me well: whatever turn events may take, 
 be ever true to your lawful sovereign ; obey him, 
 and remain loyal to the crown ! Yes,' added he, 
 with vehemence, ' I charge you to stand by the 
 crown, even though it should hang wpon a bush !' 
 These last words engraved their duty on the 
 hearts of my children," continued the mother, 
 "and those who are still spared to me are yours, 
 as their dead brothers were given to your father. " 
 — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 54. 
 
 3359. LOYALTY, Vigorous. Bismarck. At a 
 beer saloon much frequented by Conservatives, 
 Bismarck, one evening, just as he had taken his 
 seat, and was about to drink his first glass of 
 beer, overheard a man, who sat at the next table, 
 speak of a member of the royal family in a par- 
 ticularly insulting manner. Bismarck rose, and, 
 lifting his glass of beer, thundered out, " Out 
 of the house ! If you are not off when I have 
 drunk this beer, I will break the glass on your 
 head !" Upon this there was a wild commotion in 
 the room, and loud outcries, but Bismarck drank 
 his glass of beer with the utmost composure. 
 When he had finished it he smashed the glass 
 upon the offender's head. The outcries ceased 
 for a moment, and Bismarck said, quietly, 
 "Waiter, what is to pay for this broken glass ?" 
 The manner in which this outrage was commit- 
 ted — Bismarck's commanding look and bearing 
 — carried the day ; the beer-drinkers applauded 
 the act, and the man dared not resent it. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF Bigg. , p. 632. 
 
 3360. LOYALTY, Zealous. Puritans. The 
 Puritans, even in the depths of the prisons to 
 which she [Elizabeth] had sent them, prayed, 
 and with no simulated fervor, that she might be 
 kept from the dagger of the assassin, that rebel- 
 lion might be put down under her feet, and that 
 her arms might be victorious by sea and land. 
 One of the most stubborn of the stubborn sect, 
 immediately after one of his hands had been 
 lopped off by the executioner for an offence into 
 which he had been hurried by his intemperate 
 zeal, waved his hat with the hand which was 
 still left him, and shouted, " God save the 
 Queen !" — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 58. 
 
 3361 . LUCK, Days of. Ancient. The month 
 Thargelion (May) was also remarkably unfortu- 
 nate to the barbarians ; for in that month Alexan- 
 der defeated the King of Persia's generals near 
 the Granicus, and the Carthaginians were beaten 
 by Timoleon in Sicily on the twenty -fourth of 
 the same — a day still more remarkable (accord- 
 ing to Ephorus, Callisthenes, Demaster, and 
 Phylarchus) for the taking of Troy. On the 
 contrary, the month Melagitnion (August), which 
 the Boeotians call Panemus, was very unlucky 
 
396 
 
 LUXURY. 
 
 to the Greeks ; for on the seventh they were 
 beaten by Antipater in the battle of Crannon and 
 utterly ruined, and before that they were de- 
 feated by Philip at Chseronea. And on that 
 same day, month, and year, the troops which 
 under Archidamus made a descent upon Italy, 
 were cut to pieces by the barbarians. The Car- 
 thaginians have set a mark upon the twenty- 
 second of that month as a day that has always 
 brought upon them the greatest calamities. — 
 Plutarch's Camillus. 
 
 3362. LUXUEY, Employment by. To the 
 Poor. Under the Roman empire, the labor of an 
 industrious and ingenious people was variously 
 but incessantly employed in the service of the 
 rich. In their dress, their table, their houses, and 
 their furniture, the favorites of fortune united 
 every refinement of conveniency, of elegance, 
 and of splendor — whatever could soothe their 
 pride or gratify their sensuality. Such refine- 
 ments, under the odious name of luxury, have 
 been severely arraigned by the moralists of every 
 age ; and it might perhaps be more conducive to 
 the virtue, as well as happiness, of mankind, if 
 all possessed the necessaries and none the siiper- 
 fluities of life. But in the present imperfect 
 condition of society, luxury, though it may pro- 
 ceed from vice or folly, seems to be the only 
 means that can correct the unequal distribution 
 of property. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 67. 
 
 3363. LUXUSY, Dangers of. Puritans. [In 
 1593] Thomas Nash, whom the Puritans counted 
 among the wicked, . . . [says:] "We must have 
 our tables furnished like poulterers' stalls, or 
 as though we were to victual Noah's Ark again. 
 . . . What a coil have we, this course and that 
 course, removing this dish higher, setting 
 another lower, and taking away the third ! A 
 general might in less space move his camp than 
 they standing dispose of their gluttony. . . . 
 From gluttony of meats let me descend to super- 
 fluity in drink — a sin that, ever since we mixed 
 ourselves with the low countries, is counted hon- 
 orable." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 249. 
 
 3364. LUXURY denied. Oxford Friars. [St.] 
 Francis made a hard fight against the taste for 
 sumptuous buildings and for greater personal 
 comfort which characterized the time. " I didn't 
 enter into religion to build walls," protested an 
 English provincial when the brethren pressed for 
 a larger house ; and Albert of Pisa ordered a 
 stone cloister, which the burgesses of Southamp- 
 ton had built for them, to be razed to the ground. 
 " You need no little mountains to lift your heads 
 to heaven," was his scornful reply to a claim for 
 pillows. None but the sick went shod. An Ox- 
 ford friar found a pair of shoes one morning, 
 and wore them at matins. At night he dreamed 
 that robbers leapt on him in a dangerous pass be- 
 tween Gloucester and Oxford with shouts of 
 " Kill, kill !" "I am a friar," shrieked the terror- 
 stricken brother. " You lie," was the instant 
 answer, " for you go shod." The friar lifted up 
 his foot in disproof, but the shoe was there. In 
 an agony of repentance he woke and flung the 
 pair out of the window. — Hist, of Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 208. 
 
 3365. LUXUEY, Evil of. 8pa/rtans. In . . . the 
 regulation of manners one single principle in- 
 fluenced the whole plan of Lycurgus. Luxury 
 is tJie bane of society. Let us see in what manner 
 
 the particular institutions of the Spartan legisla- 
 tor were calculated to guard against that power- 
 ful source of corruption. The inequality of 
 possessions was, in the first place, to be corrected,, 
 which could not be done without a new partition, 
 of territorial property. This was in all proba- 
 bility the greatest of those difiiculties which 
 Lycurgus had to encounter. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 9, p. 91. 
 
 3366. LUXUEY, Excess in. Alexander. [Alex- 
 ander the Great, after the conquest of Persia,] 
 found that his great ofiicers set no bounds to their 
 luxury, that they were most extravagantly deli- 
 cate in their diet and profuse in other respects, 
 insomuch that Agnon of Teos wore silver nails- 
 in his shoes ; Leonatus had many camel loads of 
 earth brought from Egypt to rub himself with 
 when he went to the wrestling-ring ; Philota^ 
 had hunting-nets that would enclose the space of 
 a hundred furlongs ; more made use of rich es- 
 sences than oil after bathing, and had their 
 grooms of the bath, as well as chamberlains who- 
 excelled in bed-making. This degeneracy he re- 
 proved with all the temper of a philosopher. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 3367. LUXUEY misplaced. Romans. [The 
 Romans under Pompey were defeated at Phar- 
 salia by Caesar.] The camp itself was a singular 
 picture. Houses of turf had been built for the 
 luxurious patricians, with ivy trained over the 
 entrances to shade their delicate faces from the 
 summer sun ; couches had been laid out for 
 them to repose on after their expected victory - 
 tables were spread with plate and wines and the 
 daintiest preparations of Roman cookery. Caesar 
 commented on the scene with mournful irony. 
 "And these men," he said, "accused my pa- 
 tient, suffering army, which had not even com- 
 mon necessaries, of dissoluteness and profli- 
 gacy !" — Froude's C^sar, ch. 22. 
 
 336§. LUXUEY, Nauseous. Tobacco. [At Cu- 
 ba Columbus and his men] for the first time 
 witnessed the use of a weed which the ingenious 
 caprice of man has since converted into an uni- 
 versal luxury, in defiance of the opposition of the 
 senses. They beheld several of the natives going 
 about with firebrands in their hands, and certain 
 dried herbs which they rolled up in a leaf, and 
 lighting one end, put the other in their mouths, 
 and continued exhaling and pufiing out the 
 smoke. A roll of this kind they called a tobac- 
 co, a name since transferred to the plant of which 
 the rolls were made. The Spaniards, although 
 prepared to meet with wonders, were struck 
 with astonishment at this singular and apparent- 
 ly nauseous indulgence. — Irvlng's Columbus, 
 Book 4, ch. 4. 
 
 3369. LUXUEY and Poverty. Roman. Every 
 age in its decline has exhibited the spectacle of 
 selfish luxury side by side with abject poverty ; 
 of— 
 
 " Wealth, a monster gorged 
 'Mid starving populations ;" 
 but nowhere and at no period were these con- 
 trasts so startling as they were in imperial Rome. 
 There a whole population might be trembling^ 
 lest they should be starved by the delay of an 
 Alexandrian corn-ship, while the upper classes 
 were squandering a fortune at a single banquet, 
 drinking out of myrrhine and jewelled vase* 
 worth hundreds of pounds, and feasting on the 
 
LUXURY— MACHINERY. 
 
 397 
 
 "brains of peacocks and the tongues of nightin- 
 gales. As a consequence, disease was rife, men 
 were short-lived. ... At this very time the 
 -dress of Roman ladies displayed an unheard-of 
 splendor. The elder Pliny tells us that he him- 
 self saw Lollia Paulina dressed for a betrothal 
 feast in a robe entirely covered with pearls and 
 emeralds, which had cost 40,000,000 sesterces, 
 and which was known to be less costly than 
 some of her other dresses. Gluttony, caprice, 
 -extravagance, ostentation, impurity, rioted in 
 the heart of a society which knew of no other 
 means by which to break the monotony of its 
 "weariness, or alleviate the anguish of its despair. 
 — Farrar's Early Days, ch. 1, p. 3. 
 
 3370. LUXURY repudiated. Primitive CJiris- 
 Haris. They were vainly aspiring to imitate the 
 perfection of angels;. . . disdained, or. . . affected 
 to disdain, every earthly and corporeal delight. 
 Some of our senses, indeed, are necessary for 
 ■our preservation, others for our subsistence, and 
 others again for our information ; and thus far it 
 ■was inapossible to reject the use of them. The first 
 sensation of pleasure was marked as the first mo- 
 ment of their abuse. The unfeeling candidate 
 for heaven was instructed, not only to resist the 
 josser allurements of the taste or smell, but even 
 to shut his ears against the profane harmony of 
 sounds, and to view with indifference the most 
 finished productions of human art. Gay appar- 
 el, magnificent houses, and elegant furniture 
 were supposed to unite the double guilt of pride 
 and of sensuality ; a simple and mortified appear- 
 ance was more suitable to the Christian who was 
 certain of his sins and doubtful of his salvation. 
 In their censures of luxury, the Fathers are ex- 
 tremely minute and circumstantial ; and among 
 the various articles which excite their pious in- 
 dignation, we may enumerate false hair, gar- 
 ments of any color except white, instruments of 
 music, vases of gold or silver, downy pillows 
 <as Jacob reposed his head on a stone), white 
 l)read, foreign wines, public salutations, the use 
 of warm baths, and the practice of shaving the 
 "beard, which, according to the expression of 
 "TertuUian, is a lie against our own faces, and an 
 impious attempt to improve the works of the 
 Dreator. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 25, p. 548. 
 
 3371. LUXURY, Senseless. i?om««,i^ea«<. The 
 lense ridiculously bestowed on these enter- 
 
 linments, and the labor employed in collecting 
 
 \e rarest and most costly articles of food, ex- 
 
 ied all belief. In this, as indeed in every other 
 
 >ecies of luxury, there was the most capricious 
 
 refinement of extravagance. Suetonius mentions 
 
 supper given to Vitellius by his brother, in 
 
 ^hich, among other articles, there were two 
 
 thousand of the choicest fishes {lectisdmorum pis- 
 
 -ium), seven thousand of the most delicate birds 
 
 one dish, from its size and capacity, was 
 
 imed the cegis, or shield of Minerm. It was filled 
 
 defly with the livers of scari (a delicate species 
 
 rf fish), the brains of pheasants and peacocks, 
 
 ^e tongues of parrots (imagined, probably, to 
 
 tender from their much chattering), and the 
 
 ilies of lampreys, brought from most distant 
 
 ►rovinces. This may serve as some specimen of 
 
 le luxury of the Roman suppers. — Tytler's 
 
 .1ST., Book 4, ch. 4, p. 450. 
 
 3372. LUXURY, Unsatisfying. Baian. [The 
 i«hagan of the Avars, a barbarian people who 
 
 invaded Southern Europe.] He wished, at the 
 expense of the emperor, to repose in a golden 
 bed. The wealth of Constantinople and the skil- 
 ful diligence of her artists were instantly devot- 
 ed to the gratification of his caprice ; but when 
 the work was finished he rejected with scorn a 
 present so unworthy the majesty of a great king. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 46, p. 443. 
 
 3373. LYING, Polite. SamuelJohnson. [His 
 study] seemed to be very favorable for retire- 
 ment and meditation. Johnson told me that he 
 went up thither without mentioning it to his ser- 
 vant when he wanted to study secure from in- 
 terruption ; for he would not allow his servant 
 to say he was not at home when he really was. 
 "A servant's strict regard to truth," said he, 
 " must be weakened by such a practice. A phi 
 losopher may know that it is merely a form of 
 denial ; but few servants are such nice distin- 
 guishers. If I accustom a servant to tell a lie for 
 me, have I not reason to apprehend that he will 
 tell many lies for himself?" — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 120. 
 
 3374. MACHINERY, Benefits of. Clocks. 
 Eighty years ago a good family clock cost from 
 $75 to $150, and the cheapest clocks made were 
 $25 each. These last were small clocks hung to 
 a nail in the wall, and were wound up by pull- 
 ing a string. At that time the State of Connect- 
 icut already took the lead in the business of 
 clock-making, and we find it mentioned, as a 
 great wonder, that in 1804 three hundred and 
 fifty clocks were made in Connecticut. The bust 
 ness was done in a very simple and primitive 
 manner. A man would get a few clocks finished, 
 then strap four or five on a horse's back, and go 
 off into an adjacent county to sell them, offering 
 them from door to door. At a later date some 
 makers got on so far as to employ one or more 
 agents to travel for them. At the present time 
 Connecticut makes six hundred thousand clocks 
 per annum, and sells most of them at less than 
 $5 each. Before the war some makers sold their 
 cheapest clocks, wholesale, at 50 cents each, 
 their good clocks at $2, and their best at about 
 $4. The marvellous cheapness and excellence 
 of these time-keepers have spread them over the 
 whole earth. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 209. 
 
 3375. MACHINERY a Means. SamuelJohn- 
 son. Mr. Fergusson, the self-taught philosopher, 
 told him of a new-invented machine which went 
 without horses ; a man who sat in it turned a 
 handle, which worked a spring that drove it for- 
 ward. "Then, sir," said Johnson, "what is 
 gained is, the man has his choice whether he will 
 move himself alone, or himself and the machine 
 too." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 167. 
 
 3376. MACHINERY, Triumph of. Cdocks. 
 Never have I seen more original and startling 
 mechanical effects than are produced by Je- 
 rome's clock-making machinery. Think of one 
 man and one boy sawing veneers enough in one 
 day for three hundred clock-cases ! Think of six 
 men making brass wheels enough in a day for 
 one thousand clocks ! Think of a factory of 
 twenty -five persons producing two thousand 
 clocks a week ! Think of a clock being made for 
 40 cents ! All this is chiefly due to the patience 
 and genius of Chauncey Jerome. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 214. 
 
398 
 
 MADNESS— MAGNIFICENCE. 
 
 3377. MADNESS effective. James Otis. [The 
 Massachusetts patriot published a book against 
 the Stamp Act.] The book of Otis was reprinted 
 in England. Lord Mansfield, who had read it, re- 
 buked those who spoke of it with contempt. 
 But they rejoined, " The man is mad !" " What 
 then?" answered Mansfield. "One mad man 
 often makes many. Massaniello was mad — no- 
 body doubted it ; yet for all that he overturned 
 the government of Naples." — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 5, ch. 10. 
 
 337§. MAGIC, Belief in. Columbus. [To the 
 Spaniards the South American Indians seemed 
 versed in sorcery.] Columbus himself entertain- 
 ed an idea of the kind, and assures the sovereigns, 
 in his letter from Jamaica, that the people of 
 Cariari and its vicinity are great enchanters, and 
 he intimates that the two Indian girls who had 
 visited his ship had magic powder concealed 
 about their persons. He adds that the sailors at- 
 tributed all the delays and hardships experienced 
 on that coast to their being under the influence 
 of some evil spell, worked by the witchcraft of 
 the natives, and that they still remained in that 
 belief. — Ikving's Columbus, Book 14, ch. 3. 
 
 3379. MAGNANIMITY, Admirable. Trial of 
 Sir Henri/ Vane. He had asked for counsel. 
 " Who," cried the solicitor, " will dare to speak 
 for you, unless you can call down from the gib- 
 bet the heads of your fellow traitors ?" "I stand 
 single," said Vane ; "yet, being thus left alone, I 
 am not afraid, in this great presence, to bear my 
 witness to the glorious cause [of popular liber- 
 ty], nor to seal it with my blood." — Bancroft's 
 V. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 33§0. MAGNANIMITY, Noble. General Bobert 
 E. Lee. [At the battle of Gettysburg an English 
 olBcer says :] I saw General Wilcox come up to 
 him, and explain, almost crying, the state of his 
 brigade. General Lee immediately shook hands 
 with him, and said, cheerfully, "Never mind, 
 general, all this has been my fault ; it is Jthat have 
 lost this fight, and you must help me out of it 
 the best way you can." In this way I saw Gen- 
 eral Lee encourage and reanimate his somewhat 
 dispirited troops, and magnanimously take upon 
 his own shoulders the whole weight of the re- 
 pulse. — Pollard's Second Year of the War, 
 p. 355. 
 
 33§1. MAGNANIMITY of Savages. Onondagas. 
 A.D. 1687. [Louis XIV. required Iroquois Indians 
 for galley-slaves.] By open hostilities no captives 
 could be made ; and Lamberville, the missionary 
 among the Onondaigas, was unconsciously em- 
 ployed to decoy the Iroquois chiefs into Fort On- 
 tario. [They were put in irons and sent to 
 France.] . . . Meantime the old men of the Onon- 
 dagas summoned Lamberville to their presence. 
 " We have much reason," said an aged chief, 
 "to treat thee as an enemy, but we know thee 
 too well. Thou hast betrayed us, but treason was 
 not in thy heart. Fly, therefore, for when our 
 young braves shall have sung their war song they 
 will listen to no voice but the swelling voice of 
 their anger." And trusty guides conducted the 
 missionary through by-paths to a place of secu- 
 rity. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 17. 
 
 33§2. MAGNIFICENCE vs. Happiness. Abdal- 
 rahmans. [See No. 3383.] In the West the Om- 
 miades of Spain supported, with equal pomp, the 
 
 title of commander of the faithful. Three miles, 
 from Cordova, in honor of his favorite sultana, 
 the third and greatest of the Abdalrahmans con- 
 structed the city, palace, and gardens of Zehra. 
 Twenty-five years, and above three millions ster- 
 ling, were employed by the founder ; his liberal 
 taste invited the artists of Constantinople, the 
 most skilful sculptors and architects of the age ; 
 and the buildings were sustained or adorned by 
 twelve hundred columns of Spanish and African, 
 of Greek and Italian marble. The hall of audience 
 was incrusted with gold and pearls, and a great 
 basin in the centre was surrounded with the curi- 
 ous and costly figures of birds and quadrupeds. 
 In a lofty pavilion of the gardens one of thes& 
 basins and fountains, so delightful in a sultry cli- 
 mate, was replenished, not with w^ater, but with 
 the purest quicksilver. The seraglio of Abdalrah- 
 man, his wives, concubines, and black eunuchs- 
 amounted to six thousand three hundred persons ; 
 and he was attended to the field by a guard of 
 twelve thousand horse, whose belts and cimeters. 
 were studded with gold. It may be ... of some 
 use ... to transcribe an authentic memorial which 
 was found in the closet of the deceased caliph. 
 " I have now reigned above fifty years in victory 
 or peace, beloved by my subjects, dreaded by 
 my enemies, and respected by my allies. Riches, 
 and honors, power and pleasure, have waited on 
 my call, nor does any earthly blessing appear to- 
 have been wanting to my felicity. In this situa- 
 tion I have diligently numbered the days of pure 
 and genuine happiness which have fallen to my 
 lot : they amount to fourteen. O man ! place 
 not thy confidence in this present world !" — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, p. 298. 
 
 33§3. MAGNIFICENCE, Oriental. At Bagdad. 
 The glories of the [caliph's] court were bright- 
 ened rather than impaired in the decline of the 
 empire, and a Greek ambassador might admire 
 or pity the magnificence of the feeble Moctader. 
 " 'The caliph's whole army," says the historian 
 Abulfeda, "both horse and foot, was under 
 arms, which together made a body of 160,000' 
 men. His state officers, the favorite slaves, stood 
 near him in splendid apparel, their belts glitter- 
 ing with gold and gems. Near them were 7000* 
 eunuchs, 4000 of them white, the remainder 
 black. The porters or door-keepers were in num- 
 ber 700. Barges and boats, with the most su- 
 perb decorations, were seen svdmming upon the 
 Tigris. Nor was the palace itself less splendid, 
 in which were hung up 38,000 pieces of tapestry, 
 12,500 of which were of silk embroidered with 
 gold. The carpets on the floor were 22,000. A 
 hundred lions were brought out, with a keeper 
 to each lion. Among the other spectacles of 
 rare and stupendous luxury was a tree of gold 
 and silver spreading into eighteen large branches,, 
 on which, and on the lesser boughs, sat a variety 
 of birds made of the same precious metals, a^ 
 well as the leaves of the tree. While the machi- 
 nery affected spontaneous motions, the several 
 birds warbled their natural harmony. Through 
 this scene of magnificence the Greek ambassador 
 was led by the vizier to the foot of [Moctader'sJ 
 the caliph's throne." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, 
 p. 298. 
 
 33§4. MAGNIFICENCE, Royal. Arcadius, 
 [Emperor of Rome.] The eloquent sermons of 
 St. Chrysostom celebrate, while they condema 
 
MAIDEN— MAN. 
 
 399 
 
 the pompous luxury of the reign of Arcadius. 
 " The emperor," says he, " wears on his head 
 either a diadem or a crown of gold, decorated 
 with precious stones of inestimable value. These 
 ornaments and his purple garments are reserved 
 for his sacred person alone ; and his robes of silk 
 are embroided with the figures of golden dragons. 
 His throne is of massy gold. Whenever he ap- 
 pears in public he is surrounded by his courtiers, 
 his guards, and his attendants. Their spears, 
 their shields, their cuirasses, the bridles and trap- 
 pings of their horses, have either the substance 
 or the appearance of gold ; and the large splen- 
 did boss in the midst of their shield is encircled 
 with smaller bosses, which represent the shape of 
 the human eye. The two mules that draw the 
 chariot of the monarch are perfectly white, and 
 shining all over with gold. The chariot Itself, of 
 pure and solid gold, attracts the admiration of the 
 spectators, who contemplate the purple curtains, 
 the snowy carpet, the size of the precious stones, 
 ' and the resplendent plates of gold, that glitter as 
 they are agitated by the motion of the carriage. 
 The Imperial pictures are white, on a bhie 
 ground ; the emperor appears seated on his 
 throne, with his arms, his horses, and his guards 
 beside him, and his vanquished enemies in chains 
 at his feet." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 32, p. 323. 
 
 33§5. MAIDEN, A military. Roman. [Daugh- 
 ter of the Prefect Gregory — African invasion of 
 the Arabs.] The daughter of Gregory, a maid 
 of incomparable beauty and spirit, is said to have 
 fought by his side ; from her earliest youth she 
 was trained to mount on horseback, to draw the 
 bow, and to wield the cimeter ; and the richness 
 of her arms and apparel were conspicuous in the 
 foremost ranks of the battle. Her hand, with a 
 hundred thousand pieces of gold, was offered for 
 the head of [Abdallah] the Arabian general, and 
 the youths of Africa were excited by the prospect 
 of the glorious prize. At the pressing solicitation 
 of his brethren Abdallah withdrew his person 
 from the field ; but the Saracens were discouraged 
 by the retreat of their leader, and the repetition 
 of these equal or unsuccessful conflicts. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 237. 
 
 33§6. MAILS detained. Bdgn of James II. 
 [James was trying to coerce Parliament to grant 
 political relief to the Roman Catholics.] While 
 the contest lasted, the anxiety in London was in- 
 tense. Every report, every line from Edinburgh, 
 was eagerly devoured. One day the story ran that 
 Hamilton had given way, and that the govern- 
 ment would carry every point. Then came in- 
 telligence that the Opposition had rallied, and 
 was more obstinate than ever. At the most criti- 
 cal moment orders were sent to the post-office that 
 the bags from Scotland should be transmitted to 
 Whitehall. During a whole week not a single 
 private letter from beyond the Tweed was deliver- 
 ed in London. — Mac aul ay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 114. 
 
 33§7. MAJOEITY,Ruleof. Condemned. Their 
 idea [the people of the north] of government may 
 be briefly stated as the sovereignty of mimbers. . . . 
 According to the interpretation of the Yankees, 
 the body politic ought simply to have a political 
 organization to bring out and enforce the will of 
 the majority. . . . The Northern idea was mate- 
 rialistic ; it degraded political authority, because 
 it despoiled it of its moral offices, and represent- 
 ed it as an accident determined by a comparison 
 
 of numbers. It destroyed the virtue of minori- 
 ties ; compelled them to servile acquiescence ; . . . 
 it laid the foundations of a despotism more terri- 
 ble than that of any single tyrant ; destroyed 
 moral courage in the people ; broke down all the 
 barriers of conservatism, and substituted the 
 phrase, " the majority must govern " for the con- 
 science and justice of society. — Pollard's Sec- 
 ond Yeak op the War, ch. 13, p. 292. 
 
 33§§. MAJORITY, An unconquerable. Eng- 
 land. [James II. sought the overthrow of the Es- 
 tablished Church and the promotion of the Ro- 
 man Catholic faith.] The proportion which they 
 bore to the population of England was very much 
 smaller than at present. . . . Forty-nine fiftieths 
 of the inhabitants of the kingdom, forty-nine fif- 
 tieths of the property of the kingdom, almost all 
 the political, legal, and military ability and 
 knowledge to be found in the kingdom, were 
 Protestant. Nevertheless, the king, under a 
 strong infatuation, had determined to use his 
 vast patronage as a means of making proselytes. 
 To be of his Church was, in his view, the first of 
 all qualifications for office. To be of the national 
 Church was a positive disqualification. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 219. 
 
 33§9. MALIGNITY, Parental. To Frederick 
 \the Great] . He asked puzzling questions, and 
 brought forward arguments which seemed to 
 savor of something different from pure Luther- 
 anism. The king suspected that his son was in- 
 clined to be a heretic of some sort or other, 
 whether Calvinistor atheist, his Majesty did not 
 very well know. The ordinary malignity of 
 Frederick William was bad enough. He now 
 thought malignity a part of his duty as a Chris- 
 tian man, and all the conscience that he had 
 stimulated his hatred. The flute was broken, the 
 French books were sent out of the palace, the 
 prince was kicked and cudgelled and pulled by 
 the hair. At dinner the plates were hurled at his 
 head ; sometimes he was restricted to bread and 
 water, sometimes he was forced to swallow food 
 so nauseous that he could not keep it on his 
 stomach. Once his father knocked him down, 
 dragged him along the floor to a window, and 
 was with difficulty prevented from strangling 
 him with the cord of the curtain. The queen, 
 for the crime of not wishing to see her son mur- 
 dered, was subjected to the grossest indignities. 
 The Princess Wilhelmina, who took her broth- 
 er's part, was treated almost as ill as Mrs. Brown- 
 rigg's apprentices. Driven to despair, the unhap- 
 py youth tried to run away ; then the fury of 
 the old tyrant rose to madness. The prince was 
 an officer in the army ; his flight was therefore 
 desertion, and, in the moral code of Frederick 
 William, desertion was the highest of all crimes, 
 [Execution would have followed but for the in- 
 tervention of others.] — Macaulay's Frederick 
 THE Great, p. 13. 
 
 3390. MAN civilized. Changes in America. 
 [See No. 3398.] Man is still in harmony with na- 
 ture, which he has subdued, developed, and 
 adorned. For him the rivers that flow to remot- 
 est climes mingle their waters ; for him the 
 lakes gain new outlets to the ocean ; for him the 
 arch spans the flood, and science spreads iron 
 pathways to the recent wilderness ; for him the 
 hills yield up the shining marble and the endur- 
 ing granite ; for him immense rafts bring down 
 
400 
 
 MAN— MANHOOD. 
 
 the forests of the interior ; for him the marts of 
 the city gather the produce of all climes, and 
 libraries collect the works of every language and 
 of every age. The passions of society are chas- 
 tened into purity ; manners are made benevo- 
 lent by refinement, and the virtue of the country 
 is the guardian of its peace. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 3391. MAN defined. Plato. Plato had defined 
 ^an to be a two-legged animal, without feath- 
 ers. Diogenes plucked the feathers from a cock, 
 and said. Behold Plato's man! — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 9, p. 270. 
 
 3392. MAN degenerated. Unskilful. [Ti- 
 mour the Tartar visited the ruins of Baalbec,] of 
 "which he ascribed the construction to demons 
 and genii, not being able to conceive them hu- 
 man, [these] appeared to him to transcend those 
 ■of Persepolis. He felt some envy toward the 
 unknown sovereigns of these mysterious edifices. 
 "Have mankind, then," said he, "degenerated, 
 ■or is it that the stones have vegetated after being 
 extracted from the quarries ?" — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 322. 
 
 3393. MAN, An honest. Estimated. [Cardi- 
 nal Mazarin estimated Louis XIV. very highly.] 
 "There is enough in him," said he, "to make 
 four kings and one honest man." His powers 
 of application were remarkable. During the 
 whole of his reign he labored regularly in his 
 ■cabinet for eight hours every day. — Students' 
 France, ch. 21, § 1. 
 
 3394. MAN, Mission of. Stoics. The Stoics 
 believed the universe to be the work of a . . . 
 Being whose providence continually regulates 
 the whole, ... so as to produce the greatest 
 possible sum of general good ; so they regarded 
 man as a principal instrument in the hand of God 
 to accomplish that great purpose. The Creator, 
 therefore, . . . had so framed the moral consti- 
 tution of man, that he finds his own chief happi- 
 ness in promoting the welfare and happiness of 
 liis fellow-creatures. In the free consent of 
 man to fulfil this end of his being, by accommo- 
 dating his mind to the divine will, and thus en- 
 deavoring to discharge his part in society with 
 <;heerful zeal, with perfect integrity, with manly 
 resolution, and with an entire resignation to the 
 ■decrees of Providence, lies the sum and essence 
 of his duty. — Tytlbr's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, 
 p. 279. 
 
 3395. MAN, A monster. Bonaparte. [Mr. 
 Jefferson] has given his testimony against the 
 character of Napoleon: . . . " If he could seri- 
 ously and repeatedly affirm that he had raised 
 himself to power without ever having commit- 
 ted a crime, it proves that he wanted totally the 
 sense of right and wrong. If he could consider 
 the million of human lives that he had destroyed, 
 or caused to be destroyed ; the desolations of 
 countries, by plunderings, burnings, and famine; 
 the dethronement of lawful rulers of the world, 
 without the consent of their constituents, to place 
 his brothers and sisters on their thrones ; the cut- 
 ting up of established societies of men, and jum- 
 bling them discordantly together at his caprice ; 
 the demolition of the fairest hopes of mankind 
 for the recovery of their rights and the ameliora- 
 tion of their condition ; and all the numberless 
 train of his other enormities — the man, I say, 
 
 who could consider all these as no crimes, must 
 have been a moral monster, against whom every 
 hand should have been lifted to slay him." — 
 Quoted from Tucker's "Life of Jeffer- 
 son," IN Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 10, p. 176. 
 
 3396. MAN or a Mouse, A. Robert Moii'is, of 
 Philadelphia. [The financial helper of Washing- 
 ton during the Revolution afterward engaged in 
 immense speculations, and was ruined.] Wash- 
 ington . . . remonstrated, observing : " You are 
 old ; you had better retire, rather than engage in 
 such extensive concerns." Morris replied, "Your 
 advice is proof of that wisdom and prudence 
 which govern all your words and actions ; but, 
 my dear general, I can never do things in the 
 small ; I must be either a man or a m/mse." — 
 CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 13. 
 
 3397. MAN, Origin of. West Indians. [See 
 No. 2709.] They believed that mankind issued 
 from a . . . cavern, the large men from a great 
 aperture, the small men from a little cranny. 
 They were for a long time destitute of women, but 
 wandering on one occasion near a small lake, 
 they saw certain animals among the branches of 
 the trees, which proved to be women. On at- 
 tempting to catch them, however, they were 
 found to be as slippery as eels, so that it was im- 
 possible to hold them. At length they employ- 
 ed certain men, whose hands were rendered 
 rough by a kind of leprosy. These succeeded 
 in securing four of these slippery females, from, 
 whom the world was peopled. — Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 339S. MAN nncivilized. American Indians. 
 Man, the occupant of the soil, was as untamed 
 as the savage scene, in harmony with the rude 
 nature by which he was surrounded — a vagrant 
 over the continent, in constant warfare with his 
 fellow-men — the bark of the birch his canoes ; 
 strings of shells his ornaments, his record, and 
 his coin ; the roots of uncultivated plants among 
 his resources for food ; his knowledge in archi- 
 tecture surpassed both in strength and durability 
 by the skill of the beaver ; bended saplings the 
 beams of his house ; the branches and rind of 
 trees its root ; drifts of leaves his couch ; mats of 
 bulrushes his protection against winter's cold ; 
 his religion the adoration of nature ; his morals 
 the promptings of undisciplined intellect ; dis- 
 puting with the wolves and bears the lordship of 
 the soil, and dividing with the squirrel the wild 
 fruits with which the universal woodlands 
 abounded. — Bancroft's U. S., vol.2, ch. 15. 
 
 3399. MAN CEUVEES ignored. Directness. [One 
 of Admiral Nelson's frequent injunctions was :] 
 " Never mind manoeuvres ; always go at them. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 357. 
 
 3400. MANHOOD, Complete. Julius Ccesa/r. 
 In person Caesar was tall and slight. His feat 
 ures were more refined than was usual in Ro- 
 man faces ; the forehead was wide and high, the 
 nose large and thin, the lips full, the eyes dark 
 gray like an eagle's, the neck extremely thick 
 and sinevpy. His complexion was pale. His 
 beard and mustache were kept carefully shaved. 
 His hair was short and naturally scanty, falling 
 off toward the end of his life and leaving him 
 partially bald. His voice, especially when he 
 spoke in public, was high and shrill. His health, 
 was uniformly strong until his last year, whenh© 
 
MANHOOD. 
 
 401 
 
 became subject to epileptic fits. He was a great 
 bather, and scrupulously neat in all his habits, 
 abstemious in his food, and careless in what it 
 consisted, rarely or never touching wine, and 
 noting sobriety as the highest of qualities when 
 describing any new people. He was an athlete 
 in early life, admirable in all manly exercises, 
 and especially in riding. In Gaul, as has been 
 said already, he rode a remarkable horse, which 
 he had bred himself, and which would let no 
 one but Caesar mount him. From his boyhood 
 it was observed of him that he was the truest of 
 friends, that he avoided quarrels, and was most 
 easily appeased Avhen offended. In manner he 
 was quiet and gentleman-like, with the natural 
 courtesy of high-breeding. On an occasion when 
 he was dining somewhere the other guests found 
 the oil too rancid for them. Caesar took it vdth- 
 out remark, to spare his entertainer's feelings. 
 When on a journey through a forest with his 
 friend Oppius, he came one night to a hut where 
 there was a single bed. Oppius being unwell, 
 Caesar gave it up to him, and slept on the ground. 
 — Fkoude's C^sar, ch. 28. 
 
 3401. MANHOOB deteriorated. Ancient 
 Greece. [k.t>. 396.] Corinth, Argos, Sparta, 
 yielded without resistance to the arms of the 
 Goths ; and the most fortunate of the inhabi- 
 tants were saved, by death, from beholding the 
 slavery of their families and the conflagration of 
 their cities. The vases and statues were distrib- 
 uted among the barbarians, with more regard to 
 the value of the materials than to the elegance 
 of the workmanship ; the female captives sub- 
 mitted to the laws of war ; the enjoyment of 
 beauty was the reward of valor ; and the Greeks 
 could not reasonably complain of an abuse which 
 was justified by the example of the heroic times. 
 The descendants of that extraordinary people, 
 who had considered valor and discipline as the 
 walls of Sparta, no longer remembered the gen- 
 erous reply of their ancestors to an invader more 
 formidable than Alaric. "If thou art a god, 
 thou wilt not hurt those who have never injured 
 thee ; if thou art a man, advance, and thou wilt 
 find men equal to thyself." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 30, p. 194. 
 
 3402. MANHOOD evinced. Goethe. In Goethe 
 we discover by far the most striking instance, in 
 our time, of a writer who is, in strict speech, 
 what philosophy can call a man. He is neither 
 noble nor plebeian, neither liberal nor servile, 
 nor infidel nor devotee ; but the best excellence 
 of all these, joined in pure union — "a clear and 
 universal man." Goethe's poetry is no separate 
 faculty, no mental handicraft, but the voice of 
 the whole harmonious manhood — nay, it is the 
 very harmony, the living and life-giving har- 
 mony of that rich manhood which forms his 
 poetry. All good men may be called poets in 
 act or in word ; all good poets are so in both. — 
 Caklyle's Goethe, ch. 1. 
 
 3403. MANHOOD exhibited. Dr. Rowland Tay- 
 lor. Taylor, who as a man of mark had been one of 
 the first victims chosen for execution, was arrest- 
 ed in London, and condemned to suffer in his own 
 parish. His wife, " suspecting that her husband 
 should that night be carried away," had waited 
 through the darkness with her children in the 
 porch of St. Botolph's beside Aldgate. ' ' Now 
 when the sheriff his company came against 
 
 St. Botolph's Church, Elizabeth cried, saying, 
 ' Oh, my poor father ! Mother ! mother ! here is- 
 my father led away ! ' Then cried his wife, ' Row- 
 land, Rowland, where art thou ? ' for it was a 
 very dark morning, that the one could not see the 
 other. Dr. Taylor answered, ' I am here, dear 
 wife,' and stayed. The sheriff's men would have 
 led him forth, but the sheriff said, ' Stay a little, 
 masters, I pray you, and let him speak to his 
 wife.' " Then came she to him, and he took his 
 daughter Mary in his arms, and he and his wdfe 
 and Elizabeth knelt down and said the Lord's 
 prayer. At which sight the sheriff wept apace, 
 and so did divers others of the company. After 
 they had prayed he rose up and kissed his wife 
 and shook her by the hand, and said, "Farewell, 
 my dear wife, be of good comfort, for I am quiet 
 in my conscience ! God shall still be a father to- 
 my children." . . . Then said his wife, " God 
 be with thee, dear Rowland ! I will, with God's- 
 grace, meet thee at Hadleigh." All the way Dr. 
 Taylor was merry and cheerful as one that ac- 
 counted himself going to a most pleasant ban- 
 quet or bridal. . . . Coming within two miles of 
 Hadleigh, he desired to light off his horse, which 
 done he leaped and set a frisk or twain as men 
 commonly do for dancing. " Why, master doc- 
 tor," quote the sheriff, "how do you now?" 
 He answered. "Well, God be praised, master 
 sheriff, never better ; for now I know I am 
 almost at home. I lack not past two stiles to go 
 over, and I am even at my Father's house ! " — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 659. 
 
 3404. MANHOOD, Fcecast of. Sam Hous- 
 ton. And yet, this running wild among the Ind- 
 ians, sleeping on the ground, chasing wild 
 
 fame, living in the forests, and reading Homer's- 
 liad withal, seemed a pretty strange business, 
 and people used to say that Sam Houston would, 
 either be a great Indian chief or die in a mad- 
 house, or be governor of the State — for it was- 
 very certain that some strange thing would over- 
 take him ! — Lester's Houston, p. 18. 
 
 3405. MANHOOD, Honest. Cromwell. We* 
 may have too little ceremony as well as too 
 much. It does not matter much, but we da 
 rather like our servant to tap at our study door 
 before coming in, although we do not care about 
 her handing our letters on a silver salver. When 
 ambassadors crowded Cromwell's court from all 
 the States of Europe, some of them, in deference- 
 to the usualities of royalty, desired to kiss his- 
 hand ; but, with manly dignity, he retired back 
 two or three steps higher, to his throne, bowed 
 to the deputation, and so closed the audience. 
 A man, we see, who will not bate an inch of his- 
 nation's dignity, nor wear more than his man- 
 hood for his own. As he would not adopt the- 
 designation, so he would not permit himself to 
 play at being a king. — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 15, p. 199. 
 
 3406. MANHOOD, Model. George Washington. 
 His faculties were so well balanced and com- 
 bined that his constitution, free from excess,, 
 was tempered evenly with all the elements of ac- 
 tivity, and his mind resembled a well-organized 
 commonwealth ; his passions, which had the in- 
 tensest vigor, owned allegiance to reason ; and 
 with all the fiery quickness of his spirit, his im- 
 petuous and massive will was held in check by 
 consummate judgment. He had in his compo< 
 
402 
 
 MANHOOD— MANKIND. 
 
 sition a calm which gave him in moments of 
 highest excitement the power of self-control, and 
 enabled him to excel in patience, even when he 
 had most cause for disgust. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 37. 
 
 3407. MANHOOD, Physical. Washington. 
 Oeneral Washington stood six feet three in 
 his slippers, and in the prime of his life was 
 rather slender than otherwise, but as straight as 
 an arrow. His form was well-proportioned and 
 evenly developed, so that he carried his tallness 
 gracefully, and looked strikingly well on horse- 
 back. There has never been a more active, sin- 
 ewy figure than his when he was a young man ; 
 it was only in later life that his movements 
 became slow and dignified. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 9. 
 
 340§. MANHOOD recognized. Ancient Ger- 
 mans. Civil governments, in their first institu- 
 tion, are voluntary associations for mutual de- 
 fence. To obtain the desired end, it is absolute- 
 ly necessary that each individual should conceive 
 himself obliged to submit his private opinions 
 and actions to the judgment of the greater num- 
 ber of his associates. The German tribes were 
 contented with this rude but liberal outline of 
 political society. As soon as a youth, born of 
 free parents, had attained the age of manhood, 
 he was introduced into the general council of 
 his countrymen, solemnly invested with a shield 
 and spear, and adopted as an equal and worthy 
 member of the military commonwealth. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 264. 
 
 3409. . Ancient Germans. The 
 
 government of the Germanic nations, where a 
 vast number of detached tribes were each under 
 the command of an independent chief, and the 
 condition of individuals, whose almost constant 
 occupation was war, were a necessary cause of 
 that exclusive regard which was paid to the pro- 
 fession of arms, in comparison with which every 
 other employment was esteemed mean and un- 
 important. It was customary in many nations 
 that the first introduction of youth to the occu- 
 pations of manhood was attended with peculiar 
 ceremonies and distinguished solemnity ; and 
 thus, among the German nations, it was ex- 
 tremely natural that the youth should be intro- 
 duced with particular ceremonies to that military 
 profession in which he was to be engaged for 
 life. The chief of the tribe, under whose ban- 
 ner all his vassals were to fight, bestowed, him- 
 self, the sword and armor upon the young sol- 
 dier, as a mark that, being conferred by him, 
 they were to be used at his command, and for 
 Ms service alone. — Tytleb's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 10, p. 167. 
 
 3410. MANHOOD tested. William of Orange. 
 If his battles were not those of a great tactician, 
 they entitled him to be called a great man. No 
 disaster could for one moment deprive him of 
 his firmness or of the entire possession of all his 
 faculties. ... He was proved by every test ; by 
 war, by wounds, by painful and depressing mal- 
 adies, by raging seas, by the imminent and con- 
 stant risk of assassination, a risk which has shak- 
 en very strong nerves, a risk which severely 
 tried even the adamantine fortitude of Crom- 
 well ; yet none could ever discover what that 
 thing was which the Prince of Orange feared. 
 His advisers could with difficulty induce him to 
 
 take any precaution against the pistols and dag- 
 gers of conspirators. Old sailors were amazed 
 at the composure which he preserved amid roar- 
 ing breakers on a perilous coast. In battle his 
 bravery made him conspicuous even among tens 
 of thousands of brave warriors, drew forth the 
 generous applause of hostile armies, and was 
 never questioned even by the injustice of hostile 
 factions. During his first campaigns he exposed 
 himself like a man who sought for death ; was 
 always foremost in the charge and last in the re- 
 treat ; fought, sword in hand, in the thickest 
 press ; and with a musket ball in his arm and 
 the blood streaming over his cuirass still stood 
 his ground and waved his hat under the hottest 
 fire. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 154. 
 
 3411. MANIA, Popular. Crusaders. [In 1096] 
 the peasant shod his oxen like horses, and, yok- 
 ing them to a cart, migrated with his wife and 
 children ; and the children, whenever they ap- 
 proached a town, cried out, "Is this Jerusa- 
 lem ?" Lands were abandoned. Houses and 
 chattels were sold for ready money by townsmen 
 and husbandmen. The passion to reach Jerusa- 
 lem extinguished all ordinary love of gain and 
 absorbed every other motive for exertion. . . . 
 The desire to see that land, if not possess it, went 
 through the most remote parts of Christian Eu- 
 rope. ... As they passed through the populous 
 cities of Germany the spirit of fanatical hatred 
 . . . incited the multitude to pillage and massa- 
 cre the Jews. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 16, 
 p. 228. 
 
 3412. MANKIND distrusted. Charles II. was 
 addicted beyond measure to sensual indulgence, 
 fond of sauntering and of frivolous amusements, 
 incapable of self-denial and of exertion, without 
 faith in human virtue or in human attachment, 
 without desire of renown, and without sensibil- 
 ity to reproach. According to him, every per- 
 son was to be bought. But some people hag- 
 gled more about their price than others ; and 
 when this haggling was very obstinate and very 
 skilful, it was called by some fine name. The 
 chief trick by which clever men kept up the 
 price of their abilities was called integrity. The 
 chief trick by which handsome women kept up 
 the price of their beauty was called modesty. . . . 
 Thinking thus of mankind, Charles naturally 
 cared very little what they thought of him. Hon- 
 or and shame were scarcely more to him than 
 light and darkness to the blind. — Macaui,ay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 156. 
 
 3413. MANKIND, Inequality of. Samuel 
 Johnson. On his favorite subject of subordina- 
 tion, Johnson said : " So far is it from being true 
 that men are naturally equal, that no two people 
 can be half an hour together but one shall ac- 
 quire an evident superiority over the other." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 142. 
 
 3414. MANKIND, Prosperity of. Age. ^ If a 
 man were called to fix the period in the history 
 of the world during which the condition of the 
 human race was most happy and prosperous, he 
 would, without hesitation, name that which 
 elapsed from the death of Domitian to the acces- 
 sion of Commodus. The vast extent of the Ro- 
 man Empire was governed by absolute power, 
 under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. — Gib 
 bon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 95. 
 
MANNERS— MANUFACTURES. 
 
 403 
 
 3415. MANNERS, Blunt. Diogenes. The 
 bluntness of his manners was exemphfied in his 
 celebrated answer to Alexander the Great, who, 
 coming to Adsit the philosopher, and finding him 
 seated in his tub, asked if he could do him 
 ^ny favor. " Yes," said the other, " stand from 
 between me and the sun." — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 9, p. 271. 
 
 3416. MANNERS changed. Romans. These 
 Asiatic conquests were, in a moral point of view, 
 much more prejudicial than advantageous to the 
 Romans. Their simple and austere manners be- 
 gan gradually to relax, and they acquired a rel- 
 ish for luxurious enjoyments. This change in 
 the manners of his countrymen roused the virtu- 
 <His indignation of Cato the Censor, the determin- 
 <^'d enemy of every species of luxury and corrup- 
 tion. At the time when Hannibal was ravaging 
 Italy, and when the Roman state had the strong- 
 est motive to retrench all superfluous expenses, 
 41 sumptuary statute, called the Oppian law, was 
 passed, which prohibited the women from the 
 use of gold in their ornaments, beyond the quan- 
 tity of half an ounce, and from wearing gar- 
 ments of different colors, and likewise interdict- 
 ed the use of chariots. At the end of the Sec- 
 ond Punic War the Roman ladies used all their 
 influence to have this law repealed, urging that 
 the motive for its enactment no longer existed. 
 So earnest were they in their purpose, that, for- 
 getting that modest reserve which is their sex's 
 highest ornament, they rushed out into the 
 streets, and besetting every avenue to the forum, 
 laid hold of the men as they passed, and endeav- 
 ored, both by clamor and by blandishments, to 
 engage their votes for the abrogation of this odi- 
 ous statute. It was no wonder that the rigid vir- 
 tue of old Cato, then consul, was inflamed with 
 indignation at this spectacle. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 9, p. 378. 
 
 3417. MANNERS, Effects of. Samuel John- 
 son. The difference, he observed, between a 
 ■well-bred and an ill-bred man is this : " One im- 
 mediately attracts your liking, the other your 
 aversion. You love the one till you find rea- 
 ■son to hate him ; you hate the other till you 
 find reason to love lum." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 530. 
 
 3418, . Samuel Johnson. I had 
 
 the resolution to ask Johnson whether he thought 
 that the roughness of his manner had been an 
 advantage or not, and if he would not have done 
 more good if he had been more gentle. John- 
 son : " No, sir ; I have done more good as I am. 
 Obscenity and impiety have always been repress- 
 ed in my company." Boswell : . . . " Great- 
 er liberties have been taken in the presence of a 
 bishop, though a very good man, from his being 
 milder, and thereforenot commanding such awe. 
 Yet, sir, many people who might have been Iben- 
 efited by your conversation have been frightened 
 away. A worthy friend of ours has told me 
 that he has often been afraid to talk to you." 
 Johnson : " Sir, he need not have been afraid, 
 if he had anything rational to say. If he had 
 not, it was better he did not talk." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 523. 
 
 3419. MANNERS neglected. Samuel John- 
 son. The late Alexander, Earl of Eglintoune, 
 who loved wit more than wine, and men of gen- 
 ius more than sycophants, had a great admira- 
 
 tion of Johnson ; but from the remarkable ele- 
 gance of his own manners was, perhaps, too del- 
 icately sensible of the roughness which some- 
 times appeared in Johnson's behavior. . . . He 
 regretted that Johnson had not been educated 
 with more refinement, and lived more in polish- 
 ed society. "No, no, my lord," said Signior 
 Baretti, " do with him what you would, he would 
 always have been a bear." " True," answered 
 the earl, with a smile, " but he would have been 
 a dancing bear." [Goldsmith said :] " Johnson, 
 to be sure, has a roughness in his manners ; but 
 no man alive has a more tender heart. He has 
 nothing of the bear but his skin." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 159. 
 
 3420. MANNERS, Plain. George Fox the Qua- 
 ker. A.D. 1649. About two years and a half 
 from the day when Cromwell went on his knees 
 to kiss the hand of the young boy who was Duke 
 of York, the Lord, who sent George Fox into 
 the world, forbade him to put off his hat to any, 
 high or low, and he was required to thee and tJiou 
 all men and women, without any respect to rich 
 or poor, to great or small. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 3421. MANNERS, Unrefined. Johnson. He 
 observed : ' ' The great in France live very mag- 
 nificently, but the rest very miserably. There 
 is no happy middle state, as in England. The 
 shops of Paris are mean ; the meat in the mar- 
 kets is such as would be sent to a jail in Eng- 
 land ; and Mr. Thrale justly observed that the 
 cookery of the French was forced upon them by 
 necessity ; for they could not eat their meat, un- 
 less they added same taste to it. The French are 
 an indelicate people ; they will spit upon any 
 
 place. At Madame 's, a literary lady of 
 
 rank, the footman took the sugar in his fingers, 
 and threw it into my coffee. I was going to put 
 it aside : but hearing it was made on purpose for 
 me, I e'en tasted Tom's fingers. The same lady 
 would needs make tea a I'Anglaise. The spout 
 of the teapot did not pour freely ; she bade the 
 footman blow into it." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 264. 
 
 3422. MANNERS, Urbane. CharUs II. The 
 morning light began to peep through the win- 
 dows of Whitehall, and Charles desired the at- 
 tendants to pull aside the curtains, that he might 
 have one more look at the day. He remarked 
 that it was time to wind up a clock which stood 
 near his bed. These little circumstances were 
 long remembered, because they proved beyond 
 dispute that, when he declared himself a Roman 
 Catholic, he was in full possession of his facul- 
 ties. He apologized to those who had stood 
 round him all night for the trouble which he had 
 caused. He had been, he said, a most uncon- 
 scionable time dying, but he hoped that they 
 would excuse it. This was the last glimpse of 
 that exquisite urbanity, so often found potent to 
 charm away the resentment of a justly incensed 
 nation. — Ma caul ay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 408. 
 
 3423. MANUFACTURES, Exhibition of. Bos- 
 ton Common, a.d. 1754. At Boston a society 
 was formed for promoting domestic manufact- 
 ures ; on one of its anniversaries three hundred 
 young women appeared on the common, clad in 
 homespun, seated in a triple row, each with a 
 spinning-wheel, and each busily transferring the 
 
404 
 
 MANUFACTURES— MAKRIAGE. 
 
 flax from the distaff to the spool. — Banceoft's 
 V. S., vol. 4, ch. 4. 
 
 3424. MANUFACTURES fostered. Flemish. 
 After the establishment of the great mart of 
 Bruges, the Flemings began to apply their whole 
 industry to the establishment of manufactures, 
 and Baldwin, the young Count of Flanders, en- 
 couraged this spirit by bestowing privileges and 
 immunities on the merchants and manufactur- 
 ers. His successors, however, possessed a very 
 different spirit ; they recalled these immunities ; 
 and the consequence was, that the manufactur- 
 ers left Flanders and settled in Brabant, where 
 the dukes of that province showed them for 
 some time all manner of favor. This, however, 
 did not long continue. The revocation of their 
 immunities, by some impolitic sovereigns of 
 that province, banished trade and manufactures 
 from Brabant, as it had done from Flanders. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 17, p. 262. 
 
 3425. MANUFACTURES, Monopoly in. Hat- 
 ters. In the land of furs it was found that hats 
 were well made ; the London company of hat- 
 ters remonstrated ; and their craft was protected 
 by an act forbidding hats to be transported from 
 one plantation to another. . . . "None of the 
 plantations should manufacture iron wares of 
 any kind whatsoever ;" and the house of peers 
 added a clause prohibiting every "forge going 
 by water for making bar or rod iron." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S. 
 
 3426. MANUFACTURES restricted. Reign of 
 Charles II. As early as the reign of Elizabeth 
 there had been loud complaints that whole for- 
 ests were cut down for the purpose of feeding 
 the furnaces, and the Parliament had interfered 
 to prohibit the manufacturers from burning 
 timber. The manufacture consequently lan- 
 
 fuished. At the close of the reign of Charles 
 I. great part of the iron which was used in 
 the country was imported from abroad. — ^Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 296. 
 
 3427. MARCHING, Prodigious. Spartans. Af- 
 ter the battle had been fought [at Marathon], 
 but while the dead bodies were yet on the 
 ground, the promised re-enforcement from Spar- 
 ta arrived. Two thousand Lacedaemonian 
 spearmen, starting immediately after the full 
 moon, had marched the hundred and fifty miles 
 between Athens and Sparta in the wonderfully 
 short time of three days. Though too late to 
 share in the glory of the action, they requested 
 to be allowed to march to the battle-field to be- 
 hold the Medes. They proceeded thither, gazed 
 on the dead bodies of the invaders, and then, 
 praising the Athenians and what they had done, 
 they returned to Lacedsemon. — Decisive Bat- 
 tles, § 48. 
 
 342§. MARINER, Famous. Discovery of Amer- 
 ica. The enterprise of Columbus, the most mem- 
 orable maritime enterprise in the history of the 
 world, formed between Europe and America 
 the communication which will never cease. — 
 Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., ch. 1. 
 
 3429. MARINERS, Cautious. Portuguese. Till 
 the middle of the flf leenth century none of the 
 nations of Europe had ventured to sail out of the 
 sight of their coasts. Their vessels were flat-bot- 
 tomed and extremely shallow ; and as they fol- 
 lowed in their navigation every turning of the 
 
 coast, which exposed them continually to shifting, 
 and contrary winds, it was not unusual that a 
 voyage, which would now be performed in a 
 few months, lasted at that time four or five years. 
 We have already remarked the very limited 
 knowledge which the Greeks and Romans pos- 
 sessed of the habitable globe. The Eastern 
 Ocean was known only by name, and the Atlan- 
 tic scarcely attempted out of the sight of the 
 coast of Europe. It was supposed that all to 
 the west was an immense extent of ocean. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 18, p. 266. 
 
 3430. MARKSMAN, Royal. Gommodus. The- 
 Emperor Commodus, elated with praise which 
 gradually extinguished the innate sense of shame, 
 resolved to exhibit before the eyes of the Romart 
 people those exercises which till then he had 
 decently confined within the walls of his palace, 
 and to the presence of a few favorites. On the- 
 appointed day the various motives of flattery, 
 fear, and curiosity attracted to the amphithe- 
 atre an innumerable multitude of spectators ;. 
 and some degree of applause was deservedly be- 
 stowed on the uncommon skill of the imperial 
 performer. Whether he aimed at the head or 
 heart of the animal, the wound was alike certain 
 and mortal. With arrows whose point was- 
 shaped into the form of a crescent, Commodus- 
 often intercepted the rapid career, and cut asun- 
 der the long, bony neck of the ostrich. A pan- 
 ther was let loose ; and the archer waited till he 
 had leaped upon a trembling malefactor. In 
 the same instant the shaft flew, the beast dropped 
 dead, and the man remained unhurt. The dens- 
 of the amphitheatre disgorged at once a hundred 
 lions ; a hundred darts from the unerring hand 
 of Commodus laid them dead as they ran rag- 
 ing around the Arena. Neither the huge bulk 
 of the elephant nor the scaly hide of the rhi- 
 noceros could defend them from his stroke. 
 Ethiopia and India yielded their most extraor- 
 dinary productions ; and several animals were- 
 slain in the amphitheatre, which had been seen 
 only in the representations of art, or perhaps of 
 fancy. In all these exhibitions the securest 
 precautions were used to protect the person of 
 the Roman Hercules from the desperate spring- 
 of any savage, who might possibly disregard 
 the dignity of the emperor and the sanctity of 
 the god. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 113. 
 
 3431. MARRIAGE, Ceremony of. From the- 
 Romans. Our marriage ceremonies are all Ro- 
 man — the ring, the veil, the wedding gifts, the 
 groomsman and bridesmaids, the bride-cake. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 49. 
 
 3432. MARRIAGE cheap. Alexander Keith, 
 [The Rev. Alexander Keith, soon after the pas- 
 sage of the Marriage act, had the reputation of | 
 marrying very cheap. ] Many came to be married | 
 when they had half a crown in their pockets and | 
 sixpence to buy a pot of beer, and for which they \ 
 had pawned some of their clothes. . . . Hiaj 
 motto was, ' ' Happy is the wooing that is not ,.■ 
 long a-doing." . . . Six thousand a year were] 
 married at his chapel. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6,: 
 ch. 12, p. 194. 
 
 3433. MARRIAGE, Choice in. Samuel John- • 
 son. BoswELL : "Pray, sir, do you not sup-i 
 pose that there are fifty women in the world, 
 with any one of whom a man may be as happy, 
 as with any one woman in particular ?" John- 
 
MARRIAGE. 
 
 405 
 
 son: "Ay, sir, fifty thousand." Bosweij. : 
 ■" Then, sir, you are not of opinion with some 
 who imagine that certain men and certain wom- 
 <en are made for each other, and that they can- 
 -not be happy if they miss their counterparts." 
 -Johnson: " To be sure not, sir I believe mar- 
 riages would in general be as happy, and often 
 •more so, if they were all made by the Lord 
 Chancellor, upon a due consideration of the 
 characters and circumstances, without the parties 
 having any choice in the matter." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 283. 
 
 3434. MARRIAGE by Coercion. William Wat. 
 Auld Wat's son William, captured by Sir Gideon 
 Murray, of Elibank, during a raid of the Scotts 
 on Sir Gideon's lands, was, as tradition says, 
 ^ven his choice between being hanged on Sir 
 Oideon's private gallows, and marrying the ug- 
 liest of Sir Gideon's three ugly daughters, Meikle- 
 :mouthed Meg, reputed as carrying off the prize 
 of ugliness among the women of four counties. 
 Sir William was a handsome man. He took 
 three days to consider the alternative proposed 
 to him, but he chose life with the large-mouthed 
 lady in the end ; and found her, according to 
 the tradition which the poet, her descendant, has 
 transmitted, an excellent wife, with a fine talent 
 for pickling the beef which her husband stole 
 from the herds of his foes. Meikle-mouthed Meg 
 transmitted a distinct trace of her large mouth 
 to all her descendants, and not least to him who 
 Tvas to use his '• meikle" mouth to best advan- 
 tage as the spokesman of his race [Sir Walter 
 .Scott]. — Hutton's Life of Scott, ch. 1. 
 
 3435. MARRIAGE declined. Qibeen Eliza- 
 ■beth. [Queen Elizabeth was urged by the House 
 «of Commons to become a married woman. She 
 :strongly expressed her constant preference for 
 
 the unmarried state.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 
 ch. 8, p. 109. 
 
 3436. MARRIAGE, Denial of. Homma. The 
 .sister of Valentinian [the Roman emperor] was 
 •educated in the palace of Ravenna ; and as her 
 Tiiarriage might be productive of some danger to 
 the State she was raised, by the title of Augusta, 
 .above the hopes of the most presumptuous sub- 
 ject. But the fair Honoria had no sooner attain- 
 ed the sixteenth year of her age than she detest- 
 ed the importunate greatness which must forever 
 ■exclude her from the comforts of honorable 
 love. In the midst of vain and unsatisfactory 
 pomp Honoria sighed, yielded to the impulse of 
 nature, and threw herself into the arms of her 
 chamberlain Eugenius. Her guilt and shame 
 {such is the absurd language of imperious man) 
 ■were soon betrayed by the appearances of preg- 
 nancy ; but the disgrace of the royal family was 
 published to the world by the imprudence of 
 the Empress Placidia. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 25, 
 p. 431. 
 
 3437. MARRIAGE, A detested. Mary Queen 
 of Scots. [After Mary Queen of Scots had secured, 
 .as was believed, the murder of her first husband, 
 she soon called upon Craig, a Protestant min- 
 ister, to proclaim the banns of matrimony be- 
 tween herself and Both well, which he did in the 
 High Church, adding,] I take heaven and earth 
 to witness that I abhor and detest this marriage. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 9, p. 147. 
 
 343§. MARRIAGE, Disappointment in. David 
 ■Crockett. He soon fell in love again, at a ball, 
 
 and, before the evening was finished, he was en- 
 gaged to be married, and a day was appointed 
 for him to announce the fact to the girl's parents. 
 On the appointed day he started for the young 
 lady's abode, but falling in on the way with a 
 gay party, he spent the whole night in a frolic ; 
 and when, the next morning, he approached the 
 house of his lady-love, he learned that she was 
 to be married that evening to another man. His 
 riding-whip slipped from his hand, his jaw fell, 
 and he sat on his horse staring wildly at his in- 
 formant. He recovered his spirits, however, 
 went to the wedding, and danced all night, the 
 merriest of the merry. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 666. 
 
 3439. MARRIAGE dishonored. Time of Nero. 
 Family life among the Romans had once been a 
 sacred thing, and for five hundred and twenty 
 years divorce had been unknown among them. 
 Under the empire marriage had come to be re- 
 garded with disfavor and disdain. Women, as 
 Seneca says, were married in order to be di- 
 vorced, and were divorced in order to marry ; 
 and noble Roman matrons counted the years, 
 not by the consuls, but by their discarded or 
 discarding husbands. — Farrar's Early Days, 
 p. 5. 
 
 3440. MARRIAGE, Dowry in. "Oxen." At 
 the age of twelve [Abyssinian] youths entertain 
 views of matrimony. Oxen form the basis of 
 their selection — that is to say, they marry the 
 girl whose father can provide them with the most 
 oxen. The chosen fair one need not be over 
 nine years of age. — Appleton's Cyclopedia, 
 "Abyssinia." 
 
 3441. MARRIAGE, Early. Eight Years Old. 
 [In 1396 Richard II., a widower, married Isa- 
 bella, daughter of the King of France, she being 
 only eight years old.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 2, p. 27. 
 
 3442. . Mahomet. Ayesha . . . 
 
 was doubtless a virgin, since Mahomet consum- 
 mated his nuptials (such is the premature ripeness 
 of the climate) when she was only nine years old. 
 — Gibbon's Mahomet, p. 55. 
 
 3443. MARRIAGE encouraged. Origin. The 
 first sovereigns of all nations are said to have 
 instituted marriage — Menes, the first king of 
 Egypt ; Fohi, the first sovereign of China ; Ce- 
 crops, the first legislator of the Greeks. The 
 earliest laws of many civilized nations likewise 
 provided encouragements for matrimony. By 
 the Jewish law a married man was for the first 
 year exempted from going to war and excused 
 from the burden of any public office. Among 
 the Peruvians he was free for a year from the 
 payment of all taxes. The respect for the matri- 
 monial union cannot be more clearly evinced 
 than by the severity with which the greater part 
 of the ancient nations restrained the crime of 
 adultery. — Tytler's Hist., Bookl, ch. 3, p. 23. 
 
 3444. MARRIAGE excused. Henry VIII. 
 His fourth wife was Anne of Cleves, who did 
 not retain his affections above nine months. He 
 represented to his clergy that at the time he mar- 
 ried her he had not given his inward consent ; 
 but it is less surprising that a monarch of this 
 character should urge such an excuse, than that 
 his clergy and Parliament should sustain it. Anne 
 was divorced. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, 
 p. 303. 
 
406 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 3445. MABBIAGE, Extraordinary. JoTin Hoio- 
 ard. In his twenty -fifth 3'ear he had a long and 
 dangerous illness. When he was first seized he 
 was living in lodgings near London, where he 
 fancied he was not treated with the attention 
 his case demanded. He consequently removed 
 to the house of a widow, who was herself a 
 confirmed invalid, and fifty -two years of age. 
 This lady, who possessed a small independence, 
 nursed him during many months with such ten- 
 der care that he felt toward her an unbounded 
 
 'gratitude, and upon his recovery he offered her 
 his hand. . . . This singular marriage between a 
 man of twenty-five and a woman of fifty-two was 
 productive, as Howard always averred, of noth- 
 ing but happiness. After two years and a half 
 of tranquil felicity the lady died. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 33. 
 
 3446. MABBIAGE, A forced. Princess Anne. 
 [In 1490 Maximilian, King of the Romans, want- 
 ed the Princess Anne, the rich heiress of Francis, 
 and with her the duchy of Brittany ; and she 
 entered into a contract of marriage with him.] 
 Charles of France now put forth his pretensions 
 to the hand of the lady. The contract was void, 
 he said, because Brittany was a fief of France, 
 and the lord could control the marriage of an 
 heiress who was his vassal. The argument was 
 supported by the emphatic presence of a French 
 army ; the princess, who resisted till resistance 
 was no longer possible, was forced into a mar- 
 riage which she hated and into the conclusion 
 of a treaty which placed the province, so long 
 independent, under French rule. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 13, p. 217. 
 
 3447. MABBIAGE, A fortunate. John Adams. 
 He was admitted to the bar, and, returning to 
 his father's house, endeavored to set up in the 
 practice of his profession. His father lived then 
 at Braintree, a small and obscure town fourteen 
 miles from Boston, where there was very little 
 chance for a young lawyer. For some years his 
 gains were small and his anxieties severe. It was 
 not until after his father's death that his circum- 
 stances were alleviated, and he was enabled to 
 marry. His marriage was one of the most fort- 
 unate ever contracted in this world ; for not 
 only was the lady one of the most amiable and 
 accomplished of women, but, being a member 
 of a numerous and influential family, she brought 
 to her husband a great increase of business. He 
 was then twenty -nine years of age. — Cyclope- 
 dia of BiOG., p. 175. 
 
 344§. MABBIAGE, Happy, Peter Cooper. In 
 1814, before the war ended, he contracted that ex- 
 quisite marriage which gave him fifty-five years 
 of domestic happiness, as complete, as unalloyed, 
 as mortals can ever hope to enjoy. It is believed 
 by members of his family that during that long 
 period of time there was never an act done or a 
 word spoken by either of them which gave pain 
 to the other. They began their married life on a 
 humble scale indeed. When a cradle became 
 necessary, and he was called upon to rock it 
 oftener than was convenient, he Invented a self- 
 rocking cradle, with a fan attachment, which he 
 patented, and sold the patent for a small sum. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 572. 
 
 3449. MABBIAGE in Heaven. Swed&nborg. 
 Swedenborg, in his treatise on Conjugal Love, 
 first speaks of marriages in heaven. He shows 
 
 that a man lives a man after death, and that a. 
 woman lives a woman ; and since it was ordained 
 from creation that the woman should be for the' 
 man, and the man for the woman, and thus that 
 each should be the other's, and since that love- 
 is innate in both, it follows that there are mar- 
 riages in heaven as well as on earth. Marriage 
 in the heavens is the conjunction of two into one 
 mind. The mind of man consists of two parts, 
 the understanding and the will. When these two 
 parts act in unity, they are called one mind. The 
 understanding is predominant in man, and the 
 will in woman ; but in the marriage of minds^ 
 there is no predominance, for the will of the 
 wife becomes also the will of the husband, and 
 the understanding of the husband is also that of 
 the wife ; because each loves to will and to think 
 as the other wills and thinks, and thus they will 
 and think mutually and reciprocally. Hence 
 their conjunction ; so that in heaven two mar- 
 ried partners are not called two, but one angel. 
 — White's Swedenborg, ch. 22, p. 191. 
 
 3450. MABBIAGE, Ill-chosen. Catherine of 
 Russia. [She was the daughter of a German 
 prince, and married Peter, a dissipated, vulgar, 
 cowardly Russian prince.] On arriving at Mos- 
 cow, in her fifteenth year, she was presented to 
 her future husband, and, it is said, conceived for 
 him so profound a disgust that she fell sick, and 
 was unable to reappear in public for several 
 weeks. She submitted, however, to her fate, 
 and, after being baptized into the Greek Church 
 under the name of Catherine, she was married 
 to the imperial prince — he being seventeen years 
 of age, and she sixteen. Seldom has there been 
 a more ill-assorted union. Catherine was born 
 to command, Peter was born to serve. She 
 was a young lady of wit, information, and good 
 breeding ; he knew no pleasures beyond those 
 which he could enjoy in common with the be- 
 sotted officers of the Imperial Guard. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG. , p. 403. 
 
 3451. MABBIAGE, Ill-mated second. Loui» 
 XII. The young Princess Mary, the sister of the 
 English king, was married to the widowed Louis. 
 But this hasty match was followed by unfore- 
 seen and melancholy consequences. The king, 
 whose health was declining, had for some time 
 restricted himself to the simplest and most regu- 
 lar habits of life, dining early, and retiring to 
 rest at sunset. In the society of his beautiful and 
 light-hearted bride he was now induced to en- 
 gage in a round of exciting festivities, ill suited 
 to his years and infirmities ; his strength rapidly 
 failed during the autumn, and he expired at the 
 palace of the Tournelles, in the fifty-fonrth year 
 of his age, on the 1st of January, 1615. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 13, § 9. 
 
 3452. MABBIAGE, Imported for. Virginians. 
 In this condition of affairs Smith was superseded 
 by Sir Edwyn Sandys, a man of great prudence- 
 and integrity. ... By the influence of Sandys 
 and his friends ninety young women of good 
 breeding and modest manners were induced to em- 
 igrate to Jamestown. In the following year sixty 
 others of similar good character came over, and 
 received a hearty welcome. The statement that 
 the early Virginians bought their wives is absurd. 
 All that was don« was this : when Sandys sent 
 the first company of women to% America, he 
 charged the colonists with the expense of the 
 
MARRIAGE. 
 
 407 
 
 * voyage, a measure made necessary by the fact 
 that the company was almost bankrupt. An as- 
 sessment was made according to the number who 
 were brought over, and the rate fixed at a hun- 
 dred and twenty pounds of tobacco for each pas- 
 senger — a sum which the settlers cheerfully paid. 
 The many marriages that followed were cele- 
 brated in the usual way, and nothing further 
 was thought of the transaction. When the sec- 
 ond shipload came, the cost of transportation 
 was reported at a hundred and fifty pounds for 
 each passenger, which was also paid without 
 complaint. — Ridpath's TJ. S., eh. 11, p. 111. 
 
 3453. MAERIAGE, Inauspicious. Andrew Jack- 
 son's. [Young lawyer Jackson boarded with Mrs. 
 Donelson at Nashville, Tenn.] He soon discov- 
 ered that Mrs. Robards [her daughter] lived very 
 unhappily with her husband, who was a man 
 of violent temper and most jealous disposition. 
 Young Jackson had not long resided in the 
 family before Mr. Robards began to be jealous 
 of him, and many violent scenes took place 
 between them. The jealous Robards at length 
 abandoned his wife, and went off to his old 
 home in Kentucky, leaving Jackson master- of 
 the field. ... A rumor soon after reached the 
 place that Robards had procured a divorce 
 from his wife in the legislature of Virginia, soon 
 after which Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donel- 
 son were married. The rumor proved to be 
 false, and they lived together for two years be- 
 fore a divorce was really granted, at the end of 
 which time they were married again. This mar- 
 riage, though so inauspiciously begun, was an 
 eminently happy one, although out of doors it 
 caused the irascible Jackson a great deal of 
 trouble. [See No. 105.] — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 534. 
 
 3454. MAREIAGE, Incestuous. Ancient. The 
 freedom of love and marriage was restrained 
 among the Romans by natural and civil impedi- 
 ments. An instinct, almost innate and universal, 
 appears to prohibit the incestuous commerce of 
 parents and children in the infinite series of as- 
 cending and descending generations. Concern- 
 ing the oblique and collateral branches, nature 
 is indifferent, reason mute, and custom various 
 and arbitrary. In Egypt the marriage of broth- 
 ers and sisters was admitted without scruple or 
 exception ; a Spartan might espouse the daugh- 
 ter of his father, an Athenian that of his moth- 
 er ; and the nuptials of an uncle with his niece 
 were applauded at Athens as a happy union of 
 the dearest relations. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, 
 p. 35. 
 
 3455. MABRIA6E, Indecent. Queen of Scots. 
 To satisfy the public opinion, however, Bothwell 
 was tried by his peers for the murder of Darn- 
 ley, and no evidence being brought against him, 
 he was absolved by the verdict of a jury. The 
 queen, who had never believed him guilty, had 
 now, as she thought, a perfect assurance of his 
 innocence. He stood high in her favor, and, 
 prompted by ambition, began to aspire at the 
 dangerous honor of obtaining her hand in mar- 
 riage. These views being known to Murray ai?d 
 his associates, seemed to afford, at length, a most 
 promising means for accomplishing the ruin of 
 Mary, and throwing into their hands the govern- 
 ment of the kingdom. It now, therefore, became 
 their great object to bring about the marriage of 
 
 Bothwell with the queen ; a formal deed, or 
 bond, was for that purpose framed by the Earl 
 of Morton and the chief nobility of his party, 
 recommending Bothwell, in the strongest terms, 
 as the most proper person she could choose for a 
 husband. Mary gave in to the snare ; she married 
 Bothwell, a measure which is the most indefensi- 
 ble part of her conduct ; for however she might 
 have been persuaded of his innocence, of which 
 this request of her chief nobility was certainly a 
 very strong testimony, yet the public voice still 
 pointed him out as an associate in the murder of 
 her husband ; and to marry this man was a 
 measure as indecent as it was ruinous and impol- 
 itic— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 28, p. 387. 
 
 3456. MARRIAGE to Industry. Sabine^. When 
 the Sabines, after the war with the Romans, 
 were reconciled, conditions were obtained for the 
 women, that they should not be obliged by their 
 husbands to do any other work beside spinning. 
 It was customary therefore, ever after, that they 
 who gave the bride, or conducted her home, oi 
 were present on the occasion, should cry out, 
 amid the mirth of the wedding, " Taladus ;" inti- 
 mating that she was not to be employed in an> 
 other labor but that of spinning. — Plutarch'., 
 Romulus. 
 
 3457. MARRIAGE, Informal. Duke of Mon- 
 mouth. [The day before his execution for rebel- 
 lion bishops Ken and Turner visited the prison- 
 er.] He maintained that his connection with 
 Lady [Henrietta] Wentworth wns blameless in 
 the sight of God. He had been married, he said, 
 when a child. He had never cared for his duch- 
 ess. The happiness which he had not found at 
 home he had sought in a round of loose amours, 
 condemned by religion and morality. Henrietta 
 had reclaimed him from a life of vice. To her 
 he had been strictly constant. They had, by com- 
 mon consent, offered up fervent prayers for the 
 Divine guidance. After those prayers they had 
 found their affection for each other strengthened ; 
 and they could then no longer doubt that, in the 
 sight of God, they were a wedded pair. The bish- 
 ops were so much scandalized by this view of the 
 conjugal relation that they refused to administer 
 the sacrament to the prisoner. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 577. 
 
 345S. MARRIAGE, Irregular. Rolert Bums. 
 Jean Armour, the daughter of a respectable mas- 
 ter-mason in that village, had the chief place in 
 his affections. All through 1785 theii- courtship 
 had continued, but early in 1786 a secret and ir- 
 regular marriage, with a written acknowledg- 
 ment of it, had to be effected. Then followed 
 the father's indignation that his daughter should 
 be married to so wild and worthless a man as 
 Burns ; compulsion of his daughter to give up 
 Burns, and to destroy the document which 
 vouched their marriage ; Burns' despair driving 
 him to the verge of insanity ; the letting loose 
 by the Armours of the terrors of the law against 
 him ; his skulking for a time in concealment ; 
 his resolve to emigrate to the West Indies, and 
 become a slave-driver. ... In September of the 
 same year Jean Armour became the mother of 
 twin children. — Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 3459. MA2RIAGE, Kingdom for. Earl God- 
 win. [In 1042 Earl Godwin forced his daugh- 
 ter Edith upon Edward the Confessor, the king 
 of about half of England, a man of forty, say 
 
408 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 ing,] Swear to me that you will take my daugh- 
 ter for your wife, and 1 will give you the king- 
 •dom of England. [Edward was unwilling to re- 
 ■ceive the kingdom with such an encumbrance.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 12, p. 167. 
 
 3460. MABBIAGE, Loose. Romans. Mar- 
 riage, which under the ancient Romans was the 
 most sacred of ties, had become the lightest and 
 the loosest. Cicero divorced Terentia when she 
 was old and ill-tempered, and married a young 
 woman. Cato made over his Marcia, the moth- 
 er of his children, to his friend Hortensius, and 
 took her back as a wealthy widow when Hor- 
 tensius died. Pompey put away his first wife at 
 Sylla's bidding, and took a second, who was al- 
 ready the wife of another man. Caesar, when 
 little more than a boy, dared the Dictator's dis- 
 pleasure rather than condescend to a similar com- 
 pliance. — Froude's CoESAr, ch. 13. 
 
 3461. MARRIAGE, Mediation in. Isaac New- 
 ton. One Mr. Smith, a clergyman of the neigh- 
 borhood, who had a good estate, having attained 
 middle age, and being still a bachelor, one of his 
 parishioners advised him to marry. He replied 
 that he did not know where to get a good wife. 
 "The widow Newton," said his friend, "is an 
 extraordinary good woman." "But," said the 
 clergyman, " how do I know she will have me ? 
 and I don't care to ask and be denied. But 
 if you will go and ask her, I'll pay you for your 
 day's work." The gentleman having performed 
 his errand, Mrs. Newton answered that she would 
 be guided in the affair by the advice of her 
 brother. Upon receiving this answer, the clergy- 
 man despatched him to the brother, with whom 
 the marriage was arranged. — Parton's New- 
 ton, p. 74. 
 
 3462. MARRIAGE, Meekness in. "Count Rum- 
 ford." [Benjamin Thompson, of Massachusetts, 
 was Count of the Holy Roman Empire.] In 
 Concord, at the time of Thompson's arrival, 
 there dwelt the widow of a Colonel Rolfe with 
 her infant son. Her husband had died in Decem- 
 ber, 1771, leaving a large estate. . . . Rumford, 
 .somewhat ungallantly, told his friend Pictet in 
 after years that she married him rather than he 
 her. She was obviously a woman of decision. 
 As soon as they were engaged, an old curricle, 
 left by her father, was fished up, and, therein 
 mounted, she carried her betrothed to Boston, 
 and committed him to the care of the tailor and 
 the hairdresser. This journey involved a drive 
 of sixty miles. On the return they called at the 
 house of Thompson's mother, who, when she 
 .saw him, is reported to have exclaimed, " Why, 
 Ben, my son, how could you go and lay out all 
 your winter's earnings in finery ?" Thompson 
 was nineteen when he married, his wife being 
 thirty-three. — Tyndall's Count Rumford. 
 
 3463. MARRIAGE, Modes of. Romans. There 
 were three different modes by which marriage 
 could be contracted among the Romans. The 
 marriages of the patricians were celebrated in 
 the presence of ten witnesses, and with a variety 
 of religious ceremonies peculiar to their order. 
 The plebeians married after two different forms : 
 the one was by a species of sale, emptio mnditio ; 
 and the other by the simple cohabitation of 
 the parties for a year, which by law constituted 
 -a marriage. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 6, 
 p. 340. 
 
 3464. MARRIAGE for Money. Cicero's. Cice- 
 ro's freedman Tyro affirms that he married his 
 second wife, after the divorce of his first, for her 
 wealth, that it might enable him to pay his 
 debts. She was, indeed, very rich, and her fort- 
 une was in the hands of Cicero, who was left 
 her guardian. As his debts were great, his 
 friends and relations persuaded him to marry the 
 young lady, notwithstanding the disparity of 
 years, and satisfy his creditors out of her fortune. 
 — Plutarch's Cicero. 
 
 3465. . Lord Byron. Having squan- 
 dered his own fortune and that of his first wife, 
 and incurred immense debts, he cast his eyes 
 upon Miss Catherine Gordon, a silly, romantic 
 Scotch girl of ancient family and large fortune, 
 and openly avowed his intention to marry her for 
 the sole purpose of paying off his debts. In 
 money, stocks and land, the young lady pos- 
 sessed property equal to about a quarter of a 
 million of our dollars, all of which, with her 
 hand and heart, she bestowed upon this hand- 
 some, fascinating, and despicable debauchee. 
 Before the honeymoon was over a crowd of 
 creditors came upon the husband of this fine 
 estate. First, all the ready money was paid 
 away — £3000. Next went the bank stock and 
 fishery shares — £1000 more. Then, £1500 worth 
 of timber was cut from the estate and sold. 
 Next, £8000 were raised by a mortgage on the 
 estate, and all paid to creditors. Finally, when 
 they had been married less than two years, the 
 estate was sold, and all the money which it 
 yielded was poured into the bottomless pit of 
 Captain Byron's debts, except a small sum ne- 
 cessary to secure Mrs. Byron the annual pittance 
 named above. When he had wrung from her 
 all that she possessed, and even made away with 
 part of her little annuity, he abandoned her and 
 went off to the continent, leaving to her care 
 their only son, a boy three years of age. . . . She 
 loved him to the last. — Cyclopedia of Biog. 
 p. 290. 
 
 3466. . CUmlry. The old days 
 
 were passed, when the knight knelt at the feet 
 of his lady-love, and went forth to the tourna-J 
 ment to challenge men to produce her equal inj 
 beauty and virtue. The knight now ascertainec" 
 what portion the lady's father would give, anc 
 he bargained for the uttermost crown. The 
 mother made no hesitation in speaking boldly to| 
 a powerful person for a daughter, ' ' to get f ol 
 her one good marriage if he knew any." [a.d. 
 1450-1485.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 
 p. 123. 
 
 3467. MARRIAGE without Money. Themis^ 
 tocles. Two citizens courting his daughter, he 
 preferred the worthy man to the rich one, anc" 
 assigned this reason — he had rather she shoulc 
 have a man without money than money withou^ 
 a man. — Plutarch's Cicero. 
 
 346§. MARRIAGE, Morals in. Samuel John-\ 
 son. " In religion men and women do not con- 
 cern themselves much about difference of opin-| 
 ion ; and ladies set no value on the moral] 
 character of men who pay their addresses toj 
 them ; the greatest profligate will be as wellj 
 received as the man of the greatest virtue, and! 
 this by a very good woman, by a woman who] 
 says her prayers three times a day." Our ladies 1 
 endeavored to defend their sex from this charge, f 
 
MARRIAGE. 
 
 409 
 
 but he roared them down. " No, no ; a lady will 
 take Jonathan Wild as readily as St. Austin, if 
 he has three-pence more ; and, what is worse, 
 her parents will give her to him. Women have 
 a perpetual envy of our vices ; they are less 
 vicious than* we, not from choice, but because we 
 restrict them ; they are the slaves of order and 
 fashion ; their virtue is of more consequence to 
 us than our own, so far as concerns this world." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 523. 
 
 3469. . Needful. When a propo- 
 sal was made to Oliver Cromwell that Charles 
 [II.] should marry his daughter, the Protector 
 •objected his " debauched life" as an insupera- 
 ble difficulty. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, 
 p. 231. 
 
 3470. MAEEIAOE, Name by. Charles 11. 
 Charles, while a wanderer on the Continent, had 
 fallen in at the Hague with Lucy Walters, a 
 Welsh girl of great beauty, but of weak under- 
 standing and dissolute manners. She became 
 his mistress, and presented him with a son. A 
 suspicious lover might have had his doubts ; for 
 the lady had several admirers, and was not sup- 
 posed to be cruel to any. Charles, however, 
 readily took her word, and poured forth on little 
 James Crofts, as the boy was then called, an 
 overflowing fondness, such as seemed hardly to 
 belong to that easy but cool and careless nature. 
 Soon after the Restoration the young favorite, 
 who had learned in France the exercises then 
 considered necessary to a fine gentleman, made 
 his appearance at Whitehall. He was lodged in 
 the palace, attended by pages, and permitted to 
 ■enjoy several distinctions which had till then 
 been confined to princes of the blood royal. He 
 was married, while still in tender youth, to Anne 
 Scott, heiress of the noble house of Buccleuch. 
 He took her name, and received with her hand 
 possession of her ample domains. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 233. 
 
 3471. MARRIAGE, Promoted by. By Oovern- 
 ment. Majorian, the Roman emperor, conceived 
 that it wrf his interest to increase the number of 
 his subjects, and that it was his duty to guard the 
 purity of the marriage-bed ; but the means which 
 be employed to accomplish these salutary pur- 
 poses are of an ambiguous and perhaps excep- 
 tionable kind. The pious maids, who consecrated 
 their virginity to Christ, were restrained from 
 taking the veil till they had reached their fortieth 
 year. Widows under that age were compelled 
 to form a second alliance within the term of five 
 years, by the forfeiture of half their wealth to 
 their nearest relations, or to the State. Unequal 
 marriages were condemned or annulled. The 
 punishment of confiscation and exile were 
 deemed so inadequate to the guilt of adultery, 
 that if the criminal returned to Italy, he might, 
 by the express declaration of Majorian, be slain 
 with impunity.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 36, p. 479. 
 
 3472. MARRIAGE, Proposal of. By Women. 
 [Kadidjah became attached to Mahomet.] She 
 did not dare, according to the Arabian usage, to 
 speak herself to him of her feelings. She had 
 it done by an old man attached to her house. 
 The message which she sent by him ran as fol- 
 lows : "My cousin, the relationship that exists 
 between our families, the precocious considera- 
 tion that surrounds thee, thy wisdom and thy 
 fidelity in the conduct of my caravans, combine 
 
 to make me desire to be thine." — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 64. 
 
 3473. MARRIAGE by Proxy. Anne of Britta- 
 ny. The young duchess, . . . besieged by contend- 
 ing suitors for her hand, was at length induced, 
 by the counsels of Dunois.to favor the pretensions 
 of Maximilian of Austria ; and a marriage be- 
 tween them was secretly solemnized by proxy in 
 the summer of 1490, all forms being carefully 
 observed on the occasion which could tend to 
 make the contract binding and irrevocable. — 
 Students' France, ch. 12, § 13. 
 
 3474. . PtHnce Arthur. In 1499, 
 
 when [Prince] Arthur had reached his twelfth 
 year, the marriage ceremony was performed, 
 the Spanish princess being represented by proxy. 
 [She was Catherine of Aragon.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 235. 
 
 3475. . Llewellyn — Eleanora. Be- 
 fore the death of the widow of Leicester [Simon 
 de Montfort], in 1275, the young Eleanora [her 
 daughter] was married by proxy to [Llewellyn] 
 the Welsh prince, who kept that faith to the 
 poor and exiled orphan which he had vowed in 
 the days of her prosperity. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 25, p. 383. 
 
 3476. MARRIAGE, Recklessness in. Princess 
 Honomi. [See No. 3436.] Her impatience of long 
 and hopeless celibacy urged her to embrace a 
 strange and desperate resolution. The name of 
 Attila was familiar and formidable at Constan- 
 tinople ; and his frequent embassies entertained 
 a perpetual intercourse between his camp and 
 the imperial palace. In the pursuit of love, or 
 rather of revenge, the daughter of Placidia sac- 
 rificed every duty and every prejudice, and of- 
 fered to deliver her person into the arms of a 
 barbarian, of whose language she was ignorant, 
 whose figure was scarcely human, and whose 
 religion and manners she abhorred. By the min- 
 istry of a faithful eunuch she transmitted to At- 
 tila a ring, the pledge of her affection, and 
 earnestly conjured him to claim her a i a lawful 
 spouse, to whom he had been secretl v betroth- 
 ed. These indecent advances were received, 
 however, with coldness and disdain. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 35, p. 431. 
 
 3477. MARRIAGE of Relatives. Middle Ages. 
 The subserviency of . . . [Robert II.] to the domi- 
 neering spirit of the popedom had its natural ef- 
 fect in exciting the holy fathers to further exer- 
 cises of authority. Robert had been excommu- 
 nicated for marrying his relation ; and his grand 
 son, Philip I., was excommunicated for divorc- 
 ing a lady who was his relation, to make way 
 for a mistress. Of all the superstitions of these 
 times, it was not the least prejudicial to the wel- 
 fare of States that the marriage of relations, even 
 to the seventh degree, was prohibited by the 
 Church. Henry, the father of Philip I. of France, 
 to whom almost all the sovereigns of Europe 
 were related, was obliged to seek a wife from 
 the barbarous empire of Russia. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, p. 123. 
 
 347§. MARRIAGE repeated. Julius Cmar. It 
 is characteristic of the manners of the age that 
 Julius Caesar had married four times, Augustus 
 thrice, Tiberius twice. Gains thrice, Claudius six 
 times, and Nero thrice. Yet Nero was the last 
 
410 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 of the Caesars, even of the adoptive line. No 
 descendants had survived of the offspring of so 
 many unions, and, as Merivale says, " a large 
 proportion, which it would be tedious to calcu- 
 late, were the victims of domestic jealousy and 
 politic assassination." — Farrak's Early Days, 
 ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 3479. MABRIACrE, Eepetition of. Condemned. 
 The primitive ideas of the merit and holiness of 
 celibacy were preached by the monks and en- 
 tertained by the Greeks. Marriage was allowed 
 as a necessary means for the propagation of man- 
 kind ; after the death of either party the sur- 
 vivor might satisfy, by a secand union, the weak- 
 ness or the strength of the flesh ; but a thh^d 
 marriage was censured as a state of legal forni- 
 cation ; and Sk fourth was a sin or a scandal as yet 
 uukuuwu to the Christians of the East. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 48, p. 602. 
 
 34§0. MABBIA6E, 'BMva&a.tia.Qaribaldi.Once, 
 when in a melancholy mood, after seeing six- 
 teen of his beloved Italian comrades perish by 
 shipwreck, he thought to relieve his sadness by 
 marrying. He caught sight in a window of a 
 graceful female form. He knew not who she 
 was, nor to what family she belonged ; but 
 something told him that she was the destined 
 woman. A friend introduced him that very day, 
 and ere many weeks had rolled by he was her 
 husband. In many a rough campaign she 
 marched by his side ; on many a voyage she 
 shared his cabin ; and she died, at last, of fa- 
 tigue and exposure in Italy, leaving three chil- 
 dren to mourn her loss. The great, soft-hearted 
 Garibaldi has ever since reproached himself bit- 
 terly for having taken her away from her safe 
 and happy home to share the lot of a soldier of 
 liberty. Over her dead body, he says, he prayed 
 for forgiveness for the sin of taking her from 
 home. She, however, had never repined, but 
 really seemed to enjoy the life of battle and 
 adventure which her husband led. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BioG., p. 495. 
 
 34§1. MARRIAGE, Second. 8amuelJdhn»on. 
 A gentleman who had been very unhappy in 
 marriage married immediately after his wife 
 died. Johnson said [to Dr. Maxwell] it was the 
 triumph of hope over experience. — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 177. 
 
 34§2. . Samuel Johnson. When I 
 
 censured a gentleman of my acquaintance for 
 marrying a second time, as it showed a disregard 
 of his first wife, he said, " Not at all, sir. On the 
 contrary, were he not to marry again, it might 
 be concluded that his first wife had given him a 
 disgust to marriage ; but by taking a second 
 wife he pays the highest compliment to the first, 
 by showing that she made him so happy as a mar- 
 ried man that he wishes to be so a second time." 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 160. 
 
 34§3. MARRIAGE, Secret. Spartan. The Spar- 
 tan marriages were performed in secret ; the hus- 
 band stole away, or forcibly carried away, his 
 T. ife ; she was dressed for some time in man's ap- 
 parel, to conceal her ; while the husband contin- 
 ued to sleep as usual in the public dormitories 
 with his companions, and to see his wife only by 
 stealth, till the birth of a child made him known 
 at once as a husband and a father. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 9, p. 94. 
 
 34S4. MARRIAGE secured. Auction. Herodo- 
 tus . . . relates a singular practice which pre- 
 vailed among the Assjiians with respect to mar- 
 riage, though it seems to have a natural founda- 
 tion in the custom above mentioned, which pre- 
 vailed in most of the ancient nations. In every 
 village, says that author, they brought together 
 once in the year all the youno' women who were 
 marriageable, and the public crier, beginning 
 with the most beautiful, put them up to auction 
 one after another. The rich paid a high price 
 for those whose figure seemed to them the most 
 agreeable ; and the money raised by the sale of 
 these was assigned as a portion to the more 
 homely. When it was their turn to be put up to 
 sale, each woman was bestowed on the man who 
 was willing to accept of her with the smallest 
 portion ; but no man was allowed to carry off 
 the woman he had purchased, unless he gave se- 
 curity that he would take her to wife ; and if 
 afterward it happened that the husband for any 
 cause put away his wife, he was obliged to pay 
 back the money he had received with her. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 3, p. 24. 
 
 34§5. MARRIAGE, Selection in. Russians. 
 The Russians, who have borrowed from the 
 Greeks the greatest part of their civil and eccle- 
 siastical policy, preserved, till the last century, 
 a singular institution in the marriage of th« 
 Czar. They collected, not the virgins of every 
 rank and of every province — a vain and roman- 
 tic idea — but the daughters of the principal no- 
 bles, who awaited in the palace the choice of 
 their sovereign. It is affirmed that a similar 
 method was adopted in the nuptials of Theophi- 
 lus. With a golden apple in his hand, he slowly 
 walked between two lines of contending beau- 
 ties ; his eye was detained by the charms of 
 Icasia, and in the awkwardness of a first decla- 
 ration, the prince could only observe that, in 
 this world, women had been the cause of much 
 evil. "And surely, sir," she pertly replied, 
 " they have likewise been the occasion of much 
 good." This affectation of unseasonable wit 
 displeased the imperial lover ; he turned aside 
 in disgust ; Icasia concealed her mortification in 
 a convent ; and the modest silence of Theodora 
 was rewarded with the golden apple. — Gibbon's i 
 Rome, ch. 48, p. 594. 
 
 34§6. MARRIAGE, Sensational. Luther. The ; 
 wedding ceremony took place in the custo- i 
 mary manner. Bugenhagen pronounced themj 
 man and wife, and added God's blessing. The 
 wedding-rings of Luther and Catharine, the gift 
 of a friend, have been preserved in the MuseumJ 
 of Brunswick. They are artistically made, anc" 
 bear the inscription, " What God hath joinec 
 together, let not man put asunder." ... In 
 fortnight thereafter the usual wedding festivitie 
 were held, to which Luther invited his parent 
 and friends. From the university Luther re- 
 ceived a finely engraved silver tankard, now inj 
 possession of the University of Greifswald. The 
 electoral court furnished a roast of venison, and] 
 the city authorities a generous supply of wine, 
 . . . And thus the unprecedented had happenedJ 
 — an expelled monk had married a runawayj 
 nun ! Great was the talk and the commotio! 
 that ensued ! Luther's enemies derisively re- 
 minded him of the old legend that of such al 
 union Antichrist would be begotten. Many of J 
 
MARRIAGE. 
 
 411 
 
 his best friends, Melanchthon among the num- 
 ber, were troubled about his act. — Rein's Lu- 
 ther, eh. 15, p. 134. 
 
 3487. MARRIAGE, A splendid. Prince Bu- 
 pert. In 1613 the marriage of Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land, the daughter of James I., was solemnized, 
 in her sixteenth year, with the Prince Palatine, 
 the Elector of Bohemia. If we muy judge from 
 contemporaneous chronicles, the beauty of this 
 only surviving sister of Charles was singular ; 
 she was called the "Pearl of Britain" and the 
 " Queen of Hearts ;" while the charming sym- 
 metry of her form and features are said to have 
 been enhanced by the exquisite play of soft ex- 
 pression over her face. It has been said that 
 history borrows the colors of romance when she 
 paints this fair young princess on the morning 
 of her marriage, as she passed along to the 
 chapel over a gallery raised for the purpose, 
 glowing in all the lights of loveliness and maj- 
 esty, arrayed in white, her rich dark hair falling 
 over her shoulders, and on her head a crown of 
 pure gold ; one hand locked in that of her 
 brother Charles, and the other leaning on the 
 arm of the old Earl of Northampton ; her train 
 of noble bridesmaids followed on her steps. It 
 is said that England had never seen the equal to 
 the sumptuous splendor of this marriage ; the 
 bravery and riches were incomparable, the gold, 
 the silver, the pearls, the diamonds and every 
 variety of jewels. The king's, queen's, and 
 prince's jewels were valued alone at £900,000 
 sterling. Then came magnificent masques, and 
 the mock fight upon the Thames ; and then 
 some gay masque representing the marriage of 
 the Thames and the Rhine ; and at night fire- 
 works blazing over London. For the marriage 
 was very popular, and was supposed to be a 
 good omen for the cause of Protestantism. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 9, p. 128. 
 
 34§§. MARRIAGE, Surprise by. John Milton. 
 In the early part of the summer of 1643 Milton 
 took a sudden journey into the country, ' ' no- 
 body about him certainly knowing the reason, 
 or that it was any more than a journey of recre- 
 ation." He was absent about a month, and when 
 he returned he brought back a wife with him. 
 Nor was the bride alone. She was attended " by 
 some few of her nearest relations," and there 
 was feasting and celebration of the nuptials in 
 , the house in Aldersgate Street. . . . Milton, with 
 I a poet's want of caution, or indifference to 
 , money, and with a lofty masculine disregard of 
 I the temper and character of the girl he asked to 
 ' share his life, came home with his bride in tri- 
 1 uraph, and held feasting in celebration of his 
 . hasty and ill-considered choice. It was a be- 
 ! ginning of sorrows to him. — Milton, by M. 
 ; Pattison, ch. 5. 
 
 34§9. MARRIAGE, Uncertain. Eeign of Eliz- 
 ! aieth. When Parker [Archbisop of Canterbury] 
 . wjis firm in resisting the introduction of the cru- 
 cifix or of celibacy, Elizabeth showed her re- 
 sentment by an insult to his wife. Married la- 
 dies were addressed at this time as "madam," 
 unmarried ladies as "mistress;" but the mar- 
 riage of the clergy was still unsanctioned by law, 
 for Elizabeth had refused to revive the statute of 
 Edward by which it was allowed, and the posi- 
 tion of a priest's wife was legally a very doubt- 
 ful one. When Mrs. Parker, therefore, ad 
 
 vanced at the close of a sumptuous entertain, 
 ment at Lambeth to take leave of the queen, 
 Elizabeth feigned a momentary hesitation. 
 " Madam," she said at last, " I may not call you,, 
 and mistress I am loath to call you ; however, I 
 thank you for your good cheer. " — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 703. 
 
 3490. MARRIAGE, Unendurable. Jo7m Mil- 
 ion. In his thirty-fifth year, just as the civil 
 war was actually beginning, he went into the 
 country, telling no one the object of the jour- 
 ney. A month after he returned home a mar- 
 ried man, bringing his wife with him. She was 
 a good enough country girl, the daughter of an 
 old friend of Milton's father, but as unsuitable 
 a wife for John Milton as any woman in Eng- 
 land. She was rather stupid, very ignorant, 
 fond of pleasure, accustomed to go to country 
 balls and dance with gay young officers. Mil- 
 ton was a grave, austere student, absorbed in the 
 weightiest public topics, and living only in his 
 books and in his thoughts. The poor girl found 
 his house so intolerably dull, that, after a short 
 trial of it, she asked leave to go home for a 
 short visit, and, being at home, she positively 
 refused to go back. He was not less disgusted 
 with her ; and his sufferings leading him to study 
 the great questions of marriage and divorce, he 
 came to the conclusion that divorce ought to be 
 about as free and about as easy as marriage. He 
 published divert pamphlets on this subject, the 
 substance of which is this : that when man and 
 wife, after a fair and full trial, find they cannot 
 live together in peace, and both deliberately 
 choose to separate, there ought to be no legal 
 obstacle to their doing so, provided always 
 that proper provision be made for the support 
 and education of the children. — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 170. 
 
 3491. MARRIAGE, Unequal. Samuel John- 
 son. A young lady, who had married a man 
 much her inferior in rank, being mentioned, a 
 question arose how a woman's relations should 
 behave to her in such a situation. ... I con- 
 tended that she ought to be treated with an in- 
 flexible steadiness of displeasure. . . . Johnson : 
 " Madam, we must distinguish. Were I a man 
 of rank, I would not let a daughter starve who 
 had made a mean marriage ; but having volun- 
 tarily degraded herself from the station which, 
 she was originally entitled to hold, I would sup- 
 port her only in that which she herself had cho- 
 sen, and would not put her on a level with ,my- 
 other daughters. You are to consider, madam, 
 that it is our duty to maintain the subordination 
 of civilized society ; and when there is a gross 
 and shameful deviation from rank, it should be 
 punished so as to deter others from the same 
 perversion." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 241. 
 
 3492. MARRIAGE, Unfit for. Samuel John- 
 son. Marriage is the best state for man in gen- 
 eral ; and every man is a worse man in propor- 
 tion as he is unfit for the married state. — Bo&- 
 avell's Johnson, p. 282. 
 
 3493. MARRIAGE, Unhappy. Shaleipeare: 
 Now we come to the great calamity of Shake- 
 speare's life. One of his father's friends was 
 Richard Hathaway, a substantial farmer near 
 Stratford, who had a daughter, Anne, eight 
 years older than Shakespeare. When he was a 
 boy of eighteen and she a woman of twenty -six 
 
412 
 
 MARRIAGE— MARTYR. 
 
 they were married ; and five months after their 
 first child was born. No one who has much 
 knowledge of human nature needs any evidence 
 that such a marriage was a ceaseless misery and 
 shame to him as long as he lived. The many 
 passages of his works in which unfavorable views 
 are given of the female character reveal the 
 melancholy truth. The ill-starred couple had 
 three children, Susanna, Hamnet, and Judith, 
 all of whom were born before the father was 
 twenty one — the two last-named being twins. 
 . . . There is a good reason to believe that from 
 his twenty-first year he had never been a hus- 
 band to his wife, and really had no home. — 
 Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 37. 
 
 3494. MAERIAGE, Unsafe. Mary Queen of 
 Scots. [She was regarded as accessory to her 
 husband's assassination.] " Would you like to 
 marry my sister of Scotland ?" ironically asked 
 Elizabeth of the Earl of Norfolk, who was be- 
 lieved to be smitten by the charms of his pris- 
 oner. "Madam," replied the earl, horrified at 
 such an idea, " I shall never espouse a wife 
 whose husband cannot lay his head with safety 
 on his pillow. " — Lamaktiise's Mary Queek of 
 Scots, p. 38. 
 
 3495. MARRIAGE, Vow of. Captain Cook. 
 During one of his visits to England he married 
 a girl fifteen years of age, whom he had held at 
 the baptismal font in her infancy, and whom he 
 had then said he would marry. He was nine- 
 teen when he made this vow, and thirty-four 
 when he fulfilled it. He was a sailor in a coal 
 ship when he held the baby in his arms at the 
 altar ; he was a rising naval oflScer when, to the 
 same altar, he led the blooming bride. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BioG., p. 380. 
 
 3496. MARRIAGE, A wicked. Mary Queen 
 of Scots. [Bothwell assassinated Darnley, her 
 husband. See No. 2188.] She only refused Both- 
 well one thing — the tutelage and guardianship 
 of her son, who was kept at Stirling. Violent 
 and noisy quarrels took place about this at Holy- 
 rood, even on the evening before the marriage 
 of the widow and her husband's assassin. The 
 Erench ambassador heard the turmoil. Both- 
 Avell insisted, and the queen, determined to re- 
 sist, called loudly for a dagger wherewith to kill 
 herself. " On the day after the ceremony," 
 ■writes the ambassador, "I perceived strange 
 clouds on the countenances both of the queen 
 and her husband, which she tried to excuse, say- 
 ing that if I saw her sad it was because she had 
 DO reason to rejoice, desiring nothing but death." 
 — Lamartine's Mary Queen of Scots, p. 30. 
 
 3497. MARRIAGE, A worthy. John Adams. 
 A few days after John Adams had been pre- 
 sented to George III. and Queen Charlotte, his 
 "wife and daughter were obliged, by the estab- 
 lished etiquette, to take part in a similar cere- 
 mony. Mr. Adams had an advantage over al- 
 most all the revolutionary fathers in possessing 
 a wife who was fully his equal in understand- 
 ing. The wives of Washington and Franklin 
 were most estimable ladies, but they had no 
 intellectual tastes, and would hardly have held 
 their ground in a conversation upon literature 
 or science. Mrs. Adams, however, was really a 
 very superior woman. Besides having an ample 
 share of Yankee sense and shrewdness, besides 
 being an excellent manager and housekeeper, 
 
 she was fond of books, possessed considerable 
 knowledge, and wrote letters quite as sprightly 
 and entertaining, and much more sensible and 
 instructive, than those of Madame de Sevigne or 
 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who are so fa- 
 mous for their letters. When we read her ex- 
 cellent epistles, we can hardly believe, what is 
 nevertheless true, that she was born and bred in 
 a country parsonage in New England, and never 
 Avent to school one day in her life. She owed 
 her excellent education wholly to her parents 
 and relations, and to her own remarkable quick- 
 ness of mind. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 186. 
 
 349§. MARRIAGES, Mixed. Romans. A just 
 regard to the purity of descent preserves the har- 
 mony of public and private life ; but the mixture 
 of foreign blood is the fruitful source of disorder 
 and discord. Such had ever been the opinion 
 and practice of the sage Romans ; their juris- 
 prudence proscribed the marriage of a citizen and 
 a stranger ; in the days of freedom and virtue a 
 senator would have scorned to match his daugh- 
 ter with a king ; the glory of Mark Antony was 
 sullied by an Egyptian wife ; and the Emperor 
 Titus was compelled, by populur censure, to 
 dismiss, with reluctance, the reluctant Berenice. 
 This perpetual interdict was ratified by the fab- 
 ulous sanction of the great Constantine. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 359. 
 
 3499. MARRIAGES, Roman. Customs. Ex- 
 perience has proved that savages are the tyrants 
 of the female sex, and that the condition of 
 woman is usually softened by the refinements of 
 social life. In the hope of a robust progeny, 
 Lycurgus had delayed the season of marriage ; 
 it was fixed by Nunia at the tender age of twelve 
 years, that the Roman husband might educate to 
 his will a pure and obedient virgin. According 
 to the custom of antiquity, he bought his bride 
 of her parents, and she fulfilled the coemption by 
 purchasing, with three pieces of copper, a just 
 introduction to his house and household deities. 
 A sacrifice of fruits was offered by the pontiffs 
 in the presence of ten witnesses ; the contracting 
 parties were seated on the same sheep-skin ; they 
 tasted a salt cake of far or rice ; and i\\\s, confar- 
 reation, which denoted the ancient food of Italy, 
 served as an emblem of their mystic union of 
 mind and body. But this union on the side of the 
 woman was rigorous and unequal ; and she re- 
 nounced the name and worship of her father's 
 house to embrace a new servitude, decorated 
 only by the title of adoption, a fiction of the law, 
 neither rational nor elegant, bestowed on the 
 mother of a family (her proper appellation), the 
 strange characters of sister to her own children, 
 and of daughter to her husband or master, who 
 was invested with the plenitude of paternal pow- 
 er. By his judgment or caprice her behavior 
 was approved or censured or chastised ; he ex- 
 ercised the jurisdiction of life and death ; and it 
 was allowed that in the cases of adultery or 
 drunkenness the sentence might be properly in- 
 flicted. She acquired and inherited for the sole 
 profit of her lord ; and so clearly was woman de- 
 fined, not as a person, but as a thing, that, if the 
 original title were deficient, she might be claimed, 
 like other movables, hy the ^ise and possession of 
 an entire year. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 345. 
 
 3500. MARTYR, A false. Reign of James^ 11. 
 [Rochester, the Lord Treasurer, had sat in a tribu- 
 
MARTYR— MARTYRS. 
 
 413 
 
 nal which persecuted the Established Church ; 
 to save his office he affected to doubt her ortho- 
 doxy. [See Office, Love of, No. 3874.] Yet he was 
 extolled by the great body of churchmen as if he 
 had been the bravest and purest of martyrs. The 
 Old and New Testaments, the Martyrologies of 
 Eusebius and of Fox, were ransacked to find 
 parallels for his heroic piety. He was Daniel in 
 the den of lions, Shadrach in the fiery furnace, 
 Peter in the dungeon of Herod, Paul at the bar 
 of Nero, Ignatius in the amphitheatre, Latimer 
 at the stake. — Mac aula y's Eng., ch. 6, p. 144. 
 
 3501. MARTYR, A sinful. Lord Churchill. 
 The most remarkable letter was from Churchill. 
 It was written with that natural eloquence which, 
 illiterate as he was, he never wanted on great oc- 
 casions, and with an air of magnanimity which, 
 perfidious as he was, he could with singular dex- 
 terity assume. The Princess Anne, he said, had 
 commanded him to assure her illustrious rela- 
 tives at the Hague that she was fully resolved, 
 by God's help, rather to lose her life than to be 
 guilty of apostasy. As for himself, his places 
 and the royal favor were as nothing to him in 
 comparison with his religion. He concluded by 
 declaring, in lofty language, that, though he 
 could not pretend to have lived the life of a saint, 
 he should be found ready, on occasion, to die the 
 death of a martyr. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, 
 p. 240. 
 
 3502. MARTYRDOM coveted. Quakers in 
 Massachusetts. Some of the Quakers were ex- 
 travagant and foolish ; they cried out from the 
 windows at the magistrates and ministers that 
 passed by, and mocked the civil and religious in- 
 stitutions of the country. They riotously inter- 
 rupted public worship ; and women, forgetting 
 the decorum of their sex, and claiming a divine 
 origin for their absurd caprices, smeared their 
 faces, and even went naked through the streets. 
 [Yet] ... a fault against manners may not 
 be punished by a crime against nature. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 3503. . Early Ghristians. "We can 
 
 more easily admire than imitate the fervor of 
 the first Christians, who, according to the lively 
 expression of Sulpicius Severus, desired martyr- 
 dom with more eagerness than his own contem- 
 poraries solicited a bishopric. . . . Some stories 
 are related of the courage of martyrs, who actu- 
 idly performed what Ignatius had intended, who 
 exasperated the fury of the lions, pressed the ex- 
 ecutioner to hasten his office, cheerfully leaped 
 into the fires which were kindled to consume 
 tliem, and discovered a sensation of joy and 
 pleasure in the midst of the most exquisite tor- 
 tures. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 41. 
 
 3504. MARTYRDOM, Devotion to. John Knox. 
 Knox was the Savonarola of Edinburgh ; as 
 overbearing, popular, and cruel as he of Florence, 
 lie stood alone between the people, the throne, 
 and the Parliament as a fourth power, repre- 
 senting sacred sedition — a power which claimed 
 a place side by side with the other powers of the 
 State ; a man more to be feared by the queen be- 
 cause his virtue was, so to speak, a kind of fa- 
 natical conscience. To become a martyr or to 
 make martyrs for what he believed to be the 
 cause of God were to him indifferent. He was 
 ready to give himself up to the death, and why 
 should he hesitate to devote others to the scaf- 
 
 fold ? — Lamabtine's Mary Queen of Scots, 
 p. 11. 
 
 3505. MARTYRDOM, Eminence by. Thomas 
 Becket. After a stormy parley with him in his 
 chamber, they withdrew to arm. Thomas was 
 hurried by his clerks into the cathedral, but as he 
 reached the steps leading from the transept to the 
 choir, his pursuers burst in from the cloisters. 
 "Where," cried Reginald Fitzurse, in the dusk of 
 the dimly lighted minster — "where is the trai- 
 tor, Thomas Becket ?" The primate turned res- 
 olutely back : " Here am I, no traitor, but a 
 priest of God," he replied, and again descending 
 the steps, he placed himself with his back against 
 a pillar, and fronted his foes. All the bravery 
 and violence of his old knightly life seemed to 
 revive in Thomas as he tossed back the threats 
 and demands of his assailants. "You are our 
 prisoner," shouted Fitzurse, and the four knights 
 seized him to drag him from the church. " Do 
 not touch me, Reginald," cried the primate ; 
 " pander that you are, you owe me fealty ;" and 
 availing himself of his personal strength he shook 
 him roughly off. " Strike, strike," retorted Fitz- 
 urse, and blow after blow struck Thomas to the 
 ground. A retainer of Ranulf de Broc with the 
 point of his sword scattered the primate's brains 
 on the ground. " Let us be off," he cried, tri- 
 umphantly ; "this traitor will never rise again." 
 The brutal murder was received with a thrill 
 of horror throughout Christendom ; miracles 
 were wrought at the martyr's tomb, he was 
 canonized, and became the most popular of 
 English saints. The stately " martj'rdom" which 
 rose over his relics at Canterbury seemed to em- 
 •body the triumph which his blood had won. — 
 Hist, of English People, § 138. 
 
 3506. MARTYRS, Fanatical. Donatists. Many 
 fanatics were possessed Avith the horror of life 
 and the desire of martyrdom, and they deemed it 
 of little moment by what means or by what hands 
 they perished, if their conduct was sanctified by 
 the intention of devoting themselves to the glory 
 of the true faith and the hope of eternal happi- 
 ness. Sometimes they rudely disturbed the fes- 
 tivals and profaned the temples of paganism 
 with the design of exciting the most zealous of 
 the idolaters to revenge the insulted honor of 
 their gods. They sometimes forced their way 
 into the courts of justice, and compelled the 
 affrighted judge to give orders for their im- 
 mediate execution. They frequently stopped 
 travellers on the public highways and obliged 
 them to inflict the stroke of martyrdom, by the 
 promise of a reward, if they consented, and by 
 the threat of instant death, if they refused to 
 grant so very singular a favor. When they were 
 disappointed of every other resource, they an- 
 nounced the day on which, in the presence of 
 their friends and brethren, they should cast 
 themselves headlong from some lofty rock ; and 
 many precipices were shown which had ac- 
 quired fame by the number of religious sui- 
 cides. In the actions of these desperate enthu- 
 siasts, who were admired by one party as the 
 martyrs of God and abhorred by the other as 
 the victims of Satan, an impartial philosopher 
 may discover the influence and the last abuse of 
 that inflexible spirit which was originally de- 
 rived from the character and principles of the 
 Jewish nation — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 21, p. 368. 
 
414 
 
 MARTYRS— MASSACRE. 
 
 3507. MAETYES, First. English. [In 1555 
 John Rogers was burnt at the stake in Smith- 
 field, Lawrence Saunders was burnt at Coven- 
 try, John Hooper was burnt at Gloucester, and 
 Rowland Taylor was burnt at Hadleigh. These 
 were four of the first Protestant martyrs burnt 
 in England.] — Knight's Ekg., vol. 3, ch. 6, 
 p. 79. 
 
 350§. MAETYES, Missionary. JemitPHesU. 
 Breboeuf was set apart on a scaffold. They (the 
 Mohawks) cut his lower lip and his nose, applied 
 burning torches to his body, burned his gums, 
 and thrust hot iron down his throat. The deli- 
 cate Lallemand was stripped naked, and envel- 
 oped from head to foot with bark full of rosin. 
 Brought into the presence of Breboeuf, he ex- 
 claimed, " We are made a spectacle unto the 
 world, and to angels, and men !" The pine 
 bark was set on fire, and when it was in a blaze 
 boiling water was poured on the heads of both 
 the missionaries, The voice of Lallemand was 
 choked by the thick smoke ; but the fire having 
 snapped his bonds, he lifted his hands to heav- 
 en. Breboeuf was scalped while yet alive, and 
 died after a torture of three hours ; the sufferings 
 of Lallemand were protracted for seventeen 
 hours. The lives of both had been a continual 
 heroism. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 3509. MAETYES tortured. By Nero. Imag- 
 ine that awful scene, once witnessed, ... in the 
 square before St. Peter's at Rome ! Imagine it, 
 that we may realize how vast is the change which 
 Christianity has wrought in the feelings of man- 
 kind ! There, where the vast dome now rises, 
 were once the gardens of Nero. They were 
 thronged with gay crowds, among whom the 
 emperor moved in his frivolous degradation, 
 and on every side were men dying slowly on 
 their cross of shame. Along the paths of those 
 gardens on the autumn nights were ghastly 
 torches, blackening the ground beneath them 
 with streams of sulphurous pitch, and each of 
 those living torches was a martyr in his shirt of 
 fire. And in the amphitheatre hard by, in sight 
 of twenty thousand spectators, famished dogs 
 were tearing to pieces some of the best and pur- 
 est of men and women, hideously disguised in 
 the skins of bears or wolves. Thus did Nero 
 baptize in the blood of martyrs the city which 
 was to be for ages the capital of the world ! — 
 Farrar's Early Days, ch. 5, p. 39. 
 
 3510. MAETYES, True. Syrian Doctors. 
 Among the suppliants and captives Timour dis- 
 tinguished the doctors of the law, whom he in- 
 vited to the dangerous honor of a personal con- 
 ference. . , . To these doctors he proposed a 
 captious question, which the casuists of Bokha- 
 ra, Samarcand, and Herat were incapable of re- 
 solving. " Who are the true martyrs, of those 
 who are slain on my side, or on that of my ene- 
 mies ?" But he was silenced, or satisfied, by the 
 dexterity of one of the cadhis of Aleppo, who 
 replied, in the words of Mahomet himself, that 
 the motive, not the ensign, constitutes the mar- 
 tyr ; and that the Moslems of either party, who 
 Bght only for the glory of God, may deserve 
 that sacred appellation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, 
 p. 262. 
 
 3511. MAEVELS, Age of. Age of Theseus. 
 It is principally on the age of Theseus that the 
 Greeks have indulged their vein for the marvel- 
 
 lous. Everthing is supernatural, and every great 
 man is either a god or a demi-god. The most 
 probable source of this I conceive to be that the 
 princes, who had then become really powerful, 
 and exercised a high control over their subjects, 
 taking advantage of the superstitious character 
 of the times, and of the people's credulity, as- 
 sumed to themselves a divine origin, in order 
 the better to support their new authority. Hav- 
 ing at all times the priests under their influence, 
 they could do this with great facility, by institut- 
 ing religious rites in honor of their divine pro- 
 genitors ; and if they could thus prevail so far 
 as to pass with their contemporaries for the off- 
 spring of the gods, it is no wonder that the suc- 
 ceeding ages should retain the same idea of them. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 8, p. 70. 
 
 35l!8. MASQUEEADE, Deadly. Charles VI. 
 The young monarch was unfortunately seized 
 with a deprivation of his intellects, which broke 
 out in the most dreadful fits of madness. The 
 ignorance of men in those ages attributed this fa- 
 tal but natural calamity to the effects of witch- 
 craft. An Italian lady, the wife of his brother, 
 the Duke of Orleans, w^as accused as the author 
 of his misfortunes, and the suspicion was in- 
 creased by a very strange accident. In a mas- 
 querade at court the king appeared in the garb 
 of a wild man, covered with leaves, which were 
 stuck with pitch upon a close habit of linen, 
 and he led in chains four other satyrs, dressed in 
 the same manner. The Duke of Orleans, who 
 held a burning torch, approached accidentally 
 too near these combustible knights ; one of the 
 habits took fire, and the four satyrs, who were 
 four of the principal nobility, were burnt to 
 death. The king escaped with life, but was 
 seized with a dreadful fit of frenzy. To relieve 
 him, they sent for a magician from Montpelier, 
 and he became somewhat better. The fact was, 
 his disease had lucid intervals, and in these 
 he sometimes resumed the management of his 
 kingdom — which was of the worst consequence to 
 France, for no measure was ever pursued to an 
 end or with stability. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 13. 
 
 3513. MASSACEE, Evidence of. Louis IX. 
 The Oriental writers confess that Louis might 
 have escaped, if he would have deserted his sub- 
 jects ; he was made prisoner, with the greatest 
 part of his nobles ; all who could not redeem 
 their lives by service or ransom were inhumanly 
 massacred ; and the walls of Cairo were deco- 
 rated with a circle of Christian heads. The king 
 of France was loaded with chains. [Attack 
 of Crusaders on Massoura.] — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 59, p. 43. 
 
 3514. MASSACEE, General. Goths. [The 
 Goths invaded Thrace.] After a long resistance, 
 Philippopolis, destitute of succor, was taken by 
 storm. A hundred thousand persons are report- 
 ed to have been massacred in the sack of that 
 great city. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10, p. 291. 
 
 3515. MASSACEE, Immense. London. Sue- 
 tonius Paulinus, under the Emperor Nero, . . . 
 [was sent against Britain.] The Britons, more 
 exasperated than intimidated, were all in arms, 
 and, headed by Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, had . 
 attacked several of the Roman settlements. Sue- 
 tonius hastened to the protection of London. 
 The Britons, however, reduced it to ashes, mas: 
 
MASSACRE— MASSES. 
 
 415 
 
 sacred tlie inhabitants that remained in it, put- 
 ting to death 70,000 of the Romans and their al- 
 lies. Suetonius revenged these losses by a deci- 
 sive victory, in which 80,000 Britons fell in the 
 field. Boadicea, to escape slavery or an igno- 
 minous death, put an end to her own life by poi- 
 son. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 5, p. 104. 
 
 3516. MASSACEE by Mob. Paris, a.d. 1418. 
 On the 12th of June . . . the people broke open 
 the prisons and private houses where the Armag- 
 nacs were confined, [and] massacred 1500 vic- 
 tims in one morning. — Knight's Eng.,vo1. 2, 
 ch. 5, p. 68. 
 
 3517. MASSACEE of Patriots. Boston. On the 
 6th of March a more serious difficulty occurred in 
 Boston. An altercation had taken place between 
 a party of citizens and the soldiers. A crowd 
 gathered, surrounded Captain Preston's company 
 of the city guard, hooted at them, and dared them 
 to fire. At length the exasperated soldiers dis- 
 charged a volley, killing three of the citizens, and 
 wounding several others. This outrage, known 
 as the Boston massacre, created a profound sen- 
 sation. The city was ablaze with excitement. 
 Several thousand men assembled under arms. 
 Governor Hutchinson came out, promising that 
 justice should be done, and trying to appease the 
 multitude. The brave Samuel Adams spoke for 
 the people. An immediate withdrawal of the 
 troops from the city was demanded, and the 
 governor was obliged to yield. Captain Pres- 
 ton and his company were arrested and tried 
 for murder. The prosecution was conducted 
 "with great spirit, and two of the offenders were 
 convicted of manslaughter. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 37, p. 294. 
 
 . 351§. MASSACEE prevented. Jamestown. 
 The savages carefully concealed their murder- 
 ous purpose. Until the very day of the massacre 
 they continued on terms of friendship with the 
 English. They came unmolested into the settle- 
 ments, ate with their victims, borrowed boats 
 and guns, made purchases, and gave not the slight- 
 est token of hostility. The attack was planned 
 for the 22d of March, at midday. At the fatal 
 hour the work of butchery began. Every ham- 
 let in Virginia was attacked by a band of yell- 
 ing barbarians. No age, sex, or condition awak- 
 ened an emotion of pity. Men, women, and chil- 
 dren were indiscriminately slaughtered, until 
 347 had perished under the knives and hatch- 
 ets of the savages. But Indian treachery was 
 thwarted by Indian faithfulness. ... A con- 
 verted red man, wishing to save an Englishman 
 [of Jamestown] who had been his friend, went 
 to him on the night before the massacre, and 
 revealed the plot. The alarm was spread among 
 the settlements, and thus the greater part of 
 the colony escaped destruction. But the outer 
 
 Plantations were entirely destroyed. — Ridpath's 
 r. S., ch. 11, p. 112. 
 
 3519. MASSACEE, Punished by. By Etissians. 
 X When "Warsaw capitulated, in 1794, the Russian 
 commander Suwaroff had put to the sword 
 20,000 wretched inhabitants of the suburb of 
 Praga.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 17, p. 315. 
 
 3520. MASSACEE by Treachery. Roman. The 
 punishment of a Roman city was blindly com- 
 mitted to the undistinguishing sword of the 
 barbarians, and the hostile preparations were 
 
 concerted with the dark and perfidious artifice 
 of an illegal conspiracy. The people of Thessa- 
 lonica were treacherously invited, in the name 
 of their sovereign, to the games of the. Circus ; 
 and such was their insatiate avidity for those 
 amusements, that every consideration of fear or 
 suspicion was disregarded by the numerous 
 spectators. As soon as the assembly was com- 
 plete, the soldiers, who had secretly been post- 
 ed round the Circus, received the signal, not 
 of the races, but of a general massacre. The 
 promiscuous carnage continued three hours, 
 without discrimination of strangers, of natives, 
 of age or sex, of innocence or guilt ; the most 
 moderate accounts state the number of the slain at 
 7000, and it is affirmed by some writers that more 
 than 15,000 victims were sacrificed to the manes 
 of Botheric. [Theodosius was the emperor who 
 commanded it.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 29, p. 114. 
 
 3521 . MASSACEE, Wholesale. Seleuda. [War 
 between the Parthian and Roman empires.] 
 The sack and conflagration of Seleucia, with the 
 massacre of 300,000 of the inhabitants, tarnished 
 the glory of the Roman triumph. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 8, p. 242. 
 
 3522. MASSACEES, Eeligious. French Bev- 
 ohition. [The Revolutionists, on the 2d of 
 September, 1792, massacred 200 priests at the 
 Church of De Carmes.] Throughout that night 
 of horror the city which two hundred and 
 twenty years before had been polluted by the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew, at the command 
 of a crowned bigot, in the name of religion, 
 was again polluted by a massacre as frightful, 
 at the command of furious demagogues, in 
 the name of Liberty. At the prison of Abbaye, 
 after a few murders in the afternoon, a general 
 slaughter took place as night drew on. [The 
 prison of La Force was emptied in the same man- 
 ner.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 12, p. 229. 
 
 3523. MASSES aroused, The. Revolution. That 
 no act of his [Charles I.] should be wanting to 
 justify the apposition of his enemies, he went 
 next day to the House of Commons, attend- 
 ed by desperadoes — " soldiers of fortune" — arm- 
 ed with partisan, pistol, and sword, to seize the 
 members denounced. This scene has been so 
 often described that it were quite a work of su- 
 pererogation to describe it again here. Let all 
 be summed up in a word. Reconciliation be- 
 tween the king and the Parliament was now im- 
 possible. The privileges of the House had been 
 violated in a manner in which no monarch had 
 dared to violate them before. And such a par- 
 liament ! — men of the most distinguished cour- 
 age and intelligence in the kingdom. The mem- 
 bers he sought had escaped through the window. 
 They fled in haste to the city. Thither the 
 most distinguished members of the House fol- 
 lowed them. They were protected by the Com- 
 mon Council from the king, who himself follow- 
 ed them to the city, demanding their bodies ; 
 but in vain. He was his own officer, both of 
 military and police ; but as he went along, the 
 growls of " Privilege, privilege — privilege of 
 Parliament," greeted him everywhere. One of 
 the crowd, bolder than the rest, approached his 
 carriage, shouting, " To your tents, O Israel !" 
 The king had given the last drop to fill up the 
 measure of contempt with which he was regard- 
 ed. He had struggled with his Parliament and 
 
He 
 
 MASSES— MATERNITY. 
 
 he was unsuccessful. Here was a hint for such 
 men to act upon ; and petitions from all parts of 
 the land poured in, from vast bodies of the peo- 
 ple, declaring their intention to stand by the 
 Parliament : from counties, cities, towns, par- 
 ishes, trades ; the porters petitioned ; the water 
 men (water-rats, Charles called them) petitioned. 
 And we may gather the state of domestic con- 
 fusion from the fact that the women petitioned. 
 The mind of the country was roused against the 
 monarch. Meantime the exiled members were 
 brought back in triumph to the House, amid 
 the pealing of martial music, flags waving from 
 the mastheads of all the vessels on the river, the 
 masts covered with shouting sailors, and the 
 long procession of city barges — for at that day 
 most great triumphal processions took place on 
 the Thames ; and while the five members step- 
 ped into the House, the House rising to receive 
 them, Charles fled to Hampton Court, nor did 
 he see his palace at "Whitehall again until he be- 
 held it as a prisoner, and stepped from its ban- 
 queting house to the scaffold. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 4, p. 90. 
 
 3524. MASSES overlooked. By Historians. 
 Nothing has yet been said of the great body of 
 the people — of those who held the plough and 
 tended the oxen ; who toiled at the looms of Nor- 
 wich and squared the Portland stone for St. 
 Paul's ; nor can very much be said. The most 
 numerous class is precisely the class respecting 
 which we have the most meagre information. In 
 those times [of the Restoration] philanthropists 
 did not yet regard it as a sacred duty, nor had 
 demagogues yet found it a lucrative trade, to ex- 
 patiate on the distress of the laborer. History 
 was too much occupied with courts and camps 
 to spare a line for the hut of the peasant or for 
 the garret of the mechanic. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 385. 
 
 3525. MASSES, Power of the. Stamp Act. The 
 1st of November came. On that day the Stamp 
 Act was to take effect. During the summer great 
 quantities of the stamped paper had been pre- 
 pared and sent to America. Ten boxes of it were 
 seized by the people of New York, and openly de- 
 stroyed. In Connecticut the stamp-officer was 
 threatened with hanging. In Boston houses 
 were destroyed, and the stamps given to the winds 
 and flames. Whole cargoes of the obnoxious 
 paper were shipped to England, and every stamp 
 officer in America was obliged to resign or leave 
 the country. By the 1st of November there were 
 scarcely stamps enough remaining to furnish af- 
 ter times with specimens. The day was kept as a 
 day of mourning. The stores were closed ; flags 
 were hung at half mast ; the bells were tolled ; 
 effigies of the authors and abettors of the Stamp 
 Act were borne about in mockery, and then burn- 
 ed. The people of New Hampshire formed a 
 funeral procession and buried a coffin bearing the 
 inscription of Liberty. A cartoon was circulated 
 hinting at union as the remedy for existing evils. 
 The picture represented a snake broken into sec- 
 tions. Each joint was labelled with the initials 
 of a colony ; the head was marked " N. E." for 
 New England, and the title was " Join or Die!" 
 — RiDPATH's U. S., ch. 37, p. 291. 
 
 3526. . Boston Tea Party. On the 
 
 16th of December the dispute was settled in a 
 memorable manner. There was a great town 
 
 meeting, at which seven thousand people were as- 
 sembled. Adams and Quincy spoke to the mul- 
 titudes. Evening came on, and the meeting was 
 about to adjourn when a war-whoop was heard, 
 and about fifty men, disguised as Indians, passed 
 the door of the Old South Church. The crowd 
 followed to Griffin's wharf, where the three tea- 
 ships were at anchor. Then everything became 
 quiet. The disguised men quickly boarded the 
 vessels, broke open the three hundred and forty 
 chests of tea that composed the cargoes, and 
 poured the contents into the sea. Such was the 
 Boston Tea Party.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 37, 
 p. 295. 
 
 3527. MATEEIALISM corrected. Benjamin 
 Franklin. He has been called the representative 
 of materialism ; and yet when he thought on re- 
 ligion, his mind passed beyond reliai:ce on sects 
 to faith in God ; when he wrote on politics he 
 founded the freedom of his country on principles 
 that knew no change ; when he turned an observ- 
 ing eye on nature he passed always from the ef- 
 fect to the cause, from individual appearances 
 to universal laws. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 23. 
 
 352§. MATEENITY, Miraculous. Reign of 
 James II. [It was suspected that Catholic James 
 intended to produce a spurious heir.] The folly 
 of some Roman Catholics confirmed the vulgar 
 prejudice. They spoke of the auspicious* event 
 as strange, as miraculous, as an exertion of the 
 same Divine power which had made Sarah 
 proud and happy in Isaac, and had given Samuel 
 to the prayers of Hannah. Mary's mother, the 
 Duchess of Modena, had lately died. A short 
 time before her death she had, it was said, im- 
 plored the Virgin of Loretta, with fervent vows 
 and rich offerings, to bestow a son on James. 
 The king himself had, in the preceding August, 
 turned aside from his progress to visit the Holy 
 Well, and had there besought Saint Winifred to 
 obtain for him that boon without which his great 
 designs for the propagation of the true faith 
 could be but imperfectly executed. The impru- 
 dent zealots who dwelt on these tales foretold 
 with confidence that the unborn infant would bo 
 a boy, and offered to back their opinion by lay- 
 ing twenty guineas to one. Heaven, they affinn- 
 ed, would not have interfered but for a great 
 end. One fanatic announced that the queen 
 would give birth to twins, of whom the elder 
 would be King of England, and the younger 
 Pope of Rome. [Queen] Mary could not conceal 
 the delight with which she heard this prophecy ; 
 and her ladies found that they could not gratuy 
 her more than by talking of it. The Roman 
 Catholics would have acted more wisely if they 
 had spoken of the pregnancy as of a natural 
 event, and if they had borne with moderation 
 their unexpected good fortune. Their insolent 
 triumph excited the popular suspicions. From 
 the Prince and Princess of Denmark down to 
 porters and laundresses, nobody alluded to the 
 promised birth without a sneer. The wits of 
 London described the new miracle in rhymes 
 which, it may well be supposed, were not the 
 most delicate. The rough country squires roared 
 with laughter if they met any one simple enough 
 to believe that the queen was really likely to 
 be again a mother. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 287. 
 
MATERNITY— MECHANICS. 
 
 417 
 
 3529. MATERNITY, Passion of. Indian Squaw. 
 The squaw loves her child with instinctive pas- 
 sion ; and if she does not manifest it by lively 
 caresses, her tenderness is real, wakeful, and con- 
 stant. No savage mother ever trusted her babe 
 to a hireling nurse ; no savage mother ever put 
 away her own child to suckle that of another. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 3530. MATHEMATICS, Accuracy in. Egyp- 
 tians. The arts and sciences are indeed so inti- 
 mately connected, that there can be no great 
 progress in the one without a proportional ad- 
 vancement in the other ; as, for example, archi- 
 tecture, which requires a knowledge of geometry 
 and the laws of mechanics ; the working of 
 metals, dyeing, which presuppose an acquaint- 
 ance with chemical principles. " When we see," 
 says Millot, ' ' the Egyptians surveying their lands 
 Avith precision, distributing the waters of the 
 Nile by numberless canals, measuring with exact- 
 ness the increase of the river, making and em- 
 ploying various species of machinery, measuring 
 time, and calculating the revolutions of the stars, 
 we must suppose them to have attained a con- 
 siderable proficiency in the science of mathe- 
 matics. The Egyptians understood the division 
 of the zodiac into twelve signs, which argues 
 a considerable advancement in astronomy." — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 42. 
 
 3531. MATHEMATICS, Deficiency in. South 
 Americans. The Abiponians, a tribe of South 
 American Indians who inhabit a district in Para- 
 guay, can go no further than three in counting. 
 — Appleton's Cyclopedia, "Abiponians." 
 
 3532. MATHEMATICS, Genius for. Zerah Col- 
 burn. During this first year of his exhibition 
 he solved such questions as the following, in 
 periods of time varying from three seconds to 
 one minnte : ' ' How many seconds are there in 
 2000 years?" Answer : 63,072,000,000. "How 
 many strokes will a clock strike in 2000 years ?" 
 Answer: 113,880,000. "What is the product 
 of 12,225, multiplied by 1223 ?" Answer : 14,- 
 951,175. "What is the square of 1449?" An- 
 «wer : 2,099,601. " In seven acres of corn, with 
 17 rows to each acre, 64 hills to each row, 8 ears 
 to each hill, and 150 kernels to each ear, how 
 many kernels are there ?" Answer : 9,139,200. 
 Practice gave him greater facility. The next 
 year he performed such problems as these : 
 " How many hours are there in 1811 years ?" 
 Answer (in twenty seconds) : 15,864,360. " How 
 many seconds in 11 years ?" Answer (in four 
 seconds) : 346,896,000. ' ' What sum, multiplied 
 by itself, will produce 998,001 ?" Answer (in 
 three seconds) : 999. " How many hours in 38 
 years 2 months and 7 days ?" Answer (in six 
 seconds) : 334,488. . . . The number 4,294,967,- 
 297 was proposed to him to find the factors. 
 Now, certain French mathematicians had assert- 
 ed that this was a prime number ; but the Ger- 
 man, Euler, had discovered that its factors are 
 641 and 6.700,417. This wonderful boy, then 
 aged eight years, by the mere operation of his 
 mind, named the factors in about twenty sec- 
 onds.— Cyclopedia OP BioG., p. 82. 
 
 3533. MATHEMATICS, Precocity in. Zerah 
 Colburn. [When a little boy six years of age, in 
 his Vermont home, his father, having overheard 
 him say, " Three times twelve are thirty -six,"] 
 half in joke he asked him : " How much is 13 
 
 times 97 ?" The boy instantly gave the correct 
 answer, 1261. " I could not have been more 
 surprised," the father used to say, "if a man 
 had sprung out of the earth and stood erect be- 
 fore me." . . . The boy who could not tell a 4 
 from a 9 possessed the power of multiplying 
 four figures by four figures, with unerring cer- 
 tainty, in about ten seconds. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 79. 
 
 3534. MEANNESS, Hatred of. Thackeray. 
 [See Criticism, Mania for. No. 1310.] The tinker 
 thinks that every pot is unsound. The cobbler 
 doubts the stability of every shoe. So at last it 
 grew to be the case with Thackeray. There was 
 more hope that the city should be saved because 
 of its ten just men, than for society, if society 
 were to depend on ten who were not snobs. All 
 this arose from the keenness of his vision into 
 that which was really mean. But that keenness 
 became so aggravated by the intenseness of his 
 search that the slightest speck of dust became to 
 his eyes as a foul stain. Publicola, as we saw, 
 damned one poor man to a wretched immor- 
 tality, and another was called pitilessly over 
 the coals because he had mixed a grain of 
 flattery with a bushel of truth. Thackeray tells 
 us that he was born to hunt out snobs, as certain 
 dogs are trained to find trufiies. — Trollope's 
 Thackeray, ch. 2. 
 
 3535. MECHANICS despised. Archimedes. 
 King Hiero . . . entreated him to turn his art 
 from abstracted notions to matters of sense, and 
 to make his reasonings more intelligible to the 
 generality of mankind, applying them to the uses 
 of common life. The first that turned their 
 thoughts to mechanics, a branch of knowledge 
 which came afterward to be so much admired, 
 were Eudoxus and Archytas, who thus gave a 
 variety and an agreeable turn to geometry, and 
 confirmed certain problems by sensible experi- 
 ments and the use of instruments, which could 
 not be demonstrated in the way of theorem. 
 That problem, for example, of two mean pro- 
 portional lines, which cannot be found out geo- 
 metrically, and yet is so necessary for the solu- 
 tion of other questions, they solved mechanically, 
 by the assistance of certain instruments called 
 mesolabes, taken from conic sections. But when 
 Plato inveighed against them, with great indig- 
 nation, as corrupting and debasing the excellence 
 of geometry by making her descend from in- 
 corporeal and intellectual to corporeal and sen- 
 sible things, and obliging her to make use of 
 matter, which requires much manual labor, and 
 is the object of servile trades, then mechanics 
 were separated from geometry, and, being a long 
 time despised by the philosopher, were con- 
 sidered as a branch of the military art. — Plu- 
 tarch's Marcellus. 
 
 3536. MECHANICS disparaged. Lacedmmoni- 
 ans. One of the greatest privileges that Lycur- 
 gus procured for his countrymen was the enjoy- 
 ment of leisure, the consequence of his forbid- 
 ding them to exercise any mechanic trade. It 
 was not worth their while to take great pains to 
 raise a fortune, since riches there were of no ac- 
 count ; and the Helotes, who tilled the ground, 
 were answerable for the produce. — Plutarch's 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 3537. MECHANICS, Hereditary. East Indian. 
 The tribe of mechanics is branched out into as 
 
418 
 
 MECHANICS— MEDDLING. 
 
 many subdivisions as there are trades, and no 
 man is allowed to relinquish the trade of his fore- 
 fathers — a very singular system, which, as we 
 formerly mentioned, prevailed likewise among 
 the ancient Egyptians. Besides these four prin- 
 cipal classes [viz., Bramins, soldiers, husband- 
 men and mechanics,] or tribes, there is a fifth, 
 that of the pariahs, which is the outcast of all 
 the rest. The persons who compose it are em- 
 ployed in the meanest offices of society. They 
 bury the dead ; they are the scavengers of the 
 tO'v?"n ; and so much is their condition held in 
 detestation, that if any one of this class touches 
 a person belonging to any of the four great 
 castes, or tribes, it is allowable to put him to 
 death upon the spot. All these classes, or castes, 
 are separated from each other by insurmountable 
 barriers ; they are not allowed to intermarry, to 
 live, or to eat together, and whoever transgresses 
 these rules is banished as a disgrace to his tribe. 
 — Tytlek's Hist., Book 6, ch. 23, p. 337. 
 
 353§. MECHANICS, Patriotism of. Carpen- 
 ters of Boston. A.D. 1774. [The port was closed, 
 the capital removed to Salem, and the city occu- 
 pied by British troops.] All the while the suflter- 
 ings of Boston grew more and more severe ; yet 
 in the height of distress for want of employ- 
 ment its carpenters refused to construct barracks 
 for the [British] army. — Bancboft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 10. 
 
 3539. MECHANICS, Patriotism of. Carpen- 
 ters of Philadelphia. A.D. 1774. [The Continent- 
 al Congress convened in Philadelphia.] The 
 members of Congress, meeting at Smith's tavern, 
 moved in a body to select the place for their de- 
 liberations. Galloway, the Speaker of Pennsyl- 
 vania, would have had them use the State House, 
 but the carpenters of Philadelphia offered their 
 plain but spacious hall ; and from respect for the 
 mechanics, it was accepted by a great majority. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 11. 
 
 3540. . Civil War. [They were of 
 
 greatest service to Parliament in the war of the 
 Revolutiou. ] The men of London taken from the 
 loom and anvil, from the shops of Ludgate or the 
 wharves of Billingsgate, stood like a wall. . . . 
 Prince Rupert himself led up the choice horse to 
 charge them, and endured their storm of small 
 shot, but could make no impression upon their 
 
 stand of pikes The contempt of the Cavaliers 
 
 for the " base mechanicals " was one great cause 
 of the triumph of the Roundheads. . . . They had 
 an ever-present belief that they were doing " the 
 Lord's work ; " and whether starving in a fortress 
 or ridden down by men in steel, they would not be 
 moved. 
 
 " With dread of death to flight, or foul retreat." 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 2, p. 24. 
 
 3541. . Apprentices. [In 1642, at the 
 
 time of the Revolution, the mechanics' appren- 
 tices in London were ardent in their endeavors for 
 the destruction of despotism.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 30, p. 489. 
 
 3542. MECHANICS, Practical. James Watt. 
 The mechanical dexterity he acquired was the 
 foundation upon which he built the speculations 
 to which he owes his glory, nor without this 
 manual training is there the least likelihood that 
 he would have become the improver and almost 
 the creator of the steam-engine. — Smiles' Brief 
 Biographies, p. 4. 
 
 3543. MECHANICS, Taste for. Sir Isaac New. 
 ton. From childhood Newton exhibited a re- 
 markable talent for mechanics. His favorite 
 playthings were little saws, hammers, chisels, 
 and hatchets, with which he made many curious 
 and ingenious machines. There was a windmill 
 in course of erection near his home. He watch- 
 ed the workmen with the greatest interest, and 
 constructed a small model of the mill, which, one 
 of his friends said, was " as clean and curious a 
 piece of workmanship as the original." He was 
 dissatisfied, however, with his mill, because it 
 would not work when there was no wind ; and 
 therefore he added to it a contrivance by which 
 it could be kept in motion by a mouse. He madej 
 a water-clock, the motive power of ^^hich waal 
 the dropping of water upon a wheel. Everyf 
 morning, on getting out of bed, the boy woundj 
 up his clock by supplying it with the water re-; 
 quisite to keep it running for twenty -four hours,] 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 247. 
 
 3544. MECHANICS, Wages of. Thirteenth Cen- 
 tury. The daily pay of carpenters, masons, and ; 
 tylers was Sd. with keep, and 4d. one half pen- 
 ny without. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 27, 
 p. 408. 
 
 3545. MEDDLING, Destruction by. Flood., 
 [West Indians to Columbus.] They said that 
 there once lived in the island a mighty cacique.l 
 who slew his only son for conspiring against him.| 
 He afterward collected and picked his bones, anc" 
 preserved them in a gourd, as was the custom of 
 the natives with the relics of their friends. Oi 
 a subsequent day the cacique and his wife open*] 
 ed the gourd to contemplate the bones of theil 
 son, when, to their astonishment, several flsh^ 
 great and small, leaped out. Upon this the ca 
 cique closed the gourd, and placied it on the to| 
 of his houne, boasting that he had the sea shut ui 
 within it, and could have fish whenever h6 
 pleased. Four brothers, however, who had beei 
 born at the same birth, and were curious inter-| 
 meddlers, hearing of this gourd, came duriuj^^ 
 the absence of the cacique to peep into it. In theil 
 carelessness they suffered it to fall upon the 
 ground, where it was dashed to pieces ; when, lo ' 
 to their astonishment and dismay, there issued 
 forth a mighty flood, with dolphins, and sharksJ 
 and tumbling porpoises, and great spouting 
 whales ; and the water spread, until it overflowe 
 the earth, and formed the ocean, leaving only th6 
 tops of the mountains uncovered, which are thjj 
 present islands. — Irving's Columbus, Book " 
 ch. 10. 
 
 3546. MEDDLING reproved. Bishop Burr 
 [The intimate friend of William Prince oi^ 
 Orange, whose invading army had just landed' 
 England.] As soon as Burnet was on shore h« 
 hastened to the prince. An amusing dialogu^ 
 took place between them. Burnet poured fortl 
 his congratulations with genuine delight, an( 
 then eagerly asked what were his Highness 
 plans. Military men are seldom disposed to taki 
 counsel with gownsmen on military matters, anf 
 William regarded the interference of unprofe^ 
 sional advisers, in questions relating to war, wit^ 
 even more than the disgust ordinarily felt by sol 
 diers on such occasions. But he was at tha 
 moment in an excellent humor, and instead d 
 signifying his displeasure by a short and cutting 
 reprimand, graciously extended his hand, ana 
 
MEDIATION— MEDICINE. 
 
 419 
 
 answered his chaplain's question by another 
 question : " Well, doctor, what do you think of 
 predestination now ?" The reproof was so del- 
 icate that Burnet, whose perceptions were not 
 very fine, did not perceive it. He answered with 
 great fervor that he should never forget the 
 signal manner in which Providence had favored 
 their undertaking. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, 
 p. 446. 
 
 3547. MEDIATION rejected. Jaines II. In- 
 stead of becoming a mediator [between Catho- 
 lics and Protestants,] he became the fiercest and 
 most reckless of partisans. . . . The contest was 
 terrible. The effect of the insane attempt to sub- 
 jugate England by means of Ireland was that 
 the Irish became hewers of wood and drawers of 
 water to the English. The old proprietors, by 
 their effort to recover what they had lost, lost 
 the greater part of what they had retained. The 
 momentary ascendency of popery produced such 
 a series of barbarous laws against popery as 
 made the statute-book of Ireland a proverb of 
 infamy throughout Christendom. Such were 
 the bitter fruits of the policy of James. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 126. 
 
 3548. MEDIATOE, Temporizing. William 
 Penn. [Magdalen College had refused to elect 
 to the presidency the nominee of James II.] The 
 king, greatly incensed and mortified by his defeat, 
 quitted Oxford. . . . His obstinacy and violence 
 had brought him into an embarrassing position. 
 He had trusted too much to the effect of his 
 frowns and angry tones, and had rashly staked, 
 not merely the credit of his administration, but 
 his personal dignity, on the issue of the contest. 
 Could he yield to subjects whom he had men- 
 aced with raised voice and furious gestures ? . . . 
 The agency of Penn was employed. He had too 
 much good feeling to approve of the violent and 
 unjust proceedings of the government, and even 
 ventured to express part of what he thought. 
 James was, as usual, obstinate in the wrong. 
 The courtly Quaker, therefore, did his best to 
 seduce the college from the path of right. He 
 first tried intimidation. Ruin, he said, impended 
 over the society. The king was highly incensed. 
 The case might be a hard one. Most people 
 thought it so. But every child knew that his 
 Majesty loved to have his own way, and could 
 not bear to be thwarted. Penn therefore ex- 
 horted the fellows not to rely on the goodness of 
 their cause, but to submit, or at least to tempo- 
 rize. Such counsel came strangely from one 
 who had himself been expelled from the univer- 
 sity for raising a riot about the surplice, who 
 had run the risk of being disinherited rather 
 than take off his hat to the princes of the blood, 
 and who had been sent to prison for haranguing 
 in conventicles. He did not succeed in frighten- 
 ing the Magdalen men. [See No. 1842.] — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 8, p. 274. 
 
 3549. MEDIATOR, Unfaithful. James II. ~jn- 
 happily, James, instead of becoming a mediator, 
 became the fiercest and most reckless of parti- 
 sans. Instead of allaying the animosity of the 
 two populations, he inflamed it to a height before 
 unknown. He determined to reverse their posi- 
 tion, and put the Protestant colonists under the 
 feet of the popish Celts. To be of the estab- 
 lished religion, to be of English blood, was in his 
 view a disqualification for civil and military 
 
 employment. He meditated the design of again 
 confiscating and again portioning out the soil of 
 half the island, and showed his inclination so 
 clearly that one class was soon agitated by ter- 
 rors which he afterward vainly wished to soothe, 
 and the other by hopes which he afterward vain- 
 ly wished to restrain. But this was the smallest 
 part of his guilt and madness. He deliberately 
 resolved, not merely to give to the aboriginal 
 inhabitants of Ireland the entire possession of 
 their own country, but also to use them as his 
 instruments for setting up arbitrary government 
 in England. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 126. 
 
 3550. MEDICINE, Advance in. Reign of Charlet 
 II. Medicine had in England become an exper- 
 imental and progressive science, and every day 
 made some new advance, in defiance of Hip 
 pocrates and Galen. The attention of specula- 
 tive men had been, for the first time, directed to 
 the important subject of sanitary police. The 
 great plague of 1665 induced them to consider 
 with care the defective architecture, draining, 
 and ventilation of the capital. The great fire of 
 1666 afforded an opportunity for effecting ex- 
 tensive improvements. The whole matter was 
 diligently examined by the Royal Society ; and 
 to the suggestions of that body must be partlji 
 attributed the changes which, though far short 
 of what the public welfare required, yet made a 
 wide difference between the new and the old 
 London, and probably put a final close to the 
 ravages of pestilence in our country. — ^Lvcau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 381. 
 
 3551. MEDICINE, Aversion to. Oeorge Wash- 
 ington. His illnesses were of rare occurrence, 
 but particularly severe. His aversion to the use 
 of medicine was extreme ; and even when in 
 great suffering, it was only by the entreaties of 
 his lady and . . . Dr. James Craik that he could 
 be prevailed upon to take the slightest prepara- 
 tion of medicine. — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 3552. MEDICINE discarded. Napoleon I [Las 
 Casas writes:] "The emperor has no faith in 
 medicine, and never takes any. He had adopted 
 a peculiar mode of treatment for himself. When- 
 ever he found himself unwell, his plan was to 
 run into an extreme the opposite of what had 
 happened to be his habit at the time. This he 
 calls restoring the equilibrium of nature. If, 
 for instance, he had been inactive for a length of 
 time, he would suddenly ride about sixty miles, 
 or hunt for a whole day." . . . [He also said :1 
 " My remedies are fasting and the warm bath.' 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 30. 
 
 3553. MEDICINE, School of. First. The 
 treasures of Grecian medicine had been commit 
 nicated to the Arabian colonies of Africa, Spain, 
 and Sicily, and in the intercourse of peace and 
 war a spark of knowledge had been kindled and 
 cherished at Salerno, an illustrious city, in which 
 the men were honest and the women beautiful. 
 A school, the first that arose in the darkness of 
 Europe, was consecrated to the healing art ; thf 
 conscience of monks and bishops was reconciled 
 to that salutary and lucrative profession ; and a 
 crowd of patients, of the most eminent rank and 
 most distant climates, invited or visited the 
 physicians of Salerno. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 56, 
 p. 462. 
 
420 
 
 MEDITATION— MELANCHOLY. 
 
 3554. MEDITATION, Peculiar. Bwedenhorg. 
 Swedenborg was gifted with peculiar powers of 
 respiration. From earl}^ childhood, when on his 
 knees at prayer, and afterward when engaged 
 in profound meditation, he found that his natu- 
 ral respiration was for the time suspended. . . . 
 He writes : " My respiration has been so formed 
 by the Lord as to enable me to breathe inwardly 
 for a long period of time, without the aid of the 
 external air, my respiration being directed with- 
 in, and my outward senses, as well as actions, 
 still continuing in their vigor, which is only pos- 
 sible with persons who have been so formed by 
 the Lord. I have also been instructed that my 
 breathing was so directed, without my being 
 aware of it, in order to enable me to be with 
 spirits, and to speak with them." — White's Swe- 
 denborg, ch. 8, p. 67. 
 
 3555. MEDIUM, Fraudulent. Counterfeiting. 
 The account was as follows : " On the night of 
 the 1st of February many gentlemen eminent 
 for their rank and character were, by the invi- 
 tation of the Rev. Mr. Aldrich, of Clerkenwell, 
 assembled at his house, for the examination of 
 the noises supposed to be made by a departed 
 spirit, for the detection of some enormous crime. 
 About ten at night the gentlemen met in the 
 chamber in which the girl, supposed to be 
 disturbed by a spirit, had, with proper caution, 
 been put to bed by several ladies. . . . The 
 supposed spirit had before publicly promised, by 
 an affirmative knock, that it would attend one 
 of the gentlemen into the vault under the church 
 of St. John, Clerkenwell, where the body is de- 
 posited, and give a token of her presence there, 
 by a knock upon her coffin ; it was therefore 
 determined to make this trial of the existence or 
 veracity of the supposed spirit. While they were 
 inquiring and deliberating, they were summoned 
 into the girl's chamber by some ladies who were 
 near her bed, and who had heard knocks and 
 scratches. When the gentlemen entered the girl 
 declared that she felt the spirit like a mouse upon 
 her back, and was required to hold her hands out 
 of bed. The company at one o'clock went into the 
 church, and the gentlemen to whom the promise 
 was made went with another into the vault. 
 The spirit was solemnlj'^ required to perform its 
 promise, but nothing more than silence ensued ; 
 the person supposed to be accused by the spirit 
 then went down with several others, but no ef- 
 fect was perceived. ... It is therefore the 
 opinion of the whole assembly that the child has 
 some art of making or counterfeiting a particu- 
 lar noise, and that there is no agency of any 
 higher cause." — Note in Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 112. 
 
 3556. MEEKNESS, Christian. Uncrowned. 
 [The Crusaders having taken Jerusalem and 
 made it a Latin kingdom, offered it to] Godfrey 
 de Bouillon. That excellent prince accepted the 
 high honor conferred upon him, but refused, in 
 his pious humility, to wear a diadem of gold and 
 
 J'ewels where his Redeemer's brows had been 
 acerated by a crown of thorns. — Students' 
 Fkance, ch. 7, § 17. 
 
 3557. MELANCHOLY, Characteristic. Aho^ 
 rigines. The red man was, at his best estate, an 
 unsocial, solitary, and gloomy spirit. He was a 
 man of the woods. He communed only with 
 himself and the genius of solitude. He sat ' 
 
 apart. The forest was better than his wigwam, 
 and his wigwam better than the village. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 1, p. 45. 
 
 355§. MELANCHOLY, Depressed by. Charles 
 V. The last years of Charles were the most tu- 
 multuous and the least successful. The load of 
 cares, and the difficulties which surrounded him 
 on every side, at length entirely overpowered 
 him. The vigor of his mind w^as broken, his 
 animal spirits were exhausted, and, in a state of 
 despondency and melancholy dotage, he abdi- 
 cated the empire, and renounced the world at 
 the age of fifty-six. This celebrated resignation , 
 though prompted by dejection of spirit, was con- 
 ducted with some policy, and with a regard to 
 the interest of those who were to come after him. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 19, p. 286. 
 
 3559. MELANCHOLY, Excusable. John Mil- 
 ton. Milton was, like Dante, a statesman and a 
 lover ; and, like Dante, he had been unfortunate 
 in ambition and in love. He had survived 
 his health and his sight, the comforts of his 
 home, and the prosperity of his party. Of the 
 great men by whom he had been distinguished 
 at his entrance into life, some had been taken 
 away from the evil to come ; some had carried 
 into foreign climates their unconquerable hatred 
 of oppression ; some were pining in dungeons ; 
 and some had poured forth their blood on scaf- 
 folds. Venal and licentious scribblers, with just 
 sufficient talent to clothe the thoughts of a pan- 
 dar in the style of a bellman, were now the fa- 
 vorite writers of the sovereign and of the public. 
 It was a loathsome herd, which could be com- 
 pared to nothing so fitly as to the rabble of Co- 
 mus, grotesque monsters, half bestial, half hu- 
 man, dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, 
 and reeling in obscene dances. Amid these 
 that fair Muse was placed, like the chaste lady 
 of the Masque, lofty, spotless, and serene, to be 
 chattered at, and pointed at, and grinned at, by 
 the whole rout of Satyrs and Goblins. If ever 
 despondency and asperity could be excused in 
 any man, they might have been excused in Mil- 
 ton. — Macaulay's Milton, p. 35. 
 
 3560. MELANCHOLY inherited. Samuel 
 Johnson. Mr. Michael Johnson [the father of 
 Samuel] was a man of a large and robust body, 
 and of a strong and active mind ; yet, as in the 
 most solid rocks veins of unsound substance are 
 often discovered, there was in him a mixture of 
 that disease, the nature of which eludes the most 
 minute inquiry, though the effects are well known 
 to be a weariness of life, an unconcern about 
 those things which agitate the greater part of 
 mankind, and a general sensation of gloomy 
 wretchedness. From him, then, his son inher- 
 ited, with some other qualities, "a vile melan- 
 choly," which in his too strong expression of 
 any disturbance of the mind "made him mad 
 all his life, at least not sober." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 4. 
 
 3561. . Samuel Johnson. Talking 
 
 of constitutional melancholy, he observed : " A 
 man so afflicted, sir, must divert distressing 
 thoughts, and not combat with them." Bos- 
 well : "May not he think them down, sir?" 
 Johnson : " No, sir. To attempt to think them 
 down is madness. He should have a lamp con- 
 stantly burning in his bed-chamber during the 
 night, and if wakefully disturbed take a book, 
 
MELANCHOLY— MEMORIALS. 
 
 421 
 
 and read, and compose himself to rest. To have 
 tlie management of the mind is a great art, and 
 it may be attained in a considerable degree by 
 experience and habitual exercise. . . . Let 
 him take a course of chemistry or a course of 
 rope-dancing, or a course of anything to which 
 he is inclined at the time. Let him contrive to 
 have as many retreats for his mind as he can, as 
 many things to which it can fly from itself." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 277. 
 
 3562. MELANCHOLY, Natural. Samuel John- 
 son. The "morbid melancholy" which was 
 lurking in his constitution, and to which we 
 may ascribe those particularities, . . . gathered 
 such strength in his twentieth year as to afflict 
 him in a dreadful manner. While he was at 
 Lichfield, in the college vacation of the year 
 1729, he felt himself overwhelmed with a horri- 
 ble hypochondria, with perpetual irritation, fret- 
 fulness, and impatience, and with a dejection, 
 gloom, and despair, which made existence mis- 
 ery. From this dismal malady he never after- 
 ward was perfectly relieved. — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 11. 
 
 3563. MELANCHOLY, Philosophy of. Unfath- 
 omable. Heraclitus, whose disposition [was] the 
 reverse of that of Democritus, accounted every- 
 thing a matter of melancholy. He seems to have 
 been endowed with the austere spirit of a Car- 
 thusian ; for, rejecting the chief magistracy of 
 his native city, Ephesus, on account of the in- 
 corrigible vice of its inhabitants, he betook him- 
 self to the desert, and fed upon roots and water, 
 making the beasts his companions in preference 
 to man. He wrote a treatise on Nature, in 
 which he made fire the origin of all things ; but 
 this fire he conceived to be endowed with mind, 
 and to be properly the anima mundi, or the Di- 
 vinity. His writings were purposely obscure, 
 whence he got the epithet of . . . the dark phi- 
 losopher. It is said that Euripides having sent 
 this treatise on Nature to Socrates, the latter, 
 with his accustomed modesty, gave it this char- 
 acter, that all that he could understand of it 
 seemed good, and that what had surpassed his 
 understanding might likewise be so. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 266. 
 
 3564. MELANCHOLY, ReUgious. Gem-ge Fox 
 i^ie Quaker, a. D. 1644. The mind of Fox as it 
 revolved the question of human destiny was ag- 
 itated even to despair. . . . Abandoning his flocks 
 and shoemaker's bench, he nourished his inexplic- 
 able grief by retired meditations, and . . . sought 
 in the gloom of the forest for a vision of God. 
 He questioned his life ; but his blameless life 
 was ignorant of remorse. He went to many 
 "priests" for comfort, but found no comfort 
 from them. . . . Some advised him to marry, 
 others to join Cromwell's army. , . . His restless 
 spirit drove him into the fields, where he walked 
 many nights ... in misery too great to be de- 
 clared. Yet at times a beam of heavenly joy 
 beamed upon his soul, and he reposed, as it were, 
 serenely on Abraham's bosom. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 3565. . Puritans. We may think 
 
 of Cromwell standing in the market with his 
 fellow-tradesmen, and striding through those 
 fields, and by those roadsides, and by the course 
 of the stream, then sedgy and swampy enough. 
 What thoughts came upon him, for was he 
 
 not fighting there the same battle Luther fought 
 at Erf urth ? He was vexed by fits of strange 
 black hypochondria. Dr. Simcot, of Hunting- 
 don, "in shadow of meaning, much meaning 
 expressions," intimates to us how much he suf- 
 fered. He was oppressed with dreadful con- 
 sciousness of sin and defect. He groaned in 
 spirit like Paul, like later saints — Bunyan, for" 
 instance. The stunted willows and sedgy water- 
 courses, the flags and reeds, would often echo 
 back the mourning words, " Oh, wretched man 
 that I am !" What conception had he of the 
 course lying before him ? What knowledge? 
 had he of the intentions of Providence con- 
 cerning him ? Life lay before him all in shad- 
 ow. For fifteen years he appears to have had 
 no other concern than " to know Christ and the 
 power of His resurrection, and the fellowship of 
 His sufferings." — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 2, 
 p. 44. 
 
 3566. MELANCHOLY resisted. SamiielJoJin- 
 son. Johnson, upon the first violent attack of 
 this disorder, strove to overcome it by forcible 
 exertions. He frequently walked to Birming- 
 ham and back again, and tried many other ex- 
 pedients ; but all in vain. His expression con- 
 cerning it to me was, " I did not then know how 
 to manage it." His distress became so intolera- 
 ble, that he applied to Dr. Swinfin, physician in 
 Lichfield. He mentioned to me now, for the 
 first time, that he had been distressed bj^ melan- 
 choly, and for that reason had been obliged to 
 fly from study and meditation to the dissij^ating 
 variety of life. Against melancholy he recom- 
 mended constant occupation of mind, a great 
 deal of exercise, moderation in eating and drink- 
 ing, and especially to shun drinking at night. 
 He said melancholy people were apt to fly to in- 
 temperance for relief, but that it sunk them much 
 deeper in misery. He observed that laboring 
 men who work hard and live sparingly are sel- 
 dom or never troubled with low spirits. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 12. 
 
 3567. MELANCHOLY, Royal. Queen Eliza- 
 beth. From the death of Essex the queen, now 
 in the seventieth year of her age, seemed to lose 
 all enjoyment of life. She fell into profound 
 melancholy ; she reflected then with remorse on 
 some past actions of her reign, and was at times 
 under the most violent emotions of anguish and 
 despair. Her constitution, enfeebled by age, very 
 soon fell a victim to her mental disquietude ; and 
 perceiving her end approaching, she declared 
 that the succession to the crown of England 
 should devolve to her immediate heir, James 
 VI. of Scotland. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 28, p. 394. 
 
 356S. MEMORIALS, Enduring. Language. 
 It is one of the surprising results of moral pow- 
 er that language, composed of fleeting sounds, 
 retains and transmits the remembrance of past 
 occurrences long after every other has pa.ssed 
 away. Of the labors of the Indians on the soil 
 of Virginia there remains nothing so respecta- 
 ble as would be a common ditch for draining 
 lands ; the memorials of iheir former existence 
 are found only in the names of the rivers and 
 mountains. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 3569. MEMORIALS, Odd. Old Shoes. [la 
 1612 Thomas Coryat,] having walked over many 
 countries of Europe, hung up in his parish 
 
422 
 
 MEMORY— MEN. 
 
 church as a memorial the one pair of shoes in 
 which he had trudged nine hundred miles. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 22, p. 347. 
 
 3570. MEMORY, Blunders of. Goldsmith. One 
 relates to a venerable dish of peas, served up at 
 Sir Joshua's table, which should have been 
 green, but were any other color. A wag sug- 
 gested to Goldsmith, in a whisper, that they 
 should be sent to Hammersmith, as that was 
 the way to turn-evi-greea (Turnliam Green). 
 Goldsmith, delighted with the pun, endeavored 
 to repeat it at Burke's table, but missed the 
 point. " That is the way to make 'em green," 
 said he. Nobody laughed. He perceived he was 
 at fault. ' ' I mean that is the road to turn 'em 
 green." A dead pause and a stare ; "whereup- 
 on," adds Beauclerc, "he started up disconcert- 
 ed and abruptly left the table." — iRViffG's Gold- 
 smith, ch. 34, p. 201. 
 
 3571. MEMOBT, Excellent. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 He was uncommonly inquisitive ; and his mem- 
 oiy was so tenacious that he never forgot any- 
 thing that he either heard or read. Mr. Hec- 
 tor remembers having recited to him eighteen 
 verses, which, after a little pause, he repeated 
 verbatim, varjang only one epithet, by which 
 he improved the line. — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 9. 
 
 3572. MEMORY, Extraordinary. Poet SJielley . 
 His powers of memory were extraordinary, and 
 the rapidity with which he read a book, taking 
 in seven or eight lines at a glance, and seizing 
 the sense upon the hint of leading words, was no 
 less astonishing. Impatient speed and indiffer- 
 ence to minutiae were indeed among the cardi- 
 nal qualities of his intellect. To them we may 
 trace not only the swiftness of his imaginative 
 flight, but also his frequent satisfaction with the 
 somewhat less than perfect inartistic execution. 
 — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 2. 
 
 3573. . William III. William III. 
 
 had a memory that amazed all about him. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 5, p. 66. 
 
 3574. MEMORY, Marvellous. Napoleon I. He 
 received all letters, read them, and never forgot 
 their contents. ... So retentive was his mem- 
 ory, that scenes over which he had once glanced 
 his eye were never effaced from his mind. He 
 recollected the respective produce of all taxes 
 through every year of his administration. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 3. 
 
 3575. MEMORY, Patriotic. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. [He closed his first inaugural address, 
 amid the threatenings of civil war, in these 
 words :] " The mystic cord of memory, stretch- 
 ing from every battlefield and patriot grave to 
 every living heart and hearthstone all over this 
 broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Un- 
 ion, when again touched, as surely they will be, 
 by the better angels of our nature." — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 6, p. 169. 
 
 3576. MTIMORY trained. Abraham Lincoln. 
 fHe became a storekeeper and postmaster.] He 
 was still employing every opportunity offered 
 Mm to improve his mind. He had mastered 
 grammar, and occupied his leisure time in gen- 
 eral reading, taking care to write out a synop- 
 sis of every book he perused, so as to fix the 
 contents in his memory. — Raymond's Lincoln, 
 ch. 1, p. 26. 
 
 3577. MEN, Angelic. Swedeinborg. The heav- 
 en of angels is formed from the human race, all 
 angels having lived the life of men, and none 
 having been so created ; and as the perfection of 
 heaven increases to eternity with the increase of 
 regenerate men from the world, it follows that 
 the earth will never cease to exist, nor men to 
 live and be born upon it. The world is the sem- 
 inary of heaven. Heaven depends upon the 
 world for its growth, increase, and perfection. 
 Heaven could not exist without worlds. — 
 White's Swedenborg, ch. 12, p. 95. 
 
 357§. MEN vs. Animals. Napoleon I. The 
 night after the battle of Bassano. . . . Napoleon 
 rode over the plain, . . . covered with the bodies 
 of the dying and the dead. . . . Suddenly a dog 
 sprang from beneath the cloak of his dead mas- 
 ter, and rushed to Napoleon, as if franticly im- 
 ploring his aid, and then rushed back again to 
 the mangled corpse, licking the blood from the 
 face and the hands, and howling most piteously. 
 Napoleon was deeply moved. . . . Many years 
 afterward he remarked : " I know not how it is, 
 but no incident upon any field of battle ever pro- 
 duced so deep an impression upon my feelings. 
 This man, thought I, lies forsaken of all but his 
 dog. ... I had with tearless eyes beheld . . . 
 thousands of my countrymen slain, and yet my 
 sympathies were almost deeply and resistlessly 
 moved by the mournful howling of a dog !" — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 3579. MEN, Courting great. SamuelJohnson. 
 I talked of the mode adopted by some to rise in 
 the world, by courting great men, and asked him 
 whether he had ever submitted to it. Johnson : 
 ' ' Why, sir, I never was near enough to great men 
 to court them. You may be prudently attached 
 to great men, and yet independent. You are not 
 to do what you think wrong ; and, sir, you are 
 to calculate, and not pay too dear for what you 
 get. You must not give a shilling's worth of 
 court for sixpence worth of good. But if you 
 can get a shilling's worth of good for sixpence 
 worth of court, you are a fool if you do not pay 
 court." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 141. 
 
 3580. MEN, Periods of Great. Discoverers. 
 Copernicus, the son of a Prussian surgeon, was 
 born in 1473, ten years before the birth of Lu- 
 ther, and thirteen years before the discovery of 
 America. Great men appear to come in groups. 
 About the same time were born the man who rev- 
 olutionized science, the man who reformed re- 
 ligion, the man who added another continent to 
 the known world, and the man who invented 
 printing. So, in later times. Watt, the improver 
 of the steam-engine, Hargrave and Arkwright, 
 the inventors of the spinning machinery, began 
 their experiments almost in the same year. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BioG., p. 204. 
 
 35§1. MEN, Providential, Great. Cromwell. 
 Doubtless, as we have often heard, great men 
 are the outbirths of their time ; there is a prov- 
 idence in their appearance, they are not the 
 product of chance ; they come, God-appointed, 
 to do their work among men, and they are im- 
 mortal till their work is done. We should not, 
 perhaps, speak so much of the absolute greatness 
 of the men of one age as compared with the men 
 of another ; they are all equally fitted to the task 
 of the day. Let the man who most hates the 
 
MEN— MERIT. 
 
 423 
 
 memor}^ of Cromwell ask not so much what the 
 laud and the law were with him, as what they 
 must inevitably have been without him. lie- 
 move the leading man from any time, and you 
 break the harmony of the time, you destroy the 
 work of that age ; for an age cannot move with- 
 out its great men — they inspire it, they urge it 
 forward, they are its priests and its prophets and 
 its monarchs. The hero of a time, therefore, is 
 the history of a time ; he is the focus where in- 
 fluences are gathered, and from whence they 
 shoot out. It has been said that all institutions are 
 the projected shadow of some great man, he has 
 absorbed all the light of his time in himself ; per- 
 haps he has not created, yet now he throws forth 
 light from his name — clear, steady, practical 
 light, that shall travel over a century ; his name 
 shall be the s^^nonym of an epoch, and shall in- 
 clude all the events of that age. Thus it is with 
 Cromwell. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 20. 
 
 35§2. . Charlemagne. [M. Guizot 
 
 says :] ' ' Why a great man comes at a particular 
 epoch, and what force of his own he puts into 
 the development of the world, no one can say. 
 This is a secret of Providence ; but, nevertheless, 
 the fact is certain." Such a man does come to 
 put an end to anarchy and social stagnation — a 
 terrible and often a tyrannical power. Such a 
 man was Charlemagne. He drove back the bar- 
 barian forces that were pressing forward against 
 the establishment of European civilization by 
 his power as a conqueror. He reduced the 
 scattered elements of authority and justice into a 
 system by his skill as an administrator. He 
 ujive the grape of the south to the shores of the 
 Rhine, and otherwise extended the domain of 
 fertility, as a physical improver. He raised up 
 tlie real civilizing power of knowledge to render 
 Ills triumphs of war and peace of permanent 
 utility by his zeal as a patriot and his zeal as a 
 student. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 6, p. 75. 
 
 35§3. MEN, Imaginary. Americans. The 
 earliest books on America contain tales as wild 
 as fancy could invent or credulity repeat. The 
 land was peopled with pygmies and with giants. 
 The tropical forests were said to conceal tribes 
 of negroes ; and tenants of the hyperborean 
 regions were white, like the polar bear or ermine. 
 Jacques Cartier had heard of a nation that did not 
 eat ; and the pedant Lafitan believed, if not in a 
 race of headless men, at least that there was a 
 nation with the head not rising above the shoul- 
 der. — Bancroft's U. S., vol, 3, ch. 22. 
 
 35§4. MEN, Large. King Fredsrick William. 
 The ambition of the king was to form a brigade 
 of giants, and every country was ransacked by 
 his agents for men above the ordinaiy stature. 
 These researches were not confined to Europe. 
 No head that towered above the crowd in the 
 bazaars of Aleppo, of Cairo, or of Surat could 
 escape the crimps of Frederick William. One 
 Irishman more than seven feet high, who was 
 picked up in London by the Prussian ambassa- 
 dor, received a bounty of nearly £1300 sterling — 
 very much more than the ambassador's salary. 
 ; This extravagance was the more absurd because 
 \ a stout youth of five feet eight, who might have 
 ; been procured for a few dollars, would in all 
 ; probability have been a much more valuable 
 ! soldier. — Macaulay's Frederick the Great, 
 \ p. 8. 
 
 35§5. MEN, Misplaced. James 11. — lialeigh. 
 On a cold October morning, in 1619, a great 
 crime was perpetrated. . . . That fine old English 
 gentleman, Sir Walter Raleigh, was brought 
 fortli to the scaffold in Palace Yard. Perhaps 
 the reader is scarcely able to repress the feeling, 
 even now, of abhorrent indignation that such a 
 miserable piece of loathsome corruption as 
 James should have been able to order the death 
 of so great and magnanimous a man. It was 
 on the 29th of October, when the officers went 
 into his room to tell him that all was in readi- 
 ness for his execution, they found him smoking 
 his last pipe and drinking his last cup of sack, 
 remarking to those who came to fetch him that 
 ' ' it was a good liquor, if a man might stay by 
 it." He said he was ready, and so they set 
 forth. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 37. 
 
 35§6. MEN, Self-made. William Pitt. [He 
 was first vice-treasurer of Ireland, and shortly 
 after promoted to be paymaster-general.] Pitt, 
 without wealth or high birth, had made him- 
 self the marked man of his time .... In five 
 years he raised a dispirited nation to an unpre- 
 cedented height of honor and power. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 179. 
 
 35 §7. MEN, Similarity in. Babes. A story is 
 told, how many years since, before the age of 
 railways, a nobleman and his lady, with their 
 infant child, travelling in a wild neighborhood, 
 were overtaken by a snow-storm and compelled 
 to seek shelter in a rude shepherd's hut ; when 
 the nurse, who was in attendance upon her lord 
 and lady, began undressing the infant by the 
 side of the warm fire, the inhabitants of the hut 
 gazed in awe and silence at the process. As the 
 little one was disrobed of its silken frock and 
 fine linen, and rich dress after dress was taken 
 away, still the shepherd and his wife gazed with 
 awe, until, when the process of undressing waa 
 completed, and the naked baby was being washed 
 and Avarmed by the fire, when all the wrap- 
 pages and outer husks were peeled off, the shep- 
 herd and his wife exclaimed, " Why, it's just 
 like one of ours !" But it is a very difficult 
 thing to understand that kings and queens and 
 princes are just like one of us when their state 
 robes are off ; and thus the adventures of fugitive 
 Charles [II.] derive their interest and sanctity 
 from the supposed importance of the person, and 
 the worship with which he is regarded arises 
 from the sense of the place he fills, and his es- 
 sential importance to the future schemes of Al- 
 mighty Providence. — Hood's Cromwell, ch.l3, 
 p. 169. 
 
 358§. MERCY, Provision for. Ahraham Lin- 
 coln. His doorkeepers had standing orders from 
 him, that no matter how great might be the 
 throng, if either senators or representatives had to 
 wait, or to be turned away without an audience, 
 he must see, before the day closed, every messen- 
 ger who came to him with a petition for the 
 saving of life. — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 736. 
 
 35S9. MESIT, Evidence of. Buler. He who 
 is born in purple is seldom worthy to reign ; 
 but the elevation of a private man, of a peasant, 
 perhaps, or a slave, affords a strong presumption 
 of his courage and capacity. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 52, p. 325. 
 
 3590. MEBIT, Force of. Poet Terence. Ter- 
 ence made his first appearance when CaecUius 
 
424 
 
 MERIT— MIND. 
 
 was at the height of his reputation. It is said 
 that, when he offered his first play to the JEdiles, 
 they sent him with it to Caecilius for his judg- 
 ment of the piece. Csecilius was then at supper ; 
 and as the young bard was very meanly dressed, 
 he was bid to sit behind on a low stool, and to 
 read his composition. Scarcely, however, had 
 he read a few sentences, when Caecilius desired 
 him to approach, and placed him at the table 
 next to himself. His reputation arose at once to 
 such a height that his " Eunuchus," on its first 
 appearance, was publicly performed twice each 
 day. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 4, ch. 3, p. 430. 
 
 3591. MEEIT, Ignorance of. Saracens. [At 
 the sacking of Madayn in Persia.] From the re- 
 mote islands of the Indian Ocean a large provi- 
 sion of camphire had been imported, which is 
 employed with a mixture of wax to illuminate 
 the palaces of the East. Strangers to the name 
 and properties of that odoriferous gum, the Sar- 
 acens, mistaking it for salt, mingled the camphire 
 in their bread, and were astonished at the bitter- 
 ness of the taste. One of the apartments of the 
 palace was decorated with a carpet of silk sixty 
 cubits in length and as many in breadth ; a par- 
 adise or garden was depictured on the ground ; 
 the flowers, fruits, and shrubs were imitated by 
 the figures of the gold embroidery and the col- 
 ors of the precious stones ; and the ample square 
 was encircled by a variegated and verdant bor- 
 der. The Arabian general persuaded his sol- 
 diers to relinquish their claim, in the reasonable 
 hope that the eyes of the caliph would be de- 
 lighted with the splendid workmanship of na- 
 ture and industry. Regardless of the merit of 
 art and the pomp of royalty, the rigid Omar di- 
 vided the prize among his brethren of Medina ; 
 the picture was destroyed ; but such was the in- 
 trinsic value of the materials, that the share of 
 Ali alone was sold for 20,000 drams. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 187. 
 
 3593. MEKIT, NobiUtyby. Napoleon I. [The 
 Austrian] Emperor Francis . . . was extremely 
 anxious to prove the illustrious descent of his 
 prospective son-in-law. . . . Napoleon refused to 
 have the account published, remarking, " I had 
 rather be the descendant of an honest man than 
 of any petty tyrant of Italy. I wish my nobil- 
 ity to commence with myself, and derive all my 
 titles from the French people. I am the Ru- 
 dolph of Hapsburg of my family. My patent 
 of nobility dates from the battle of Montenotte." 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 3593. MERIT, Partial. Samuel Johnson. He 
 talked ver 
 
 ry- 
 
 d very contemptuously of Churchill's poet- 
 . . " No, sir, I called the fellow a block- 
 head at first, and I will call him a blockhead 
 still. However, I will acknowledge that I have 
 a better opinion of him now than I once had ; 
 for he has shown more fertility than I expected. 
 To be sure, he is a tree that cannot produce good 
 fruit ; he only bears crabs. But, sir, a tree that 
 produces a great many crabs is better than a tree 
 which produces only a few." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 115. 
 
 3594. MESIT, Promotion by. Anglo-Saxons. 
 The Saxons, who enjoyed the same liberty with 
 all the ancient Germans, retained that political 
 freedom in their new settlements to which they 
 had been accustomed in their own country. 
 Their kings, who were no more than the chiefs 
 
 of a clan or tribe, possessed no greater authority 
 than what is commonly annexed to that charac- 
 ter in all barbarous nations. The chief, or king, 
 was the first among the citizens, but his author- 
 ity depended more on his personal abilities than 
 on his rank. " He was even so far considered 
 as on a level with the people that a stated price 
 was fixed on his head, and a legal fine was levied 
 on his murderer ; which, although proportioned 
 to his station, and superior to that paid for the 
 life of a subject, was a sensible mark of his 
 subordination to the community." — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book, 6, ch. 6, p. 117. 
 
 3595. MERIT, Supremacy of. Napoleon I. 
 [When twenty-six years of age he was made 
 commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, with 
 veteran officers under him.] There were many 
 very beautiful and dissolute females in Nice, 
 . . . who, trafficking in their charms, were living 
 in great wealth and voluptuousness. . . . Their al- 
 lurements were unavailing. . . He had no relig- 
 ious scruples to interfere with his indulgences. 
 . . . " I pursued a line of conduct in the highest 
 degree irreproachable and exemplary. . . . My 
 supremacy could be retained only by proving 
 myself a better man than any other man in the 
 army. Had I yielded to human weaknesses I 
 should have lost my power. " — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 3596. METAPHYSICS, Contempt for. Napo- 
 leon I. [After overcoming the Austrian army] 
 he entered the celebrated university [at Pavia], 
 accompanied by his military suite. With the 
 utmost celerity he moved from class to class, 
 asking questions with such rapidity the profess- 
 ors could hardly find time or breath to answer 
 his questions. "What class is this?" he in- 
 quired, as he entered the first recitation room. 
 " The class of metaphysics," was the reply. Na- 
 poleon, who had but very little respect for the 
 uncertain deductions of mental philosophy, ex- 
 claimed, very emphatically. " Bah !" and took a 
 pinch of snuff. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 3597. METHOD, "RegvlaXed "by. John Wesley. 
 "John Wesley's conversation is good, but 
 he is never at leisure. He is always obliged 
 to go at a certain hour. This is very disagree- 
 able to a man who loves to fold his legs and have 
 out his talk, as I do." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 361. 
 
 359§. MIND vs. Body. Columbus. [He spent 
 five months exploring the West Indies, amid 
 great hardships and perils.] The moment he 
 was relieved from all solicitude, and beheld him- 
 self in a known and tranquil sea, the excitement 
 suddenly ceased, and mind and body sank ex- 
 hausted by almost superhuman exertions. The 
 very day on which he sailed from Mona he was 
 struck with a sudden malady, which deprived 
 him of memory, of sight, and all his faculties. 
 He fell into a deep lethargy, resembling death 
 itself. His crew, alarmed at this profound torpor, 
 feared that death was really at hand. They 
 abandoned, therefore, all further prosecution of 
 the voyage, and spreading their sails to the east 
 wind so prevalent in those seas, bore Columbus 
 back, in a state of complete insensibility, to the 
 harbor of Isabella [from whence he had sailed]. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 7, ch. 7. 
 
MIND— MINISTERS. 
 
 425 
 
 3599. . William Prince of Orange. 
 
 The audacity of his spirit was the more remark- 
 able because his physical organization was un- 
 usually delicate. From a child he had been 
 weak and sickly. In the prime of manhood his 
 complaints had been aggravated by a severe at- 
 tack of small-pox. He was asthmatic and con- 
 sumptive. His slender frame was shaken by a 
 constant hoarse coiigh. He could not sleep unless 
 his head was propped by several pillows, and 
 could scarcely draw his breath in any but the 
 purest air. Cruel headaches frequently tortured 
 him. Exertion soon fatigued him. The physi- 
 cians constantly kept up the hopes of his enemies 
 by fixing some date beyond which, if there were 
 anything certain in medical science, it was im- 
 possible that his broken constitution could hold 
 out. Y'^t, through a life which was one long 
 disease, the force of his mind never failed, on 
 any great occasion, to bear up his suffering and 
 languid body — Macaulay'sEng., ch, 7, p. 155. 
 
 3600. MIND, Entertainment of. Dr. Campbell. 
 
 tDr. Campbell is taken to dine with a citizen of 
 jondon. He says :] I'll do so no more, for there 
 is no entertainment but meat or drink with that 
 class of people. — Knight's Ekg., vol. 7, ch. 6, 
 p. 113. 
 
 3601 . MIND, Infirmities of. Unimrsal. It is 
 a very ancient remark, that folly has its corner 
 in the brain of every wise man ; and certain it 
 is, that not the poets only, like Tasso, but the 
 clearest minds — Sir Isaac Newton, Pascal, Spi- 
 noza — have been deeply tinged with insanity. . . . 
 It was at least natural for Bradford and his con- 
 temporaries, while they acknowledged his [Roger 
 Williams] power as a preacher, to esteem him 
 unsettled in judgment. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 3602. MIND, Surroundings of. Cromwell. 
 Robert Cromwell, father of the future sovereign 
 of England, brought up his family in poverty. . . . 
 The poor, rough, unyielding nature of this moist 
 country, the unbroken horizon, the muddy river, 
 cloudy sky, and miserable trees . . . were calcu- 
 lated to sadden the disposition of a child. The 
 character of the scenes in which we are brought 
 up impresses our souls. Great fanatics generally 
 proceed from sad and sterile countries. Mahom- 
 et sprang from the scorching valleys of Ara- 
 bia ; Luther from the frozen mountains of Lower 
 Germany ; Calvin from the inanimate plains of 
 Picardy ; Cromwell from the stagnant marshes 
 of the Ouse. As is the place, so is the man. — 
 Lx\.martine's Cromwell, p. 5. 
 
 3603. MIND, Undeveloped. Redgn of James 
 II. [The Roman Catholic country squire.] The 
 disabilities under which he lay had prevented his 
 mind from expanding to the standard, moderate 
 as that standard was, which the minds of Protes- 
 tant country gentlemen then ordinarily attained. 
 Excluded when a boy from Eton and Westmin- 
 ster, when a youth from Oxford and Cambridge, 
 when a man from Parliament and from the 
 bench of justice, he generally vegetated as qui- 
 etly as the elms of the avenue which led to his 
 ancestral grange. His corn-fields, his dairy and 
 his cider press, his greyhounds, his fishing-rod 
 and his gun, his ale and his tobacco, occupied 
 almost all his thoughts. With his neighbors, in 
 spite of his religion, he was generally on good 
 
 terms. They knew him to be unambitious and 
 inoffensive. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 306. 
 
 3604. MIND undisturbed. Samuel Johnson. 
 When a person was mentioned who said, "I 
 have lived fifty-one years in this world without 
 having had ten minutes of uneasiness," he 
 exclaimed, " The man who says so lies : he at 
 tempts to impose on human credulity." The 
 Bishop of Exeter in vain observed that men 
 were very different. His Lordship's manner was 
 not impressive, and I learned afterward that 
 Johnson did not find out that the person who 
 talked to him was a prelate ; if he had, I doubt 
 not that he would have treated him with more 
 respect. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 516. 
 
 3605. MIND, Versatility of. ^een Elizabeth. 
 Elizabeth could talk poetry with Spenser and 
 philosophy with Bruno ; she could discuss eu- 
 phuism with Lilly, and enjoy the chivalry of Es- 
 sex ; she could turn from talk of the last fash- 
 ions to pore with Cecil over despatches and 
 treasury-books ; she could pass from tracking 
 traitors with Walsingham to settle points of doc- 
 trine with Parker, or to calculate with Frobisher 
 the chances of a north-west passage to the Indies. 
 The versatility and many-sidedness of her mind 
 enabled her to understand every phase of the 
 intellectual movement about her, and to fix by a 
 sort of instinct on its higher representatives. — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, f 710. 
 
 3606. MINDS, Narrow. Charactei-istic. Defoe, 
 in general no illiberal judge, complained of the 
 inconveniences of Bristol — its narrow streets, its 
 narrow river, and " also another narrow — that 
 is, the minds of the generality of its people." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 1, p. 7. 
 
 3607. MINISTEBS constrained. Mahomet. 
 Aboutaleb, dreading tke calamities which would 
 afflict the people through the civil war which 
 the obstinacy of his nephew was about to pro- 
 voke, besought the deputies to wait, and sent to 
 call Mahomet. " Avoid then," said he to him in 
 their presence, with a tone of reproach and pa- 
 ternal pain, " to bring upon thee and thine the 
 calamities that now menance us." " Oh, my un- 
 cle," replied Mahomet, sadly, " I would wish it 
 were in my power to obey thee without a crime ; 
 but though the sun were made to descend upon 
 my right and the moon upon my left, to compel 
 me to silence, and though death were set before 
 me face to face, to intimidate me, I would not 
 give up the work which I am ordered to at- 
 tempt." In speaking these words he wept 
 with regret at not being able to gratify his uncle, 
 and being inevitably cast off by him in conse- 
 quence. He made some steps to leave the as- 
 sembly ; but Aboutaleb, affected by his counte- 
 nance and edified by his conviction, said to him, 
 " Come back, my brother's son." Mahomet ap- 
 proached him. " Well," said the uncle to him, 
 " go on prophesying what thou wiliest, never — 
 I vow it here before thyself and thy accusers — 
 shall I abandon thee to thine enemies." — Lamab- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 76. 
 
 360S. MINISTERS, Discreet. Pagans. [Ju- 
 lian the Apostate endeavored to elevate the pagan 
 religion of the Romans. He said :] When they 
 are summoned in their turn to officiate before the 
 altar, they ought not, during the appointed num- 
 ber of days, to depart from the precincts of the 
 
426 
 
 MINISTERS— MINORITY. 
 
 temple ; nor should a single day be suffered to 
 elapse without the prayers and the sacrifice which 
 they are obliged to offer for the prosperity of the 
 State and of individuals. The exercise of their 
 sacred functions requires an immaculate purity, 
 both of mind and body ; and even when they 
 are dismissed from the temple to the occupations 
 of common life, it is incumbent on them to excel 
 in decency and virtue the rest of their fellow- 
 citizens. The priest of the gods should never 
 be seen in theatres or taverns. His conversation 
 should be chaste, his diet temperate, his friends 
 of honorable reputation ; and if he sometimes 
 visits the Forum or the Palace, he should appear 
 only as the advocate of those who have vainly 
 solicited either justice or mercy. His studies 
 should be suited to the sanctity of his profession. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 23, p. 426. 
 
 3600. MINISTEES, Salary of. £50 to £72. [In 
 
 1688 eminent clergymen's income was £72. The 
 lesser clergymen £50.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 3, p. 36. 
 
 3610. . Paid in Tobacco. [In 1754, 
 
 in the colony of Virginia, tobacco] was the meas- 
 ure of value, and the principal currency. Pub- 
 lic officers, ministers of the church, had their 
 salaries paid at so many annual pounds of to- 
 bacco. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 13, p. 207. 
 
 361 1. MINISTERS, Wives of. Duties in 1547. 
 [Her duties were to see that his dairy was kept 
 sweet, his wool converted into useful raiment, 
 his strawberry plants trimmed and watered, and 
 his bees hived in due season.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 488. 
 
 3612. MINISTEES, Work of. Lay. It may 
 be affirmed that not only was Methodism found- 
 ed in the New World by local preachers — by 
 Embury in New York, Webb in New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania, Strawbridge in Maryland, 
 Neal in Canada, Gilbert in the West Indies, and 
 Black in Nova Scotia — but that nearly its whole 
 frontier march, from the extreme nortii t« the 
 Gulf of Mexico, has been led on by these hum- 
 ble laborers. — Ste\tens' M. E. Chukch, vol. 2, 
 p. 139. 
 
 3613. MINISTRY, Call to the. By a Text. 
 Two of the early Methodists, whose names were 
 Owen and Carpenter, had frequent conversa- 
 tions about their duty to proclaim the gospel. 
 The}^ agreed to settle the question by opening 
 the Bible and following the lead of the first pas- 
 sage which presented itself. Owen opened the 
 Bible, and the first sentence his eyes fell upon 
 was, " Woe is me if I preach not the gospel." 
 Carpenter said, "I cannot." Owen said, "I 
 will ;" the thing with him was settled. — Ste- 
 vens' M. E. Church, vol. 2, p. 334. 
 
 3614. . Metlwdists. [At the third 
 
 Wesleyan Conference three tests were given to 
 decide the question for those who felt called to 
 preach the gospel.] "Have they gifts, grace, 
 and usefulness '? First : Do they know God as a 
 pardoning God ? Have they the love of God 
 abiding in them ? Do they desire and seek 
 nothing but God ? Are they holy in all manner 
 of conversation ? Second : Have they gifts (as 
 well as grace) for the work ? Have they (in 
 some tolerable degree) a clear, sound underetand- 
 ing ? Have they a right judgment in the things 
 of God ? Have they a just conception of salva- 
 
 tion by faith ? And has God given them any 
 degree of utterance ? Do they speak justly, 
 readilj', clearly ? Third : Have they fruit ? Are 
 any truly convinced of sin, and converted to God 
 by their preaching ? As long as these three 
 marks concur in any, w^e believe," aflirmed the 
 Conference, " that he is called of God to preach. 
 These we receive as a sufficient proof that he is 
 moved thereto by the Holy Ohost ;" a decision 
 which has never been essentially modified [by 
 the Methodist Church]. — Stevens' Methodism, 
 vol. 1, p. 316. 
 
 3615. MINISTRY, An early. Rev. Richard 
 Watson. This eminent theologian of Wesleyan 
 Methodism entered the ministrjr when sixteen 
 years old. He was remarkable in childhood for 
 the precocity of his faculties. — Stevens' Meth- 
 odism, vol. 3, p. 81. 
 
 3616. MINISTRY, Expelled from the. Rev. 
 Samuel Johnson. It was resolved that, before 
 the punishment was inflicted, Johnson should 
 be degraded from the priesthood. The prelates 
 who had been charged by the ecclesiastical com- 
 mission with the care of the diocese of London 
 cited him before them in the chapter house of 
 Saint Paul's Cathedral. The manner in which 
 he went through the ceremony made a deep im- 
 pression on many minds. When he was stripped 
 of his sacred robe, he exclaimed, "You are tak- 
 ing away my gown because I have tried to keep 
 your gowns on your backs." The only part of 
 the formalities which seemed to distress him was 
 the plucking of the Bible out of his hand. He 
 made a faint struggle to retain the sacred book, 
 kissed it, and burst into tears. " You cannot," 
 he said, " deprive me of the hopes which I owe 
 to it." [He had written tracts against Roman- 
 ism.] — MacatjLay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 99. 
 
 3617. MINORITY, Power of. James 11. Then 
 followed an auction, the strangest that history 
 has recorded. On one side the king, on the 
 other the Church, began to bid eagerly against 
 each other for the favor of those whom up to 
 that time king and Church had combined to op- 
 press. The Protestant Dissenters, who, a few 
 months before, had been a despised and pro- 
 scribed class, now held the balance of power. The 
 harshness with Avhich they had been treated was 
 universally condemned. The court tried to 
 throw all the blame on the hierarchy. The hier- 
 archy flung it back on the court. The king de- 
 clared that he had unwillingly persecuted the 
 separatists only because his affairs had been in 
 such a state that he could not venture to dis- 
 oblige the established clergy. The established 
 clergy protested that they had borne a part in 
 severities uncongenial to their feelings only 
 from deference to the authority of the king. — 
 Macaulat's Eng., ch. 7, p. 199. 
 
 361§. MINORITY, Power of. Cromwell. 
 Cromwell having a design to set up himself, 
 and bring the crown upon his own head, sent 
 for some of the chief city divines, as if he made 
 it a matter of conscience to be determined by 
 their advice. Among these was the leading Mr. 
 Calamy, who very boldly opposed the project of 
 Cromwell's single government, and offered to 
 prove it both unlawful and impracticable. Crom- 
 well answered readily upon the first head of un- 
 lawful, and appealed to the safety of the nation 
 being the supreme law. ' ' But," says he, ' • pray, 
 
MINORITY— MIRACLES. 
 
 427 
 
 Mr. Calamy, why impracticable ?" He replied, 
 " Oh, it is against the voice of the nation ; there 
 will be nine in ten against you !" " Very well," 
 says Cromwell ; "but what if I should disarm 
 the nine, and put the sword in the tenth man's 
 hand — would not that do the business ?" — Note 
 ts Tytlek's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 416. 
 
 3619. MINORITY, Presumptuous. Annexing 
 England. The lure to James was the hand of 
 the English king's daughter, Margaret Tudor. 
 For five years the negotiations dragged wearily 
 along. The bitter hate of the two peoples block- 
 ed the way, and even Henry's ministers objected 
 that the English crown might be made by the 
 match the heritage of a Scottish king. " Then," 
 they said, " Scotland will annex England." 
 "No," said the king, with shrewd sense ; " in 
 such a case England would annex Scotland, for 
 the greater always draws to it the less." His 
 steady pressure at last won the day. In 1502 the 
 marriage treaty with the Scot king was formal- 
 ly concluded ; and quiet, as Henry trusted, se- 
 cured in the north. — Hist, of Eng. People, 
 §500. 
 
 3620. MIEACLE, Fraudulent. Weeping Vir- 
 gin. At Loretto there was an image of the Vir- 
 gin, which the Church represented as of celestial 
 origin, and which . . . seemed to shed tears in 
 view of the perils of the Papacy. Napoleon sent 
 for the sacred image, exposed the deception, by 
 which, through the instrumentality of glass 
 beads, tears appeared to flow, and imprisoned 
 the priests for deluding the people with trickery 
 which tended to bring all religion into contempt. 
 —Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 7. 
 
 3621. MIRACLES, False. Delphic Pnesta. The 
 town of Delphi, famous for its oracle, was a 
 tempting object of plunder, from the treasures 
 accumulated in its temple. These were saved 
 by the" laudable artifice of the priests. After or- 
 dering the inhabitants of the town to quit their 
 houses, and fly with their wives and children to 
 the mouhtains, these men, from their skill in 
 that species of legerdemain which can work mir- 
 acles upon the rude and ignorant, contrived, by 
 artificial thunders and lightnings, accompanied 
 with horrible noises, while vast fragments of rock 
 hurled from the precipices gave all the appear- 
 ance of an earthquake, to create such ten'or in 
 the assailing Persians [under Xerxes], that they 
 firmly believed the divinity of the place had in- 
 terfered to protect his temple, and fled with dis- 
 may from the sacred territory. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 1, p. 134. 
 
 3622. . Mahomet's. The votaries 
 
 of Mahomet are more assured than himself 
 of his miraculous gifts, and their confidence and 
 credulity increase as they are further removed 
 from the time and place of his spiritual ex- 
 ploits. They believe or afllrm that trees went 
 forth to meet him ; that he was saluted by stones ; 
 that water gushed from his fingers ; that he fed 
 the hungry, cured the sick, and raised the dead ; 
 that a beam groaned to him ; that a camel com- 
 plained to him ; that a shoulder of mutton in- 
 formed him of its being poisoned ; and that both 
 animate and inanimate nature were equally sub- 
 ject to the apostle of God. — Gibbon's Mahom- 
 et, p. 25. 
 
 3623. . Mahomet's. A mysterious 
 
 animal, the Borak, conveyed him from the 
 
 temple of Mecca to that of Jerusalem ; with his 
 companion Gabriel he successively ascended the 
 seven heavens, and received and repaid the sal- 
 utations of the patriarchs, the prophets, and 
 the angels, in their respective mansions. Be- 
 yond the seventh heaven Mahomet alone was 
 permitted to proceed ; he passed the veil of uni- 
 ty, approached within two bow- shots of the 
 throne, and felt a cold that pierced him to the 
 heart when his shoulder was touched by the 
 hand of God. After this familiar though im- 
 portant conversation he again descended to Je- 
 rusalem, remounted the Borak, returned to Mec- 
 ca, and performed in the tenth part of the night 
 the journey of many thousand years. Accord- 
 ing to another legend, the apostle confounded 
 in a national assembly the malicious challenge 
 of the Koreish. His resistless word split asun- 
 der the orb of the moon ; the obedient planet 
 stooped from her station in the sky, accomplish- 
 ed the seven revolutions round the Caaba, salut- 
 ed Mahomet in the Arabian tongue, and, sud- 
 denly contracting her dimensions, entered at the 
 collar, and issued forth through the sleeve of his 
 shirt. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 113. 
 
 3624. MIRACLES ty Martyrs. Catholic. 
 [The disobedience of the Catholics of Tipasa in 
 Africa toward the Arian bishop appointed over 
 them, exasperated the] cruelty of Hunneric. A 
 militaiy count was despatched from Carthage to 
 Tipasa ; he collected the Catholics in the Forum, 
 and, in the presence of the whole province, de- 
 prived the guilty of their right hands and their 
 tongues. But the holy confessors continued to 
 speak without tongues ; and this miracle is at- 
 tested by Victor, an African bishop, who pub- 
 lished a history of the persecution within two 
 years after the event. " If any one," says Vic- 
 tor, " should doubt of the truth, let him repair 
 to Constantinople, and listen to the clear and per- 
 fect language of Restitutus, the sub-deacon, one 
 of these glorious sufferers, who is now lodged in 
 the palace of the Emperor Zeno, and is respected 
 by the devout empress." At Constantinople we 
 are astonished to find a cool, a learned, and un- 
 exceptionable witness, without interest and 
 without passion, ^neas of Gaza, a Platonic 
 philosopher, has accurately described his own 
 observations on these African sufferers : "I saw 
 them myself ; I heard them speak ; I diligently 
 inquired by what means such an articulate voice 
 could be formed without any organ of speech ; I 
 used my eyes to examine the report of my ears ; 
 I opened their mouth, and saw that the whole 
 tongue had been completely torn away by the 
 roots — an operation which the physicians gener- 
 ally suppose to be mortal." The testimony of 
 ^neas of Gaza might be confirmed by the su- 
 perfluous evidence of the Emperor Justinian, in 
 a perpetual edict ; of Count Marcellinus, in his 
 chronicle of the times ; and of Pope Gr.egory 
 I., who had resided at Constantinople as the 
 minister of the Roman pontiff. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 35, p. 557. 
 
 3625. MIRACLES, Modern. Pascal. Pascal 
 was fully persuaded that miracles were still per- 
 formed in this world. One of his nieces was af. 
 flicted, for three years and a half, with a fistula 
 in the tear-gland of one of her eyes, which the 
 most eminent surgeons of Paris pronoxmced in- 
 curable. The mother of the child, acting upon 
 
428 
 
 MIRACLES— MISSION. 
 
 the advice of Pascal, took her to a church where 
 was preserved what was called " the holy thorn" 
 — that is, one of the thorns of Christ's crown of 
 thorns. The fistula was then so bad that matter 
 ran from it, not only through the eye, but from 
 the nose and mouth. " Nevertheless." she says, 
 '• the child was cured, in a moment, by the touch 
 of the holy thorn." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 103. 
 
 3626. MIRACLES, Monkish. Legendary. [The 
 Egyptian and Syrian monks were considered the 
 favorites of heaven, and were accustomed to cure 
 inveterate diseases with a touch, a word,] or a 
 distant message, and to expel the most obstinate 
 demons from the souls or bodies which they pos- 
 sessed. They familiarly accosted, or imperious- 
 ly commanded, the lions and serpents of the des- 
 erts ; infused vegetation into a sapless trunk ; 
 suspended iron on the surface of the water ; 
 passed the Nile on the back of a crocodile, and 
 refreshed themselves in a fiery furnace. These 
 extravagant tales, which display the fiction, with- 
 out the genius, of poetry, have seriously affected 
 the reason, the faith, and the morals of the 
 Christians. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37, p. 540. 
 
 3627. MIETH, Ill-timed. GromweU. [Trial 
 of Charles I.] Another of his relations. Colonel 
 Ingoldsby, entered the hall accidentally while 
 the ofiicers were signing the sentence of the Par- 
 liament, and refused to set his name to an act 
 that his conscience disapproved. Cromwell rose 
 from his seat, and clasping Ingoldsby in his 
 arms, as if the death-warrant of the king was 
 a camp frolic, carried him to the table, and guid- 
 ing the pen in his hand, forced him to sign, with 
 a laugh and a joke. When all had affixed their 
 names, Cromwell, as if unable to contain his joy, 
 snatched the pen from the fingers of the last, 
 dipped it anew in the ink, and smeared the face 
 of his next neighbor, either thinking or not think- 
 ing that in that ink he beheld the blood of his 
 king. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 44. 
 
 362§. MISFORTUNE, Born to. Charles I. 
 There were many unfortunate circumstances 
 which combined to bring about the unhappy 
 doom of Charles I. He was unfortunate in his 
 own nature, in himself ; it was unhappy that 
 one with a nature so weak and a will so strong 
 ehould be called upon to face men and circum- 
 stances such as he found arrayed against him. 
 But we have always thought the most unfortu- 
 nate in the life of Charles to have been that he 
 was the son of his father. The name of James I. 
 has become, speaking on the best authority, syn- 
 onymous with every sentiment of contempt. It 
 is quite doubtful whether a single feature of 
 character or a single incident in his history can 
 command unchallenged regard or respect ; that 
 about him which does not provoke indignation 
 excites laughter. His conduct as sovereign of 
 his own country, of Scotland — before he succeed- 
 ed to the throne of England — was such as to awa- 
 ken more than our suspicion, beyond doubt to 
 rouse our abhorrence. He has been handed down 
 through history as a great investigator of the 
 mysteries of kingcraft ; but the record of the 
 criminal trials of Scotland shows that he chiefly 
 exercised his sagacity among those mysteries 
 for the purpose of procuring vengeance on those 
 monsters of iniquity who had sneered at his per- 
 son or undervalued his abilities. Whenever his 
 
 own person was reflected on he followed the de- 
 linquent like a panther prowling for his prey j 
 and, as Pitcairn has shown in his immense an<3 
 invaluable work on the criminal trials of Scot- 
 land, he never failed in pursuing his victim t» 
 death. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 34. 
 
 3629. MISFORTUNE, Cruelty with. Amer- 
 ican Indians. The aged and infirm met with 
 little tenderness [from the hunting tribes]. The 
 hunters, as they roam the wilderness, desert their 
 old men ; if provisions fail, the feeble drop 
 down and are lost, or life is shortened by a blow. 
 . . . Those who lingered among them [with 
 serious diseases], especially the aged, were some- 
 times neglected, and sometimes put to death. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 3630. MISFORTUNE, Fellowship in. Lucien 
 Bonaparte. When Napoleon was imprisoned 
 upon the rock of St. Helena, Lucien applied to 
 the British Government for permission to share 
 his captivity. He offered to go, with or without 
 his wife and children, for two years. He engaged 
 not to occasion any augmentation of the ex- 
 pense, and promised to submit to every restric- 
 tion placed upon his brother. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 1. 
 
 3631. MISFORTUNE overruled. Oliver Gold- 
 smith. [He intended to sail for Holland ; . . . 
 was diverted by jovial companions, and sailed 
 for Bordeaux.] It seems that the agreeable com- 
 panions with whom our greenhorn had struck 
 up such a sudden intimacy were Scotchmen 
 in the French service, who had been in Scot- 
 land enlisting recmits for the French army. 
 In vain Goldsmith protested his innocence ; he 
 was marched off Avith his fellow-revellers to 
 prison, whence he with difficulty obtained his 
 release at the end of a fortnight. With his cus- 
 tomary facility, however, at palliating Ivis mis- 
 adventures, he found everything turn out for 
 the best. His imprisonment saved his life, for 
 during his detention the ship proceeded on her 
 voyage, but was wrecked at the mouth of the 
 Garonne, and all on board perished. — Irving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 5, p. 45. 
 
 3632. MISFORTUNES, Effect of. Frederick the 
 Great. [By the misfortunes of war and the loss 
 of his mother,] the most cynical of men was 
 very unhappy. His face was so haggard and 
 his form so thin that when on his return from 
 Bohemia he passed through Leipsic, the people 
 hardly knew him again. His sleep was broken; 
 the tears in spite of himself often started into his 
 eyes ; and the grave began to present itself to his 
 agitated mind as the best refuge from misery 
 and dishonor. . . . He always carried about 
 with him a sure and speedy poison in a small 
 glass case ; and to the few in whom he placed 
 confidence he made no mystery of his resolu- 
 tion. — Macaulay's Frederick the Great, 
 p. 90. 
 
 3633. MISSION in Life. William Prince of 
 Orange. [He had been invited to invade Eng- 
 land, to rescue it from tyranny and Catholicism.] 
 Hundreds of Calvinistic preachers proclaimed 
 that the same power which had set apart Sam- 
 son from the womb to be the scourge of the 
 Philistine, and which had called Gideon from 
 the threshing-floor to smite the Midianite, had 
 raised up William of Orange to be the cham- 
 
MISSION— MISSIONS. 
 
 429 
 
 pion of all free nations and of all pure churches ; 
 nor was this notion without influence on his own 
 mind. To the confidence which the heroic fa- 
 talist placed in his high destiny and in his sacred 
 cause is to be partly attributed his singular in- 
 difference to danger. He had a great work to 
 •do ; and till it was done, nothing could harm 
 him. Therefore it was that, in spite of physi- 
 cians, he recovered from maladies which seemed 
 hopeless ; that bands of assassins conspired in 
 vain against his life ; that the open skiff, to 
 which he trusted himself in a starless night, on 
 a raging ocean, and near a treacherous shore, 
 brought him safe to land ; and that, on twenty 
 £elds of battle, the cannon-balls passed him to 
 the right and left. — Mac aul ay's Eng., ch. 7, 
 p. 170. 
 
 3634. MISSION misjudged. Strangers. [King 
 Louis Philippe and his brothers visited America, 
 and went West in disguise.] In a log- tavern 
 of a single apartment, wherein the guests 
 slept on the floor and the landlord and his wife 
 on the only bedstead, the duke overheard the 
 landlord, in the night, saying to his wife what a 
 pity it was that three such promising young 
 men should be roaming about the country with- 
 out object, instead of buying land in that settle- 
 ment and establishing themselves respectably. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog. , p. 509. 
 
 3635. MISSIONARIES, Discoveries by. Cath- 
 olic. Years before the Pilgrims anchored within 
 Cape Cod, the Roman Church had been planted, 
 by missionaries from France, in the Eastern 
 moiety of Maine ; and Le Caron, an unambi- 
 tious Franciscan, the companion of Champlain, 
 had penetrated the lands of the Mohawks, had 
 passed to the north into the hunting-gi-ounds of 
 the Wyandots, and, bound by his vows to the 
 life of a beggar, had, on foot, or paddling a 
 bark cannoe, gone onward and still onward, 
 taking alms of the savages, till he reached the 
 rivers of Lake Huron. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 3636. MISSIONARIES, Heroism of. JesuiU. 
 Immediately on its institution their missiona- 
 ries, kindled with a heroism which defied every 
 danger and endured every toil, made their way 
 to the ends of the earth ; they raised the emblem of 
 man's salvation on the Moluccas, in India, in Ja- 
 pan, in Cochin China ; they penetrated Ethiopia, 
 and reached the Abyssinians ; they planted mis- 
 sions among the Caffres ; in California, on the 
 banks of the Maranhon, in the plains of Para- 
 guay, they invited the wildest of barbarians to the 
 civilization of Christianity. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 3637. MISSIONARIES, Zealous. Irish. Pat- 
 rick, the fiist missionary of the island, had not 
 been half a century dead when Irish Christianity 
 flung itself with a fiery zeal into battle with the 
 mass of heathenism which was rolling in upon the 
 Christian world. Irish missionaries labored 
 among the Picts of the Highlands and among 
 the Frisians of the northern seas. An Irish mis- 
 sionary, Columba, founded monasteries in Bur- 
 
 fundy and the Apennines. The Canton of 
 t. Gall still commemorates in its name another 
 Irish missionary, before whom the spirits of flood 
 and fell fled wailing over the waters of the Lake 
 of Constance. For a time it seemed as if the 
 course of the world's history was to be changed ; 
 
 as if the older Celtic race that Roman and Ger- 
 man had swept before them had turned to the 
 moral conquest of their conquerors ; as if Celtic 
 and not Latin Christianity was to mould the des- 
 tinies of the churches of the West. — Hist, of 
 English People, § 49. 
 
 363§. MISSIONARY, A false. Cortez. Six large 
 vessels were speedily equipped, and three hun- 
 dred men eagerly volunteered to follow a leader 
 already known for his courage and skill. The 
 orders given by Velasquez to the commander of 
 the expedition enjoined it upon him to deal 
 gently and liberally with the Mexicans, since the 
 grand objects in view were, first, and above all, 
 to convert them to Christianity ; secondly, to 
 open with them a peaceful, honest commerce ; 
 and, lastly, to get such a knowledge of the coun- 
 try and its waters as would be of use to future 
 navigators. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 320. 
 
 3639. MISSIONS by Conquest. Failure. The 
 king [of Portugal], entering warmly into his 
 [Alfonso d' Albuquerque] views, gave him a se- 
 cret commission as Go vernor-in- Chief of the In- 
 dies, with powers almost absolute, and with 
 orders to go out merely as captain of one of the 
 ships of a fleet, and, on reaching India, to pro- 
 duce his commission and assume the supreme 
 command. He set sail in 1506, in the fifty- 
 fourth year of his age, commanding one vessel 
 of a fleet of fourteen sail. His commission ex- 
 pressly stated that the king's first object was the 
 spread of Christianity, and that to this end all 
 others were to be strictly secondary. [India was 
 not Christianized by an armed fleet.] — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BioG., p. 313. 
 
 3640. MISSIONS destroyed. In Japan. Polit- 
 ical tenets, it may be believed, had mingled them- 
 selves with religious notions, and the emperor 
 was very justly apprehensive that this fervor 
 shown by the Spaniards and Portuguese for the 
 conversion of his subjects was but a preparative 
 to their designs against the empire itself. . . . Still, 
 however, the indulgence of the emperor allowed 
 these foreigners a free trade till the year 1637, 
 when a Spanish ship happened to be taken by 
 the Dutch, near the Cape of Good Hope, on 
 board of which were found letters from a Portu- 
 guese officer to the court of Spain, containing 
 the project of a conspiracy for dethroning and 
 putting to death the Emperor of Japan, and seiz- 
 ing the government. The Dutch were jealous 
 of the lucrative trade carried on by the Spaniards 
 in this country, and immediately conveyed in- 
 telligence of this conspiracy to the court of Ja- 
 pan. The Portuguese officer was seized, and 
 confessed the whole design. He was immediately 
 put to death, and the emperor, in a solemn as- 
 sembly of his nobles, pronounced an edict for- 
 bidding, on pain of death, any of his subjects 
 leaving the kingdom, and commanding that all 
 the Spaniards and Portuguese should be instantly 
 expelled from Japan ; that all Christian converts 
 should be imprisoned, and offering a very high 
 reward for the discovery of any priest or mis- 
 sionary who should remain in his dominions. 
 The Christians actually rose in arms, and were 
 mad enough to attempt resistance, but they were 
 overpowered and expelled to a man. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 24, p. 250. 
 
 3641 . MISSIONS develop Science. Columbus. 
 [Discovery of unknown lands.] A deep re- 
 
430 
 
 MISSIONS— MODESTY. 
 
 ligious sentiment mingled with his meditations, 
 and gave them at times a tinge of superstition, 
 but it was of a sublime and lofty kind ; he looked 
 upon himself as standing in the hand of Heaven, 
 chosen from among men for the accomplish- 
 ment of its high purpose ; he read, as he sup- 
 posed, his contemplated discovery foretold in 
 Holy Writ, and shadowed forth darkly in the 
 mystic revelations of the prophets. The ends of 
 the earth were to be brought together, and all na- 
 tions and tongues and languages united under 
 the banners of the Redeemer. This was to be the 
 triumphant consummation of his enterprise, 
 bringing the remote and unknown regions of the 
 earth into communion with Christian Europe ; 
 carrying the light of the true faith into benight- 
 ed and pagan lands, and gathering their count- 
 less nations under the holy dominion of the 
 church. . . . Columbus first conceived an en- 
 thusiastic idea, or rather made a kind of mental 
 vow, which remained more or less present to his 
 mind until the very day of his death. He deter- 
 mined that, should his projected enterprise be 
 successful, he would devote the profits arising 
 fi-om his anticipated discoveries to a crusade for 
 the rescue of the holy sepulchre from the power 
 of the infidels. — Ikving's Columbus, Book 3, 
 ch. 4, 5. 
 
 3642. MISSIONS, Successful. In Japan. The 
 Spaniards, soon after they obtained the sover- 
 eignty of Portugal, availed themselves of the 
 discovery of these islands, and began to carry on 
 an immense trade to the coast of Japan. The 
 Japanese were fond of this intercourse, and the 
 emperor encouraged it ; but this favorable dis- 
 position was nothing more than an incentive to 
 the ambition of the Spaniards to aim at the abso- 
 lute sovereignty of the country. For this pur- 
 pose they began by their usual mode of emplo}^- 
 mg missionaries to convert the idolatrous Japan- 
 ese to the Christian religion. Legions of priests 
 were sent over, and so zealous were they in their 
 function, that toward the end of the sixteenth 
 century they boasted that the number of their 
 new converts amounted to no less than 600,000. 
 [See Missions Destroyed.] — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 24, p. 250. 
 
 3643. MISSIONS to be sustained. Melville B. 
 Cox. [He was about to embark as a missionaiy 
 to Liberia, and die a martyr's death.] To a stu- 
 dent of the Wesleyan University he remarked, 
 "If I die in Africa, you must come and write 
 my epitaph." " What shall it be ?" asked his 
 young friend. " Write," he replied, " ' Let a thou- 
 sand fall before Africa be given up.' " [In less 
 than five months after his arrival, in 1833, he 
 slept in an African grave.] — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 3644. MISSIONS, Zeal for. Dr. Tliomas Coke. 
 [A friend remonstrated with Dr. Thomas Coke 
 when he proposed to go to India at his own ex- 
 pense and there establish Wesleyan missions, he 
 being nearly seventy years old.] He replied : 
 " lam now dead to Europe and alive for India. 
 God Himself has said to me. Go to Ceylon ! I 
 would rather be set naked on its coast, and with- 
 out a friend, than not to go. I am learning the 
 Portuguese language continuall3^" — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 3, p. 330. 
 
 3645. MISTAKE, Encouraging. Columbus. 
 The great mistake with Columbus and others 
 
 who shared his opinions was not concerning the 
 figure of the earth, but in regard to its size. He 
 believed the world to be no more than ten thou- 
 sand or twelve thousand miles in circumference. 
 He therefore confidently expected that after sail- 
 ing about three thousand miles to the westward 
 he should arrive at the East Indies ; and to do 
 that was the one great purpose of his life. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 3, p. 55. 
 
 3646. MOB, Terrifying. Draft. On the 8d 
 of March the ConscHption Act was passed by Con- 
 gress, and two months afterward the President 
 ordered a general draft of 300,000 men. All 
 able-bodied citizens between the ages of twenty 
 and forty-five years were subject to the requisi- 
 tion. The measure was bitterly denounced by 
 the opponents of the war, and in many places 
 the draft-officers were forcibly resisted. On the 
 13th of July, in the city of New York, a vast 
 mob rose in arms, demolished the buildings 
 which were occupied by the provost marshals, 
 burned the colored orphan asylum, attacked the 
 police, and killed about a hundred people, most 
 of whom were negroes. For three days the au- 
 thorities of the city were set at defiance. On 
 the second day of the reign of terror Governor 
 [Horatio] Seymour arrived and addressed the 
 mob in a mild-mannered way, promising that the 
 draft should be suspended, and advising the riot- 
 ers to disperse ; but they gave little heed to his 
 mellow admonition, and went on with the work 
 of destruction. General Wool, commander of 
 the military district of New York, then took the 
 matter in hand ; but the troops at his disposal 
 were at first unable to overawe the insurgents. 
 Some volunteer regiments, however, came troop- 
 ing home from Gettysburg ; the Metropolitan 
 Police companies were compactly organized, and 
 the combined forces soon cruslied the insurrec- 
 tion with a strong hand. ... On the 19th of Au- 
 gust President Lincoln issued a proclamation 
 suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas 
 corpus throughout the Union. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 65, p. 522. 
 
 3647. MODESTY, Conspicuous. Benjamin 
 Franklin. [When very young, he had remark- 
 able success in his business enterprise and in gain- 
 ing influential friends. See Success, Deserved.} 
 The intelligent and highly cultivated Logan bore 
 testimony to his merits before they had burst 
 upon the world : " Our most ingenious printer 
 has the clearest understanding, with extreme 
 modpsty. He is certainly an extraordinary man, 
 of a singular good judgment, but of equal mod- 
 esty." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 3648. MODESTY of Genius. Isaac Newton. 
 So little did he value the glory of his discoveries, 
 that he was with difficulty induced to make them 
 known to the world, having a mortal dread of 
 being drawn into controversy. Some of his most 
 brilliant discoveries remained unpublished for 
 several years. And when, at last, his Principia 
 had appeared, which contained the results of his 
 studies, he had to be much persuaded before he 
 would consent to issue a second edition. — Par- 
 ton's Newton, p. 85. 
 
 8649. MODESTY, A Hero's. Garibaldi. When 
 the successful villainy of Louis Napoleon had 
 ruined the cause of Italian independence, Gari- J 
 baldi was one of the hundreds of brave men who S| 
 sought an asylum in the United States. At mid- , 
 
MODESTY— MONEY. 
 
 431 
 
 summer, in 1850, he reached New York, where, 
 of" course, he was at once solicited to make an ex- 
 hibiticn of himself, or, as we say, "accept an 
 ovation." He modestly asked to be excused. 
 Such an exhibition, he said, was not necessary, 
 and could not help the cause ; nor would the 
 American people, he thought, esteem him the 
 less because he veiled his sorrows in privacy. All 
 he asked was to be allowed to earn his living by 
 honest labor, and remain under the protection of 
 i the American flag until the time should come for 
 renewing the attempt which treason had frustrat- 
 ed only for a time. From being a general in 
 command of an army. Garibaldi became a Staten 
 Island candle-maker, and soon resumed his old 
 calling of mariner. — Cyclopedia op Biog. , 
 p. 496. 
 
 3650. MODESTY unopposed. John Howard. 
 It has been the lot of many philanthropists to en- 
 counter obloquy and opposition in their efforts 
 to benefit mankind. It was Howard's happier 
 fortune to enjoy, at all times, the approval of his 
 countrymen, and to receive needful aid from per- 
 sons in authority. He was so devoid of all pre- 
 tence, and went about his work in such a quiet, 
 earnest manner, and gave such unquestionable 
 proofs of the benevolence of his motives, that the 
 enmity of men whose evil practices he exposed 
 was disarmed, and all others observed his pro- 
 ceedings with admiration. His rank, too, as a 
 gentleman of independent property, greatly facil- 
 itated his labors, and when he had publicly re- 
 ceived the thanks of the House of Commons, he 
 had a kind of official character, which opened to 
 him the doors of every jail the moment he pre- 
 sented himself. He pursued his investigations 
 in a very business-like manner, carrying with him 
 a rule with which to measure the dungeons, a 
 pair of scales for weighing the allowance of food, 
 and a memorandum book in which to record 
 his facts. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 46. 
 
 3651. MONEY — AFFECTION. Restoration. 
 When the commissioners of Parliament conveyed 
 to Charles [II.] information of the abolition of 
 the Commonwealth, Lord Grenville preceded 
 them with the best proof of loyalty and affec- 
 tion — £4500 in gold and a bill of exchange 
 for £35,000.— Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, 
 p. 236. 
 
 3653. MONEY, Changed Value of. Decreased. 
 [The relative value of money in the fifteenth 
 century was fifteen times greater than at the 
 present day.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 8, 
 p. 121. 
 
 3653. MONEY, Corrupted by. James II. Ba- 
 rillon [the French minister] received them civil- 
 ly. Rochester [prime-minister of James II.], 
 grown bolder, proceeded to ask for money. "It 
 will be well laid out," he said ; "your master 
 cannot employ his revenues better. Represent 
 to_ him strongly how important it is that the 
 King of England should be dependent, not on 
 his own people, but on the friendship of France 
 alone." . . . Barillon hastened to communicate to 
 Louis [XIV.] the wishes of the English Govern- 
 ment ; but Louis had already anticipated them. 
 His first act, after he was apprised of the death 
 of Charles, was to collect bills of exchange on 
 England to the amount of 500,000 livres, a 
 sum equivalent to about £37,500 sterling. [See 
 
 Excuses, Ignominious, No. 1978.] — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 4, p. 425. 
 
 3654. MONEY, Dangers of. Spartans. Xen- 
 ophon acquaints us that when Lysander had 
 taken Athens he sent to Sparta many rich spoils 
 and 470 talents of silver. The coming of this 
 huge mass of wealth created great disputes at 
 Sparta. Many celebrated Lysander's praises, and 
 rejoiced exceedingly at this good fortune, as they 
 called it ; others, who were better acquainted 
 with the nature of things, and with their consti- 
 tution, were of quite another opinion ; they looked 
 upon the receipt of this treasure as an open viola- 
 tion of the laws of Lycurgus ; and they expressed 
 their apprehensions loudly, that, in process of 
 time, they might, by a change in their manners, 
 pay infinitely more for this money than it was 
 worth. The event justified their fears. — Plu- 
 tarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 3655. MONEY debased. With Iron. [Lycur- 
 gus, the Lacedaemonian lawgiver, wishing to pro- 
 duce an equality of wealth,] stopped the cur- 
 rency of the gold and silver coin, and ordered 
 that they should make use of iron money only ; 
 then to a great quantity and weight of this he 
 assigned but a small value, so that to lay up 10 
 mincB a whole room was required, and to remove 
 it nothing less than a yoke of oxen. When this 
 became current, many kinds of injustice ceased 
 in Lacedsemon. Who would steal or take a bribe, 
 who would defraud or rob, when he could not 
 conceal the booty ; when he could neither be 
 dignified by the possession of it, nor, if cut in 
 pieces, be served by its use ? For we are told that 
 when hot they quenched it in vinegar to make 
 it brittle and unmalleable, and consequently unfit 
 for any other service. In the next place, he ex- 
 cluded unprofitable and superfluous arts ; indeed, 
 if he had not done this, most of them would have 
 fallen of themselves, when the new money took 
 place, as the manufacturers could not be dis- 
 posed of. Their iron coin would not pass in the 
 rest of Greece, but was ridiculed and despised, 
 so that the Spartans had no means of purchasing 
 any foreign or curious wares ; nor did any mer- 
 chant-ship unlade in their harbors. There were 
 not even to be found in all their country either 
 sophists, wandering fortune-tellers, keepers of 
 infamous houses, or dealers in gold and silver 
 trinkets, because there was no money. Thus 
 luxury, losing by degrees the means that cher- 
 ished and supported it, died away of itself ; even 
 they who had great possessions had no advantage 
 from them, since they could not be displayed in 
 public, but must lie useless, in unregarded re- 
 positories. — Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 3656. MONEY declined. Pension. Halifax . . . 
 offered a pension to [Alexander] Pope, saying 
 that nothing should be demanded of him for 
 it. The young poet had not earned an indepen- 
 dence, and was in feeble health. " I wrote," he 
 says, "to Lord Halifax to thank him for his 
 most obliging offer, saying that I had consid- 
 ered the matter over fully, and that all the differ- 
 ence that I could find in having and not having 
 a pension was, that if I had one I might live 
 more at large in town, and that if I had not, I 
 might live happily enough in the country. So 
 the thing dropped, and I had my liberty with- 
 out a coach." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 26, 
 p. 416. 
 
433 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 3657. MONEY depreciated. ''Clipped." The 
 milled money disappeared almost as fast as it was 
 coined, and the hammered money was clipped 
 and pared more and more, till it was often not 
 worth half or even a third of the sum for which 
 it passed. At Oxford, indeed, a hundred pounds' 
 worth of the current silver money, which ought 
 to have weighed four hundred ounces, was found 
 to weigh only a hundred and sixteen. Every 
 month the state of things was becoming worse 
 and worse. The cost of commodities was con- 
 stantly rising, and every payment of any amount 
 involved endless altercations. In a bargain not 
 only had the price of the article to be settled, 
 but also the value of the money in which it was 
 to be paid. — Fowler's Locke, ch. 6. 
 
 365§. . " Clipped and pared." 
 
 All commercial transactions had become disar- 
 ranged ; no one knew what he was really worth, 
 •or what any commodity might cost him a few 
 months hence. Macaulay, who has given a 
 most graphic description of the financial condi- 
 tion of the country at this time, hardly exagger- 
 ates when he says, " It may be doubted whether 
 all the misery which had been inflicted on the 
 ^English nation in a quarter of a century by bad 
 kings, bad ministers, bad parliaments, and bad 
 judges was equal to the misery caused in a sin- 
 gle year by bad crowns and bad shillings." — 
 Powler's Locke, ch. 6. 
 
 3659. . Continental. The finan- 
 cial credit of the nation was sinking to the low- 
 est ebb. Congress, having no silver and gold 
 with which to meet the accumulating expenses 
 of the war, had resorted to paper money. At 
 £rst the expedient was successful, and the conti- 
 nental bills were received at par ; but as one is- 
 sue followed another, the value of the notes rap- 
 idly diminished, until, by the middle of 1780, 
 they were not worth two cents to the dollar. To 
 aggravate the evil, the emissaries of Great Britain 
 executed counterfeits of the congressional money, 
 and sowed the spurious bills broadcast over the 
 land. Business was paralyzed for the want of a 
 currency, and the distress became extreme ; but 
 Robert Morris and a few other wealthy patriots 
 came forward with their private fortunes and 
 saved the suffering colonies from ruin. The 
 mothers of America also lent a helping hand ; 
 and the patriot camp was gladdened with many 
 a contribution of food and clothing which wom- 
 an's sacrificing care had provided. — Ridpath's 
 U. IS., ch. 43. p. 343. 
 
 3660. MONEY disregarded. Samuel Adams. 
 He was . . . two and forty years of age ; poor, 
 and so contented with poverty that men cen- 
 sured him as ' ' wanting wisdom to estimate riches 
 at their just value." But he was frugal and tem- 
 perate ; and his prudent and industrious wife, 
 ■endowed with the best qualities of a New Eng- 
 land woman, knew how to work with her own 
 hands, so that the small resources, which men 
 of the least opulent class would have deemed a 
 very imperfect support, were sufficient for his 
 simple wants. Yet such was the union of dig- 
 nity with economy, that whoever visited him 
 saw around him every circumstance of propri- 
 ety. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 10. 
 
 3661. MONEY, Earning. Abraham Lincoln. 
 I was about eighteen years of age. I belonged, 
 jou know, to what they call down South the 
 
 ' ' scrubs" — people who do not own slaves are no- 
 body there. [He constructed a little flat-boat to 
 take produce to market. Two men engaged him 
 to take themselves and their trunks out into the 
 stream to the steamboat.] I sculled them out to 
 the steamboat. They got on board, and I lifted 
 up their heavy trunks, and put them on deck. 
 . . . Each of them took from his pocket a silver 
 half dollar, and threw it on the floor of my boat, 
 [He expected only two or three bits.] I could 
 scarcely believe my eyes when I saw the money. 
 . . . I could scarcelj^ credit that I, a poor boy, 
 had earned a dollar in less than a day ; . . • the 
 world seemed wider and fairer before me. I was 
 a more hopeful and confident being from that 
 time. — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 754. 
 
 3662. MONEY expensive. Charles I. He wa3 
 reckless in his extravagance, he would listen to 
 no advice, his embarrassments increased daily ; 
 he did not like parliaments, and without parlia* 
 ments how could he obtain a parliamentary 
 grant ? So he ordered the sheriffs of all the 
 counties to demand of all persons of substance, 
 within their respective limits, a free gift propor- 
 tionate to the necessities of the king ; the sher- 
 iffs also were ordered to take strict cognizance 
 of all persons who refused to contribute, and the 
 names of such given in to the Privy Council 
 were marked out for perpetual harrying and 
 hostility by the court. He did not gain much by 
 this obnoxious and arbitrary scheme — only about 
 £50,000, it is said ; but it lost him the confidence 
 and the affection of the entire nation. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 39. 
 
 3663. MONEY, Love of. Jews. Immediately 
 after the conquest of Granada he [Ferdinand of 
 Spain] expelled all the Jews from the kingdom 
 — a most impolitic step, which deprived Spain of 
 about 150,000 inhabitants. The greatest part of 
 these took refuge in Portugal, and carried with 
 them their arts, their industry, and their com- 
 merce ; the rest sailed over into Africa, where 
 they were still more inhumanly used than in 
 Spain. The Moors of that country are said to have 
 ripped open their bellies in order to search for 
 the gold which they were supposed to have con- 
 cealed in their bowels. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 14, p. 219. 
 
 3664. MONEY, Meanness and. Henry III. 
 [King Henry III. made the royal office a trade.] 
 History presents him in scarcely any other light 
 than that of an extortioner or a beggar. . . . The 
 I'ecords of the exchequer abundantly show that 
 for forty years ' ' there were no contrivances for 
 obtaining money so mean or unjust that he dis- 
 dained to practise them." . . . The pope had 
 more than an equal share of the spoil. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 361. 
 
 3665. MONEY, Paper. Manufactured. [John 
 Law, a Scotch adventurer who had made a fort- 
 une at the gaming-table, proposed to retrieve the 
 immense public debt of France by the following 
 system :] Indefinite issue of paper money, which 
 was to be substituted for the precious metals as 
 the circulating medium. Gold and silver, he ar- 
 gued, have no real, but only a conventional value; 
 the supply of them is limited, and cannot be in- 
 creased at pleasure. If, then, their value can be 
 transferred to paper, which can easily be issued 
 to any desired amount, it is evident that national 
 wealth may be augmented to an almost incon- 
 
MONEY. 
 
 433 
 
 ceivable extent. A bank was opened in 1716, 
 but at first only as a private enterprise. Its suc- 
 cess was rapid and complete ; and in December, 
 1718, the regent converted it into a royal bank, 
 the State becoming the proprietor of the whole 
 of its twelve hundred shares. — Students' 
 Trance, ch. 33, § 4. 
 
 3666. MONEY, Paper. Assignats. To meet the 
 urgency of the moment, the corporation of Paris 
 contracted to take a certain portion of the [estates 
 of the church, all of which had been confisca- 
 ted, and] which was to be resold in course of 
 time to private individuals ; other municipalities 
 followed this example ; and as they were unable 
 to pay in specie, they were allowed to issue bonds 
 or promissory notes, secured upon the property, 
 which the creditors of the State were to ac- 
 cept instead of money. It was thus that the fa- 
 mous system of assignats took its rise. These as- 
 signats were afterward issued upon the credit of 
 the government, and, a forced currency being 
 given to them, they were made to answer all 
 the purposes of coin. But as the value of the 
 assignats depended solely upon public credit, 
 the subsequent rapid march of the Revolution 
 reduced them at length to a state of utter depre- 
 ciation. They were reissued from time to time 
 in immense quantities, but became altogether 
 worthless in the end, the amount in circula- 
 tion far exceeding the whole value of the prop- 
 erty which they professedly represented. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 36, § 4. 
 
 3667. . Bankruptcy. The assig- 
 nats, which were still a legal tender, realized 
 no more than the two hundredth part of their 
 nominal value. At length, after the issue of 
 paper money had reached the almost incredible 
 amount of forty -five thousand millions (eighteen 
 hundred millions sterling), it was found utterly 
 impossible to maintain it in circulation ; the as- 
 signats were refused by all classes, from the 
 highest to the lowest, throughout France. The 
 government now determined to withdraw them, 
 and substituted for them a new kind of paper 
 currency, called mandats territoraux ; these man- 
 dats were charged upon the landed estates be- 
 longing to the nation, and entitled the holder 
 to a certain specified amount of that property, 
 according to the valuation made in the year 
 1790. The assignats were suppressed, and the 
 
 Slate used for engraving them broken up, in 
 larch, 1796. The issue of the mandats was an 
 improvement, since they represented a substan- 
 tial value in land, for which they were exchange- 
 able at any moment ; but after a time they also 
 fell into discredit, and could only be negotiat- 
 ed at an enormous discount. The measure 
 led eventually to a bankruptcy of no less than 
 thirty-three milliards of francs. — Students' 
 France, ch. 37, § 13. 
 
 366S. . American Colonies. The 
 
 first effect of the unreal enlargement of the 
 currency appeared beneficial, and men rejoiced 
 in the seeming impulse given to trade. It was 
 presently found that specie was repelled from 
 the country by the system ; ... far from reme- 
 dying the scarcity of money, it excited a thirst for 
 new issues. . . . Commerce was corrupted in its 
 sources by the uncertainty attending the expres- 
 sions of value in every contract.— Bancroft's 
 U.S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 3669. . Legal Tender. The fort- 
 unes of the war had been wholly on the side of 
 the French and their allies. But New England 
 was now thoroughly aroused. In order to pro- 
 vide the ways and means of war, a colonial con- 
 gress was convened at New York. Here it was 
 resolved to attempt the conquest of 'Canada by 
 marching an army by way of Lake Champlain 
 against Montreal. At the same time Massachusetts 
 was to co-operate with the land forces by send- 
 ing a fleet, by way of the St. Lawrence, for the re- 
 duction of Quebec. . . . Vexatious delays retard- 
 ed the expedition until the middle of October. 
 Meanwhile an Abnaki Indian had carried the 
 news of the coming armament to Frontenac, 
 Governor of Canada ; and when the fleet came iu 
 sight of the town, the castle of St. Louis was so 
 well garrisoned and provisioned as to bid defi- 
 ance to the English forces. The opportunity 
 was lost, and it only remained for Phipps to sail 
 back to Boston. To meet the expenses of this 
 unfortunate expedition, Massachusetts was oblig- 
 ed to issue bills of credit, which were made £ 
 legal tender in the payment of debt. Such was 
 the origin of paper money in America. — Rid 
 path's U. S., ch. 16, p. 149. 
 
 3670. MONEY, Power of. Political. [Essex 
 having offended Queen Elizabeth, she refused 
 to renew his patents for the valuable monopoly 
 of sweet wines when they expired, saying,] In 
 order to manage an ungovernable beast, he must 
 be stinted of his provender. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 18, p. 385. 
 
 3671. . Samuel Johnson. In civ- 
 ilized society personal merit will not serve you 
 so much as money will. Sir, you may make the 
 experiment. Go into the street, and give one 
 man a lecture on morality, and another a shilling, 
 and see which will respect you most. If you 
 wish only to support nature. Sir William Petty 
 fixes your allowance at £3 a year ; but as times 
 are much altered, let us call* it £6. This sum 
 will fill your belly, shelter you from the weather, 
 and even get you a strong lasting coat, suppos- 
 ing it to be made of good bull's hide. Now, 
 sir, all beyond this is artificial, and is desired ia 
 order to obtain a greater degree of respect from 
 our fellow-creatures. And, sir, if £600 a year 
 procure a man more consequence, and, of course, 
 more happiness, than £6 a year, the same pro- 
 portion will hold as to £6000, and so on, as far 
 as opulence can be carried. Perhaps he who 
 has a large fortune may not be so happy as he 
 who has a small one ; but that must proceed 
 from other causes than from his having the 
 large fortune ; for, costeris paribus, he who Is 
 rich in a civilized society must be happier than 
 he who is poor ; as riches, if properly used (and 
 it is a man's own fault if they are not), must be 
 productive of the highest advantages. Money, 
 to be sure, of itself is of no use, for its only 
 use is to part with it. — Bos well's Johnson, 
 p. 131. 
 
 3673. . Didius Julianus. [He had 
 
 purchased the throne of the Roman Empire at 
 auction.] He had reason to tremble. On the 
 throne of the world he found himself without a 
 friend, and even without an adherent. The 
 guards themselves were ashamed of the prince 
 whom their avarice had persuaded them to ac- 
 cept ; nor was there a citizen who did not consider 
 
434 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 his elevation with horror, as the last insult on the 
 Koman name. The nobility, whose conspicuous 
 station and ample possessions exacted the strict- 
 est caution, dissembled their sentiments, and 
 met the affected civility of the emperor with 
 smiles of complacency and professions of duty. 
 But the people, secure in their numbers and ob- 
 scurity, gave a free vent to their passions. The 
 streets and public places of Rome resounded 
 with clamors and imprecations. The enraged 
 multitude affronted the person of Julian, reject- 
 ed his liberality, and, conscious of the impo- 
 tence of their own resentment, they called aloud 
 on the legions of the frontiers to assert the vio- 
 lated majesty of the Roman Empire. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 5, p. 129. 
 
 3673. MONEY, Pressure for. Eegent Due 
 d' Orleans. There had been a very large annual 
 deficit for fifteen successive years, which had 
 been made up by selling offices and borrowing 
 money. "When the regent took the reins of 
 power, he found, 1st, an almost incalculable 
 debt ; 2d, 800,000,000 francs then due ; 3d, an 
 empty treasury. Almost every one in Paris, 
 from princes to lackeys, who had any property at 
 all, held the royal paper, then worth one fourth 
 its apparent value. What was to be done ? 
 They tried the wildest expedients. The coin 
 was adulterated ; new bonds, similar to those we 
 call " preferred," were issued ; men, enriched by 
 speculating upon the necessities of the govern- 
 ment, were squeezed until they gave up their 
 millions. If a man was very rich, and not a 
 nobleman, it was enough ; the Bastile, the pil- 
 lory, and confiscation extracted from him the 
 wherewith to supply the regent's drunken or- 
 gies, the extraTagance of his mistresses, and the 
 pay of his troops. Servants accused their mas- 
 ters of possessing a secret hoard, and were re- 
 warded for their perfidy with one half of it. 
 Rich men, trying to escape from the kingdom 
 with their property, were hunted down and 
 brought back to prison and to ruin. Once they 
 seized fourteen kegs of gold coin, hidden in 
 fourteen pipes of wine, just as the wagons were 
 crossing the line into Holland. One great capi- 
 talist escaped from the kingdom disguised as a 
 hay -peddler, with his money hidden in his hay. 
 The whole number of persons arrested on the 
 charge of having more money than they wanted 
 was 6000 ; the number condemned and fined was 
 4410, and the amount of money wrung from 
 them was 400,000,000 francs. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG.,p. 453. 
 
 3674. MONEY vs. Merit. Moez. Many ficti- 
 tious descendants of Mahomet arose after his 
 death. One of the Fatimite caliphs silenced an 
 indiscreet question by drawing his cimeter : 
 " This," said Moez, " is my pedigree; and these," 
 casting a handful of gold to his soldiers — " and 
 these are my kindred and my children." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 5, p. 166. 
 
 3675. MONEY vs. ReUgion. Dutch. A fleet 
 was necessary for the reduction of Rochelle, 
 where the Calvinists, who then suffered great 
 persecution, were attempting to imitate the exam- 
 ple of the Hollanders, and throw off their sub- 
 jection to the crown of France. The cardinal 
 found it impossible to fit out an armament with 
 that celerity which was necessary, and he con- 
 cluded a bargain with the Dutch to furnish a 
 
 fleet for subduing their Protestant brethren. An 
 opportunity thus offered of making money, the 
 Dutch had no scruples on the score of conscience ; 
 and they fought for the Catholic religion as 
 keenly as they had done half a century before 
 for the Protestant. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 35, p. 443. 
 
 3676. MONEY, Rtde of. Beign of William 
 and Mary. The floating credits of commerce, 
 aided by commercial accumulations, soon grew 
 powerful enough to balance the landed interest : 
 stock aristocracy competed with feudalism. So 
 imposing was the spectacle of the introduction 
 of the citizens and of commerce as the arbiter of 
 alliances, the umpire of factions, the judge of 
 war and peace, that it roused the attention of 
 speculative men. , . . The gentle Addison . . . 
 declared nothing to be more reasonable than 
 that "those who have engrossed the riches of 
 the nation should have the management of its 
 public treasure, and the direction of its fleets and 
 armies." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 19. 
 
 3677. MONEY, Serviceable. Incitement. The 
 value of money has been settled by general con- 
 sent to express our wants and our property, as 
 letters were invented to express our ideas ; and 
 both these institutions, by giving a more active 
 energy to the powers and passions of human na- 
 ture, have contributed to multiply the objects 
 they were designed to represent. The use of 
 gold and silver is in a great measure factitious ; 
 but it would be impossible to enumerate the im- 
 portant and various services which agriculture 
 and all the arts have received from iron, when 
 tempered and fashioned by the operation of fire 
 and the dexterous hand of man. Money, in a 
 word, is the most universal incitement, iron the 
 most powerful instrument, of human industry ; 
 and it is very difficult to conceive by what means 
 a people, neither actuated by the one nor second- 
 ed by the oth(?r, could emerge from the gross- 
 est barbarism. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 260. 
 
 367§. MONEY, Throne for. Roman. After 
 the atrocious niurder of Pertinax, the Praetorian 
 guards treated with Sulpicianus, the emperor's 
 father in-law, for the bestowment of the throne. 
 ... He had already begun to use the only ef- 
 fectual argument, and to treat for the imperial 
 dignity ; but the more prudent of the Praeto- 
 rians, apprehensive that, in this private contract, 
 they should not obtain a just price for so valu- 
 able a commodity, ran out upon the ramparts, 
 and, with a loud voice, proclaimed that the Ro- 
 man world was to be disposed of to the best 
 bidder by public auction. This infamous offer, 
 the most insolent excess of military license, dif- 
 fused a universal grief, shame, and indignation 
 throughout the city. It reached at length the 
 ears of Didius Julianus, a wealthy senator, who, 
 regardless of the public calamities, was indulg- 
 ing himself in the luxury of the table. His wife 
 and his daughter, his f reedmen and his parasites, 
 easily convinced him that he deserved the throne, 
 and earnestly conjured him to embrace so fortu- 
 nate an opportunity. The vain old man hasten- 
 ed to the Praetorian camp, where Sulpicianus 
 was still in treaty with the guards, and began 
 to bid against him from the foot of the rampart. 
 The unworthy negotiation was transacted by 
 faithful emissaries, who passed alternately from 
 one candidate to the other, and acquainted each 
 
MONEY— MONKERY. 
 
 435 
 
 of them with the offers of his rival. Sulpicianus 
 had already promised a donative of 5000 drachms 
 (above £160) to each soldier ; when Julian, eager 
 for the prize, rose at once to the sum of 6250 
 drachms, or upward of £200 sterling. The 
 gates of the camp were instantly thrown open to 
 the purchaser ; he was declared emperor, and 
 leceived an oath of allegiance from the soldiers, 
 •who retained humanity enough to stipulate that 
 Jie should pardon and forget the competition of 
 Sulpicianus. . . . Julian was conducted into a 
 private apartment of the baths of the palace, and 
 beheaded as a common criminal, after having 
 purchased, with an immense treasure, an anxious 
 and precarious reign of only sixty-six days.— 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 5, p. 127, 
 
 3679. MONEY, Use of. Samuel Johnson. A 
 friend of ours was living at too much expense, 
 considering how poor an appearance he made. 
 ^' If," said he, " a man has splendor from his ex- 
 pense, if he spends his money in pride or in 
 pleasure, he has value ; but if he lets others 
 spend it for him, which is most commonly the 
 case, he has no advantage from it. " — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 359. 
 
 36§0. . Maxim. It was a maxim 
 
 ■with Alexander and Philip to procure empire 
 ^ith money, and not money by empire, and who, 
 by pursuing that maxim, conquered the world. 
 For it was a common saying that it was not 
 Philip, but Philip's gold, that took the cities of 
 Greece. As for Alexander, when he went upon 
 the Indian expedition, and saw the Macedonians 
 dragging after them a heavy and unwieldy load 
 of Persian wealth, he first set fire to the royal 
 carriages, and then persuaded the rest to do the 
 same to theirs, that they might move forward to 
 the war light and unencumbered. — Plutarch's 
 Paxjlus 3^]milius. 
 
 3681. MONEY wanted. Richard I. [Richard 
 I., the Crusader,] exhibited his royal spirit in 
 one universal swoop of extortion and corruption, 
 to raise money for his great adventure in the 
 East. . . . He put up the crown demesnes for 
 sale. He sold the public offices. He sold earl- 
 doms. He sold the claim which Henry had as- 
 serted to the right of homage for the crown of 
 Scotland. ... "I would sell London, if I could 
 find a chapman," he exclaimed. .. . When this 
 wholesale dealer returned after an absence of four 
 years, he forcibly resumed the lands which he 
 had sold, and turned out the officers who had 
 purchased their places. — Knight's Eng.,vo1. 1, 
 ch. 21, p. 307. 
 
 36§2. MONEY enforced, Worthless. Brass. 
 [James II. in Ireland] issued a coinage of brass 
 money which was to pass as sixpences, shillings, 
 and half crowns. Eight half crowns of this 
 money were not intrinsically worth twopence. 
 The tradesmen of Dublin, if they refused the 
 money, were threatened to be hanged by the 
 provost marshal. The government decreed that 
 no covetous person should give by exchange of 
 the currency intolerable rates for gold and sil- 
 ver, to the great disparagement of the brass and 
 copper money, under pain of death. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 7, p. 96. 
 
 3683. MONKEEY, Early Progress of. Popular. 
 [The popular monks,] whose reputation was con- 
 nected with the fame and success of the order. 
 
 assiduously labored to multipljr the number of 
 their fellow-captives. They insinuated them- 
 selves into noble and opulent families ; and the 
 specious arts of flattery and seduction were 
 employed to secure those proselytes who might 
 bestow wealth or dignity on the monastic profes- 
 sion. The indignant father bewailed the loss, 
 perhaps, of an only son ; the credulous maid was 
 betrayed by vanity to violate the laws of nature ; 
 and the matron aspired to imaginary perfection, 
 by renouncing the virtues of domestic life. Paula 
 yielded to the persuasive eloquence of Jerom ; 
 and the profane title of mother-in-law of God 
 tempted that illustrious widow to consecrate the 
 virginity of her daughter Eustochium. By the ad- 
 vice, and in the company of her spiritual guide, 
 Paula abandoned Rome and her infant son ; re- 
 tired to the holy village of Bethlehem ; founded 
 a hospital and four monasteries ; and acquired, 
 by her alms and penance, an eminent and con- 
 spicuous station in the Catholic Church. Such 
 rare and illustrious penitents were celebrated as 
 the glory and example of their age ; but the 
 monasteries were filled by a crowd of obscure 
 and abject plebeians, who gained in the cloister 
 much more than they had sacrificed in the world. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37, p. 527. 
 
 3684. MONKERY, Origin of. Body subjugated. 
 It was a doctrine, both of the Stoic and Platonic 
 philosophy, that in order to raise the soul to its 
 highest enjoyment, and to a communion with su- 
 perior intelligences, it was necessary to separate it 
 from the body by mortifying and entirely dis- 
 regarding that earthly vehicle, which checked 
 its flight and chained it to the mean and sordid 
 enjoyments of the senses. These prevailing no- 
 tions of the heathen philosophy, joined to a mis- 
 taken interpretation put upon some of the pre- 
 cepts of the gospel, contributed to inspire some 
 enthusiastic Christians with the same ideas. The 
 first of these who thought of separating them- 
 selves from society were a few who, after Con- 
 stantine had restored peace to the church, being 
 now free from persecution, began to conceive 
 that since they were no longer exposed to the 
 persecutions of temporal power, they ought to 
 procure for themselves voluntary grievances and 
 afflictions. In that view they betook themselves to 
 wilds and solitudes, where they spent their time 
 in caves and hermitages in alternate exercises of 
 devotion and in rigorous acts of penance and 
 mortification. Some of them loaded their limbs 
 with heavy irons ; others walked naked till their 
 bodies acquired a covering of hair like the wild 
 beasts ; and others chose still more nearly to ally 
 themselves to the brute creation, by actually 
 grazing with them in the fields. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, p. 82. 
 
 3685. MONKERY, Success of. Early in 
 Fourth Century. The reputation which these per- 
 sons acquired for superior sanctity, and the ex- 
 traordinary blessings which were believed to at- 
 tend their pious vows and prayers, naturally pro- 
 cured them many remuneratory donations from 
 those who believed they had profited by their in- 
 tercessions. Some of the holy men began to lead 
 a very comfortable life ; and still pretending to 
 bestow all their superfluities in arms and chari- 
 table donations, they retained as much as to ena' 
 ble them to pass their time with much ease and 
 satisfaction. Toward the end of the fourth cen- 
 
436 
 
 MONKS— MONOPOLY. 
 
 tury these monks or hermits had multiplied in 
 such a manner that there was not a province in 
 the East that was not full of them. They spread 
 themselves likewise over a great part of Africa, 
 and in the west they penetrated within the bish- 
 opric of Rome, and soon became very numerous 
 over all Italy. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, 
 p. 83. 
 
 36§6. MONKS, Artistic. English. [Dunstan 
 required that the monks should] dedicate the 
 hours spared from the service of religion to the 
 pursuits of learning and the arts. . . . They 
 would be the artists of their time — the architects 
 and the painters, [a.d. 958-975.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 10, p. 143. 
 
 36§7. MONKS, Wealthy. Italy. St. Benedict, 
 who introduced monachism into Italy, was the 
 founder of tliat particular order called Bene- 
 dictine, which has distinguished itself in most of 
 the countries of Europe by the ambition of many 
 of the brotherhood, as well as by the enormous 
 wealth which they found means to accumulate ; 
 and, we ought to add, by the laborious learning 
 which some of them displayed. Benedict was 
 an Italian by birth ; he had studied at Rome, and 
 soon distinguished himself by his talents as well 
 as superior sanctity. An affectation of singu- 
 larity, probably, made him retire, when a very 
 young man, to a cave at Subiaco, where he re- 
 mained for some years. Some neighboring her- 
 mits chose him for their head, or superior ; and 
 the donations which they received from the de- 
 vout and charitable very soon enabled them to 
 build a large monastery. The reputation of Ben- 
 edict increased daily, and he began to perform 
 miracles, which attracted the notice of Totila, 
 the Gothic king of Italy. The number of his fra- 
 ternity was daily augmented, and it became cus- 
 tomary for the rich to make large donations. . . . 
 Benedict, finding his fraternity grow extremely 
 numerous, sent colonies into Sicily and into 
 France, where they throve amazingly. Hence 
 they transported themselves into England ; and, 
 in a very little time, there was not a kingdom of 
 Europe where the Benedictines had not obtained 
 a footing. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, p. 84. 
 
 36S§. MONOMANIA, Rashness of. John 
 Brown. On the quiet morning of October, 1859, 
 with no warning whatever to the inhabitants, 
 the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry was 
 found to be in the possession of an invading mob. 
 . . . By the opening of the second day a force 
 of 1500 men surrounded the arsenal, and when 
 the insurgents surrendered, it was found that 
 there had been but 23 in all. Four were still alive, 
 including their leader, John Brown. . . . He 
 conceived the utterly impracticable scheme of 
 liberating the slaves of the South by calling on 
 them to rise, putting arms in their hands. . . . 
 Governor Wise stated that during the fight, while 
 Brown held the arsenal, with one of his sons ly- 
 ing dead beside him, another gasping with a 
 mortal wound, he felt the pulse of the dying 
 boy, used his own musket, and coolly command- 
 ed his men, all amid a shower of bullets. . . . 
 "While of sound mind on most subjects, Brown 
 had evidently lost his mental balance on the one 
 topic of slavery. — Blaine's Twenty Years of 
 Congress, vol. 1, p. 155. 
 
 36§9. MONOPOLIES encouraged. Reign of 
 Charles I. [About 1630 Charles I. granted a pat- 
 
 ent to a company of soap-makers, who should be 
 the sole manufacturers in England. They were 
 to pay him £10,000 and £8 per ton upon all soap 
 produced. The government obtained £200,000 
 by this and similar devices. Great opposition 
 was aroused. The women petitioned against it. 
 There was scarcely an industrial occupation, 
 from the sale of coals to the collection of rags, 
 that was not made the subject of a monopoly.] 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 416. 
 
 3690. MONOPOLIES, Unpatriotic. Olivei 
 Cromwell. [In 1650, while Cromwell was pros- 
 ecuting his campaign against Charles II. in Scot- 
 land, he wrote the Speaker of the Parliament, 
 urging the reformation of many abuses, adding,] 
 If there be any one that makes many poor to 
 make a few rich, that suits not a Commonwealth. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 9, p. 135. 
 
 3691. MONOPOLY abolished. Land. The am- 
 bition of the principal plebeians was now satisfied 
 [by electing one of their number to the ofl3ce of 
 Praetor], and the patricians had in return some 
 small gratification by these new offices. It re- 
 mained now only that the populace should like- 
 wise be gratified, and this was done by the Li- 
 cinian law, which enacted that no Roman citizen 
 should possess above five hundred acres of land, 
 and that the surplus should be distributed at a 
 settled and low rate of price among the poorest 
 of the people. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 6, 
 p. 350. 
 
 3692. MONOPOLY, Commercial. Charles 11. 
 The Virginians soon found that they had ex- 
 changed a republican tyrant, with good princi- 
 ples, for a monarchical tyrant, with bad ones. 
 King Charles II. was the worst monarch of 
 modern times, and the people of Virginia had in 
 him and his government a special cause of grief. 
 The commercial system of. the Commonwealth, 
 so far from being abolished, was re-enacted in a 
 more hateful form than ever. The new statute 
 provided that all the colonial commerce, whether 
 exports or imports, should be carried on in Eng- 
 lish ships. The trade between the colonies was 
 burdened with a heavy tax for the benefit of the 
 government, and tobacco, the staple of Virginia, 
 could be sold nowhere but in England. This 
 odious measure gave to English merchantmen a 
 monopoly of the carrying trade of the colonies, 
 and by destroying competition among the buyers 
 of tobacco robbed the Virginians to that extent 
 of their leading product. Remonstx-ance was tried 
 in vain. The cold and selfish monarch only 
 sneered at the complaints of his American sub- 
 jects, and the commercial ordinances were vig- 
 orously enforced. — Rldpath's U. S., ch. 13, 
 p. 118. 
 
 3693. . Navigation Act of 1660. 
 
 " No merchandise shall be imported into the 
 plantation but in English vessels, navigated by 
 Englishmen, under penalty of forfeiture." . . . 
 None but native or naturalized subjects should 
 become a merchant or factor in any English 
 settlement — excluding the colonists from the 
 benefits of foreign competition. [Later] a new 
 law prohibited the importation of European 
 commodities into the colonies, except in English 
 ships from England, to the end that England 
 might be made the staple, not only of colonial 
 productions, but of colonial supplies. . . . The 
 Navigation Act contained a pledge of the ulti- 
 
MONOPOLY— MOODS. 
 
 437 
 
 mate independence of America. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, cli. 11. 
 
 3694. MONOPOLY, Conscience vs. Peter Coo- 
 per. Happening to control a small interest in the 
 great Cooper Iron Works at Trenton many years 
 ago, [to Mr. Lester,] he said, " I do net feel 
 quite easy about the amount we are making 
 in the production of one thing in our works at 
 Trenton. Working under one of our patents, 
 we have a monopoly which seems to me some- 
 thing wrong, that we alone are manufacturing, 
 etc. Everybody has to come to us for it, and we 
 are making money too fast; it is not right." 
 "Well," I replied, " you can get over that trouble 
 very easily by reducing the price, even if you 
 are not obliged to." " That is it," said he ; " and 
 it shall be done. The world needs this thing, 
 and we are making them pay too high for it ; if 
 it were a mere matter of fancy, or luxury, or 
 taste, I should feel differently about it ; but as it 
 is a very necessary article, I must do something 
 about it." — Lester's Life of Peter Cooper, 
 p. 18. 
 
 3695. MONOPOLY, Exasperating. Beign of 
 Charles I. Every item almost was taxed. Hack- 
 ney coaches were prohibited because sedan chairs 
 appeared for the first time, Sir Sanders Dun- 
 combe having purchased from the king the right 
 to carry people up and down in them. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 4, p. 84. 
 
 3696. MONOPOLY and Famine. Cleander. 
 [During the reign of the Emperor Commodus] 
 pestilence and famine contributed to fill up the 
 measure of the calamities of Rome. The first 
 could be only imputed to the just indignation of 
 the gods ; but a monopoly of corn, supported by 
 the riches and power of the minister, was consid- 
 ered as the immediate cause of the second. 
 [Cleander was the emperor's favorite]. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 109. 
 
 369r. MONOPOLY in Land. To tlie Plymouth 
 Council. King James issued to forty of his sub- 
 jects, . . . the most wealthy and powerful of 
 the English nobility, a patent which, ... in 
 the history of the world, has but one parallel. 
 . . . The territory, . . . from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific, . . . extended in breadth from the 
 fortieth to the forty-eighth degree of north lat- 
 itude ; . . . that is to say, nearly all the inhab- 
 ited British possessions to the north of the United 
 States, all New England, New York, half of 
 New Jersey, very nearly all of Pennsylvania, and 
 the whole country to the west of these States, 
 comprising, and at the time believed to comprise, 
 more than a million of square miles. . . . The 
 grant was absolute and exclusive. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 369§. MONOPOLY of Manufactures. Act of Par- 
 liament. " After the first day of December, 
 1699, no wool or manufacture made or mixed 
 with wool, being the produce or manufacture of 
 any of the English plantations in America, shall 
 be loaden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage, 
 to be carried out of the English plantations to 
 any other of the said plantations, or to any other 
 place whatsoever." The policy was continued 
 by every administration. "Should our . . . 
 commercial control be denied," said the elder 
 Pitt, seventy years afterward, " I would not suf- 
 fer even a nail or a horseshoe to be manufac- 
 
 tured in America." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 3699. . Act of 1672. Parliament 
 
 . . . resolved to exclude New England merchants 
 from competing with the English in the markets 
 of the Southern plantations. , . . America was 
 [later] forbidden not merely to manufacture 
 those articles which might compete with the 
 English in foreign markets, but even to supply 
 herself with those articles which her position en- 
 abled her to manufacture with success for her 
 own wants. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 3700. . New Amsterdam, a.d. 1629. 
 
 The colonists were forbidden to manufacture any 
 woollen or linen or cotton fabrics ; not a web 
 might be woven or a shuttle thrown, on penal- 
 ty of exile. To impair the monopoly of the 
 Dutch weavers was punishable as perjury. — 
 Bancroft's TJ. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 3701. MONOPOLY, Powers of. Senator Win- 
 dom. [Garfield's Secretary of the Treasury,] in 
 a letter to the Anti-monopoly League, at their 
 public meeting at the Cooper Institute, on the 
 21st day of February, 1881 : " I repeat to-day, in 
 substance, words uttered seven years ago, that 
 ' there are in this country four men who, in the 
 matter of taxation, possess and frequently exer- 
 cise powers which neither Congress nor any of 
 our State Legislatures would dare to exert — pow- 
 ers which, if exercised in Great Britain, would 
 shake the throne to its very foundation. These 
 may at any time, and for any reason satisfactory 
 to themselves, by a stroke of the pen, reduce the 
 value of property in the United States by hun- 
 dreds of millions. They may, at their own will 
 and pleasure, disarrange and embarrass business, 
 depress one city or locality and build another, 
 enrich one individual and ruin his competitors, 
 and, when complaint is made, coolly reply, 
 ' ' What are you going to do ?" ' " — Lester's 
 Life op Peter Cooper, p. 54. 
 
 3702. MONOPOLY resisted. Governmental. 
 The encroachment was, as usual, patiently borne, 
 till it became serious. But at length the queen 
 took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly 
 by scores. There was scarcely a family in the 
 realm which did not feel itself aggrieved by the 
 oppression and extortion which this abuse natu- 
 rally caused. Iron, oil, vinegar, coal, saltpetre, 
 lead, starch, yarn, skins, leather, glass, could be 
 bought only at exorbitant prices. The House of 
 Commons met in an angry and determined mood. 
 It was in vain that a courtly minority blamed 
 the speaker for suffering the acts of the queen's 
 Highness to be called in question. The language 
 of the discontented party was high and menac- 
 ing, and was echoed by the voice of the whole 
 nation. . . . She, [Queen Elizabeth,] however, 
 with admirable judgment and temper, declined 
 the contest, put herself at the head of the reform- 
 ing party, redressed the grievance. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 59. 
 
 3703. MOODS, Reaction of, William Cowper. 
 It was, perhaps, while he was winding thread 
 that Lady Austen told him the story of John 
 Gilpin. He lay awake at night laughing over it, 
 and next morning produced the ballad. It soon 
 became famous, and was recited by Henderson, 
 a popular actor, on the stage, though, as its gen- 
 tility was doubtful, its author withheld his name. 
 
438 
 
 MORALITY— MORALS. 
 
 He afterward fancied that this wonderful piece 
 of humor had been written in a mood of the 
 deepest depression. Probably he had written it 
 in an interval of high spirits between two such 
 moods. — Smith's Cowper, ch. 5. 
 
 3704. MORALITY, Conventional. Shelley's 
 Father. Mr. Timothy Shelley was in no sehse 
 of the word a bad man ; but he was everything 
 which the poet's father ought not to have been. 
 , . . His religious opinions might be summed up 
 in Clough's epigram : 
 
 " At church on Sunday to attend 
 Will serve to keep the world your friend." 
 His morality in like manner was purely conven- 
 tional, as may be gathered from his telling his 
 eldest son that he would never pardon a mesalli- 
 ance, but would provide for as many illegitimate 
 children as he choose to have. — Symonds' Shel- 
 ley, ch. 1. 
 
 3705. MORALITY denied. Itoman Catholic. 
 There was among the English a strong convic- 
 tion that the Roman Catholic, where the interests 
 of his religion were concerned, thought himself 
 free from all the ordinary rules of morality — nay, 
 that he thought it meritorious to violate those 
 rules, if, by so doing, he could avert injury or 
 scandal from the church of which he was a 
 member. Nor was this opinion destitute of a 
 show of reason. It was impossible to deny that 
 Roman Catholic casuists of great eminence had 
 written in defence of equivocation, of mental res- 
 ervation, of perjury, and even of assassination. 
 Nor, it was said, had the speculations of this 
 odious school of sophists been barren of results. 
 The massacre of Saint Bartholomew, the murder 
 of the first William of Orange, the murder of 
 Henry III. of France, the numerous conspiracies 
 which had been formed against the life of Eliz- 
 ibeth, and, above all, the gunpowder treason, 
 were constantly cited as instances of the close 
 connection between vicious theory and vicious 
 practice. It was alleged that every one of these 
 crimes had been prompted or applauded by 
 Roman Catholic divines. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 6. 
 
 3706. MORALITY, Philosophic. Socrates. Soc- 
 rates founded all his morality on the belief of a 
 God who delighted in virtue, and whose justice 
 would reward the good and punish the wicked 
 in an after state. Of consequence, he believed in 
 the immortality^ of the soul. He held that there 
 were intermediate beings between God and man, 
 who presided over the different parts of the crea- 
 tion, and who were to be honored with an in- 
 ferior worship. He believed that virtuous men 
 were particularly favored by the Divinity, who 
 more especially manifested his care of them by 
 the constant presence and aid of a good genius, 
 who directed all their actions and guarded them 
 by secret monitions from impending evils ; but 
 on this subject, as he declined to express himself 
 with precision, it has been reasonably conjectur- 
 ed that he alluded merely to the influence of 
 conscience, which extends its power to the vir- 
 tuous alone, and deserts the vicious, abandoning 
 them to the just consequences of their crimes. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 267. 
 
 3707. MORALITY vs. Refinement. Home. 
 Pilra of the destruction of Corinth and Carthage.] 
 This was the era of the nommencement of a taste 
 
 for the fine arts at Rome, to which the knowl- 
 edge of Asiatic luxuries had successfully paved 
 the way. " How happy for mankind," says Ab- 
 be Millot, " could a nation be distinguished at 
 once for its virtue and its refinement, and be- 
 come polished and enlightened while it retained 
 a purity of morals !" But this is a beautiful im- 
 possibility. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, 
 p. 384. 
 
 370§. MORALITY, Shallow, aerical. [Rev. 
 William Grimshaw, before his conversion, was 
 curate of Ha worth, in Yorkshire.] He had stud- 
 ied at Cambridge, and went from the university" 
 to his clerical duties, corrupt in his morals and 
 unsound in his opinions. Content with the per- 
 functory performance of his parish duties, he 
 considered himself a fair example of the clerical 
 manners of the times ; especially as it is said 
 that he refrained, as much as possible, from, 
 gross swearing, unless in "suitable company," 
 and when he got drunk would take care to sleep 
 it off before he went home. — Stevens' Meth- 
 odism, vol. 1, p. 258. 
 
 3709. MORALITY preserves the State. Bo- 
 mans. That the extinction of the liberties of the 
 Roman people and the downfall of the com- 
 monwealth were owing to the corruption of the 
 Roman manners, there cannot be the smallest 
 doubt ; nor is it diificult to point out in a few 
 words the causes of that corruption. The ex- 
 tent of the Roman dominions toward the end 
 of the republic proved fatal to its virtues. While 
 confined within the bounds of Italy, every Ro- 
 man soldier, accustomed to a life of hardship, 
 of frugality, and of industry, placed his chief 
 happiness in contributing in war to the preser- 
 vation of his country, and in peace to the main- 
 tenance of his family by honest labor. A State 
 of this kind, which knows no intervals of ease 
 or of indolence, is a certain preservative of good 
 morals, and a sure antidote against every spe- 
 cies of corruption. But the conquest of Italy 
 paved the way for the reduction of foreign na- 
 tions ; for an immense acquisition of territory — 
 a flood of wealth — and an acquaintance with tho 
 manners, the luxuries, and the vices of the na- 
 tions whom they subdued. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 4, ch. 6, p. 468. 
 
 3710. . Romans. If the morals o£ 
 
 the people be entire, the spirit of patriotism per- 
 vading the ranks of the State will excite to such, 
 exertions as may soon recover the national hon- 
 or. Of this truth the Roman State afforded at 
 one time a most striking example. When Han- 
 nibal was carrying everything before him ia 
 Italy, when the Roman name was sunk so low 
 that the allies of the republic were daily drop- 
 ping off, and the Italian States seemed to stand 
 aloof and leave her to her fate, there was in the 
 manners of the people, and in that patriotic ar- 
 dor which can only exist in an uncorrupted 
 age, a spirit of reconvalescence, which speedily 
 operated a most wonderful change of fortune. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 6, p. 465. 
 
 3711. MORALS by Chastisement. Edmunds 
 Rich. Edmund, hand in hand with a brother 
 Robert of his, begged his way as poor scholars 
 were wont to the great school of Western Chris- 
 tendom. Here a damsel, heedless of his tonsure, 
 wooed him so pertinaciously that Edmund con- 
 sented at last to an assignation ; but when he 
 
MORALS— MOTHER. 
 
 439 
 
 appeared it was in company of grave academi- 
 cal officials who, as the maiden declared in the 
 hour of penitence which followed, "straight- 
 way whipped the offending Eve out of her." — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § ,164. 
 
 3713. MOBALS degraded. Aristocracy. For 
 years had it been whispered that the House of 
 Austria should unite itself firmly with the House 
 of Bourbon, and now the Empress Maria The- 
 resa, herself a hereditary queen, a wife and 
 mother, religious even to bigotry, by an auto- 
 graph letter caressed endearingly the Marchion- 
 ess de Pompadour, once the French king's 
 [Louis XV.] mistress, now the procuress of his 
 pleasures, to win her influence for the alliance. 
 —Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 4, ch. 13. 
 
 3713. MOEALS examined. Athenian Officials. 
 The Areopagus, by an inquiry termed dokimada, 
 inquired into the life and morals of all who held 
 offices in the State, and such as could not stand 
 the scrutiny were not only incapacitated for em- 
 ploy, but declared infamous. Such was the 
 award likewise against a son who should refuse to 
 support his indigent parents. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 10. 
 
 3714. MOEALS, Exceptional. New England 
 Colonies. One might dwell there " from year to 
 year and not see a drunkard, or hear an oath, 
 or meet a beggar." The consequence was uni- 
 versal health— one of the chief elements of pub- 
 
 , lie happiness. The average duration of human 
 life, as compared with Europe, was doubled. . . . 
 They are the parents of one third of the whole 
 white population of the United States. . . . Each 
 family has multiplied on the average to one thou- 
 sand souls.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 3715. MORALS, Grounds of. Diverse. The 
 philosophers of Greece deduced their morals 
 from the nature of man, rather than from that 
 of God. They meditated, however, on the Di- 
 vine nature, as a very curious and important 
 speculation ; and in the profound inquiry they 
 displayed the strength and weakness of the hu- 
 man understanding.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3. 
 p. 35. ' 
 
 3716. MORALS, Importance of. Politics. No 
 nation has afforded a more striking example 
 than the Romans have done of the necessity of 
 good morals to the. preservation of political liberty 
 and the happiness of the people. This is a doc- 
 trine of so much importance, that it cannot be 
 too seriously considered nor attended to. Un- 
 like, in this respect, to many other political truths 
 which are interesting only to statesmen, and 
 those who conduct the machine of government, 
 this truth is of importance to be known and con- 
 sidered by every single individual of the com- 
 munity ; because the error or fault is in the con- 
 duct of individuals, and can only be amended by 
 a conviction brought home to the mind of every 
 private man, that the reformation must be begun 
 by his own virtuous and patriotic endeavors. . . . 
 Virtue is necessary, and indispensably necessary, 
 to the existence of every government, whatever 
 be its form ; and no human institution where 
 men are assembled together to act in concert, 
 however limited be their numbers, or however 
 extensive, however wise may be their governors, 
 however excellent their laws, can possess any 
 measure of duration without that powerful ce- 
 
 ment, virtue in the principles and morals of the 
 people. Quid leges sine moi-ibus vanm projid- 
 unt, is a sentiment equally applicable to all gov- 
 ernments whatever.— Tytler's Hist., Book 6 
 ch. 6, p. 464. 
 
 3717. MORALS, Rule in. Thales taught, 
 " Neither the crimes of bad men, nor even their 
 thoughts, are concealed from the gods. Health 
 of body, a moderate fortune, and a cultivated 
 mind are the chief ingredients of happiness. 
 Parents may expect from their children that 
 obedience which they themselves paid to their 
 parents. Stop the mouth of slander by pru- 
 dence. Take care not to commit the same fault 
 yourself which you censure in others." — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 261. 
 
 37 IS. MORTALITY remembered. Agincourt. 
 [At the battle of Agincourt, the English being 
 but one to ten against the French, before the 
 action began] they knelt down, invoking the 
 protection of God ; and each man put a small 
 piece of earth into his mouth, in remembrance 
 that they were formed of dust and to dust should 
 return. [They gained a complete victory, with 
 small loss to themselves, but with a terrible 
 destruction of the French.]— Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 11, ch. 4. 
 
 3719. MORTIFICATION by Failure. Ikign 
 of James II. [Lord Castlemaine was English 
 rninister to Rome, where he was very ostenta- 
 tious. See Macaulay in context.] In the midst 
 of these festivities Castlemaine had to suffer 
 cruel mortifications and humiliations. The pope 
 treated him with extreme coldness and reserve. 
 As often as the ambassador pressed for an an- 
 swer to the request which he had been instructed 
 to make in favor of Petre [that the rule prohib- 
 iting Jesuits from preferment might be relaxed]. 
 Innocent [XIII.] was taken with a violent fit of 
 coughing, which put an end to the conversation. 
 The fame of these singular audiences spread 
 over Rome. Pasquin was not silent. All the 
 curious and tattling population of the idlest of 
 cities — the Jesuits and the prelates of the French 
 faction only excepted — laughed at Castlemaine's- 
 discomfiture. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 7, p. 348. 
 
 3780. MORTIFICATION, Hateful. James II. 
 [Forty thousand pounds had been collected for 
 the exiled Huguenots by Protestant Englishmen. 
 The Roman Catholic king had called for the 
 money under political pressure.] The king was 
 bitterly mortified by the large amount of the col- 
 lection which had been made in obedience to 
 his own call. He knew, he said, what all this 
 liberality meant. It was mere Whiggish spite 
 to himself and his religion. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 ch. 6, p. 73. 
 
 3721. MOTHER, An honored. Nero. The 
 Senate accepted the initiative of the Praetorians, 
 and by sunset Nero was securely seated on the 
 throne of the Roman world. The dream of 
 Agrippina's life was accomplished. She was 
 now the mother, as she had been the sister and 
 the wife, of an emperor; and that young em- 
 peror, when the tribune came to ask him the 
 watchword for the night, answered in the worda 
 —Optimae Main! "To the Best of Mothers !" 
 — Farrar's Early Days, ch. 2, p. 20. 
 
 3722. MOTHER, A humiliating. Byron's. 
 The worst enemy he ever had was his mother. 
 
440 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 She was an ignorant, foolish woman, disagree- 
 able in her appearance, very fat and awkward, 
 capricious, and of a violent temper. She in- 
 dulged him most injuriously, often permitting 
 him to absent himself from school for a week at 
 a time, and when she was angry with him, her 
 rage was such as to render her helpless, and the 
 boy would run away from her and laugh at 
 her. . . . Dr. Glennie, the master of his school, 
 . . . denied him the privilege of going home on 
 Saturday ; whereupon Mrs. Byron, indignant at 
 being deprived of the society of her son, would 
 go to the school, and pour out such a storm of 
 invective in the doctor's parlor that the boys in 
 the school-room would hear her, to the great 
 shame of the young lord. The schoolmaster 
 once overheard a boy say to him : " Byron, 
 your mother is a fool." " I know it," was his 
 sad reply. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 291. 
 
 3723. MOTHEE, Influence of a. Francis I. 
 [When Francis I. of France] had reached his 
 twenty-first year, he was still in complete sub- 
 jection to his mother. — Students' France, 
 ch. 14, § 1. 
 
 3724. MOTHER, A patriotic. Spartan. The 
 Persians still continued to maintain a formidable 
 armament upon the sea, and the operations of 
 the Greeks were now exerted to clear the ^gean 
 and Mediterranean of their hostile squadrons. 
 The united fleet of Greece was commanded by 
 Aristides and Pausanias ; the latter a man of 
 high birth and authority, uncle to one of the 
 Spartan kings, and regent during his nephew's 
 minority, but himself infamous for betraying his 
 country. He had privately despatched letters to 
 Xerxes, offering to facilitate to him the conquest 
 of Greece, and demanding his daughter in mar- 
 riage as a reward of this signal service. Fortu- 
 nately his letters were intercepted. The traitor 
 fled for protection to the temple of Minerva, a 
 sanctuary from which it was judged impossible 
 to force him. His mother showed an example 
 of virtue truly Lacedaemonian. She walked to 
 the gate of the temple, and laying down a stone 
 before the threshold, silently retired ; the signal 
 was understood and venerated ; the Ephori gave 
 Immediate orders for building a wall around the 
 temple, and within its precincts the traitor was 
 starved to death. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 1, p. 138. 
 
 3725. . Sam Houston's Mother. [He 
 
 enlisted in tJie ranks, during the war with Eng- 
 land, and his friends deemed him disgraced and 
 ruined.] But his mother gave her consent as she 
 stood in the door of her cottage, and handed her 
 boy the musket : " There, my son, take this," 
 she said, " and never disgrace it ; for remember, 
 I had rather all my sons should fill one honorable 
 grave than that one of them should turn his 
 back on an enemy. Go, and remember, too, 
 that while the door of my cottage is open to all 
 brave men, it is always shut against cowards." 
 He was soon promoted to be a sergeant. — Les- 
 ter's Houston, p. 21. 
 
 3726. MOTHEE, Power of a. Nap oleon I. 
 He was thus induced, in his day of power, to 
 bring back a wayward nation of thirty millions 
 from cheerless, brutalizing, comfortless unbelief, 
 to the consoling, ennobling, purifying influences 
 of Christianity. When, at the command of Na- 
 poleon, the church-bells began again to toll the 
 
 hour of prayer on every hillside and through 
 every valley of France ; . . . when the young 
 in their nuptials and the aged in their death were 
 blessed by the solemnities of gospel ministra- 
 tions, it was a mother's influence which inspired 
 a dutiful son to make the magic change which 
 thus, in an hour, transformed France from a 
 pagan to nominally a Christian land. Honor 
 to Letitia, the mother of Napoleon ! — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 3727. . Napoleon I. Napoleon 
 
 ever regarded his mother with the most profound 
 respect and affection. He repeatedly declared 
 that the family were entirely indebted to her for 
 that physical, intellectual, and moral training 
 which prepared them to ascend the lofty sum- 
 mits of power to which they finally attained .... 
 He often said, "My opinion is, that the future 
 good or bad conduct of a child depends entirely 
 upon its mother." One of his first acts on at- 
 taining power was to surround his mother with 
 every luxury which wealth could furnish .... 
 He established schools for female education, re- 
 marking that France needed nothing so much to 
 promote its regeneration as good mothers. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 3728. MOTHEE, Pride of a. Cornelia. At 
 this period ai-ose Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, 
 two brothers, of plebeian blood by their father's 
 side, but ennobled by civic honors, and on their 
 mother's side, by descent from the illustrious 
 Scipio Africanus. Their mother, Cornelia, was 
 wont to stimulate their ambition by this generous 
 reproach : " Why, my sons, must I ever be called 
 the daughter of Scipio, rather than the mother 
 of the Gracchi ?" — Tytler's Hist. , Book 4, 
 ch. 1, p. 385. 
 
 3729. MOTHEE revenged, A. Hannah Dvstin. 
 A.D. 1697. [She was captured at Haverhill, 
 N. H. , her home burned, and babe killed. See No. 
 117. She] and her nurse and a boy from Wor- 
 cester find themselves on an island in the Merri- 
 mac, just above Concord, in a wigwam occupied 
 by two Indian families. The mother planned 
 escape. " Where would you strike," said the 
 boy, Samuel Leonardson, to his master, "to kill 
 instantly ?" and the Indian told him where and 
 how to scalp. At night, while the household 
 slumbers, the captives, two women and a boy, 
 each with a tomahawk, strike vigorously and 
 fleetly, and with wise division of labor ; and of 
 the twelve sleepers ten lie dead ; of one squaw 
 the wound was not mortal ; one child was spared 
 from design. The love of glory next asserted 
 its power ; and the gun and tomahawk of the 
 murderer of her infant, and a bag heaped full 
 with scalps, were choicely kept as the trophies 
 of the heroine. The three . . . descended to the 
 English settlements. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 21. 
 
 3730. MOTHEE, A ruling. Of Roman Ern- 
 peror Alexander. The pride and avarice of his 
 mother cast a shade on the glories of his reign ; 
 and by exacting from his riper years the same 
 dutiful obedience which she had justly claimed 
 from his unexperienced youth, Mama^a exposed 
 to public ridicule both her son's character and 
 her own. [See Woman, Dominion of, No. 6052.] 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 184. 
 
 3731. MOTHEE, Sorrowful. King Pliilip's 
 War. Writes Mary Rowlandson :.. . "Some in 
 
MOTHER— MURDER. 
 
 441 
 
 the house were fighting for their lives ; others 
 wallowing in blood ; the house on fire over our 
 heads. ... I took my children to go forth, . . . 
 bullets flying thick ; one went through my side 
 and through my poor child in my arms.". . . An 
 Indian massacre followed. "There remained 
 nothing to me but one poor wounded babe. 
 Down I must sit in the snow, with my sick child, 
 the picture of death, in my lap. Not the least 
 crumb of refreshing came within either of our 
 mouths from Wednesday to Saturday night, ex- 
 cept only a little cold water. . . . One Indian, 
 then a second, and then a third would come and 
 tell me, Your master will quickly knock your 
 child on the head." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 12. 
 
 3732. MOTHEE, Hostility to a Step-. Mil- 
 ■ton's DaugJiters. He was left again a widower. 
 Six years later he married his third wife, who 
 was twenty-eight years younger than himself, 
 who survived him for the long period of fifty- 
 five years. This last marriage was embittered 
 by ceaseless contentions between his daughters 
 and his wife, of which Milton lays the blame 
 upon his daughters. He says his wife was good 
 and kind to him in his blind old age, but that 
 his daughters were undutiful and inhuman — 
 not only neglecting him and leaving him alone, 
 but plotting with his maid-servant to cheat him 
 in the marketing. ... He died in 1674, aged 
 sixty -six years. His property, which amounted 
 to £1500 sterling, became the subject of a law- 
 suit between the widow and the daughters of 
 the poet. They had quarrelled over his dying- 
 bed, and they quarrelled over his freshly made 
 grave. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 170. 
 
 3T33. MOTIVES, Higher. Mahomet. [After 
 the conquest of Mecca.] The fugitives Sia6. auxil- 
 iaries complained that they who had borne the 
 burden were neglected in the season of victory. 
 "Alas !" replied their artful leader, " suffer me 
 to conciliate these recent enemies, these doubtful 
 proselytes, by the gift of some perishable goods. 
 To your guard I intrust my life and fortunes. 
 You are the companions of my exile, of my king- 
 dom, of my paradise." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, 
 V). 139. 
 
 3734. MOTIVES, Morality in. Samuel John- 
 son. The morality of an action depends on 
 the motive from which we act. If I fling half 
 
 .a crown to a beggar, with intention to break his 
 head, and he picks it up and buys victuals with 
 it, the physical effect is good ; but, with respect 
 to me, the action is verj'^ wrong. So, religious 
 exercises, if not performed with an intention to 
 please God, avail us nothing. As our Saviour 
 says of those who perform them from other mo- 
 tives, "Verily, they have their reward." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 109. 
 
 3735. MOUNTAINS, Benefits of. Africa. The 
 cause of the periodical inundation of the Nile has 
 been satisfactorily explained by Pliny . . . and 
 nearly in similar terms by Dr. Pococke. The 
 north winds, says this writer, which begin to blow 
 about the end of May, drive the clouds formed 
 by the vapors of the Mediterranean to the south- 
 ward, as far as the mountains of Ethiopia, 
 where, being stopped in their course, and con- 
 densed on the summits of those mountains, they 
 :fall down in violent rains, which continue for 
 
 some months. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, 
 p. 35. 
 
 3736. MOUENING in Bereavement. Graded, 
 [Numa, one of the first kings of Rome,] fixed the 
 time of mourning according to the different 
 ages of the deceased. He allowed none for a 
 child that died under three years of age ; and 
 for one older, the mourning was only to last as 
 many months as he lived years, provided those 
 were not more than ten. The longest mourning 
 was not to continue above ten months, after 
 which space widows were permitted to marry 
 again ; but she that took another husband before 
 that term was out was obliged by his decree to 
 sacrifice a cow with calf.— Plutarch's Numa. 
 
 3737. MOUENING, National. Assassination 
 of Lincoln. In the great cities of the land all 
 business instantly stopped ; no man had the 
 heart to think of gain ; flags drooped half-mast 
 from every winged messenger of the sea, from 
 every church-spire, from every tree of liberty, 
 and from every public building. . . . Grad- 
 ually as the day wore on emblems of mourning 
 were hung from every house throughout the 
 town, and before the sun had set every city 
 . . . was enshrouded in the shadow of national 
 grief. . . . None deplored the crime . . . with 
 more sincerity than those who had been involv- 
 ed in the guilt of the rebellion. — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 21, p. 702. 
 
 373S. MOUENING, Eespectfal. Death of Wash- 
 ington. The news arrived in France. Napo- 
 leon immediately issued the following order of 
 the day to the army : ' ' Washington is dead. 
 That great man fought against tyranny. He es- 
 tablished the liberty of his country. His mern- 
 ory will be ever dear to the freemen of both hemi- 
 spheres, and especially to the French soldiers, 
 who, like him and the American troops, have 
 fought for liberty and equality. As a mark of 
 respect, the First Consul orders that for ten days 
 black crape be suspended from all the standards 
 and banners of the Republic."— Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 3739. MULTITUDE, Fickleness of the. Oliver 
 Cromwell. [On Cromwell's return to London 
 from his successful campaign in Ireland,] he was 
 received with every honor that Parliament and 
 city could bestow, and by the enthusiastic ac- 
 clamations of the people. He did not despise 
 popular applause, but he knew something of its 
 intrinsic value. Some one said, ' ' What a crowd 
 come to see your Lordship's triumph !" He re- 
 plied, " If it were to see me hanged, how many 
 more there would be !"— Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 9, p. 132. 
 
 3740. MULTITUDE, Unreasoning. Sheep. [Ca- 
 to the Censor said] the Roman people were 
 like sheep, for as those can scarce be brought to 
 stir singly, but all in a body readily follow their 
 leaders, just such are ye. The men whose coun- 
 sel you would not take as individuals lead you 
 with ease in a crowd. — Plutarch's Cato the 
 Censor. ' 
 
 3741. MUEDEE, Atrocious. By Alexander. 
 Philotas, a worthy favorite of Alexander, the 
 only remaining son of his oldest and ablest gen- 
 eral Parmenio, had received some vague infor- 
 mation of a treasonable design against the life 
 of Alexander, but delayed to mention it, prob- 
 
U2 
 
 MURDER— MUSIC. 
 
 ably from giving no credit to the informer. On 
 the report reaching his ears from a different 
 quarter, Alexander, who was told at the same 
 time that Philotas had been informed of the de- 
 sign and refused to communicate it, immediately 
 conceived the unworthy suspicion that his silence 
 arose from his own concern in the conspiracy. 
 On no other grounds Philotas was put to the tort- 
 ure, and, in the agony of pain, uttering some- 
 thing that bore the appearance of confessing his 
 offence, which was nothing more than a venial 
 piece of negligence, he was, by the command of 
 Alexander, stoned to death. But this was not 
 enough. The aged Parmenio, whom the king 
 concluded to be either an accomplice in the 
 crime of his son, or at least to be incapable of 
 ever forgiving his punishment, was, by the 
 same command, assassinated in his tent. — Tyt- 
 lek's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 191. 
 
 3742. MUBDEB of the Innocents. King Rich- 
 ard III. Edward IV., at the age of forty- 
 two, [was] poisoned, as is supposed, by his 
 brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. He left 
 two sons, the eldest Edward V., a boy of thirteen 
 years of age. Gloucester, named Protector of 
 the kingdom, gave orders that the two princes, 
 for security, should be lodged in the Tower. . . . 
 The Duke of Buckingham, the slavish instrument 
 of an ambitious tyrant, had wrought upon a 
 mob of the meanest of the populace to declare 
 that they wished Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 
 to accept the crown ; this was interpreted to be 
 the voice of the nation. The crafty tyrant, 
 with affected scruples and with much appear- 
 ance of humility, was at length prevailed on to 
 . . . accept the crown. His elevation had been 
 purchased by a series of crimes, and was now to 
 be secured by an act of accumulated horror. 
 Three assassins, by the command of Richard, 
 entered at midnight the apartment of the Tower 
 where the princes lay asleep, and smothering 
 them in the bed-clothes, buried them in a cor- 
 ner of the building. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 14, p. 227. 
 
 3743. MUEDEBESS murdered. Agrippina. 
 [The mother of Nero. She murdered her hus- 
 band, and was assassinated by order of her son, 
 whom her crimes had elevated to the throne.] 
 The door was darkened by the entrance of Ani- 
 cetus, with the trierarch Herculeius and the naval 
 centurion Obaritus. " If you have come to in- 
 quire about my health," said the undaunted wom- 
 an, "say that I have recovered. If to commit 
 a crime, I will not believe that you have my son's 
 orders ; he would not command a matricide." 
 Returning no answer, the murderers surrounded 
 her bed, and the trierarch struck her on the head 
 with his stick. " Strike my womb," she ex- 
 claimed, as the centurion drew his sword ; "it 
 bore a Nero." These were her last words before 
 she sank down slain with many wounds. — Far- 
 ^ar's Early Days, ch. 3, p. 27. 
 
 3744. MUSIC, Art in. SamuelJohnson. Gold- 
 smith : " The greatest musical performers have 
 but small emoluments. Giardini, I am told, 
 does not get above seven hundred a year." 
 Johnson : "That is, indeed, but little for a man 
 to get who does best that which so many en- 
 deavor to do. There is nothing, I think, in 
 which the power of art is shown so much as in 
 playing on the fiddle. In all other things we 
 
 can do something at first. Any man will forge- 
 a bar of iron, if you give him a hammer ; not so' 
 well as a smith, but tolerably. A man will saw 
 a piece of wood, and make a box, though a 
 clumsy one ; but give him a fiddle and a fiddle- 
 stick, and he can do nothing." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 208. 
 
 3745. MUSIC condemned. Spartans. Timo- 
 theus the Milesian [was] a celebrated Dithyram- 
 bic poet and musician. He added even a twelfth 
 string to the harp, for which he was severely pun- 
 ished by the sage Spartans, who concluded that 
 luxury of sound would effeminate the people. — 
 Plutarch's Agis, Langhorne's Note. 
 
 3746. MUSIC, Imaginary. Dunstan. Quick- 
 witted, of tenacious memory, a ready and fluent 
 speaker, gay and genial in address, an artist, a 
 musician, he was at the same time an indefati- 
 gable worker at books, at building, at handi- 
 craft. As his sphere began to widen we see 
 him followed by a train of pupils, busy with lit- 
 erature, writing, harping, painting, designing. 
 One morning a lady summons him to her house- 
 to design a robe which she is embroidering, 
 and, as he bends with her maidens over their 
 toil, his harp, hung upon the walls, sounds with- 
 out mortal touch tones which the excited ears 
 around frame into a joyous antiphon. — Hist. 
 Eng. People, § 74. 
 
 3747. MUSIC, Love of. Sixteenth Century. 
 Music was the especial art of the Elizabethan 
 days. In every household there was the love of 
 music, and in many families it was cultivated as 
 an essential part of. education. The plain tune 
 of the Church did not unfit the people for the 
 madrigals of the fireside — exquisite compositions, 
 which tell how much of the highest enjoyments 
 of a refined taste belonged to an age which we 
 are too apt to consider very inferior to our own 
 in the amenities of life. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3,. 
 ch. 16, p. 250. 
 
 374§. MUSIC a Necessity. Vandal. [Geli- 
 mer, the King of the Yandals in Africa, sought 
 refuge from the Romans on an inaccessible 
 mountain in Numidia. From the poverty of the 
 rude Moors he greatly suffered. Pharas, one of 
 the Roman generals, urged him by letter to ac- 
 cept the clemency of the emperor. ] " I am not in- 
 sensible," replied the King of the Vandals, " how 
 kind and rational is your advice. But I cannot 
 persuade myself to become the slave of an unjust 
 enemy, who has deserved my implacable hatred. 
 Him I had never injured either by word or deed ; 
 yet he has sent against me, I know not from 
 whence, a certain Belisarius, who has cast rne 
 headlong from the throne into this abyss of mis- 
 ery. Justinian is a man ; he is a prince ; does he 
 not dread for himself a similar reverse of fort- 
 une ? I can wi-ite no more ; my grief oppresses 
 me. Send me, I beseech you, my dear Pharas — 
 send me a lyre, a sponge, and a loaf of bread." 
 From the Vandal messenger Pharas was inform- 
 ed of the motives of the singular request. It was 
 long since the King of Africa had tasted bread ; 
 a defluxion had fallen on his eyes, the effect of 
 fatigue or incessant weeping ; and he wished to 
 solace the melancholy hours by singing to the 
 lyre the sad story of his own misfortunes. The 
 humanity of Pharas was moved ; he sent the- 
 three extraordinary gifts. — Gibbon's Rome, ch, 
 4, p. 137. 
 
MUSIC— MUTINY, 
 
 443 
 
 3749. MUSIC, Opposed to. Puritam. They 
 held that " sweet music at the first delighteth the 
 ears, but afterward corrupteth and depraveth the 
 mind." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, eh. 16, p. 250. 
 
 3750. MUSIC a political Power. Popular 
 Song. [In 1687 Lord Wharton published a song 
 ridiculing King James II. and Tyrconnel, the 
 lord-deputy.] " The whole army," says Burnet, 
 " and at last the people of both city and country, 
 were singing it perpetually." Wharton afterward 
 boasted that he had rhymed James out of his do- 
 minions. He had produced a song like many 
 other songs, of wondrous popularity, with little 
 intrinsic merit. It was whistled and sung in every 
 street in 1688. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 26, 
 p. 416. 
 
 3751. MUSIC, Power of. Mary Queen of Scots. 
 Love for the art had unfortunately led to an un- 
 due preference for the artist. There is in music 
 an attractive language without words, which un- 
 consciously creates sympathy, and which gives 
 the musician a powerful influence over the imagi- 
 nation of women of cultivated minds. The de- 
 licious, impassioned, or heroic notes of the voice 
 or of the instrument seem to breathe a soul in uni- 
 son with those sublime or touching chords. The 
 music and the musician become, as it were, one. 
 Rizzio, after having merely furnished her with 
 amusement in times of sadness, ended by becom- 
 ing her confidant, and her favor speedily became 
 manifest to all. The musician, rapidly elevated 
 by her from his servile position to the summit of 
 credit and honors, became, under the namfe of 
 secretary, the reigning favorite and the minister 
 of her policy. — Lamartine's Mary, p. 12. 
 
 3752. MUSIC in Strife. Charles XII. He 
 had a fleet blockading the port of Copenhagen, 
 and an army thundering at its gates. " What is 
 that whistling noise I hear overhead ?" asked the 
 king, as he was disembarking on the Danish 
 shore. "It is the musket- balls, sire," said an 
 ofiicer. " Good !" said the king ; " that shall be 
 my music henceforth." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 436. 
 
 3753. MUSIC, Taste for. Italians. In Italy, 
 writes Steele, a cobbler may be heard working 
 to an opera tune ; and " there is not a laborer or 
 handicraft man that, in the cool of the evening, 
 does not relieve himself with solos and sonatas." 
 But, " on the contrary, our honest countrymen 
 have so little inclination to music, that they sel- 
 dom begin to sing till they are half drunk." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, p. 431. 
 
 3754. MUSIC unappreciated. General Grant. 
 [At Bangkok in Siam.] A guard of honor pre- 
 sented arms, the band played the " Star-Spangled 
 Banner," which was the first time they had heard 
 that air in the East, all the other bands they had 
 encountered laboring under the delusion that our 
 national air was " Hail Columbia." As the gen- 
 eral does not know one tune from another, it 
 never made much difference so far as he was con- 
 cerned. — General Grant's Travels, p. 364. 
 
 3755. MUSIC, Undignified. Aldbiades. In the 
 course of his education, he willingly took the les- 
 sons of his masters, but refused learning to play 
 upon the flute, which he looked upon as a mean 
 art, and unbecoming a gentleman. " The use of 
 the plectrum upon the lyre," he would say, " has 
 
 nothing in it that disorders the features or form ; 
 but a man is hardly to be known by his most in- 
 timate friends when he plays upon the flute. Be- 
 sides, the lyre does not hinder the performer from 
 speaking or accompanying it with a song ; where- 
 as the flute so engages the mouth and tlie breath 
 that it leaves no possibility of speaking." — Plu- 
 tarch's Alcibiades. 
 
 3756. MUTINY, Courage against. Julnis Cae- 
 sar. His soldiers , . . had deserved admirably 
 well, but they were unfortunately overconscious 
 of their merits. Ill-intentioned ofiicers had taught 
 them to look for extravagant rewards. Their ex- 
 pectations were not fulfilled ; and when they sup- 
 posed that their labors were over, they received 
 orders to prepare for a campaign in Africa. . . . 
 They mutinied. . . . The soldiers of the favored 
 Tenth . . . demanded speech of Caesar. He bade 
 them come to him, and, with his usual fearless- 
 ness, told them to bring their swords. . . . [In- 
 stead of calling them "brothers-in-arms," as 
 usual, he called them "citizens," which was a 
 dismissal from service.] Again passionately they 
 implored to be allowed to continue with him. He 
 relented, but not entirely. " Let all go who wish 
 to go," he said ; " I will have none serve with me 
 who serve unwillingly. " ' ' All, all !" they cried ; 
 "not one of us will leave you" — and not one 
 went. The matiny was the greatest peril, per- 
 haps, to which Caesar had ever been exposed. 
 No more was said. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 14. 
 
 3757. MUTINY, Cruel. Sir Hewy Hudson. In 
 the summer of 1610 a ship, called the Discovery, 
 was given to Hudson ; and with a vision of the 
 Indies flitting before his imagination, he left Eng- 
 land, never to return. The route to China was 
 at last revealed. So believed the great captain 
 and his crew ; but sailing farther to the west, the 
 inhospitable shores narrowed on the more inhos- 
 pitable sea, and Hudson found himself envi- 
 roned, with the terrors of winter, in the frozen 
 gulf (Hudson's Bay) of the North. With unfal- 
 tering courage he bore up until his provisions 
 were almost exhausted ; spring was at hand, and 
 the day of escape had already arrived when the 
 treacherous crew broke out in mutiny. They 
 seized Hudson and his only son, with seven other 
 faithful sailors, threw them into an open shallop, 
 and cast them off among the icebergs. The fate 
 of the illustrious mariner has never been known. 
 — RiDPATH's U. S., eh. 8, p. 93. 
 
 375§. MUTINY by Disappointment. Second 
 Voyage. [A little colony was planted in the West 
 Indies.] Bernard Diaz de Pisa, a man of some 
 importance, who had held a civil oflflce about the 
 court, had come out with the expedition as comp- 
 troller ; he seems to have presumed upon his of- 
 ficial powers, and to have had early differences 
 with the admiral. Disgusted with his employ- 
 ment in the colony, he soon made a faction among 
 the discontented, and proposed that they should 
 take advantage of the indisposition of Columbus 
 to seize upon some or all of the five ships in the 
 harbor, and return in them to Spain. It would 
 be easy to justify their clandestine return, by 
 preferring a complaint against the admiral, rep- 
 resenting the fallacy of his enterprises, and ac- 
 cusing him of gross deceptions and exaggerations 
 in his accounts of the countries. [The conspiracy 
 was discovered in due season.] — Irving's Co* 
 LUMBUS, Book 6, ch. 7. 
 
444 
 
 MUTINY— NAME. 
 
 3759. MUTINY, Reform by. Bntish Navy. On 
 the loth of April [1797] Lord Bridport, who 
 had taken the command of the Channel fleet, 
 made the signal to prepare for sea. The sailors 
 of his flagship, the Royal George, instead of 
 weighing anchor ran up the shrouds and gave 
 three cheers. The shouts were echoed from every 
 ship at Spithead. Those cheers, so often the prel- 
 ude of victory, were sounds well calculated to 
 strike terror into the heart of the boldest captain. 
 They were the signals of mutiny. . . . Although 
 the commands of the admiral to put to sea were 
 set at naught — although every officer saw that 
 his power of compelling obedience was gone, 
 not a hand was raised in offence, not a voice was 
 heard in disrespect. [Thirty-two delegates, two 
 from each ship, met in Lord Howe's cabin to de- 
 liberate. On the 17th every seaman was sworn 
 to sustain the common cause ;] on the fore-yard- 
 arms of every ship ropes were reeved, ready for 
 the execution of summary punishment upon any 
 deserter. [Two petitions were drawn up — one to 
 the House of Commons and one to the Admiralty, 
 setting forth their just demands with temper and 
 discretion.] The pay and pensions of the army 
 had been increased, while the seamen had been 
 neglected. [The sailors received only fourteen 
 ounces to the pound in the provisions served out 
 to them, two ounces being retained as the per- 
 quisite of the purser. They had short quantities 
 in every article measured. Their food was bad. 
 They demanded reform and also pay while in 
 hospital from wounds received during action, 
 until discharged. The mutiny succeeded. The 
 reforms were made.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 3760. MUTINY of Sailors. Bntish Navy. [On 
 the 22d of May, 1797, the fleet at the Nore were 
 joined by four men-of-war and a sloop which de- 
 serted from the fleet blockading the Texel. Their 
 acts were those of a foreign enemy. The red flag 
 — the pirate's signal, which implied no quarter 
 would be given — was hoisted. Merchant ves- 
 sels were intercepted. The mutineers had not 
 the support of the other fleets, and they were not 
 united among themselves. Soon all the vessels 
 returned to their duties without gaining any 
 concessions from the government. The leader 
 of the revolt was executed.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 19, p. 340. 
 
 3761. MYSTEEIES, Inexplicable. Samuel 
 Johnson. I introduced the subject of second- 
 sight, and other mysterious manifestations, the 
 fulfilment of which, I suggested, might happen 
 Ijy chance. Johnson: " Yes, sir, but they have 
 happened so often, that mankind have agreed to 
 think them not fortuitous." I talked to him a 
 ^reat deal of what I had seen in Corsica, and of 
 my intention to publish an account of it. He 
 encouraged me by saying, " You cannot go to 
 the bottdm of the subject ; but all that you tell 
 us will be new to us. Give us as many anec- 
 dotes as you can." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 142. 
 
 3762. MYSTICISM, Methods of. Monkery. A 
 holy abbe, superior of thousands of monks, ex- 
 plained ; "When you are alone in your cell, 
 shut the door and sit in a corner. Elevate your 
 imagination above all transitory and vain things ; 
 rest your beard and your chin upon your breast ; 
 turn your eyes and thoughts toward the middle 
 of your belly where the navel is placed, and 
 
 search for the seat of the soul. All will at first 
 appear to you disorder, obscurity, confusion. 
 But if you persevere night and day, you will ex- J 
 perience a delicious pleasure. From the moment M 
 the soul discovers the place of the heart, it en- 
 joys a mystic and ethereal illumination." — Lam- 
 artine's Turkey, p. 226. 
 
 3763. MYTHS, Origin of. West Indians. When 
 ever Columbus approached a populous vil- 
 lage, he placed the cavalry in front, for the 
 horses inspired a mingled terror and admiration 
 among the natives. Las Casas observes that at 
 first they supposed the rider and his horse to be 
 one animal, and nothing could exceed their as"- 
 tonishment at seeing the horsemen dismount, a 
 circumstance which shows that the alleged ori- 
 gin of the ancient fable of the centaurs is at least 
 founded in nature. On the approach of the army 
 the Indians generallj^ fled with terror, and took 
 refuge in their houses. — Irving's Columbus, 
 Book 6, ch. 9. 
 
 3764. NAME abandoned. In Scotland. [The 
 Earl of Argyle was captured after a vain at- 
 tempt to rebel against James II.] The man 
 who bore the chief part in the arrest was named 
 Riddell. On this account the whole race of 
 Riddells was, during more than a century, held 
 in abhorrence by the great tribe of Campbell. 
 Within living memory, when a Riddell visited 
 a fair in Argyleshire, he found it necessary to 
 assume a false name. — M ac aula y's Eng. , ch. 5, 
 p. 519. 
 
 3765. NAME, Aid of a. Alexander. Pyrrhus, 
 taking up arms, . . . marched against Bercea. The 
 night before he set out he dreamed that Alex- 
 ander the Great called him, and that when he 
 came to him he found him sick in bed, but was 
 received with many obliging expressions of 
 friendship, and a promise of sudden assistance. 
 Pyrrhus said, " How can you, sir, who are sick, 
 be able to assist me ?" Alexander answered, "I 
 will do it with my name ;" and at the same time 
 he mounted a Nisaean horse, and seemed to lead 
 the way. — Plutarch's Pyrrhus. 
 
 3766. NAME, Change of. Bobert. [Robert, son 
 of Richard II., was] sometimes styled " Robert 
 the Magnificent," and more commonly " Rob- 
 ert the Devil." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch, 13, 
 p. 168. 
 
 3767. NAME, A detested. Jeffreys. Jeffreys 
 had done his work, and returned to claim his re- 
 ward. He arrived at Windsor from the West, 
 leaving carnage, mourning, and terror behind 
 him. The hatred with which he was regarded 
 in Somersetshire has no parallel in our history. 
 It was not to be quenched by time or by political 
 changes, was long transmitted from generation 
 to generation, and raged fiercely against his 
 innocent progeny. When he had been many 
 years dead, when his name and title were ex- 
 tinct, his granddaughter, the Countess of Pom- 
 fret, travelling along the western road, was in- 
 sulted by the populace, and found that she could 
 not safely venture herself among the descendants 
 of those who had witnessed the bloody assizes. 
 But at the court Jeffreys was cordially welcomed. 
 He was a judge after his master's own heart.— 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 5, p. 610. 
 
 376S. NAME^ Difference in. Unimportant. 
 When the ambassadors of Antiochus [the Great^ 
 
NAME— NAMES. 
 
 445 
 
 represented to the Achoeans how numerous the 
 king's forces were, and, to make them appear 
 still more so, reckoned them up by all their dif- 
 ferent names, " I supped once," said Flamlnius, 
 " v/ith a friend ; and upon my complaining of 
 the great number of dishes, and expressing my 
 wonder how he could furnish his table with such 
 a vast variety, ' Be not uneasy about that,' said 
 my friend, ' for it is all hog's flesh ; and the differ- 
 ence is only in the dressing and the sauce.' In 
 like manner, I say to you, my Achaean friend, 
 be not astonished at the number of Antiochus' 
 forces, at these pikemen, these halberdiers and 
 cuirassiers ; for they are all Syrians, only distin- 
 guished by the trifling arms they bear." — Plu- 
 tarch's Flaminius. 
 
 I 3769. NAME falsified. Conquerors. The odi- 
 i ous name of conquerors was softened into the 
 mild and friendly appellation of ihegii£sts of the 
 Romans ; and the barbarians of Gaul, more es- 
 pecially the Goths, repeatedly declared that they 
 were bound to the people by the ties of hospital- 
 ity, and to the emperor by the duty of allegiance 
 and military service. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, 
 p. 315. 
 
 3770. NAME, A fearful. Richard I. Ifhero- 
 i ism be confined to brutal and ferocious valor, 
 
 Richard Plantagenet will stand high among the 
 heroes of the age. The memory of Gceur de Lion, 
 
 ; of the lion-hearted prince, was long dear and 
 glorious to his English subjects ; and, at the dis- 
 
 ; tance of sixty years, it was celebrated in prover- 
 bial sayings by the grandsons of the Turks and 
 Saracens, against whom he had fought ; his tre- 
 mendous name was employed by the Syrian 
 mothers to silence their infants ; and if a horse 
 suddenly started from the way, his rider was 
 wont to exclaim, " Dost thou think King Rich- 
 ard is in that bush ?" — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, 
 p. 33. 
 
 3771. NAME, A helpful. "Washington." At 
 Rome he was strongly tempted to turn painter ; 
 and it was there also that he was the recipient of 
 attentions more flattering than he could account 
 for until just as he was going away. " Tell me, 
 sir," said a great Roman banker, who had paid 
 him particular honor, ' ' are you a relative of 
 General Washington ?" He thus learned that 
 he had been indebted for unexpected invitations 
 and other civilities to his supposed relationship 
 to our first President. Mr. Irving, after telling 
 this anecdote, used sometimes to add to it an- 
 other. An English lady and her daughter paused 
 in a gallery of art before a bust of Washingtmi. 
 " Mother," said the daughter, " who was Wash- 
 ington ?" " Why, my dear, don't you know ? 
 He wrote the Sketch Book." — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 721. 
 
 3772. NAME, Posthumous. Gcesar. [The au- 
 thority of] Caesar was so formidable in Rome, 
 that it supported his friends even after he was 
 dead. And a simple boy rose to the first emi- 
 nence of power by adopting his name, which 
 served as a charm against the envy and the in- 
 fluence of Antony. — Pldtarch. 
 
 3773. NAME, A terrible. General Jackson. 
 In the latter part of 1817 the Seminole Indians 
 on the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama became 
 hostile. Some bad negroes and treacherous 
 Creeks joined the savages in their depredations. 
 
 General Gaines, commandant of a post on Flint 
 River, "wfas sent into the Seminole country, but 
 after destroying a few villages his forces were 
 found inadequate to conquer the red man. 
 General Jackson was then ordered to collect from 
 the adjacent States a sufficient army and reduce 
 the Seminoles to submission. Instead of follow- 
 ing his directions, that stern and self-willed man 
 mustered 1000 riflemen from West Tennessee, 
 and in the spring of 1818 overran the hostile 
 country with little opposition. The Indians were 
 afraid to fight the man whom they had named 
 the Big Knife.— Ridpatii's U. S., ch. 52, p. 418. 
 
 3774. NAMES, Burdened with. The Welsh. 
 Henry [VIII.] himself, it will be remembered, 
 was of Welsh descent ; and he strongly recom- 
 mended it to the Welsh to adopt the mode of 
 most civilized nations, in taking family names, 
 instead of their manner c f adding their father's, 
 and, perhaps, their grandfather's name to their 
 own Christian one, as Morgan ap WiUiams, or 
 Richard ap Morgan ap Williams. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 2, p. 26. 
 
 3775. NAMES, Coincidence in. Bacon. In 
 the middle of the thirteenth century, however,, 
 arose a genius of singular eminence, who, pierc- 
 ing at once through the thickest cloud of igno- 
 rance and barbarism, seemed formed to enlight- 
 en Europe. This was Roger Bacon, an English 
 Franciscan friar, who in variety and extent of 
 genius is entitled most deservedly to the highest 
 rank in the annals of European literature. He 
 was acquainted with all the ancient languages, 
 and familiar with the works of their best au- 
 thors. At that time, when every pretender to 
 knowledge drew his creed of science from the 
 works of Aristotle, and servilely adhered to his 
 dogmas and opinions, the genius of Roger Bacon 
 saw the insufficiency of that philosophy ; and he 
 began to apply himself with indefatigable indus- 
 try to that method of investigation by experi- 
 ment, and by the observation of nature, which 
 was afterward, at the distance of four centuries, 
 so happily pursued and so strenuously recom- 
 mended by an illustrious philosopher of the same 
 name, Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam. In the 
 " Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon he declares that 
 if it had been in his power, he would have burnt 
 the whole works of Aristotle qtiia eorum studium 
 nan est nisi temporis amissio, et causa erroris, et 
 multipUcatio ignorantim. Accordingly, this great 
 man, applying himself to the improvement of 
 philosophy by observation and experiment, dis- 
 tinguished himself by some of the most impor- 
 tant discoveries in astronomy, in optics, in chem- 
 istry, in medicine, and in mechanics. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 16, p. 246. 
 
 3776. NAMES, High-sounding. In Canton. 
 The streets are narrow and common, but they 
 have high-sounding names, the Broadway of 
 Canton being called " Benevolence ;" others are 
 named "Peace," "Bright Cloud," "Longevi- 
 ty," " Early-Bestowed Blessings," "Everlasting 
 Love," " One Hundred Grandsons," " One Thou- 
 sand Grandsons," "Five Happinesses," "Re- 
 freshing Breezes," "Accumulated Blessings," 
 "Ninefold Brightness," etc. — General Grant's 
 Travels, p. 397. 
 
 3777. NAMES, Influence of. Government. 
 The title of king had armed the Romans against 
 his life. Augustus was sensible that mankind is 
 
446 
 
 NAMES— NATION. 
 
 governed by names ; nor was he deceived in his 
 expectation that the Senate and people would 
 submit to slavery, provided they were respect- 
 fully assured that they still enjoyed their ancient 
 freedom. A feeble Senate and enervated people 
 cheerfully acquiesced in the pleasing illusion, as 
 long as it was supported by the virtue, or even 
 by the prudence, of the successors of Augustus. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 87. 
 
 3778. NAMES, Memorizing. Sa/muel Johnson. 
 Nothing is more common than to mistake sur- 
 names when we hear them carelessly uttered for 
 the first time. To prevent this, he used not only 
 to pronounce them slowly and distinctly, but to 
 take the trouble of spelling them — a practice 
 which I have often followed, and which I wish 
 were general. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 3779. NAMES, Unimportant. Victory. Blake 
 did not trouble himself with governing trouble- 
 some people ; his work lay in fighting England's 
 enemies and maintaining England's honor on the 
 seas. First we find him in conflict again with 
 an old land foe. Prince Rupert, who had also be- 
 taken himself to the waters. Blake followed him 
 to the Tagus, trailing after him the Common- 
 wealth's men-of-war with their homely names of 
 the Tiger, the Tenth Whelp, John, Signet ; 
 homely vessels no doubt, but they succeeded in 
 scattering Rupert's vessels with their finer names, 
 and the prince, with the fragments of his fleet, 
 hurried away to the West Indies. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 16, p. 205. 
 
 37§0. NATION, Characterized. Indian. The 
 Indians were strongly marked with national pe- 
 culiarities. The most striking characteristic of 
 the race was a certain sense of personal inde- 
 pendence, wilfulness of action, freedom from re- 
 straint. To the red man's imagination the idea 
 of a civil authority which should subordinate his 
 passions, curb his will, and thwart his purposes 
 was intolerable. Among this people no common 
 enterprise was possible unless made so by the 
 concurrence of free wills. If the chieftain en- 
 tered the war-path, his kinsman and the braves 
 of other tribes followed him only because they 
 chose his leadership. His authority and right of 
 command extended no further than to be fore- 
 most in danger, most cunning in savage strategy, 
 bravest in battle. So of all the relations of Ind- 
 ian life. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 1, p. 44. 
 
 37§1. NATION, A conceited. England. [A 
 Venetian traveller says] they think there are no 
 other men than themselves, and no other world 
 but England ; and whenever they see a hand- 
 some foreigner, they say that he looks like an 
 Englishman. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, 
 p. 254. 
 
 37§2. NATION, A degenerate. Moha/mmedans. 
 Othman was succeeded by Ali, the son-in-law of 
 Mahomet. This prince, whose name is to this 
 day revered by the Mohammedans, inherited, in 
 many respects, the genius of his father-in-law. 
 - . . The genius of the Arabians, fired by en- 
 thusiasm and invigorated by conquest, seemed 
 now in the train of carrying everything before 
 it. It is wonderful what may be achieved by a 
 people who are once in the track of glory. Na- 
 . tions, in fact, seem to have their ages of brill- 
 iancy, when all is life, and vigor, and enterprise ; 
 and these perhaps preceded, and again to be fol- 
 
 lowed by, an era of inanimation, weakness, and 
 degeneracy. In this splendid period of the his- 
 tory of the Saracens, their conquests were in- 
 credible. Within half a century from the first 
 opening of the career of Mahomet they had 
 raised an empire more extensive than what re- 
 mained, at this time, of the dominion of the Ro- 
 mans. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6. ch. 1, p. 54. 
 
 _ 3783. . Moors. Spain was at this 
 
 time chiefly possessed by the Moors. The Chris- 
 tians occupied about a fourth part of the coun- 
 try, and that the most barren of the whole. . . . 
 The Moors possessed the rest of the country, 
 comprehending Portugal. Their capital . . . was 
 the city of Cordova, a rnost delightful residence, 
 which they had adorned with every embellish- 
 ment of art and magnificence. These Arabians 
 were at this time, perhaps, the most refined and 
 polished people in the world. Luxury and 
 pleasure at length corrupted the princes of the 
 Moors, and their dominions, in the tenth cen- 
 tury, were split among a number of petty 
 sovereigns. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 7, 
 p. 125. 
 
 3784. ; England, 1756. Effemina- 
 cy, vanity, luxury, rapacity, universally pre- 
 vailed. Religion was despised. The principle 
 of honor was lost or totally corrupted. The 
 national capacity was lowered. The national 
 spirit of defence was impaired. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 14, p. 212. 
 
 3785. NATION, Heterogeneous. Borne. Romu- 
 lus . . . built his city, having sent for persons from 
 Hetruria, who (as is usual in sacred mysteries), 
 according to stated ceremonies and written rules, 
 were to order and direct how everything was to 
 be done. First, a circular ditch was dug about 
 what is now called the Comitium, or Hall of 
 Justice, and the first-fruits of everything that is 
 reckoned either good by use or necessary by 
 nature were cast into it ; and then each bring- 
 ing a small quantity of the earth of the country 
 from whence became, threw it in promiscuously. 
 This ditch had the name of Mundus, the same 
 with that of the universe. — Plutarch's Romu- 
 lus. 
 
 3786. NATION, An inconsiderate. Feare d. 
 [William Pitt and Edmund Burke were Eng- 
 land's famous statesmen.] In 1791 Pitt invited 
 Burke to dine with him. After dinner Burke 
 was earnestly representing the danger which 
 threatened the country from French [revolu- 
 tionary] principles, when Pitt said, " Never fear, 
 Mr Burke ; depend on it, we shall go on as we 
 are tiU the day of judgment." "Very likely, 
 sir," replied Burke; "it is the day of no judg- 
 ment that I am afraid of." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 11, p. 207. 
 
 3787. NATION, Prospective. New France. 
 In the month of January, 1524, Verrazzani left 
 the shores of Europe. His fleet consisted at first 
 of four vessels, but three of them were dam- 
 aged in a storm, and the voyage was undertaken 
 with a single ship called the Dolphin. . . . The 
 whole coast of New Jersey was explored, and 
 the hills marked as containing minerals. The 
 harbor of New York was entered, and its safe 
 and spacious waters noted with admiration. At 
 Newport, R. I., Verrazzani anchored for fif- 
 teen days, and a trade was again opened with 
 the Indians. Before leaving the place the 
 
NATION— NATURE. 
 
 *i7 
 
 ; Trench sailors repaid the confidence of the na- 
 ' tives by kidnapping a child and attempting to 
 ■steal a defenceless Indian girl. Sailing from 
 I Newport, Verrazzani continued his explorations 
 f jiorthward. The long and broken line of the 
 New England coast was traced with consider- 
 :able care. . . . Passing to the east of Nova Scotia, 
 the bold navigator reached Newfoundland in 
 the latter part of May. In July he returned tg 
 France, and published an account, still extant, 
 •of his great discoveries. The name of New 
 Prance was now given to the whole country 
 whose sea-coast had been traced by the adven- 
 turous crew of the Dolphin. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 <!h. 5, p. 70. 
 
 37§8. NATION rescued, A. Battle at Leu- 
 tJien. [Frederick the Great against the Austri- 
 .ans, after suffering great disasters. His enemies 
 •combined against Prussia. Great was the valor 
 •shown and the victory won. See No. 1236.] 
 The soldiers knew how the rescue of their nation 
 hung on that battle ; and as a grenadier on the 
 field of carnage began to sing, "Thanks be to 
 God," the whole army, in the darkness of even- 
 ing, standing amid thousands of the dead, up- 
 lifted the hymn of praise. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 Tol. 4, ch. 13. 
 
 3789. NATION, Shameful. Spain. The guns 
 of the enemy rolled no more round the British 
 coast till Cromwell was dead and Charles Stuart 
 came back ; and then, indeed, even London 
 herself heard them thundering up the Medway 
 .and the Thames. Turks, pirates, and corsairs — 
 these were swept away of course ; but in those 
 <days Spain herself was but a kingdom of rob- 
 bers and buccaneers. Waves of golden romance, 
 •what imagination does not kindle over the sto- 
 xies of the Spanish Main ! The power of Spain 
 was there — Spain, the bloodiest power of Eu- 
 Tope ; Spain, the land of the Inquisition ; Spain, 
 the disgraced, degraded land of every supersti- 
 tion. Against her Cromwell declared war. Al- 
 liance with France, hostility to Spain, and we 
 lave seen how the immortal Blake and his flre- 
 jships scoured those distant seas. That great 
 .sea-king ! — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 217. 
 
 3790. NATIONS contrasted. Athenians — La- 
 <edcemonians. The manners of the Athenians 
 formed a most striking contrast to those of the 
 Lacedaemonians. It is, in fact, hardly possi- 
 ble to find a greater dissimilarity even in na- 
 tions inhabiting the most opposite extremes of 
 
 \ the earth. The Athenian found, either in his 
 Jelish for serious business or in his taste for 
 pleasure, a constant occupation. The arts at 
 Athens met with the highest encouragement. 
 
 i*The luxury of the rich perpetually employed 
 the industry of the poor ; and the sciences were 
 gultivated with the same ardor as the arts ; for 
 the connection of mental enjoyments with mod- 
 derate gratification of sense is the refinement of 
 luxury. But in the pleasures of the Athenians, 
 unless, indeed, in the most corrupted times of 
 the commonwealth, decency was most scrupu- 
 lously observed. We have seen those rigid re- 
 straints on the conduct of magistrates. An ar- 
 chon convicted of drunkenness was, for the 
 first offence, condemned to pay a heavy fine, and 
 for a second was punished with death. This 
 general decency of character was much heigh t- 
 ■ened by a certain urbanity of manners, which 
 
 eminently distinguished the Athenians above all 
 the other States of Greece. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 10, p. 107. 
 
 3791. NATIONS, Union of. Commonwealth. 
 Henry IV. devised a grand scheme, which con- 
 sisted in the formation of a confederacy or com- 
 monwealth of nations, embracing within itself, 
 on a perfectly equal footing, the three prevailing 
 forms of Christianity — the Catholic, the Luther- 
 an, and the Reformed — and guaranteeing the 
 free enjoyment of those political institutions ^y 
 which each member might prefer. The associ- 
 ation was to comprise six hereditary monarchies 
 
 — France, Spain, Great Britain, Denmark, Swe- 
 den, and Savoy, or Northern Italy ; six elective 
 monarchies — the empire, Poland, Hungary, 
 Venice, Bohemia, and the Papal States ; and 
 three republics — the Netherlands, Switzerland, 
 and the Italian Republic, containing Genoa, 
 Lucca, and other small provinces. . . . The equi- 
 librium thus established was to be maintained 
 by a federal council or diet, the decisions of 
 which were to be final in all cases of dispute 
 between the associated States. — Students' 
 France, ch. 18, § 13. 
 
 3792. NATIONS, Vanishing. Algonquins. It 
 appears that their original seat was on the Ottawa 
 River. At the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury the Algonquins numbered fully a quarter of 
 a million. The tribes of this great family were 
 nomadic in their habits, roaming from one hunt- 
 ing ground and river to another, according to 
 the exigencies of fishing and the chase. Agri- 
 culture was but little esteemed. They were di- 
 vided into many subordinate tribes, each having 
 its local name, dialect, and traditions. When the 
 first European settlements were planted the Al- 
 gonquin race was already declining in numbers 
 and influence. Wasting diseases destroyed whole 
 tribes. Of all the Indian nations, the Algonquins 
 suffered most from contact with the white man. 
 Before his aggressive spirit, his fiery rum, and 
 his destructive weapons, the warriors were una.- 
 ble to stand. The race has withered to a shadow ; 
 only a few thousands remain to rehearse the 
 story of their ancestors. — Ridpath's U.S., ch. 1, 
 p. 42. 
 
 3793. NATUEE vs. Art. Samuel Johnson. 
 BoswELL : " I am well assured that the people 
 of Otaheite who have the bread tree, the fruit of 
 which serves them for bread, laughed heartily 
 when they were informed of the tedious process 
 necessary with us to have bread — ploughing, 
 sowing, harrowing, reaping, threshing, grinding, 
 baking." Johnson: "Why, sir, all ignorant 
 savages will laugh when they are told of the ad- 
 vantages of civilized life. Were you to tell men 
 who live without houses how we pile brick upon 
 brick, and rafter upon rafter, and that after a 
 house is raised to a certain height a man tum- 
 bles off a scaffold and breaks his neck, he 
 would laugh heartily at our folly in building ; 
 but it does not follow that men are better with- 
 out houses. No, sir," holding up a slice of a good 
 loaf, "this is better than the bread-tree." — Bos> 
 well's Johnson, p. 216. 
 
 3794. NATUEE, Demands of. Isaac Newton. 
 Early in his college career Newton would spend 
 a whole nigh', in the solution of a mathematical 
 problem, and would greet him [his friend] in the 
 morning with a joyful salutation, seeming to be 
 
548 
 
 NATURE— NECESSITY. 
 
 as much refreshed by his success as if he had 
 spent the night in sleep. He would leave his 
 dinner untasted on the table, hour after hour, 
 while he brooded over some mathematical diffi- 
 culty, and at length order the dishes to be re- 
 moved, not being aware that he had no dinner. 
 Nature will not suspend her laws even in favor 
 of her most illustrious interpreter. The bloom 
 faded from his cheeks ; his digestion became im- 
 paired, and a serious illness threatened his life. 
 He took warning, as he remarked, and " learned 
 to go to bed betimes." — Pakton's Newton, 
 p. 79. 
 
 3795. NATTJEE depreciated. Samuel John- 
 son. We walked in the evening in Greenwich 
 Park. He asked me, I suppose, by way of try- 
 ing my disposition, "Is not this very fine?" 
 Having no exquisite relish of the beauties of na- 
 ture, and being more delighted with " the busy 
 hum of men," I answered, "Yes, sir; but not 
 equal to Fleet Street." Johnson: "You are 
 right, sir." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 127. 
 
 3796. NATUEE, Irrepressible. Andrew Jack- 
 son. The new President was a native of North 
 Carolina, born on the Waxhaw, March 15, 1767. 
 His belligerent nature broke out in boyhood, 
 and his mother's plan of devoting him to the 
 ministry was hopelessly defeated. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 54, p. 426. 
 
 3797. NATUBE misinterpreted. Providence. 
 It was the fashion of the times to attribute every 
 remarkable event to the particular will of the 
 Deity ; the alterations of nature were connected, 
 by an invisible chain, with the moral and meta- 
 physical opinions of the human mind ; and the 
 most sagacious divines could distinguish, accord- 
 ing to the color of their respective prejudices, 
 that the establishment of heresy tended to pro- 
 duce an earthquake, or that a deluge was the 
 inevitable consequence of the progress of sin and 
 error. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 2. 
 
 3798. NATUEE, EeUef in. Edmund Burke. 
 It is still a touching picture to the historic imag- 
 ination to follow him from the heat and violence 
 of the House, where tipsy squires derided the 
 greatest genius of his time, down to the calm 
 shades of Beacon sfleld, where he would with his 
 own hands give food to a starving beggar, or 
 medicine to a peasant sick of the ague ; where 
 he would talk of the weather, the turnips, and 
 the hay with the team-men and the farm-bailiff ; 
 and where, in the evening stillness, he would 
 pace the walk under the trees, and reflect on the 
 state of Europe and the distractions of his coun- 
 try. — Morley's Burke, ch. 6. 
 
 3799. NATUEB, Secrets of. Reign of Charles 
 II. The great work of interpreting nature was 
 performed by the English of that age as it had 
 never before been performed in any age by any 
 nation. The spirit of Francis Bacon was abroad — 
 a spirit admirably compounded of audacity and 
 sobriety. There was a strong persuasion that 
 the whole world was full of secrets of high mo- 
 ment to the happiness of man, and that man had, 
 by his Maker, been intrusted with the key which, 
 rightly used, would give access to them. There 
 was, at the same time, a conviction that in phys- 
 ics it was impossible to arrive at the knowledge 
 of general laws except by the careful observation 
 of particular facts. — Mac aul ay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 381. 
 
 3S00. NAVIGATION undeveloped. A.D. 300. 
 So imperfect in those times was the art of navi- 
 gation, that orators have celebrated the daring 
 courage of the Romans, who ventured to set sail 
 with a side-wind, and on a stormy day. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 412. 
 
 3§01. NAVY, A formidable. Invincible Ar- 
 mada. Queen Elizabeth, who openly espoused 
 the cause of the Hollanders, had, by one of her 
 admirals. Sir Francis Drake, taken and plun- 
 dered some of the Spanish settlements in Amer- 
 ica. To revenge these injuries, Philip [II.] pre- 
 pared for an invasion of the kingdom of Eng- 
 land, and equipped the Invincible Armada, the- 
 most formidable naval armament that had ever 
 been raised by any single nation. This immense 
 armament consisted of 150 large ships of war, 
 manned by 20,000 soldiers and upward of 8000 
 seamen, besides 2000 galley-slaves, and armed 
 with 3000 pieces of cannon. To co-operate with 
 this prodigious naval force, 30,000 men were tO' 
 be conveyed in transports from Flanders, and a 
 general insurrection was expected of all the Cath- 
 olics in Britain to depose Elizabeth, and place 
 her cousin, Mary of Scotland, upon the throne 
 of England. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 26, 
 p. 369. 
 
 3§02. NAVY, Need of. Peter the Great. He 
 next turned his attention to the creation of a 
 navy. His father, in pursuance of the same de- 
 sign, had caused one ship to be built for him in 
 Holland ; but that one ship, the whole navy of 
 Russia, had been burnt, and in all the empire 
 there were but two men capable of navigating 
 a ship. Peter sought out these two men, one of 
 whom proved to be a man of great ability ; and 
 him the czar promoted to the post of chief con- 
 structor. Workmen were brought from Hol- 
 land ; a navy-yard was established ; and soon 
 the first vessel was launched. — Cyclopedia op 
 BiOG., p. 429. 
 
 3803. NECESSITY, Law of. Captain John 
 Smith. Descending James River as far as Hamp- 
 ton Roads, he landed with his five companions, 
 went boldly among the natives, and began to- 
 offer them hatchets and copper coins in exchange 
 for com. The Indians only laughed at the pro- 
 posal, and then mocked the half-starved foreign- 
 ers by offering to barter a piece of bread for 
 Smith's sword and musket. Finding that good 
 treatment was only thrown away, the Englisk 
 formed the desperate resolution of fighting. He 
 and his men fired a volley among the affrighted, 
 savages, who ran yelling into the woods. Going: 
 straight to their wigwams, he found an abundant 
 store of corn, but forbid his men to take a grain 
 until the Indians should return to attack them. 
 Sixty or seventy painted warriors, headed by a 
 priest Avho carried an idol in his arms, soon came 
 out of the forest, and made a violent onset. The 
 English not* only stood their ground, but made a 
 rush, wounded several of the natives, and capt- 
 ured their idol. A parley now ensued ; the terri- 
 fied priest came and humbly begged for his fallen: 
 deity, but Smith stood grimly with his musket 
 across the prostrate idol, and would grant no- 
 terms until six unarmed Indians had loaded hi» 
 boat with corn. Then the image was given up, 
 beads and hatchets were liberally distributed 
 among the warriors, who ratified "the peace by 
 performing a dance of friendship, while Smith. 
 
NECROMANCY— NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 449 
 
 ^ and his men rowed up the river with a boat-load 
 of supplies. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, p. 98. 
 
 3804. NECROMANCY, Proof of. "Familiar 
 £pirit." Dr. John Dee, an astrologer and magi- 
 cian, who went on casting nativities and raising 
 spirits till the days of James I., had come into re- 
 pute in the middle of the sixteenth century ; and 
 he got into trouble, according to his own account, 
 through being suspected of " endeavoring, by en- 
 chantments, to destroy Queen Mary." In June, 
 1555, some persons were apprehended, " that did 
 ■calculate the king's and queen's and my lady 
 JElizabeth's nativity ; whereof one Dee and Davy 
 •are accused, that they should have a familiar 
 spirit." The familiar spirit was believed in, be- 
 ■cause one of their accusers had "immediately 
 upon the accusation both his children stricken, 
 the one with present death and the other with 
 J Ijlindness." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 7, p. 97. 
 
 3S05. NEGRO, Blood of the. Boston Massacre. 
 fBritish soldiers provoked a quarrel in the streets 
 ^ of Boston, and were despised and insulted by the 
 { mob.] Three persons were killed, among them 
 Attacks, the mulatto. . . . who at the time was 
 •quietly leaning on a long stick. . . , Eight were 
 -wounded, two of them mortally. Of all the 
 ■eleven, not more than one had had any share 
 In the disturbance. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, 
 •ch. 43. 
 
 3§06. NEGROES in War. American Colonies. 
 [In Parliament, a.d. 1775, Lyttelton, formerly 
 Governor of South Carolina, favored coercion, 
 and] explained the inherent weakness of the 
 Southern colonies, and with obvious satisfaction 
 intimated that "if a few regiments were sent 
 there, the negroes would imbrue their hands in 
 their masters' blood." — Bancroft's U.S., vol. 8, 
 ch. 51. 
 
 3§07. NERVOUSNESS evinced. SamuelJohn- 
 ■son. Such was the heat and irritability of his 
 blood, that not only did he pare his nails to the 
 -quick, but scraped the joints of his Angers with 
 a penknife, till they seemed quite red and raw. 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 3§08. NEUTRALITY enforced. French Eev- 
 olution. [When Louis XVI. was captured by the 
 revolutionists and returned to Paris, placards 
 were posted announcing,] Whoever shall ap- 
 plaud the king shall be flogged ; whoever shall 
 insult him shall be hanged. — Knight's Eng. 
 vol. 7, ch. 10, p. 203. 
 
 3809. NEUTRALITY, Nominal. Alabama. 
 Most destructive of all the Confederate vessels 
 was the famous Alabama, built at Liverpool. 
 Her commander was Captain Raphael Semmes, 
 the same who had cruised in the Sumter. A 
 majority of the crew of the Alabama were Brit- 
 ish subjects ; her armament was entirely British ; 
 and whenever occasion required the British flag 
 was carried. In her whole career, involving the 
 destruction of sixty-six vessels and a loss of 
 $10,000,000, to the merchant service of the 
 United States, she never entered a Confederate 
 port, but continued abroad, capturing and burn- 
 ing. Early in the summer of 1864 Semmes en- 
 tered the harbor of Cherbourg, France, and was 
 there discovered by Captain Winslow, command- 
 er of the steamer Kearsarge. The French 
 <jovernment gave the Confederate captain orders 
 to leave the port, and on the 19th of June he 
 
 went out to give his antagonist battle. Seven 
 miles from the shore the two ships closed for the 
 death-struggle ; and after a desperate battle of 
 an hour's duration the Alabama was shattered 
 and sunk. Semmes and a part of his officera and 
 crew were picked up by the English yacht 
 Deerhound and carried to Southampton. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 66, p. 533. 
 
 3810. NEWS, Fatal. Dr. Valentine Mott. 
 The barber of Dr. Mott at once began to speak 
 of the awful news of that morning. The doctor, 
 who had heard nothing of it, was overwhelmed 
 with the intelligence. He turned as pale as 
 death. Rising from his chair, he staggered to an 
 adjoining room in search of his wife. "My 
 dear," said he, ' ' I have received such a shock ; 
 President Lincoln has been murdered." Having 
 uttered these words, he sat down, still deadly 
 pale, and so feeble that he could scarcely keep 
 his seat. He was soon seized with acute pains 
 in the back, and appeared to be overtaken, all 
 at once, with the weakness usually attached to 
 fourscore. From that time he continued to 
 grow feebler every hour, and after lingering 
 ten days breathed his last — a victim of the same 
 blow that robbed the nation of its chief. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BioG., p. 527. 
 
 3811. NEWS, Writer of. Devices in x.-o.^m. 
 His brain, which was his estate, had as regular 
 and different products as other men's land. 
 From the beginning of November until the open- 
 ing of the campaign he writ pamphlets and let- 
 ters to members of Parliament or friends in 
 the country. But sometimes he would relieve 
 his ordinary readers with a murder, and lived 
 comfortably for a week or two upon strange and 
 lamentable accidents. A little before the armies 
 took the field his way was to open your attention 
 with a prodigy ; and a monster well writ was 
 two guineas at the lowest price. This prepared 
 his readers for the great and bloody news from 
 Flanders in June and July. — Knight's Eng., 
 ch. 36, p. 403. 
 
 3812. NEWSPAPERS, Colonial. American. 
 In 1740 the number of newspapers in the Eng- 
 lish colonies on the Continent had increased to 
 eleven, . . . one in South Carolina, one in Vir- 
 ginia, three in Pennsylvania, . . . one in New 
 York, and the remaining five in Boston. The 
 sheet at first used was but of the foolscap size ; 
 and but one, or even half of one, was issued 
 weekly. The papers sought support rather by 
 modestly telling the news of the day than by 
 engaging in conflicts ; they had no political the- 
 ories to enforce, no revolutions in faith to hasten. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 3813. NEWSPAPERS deprecated. By Addison. 
 [At the opening of the eighteenth century] news- 
 papers multiplied. But even Addison could not 
 see that they were capable of becoming great in- 
 struments of public good. He says the people 
 are made politicians by the publication of State 
 matters by the press; and adds, " One cannot 
 but be sorry that such a pernicious machine is 
 erected among them." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5 
 ch. 4, p. 61. 
 
 3814. NEWSPAPERS, Primitive. B^ign of 
 Charles II. At the close of his reign no news- 
 paper was suffered to appear without his allow- 
 ance, and his allowance was given exclusively 
 
450 
 
 NEWSPAPERS— NON-RESISTANCE. 
 
 to the London Gazette. The London Gazette 
 came out only on Mondays and Thursdays. The 
 contents generally were a royal proclamation, two 
 or three Tory addresses, notices of two or three 
 promotions, an account of a skirmish between 
 the imperial troops and the Janissaries on the 
 Danube, a description of a highwayman, an an- 
 nouncement of a grand cock-fight between two 
 persons of honor, and an advertisement offering 
 a reward for a strayed dog. The whole made 
 up two pages of moderate size. . . . The most 
 important parliamentary debates, the most im- 
 portant State trials recorded in our history, were 
 passed over in profound silence. — Macaulay's 
 EisG., ch. 3, p. 363. 
 
 3§15. NEWSPAPEES, Directed by. The Tat- 
 ler. [The prospectus of the Tatler, which ap- 
 peared on the 12th of April, 1709, "professed 
 to teach 'politic persons what to think.'"] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 26. 
 
 3S16. NIGHT, Activity at. Hanno the Cartha- 
 ginian. [Voyage of African discovery.] He ob- 
 served from his fleet, that in the daytime there 
 was nothing to be seen upon the land, but all was 
 stillness and silence ; but in the night he heard 
 the sound of various musical instruments, and 
 saw a great number of fires lighted along the 
 coast ; and we know that such is the appearance 
 of a great part of the western coast of Africa at 
 this day, that the savages in the daytime retire 
 into the woods to avoid the heat of the sun ; that 
 they light great fires in the night to disperse the 
 beasts of prey ; and that they are extremely fond 
 of music and dancing. — Tytleb's Hist. , Book 3, 
 ch. 8, p. 359. 
 
 38 IT. NIGHT, Desire for. Wellington. [At the 
 battle of Waterloo his army was beginning to 
 give way.] As he saw his lines melting away he 
 repeatedly looked at his watch, and then fixed 
 his gaze on the distant hills ; and as he wiped the 
 perspiration which mental anguish had extorted 
 from his brow, he exclaimed, " Would to heav- 
 en that Blucher or night would come !" — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 27. 
 
 381 §. NOBILITY of Appearance. Numitor. 
 [Romulus was taken prisoner in battle.] When 
 the youth was conducted to his house, Numitor 
 was greatly struck with his appearance, as he 
 was very remarkable for size and strength ; he 
 observed, too, his presence of mind and the 
 steadiness of his looks, which had nothing ser- 
 vile in them, nor were altered with the sense of 
 his present danger ; and he was inforrned that 
 his actions and whole behavior were suitable to 
 what he saw. — Plutarch's Romulus. 
 
 3819. NOBILITY honored. Confession. Pom- 
 pey had resolved to chastise the Himereans for 
 attempting to support his enemies, when the or- 
 ator Sthennis told him he would act unjustly 
 If he passed by the person that was guilty, and 
 punished the innocent. Pompey asked him who 
 was the guilty person, and he answered, " I am 
 the man. I persuaded my friends, and compelled 
 my enemies, to take the measures they did." 
 Pompey, delighted with his frank confession and 
 noble spirit, forgave him first, and afterward all 
 the people of Himera. — Plutarch's Pompey. 
 
 3820. NOBILITY, Patriotic. Sylla. Sylla . . . 
 came to Praeneste, where at first he tried the in- 
 habitants, and had them executed singly. But 
 
 afterward, finding he had not leisure for such for- 
 malities, he collected them to the number of 
 twelve thousand, and ordered them to be put ta 
 death, excepting only one who had formerly en- 
 tertained him at his house. This man with a 
 noble spirit told him he would never owe his life- 
 to the destroyer of his country ; and voluntarily^ 
 mixing with the crowd, he died with his fellow- ^ 
 citizens. — Plutarch's Sylla. 
 
 3821. NOBILITY recognized. Louis IX. [Lou-| 
 is IX. was captured by the Saracens.] He dis- 
 played in his adversity an unshaken firmness, 
 dignity, and magnanimity, which extorted the-l 
 admiration even of his savage captors. The Sar-I 
 acen sultan soon showed himself disposed to treat I 
 for the king's liberation, and demanded as his-* 
 ransom the restitution of Damietta, and the pay- 
 ment of 1,000,000 bezants of gold. These termsij 
 were accepted without hesitation by Louis ; andf 
 his noble character made such an impression! 
 upon the sultan, that he voluntarily remitted 200,- 
 
 000 bezants of the stipulated sum. — Students'" 
 France, ch. 9, § 4. 
 
 3822. NON-EESISTANCE, Christian. Pi-imi-^ 
 tive. Faithful to the doctrine of the apostle^l 
 who in the reign of Nero had preached the dutyj 
 of unconditional submission, the Christians of^ 
 the three first centuries preserved their conscience] 
 pure and innocent of the guilt of secret conspir-j 
 acy or open rebellion. While they experiencec 
 the rigor of persecution, they were never pro-l 
 voked either to meet their tyrants in the field, oi 
 indignantly to withdraw themselves into some 
 remote and sequestered corner of the globe. - 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20, p. 255. 
 
 3823. NON-EESISTANCE, Evasion of. Sam^ 
 uel Johnson. Johnson : " I do not see, sir, that 
 fighting is absolutely forbidden in Scripture ; L 
 see revenge forbidden, but not self-defence." 
 BoswELL : "The Quakers say it is — ' Unto hir 
 that smiteth thee on one cheek, offer him also 
 the other.' " Johnson : " But stay, sir ; the text 
 is meant only to have the effect of moderating 
 passion ; it is plain that we are not to take it ir 
 a literal sense. We see this from the context^ 
 where there are other recommendations, whicl 
 
 1 warrant you the Quaker will not take literally ^ 
 as, for instance, ' From him that would borro"v 
 of thee, turn thou not away.' -Let a man whos 
 credit is bad come to a Quaker, and say, ' Well,J 
 sir, lend me £100 ;' he'll find him as unwilling j 
 any other man. No, sir ; a man may shoot thi 
 man who invades his character, as he may shoolj 
 him who attempts to break into his house." 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 495. 
 
 3824. NON-EESISTANCE taught. Beign 4 
 James II. The cradle of the heir apparent or 
 the crown was surrounded by Jesuits. Deadly 
 hatred of that church of which he would one 
 day be the head would be studiously instilled 
 into his infant mind, would be the guiding prin-^ 
 ciple of his life, and would be bequeathed by hinr 
 to his posterity. This vista of calamities had nc^ 
 end. It stretched beyond the life of the young^ 
 est man living, beyond the eighteenth century.j 
 . . . The greatest Anglican doctors of that ag^ 
 had maintained that no breach of law or con-j 
 tract, no excess of cruelty, rapacity, or liceiM 
 tiousness, on the part of a rightful king, coulC 
 justify his people in Avithstanding him by force 
 
NONSENSE— NUMBERS. 
 
 451 
 
 Some of them had delighted to exhibit the doc- 
 trine of non-resistance in a form so exaggerated 
 as to shock common-sense and humanity. They 
 frequently and emphatically remarked that Ne- 
 ro was at the head of the Roman Government 
 when Saint Paul inculcated the duty of obeying 
 magistrates. The inference which they drew 
 was that, if an English king should, without any 
 law but his own pleasure, persecute his subjects 
 for not worshipping idols, should fling them to the 
 lions in the Tower, should wrap them up in 
 pitched cloth and set them on tire to light up 
 Saint James' Park, and should go on with these 
 massacres till whole towns and shires were left 
 without one inhabitant, the survivors would still 
 be bound meekly to submit, and to be torn in 
 pieces or roasted alive without a struggle. — Ma- 
 caulay'sEng., ch. 9, p. 364. 
 
 f3S25. NONSENSE against Nonsense. Sam- 
 uel Johnson. Mrs. Thrale disputed with him on 
 the merit of Prior. He attacked him powerful- 
 ly ; said he wrote of love like a man who had 
 never felt it ; his love-verses were college verses. 
 . . . Mrs. Thrale stood to her gun with great 
 courage, in defence of amorous ditties, which 
 Johnson despised, till he at last silenced her by 
 saying, " My dear lady, talk no more of this. 
 Nonsense can be defended but by nonsense." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 162. 
 
 3826. NOVELS, Contempt for. Napoleon I. 
 His contempt for works of fiction — the whole 
 class of novels and romances — amounted almost 
 to indignation. He never could endure to see 
 one reading such a book. . . . Once, when em- 
 peror, in passing through the saloons of his pal- 
 ace, he found one of the maids of honor with a 
 novel in her hands. He took it from her, gave 
 her a severe lecture for wasting her time in such 
 frivolous reading, and cast the volume into the 
 flames. When he had a few moments for diver- 
 sion, he not unf requently employed them in look- 
 ing over a book of logarithms, in which he al- 
 ways found recreation. — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 3827. NOVELS, Beading of. Excitement. 
 [The Windsor blacksmith] got hold of Richard- 
 son's novel of " Pamela ; or Virtue Rewarded," 
 and used to read it aloud in the long summer 
 evenings, seated on his anvil, and never failed to 
 have a large and attentive audience. When the 
 happy turn of fortune arrived which brings the 
 hero and heroine together, and sets them living 
 long and happily according to the most approved 
 rules, the congregation were so delighted as to 
 raise a great shout, and procuring the church 
 keys, actually set the parish bells ringing. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 7, ch. 5, p. 88. 
 
 3§2§. NUISANCE, Perpetuated. Beign of 
 Charles II. Saint James' Square was a recep- 
 tacle for all the oflal and cinders, for all the 
 dead cats and dead dogs of Westminster. At 
 one time a cudgel-player kept the ring there. 
 ^ At another time an impudent squatter settled 
 I himself there, and built a shed for rubbish un- 
 j der the windows of the gilded saloons in which 
 the first magnates of the realm — Norfolks, Or- 
 j monds, Kents, and Pembrokes — gave banquets 
 and balls. It was not till these nuisances had 
 I lasted through a whole generatioii, and till much 
 had been written about them, that the inhabi- 
 
 tants applied to Parliament for permission to 
 put up rails and to plant trees. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 334. 
 
 3829. NUMBER, Small. Ridiculed. [When 
 LucuUus, with a small army, encamped before 
 the army of Tigranes, he] made use of that cele- 
 brated expression, that if they came as ambas- 
 sadors there were too many of them ; if as sol- 
 diers, too few. — Plutarch's Lucullus. 
 
 3830. NUMBEBS, Disparity of. CorUz. Ve- 
 lasquez, the Spanish Governor of Cuba, jealous 
 of the fame of Cortez, had despatched a force to 
 Mexico to arrest his progress and to supersede 
 him in command. The expedition was led by 
 Panfllo de Narvaez, the same who was after- 
 ward Governor of Florida. His forces consisted 
 of more than 1200 well-armed and well-discip- 
 lined soldiers, besides 1000 Indian servants and 
 guides. But the vigilant Cortez had mean- 
 while been informed by messengers from Vera 
 Cruz of the movement which his enemies at 
 home had set on foot against him, and he deter- 
 mined to sell his command only at the price of 
 his own life and the lives of all his followers. 
 He therefore instructed Alvarado, one of his 
 subordinate officers, to remain in the capital with 
 a small force of 140 men ; and with the re- 
 mainder, numbering less than 200, he hastily 
 withdrew from the city, and proceeded by a 
 forced march to encounter De Narvaez on the 
 sea-coast. On the night of the 26th of May, 
 1520, while the soldiers of the latter were quietly 
 asleep in their camp near Vera Cruz, Cortez 
 burst upon them with the fury of despair, and 
 before they could rally or well understand the 
 terrible onset, compelled the whole force to sur- 
 render. Then, adding the general's skill to the 
 warrior's prowess, he succeeded in inducing the 
 conquered army to join his own standard ; and 
 with his forces thus augmented to six times 
 their original numbers, he began a second time 
 his march toward the capital. — Ridpath's U. 8., 
 ch. 4, p. 60. 
 
 3831. NUMBEBS, Disparity in. Soldiers. Fol- 
 lowed, as it is said, by 2,000,000 men, Xerxes, 
 the descendant of Cyrus, invaded Greece. Thirty 
 thousand soldiers, under the command of Alex- 
 ander, the son of Philip, who was intrusted by 
 the Greeks with their glory and revenge, were 
 sufficient to subdue Persia. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 8, p. 227. 
 
 3832. . Maxentius — Constantine. 
 
 At the head of about 40,000 soldiers, he marched 
 to encounter an enemy whose numbers were at 
 least four times superior to his own. But the 
 armies of Rome, placed at a secure distance from 
 danger, were enervated by indulgence and lux- 
 ury. Habituated to the baths and theatres of 
 Rome, they took the field with reluctance, and 
 were chiefly composed of veterans who had al- 
 most forgotten, or of new levees who had never 
 acquired, the use of arms and the practice of 
 war. The hardy legions of Gaul had long de- 
 fended the frontiers of the empire against the 
 barbarians of the North ; and in the perform- 
 ance of that laborious service their valor was 
 exercised and their discipline confirmed. There 
 appeared the same difference between the lead- 
 ers as between the armies. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 14. p. 475. 
 
452 
 
 NUMBERS— OATH. 
 
 3533. NUMBERS an Obstacle. Artaxerxes' 
 AsseiiMy. To suppress the idolaters, reunite the 
 schismatics, and confute the unbelievers, by the 
 infallible decision of a general council, the pious 
 Artaxerxes summoned the Magi from all parts 
 of his dominions. These priests, who had so 
 long sighed in contempt and obscurity, obeyed 
 the welcome summons, and on the appointed 
 day appeared, to the number of about 80,000. 
 But as the debates of so tumultuous an assembly 
 could not have been directed by the authority 
 of reason or influenced by the art of policy, 
 the Persian synod was reduced, by succes- 
 sive operations, to 40,000 to 4000, to 400, to 40, 
 and at last to seven Magi, the most respected 
 for their learning and piety. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 8, p. 231. 
 
 3534. NUMBERS without Victory. Agincourt. 
 [At the battle of Agincourt there were probably 
 ten times as many French as English. The men- 
 at-arms of the former] wore heavy coats of steel 
 reaching to their knees, and heavy leg armor. 
 . . . The English archers, without armor, in 
 jackets and loose hose, some even barefoot, went 
 boldly on to meet the mailed chivaliy. . . . The 
 enormous numbers of the French were the chief 
 cause of their destruction. . . . The rear divi- 
 sions, after the overthrow of the first and sec- 
 ond divisions, took to flight. In three hours this 
 terrible fight was over. . . . The English loss was 
 1600. ... Of the chivalry of France the flower 
 perished. . . . Eight thousand gentlemen of 
 France perished in that field of carnage, of whom 
 120 were nobles bearing banners. [See No.471.] 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 4, p. 63. 
 
 3535. OATH of Allegiance. To Mahomet. Sev- 
 enty-three men and two women of Medina held 
 a solemn conference with Mahomet, his kinsman, 
 and his disciples, and pledged themselves to 
 each other by a mutual oath of fidelity. They 
 promised, in the name of the city, that if he 
 should be banished, they would receive him as a 
 confederate, obey him as a leader, and defend 
 him to the last extremity, like their wives and 
 children. ' ' But if you are recalled by your coun- 
 try," they asked, with a flattering anxiety, " will 
 you not abandon your new allies ?" " All things," 
 replied Mahomet, with a smile, "are now com- 
 mon between us ; your blood is as my blood, your 
 ruin as my ruin. We are bound to each other 
 by the ties of honor and interest. I am your 
 friend and the enemy of your foes." " But if 
 we are killed in your service, what," exclaimed 
 the deputies of Medina, " will be our reward ?" 
 ' ' Paradise," replied the prophet. ' ' Stretch forth 
 thy hand." He stretched it forth, and they reit- 
 erated the oath of allegiance and fidelity. — Gib- 
 son's Rome, ch. 50, p. 126. 
 
 3§36. OATH, A constrained. Saxon King Rar- 
 ald II. [See No. 3840.] A messenger from Nor- 
 mandy soon arrived to remind Harold of the oath 
 which he had sworn to the duke [of Normandy] 
 " with his mouth, and his hand upon good and 
 holy relics." " It is true," replied the Saxon king, 
 ' ' that I took an oath to William ; but I took it 
 under constraint. I promised what did not belong 
 to me — what I could not in any way hold ; my 
 royalty is not my own ; I could not lay it down 
 against the will of the country, nor can I, against 
 the will of the country, take a foreign wife. As 
 for my sister, whom the duke claims that he may 
 
 marry her to one of his chiefs, she has died with- 
 in the year ; would he have me send her corpse ?" 
 — Decisive Battles, § 186. 
 
 3§37. OATH evaded. Brnnans. [Having been 
 promised relief from their oppressions, they 
 fought for their rulers ; but the promise was bro- . 
 ken.] The people, thus repeatedly and shameful- 
 \j deceived, were determined to be no longer the 
 dupes of promises. The Senate, apprehensive of 
 their spirit, had ordered the consuls not to dis- 
 band them, but to lead them without the walls, 
 on pretence that the enemy were still in the field. 
 The soldiers, at the time of their enrolment, took 
 an oath not to desert their standards till they were 
 formally disbanded ; but this oath they eluded by 
 taking their standards along with them. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 3, p. 315. 
 
 3§38. OATH of Fidelity. Soldier's. [The Ro- 
 man soldier.] On his first entrance into the service 
 an oath was administered to, him with every cir- 
 cumstance of solemnity. He promised never to 
 desert his standard, to submit his own will to the 
 commands of his leaders, and to sacrifice his life 
 for the safety of the emperor and the empire. 
 The attachment of the Roman troops to their 
 standards was inspired by the united influence of 
 religion and of honor. The golden eagle, which 
 glittered in the front of the legion, was the object 
 of their fondest devotion ; nor was it esteemed 
 less impious than it was ignominious to abandon 
 that sacred ensign in the hour of danger. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 12. 
 
 3539. OATH, A horrible. Conspirators. [A 
 conspiracy was formed to murder the Roman 
 consuls. ] The youths thus engaged were brought 
 to confer with the Aquilii, and all agreed to take 
 a great and horrible oath, by drinking together 
 of the blood and tasting the entrails of a man 
 sacrificed for that purpose. This ceremony was 
 performed in the house of the Aquilii ; and the 
 room chosen for it (as it was natural to suppose) 
 was dark and retired. — Plutarch's Publicola. 
 
 3540. OATH, A sacred. Harold II. [Saxon 
 king of England.] William [of Normandy] ex- 
 acted more. He had caused all the bones and 
 relics of saints that were preserved in the Nor- 
 man monasteries and churches to be collected 
 into a chest, which was placed in the council- 
 room, covered over with a cloth of gold. On the 
 chest of relics, which were thus concealed, was 
 laid a missal. The duke then solemnly addressed 
 his titular guest and real captive, and said to him, 
 " Harold, I require thee, before this noble assem- 
 bly, to confirm by oath the promises which thou 
 hast made me, to assist me in obtaining the crown 
 of England after King Edward's death, to marry 
 my daughter Adela, and to send me thy sister, 
 that I may give her in marriage to one of my 
 barons." Harold, once more taken by surprise, 
 and not able to deny his former words, approach- 
 ed the missal, and laid his hand on it, not know- 
 ing that the chest of relics was beneath. . . . When 
 Harold rose from his knees the duke made him 
 stand close to the chest, and took ofE the pall that 
 had covered it, and showed Harold upon whatj 
 holy relics he had sworn ; and Harold was soreiyj 
 alarmed at the sight. [See No. 3836.]— Deci^ 
 srvE Battles, § 284. 
 
 3§41. OA.TK, A test. Beign of Charles II. TM 
 terrors of popery were now revived, and the loud4 
 
OATHS— OBEDIEXCE. 
 
 453 
 
 I 
 
 est complaints resounded from all quarters of the 
 kingdom. A bill was brought into Parliament 
 for imposing a test oath on all who should enjoy 
 any public office. They were obliged to take the 
 sacrament in the established church, and to ab- 
 jure the doctrine of transubstantiation ; and, in 
 consequence of this new law, to which the king 
 was obliged to give his consent, his brother 
 James, Duke of York, lost his office of high ad- 
 miral. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 421. 
 
 3S42. OATHS, Strange estimate of. Jovius. By 
 his advice and example [the Praetorian prefect] 
 the principal officers of the State and army were 
 obliged to swear that, without listening, in any 
 circumstances, to any conditions of peace, they 
 would still persevere in perpetual and implacable 
 war against the enemy of the republic. This rash 
 engagement opposed an insuperable bar to all 
 future negotiation. The ministers of Honorius 
 were heard to declare that if they had only in- 
 voked the name of the Deity, they would consult 
 the public safety, and trust their souls to the 
 mercy of Heaven ; but they had sworn by the 
 sacred head of the emperor himself ; they had 
 touched, in solemn ceremony, that august seat of 
 majesty and wisdom ; and the violation of their 
 oath would expose them to the temporal penalties 
 of sacrilege and rebellion. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 31, p. 276. 
 
 3§43. OBEDIENCE, Absolute. Carmathians. 
 In a daring inroad beyond the Tigris, Abu Taher 
 advanced to the gates of the capital with no more 
 than 500 horse. By the special order of Mocta- 
 der, the bridges had been broken down, and the 
 person or head of the rebel was expected every 
 hour by the commander of the faithful. His lieu- 
 tenant, from a motive of fear or pity, apprised 
 Abu Taher of his danger, and recommended a 
 speedy escape. "Your master," said the intre- 
 pid Carmathian to the messenger, "is at the 
 head of 30,000 soldiers ; three such men as these 
 are wanting in his host ; " at the same instant, 
 turning to three of his companions, he command- 
 ed the first to plunge a dagger into his breast, the 
 second to leap into the Tigris, and the third to 
 cast himself headlong down a precipice. They 
 obeyed without a murmur. ' ' Relate," continued 
 the imam, " what you have seen ; before the even- 
 ing your general shall be chained among my 
 dogs." Before the evening the camp were sur- 
 prised, and the menace was executed. [The 
 Carmathians were a fanatical tribe of Arabs.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, p. 324. 
 
 3844. OBEDIENCE, Angry. Black Pnnce. 
 Accordingly, in January, 1369, [Charles V.] ad- 
 dressed a formal summons to [Edward the 
 " Black Prince," and] the hero of Poitiers and 
 Navarrete, citing him to appear before him in 
 the court of peers, and answer the complaints and 
 accusations of his Gascon vassals. " We will not 
 fail," replied Edward, " to obey the order of the 
 King of France ; we will proceed to Paris, but it 
 shall be with bassinet on our head ; and 60,000 
 men to bear us company." — Students' France, 
 ch. 10, § 16. 
 
 3S45. OBEDIENCE, Ministerial. Mahomet. 
 [Mahomet was at one time almost universally 
 reprobated.] He preached all day when every 
 man, woman, and child flouted him as an impos- 
 tor. One day he returned home silent, prostrat- 
 ed, discouraged, wrapped his head in his cloak, 
 
 lay down upon a mat, and fell asleep. Inspira- 
 tion, still more obstinate than the popular indif- 
 ference, revisited him during his slumber. He 
 heard a voice crying from his heart to him, " O 
 thou who envelopest thyself in thy mantle to 
 sleep, arise, and go preach." He arose with the 
 day, and went out to preach as if he had the day 
 before made a harvest of converts. — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 80. 
 
 3846. . Nadian Bangs. [When 
 
 Rev. Nathan Bangs, D.D. ,] was a young preach- 
 er, he became despondent because of the numer- 
 ous difficulties he experienced and the absence 
 of desired success, and resolved to abandcm the 
 ministry. A significant dream relieved him. 
 He thought he was working with a pickaxe on 
 the top of a basaltic rock. His muscular arm 
 brought down stroke after stroke for hours, 
 but the rock was hardly indented. He said to him- 
 self at last, " It is useless ; I will pick no more." 
 Suddenly a stranger of dignified mien stood by 
 his side and spoke to him. ' ' You will pick no 
 more ?" "No more." " Were you not set to this 
 task ?" "Yes." "And why abandon it ?" " My 
 work is vain ; I make no impression on the 
 rock." Solemnly the stranger replied, "What 
 is that to you ? Your duty is to pick, whether 
 the rock yields or not. Your work is in your 
 own hands ; the result is not. Work on !" He 
 resumed his task. The first blow was given with 
 almost superhuman force, and the rock flew into 
 a thousand pieces. He awoke, pursued his way 
 back with fresh zeal and energy, and a great re- 
 vival followed. From that day he never had 
 even a " temptation" to give up his commission. 
 —Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 3, p. 485. 
 
 3847. OBEDIENCE, Monkish. Egyptian. The 
 actions of a monk, his words, and even his 
 thoughts, were determined by an inflexible rule, 
 or a capricious superior ; the slightest offences 
 were corrected by disgrace or confinement, ex- 
 traordinary fasts, or bloody flagellation ; and 
 disobedience, murmur, or delay were ranked in 
 the catalogue of the most heinous sins. A blind 
 submission to the commands of the abbot, how- 
 ever absurd, or even criminal, they might seem, 
 was the ruling principle, the first virtue of the 
 Egyptian monks ; and their patience was fre- 
 quently exercised by the most extravagant trials. 
 They were directed to remove an enormous rock; 
 assiduously to water a barren staff that was 
 planted in the ground, till, at the end of three 
 years, it should vegetate and blossom like a tree ; 
 to walk into a fiery furnace, or to cast their in- 
 fant into a deep pond ; and several saints, or 
 madmen, have been immortalized in monastic 
 story by their thoughtless and fearless obedi- 
 ence. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37, p. 529. 
 
 3848. OBEDIENCE, Outward. Loyalty. [In 
 1691 James II. was urged by the loyal High- 
 landers who had continued in arms for him after 
 the accession of William of Orange to send them 
 re-enforcements. His Majesty replied that] his 
 abilities to assist were exhausted by the pressing 
 necessities of Ireland. If they could stand out 
 no longer he recommended ' ' an outward com- 
 pliance." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 9, p. 132. 
 
 3849. OBEDIENCE, Perfect. Aboubeker. Abou- 
 beker, the successor of Mahomet, before pursu- 
 ing along to Lebanon and the sea his missioa 
 and his conquest, wrote to Amrou, one of the 
 
454 
 
 OBSCURITY— OCCUPATION. 
 
 most submissive of his disciples ; he ordered him 
 to levy a number of warriors among the tribes, 
 and to conduct them to Damascus, to swell the 
 torrent of Islamism. Amrou, who governed in 
 peace his shepherd tribes, received this order 
 with pain ; but he did not hesitate to obey. " I 
 am," said he, in his answer to the caliph, "one 
 of the arrows of Islamism ; God has placed the 
 bow in thy hand ; it is for thee to launch the 
 arrow to what destination thou mayest choose. " 
 — Lamaktine's Turkey, p. 165. 
 
 3850. OBSCUEITY desired. Napoleon. [When 
 Louisiana was ceded to the United States by 
 France,] the upright and conscientious Marbois 
 . . . was especially anxious . . . that no am- 
 biguous clauses should be introduced into the 
 treaty. He communicated his troubles on this 
 point to the First Consul, advising him that it 
 seemed impossible to construct the treaty so as to 
 free it from obscurity on the important matter 
 of boundaries. Far from exhibiting any sym- 
 pathy with his faithful minister's solicitude on 
 this point, Bonaparte quietly informed him that 
 " if an obscurity did not already exist, it would 
 perhaps be good policy to put one in the treaty. 
 . . . The acquisition of Spanish America may 
 have been expected, or at least dreamed of by 
 him. — Blaine's Twenty Ye abs of Congress, 
 p. 10. 
 
 3§51. OBSERVATION, Acute. Blacksmith. 
 [Charles II. was seeking to escape to France.] 
 This secret, so long and miraculously kept, was 
 only in danger of being betrayed at the moment 
 when the young king, still disguised, was fljang 
 toward the coast to place the seas between his head 
 and the sword of Cromwell. His horse having 
 loosened a shoe, a farrier to whom he applied to 
 fasten it, with the quick intelligence of his trade, 
 examined the iron, and said, in a low and sus- 
 picious tone, " These shoes were never forged in 
 this country, but in the north of England." 
 But the smith proved as discreet and faithful as 
 the servant. Charles, remounting his horse 
 without discovery, galloped toward the beach, 
 where a skiff was waiting for him. The Conti- 
 nent a second time protected him from the pursuit 
 of Cromwell. — Lamaktine's Cromwell, p. 54. 
 
 3§5i2. OBSTINACY, Depraved. Appetite. [Car- 
 dinal Wolsey said of Henry VIII. when on his 
 death-bed :] Rather than he will miss or want any 
 part of his will or appetite, he wiU put the loss 
 of one half of his realm in danger. ... I have 
 often kneeled before him in his privy chamber 
 on my knees the space of an hour or two, to per- 
 suade him from his will and appetite, but I 
 could never bring to pass to dissuade him there- 
 from. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 279. 
 
 3§53. OBSTINACY, Extraordinary. James 11. 
 It is probable a motion for opening a negotiation 
 with James would have been made in the Con- 
 vention, and would have been supported by the 
 great body of Tories, had he not been on this, 
 as on every other occasion, his own worst enemy. 
 Every post which arrived from Saint Germain's 
 brought intelligence which damped the ardor of 
 liis adherents. He did not think it worth his 
 while to simulate regret for his past errors, or 
 to promise amendment. He put forth a mani- 
 festo telling his people that it had been his con- 
 stant care to govern them with justice and mod- 
 eration, and that they had been cheated into ruin 
 
 by imaginary grievances. The effect of hisfollj' 
 and obstinacy was that those who were most de- 
 sirous to see him restored to his throne on fair 
 conditions felt that, by proposing at that mo- 
 ment to treat with him, they should injure the 
 cause which they wished to serve.— Mac aulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 567. 
 
 3854. OBSTINACY, Immovable. James II. 
 The obstinate and imperious nature of the king 
 gave great advantages to those who advised him 
 to be firm, to yield nothing, and to make himself 
 feared. His mode of arguing, if it is to be so call- 
 ed, was one not uncommon among dull and stub- 
 born persons, who are accustomed to be surround- 
 ed by their inferiors. He asserted a proposition ; 
 and as often as wiser people ventured respect- 
 fully to show that it was erroneous, he asserted 
 it again, in exactly the same words, and conceiv- 
 ed that, by doing so, he at once disposed of all 
 objections. " I will make no concessions," he 
 often repeated ; " my father made concessions, 
 and he was beheaded." — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 57. 
 
 3855. OBSTINACY, Political. James II. On 
 the great day on which the bishops [who refused 
 to join the king in the overthrow of the Protes- 
 tant Church] were acquitted, and on which the 
 invitation was despatched to the Hague [invit- 
 ing William, Prince of Orange, to invade Eng- 
 land,] James returned from Hounslow to West- 
 minster in a gloomy and agitated mood. He 
 made an effort that afternoon to appear cheer- 
 ful ; but the bonfires, the rockets, and, above 
 all, the waxen popes who were blazing in every 
 quarter of London, were not likely to soothe 
 him. . . . Soon it began to be clear that defeat 
 and mortification had only hardened the king's 
 heart. The first words which he uttered when 
 he learned that the objects of his revenge had 
 escaped him were, "So much the worse for 
 them." Within a week these words, which he, 
 according to his fashion, repeated many times, 
 were fully explained. He blamed himself, not 
 for having prosecuted the bishops, but for hav- 
 ing prosecuted them before a tribunal where 
 questions of fact were decided by juries, and 
 where established principles of law could not be 
 utterly disregarded even by the most servile 
 judges. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 385. 
 
 3856. OBSTRUCTION, Legislative. Ok the 
 Land Act. A few senators, who retained their 
 senses, saw the uselessness of the opposition, 
 and retired. Bibulus was of duller and tougher 
 metal. As the vote was about to be taken, 
 he and his tribunes rushed to the rostra. The 
 tribunes pronounced their veto. Bibulus said 
 that he had consulted the sky ; the gods for- 
 bade further action being taken that day, and 
 he declared the assembly dissolved. Nay, 
 as if a man like Caesar could be stopped by a 
 shadow, he proposed to sanctify the whole re- 
 mainder of the year, that no further business 
 might be transacted in it. Yells drowned his 
 voice. The mob rushed upon the steps ; Bibu- 
 lus was thrown down, and the rods of the lie- 
 tors were broken ; the tribunes who had betray- 
 ed their order were beaten. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch, 13. 
 
 3857. OCCUPATION, Changes in. Peter Coo- 
 per, At first blush, this frequent change of busi- 
 ness would seem to indicate instability of pur- 
 
OCEAN— OFFICE. 
 
 455 
 
 pose. He was thirty-three years old when he 
 bought the glue factor}^ and had been in busi- 
 ness for himself nine years, changing from car- 
 riage-maker to woollen-carder, and from wool- 
 len-carder to inventor, then becoming a cabinet- 
 maker, only to continue the business one year, 
 when he sold out to open a grocery store, con- 
 tinuing it only twelve months, and finally sold 
 out this business to carry on a glue factory. 
 Six changes in nine j^ears have very seldom made 
 anybody rich, but the proof of his wisdom was 
 evident enough, for every moveftient was for the 
 better. He had been steadily increasing his ac- 
 cumulations. This last change was to be per- 
 manent. — Lester's Life of Peter Cooper, 
 p. 16. 
 
 3§5§. OCEAN God's Barrier, The. A Saracen. 
 [In the conquest of Africa they reached the 
 .Atlantic] The career, though not the zeal, of 
 Akbah was checked by the prospect of a bound- 
 less ocean. He spurred his horse into the waves, 
 ;:and raising his eyes to heaven, exclaimed, with 
 the tone of a fanatic, " Great God ! if my course 
 -were not stopped by this sea, I would stiU go on, 
 "to the unknown kingdoms of the "West, preach- 
 :lng the unity of thy holy name, and putting to 
 the sword the rebellious nations who worship 
 .any other gods than Thee." Yet this Moham- 
 medan Alexander, who sighed for new worlds, 
 "was unable to preserve his recent conquests. — 
 XJibbon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 242. 
 
 3S59. OCEAN, Enchanted hy the. Alexander. 
 At last Alexander, after having spent full nine 
 ■months in coming down the rivers, arrived at 
 the ocean, where, gazing with the utmost eager- 
 mess upon that vast expanse of waters, he imag- 
 ined that this sight, worthy of so great a con- 
 queror as himself, greatly overpaid all the toils 
 be had undergone, and the many thousand men 
 be had lost to arrive at it. He then offered sac- 
 :riflces to the gods, and particularly to Neptune ; 
 threw into the sea the bulls he had slaughtered, 
 :and a great number of golden cups. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 15, § 16. 
 
 3§60. ODIUM, Accidental. Uarl of Strafford. 
 ^Encouraged by these experiments of their pow- 
 er [in reforming legislative abuses], a heavier 
 blow was yet meditated against the sovereign 
 [Charles I.] in the impeachment of his favorite 
 minister. . . . By a concurrence of accidents 
 ibis nobleman labored under the odium of all 
 "the three nations of the British empire. The 
 •Scots regarded him as the adviser of all the 
 measures obnoxious to that country ; the Irish, 
 whom he had governed as lord lieutenant, had 
 Jound him extremely arbitrary ; and with the 
 English, at least the Parliamentary leaders, it 
 "Tvas sufficient cause of hatred that, having begun 
 Dublic life as an asserter of popular claims, he 
 . jiad in maturer age become the chief friend and 
 r .counsellor of the king. — Tytler's Hist., 
 |, Book 6, ch. 29, p. 402. 
 
 3§61. ODIUM braved. John Adams. One of the 
 
 lost honorable actions of his life was defending 
 
 le British soldiers who participated in what is 
 
 iUed the "Boston Massacre." An altercation 
 
 iving arisen between the soldiers and some of 
 
 le town's people, it ended in the soldiers firing 
 
 ipon the crowd, as they alleged, in self-defence. 
 
 "^ sing put upon their trial for murder, John Ad- 
 
 is braved the obloquy of defending them. It 
 
 was honorable to the people of Boston that they 
 should have recognized the right of those sol- 
 diers, odious as they were, to a fair trial, and re- 
 spected the motives of their favorite in volun- 
 teering to defend them. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 176. 
 
 3§62. ODORS cleansed. Scotch. Perhaps the 
 most curious item memorializing the famous con- 
 flict is in the [Worcester] corporation records, 
 with reference to the poor Scotch soldiers : 
 "Paid for pitch and rosin to perfume the Hall 
 after the Scots, two shillings." Indeed, that 
 fine old Hall needed perfuming and cleansing, 
 for it was drenched with blood, but rather the 
 blood of the English than the Scotch ; for it was 
 within its walls that the English Cavaliers made 
 a last and desperate resistance, and they were all 
 cut to pieces or made prisoners. This was the 
 last and great decisive conflict ; the defeat of 
 Worcester settled the royal cause [of Charles I.], 
 and doomed it, with its chief and his adherents, 
 to banishment, until the strong victor who had 
 scattered the royal rabble at Worcester should 
 himself be conquered by death. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 13, p. 168. 
 
 3S63. ODOBS, Dangerous. Smell of Camels. 
 The Arabs disdained the naked bravery of their 
 ancestors. Instead of wagons, they were attend 
 ed by a long train of camels, mules, and asses ; 
 the multitude of these animals, whom they be 
 decked with flags and streamers, appeared to 
 swell the pomp and magnitude of their host ; and 
 the horses of the enemy were often disordered by 
 the uncouth figure and odious smell of the cam- 
 els of the East. Invincible by their patience of 
 thirst and heat, their spirits were frozen by a 
 winter's cold, and the consciousness of their pro- 
 pensity to sleep exacted the most rigorous pre- 
 cautions against the surprises of the night. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 370. 
 
 3§64. OFFICE, Annoyance in. Romans. Pom- 
 pey did not think it beneath him to appear at the 
 levee of Cicero. The custom was to wait in the 
 vestibule or ante-chamber till the great man 
 made his appearance ; to pay him some compli- 
 ment, couched either in wishes for his health or 
 panegyric on his talents, or congratulation on 
 any promotion which might have occurred, and 
 afterward to accompany him — either walking in 
 his train, or attending by the side of his litter — 
 to the senate- house or to the forum, and thence 
 to reconduct him home. The lower ranks and 
 the more servile and parasitical courtierg, who 
 had many such visits to pay, must have necessa- 
 rily begun very early in the morning. Juvenal 
 humorously describes them as setting out by star- 
 light, and does not even give them time to tie 
 their garters. These visits Pliny calls ante-lvca- 
 na officia. They were sometimes so troublesome 
 to the great man to whom they were paid, that 
 it was not unusual for him to go out by a back 
 door, and so give his visitors the slip. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 4, p. 444. 
 
 3§05. OFFICE, Appointment to. By James II. 
 He now proclaimed that he had only been too 
 gracious when he had condescended to ask the 
 assent of the Scottish estates to his wishes. 
 There was a Scottish Act of Supremacy which 
 gave to the sovereign such a control over the 
 Church as might have satisfied Henry VIII. Ac- 
 cordingly, papists were admitted in crowds to 
 
456 
 
 OFFICE. 
 
 offices and honors. The Bishop of Dunkeld, 
 who, as a lord of Parliament, had opposed the 
 government, was arbitrarily ejected from his see, 
 and a successor was appointed. Queensberry 
 was stripped of all his employments, and was or- 
 dered to remain at Edinburgh till the accounts 
 of the treasury during his administration had 
 been examined and approved. As the represen- 
 tatives of the towns had been found the most 
 unmanageable part of the Parliament, it was de- 
 termined to make a revolution in every burgh 
 throughout the kingdom. A similar change had 
 recently been effected in England by judicial 
 sentences, but in Scotland a simple mandate of 
 the prince was thought sufficient. All elections 
 of magistrates and of town councils were pro- 
 hibited, and the king assumed to himself the 
 right of filling up the chief municipal offices. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., oh. 6, p. 116. 
 
 3566. OFFICE, Changes in. Turks. In the 
 Ottoman Empire ... it is esteemed a rule of 
 excellent policy to make frequent changes in 
 these offices. Removal, therefore, is often prac- 
 tised without cause of discontent ; but as this ar- 
 bitrary change might convert a friend into a dan- 
 gerous enemy, there is most commonly a suffi- 
 cient cause alleged for sending the degraded of- 
 ficer a bowstring along with the order for his 
 dismission. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 13, 
 p. 213. 
 
 3567. OFFICE, Conditions for. Beign of James 
 II. The president of the college [Magdalene] 
 died. One of the fellows. Doctor Thomas Smith, 
 popularly nicknamed Rabbi Smith, a distinguish- 
 ed traveller, book-collector, antiquary, and Ori- 
 entalist, . . . aspired to the vacant post. . . . He 
 had long been intimately acquainted with Par- 
 ker, Bishop of Oxford, and hoped to obtain by 
 the interest of that prelate a royal letter to the 
 college. Parker promised to do his best, but soon 
 reported that he had found dilficulties. 'The 
 king," he said, " will recommend no person who 
 is not a friend to his Majesty's religion. What 
 can you do to pleasure him as to that matf-^r ?" 
 Smith answered that, if he became president he 
 would exert himself to promote learning, true 
 Christianity, and loyalty. " That will not do," 
 said the bishop. "If so," said Smith, man- 
 fully, ' ' let who will be president ; I can prom- 
 ise nothing more." — Macaulay's Enq., ch. 8, 
 p. 266. 
 
 3§6S. OFFICE decUned. Boyalty. At length 
 Cromwell, with much reluctance, was obliged to 
 refuse that dignity which he most anxiously de- 
 sired, and had taken such uncommon measures 
 to attain. To console him for his mortifying dis- 
 appointment, the Parliament confirmed his title 
 of Protector, to which they added a perpetual 
 revenue, and the right of appointing his success- 
 or. They gave him authority likewise to name 
 a house of peers, and he issued writs to sixty 
 members, among whom were five or six of the 
 old nobility, some gentlemen of family and fort- 
 une, and the rest officers who had risen from 
 the meanest professions. But none of the old no- 
 bility would deign to accept of a seat in this mot- 
 ley assembly ; and by naming so many of his 
 friends to sit in the upper house, the Protector 
 found he had lost the majority in the House of 
 Commons, which now began to dispute and op- 
 pose all his measures. Enraged at his disap- 
 
 pointment, he hastily dissolved this Parliament, 
 as he had done several of the preceding. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 417. 
 
 3869. OFFICE, Dislike for. Amurath II. the 
 Turk. The sultan, Amurath II , was a princa 
 of a singular character. No man was better qual- 
 ified to increase the grandeur of his empire, and 
 no one was so fond of a life of quiet and retire- 
 ment. He twice resigned the crown, and was 
 twice prevailed on by his bashaws and janizaries 
 to resume it. \ most solemn treaty had been 
 concluded, in the year 1444, between him and 
 Ladislaus, King of Poland ; and on the faith of 
 this treaty, which gave peace to his dominions, 
 Amurath had devoted his days to retirement and 
 the study of philosophy, leaving the government 
 in the hands of his son Mahomet. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, p. 209. 
 
 3§70. OFFICE, Embarrassments in. Abraham 
 lincoln. No one of his predecessors, not even 
 Washington, encountered difficulties of equal 
 magnitude, or was called to perform duties of 
 equal responsibility. He was first elected by a 
 minority of the popular vote, and his election wa» 
 regarded by a majority of the people as the imme- 
 diate occasion, if not the cause, of civil war ; yet 
 upon him devolved the necessity of carrying on 
 that war, and of combining and wielding the en- 
 ergies of the nation for its successful prosecu- 
 tion. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 21, p. 715. 
 
 3§ri. OFFICE by Favoritism. Duke of Buck- 
 ingham. The demerits and defects of Bucking- 
 ham, now especially, became daily more obvious, 
 and roused in the minds of all noble Englishmen 
 growing indignation. We have already spoken 
 of the ascent of this man to power — it is unlike 
 anything in our history : he simply had the grace- 
 and beauty of a woman, without a woman's pre- 
 science and tact. He delighted in dependents^ 
 and suitors, never got beyond the court, and 
 could not understand the people. He could not 
 comprehend that the reign of favorites was pass- 
 ed, and the reign of statesmen begun ; and that, 
 as Eliot says, " the old genius of the kingdom is- 
 reawakening." Having very little of the states- 
 man himself, he seems to have looked with cov- 
 etous eye and hand on the gains of the bucca- 
 neer, while utterly unpossessed of the buccaneer's 
 grasp and strength. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, 
 p. 61. 
 
 3§72. OFFICE, Honorary. John Howard. In 
 the year 1773 John Howard was appointed high 
 sheriff of the county of Bedfordshire, in which 
 he resided. In England the sheriffs are appoint- 
 ed by the king, and he usually selects one of the 
 leading gentlemen or noblemen of the county, 
 who holds the office one year. The disagreeable 
 duties of the place are performed by under-sher- 
 iffs. Twice a year the high sheriff, clad in showy 
 robes of his office, rode out of town in his car- 
 riage, and escorted to the town-hall, amid the 
 pealing of bells, the judges who came to hold the 
 semi-annual court ; and in the evening he gave 
 a ball, which was attended by the judges, the 
 lawyers, and the principal families of the coun- 
 ty. He aiso occasionally entertained at dinner 
 tiie gentlemen of the neighborhood ; and these 
 were all the duties which custom and public 
 opinion demanded of the high sheriff. As he 
 received no salary, and the office involved con- 
 siderable expensci it was never bestowed except 
 
OFFICE. 
 
 457 
 
 upon a man of wealth. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 41. 
 
 3§73. OFFICE honored. Emperor Trajan. 
 Trajan himself, amid the duties of sovereignty, 
 enjoyed the greatest happiness which could be- 
 long to a private station. He walked through 
 the streets of Rome, without guard or attendant, 
 as a private individual, more secure in the love 
 and affection of his subjects than in the strength 
 Df an imperial retinue. He lived with his friends 
 on terms of the most familiar intercourse ; he 
 shared in all their amusements ; and there was 
 between them an interchange of every kind and 
 affectionate duty. Such was the virtuous and 
 venerable Trajan, whose character so justly mer- 
 ited the surname universally given him, Traja- 
 nus Optimus. He died at the age of sixty-three, 
 after a reign of nineteen years, a period during 
 which Rome may be said to have been truly hap- 
 py. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 496. 
 
 3§74. OFFICE, Love of. Reign of James 11. 
 To the applause of the sincere friends of the 
 Established Church [late lord treasurer] Roch- 
 ester had, indeed, very slender claims. To 
 save his place, he had sat in that tribunal which 
 had been illegally created for the purpose of per- 
 secuting her. To save his place, he had given a 
 dishonest vote for degrading one of her most em- 
 inent ministers, had affected to doubt her ortho- 
 doxy, had listened mth the outward show of do- 
 cility to teachers who called her schismatical and 
 heretical, and had offered to co-operate strenu- 
 ously with her deadliest enemies in their designs 
 against her. The highest praise to which he was 
 entitled was this, that he had shrunk from the 
 exceeding wickedness and baseness of publicly 
 abjuring, for lucre, the religion in which he had 
 been brought up, which he believed to be true, 
 and of which he had long made an ostentatious 
 profession. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 144. 
 
 3§75. . Reign of James II. [Being 
 
 illegally appointed by the king on the Board of 
 High Commissions] Rochester, disapproving and 
 murmuring, consented to serve. Much as he 
 had to endure at court, he could not bear to quit 
 it. Much as he loved the Church, he could not 
 bring himself to sacrifice for her sake his white 
 staff, his patronage, his salary of £8000 a year, 
 and the far larger indirect emoluments of his of- 
 fice. He excused his conduct to others, and per- 
 haps to himself, by pleading that, as a commis- 
 sioner, he might be able to prevent much evil, 
 and that, if he refused to act, some person less at- 
 tached to i^e Protestant religion would be found 
 to replace him. . . . The king offered Rochester 
 a simple choice, to pronounce the bishop [Comp- 
 ton] guilty, or to quit the treasury. Rochester 
 was base enough to yield. — Macaulay's Eng.,' 
 
 |tch. 6, p. 89. 
 
 IB^ 3876. OFFICE purchased. Emperor Claudius. 
 
 1^^^ the time when Caligula was put to death, 
 
 mpiaudius, his uncle, and the brother of German- 
 r. icus, a man whose weak and childish disposition 
 had never cherished an ambitious thought, had 
 concealed himself in a corner of the palace for 
 fear of assassination. A soldier accidentally dis- 
 covering his retreat, saluted him emperor. While 
 Claudius was tremblingly begging his life to be 
 spared, some others coming up, they put him in 
 a litter and carried him to the camp of the prae- 
 torian guards. There, as yet afraid, and uncer- 
 
 tain of his fate, he promised to each of the sol- 
 diers a large gratification, and received in return, 
 their oaths of allegiance. The people approved 
 the choice, and the Senate was obliged to confirm 
 it. Thus was the empire bought for the first time 
 — a practice which we shall see become in future 
 extremely common. Claudius at the age of fifty 
 was still a child ; his countenance was that of aiL 
 idiot, and his mind, naturally weak, had never 
 received the smallest tincture of education. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 484. 
 
 3§77. . Sylla. He got himself elect- 
 ed praetor, partly by his assiduities, and partly 
 by his money. While he bore that ofllce, he hap- 
 pened to be provoked at Caesar, and said to him, 
 angrily, " I will use my authority against you." 
 Caesar answered, laughing, "You do well to 
 call it yours, for you bought, it." — Plutarch's. 
 Sylla. 
 
 387§, OFFICE, Qualifications for. Roman. Ac- 
 cording to the laws of Rome, her first magistrate 
 was required to be a doctor of laws, an alien, of 
 a place at least forty miles from the city, with 
 whose inhabitants he must not be connected in. 
 the third canonical degree of blood or alliance. 
 The election was annual ; a severe scrutiny was 
 instituted into the conduct of the departing sen- 
 ator ; nor could he be recalled to the same office 
 till after the expiration of two years. A liberal 
 salary of 3000 florins was assigned for his expense 
 and reward ; and his public appearance repre- 
 sented the majesty of the republic. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 70, p. 605. 
 
 3879. OFFICE, Eesignation of. Shameful. 
 Vitellius, within a few months of his succession,, 
 saw himself reduced to the alternative of resign- 
 ing the empire, or of dying like his predecessor. 
 He chose the former, and immediately concluded 
 a shameful treaty with Sabinus, the brother of 
 Vespasian, then prefect of Rome, by which he 
 saved his life, obtaining, in return for his resig- 
 nation of the empire, the liberty of retiring to 
 Campania, with a considerable yearly pension. 
 This treaty the dastardly emperor read himself 
 to the people, crying all the while like a child. 
 He then submissively prepared to strip himself 
 of all the ensigns of authority. The spirit of the 
 citizens was roused at this self-degradation. 
 They compelled him to return to his palace, and 
 attacked the party of Sabinus, who retired to the 
 Capitol. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 491.. 
 
 3880. . Farcical. After having es- 
 tablished an appearance of order in the several 
 departments of the State, Augustus, to complete 
 the farce, aflected a wish to abdicate his author- 
 ity, and return to the rank of a private citizen ; 
 but this was a piece of gross affectation. He con- 
 sulted Mecaenas, however, and Marcus Agrippa, 
 whether he ought to follow his inclination. . . 
 This seeming moderation, however, increased 
 the popularity of Augustus, and even paved the 
 way for an extension of his power. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 477. 
 
 3881. . Policy. In the seventh year 
 
 of his consulate Augustus again pretended a de- 
 sire to abdicate, and he actually informed the 
 Senate that he had resigned all authority ; but he 
 was now secure of the consequences of this avow- 
 al. From those mercenary voices which had, 
 no doubt, been behind the scenes, well trained to 
 
458 
 
 OFFICE. 
 
 this hypocritical farce, there was now one uni- 
 versal cry of supplication, entreating him not to 
 abandon that republic which he had preserved 
 from destruction, and whose existence depended 
 on his paternal care. " Since it must be so," said 
 lie, " I accept the empire for ten years, unless the 
 public peace and tranquillity shall permit me be- 
 fore that time to seek that ease and retirement 
 which I so passionately desire." . . , The tenth 
 year, the period which he had appointed for lay- 
 ing down his authority, had now arrived. He 
 accordingly did so, and at the earnest entreaty 
 of the people again resumed it ; and so fond does 
 he appear to have been of this solemn farce, that 
 five times in the course of his government he 
 amused the nation with this empty pageantry 
 of their pretended power. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 1, p. 479. 
 
 3882. . Sylla. Sylla took another 
 
 step which excited universal surprise — he re- 
 signed the dictatorship. The r_ian who had de- 
 stroyed above 100,000 of his fellow-citizens — 
 Tvho, in the course of his proscriptions, had put 
 to death about 90 senators and above 2600 Roman 
 knights — had courage to resign the absolute au- 
 thority he had acquired, to become a private cit- 
 izen, and to offer to give an account to the pub- 
 lic of his conduct. But he had gained partisans to 
 liis interest more powerful, if not so numerous 
 s& his enemies ; . , . and, above all, he was the idol 
 of the army, who had all along profited by his 
 .measures and gained by his indulgence ; he had 
 ^iven freedom to 10,000 slaves, and had gratified 
 by rewards all his partisans. These were his 
 guardians, and enabled him to walk with the se- 
 curity of an innocent man in that city which 
 Tie had deluged with blood. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 4, ch. 1, p. 79. 
 
 3883. OFFICE, Rich Men for. Carthaginians, 
 Aristotle has noted two circumstances as defects 
 in the constitution of this republic : the one, that 
 it was lawful for the same individual to exercise 
 different ofiices of state at the same time ; the 
 ■other, that the poor were excluded from holding 
 all offices of importance in the commonwealth. 
 But the former of these may be found expedient 
 and even necessary in the best-regulated govern- 
 ments, and the latter appears to be agreeable to 
 the soundest policy ; for in offices of high trust 
 poverty might often prove too powerful an in- 
 citement to a deviation from duty. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 3, ch. 8, p. 358. 
 
 3884. OFFICE, Rotation in. TTiebam. CEdi- 
 pus had two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, to 
 Tvhom jointly he bequeathed the sovereignty of 
 Thebes. Instead of dividing the kingdom, they 
 agreed to govern it year after year alternately. 
 Eteocles, at the expiration of his term, refus- 
 ing to sign, Polynices solicited the aid of Adras- 
 tus, king of Argus, who espoused his cause, 
 engaged several of the princes of Greece to as- 
 ,sist him, and marched against the Thebans with 
 a powerful army. They retreated before the en- 
 emy, and betook themselves to their city, which 
 Adrastus immediately took measures for assail- 
 ing. This is the first siege mentioned in Gre- 
 cian history. . . , Thebes, after a long siege, gave 
 -no hopes of surrender ; both parties became 
 tiredof the war, and it was at length agreed to 
 terminate it by a single combat between the rival 
 .brotliers, Eteocles and Polynices— au issu« for 
 
 the quarrels of sovereign princes which the hu- 
 mane reader of history will often find reason to 
 wish had been more frequently resorted to. 
 The brothers fought under the walls of Thebes, 
 and were both killed. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 8, p. 75. 
 
 3885. . Bite Deeper. [Cromwell 
 
 said :] New statesmen, like fresh flies, bite deep- 
 er than those which were chased away before 
 them. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 20, p. 324. 
 
 3886. OFFICE, Sale of. Pnsoiv-Warden. The 
 warden of the Fleet [odo of the London prisons 
 for debtors] enjoyed a patent office, to be pur- 
 chased by a large payment to some minister of the 
 crown. John Hugginsgave £5000 to Lord Claren- 
 don for his patent. [It was made profitable by the 
 fees paid. Huggins sold his patent to others,} 
 who made £811 4s. per annum for lodging the 
 prisoners ; by the commitment and dismission 
 fees, £766 18s. M.; by liberty of rules, £1500 ; 
 by chaplains' fees, which they farmed out upon 
 a small payment to the chaplain, £813 16s.; by 
 rents of various premises, £740, making a total 
 of £4633 18s. M. per annum- — Knight's Eng. , 
 vol. 6, ch. 4, p. 64. 
 
 3887. OFFICE, Seekers for. Abraham Lincoln. 
 When the South was threatening civil war, and 
 armies of officer-seekers were besieging him in 
 the Executive Mansion, he said ... he wished 
 he could get time to attend to the Southern ques- 
 tion ; . . but the office-seekers demanded all his 
 time. " I am," said he, "like a man so busy in 
 letting rooms in one end of his house, that he 
 can't stop to put out the fire that is burning iu 
 the other." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 720. 
 
 3888» . Abraham Lincoln. A new 
 
 levy of troops required . . . the appointment of 
 a large additional number of brigadier- and ma- 
 jor-generals. Among the immense number of 
 applications, Mr. Lincoln came upon one wherein 
 the claims of a certain worthy (not in the service 
 at all) " for a generalship " were set forth. But 
 the applicant did not specify whether he wanted 
 to be brigadier- or major-general. . . . The clerk, 
 on receiving the paper again, found written 
 across its back, "Major-general, I reckon. Abra- 
 ham Lincoln." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 749, 
 
 3889. OFFICE, Selection for. Grecian Empire. 
 His principal officers having held a council upon 
 his [Alexander's] death, it was agreed that the 
 crown should be conferred on Aridaeus, who 
 took the name of Philip ; and it was resolved that 
 the child of Roxana, if a son, should share the 
 empire with him. She was soon after delivered 
 of a son, who was named Alexander, and whose 
 right was accordingly acknowledged. This set- 
 tlement of the empire jointly upon a weak man 
 and an infant was the result of the jealousy of the 
 principal officers, who could not agree upon the 
 choice of any one of themselves, while eacli 
 thought he had an equal claim with his competi- 
 tors. Those of the most moderate ambition 
 would have been contented with the sovereignty 
 of some of the provinces, while others aimed at 
 an undivided empire. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 4, p. 195. 
 
 3890. OFFICE, Spoils of. Beign of James II. 
 The sumptuous palace to which the populace of 
 London gave the name of Dunkirk House, the 
 stately pavilions, the fish-ponds, the deer-park. 
 
OFFICE. 
 
 459 
 
 ■and the orangery of Euston, the more than Ital- 
 ian hixury of Ham, with its busts, fountains, and 
 aviaries, were among the many signs which indi- 
 cated what was the shortest road to boundless 
 wealth. This is the true explanation of the un- 
 scrupulous violence with which the statesmen of 
 that day struggled for office, of the tenacity with 
 which, in spite of vexations, humiliations, and 
 dangers, they clung to it, and of the scandalous 
 compliances to which they stooped in order to re- 
 tain it. — Macaulay'sEng., ch. 3, p. 289. 
 
 3§91. OFFICE, Terror in. Emperor Augustus. 
 With this daily augmentation of power, he was 
 not without continual alarms for his personal 
 safety. He was naturally timid, and the fate of 
 Caesar was ever before him. For a considerable 
 time he never went to the senate-house without a 
 suit of armor under his robe ; he carried a dagger 
 in his girdle, and was always surrounded by ten 
 of the bravest of the senators, on whose attach- 
 ment he could thoroughly depend. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 477. 
 
 3S92. OFFICE unconditioned. William of Or- 
 ange. [A convention of the houses of Parlia- 
 ment were discussing the question of claimant 
 ■of the vacant throne.] He had hitherto, he said, 
 remained silent ; he had used neither solicitation 
 nor menace ; he had not even suffered a hint of 
 his opinions or wishes to get abroad ; but a crisis 
 Iiad now arrived at which it was necessary for 
 him to declare his intentions. He had no right 
 and no wish to dictate to the convention. All that 
 he claimed for himself was the privilege of declin- 
 ing any office which he felt that he could not hold 
 with honor to himself and with benefit to the pub- 
 lic. ... A strong party was for a regency. . . . 
 Another party was for placing the princess [his 
 wife, the daughter of King James II.] on the 
 throne, and for giving to him, during her life, 
 the title of king, and such a share in the admin- 
 istration as she might be pleased to allow him. 
 He could not stoop to such a post. He esteemed 
 the princess as much as it was possible for man 
 to esteem woman ; but not even from her would 
 he accept a subordinate and a precarious place in 
 the government. He was so made that he could 
 not submit to be tied to the apron-strings even of 
 the best of wives. He did not desire to take any 
 part in English affairs ; but if he did consent to 
 take a part, there was one part only which he 
 could usefully or honorably take. If the estates 
 offered him the crown for life, he would ac- 
 cept it. If not, he should, without repining, re- 
 turn to his native country. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 10, p. 597. 
 
 3§93. OFFICE undesired. Cromwell. The 
 following is a very characteristic letter to his son- 
 in-law, and seems to admit us, in a very clear 
 manner, into the mind of the Protector on this 
 subject: "Whitehall, 22d June, 1655. To the 
 Lord Fleetwood, Lord-Deputy of Ireland : Dear 
 Charles — I write not often ; at once I desire thee 
 to know I most dearly love thee ; and, indeed, 
 rny heart is plain to thee, as thy heart can well de- 
 sire. . . . It's reported that you are to be sent 
 for, and Harrj^ to be deputy ; which, truly, 
 never entered into my heart. The Lord knows 
 my desire was for him and his brother to have 
 lived private lives in the country ; and Harry 
 knows this very well, and how difficultly I was 
 I)€rsuaded to give him his commission for his 
 
 present place. This I say as from a simple and 
 sincere heart. The noise of my being crowned, 
 etc., are similar malicious figments." — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 15, p. 188. 
 
 3S94. OFFICE, Unfitted for. John Adams. 
 Appointed to go abroad as one of the ambassa- 
 dors representing the infant nation at Paris ; but 
 never was there a man less at home in a court, 
 or less adapted by nature for a diplomatist. He 
 neither understood nor respected the people 
 among whom he lived, and whom he was re- 
 quired to gratify and conciliate. At the same 
 time he was curiously destitute of all that we call 
 tact, while he was possessed with a vanity the 
 most egregious that ever blinded a man of real 
 worth and ability. He offended the French 
 ministry ; he perplexed Dr. Franklin, who was 
 one of the greatest diplomatists that ever lived, 
 as well as one of the most honest and simple ; he 
 excited the ridicule of French people. In a word, 
 he was out of place in France, and rendered his 
 country little service there and less honor. — Cy- 
 clopedia OP Bigg., p. 177. 
 
 3§95. OFFICE, Unmerited. Naml. In 1666 
 John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave, at seventeen 
 years of age, volunteered to serve at sea against 
 the Dutch. He passed six weeks on board, 
 diverting himself, as well as he could, in the 
 society of some young libertines of rank, and then 
 returned home to take the command of a troop of 
 horse. After this he was never on the water till 
 the year 1672, when he again joined the fleet, and 
 was almost immediately appointed captain of a 
 ship of eighty-four guns, reputed the finest in the 
 navy. He was then twenty-three years old, and 
 had not, in the whole course of his life, been three 
 months afloat. As soon as he came back from 
 sea he was made colonel of a regiment of foot. 
 This is a specimen of the manner in which naval 
 commands of the highest importance were then 
 given, and a favorable specimen ; for Mulgrave, 
 though he wanted experience, wanted neither 
 parts nor courage. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 281. 
 
 3§96. . Greek Emperor. [While 
 
 monarch of the Eastern empire] Isaac [ Angelus] 
 slept on the throne, and was awakened only by 
 the sound of pleasure ; his vacant hours were 
 amused by comedians and buffoons, and even to 
 these buffoons the emperor was an object of con- 
 tempt ; his feasts and buildings exceeded the ex- 
 amples of royal luxury ; the number of his 
 eimuchs and domestics amounted to twenty thou- 
 sand ; and a daily sum of four thousand pounds 
 of silver would swell to four millions sterling, the 
 annual expense of his household and table. His 
 poverty was relieved by oppression ; and the pub- 
 lic discontent was inflamed by equal abuses in the 
 collection and the application of the revenue. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 60, p. 56. 
 
 3§97. OFFICE, Unsought. Abubeker. After 
 a reign of two years the aged caliph was sum- 
 moned by the angel of death. In his testament, 
 with the tacit approbation of his companions, he 
 bequeathed the sceptre to the firm and intrepid 
 virtue of Omar. " I have no occasion," said the 
 modest candidate, "for the place." "But the 
 place has occasion for you," replied Abubeker, 
 who expired with a fervent prayer that the God 
 of Mahomet would ratify his choice, and direct 
 
f60 
 
 OFFICER— OMENS. 
 
 the Mussulmans in the way of concord and obedi- 
 ence. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 154. 
 
 3§9S. OFFICER detested, An. Lord Claren- 
 don. When the Dutch fleet was in the Thames, 
 it was against the chancellor that the rage of 
 the populace was chiefly directed. His windows 
 were broken, the trees of his garden cut down,and 
 a gibbet set up before his door. But nowhere 
 was he more detested than in the House of Com- 
 mons. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 183. 
 
 3§99. OFFICER dishonored. Lord Glarendon. 
 [His predecessor, Tyrconnel, had more influ- 
 ence with the government than the incumbent 
 of the office. The lord-lieutenant of Ireland] 
 found himself a subordinate member of that 
 administration of which he had expected to be 
 the head. He complained that whatever he did 
 was misrepresented by his detractors, and that 
 the gravest resolutions touching the country 
 which he governed were adopted at Westmin- 
 ster, made known to the public, discussed at cof- 
 fee-houses, communicated in hundreds of pri- 
 vate letters some weeks before one hint had 
 been given to the lord-lieutenant. His own per- 
 sonal dignity, he said, mattered little ; but it 
 was no light thing that the representative of the 
 majesty of the throne should be made an object 
 of contempt to the people. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 ch. 6, p. 129. 
 
 3900. OFFICER, Treacherous. Agaimt Co- 
 lumbus. To insure regularity and despatch in 
 the affairs relative to the new world, they were 
 placed under the superintendence of Juan Rod- 
 riguez de Fonseca, archdeacon of Seville, who 
 was. . . finally appointed patriarch of the Indies. 
 , . . Enjoying the perpetual though unmerit- 
 ed favor of the sovereigns, he maintained the 
 control of Indian affairs for about thirty years. 
 He must undoubtedly have possessed talents for 
 business, to insure him such a perpetuity of 
 office ; but he was malignant and vindictive ; 
 and in the gratification of his private resentments 
 not only heaped wrongs and sorrows upon the 
 most illustrious of the early discoverers, but fre- 
 quently impeded the progress of their enter- 
 prises, to the great detriment of the crown. This 
 he was enabled to do privately and securely by 
 his official situation. . , . He deserves to be 
 held up as a warning example of those perfidi- 
 ous beings in office who too often lie like worms 
 at the root of honorable enterprise, blighting, 
 by their unseen influence, the fruits of glorious 
 action, and disappointing the hopes of nations. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 8. 
 
 3901. OFFICERS, Surplus of. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. Some gentlemen were once finding fault 
 with the President because certain generals were 
 not given commands. "The fact is," replied 
 Mr. Lincoln, " I have got more pegs than I 
 have Twles to put them in." — Raymond's Lin- 
 SOLN, p. 749. 
 
 3902. OFFICIALS, Contemptible. Bntis7i Col- 
 onies. [The Duke of Newcastle, minister of 
 British America for twenty-four years,] would 
 gratify his connections in the aristocratic fami- 
 lies of England by intrusting the royal preroga- 
 tive to men of broken fortunes, dissolute and 
 ignorant, too vile to be employed near home, 
 so that America became the hospital of Great 
 Britain for its decayed members of Parliament 
 
 and abandoned courtiers. Of such officers the 
 conduct was sure to provoke jealous distrust and 
 to justify perpetual opposition. — Bancroft's. 
 U. S., vol. 4, ch. 1. 
 
 3903. OFFICIALS, Superlative. Constantine's. 
 A thousand barbers, a thousand cup-bearers, a 
 thousand cooks, were distributed in the several 
 offices of luxury ; and the number of eunuchs 
 could be compared only with the insects of a 
 summer's day. The monarch who resigned to 
 his subjects the superiority of merit and virtue 
 was distinguished by the oppressive magnifi- 
 cence of his dress, his table, his buildings, and 
 his train. The stately palaces erected by Con- 
 stantine and his sons were decorated with many 
 colored marbles and ornaments of massy gold. 
 The most exquisite dainties were procured to 
 gratify their pride, rather than their taste ; birds 
 of the most dis*^^ant climates, fish from the most 
 remote seas, fruits out of their natural season, 
 winter roses, and summer snows. The domestic 
 crowd of the palace surpassed the expense of the 
 legions ; yet the smallest part of this costly mul- 
 titude was subservient to the use, or even to the 
 splendor, of the throne. The monarch was dis- 
 graced and the people was injured by the crea- 
 tion and sale of an infinite number of obscure 
 and even titular employments ; and the most 
 worthless of mankind might purchase the priv- 
 ilege of being maintained, without the necessity 
 of labor, from the public revenue. The waste 
 of an enormous household, the increase of fee* 
 and perquisites, which were soon claimed as a 
 lawful debt, and the bribes which they extorted 
 from those who feared their enmity, or solicited 
 their favor, suddenly enriched these haughty 
 menials. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 22, p. 396. 
 
 3904. OFFICIOUSNESS, Offensive. Beign of 
 Charles I. [The Earl of Strafford's] attacks- 
 upon the illegalities of the last two years were 
 as brave as before : the state of maritime affairs 
 — the suspension and violation of statutes. With 
 much condemnation, however, a vote of five 
 subsidies was gi-anted to the king ; but the time 
 when the collection was to be made or the bill 
 introduced was not mentioned. The House 
 immovably resolved that both were to depend 
 on the good faith of the king. It was the great- 
 est grant ever made in Parliament. The secre- 
 tary, on behalf of the king, proceeded to thank 
 the House, but coupled thanks of Buckingham 
 [himself] with thanks of the king. Sir John 
 Eliot leaped up, and taxed Mr. Secretary with 
 intermingling a subject's speech with the king'a 
 message : " In that House they knew of no- 
 other distinction but that of king and subjects." 
 Whereupon many of the House made exclama- 
 tion, " Well spoken, Sir John Eliot!" — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 8, p. 72. 
 
 3905. OMENS, Ancient. Bomans. Li vy says: 
 " At Falerium the sky was seen to open, and in 
 the void space a great light appeared. The lots 
 at Praeneste shrunk of their own accord, and 
 one of them dropped down, whereon was writ- 
 ten, 'Mars brandisheth his sword.'" These lots 
 were bits of oak, handsomely wrought, with 
 some ancient characters inscribed upon them. 
 When any came to consult them, the coffer in. 
 which they were kept was opened, and a child, 
 having first shaken them together, drew out one 
 from the rest, which contained the answer to 
 
OMENS— OPINION. 
 
 461 
 
 the querist's demand. As to the lots being 
 shrunk, which Livy mentions, and which was 
 ■considered as a bad omen, no doubt the priests 
 had two sets, a smaller and a greater, which 
 they played upon the people's superstition as 
 they pleased. Cicero says they were very little re- 
 garded in his time. — Plutarch's Lites, Lang- 
 iiorne's Note. 
 
 3906. OMENS, Annoyed by. ChaHes I. [When 
 Charles I. was on trial, he was leaning upon his 
 staff, which had a golden head. It broke off on 
 a sudden, and he confessed to the Bishop of 
 London that it made a great impression upon 
 him. He was beheaded.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 7, p. 107. 
 
 3907. OMENS, Presage of. Romans. Now 
 divination we know with some certainty to have 
 been adopted by the Romans from the Etrus- 
 <?ans. Among that people everything was con- 
 strued into a i)resage ; not only the extraordi- 
 nary phenomena of nature, as thunder, lightning, 
 the aurora borealis, or the like, but the most in- 
 signihcant actions or accidents, such as sneezing, 
 meeting with an animal, slipping a foot, or any 
 of the most common occurrences of life. Among 
 an ignorant and rude nation everything is at- 
 tributed to a supernatural agency ; but the Etru- 
 rians were not a rude nation, and therefore we 
 ■can assign this natural propensity only to their 
 love of those national habits which they had de- 
 rived from a remote antiquity. To a supersti- 
 tious people, when presages do not offer of them- 
 selves, it is a very natural step to go and seek 
 them. The sacrifice of victims presented often 
 different appearances, according to the accident- 
 al state of the animal at the time it was killed. 
 The priests employed in the sacrifice, being best 
 acquainted with those appearances, are naturally 
 ■consulted as to their interpretation. Thus they 
 acquire the reputation of superior wisdom 
 and foresight, and the augur and aruspex become 
 an established profession. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 1, p. 289. 
 
 3908. OMENS, Terrorized by. Sailors. [Co- 
 lumbus was on his third voyage in the West 
 Indies.] Great numbers of sharks, so abundant 
 and ravenous in these latitudes, were seen about 
 the ships. This was construed into an evil 
 omen ; for among the superstitions of the seas it 
 is believed that these voracious fish can smell 
 dead bodies at a distance ; that they have a kind 
 of presentiment of their prey, and keep about 
 vessels which have sick persons on board, or 
 which are in danger of being wrecked. Several 
 of these fish they caught, using large hooks 
 fastened to chains, and sometimes baited merely 
 with a piece of colored cloth.— Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 14, ch. 6. 
 
 3909. ONE, Encouragement by. Valerius. So 
 great, indeed, was the slaughter, that . . . each 
 army having a near view of their own loss, and 
 only guessing at that of the enemy, were inclined 
 to think themselves vanquished, rather than vic- 
 torious. When night came on, . , . and both camps 
 were hushed in silence and repose, it is said that 
 the grove shook, and a loud voice proceeding 
 from it declared that tTie Tuscans hadlost one man 
 inore than tlie Romans. The voice was undoubt- 
 edly divine ; for immediately upon that the Ro- 
 mans recovered their spirits, and the field rang 
 
 .with acclamations ; while the Tuscans, struck 
 
 with fear and confusion, deserted their camp, 
 and most of them dispersed. As for those that 
 remained, who were not quite 5000, the Romans 
 took them prisoners, and plundered the camp. 
 When the dead were numbered, there were 
 found on the side of the Tuscans 11,300, and on 
 that of the Romans as many excepting one. — 
 Plutarch' s Publicola. 
 
 3910. ONE, Power of. Christian. "TheSo> 
 ciety for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge" 
 and also " The Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel in Foreign Parts" [were both estab- 
 lished about 1698, mainly by one admirable 
 man. Dr. Thomas Bray]. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 13, p. 206. 
 
 3911. OPINION disguised. Charles IT. 
 [When Charles II. had been defeated at the 
 battle of Worcester and was fleeing toward 
 France, disguised as a serving-man accompanied 
 by his mistress, who rode behind him, the king's 
 horse cast a shoe. " What news ?" said the 
 serving- man to the smith.] " None since the 
 beating of these rogues, the Scots ; didn't hear 
 that rogue Charles Stuart had been taken yet." 
 [Charles thought that rogue ought to be hanged, 
 and the smith applauded him as an honest man 
 for his opinion.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 54, ch. 9, 
 p. 142. 
 
 3912. OPINION, Growth of. American Inde- 
 pendence. [May, 1776] Washington, at New 
 York, freely and repeatedly delivered his opin- 
 ion : "A reconciliation with Great Britain is im- 
 practicable, and would be in the highest degree 
 detrimental to the true interest of America ; 
 when I first took the command of the army I ab- 
 horred the idea of independence ; but I am now 
 fully convinced that nothing else will save us." 
 [Public opinion was affected in the same way. J — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 65. 
 
 3913. OPINION, Popular. Erron£ous. [See 
 No. 6223, Zeal Unrewarded.] The cry of the 
 Vhole nation was that an imposture had been 
 practised. Papists had, during some months, 
 been predicting, from the pulpit and through the 
 press, in prose and verse, in English and Latin, 
 that a Prince of Wales would be given to the 
 prayers of the Church ; and they had now ac- 
 complished their own prophecy. Every witness 
 who could not be corrupted or deceived had been 
 studiously excluded. Anne had been tricked 
 into visiting Bath. The primate had, on the 
 very day preceding that which had been fixed for 
 the villainy, been sent to prison in defiance of 
 the rules of law and of the privileges of peerage. 
 Not a single man or woman who had the small- 
 est interest in detecting the fraud had been suf- 
 fered to be present. The queen had been re- 
 moved suddenly and at the dead of night to Saint 
 James' Palace, because that palace, less com- 
 modious for honest purposes than Whitehall, 
 had some rooms and passages well suited for the 
 purpose of the Jesuits, There, amid a circle of 
 zealots who thought nothing a crime that tended 
 to promote the interests of their church, and of 
 courtiers who thought nothing a crime that tend- 
 ed to enrich and aggrandize themselves, a new- 
 born child had been introduced into the royal 
 bed, and then handed round in triumph as heir 
 of the three kingdoms. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 8, p. 837. 
 
462 
 
 OPINION— OPINIONS. 
 
 3914. . Powerful — Bemting the Brit- 
 ish Taxes. ' ' We will have homespun markets of 
 linens and woollens," passed from mouth to 
 mouth, till it found its way across the Atlantic, 
 and alarmed the king in council ; " the ladies of 
 the first fortune shall set the example of wearing 
 homespun." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 14. 
 
 3915. . Resisted. [The Puritans 
 
 had forbidden the celebration of Christmas in 
 England as a popish institution. See No. 851, 
 Christmas Changed.] On the next anniversary 
 of the festival formidable riots broke out in 
 manj^ places. The constables were resisted, the 
 magistrates insulted, the houses of noted zealots 
 attacked, and the proscribed service of the day 
 openly read in the churches. — Mac aul ay's Eng. , 
 ch. 2, p. 152. 
 
 3916. OPINION, Prejudice of. History. To 
 Southey, Cromwell was hypocritical, always 
 looking out for himself ; he was conscious of a 
 guilty ambition, he knew that he was doing 
 Avrong through the whole process of the struggle. 
 He felt that he was a traitor, he knew that mon- 
 archy, aristocracy, and episcopacy were essential 
 to the well-being of the country ; he overthrew 
 them, and yet he sought in some sense to retain 
 their images, although he had got rid of the 
 things. He committed a great crime, he attained 
 to the possession of sovereign power by means 
 little less guilty than Macbeth ; but he dared not 
 take the crown, and he dared not confer it upon 
 the young Charles Stuart, because he knew the 
 young man would never forgive his father's 
 death, and if he could he would be altogether 
 unworthy to wear his father's crown. What 
 would not Cromwell have given, says Southey, 
 whether he looked to this world or the next, if 
 his hands had been clean of the king's blood ! 
 Such, in brief, was the portrait it pleased Rob- 
 ert Southey to portray ! such was his theory 
 of Cromwell's life. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, 
 p. 11. 
 
 3917. OPINION, Pride of. James II. He 
 then produced a copy of the prince's manifesto. 
 [He was about to invade England.] " See," he 
 said, "how you are mentioned here." "Sir," 
 answered one of the bishops, " not one person in 
 five hundred believes this manifesto to be genu- 
 ine." "No !" cried the king, fiercely; "then 
 those five hundred would bring the Prince of 
 Orange to cut my throat." "God forbid," ex- 
 claimed the prelates, in concert. But the king's 
 understanding, never very clear, was now quite 
 bewildered. One of his peculiarities was that, 
 whenever his opinion was not adopted, he fan- 
 cied that his veracity was questioned. "This 
 paper not genuine !" he exclaimed, turning over 
 the leaves with his hands ; " am I not worthy to 
 be believed ? is my word not to be taken ?" — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 455. 
 
 39 1§. OPINIONS subsidized. Cicero's. [Cse- 
 sar desired to be consul.] Cicero, though present 
 in Rome, had taken no part, arid looked on in 
 despair. The "good" were shocked at Pom- 
 pey's precipitation. They saw that a civil war 
 could end only in a depotism. " I have not met 
 one man," Cicero said, " who does not think it 
 would be better to make concessions to Caesar 
 than to fight him. Why fight now ? Things 
 are no worse than when we gave him his addi- 
 tional five years, or agreed to let him be chosen 
 
 consul in his absence. You wish for my opin- 
 ion. I think we ought to use every means to: 
 escape war. But I must say what Pompey says. 
 I cannot differ from Pompey." — Froude'sC^- 
 SAR, ch. 20. 
 
 3919. OPINIONS, Character in. Cromwell's^ 
 Home. It is given to us to see something of their 
 home during the period of about ten years that 
 Cromwell remained in quietude and seclusion. 
 The spectacle of that home, the interior of it, is 
 verj'^ amusing to Hume and sundry other his- 
 torians ; for it would seem that there was prayer 
 there, and the singing of hymns and spiritual 
 songs, and the reading of Scripture, and com- 
 ments, and even preachings, thereon. All this, 
 to a man of Hume's character, was most laugh- 
 able and inexpressibly comic. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 2, p. 43. 
 
 3920. OPINIONS, Conceited. Jefferson Davis. 
 The rush of men to the battle-field ... in every 
 part of the South was beyond all former exam- 
 ple ; and if the Government had met this mighty 
 movement of the people with a corresponding 
 amplitude of provision and organization, the 
 cause of the South might have been reckoned 
 safe beyond peradventure. Unfortunately Pres- 
 ident Davis was not the man to consult the sen- 
 timent and wisdom of the people ; he desired to- 
 signalize the infallibility of his own intellect in 
 every measure of the revolution, and to identify, 
 from motives of vanity, his own personal genius 
 with every event and detail of the remarkable 
 period of history in which he had been called 
 upon to act. This imperious conceit seemed to- 
 swallow up every other idea in his mind. — Pol- 
 lard's First Year of the War, ch. 11, p. 265. 
 
 3921. OPINIONS, Diverse. Of Cromwell. Crom- 
 well's letters have all at length been discovered 
 and bound together, and their publication has- 
 been the best vindication of the consistent in- 
 tegrity and healthful whole-heartedness of the 
 man. According to Carlyle, the faith of Crom- 
 well never rested on any doubtful or insecure 
 foundations. Whoever else might forsake him, 
 hope and faith never deserted him. He never 
 consented to take part in any public affairs upon 
 any compulsion less strong than that of con- 
 science. He was guided by superior instinct and 
 the practical good sense of a man set apart by 
 God to govern. He had no premeditated plan or 
 programme to which to conform. On the other 
 hand, his principles were never to seek. He saw 
 the drift of circumstances, but he was neverthe- 
 less to guide them, to use and contiol them, for 
 the good of all. He had no personal ambition ; 
 he was distracted by no fear, dazzled by no- 
 honor. Southey's Cromwell was full of peni- 
 tence for his treason against Charles. Forster's 
 was full of penitence for his treason against the 
 republican cause. Guizot's Cromwell was full 
 of sorrow on account of his failure in clutching 
 at sovereignty and founding a dynasty. The real 
 Cromwell, according to Carlyle, has no penitence 
 of any kind, no sorrow, save for the sorrow and 
 sin, the sad heirlooms of our race. He was the 
 great champion of the Puritan cause, a sworn 
 soldier to defend the rights of civil and spiritual 
 freedom ; not to protect the interests of a party, 
 but, so far as he could, to throw a shield over 
 all, having only a zeal for what he honestly be- 
 lieved to be God's truth, one of those rare souls 
 
OPINIONS— OPPORTUNITY. 
 
 463: 
 
 who could lay upon itself the lowliest and the 
 loftiest duties ; a dutiful son ; for a large part of 
 his life a quiet country gentlemen ; a tender 
 husband, a tender father ; a daring political 
 leader ; a great soldier ; a man who knew men, 
 and who could, as in his dealings with the subtle 
 Mazarin, while preserving his own integrity, 
 twist subtle statesmen to his pleasure ; at last a 
 powerful sovereign, so living, praying, dying ; 
 no hypocrite, no traitor, but a champion and 
 martyr of the Protestant and Puritanical faith. 
 Such is the Cromwell of Thomas Carlyle, and 
 such the Cromwell of [Paxton Hood]. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 14. 
 
 3922. OPINIONS, Erratic. John Milton. Upon 
 the points which interested him most closely, 
 Milton knew that his understanding of the text 
 differed from the standard of Protestant ortho- 
 doxy. That God created matter, not out of noth- 
 ing, but out of Himself, and that death is, in 
 the course of nature, total extinction of being, 
 though not opinions received, were not singular. 
 More startling is his assertion that polygamy is 
 not, in itself, contrary to morality, though it 
 may be inexpedient. More offensive to the re- 
 ligious sentiment of his day would have been his 
 vigorous vindication of the free-will of man 
 against the reigning Calvinism, and his assertion 
 of the inferiority of the Son in opposition to the 
 received Athanasianism. — Milton, by M. Pat- 
 TisoN, ch. 12. 
 
 3923. OPINIONS, InfaUible. John Milton. 
 Whatever he thought, Milton thought and felt 
 intensely, and expressed emphatically ; and even 
 his enemies could not accuse him of a shadow 
 of inconsistency or wavering in his principles. 
 On the contrary, tenacity, or persistence of idea, 
 amounted in him to a serious defect of charac- 
 ter. A conviction once formed dominated him, 
 so that, as in the controversy with Moms, he 
 could not be persuaded that he had made a mis- 
 take. No mmd, the history of which we have 
 an opportunity of intimately studying, could be 
 more of one piece and texture than was that of 
 Milton from youth to age. — Milton, by M. Pat- 
 TISON, ch. 11. 
 
 3924. OPPONENTS, Regard for. Cromwell. 
 He was the steadfast friend, notwithstanding 
 episcopacy, of Archbishop Usher ; and far re- 
 moved as his own sentiments were from Univer- 
 salism, he shielded from persecution John Bid- 
 die, called the Father of Unitarians, and, in con- 
 sideration of his worth, even granted him a pen- 
 sion of 100 crowns a year. Even Sir Kenelm 
 Digby, Royalist as he was, found himself at the 
 Protector's table, who no doubt enjoyed the mys- 
 tical wanderings of his mind, and certainly did 
 honor to his literary merits. He invited to his 
 table, sometimes, men disaffected to himself ; 
 notably more than once he invited several of the 
 nobility, and after dinner told them, to their sur- 
 prise, where they had lately been, what company 
 they had lately kept, and advised them the next 
 time they drank the health of Charles Stuart and 
 
 L the members of the royal family to do it a little 
 I more secretly, as the knowledge might not be so 
 ^safe with some as with him. — Hood's Crom- 
 ^WELL, ch. 16, p. 200. 
 
 3925. OPPORTUNITY, Awaiting. Cromwell. 
 "le only traces of the presence of Cromwell in 
 le House of Commons for ten years, which the 
 
 parliamentary annals retain, are a few words- 
 spoken by him, at long intervals, in defence of 
 his brethren, the puritanic missionaries, and in 
 attack of the dominant Anglican Church and the- 
 Roman Catholics, who were again struggling, 
 for supremacy. It might be seen, from the at- 
 tention paid by his colleagues to the sentences^ 
 uttered with such religious fervor by the repre- 
 sentative of Huntingdon, that this gentleman 
 farmer, as restrained in speech as in his desire 
 of popularity, was treated in the House with that 
 consideration which is always shown in deliber- 
 ative assemblies to those men who are modest, 
 sensible, silent, and careless of approbation, but. 
 faithful to their cause. — Lamartine's Crom- 
 well, p. 19. 
 
 3926. OPPORTUNITY, Last. James II. If 
 only national animosity could be allayed, there 
 could be little doubt that religious animosity,, 
 not being kept alive, as in England, by cruel 
 penal acts and stringent test acts, would of itself 
 fade away. To assuage a national animosity 
 such as that which the two races inhabiting Ire- 
 land felt . . . was a work to which a wise and 
 good prince might have contributed much, and 
 James would have undertaken that work with 
 advantages such as none of his predecessors or 
 successors possessed. At once an Englishman 
 and a Roman Catholic, he belonged half to the- 
 ruling and half to the subject caste, and was^ 
 therefore peculiarly qualified to be a mediator 
 between them. . . . Having done this, he 
 should have labored to reconcile the hostile 
 races to each other b^ impartially protecting 
 the rights and restraining the excesses of both. 
 He should have punished with equal severi- 
 ty the native who indulged in the license of 
 barbarism and the colonist who abused the- 
 strength of civilization. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 6, p. 124. 
 
 3927. OPPORTUNITY, A lost. Civil War. 
 The whole Confederate force here [at Sewall, 
 Va.], under the command of General Lee, wa» 
 nearly 20,000. This formidable army remained 
 for twelve or fifteen days within sight of the- 
 enemy, each apparently awaiting an attack from 
 the other. Thus the time passed, when, one morn- 
 ing, General Lee discovered, much to his sur- 
 prise, that the enemy he had been so long hesi- 
 tating to attack no longer confronted him. Rose- 
 crans had disappeared ia the night, and reached 
 his old position on the Gauley. . . . Thus the 
 second opportunity of a decisive battle in west- 
 ern Virginia was blindly lost. General Lee mak- 
 ing no attempt to follow up the enemy, . . . the 
 excuses alleged . . . being mud, swollen streams, 
 and the leanness of his artillery horses. — Pol- 
 lard's First Year of the War, ch. 6, p. 173. 
 
 392S. OPPORTUNITY overlooked. Christina. 
 [The daughter of the great Augustus Adolphus.] 
 At a solemn assembly of the States, in the year 
 1654, she made a formal resignation of the gov- 
 ernment in his favor [Charles Gustavus]. She set 
 out immediately, in man's apparel, for Rome, 
 but soon after left that city for Paris, which she 
 ever afterward distinguished as her principal 
 place of residence. The conduct of this singu- 
 lar woman has been variously judged of ; she 
 herself thought it glorious — and her panegyrist, 
 Voltaire, holds it forth as much to her honor- 
 that she preferred li-ving with men who could 
 
464 
 
 OPPORTUNITY— OPPOSITION. 
 
 ihink, to the government of a people without 
 literature. But how much nobler would it have 
 l)een for this philosophic queen to have bestowed 
 lier attention on the introduction among her 
 subjects of those sciences which tend to the 
 good of mankind ! It was an evidence of a little 
 fioul to reproach those with ignorance, or barbar- 
 ism, whom it should have been her study, as it 
 ■was her duty, to have cultivated and improved. 
 It was not, therefore, surprising that a woman, 
 •%vhose conduct was evidently regulated more by 
 vcaprice than by a sound understanding, should 
 repent of the step she had taken, and wish to 
 resume that government she had abdicated. — 
 •Tytleb's Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, p. 456. 
 
 3929. OPPORTTTNITY, Providential. Purchase 
 .of Louisiana. The United States, in consequence 
 of favoring circumstances growing out of Eu- 
 jopean complications and the bold and complete 
 statesmanship of Jefferson, obtained a territory 
 larger in area than that which was wrested from 
 Ihe British crown by the Revolutionary war 
 [for $15,000,000]. It seems scarcely credible 
 that the acquisition of Louisiana by Jefferson 
 Tvas denounced with a bitterness surpassing the 
 partisan rancor with which later generations 
 have been familiar. No abuse was too malignant, 
 no epithet too coarse, no imprecation too savage 
 to be employed by the assailants of the great 
 j)hilosophic statesman who laid so broad and 
 deep the foundations of the country's growth 
 ;and grandeur. — Blaine's Twenty Years of 
 Congress, p. 8. 
 
 3930. OPPORTUNITY, Waiting for. " MaJce 
 ine come." It was reported that when Pompe- 
 dius Silo, an officer of the greatest eminence and 
 authority among the allies, said to Marius, " If 
 you are a great general, Marius, come down and 
 'fight us," he answered, " If you are a great 
 general. Silo, make me come down and fight." 
 — Plutarch's Marius. 
 
 3931. OPPOSITION, Benefits of. Christianity. 
 "The Christian doctrines were not more vigorous- 
 ly combated by the secular arm than by the 
 pens of the heathen philosophers. Porphyry, a 
 Byrian by birth, and a man of great abilities, 
 "wrote a long and most laborious work against 
 
 ' Christianity ; and Philostratus, one of the most 
 eminent rhetoricians of that age, contrived a new 
 jnethod of attack, which was by drawing artful 
 ■comparisons between the life and doctrines of 
 Christ and those of the ancient philosophers. 
 ■These attacks, however, were, on the whole, 
 jrather serviceable than dangerous to the cause 
 •of Christianity, since they excited the zeal and 
 abilities of many of the ablest Fathers of the 
 Church to defend its doctrines, and oppose, by 
 their writings, the malevolent efforts of its ene- 
 mies. The works of Origen, of Dionysius, 
 Bishop of Alexandria, and of Cyprian, Bishop 
 of Carthage, are read at this day with much 
 pleasure and profit ; and at the time they were 
 written contributed, in a most eminent degree, 
 to the advancement of religion. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 4, p. 6. 
 
 3932. OPPOSITION of FoUy. Street LighU. 
 Heming's scheme was enthusiastically applauded 
 ;and furiously attacked. The friends of improve- 
 ment extolled him as the greatest of all the ben- 
 efactors of his city. What, they asked, were the 
 iioasted inventions of Archimedes when com- 
 
 pared with the achievement of the man who had 
 turned the nocturnal shades into noon-day ? In 
 spite of these eloquent eulogies, the cause of dark- 
 ness was not left undefended. There were fools 
 in that age who opposed the introduction of what 
 was called the new light as strenuously as fools 
 in our age have opposed the introduction of vac- 
 cination and railroads, as strenuously as fools 
 of an age anterior to the da^vn of history doubt- 
 less opposed the introduction of the plough, 
 and of alphabetical writing. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 337. 
 
 3933. OPPOSITION, Help by. Persecution. In 
 1670, when the act against conventicles was 
 being re-enacted, for the overthrow of Noncon- 
 formists, Waller, the wit of the House of Com- 
 mons, said of the Dissenters : " These people are 
 like the children's tops : whip them, and they 
 stand up ; let them alone, and they fall. " — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 19, p. 310. 
 
 3934. OPPOSITION, ImpoUtic. Taxation. We 
 may observe that in this last effort to preserve 
 their expiring freedom the Romans, from the 
 apprehension of a tribute, had raised Maxentius 
 to the throne. He exacted that tribute from the 
 Senate under the name of a free gift. They im- 
 plored the assistance of Constantine. He van- 
 quished the tyrant, and converted the free gift 
 into a perpetual tax. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, 
 p. 484. 
 
 3935. OPPOSITION, PoUtical. President Ty- 
 ler. The next measure — a favorite scheme of the 
 Whigs — was the rechartering of the Bank of the 
 United States. The old charter had expired ia 
 1836, but the bank had continued in operatioa 
 under the authority of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 Now a bill to recharter was brought forward 
 and passed. The President interposed his veto. 
 Again the bill was presented in a modified form, 
 and received the assent of both Houses, only to 
 be rejected by the executive. By this action a 
 final rupture was produced between the Presi- 
 dent and the party which had elected him. The 
 indignant Whigs, baflled by a want of a two- 
 thirds majority in Congress, turned upon hinx 
 with storms of invective. All the members of 
 the cabinet except Mr. Webster resigned, and he 
 retained his place only because of a pending dif- 
 ficulty with Great Britain. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 16, p. 441. 
 
 3936. OPPOSITION jjrtpared. Politics. [Caesar 
 sought advancement to the consulship.] The 
 Senate had made up their minds to fight the bat- 
 tle. H Caesar went to the assembly, Bibulus, 
 their second consul, might stop the proceedings. 
 If this seemed too extreme a step, custom provid- 
 ed other impediments to which recourse might 
 be had. Bibulus might survey the heavens, 
 watch the birds, or the clouds, or the directioa 
 of the wind, and declare the aspects unfavorable ; 
 or he might proclaim day after day to be holy, 
 and on holy days no legislation was permitted. 
 Should these religious cobwebs be brushed away^, 
 the Senate had provided a further resource la 
 three of the tribunes whom they had bribed. Thus 
 they held themselves secure, and dared Caesar 
 to do his worst. Caesar on his side was equally 
 determined. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 13. 
 
 3937. OPPOSITION, Proof by. Samuel John- 
 son. His "Taxation No Tyranny" being men- 
 
OPPOSITION— ORACLE. 
 
 465- 
 
 tioned, he said, " I think I have not been attack- 
 ed enough for it. Attack is tlie reaction ; I nev- 
 er think I have hit hard unless it rebounds." 
 BoswELL : "I don't know, sir, what you would 
 be at. Five or six shots of small arms in every 
 newspaper, and repeated cannonading in pam- 
 phlets, might, I think, satisfy you." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 244. 
 
 3938. OPPOSITION useless. Gotlis. The troops 
 of Colias and Suerid expected the approach of 
 the great Fritigern [the leader of the revolted 
 Goths], ranged themselves under his standard, 
 and signalized their ardor in the siege of Hadri- 
 anople. But the resistance of the garrison in- 
 formed the barbarians that in the attack of reg- 
 ular fortifications the efforts of unskilful cour- 
 age are seldom effectual. Their general ac- 
 knowledged his error, raised the siege, declared 
 that " he was at peace with stone walls," and re- 
 venged his disappointment on the adjacent coun- 
 try. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 39. 
 
 3939. OPPRESSION, Dangerous. " Don't tread 
 on me." Gadsden [of South Carolina, in 1776] 
 presented the standard ... to be used by the 
 American navy, representing, in a yellow lield, a 
 rattlesnake of thirteen full-grown rattles, coiled 
 to strike, with the motto, " Don't tread on me." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 62. 
 
 3940. OPPRESSION, Governmental. Speech. 
 [In 1795 Parliament passed a bill giving one 
 magistrate the power of dispersing any assembly, 
 if in his single judgment the language of the 
 speakers was calculated to bring the Government 
 into contempt ;] and if twelve persons remained 
 together for one hour after being ordered to 
 disperse, the offenders were to be judged fel- 
 ons, without benefit of clergy. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 18, p. 324. 
 
 3941. OPPRESSION by Ignorance. Beign of 
 Jamss II. A. D. 1683. Culpepper and his council 
 had arraigned a printer for publishing the laws, 
 and ordered him to print nothing till the king's 
 pleasure was known. . . . The best proof which 
 Charles II. had given of his interest in Virginia 
 Tvas the express instruction to allow no printing- 
 press on any pretence whatever. The rule was 
 continued under James II. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 3942. OPPRESSION resisted. Taxation of 
 Henry VIII. In every county a tenth was de- 
 manded from the laity and a fourth from the 
 clergy by the royal commissioners. But the de- 
 mand was met by a general resistance. ... A 
 revolt actually broke out among the weavers of 
 Suffolk ; the men of Cambridge banded for re- 
 sistance ; the Norwich clothiers, though they 
 yielded at first, soon threatened to rise. "Who 
 is your captain ?" the Duke of Norfolk asked 
 the crowd. " His name is Poverty," was the an- 
 swer, "for he and his cousin Necessity have 
 brought us to this doing." There was, in 
 fact, a general strike of the employers. Cloth- 
 makers discharged their workers, farmers put 
 away their servants. " They say the king ask- 
 eth so much that they be not able to do as they 
 have done before this time." Such a peasant in- 
 surrection as was raging in Germany was only 
 prevented by the unconditional withdrawal 
 of the royal demand. — Green's Eng. People, 
 §539. 
 
 3943. OPPRESSION, Royal. William tlie Con- 
 queror. One of the most oppressive measures of 
 William the Conqueror was the enactment of the 
 forest laws. He reserved to himself the exclu- 
 sive privilege of killing game throughout all 
 England, and enacted the most severe penalties on 
 all who should attempt it without his permission. 
 Not satisfied with this severe and most impolitic 
 measure, William, to gratify his passion for the 
 chase, laid waste a country of about fifty miles 
 in circuit, drove out all the inhabitants, and 
 threw down the villages, and even churches, to 
 make the New Forest in Hampshire ; thus exter- 
 minating at once above one hundred thousand 
 inhabitants, many of whom perished from fam- 
 ine. It is not, therefore, without reason that 
 Lord Lyttelton remarks that Attila himself did 
 not more justly deserve to be named the Scourge 
 of Ood than this merciless Norman. It was- 
 this severe restriction of the forest laws — this 
 mark of servitude — that, above every other cir- 
 cumstance, lay heavy on the English, and, in the^ 
 reign of the succeeding prince, excited at length 
 those vigorous efforts which produced the most 
 favorable concessions for the general liberty. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 8, p. 134. 
 
 3944. OPPRESSION, Scandalous. Ireland, a.d. 
 1763. Such was the Ireland of the Irish — a con- 
 quered people, whom the victors delighted to 
 trample upon, and did not fear to provoke. Their 
 industry within the kingdom was prohibited by 
 law, and then they were calumniated as naturally 
 idle. Their savings could not be invested on 
 equal terms in trade, manufactures, or real prop- 
 erty, and they were called improvident. The 
 gates of learning were shut on them, and they 
 were derided as ignorant. In the midst of pri- 
 vations they were cheerful. Suffering for gen- 
 erations under acts which offered bribes tO' 
 treachery, their integrity was not debauched : 
 no son rose against his father, no friend betrayed 
 his friend. Fidelity to their religion, to which 
 afflictions made them cling more closely, chas- 
 tity, and respect for the ties of family, remained 
 characteristics of the down- trodden race. . . . 
 Relief was to come through the conflicts of the- 
 North American colonies with Great Britain. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 4. 
 
 3945. ORACLE corrupted. Athenian. The- 
 Macedonian loudly complained of the Athe- 
 nians as having first commenced hostilities ; and 
 the artful dissembler [Philip], still further to 
 preserve a show of moderation, requested a re- 
 newal of the peace. A negotiation for that pur- 
 pose was prolonged by him for two years. De- 
 mosthenes still raised his voice for war. It was- 
 upon this occasion that, the Athenians having 
 consulted the Delphian oracle, which advised 
 them to make peace, Demosthenes, in an ani- 
 mated harangue, openly insinuated that the ora- 
 cle was corrupted, by declaring that the Pythia 
 Philippized. The eloquence of the orator pre- 
 vailed over the counsel of the hireling priestess, 
 and the Athenians took the field in great force, 
 joined by the Thebans and their other allies. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 174. 
 
 3946. ORACLE, Deceptive. Grecian. A hol- 
 low oak in the forest of Dodona, in which it was 
 possible for a man to conceal himself while the 
 aperture was artfully closed up, was likewise fa- 
 mous for its oracles, and tlie imposture was no» 
 
 It 
 
466 
 
 ORACLE— ORATORY. 
 
 doubt equally beneficial to its priests and attend- 
 ants. These were commonly men of some art, 
 who had ingenuity enough to frame equivocal 
 answers to the questions that were put to them ; 
 and if the inquirer gave such construction to the 
 response as was most agreeable to himself, it was 
 generally possible for the priests to construe it 
 according to the event. Strange ! that men 
 should ever believe that if the Deity should stoop 
 to hold intercourse with his creatures, he would 
 use the mean tricks and subterfuges of a juggler. 
 Yet these oracles of the Greeks were for many 
 ages in high reputation, and had extensive po- 
 litical consequence. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 7, p. 65. 
 
 3947, . Delphic. A cavern at the 
 
 foot of Mount Parnassus, near Delphi, was re- 
 markable for exhaling a mephitic vapor, which, 
 like that of the Grotto del Cani in Italy, had the 
 effect of stupefying and slightly convulsing any 
 person who came within its atmosphere. Some 
 ingenious men had the address to turn this nat- 
 ural phenomenon to their own advantage and the 
 profit of the neighborhood. A temple was built 
 jon the spot to Apollo, the god of divination. A 
 priestess was procured whom habit soon enabled 
 to undergo the experiment without danger ; the 
 raving expressions which the priests probably in- 
 structed her to utter, and which they interpreted 
 as they thought fit, were received by the people 
 as oracles, and her visible convulsions gave am- 
 ple testimony to their being the effect of inspira- 
 tion. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 7, p. 65. 
 
 394S. OEACLE, Equivocal. Delphic. Such 
 was the state of Persia when Philip prepared for 
 Jiis great enterprise by sending his lieutenants 
 Attains and Parmenio into Asia. As usual be- 
 fore all expeditions of importance, he consulted 
 the Delphic oracle, and received the following 
 response, equally applicable to the prosperous 
 or unsuccessful event of the war : Ths bull is 
 ready crowned ; his end approaches, and he will 
 soon be sacrificed. ' ' The prophecy, " said Philip, 
 ■"is quite clear: the bull is the monarch of 
 Persia. " The prediction speedily found its ac- 
 complishment, but Philip himself was the vic- 
 tim. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 177. 
 
 3949. ORATOR, The great. Demosthenes. De- 
 mosthenes, the prince of the Grecian orators, . . . 
 had no advantages of birth or education. His fa- 
 ther, a sword-cutler, or, as Juvenal has termed 
 Mm, a blacksmith, left him an orphan at the age 
 of seven, to the care of profligate guardians, who 
 robbed him of his small patrimony. But he pos- 
 sessed that native genius which surmounts every 
 disadvantage of birth or situation. Ambition 
 prompted him to the study of oratory ; for, 
 ^oing one day to the court to hear the pleadings 
 in some cause of moment, he was so impressed 
 with the eloquence of Callistratus, and so fired 
 by the popular applause bestowed on that orator 
 upon his gaining the suit in which he had plead- 
 •ed, that he determined from that moment that 
 this should be his road to eminence and distinc- 
 tion. No man, in this arduous course, ever 
 struggled with greater natural obstacles, or more 
 happily overcame them. His voice was harsh 
 and uncouth, his articulation indistinct, and his 
 gestures awkward and constrained ; but, sensible 
 ^)f his defects, he labored night and day in pri- 
 vate exercises of elocution, till he completely 
 
 subdued them ; and then, confident of his pow- 
 ers, he broke forth at once the most distinguished 
 orator of his age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 3, p. 171. 
 
 3950. ORATOR, Unsuccessful. Washington Irv- 
 ing. The new minister was called on to attend 
 the dinner which the citizens of New York gave 
 Dickens, at which it was decided that he must 
 preside, and where he did preside, with much 
 trepidation, making one of the shortest dinner 
 speeches on record. "There," he said, as he 
 concluded his broken sentences by proposing 
 the health of Dickens, as the guest of the nation 
 — " there ! I told you I should break down, and 
 I've^oneit." — Stoddard's Irving, p. 40. 
 
 3951. ORATORS, Dangerous. Soame Jenyns, 
 [writing in favor of the Stamp-tax, said] : One 
 method indeed has been hinted at, and but one, 
 that might render the exercise of this power just 
 and legal, which is the introduction of represen- 
 tatives from the several colonies into that body. 
 But I have lately seen so many specimens of the 
 great powers of speech of which these Amer- 
 ican gentlemen are possessed, that I should be 
 afraid the sudden importation of so much elo- 
 quence at once would endanger the safety of 
 England. It will be much cheaper for us to 
 pay their army than their orators. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 11. 
 
 3952. ORATORY, Audience for. William Pitf. 
 It was the great William Pitt, the great com- 
 moner, who had vanquished French marshals 
 in Germany and French admirals on the Atlan- ' 
 tic ; who had conquered for his country one 
 great empire on the frozen shores of Ontario, 
 and another under the tropical sun near the 
 mouths of the Ganges. It was not in the nature 
 of things that popularity such as he at this time 
 enjoyed should be permanent. That popularity 
 had lost its gloss before his children were old 
 enough to understand that their father was a 
 great man. He was at length placed in situa- 
 tions in which neither his talents for administra- 
 tion nor his talents for debate appeared to the 
 best advantage. The energy and decision which 
 had eminently fitted him for the direction of 
 war were not needed in time of peace. The 
 lofty and spirit-stirring eloquence which had 
 made him supreme in the House of Commons 
 often fell dead on the House of Lords. — Macau- 
 lay's Pitt, p. 1. 
 
 3953. ORATORY despised. SamitelJohnson. 
 He would not allow much merit to "Whitefield's 
 oratory. " His popularity, sir," said he, " is 
 chiefly owing to the peculiarity of his manner. 
 He would be followed by crowds were he to 
 wear a night-cap in the pulpit, or were he to 
 preach from a tree." — Boswell's Johnsok, 
 p. 162. 
 
 3954. ORATORY disregarded. Pnlpit. [In the 
 middle of the eighteenth century the eloquence 
 of the English clergy] was of the tamest charac- 
 ter. A foreigner describes their sermons : " The' 
 pulpit declamation is a most tedious monotony. ' 
 The ministers have chosen it through respect 
 for religion, which, as they affirm, proves, de- 
 fends, and supports itself without having any 
 occasion for the assistance of oratory. With 
 regard to the truth of their assertion, I appeal to 
 themselves and to the progress which religion 
 
ORATORY— OSTENTATION. 
 
 467 
 
 thus inculcated makes in England." — Knight's 
 Ekg., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 110. 
 
 3955. ORATORY, Taste in. Samuel Johnson. 
 Talking of oratory, Mr. Wilkes described it as 
 accompanied with all the charms of poetical ex- 
 pression. Johnson: "No, sir; oratory is the 
 power of beating down your adversary's argu- 
 ments, and putting better in their place." 
 Wilkes: "But this does not move the pas- 
 sions." Johnson: "He must be a weak man 
 who is to be so moved." Wilkes (naming a cel- 
 ebrated orator): "Amid all the brilliancy of 
 
 's imagination, and the exuberance of his 
 
 wit, there is a strange want of taste. It was ob- 
 .served of Apelles' Venus, that her flesh seemed 
 as if she had been nourished by roses ; his ora- 
 tory would sometimes make one suspect that he 
 eats potatoes and drinks whiskey." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 461. 
 
 3956. ORBERS, Conflicting. Captain Wads- 
 ■viorth. [In 1693] Fletcher, the Governor of New 
 York, went to Hartford to assume command of 
 the militia of the province. He bore a commis- 
 sion from King William, but by the terms of 
 the charter the right of commanding the troops 
 was vested in the colony itself. The general as- 
 sembly refused to recognize the authority of 
 Fletcher, who, nevertheless, ordered the sol- 
 diers under arms, and proceeded to read his com- 
 mission as colonel. " Beat the drums !" shouted 
 Captain Wadsworth, who stood at the head of 
 the company. " Silence !" said Fletcher ; the 
 drums ceased, and the reading began again. 
 "Drum! drum!" cried Wadsworth; and a 
 second time the voice of the reader was drowned 
 in the uproar. " Silence 1 Silence !" shouted the 
 enraged governor. The dauntless Wadsworth 
 stepped before the ranks and said, " Colonel 
 Fletcher, if I am interrupted again I will let 
 the sunshine through your body in an instant," 
 That ended the controversy. Benjamin Fletcher 
 thought it better to be a living governor of New 
 York than a dead colonel of the Connecticut 
 militia. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 21, p. 191. 
 
 3957. ORDERS neglected. Marshal Ney. Ney 
 was ordered to advance immediately with 40,000 
 men and take possession of [Quatre-Bras, there- 
 by preventing Blucher from re-enforcing Wel- 
 lington with 130,000 men]. . . . Had Ney brought 
 up his force to cut off the retreat of the Prus- 
 sians, as Napoleon had ordered and expected, not 
 one of the enemy would have escaped, and 
 "Waterloo" would not have been. [Ney ar- 
 rived near the place, and there rested his weary 
 army by a short sleep, unsuspecting the activity 
 of Blucher, who soon possessed it. Ney was 
 ■so sure of it, he reported that] he was actually 
 in possession. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 27. 
 
 395S. ORDERS simple. Lord Nelson. [When 
 Lord Nelson informed the commanders in his 
 fleet of his plan for the battle of Trafalgar, he 
 stated few signals would be given. One direc- 
 tion was worth many embarrassing orders :] No 
 man could do wrong who placed his ship close 
 alongside of that of the enemy. — Knight's 
 ExG., vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 446. 
 
 3959. ORIGIN, Humble. John Bunyan. "I 
 was of a low and inconsiderable generation, my 
 father's house being of that rank that is meanest 
 
 and most despised of all families in the land." 
 "I never went to school, to Aristotle or Plato, 
 but was brought up in my father's house in a 
 very mean condition, among a company of poor 
 countrymen." " Nevertheless, I bless God that 
 by this door He brought me into the world to par- 
 take of the grace and life that is by Christ in His 
 Gospel." This is the account given of himself 
 and his origin by a man whose writings have for 
 two centuries affected the spiritual opinions of 
 the English race in every part of the world more 
 powerfully than any book or books, except the 
 Bible. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 1, p. 1. 
 
 3960. ORGANIZATION, Perfect. Society of 
 Jesus. The establishment by Loyola was con- 
 temporary with the Reformation, the progress of 
 which it was designed to arrest. ... Its mem- 
 bers were, by its rules, never to become prelates ; 
 . . . their vows were poverty, chastity, absolute 
 obedience, and a constant readiness to go o» 
 missions against heresy or heathenism. — BANf 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 3961. ORNAMENT, Love of. American In& 
 ians. The women . . , glittered with tufts of 
 elk hair, brilliantly dyed in scarlet, and strings 
 of the various kinds of shells were their pearls 
 and diamonds. The summer garments of moose 
 and deer skins were painted of many colors, 
 and the fairest feathers of the turkey . . . were 
 curiously wrought into mantles. The claws of 
 the grizzly bear formed a proud collar for a war- 
 chief, . . . the wing of a red-bird . . . decorated 
 their locks. A warrior's . . . skin was also tat- 
 tooed with figures. . . . Some had the nose 
 tipped with blue, the eyebrows, eyes, and cheeks 
 tinged with black, and the rest of the face 
 red. . . . When they made visits . . . they paint 
 ed themselves gloriously. — Bancroft's tJ. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 3962. ORTHOGRAPHY excused. Napoleon I. 
 " Do you write orthographically ?" said he one 
 day to his amanuensis at St. Helena. ' ' A man 
 occupied with public business cannot attend to 
 orthography. His ideas must flow faster thau 
 his hand can trace. He has only time to place 
 his points. He must compress words into let- 
 ters and phrases into words, and let the scribes 
 make it out afterward. ..." His handwriting 
 was composed of the most unintelligible hiero- 
 glyphics. He often could not decipher it him- 
 self. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 3963. OSTENTATION, Meritless. Bemaratu*. 
 Demaratus, the Lacedaemonian, who was then 
 at court, being ordered to ask a favor, desired 
 that he might be carried through Sardis in royal 
 state, with a diadem upon his head. But Mith- 
 ropaustes, the king's cousin-german, took him by 
 the hand, and said, "Demaratus, this diadem 
 does not carry brains along with it to cover ; nor 
 would you be Jupiter, though you should take 
 hold of his thunder." The king was highly dis- 
 pleased at Demaratus for making this request, 
 and seemed determined never to forgive him ; 
 yet, at the desire of Themistocles, he was per- 
 suaded to be reconciled to him. — Plutarch. 
 
 3964. OSTENTATION, Oriental. Chosroes. 
 [This Persian king had his] favorite residence of 
 Artemita, or Dastagerd, . . . bej^ond the Ti- 
 gris, about sixty miles to the north of the capi- 
 tal. The adjacent pastures were covered with 
 
468 
 
 OSTENTATION— OSTRACISM. 
 
 flocks and herds ; the paradise or park was replen- 
 ished with pheasants, peacocks, ostriches, roe- 
 bucks, and wild boars, and the noble game of lions 
 and tigers was sometimes turned loose for the 
 bolder pleasures of the chase. Nine hundred and 
 sixty elephants were maintained for the use or 
 splendor of the great king ; his tents and baggage 
 were carried into the field by 12,000 great camels 
 and 8000 of a smaller size ; and the royal stables 
 were filled with 6000 mules and horses, among 
 whom the names of Shebdiz and Band are re- 
 nowned for their speed or beauty. Six thousand 
 guards successively mounted before the palace 
 gates ; the service of the interior apartments was 
 performed by 12,000 slaves, and in the number 
 of 3000 virgins, the fairest of Asia, some happy 
 concubine might console her master for the age 
 or the indifference of Sira. The various treas- 
 ures of gold, silver, gems, silks, and aromatics 
 were deposited in a hundred subterraneous 
 vaults ; and the chamber Badaterd denoted the 
 accidental gift of the winds which had wafted 
 the spoils of Heraclius into one of the Syrian 
 harbors of his rival. The vice of flattery, and 
 perhaps of fiction, is not ashamed to compute the 
 30,000 rich hangings that adorned the walls ; the 
 40,000 columns of silver, or more probably of 
 marble, and plated wood, that supported the 
 roof ; and the thousand globes of gold suspend- 
 ed in the dome, to imitate the motions of the 
 planets and the constellations of the zodiac. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 46, p. 463. 
 
 3965. OSTENTATION rebuked. PMlotas. "My 
 Son, be less." Among the Macedonians [who went 
 with Alexander to Persia] Philotas, the son 
 of Parmenio, had greater authority ; for he was 
 valiant and indefatigable in the field, but he . . . 
 affected an ostentation of wealth and a magnifi- 
 cence in his dress and table that was above the 
 condition of a subject. Beside, the loftiness of 
 his port was altogether extravagant ; not tem- 
 pered with any natural graces, but formal and 
 uncouth, it exposed him both to hatred and sus- 
 picion, insomuch that Parmenio one day said 
 to him, " My son, be less." — Plutarch's Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 3966. OSTENTATION, Emnous. Anthemius. 
 The solemn inauguration of Anthemius [as em- 
 peror of Rome] was followed by the nuptials of 
 his daughter and the patrician Ricimer ; a fortu- 
 nate event, which was considered as the firmest 
 security of the union and happiness of the state. 
 The wealth of two empires was ostentatiously 
 displayed ; and many senators completed their 
 ruin by an expensive effort to disguise their 
 poverty. All serious business was suspended 
 during this festival ; the courts of justice were 
 shut ; the streets of Rome, the theatres, the 
 places of public and private resort, resounded 
 with hymeneal songs and dances ; and the royal 
 bride, clothed in silken robes, with a crown on 
 her head, was conducted to the palace of Rici- 
 mer, who had changed his military dress for 
 the habit of a consul and a senator. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 36, p. 491. 
 
 3967. OSTENTATION, Vain of. Bomans. " But 
 this native splendor," says Ammianus, "is de- 
 graded and sullied by the conduct of some no- 
 bles, who, unmindful of their own dignity, and 
 of that of their country, assume an unbounded 
 license of vice and folly. They contend with 
 
 each other in the empty vanity of titles and sur- 
 names, and curiously select, or invent, the most 
 lofty and sonorous appellations, Reburrus or 
 Fabunius, Pagonius or Tarasius, which may 
 impress the ears of the vulgar with astonishment 
 and respect. From a vain ambition of perpetu- 
 ating their memory, they affect to multiply their 
 likeness, in statues of bronze and marble ; nor 
 are they satisfied unless those statues are covered 
 with plates of gold ; an honorable distinction,, 
 first granted to Acilius the consul, after he had 
 subdued, by his arms and counsels, the power 
 of King Antiochus. The ostentation of display- 
 ing, of magnifying, perhaps, the rent-roll of the 
 estates which they possess in all the provinces, 
 from the rising to the setting sun, provokes the 
 just resentment of every man, who recollects 
 that their poor and invincible ancestors were not 
 distinguished from the meanest of the soldiers 
 by the delicacy of their food or the splendor of 
 their apparel. But the modern nobles measure 
 their rank and consequence according to the lofti- 
 ness of their chariots and the weighty magnifi- 
 cence of their dress. Their long robes of silk 
 and purple float in the wind ; and as they are- 
 agitated, by art or accident, they occasionally 
 discover the under garments, the rich tunics, 
 embroidered with the figures of various animals. 
 ... If at any time, but more especially on a 
 hot day, they have courage to sail, in their paint- 
 ed galleys, from the Lucrine Lake to their ele- 
 gant villas on the sea-coast of Puteoli and Cayeta, 
 they compare their own expeditions to the march- 
 es of Caesar and Alexander. — Gibbon's Rome,. 
 ch. 30, p. 224. 
 
 3968. OSTEACISM by Ballot. Athenians. The 
 ostracism . . . was conducted in the following 
 manner : every citizen took a piece of a broken 
 pot, or a shell, on which he wrote the name of the 
 person he wanted to have banished, and carried 
 it to a part of the market-place that was enclosed 
 with wooden rails. The magistrates then counted 
 the number of the shells ; and if it amounted not 
 to six thousand, the ostracism stood for nothing \. 
 if it did, they sorted the shells, and the person 
 whose name was found on the greatest number 
 was declared an exile for ten years, but with per- 
 mission to enjoy his estate. — Plutarch's Aris- 
 
 TIDES. 
 
 3969. OSTEACISM, Evils of. Athenians. It 
 was not requisite that a man should be accused 
 of any crime to deserve the sentence of the ostra- 
 cism. It was enough that any person, either 
 from his Avealth, his uncommon talents, or even 
 his eminent virtues, should become an object 
 either of envy or of public praise and admira- 
 tion. When a citizen had arrived at that degree 
 of credit as to fall under either of those descrip- 
 tions, and to offend by too much popularity, 
 any individual of the people might demand an 
 ostracism. The ceremony was this : every citizen 
 who chose took a shell or piece of tile, on which, 
 having written the name of the person in his 
 opinion the most obnoxious, he canied it to a 
 certain place in the forum, which was enclosed 
 with rails, and had ten gates, for ten tribes. 
 Ofiicers were appointed to count the number of 
 shells ; for if they were fewer than six thousand,, 
 the vote did not take place. . . . Thus we find, 
 in the course of the history of this republic, that 
 virtue, without the imputation or suspicion of 
 
OUTCAST— PAGANISM. 
 
 469 
 
 ■ambitious views, was frequently the victim of 
 this pernicious law. It was enough that Aris- 
 tides by his virtues had merited the glorious epi- 
 thet of just ; that epithet, in the eyes of the 
 Athenian people, was sufficient crime. When 
 Aristides himself was passing by, an illiterate 
 rustic requested him to write upon his shell the 
 name of Aristides. Why, what harm, my friend, 
 said the other, has Aristides done you ? None 
 in the world, I'eplied the clown ; but I hate to 
 hear everybody call him the Just. Thucydides, 
 from whom Athens had received the most emi- 
 nent services, at length the victim of ostracism, 
 composed in his exile that history in which he 
 records the fame of his ungrateful country. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10, p. 104. 
 
 3970. OUTCAST for Religion. William Penn. 
 A.D. 1667. In Ireland . . . the undying fires of 
 •enthusiasm at once blazed up within him, and he 
 Tenounced every hope for the path of integrity 
 ..." when about two and twenty years of age." 
 . . . Returning to England, he encountered bitter 
 mockings and scornings, the invectives of the 
 priests, the strangeness of all his old companions, 
 . . . and his father, in anger, turned him penni- 
 less out of doors. The outcast, saved from ex- 
 treme indigence by a mother's fondness, became 
 an author ; ... in the heyday of youth was con- 
 :signed to a long and close imprisonment in the 
 Tower. His offence was heresy. — Banckoft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 16. 
 
 3971. OUTRAGE, Horrible. Alboin. [The 
 Xombard king, a.d. 573.] Alboin fell a sacrifice 
 to domestic treason and female revenge. In a 
 palace near Verona, which had not been erected 
 for the barbarians, he feasted the companions of 
 .Ms arms ; intoxication was the reward of valor, 
 •and the king himself was tempted, by appetite 
 •or vaqity, to exceed the ordinary measure of his 
 intemperance. After draining many capacious 
 "bowls of Rhaetian or Falernian wine, he called 
 ior the skull of Cunimund, the noblest and most 
 precious ornament of his side-board. The cup of 
 ^ctory was accepted with horrid applause by the 
 -circle of the Lombard chiefs. ' ' Fill it again with 
 wine," exclaimed the inhuman conqueror — "fill 
 it to the brim : carry this goblet to the queen, 
 and request in my name that she would rejoice 
 with her father." In an agony of grief and rage, 
 Rosamond had strength to utter, " Let the will 
 of my lord be obeyed !" and, touching it with 
 her lips, pronounced a silent imprecation, that 
 the insult should be washed away in the blood 
 of Alboin.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 45, p. 397. 
 
 3972. OUTRAGE, Reaction of. Joan of Arc. 
 The arms of Charles [VII.] gained more advan- 
 tage by the death of this heroine than, perhaps, 
 they had done by her life ; for this piece of cru- 
 •€lty contributed to render the government of the 
 English extremely odious. Charles was every 
 day making some new conquest, though it cost 
 him fifteen years before he made his entry into 
 Paris, and almost as many more before the Eng- 
 lish were entirely driven out of France. — Tyt- 
 i.er's Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, p. 206. 
 
 3973. OUTRAGE resented. Parent. Appius 
 {one of the decemviri], sitting in judgment in his 
 tribunal, had cast his eyes upon a young woman 
 of uncommon beauty, who daily passed through 
 the forum, on her way to the public schools. Vir- 
 ginia, a maiden of fifteen years of age, was the 
 
 daughter of a plebeian, a centurion, at that time 
 absent with the army. Appius had been informed 
 of her situation ; she was betrothed to Icilius, 
 formerly one of the tribunes, then serving against 
 the enemy, and their marriage was to be cele- 
 brated as soon as the campaign was at an end ; 
 an obstacle which served only to increase the 
 passion of this flagitious magistrate, who deter- 
 mined, at all hazards, to secure her as his prey. 
 After many fruitless attempts to corrupt the 
 fidelity of those domestics to whom Virginius 
 had left the charge of his daughter (for she had 
 lost her mother), Appius devised a scheme which 
 he thought could not fail to put Virginia entire- 
 ly within his power. He employed Marcus Clau- 
 dius, one of his dependents, an infamous and 
 shameless man, to claim the young woman as 
 his own property. Marcus pretended that she 
 was the daughter of one of his female slayes, who 
 had sold her when an infant to the wife of Vir- 
 ginius, who had no children. He therefore pre- 
 tended to reclaim what was his own, and attempt- 
 ed by force to caiTy her home to his house. [Her 
 father returned from the army to protect her. 
 He proved her parentage.] Appius was not to be 
 thus foiled. With the most unparalleled effront- 
 ery, he stood forth as a witness as we?l as a 
 judge, declaring that it was consistent w th his 
 own knowledge that the plea of Marcus was 
 true. He therefore gave his final sentence, that 
 the slave should be delivered up to her lawful 
 master, and ordered his oflicers to enforce, with- 
 out delay, the execution of his decree. The sol- 
 diers were removing the crowd, and Marcus, to- 
 gether with the lictors, was advancing to seize 
 Virginia, who clung for protection around the 
 neck of her f aiher. ' ' There is," said he, ' ' but one 
 way, my dear child, to save thy honor and pre- 
 serve thy liberty." Then seizing a knife from 
 the stall of a butcher — " Thus," said he, striking 
 her to the heart — " thus I send thee to thy fore- 
 fathers, unpolluted and a free woman." Then 
 turning to the tribunal of Appius, " Thou mon- 
 ster !" cried he, "with this blood I devote thy 
 head to the infernal gods !" Appius, in a trans- 
 port of rage, called out to the lictors to seize 
 Virginius ; but he, rushing out from the forum, 
 and making way for himself with the knife which 
 he held in his hand, while the multitude favored 
 his escape, got safe without the city, and arrived 
 in a few hours at the camp. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 5, p. 337. 
 
 3974. PAGANISM injurious. Vice. The pagan 
 religion had no influence toward refining or im- 
 proving the morals of mankind. The only at- 
 tributes which distinguished the heathen gods 
 from the race of ordinary men were their power 
 and their immortality. They were endowed with 
 the same passions as human creatures, and those 
 distinguishing attributes of power and immor- 
 tality served, in general, only to extend the 
 measure and the enormity of their vices. The ex- 
 ample of their gods was, therefore, an incentive 
 to vice instead of virtue ; and those rites with 
 which many of them were worshipped, and 
 which were conceived to be peculiarly accepta- 
 ble to them, were often the grossest violations 
 not only of decency but of Mimanity. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 1, p. 1. 
 
 3975. PAGANISM overthrown. By Alaric. The 
 songs of Homer and the fame of Achilles had 
 
^70 
 
 PAINTER— PANIC. 
 
 probably never reached the ear of the illiterate 
 harbarian; and the Ghtistian faith, which he 
 had devoutly embraced, taught him to despise 
 the imaginary deities of Rome and Athens. The 
 invasion of the Goths, instead of vindicating the 
 honor, contributed, at least accidentally, to ex- 
 tirpate the last remains of paganism ; and the 
 mysteries of Ceres, which had subsisted eighteen 
 hundred years, did not survive the destruction 
 of Eleusis and the calamities of Greece. — Gib- 
 bok's Rome, ch. 30, p. 195. 
 
 3976. PAINTER, Celebrated. Reynolds. Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds was the first Englishman who 
 added the praise of the elegant arts to the other 
 glories of his country. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 4, p. 67. 
 
 3977. PAINTING illustrates. Samuel John- 
 son. When I observed to him that painting was 
 so far inferior to poetry that the story, or even 
 emblem which it communicates, must be previ- 
 ously known, and mentioned, as a natural and 
 laughable instance of this, that a little miss, on 
 seeing a picture of Justice with the scales, had 
 exclaimed to me, " See, there's a woman selling 
 sweetmeats ;" he said, "Painting, sir, can illus- 
 trate, but cannot inform." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p 530. 
 
 39? J. PALACE, A humble. Tartars. The 
 houses of the Tartars are no more than small 
 tents, of an oval form, which afford a cold and 
 dirty habitation for the promiscuous youth of 
 both sexes. The palaces of the rich consist of 
 wooden huts, of such a size that they may be 
 conveniently fixed on large wagons, and drawn 
 by a team perhaps of twenty or thirty oxen. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 7. 
 
 3979. PANIC by Contraction. Financial. 
 In the first year of Van Buren's administration 
 the country was afflicted with a monetary panic 
 of the most serious character. The preceding 
 years had been a time of great prosperity. The 
 national debt was entirely liquidated, and a sur- 
 plus of nearly $40,000,000 had accumulated in 
 the treasury of the United States. By act of 
 Congress this vast sum had been distributed 
 among the several States. Owing to the abun- 
 dance of money, speculations of all sorts grew 
 rife. The credit system pervaded every depart- 
 ment of business. The banks of the country 
 were suddenly multiplied to nearly seven hun- 
 dred. Vast issues of irredeemable paper money 
 stimulated the speculative spirit and increased 
 the opportunities for fraud. The bills of these 
 unsound banks were receivable at the land of- 
 fices, and settlers and speculators made a rush to 
 secure the public lands while money was plenti- 
 ful. Seeing that in receiving such an unsound 
 currency in exchange for the national domain 
 the Government was likely to be defrauded out 
 of millions. President Jackson had issued an or- 
 der called the Specie Circular, }sy which the land 
 agents were directed henceforth to receive noth- 
 ing but coin in payment for the lands. The 
 effects of this circular came upon the nation in 
 the first year of Van Buren's administration. 
 The interests of tiie Government had been se- 
 cured by Jackson's vigilance, but the business of 
 the country was prostrated by the shock. The 
 banks suspended specie payment ; mercantile 
 houses failed, and disaster swept through every 
 avenue of trade. During the months of March 
 
 and April, 1837, the failures in New York and 
 New Orleans amounted to about $150,000,000. 
 A committee of business men from the former 
 city besought the President to rescind the specie- 
 circular and to call a special session of Congress. 
 The former request was refused and the latter 
 complied with ; but not until the executive waij 
 driven by the distresses of the country. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 55, p. 337. 
 
 39§0. PANIC, Financial. UniUd States, 1878. 
 In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most 
 disastrous financial panics known in the history 
 of the United States. The alarm was given by the 
 failure of the great banking-house of Jay Cooke 
 & Company, of Philadelphia. Other failure* 
 followed in rapid succession. Depositors every- 
 where hurried to the banks and withdrew their 
 money and securities. Business was suddenly 
 paralyzed, and many months elapsed before con- 
 fidence was sufiiciently restored to enable mer- 
 chants and bankers to engage in the usual trans- 
 actions of trade. The primary cause of the 
 panic was the fluctuation in the volume and 
 value of the national currency. Out of this had 
 arisen a wild spirit of speculation, which sapped 
 the foundations of business, destroyed financial 
 confidence, and ended in disaster. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 68, p. 560. 
 
 39§1. . England. In September 
 
 and October [of 1847] there had been such a 
 pressure upon the merchants and traders as had 
 not been experienced since the great panic of 
 1825. Mercantile houses in London of the high- 
 est eminence suspended their payments. Cor- 
 responding disasters occurred at Manchester, 
 Liverpool, and Glasgow. All the usual accom- 
 modation in the money market was at an end. 
 In October the alarm spread into a general panic: 
 the crash of eminent houses in London went on ; 
 in the country not only mercantile firms but 
 banks were failing ; the funds fell rapidly ; the 
 exchequer bills were at a high rate of discount. — > 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 8, ch. 30, p. 552. 
 
 39§2. PANIC, Needless. Beign of Charles 11. 
 [The infamous Titus Oates announced a Popish 
 plot.] The capital and the whole nation went 
 mad with hatred and fear. The penal laws, 
 which had begun to lose something of their edge, 
 were sharpened anew. Everywhere justices 
 were busied in searching houses and seizing pa- 
 pers. All the jails were filled with papists. 
 London had the aspect of a city in a state ot 
 siege. The train-bands were under arms all 
 night. Preparations were made for barricading 
 the great thoroughfares. Patrols marched up 
 and down the streets. Cannon were planted 
 round Whitehall. No citizen thought himself 
 safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail 
 loaded with lead to brain the popish assassins. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 219. 
 
 39§3. PANIC, Night of. Flight of James 11. 
 Just at this time arose a whisper which swelled 
 fast into a fearful clamor, passed in an hour 
 from Piccadilly to White Chapel, and spread into 
 every street and alley of the capital. It was said 
 that the Irish whom Feversham had let loose 
 were marching on London, and massacring every 
 man, woman, and child on the road. At one in 
 the morning the drums of the militia beat to 
 arms. Everywhere terrified women were weep- 
 ing and wringing their hands, while their fathers 
 
PANIC— PARADISE . 
 
 471 
 
 and husbands were equipping themselves for 
 fight. Before two the capital wore a face of 
 stern preparedness which might well have daunt- 
 ed a real enemy, if such an enemy had been ap- 
 proaching. Candles were blazing at all the win- 
 dows. The public places were as bright as at 
 noonday. All the great avenues were barricad- 
 ed. More than 20,000 pikes and muskets lined 
 the streets. The late daybreak of the winter 
 solstice found the whole city still in arms. Dur- 
 ing many years the Londoners retained a vivid 
 recollection of what they called the Irish night. 
 When it was known that there had been no cause 
 of alarm, attempts were made to discover the ori- 
 gin of the rumor which had produced so much 
 agitation. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 519. 
 
 39§4. PANIC, Unexpected. English, 1825. [It 
 was preceded by a period of unusual prosperity. 
 On the 3d of January the Royal speech to Par- 
 liament exulted over it.] "There never was a 
 period in the history of this country when all 
 the great interests of the nation were at the same 
 time in so thriving a condition." On the 2d of 
 February he laments the evils of " the pecuniary 
 crisis. . . . The pecuniary crisis was indeed 
 the most unexpected, the most astounding, and 
 the most severe in its consequences ever pro- 
 duced by extravagant hopes and exaggerated 
 alarms. This pecuniary crisis universally ob- 
 tained the name of ' The Panic' ... It was 
 described by Mr. Huskisson as ' such a com- 
 plete suspension of all confidence as contradis- 
 tinguished from commercial distress. ... If the 
 difficulties which existed in the money market 
 had continued only forty-eight hours longer, . . . 
 the effect would have been to put a stop to all 
 dealings between man and man, except by way 
 of barter." . . . Before the close of the year sev- 
 enty-three banks had failed. . . . The to*tal num.- 
 ber of bankruptcies in 1825 was a little above 
 eleven hundred ; in 1826 it was nearly two 
 thousand six hundred." — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 ch. 11, p. 197. 
 
 39§5. PANTOMIME in Jurisprudence. Eoman. 
 Among savage nations the want of letters is im- 
 perfectly supplied by the use of visible signs, 
 which awaken attention and perpetuate the re- 
 taembrance of any public or private transaction. 
 The jurisprudence of the first Romans exhibited 
 the scenes of a pantomime ; the words were 
 adapted to the gestures, and the slightest error 
 or neglect in the forms of proceeding was suffi- 
 cient to annul the substance of the fairest claim. 
 The communion of the marriage-life was denoted 
 by the necessary elements of fire and water ; and 
 the divorced wife resigned the bunch of keys, 
 by the delivery of which she has been invested 
 with the government of the family. The manu- 
 mission of a son or a slave was performed by 
 turning him round with a gentle blow on the 
 cheek ; a work was prohibited by the casting of 
 a stone ; prescription was interrupted by the 
 breaking of a branch ; the clinched fist was the 
 symbol of a pledge or deposit ; the right hand 
 was the gift of faith and confidence. The in- 
 denture of covenants was a broken straw; weights 
 and scales were introduced into every payment, 
 and the heir who accepted a testament was some- 
 times obliged to snap his fingers, to cast away 
 his garments, and to leap and dance with real 
 or affected transport. If a citizen pursued any 
 
 stolen goods into a neighbor's house, he conceal- 
 ed his nakedness with a linen towel, and hid his 
 face with a mask or basin, lest he should en- 
 counter the eyes of a virgin or a matron. In a 
 civil action the plaintiff touched the ear of his 
 witness, seized his reluctant adversary by the 
 neck, and implored, in solemn lamentation, the 
 aid of his fellow-citizens. The two competitors 
 grasped each other's hand as if they stood pre- 
 pared for combat before the tribunal of the 
 praetor ; he commanded them to produce the ob- 
 ject of the dispute ; they went, they returned 
 with measured steps, and a clod of earth was cast 
 at his feet to represent the field for which they 
 contended. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 317. 
 
 39§6. PAPACY scandalized. Marozia. Ma- 
 rozia, the mistress of Sergius III. , and her sister 
 Theodora, two women of the most abandoned 
 and flagitious character, now ruled everything 
 in Rome ; and maintaining their ascendency by 
 the most detestable crimes, and murders without 
 end, they filled the pontifical chair in rapid and 
 monstrous succession with their paramours or 
 their adulterous offspring. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 4, p. 101 
 
 39§7. PAPER, Wealth by. In Egypt. Fir- 
 mus, the friend and ally, as he proudly styled 
 himself, of Odenathus and Zenobia, was no more 
 than a wealthy merchant of Egypt. In the 
 course of his trade to India he had formed very 
 intimate connections with the Saracens and the 
 Blemmyes, whose situation on either coast of 
 the Red Sea gave them an easy introduction into 
 the Upper Egypt. The Egyptians he inflamed 
 with the hope of freedom, and, at the head of 
 their furious multitude, broke into the city of 
 Alexandria, where he assumed the imperial 
 purple, coined money, published edicts, and 
 raised an army, which, as he vainly boasted, he 
 was capable of maintaining from the sole profits 
 of his paper trade. Such troops were a feeble 
 defence against the approach of Aurelian ; and 
 it seems almost unnecessary to relate that Fir- 
 mus was routed, taken, tortured, and put to 
 death. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 358. 
 
 39§§. PARADISE, The drunkard's. Ancient 
 Germans. Some tribes of the north seem to have 
 embraced the doctrine of transmigration ; others 
 imagined a gross paradise of immortal drunken- 
 ness. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 95, p. 271. 
 
 39§9. PARADISE, Earthly. Damascus. Tl- 
 mour [the Tartar, reposed,] as was his custom, his 
 army in the plain of Damascus, called one of the 
 four paradises of the earth. The plain of Damas- 
 cus, shaded by its orchards, refreshed by its run- 
 ning waters ; the valley of Bevivan, in Persia ; 
 the valley of the Euphrates, below Bagdad ; and, 
 in fine, the fertile and humid plain of Samar- 
 cand, were to the eyes of the Tartars the four 
 paradises promised to their nation. They took 
 pleasure in traversing them and halting there by 
 turns. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 325. 
 
 3990. PARADISE, Language of. Nushirxan 
 the Persian. At his command the most cele- 
 brated writers of Greece and India were trans- 
 lated into the Persian language ; a smooth and 
 elegant idiom, recommended by Mahomet to the 
 use of paradise ; though it is branded with the 
 epithets of savage and unmusical by the igno- 
 rance and presumption of Agathias. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 42, p. 216.* 
 
472 
 
 PARADISE— PARDON. 
 
 3991. PARADISE, Mussulmans'. Fixe. The 
 Mussulmans born in the mountains and valleys 
 »of Asia, the sons of shepherds, have brought with 
 them into their very palaces the memory, the 
 images, the passion of rural nature ; they love 
 her too much to bedeck her. A woman, a horse, 
 a weapon, a fountain, a tree — such are the five 
 paradises of the children of Othman. — Lamak- 
 •tine's Turkey, p. 15. 
 
 3992. PARADISE, Sensual. Mohammedan. It 
 is natural enough that an Arabian prophet 
 should dwell with rapture on the groves, the 
 fountains, and the rivers of paradise ; but instead 
 of inspiring the blessed inhabitants with a liberal 
 taste for hai-mony and science, conversation and 
 friendship, he idly celebrates the pearls and dia- 
 monds, the robes of silk, palaces of marble, 
 dishes of gold, rich wines, artificial dainties, 
 numerous attendants, and the whole train of 
 sensual and costly luxury, which becomes in- 
 sipid to the owner, even in the short period of 
 this mortal life. Seventy-two Houris, or black- 
 eyed girls, of resplendent beauty, blooming 
 youth, virgin purity, and exquisite sensibility, 
 will be created for the use of the meanest be- 
 liever ; a moment of pleasure will be prolonged 
 to a thousand years, and his faculties will be in- 
 creased a hundred-fold, to render him worthy of 
 iis felicity. Notwithstanding a vulgar prejudice, 
 the gates of heaven will be open to both sexes ; 
 but Mahomet has not specified the male com- 
 panions of the female-elect, lest he should either 
 ;a,larm the jealousy of their former husbands or 
 disturb their felicity by the suspicion of an ever- 
 lasting marriage. This image of a carnal para- 
 dise has provoked the indignation, perhaps the 
 envy, of the monks ; they declaim against the 
 impure religion of Mahomet ; and his modest 
 apologists are driven to the poor excuse of figures 
 ;and allegories. But the sounder and more con- 
 sistent party adhere, without shame, to the literal 
 interpretation of the Koran ; useless would be 
 the resurrection of the body, unless It were re- 
 :Stored to the possession and exercise of its 
 worthiest faculties ; and the union of sensual 
 and intellectual enjoyment is requisite to com- 
 plete the happiness of the double animal, the 
 perfect man. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 5, ch. 50, 
 p. 119. 
 
 3993. PARADISE, A strange. MohammMan. 
 The sieges and battles of six campaigns had con- 
 .sumed many thousands of the Moslems. They 
 died with the reputation and the cheerfulness of 
 martyrs ; and the simplicity of their faith may 
 be expressed in the words of an Arabian youth, 
 when he embraced, for the last time, his sister 
 and mother : " It is not," said he, " the delica- 
 cies of Syria or the fading delights of this world 
 that have prompted me to devote my life in the 
 <;ause of religion. But I seek the favor of God 
 and His apostles ; and I have heard, from one of 
 the companions of the prophet, that the spirits of 
 the martyrs will be lodged in the crops of green 
 birds, who shall taste the fruits and drink of 
 the rivers of paradise. Farewell, we shall meet 
 .again among the groves and fountains which 
 God has provided for His elect." — Gebbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 216. 
 
 3994. PARDON declined. Bewlutionisis. a.d. 
 1776. Patterson, . . . the British adjutant-gen- 
 eral, was allowed to enter the American camp. 
 
 . . . He asked to have his visit accepted as the 
 first advance from the commissioners for restor- 
 ing peace, and asserted that they had great cow- 
 ers. " From what appears," rejoined Washing- 
 ton, "they have power only to grant pardons; 
 having committed no fault, we need no pardon ; 
 we are only defending what we deem to be our 
 indisputable rights. " — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 3995. . By the Innocent. [When 
 
 Lord Howe arrived off New York in July 
 (1776) he addressed a letter to Dr. Franklin aa 
 "his worthy friend," also official dispatches, 
 which were conciliatory in their design.] Frank- 
 lin replied in like spirit of former friendship, 
 but said as the dispatches only showed that Lord 
 Howe was to offer pardon upon submission, he 
 was sure it must give his lordship pain to be 
 sent so far upon so hopeless a business. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 23, p. 272. 
 
 3996. PARDON, Hopeless of. Ayloffe. [Ay- 
 loffe was engaged in the Scotch rebellion under 
 the Duke of Argyll.] He was taken prisoner, 
 and carried to Glasgow. ... A story was current 
 among the Whigs that the king [James II.] said, 
 ' You had better be frank with me, Mr. Ayloffe. 
 Ycu know that it is in my power to pardon you." 
 Then, it was rumored, the captive broke his sul- 
 len silence, and answered, "It may be in your 
 power, but it is not in your nature." He was 
 executed under his old outlawry before the gate 
 of the Temple, and died with stoical composure. 
 — Macaulay's EN«t., ch. 5, p. 527. 
 
 3997. PARDON made Odious. James II. No 
 English sovereign has ever given stronger proofs 
 of a cruel nature than James II. ; yet his cruelty 
 was not more odious than his mercy ; or, per- 
 haps, it may be more correct to say that his mer- 
 cy and his cruelty were such that each reflects 
 infamy on the other. Our horror at the fate of 
 the simple clowns, the young lads, the delicate 
 women, to whom he was inexorably severe, is 
 increased when we find to whom and for what 
 considerations he granted pardon. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 607. 
 
 399§. PARDON, Plea for. Napoleon I. [Gen- 
 eral Lajolais had been condemned to death for 
 participating in the Bourbon conspiracy to as- 
 sassinate Napoleon.] His only daughter, four- 
 teen years old, who was remarkably beautiful, 
 . . . without communicating her intentions to 
 any one, set out alone and on foot for St. 
 Cloud. ... By her youth, her beauty, her tears, 
 and her woe she [gained access to Josephine and 
 her daughter Hortense]. , , . Napoleon had 
 said . . . petitions must be in writing. . . . They 
 contrived to introduce her to the presence of 
 Napoleon as he was passing through one of the 
 apartments of the palace. . , . The fragile child, 
 in a delirium of emotion, rushed before him, 
 precipitated herself at his feet, and exclaimed, 
 " Pardon, sire ! pardon for my father !" Napo- 
 leon, surprised, . . . exclaimed, " I have said that 
 I wish for no such scenes. . . . Leave me, miss !" 
 So saying, he turned to pass from her ; but the 
 child threw her arms around his knees, and . . . 
 with tears and agony ... in every feature . . • 
 exclaimed, " Pardon ! pardon ! pardon ! it is for 
 my father !" " And who is your father ? . . , Who 
 are you ?" " I am Miss Lajolais, . . . and my 
 father is doomed to die." ..." Well, my child 1 
 
PARDON— PARRICIDE. 
 
 47^ 
 
 yes ! For your sake I will forgive your father." 
 . . . The suppliant fainted and fell to the floor. 
 [In prison she fell upon her father's neck, unable 
 to speak. She fell into unconsciousness, and 
 \ when revived was a hopeless maniac] — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 27. 
 
 3999. PARDOBT, Purchase of. Emdeiice. [a.d. 
 1450-1485.] One testator wishes that a Latin sen- 
 tence should be written " on the forepart of the 
 iron about my grave," with " the day and the 
 year of the Lord of my departing from this 
 world, and the pardon that I purchased to be 
 written therewith." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 8, p. 127. 
 
 4000. PARDON without Reformation. Oov- 
 ernment. Capt. John Nutt was one of the most 
 daring sea-devils of that lawless time. He was 
 an untakable man, and he had several pirate 
 ships. He commenced his career as gunner 
 of a vessel in Dartmouth harbor bound for the 
 Newfoundland seas. Commg to Newfoundland, 
 he collected a crew of pleasant fellows like liim- 
 self ; they seized a French ship, also a large 
 Plymouth ship, then a Flemish ship, and, with 
 these gay rovers, he played off his depredations 
 on the fishing craft of the Newfoundland seas, 
 and came back, too strong for capture, to the 
 western coasts of England. Arrived there, this 
 worthy played off new devilries : he tempted 
 men from the king's service by the promise of 
 liigher wages, and — what, alas I might easily be 
 promised in those dreary days — more certain pay- 
 ment ; he hung about Torbay, laughed at threats, 
 scoffed at promises of pardon, although more 
 than one offer had been made conditionally. The 
 whole western country was in a state of dread, 
 and municipalities poured their entreaties upon 
 the council and upon Eliot in his office of vice- 
 admiral. . . . [The pirate was pardoned and 
 honored, the faithful admiral was dishonored by 
 the government. It was the work of bribery.] 
 —Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 50, 
 
 4001 . PARDON by Sympathy. Abraham Lin- 
 ccln. A poor woman from Philadelphia had 
 been waiting, with a baby in her arms, for three 
 days to see the President. [Her husband had de- 
 serted, and was sentenced to be shot.] Late in the 
 afternoon of the third day ... he heard the baby 
 
 : cry. " He . . . rang the bell. 'Daniel,' said he, 
 I ' is there a Wvjman with a baby in the anteroom ?' 
 I I said there was, and if he would allow me to say 
 j it, I thought it was a case he ought to see, for it 
 i was a matter of life and death. Said he, ' Send her 
 
 at once. ' . . . The President pardoned her hus- 
 \ band. As she came out from his presence her eyes 
 I were lifted and her lips moving in prayer, the 
 \ tears streaming down her cheeks, " Said Daniel, 
 !; *' I went up to her, and pulling her shawl, said, 
 |i • Madam, it was the baby that did it I ' " — Ray- 
 1 mond's Lincoln, p. 737. 
 
 I 4002. PARENT, A disappointed. John Howard. 
 i For seven years he lived in the country with hia 
 I wife. Nothing was wanting to his happiness but 
 I children, which, for seven years, were denied 
 I him. Then a son was born, who filled up the 
 j measure of his joy, A few days after the birth 
 
 of this child he left his wife in tlie morning to 
 ' go to church, she being apparently as well as 
 I could be expected. On his return he found her 
 [ indisposed, and a few minutes after, as he was 
 I handing her a cup of chocolate, she fell back 
 
 upon her pillow, and immediately breathed her 
 last. . . . The boy, whom he had obtained at the 
 price of his happiness, was a large and healthy 
 child ; it lived to be the consoler of his solitude, 
 but finally the shame and misery of his old age. 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog , p. 40. 
 
 4003. PARENTS, P. ?7er of. Roman. The 
 paternal power was instituted or confirmed by 
 Romulus himself ; and, after the practice of three 
 centuries, it was inscribed on the fourth table of 
 the Decemvirs. In the forum, the Senate, or the 
 camp the adult son of a Roman citizen enjoyed 
 the public and private rights of a persor^; in hia 
 father's house he was a mere thing ; confounded 
 by the laws with the movables, the cattle, and the 
 slaves, whom the capricious master might alien- 
 ate or destroy, without being responsible to any 
 earthly tribunal. The hand which bestowed the 
 daily sustenance might resume the voluntary gift, 
 and whatever was acquired by the labor or fort- 
 une of the son was immediately lost in the prop- 
 erty of the father. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, 
 p. 341. 
 
 4004. PARENTS, Sacrifice of. Chinese. Ninety 
 [Chinese] cities were stormed, or starved, by the 
 Moguls ; ten only escaped ; and Zingis [their 
 commander], from a knowledge of the filial piety 
 of the Chinese, covered h's vanguard with their 
 captive parents ; an unwoi thy, and by degrees a 
 fruitless, abuse of the virtue of his enemies. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64, p. 209. 
 
 4005. PARENTS, Sorrow of, Henry 11. 
 [About ] 189 Richard, son of the great Henry II,, 
 joined the French king, Philip II., against hia 
 father. Three other sons were also rebels against 
 their father, and only his youngest son, John, re- 
 mained at his court.] Philip and Richard took 
 his castles, while Henry remained in a condition 
 of unusual supineness. He was now broken in 
 spirit. . . . He yielded almost without a struggle 
 to the demands that were made upon him, . . . 
 Throughout these unnatural conflicts he Lad rest- 
 ed his hopes upon his beloved John, to whom he 
 had required liis seneschal to deliver his castles 
 in the event of his death, . . . He asked for the 
 names of those barons who had joined the French 
 king. The first name he saw was John, He read 
 no more. The world and all its troubles and hopes 
 faded from his view. He turned his face to the 
 wall, and exclaimed, ''Let everything go as it 
 will,". . . His great heart was broken. On the 
 6th of July, 1189, Henry II. was no more.— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 21, p. 304. 
 
 4000. PARRICIDE, Crime of. Imp ossible. 
 Romulus appointed no punishment for actual 
 parricides, but called all murder parricide, look- 
 ing upon this as abominable, and the other as im- 
 possible. For many ages, indeed, he seemed to 
 have judged rightly ; no one was guilty of that 
 crime in Rome for almost six hundred years ; and 
 Lucius Ostius, after the wars of Hannibal, is re- 
 corded to have been the first that murdered his 
 father. — Plutarch's Romulus. 
 
 4007. PARRICIDE, Punishment of. Romans. 
 The parricide, who violated the duties of nature 
 and gratitude, was cast into the river or the sea, 
 enclosed in a sack ; and a cock, a viper, a dog, 
 and a monkey were successively added, as tha 
 most suitable companions. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 44. p. 371. 
 
474 
 
 PAKslMONY— PARTIES. 
 
 400§. PARSIMONY, Costly. James II. [It 
 was customary at the coronation of the king to 
 arrange a splendid procession and to ride in state 
 from the Tower to Westminster.] James ordered 
 an estimate to be made of the cost of such a pro- 
 cession, and found that it would amount to about 
 half as much as he proposed to expend in cover- 
 ing his wife with trinkets. He accordingly deter- 
 mined to be prof use where he ought to have been 
 frugal, and niggardly where he might pardonably 
 have been profuse. More than a hundred thou- 
 sand pounds were laid out in dressing the queen, 
 and the procession from the Tower was omitted. 
 The foMy of this course is obvious. — Macau- 
 lay's Ex^G., ch. 4, p. 439. 
 
 4009. PAETIALITY evinced. James II [He 
 determined to overthrow the Protestant faith.] 
 All the special dispensations which he had grant- 
 ed had been granted to Reman Catholics. All 
 the laws which bore hardest on the Presbyterians, 
 Independents, and Baptists had been for a time 
 severely executed by him. While Hales com- 
 manded a regiment, while Powis sat at the coun- 
 cil board, wliile Massey held a deanery, while 
 breviaries and mass books were printed at Oxford 
 under a royal license, while the host was public- 
 ly exposed in London under the protection of the 
 pikes and muskets of the Foot Guards, while 
 friars and monks walked the streets of London in 
 their robes, Baxter was in jail ; Howe was in 
 exile ; the Five Mile Act and the Conventicle Act 
 were in full vigor ; Puritan writers were compell- 
 ed to resort to foreign or to secret presses ; Puri- 
 tan congregations could meet only by night or in 
 waste places, and Puritan ministers were forced 
 to preach in the garb of colliers or of sailors. In 
 Scotland the king, while he spared no exertion 
 to extort from the estates full relief for Roman 
 Catholics, had demanded and obtained new stat- 
 utes of unprecedented severity against the Pres- 
 byterians. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 186. 
 
 4010. PARTIES, Difference in. English. It 
 ought to be remembered that the difference be- 
 tween the two great sections of English politi- 
 cians has always been a difference rather of de- 
 gree than of principle. There were certain lim- 
 its on the right and on the left which were very 
 rarely overstepped. A few enthusiasts on one 
 side were ready to lay all our laws and franchises 
 at the feet of our kings. A few enthusiasts on 
 the other side were bent on pursuing, through 
 endless civil troubles, their darling phantom of a 
 republic. But the great majority of those who 
 fought for the crown were averse to despotism, 
 and the great majority of the champions of pop- 
 ular rights were averse to anarchy. Twice in the 
 course of the seventeenth century the two parties 
 suspended their dissensions and united their 
 strength in a common cause. Their first coalition 
 restored hereditary monarchy, their second coali- 
 tion rescued constitutional freedom. — JVIacau- 
 LAy'sEng., ch. 1, p. 94. 
 
 4011. PARTIES, Independence of. England. 
 [See above.] It is also to be noted that these two 
 parties have never been the whole nation — nay, 
 that they have never, taken together, made up a 
 majority of the nation. Between them has al- 
 "Ways been a great mass, which has not stead- 
 fastly adhered to either, which has sometimes 
 remained inertly neutral, and has sometimes os- 
 cillated to and fro. That mass hai more than 
 
 once passed in a few years from one extreme 
 to the other, and back again. Sometimes it has 
 changed sides merely because it was tired of 
 supporting the same men, sometimes because it 
 was dismayed by its own excesses, sometimes be- 
 cause it had expected impossibilities and had 
 been disappointed. But whenever it has leaned 
 with its whole weight in either direction, resist- 
 ance has, for the time, been impossible. — Macau- 
 lay's Sng., ch. 1, p. 95. 
 
 4012. PARTIES, Natural. Tito. The recess of 
 the English Parliament lasted six weeks. The day 
 on which the Houses met again is one of the most 
 remarkable epochs in our history. From that 
 day dates the corporate existence of the two great 
 parties which have ever since alternately govern- 
 ed the country. In one sense, indeed, the dis- 
 tinction which then became obvious had always 
 existed, and always must exist ; for it has its ori- 
 gin in diversities of temper, of understanding, 
 and of interest, which are found in all societies,, 
 and which will be found till the human mind 
 ceases to be drawn in opposite directions by the 
 charm of habit and by the charm of novelty. 
 Not only in politics, but in literature, in art, in 
 science, in surgery and mechanics, in navigation 
 and agriculture — nay, even in mathematics, we 
 find this distinction. Everywhere there is a class 
 of men who cling with fondness to whatever is 
 ancient, and who, even when convinced by 
 overpowering reasons that innovation would be 
 beneficial, consent to it with many misgivings 
 and forebodings. We find also everywhere an- 
 other class of men sanguine in hope, bold in 
 speculation, always pressing forward, quick ta 
 discern the imperfections of whatever exists, dis- 
 posed to think lightly of the risks and inconven- 
 iences which attend improvements, and disposed 
 to give every change credit for being an improve- 
 ment. . . . The extreme section of one class con- 
 sists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of 
 the other consists of shallow and reckless em- 
 pirics. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 91. 
 
 4013. PARTIES, Opposite. Bomans. "In the 
 Commonwealth," he said, "there have always 
 been two parties — the populares and the opti- 
 mates. The populares say and do w^hat will 
 please the mob ; the optimates say and do what 
 will please the best men. And who are the best 
 men ? They are of all ranks and infinite in num- 
 ber — senators, municipals, farmers, men of busi- 
 ness, even libertini. The type is distinct. They 
 are the well-to-do, the sound, the honest, who do 
 no wrong to any man. The object at which they 
 aim is quiet with honor. They are the conserva- 
 tives of the State. Religion and good govern- 
 ment, the Senate's authority, the laws and cus- 
 toms of our ancestors, public faith, integrity, 
 sound administration — these are the principles 
 on which they rest, and these they will main- 
 tain with their lives." [Address of Cicero.] — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 15. 
 
 4014. PARTIES, Passion of. Roman. Clodius . . . 
 impeached Milo for the interruption of the Comi- 
 tia on the 1 8th of November. Milo appeared to an- 
 swer on the 2d of February ; but there was an- 
 other riot, and the meeting was broken up. On 
 the 6th the court was again held. The crowd 
 was enormous. Cicero happily has left a minute 
 account of the scene. The people were starving, 
 the corn question was pressing. Milo presented 
 
PARTIES— PASSION. 
 
 475 
 
 himself, and Pompey came forward on the Ros- 
 tra to speak. He was received with howls and 
 curses from Clodius' hired ruffians, and his 
 voice could not be heard for the noise. Pompey 
 held on undaunted, and commanded occasional 
 silence by the weight of his presence. Clodius 
 rose when Pompey had done, and rival yells 
 went up from the Milonians. Yells were not 
 enough ; filthy verses were sung in chorus about 
 Clodius and Clodia, ribald bestiality, delightful 
 to the ears of " Tally." Clodius, pale with an- 
 ger, called out, " Who is murdering the people 
 with famine ?" A thousand throats answered, 
 "Pompey!" "Who wants to go to Alexan- 
 dria ?" " Pompey !" they shouted again. " And 
 whom do you want to go ?" " Crassus !" they 
 cried. Passion had risen too high for words. 
 The Clodians began to spit on the Milonians ; 
 the Milonians drew swords and cut the heads 
 of the Clodians. The workingmen, being un- 
 armed, got the worst of the conflict ; and Clodi- 
 us was flung from the Rostra. — Froude's C^- 
 SAB, ch. 15. 
 
 4015. PARTIES, Value of. English. The truth 
 is, that though both parties have often seriously 
 erred, England could have spared neither. If, 
 in her institutions, freedom and order, the ad- 
 vantages arising from innovation and the advan- 
 tages arising from prescription, have been com- 
 bined to an extent elsewhere unknown, we may 
 attribute this happy peculiarity to the strenuous 
 conflicts and alternate victories of two rival con- 
 federacies of statesmen — a confederacy zealous 
 for authority and antiquity, and a confed«acy 
 zealous for liberty and progress. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 94. 
 
 4016. PARTISAN, An effective. Bev. Jonathan 
 Swift. The Rev. Jonathan Swift, of all party 
 writers that ever influenced public opinion, was 
 the most unscrupulous, the most unjust, the most 
 uncharitable, but incomparably the most able. 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 24, p. 369. 
 
 4017. PARTISANS by Contagion. Parliament. 
 [Swift humorously wrote :] I wish you had been 
 here for ten days during the highest and warm- 
 est reign of party and faction that I ever knew 
 or read of, upon the bill against Occasional Con- 
 formity. It was so universal that I observed the 
 dogs in the streets much more contumelious and 
 quarrelsome than usual; and the very night before 
 the bill went up, a committee of Whig and Tory 
 cats had a very warm and loud debate upon the 
 roof of our house. But why should we wonder 
 at that when the very ladies are split asunder 
 into high-church and low, and, out of zeal for 
 religion, have hardly time to say their prayers ?" 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 17, p. 268. 
 
 401 S. PARTY honorably changed. Lord Falk- 
 land. [Lord Falkland, who fell in the battle of 
 Newberry, has been defended against the charge 
 of apostasy from his friends in these words by 
 Arnold :] A man who leaves the popular cause 
 when it is triumphant, and joins the party op- 
 posed to it without really changing his princi- 
 ples and becoming a renegade, is one of the no- 
 blest characters in history. He may not have the 
 clearest judgment or the firmest wisdom ; he may 
 have been mistaken, but as far as he is concerned 
 personally, we cannot but admire him. But such 
 a man changes his party not to conquer, but to 
 die. . . He protests so strongly against their 
 
 evil that he chooses to die by their hands rathei 
 than in their company ; . . . this man is no ren- 
 egade, no apostate, but the purest of martyrs ; 
 for what testimony to truth can be so pure as 
 that which is given uncheered by any sympathy, 
 given not against enemies, amid applauding 
 friends, but against friends, amid unpitying or 
 half-rejoicing enemies ? And such a martyr was 
 Falkland ! — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 2, p. 24. 
 
 4019. PASSION, Parental. John Locke. Mr. 
 Locke never mentioned him but with great re- 
 spect and affection. His father used a conduct 
 toward him when young that he often spoke of 
 afterward with great approbation. It was the 
 being severe to him by keeping him in much 
 awe and at a distance when he was a boy, but 
 relaxing, still by degrees, of that severity as he 
 grew up to be a man, till, he being become ca- 
 pable of it, he lived perfectly with him as a 
 friend. And I remember he has told me that 
 his father, after he was a man, solemnly asked 
 his pardon for having struck him once in a 
 passion when he was a boy. — Fowler's Locke, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 4020. PASSION corrects Passion. Napoleon I. 
 Napoleon [in his early manhood] excluded him- 
 self entirely from haunts of revelry and scenes of 
 dissipation and from all those dissolute courses in 
 which the young men of those days so recklessly 
 plunged ; he adopted this course not apparently 
 from any conscientious desire to do that which 
 is right in the sight of God, but from what has 
 been called " the expulsive power of a new affec- 
 tion." Ambition seemed to expel from his mind 
 every other passion ; . . . animal passion even 
 was repressed, and all the ordinary pursuits of 
 worldly pleasure became in his view frivolous 
 and contemptible. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 4021. PASSION, Savage. Alexander. Clitus, 
 a general of great ability, and to whom Alexan. 
 der owed his life in the battle of the Granicus, 
 stood deservedly, on these accounts, in high fa 
 vor and esteem with his sovereign, who particu 
 larly prized the ingenuous simplicity of his man 
 ners and the honest freedom with which he was 
 accustomed to utter his opinions or propos& 
 his counsels Amid the mirth of a banquet 
 while the sycophant courtiers, in extolling to 
 the skies the achievements of their prince, were 
 drawing a depreciating comparison between the 
 merits of Philip and of his son, this brave Mace- 
 donian had, with honest indignation, reproved 
 their meanness, and warmly supported the fame 
 of his ancient master. Alexander, in a transport 
 of rage, seized a javelin from one of the guards, 
 and hurling it at the breast of Clitus, struck him. 
 dead upon the spot. The atrocity of the deed 
 was instantly felt by the king, and, in the agony 
 of remorse, he would have turned the weapon 
 against his own bosom, had not the attend- 
 ants forcibly prevented him. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 4, p. 192. 
 
 4022. PASSION simulated. Becomes Real. 
 JEsop, we are told, when he was one day acting 
 Altreus, in the part where he considers in what 
 manner he should punish Thyestcs, being work- 
 ed up by his passion to a degree of insanity, 
 with his sceptre struck a servant who happened 
 suddenly to pass by, and laid hi^fa dead at his 
 feet. — Plutarch's C:cfkcv. 
 
476 
 
 PASSION— PATIENCE. 
 
 4023. PASSION, Violent. Samuel Jolinson. 
 It has been confidently related, with many em- 
 bellishments, that Johnson one day knocked Os- 
 borne down in his shop with a folio, and put 
 his foot upon his neck. The simple truth I had 
 from Johnson himself. ' ' Sir, he was imperti- 
 nent to me, and I beat him. But it was not in his 
 shop ; it was in my own chamber." [Osborne 
 was his publisher.] — Boswell's Johnson, p. 38. 
 
 4024. PASSIONS concealed. William, Pnnce 
 of Orange. He was born with violent passions 
 and quick sensibilities ; but the strength of his 
 emotions was not suspected by the world. From 
 the multitude his joy and his grief, his affection 
 and his resentment, were hidden by a phlegmat- 
 ic serenity, which made him pass for the most 
 cold-blooded of mankind. Those who brought 
 him good news could seldom detect any sign of 
 pleasure. Those who saw him after a defeat 
 looked in vain for any sign of vexation. He 
 praised and reprimanded, rewarded and pun- 
 ished, with the stern tranquillity of a ]\Iohawk 
 chief ; but those who knew him well and saw 
 him near were aware that under all this ice a 
 fierce fire was constantly burning. It was sel- 
 dom that anger deprived him of power over him- 
 self ; but when he was really enraged the first 
 outbreak of his passion was terrible. It was in- 
 deed scarcely safe to approach him. — Macau- 
 xay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 156. 
 
 4025. PASSIONS, Controlled by. Frederick 
 WilUara. The mind of Frederick William was 
 so ill regulated that all his inclinations became 
 passions, and all his passions partook of the 
 character of moral and intellectual disease. His 
 parsimony degenerated into sordid avarice. His 
 taste for military pomp and order became a 
 mania, like that of a Dutch burgomaster for 
 tulips. While the envoys of the court of Berlin 
 were in a state of such squalid poverty as moved 
 the laughter of foreign capitals — while the food 
 of the royal family was so bad that even hunger 
 loathed it — no price was thought too extravagant 
 to pay for them. — Macaulay'sFredekick the 
 Great, p. 7. 
 
 4026. PATEENITY inferred. Dr. Valentine 
 Mott. A story is told of his readiness in the 
 lecture-room. A mother brought into the am- 
 phitheatre, one morning, an extremely dirty, 
 sickly, miserable-looking child, for the purpose 
 of having a tumor removed. He exhibited the 
 tumor to the class, but informed the mother that 
 lie could not operate upon the child without the 
 consent of her husband. One of the students, in 
 his eagerness to examine the tumor, jumped over 
 into the little enclosure designed for the operator 
 and his patients. Dr. Mott, observing this in- 
 trusion, turned to the student, and asked him, 
 with the most innocent expression of counte- 
 nance : ' 'Are you the father of this child ?" Thun- 
 ders of applause and laughter greeted this in- 
 genious rebuke, during which the intruder re- 
 turned to his place crestfallen. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 529. 
 
 4027. PATIENCE abused. Pendes. When 
 & vile and abandoned fellow loaded him a whole 
 d&j with reproaches and abuse, he bore it with 
 patience and silence, and continued in public 
 for the despatch of some urgent affairs. In the 
 evening he walked slowly home, this impudent 
 wretch following and insulting him all the way 
 
 with the most scurrilous language. And as it 
 was dark when he came to his own door, he or- 
 dered one of his servants to take a torch and 
 light the man home. — Plutarch's Pericles. 
 
 4028. PATIENCE, Christian. Martyr. [The 
 edict of Diocletian against the Christians] was 
 torn down by the hands of a Christian, who ex- 
 pressed at the same time, by the bitterest invec- 
 tives, his contempt as well as abhorrence for such 
 impious and tyrannical governors. . . . And if it be 
 true that he was a person of rank and education, 
 those circumstances could serve only to aggra- 
 vate his guilt. He was burnt, or rather roasted, 
 by a slow fire, and his executioners, zealous to 
 revenge the personal insult which had been of- 
 fered to the emperors, exhausted every refine- 
 ment of cruelty without being able to subdue 
 his patience or to alter the steady and insulting 
 smile which in his dying agonies he still pre- 
 served in his countenance. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 16, p. 65. 
 
 4029. PATIENCE, Endeavor in. Wi Ilia m, 
 Prince of Orange. [His aim was the protection 
 of Europe from Louis XIV.] William had one 
 great end ever before him. Toward that end he 
 was impelled by a strong passion which ap- 
 peared to him under the guise of a sacred duty. 
 Toward that end he toiled with a patience re- 
 sembling, as he once said, the patience with 
 which he had once seen a boatman on a canal 
 strain against an adverse eddy, often swept back, 
 but never ceasing to pull, and content if, by the 
 labor of hours, a few yards could be gained. 
 Exploits which brought the prince no nearer 
 to his object, however glorious they might be 
 in the estimation of the vulgar, were in his 
 judgment boyish vanities, and no part of the 
 real business of life. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, 
 p. 179. 
 
 4030. PATIENCE of Genius. Magnetic Tele- 
 graph. The magnetic principle on which the in- 
 vention depends had been known since 1774, 
 but Professor Morse was the first to apply that 
 principle for the benefit of men. He began his 
 experiments in 1833, and five years afterward 
 succeeded in obtaining a patent on his invention. 
 Then followed another long delay ; and it was 
 not until the last day of the session in 1843 that 
 he procured from Congress an appropriation of 
 $30,000. With that appropriation was construct- 
 ed, between Baltimore and Washington, the first 
 telegraphic line in the world. Perhaps no other 
 invention has exercised a more beneficent influ- 
 ence on the welfare of the human race. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 56, p. 446. 
 
 4031. PATIENCE, Nobility in. Alexander. 
 Alexander [the Great] hazarded his person, by 
 way of exercise for himself and example to 
 others. But his friends, in the pride of wealth, 
 were so devoted to luxury and ease that they con- 
 sidered long marches and campaigns as a burden, 
 and by degrees came to murmur and speak ill of 
 the king. At first he bore their censures with 
 great moderation, and used to say there was 
 something noble in hearing himself ill-spoken of 
 while he was doing well.— Plutarch's Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 4032. PATIENCE, Success by. Study. Buffon 
 said, ' ' Genius is patience. " Stevenson, the invent- 
 or of the locomotive, declared that he surpassed 
 
PATIENCE— PATRIOTISM. 
 
 477 
 
 the majority of mankind only in patience. New- 
 ton also ascribed his success in interpreting na- 
 ture solely to his patience. Being asked one day 
 how he had discovered the law of gravitation, he 
 replied, " By incessantly thinking about it." — 
 Parton's Newton, p. 91. 
 
 4033. PATIENCE tried. John Nelson. [One 
 of Wesley's preachers was reported to the com- 
 missioners for recruiting the army as a vagrant, 
 not having any visible means of support. He 
 was pressed into the army, where he began to 
 preach to the soldiers, and then whenever oppor- 
 tunity permitted. He was grievously tormented 
 by a strippling ensign, who had him put in prison 
 for reproving his profanity and for preaching, 
 and when he was let out threatened to chastise 
 him. Nelson records that] it caused a sore temp- 
 tation to arise in me, to think that a wicked, ig- 
 norant man should thus torment me, and I able 
 to tie his head and heels together. I found an 
 old man's bone in me ; but the Lord lifted up a 
 standard when the anger was coming on like a 
 flood, else I should have wrung his neck to the 
 ground and set my foot upon him. — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 210. 
 
 4034. PATEIOTISM abandoned. James II. A 
 small knot of fanatics still continued to cherish a 
 wild hope that they might be able to change the 
 order of succession. ... It was to be hoped, 
 they said, that the king might be able to establish 
 the true faith without resorting to extremities ; 
 but, in the worst event, he might leave his crown 
 at the disposal of Louis. It was better for English- 
 men to be the vassals of France than the slaves 
 of the devil. This extraordinary document was 
 handed about from Jesuit to Jesuit, and from 
 courtier to courtier, till some eminent Roman 
 Catholics, in whom bigotry had not extinguished 
 patriotism, furnished the Dutch ambassador with 
 a copy. He put the paper into the hands of 
 James. James, greatly agitated, pronounced it 
 a vile forgery, contrived by some pamphleteer 
 in Holland. The Dutch minister resolutely an- 
 swered that he could prove the contrary by the 
 testimony of several distinguished members of 
 his Majesty's own church — nay, that there would 
 be no difficulty in pointing out the writer, who, 
 after all, had written only what many priests and 
 many busy politicians said every day in the 
 plleries of the palace. The king did not think 
 it expedient to ask who the writer was. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 285. 
 
 4035. PATRIOTISM, Affecting. Maria Tlie- 
 resa. [Frederick II. suddenly made war against 
 the young orphan queen at the beginning of her 
 reign.] At the first sitting of the Diet she ap- 
 peared clad in deep mourning for her father, 
 and in pathetic and dignified words implored her 
 people to support her just cause. Magnates and 
 deputies sprang up, half drew their sabres, and 
 with eager voices vowed to stand by her with 
 their lives and fortunes. Till then her firmness 
 had never once forsaken her before the public 
 eye, but at that shout she sank down upon her 
 throne, and wept aloud. Still more touching 
 was the sight when, a few days later, she came 
 before the estates of her realm, and held up be- 
 fore them the little archduke in her arms. Then 
 it was that the enthusiasm of Hungary broke 
 forth into that war-cry which soon resounded 
 thi'oughout Europe, "Let us die for our king. 
 
 Maria Theresa !" — Macaulay's Frederick the 
 Great, p. 36. 
 
 4036. PATRIOTISM aroused. Revolutionists. 
 The battle of Lexington tired the country. With- 
 in a few days an army of 20,000 men had gather- 
 ed about Boston. A line of intrenchments en- 
 compassing the city was drawn from Roxbury 
 to Chelsea. To drive Gage and the British into 
 the sea was the common talk in that tumultuous 
 camp. And the number constantly increased, 
 John Stark came down at the head of the New 
 Hampshire militia. Israel Putnam, with a leather 
 waistcoat on, was helping some men to build a 
 stone wall on his farm, when the news from 
 Lexington came flying. Hurrying to the nearest 
 town, he found the militia already mustered. 
 Bidding the men follow as soon as possible, he 
 mounted a horse and rode to Cambridge, a dis- 
 tance of a hundred miles, in eighteen hours. 
 Rhode Island sent her quota under the brave 
 Nathaniel Greene. Benedict Arnold came with 
 the provincials of New Haven. Ethan Allen, of 
 Vermont, made war in the other direction. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 38, p. 298. 
 
 4037. PATRIOTISM, Courage of. Scots. Ed- 
 ward [II.] now prepared, with an immense anny 
 of 100,000 men, to reduce the country to submis- 
 sion and fulfil the dying request of his father, 
 by making a complete conquest of it. King; 
 Robert Bruce met him at Bannockburn, near 
 Stirling, with 30,000 men. By an excellent dis- 
 position of the Scottish army, and the signal in- 
 trepidity and conduct of the king, the English. 
 were totally routed. A prodigious slaughter en- 
 sued, and the pursuit continued near one hundred 
 miles, till the small remnant of this immense army 
 was entirely driven out of the kingdom. Edward 
 narrowly escaped by flight to Dunbar, whence he 
 was conveyed by sea to his own dominions. This 
 great and decisive victory secured the indepen- 
 dence of Scotland, and fixed Robert Bruce firm- 
 ly upon the throne. It made a deep impressioa 
 on the minds of the English, and for several 
 years after no superiority of numbers could in- 
 duce them to keep the field against their for- 
 midable adversaries. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 12, p. 195. 
 
 403§. . Under Charles I. The 
 
 whole nation was alarmed and incensed. John 
 Hampden, an opulent and well-born gentleman 
 of Buckinghamshire, highly considered in his 
 own neighborhood, but as yet little known to the 
 kingdom generally, had the courage to step for- 
 ward to confront the whole power of the gov- 
 ernment, and take on himself the cost and the 
 risk of disputing the prerogative to which the 
 king laid claim . The case was argued before the 
 judges in the Exchequer Chamber. ... If money 
 might legally be raised without the consent of 
 Parliament for the support of a fleet, it was not 
 easy to deny that money might, without con- 
 sent of Parliament, be legally raised for the 
 support of an armv. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 85. 
 
 4039. PATRIOTISM dead. Bomans. The 
 Numidians were not very formidable enemies, 
 but after a month or two half the Romans were 
 destroyed and the remainder were obliged to sur- 
 render. About the same time, and from similar 
 causes, two Roman armies were cut to pieces on 
 the Rhone. While the great men at Rome were 
 
478 
 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
 building palaces, inventing new dishes, and hir- 
 ing cooks at unheard-of salaries, the barbarians 
 were at the gates of Italy. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 4040. PATEIOTISM in Death. The Younger 
 Pitt. [When William Pitt was on his death-bed, 
 shortly after Napoleon's victories at Ulm and 
 Austerlitz, the last words which he spoke, about 
 half an hour before he breathed his last, were,] 
 "My country! Oh, my country 1" — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 451. 
 
 4041. . John Hampden. [" O 
 
 Lord, save my bleeding country!" were the last 
 words of Hampden, who was wounded in a fight 
 at the beginning of the civil war.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 1. 
 
 4042. PATEIOTISM, Deeds of. Garibaldi. 
 Garibaldi, however, remained, and was residing 
 there, farming and fishing, when the war be- 
 tween Austria and Sardinia called him once more 
 to the field. Before he again saw Caprera, 
 what wonderful events transpired ! The bloody 
 tyrant of Naples driven from his throne ! Sicily 
 delivered from oppression ! Nine millions of 
 subjects added to the dominions of a constitu- 
 tional king, Victor Emmanuel ! All Italy one na- 
 tion, excepting alone the dominions of the Pope 
 and the province of Venetia I This was Gari- 
 baldi's work. It was the magic of his name, the 
 fire of his patriotism, and his genius for com- 
 mand, that wrought these marvels. The grate- 
 ful king desired to bestow upon him some splen- 
 did reward, which Garibaldi firmly refusing, 
 the king prepared for him a pleasing surprise at 
 his rocky home. After an absence of nearly two 
 years, Garibaldi returned to Caprera in Novem- 
 ber, 1860, to spend the winter in repose. When 
 he approached his home, he saw no object that 
 he could recognize. His rough and tangled farm 
 had been changed, as if by enchantment, into 
 elegant grounds, with roads, paths, lawns, gar- 
 dens, shrubbery, and avenues. His cottage was 
 gone, and in its place stood a villa, replete with 
 every convenience within and without. As he 
 walked from room to room, wondering what 
 magician had worked this transformation, he 
 observed a full-length portrait of King Victor 
 Emmanuel, which explained the mystery. — Cy- 
 clopedia OP BioG., p. 497. 
 
 4043. PATRIOTISM, Determined. Virginia. 
 A rumor arose that an English fleet was ap- 
 proaching for the subjugation of the colonies. 
 The patriot leaders held a council, and it was de- 
 termined that Jamestown should be burned. Ac- 
 cordingly, in the dusk of the evening, the torch 
 was applied, and the only town in Virginia laid 
 in ashes. The leading men set the example 
 by throwing firebrands into their own houses ; 
 others caught the spirit of sacrifice ; the flames 
 shot up through the shadows of night ; and 
 Governor Berkeley and his followers, on board a 
 fleet twenty miles down the river, had tolerably 
 fair warning that the capital of Virginia could 
 not be used for the purposes of despotism. [See 
 No. 4067.]— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 12, p. 121. 
 
 4044. PATRIOTISM disgusted. Bolivar. Like 
 General Washington, Bolivar was less popular as 
 a civil ruler than he had been as a commander 
 of armies. Disgusted at length by the calumnies 
 with which he was assailed, he not only resigned 
 
 the presidency, but determined to leave his 
 country. He addressed to his fellow-citizens a 
 farewell letter: "The presence of a fortunate 
 soldier," said he, " however disinterested he may 
 be, is always dangerous in a state just set free. 
 I am tired of hearing it incessantly repeated that 
 1 wish to make myself emperor, and to raise 
 again the throne of the Incas. Everywhere my 
 actions are misrepresented. It is enough. I have 
 paid my debt to my country and to humanity. I 
 have given my blood, my health, my fortune, to 
 the cause of liberty, and as long as it was in 
 peril I was devoted to its defence ; but now that 
 America is no longer torn by war, nor polluted 
 with the presence of an armed foe, I withdraw, 
 that my presence may not be an obstacle to the 
 happiness of my fellow-citizens. The welfare 
 of my country would alone reconcile me to the 
 hard necessity of a perpetual exile, far from the 
 land which gave me birth. Receive, then, my 
 adieus, as a new proof of my ardent patriotism 
 and the particular love which I cherish for the 
 people of Colombia." — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 490. 
 
 4045. PATRIOTISM a Duty. Lacedcemonians. 
 The discipline of the Lacedsemonians continued 
 after they were arrived at years of maturity, for 
 no man was at liberty to live as he pleased, the 
 city being like one great camp, where all had 
 their stated allowance, and knew their public 
 charge, each man concluding that he was born 
 not for himself, but for his country. Hence if they 
 had no particular orders, they employed them- 
 selves in inspecting the boys, and teaching them 
 something useful, or in learning of those that 
 were older than themselves. — Plutarch. 
 
 4046. . Lord Nelson. [When Lord 
 
 Nelson was bearing down upon the French and 
 Spanish fleets off Cape Trafalgar, with his men- 
 of-war arranged in two lines, as previously de- 
 signed, he asked Captain Blackwood] whether a 
 signal was not wanting. • When Blackwood an- 
 swered that he thought the whole fleet knew 
 what they were about, up went the signal which 
 conveyed the immortal words, " England expects 
 every 'man to do his duty." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 25, p. 447. 
 
 4047. PATRIOTISM, Educated. Romans. To 
 Inspire that severe and rigid mrtue which can 
 alone support a democratic form of government, 
 and to inculcate that exclusive love of our coun- 
 try before which, in their early ages, every pri- 
 vate or personal feeling was constrained to bow, 
 was the first and most sacred duty of these noble 
 matrons. The circumstances in which the com- 
 monwealth was situated in its earlier ages made 
 this absolutely necessary. It possessed none of 
 those artificial modes of defence so generally em- 
 ployed by the modern nations. The improve- 
 ments of modern warfare, which substitute skill 
 so often in the place of valor — the fortifications 
 of our modern cities, which render them, in some 
 measure, independent of the personal exertions 
 of those who defend them — had not been intro- 
 duced among this virtuous people. Those re- 
 finements, also, in the arts and manufactures 
 which exchange the little enjoyments of private 
 comfort for the higher feelings of public happi- 
 ness, and even that progress in the sciences 
 which, however excellent in its general conse- 
 quences, encourages certainly a spirit of exclu« 
 
PATRIOTISM. 
 
 479 
 
 sion most uncongenial to public exertion — all 
 these were either unknown or despised in the 
 severer ages of the Roman republic. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 3, p. 423. 
 
 404§. PATRIOTISM, Effect of. Butch. The 
 Flemish were defeated in a naval tight off Zerick- 
 see, and Philip himself obtained a more impor- 
 tant and complete victory at Mons-en-Puelle, near 
 Lille . . . where the host of the insurgents, com- 
 manded by the two sons of the exiled Count Guy 
 de Dampierre, was utterly discomfited, with the 
 loss of 6000 men. Such, however, was the ener- 
 gy and determination of the stout-hearted burgh- 
 ers of Flanders, that within three weeks they 
 were enabled to advance against the king with 
 a fresh army of 60,000 men ; and Philip, struck 
 with admiration of their patriotism and daunt- 
 less bravery, resolved to abandon the contest 
 and conclude a peace. — Students' History of 
 France, ch. 9, § 14. 
 
 4049. PATSIOTISM, Enthusiastic. Benedict 
 Arnold. The condition of Burgoyne grew more 
 and more critical. On all sides the lines of Gates 
 were closing around him. His supplies failed ; 
 his soldiers were put on partial rations ; his Ca- 
 nadian and Indian allies deserted his standard. 
 But the British general was courageous and res- 
 olute ; he strengthened his defences and flattered 
 his men with the hope that General Clinton, who 
 now commanded the British army in New York, 
 would make a diversion in their favor. On the 
 7th of October he hazarded another battle, in 
 which he lost his bravest ofiicers and nearly 700 
 privates. Tlie conflict was terrible, lasting from 
 two o'clock in the afternoon till twilight. At 
 last Morgan's riflemen singled out the brave 
 General Fraser, who commanded the British 
 right, and killed him. His disheartened men 
 turned and fled from the field. On the American 
 side, Arnold, who had resigned his commission, 
 rode at full speed to his old command, and, with- 
 out authonty, became the inspiring genius of the 
 battle. He charged like a madman, drove the 
 enemy before him, eluded Gates' aid, who was 
 sent to call him back, burst into the British camp, 
 and was severely wounded. The Americans were 
 completely victorious. — Ridpath'sU. S., ch, 40, 
 p. 323. 
 
 4050. PATRIOTISM exasperated. Massachu- 
 setts Colonists. A.D. 1774. "If you value your 
 life, I advise you not to return home at present," 
 was the warning received by Ruggles from the 
 town of Hardwicke, whose freemen, with those 
 of New Braintree and of Greenwich, so resented 
 his accepting a place in the council [of the Tory 
 governor of Massachusetts], that they vowed he 
 rshould never again pass the great bridge of the 
 town alive. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 8. 
 
 4051. PATRIOTISM extinguished. Prance. 
 From the latter years of Louis XIV. till the third 
 quarter of the eighteenth century was all but 
 closed, France had a government at once so weak 
 and wicked, so much below the culture of the 
 people it oppressed, that the better minds of the 
 nation turned away in disgust from their domes- 
 tic ignominy, and sought consolation in contem- 
 plating foreign virtue wherever they thought it 
 was to be found ; in short, they became cosmo- 
 politan. The country which has since been the 
 birthplace of Chauvinism put away national 
 
 pride almost with passion. — Morrison's Gib- 
 bon, ch. 7. 
 
 4052. PATRIOTISM, Faith in. Congress of 
 Massachusetts, a.d. 1775. On the 15lh day of 
 April they adjourned, expecting a long and des- 
 perate war with . . . Great Britain, yet with no 
 treasury but the good-will of the people ; not a 
 soldier in actual service ; hardly ammunition 
 enough for a parade day ; as for artillery, hav- 
 ing scarce more than ten cannon of iron, four of 
 brass, and two cohorns ; with no executive but 
 the committee of safety, ... no distinguished 
 general to take command of the provincial 
 troops. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 26. 
 
 4053. PATRIOTISM, Finance and. Robert 
 Morris. January, 1777. [To relieve Washing- 
 ton's destitution of funds in the darkest days of 
 the war,] very early on New Year's morning 
 Robert Morris [having contributed much of his 
 own fortune] went from house to house in Phil- 
 adelphia, rousing people from their beds to bor- 
 row money, and early in the day he sent Wash- 
 ington $50,000, with the message, " Whatever I 
 can do shall be done for the good of the service ; 
 if further occasional supplies of money are nec- 
 essary, you may depend upon my exertions 
 either in a public or a private capacity." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 14. 
 
 4054. PATRIOTISM, Indifferent. Gibbon in 
 Parliament. [See No. 4249.] He never rose to 
 the level of the ordinary citizen or even partisan, 
 who takes an exaggerated view perhaps of the 
 importance of the politics of the day, but who 
 at any rate thereby shows a sense of social soli- 
 darity and the claims of civic communion. He 
 called himself a Whig, but he had no zeal for 
 Whig principles. He voted steadily with Lord 
 North, and quite approved of taxing and coerc- 
 ing America into slavery ; but he had no high 
 notions of the royal prerogative, and was luke- 
 warm in this as in everything. With such ab- 
 sence of passion one might have expected that 
 he would be at least shrewd and sagacious in 
 his judgments on politics. But he is nothing of 
 the kind. In his familiar letters he reserves 
 generally a few lines for parliamentary gossip, 
 amid chat about the weather and family busi- 
 ness. — Morrison's Gibbon, ch. 6. 
 
 4055. PATRIOTISM, Longing of. Pilgrims. 
 The love of native land is a universal passion. 
 The Puritans in Holland did not forget — could 
 not forget — that they were Englishmen. Dur- 
 ing their ten years of residence at Leyden they 
 did not cease to long for a return to the country 
 which had cast them out. Though ruled by a 
 heartless monarch and a bigoted priesthood, 
 England was their country still. The unfamil- 
 iar language of the Dutch grated harshly on 
 their ears. They pined with unrest, conscious 
 of their ability and willingness to do something 
 which should convince even King James of 
 their patriotism and worth. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 7, p. 89. 
 
 4056. PATRIOTISM, Memorial of. Bunker 
 Bill. The year 1842 was noted for the comple- 
 tion of the Bunker Hill Monument. No enter- 
 prise of a similar character had, in the whole 
 history of the country, called forth so much pa- 
 triotic enthusiasm. The foundation of the no- 
 ble structure was laid on the 17th of June, 1825, 
 
480 
 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
 the corner-stone being put into its place by the 
 venerable Lafayette. Daniel Webster, then 
 young in years and fame, delivered the oration 
 of the day, while 200 Revolutionary veterans, 
 40 of them survivors of the battle fought on that 
 hill-crest just fifty years before, gathered with the 
 throng to hear him. But the work of erection 
 went on slowly. More than $150,000 were ex- 
 pended, and seventeen years elapsed before the 
 grand shaft, commemorative of the heroes, living 
 and dead, was finished. At last the work was 
 done, and the mighty column of Quincy gran- 
 ite, thirty-one feet square at the base and two 
 hundred and twenty-one feet in height, stood 
 out sublimely against the clouds and sky. It 
 was deemed fitting, however, to postpone the 
 dedication until the noxt anniversary of the bat- 
 tle, and preparations were made accordingly. 
 On the 17th of June, 1843, an immense multi- 
 tude of people, including most of the Revolution- 
 ary soldiers who had not yet fallen, gathered 
 from all parts of the republic to witness the im- 
 posing ceremony. Mr. Webster, now full of 
 years and honors, was chosen to deliver the ad- 
 dress of dedication, a duty which he performed 
 in a manner so touching and eloquent as to add 
 new lustre to his fame as an orator. The cele- 
 bration was concluded with a public dinner given 
 in Faneuil Hall, the cradle of American lib- 
 erty. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 56, p, 443. 
 
 4057. PATRIOTISM, National. Patrick Hen- 
 ry. A.D. 1774. [At the Colonial Congress in Phil- 
 adelphia.] "British oppression has effaced the 
 boundaries of the several colonies ; the distinc- 
 tions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New 
 Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more. I 
 am not a Virginian, but an American." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 11. 
 
 4058. PATEIOTISM without Pay. George Wash- 
 ington. [When George Washington accepted 
 his commission from the Continental Congress, 
 as commander-in-chief of the American army,] 
 he said no pecuniary consideration could have 
 tempted him to accept this arduous employment, 
 at the expense of his domestic ease and happi- 
 ness ; he had no desire to make a profit by it. He 
 would take no pay. He would keep an exact ac- 
 count of his expenses, and those he doubted not 
 would be discharged. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 23, p. 356. 
 
 4059. PATRIOTISM, Possibilities of. American 
 Colonies. "How is it possible," asked the par- 
 tisans of authority, " that a people without arms, 
 ammunition, money, or navy should dare to 
 brave the foremost among all the powers on 
 earth ? . . . Americans are neither disciplined 
 nor capable of discipline." — ^Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 16. 
 
 4060. PATRIOTISM, Preservation of. Span- 
 ish Armada. [When the magnificent Spanish 
 armada was preparing for a descent upon the 
 shores of England, the patriotism of the people 
 was signally displayed.] A long course of pros- 
 perous industry might be supposed to have un- 
 fitted those who had been winning the spoils of 
 peace for the defence of their country at a time 
 of great national danger. . . . But the ancient 
 spirit was not dead, in the midst of many dif- 
 ferences of opinion among Protestants connect- 
 ed with the discipline of the Church, and with 
 Romanists living imder severe laws, there was to 
 
 be, in another year, such an outburst of patriotr 
 ism as would manifest that the love of country 
 was above all divisions of creed. That glorious 
 manifestation of national spirit in 1588 was also 
 to show that a people does not necessarily be- 
 come weakened in character by a long course of 
 prosperity, but that the accumulations of peace 
 are the real resources of war. It is not the dif- 
 fusion of comforts and luxuries that renders a 
 nation unwarlike and apathetic. It is the tread- 
 ing out of true nationality by lawless rulers — the 
 shutting-up of all the fountains of independent 
 thought by slavish superstition — that destroy the 
 patriotism of a people, and make them incapa- 
 ble of defending their homes. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 14, p. 214. 
 
 4061. PATRIOTISM, Pretended. Scoundrels. 
 Patriotism having become one of our topics, 
 Johnson suddenly uttered, in a strong, deter- 
 mined tone, an apothegm at which many will 
 start : " Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoun- 
 drel." But let it be considered that he did not 
 mean a real and generous love of our country, 
 but that pretended patriotism which so many, in 
 all ages and countries, have made a cloak for 
 self-interest. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 247. 
 
 4062. PATRIOTISM, Pntlic. Spartans. Ly 
 curgus taught his citizens to think nothing more 
 disagreeable than to live by (or for) themselves. 
 Like bees, they acted with one impulse for the 
 public good, and always assembled about their 
 prince. They were possessed with a thirst of 
 honor and enthusiasm bordering upon insanity, 
 and had not a wish but for their country. These 
 sentiments are confirmed by some of their aph- 
 orisms. When Paedaretus lost his election for 
 one of the three hundred, he went away rejoicing 
 that there were three hundred better men than him- 
 self found in the city. Pisistratides going with 
 some others, ambassador to the King of Persia's 
 lieutenants, was asked whether they came with 
 a public commission or on their own account, 
 to which he answered, "If successful, for the 
 public ; if unsuccessful, for ourselves." — Plu- 
 tarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 4063. PATRIOTISM punished. Thomas Hans- 
 ford. Rebellion of 1676. What was charged 
 on him as rebellion, he denied to have been a 
 sin. " Take notice," said he, as he came to the 
 gibbet, " I die a loyal subject and a lover of my 
 country." That country was Virginia. Hans- 
 ford perished, the first native American on the 
 gallows, a martyr to the right of the people to 
 govern themselves. — ^Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 14. 
 
 4064. PATRIOTISM remembered. Athenian. 
 By the Athenian laws children whose fathers 
 were killed in the service of their country were 
 appointed to be educated at the public expense. 
 "Let the father," says the laws of Solon, " have 
 the privilege of bestoAving on that son a funeral 
 encomium who died valiantly fighting in the 
 field. He who receives his death while fighting 
 with undaunted courage in the front of the bat- 
 tle shall have an annual harangue spoken to his 
 honor." — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4065. PATRIOTISM, Response of. George 
 Washington, a.d. 1768. [The customs tax was 
 enacted for the colonies.] At Mount Vernon 
 conversation turned at this time on the dangers 
 
PATRIOTISM. 
 
 481 
 
 that overhung the countiy. " Whenever my 
 country calls upon me," said Washington, " I 
 am ready to take my musket on my shoulder." — 
 Bakcroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 32. 
 
 4066. PATRIOTISM, Sacrifices of. Thomas Nel- 
 son, Governor of Virginia. [At the siege of York- 
 town] Lafayette said to him, " To what particu- 
 lar spot would your Excellency direct that we 
 point the cannon ?" . . . " There," promptly re- 
 plied the noble-minded, patriotic Nelson — "to 
 that house ; it is mine, and is . . . the best one 
 you can find in the to wo ; and there you will be 
 most certain to find Lord Cornwallis and the 
 British headquarters." — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 14. 
 
 4067. . Rebellion in Virginia, a.d. 
 
 1676. As the shades of night descended, the vil- 
 lage was set on fire. Two of the best houses be- 
 longed to [the patriot leaders] Lawrence and 
 Drummond. Each of them, with his own hand, 
 kindled the flames that were to lay his dwelling 
 in ashes. The little church, the newly-erected 
 State-house, were consumed. Virginia offered 
 [Jamestown] its only village as a victim for its 
 freedom [from the oppressions of Charles II. by 
 the governor, Sir William Berkeley]. [See No. 
 4043.]— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 406§. PATEIOTISM, Self-Sacrificing. Italian. 
 The Saracens besieged the cities of Beneventum 
 and Capua ; after a vain appeal to the success- 
 ors of Charlemagne, the Lombards implored the 
 clemency and aid of the Greek emperor. A 
 fearless citizen dropped from the walls, passed 
 the intrenchments, accomplished his commission, 
 and fell into the hands of the barbarians as he 
 was returning with the welcome news. They 
 commanded him to assist their enterprise, and 
 deceive his countrymen, with the assurance that 
 ■wealth and honors should be the reward of his 
 falsehood, and that his sincerity would be pun- 
 ished with immediate death. He aflfected to 
 yield, but as soon as he was conducted with- 
 m hearing of the Christians on the rampart, 
 "Friends and brethren," he cried, with a loud 
 voice, " be bold and patient ; maintain the city ; 
 your sovereign is informed of your distress, and 
 your deliverers are at hand. I know my doom, 
 and commit my wife and children to your grat- 
 itude. " The rage of the Arabs confirmed his evi- 
 dence ; and the self -devoted patriot was trans- 
 pierced with a hundred spears. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 vol. 5, ch. 56, p. 445. 
 
 4069. PATRIOTISM, Steadfast. Pomponius. 
 Pomponius, a man of some dignity, was wound- 
 ed and taken [in battle]. Though much indis- 
 posed with his wounds, he was brought before 
 Mithridates, who asked him whether if he saved 
 his life he would become his friend. " On 
 condition you will be reconciled to the Ro- 
 mans," said he, " I will ; but if not, I must re- 
 main your enemy." The king, struck with ad- 
 miration of his patriotism, did him no injury. — 
 
 PLUTARCtt'S LUCULLUS. 
 
 4070. PATRIOTISM stimulated. Queen Eliz- 
 abeth. [The Spanish Armada was expected, and 
 the invasion of EnglandJ A camp was formed 
 at Tilbury ; and there Elizabeth rode through 
 the ranks, encouraging her captains and her sol- 
 diers by her presence and her words. One of 
 the SDeeches which she addressed to them during 
 
 this crisis has been preserved ; and, though often 
 quoted, it must not be omitted here. . . . "My 
 loving people," she said, "we have been per- 
 suaded by some that are careful of our safety to 
 take heed how we commit ourselves to armed 
 multitudes, for fear of treachery ; but I assure 
 you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful 
 and loving people. Let tyrants fear ! I have 
 always so behaved myself that, under God, I 
 have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard 
 in the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects ; 
 and, therefore, I am come among you, as you 
 see, at this time, not for my recreation and dis- 
 port, but being resolved, in the midst and heat 
 of the battle, to live or die among you all, to lay 
 down for my God, for my kingdom, and for my 
 people my honor and my blood even in the dust. 
 I know I have the body but of a weak and fee- 
 ble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of 
 a king, and of a King of England too, and think 
 it foul scorn that Parma, or Spain, or any prince 
 of Europe should dare to invade the borders of 
 my realm, to which, rather than any dishonor 
 shall grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I 
 myself will be your general, judge, and reward- 
 er of everyone of your virtues in the field." — 
 Decisive Battles, § 412. 
 
 4071. PATRIOTISM stirred. Stamp Act. a.d. 
 1765. Friday, the first morning of November, 
 broke upon a people unanimously resolved on 
 nullifying the Stamp Act. From New Hampshire 
 to the far South the day was introduced by the 
 tolling of muffled bells ; minute-guns were fired 
 and pennants hoisted at half-mast, or a eulogy 
 was pronounced on liberty, and its knell sounded; 
 and then again the note changed, as if she were 
 restored to life. . . . Even the children at their 
 games, though hardly able to speak, caught up 
 the general chorus, ..." Liberty, property, and 
 no stamps." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 19. 
 
 4072. PATRIOTISM, Snrrender of. New York 
 Merchants, a.d. 1770. [They recalled their de- 
 cision to abstain from importing anything from 
 England, and limited the restrictions to tea.] 
 " Send us your old liberty pole [iron-bound and 
 iron-barred, deep set near junction of Broadway 
 and Bowery — once cut down by British soldiers,] 
 for you have no further use for it," said the Phil- 
 adelphians. The students at Princeton burnt 
 the New York merchants' letter by the hands of 
 the hangman. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 44. 
 
 4073. PATRIOTISM, Unseeming. Sertmnm. 
 [In consequence of the distractions of the empire, 
 he was, while in Spain, compelled to fight againtt 
 the Romans. Yet, in fact,] he was a true lover 
 of his country, and his passion to be restored to 
 it was one of the first in his heart. Yet, in his 
 greatest misfortunes, he never departed from his 
 dignity. On the other hand, when he was vic- 
 torious, he would make an offer to Metellus or 
 Pompey, to lay down his arms, on condition he 
 might be permitted to return in the capacity of 
 a private man. He said he had rather be the 
 meanest citizen in Rome than an exile with the 
 command of all the other countries in the world. 
 — Plutarch's Sertorius. 
 
 4074. PATRIOTISM, Unselfish. 52STOarcA;. He 
 adopted it as the aim of his public life " to snatch 
 Germany from Austrian oppression," and to 
 gather round Prussia, in a North German Con- 
 federation, all the States " whose tone of thought. 
 
483 
 
 PATRIOTISM— PATRONAGE. 
 
 religion, manners, and interests" were in har- 
 mony with those of Prussia. " To attain this 
 end, ' he once said in conversation, " I would 
 brave all dangers — exile, the scaffold itself ! 
 What matter if thej hang me, provided the rope 
 by which I am hung binds this new Germany 
 firmly to the Prussian throne !" — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 633. 
 
 4075. . General Reed. During the 
 
 American Revolution, while General Reed was 
 president of Congress, the British commission- 
 ers offered him a bribe of 10,000 guineas to de- 
 sert the cause of his coimtry. His reply was, 
 '* Gentlemen, I am poor, very poor ; but your 
 king is not rich enough to buy me." 
 
 4076. PATRIOTISM, Vicious, Scotchmen. 
 Samuel Johnson . . . was outrageous upon his 
 supposition that my countrymen "loved Scot- 
 land better than truth," saying, " All of them — 
 nay, not all, but droves of them — would come 
 up and attest anything for the honor of Scot- 
 land." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 237. 
 
 4077. PATRIOTISM, Violent. Excitement from 
 Stamp Act. a.d. 1765. [Governor] Golden him- 
 self retired within the fort. ... In the evening a 
 vast torch-light procession, carrying a scaffold 
 and two images — one of the governor and the 
 other of the devil — came from the fields — now 
 the park — down Broadway, to within ten . . . feet 
 of the fort, knocked at its gate, broke open the 
 governor's coach-house, took out his chariot, car- 
 ried the images upon it round town, and returned 
 to burn them, with his own carriages and sleighs, 
 before his eyes on Bowling Green, under the 
 gaze of the garrison on the ramparts, and all 
 New York gathered round. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 5, ch. 19. 
 
 4078. PATRIOTISM ofWoman. "Captain Mol- 
 ly." She was the [Irish] wife of a matross in 
 Proctor's artillery. At one of the guns ... six 
 men had been killed or wounded. It was deemed 
 an unlucky gun, and murmurs arose that it 
 should be . . . abandoned. At this juncture, 
 while Captain Molly was serving some water for 
 the refreshment of the men, her husband received 
 a shot in the head and fell lifeless under the 
 wheels of the piece. The heroine threw down 
 the pail of water, and crying to her dead consort, 
 "Lie there, my darling, while I revenge ye," 
 grasped the ramrod the lifeless hand had just re- 
 linquished, sent home the charge, and called to 
 the matrosses to prime and fire. . . . She kept 
 to her post till night closed the action. — Custis' 
 Washington, vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 4079. PATRIOTISM of Woman. Lydia Dar- 
 rah. After the battle of Germantown Washing- 
 ton took up his headquarters at Whitemarsh, 
 twelve miles from Philadelphia. Winter was 
 approaching, and the patriots began to suffer for 
 food and clothing. Howe, knowing the distress- 
 ed condition of the Americans, determined to 
 surprise their camp. On the evening of the 2d 
 of December he held a council of war, and it 
 was decided to march against Washington the 
 following night. But Lydia Darrah, at whose 
 house the council was held, overheard the plan 
 of the enemies of her country. On the follow- 
 ing morning she obtained a passport from Lord 
 Howe, left the city on the pretence of going to 
 mill, rode rapidly to the American lines, and sent 
 
 information of the impending attack to Wash 
 ington.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 40, p. 327. 
 
 40§0. PATRONAGE, Age of. Anglo-Saxons. 
 Even the inhabitants of towns placed themselves 
 under the protection of some particular noble- 
 man, and feeling the ties of that connection more 
 strongly than any other, were accustomed to look 
 up to his patronage as that of a sovereign. The 
 laws even favored these ideas. A client, though 
 a freeman, was supposed so much to belong to 
 his patron, that his murderer was obliged to pay 
 a fine to the latter, as a compensation for his loss, 
 in like manner as he paid a fine to the master for 
 the murder of a slave. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, 
 ch. 6, p. 119. 
 
 40§1. PATRONAGE, Division of. James II 
 Even [William] Penn, intemperate and undiS' 
 cerning as was his zeal for the Declaration, seems 
 to have felt that the partiality with which hon- 
 ors and emoluments were heaped on Roman Cath- 
 olics might not unnaturally excite the jealousy 
 of the nation. . . . One of Penn's schemes was 
 that a law should be passed dividing the patron- 
 age of the crown into three equal parts, and that 
 to one only of those parts members of the church 
 of Rome should be admitted. Even under such 
 an arrangement the members of the Church of 
 Rome would have obtained nearly twenty times 
 their fair portion of official appointments. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 7, p. 222. 
 
 40§2. PATRONAGE, Governmental. American 
 Colonies. In 1758 America had been called " the 
 hospital of England," the places in the gift of 
 the crown being filled "with broken Members 
 of Parliament," of bad, if any, principle, valets 
 de chambre, electioneering scoundrels, and even 
 livery servants. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 20, 
 p. 310. 
 
 4083. PATRONAGE, Ill-timed. Lord C/tester- 
 Jield's. [After completing his dictionary, Samuel 
 Johnson wrote :] Seven years, my lord, have 
 now past since I waited in your outward rooms, 
 or was repulsed from your door [he had been 
 kept waiting while inferior men were given au- 
 dience], during which time I have been pushing 
 on my work through difficulties, of which it is 
 useless to complain, and have brought it at last 
 to the verge of publication, without one act of 
 assistance, one word of encouragement, or one 
 smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect, 
 for I never had a patron before. Is not a pa- 
 tron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern 
 on a man struggling for life in the water, and, 
 when he has reached ground, encumbers him 
 with help ? The notice which you have been 
 pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, 
 had been kind ; but it has been delayed till I am 
 indifferent, and cannot enjoy it ; till I am solita- 
 ry, and cannot impart it ; till I am known, and 
 do not want it. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 68. 
 
 4084. PATRONAGE, Immense. Centennial 
 The daily attendance at the exhibition grounds 
 during the summer varied from 5000 to 275,000, 
 and the interest in the Centennial was intensified 
 near its close. The whole number of visitors at- 
 tending the exposition, as shown by the registry 
 of the gates, was 9,786,151. The daily average 
 attendance was 61,938. The grounds were open 
 for 158 days, and the total receipts for admis- 
 sion were |3,761,598.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 68, 
 p. 628. 
 
PATRONAGE— PEACE. 
 
 483 
 
 40§5. PATRONAGE, Partiality in. James 11. 
 How obstinately James was determined to bestow 
 on the members of his own church a share of 
 patronage altogether out of proportion to their 
 numbers and importance is proved by the in- 
 structions which, in exile and old age, he drew 
 up for the guidance of his son. It is impossible 
 to read without mingled pity and derision those 
 effusions of a mind on which all the discipline 
 of experience and adversity had been exhausted 
 in vain. The pretender is advised, if ever he 
 should reign in England, to make a partition of 
 offices, and carefully to reserve for the members 
 lof the Church of Rome a portion which might 
 \have sufficed for them if they had been one half 
 instead of one fiftieth part of the nation. One 
 secretary of state, one commissioner of the treas- 
 ury, the secretary at war, the majority of the 
 great dignitaries of the household, the majority 
 of the officers of the army, are always to be Cath- 
 olics. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 7, p. 221. 
 
 40§6. PEACE, Choice of. Roman EmjJero?: 
 Numa died after a reign of forty-three years, 
 during the whole of which time the temple of 
 Janus remained shut, so much does the disposi- 
 tion of a people depend on the character of a 
 sovereign. After a short interregnum, Tullus 
 Hostilius was elected to the throne by the peo- 
 ple, and confirmed by the voice of the Senate. 
 This prince, of a very opposite character from 
 his predecessor, paid little regard to his religious 
 and pacific institutions. The temple of Janus 
 was opened, and was not shut during his whole 
 reign. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 1, p. 294 
 
 4087. PEACE, Commonwealth of. William 
 Penn. [In the establishment of Pennsylvania, 
 Penn] . . . declared that his objects were to 
 found a free commonwealth witliout respect to 
 the color, race, or religion of the inhabitants ; to 
 establish a refuge for the people of his own faith ; 
 and to enlarge the borders of the British empire. 
 --Ridpath's U. S., ch. 25, p. 209. 
 
 40§8. PEACE, Disgraceful. Montezuma. For 
 months there was almost incessant fighting in 
 and around the city ; and it became evident that 
 the Spaniards must ultimately be overwhelmed 
 and destroyed. To save himself from his peril, 
 Cortez adopted a second shameless expedient, 
 more wicked than the first. Montezuma [who 
 had been captured by Cortez] was compelled to 
 go upon the top of the palace in front of the 
 great square where the besiegers were gathered, 
 and to counsel them to make peace with the 
 Spaniards. For a moment there was universal 
 silence, then a murmur of vexation and rage, 
 and then Montezuma was struck down by the 
 javelins of his own subjects. In a few days he 
 died of wretchedness and despair, and for a 
 while the warriors, overwhelmed with remorse, 
 abandoned the conflict. But with the renewal 
 of the strife Cortez was obliged to leave the city. 
 Finally a great battle was fought, and the Span- 
 ish arms and valor triumphed. In the crises of 
 the struggle the sacred Mexican banner was 
 struck down and captured. Dismay seized the 
 hosts of puny warriors, and they fled in all di- 
 rections. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 4, p. 61. 
 
 4089. PEACE, Evidence of. Reign of GJiarles 
 II. There were still to be seen, on the capes of 
 the sea-coast, and on many inland hills, tall posts 
 surmounted by barrels. Once these barrels had 
 
 been filled with pitch. Watchmen had been set 
 round them in seasons of danger ; and, within 
 a few hours after a Spanish sail had been discov- 
 ered in the Channel, or after a thousand Scottish 
 moss-troopers had crossed the Tweed, the signal 
 fires were blazing fifty miles off, and whole coun- 
 ties were rising in arms. But many years had 
 now elapsed since the beacons had been lighted, 
 and they were regarded rather as curious relics 
 of ancient manners than as parts of a machinery 
 necessary to the safety of the State. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 271. 
 
 4090. PEACE, Fear of. Pompey. " Is there 
 hope of peace ?" he [Caesar] wrote, in reporting 
 what had passed. ' ' So far as I can gather from his 
 very full expressions to me, he does not desire it. 
 For he thinks thus : If Cajsar be made consul, 
 even after he has parted from his army, the con- 
 stitution will be at an end. I thought, when he 
 was speaking, of the uncertainties of war ; but I 
 was relieved to hear a man of courage and ex- 
 perience talk like a statesman of the dangers of an 
 insincere settlement. Not only does he not seek 
 for peace, but he seems to fear it." — Froude's 
 C^sAR, ch. 20. 
 
 4091. PEACE, Joys of. War of 1812. The 
 agents of the United States were John Quincy 
 Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan 
 Russell, and Albert Gallatin. Several months 
 w^ere spent in negotiations, and on the 24th of 
 December, 1814, a treaty was agreed to and sign- 
 ed. In England the news was received with deep 
 satisfaction ; in the United States with a delight 
 bordering on madness. Before the terms of settle- 
 ment could be known, the people broke forth 
 in universal jubilee. Nobody stopped to inquire 
 whether the treaty was good or bad, honorable or 
 dishonorable. The Federalists found abundant 
 reason for rejoicing that a war which they had 
 persistently opposed as impolitic and unjust was 
 at an end. The Deiuocrats sent up a double 
 huzza, shouting first for Jackson's victory and af- 
 terward for peace. Nor could the country well 
 be blamed for rejoicing that a conflict that had 
 cost the United States 1683 vessels and more than 
 18,000 sailors was ended. The war cloud rolled 
 away like an incubus from the public mind. — • 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 51, p. 414. 
 
 4092. PEACE, Messengers of. American Ind- 
 ians. That the w^ords of friendship might be 
 transmitted safely through the wilderness, the 
 red men revered the peace-pipe. The person of 
 him that travelled with it was sacred ; he could 
 disarm the young warrior as by a spell, and se- 
 cure himself a fearless welcome in every cabin. 
 — Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 4093. PEACE, Perpetual. French Treaty. "We 
 have thrown the hatchet," said the Mohawks^ 
 " so high in the air, and beyond the skies, that 
 no arm on earth can reach to bring it down." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 4094. PEACE, Pledges of. William Penn. [On 
 beginning his dulies as chief magistrate,] a great 
 conference was appointed with the native chiefs. 
 . , . Penn, accompanied by a few unarmed 
 friends, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, 
 came to the appointed spot. . . . The chieftains, 
 also unarmed, sat in a semicircle on the ground. 
 . . . Standing before them and speaking by an 
 interpreter, lie said : " My friends, we have met 
 
484 
 
 PEACE— PENALTY. 
 
 on the broad pathway of good faith. We are all 
 one flesh and blood. Being brethren, no advan- 
 tage shall be taken on either side. When disputes 
 arise we will settle them in council. Between us 
 there shall be nothing but openness and love." 
 The chiefs replied," While the rivers run and 
 the sun shines we will live in peace with the chil- 
 dren of William Penn. " No record was made of 
 the treaty, for none was needed. Its terms were 
 written, not on decaying parchment, but on the 
 living hearts of men. No deed of violence or in- 
 justice ever marred the sacred covenant. The Ind- 
 ians vied with the Quakers in keeping unbroken 
 the pledge of perpetual peace. For more than 
 seventy years, during which the province remain- 
 ed under the control of the Friends, not a single 
 warwhoop was heard within the borders of Penn- 
 sylvania. The Quaker hat and coat proved to be 
 a better defence for the wearer than coat-of-mail 
 and musket. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 25, p. 212. 
 
 4095. PEACE vs. Pride. Tliebam. Thebes 
 was now necessarily involved in a war with Spar- 
 ta ; but she had the assistance of Athens. With 
 this respectable aid she was, perhaps, a match 
 for her powerful antagonist, but she did not 
 long enjoy the advantage of that alliance. Per- 
 sia, which since the last peace had acquired a 
 title to mediate in the affairs of Greece, brought 
 about an overture of accommodation between 
 the contending States. All articles were agreed 
 upon, when a small punctilio exasperated the 
 Thebans. They could not bear that their name 
 should be classed among the inferior States of 
 Greece ; and Sparta was determined that it 
 should. Neither party would yield, and Thebes 
 was entirely struck out of the treaty, which was 
 acceded to by all the other republics. [War 
 followed.] — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, 
 p. 163. 
 
 4096. PEACE, Principles of. PHmitive Chris- 
 tians. The Christians were not less averse to 
 the business than to the pleasures of this world. 
 The defence of our persons and property they 
 knew not how to reconcile with the patient doc- 
 trine which enjoined an unlimited forgiveness 
 of past injuries, and commanded them to invite 
 the repetition of fresh insults. Their simplicity 
 was offended by the use of oaths, by the pomp 
 of Magistracy, and by the active contention of 
 public life ; nor could their humane ignorance 
 be convinced that it was lawful on any occasion 
 to shed the blood of our fellow- creatures^ either 
 by the sword of justice, or by that of war, even 
 though their criminal or hostile attempts should 
 threaten the peace and safety of the whole com- 
 munity. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 15, p. 555. 
 
 4097. PEACE, A provoking. Peace of 
 Utrecht, a.d. 1713. By the peace of Utrecht 
 Belgium was compelled to forego the advan- 
 tages with which she had been endowed by the 
 God of nature ; to gratify commercial jealousy, 
 Antwerp was denied the use of the deep waters 
 that flowed by her walls ; and afterward the 
 Austrian efforts at trade with the East Indies 
 were suffocated in their infancy. This policy 
 was an open violation of international justice, 
 a fraud upon humanity, a restriction by cov- 
 enant of national industry and prosperity. . . . 
 It was possible that ... a wise ruler might one 
 day be penetrated with indignation at the out- 
 rage. . . . With regard to France, . . . England 
 
 extorted the covenant, that the port of Dunkiiic 
 should be not merely abandoned, but filled up. 
 A treaty of peace contained a stipulation for the 
 ruin of a harbor ! — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, 
 ch. 21. 
 
 4098. PEACE, Signal for. Marquette, the Jes- 
 uit Missionary. [Exploring the Mississippi.] Near 
 the latitude of 32°, on the Mississippi. " Now," 
 thought Marquette, ' ' we must indeed ask the 
 aid of the Virgin." Armed with bows and ar- 
 rows, with clubs, axes, and bucklers, amid con- 
 tinual whoops, the natives, bent on war, embarked 
 in vast canoes, made out of the trunks of hollow 
 trees ; but, at the sight of the mysterious peace- 
 pipe held aloft, God touched the hearts of the 
 old men, who checked the impetuosity of the 
 young ; and throwing their bows and quivers 
 into the canoes, as a token of peace, they pre- 
 pared a hospitable welcome. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 20. 
 
 4099. PEACE, Truce for. Truce of God. [The 
 Church in France made great endeavors to re- 
 press violence and tyranny.] The result was 
 the institution of the " Truce of God" (1041), 
 which provided that all hostilities, public and 
 private, should be suspended from the Wednes- 
 day evening in each week until the following 
 Monday morning, that period being marked out 
 for sanctiflcation in memory of the passion and 
 resurrection of the Redeemer. The entire sea- 
 sons of Advent and Lent, together with all the 
 great festivals, were included in this merciful 
 prohibition. Offenders against the "Truce of 
 God" incurred the penalty of death, which 
 might be commuted, however, by pecuniary 
 fine ; they were liable also to excommunication 
 and banishment. — Students' France, ch. 7, 
 
 §8- 
 
 4100. PEACE, Unusual. Temple. At the end 
 of the first Punic war the temple of Janus was 
 shut — an event which had not happened since 
 the reign of Numa — that is, near five hundred 
 years. In a few years it was again opened, and 
 never shut till the reign of Augustus. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, p. 371. 
 
 4101. PENALTY, Excessive. Reign of Oeorge 
 III. A.D. 1772. Hutchinson [Governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts] wished to see a beginning of taking 
 men prisoners and carrying them directly to 
 England. There now existed a statute author- 
 izing such a procedure. . . . An act for the 
 better securing of dockyards, ships, and stores, 
 which extended to the colonies, made death the 
 penalty for destroying even the oar of a cutler's 
 boat or the head of an empty cask belonging 
 to the fleet, and subjected the accused to trial 
 in any county in Great Britain. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 6, ch. 47. 
 
 4102. PENALTY, Partisan. Beign of James 
 II. The fame and fortunes of [the Earl of] De- 
 vonshire were . . . under a cloud. He had an un- 
 fortunate quarrel with the court, arising, not from 
 a public and honorable cause, but from a private 
 brawl. ... He had gone to Whitehall to pay his 
 duty, and had there been insulted by a man 
 named Colepepper, one of a set of bravos who in- 
 fested the purlieus of the court, and who attempt- 
 ed to curry favor with the gevernment by affront- 
 ing members of the Opposition. . . . While this 
 feud was at its height, the earl met Colepepper 
 
PENANCE— PEOPLE. 
 
 485 
 
 in the drawing-room at Whitehall, and fancied 
 that he saw triumph and defiance in the bully's 
 countenance. Nothing unseemly passed in the 
 royal sight ; but, as soon as the enemies had left 
 the presence chamber, Devonshire proposed that 
 they should instantly decide their disputes with 
 their swords. This challenge was refused. Then 
 the high-spirited peer forgot the respect which 
 he owed to the place where he stood and to his 
 own character, and struck Colepepper in the face 
 with a cane. ... A criminal information was 
 filed in the King's Bench. . . . The judges wait- 
 ed in a body on Jeffreys, who insisted that they 
 should impose a fine of not less than £30,000. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., cli. 7, p. 231. 
 
 4103. PENANCE, Failure of. Experiment. 
 Bartley Campbell, an Irish Papist, became pro- 
 foundly awakened with anxiety for a better faith 
 than popery had taught him. He called on his 
 priest, who could not understand his difficulties. 
 He said many prayers, submitted to severe pen- 
 ances, obtained absolution, but found no relief 
 to his troubled conscience. He made a pilgrimage 
 of forty Irish miles to St. Patrick's purgatory, 
 at Loughbery, in Donegal County, where it was 
 supposed all sins could be expiated. He went 
 through the required ceremonies, and received 
 absolution from the officiating priest ; but his con- 
 science was more disquieted than ever. Before 
 he left again he applied to the priest. " Did not 
 I give you absolution ?" asked the latter. " You 
 did, father." " And do you deny the authority 
 ©f the Church ?" " By no means ; but my soul 
 is in misery. What shall I do ?" "Do !" said the 
 priest, " why, go to " ed and sleep." " Sleep !" 
 exclaimed the awal' ^ned man ; " no, father ; per- 
 haps I may awako in hell." The priest threaten- 
 ed him with a horsewhip. The penitent hastened 
 to a retired place, threw himself on the ground, 
 and, with tears and groans, prayed for light from 
 God. There he found peace in believing on Christ 
 alone. He returned to the numerous pilgrims 
 who were performing their prescribed penances 
 upon bared and bleeding knees, . . . and exhorted 
 them to seek God through Christ, assuring them 
 that they should obtain peace, as he had. — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 3, p. 411. 
 
 4104. PENANCE, Eoyal. Henry II. He was 
 alarmed by an irruption from William, King of 
 Scotland. Returning to England, he found the 
 ancient leaven of disaffection, on account of 
 Becket's murder, revived, and violently ferment- 
 ing in the breasts of his subjects. To conciliate 
 their minds, he resolved on expiating his alleged 
 guilt by the most solemn penance and humilia- 
 tion. He walked barefooted through the city of 
 Canterbury, and, on arriving at the cathedral, 
 prostrated himself on the ground before the tomb 
 of the martyr, and passed a day and night in fast- 
 ing and prayer ; not satisfied with this mortifica- 
 tion, he submitted his bare shoulders to be scourg- 
 ed by the monks of the chapter. Absolved now 
 f rorn all his offences, reconciled to the church and 
 to his subjects, he prepared to revenge the depre- 
 dations of the Scots. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 8, p. 143. 
 
 4105. PENITENCE, Royal. Boman Emperor 
 Theodomis. The public penance of the Emperor 
 Theodosius has been recorded as one of the most 
 honorable events in the annals of the church. 
 According to the mildest rules of ecclesiatical dis- 
 
 cipline, which were established in the fourth cen- 
 tury, the crime of homicide was expiated by the 
 penitence of twenty years ; and as it was impos- 
 sible, in the period of human life, to purge the 
 accumulated guilt of the massacre of Thessalon- 
 ica, the murderer should have been excluded 
 from the holy communion till the hour of his 
 death. But the archbishop, consulting the max- 
 ims of religious policy, granted some indulgence 
 to the rank of his illustrious penitent. ... It was 
 sufficient that the emperor of the Romans, strip- 
 ped of the ensigns of royalty, should appear in a 
 mournful and suppliant posture ; and that, in the 
 midst of the church of Milan, he should humbly 
 solicit, with signs and tears, the pardon of his 
 sins. In this spiritual cure, Ambrose employed 
 the various methods of mildness and severity. 
 After a delay of about eight months Theodosius 
 was restored to the communion of the faithful. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 27, p. 117. 
 
 4106. PEOPLE, Spirited. Public Spirit. The 
 contests with the natives, not less than Avith New 
 England, displayed the feebleness of New Neth- 
 erland. The province had no popular freedom, 
 and therefore no public spirit. In New England 
 there were no poor ; in New Netherland the poor 
 were so numerous it was difficult to provide 
 for their relief. The Puritans easily supported 
 schools everywhere, and Latin schools in the 
 larger villages ; on Manhattan a Latin school lin- 
 gered . . . two years, and was discontinued. In 
 New England the people, in the hour of danger, 
 rose involuntarily, and defended themselves ; in 
 the Dutch province men were unwilling to go to 
 the relief even of villages that were in danger 
 from the Indians, and demanded protection from 
 the [East India] Company, which claimed to be 
 their absolute sovereign. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 4107. PEOPLE, "Unreasonable." Liberties. 
 The people of New Hampshire were greatly ex- 
 cited by the threatened destruction of their liber- 
 ties. Before Cranfleld's arrival the rugged saw- 
 yers and lumbermen of the Piscataqua had con- 
 vened a general assembly at Portsmouth. The 
 first resolution which was passed by the represen- 
 tatives showed the spirit of colonial resistance in 
 full force. " No act, imposition, law or ordi- 
 nance," said the sturdy legislators, " shall be valid 
 unless made by the assembly and approved by the 
 people." When the indignant king heard of this 
 resolution, he declared it to be both wicked and 
 absurd. It was not the first time that a monarch 
 and his people had disagreed. In November of 
 1682 Cranfield dismissed the popular assembly. 
 Such a despotic act had never before been at- 
 tempted in New England. The excitement ran 
 high ; the governor was openly denounced, and 
 his claims for rents and forfeitures were stub- 
 bornly resisted. At Exeter the sheriff was beaten 
 with clubs. The farmers' wives met the tax-gatli- 
 erers with pailfuls of hot water. At the village 
 of Plampton Cranfield's deputy was led out of 
 town with a rope round his neck. When the gov- 
 ernor ordered out the militia not a man obeyed 
 the summons. It was in the midst of these broils 
 that Cranfield, unable to collect his rents, and 
 vexed out of his wits, wrote to England begging 
 the privilege of going home. The "unreason- 
 able " people, who were all the time cavilling at 
 his commission and denying his authority, were 
 
486 
 
 PERFECTION— PERSECUTION. 
 
 at length freed from liis presence. — Ridpath's 
 U. S.. ch. 23, p. 200. 
 
 410§. PERFECTION by Development. John Mil- 
 ton. The commonly received notion, therefore, 
 with which authors, as they age, are wont to com- 
 fort themselves, that one of the greatest feats of 
 original invention achieved by man was begun 
 after fifty, must be thus far modified. " Paradise 
 Lost " was composed after fifty, but was conceived 
 at thirty -two. Hence the high degree of perfec 
 tion realized in the total result. For there were 
 combined to produce it the opposite virtues of 
 two distinct periods of mental development — the 
 daring imagination and fresh emotional play of 
 early manhood, with the exercised judgment and 
 chastened taste of ripened years. — Milton, by 
 M. Pattison, ch. 13, 
 
 4109. PEEFIDY resented. Bourbon. A 
 most formidable combination seemed now ready 
 to overwhelm Francis I. , under which a monarch 
 of less spirit and abilities than himself must cer- 
 tainly have succumbed at once. The pope, the 
 emperor, the King of England, the Archduke 
 Ferdinand — to whom his brother, Charles V., 
 had ceded the German dominions of the house of 
 Austria — were all united against the King of 
 France. . . . An iniquitous decree of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, by which the constable [of Bour- 
 bon] was deprived of the whole estates belonging 
 to the family of Bourbon, was the cause of an ir- 
 reconcilable animosity, and of a firm purpose 
 of vengeance now meditated by the constable 
 against the King of France. He immediately of- 
 fered his services to the emperor ; and, like 
 another Coriolanus, with equ^al valor and ability, 
 and with equal infamy, became the determined 
 enemy of his country. The emperor received 
 him, as may be believed, with open arms ; but in 
 the breast of every worthy man his conduct ex- 
 cited that detestation which it merited. Even the 
 Spanish officers themselves abhorred his perfidy. 
 " If the constable of Bourbon," said one of these 
 generals, " should enter my house, I would burn 
 it after his departure, as a place polluted by trea- 
 son and perfidy." — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 19, p. 280. 
 
 4110. PERIL, Familiar. Fm-gotten. "When 
 Persia was governed by the descendants of Sefi, 
 a race of princes whose wanton cruelty often 
 stained their divan, their table, and their bed 
 with the blood of their favorites, there is a saying 
 recorded of a young nobleman, that he never de- 
 parted from the sultan's presence without satis- 
 fying himself whether his head was still on his 
 shoulders. The experience of every day might 
 almost justify the scepticism of Rustan. Yet the 
 fatal sword, suspended above him by a single 
 thread, seems not to have disturbed the slumbers 
 or interrupted the tranquillity of the Persian. 
 The monarch's crown, he well knew, could level 
 liim with the dust ; but the stroke of lightning 
 or apoplexy might be equally fatal ; and it was 
 the part of a wise man to forget the inevitable 
 calamities of human life in the enjoyment of the 
 fleeting hour. — Gibbon's Rome. 
 
 4111. PERIL, Pleasure in. William, Prince 
 of Orange. Sometimes, however, it seemed that 
 he had a strange pleasure in venturing his per- 
 son. It was remarked that his spirits were never 
 so high and his manners never so gracious and 
 easy as amid the tumult and carnage of a battle. 
 
 Even in his pastimes he liked the excitement of 
 danger. Cards, chess, and billiards gave him no 
 pleasure. The chase was his favorite recrea- 
 tion ; and he loved it most when it was most 
 hazardous. His leaps were sometimes such that 
 his boldest companions did not like to follow 
 him. He seems even to have thought the most 
 hardy field-sports of England effeminate, and to 
 have pined in the great park of Windsor for the 
 game which he had been used to drive to bay in 
 the forests of Guelders, wolves, and wild boars, 
 and huge stags with sixteen antlers. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 155. 
 
 4112. PERJURY, Punishment of. Romwas. 
 The corrupt or malicious witness was thrown 
 headlong from the Tarpeian rock, to expiate his 
 falsehood, which was rendered still more fatal 
 by the severity of the penal laws and the defi- 
 ciency of written evidence. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 44, p. 372. 
 
 4113. PERSECUTION, Arian. GatUlics. The 
 Catholics, more especially under the reign of 
 Hunneric, endured the most cruel and ignomin- 
 ious treatment. Respectable citizens, noble ma- 
 trons, and consecrated virgins were stripped 
 naked, and raised in the air by pulleys, with a 
 weight suspended at their feet. In this painful 
 attitude their naked bodies were torn with 
 scourges, or burnt in the most tender parts with 
 red-hot plates of iron. The amputation of the 
 ears, the nose, the tongue, and the right hand 
 was inflicted by the Arians ; and although the 
 precise number cannot be defined, it is evident 
 that many persons, among whom a bishop and 
 a proconsul may be named, were entitled to the 
 crown of martyrdom. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37, 
 p. 553. 
 
 4114. PERSECUTION, Artful. Roman Emper- 
 or Julian. He forbade the persecution of the 
 Christians, whom he represented as deluded 
 men, the objects of compassion, not of punish- 
 ment ; but declared, at the same time, that 
 i\\Q\Y frenzy incapacitated them from all employ- 
 ments, civil or military. Their law, he said, 
 prohibited all quarrels and dissensions ; it was 
 not, thei'efore, necessary that tJtey should have 
 the benefit of courts oi justice to decide their 
 differences. He prohibited them from teaching 
 or learning grammar, rhetoric, or philosophy. 
 These, he said, were pagan sciences, treated of 
 by authors whose principles the Christians were 
 taught to abhor, and whose books contained 
 tenets which must shock the pure morality of 
 their religion. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 3, 
 p. 519. 
 
 4115. PERSECUTION, Bloody. In Ireland. 
 [Catholics arose against the Protestants.] They 
 prolonged the martyrdom and sufferings of both 
 sexes, that they might the longer revel in this in- 
 fernal pastime. They caused blood to fall drop 
 by drop, and life to ebb by lengthened gasps, 
 that their revengeful fury might be the more in- 
 dulged. The murders spread by degrees over 
 every district of Ireland, except Dublin, where . 
 a feeble body of royal troops preserved the 
 peace. The corpses of more than one hundred 
 thousand victims, men, women, children, the in- 
 firm and aged, strewed the thresholds of their 
 habitations and the fields that they had culti- 
 vated in common with their destroyers. The 
 flames in which their villages were enveloped 
 
PERSECUTION. 
 
 487 
 
 were extinguished only in their blood. All who 
 escaped by flight the fury of their assassins, 
 carrying their infants in their arms to the sum- 
 mits of the mountains, perished of inanition and 
 cold in the snows of winter. Ireland appeared 
 to open, to become the tomb of half the sons she 
 had brought forth. — Lamartine's Cromwell, 
 p. 26. 
 
 4116. PERSECUTION of Catholics. Maryland. 
 A.D. 1704. In the land which Catholics had 
 opened to Protestants . . . mass might not be 
 said publicly. No Catholic priest or bishop 
 might utter his faith in a voice of persuasion. 
 No Catholic might teach the young. If the 
 wayward child of a papist would but become 
 an apostate, the law wrested for him from his 
 parents a share of their property. . . . Such 
 were the methods adopted "to prevent the 
 growth of Popery." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 4117. . Ireland, a.d. 1763. Such 
 
 priests as were peiTnitted to reside in Ireland were 
 required to be registered, and were kept like 
 prisoners at large within prescribed limits. All 
 ■" papists," exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 
 all monks, friars, and regular priests, and all 
 priests not then actually in parishes, and to be 
 registered, were banished from Ireland under 
 pain of transportation, and on a return, of be- 
 ing hanged, drawn, and quartered. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 4. 
 
 4118. . Dilemma. [In 1568 the 
 
 pope's authority was abolished in Scotland,] and 
 all heretics and hearers of mass were declared 
 liable to various punishments. In 1584 Catho- 
 lics in England were called upon to say if the 
 pope were to absolve them from their oath of 
 allegiance, and to attack England, what they 
 shoulddo, and which side they should support. 
 The miserable, frightened men knew not how to 
 extricate themselves from the dilemma. They 
 answered that they would render unto God 
 what was God's, and unto Cajsar what was 
 Cajsar's ; but this evasion was interpreted into a 
 confession by their judges. Thus the prisons 
 were filled _; execution followed upon execution, 
 and Catholicism in its turn had its martyrs. . . . 
 In 1584 all Jesuits, seminary priests, and other 
 priests were commanded by Act of Parliament 
 to depart from the kingdom within forty days, 
 on pain of being adjudged traitors ; and penal- 
 ties were to be inflicted upon those who, know- 
 ing any priest to be within the realm, should not 
 denounce him to a magistrate. These intolerant 
 enactments produced the very opposite conse- 
 quences that were contemplated by the legisla- 
 tors.— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 10, p. 181. 
 
 4119. PERSECUTION, CathoUc. Huguenots. 
 [By Louis XIV. the] Huguenots were excluded 
 from all public functions, from the liberal profes- 
 sions, from the universities, from engaging in va- 
 rious branches of commerce and industry. They 
 were forbidden to intermarry with Catholics, and 
 their children were encouraged to forsake the 
 faith of their parents by being declared capable 
 of choosing for themselves at the age of seven 
 years. . . . Squadrons of dragoons . . . were quar- 
 tered on the inhabitants, who abandoned them- 
 selves to every kind of brutal violence and ex- 
 cess, establishing a "reign of terror" wherever 
 they appeared. These atrocious " dragonnades" 
 
 completely broke the spirit of the wretched pop- 
 ulation, and they submitted in despair. " Not 
 a post arrives," wrote Madame de Maintenon in 
 September, 1685, "without bringing the king 
 tidings which fill him with joy ; the conversions 
 take place every day by thousands." Sixty thou- 
 sand persons are said to have embraced Catholi- 
 cism in Guienne in the course of one month ; 
 twenty thousand abjured in Beam ; eighty thou- 
 sand in the two dioceses of Nismes and Montpel- 
 
 lier On the 17th of October, 1685, he [Louis 
 
 XIV.] signed the celebrated decree called the 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Acting 
 merely by his own despotic authority, the king 
 annulled forever all the privileges granted to the 
 Huguenots by Henry IV. and Louis XIII. ; ab- 
 solutely prohibited the exercise of their religion 
 throughout the kingdom, with the sole exception 
 of Alsace ; ordered their temples to be levelled 
 with the ground, and their ministers to quit 
 France within fifteen days ; forbade the Reform- 
 ers to follow their pastors into exile under pain 
 of confiscation and condemnation to the galleys ; 
 and required their children to be baptized hence- 
 forth by the Catholic priests, and educated as 
 members of the Established Church. Frightful 
 cruelties followed the publication of this decree. 
 Multitudes of the Reformed, obstinately refus- 
 ing obedience, were consigned to loathsome 
 dungeons, racked with exquisite tortures, and 
 treated with every kind of outrage short of ac- 
 tual murder. Numbers of females were immured 
 for life in convents ; infants were torn from the 
 arms of their mothers ; property was destroyed, 
 and whole districts laid desolate. — Students' 
 France, ch. 22, § 11. 
 
 4120. PERSECUTION compared. Massachu- 
 setts vs. Netherlands. In Spain more persons have 
 been burned for their opinions than Massachu- 
 setts then [in 1658] contained inhabitants. Under 
 Charles V., in the Netherlands alone, the num- 
 ber of those who were hanged, beheaded, buried 
 alive, or burned for religious opinion was fifty 
 thousand, says Father Paul ; the whole carnage 
 amounted, says Grotius, to not less than one 
 hundred thousand. America was guilty of the 
 death of four individuals [who were Quakers], 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4121. PERSECUTION of Covenanters. Meet- 
 ings. [James II. procured penal laws against the 
 Scotch covenanters, providing] that the punish- 
 ment of death and confiscation of land and gooda 
 should be awarded against those who should 
 preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should 
 attend a conventicle in the open air, either as 
 preacher or auditor. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 24, p. 384. 
 
 4122. PERSECUTION, Cruel, Jews. a.d. 1189. 
 [At the coronation feast of Richard I.] the chief 
 men of the Jews came to offer presents to the 
 king. They had been forbidden to come, but 
 they came with gifts, and were therefore bold. 
 The common people . . . rushed upon the Jews, 
 stripped them, and cast them forth out of the 
 king's hall with wounds and blows. The citi- 
 zens of London, following the example, attacked 
 and murdered the Jews in the city, and burnt 
 their houses. ... At York a body of armed men 
 entered the city and commenced their work of 
 plunder and massacre, by attacking the house of 
 a Jew who had perished in the riot of London. 
 
488 
 
 PERSECUTION. 
 
 t 
 
 All the Jews of York then claimed shelter in the 
 castle. They were admitted to the number of 
 five hundred. The governor went away ; and, 
 upon his return, the Jews, alarmed for their 
 safety, refused him readmission. The fortress 
 was attacked on all sides, and ransoms were re- 
 fused. Then the desperate race, all except a few, 
 put their wives and children to death, and stabbed 
 each other, that they might not fall into the hands 
 of their cruel enemies. The few who shrank 
 from this terrible self-sacrifice were murdered. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 31, p. 306. 
 
 4123. PERSECUTION, Exterminating. Albi- 
 genses. The crusading army, under the guidance 
 of the Pope's legate, Amaury, Abbot of Citeaux, 
 and Simon, Count de Montford, marched into 
 Languedoc, and besieged the town of Beziers, 
 which was stormed on the 22d of July, 1209. A 
 horrible massacre ensued ; the whole population 
 was indiscriminately put to the sword. One of 
 the superior officers inquired of the Abbot of 
 Citeaux how they were to distinguish the her- 
 etics from the faithful : " Slay them all !" re- 
 turned the savage churchmen, "for the Lord 
 knoweth those that are His !" Not a living soul 
 was spared, and the city was afterward pillaged 
 and reduced to ashes. — Students' France, 
 ch. 8, § 13. 
 
 4124. PERSECUTION by Goths. Athanaric 
 [the Goth] disdained the yoke of the [Roman] 
 empire, and of the gospel. The faith of the new 
 converts was tried by the persecution which he 
 excited. A wagon, bearing aloft the shapeless 
 image of Thor, perhaps, or of Woden, was con- 
 ducted in solemn procession through the streets 
 of the camp ; and the rebels, who refused to 
 worship the god of their fathers, were immedi- 
 ately burnt, with their tents and families. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 37, p. 542. 
 
 4125. PERSECUTION of Heretics. English. 
 In the reign of Richard II. the Commons would 
 not permit that the Church should imprison 
 heretics without the king's consent. Now [a.d. 
 1401] heretics were to be burnt on the sole 
 sentence of the ecclesiastical courts. . . . The 
 first victim was William Salter, a London clergy- 
 man. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 3, p. 45. 
 
 4126. PERSECUTION, Impolitic. Huguenots. 
 The edict of Nantes had been passed in the reign 
 of Henry IV., giving the Protestants liberty of 
 conscience, and had been confirmed by Louis 
 XIII., under certain restrictions with regard to 
 public worship. Louis [XIV.] revoked the 
 edict ; the whole Huguenot churches were de- 
 molished, the ministers banished, and, what was 
 a refinement of persecution, the Protestants were 
 at the same time prohibited, under the severest 
 penalties, from quitting the kingdom. That 
 prohibition, however, was ineffectual, and above 
 500,000 people made their escape out of France, 
 and, carrying with them all their property, 
 found a welcome asylum in Germany, Switzer- 
 land, Holland, and England. By this most im- 
 politic measure France sustained a very severe 
 loss, not only in the article of population, but in 
 commerce and manufactures. [See No. 4144.] — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, p. 462. 
 
 4127. PERSECUTION ineffective. Wydiffe. 
 In 1441 the Council of Constance . . . decreed 
 \hatthe body of Wy cliff e should be " taken from 
 
 the ground and thrown far away from the bur- 
 ial of any church." It was thirteen years be- 
 fore this miserable vengeance was carried into 
 effect, by disinterring and burning our first 
 English reformer's body, throwing his ashes into 
 a brook. " The brook did convey his ashes into 
 Avon ; Avon into Severn ; Severn into the nar- 
 row seas ; they into the main ocean ; and thu« 
 the ashes of Wycliflfe are the emblem of his doc- 
 trine, which is now dispersed all the world over." 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 4, p. 54. 
 
 412§. PERSECUTION of Jews. Finance. [In 
 1321] the popular fury was once more directed 
 against the unfortunate Jews, who never failed 
 to suffer in every fresh outbreak of persecution. 
 They were hurriedindiscriminately to the stake, 
 without the semblance of any judicial procedure ;. 
 at Chinon, in Touraine, an enormous pit was dug 
 near the castle, a fire lighted at the bottom, and 
 one hundred and sixty wretched victims of both 
 sexes hurled, pell-mell, into the fiames. The 
 richer class were kept in prison until an account 
 had been obtained of their property and of the 
 amount of their claims acquired by lending 
 money ; these the king transferred to his own 
 credit ; and a sum of 150,000 livres is said to 
 have been thus added to the royal treasury. — 
 Students' History of France, ch. 9, § 23. 
 
 4129. PERSECUTION by the Persecuted. 
 Quakers. In July of 1656 the Quakers began to 
 arrive at Boston. The first who came were Ann 
 Austin and Mary Fisher. The introduction of 
 the plague would have occasioned less alarm. 
 The two women were caught and searched for 
 marks of witchcraft, their trunks were broken 
 open, their books were burned by the hangman, 
 and they themselves thrown into prison. After 
 several weeks' confinement they were brought 
 forth and banished from the colony ; before the- 
 end of the year eight others had been arrested 
 and sent back to England. The delegates of 
 the union were immediately convened, and a rig- 
 orous law was passed excluding all Quakers- 
 from the country. Whipping, the loss of one 
 ear, and banishment were the penalties for the- 
 first offence ; after a second conviction the other- 
 ear should be cut of ; and should the criminal 
 again return, his tongue should be bored through 
 with a red-hot iron. In 1657 Ann Burden,, 
 who had come from London to preach against 
 persecution, was seized and beaten with twenty 
 stripes. Others came, were whipped and ex- 
 iled. As the law become more cruel and pre- 
 scriptive, fresh victims rushed forward to brave 
 its terrors. The assembly of the four colonies.! 
 again convened, and advised the authorities of ' 
 Massachusetts to pronounce the penalty of death. \ 
 against the fanatical disturbers of the public 
 peace. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 14, p. 136. 
 
 4130. PERSECUTION powerless. Martyrs. 
 Bonner, Bishop of London, . . . asked a youthi 
 who was brought before him whether he thought | 
 he could bear the fire. The boy at once held his 
 hand without flinching in the flame of a candle \ 
 that stood by. Rogers, a fellow-worker with] 
 Tyndale in the translation of the Bible, and one" 
 of the foremost among the Protestant preachers, ( 
 died bathing his hands in the flame " as if it hadj 
 been in cold water." Even the commonest lives 
 gleamed for a moment into poetry at the stake. 
 " Pray for me," a boy, William Brown, who ha(f 
 
PERSECUTION. 
 
 489 
 
 been brought home to Brenrwood to suffer, asked 
 of the bystanders. " I will pray no more for 
 thee," one of them replied," than I will pray for 
 a dog." "Then," said William, " Son of God, 
 shine upon me ;" and immediately the sun in the 
 elements shone out of a dark cloud so full in his 
 face that he was constrained to look another way; 
 whereat the people mused, because it was so dark 
 a little time before. — Hist, of Eng. People, 
 §661. 
 
 4131. PERSECUTION by Protestants. English. 
 The Presbyterian Parliament of England became 
 more violent for conformity than the Court of 
 High Commission which the Parliament had de- 
 stroyed. . . . The imposition of the covenant 
 upon all the beneficed clergy was the declaration 
 of an intolerant tyranny against the most con- 
 scientious. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 2, p. 30. 
 
 4132. PERSECUTION of Protestants. Ireland. 
 
 E Thirty thousand Catholics, with Sir Phelim 
 )'Neal at their head, attacked the Puritan set- 
 tlers in the north of Ireland.] They were driven 
 from their houses in an inclement season. They 
 tied to the hills and morasses, where they per- 
 ished of hunger. They were put to death with 
 all the horrors that only savages and fanatics can 
 inflict. "Women and children were murdered 
 with relentless fury. Clarendon says : " About 
 forty or fifty thousand of the English Protestants 
 were murdered before they suspected them- 
 selves to be in danger." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 28, p. 464. 
 
 4133. . Francis I. In January, 
 
 1535, the king presided at a solemn ceremo- 
 nial of expiation at Paris, after which six wretch- 
 ed victims were committed to the flames with 
 horrible refinements of torture ; a machine had 
 been invented by which they were alternately 
 lowered into the fire and withdrawn again, so as 
 to prolong their sufferings to the utmost. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 14, § 12. 
 
 4134. . Francis I. Francis dis- 
 graced the concluding years of his reign by 
 measures of the most barbarous severity toward 
 the unfortunate Protestants of Provence. The 
 Vaudois, as they were called, a simple, inoffen- 
 sive, and loyal population, inhabited a few ob- 
 scure towns and villages in the vicinity of Avig- 
 non and Aix. Orders were suddenly sent down 
 to the Parliament of Provence, in January, 
 1545, to exterminate these helpless peasants, who 
 were denounced as dangerous heretics ; and the 
 sentence was at once executed with a ferocious 
 cruelty unparalleled in history. Three towns and 
 twenty-two hamlets were totally destroyed ; 
 three thousand of their inhabitants, among whom 
 were numbers of women and children, unresist- 
 ingly butchered in cold blood ; seven hundred 
 condemned for life to the galleys. Similar hor- 
 rors were renewed in the following year at Meaux, 
 where sixty of the Reformed Church, all mechan- 
 ics or peasants, were sentenced to various de- 
 grees of rigorous punishment, and fourteen were 
 burnt together at the stake. [See No. 4145.] — 
 Students' France, ch. 14, § 16. 
 
 4135. PERSECUTION by Puritans. In Massa- 
 chusetts. A fine was imposed on such as should 
 entertain any " of the accursed sect;" and a 
 Quaker, after the first conviction, was to lose one 
 ear ; after the second, another 5 after the third, to 
 
 have the tongue bored with a hot iron. It was 
 but for a very short time that the menace of 
 these enormities found place in the statute-book. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4136. PERSECUTION, Reaction of. Queen 
 Mary's. The work of terror failed in the very 
 ends of which it was wrought. The old spirit 
 of insolent defiance, of outrageous violence, 
 rose into fresh life at the challenge of persecu- 
 tion. A Protestant hung a string of puddings 
 round a priest's neck in derision of his beads. 
 The restored images were grossly insulted. The 
 old scurrilous ballads against the mass and rel- 
 ics were heard in the streets. Men were goaded 
 to sheer madness by the bloodshed and violence 
 about them. One miserable wretch, driven to 
 frenzy, stabbed the priest of St. Margaret's as 
 he stood with the chalice in his hand. It was a 
 more formidable sign of the times that acts of 
 violence such as these no longer stirred the peo- 
 ple at large to their former resentment. The 
 horror of the persecution swept away all other 
 feelings. Every death at the stake won hun- 
 dreds to the cause for which the victims died. 
 ' ' You have lost the hearts of twenty thousand 
 that were rank papists within these twelve 
 months," a Protestant wrote triumphantly to 
 Bonner. — Hist, op Eng. People, § 662. 
 
 4137. . Joan of Arc. Twenty 
 
 years afterward the two venerable friars, simple 
 monks, vowed to poverty, and having nothing 
 to hope or fear in this world, bear witness to the 
 scene we have just described. " We heard her," 
 they say, " in the midst of the flames invoke her 
 saints, her archangel ; several times she called 
 on her Saviour. ... At the last, as her head 
 sunk on her bosom, she shrieked, ' Jesus ! ' " 
 " Ten thousand men wept. ..." A few of the 
 English alone laughed, or endeavored to laugh. 
 One of the most furious among them had sworn 
 that he would throw a fagot on the pile. Just 
 as he brought it she breathed her last. He was 
 taken ill. His comrades led him to a tavern to 
 recruit his spirits by drink, but he was beyond 
 recovery. " I saw," he exclaimed, in his frantic 
 despair — "I saw a dove fly out of her mouth 
 with her last sigh." Others had read in the 
 flames the word " Jesus," which she so often re- 
 peated. The executioner repaired in the even- 
 ing to Brother Isambart, full of consternation, 
 and confessed himself, but felt persuaded that 
 God would never pardon him. . . . One of the 
 English king's secretaries said aloud, on return- 
 ing from the dismal scene, "We are lost ; we 
 have burnt a saint." — Michelet's Joan, p. 59. 
 
 41 3§. . Puritans. [In 1593 Arch- 
 bishop Whitgift prohibited all preaching, read- 
 ing, or catechising in private houses, if ^any re- 
 sorted thereto not of the same family. He 
 drove the clergy to subscribe anew and more 
 stringently to the queen's supremacy. The 
 result was first a furious attack upon episco- 
 pacy in the pamphlets of Martin Marprelate ; 
 and then severe laws against the Puritans, which 
 had no ultimate effect but that of fortifying their 
 opinions, and ultimately making their cause the 
 rallying point of civil and religious liberty.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 244. 
 
 4139. PERSECUTION, Sectarian. Bitter. The 
 records of the Scottish Parliament were thick 
 set with laws denouncing vengeance on those 
 
490 
 
 PERSECUTION. 
 
 who in any direction strayed from the prescrib- 
 ed pale. By an act passed in the time of Knox, 
 and breathing his spirit, it was a high crime to 
 hear mass, and the third offence was capital. 
 An act recently passed, at the instance of James 
 [II.], made it death to preach in any Presbyte- 
 rian conventicle whatever, and even to attend 
 such a conventicle in the open air. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 105. 
 
 4140. PERSECUTION, Selfish. Emperor Nero. 
 The voice of rumor accused the emperor as the 
 incendiary of his own capital ; and as the most 
 incredible stories are the best adapted to the gen- 
 ius of an enraged people, it was gravely reported 
 and firmly believed that Nero, enjoying the ca- 
 lamity which he had occasioned, amused himself 
 with singing to his lyre the destruction of an- 
 cient Troy. To divert a suspicion, which the 
 power of despotism was unable to suppress, the 
 emperor resolved to substitute in his own place 
 some fictitious criminals. " With this view," 
 continues Tacitus, " he inflicted the most ex- 
 quisite tortures on those men who, under the 
 vulgar appellation of Christians, were already 
 branded with deserved infamy. They derived 
 their name and origin from Christ, who in the 
 reign of Tiberius had suffered death by the sen- 
 tence of the procurator Pontius Pilate." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 17. 
 
 4141. PEESECUTION, Severe. In Scotland. 
 John Brown, a poor carrier of Lanarkshire, was, 
 for his singular piety, commonly called the 
 Christian carrier ; . . . blameless in life, and so 
 peaceable that the tyrants could find no offence 
 in him except that he absented himself from the 
 public worship of the Episcopalians. On the 
 1st of May he was cutting turf, when he was 
 seized by Claverhouse's dragoons, rapidly exam- 
 ined, convicted of nonconformity, and sentenced 
 to death. It is said that even among the sol- 
 diers it was not easy to find an executioner, for 
 the wife of the poor man was present. She led 
 one little child by the hand ; it was easy to see 
 that she was about to give birth to another ; 
 and even those wild and hard-hearted men, who 
 nicknamed one another Beelzebub and Apollyon, 
 shrank from the great wickedness of butchering 
 her husband before her face. The prisoner, 
 meanwhile, raised above himself by the near 
 prospect of eternity, prayed loud and fervent- 
 ly as one inspired, till Claverhouse, in a fury, 
 shot him dead. It was reported by credible wit- 
 nesses that the widow cried out in her agony, 
 " Well, sir, well ; the day of reckoning will 
 come ;" and that the murderer replied, ' ' To man 
 I can answer for what I have done ; and as for 
 God, I will take Him into mine own hand !" — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 464. 
 
 4142. PERSECUTION, Shameful. Scotland. 
 Margaret Maclachlan and Margaret Wilson, the 
 former an aged widow, the latter a maiden of 
 eighteen, suffered death for their religion in 
 Wigtonshire. They were offered their lives if 
 they would consent to abjure the cause of the 
 insurgent Covenanters, and to attend the Episco- 
 pal worship. They refused, and they were sen- 
 tenced to be drowned. They were carried to a 
 spot which the Solway overflows twice a day, 
 and fastened to stakes fixed in the sand, between 
 high and low water mark. The elder sufferer 
 
 was placed near to 'the advancing flood, in the 
 hope that her last agonies might terrify the young- 
 er into submission. The sight was dreadful ; 
 but the courage of the survivor was sustained by 
 an enthusiasm as lofty as any that is recorded in 
 martyrology. She saw the sea draw nearer and 
 nearer, but gave no sign of alarm. She prayed 
 and sang verses of psalms till the waves choked 
 her voice. When she had tasted the bitterness 
 of death, she was, by a cruel mercy, unbound 
 and restored to life. When she came to herself, 
 pitying friends and neighbors implored her to 
 yield. "Dear Margaret, only say God save the 
 king !" The poor girl, true to her stern theolo- 
 gy, gasped out, ' ' May God save him, if it be 
 God's will !" Her friends crowded round the 
 presiding officer. " She has said it ; indeed, sir, 
 she has said it. " ' ' Will she take the abjuration ?" 
 he demanded. "Never!" she exclaimed. "I 
 am Christ's ; let me go !" And the waters closed 
 over her for the last time. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 4, p. 465. 
 
 4143. PERSECUTION from Superstition. Pa- 
 gans. If the empire had been afflicted by any 
 recent calamity, by a plague, a famine, or an 
 unsuccessful war — if the Tiber had, or if the 
 Nile had not, risen beyond its banks — if the earth 
 had shaken, or if the temperate order of the sea- 
 sons had been interrupted, the superstitious Pa- 
 gans were convinced that the crimes and the im- 
 piety of the Christians, who were spared by the 
 excessive lenity of the government, had at length 
 provoked the divine justice. It was not among 
 a licentious and exasperated populace that the 
 forms of legal proceedings could be observed ; it 
 was not in an amphitheatre stained with the 
 blood of wild beasts and gladiators that the voice 
 of compassion could be heard. The impatient 
 clamors of the multitude denounced the Chris- 
 tians as the enemies of gods and men, doomed 
 them to the severest tortures, and venturing to 
 accuse by name some of the most distinguished 
 of the new sectaries, required with irresistible 
 vehemence that they should be instantly appre- 
 hended and cast to the lions. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 16, p. 28. 
 
 4144. PERSECUTION, Terrible. Louis XIV- 
 against Huguenots. [In old age he sought to 
 make] an atonement for the voluptuous profliga- 
 cy of his life. Property was exposed to plunder, 
 religious books were burned ; children torn from 
 their parents ; faithful ministers, who would not 
 abandon their flocks, broken on the wheel. Men 
 were dragged to the altars, to be tortured into a 
 denial of the faith of their fathers ; and a relapse 
 was punished with extreme rigor. The approach 
 of death removes the fear of persecution ; bigotry 
 invented a new terror ; the bodies of those who 
 died rejecting the sacraments were thrown out 
 to wolves and dogs. The mean-spirited, who 
 changed their religion, were endowed by law 
 with the entire property of their family. The 
 dying father was made to choose between wrong- 
 ing his conscience by apostasy and beggaring his 
 offspring by fidelity. All children were ordered 
 to be taken away from Protestant parents. . . . 
 It became a study ... to inflict all the pain the 
 human bodj^ could endure and not die. . . . Ten 
 thousand perished. . . . Half a million of its best 
 citizens [were driven] into exile. [See No. 4126.] 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 13. 
 
PERSECUTION— PERSEVERAJSCE. 
 
 491 
 
 4145. . Vaudois. The Vaudois 
 
 were wretchedly poor, and had been incessantly 
 the objects of aggression and persecution. In 
 January, 1655, a sudden determination was tak- 
 en by the Turin government to make them con- 
 form to the Catholic religion by force. The 
 whole of the inhabitants of three valleys were 
 ordered to quit the country within three days, 
 under pain of death and confiscation of goods, 
 unless they would become, or undertake to be- 
 come, Catholic. They sent their humble remon- 
 strances to the court of Turin against this edict. 
 The remonstrances were disregarded, and mili- 
 tary execution was ordered. On April 17, 1655, 
 the soldiers, recruits from all countries — the Irish 
 are specially mentioned — were let loose upon the 
 unarmed population. Murder and rape and burn- 
 ing are the ordinary incidents of military execu- 
 tions. These were not enough to satisfy the fe- 
 rocity of the Catholic soldiery, who revelled for 
 many days in the infliction of all that brutal lust 
 or savage cruelty can suggest to men. [See No. 
 4134.] — Milton's Pattison, ch. 11. 
 
 4146. PERSEVEKANCE, Admirable. Colum- 
 bus. Let those who are disposed to faint under 
 difficulties, in the prosecution of any great and 
 worthy undertaking, remember that eighteen 
 years elapsed after the time that Columbus con- 
 ceived his enterprise before he was enabled to 
 carry it into effect ; that the greater part of that 
 time was passed in almost hopeless solicitation, 
 amid poverty, neglect, and taunting ridicule ; 
 that the prime of his life had wasted away in the 
 struggle, and that when his perseverance was 
 finally crowned with success, he was about in his 
 fifty-sixth year. His example should encour- 
 age the enterprising never to despair. — Irving's 
 Columbus, Book 2, ch. 6. 
 
 4147. PERSEVEEANCE continued. Abraham 
 Lincoln. Being asked by an " anxious visitor" 
 what he would do . . . provided the rebellion 
 was not subdued after three or four years of ef- 
 fort, . . . " Oh," said the President, " there is 
 no alternative but to keep 'pegging away!'" — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 752. 
 
 4148. PERSEVERANCE.Earnest. Battle. [Dur- 
 ing the battle between the fleets of William III. 
 and Louis XIV., in 1692,] Carter, rear-admiral 
 of the Blue, broke the French line at the onset, 
 was mortally wounded, and dying, exclaimed, 
 "Fight the ship as long as she can swim !" The 
 victory was complete, the French flying in every 
 direction. [The French were attempting an in- 
 vasion of England.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 10, p. 149. 
 
 4149. PERSEVERANCE vs. Force. Irresistihle. 
 [Sertorius' army being defeated by the barba- 
 rians, he endeavored to] rouse them up out of 
 their despondence. For which purpose, a few 
 days after, he assembled all his forces, and pro- 
 duced two horses before them ; the one old and 
 feeble, the other large and strong, and remarkable 
 beside for a fine flowing tail. By the poor weak 
 horse stood a robust, able-bodied man, and by the 
 strong horse stood a little man of a very contempt- 
 ible appearance. Upon a signal given, the strong 
 man began to pull and drag about the weak horse 
 by the tail, as if he would pull it off ; and the 
 little man to pluck off the hairs of the great 
 horse's tail, one by one. The former tugged and 
 toiled a long time to the great diversion of the 
 
 spectators, and at last was forced to give up the 
 point ; the latter, without any difficulty, soon 
 stripped the great horse's tail of all its hair. 
 Then Sertorius rose up and said : " You see, my 
 friends and fellow-soldiers, how much greater are 
 the effects of perseverance than those of force, 
 and that there are many things invincible in their 
 collective capacity and in a state of union which 
 may gradually be overcome, when they are once 
 separated. In short, perseverance is irresistible. 
 By this means time attacks and destroys the 
 strongest things upon earth. Time, I say, who 
 is the best friend and ally to those that have the 
 discernment to use it properly, and watoh the op- 
 portunities it presents, and the worst enemy to 
 those who will be rushing into action when it 
 does not call them." By such symbols as these 
 Sertorius applied to the senses of the barbarians, 
 and instructed them to wait for proper junctures 
 and occasions. — Plutarch's Sertorius. 
 
 4150. PERSEVERANCE, Obstinate. Crusaders. 
 The enthusiasm of the first crusade is a natural 
 and simple event, while hope was fresh, danger 
 untried, and enterprise congenial to the spirit of 
 the times. But the obstinate perseverance of 
 Europe may indeed excite our pity and admira- 
 tion ; that no instruction should have been drawn 
 from constant and adverse experience ; that the 
 same confidence should have repeatedly grown 
 from the same failures ; that six succeeding gen- 
 erations should have rushed headlong down the 
 precipice that was open before them ; and that 
 men of every condition should have staked their 
 public and private fortunes on the desperate ad- 
 venture of possessing or recovering a tombstone 
 two thousand miles from their country. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 12. 
 
 4151. PERSEVERANCE in Oratory. Benjamin 
 Disraeli. There was some curiosity respecting 
 his debut as an orator. . . . The gentlemen of the 
 House of Commons expected that Disraeli would 
 make a fool of himself ; and he did not disappoint 
 them. His first effort was a ludicrous failure — - 
 his maiden speech being received with "loud 
 bursts of laughter." The newspapers said of him 
 that he went up like a rocket and came down like 
 a stick. . . . "Writhing under the shouts of laugh- 
 ter which had drowned so much of his studied 
 eloquence, he exclaimed, in almost a savage 
 voice, " I have begun several times many things, 
 and have often succeeded at last. I sJiall sit down 
 now, hut the time will come when you will Jiear me." 
 — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 234. 
 
 4152. PERSEVERANCE rewarded. John Fitch. 
 He did persevere. We cannot begin to relate the 
 obstacles he encountered. A considerable volume 
 would scarcely afford the requisite space. Poor, 
 ragged, and forlorn, jeered at, pitied as a mad- 
 man, discouraged by the great, refused by the 
 ricli, he and his few friends kept on, until, in 
 1790, they had a steamboat running on the Dela- 
 ware, which was the first steamboat ever con- 
 structed that answered the purpose of one. It 
 ran, with the tide, eight miles an hour, and six 
 miles against it. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 151. 
 
 4153. PERSEVERANCE, Scotcli. Samuel 
 Johnson. He mentioned a circumstance as char- 
 acteristic of the Scotch. " One of that nation," 
 said he, "who had been a candidate, against 
 whom I had voted, came up to me with a civil 
 salutation. Now, sir, this is their way. An Eng- 
 
492 
 
 PERSEVERANCE— PHILANTHROPY. 
 
 lishman would have stomached it, and been sulky, 
 and never have taken further notice of you ; but 
 a Scotchman, sir, though you vote nineteen times 
 against him, vs^ill accost you with equal complais- 
 ance after each time, and the twentieth time, sir, 
 he will get your vote." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 433. 
 
 4154. PERSEVERANCE, Success by. Charles 
 Goodyear. [The inventor of vulcanized rubber.] 
 But Charles Goodyear was a man who, having 
 undertaken a thing, could not give it up. He 
 struggled on for five years — in debt, with a fam- 
 ily, and exposed to the derision or reproaches of 
 his friends. Several times he was in the debt- 
 ors' prison. He sold his effects, he pawned his 
 trinkets, he borrowed from his acquaintances, he 
 reduced himself and his young family to the se- 
 verest straits. When he could no longer buy 
 wood to melt his rubber with, his children used 
 to go out into the fields and pick up sticks for the 
 purpose. Always supposing himself to be on the 
 point of succeeding, he thought the quickest way 
 to get his family out of their misery was to stick 
 to India rubber. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 218. 
 
 4155. PERSISTENCE, Undeviating. Colum- 
 bus. Two boobies flew on board the ships, birds 
 which, he observed, seldom fly twenty leagues 
 from land. He sounded, therefore, with a line of 
 two hundred fathoms, but found no bottom. He 
 supposed he might be passing between islands, 
 lying to the north and south, but was unwilling 
 to waste the present favoring breeze by going 
 in search of them ; besides, he had confidently 
 aflSrmed that land was to be found by keeping 
 steadfastly to the west ; his whole expedition had 
 been founded on such a presumption ; he should, 
 therefore, risk all credit and authority with his 
 people were he to appear to doubt and waver, 
 and to go groping blindly from point to point of 
 the compass. He resolved, therefore, to keep one 
 bold course always westward, until he should 
 reach the coast of India ; and afterward, if advis- 
 able, to seek these islands on his return. — Ik- 
 ving's Columbus, Book 3, ch. 2. 
 
 4156. PERSUASION, Eloquence in. Peincles. 
 [Pericles gained the surname Olympius. The 
 comedies of the times] indicate that this title 
 was given him chiefly on account of his elo- 
 quence. For they tell us that in his harangues 
 he thundered and lightened, and that his tongue 
 was armed with thunder. Thucydides, the son 
 of Milesius, is said to have given a pleasant ac- 
 count of the force of his eloquence. Thucydides 
 was a great and respectable man, who for a long 
 time opposed the measures of Pericles ; and when 
 Archidamus, one of the kings of Lacedaemon, 
 asked him which was the best wrestler, Pericles 
 or he, he answered, "When I throw him, he says 
 he was never down, and he persuades the very 
 spectators to believe so." — Plutarch's Peri- 
 cles. 
 
 4157. PESTILENCE, Devastating. England. 
 The first and the greatest lasted from the 31st of 
 May to the 29th of September, 1349 ; in this year 
 we find charters and other documents, dated . . . 
 as the year of the great pestilence. ... It was call- 
 ed the Black Plague. . . . This disease originated 
 in upper India and China, in 1346, and gradually 
 spreading through Asia, in four years compre- 
 hended nearly all Europe. Boccaccio tells us in 
 England the pestilence . . . left scarcely a third 
 
 part of the population remaining. This is proba- 
 bly an exaggeration. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 30, p. 469. 
 
 415§. PESTILENCE, Rapid. Borne. In a sea- 
 son of excessive rains the Tiber swelled above 
 its banks, and rushed with irresistible violence 
 into the valleys of the seven hills. A pestilen- 
 tial disease arose from the stagnation of the del- 
 uge, and so rapid was the conta^on that four- 
 score persons expired in an hour in the midst of 
 a solemn procession, which implored the merc}^ 
 of heaven. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 45, p. 417. 
 
 4159. PETITION denied. Anti-Slavery. In 
 the light of the present day ... it is hard to 
 believe that during the Presidency of Mr. Van 
 Buren . . . the House of Representatives voted 
 that "every petition, memorial, resolution, 
 proposition, or paper, touching or relating in 
 any way or to any extent whatever to slavery 
 or the abolition thereof, shall on presentation, 
 without any further action thereon, be laid upon 
 the table, without being debated, printed, or re- 
 ferred." — Blaine's Twenty Years of Con- 
 gress, p. 24. 
 
 4160. PETITION, Immense. Chartists. [On 
 the 10th of April, 1848, Mr. Feargus O'Conner 
 presented to the House of Commons the peti- 
 tion of the Chartists, which was said to have re- 
 ceived 5,706,000 signatures.]— Knight's Eng.,. 
 vol. 8, ch. 30, p. 559. 
 
 4161. PETITION, Right of. Early Abolition- 
 ists. These apostles of universal liberty besieged 
 Congress with memorials praying for such legis- 
 lation as would carry out their designs. . . . 
 Representatives from the slave-holding States . . . 
 sought to deny them a hearing, and declared that 
 the mere consideration of their propositions by 
 Congress would not only justify, but would in- 
 evitably precipitate a dissolution of the Union. 
 Undaunted by any form of opposition, the Aboli- 
 tionists stubbornly maintained their ground, and 
 finally succeeded in creating a great popular ex- 
 citement by simply insisting on the simple right 
 of petition as inseparable from free government 
 and free citizenship. [John Quincy Adams was 
 their champion for the right of petition.] — 
 Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, p. 23. 
 
 4162. PETITION, Tender. Fm- Strafford'» 
 Life. Men vote unanimously with their party, 
 from fear of each other, for measures which, 
 when taken singly, they would abhor to think 
 of. Man in a mass is no longer man — he becomes 
 an element. To move this deaf and cruel ele- 
 ment of the House of Commons, Charles [II.] 
 used every effort to flatter the pride and touch 
 the feeling of these tribunes of the people. He 
 wrote a most pathetic letter, bedewed with his 
 tears, and sent it to the Parliament, to render it 
 more irresistible, by the hand of a child, his son, 
 the Prince of Wales, whose beauty, tender age, 
 and innocence ought to have made refusal im- 
 possible from subjects petitioned by such a sup- 
 pliant. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 14. 
 
 4163. PHILANTHROPY, Example of. John 
 Howard. [He built neat cottages, which he let 
 to his tenants on conditions favorable to virtue 
 and good order.] One was, that the tenant should 
 go to church once every Sunday ; another, that 
 he should never go to the ale house ; another, 
 that he should never gamble ; . . . children 
 
PHILANTHROPY— PHYSIQUE. 
 
 493 
 
 go to school ; . . rent about |10 a year. . . . 
 One of his neighbors, too, observing what an ex- 
 cellent effect a clean and proper dwelling had 
 upon the morals of a family, followed his ex- 
 ample, and built a considerable number of cot- 
 tages ; so that, in about ten years, the whole 
 village was rebuilt, and, from being one of the 
 meanest, dirtiest, and most unhealthy places in 
 the county, it became the prettiest, pleasantest, 
 and most salubrious village in that part of Eng- 
 land. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 37. 
 
 4164. PHILANTHROPY, Experimental. John 
 Hoicard. In one prison there were eight cells, 
 sixteen steps below the surface of the earth, in 
 size thirteen feet by nine, without window or 
 lamp, and ventilated only by a funnel. Into 
 these damp, cold, and noisome cells not a ray 
 of light ever penetrated, and "in them," says 
 Howard, ' ' poor creatures were confined, day 
 and night, for weeks, for months together." 
 After only a few days' confinement in one of 
 them a man would come out yellow, emaciated, 
 and almost out of his senses. Howard was never 
 content merely to ascertain the existence of such 
 dungeons ; he went down into them himself, re- 
 mained in them an hour or more, conversed with 
 their wretched inmates, and employed his [meas- 
 uring] rule, his scales, and his thermometer to 
 render his description exact. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 48. 
 
 4165. PHILANTHROPY, Practical. John How- 
 ard. Howard began by improving the dwell- 
 ings of his tenants. One after another he pulled 
 down the ancient hovels, and built, in their 
 etead, neat and convenient cottages, contain- 
 ing never less than three rooms. To each 
 cottage he attached a small garden in the rear 
 for vegetables, and in front a little patch for 
 flowers, surrounding the whole with a pretty 
 picket fence. As the ground was low and 
 marshy, he had it drained by a system of ditches, 
 which almost banished from the place the agues 
 and the fevers to which the inhabitants had be- 
 fore been subject. When he had completed one 
 cottage, he let it to the man in the village who 
 bore the best character for sobriety and industry, 
 and he let it at the same rent that was paid for 
 the wretched huts. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 36. 
 
 4166. PHILOSOPHY, Advantage of. Forti- 
 tude. When a certain stranger derided Diony- 
 sius at Corinth, in a very rude and scornful 
 manner, for having, in the meridian of his power, 
 taken pleasure in the discourse of philosophers, 
 and at last asked him what he had got by the 
 wisdom of Plato, " Do you think," said he, 
 •' that we have reaped no advantage from Plato, 
 when we bear in this manner such a change of 
 fortune ?" — Plutarch's Timoleon. 
 
 4167. PHILOSOPHY, Speculative. Impracti- 
 cable. Speculative philosophers have seldom 
 been good legislators ; the history of great men 
 affords not one example of the two characters 
 combined. The Republic of Plato is still an 
 ideal system of beautiful puerilities to states- 
 men ; the Politics of Aristotle have seldom had a 
 legislative copyist ; the Utopia of Sir Thomas 
 More is still a Utopia, the source of proverbial 
 expression to our language, but of no laws to our 
 commonwealths ; the new Atlantis of Bacon is 
 yet a dream, notwithstanding its utilitarian sug- 
 
 gestions ; Locke's fundamental Constitutions of 
 Carolina were found impracticable ; and Rous- 
 seau's Contra Social ranks only as an example 
 of political rhetoric. — Stevens' Methodism 
 vol. 2, p. 393. 
 
 416§. PHYSICIAN, Empirical. Successful. 
 Louis XV. was . , . given over by the physicians, 
 and received the last sacraments ; but a violent 
 remedy prescribed by an empiric arrested the 
 disease, and in the course of a few days he was 
 pronounced out of danger. — Students' France, 
 ch. 23, § 12. 
 
 4169. PHYSICIAN, Mythological, ^sculapi. 
 us. He was the god of medicine and the patron 
 of the medical profession. The most common 
 story makes him the son of Apollo. He went 
 about healing diseases and raising the dead to 
 life. Pluto, god of Hades, took alarm at the lat- 
 ter exploit, and complained to Zeus that ^scu- 
 lapius was invading his bailiwick. He acknowl- 
 edged the justice of the complaint, and struck 
 iEsculapius dead with a flash of lightning. . . . 
 The serpent was his favorite type. . . . The 
 priests of the temple were the only regular prac- 
 titioners of antiquity, but in later times the. 
 priests took pupils and initiated them into the 
 mysteries of medicine, and these were regarded 
 as regularly trained physicians. — Am. Cyclope- 
 dia, " JESCULAPIUS." 
 
 41 TO. PHYSICIANS, CommingUng. BeUh of 
 Charles II. All the medical men of note in Lon- 
 don were summoned. So high did political ani- 
 mosities run, that the presence of some Whig 
 physicians was regarded as an extraordinary cir- 
 cumstance. One Roman Catholic, whose skill 
 was then widely renowned, Doctor Thomas 
 Short, was in attendance. Several of the pre- 
 scriptions have been preserved. One of them is 
 signed by fourteen doctors. The patient was bled 
 largely. Hot iron was applied to his head. A 
 loathsome volatile salt, extracted from human 
 skulls, was forced mto his mouth. He recovered 
 his senses : but he was evidently in a situation 
 of extreme danger. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, 
 p. 402. 
 
 4171. PHYSICIANS, Disagreement of. Death 
 of Charles II. The fourteen doctors who delib- 
 erated on the king's case contradicted each other 
 and themselves. Some of them thought that his 
 fit was epileptic, and that he should be suffered 
 to have his doze out. The majority pronounced 
 him apoplectic, and tortured him during some 
 hours like an Indian at a stake. Then it was de- 
 termined to call his complaint a fever, and to ad- 
 minister doses of bark. One physician, however, 
 protested against this course, and assured the 
 queen that his brethren would kill the king 
 among them. Nothing better than dissension 
 and vacillation could be expected from such a 
 multitude of advisers, — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 4, p. 410. 
 
 4173. PHYSIQUE, Proof by. Bepresentativea, 
 In 1695 the French court sent Harlay, the pres- 
 ident of the Parliament of Paris, to sound the 
 Dutch as to the possibility of a peace. Pale and 
 very thin was the envoy. " Are you a sample," 
 said the rough republicans, "of the wretched 
 condition of France ?" " Let me send for my 
 wife," replied the clever lawyer, " and she will 
 give you a notion of our thriving state."— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5. ch. 12. 
 
494 
 
 PIETY. 
 
 4173. PIETY, Claims of. Crusaders. Such 
 immense and seemingly inexhaustible torrents 
 pouring down upon Constantinople gave, as we 
 may naturally suppose, very great uneasiness to 
 the Emperor Alexius. Excellent politician as he 
 was, he found it impossible to prevent continual 
 differences and a great deal of bloodshed. The 
 Crusaders imagined that the piety and merit of 
 the undertaking gave them a just claim to be 
 maintained and supported gratuitously by all 
 who professed themselves to be Christians. They 
 behaved with insufferable insolence and folly ; 
 and matters came at length to that extremity, 
 thai it was seriously proposed by these new Cru- 
 saders to begin operations against the infidels by 
 the destruction of Constantinople, the capital 
 of the Christian world in the east. — Tytlek's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 158. 
 
 4174. PIETY, Manly. OustavusXII. Europe 
 first learned from him the importance of infan- 
 try. All Germany was astonished at the strict 
 discipline which, at the first, so creditably dis- 
 tinguished the Swedish army within their terri- 
 tories ; all disorders were punished with the ut- 
 most severity, particularly impiety, theft, gam- 
 bling, and duelling. The Swedish articles of 
 war enforced frugality. In the camp, the king's 
 tent not excepted, neither silver nor gold was to 
 be seen. The general's eye looked as vigilantly 
 to the morals as to the martial bravery of his 
 soldiers ; every regiment was ordered to form 
 round its chaplain for morning and evening 
 prayers. In all these points the lawgiver was 
 also an example. A sincere and ardent piety ex- 
 alted his courage. Equally free from the coarse 
 infidelity which leaves the passions of the bar- 
 barian without control, and from the grovelling 
 superstition of Ferdinand, who humbled himself 
 to the dust before the Supreme Being while he 
 haughtily trampled on his fellow-creature, in 
 the height of his success he was ever a man 
 and a Christian ; in the height of his devotion, a 
 king and a hero,— Thirty Years' War, § 236. 
 
 4175. PIETY, Ostentatious. Saladinthe Grand 
 Vizier. In faith and practice he was a rigid Mus- 
 sulman ; he ever deplored that the defence of 
 religion had not allowed him to accomplish the 
 pilgrimage of Mecca ; but at the stated hours, 
 five times each day, the sultan devoutly prayed 
 with his brethren ; the involuntary omission of 
 fasting was scrupulously repaid ; and his peru- 
 sal of the Koran, on horseback between the ap- 
 proaching armies, may be quoted as a proof, how- 
 ever ostentatious, of piety and courage. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 23. 
 
 4176. PIETY, Practical. Persian Religion. 
 Such is the system of cosmogony contained in 
 these books of the Zendavesta, upon which the 
 whole religion of the ancient Parm, was founded. 
 The practical part of this religion consisted, 
 first, in acknowledging and adoring Ormusd, 
 the principle of all good, by a strict observance 
 of purity in thought, words, and actions ; sec- 
 ondly, in showing a proportional detestation of 
 Ahriman, his productions, and his works. The 
 most acceptable service to Ormusd was observ- 
 ing the precepts of the Zendavesta, reading that 
 work, and repeating its liturgies. The chief 
 among its forms of prayer are addressed not di- 
 rectly to Ormusd, but through the medium of 
 
 his greatest works, the sun, the moon, and starsw 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11, p. 124. 
 
 4177. PIETY, Private. Cromwell's. Sir John 
 Goodricke used to relate a remarkable anecdote, 
 which we should probably assign to the siege of 
 Knaresborough Castle, in 1644, and which was 
 told him when a boy by a very old woman, 
 who had formerly attended his mother in the 
 capacity of midwife. "When Cromwell came 
 to lodge in our house, in Knaresborough," said 
 she, " I was then but a young girl. Having 
 heard much talk about the man, I looked at him 
 with wonder. Being ordered to take a pan of 
 coals and air his bed, I could not, during the 
 operation, forbear peeping over my shoulder sev- 
 eral times to observe this extraordinary person, 
 who was seated at the far side of the room unty- 
 ing his garters. Having aired the bed, I went 
 out, and shutting the door after me, stopped and 
 peeped through the keyhole, when I saw him 
 rise from his seat, advance to the bed, and fall 
 on his knees, in which attitude I left him for 
 some time. When returning again, I found him 
 still at prayer ; and this was his custom every 
 night so long as he stayed at our house ; from 
 which I concluded he must be a good man. , . . 
 How many of us writers and readers would stand 
 the test of the keyhole ?" — Hood's Cromwell. 
 ch. 1, p. 24. 
 
 417§. PIETY for Profit. Persecution. [In 
 1189, when the Jews in York had been murder- 
 ed, the bonds which they had deposited with the 
 officers of the cathedral were obtained by their 
 murderers and burned in the nave of the church.} 
 One great object of the persecution was accom- 
 plished. A load of debt was wiped off the es- 
 tates of many a servant of the cross by the de 
 struction of his victims, and with them the evi. 
 dence of his own obligations was destroyed.— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 21, p. 306. 
 
 4179. PIETY in Public Life. William Cecil. 
 [William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, the faithful coun- 
 sellor of Elizabeth for forty years, died in 1598. 
 He was the first of a generation of professional 
 statesmen. He had a deep and abiding sense of 
 responsibility.] Walsingham, seeing him come 
 in from prayers, wished he were as good a ser- 
 vant of God as the lord treasurer. . . . The 
 reply of Burleigh is worthy to be held in remem- 
 brance : " I hold it meet for us to ask God's 
 grace to keep us sound at heart who have so 
 much in our power ; and to direct us to the well- 
 doing of all the people, whom it is easy for us to 
 injure and ruin." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 18, 
 p. 278. 
 
 41 §0. PIETY by Reaction. Samuel Johnson. 
 BoswELL : " They [women] are not more afraid 
 of death than men are." Johnson : " Because 
 they are less wicked." Dr. Adams : " They are 
 more pious." Johnson : "No, hang 'em, they 
 are not more pious. A wicked fellow is the 
 most pious when he takes to it. He'll beat you 
 all at piety." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 521. 
 
 4181. PIETY, Reward of. Mohammedan. 
 [The Mohammedan Khalif ] Ali had the bravery 
 of Omar and the piety of Mahomet ; he wrote 
 verses and maxims that remain in Mussulman 
 philosophy, if not quite as revelations, at least 
 as inspirations of Islam. Many of them rival 
 the wisdom and asceticism of the Christians. 
 
PIETY— PIRATES. 
 
 495 
 
 He often uttered this in his good fortune and in 
 his reverses : "He who would be rich without 
 treasure, powerful without empire, a servant 
 without a master, has only to despise the vanities 
 of this world and make himself the servant of 
 God ; he will find those three things in Him." — 
 Lamartike's Turkey, p. 177. 
 
 41 §2. PIETY, Sacrifices of. To Aid Columbus. 
 The generous spirit of Isabella was enkindled. 
 It seemed as if, for the first time, the subject 
 broke upon her mind in its real grandeur, and 
 she declared her resolution to undertake the en- 
 terprise. There was still a moment's hesitation. 
 The king looked coldly on the affair, and the 
 royal finances were absolutely drained by the 
 war. Some time must be given to replenish 
 them. How could she draw on an exhausted 
 treasury for a measure to which the king was 
 adverse ! St. Angel watched this suspense with 
 trembling anxiety. The next moment reassured 
 him. With an enthusiasm worthy of herself 
 and of the cause, Isabella exclaimed, " I under- 
 take the enterprise for my own crown of Castile, 
 and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary 
 funds." This was the proudest moment in the 
 life of Isabella ; it stamped her renown forever 
 as the patroness of the discovery of the New 
 World. — Irving's Columbus, Book 2, ch. 6. 
 
 41 §3. PIETY, Sincere. Cromwell. [Eliot War- 
 burton.] " And," says that lively and prejudiced 
 writer, ' ' if all the letters of the dark Cromwell 
 could have been opened, what would they have 
 revealed ?" Well, they all have been discovered, 
 all have been opened ; and we suppose never, in 
 the history of man, has there been presented such 
 a transparent wholeness. It is one mirror of 
 simple nobleness ; every little note, and every 
 family epistle, and every letter to the state offi- 
 cers — all reveal the same man. " A single eye, 
 and a whole body full of light.". . . VVe have 
 pictures given to us of his household. Upon the 
 occasion of the signing of the treaty of peace 
 with Holland, the ambassador gives an account 
 of his reception at the Protector's Court. How 
 calm and quiet and dignified the account of that 
 reception ! Music, indeed, was playing while 
 they were dining, but after that the Protector 
 gave out a hymn ; and as he handed the book 
 to the ambassador, he told him ' ' that was the 
 best paper that had passed between them as yet." 
 Dignified and beautiful is the account of the 
 gentle behavior of the Protector to the wife and 
 daughter of the ambassador. Then, after a 
 walk on the banks of a river for half an hour, 
 the prayers in the family ; and so the evening 
 closed — very much, indeed, such a simple even- 
 ing as we and our friends might spend to- 
 gether. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 15, p. 197. 
 
 41S4. PIETY, Supremacy of. Natural Affec- 
 tions. [When Rome was taken by the Gauls 
 the vestal virgins attempted to escape.] They 
 took, however, with them the choicest and 
 most sacred things they had, and fled with them 
 along the side of the river, where Lucius Albi- 
 nus, a plebeian, among others that were making 
 their escape, was carrying his wife and children 
 and some of his most necessary movables in a 
 wagon. But when he saw the vestals in a help- 
 less and weary condition, carrying in their arms 
 the sacred symbols of the gods, he immediately 
 took out his family and goods, and put the vir- 
 
 gins in the wagon, that they might make their 
 escape to some of the Grecian cities. This piety 
 of Albinus, and the veneration he expressed for 
 the gods at so dangerous a juncture, deserves to 
 be recorded. — Plutarch's Camillus. 
 
 41 §5. PIRACY, Ancient. English. Like the 
 galleys of the Middle Ages, such boats ■could 
 only creep cautiously along from harbor to har- 
 bor in rough weather ; but in smooth water 
 their swiftness fitted them admirably for the 
 piracy by which the men of these tribes were al- 
 ready making themselves dreaded. Its flat bot- 
 tom enabled them to beach the vessel on any 
 fitting coast ; and a step on shore at once trans- 
 formed the boatmen into a war-band. From the 
 first the daring of the English race broke out in the 
 secrecy and suddenness of the pirates' swoop, in 
 the fierceness of their onset, in the careless glee 
 with which they seized either sword or oar. 
 "Foes are they," sang a Roman poet of the 
 time, "fierce beyond other foes and cunning as 
 they are fierce ; the sea is their school of war and 
 the storm their friend ; they are sea- wolves that 
 prey on the pillage of the world !". . . The 
 piracy of our fathers had thus brought them to 
 the shores of a land which, dear as it is now to 
 Englishmen, had not as yet been trodden by 
 English feet. — Hist, op Eng. People, § 24. 
 
 41 §6. PIRATES, Connivance with. Govern, 
 ment. The buccaneers, encouraged by the Sen- 
 ate's connivance, were more daring than ever. 
 They had become a sea community, led by high- 
 born adventurers, who maintained out of their 
 plunder a show of wild magnificence. The oars 
 of the galleys of their commanders were plated 
 with silver ; their cabins were hung with gor- 
 geous tapestry. They had bands of music to 
 play their triumphs. They had a religion of 
 their own, an Oriental medley called the Mys- 
 teries of Mithras. They had captured and pil- 
 laged four hundred considerable towns, and liad 
 spoiled the temple of the Grecian gods. They 
 had maintained and extended their depots, where 
 they disposed of their prisoners to the slave- 
 dealers. Roman citizens who could not ransom 
 themselves, and could not conveniently be sold, 
 were informed that they could go where they 
 pleased ; they were led to a plank projecting 
 over some vessel's side, and were bidden depart — 
 into the sea. — Froude's Cjesar, ch. 10. 
 
 4187. PIRATES, Period of. Romans, Crete 
 was completely in their hands also, and they had 
 secret friends along the entire Mediterranean 
 shores. They grew at last into a thousand sail,, 
 divided into squadrons under separate com- 
 manders. They were admirably armed. They 
 roved over the waters at their pleasure, attacking 
 islands or commercial ports, plundering temples 
 and warehouses, arresting every trading vessel 
 they encountered, till at last no Roman could, 
 go abroad on business save during the winter 
 storms, when the sea was comparativelj^ clear. 
 They flaunted their sails in front of Ostia itself ; 
 they landed in their boats at the villas on the 
 Italian coast, carrying off lords and ladies, and 
 holding them to ransom. They levied blackmail 
 at their pleasure. The wretched provincials had 
 paid their taxes to Rome in exchange for prom- 
 ised defence, and no defence was provided. The 
 revenue which ought to have been spent on the 
 protection of the empire a few patricians were 
 
496 
 
 PITY— PLEASURE. 
 
 dividing among themselves. The pirates had 
 even marts in different islands, where their 
 prisoners were sold to the slave-dealers ; and for 
 fifteen years nothing was done or even attempted 
 to put an end to so preposterous an enormity. 
 The ease with which these buccaneers of the old 
 world were eventually suppressed proved con- 
 clusively that they existed by connivance. It 
 was discovered at last that large sums had been 
 sent regularly from Crete to some of the most 
 distinguished members of the aristocracy. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 9. 
 
 418S. PITY reversed. For the Injurer. The 
 Catholic [emperor] Sigismond has acquired the 
 honors of a saint and martyr ; but the hands of 
 the royal saint were stained with the blood of 
 his innocent son, whom he inhumanly sacrificed 
 to the pride and resentment of a stepmother. He 
 soon discovered his error, and bewailed the ir- 
 reparable loss. While Sigismond embraced the 
 corpse of the unfortunate youth, he received a 
 severe admonition from one of his attendants : 
 " It is not his situation, O king ! it is thine which 
 deserves pity and lamentation." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 38, p. 580. 
 
 41 §9. PLAGIAEISM a Felony. Hayward. [Hay- 
 ward dedicated his Life of Henry IV. to the Earl 
 of Essex, who was suspected of rebellion. Eliza- 
 beth asked Bacon whether he did not see treason 
 in the book. He replied that he] saw no trea- 
 son, but very much felony, for every second 
 sentence was stolen from Tacitus. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 18, p. 286. 
 
 4190. PLAGUE, Desolating. Widespread. It 
 was the inevitable consequence of rapine and 
 oppression, which extirpated the produce of the 
 present, and the hope of future harvests. Fam- 
 ine is almost always followed by epidemical dis- 
 eases, the effect of scanty and unwholesome 
 food. Other causes must, however, have contrib- 
 uted to the furious plague, which, from the year 
 250 to the year 265, raged without interruption 
 in every province, every city, and almost every 
 family of the Roman Empire. During some 
 time five thousand persons died daily in Rome ; 
 and many towns that had escaped the hands of 
 the barbarians were entirely depopulated. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 10, p. 329. 
 
 4191. PLAGUE, Destructive. Rome. Such was 
 the universal corruption of the air, that the pes- 
 tilence which burst forth in the fifteenth year of 
 Justinian was not checked or alleviated by any 
 difference of the seasons. In time, its first ma- 
 lignity was abated and dispersed ; the disease 
 alternately languished and revived ; but it was 
 not till the end of a calamitous period of fifty- 
 two years that mankind recovered their health, 
 or the air resumed its pure and salubrious qual- 
 ity. No facts have been preserved to sustain an 
 account, or even a conjecture, of the numbers 
 that perished in this extraordinary mortality. I 
 only find that during three months five, and at 
 length ten, thousand persons died each day at 
 Constantinople ; that many cities of the East 
 were left vacant, and that in several districts of 
 Italy the harvest and the vintage withered on 
 the ground. The triple scourge of war, pesti- 
 lence, and famine afflicted the subjects of Jus- 
 tinian ; and his reign is disgraced by a visible de- 
 crease of the human species, which has never 
 
 been repaired in some of the fairest countries of 
 the globe. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 43, p. 297. 
 
 4192. PLEASURE in Benevolence. John How- 
 ard. An anecdote will serve to show how 
 heartily his wife entered into his plans. At the 
 close of a year, when he had made up his ac- 
 counts, he found that he had a balance on hand , 
 and, as he made it a rule to spend all his income, 
 he proposed to his wife that they should employ 
 this sum in visiting London. " What a pretty 
 cottage it would build !" said she ; and a cot- 
 tage was built with it accordingly. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BioG., p. 38. 
 
 4193. PLEASURE before Business. Henry 
 VIII. was nothing minded to travail in the busy 
 affairs of his realm. [The almoner, Thomas Wol- 
 seley, would] disburden the king of so weighty 
 a charge and troublesome business, putting the 
 king in comfort that he shall not need to spare 
 any time of his pleasure for any business that 
 shall necessarily happen in the council, as long 
 as he, being there and having the king's author- 
 ity and commandment, doubted not to see all 
 things sufficiently furnished and perfected.— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 16, p. 265. 
 
 4194. PLEASURE, Demoralizing. Bomana. 
 The people of Rome, viewing, with a secret 
 pleasure, the humiliation of the aristocraoy, de- 
 manded only bread and public shows, and were 
 supplied with both by the liberal hand of Au- 
 gustus. The rich and polite Italians, who had 
 almost universally embraced the philosophy of 
 Epicurus, enjoyed the present blessings of ease 
 and tranquillity, and suffered not the pleas- 
 ing dream to be interrupted by the memory of 
 their old tumultuous freedom.— Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 3, p. 74. 
 
 4195. PLEASURE, Devotion to. Tarentines. 
 Pyrrhus brought to the aid of the Tarentines 
 [against the Romans] an army of 30,000 men. 
 He was astonished that a war, in which they 
 were a principal party, did not, in the least, inter- 
 rupt the amusements of that frivolous and disso- 
 lute people. They gave him some magnificent 
 festivals, and then purposed to leave him to 
 fight, while they continued their entertainments. 
 This conduct, justly exciting both contempt and 
 indignation, Pyrrhus ordered the theatres to be 
 shut up, closed the public assemblies, where the 
 Tarantines idly consumed the time in frivolous 
 talk, and mustering the citizens, enjoined a con- 
 tinued and rigorous exercise to every man who 
 was capable of bearing arms. So severely felt 
 was this duty, that it is said a large number of 
 the inhabitants actually fied from their country 
 rather than suffer a deprivation of their usual 
 pleasures. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 7, 
 p. 355. 
 
 4196. . Alexander. Arrived at 
 
 Ecbatana, Alexander celebrated his entry into the 
 ancient capital of Media with magnificent games 
 and festivals, in which every refinement of 
 luxury was contrived that could flatter the senses 
 or feed the voluptuous passions. Whole days and 
 nights were consumed in riot and debauchery, 
 in which the meanest soldier vied with his prince 
 in the most unrestrained indulgence. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 193. 
 
 4197. PLEASURE, Extravagance in. Hunt- 
 ing. [Malek, the distinguished Turkish general,] 
 
I'LEASURE— PLEASURES. 
 
 497 
 
 both in peace and in war was in action and in 
 the field. . . . Hunting was the pleasure, and 
 even the passion, of the sultan, and his train 
 consisted of 47,000 horses ; but after the mas- 
 sacre of a Turkish chase, for each piece of game 
 he bestowed a piece of gold on the poor, a slight 
 atonement, at the expense of the people, for the 
 cost and mischief of the amusement of kings. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 5, p. 521. 
 
 419§. PLEASURE, Harmless. Samuel John- 
 son. "Is not harmless pleasure very tame?" 
 JoHNSOx : " Nay, sir ; harmless pleasure is the 
 highest praise. Pleasure is a word of dubious 
 import ; pleasure is in general dangerous, and 
 pernicious to virtue ; to be able therefore to fur- 
 nish pleasure that is harmless, pleasure pure and 
 unalloyed, is as great a power as man can pos- 
 sess. " This was, perhaps, as ingenious a defence 
 as could be made ; still, however, I was not 
 satisfied. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 411. 
 
 4199. PLEASURE, Interruption of. Talley- 
 rand. [After the exile of Napoleon I. the allied 
 sovereigns were in congress at Vienna, with 
 seven hundred ambassadors. They were relieved 
 in their toils by feasting and dancing.] Talley- 
 rand was . . . making his toilet for a ball. . . . 
 His hands were wet with perfumery ; . . . two 
 barbers were curling his hair. His niece . . . 
 ran into the room with a note, . . . marked se- 
 cret and in haste. Talleyrand, looking up from 
 the midst of his curling irons, powders, and per- 
 fumes, requested his niece to open and read the 
 note. She did so, and, turning pale, he exclaimed, 
 " Heavens ! Bonaparte has left Elba ! What is to 
 become of my ball this evening ?" . . . " If a 
 thunderbolt," says Allison, "had fallen in the 
 midst of the brilliance assembled in the im- 
 perial ball-room at Vienna, it could not have ex- 
 cited greater consternation than this simple an- 
 nouncement." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 26. 
 
 4200. PLEASURE, Passion for. Athenians. 
 In addition to these symptoms of decline, luxury 
 was extending her baneful influence, in enervat- 
 ing and corrupting the patriotic spirit. A taste 
 for the productions of the fine arts and a pas- 
 sionate pursuit of pleasure had, in the Athenian 
 republic particularly, entirely supplanted heroic 
 virtue. Poets, musicians, sculptors, comedians, 
 were now the only great men of Attica. While 
 the bewitching dramas of Sophocles and Eurip- 
 ides charmed the ears, and the sculptures of 
 Phidias, of Glycon, and Praxiteles fascinated the 
 eyes of the refined and voluptuous Athenians, 
 military glory was forgotten ; and the defence 
 of the state, no longer the care of its citi- 
 zens, was committed to mercenaries, who filled 
 both its fleets and its armies. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 3, p. 168. 
 
 4201. PLEASURE, Perilous. Frederick V. 
 
 SThe elector palatine of Bohemia.] Instead of 
 levoting himself with untiring energies to the 
 affairs of his kingdom, Frederick wasted his 
 time in amusements ; instead of filling his treas- 
 ury by a wise economy, he squandered his rev- 
 enues by a needless theatrical pomp and a mis- 
 placed munificence. With a light-minded care- 
 lessness, he did but gaze at himself in his new 
 dignity, and in the ill-timed desire to enjoy his 
 crown, he forgot the more pressing duty of se- 
 
 curing it on his head. —Thirty Years' War, 
 § 134. 
 
 4202. PLEASURE, Pursuit of. Epicurus. 
 The philosophy too of the pagan world was but 
 ill calculated to supply the place of religion in 
 the refinement of morals. The doctrines of 
 Epicurus, which were highly prevalent at the 
 time of the birth of Christ, by representing 
 pleasure as the chief good, by imposing no re- 
 straint on the indulgence of the passions, and 
 limiting all happiness to the enjoyments of the 
 present life, tended to corrupt and degrade hu- 
 man nature to a rank little superior to that of 
 the brutes. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 4 
 p. 2. 
 
 4203. PLEASURE in Sinning. Samuel John- 
 son [said to Miss Adams :] ' ' You put me in 
 mind of Dr. Barrowby, the physician, who was 
 very fond of swine's flesh. One day when he 
 was eating it he said, ' I wish I was a Jew.' 
 ' Why so ? ' said somebody ; ' the Jews are not 
 allowed to eat your favorite meat.' 'Because,' 
 said he, ' I should then have the gust of eating 
 it, with the pleasure of sinning.'" — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 522. 
 
 4204. PLEASURE, Vitiated by. Andronicus. 
 [A Greek prince.] Andronicus the younger was 
 touched with remorse, or fatigued with business, 
 or deceived by negotiation ; pleasure rather than 
 power was his aim ; and the license of maintain- 
 ing a thousand hounds, a thousand hawks, and 
 a thousand huntsmen was sufficient to sully his 
 fame and disarm his ambition. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 63, p. 180. 
 
 4205. PLEASURE, Watering-place. England. 
 The passion for drinking mineral waters and for 
 bathing in medicinal springs sent the fashionable 
 world, in the beginning of the eighteenth century, 
 to a round of idleness and dissipation, of card- 
 playing and dancing, at the crowded cottages of 
 Tunbridge Wells and the fishing hovels of Scar- 
 borough. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 1, p. 10. 
 
 4208. PLEASURE, Wearisome. Charles II. 
 [Charles II. became celebrated for his prodi- 
 gality and devotion to mere pleasure.] Burnet 
 writes: . . . The king, who was often weary of 
 time, and did not know how to get round the 
 day, liked the going to the House [of Parlia- 
 ment] as a pleasant diversion ; so he went con- 
 stantly. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17, p. 805. 
 
 4207. PLEASURES condemned. Puritans, It 
 was a sin to hang garlands on a May-pole, to 
 drink a friend's health, to fly a hawk, to hunt a 
 stag, to play at chess, to wear love-locks, to put 
 starch into a ruff, to touch the virginals, to read 
 the Fairy Queen. Rules such as these — rules 
 which would have appeared insupportable to the 
 free and joyous spirit of Luther, and contempt- 
 ible to the serene and philosophical intellect of 
 Zwingli, threw over all life more than a monastic 
 gloom. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 76. 
 
 420§. PLEASURES, Expensive. Metropolitan. 
 [In Rome and Constantinople, the two capitals 
 of the Roman Empire] the annual games of the 
 theatre, the circus, and the amphitheatre cost 
 £4000 of gold, (about) £160,000 sterling ; and if 
 so heavy an expense surpassed the faculties or 
 the inclination of the magistrates themselves, the 
 sum was supplied from the Imperial treasury. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17, p. 112. 
 
498 
 
 PLEASURES— POET. 
 
 4209. PLEASURES of Sense. Mohammedan. 
 Mahomet used often to say : " The things in this 
 world that are most agreeable to my heart and 
 senses are children, women, and perfumes ; but 
 I have never tasted complete happiness but in 
 prayer." — Lamaktine's Turkey, p. 153. 
 
 4210. Mahomet. Perfumes and 
 
 women were the two sensual enjoyments which 
 Ms nature required, and his religion did not for- 
 bid ; and Mahomet affirmed that the fervor of 
 his devotion was increased by these innocent 
 pleasures. The heat of the climate inflames the 
 blood of the Arabs, and their libidinous com- 
 plexion has been noticed by the writers of antiq- 
 uity. Their incontinence was regulated by the 
 civil and religious laws of the Koran ; their in- 
 cestuous alliances were blamed ; the boundless 
 license of polygamy was reduced to four legiti- 
 mate wives or concubines ; their rights both of 
 bed and dowry were equitably determined ; the 
 freedom of divorce was discouraged ; adultery 
 was condemned as a capital offence ; and forni- 
 cation, in either sex, was punished with a hun- 
 dred stripes. Such were the calm and rational 
 precepts of the legislator ; but in his private con- 
 duct Mahomet indulged the appetites of a man, 
 and abused the claims of a prophet. A special 
 revelation dispensed him from the laws which 
 he had imposed on his nation ; the female sex, 
 without reserve, was abandoned to his desires ; 
 and this singular prerogative excited the envy 
 rather than the scandal, the veneration rather 
 than the envy, of the devout Mussulmans. — Gib- 
 bon's Mahomet, p. 54. 
 
 4211. PLEASURES, Wasteful. Poet SJielley. 
 Peacock [his first friend] also notices his habit of 
 floating paper boats, and gives an amusing de- 
 scription of the boredom suffered by Hogg on 
 occasions when Shelley would stop by the side of 
 pond or mere to float a mimic navy. The not 
 altogether apocryphal story of his having once 
 constructed a boat out of a bank-post-bill, and 
 launched it on the lake in Kensington Gardens, 
 ■deserves to be alluded to in this connection. — 
 Symonds' Shelley, ch. 4. 
 
 4212. PLEDGE, Temperance. Father Mathew's. 
 Pather Mathew's wonder-working pledge was as 
 follows : "I promise, with the divine assistance, 
 as long as I continue a member of the Teetotal 
 Temperance Society, to abstain from all intoxi- 
 cating drinks, except for medicinal or sacrament- 
 al purposes, and to prevent as much as possible, 
 by advice and example, drunkenness in others." 
 When these words had been slowly uttered. Fa- 
 ther Mathew, with uplifted hand, pronounced a 
 brief prayer : " May God bless you, and give 
 you strength and grace to keep your promise." 
 To which he sometimes added, as he made the 
 sign of the cross : "In this sign alone you may 
 Jiope to persevere and conquer. " — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 111. 
 
 4213. PLOT, A fictitious. The Popish Plot. 
 Titus Gates, a clergyman of the Church of Eng- 
 land, had, by his disorderly life and heterodox 
 doctrine, drawn on him the censure of his spirit- 
 ual superiors, had been compelled, to quit his 
 benefice, and had ever since led an infamous 
 and vagrant life. He had once professed himself 
 a Roman Catholic, and had passed some time on 
 the Continent in English colleges of the order of 
 Jesus. In those seminaries he had heard much 
 
 wild talk about the best means of bringing Eng- 
 land back to the true Church. From hints thus 
 furnished he constructed a hideous romance, re- 
 sembling rather the dream of a sick man than any 
 transaction which ever took place in the real 
 world. The pope, he said, had intrusted the 
 government of England to the Jesuits, The Jes- 
 uits had, by commissions under the great seal of 
 their society, appointed Catholic clergymen, 
 noblemen, and gentlemen to all the highest offices 
 in Church and State. The papists had burned 
 down London once. They had tried to burn it 
 down again. They were at that moment planning 
 a scheme for setting fire to all the shipping in the 
 Thames. They were to rise at a signal and massa. 
 ere all their Protestant neighbors. A French army 
 was at the same time to land in Ireland. All the 
 leading statesmen and divines of England were 
 to be murdered. Three or four schemes had been 
 f .^rmed for assassinating the king. He was to be 
 stabbed. He was to be poisoned in his medicine. 
 He was to be shot with silver bullets. — Ma- 
 caulay'sEng., ch. 2, p. 218. 
 
 4214. PLOT, Imaginary. Negro. In the year 
 1741 occurred ..." The Negro Plot " [in N. Y.] 
 Slavery was permitted in the province, and ne- 
 groes constituted a large faction of the popula- 
 tion. Several destructive fires had occurred, and 
 it was believed that they had been kindled by 
 incendiaries. The slaves were naturally distrust- 
 ed ; now they became feared and hated. Some 
 degraded women came forward and gave infor- 
 mation that the negroes had made a plot to burn 
 the city, kill all who opposed them, and set up 
 one of their own number as governor. The whole 
 story was the essence of absurdity ; but the peo- 
 ple were alarmed and ready to believe anything. 
 The reward of freedom was offered any slave 
 who would reveal the plot. Many witnesses 
 rushed forward with foolish and contradictory 
 stories ; the jails were filled with the accused ; and 
 more than thirty of the miserable creatures, with 
 hardly the form of a trial, were convicted and 
 then hanged or burned to death. Others were 
 transported and sold as slaves in foreign lands. 
 As soon as the supposed peril had passed and the 
 excited people regained their senses, it came to be 
 doubted whether the whole shocking affair had 
 not been the result of terror and fanaticism. The 
 verdict of after times has been that tJiere was no 
 plot at a«.— Ridfath's U. S., ch. 20, p. 182. 
 
 4215. POET respected. Pindar. The The- 
 bans, on a false report of his death in battle 
 against the Illyrians, had expelled the Macedo- 
 nian garrison, and put to death its commanders, 
 Amyntas and Timolaus. Alexander offered par- 
 don to the city on condition of absolute submis- 
 sion, and the delivering up of the principal offend- 
 ers. The Thebans were obstinate, and the con- 
 sequence was that Thebes was taken by storm, 
 and abandoned to the fury of the Macedonian 
 troops, who plundered and destroyed it. Six thou- 
 sand of the inhabitants were put to the sword, 
 and 30,000 sold to slavery. The priests, however, 
 with their families, were treated with reverence ; 
 and while the streets and fortifications of the city 
 were reduced to a mass of ruins, the conqueror 
 showed his respect to the memory of Pindar by 
 preserving from destruction the great poet's 
 house, which was still occupied by his descend- 
 ants. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, p. 178. 
 
POET— POETRY. 
 
 499 
 
 4216. P0I:T, Terrorizing. Robert Burns. The 
 farmers and the well-to-do people welcomed him 
 gladly, and were proud that such a man had come 
 to be a dweller in their vale. Yet the ruder 
 country lads and the lower peasantry, we are told, 
 looked on him not without dread, ' ' lest he should 
 pickle and preserve them in sarcastic song." 
 " Once at a penny wedding, when one or two 
 wild young lads quarrelled, and were about to 
 fight. Burns rose up and said, ' Sit down and — , 
 or else I'll hang you up like potato-bogles in sang 
 tomorrow. ' They ceased, and sat down us if their 
 noses had been bleeding." — Shairp's Burns, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 4217. POETRY, Bad. Criticised. Philoxenus, 
 who was himself an excellent poet, attempted to 
 undeceive Dionysius in the favorable opinion he 
 had of his own abilities, but was sent to the Quar- 
 ries for the liberty he took. However, the next 
 day he was restored to favor, and Dionysius re- 
 peated to him some verses he had taken extraor- 
 dinary pains with, expecting his approbation. 
 But the poet, instead of giving it, looked round 
 to the guards, and said to them, very humorous- 
 ly, "Take me back to the Quarries." — Plu- 
 tarch's TiMOLEON, LanGHORNE'S NoTE. 
 
 421 §. POETEY, Heartless. Gray's. [It is] a 
 laborious mosaic, through the hard, stiff linea- 
 ments of which little or true grace could be ex- 
 pected to look ; real feeling, and all freedom of 
 expressing it, are sacrificed to pomp, to cold 
 splendor ; for vigor we have a certain mouthing 
 vehemence, too elegant indeed to be tumid, yet 
 essentially foreign to the heart, and seen to extend 
 no deeper than the mere voice and gestures. — 
 Carlyle's Goethe, ch. 1. 
 
 4219. POETRY, Inspiration for. Robert Bums. 
 " You know," he says, " our country custom of 
 coupling a man and woman together as partners 
 in the labors of the harvest. In my fifteenth 
 summer my partner was a bewitching creature, 
 a year younger than myself. . . . She was a 
 bonnie, sweet, sonsie lass. In short, she, alto- 
 gether unwittingly to herself, initiated me in 
 that delicious passion which, in spite of acid 
 disappointment, gin-horse prudence, and book- 
 worm philosophy, I hold to be the first of human 
 joys here below I How she caught the contagion 
 1 cannot tell. . . . Indeed, I did not know my- 
 self why I liked so much to loiter behind with 
 her, when returning in the evening from our la- 
 bors ; why the tones of her voice made my 
 heartstrings thrill like an ^olian harp ; and es- 
 pecially why my pulse beat such a furious ratan 
 when I looked and fingered over her little hand, 
 to pick out the cruel nettle-strings and thistles. 
 ... My girl sung a song which was said to be 
 composed by a country laird's son, on one of 
 his father's maids, with whom he was in love ; 
 and I saw no reason why I might not rhyme as 
 well as he ; for, excepting that he could shear 
 sheep and cast peats, his father living in the 
 moorlands, he had no more scholar-craft than 
 myself. Thus with me began love and poetry." 
 —Shairp's Burns, ch. 1. 
 
 4220. POETRY, Pathos in. Banie. Dante 
 Alighieri is supposed to have invented a new 
 species of epic poetry by the introduction of 
 angels and devils in place of the heathen deities ; 
 yet there is some reason to presume that the An- 
 
 tiochus of Ischanus, were it yet remaining, 
 would deprive Dante of the merit of originality 
 in that particular. His Divina Commedia, how- 
 ever, has far higher merits of its own. It shows 
 genius of the very greatest order, and has never 
 been surpassed in terrible pathos, or in the pic- 
 turesque of descriptive power. — Tytler's Hist 
 Book 4, ch. 16, p. 248. 
 
 4221. POETRY, Power of. Welsh. A decisive 
 battle, fought in the year 1283, determined for- 
 ever the fate of Wales. Llewellyn was killed, 
 and with him expired the government and the 
 distinction of his nation. Wales was soon after 
 formally united to the kingdom of England, and 
 the title of its principality has ever since been 
 borne by the eldest son of the king. Some cir- 
 cumstances of extreme barbarity marked this 
 conquest upon the part of Edward. The Welsh 
 bards kept alive an heroic spirit of freedom and 
 independence, by rehearsing in their songs the 
 glorious achievements of the ancient Britons : 
 Edward [I.] ordered these unhappy minstrels to 
 be massacred wherever they were found. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 12, p. 189. 
 
 4222. POETRY, Primacy of. Created with 
 Man. The poetical spirit appears almost coeval 
 with the very rudest condition of society. Other 
 branches of human knowledge which have 
 arisen in the gradual progress of improvement 
 have owed their origin to the wandering and 
 adventurous spirit of the species, or to the wants 
 and sufferings of mankind ; but poetry seems to 
 have been created with man, and is contempora- 
 neous with his language ; and what is more re- 
 markable, it is in this early age that poetry often 
 assumes its highest character, and arrives at its 
 greatest perfection. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 3, p. 426. 
 
 4223. POETRY, Utility of. Ancients. Poe- 
 try or song was therefore in all nations the first 
 vehicle of history, and the earliest mode of pro- 
 mulgating laws ; for nothing was found equally 
 capable of striking with force the imagination 
 and impressing the memory. , . . When society 
 has made some advancement, and laws are es- 
 tablished to guard the rights and privileges of 
 men, a legislator, observing with what avidity 
 the songs of the bards are listened to, how uni- 
 versally they are circulated, and how tenacious- 
 ly retained, judiciously avails himself of the 
 same vehicle for the publication of his laws. 
 Plato, in his " Minos," informs us that the first 
 laws of all nations were composed in verse and 
 sung. Apollo is recorded to have been one of 
 the first legislators, and to have published his 
 laws to the sound of his harp — that is, set them 
 to music. That this mode of promulgation was 
 in use among the ancient Greeks, the word Nomos, 
 which signifies both a law and a song, is direct 
 proof ; and Aristotle, in his problems, inquiring 
 into the reason of this conformity of names be- 
 tween two such different objects, gives this ex- 
 press reason, that before the use of writing it 
 was customary to keep the laws in remembrance 
 by singing them ; and this, according to the 
 same author, was the custom of many different 
 nations. The laws of the ancient inhabitants of 
 Spain were all in verse, as were likewise the 
 laws of Tuisto, the first legislator of the an- 
 cient 'Germans. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1. ch. 3, 
 p. 27. 
 
600 
 
 POETRY— POLITICS. 
 
 4324. POETRY, Weakness for. Fredenck the 
 Great. In the midst of all the great king's ca- 
 lamities, his passion for writing indifferent poe- 
 try grew stronger and stronger. Enemies all 
 around him, despair in his heart, pills of corro- 
 sive sublimate hidden in his clothes, he poured 
 forth hundreds upon hundreds of lines, hateful 
 to gods and men — the insipid dregs of Voltaire's 
 Hippocrene — the faint echo of the lyre of Chau- 
 lieu. It is amusing to compare what he did dur- 
 ing the last months of 1757 with what he wrote 
 during the same time. It may be doubted wheth- 
 er any equal portion of the life of Hannibal, of 
 Csesar, or of Napoleon will bear a comparison 
 with that short period, the most brilliant in the 
 history of Prussia and of Frederick. — Macau- 
 lay's Frederick the Great, p. 90. 
 
 4225. POISON well applied. Ccesar Borgia. 
 [See No. 5436.] Italy was at length delivered of 
 this monster and his son. It is said they had 
 prepared poisoned wine for the entertainment of 
 some wealthy cardinals, and that the pope him- 
 self, and his son, drank by mistake of a bottle 
 intended only for his guests. The pope sviffered 
 an agonizing death, but Borgia escaped by hav- 
 ing himself sewed up in the belly of a mule. He 
 survived, however, but a short time, and reaped 
 no other fruits of his own and his father's ac- 
 cumulated crimes but the universal abhorrence 
 of mankind. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, 
 p. 221. 
 
 4226. POISONING, Slow. Sir Thomas Over- 
 bury. It was perhaps the small share which 
 James [I.] had of the affections of his people 
 that produced his attachment to particular favor- 
 ites. Robert Carr, whom he created Earl of Som- 
 erset, had no other pretensions to recommend 
 him but a graceful person and a good address. 
 He was a weak and an unprincipled man. He 
 fell from the king's favor on conviction of his 
 being guilty of a crime for which he should have 
 suffered an ignominious death — the murder of 
 Sir Thomas Overbury. Somerset had married 
 the Countess of Essex —a most debauched woman , 
 who, to accomplish this marriage, had procured 
 a divorce from the Earl of Essex, in which she 
 had found a chief obstacle in Sir Thomas Over- 
 bury, a confidant of Somerset. This flagitious 
 woman now prevailed on her husband, Somerset, 
 to have Overbury removed by poison, which they 
 accomplished in a most barbarous manner, by 
 feeding him daily for some months with poisoned 
 victuals, while confined, through the means of 
 Somerset, in the Tower. For this murder Som- 
 erset and his countess were condemned to suffer 
 death, but they both received the king's pardon. 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 397. 
 
 4227. POISONS, Study of. Cleopatra. Cleo- 
 patra at the same time was making a collection 
 of poisonous drugs, and being desirous to know 
 which was the least painful in the operation, she 
 tried them on the capital convicts. Such poisons 
 as were quick in their operation she found to be 
 attended with violent pain and convulsions ; 
 such as were milder were slow in their effect ; 
 she therefore applied herself to the examination 
 of venomous creatures, and caused different 
 kinds of them to be applied to different persons 
 under her own inspection. These experiments 
 die repeated daily, and at length she found that 
 the bite of the asp was the most eligible kind of 
 
 death, for it brought on a gradual kind of leth- 
 argy, in which the face was covered with a gen- 
 tle sweat, and the senses sunk easily into stupe- 
 faction ; and those who were thus affected 
 showed the same uneasiness at being disturbed 
 or awaked that people do in the profoundest 
 natural sleep. — Plutarch's Antony. 
 
 422§. POLICE, Inefficient. Beign of Charles 
 II. The machinery for keeping the peace was 
 perfectly contemptible. There was an act of 
 the Common Council which provided that more 
 than a thousand watchmen should be constantly 
 on the alert in the city from sunset to sunrise, 
 and that every inhabitant should take his turn 
 of duty ; but the act was negligently executed. 
 Few of those that were summoned left their 
 homes, and these few generally found it more 
 agreeable to tipple in alehouses than to pace the 
 streets. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 336. 
 
 4229. POLITENESS, Use of. William, Pnnce 
 of Orange. His manners [when King of Eng- 
 land] were altogether Dutch. Even his coun- 
 trymen thought him blunt. To foreigners he 
 often seemed churlish. In his intercourse with 
 the world in general he appeared ignorant or 
 negligent of those arts which double the value of 
 a favor and take away the sting of a refusal. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 7, p. 151 
 
 4230. POLITICIAN, Artful. Pompey. The 
 renewed term of his government was on the eve 
 of expiring ; but this extraordinary man had no 
 design of relinquishing his military command. 
 To secure himself against a deprivation of pow- 
 er, he bribed Curio, one of the tribunes, to make 
 a proposal which wore the appearance of great 
 moderation, and regard for the public liberty. 
 This was, that Caesar and Pompey should either 
 both continue in their governments, or both be 
 recalled, as they were equally capable of endan- 
 gering the safety of the commonwealth by an 
 abuse of power. The motion passed, and Caesar 
 immediately offered to resign on condition that 
 his rival should follow his example ; but Pom- 
 pey rejected the proposal, probably aware of the 
 real designs of Caesar, but too confidently rely- 
 ing on the strength of his own party, and the in- 
 fluence he had with his troops. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 4, ch. 3, p. 406. 
 
 4231. . Cromwell. The great ma- 
 jority [of the army], however, were disposed to 
 support their general, as elective first magistrate 
 of a commonwealth, against all factions which 
 might resist his authority. . . . That his eleva- 
 tion to power might not seem to be his own mere 
 act, he convoked a council, composed partly of 
 persons on whose support he could depend, and 
 partly of persons whose opposition he might 
 safely defy. This assemblj% which he called a 
 Parliament, the populace nicknamed from one 
 of the most conspicuous members, Barebone's 
 Parliament. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 125. 
 
 4232. POLITICS, Alliance in. William Pitt. 
 At that day the good-will of the people was, in 
 England, the most uncertain tenure of office, 
 for they had no strength in Parliament ; their 
 favorite [William Pitt] held his high position 
 [prime-minister] at the sufferance of the aristoc- 
 racy. "I borrow," said Pitt, "the Duke of 
 Newcastle's majority to carry on the pubHc bus- 
 iness." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 12, 
 
POLITICS, 
 
 501 
 
 4233. POLITICS, Abuse in. Josiah Quincy. 
 [Wlien a Member of Congress lie was thus ad- 
 iressed :] " Quincy, I thought I had abused you 
 
 enough ; but I find it will not do." " Why, 
 what is the matter now ? I do not mean to speak 
 again." " No matter," said Grundy ; " by Heav- 
 ens, I must give you another thrashing." 
 " Why so ?" asked the member from Massachu- 
 setts. "Why," said Grundy, "the truth is, a 
 d — d fellow has set up against me in my district 
 — a perfect Jacobin— as much worse than I am 
 as worse can be. Now, except Tim Pickering, 
 there is not a man in the United States so per- 
 fectly hated by the people of my district as 
 yourself. You must therefore excuse me. I 
 must abuse you, or I shall never get re-elected. 
 1 will do it, however, genteelly. I wul not do it 
 as that fool of a Clay did — strike so hard as to 
 hurt myself. But abuse you I must. You un- 
 derstand ; I mean to be friends, notwithstand- 
 ing. I mean to be in Congress again, and must 
 use the means." — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 754. 
 
 4234. POLITICS, Anger in. John Adams. 
 President Adams, exasperated by his unexpected 
 defeat, would not bring himself to remain in 
 Washington long enough to witness the inaugu- 
 ration of his successor, but, about daylight on the 
 morning of the 4th of March, he left Washing- 
 ton ; and thus, for a few hours, there was actu- 
 ally no head to the government. To us, reading 
 coolly of the events of those times, such conduct 
 appears undignified and silly. We can, how- 
 ever, but faintly realize the madness of party 
 spirit at that day, and the distrust and bitterness 
 with which the elder Federalists regarded the 
 victorious Republicans. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 352. 
 
 4235. POLITICS, Bitterness in. Van Buren's 
 Administration. [In December of 1839 General 
 Harrison was again nominated by the Whigs as 
 their leader.] On the Democratic side Mr. Van 
 Buren had no competitor ; but the unanimity 
 of his party could hardly compensate for his mis- 
 fortunes and blunders. The canvass was the 
 most exciting in the political history of the coun- 
 try. The President was blamed with everything. 
 The financial distress was laid at his door. Ex- 
 travagance, bribery, corruption — everything bad 
 was charged upon him. Men of business adver- 
 tised to pay |6 a barrel for flour if Harrison should 
 be elected; $3 a barrel if Van Buren should 
 be successful. The Whig orators tossed about 
 the luckless administration through all the fig- 
 ures and forms of speech ; and the President him- 
 self was shot at with every sort of dart that parti- 
 san wit and malice could invent. The enthusi- 
 asm in the ranks of the opposition rose higher 
 and higher ; and the result was the defeat of the 
 Democrats in every State except [seven]. . . . The 
 electoral votes of these States — numbering sixty 
 — were given to Van Buren ; and the remainder, 
 amounting to two hundred and thirty-four, were 
 cast for General Harrison. After controlling the 
 destinies of the government for nearly forty 
 years, the Democratic party was temporarily 
 routed. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 55, p. 439. 
 
 4236. POLITICS, Candidates in. Roman. It 
 was customary for those who were candidates 
 for any magistracy to appear in the Comitia, clad 
 in white apparel. The plebeians, who aspired 
 to the military tribunate, appeared accordingly 
 
 in that dress ; but as the votes were called by 
 centuries, and the patricians had been at some 
 pains to influence their dependents, it happened 
 that not one of the plebeians was elected. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 6, p. 340. 
 
 4237. POLITICS, Changes in. English Hem- 
 lution. With very different feelings had the newg 
 of this great revolution been received in France. 
 The politics of a long, eventful, and glorious 
 reign had been confounded in a day. England 
 was again the England of Elizabeth and Crom- 
 well ; and all the relations of all the states of 
 Christendom were completely changed by the 
 sudden introduction of this new power into the 
 system. The Parisians could talk of nothing 
 but what was passing in London. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 552. 
 
 4238. . The Restoration. Every 
 
 one hoped in this desire to change their con- 
 dition and disown all things they had before ad- 
 vised. Every ballad singer sang up and down 
 the streets ribald rhymes, made in reproach 
 of the late commonwealth. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 14, p. 235. 
 
 4239. POLITICS, Clerical. James II. [Will- 
 iam, Prince of Orange, had invaded England, and 
 James was anxiousj To the prelates he spoke 
 with peculiar acrimony. " I could not," he said, 
 " prevail on you the other day to declare against 
 this invasion ; but you are ready enough to de- 
 clare against me. Then you would not meddle 
 with politics. You have no scruple about med- 
 dling now. You would be better employed in. 
 teaching your flocks how to obey than in teach- 
 ing me how to govern. You have excited this 
 rebellious temper among them ; and now you 
 foment it," — Macaulay's Eng., ch, 10, p. 467. 
 
 4240. POLITICS a Compromise. England. 
 [After the flight of James II. to France.] It was 
 moved that King James II. , having endeavored 
 to subvert the Constitution of the kingdom by 
 breaking the original contract between king and 
 people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other 
 wicked persons, having violated the fundamen- 
 tal laws, and having withdrawn himself out of 
 the kingdom, had abdicated the government, and 
 that the throne had thereby become vacant. . . . 
 It is idle, however, to examine these memorable 
 words, as we should examine a chapter of Aris- 
 totle or of Hobbes. Such words are to be con- 
 sidered not as words, but as deeds. If they 
 effect that which they are intended to effect, they 
 are rational, though they may be contradictory. 
 If they fail of attaining their end, they are ab- 
 surd, though they carry demonstration with 
 them. Logic admits of no compromise. The 
 essence of politics is compromise. It is there- 
 fore not strange that some of the most important 
 and most useful political instruments in the 
 world should be among the most illogical com- 
 positions that ever were penned. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 579. 
 
 4241. POLITICS, Contradiction in. Election 
 of 1848. General Cass was born in New Eng- 
 land of Puritan stock. All his mature life had 
 been spent in the free Northwest .... General 
 Taylor was born in Virginia, was reared in 
 Kentucky, . . . had passed all his life in the 
 South, . . . and was the owner of a large num- 
 ber of slaves. Yet in the face of these facts Gea 
 
503 
 
 POLITICS. 
 
 eral Cass ran as the distinctive pro-slavery can- 
 didate, and General Taylor . . . was supported 
 throughout the North by the anti-slavery Whigs. 
 . . . But this contradiction was apparent, not 
 real. — Blaine's Twenty Yeaks of Congress, 
 p. 86. 
 
 4243. POLITICS, Controversial, Beign of 
 Charles II. Never before had political contro- 
 versy been carried on with so much freedom ; 
 never before had political clubs existed with so 
 elaborate an organization or so formidable an 
 influence. The one question of the exclusion 
 occupied the public mind. All the presses and 
 pulpits of the realm took part in the conflict. 
 On one side it was maintained that the Constitu- 
 tion and religion of the State would never be 
 secure under a popish king ; on the other, that 
 the right of James to wear the crown in his turn 
 was derived from God, and could not be annull- 
 ed, even by the consent of all the branches of 
 the Legislature. Every county, every town, 
 every family, was in agitation. The civilities 
 and hospitalities of neighborhood were interrupt- 
 ed. The dearest ties of friendship and of blood 
 were sundered. Even schoolboys were divided 
 into angry parties ; and the Duke of York and 
 the Earl of Shaftesbury had zealous adherents 
 on all the forms of Westminster and Eton. The 
 theatres shook with the roar of the contending 
 factions. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 239. 
 
 4243. POLITICS, corrupted. "Treats." It was 
 a shrewd saying, whoever said it, that the 
 man who first ruined the Roman people was he 
 who first gave them treats and gratuities. — Plu- 
 tarch's Caius Marcius. 
 
 4244. . Beign of Charles II. Scarce- 
 ly any rank or profession escaped the infection 
 of the prevailing immorality ; but those persons 
 who made politics their business were perhaps 
 the most corrupt part of the corrupt society. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 170. 
 
 4245. . Beign of Charles II. Among 
 
 those politicians who, from the Restoration to 
 the accession of the house of Hanover, were at 
 the head of the great parties in the State, very 
 few can be named whose reputation is not 
 stained by what, in our age, would be called 
 gross perfidy and corruption. It is scarcely an 
 exaggeration to say that the most unprincipled 
 public men who have taken part in affairs with- 
 in our memory would, if tried by the standard 
 which was in fashion during the latter part of 
 the seventeenth century, deserve to be regarded 
 as scinipulous and disinterested. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 171. 
 
 4246. POLITICS, Devices in. "Log-rolling." 
 After Duke Marlborough had won his famous 
 victory at Blenheim, which checked the danger- 
 ous ambition of France, party spirit ran so high 
 that the Tories attempted to tack on the twice 
 defeated bill against Occasional Conformity to 
 a money bill, which was to enable the war to be 
 continued. The scheme was defeated. The 
 tackers, as they were called, became ridiculous 
 to the nation. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 18, 
 p. 289. 
 
 4247. POLITICS, Disappointments in. Henry 
 Clay. Old "Rough and Ready," as Taylor was 
 called by his troops, . . . was chosen over Mr. 
 Clay as the standard-bearer of his party. ... To 
 
 the overwhelming chagrin of Mr Clay a man 
 unknown in political circles was preferred as the 
 candidate of the party of which he felt himself 
 to have been the creator. Mr. Clay was enraged 
 by the insult, and never became reconciled to it. 
 Though he gave in the end a quiet vote for Tay- 
 lor, he stubbornly refused during the campaign 
 to open his lips or write a word in favor of his 
 election. — Blaine's Twenty Years of Con- 
 gress, p. 76. 
 
 4248. POLITICS, Dislike for. Samuel John- 
 son. I mentioned politics. Johnson : " Sir, I'd 
 as soon have a man to break my bones as talk ta 
 to me of public affairs, internal or external. I 
 have lived to see things all as bad as they can 
 be." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 484. 
 
 4249. POLITICS disrelished. Gibbon in Par- 
 liament. Gibbon's political career is the side of 
 his history from which a friendly biographer 
 would most readily turn away. Not that it was 
 exceptionally ignoble or self-seeking if tried by 
 the standard of the time, but it was altogether 
 commonplace and unworthy of him. The fact 
 that he never even once opened his mouth in the 
 House is not in itself blameworthy, though disap- 
 pointing in a man of his power. It was indeed 
 laudable enough if he had nothing to say. But 
 why had he nothing to say ? His excuse is tim- 
 idity and want of readiness. We may reasonably 
 assume that the cause lay deeper. With his men- 
 tal vigor he would soon have overcome such ob- 
 stacles if he had really wished and tried to over- 
 come them. The fact is, that he never tried be- 
 cause he never wished. It is a singular thing ta 
 say of such a man, but nevertheless true, that he 
 had no taste or capacity whatever for politics. 
 He lived at one of the most exciting periods of 
 our history ; he assisted at debates in which con- 
 stitutional and imperial questions of the highest 
 moment were discussed by masters of eloquence 
 and state policy, and he hardly appears to have 
 been aware of the fact. — Morrison's Gibbon, 
 ch. 6. 
 
 4250. POLITICS, Duplicity in. Leo X. [In the 
 early part of the sixteenth century, when France 
 and Austria were warring against each other 
 for twenty-eight years, with short intervals of 
 peace, the authorities at Rome pursued a double 
 policy toward the contending sovereigns.] It 
 is related of Leo X. that he avowed ' ' that when 
 he had concluded a treaty with one party, he did 
 not on that account cease to negotiate with the 
 other." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 381. 
 
 4251. POLITICS, Eminence in. Martin Van 
 Buren. In point of intellectual force, he must 
 rank below the really eminent men with whom he 
 was long associated in public life. But he was 
 able, industrious, and, in political management, 
 clever beyond any man who has thus far appear- 
 ed in American politics. — Blaine's Twenty 
 Years of Congress, p. 85. 
 
 4252. POLITICS eschewed. Bomans. The seat 
 of justice has been publicly debauched. Resolu- 
 tions are introduced against corruption, but na 
 law can be carried. "The knights are alienated. 
 The Senate has lost its authoritjr. The concord 
 of the orders is gone, and the pillars of the com- 
 monwealth which I set up are overthrown. We 
 have not a statesman, or the shadow of one. My 
 friend Pompey, who might have done something, 
 
POLITICS. 
 
 505 
 
 sits silent, admiring his fine clothes. Crassus will 
 say nothing to make himself unpopular, and the 
 rest are such idiots as to hope that although the 
 constitution fall, they will save their own fish- 
 ponds. [So Cicero wrote.] — Froude's C^sar, 
 oh. 13. 
 
 4253. TOLITlCS,'F&ilvire of. Poor Ireland. [In 
 1515 the oppression of the poor in Ireland was 
 universal.] The noble folk, whether English or 
 Irish, were oppressors. They seized upon horse 
 meat and man's meat of the king's poor subjects 
 by compulsion, for naught, without any penny 
 paying therefor. . . . The deputy and his coun- 
 cil were extortioners. The Church was wholly 
 abandoned to lucre, none preaching or teaching 
 but the mendicant friars. In every department 
 of lay or spiritual rule the private weal, and not 
 the common weal, was alone regarded. . . . The 
 people despaired of a remedy for these complicat- 
 ed miseries, and said, " No medicine can be had 
 now for the said infirmity but such as have been 
 had afore this time ; and folks were as wise that 
 time as they be now ; and since they never could 
 find remedy, how should remedy be found by 
 us ?" [Quoted from State papers.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 24, p. 387. 
 
 4254. POLITICS, Forgiveness in. Na-poleon I. 
 [After Napoleon's escape from exile at Elba, 
 and his re-ascension of the throne of France,] 
 members of that senate which had pronounced 
 Napoleon's forfeiture of the throne called, trem- 
 blingly, with their congratulations. The emperor 
 received them with courtesy, and gave no indi- 
 cation of the slightest resentment. " I leave that 
 act," said he, " for history to relate. For my 
 part, I forget all past occurrences." — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 26. 
 
 4255. POLITICS, Generous. William Penn. 
 The next care of Penn was to draw up a frame 
 of government for his province [of Pennsyl- 
 vania]. Herein was his great temptation. He 
 had almost exhausted his father's estate in aid- 
 ing the persecuted Quakers. A stated revenue 
 would be very necessary in conducting his ad- 
 ministration. His proprietary rights under the 
 charter were so ample that he might easily re- 
 serve for himself large prerogatives and great 
 emoluments in the government. He had before 
 him the option of being a consistent, honest 
 Quaker or a politic wealthy governor. He chose 
 like a man ; right triumphed over riches. The 
 constitution which he framed was liberal almost 
 to a fault ; and the people were allowed to adopt 
 or reject it as they might deem proper. — Rid- 
 PAth's U. S., ch. 25, p. 210. 
 
 4256. POLITICS, Hypocrisy in. Augustus. The 
 tender respect of Augustus for a free constitution 
 which he had destroyed can only be explained 
 by an attentive consideration of the character of 
 that subtile tyrant ... a cool head, an unfeel- 
 ing heart, and a cowardly disposition prompted 
 him at the age of nineteen to assume the mask 
 of hypocrisy, which he never afterward laid 
 aside. With the same hand, and probably with 
 the same temper, he signed the proscription of 
 Cicero, and the pardon of Cinna. His virtues, 
 and even his vices, were artificial ; and accord- 
 ing to the various dictates of his interest, he was 
 at first the enemy, and at last the father, of the 
 Roman world. When he framed the artful sys- 
 tem of the Imperial authority, his moderation 
 
 was inspired by his fears. He wished to deceive 
 the people by an image of civil liberty, and the 
 armies by an image of civil government. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 87. 
 
 4257. POLITICS, IdeaUst in. John Milton. 
 On the course of affairs Milton's voice had no 
 influence, as he had no part in their transaction. 
 Milton was the last man of whom a practical 
 politician would have sought advice. He knew 
 nothing of the temper of the nation, and treated 
 all that opposed his own view with supreme dis- 
 dain. On the other hand, idealist though he 
 was, he does not move in the sphere of specula- 
 tive politics, or count among those philosophic 
 names, a few in each century, who have influ- 
 enced not action, but thought. Accordingly, his 
 opinions have for us a purely personal interest. 
 They are part of the character of the poet Milton, 
 and do not belong to either world, of action or 
 of thought. — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 11. 
 
 4258. POLITICS, Insincerity in. James 11. 
 To Barillon [the French minister] James ex- 
 pressed the strongest dislike of Halifax. " I 
 know him well ; I never can trust him. He shall 
 have no share in the management of public 
 business. As to the place which I have given 
 him, it will just serve to show how little influ- 
 ence he has." But to Halifax it was thought 
 convenient to hold a very different language. 
 " All the past is forgotten," said the king, " ex- 
 cept the service which you did me in the debate 
 on the Exclusion bill." — Macaulay's England, 
 ch. 4, p. 416. 
 
 4259. POLITICS, Judas in. Bobert Ferguson. 
 Robert Ferguson, the Judas of Dryden's great 
 satire, . . . belonged to the class whose ofiice it 
 is to render in troubled times to exasperated par- 
 ties those services from which honest men shrink 
 in disgust and prudent men in fear — the class of 
 fanatical knaves. Violent, malignant, regardless 
 of truth, insensible to shame, insatiable of noto- 
 riety, delighting in intrigue, in tumult, in mis- 
 chief for its own sake, he toiled during many 
 years in the darkest mines of faction. He lived 
 among libellers and false witnesses. He was the 
 keeper of a secret purse from which agents too 
 vile to be acknowledged received hire, and the 
 director of a secret press whence pamphlets, 
 bearing no name, were daily issued. There is 
 strong reason to believe that he provided for his 
 own safety by pretending at Whitehall to be a 
 spy on the Whigs, and by furnishing the govern- 
 ment with just so much information as sulHced 
 to keep up his credit. He was deeply engaged 
 in the Rye House Plot. . . . When the conspir- 
 acy was detected and his associates were in dis- 
 may, he bade them farewell with a laugh, and 
 told them that they were novices. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 5, p. 492. 
 
 4260. POLITICS mismanaged. William, Prince 
 of Orange. [His invading army was successful 
 on English soil, and James II. a fugitive in 
 France.] Till after the suppression of the west- 
 ern insurrection grave causes of dissension had 
 separated William both from Whigs and Tories. 
 He had seen with displeasure the attempts of the 
 Whigs to strip the executive government of some 
 powers which he thought necessary to its efl[i- 
 ciency and dignity. He had seen with still 
 deeper displeasure the countenance given by a 
 large section of that party to the pretensions of 
 
504 
 
 POLITICS. 
 
 Monmouth. The Opposition, it seemed, wished 
 first to make the crown of England not worth 
 the wearing, and then to place it on the head of 
 a bastard and impostor. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 oh. 7, p. 167. 
 
 4261. POLITICS misplaced. In Camp. There 
 were not wanting persons who warned him [Pom- 
 pey] that Caesar's legions might still be dangerous. 
 Both Cicero and Cato had advised him to avoid 
 a battle, to allow Caesar to wander about Greece 
 till his supplies failed and his army was worn 
 out by marches. Pompey himself was inclined 
 to the same opinion. But Pompey was no longer 
 able to act on his own judgment. The senators 
 who were with him in the camp considered that 
 in Greece, as in Rome, they were the supreme 
 rulers of the Roman Empire. All along they 
 had held their sessions and their debates, and 
 they had voted resolutions which they expected 
 to see complied with. . . . They had gradually 
 wrested his authority out of his hands, and re- 
 duced him to the condition of an officer of the 
 Senatorial Directory. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 23. 
 
 4262. POLITICS modified. Beign of James II. 
 The bigotry of the most sturdy Churchman 
 would not bear exportation across St. George's 
 Channel. As soon as the Cavalier arrived in 
 Ireland, and found that, without the hearty and 
 courageous assistance of his Puritan neighbors, 
 he and all his family would run imminent risk 
 of being murdered by rapparees, his hatred of 
 Puritanism, in spite of himself, began to lan- 
 guish and die away. It was remarked by emi- 
 nent men of both parties, that a Protestant who, 
 in Ireland, was called a high Tory, would in 
 England have been considered as a moderate 
 Whig. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 122. 
 
 4263. POLITICS, Parties in. Needed. The 
 kings presided in the senate, and had a double 
 suffrage. They were likewise the generals of 
 the republic ; but in other respects their power 
 was extremely limited. They could form no 
 enterprise without the sanction of a council of 
 the citizens, Miiose duty was to watch over their 
 measures. On considering this circumscribed 
 authority of the kings, Condillac has well re- 
 marked that the throne seemed preserved in the 
 line of the Heraclidae, only with the view of pre- 
 venting any citizen aspiring to it ; and two kings 
 were in reality less dangerous to liberty than 
 one, since they constantly kept alive two oppo- 
 site parties, each restraining the other's ambition, 
 and thus preventing all approach to tyranny. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9, p. 91. 
 
 4264. POLITICS, Partisan. Samuel Johnson. 
 An eminent public character being mentioned : 
 Johnson : " I remember being present when he 
 showed himself to be so corrupted, or at least 
 something so different from what I think right, 
 as to maintain that a member of Parliament 
 should go along with his party, right or wrong. 
 Now, sir, this is so remote from native virtue, 
 from scholastic virtue, that a good man m,ust 
 have undergone a great change before he can rec- 
 oncile himself to such a doctrine. It is main- 
 taining that you may lie to the public ; for 
 you lie when you call that right which you 
 think wrong, or the reverse. A friend of ours, 
 who is too much an echo of that gentleman, ob- 
 served that a man who does not stick uniform- 
 ly to a party is only waiting to be bought. 
 
 Why then, said I, he is only waiting to be what 
 that gentleman is already." — Boswell's John- 
 son. 
 
 4265. POLITICS, Power in. "King-Maker." 
 Warwick found an opportunity of revenge. 
 His daughter was married to the Duke of Clar- 
 ence, the king's brother. This prince he se- 
 duced from his allegiance, as well as many of the 
 nobles of the York faction, and Warwick now 
 openly stood forth the champion of the house of 
 Lancaster. After various intermediate changes, 
 Edward [IV.] was deposed from the throne, and 
 Henry VI. once more reinstated by the hands 
 of Warwick, who was now distinguished by the 
 epithet of the king-make?: — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 14, p. 226. 
 
 4266. . Charles James Fox. I asked 
 
 him if it was true, as reported, that he had said 
 lately, ' ' I am for the king against Fox ; but I 
 am for Fox against Pitt." Johnson : " Yes, 
 sir ; the king is my master ; but I do not know 
 Pitt ; and Fox is niy friend." " Fox," added he, 
 " is a most extraordinary man ; here is a man . . . 
 who has divided the kingdom with Caesar ; so 
 that it was a doubt whether the nation should 
 be ruled by the sceptre of George III. or the 
 tongue of Fox." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 522. 
 
 4267. POLITICS, Prayer in. Samuel Johnson. 
 [His prayer, in view of becoming a politician, 
 was found in his diary :] " Enlighten my under- 
 standing with the knowledge of right, and gov- 
 ern my will by thy laws, that no deceit may mis- 
 lead me, nor temptation corrupt me ; that I 
 may always endeavor to. do good, and hinder 
 evil." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 137. 
 
 426§. POLITICS, Preaching. Puritan. While 
 nobles and statesmen were cowering in silence 
 before the dreaded power of the kingship, the 
 preachers spoke bluntly out. Not only Latimer, 
 but Knox, Grindal, and Lever had uttered fiery 
 remonstrances against the plunderers of Ed- 
 ward's [VI.] reign. Bradford had threatened 
 them with the divine judgment which at last 
 overtook them. " The judgment of the Lord ! 
 The judgment of the Lord !" cried he, with a 
 lamentable voice and weeping tears.— Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 685, 
 
 4269. . Under Cromwell. Under 
 
 no English government since the Reformation 
 had there been so little religious persecution. 
 The unfortunate Roman Catholics, indeed, were 
 held to be scarcely within the pale of Christian 
 charity ; but the clergy of the fallen Anglican 
 Church were suffered to celebrate their worship 
 on condition that they would abstain from 
 preaching about politics. — Macaulay's Hist, 
 OF Eng., ch. 1, p. 129. 
 
 4270. . Jonathan Mayhew. [Pastor 
 
 of West Church, Boston. The king's stamp of- 
 ficer had been resisted by a mob.] On the next 
 Lord's day but one, before a crowded audience, 
 choosing as his text, " I would they were even 
 cut off which trouble you ; for, brethren, ye 
 have been called unto liberty." He preached 
 fervidly in behalf of civil and religious freedom. 
 " I hope," said he, " no persons among ourselves 
 have encouraged the bringing of such a burden 
 as the Stamp Act on the country." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 16, 
 
POLITICS. 
 
 505- 
 
 4271. . Connecticut, a.d. 1708. 
 
 It was first the custom, and afterward the order, 
 that " the ministers of the gospel should preach 
 ;a sermon on the day appointed by law for the 
 choice of civil rulers, proper for the direction of 
 the towns in the work before them." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 19. 
 
 42T2. . Friars. When, in 1346, he 
 
 [Edward III.] resolved upon the invasion of 
 France, he published a manifesto upon the 
 cause of the war, which he addressed to the Pro- 
 vincial of the Order of Preaching Friars in Eng- 
 land, in which he exhorts him to urge his breth- 
 ren to set forth his cause in their sermons. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 27, p. 451. 
 
 4273. . Beign of Charles II. The 
 
 pulpits resounded with harangues against the sin 
 of rebellion. The treatises in which Filmer 
 maintained that hereditary despotism was the 
 form of government ordained by God, and that 
 limited monarchy was a pernicious absurdity, 
 had recently appeared, and had been favorably 
 received by a large section of the Tory party. 
 The University of Oxford, on the very day on 
 which Russell was put to death, adopted by a 
 ;Solemn public act these strange doctrines, and 
 •ordered the political works of Buchanan, Mil- 
 ton, and Baxter to be publicly burned in the 
 court of the schools. — Mac aula y's Eng., ch. 2, 
 p. 252. 
 
 4274. POLITICS without Principle. Profes- 
 sional. He catches without effort the tone of 
 any sect or party with which he chances to min- 
 gle. He discerns the signs of the times with a 
 sagacity . . . with which a Mohawk warrior fol- 
 lows a track through the woods. But we shall 
 seldom find, in a statesman so trained, integrity, 
 constancy, or any of the virtues of the noble 
 family of Truth. He has no faith in any doc- 
 trine, no zeal for any cause. . . . He sneers alike 
 at those who are anxious to preserve and at those 
 who are eager to reform. There is nothing in 
 the State which he could not, without a scruple 
 or a blush, join in defending or in destroying. 
 Fidelity to opinions and to friends seems to him 
 mere dulness and wrongheadedness. Politics 
 he regards not as a science of which the object 
 is the happiness of mankind, but as an exciting 
 game of mixed chance and skill, at which a dex- 
 terous and lucky player may win. — Mac aul ay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 171. 
 
 4275. POLITICS, Eeverses in. Tyler's Ad- 
 ministration. For the first and only time in our 
 political history, an administration conducting a 
 war [with Mexico], victorious at every step, 
 ;«teadily lost ground in the country. The House 
 •of Representatives, which declared war on the 
 11th of May, 1846, was Democratic by a large 
 .majority. The House elected in the ensuing 
 autumn, amid the resounding acclamations of 
 Taylor's memorable victory at Monterey, had a 
 decided Whig majority. This political reverse 
 was due to three causes : the enactment of the 
 tariff of 1846, which offended the manufactur- 
 ing interests of the country ; the receding of 
 the administration on the Oregon question, 
 which embarrassed the position and wounded 
 the pride of the Northern Democrats ; and the 
 widespread apprehension that the war was un- 
 dertaken for the purpose of extending and per- 
 
 petuating slavery. — Blaine's Twenty Yeaes 
 OF Congress, p. 64. 
 
 4276. POLITICS, Eevulsion toward. DisJwn- 
 or. [The Duke of Shrewsbury, formerly the 
 favorite minister and secretary of State for Will- 
 iam III., in 1700, when party violence had 
 reached its climax, wrote Somers, the lord- 
 chancellor :] I wonder that a man can be found 
 in England who has bread that will be con- 
 cerned in public business. Had I a son, I would 
 sooner breed him a cobbler than a courtier, and a 
 hangman than a statesman. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 16, p. 240. 
 
 4277. POLITICS, Sagacity in. Eenry day. 
 Mr. Clay possessed extraordinary sagacity in 
 public affairs, seeing and foreseeing where others 
 were blinded by ignorance or prejudice. He was 
 a statesman by intuition, finding a remedy be- 
 fore others could discover the disease. His con- 
 temporaries appreciated his rare endowments. 
 On the day of his first entrance into the House 
 of Representatives he was chosen speaker, though 
 but thirty-four years of age. This was all the more 
 remarkable because the House was filled with 
 men of recognized ability, who had been long in 
 the public service. — Blaine's Twenty Years 
 OF Congress, p. 107. 
 
 427§. POLITICS in Saloons. Beign of Charles 
 II. The coffee-house must not be dismissed 
 with a cursory mention. It might, indeed, at 
 that time, have been not improperly called a 
 most important political institution. No Parlia- 
 ment had sat for years. The municipal council 
 of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the 
 citizens. Public meetings, harangues, resolu- 
 tions, and the rest of the modern machineiy of 
 agitation had not yet come into fashion. Noth- 
 ing resembling the modern newspaper existed. 
 In such circumstances the coffee-houses were 
 the chief organs through which the public opin- 
 ion of the metropolis vented itself. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 341. 
 
 4279. POLITICS, Selfishness in. Romans. The 
 Senate gave a notable evidence of their incapac- 
 ity for selecting competent governors for the 
 provinces by appointing in his [Crassus'] place 
 Caesar's old colleague, Bibulus. In their whole 
 number there was no such fool as Bibulus. When 
 he arrived in Syria he shut himself into a forti- 
 fied town, leaving the Parthians to plunder and 
 burn at their pleasure. Cicero mocked at him. 
 The Senate thanked him for his distinguished 
 services. The few serious men in Rome thought 
 that Caesar or Pompey should be sent out ; or, if 
 they could not be spared, at least one of the con- 
 suls of the year — Sulpicius Rufus or Marcus 
 Marcellvis. But the consuls were busy with 
 home politics, and did not wish to go, nor did 
 they wish that others should go and gather 
 laurels instead of them. Therefore nothing was 
 done at all, and Syria was left to fate and Bibu- 
 lus. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 20. 
 
 4280. POLITICS, Trifles in. Whigs and Tories. 
 [William III. had two parties in Parliament 
 who were very bitter toward each other.] He met 
 with such treatment from both as once gave him 
 occasion to say, in a pet, to Lord Halifax, that 
 all the difference he knew between the two par- 
 ties was that the Tories would cut his throat ia 
 
506 
 
 POLITICS— POOR. 
 
 the morning, and the Whigs in the afternoon. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 16, p. 244. 
 
 4281. POLITICS, Vexation in. Horace areeley . 
 As the standard-bearer of the Liberal Republican 
 and Democratic parties, Horace Greeley, editor 
 of the New York Tribune, was nominated. This 
 was the last act in that remarkable man's career. 
 For more than thirty years he had been an ac- 
 knowledged leader of public opinion in America. 
 He had discussed with vehement energy and en- 
 thusiasm almost every question in which the 
 people of the United States have any interest. 
 After a lifetime of untiring industry he was now, 
 lit the age of sixty-one, called to the forefront of 
 political strife. The canvass was one of wild ex- 
 citement and bitter denunciations. Mr. Greeley 
 was overwhelmingly beaten, and died in less than 
 a month after the election. In his death the na- 
 tion lost a great philanthropist, and journalism 
 its brightest light. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 68, 
 p. 558. 
 
 42§2. POLITICS, "Woman in. Reign of 
 Charles II. A negotiation was arranged which 
 lasted several months. The chief agent between 
 the English and French courts was the beautiful, 
 graceful, and intelligent Henrietta, Duchess of 
 Orleans, sister of [King] Charles, sister-in-law of 
 [King] Louis XIV., and a favorite with both. 
 The King of England offered to declare himself 
 a Roman Catholic, to dissolve the Triple Alli- 
 ance, and join with France against Holland, if 
 France would engage to lend him such military 
 and pecuniary aid as might make him inde- 
 pendent of his Parliament.— Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 192. 
 
 42§3. POLITICS, Young Men in. Disdained. 
 [Lord Clarendon, counsellor under Charles II.] 
 Toward the young orators, who were rising to 
 distinction and authority in the Lower House, 
 his deportment was ungracious ; and he suc- 
 ceeded in making them, with scarcely an excep- 
 tion, his deadly enemies. Indeed, one of his 
 most serious faults was an inordinate contempt 
 for youth, and this contempt was the more un- 
 justifiable, because his own experience in Eng- 
 lish politics was by no means proportioned to his 
 age ; for so great a part of his life had been 
 passed abroad, that he knew less of the world in 
 which he found himself on his return than many 
 who might have been his sons. . . . For these 
 reasons he was disliked by the Commons. — 
 Mac AUL ay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 183. 
 
 4284. POMP in private Life. General Wal- 
 lenstein. [Being dismissed from the army, where 
 he had won renown,] repose was the last thing 
 that Wallenstein contemplated when he returned 
 to private life. In his retreat he surrounded 
 himself with a regal pomp which seemed to 
 mock the sentence of degradation. Six gates 
 led to the palace he inhabited in Prague, and a 
 hundred houses were pulled down to make way 
 for his courtyard. Similar palaces were built 
 on his other numerous estates. Gentlemen of the 
 noblest houses contended for the honor of serving 
 him, and even imperial chamberlains resigned 
 the golden key to the emperor, to fill a similar 
 office under Wallenstein. He maintained sixty 
 pages, who were instructed by the ablest masters. 
 His antechamber was protected by fifty life- 
 guards. His table never consisted of less than 
 <5rie hundred covers, and his seneschal was a per- 
 
 son of distinction. When he travelled his bag- 
 gage and suite accompanied him in a hundred 
 wagons, drawn by six or four horses ; his court 
 followed in sixty carriages, attended by fifty led 
 horses. The pomp of his liveries, the splendor 
 of his equipages, and the decorations of his apart- 
 ments were in keeping with all the rest. Six 
 barons and as many knights were in constant at- 
 tendance about his person, and ready to execute 
 his slightest order. Twelve patrols went their 
 rounds about his palace, to prevent any disturb- 
 ance. His busy genius required silence. The 
 noise of coaches was to be kept away from his- 
 residence, and the streets leading to it were fre- 
 quently blocked up with chains. His own cir- 
 cle was as silent as the approaches to his palace ; 
 dark, reserved, and impenetrable, he was more 
 sparing of his words than of his gifts, while the 
 little that he spoke was harsh and imperious. 
 He never smiled, and the coldness of his tem- 
 perament was proof against sensual seductions. 
 —Thirty Years' War, § 228. 
 
 4285. POMP, Oriental. Royal. While the 
 successors of Cyrus reigned over Asia, the prov- 
 ince of Assyria alone maintained, during a third 
 part of the year, the luxurious plenty of the 
 table and household of the great king. Four 
 considerable villages were assigned for the sub- 
 sistence of his Indian dogs ; eight hundred stal- 
 lions and sixteen thousand mares were con- 
 stantly kept, at the expense of the country, for- 
 the royal stables ; and as the daily tribute which 
 was paid to the satrap amounted to one Eng- 
 lish bushel of silver, we may compute the annual 
 revenue of Assyria at more than twelve hundred 
 thousand pounds sterling. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 24, p. 481. 
 
 ^ 4286. POMPOSITY, Expression of. Samuel 
 Johnson. Lord Lucan tells a very good story, 
 which ... is certainly characteristical : that when 
 the sale of Thrale's brewery was going forward, 
 Johnson appeared bustling about, with an ink- 
 horn and pen in his button-hole, like an excise- 
 man ; and on being asked what he really consid- 
 ered to be the value of the property which was 
 to be disposed of, answered, " We are not here 
 to sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the poten- 
 tiality of growing rich beyond the dreams of 
 avarice." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 456. 
 
 4287. POOE benefited. By Civilization. Of 
 the blessings which civilization and philosophy 
 bring with them, a large proportion is common 
 to all ranks, and would, if withdrawn, be missed 
 as painfully by the laborer as by the peer. The 
 market-place which the rustic can now reach 
 with his cart in an hour was, a hundred and 
 sixty years ago, a day's journey from him. The 
 street which now affords to the artisan, during 
 the whole night, a secure, a convenient, and a 
 brilliantly lighted walk, was, a hundred and six 
 ty years ago, so dark after sunset that he would 
 not have been able to see his hand, so ill paved 
 that he would have run constant risk of break- 
 ing his neck, and so ill watched that he would 
 have been in imminent danger of being knocked 
 down and plundered of his small earnings. 
 Every bricklayer who falls from a scaffold, 
 every sweeper of a crossing who is run over by 
 a carriage, now may have his wounds dressed 
 and his limbs set with a skill such as, a hundred 
 and sixty years ago, all the wealth of a great 
 
POOR. 
 
 507 
 
 lord like Ormond, or of a merchant prince like 
 Clayton, could not have purchased. — Macau- 
 la y'sEng., ch. 3, p. 393. 
 
 42§8. POOR burdened. For the Rich. More 
 frequently than usual, in consequence of the 
 king's captivity [Richard I. was captured while 
 I'eturning from the crusade, and imprisoned more 
 than a year by the Emperor of Germany] and 
 other accidents, aids of no small amount were 
 imposed upon the citizens ; and the rich men, 
 sparing their own purses, wanted the poor to 
 pay everything. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 23, 
 p. 321. 
 
 42§9. POOE, Children of the. Wesleys. [Sam- 
 uel Wesley, the father of John "Wesley, reared a 
 family of ten children on] his Epworth living, 
 which afforded but £130 ; . . . he lived in con- 
 tinual conflict with poverty ; ... he was im- 
 prisoned for debt and died in debt. . . . The 
 sconomy by which so large a family were reared 
 and educated is a remarkable fact in its history. 
 — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 59. 
 
 4290. POOB, Conspiracy against the. English 
 Legislation. In some points, such as his [Thomas 
 More's] treatment of the question of labor, he 
 Btill remains far in advance of current opinion. 
 The whole system of society around him seemed 
 to him "nothing but a conspiracy of the rich 
 against the poor." Its economic legislation, from 
 the statute of laborers to the statutes by which 
 the parliament of 1515 strove to fix a standard 
 of wages, was simply the carrying out of such a 
 conspiracy by process of law. "The rich are 
 ever striving to pare away something further 
 from the daily wages of the poor by private 
 fraud and even bv public law, so that the wrong 
 already existing (for it is a wrong that those from 
 whom the State derives most benefit should re- 
 ceive least reward) is made yet greater by means 
 of the law of the State." " The rich devise every 
 means by which they may, in the first place, se- 
 cure to themselves what they have amassed by 
 wrong, and then take to their own use and profit, 
 at the lowest possible price, the work and labor 
 of the poor. And so soon as the rich decide on 
 adopting these devices in the name of the pub- 
 lic, then they become law." The result was the 
 wretched existence to which the labor class was 
 doomed, " a life so wretched that even a beast's 
 life seems enviable." — Hist, of Eng. People, 
 §523. 
 
 4291. POOR, Decrease of the. England. There 
 can hardly be a more important test of the con- 
 dition of the common people than the ratio which 
 this class bears to the whole society. At pres- 
 ent the men, women, and children who receive 
 relief are, in bad years, one tenth of the inhab- 
 itants of England, and, in good years, one thir- 
 teenth. Gregory King estimated them in his time 
 at more than a fifth ; and this estimate, which all 
 our respect for his authority will scarcely prevent 
 us from calling extravagant, was pronounced 
 by Davenant eminently judicious.— Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 391. 
 
 4292. POOR, Discrimination against the. Law. 
 In 1704, ... by the statute " for raising recruits 
 for the land forces and marines," justices of the 
 peace and mayors or other head officers of bor- 
 ough were empowered "to raise and levy such 
 able-bodied men as have not any lawful calling 
 
 or employment, or visible means for their main- 
 tenance and livelihood, to serve as soldiers. The 
 constables were to receive 10s. per head for bring- 
 ing the tattered prodigals before the justices. 
 This statute was renewed in 1705 and the sys- 
 tem was also tried in the latter end of the reign 
 of George II." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 18. 
 p. 272. 
 
 4293. POOR, Dwellings of the. Cellars. In 
 1837 ... in Liverpool there were 8000 cellars oc- 
 cupied by 30,000 people, few of which cellars, 
 from the absence of drains and sewers, were en- 
 tirely free from damp, and most of them were 
 inundated after a fall of rain. In a report laid 
 before the British Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, it was stated that the proportion 
 of the population who lived in cellars was 13 
 per cent ; of Manchester, llf per cent ; of Sal- 
 ford, 8 per cent ; of Bury, 3| per cent. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 22, p. 393. 
 
 4294. POOR, Hardships of the. Miners. The 
 report of a commission appointed by Parliament 
 in 1840, to inquire into the employment of the 
 children of the poorer classes in mines and col- 
 lieries, exhibited in some mining districts a state 
 of things, with regard not only to children but 
 to women, which could scarcely be paralleled. 
 ... A child of six years of age, with a girdle 
 round his or her waist, to which was attached a 
 chain passing under the legs, and fastened to a 
 cart, had thus to drag a load on all fours through 
 avenues not so good as a common sewer. Chil- 
 dren and women who w^ere not employed in 
 dragging loads by the girdle and chain had to 
 carry loads of coal on their backs up steep as- 
 cents equal in distance to the height of St. Paul's 
 fourteen times a day. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8. 
 ch. 22, p. 395. 
 
 4295. POOR, First Laws for the. England. 
 The tentative process by which the principle of 
 a public contribution for the relief of the poor 
 was first approached, is distinctly set forth by 
 the statute of 1551-52. A book was to be kept 
 for each parish, in which should be entered the 
 names of the householders, and of the impotent 
 poor. In whitsun-week two or more persons 
 were to be appointed as collectors of alms ; and 
 on the Sunday following, when the people are 
 at church, " the said collectors shall gently ask 
 and demand of every man and woman what 
 they of their charity will give weekly toward 
 the relief of the poor." The sums so collected 
 weekly were to be distributed by the same col- 
 lectors, " after such sort that the more impotent 
 may have the more help, and such as can get 
 part of their living have the less ; and by the 
 discretion of the collector to be put in such labor 
 as they be able to do." If any person, being 
 able, refuse to contribute, he was to be gently 
 exhorted by the parson and churchwardens ; 
 and if their exhortations failed, he was to be 
 sent for by the bishop, to be induced and per- 
 suaded to so charitable a deed. . . . The same 
 principle is maintained by the statute of 1562-63 : 
 " If any person of his froward or wilful mind 
 shall obstinately refuse to give weekly ... ac- 
 cording to his ability," the bishop had power to 
 bind him to appear at the next sessions, when 
 the justices, if he continued obstinate, might de- 
 termine what sum he should pay, and commit 
 him to prison if he persisted in his refusal, 
 
508 
 
 POOR— POPERW 
 
 {This was the first assertion of the principle of 
 a compulsory assessment of property for the 
 relief of the poor.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 17, p. 267. 
 
 4296. POOE oppressed by Law. England. [In 
 1388 no workingman, skilled or unskilled, was 
 permitted to] bear buckler, sword, nor dagger 
 except in the time of war. They were to aban- 
 don "all idle games of tennis, football, quoits, 
 skittles, dice and casting stone." [An act of 
 Parliament forbade it.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 1, p. 14. 
 
 4297. POOR, Oppression of the. Servants. [In 
 the middle of the eighteenth century the jus- 
 tice of the peace] would commit a servant to 
 Bridewell at any time when a master or mistress 
 desired it. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 108. 
 
 4298. . Boman. [When during 
 
 the wars against the Sabines the poor of the city 
 of Rome vainly plead for toleration,] they 
 left the city, and withdrew to the hill now called 
 Sacred, near the river Anio, but without commit- 
 ting any violence or other act of sedition. Only 
 as they went along, they loudly complained 
 that it was now a great while since the rich 
 had driven them from their habitations ; that It- 
 aly would anywhere supply them with air and 
 water and a place of burial ; and that Rome, if 
 they had stayed in it, would afford them no oth- 
 er privilege, unless it were such, to bleed and die 
 in fighting for their wealthy oppressors. The 
 Senate was then alarmed, and from the oldest 
 men of their body selected the most moderate 
 and popular to treat with the people. At the 
 "head of them was Merienius Agrippa, who after 
 much entreaty addressed to them, and many ar- 
 guments in defence of the Senate, concluded his 
 discourse with this celebrated fable : ' ' The mem- 
 bers of the human body once mutinied against 
 the belly, and accused it of lying idle and use- 
 less, while they were all laboring and toiling to 
 satisfy its appetites ; but the belly only laughed 
 at their simplicity, who knew not that, though 
 it received all the nourishment into itself, it pre- 
 pared and distributed it again to all parts of the 
 body. Just so, my fellow-citizens," said he, 
 " stands the case between the Senate and you. 
 Eor their necessary counsels and acts of govern- 
 ment are productive of advantage to you all, and 
 ■distribute their salutary influence among the 
 Tvhole people." — Plutarch's Caius !Marciu8. 
 
 4299. POOR, Refuge for. James Oglethorpe. 
 <jreorgia, the thirteenth American colony, was 
 founded in a spirit of pure benevolence. The 
 laws of England permitted imprisonment for 
 <iebt. Thousands of English laborers, who 
 through misfortune and thoughtless contracts 
 had become indebted to the rich, were annually 
 arrested and thrown into jail. 'There were deso- 
 late and starving families. The miserable con- 
 edition of the debtor class at last attracted the at- 
 tention of Parliament. In 1728 a commissioner 
 was appointed, at his own request, to look into 
 the state of the poor, to visit the prisons of the 
 kingdom, and to report measures of relief. The 
 work was accomplished, the jails were opened, 
 and the poor victims of debt returned to their 
 homes. The noble commissioner was not yet 
 satisfied. ... To provide a refuge for the down- 
 trodden poor of England, and the distressed Prot- 
 estants of other countries, he now appealed to 
 
 George II. for the privilege of planting a colony 
 in America. The petition was favorably heard, 
 and on the 9th of June, 1732, a royal charter was 
 issued by which the territory between the Savan- 
 nah and Altamaha rivers, and westward from 
 the upper fountains of those rivers to the Pacific, 
 was organized and granted to a corporation for 
 twenty-one years, to be held in trust for the poor, 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 29, p. 238. 
 
 4300. POOR, Remembrance of the. In Trade. 
 Samuel Pepys writes of his visit to the Hague in 
 1660 : "In every house of entertainment there 
 hangs in every room a poor man's box, it being 
 their custom to confirm all bargains by putting 
 something into the box, and that binds as fast a« 
 anything. " 
 
 4301. POPE superseded. The. Henry VIII. 
 Yet Henry, though he had quarrelled with the 
 pope [Clement VII. ] , and despoiled and abolished 
 the monasteries, had not renounced the religion 
 of the Church of Rome. He still prided himself 
 on his title of Defender of the Faith, and he 
 continued, in every respect, to be a good Catho- 
 lic, except that he chose to be pope in his own 
 kingdom. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, 
 p. 301. 
 
 4302. POPE, Supremacy of the. Beneficial. 
 Even the spiritual supremacy arrogated by the 
 pope was, in the Dark Ages, productive of far 
 more good than evil. Its effect was to unite the 
 nations of Western Europe in one great com- 
 monwealth. What the Olympian chariot course 
 and the Pythian oracle were to all the Greek cities, 
 from 'Trebizond to Marseilles, Rome and her 
 bishop were to all Christians of the Latin com- 
 munion, from Calabria to the Hebrides. Thus 
 grew up sentiments of enlarged benevolence. 
 Races separated from each other by seas and 
 mountains acknowledged a fraternal tie and 
 a common code of public law. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 8. 
 
 4303. POPERY, Enslavement by. History. 
 [Lord Shaftesbury said in 1678 :] Popery and sla- 
 very, like two sisters, go hand in hand ; and some- 
 times one goes first, and sometimes the other ; 
 but wheresoever the one enters, the other is fol- 
 lowing close behind. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 20, p. 332. 
 
 4304. POPERY, Struggle with. Frederick II. 
 [The Emperor of Germany,] Frederick II. ,by his 
 policy and his arms, carried on a vigorous con- 
 test with four popes successively without bring- 
 ing any of them to submission. By two of these 
 popes, Gregory IX. and Innocent IV., he was 
 excommunicated and solemnly deposed ; but 
 Frederick kept possession of his throne and 
 maintained his independence. In consequence 
 of the last sentence of deposition, he wrote, in the 
 most spirited manner, to all the princes of Ger- 
 many, "I am not the first," says he, "whom 
 the clergy have treated so unworthily, and J 
 shall not be the last. But you are the cause of 
 it, by obeying those hypocrites, whose ambition, 
 you are sensible, is carried beyond all bounds. 
 How many infamous actions may you not dis- 
 cover in the court of Rome ! While those pon- 
 tiffs are abandoned to the vices of the age, and 
 intoxicated with pleasure, the greatness of their 
 wealth extinguishes in their minds all sense of 
 religion. It is, therefore, a work of charity to 
 
POPES— POPULARITY, 
 
 509 
 
 deprive them of those pernicious treasures which 
 are their ruin ; and in this cause you ought all to 
 co-operate with me." — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 eh. 9, p. 152. 
 
 4305. POPES, Disreputable. John XII. The 
 influence of two sister prostitutes, Marozia and 
 Theodora, was founded on their wealtli and 
 heauty, their political and amorous intrigues ; 
 the most strenuous of their lovers were reward- 
 ed with the Roman mitre, and their reign may 
 have suggested to the darker ages the fable of 
 a female pope. The bastard son, the grandson, 
 and the great-grandson of Marozia, a rare geneal- 
 ogy, were seated in the chair of St. Peter, and 
 it was at the age of nineteen years that the sec- 
 ond of these became the head of the Latin church. 
 His youth and manhood were of a suitable com- 
 plexion ; and the nations of pilgrims could bear 
 testimony to the charges that were urged against 
 him in a Roman Synod, and in the presence of 
 Otho the Great. As John XII. had renounced 
 the dress and decencies of his profession, the 
 soldier may not perhaps be dishonored by the 
 wine which he drank, the blood that he spilt, 
 the flames that he kindled, or the licentious pur- 
 suits of gaming and hunting. His open simony 
 might be the consequence of distress ; and his 
 blasphemous invocation of Jupiter and Venus, 
 if it be true, could not possibly be serious. But 
 we read, with some surprise, that the worthy 
 grandson of Marozia lived in public adultery 
 with the matrons of Rome ; that the Lateran 
 palace was turned into a school for prostitution, 
 and that his rapes of virgins and widows had de- 
 terred the female pilgrims from visiting the tomb 
 of St. Peter, lest, in the devout act, they should 
 be violated by his successor. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 eh. 49, p. 61. 
 
 4306. POPULAEITY, Dangers of. Pompey. A 
 Roman commander, on landing in Italy after 
 foreign service, was expected to disband his 
 legions, and relapse into the position of a private 
 person. A popular and successful general was 
 an object of instinctive fear to the politicians 
 who held the reins of government. The Senate 
 was never pleased to see any individual too much 
 an object of popular idolatry ; and in the case 
 of Pompey their suspicion was the greater on 
 account of the greatness of his achievements, and 
 because his command had been forced upon 
 them by the people against their will. — Froude's 
 Cjesar, ch. 12. 
 
 4307. POPULAEITY deserved. Emperor Ti- 
 tus. The desolation of Campania, occasioned 
 by this terrible eruption of Vesuvius, was reme- 
 died to the utmost by the beneficence of Titus, 
 who set apart large funds for the relief of the 
 sufferers. In order to judge of their losses, he 
 went himself to Campania, and by a kind of 
 fatality, while absent on this benevolent expedi- 
 tion, a fire, which broke out in the city, desolat- 
 ed a great part of Rome. The losses occasioned 
 to his subjects by these reiterated calamities he 
 repaired at his own charges, not from the public 
 money, which is generally the treasury of the 
 prince's bounties, but from the sale of the super- 
 fluous ornaments and riches of his palaces. Thus 
 this virtuous prince occupied himself by every 
 means which generosity or benevolence could 
 dictate in diffusing happiness among all classes 
 of his subjects, when, to their unspeakable re- 
 
 gret, he was cut off in the third year of his 
 reign. He died at the age of forty, leaving be- 
 hind him the most merited and exalted epithet, 
 Delicice, kumani generis — the delight of the hu- 
 man 7'ace. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, 
 p. 494. 
 
 430§. POPTTLARITY, Doctrinai. Arminian. 
 The Arminian doctrine, a doctrine less austerely 
 logical than that of the early Reformers, but more 
 agreeable to the popular notions of the divine 
 justice and benevolence, spread fast and wide. 
 The infection soon reached the court. Opin- 
 ions which, at the time of the accession of James 
 [I.], no clergyman could have avowed with- 
 out imminent risk of being stripped of his gown, 
 were now the best title to preferment. A divine 
 of that age who was asked by a simple country 
 gentleman what the Arminians held, answered 
 with as much truth as wit, that they held all th< 
 best bishoprics and deaneries in England. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 74. 
 
 4309. POPULARITY, An evil. Sale of In- 
 dulgences. The region round about Magdeburg, 
 Halberstadt, Zerbst, and Halle was traversed by 
 Tetzel as if he were a distinguished prelate of 
 the Church. He rode in a magnificent wagon 
 surrounded by a mounted body-guard. He was 
 met at the gates of every city he entered by the 
 monks and other clergy, the municipal council- 
 lors, teachers and students, men and women, old 
 and young, amid the ringing of bells, the sing- 
 ing of church choirs, and the burning of torches. 
 At the head of the procession was carried the 
 papal bull upon a velvet cushion and taken into 
 the church. Here was erected a red cross, ou 
 which was fastened the papal banner. Thea 
 Tetzel mounted the pulpit and importuned the 
 people with his admonitions and recommenda- 
 tions of indulgences : ' ' Now, now is the day of 
 grace come to your very doors ! Ye women, 
 sell your veils and purchf^se indulgences with 
 the proceeds !" He classified sins and misde- 
 meanors, and fixed a definite tax for each and 
 all. Thus, sacrilege or church robbery and 
 perjury were rated at nine ducats ; a murder al- 
 ready committed, at eight ducats ; adultery, at sis 
 ducats, etc. It is said that upon his treasure- 
 chest was inscribed the motto : 
 
 " Soon as the coin in the box doth ring. 
 The soul can into heaven spring." 
 
 — Rein's Luther, ch. 2, p. 13. 
 
 4310. POPULARITY without Fame. Clay c« 
 Webster. It was not ... in Mr. Webster's na 
 ture to become a partisan chief. Mr. Clay, on 
 the other hand, was naturally and inevitably a 
 leader. In all the discussions of the Senate in 
 which constitutional questions were involved, 
 Mr. Clay instinctively deferred to Mr. Webster, 
 In the parliamentary debates which concerned 
 the position of parties and the fate of measures, 
 which enchained the Senate and led captive the 
 people, Mr. Clay was facile princeps. Mr. Web- 
 ster argued the principle. Mr. Clay embodied 
 it in a statute. Mr. Webster's speeches are still 
 read with interest and studied with profit. Mr, 
 Clay's speeches swayed listening senates and 
 moved multitudes, but reading them is a disap- 
 pointment. — Blaine's Twenty Years op Con* 
 GRESS, p. 107. 
 
 4311. POPULARITY hindered. Beign of 
 Charles II. Among the statesmen of that age^ 
 
510 
 
 POPULARITY. 
 
 Halifax was, in genius, the first. His intellect 
 was fertile, subtle, and capacious. His polished, 
 luminous, and animated eloquence, set off by the 
 silver tones of his voice, was the delight of the 
 House of Lords. His conversation overflowed 
 with thought, fancy, and wit. His political 
 tracts well deserve to be studied for their literary 
 merit, and fully entitle him to a place among 
 English classics. To the weight derived from 
 talents so great and various, he united all the in- 
 fluence which belongs to rank and ample pos- 
 sessions. Yet he was less successful in politics 
 than many who enjoyed smaller advantages. In- 
 deed, those intellectual peculiarities which make 
 his writings valuable, frequently impeded him 
 in the contests of active life ; for he always saw 
 passing events, not in the point of view in which 
 they commonly appear to one who bears a part 
 in them, but in the point of view in which, after 
 the lapse of many years, they appear to the 
 philosophic historian. With such a turn of mind, 
 he could not long continue to act cordially with 
 any body of men. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, 
 p. 227. 
 
 431d. POPULARITY, A just. Julius Cmar. 
 He was recognized as the greatest soldier which 
 Rome had produced, the army, the people, Ital)% 
 the provinces all adoring his name. . . . No 
 fault could be found with his administration. 
 His wars had paid their own expenses. He had 
 doubled the pay of his troops, but his military 
 chest was still full, and his own wealth seemed 
 boundless. He was adorning the Forum with 
 new and costly buildings. Senators, knights, 
 young men of rank who had been extrava- 
 gant, had been relieved by his generosity, and 
 were his pensioners. Gaul might have been im- 
 patient at its loss of liberty, but no word of com- 
 plaint was heard against Csesar for oppressive 
 government. The more genius he had shown 
 the more formidable he was. Let him be consul, 
 and he would be the master of them all. — 
 Froude's C^sar, p. 49. 
 
 4313. POPULAEITY, Loss of. Sir Henry Vane. 
 The former governor of Massachusetts, the bene- 
 factor of Rhode Island, the ever-faithful friend 
 of New England, adhered with undaunted firm- 
 ness to the "glorious cause" of popular liberty, 
 and, shunned by every man who courted the re- 
 turning monarch [Charles II.], he became noted 
 for the most catholic unpopularity. He fell from 
 the affections of the English people, when the 
 English people fell from the jealous care of their 
 liberties. He had ever been incorrupt and dis- 
 interested, merciful and liberal. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., voL2, ch. 11. 
 
 4314. POPULARITY Lost. Preddent John 
 Adams. Not to be once re-elected was then con- 
 sidered as a disgrace, and Mr. Adams was, for 
 many .years, regarded as a man who had been 
 tried in a high place and found wanting. His 
 grandson mentions that his letters, during the 
 last year of his presidency, may be counted by 
 thousands ; while those of the next year averaged 
 less than two a week ! Gradually, however, as 
 party passions subsided, the real and great 
 merits of John Adams were once more recog- 
 nized, and his errors and foibles were first 
 forgiven, and then forgotten. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 179. 
 
 4315. POPULARITY, Means of. Themistocles. 
 [Themistocles, the Athenian general, sought pop- 
 ularity by] charging his memory with the names 
 of the citizens, so that he readily called each by 
 his own. — Plutarch's Themistocles. 
 
 4316. POPULARITY misjudged. Murdered 
 Cmar's. The tyrannicides, as the murderers of 
 Caesar called themselves, had expected that the 
 Roman mob would be caught by the cry of 
 liberty, and would hail them as the deliverers of 
 their country. They found that the people did 
 not respond as they had anticipated. The city 
 was stunned. The Forum was empty. The 
 gladiators, whom they had secreted in the Tem- 
 ple, broke out and plundered the unprotected 
 booths. A dead and ominous silence prevailed 
 everywhere. At length a few citizens collected 
 in knots. Brutus spoke, and Cassius spoke. 
 They extolled their old constitution. They said 
 that Caesar had overthrown it ; that they had 
 slain him, not from private hatred or private 
 interest, but to restore the liberties of Rome. The 
 audience was dead and cold. — Froude's CiESAR, 
 ch. 27. 
 
 4317. POPULARITY necessary. Henry I. An 
 usurper must secure his power by acts of popu- 
 larity. Henry, soon after his accession to the 
 throne, granted a charter, extremely favorable 
 to the liberties of the people, and which has 
 been justly regarded as the groundwork of the 
 claim of privileges made by the English barons 
 in the reign of King John, which he confirmed 
 by Magna Charta. These privileges, it is even 
 contended by the zealous advocates for the rights 
 of the people, were of a much more ancient date. 
 "Henry I.," says Lord Lyttelton, "by this 
 charter restored the Saxon laws which were in 
 use under Edward the Confessor ;" but with such 
 alterations, or, as he styled them, emendations, 
 as had been made by his father, with the advice 
 of his parliament ; at the same time annulling 
 all civil customs and illegal exactions, by which 
 the realm had been unjustly oppressed. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 8, p. 134. 
 
 4318. POPULARITY, Reaction of. Lafayette. 
 He made one more attempt to save the king 
 [Louis XVI.] by inducing him to come to his 
 camp and fight for his throne. This project 
 being rejected, and the author of it denounced 
 by Robespierre, his bust publicly burned in 
 Paris, and the medal formerly voted him broken 
 by the hand of the executioner, he deemed it 
 necessary to seek an asylum in a neutral country. 
 Having provided for the safety of his army, he 
 crossed the frontiers, in August, 1792, accom- 
 panied by twenty-one persons, all of whom, on 
 passing an Austrian post, were taken prisoners, 
 and Lafayette was thrown into a dungeon. His 
 noble wife, who had been for fifteen months a 
 prisoner in Paris, hastened, after her release, to 
 share her husband's captivity. 
 
 4319. POPULARITY sacrificed. Lafayette. 
 From this moment dates the decline of Lafay- 
 ette's populfffity ; and his actions, moderate and 
 wise, continually lessened it. He demanded, as 
 a member of the National Assembly, that persons 
 accused of treason should be fairly tried by a 
 jury, and he exerted all his power, while giving 
 a constitution to his country, to preserve the mon- 
 archy. To appease the suspicions of the people 
 that the king meditated a flight from Paris, h« 
 
POPULARITY- ^POPULATION. 
 
 511 
 
 declared that he would answer with his head for 
 the king's remaining. When, therefore, in June, 
 1791, the king and queen made their blundering 
 attempt to escape, Lafayette was immediately 
 suspected of having secretly aided it. Danton 
 cried out at the Jacobin club : " "We must 
 have the person of the king or the head of the 
 commanding general !" — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 482. 
 
 4320. POPULAEITY by Simplicity. Charles 
 II. He rose early, and generally passed three or 
 four hours a day in the open air. He might be 
 seen, before the dew was off the grass in St. 
 James' Park, striding among the trees, playing 
 with his spaniels, and flinging corn to his ducks ; 
 and these exhibitions endeared him to the com- 
 mon people, who always love to see the great un- 
 bend. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 398. 
 
 4321. POPULARITY sought. Gimon. To raise 
 himself to some sort of equality with Cimon, who 
 was then at the height of glory, Pericles made his 
 court to the people. And as Cimon was his su- 
 perior in point of fortune, which he employed in 
 relieving the poor Athenians, in providing vic- 
 tuals every day for the necessitous, and clothing 
 the aged, and beside this levelled his fences with 
 the ground, that all might be at liberty to gather 
 his fruit, Pericles had recourse to the expedient 
 of dividing the public treasure. — Plutarch's 
 Pericles. 
 
 4322. POPULARITY, Strange. Bamd Crock- 
 ett. Some men have talked, others have written, 
 others have fought themselves into Congress ; but 
 David Crockett shot himself thither. It was his 
 wonderful skill as a marksman and his daring 
 as a bear-hunter which made him so popular in 
 his district, that when he chose to run for ofiice 
 he usually distanced all competitors. He could 
 shoot a humming-bird on the wing with a single 
 ball. Seated upon the margin of a river, he would 
 aim at a fish, and as soon as the crack of his rifle 
 was heard, one of the little inmates of the stream 
 would be seen struggling on the surface. He used 
 to speak of his battered old rifle in words like 
 these : " She's a mighty rough old piece, but I 
 love her ; for she and I have seen hard times. She 
 mighty seldom tells me a lie. If I hold her right, 
 she always sends the ball where I tell her." — Cy- 
 clopedia OF Biog. , p. 663. 
 
 4323. POPULARITY, Tide of. Duke of Mon- 
 mouth. [He was the illegitimate son of Charles 
 II.] The interest which the populace took in him 
 whom they regarded as the champion of the true 
 religion, and the rightful heir of the British 
 throne, was kept up by every artifice. When 
 Monmouth arrived in London at midnight, the 
 watchmen were ordered by the magistrates to 
 proclaim the joyful event through the streets of 
 the city ; the people left their beds ; bonfires were 
 lighted ; the windows were illuminated ; the 
 churches were opened, and a merry peal rose 
 from all the steeples. When he travelled, he was 
 everywhere received with not less pomp, and 
 with far more enthusiasm, than had been dis- 
 played when kings had made progresses through 
 the realm. He was escorted from mansion to 
 mansion by long cavalcades of armed gentlemen 
 and yeomen. Cities poured forth their whole 
 population to receive him. Electors thronged 
 round him, to assure him that their votes were 
 -at his disposal. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 235. 
 
 4324. POPULARITY, Vanity of. Cromwell's. 
 The pomp and enthusiasm which greeted him on 
 his return from the double conquest of Ireland 
 and Scotland dazzled not his constancy. " You 
 see that crowd, you hear those shouts," he whis- 
 pered in the ear of a friend who attended in the 
 procession ; ' ' both would be still greater if I were 
 on my way to the gallows." A light from above 
 impressed on his clear judgment the emptiness 
 of worldly popularity. — Lamartine's Crom- 
 well, p. 55. 
 
 4325. POPULARITY, A vicious. JVero's. He 
 was popular because he presented to the degraded 
 populace their own image and similitude. The 
 froglike unclean spirits which proceeded, as it 
 were, out of his mouth were potent with these 
 dwellers in an atmosphere of pestilence. They 
 had lost all love for freedom and nobleness ; they 
 cared only for doles and excitement. Even when 
 the infamies of a Petronius had been superseded 
 by the murderous orgies of Tigellinus, Nero was 
 still everywhere welcomed with shouts as a god 
 on earth, and saluted on coins as Apollo, as Her- 
 cules, as " The Saviour of the World." The 
 poets still assured him that there was no deity in 
 heaven who would not think it an honor to con- 
 cede to him his prerogative ; that if he did not 
 place himself well in the centre of Olympus, the 
 equilibrium of the universe would be destroyed. 
 Victims were slain along his path, and altars 
 raised for him — for this wretch, whom an honest 
 slave could not but despise and loathe — as though 
 he was too great for mere human honors. Nay, 
 more, he found adorers and imitators of his ex- 
 ecrable example — an Otho, a Vitellius, a Domi- 
 tian, a Commodus, a Caracalla, an Heliogabalus 
 — to poison the air of the world. The lusts and 
 hungers of the world lamented him, and cherish- 
 ed his memory, and longed for his return. — Far- 
 rar's Early Days, ch. 5, p. 41. 
 
 4326. POPULATION, Changes of. Constanti- 
 nople. [Why Constantine formed] his design of 
 altering the seat of empire, it is not easy to de- 
 termine. He fixed his eyes, however, on Byzan- 
 tium, to which he gave the name of Constantino- 
 ple. He erected there the most superb structures, 
 and in order to people his new city, he made a 
 law by which no Asiatic should have the right 
 of disposing of his estate by testament, unless he 
 possessed a dwelling-house in Constantinople. 
 Those, again, who resided there were gratified by 
 a variety of alluring privileges ; and by means of 
 these he drew the poorer inhabitants from Rome, 
 while the richer voluntarily followed the prince 
 and his court. The grandees brought with them 
 their slaves, and Rome in a few years became al- 
 most depopulated. Italy was also greatly exhaust- 
 ed of her inhabitants, and Constantinople swelled 
 at once to the most overgrown dimensions. When 
 the empire was thus divided, all riches naturally 
 centred in the new capital. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 2, p. 510. 
 
 4327. POPULATION, Extension of. Westward. 
 [In 1840] the population had reached the aggre- 
 gate of seventeen million souls, being an increase 
 since 1830 of over six millions. It was found from 
 the tables that eleven twelfths of the people lived 
 outside of the larger cities and towns, showing 
 the strong preponderance of the agricultural over 
 the manufacturing and commercial interest. One 
 of the most interesting lessons of the census was 
 
512 
 
 POPULATION— POVERTY. 
 
 found in the fact that the wonderful growth of 
 the United States was in extent and area, and not 
 in accumulation; in the spread of civilization rath- 
 er than in intensity. For since 1830 the average 
 population of the country had not increased by 
 so much as one person to tlie square mile. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 55, p. 440. 
 
 432§. . United States. The centre 
 
 of "representative population " has continually 
 tended westward. In 1790 it was twenty-two 
 miles east of Washington ; it has never been east 
 of the national metropolis since, and never can 
 be again. At the census of 1800 it had been trans- 
 ferred thirty miles west of Washington ; in 1820 
 it was seventy-one miles west of that city ; in 
 1830 one hundred and eight miles. Its westward 
 movement from 1830 to 1840 was no less than 
 fifty-two miles — more than five miles a year. Dur- 
 ing about fifty years it has kept nearly the same 
 parallel of latitude, having deviated only about 
 ten miles southward, while it has advanced 
 about two hundred miles westward. — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 1, p. 25. 
 
 4329. POETEAIT prohibited. Queen Eliza- 
 heth's. A curious proof of how desirous Elizabeth 
 was of the praise of beauty exists in a proclama- 
 tion issued by her in 1563, in the thirty-third 
 year of her age, and fifth of her reign, which 
 sets forth, that, from the great desire which all 
 ranks of people have shown to have portraits of 
 her Majesty, there have been a great number of 
 pictures made " which do not sufficiently express 
 the natural representation of her Majesty's per- 
 son, favor, or grace, but for the most part have 
 erred therein ; — And for that her Majesty per- 
 ceiveth that a great number of her loving sub- 
 jects are much grieved, and take great offence 
 with the errors and deformities already commit- 
 ted by sundry persons in this behalf ; — Therefore 
 she straitly charges all manner of persons to for- 
 bear from painting, graving, printing, or making 
 any portrait of her Majesty, or from showing or 
 publishing such as are apparently deformed, 
 until some perfect pattern or example shall be 
 made by some coming person, which shall be ap- 
 
 g roved by her." — Note ix Tytler's Hist., 
 look 6, ch. 28, p. 392. 
 
 4330. POSITION, Value of. Battle of Issus. 
 Darius was impatient to check the presumption 
 of Alexander, and, advancing to meet him, rash- 
 ly entered the passes between the mountains of 
 Cilicia, near the town of Issus, a situation where, 
 from the nature of the ground, the greatest part 
 of his army, if then attacked, could not possibly 
 be brought to act with effect against the enemy. 
 Alexander, though then weakened by disease 
 (the consequence of a fever caught by impru- 
 dently bathing, when overheated, in the river 
 Cydnus), no sooner received intelligence of the 
 critical situation of the Persians in the defiles of 
 a mountainous country than he hastened with 
 the utmost ardor to attack them. . . . Histori- 
 ans have lavished all the powers of description 
 in painting the splendor, riches, and magnifi- 
 cence of the military equipage of this immense 
 host. That body of the Persians named the Im- 
 mortals consisted of 10,000 chosen troops, who 
 were clothed in robes of gold embroidery, 
 adorned with precious stones, and wore about 
 *i*eir necks massy collars of pure gold. The 
 flihariot of Darius was supported by statues of 
 
 gold ; and the beams, axle, and wheels were' 
 studded with precious stones. Ten thousand 
 horsemen followed the chariot with lances plated 
 v^ath silver. The mother and the wife of Darius 
 had their separate chariots, attended by a nu- 
 merous train of females on horseback ; and the' 
 pageant was closed by a vast retinue of the 
 wives of the Persian nobles and their children, 
 guarded by some companies of foot lightly 
 armed. Darius, caught thus at unawares, in the 
 mountains of Cilicia, with this immense but 
 most inefficient force, was taught, in the battle 
 of Issus, how little confidence is to be placed in 
 numbers, when matched against a few experi- 
 enced and well-disciplined troops. The Persians, 
 were defeated with immense slaughter, their loss- 
 amounting, as is said, to 110,000 men, while that 
 of the Macedonians, according to Diodorus and 
 Quintus Curtius, w^as no more than 450. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 4, p. 183. 
 
 4331. POSSESSION, Right of. Micmac Indians. 
 [Edward Cornwallis, Governor of English colony 
 at Halifax, demanded an oath of allegiance, and 
 threatened confiscation of their lands if they re- 
 fused.] " The land on which you sleep is mine,"' 
 such was the message of the implacable tribe ; 
 " I sprung out of it as the grass does ; I was 
 born on it from sire to son ; it is mine forever." 
 So the council that met at Halifax voted all the- 
 poor red men to be " so many banditti, ruffian* 
 or rebels." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 2. 
 
 4332. POST-OFFICE opposed. Reign of 
 Charles II. An enterprising citizen of London, 
 William Dockwray, set up, at great expense, a 
 penny post, which delivered letters and parcels 
 six or eight times a day in the busy and crowded 
 streets near the Exchange, and four times a day 
 in the outskirts of the capital. This improve- 
 ment was, as usual, strenuously resisted. The 
 porters complained that their interests were at- 
 tacked, and tore down the placards in which the- 
 scheme was announced to the public. The ex- 
 citement caused by Godfrey's death, and by the- 
 discovery of Colemans' papers, was then at the 
 height. A cry was therefore raised that the 
 penny post was a popish contrivance. The great 
 Doctor Oates, it was affirmed, had hinted a sus- 
 picion that the Jesuits were at the bottom of the 
 scheme, and that the bags, if examined, would be 
 found full of treason. The utility of the enter- 
 prise was, however, so great and obvious that 
 all opposition proved fruitless. — Macaulay'» 
 Eng., ch. 3, p. 360. 
 
 4333. POSTERITY denied. Mahomet. In the 
 largest indulgence of polgamy, the founder of 
 a religion and empire might aspire to multiply 
 the chances of a numerous posterity and a lineal 
 succession. The hopes of Mahomet were fatally 
 disappointed. The virgin Ayesha and his ten wid- 
 ows of mature age and approved fertility were 
 [unproductive of any son]. — Gibbon's Rome,. 
 ch. 50, p. 151. 
 
 4334. POVERTY a Blessing. Ministerial. 
 When Bishop George was a young itinerant on 
 his first circuit, the discouragements were so 
 great and so numerous that he concluded to 
 abandon the work and return home, but was de- 
 tained for want of the money to pay his travelling 
 expenses. He attempted to get it by teaching: 
 school, but was defeated. He was led to further 
 refiection, and saw the snare into which he had 
 
POVERTY. 
 
 513 
 
 -well-nigli fallen, and abhorred the idea of re- 
 linquishing his post dishonorably. — Stevens' 
 History of M. E. Church. 
 
 4335. POVEETY, Blessings of. Blaise Pascal. 
 Poverty and sickness he regarded as among the 
 -chief of blessings. He almost went as far as the 
 modern French philosopher, Proudhon, who 
 .said, " Property is robbery." "No Christian," 
 he used to say, " has a right to use any more of 
 his property than is strictly necessary for his 
 maintenance and the maintenance of those de- 
 pendent upon him ;" all the rest, he thought, be- 
 longed to the poor and needy, and could not be 
 ■withheld from them without injustice. He acted 
 trpon this principle most scrupulously. With re- 
 gard to sickness, he considered it a signal favor 
 of Heaven. " Pity me not," said he, when some 
 ■one expressed sympathy for his sufferings — ' ' pity 
 me not, for sickness is the natural state of Chris- 
 tians ; because, when a man is sick, he is just as 
 he ought to be always — suffering pain, enduring 
 the privation of all the good and all the pleasures 
 of sense, exempt from the evil passions which 
 "work within him all his life, without ambition, 
 "free from avarice, and in the continual expecta- 
 iion of death." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 104. 
 
 4336. POVERTY, Crime of. In Law. Under the 
 law of Henry VIII. destitution was treated as a 
 •crime, and wandering poverty was to be stocked 
 and scourged out of existence. [For a long time 
 their own parish was the boundary within which 
 the poor might endeavor to obtain a livelihood ; 
 bej^ond that circle they could not pass. In those 
 parishes where there was the most capital and 
 consequently the most labor,] there the poor peo- 
 ple would endeavor to settle themselves. A natu- 
 ral struggle took place between those who wanted 
 to come in and the authorities who were resolved 
 to keep them out. A dread that under-tenants 
 might become chargeable led to a domestic in- 
 quisition of a very tyrannous nature. At Leices- 
 ter they were searched for every month. At 
 Brighton no incomer was to be allowed until the 
 ■constable and church-wardens had ascertained 
 that he was unlikely to become burdensome to 
 the town. A new tailor comes to Lynne, he re- 
 ceives a peremptory notice of a day on which he 
 is to depart. The jury in that place even pre- 
 sent a man who "harboreth his wife's sister." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 269. 
 
 4337. POVERTY, Devices in. Oliver Gold- 
 smith. [He set up as a doctor in the suburbs of 
 London.] His coat was a second-hand one, of 
 rusty velvet, with a patcli on the left breast, 
 which he adroitly covered with his three-cor- 
 nered hat during his medical visits ; and we have 
 an amusing anecdote of his contest of courtesy 
 with a patient who persisted in endeavoring to 
 relieve him from the hat, which only made him 
 press it more devoutly to his heart. — Ibving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 6, p. 56. 
 
 433S. POVERTY vs. Extravagance. Beign of 
 Charles II. [In 1666] there were large numbers 
 of the humble retainers of the royal household 
 who, when Lady Castlemain [mistress of the 
 profligate king] ordered of her tradesman every 
 jewel and service of plate that she fancied, and 
 told her servant to send a note of their cost to 
 the privy purse, were themselves absolutely 
 starving. . . . One of the king's musicians, 
 Evans, the famous man upon the harp, having 
 
 not his equal in the world, died for mere want, 
 and was buried by the alms of the parish. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17, p. 293. 
 
 4339. POVERTY, Genius in. Isaac Newton. 
 It is interesting to know that, during the ten 
 years when he made his greatest discoveries, he • 
 was so poor that the two shillings a week which 
 he paid as a member of the Royal Society was a 
 serious burden to him, and some of his friends 
 wished to get him excused from the payment. 
 But this he would not permit. — Parton's New- 
 ton, p. 86. 
 
 4340. POVERTY, Happiness with. General 
 Grant. [When a poor man at St. Louis he sold 
 wood to Hon. H. T. Blow. At a grand recep- 
 tion at Washington he met his old acquaintances. 
 He said to Mrs. Blow:] " Do you recollect when 
 I used to supply your husband with wood, and 
 pile it myself, and measure it, too . . . ?" " Oh 
 yes. General, your face was familiar in those 
 days." "Mrs. Blow, those were happy days; 
 for I was doing the best I could to support my 
 family." — Headley's General Grant, p. 43. 
 
 4341. POVERTY, Honorable. Admiral Blake. 
 [See No. 2131.] The Protector sent to him, after 
 his last victory, a jewelled ring of the value of 
 £500, and great would have been the acclamation 
 greeting him on his return to his native land. But 
 it was not decreed that he should stand upon her 
 shores again. He returned homeward, and cov- 
 eted a sight of old England's shores once more, 
 and once more he beheld them — and that was all. 
 He expired as his fleet was entering Plymouth 
 Sound, on the 27th of August, 1657. A true mod- 
 el of a British sailor — he died poor. After all 
 his triumphs and opportunities of accumulating 
 wealth, he was not worth £500 ! A magnificent 
 public funeral, and a resting-place in Henry 
 VIII. 's chapel, was decreed for him ; and there 
 were few in the country who did not feel that 
 his strength had been a mighty bulwark to the 
 land. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 17, p. 209. 
 
 4342. POVERTY inherited. Oliver Goldsmith. 
 Oliver Goldsmith was born on the 10th of No- 
 vember, 1728, at the hamlet of Pallas, or Pallas- 
 more, County of Longford, in Ireland. He 
 sprang from a respectable but by no means a 
 thrifty stock. Some families seem to inherit 
 kindliness and incompetency, and to hand down 
 virtue and poverty from generation to genera- 
 tion. Such was the case with the Goldsmiths. 
 " They were always," according to their own ac- 
 counts, "a strange family; they rarely acted 
 like other people ; their hearts were in the right 
 place, but their heads seemed to be doing any- 
 thing but what they ought." " They were re- 
 markable," says another statement, "for theii 
 worth, but of no cleverness in the ways of the 
 world." Oliver Goldsmith will be found faith- 
 fully to inherit the virtues and weaknesses of his 
 race. — Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 1, p. 12, 
 
 4343. POVERTY of Inventors. Charles Good- 
 year's. [The inventor of vulcanized rubber.] He 
 was denounced as a man who neglected his fami- 
 ly to pursue a ridiculous idea, which could never 
 be of the slightest use to any one. In New York, 
 at length, he found a man who had faith enough 
 in his discovery to enter into partnership with 
 him for bringing the new material before the 
 public. From that time his children, indeed. 
 
514 
 
 POVERTY 
 
 liad enough to eat ; but it was three or four years 
 more before his patent began to bring him in any 
 considerable return. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 219. 
 
 4344. . Elias Howe. [He invent- 
 ed the needle having the eye in the middle, also 
 the sewing-machine.] "Before his wife left 
 London," testifies Mr. Inglis, "he had frequent- 
 ly borrowed money from me in sums of £5, and 
 requested me to get him credit for provisions. 
 On the evening of Mrs. Howe's departure, the 
 night was very wet and stormy, and, her health 
 being delicate, she was unable to" walk to the 
 ship. He had no money to pay the cab-hire, 
 and he borrowed a few shillings from me to pay 
 it, which he repaid by pledging some of his 
 clothing. Some linen came home from his wash- 
 erwoman for his wife and children on the day 
 of her departure. She could not take it with 
 her on account of not having money to pay the 
 woman. " After the departure of his family, the 
 solitary inventor was still more severely pinched. 
 " He has borrowed a shilling from me," says 
 Mr. Inglis, "for the purpose of buying beans, 
 which I saw him cook and eat in his own room." 
 After three or four months of labor the machine 
 wfis finished. It was worth £50. The only cus- 
 tomer he could find for it was a workingman of 
 his acquaintance, who offered £5 for it, if he 
 could have time to pay it in. The inventor was 
 obliged to accept this offer. The purchaser gave 
 his note for the £5, which Charles Inglis succeed- 
 ed in selling to another mechanic for £4. To pay 
 his debts and his expenses home, Mr. Howe 
 pawned his precious first machine and his let- 
 ters-patent.— Cyclopedia OF BiOG., p. 688. 
 
 4345. POVERTY, Land. United States. When 
 the administration of Washington was organized 
 in 1789, the government which he represented 
 did not command a single dollar of revenue. 
 They inherited a mountain of debt from the Rev- 
 olutionary stixiggle ; they had no credit, and the 
 onl}^ representative of value which they controll- 
 ed was the vast body of public land in the North- 
 west Territory ; . . . but this called for expendi- 
 ture in the extensive surveys, which were a pre- 
 requisite to sale and settlement. . . . The gov- 
 ernment . . . was land poor. — Blaine's Twen- 
 ty Years, ch. 9, p. 182. 
 
 4340. POVERTY, Ministerial. Luther. In 
 the last will and testament of Martin Luther oc- 
 curs the following remarkable passage : " Lord 
 CJod, I thank Thee that Thou hast been pleased 
 to make me a poor and indigent man upon earth. 
 I have neither house, nor land, nor money, to 
 leave behind me. Thou hast given me wife and 
 children, whom I now restore to Thee. Lord, 
 nourish, teach, and preserve them, as Thou hast 
 me." 
 
 . Bishop Asbury. [He was a min- 
 ister imsurpassed in labors and usefulness. He 
 received] an allowance of only $64 a year. His 
 horses and carriages were given him by his 
 friends ; all donations of money received by him 
 he transferred to his fellow-laborers [who were in 
 greater need. And] at one of the Western Con- 
 ferences, affected by the painful evidences of 
 want, he parted with his watch, his coat, and his 
 shirts for them. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 3, p. 509. 
 
 4347. POVERTY overestimated. SamuelJohn- 
 son. Miss Adams . . . happened to tell him. 
 that a little coffee-pot, in which she had made 
 him coffee, was the only thing she could call her 
 own. He turned to her with a complacent gal- 
 lantry: " Don't say so, my dear ; I hope you don't 
 reckon my heart as nothing. " — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 522. 
 
 434§. POVERTY and Politics. Romans. The 
 war required new levies, and the senate ordered 
 that the plebeians should enroll and arm in de- 
 fence of the common liberties. These peremp- 
 torily refused the summons, declaring that they 
 knew no liberties to defend, since a foreign yoke 
 could not be more intolerable than the bondage 
 they experienced at home. The senate was as- 
 sembled, and the matter solemnly deliberated. 
 Some of the higher order generously gave their 
 opinion for an entire remission of the debts of 
 the poorer class of people ; others opposed the- 
 proposal, as sanctioning a violation of faith, and 
 a criminal breach of legal obligation. Appius 
 Claudius, a violent and proud patrician, main- 
 tained that the people suffered nothing more than 
 their deserts, and that if not kept in poverty they 
 would be forever factious and unruly. Amid 
 these contending opinions, the senate was at a 
 loss what decision to pronounce. An alarm 
 spread of the approach of the enemy to attack 
 the city, and this report gave fresh spirit to the 
 populace. They persisted, in their refusal to en- 
 ter the rolls, and declared that if their grievances 
 were not immediately redressed, they would quit 
 the city. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 3, p. 312. 
 
 4349. POVERTY with Pride. Samuel Johnson. 
 Mr. Bateman's lectures were so excellent that; 
 [young] Johnson used to come and get them at 
 second-hand from Taylor, till his poverty being^ 
 so extreme that his shoes were worn out, and his- 
 feet appeared through them, he saw that this, 
 humiliating circumstance was perceived by the 
 Christ Church men, and he came no more. He 
 was too proud to accept of money, and somebody 
 having set a pair of new shoes at his door, he 
 threw them away with indignation. — Boswell's. 
 Johnson, p. 15. 
 
 4350. POVERTY, Protected by. Caledonians. 
 The native Caledonians preserved, in the north- 
 ern extremity of the island, their wild indepen- 
 dence, for which they were not less indebted to 
 their poverty than to their valor. Their incur- 
 sions were frequently repelled and chastised • 
 but their country was never subdued. The mas- 
 ters of the fairest and* most wealthy climates of 
 the globe turned with contempt from gloomy 
 hills, assailed by the winter tempest, from lakes 
 concealed in a blue mist, and from cold and lone- 
 ly heaths, over which the deer of the forest were 
 chased by a troop of naked barbarians. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 6. 
 
 4351. POVERTY, Punishment of. Great Brit- 
 ain. In the days when protection of property 
 was avowed to be the end of government, the 
 gallows was set up as the penalt}^ of a petty 
 theft ; and each year in Great Britain, at least 
 four thousand unhappy men were immured in 
 prison for the misfortune of poverty. A small 
 debt exposed to a perpetuity of imprisonment ; 
 one indiscreet contract doomed the miserable 
 dupe to life-lona; confinement. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 24. 
 
POVERTY— POWER. 
 
 515 
 
 4353. POVERTY ridiculed. Scots. Wilkes : 
 "Pray, Boswell, how much may be got in a 
 year by an Advocate at the Scotch bar ?" Bos- 
 well : "I believe £2000." Wilkes: "How 
 can it be possible to spend that money in Scot- 
 land ?" Johnson : " Why, sir, the money may 
 be spent in England ; but there is a harder ques- 
 tion. If one man in Scotland gets possession of 
 £2000, what remains for all the rest of the na- 
 tion ?" Wilkes : " You know, in the last war, 
 the immense booty which Thurot carried off by 
 the complete plunder of seven Scotch isles ; he 
 re-embarked with three and sixpence." Here, 
 again, Johnson and Wilkes joined in extravagant, 
 sportive raillery upon the supposed poverty of 
 Scotland. [Boswell was a Scotchman.] — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 461. 
 
 4353. POVERTY, Royal. Oerman Emperor 
 Charles IV. The gold of Italy secured the elec- 
 tion of the son ; but such was the shameful pov- 
 erty of the Roman emperor, that his person was 
 arrested by a butcher in the streets of Worms, 
 and was detained in the public inn, as a pledge 
 or hostage for the payment of his expenses. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, p. 71. , 
 
 4354. . Baldicin II. In the palace, 
 
 or prison, of Constantinople, the successor of 
 Augustus demolished the vacant houses for 
 winter fuel, and stripped the lead from the 
 churches for the daily expenses of his family. 
 Some usurious loans were dealt with a scanty 
 hand by the merchants of Italy ; and Philip, his 
 son and heir, was pawned at Venice as the secu- 
 rity for a debt. Thirst, hunger, and nakedness 
 are positive evils ; but wealth is relative ; and a 
 prince who would be rich in a private station 
 may be exposed by the increase of his wants to 
 all the anxiety and bitterness of poverty. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 61, p. 121. 
 
 4355. POVERTY, School of. Br. Samuel John- 
 son. Johnson was a poor man's son, and had 
 himself tasted the bitter cup of extreme indi- 
 gence. . . . He had paced the streets of London 
 all night long, from not having where to lay his 
 head ; he had escaped prison for a trifle he owed 
 by begging an alms of Richardson . . . and even 
 knew what it was from sheer want to go without 
 a dinner. When better days came, he loved the 
 poor as few else loved them ; and he nursed, in 
 his house, whole nests of the lame, the blind, the 
 sick and the sorrowful. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 
 7, ch. 24. 
 
 4356. POVERTY, Sorrows of. Woman's Lot. 
 [Among the Turks], each chief of a tent had the 
 absolute right of life and death over his family 
 and his slaves. A barbarous usage authorized 
 the father and mother, when poor, to bury alive 
 their daughters at the moment of birth, to the 
 end of preventing either the wretched lot which 
 slavery reserves for woman, or the outrage and 
 dishonor which a daughter may one day bring 
 iipon their name. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 47. 
 
 4357. POVERTY, Spirit with. Samuel John- 
 ton. Johnson and Savage were sometimes in such 
 extreme indigence, that they could not pay for 
 a lodging ; so that they have wandered together 
 whole nights in the streets. ... He told Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, that one night in particular, 
 ■when Savage and he walked round St. James's 
 Square for want of a lodging, they were not at 
 
 all depressed by their situation ; but, in high 
 spirits and brimful of patriotism, traversed the 
 square for several hours, inveighed .against the 
 minister, and "resolved they would stand by 
 their country." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 41. 
 
 4358. POVERTY a Tyrant. Sufolk Work- 
 man. [Henry VIII. attempted to collect a tax of 
 one third of every man's property, which was 
 granted by the Simolk clothiers who levied the 
 burden on the poor workmen ; they became ri- 
 otous. The Duke of Norfolk, high treasurer of 
 England interviewed them.] He asked who was 
 their captain and bade that he should speak ; 
 then a well-aged man of fifty years and above, 
 asked license of the duke to speak, which [was] 
 granted with good will. "My Lord, . . . since 
 you ask Avho is our captain, forsooth his name is 
 Poverty, for he and his cousin Necessity hath, 
 brought us to this doing." [The tax was aban- 
 doned.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 18, p. 302. 
 
 4359. POVERTY unknown. In Athens. [Dur- 
 ing the time of Solon there were none who asked 
 for alms in Athens.] "In those days," says Isoc- 
 rates, ' ' there was no citizen that died of want, 
 or begged in the streets, to the dishonor of the 
 community." This was owing to the laws 
 against idleness and prodigality, and the care 
 which the areopagus took that every man should 
 have a visible livelihood. — Langhorne's Note, 
 Plutarch's Solon. 
 
 4360. POVERTY and Vice. One-fifth Paupers. 
 [In the early part of the eighteenth century] 
 one fifth of the whole population were paupers. 
 Locke attributed the rapid increase of the poor 
 rates "to the relaxation of discipline and the 
 corruption of manners." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 60. 
 
 4361. POVERTY, Virtuous. Mixam, tlie Ind- 
 ian Chief. A.D. 1652. The West India Com- 
 pany, dreading an attack from New England, 
 had instructed their governor, "to engage the 
 Indians in his cause." But the friendship of the 
 Narragansetts for the Puritans could not be 
 shaken. " I am poor," said Mixam, one of 
 their sachems, " but no presents of goods, or of 
 guns, or of powder and shot shall draw me into 
 a conspiracy against my friends the English." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 4362. POWER, Authority by. Charles II. 
 [When Charles II. was deserted by his army and 
 left at the mercy of the Parliament, he was 
 visited by a soldier named Joyce, who sum- 
 moned him to go to the army.] Joyce said he 
 was sent by the authority of the army. ' ' Where 
 is your commission ?" said the king. " There, 
 behind me," pointing to the soldiers. " Believe 
 me," replied Charles, "your instructions are 
 written in a very legible character." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 5, p. 71. 
 
 4363. POWER, Balance of. Origin. Charles 
 [VIII.] was now master of Naples ; he entered 
 the city in triumph, took the titles of Emperor 
 and Augustus, and after giving a few entertain- 
 ments to exhibit his magnificence, and imposing 
 some enormous taxes to exemplify his authority, 
 this most impolitic prince returned to France five 
 months after he had left it, thinking his con- 
 quest sufficiently secured by leaving it to be de- 
 fended by three or four thousand men, while al- 
 most all Europe had entered into a combination 
 
516 
 
 POWER— PRAISE. 
 
 to deprive him of it. . . . Such had been the 
 sudden and decisive effect of this great confed- 
 eracy against Charles VIII. , that the princes of 
 Europe tlience derived a most useful lesson, and 
 from that period considered it as a general law 
 of policy to be always united in a tacit league to 
 prevent the exorbitant increase of the power of 
 any particular State or sovereign. Robertson, in 
 his " History of Charles V. ," asserts that the idea 
 of the preservation of a balance of power in Eu- 
 rope has its date from this confederacy against 
 Charles VIII.; ^nd "from this era," says he, 
 " we can trace the progress of that intercourse 
 between nations which has linked the powers of 
 Europe so closely together, and can discern the 
 operations of that provident policy which, dur- 
 ing peace, guards against remote and contingent 
 dangers, and which in war has prevented rapid 
 and destructive conquests." — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 13, p. 215. 
 
 4364. . Bdcjn of Charles II. The 
 
 King of Spain was a sickly child. It was likely 
 that he would die without issue. His eldest sis- 
 ter was Queen of France. A day would almost 
 certainly come, and might come very soon, when 
 the house of Bourbon might lay claim to that vast 
 empire on which the sun never set. The union 
 of two great monarchies under one head would 
 doubtless be opposed by a Continental coalition ; 
 but for any continental coalition France, single 
 handed, was a match. England could turn the 
 scale. . . . Nothing, therefore, could be more 
 gratifying to Louis [XIV.] than to learn that 
 [Charles II.] the princes of the house of Stuart 
 needed his help, and were willing to purchase 
 that help by unbounded subserviency. He de- 
 termined to profit by the opportunity, and laid 
 down for himself a plan to which, without devi- 
 ation, he adhered, till the Revolution of 1688 dis- 
 concerted all his politics. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 2, p. 194. 
 
 4365. POWEE, Boast of. Pompey. Pompey 
 was so much elated, . . . and his confidence made 
 him so extremely negligent, that he laughed at 
 those who seemed to fear the war. And when they 
 said that if Caesar should advance in a hostile 
 manner to Rome they did not see what forces 
 they had to oppose him, he bade them, with an 
 open and smiling countenance, give themselves 
 no pain. " For if in Italy," said he, " I do but 
 stamp upon the ground, an army will appear." 
 — Plutarch's Pompey. 
 
 4366. POWEE, Humbled. Roman. Alaric, 
 , . . the king of the Goths, who no longer dis- 
 sembled his appetite for plunder and revenge, 
 appeared in arms under the walls of the capital ; 
 and the trembling Senate, without any hopes of 
 relief, prepared, by a desperate resistance, to de- 
 lay the ruin of their country. But they were un- 
 able to guard against the secret conspiracy of 
 their slaves and domestics, who, either from birth 
 or interest, were attached to the cause of the en- 
 emy. At the hour of midnight the Salarian 
 ^ate was silently opened, and the inhabitants 
 were awakened by the tremendous sound of the 
 Gothic trumpet. Eleven hundred and sixty- 
 three years after the foundation of Rome, the 
 imperial city, which had subdued and civilized 
 so considerable a part of mankind, was delivered 
 to the licentious fury of the tribes of Germany 
 and Scythia. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 282. 
 
 4367. POWEE, Personal. Napoleon I. [When 
 the allied sovereigns were in congress at Vienna, 
 in 1815, dividing the spoils resulting from the 
 overthrow of Bonaparte, he escaped from his ex- 
 ile at Elba. The news created consternation.] 
 A proscribed exile, without money and without 
 arms, floating upon the waters of the Mediterra- 
 nean, simply by the magic of his nauie plunged 
 all the courts and all the armies of Europe into 
 commotion. Two powers at that moment equal- 
 ly divided Europe. One power was Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, solitary and alone ; the other power 
 was all the combined monarchs and armies and 
 navies of Christendom. — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 2, ch. 26. 
 
 436§. . NapoUon I. [See No. 
 
 4367.] Chateaubriand had pithily said: "If 
 the cocked hat and surtout of Napoleon were 
 placed on a stick on the shores of Brest, it 
 would cause Europe to run to arms, from one 
 end to the other." — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 2, ch. 26. 
 
 4369. POWEE, Threat of. Agrippina., At 
 last the quarrel between [young] Nero and Ag- 
 rippina [his mother] became so fierce that she 
 did not hesitate to reveal to him all the crimes 
 which she had committed for his sake [including 
 murder], and if she could not retain her sway 
 over his mind by gratitude, she terrified liim 
 with threats that she who had raised him to the 
 throne could hurl him from it. Britannicus was 
 the true heir ; Nero, but for her, would have re 
 mained a mere Ahenobarbus [his former name]. 
 She was the daughter of Germanicus ; she 
 would go in person to the praetorian camp, with 
 Britannicus by her side, and then let the maimed 
 Burrhus and the pedagogic Seneca see whether 
 they could prevent her from restoring to the 
 throne of his fathers the injured boy who had 
 been ousted by her intrigues on behalf of an 
 adopted alien. " I made you emperor, I can un- 
 make you. Britannicus is the true emperor, not 
 you." — Farrar's Early Days, ch. 4, p. 23. 
 
 4370. PEAISE, Demoralized by. Cicero. Cicero 
 followed the counsel of Cato. He set off in the 
 middle of the night, and embarked at Brundi- 
 sium for Macedonia, on his way to Thessalonica, 
 where he had fixed the scene of his exile. Here 
 he betrayed in a lamentable degree the weakness 
 of his mind. The letters which he wrote to At- 
 ticus. . . "resemble more the wailings of an in- 
 fant or the strains of a tragedy composed to draw 
 tears, than the language of a man supporting the 
 cause of integrity in the midst of unmerited trou- 
 ble." "I wish I may see the day (he thus writes 
 to his friend) when I shall be disposed to thank 
 you for having prevented me from resorting to 
 a voluntary death ; for I now bitterly regret that 
 I yielded in that matter to your entreaty. What 
 species of misfortune have I not endured ? Did 
 ever any one fall from so high a state, in so good 
 a cause, with such abilities and knowledge, and 
 with such a share of the public esteem ? Cut off 
 in such a career of glory, deprived of my fortune, 
 torn from my children, debarred the sight of a 
 brother dearer to me than myself — but my tears 
 will not allow me to proceed. "... The historian 
 I have just quoted truly says, " It appears from 
 this and many other scenes of the life of this re- 
 markable man, that though he loved virtuous 
 actions, yet his virtue was accompanied with so 
 
PRAISE— PRAYER. 
 
 517 
 
 unsuitable a thirst of the praise to which it en- 
 titled him, that his mind was unable to sustain 
 Itself without this foreign assistance ; and when 
 the praise to which he aspired for his consulate 
 was changed into obloquy and scorn, he seems 
 to have lost the sense of good or evil in his own 
 conduct and character." How different this 
 conduct from the sentiments he had expressed 
 as a philosopher. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 1, p. 403. 
 
 4371. PEAISE, Extravagant. Cicero. Speeches 
 of acknowledgment he had naturally to make 
 both to the Senate and the Assembly. In ad- 
 dressing the people he was moderately prudent ; 
 he glanced at the treachery of his friends, but 
 he did not make too much of it. He praised his 
 own good qualities, but not extravagantly. He 
 described Pompey as ' ' the wisest, best, and 
 greatest of all men that had been, were, or ever 
 would be." — Froude's C^sar, ch. 15. 
 
 4372. PRAISE, Offensive. John Howard. [The 
 t philanthropist and prisoners' friend.] News 
 [ reached him that a number of his admirers were 
 I preparing to erect a monument in his honor. It 
 
 is no exaggeration to say that he was horror- 
 
 : stricken at the intelligence. He wrote immedi- 
 
 \ ately to England to say that if the design were 
 
 i carried out he should be ashamed to return to 
 
 ! his country. Nothing, he added, that his worst 
 
 I enemy could devise could be such a ' ' punisli- 
 
 ; ment" to him as the erection of the proposed 
 
 monument, and he wandered his friends should 
 
 not have known him better than to sanction 
 
 , such a project. He declared that he claimed no 
 
 credit for anything he had done, but that in his 
 
 exertions on behalf of prisoners, he had been 
 
 merely "riding his hobby-horse." In conse- 
 
 i quence of his urgent entreaties, the scheme was 
 
 I given up. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 74. 
 
 I 4373. PEAISE, Servile. Nero. He gave a loose 
 j rein to the meanest and most vicious passions. 
 ; He prompted the young nobility to exhibit them- 
 ! selves as actors upon the stage ; he forced the 
 ' Roman knights to fight, like gladiators, in the 
 ; arena ; and in these disgraceful amusements he 
 I bore himself a principal part. Burrhus, the 
 captain of the praetorian guards, a man of talents 
 , and of virtue — although, at times, he had ap- 
 peared to show too much compliance with the 
 '• will of his master — was not, in the opinion of 
 I Nero, sufficiently obsequious, and was therefore 
 \ removed by poison. Upon his death, Seneca, 
 1 who lost a powerful friend, retired from the 
 ' i court. Nero had no longer any around him but 
 ! the profligate and abandoned like himself. Pop- 
 j psea, a woman of great beauty but abandoned 
 morals, had been seduced from her husband by 
 ' Otho, who in his turn prostituted her to the em- 
 peror, to serve his own purposes of ambition. 
 ' She soon gained such an ascendency over Nero, 
 that he was induced to divorce his wife Octavia 
 to make way for her to the throne ; and such 
 was, at this time, the infamous servility of the 
 Roman Senate, that a panegyric was pronounced 
 in praise of the emperor, and a deputation sent 
 to congratulate him on this auspicious event. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 487. 
 
 4374. PRAISE, Undiscerning. Rebuked. "When 
 Aristides gave in his accounts, Themistocles 
 raised a strong party against him, accused him of 
 
 misapplying the public money, and . . . got him 
 condemned. But the principal and most respect- 
 able of the citizens, incensed at this treatment of 
 Aristides, interposed and prevailed, not only 
 that he might be excused the fine, but chosen 
 again chief treasurer. He now pretended that 
 his former proceedings were too strict, arid, car- 
 rying a gentler hand over those that acted under 
 him, suffered them to pilfer the public money, 
 without seeming to find them out, or reckoning 
 strictly with them ; so that, fattening on the 
 spoils of their country, they lavished their praises 
 on Aristides, and, heartily espousing his cause, 
 begged of the people to continue him in the 
 same department. But when the Athenians were 
 going to confirm him by their suffrages, he gave 
 them this severe rebuke : ' ' While I managed 
 your finances with all the fidelity of an honest 
 man, I was loaded with calumnies ; and now 
 when I suffer them to be a prey to public rob- 
 bers, I am become a mighty good citizen ; but I 
 assure you, I am more ashamed of the present 
 honor than I was of the former disgrace ; and. 
 it is with indignation and concern that I see you 
 esteem it more meritorious to oblige ill mea 
 than to take proper care of the public revenue." 
 By thus speaking and discovering their frauds, 
 he silenced those that recommended him with s» 
 much noise and bustle, but at the same time re- 
 ceived the truest and most valuable praise from 
 the worthiest of the citizens. — Plutarch's Aft 
 
 ISTIDES. 
 
 4375. PRATER, Brief. Dying. The Prin 
 cess Anne, daughter of Charles I., died when 
 she was very young. On her dying-bed she was 
 requested by one of her attendants to pray. She 
 said she was not able to say her long praj^er, 
 meaning the Lord's Prayer, but she would say 
 her short one, ' ' Lighten mine eyes, O Lord, 
 that I sleep not the sleep of death." She had no 
 sooner pronounced these few words than her 
 gentle spirit entered that bright and happy world 
 where prayer is exchanged for praise. 
 
 4376. PRAYER, Brief. A Busy Man's. [Sir 
 Jacob Astley] before the charge at the battle of 
 Edgehill made a most excellent, pious, short, 
 and soldierly prayer : for he lifted up his eyes and 
 hands to Heaven, saying, " O Lord, Thouknow- 
 est how busy I must be this day ; if I forget Thee, 
 do not Thou forget me." And with that rose, 
 crying, "March on, boys." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 1, p. 4. 
 
 4377. PRAYER at Death. Samuel Johnson, 
 previous to his receiving the Holy Sacrament in 
 his apartment, composed, and fervently uttered 
 this prayer: "Almighty and most merciful 
 Father, I am new, as to human eyes it seems, 
 about to commemorate, for the last time, the 
 death of Thy Son Jesus Christ, our Saviour and 
 Redeemer. Grant, O Lord, that my whole hope 
 and confidence may be in His merits, and Thy 
 mercy ; enforce and accept my imperfect repent- 
 ance ; make this commemoration available to 
 the confirmation of my faith, the establishment 
 of my hope, and the enlargement of my charity ; 
 and make the death of Thy Son Jesus Christ 
 effectual to my redemption. Have mercy upon 
 me, and pardon the multitude of my offences. 
 Bless my friends, have mercy upon all men. 
 Support me, by Thy Holy Spirit, in the days of 
 weakness, and at the hour of death, and receive 
 
518 
 
 PRAYER, 
 
 me at my death, to everlasting happiness, for the 
 sake of Jesus Christ. Amen. 
 
 437§. PEAYER before Fighting. General 
 Skippoii. [During the conflict of the Revolution, 
 . . . Skippon, the general of the London trained 
 bands, called them about him, and made the fol- 
 lowing famous oration] : Come, my boys, my 
 brave boys, let us pray heartily and fight hearti- 
 ly. I will run the same fortunes and hazards 
 with you. Remember the cause is for God, and 
 for defence of yourselves, j^our wives, and chil- 
 dren. Come, my honest, brave boys, pray heart- 
 ily and fight heartily, and God will bless us. — 
 Knight's ExG., vol. 4, ch. 1, p. 11. 
 
 4379. PRAYEE of Gratitude. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. On the day of the receipt of the capitula- 
 tion of Lee, . . . the Cabinet meeting was held an 
 hour earlier that usual. Neither the President 
 nor any member . . . was able, for a time, to give 
 utterance to his feelings. At the suggestion of 
 Mr. Lincoln all dropped on their knees, and 
 offered in silence and in tears their humble and 
 heartfelt acknowledgments to the Almighty for 
 the triumph He had granted to the National 
 cause. — Raymond's Llncoln, p. 735. 
 
 43S0. PEAYEE, Helpful. Abraham Lincoln. 
 Mr. Noah Brooks, one of Mr. Lincoln's most in- 
 timate and personal friends, in . . . Harper's Mag- 
 azine gives the following ; . . . To the remark 
 that he might remember that in all these cares, 
 he was daily remembered by those who prayed, 
 not to be heard of men, as no man had ever be- 
 fore been remembered ... he . . . said ... I 
 have been told so, and I have been a good deal 
 helped by just that thought. Then he solemnly 
 and slowly added, "I should be the most pre- 
 sumptuous blockhead upon this footstool if I 
 for one day thought I could discharge the duties 
 which have come upon me since I came into this 
 place without the aid and enlightenment of One 
 who is stronger and wiser than all others." — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 732. 
 
 4381. PEAYEE a necessity. Mahomet. [After 
 the siege of Mecca], he was followed by the dep- 
 uties of Tayef , who dreaded the repetition of a 
 siege. " Grant us, O apostle of God, a truce of 
 three years, with the toleration of our ancient 
 worship !" " Not a month, not an hour." "Ex- 
 cuse us at least from the obligation of prayer." 
 " Without prayer religion is of no avail." They 
 submitted in silence ; their temples were demol- 
 ished, and the same sentence of destruction was 
 executed on all the idols of Arabia. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50, p. 140. 
 
 4382. PEAYEE, Eefuge in. Washington. Mr. 
 Potts the Quaker . . . relates that one day while 
 the Americans we reencamped at Valley Forge 
 [during the darkest days of the Revolution] he 
 strolled up the creek, and when not far from his 
 dam, heard a solemn voice. He walked quietly 
 in the direction of it, and saw Washington's 
 horse tied to a sapling. In a thicket near by was 
 the beloved chief upon his knees in prayer, his 
 face suffused with tears. Like Moses at the bush, 
 Isaac felt that he was on holy ground, and with- 
 drew unobserved. — Benson J. Lossing's Note 
 IN CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 6. 
 
 43S3. PEAYEE refused. Cromwell. The army 
 and the Parliament, instigated by the Puritans 
 and republicans, determined on the king's trial. 
 
 Cromwell appeared to hesitate before the enormi- 
 ty of the outrage. From hisjplace in the House he 
 spoke more in the tone of an inspired enthusiast 
 than a rational politician, and appeared to sur- 
 render his consent under the influence of a super- 
 natural impression. " If any one," said he, with 
 an extravagant emotion which approached insan- 
 ity, ' ' had voluntarily proposed to me to judge 
 and punish the king, I should have looked upon 
 him as a prodigy of treason ; but since Provi- 
 dence and necessity have imposed this burden on 
 us, I pray Heaven to bless your deliberations, 
 although I am not prepared to advise you in this 
 weighty matter. Shall I confess to you," added 
 he, in a tone and attitude of inward humiliation, 
 "that when, a short time since, I offered up a 
 prayer for the preservation of his Majesty, I felt 
 my tongue cleave to my palate ? I took this ex- 
 traordinary sensation as an unfavorable answer 
 from Heaven, rejecting my humble en treaty." — 
 Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 41. 
 
 43S4. . James II. Some rigid Cal- 
 
 vinists [Covenanters] had from the doctrine of 
 reprobation drawn the consequence that to pray 
 for any person who had been predestined to per- 
 dition was an act of mutiny against the eternal 
 decrees of the Supreme Being. Three poor la- 
 boring men deeply imbued with this unamiable 
 divinity were arrrested by an officer in the neigh- 
 borhood of Glasgow. They were asked whether 
 they would pray for King James VII. They re- 
 fused to do so except under the condition that 
 he was one of the elect. A file of musketeers was 
 drawn out. The prisoners knelt down ; they 
 were blindfolded ; and, within an hour after 
 they had been stopped, their blood was lapped 
 up by the dogs. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 4, 
 p. 464. 
 
 43§5. PEAYEE of Soldiers. Cromwell's. [Dur- 
 ing the revolution which preceded the Common- 
 wealth, Cromwell called a meeting of the offi- 
 cers of the army at Windsor Castle.] These 
 zealous men spent one whole day in prayer. 
 They were exhorted by Cromwell to a thorough 
 consideration of their actions as an army, and of 
 their private ways as Christians. . . . They, with 
 bitter weeping, took sense and shame of their 
 iniquities. They came to a clear agreement that 
 it was their duty to go forth and fight the ene- 
 mies that had appeared against them. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 6, p. 89. 
 
 4386. PEAYEE, Subdued by. A Miser. [Sam- 
 uel Hick, an early English Methodist preacher, 
 once plead in vain with a rich miser for a dona- 
 tion to Coke's West India missions.] At last he 
 fell upon his knees in prayer. " I will give thee 
 a guinea if thou wilt give over," said the covet- 
 ous man ; but he continued to pray for the miser, 
 and for the heathen for whose salvation a guinea 
 would have been so insignificant a pittance. " I 
 tell thee to give over," exclaimed the miser again ; 
 " I will give thee two guineas if thou wilt give 
 it up." Hick bore it away to a missionary meet 
 ing. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 3, p. 126. 
 
 4387. PEAYEE and Swearing. Andrew John- 
 son. Colonel Moody "the fighting Methodist 
 parson was in Nashville the day it was reported 
 that [General] Buel had decided to evacuate the 
 city. The rebels, strongly reinforced, were said 
 to be within two miles of the city. Said Moody 
 ... I found him in his office . . . walking the 
 
PRAYERS— PREACHING. 
 
 519 
 
 floor . . . manifesting intense feeling, he said, 
 " Moody, we are sold out ! Buel is a traitor !" . . . 
 Then he commenced pacing the floor, twisting 
 his hands and chafing like a chained tiger. Sud- 
 'denly he turned and said, "Moody, can you 
 pray ?" . . . As the prayer became fervent, John- 
 son came over on his hands and knees to Moody's 
 side and put his arm over him and manifested 
 the deepest emotion. Closing the prayer with a 
 hearty, "Amen" from each, they arose. John- 
 son . . . said, " Moody, I feel better !" Shortly 
 afterward he said, "Moody, will you stand by 
 me ?" " Certainly I will," was the answer. . . . 
 The current of his thought having changed, he 
 said, " Oh, Moody, I don't want you to think I 
 have become a religious man because I asked you 
 to pray. I am sorry to say it, but I am not, and 
 "have never pretended to be religious. . . . But, 
 Moody, there is one thing about it — I do believe 
 in Almighty God. And I believe also in the 
 Bible, and I say damn me if Nashville shall be 
 surrendered !" And Nashville was not surren- 
 dered. — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 747. 
 
 43§§. PEAYERS, Attendance at. Josiah Quin- 
 cy. For sixteen years Mr. Quincy was President 
 of Harvard College — a difficult and laborious 
 office. His son tells us, that, during the whole six- 
 teen years of his presidency, he was never absent 
 from the six-o'clock morning prayers but three 
 times, and that was occasioned by his being 
 obliged to attend a distant court as a witness on 
 behalf of the college. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 759. 
 
 43S9. PREACHER, Remarkable. " Black Har- 
 ry." Harry Hosier, better known as "Black 
 Harry," was the travelling servant of Bishop 
 Asbury, and had a popularity as a preacher 
 which excelled that of the bishop himself. Dr. 
 Rush, whose predilections for Methodist preacli- 
 dng are well known, did not disdain to hear him, 
 and making allowance for his illiteracy (for he 
 •could not read), pronounced him " the great- 
 est orator in America." — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 2, p. 174. 
 
 4390. PREACHERS, Lay. Puritans. [In 1653, 
 Whitelock, ambassador extraordinary to Swe- 
 den, was informed by the famous Queen Chris- 
 tina that she had been told that many officers of 
 the Commonwealth under Cromwell " will them- 
 sel ves pray and preach to the soldiers. " And she 
 asked, ' ' Is that true ?" Whitelock replied] , ' ' Yes, 
 madam, it is . . . very true. While their enemies 
 .are swearing, or debauching, or pillaging, the offi- 
 cers and the soldiers of the Parliament's army 
 used to be encouraging and exhorting one an- 
 other out of the Word of God, and praying to- 
 gether to the Lord of Hosts for His blessing to be 
 with them, who hath showed His approbation of 
 this military preaching by the success He hath 
 
 .given them 'Tis the opinion of many good 
 
 men with us, that a long cassock, with a silk gir- 
 ■dle and a great beard, do not make a learned or 
 good preacher, without gifts of the Spirit of God, 
 .and laboring in His vineyard ; and whosoever 
 ^studies the Holy Scripture, and is enabled to do 
 good to the souls of others, and endeavors the 
 •same, is nowhere forbidden by that Word, nor is 
 dt blamable." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 9, 
 3). 144. 
 
 4391. . Puritans. [In 1642 the 
 
 Puritan clergy were hated and called " preach- 
 
 ing cobblers," " pulpit praters." Some defended 
 them " in a merry way," saying that, when such 
 men first began to "take up that duty which the 
 prelates let fall," they each invaded the other's 
 calling] — that chandlers, cutlers, weavers, and 
 the like preached, while the archbishop himself , 
 instead of preaching, was busied in projects about 
 leather, salt, soap, and such commodities as be- 
 longed to those tradesmen. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 30, p. 485. 
 
 4392. PREACHING a Crime. In Scotland. [By 
 act of . . . Parliament under James II.] His com- 
 mands were obeyed. A statute framed by the 
 ministers of the crown was promptly passed, 
 which stands forth, even among the statutes of 
 that unhappy country at that unhappy period, 
 pre-eminent in atrocity. It was enacted, in few 
 but emphatic words, that whoever should preach 
 in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, 
 either as preacher or as hearer, a conventicle in 
 the open air, should be punished with death and 
 confiscation of property. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 4, p. 460. 
 
 4393. PREACHING a Duty. John Bunyan. 
 Mr. Wingate, when the information was first 
 brought to him, supposed that he had fallen on 
 a nest of Fifth Monarchy men. He inquired, 
 when Bunyan was brought in, how many arms 
 had been found at the meeting. When he learned 
 that there were no arms, and that it had no polit- 
 ical character whatever, he evidently thought it 
 was a matter of no consequence. He told Bun- 
 yan that he had been breaking the law, and asked 
 him why he could not attend to his business. 
 Bunyan said that his object in teaching was mere- 
 ly to persuade people to give up their sins. He 
 could do that and attend to his business also. 
 Wingate answered that the law must be obeyed. 
 He must commit Bunyan for trial at the Quarter 
 Sessions ; but he would take bail for him, if his 
 securities would engage that he would not preach 
 again meanwhile. Bunyan refused to be bailed 
 on any such terms. Preach he would and must, 
 and the recognizances would be forfeited. After 
 such an answer, Wingate could only send him to 
 jail ; he could not help himself. — Froude's Bun- 
 yan, ch. 5. 
 
 4394. PREACHING, Genuine. Reign of James 
 II. [The king courted the favor of Dissenters 
 for the secret purpose of advancing the Roman 
 Catholic faith. By general indulgence they 
 were relieved from persecutions. The Puritan] 
 soon began to regret the days of persecution. 
 While the penal laws were enforced, he had 
 heard the words of life in secret and at his peril; 
 but still he had heard them. When the brethren 
 were assembled in the inner chamber, when the 
 sentinels had been posted, when the doors had 
 been locked, when the preacher, in the garb of a 
 butcher or a drayman, had come in over the 
 tiles, then at least God was truly worshipped. No 
 portion of Divine truth was suppressed or soft- 
 ened down for any worldly object. All the dis- 
 tinctive doctrines of the Puritan theology were 
 fully and even coarsely set forth. [To secure 
 the favor of the court the preachers became con- 
 servative and hesitating.] — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 7, p. 213. 
 
 4395. PREACHING to please. Dangerous. 
 [Preamble to the statute of 1703, for making set- 
 tled provision for the clergy, says:] "Divers 
 
520 
 
 PREACHING— PREDESTINATION. 
 
 mean and stipendary preachers are in many 
 places entertained to serve the cures and officiate 
 there, who, depending for necessary maintenance 
 upon the good-will and liking of their hearers, 
 have been and are thereby under temptation of 
 too much complying and suiting their doctrine 
 to the humors, rather than the good, of their 
 hearers ; which hath been a great occasion of 
 faction and schism, and contempt of the minis- 
 try." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 17, p. 271. 
 
 4396. PREACHING, Profitless. "Hung in 
 Chains." [In 1539] there was an image in Wales 
 called Garvell Gathern, to which the people re- 
 sorted by hundreds, believing that the wooden 
 block had power to save. Darvell Gathern was 
 brought to London and burnt in Smithfleld. 
 But the ' ' huge and great image " was brought 
 under the gallows, where an observant friar. 
 Forest, was hung in chains alive ; and the idol 
 being set on fire under the wretched man, who 
 was accused of heresy and treason, they were 
 consumed together. Worst of all, "there was 
 also prepared a pulpit, where a right reverend 
 father in God, and a renowned and pious clerk, 
 the Bishop of Worcester, called Hugh Latimer, 
 declared to him [Forest] his errors, and openly 
 and manifestly by the Scripture of God confuted 
 them, and with many and godly exhortations 
 moved him to repentance. But such was his 
 frowardness, that he neither would hear nor 
 speak." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 25, p. 408. 
 
 4397. PREACHING by Women. Samuel John- 
 son. [Bos well said,] I told him I had been that 
 morning at a meeting of the people called Quak- 
 ers, where I had heard a woman preach. John- 
 son : " Sir, a woman's preaching is like a dog's 
 walking on his hind legs. It is not done well ; 
 but you are surprised to find it done at all." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 128. 
 
 4398. PRECEDENCE, Infinitesimal. Samuel 
 Johnson. Johnson, for sport perhaps, or from 
 the spirit of contradiction, eagerly maintained 
 that Derrick had merit as a writer. Mr. Morgann 
 argued with him directly in vain. At length he 
 had recourse to this device. " Pray, sir," said 
 he, " whether do you reckon Derrick or Smart 
 the best poet ?" Johnson at once felt himself 
 roused, and answered, " Sir, there is no settling 
 the point of precedency between the louse and 
 the flea." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 4399. PRECEDENCE, Quarrels for. Ambas- 
 sadors. An idle dispute about precedency had 
 happened in London between the Spanish and 
 French ambassadors. Louis immediately order- 
 ed the Spanish ambassador at Paris to quit the 
 kingdom, and recalled his own from the court 
 of Spain. Philip IV. was threatened with a 
 renewal of the war, unless a proper submission 
 should be made, and an acknowledgment of the 
 precedency of France, to which that monarch 
 was obliged to consent. A similar affront offer- 
 ed to the French ambassador at Rome was fol- 
 lowed by a yet more humiliating satisfaction. 
 The pope was obliged to beg pardon by his le- 
 gate, and a pillar was erected at Rome to perpetu- 
 ate the affront and the reparation. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 36, p. 457. 
 
 4400. . Oreeks. When the confed- 
 erates came to have their several posts assigned 
 them [in their conflict with the Persians], who 
 
 had invaded Greece, there was a great dispute be- 
 tween the Tegetse and the Athenians, the Tege- 
 tag insisting that, as the Lacedaemonians were 
 posted in the right wing, the left belonged to 
 them, and, in support of their claim, setting^ 
 forth the gallant actions of their ancestors. As. 
 the Athenians expressed great indignation at 
 this, Aristides stepped forward and said : "Time: 
 will not permit us to contest with the Te- 
 getse the renown of their ancestors and their per- 
 sonal bravery ; but to the Spartans and to the 
 rest of the Greeks we may say that the post 
 neither gives valor nor takes it away, and what- 
 ever post you assign us, we will endeavor to do 
 honor to it, and take care to reflect no disgrace 
 upon our former achievements. For we are not 
 come hither to quarrel with our allies, but to 
 fight our enemies ; not to make encomiums upon 
 our forefathers, but to approve our own courage- 
 in the cause of Greece. And the battle will soon 
 show what value our country should set on every 
 State, every general, and private man." After 
 this speech the council of war declared in favor 
 of the Athenians, and gave them the command 
 of the left wing. — Plutarch's Aristides. 
 
 4401. PRECEDENCE valued. Cmar. When 
 Julius Caesar came to a little town, in passing^ 
 the Alps, his friends, by way of mirth, took oc- 
 casion to say, " Can there here be any disputes 
 for offices, any contentions for precedency, or 
 such envy and ambition as we see among the 
 great ?" To which Caesar answered, with great 
 seriousness, " I assure you, I had rather be the 
 first man here than the second man in Rome." 
 — Plutarch's Caesar. 
 
 4403. PRECOCITY, Remarkable. Janus Wait. 
 On one occasion, when he was bending over a 
 marble hearth, with a piece of chalk in his hand, 
 a friend of his father said: " You ought to send- 
 that boy to a public school, and not allow him 
 to trifle his time at home." "Look how my 
 child is occupied before you condemn him," re- 
 plied the father. Though only six years of age^ 
 he was trying to solve a problem in geometry. — 
 Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 4. 
 
 4403. . Alexander Pope. The pre- 
 cocious boy, after the age of twelve, had to- 
 form his own mind, and work out his own 
 aspirations, in his "paternal cell " at Binfield. 
 In this modest dwelling he wrote his " Pas- 
 torals," his " Windsor Forest," his " Tempk 
 of Fame," his " Essay on Criticism," his " Rape 
 of the Lock." He set to learning Latin and 
 Greek by himself about twelve, and when he 
 was about fifteen he resolved that he would go 
 up to London and learn French and Italian. At 
 sixteen he formed an acquaintance with Wycher- 
 ley, a man of seventy. He was known at that 
 time to Congreve. At an earlier age he had 
 been taken to a coffee-house to see Dry den. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 26, p. 416. 
 
 4404. PREDESTINATION, BeUef in. William, 
 Prince of Orange. The Princes of Orange had 
 generally been the patrons of the Calvinistic di- 
 vinity, and owed no small part of their popular- 
 ity to their zeal for the doctrines of election and 
 final perseverance. . . . His theological opin- 
 ions, however, were even more decided than 
 those of his ancestors. The tenet of predestina- 
 tion was the keystone of his religion. He evea 
 declared that if he were to abandon that tenet. 
 
PREDESTINATION— PREJUDICE. 
 
 521 
 
 ie must abandon with it all belief in a superin- 
 ending Providence, and must become a mere 
 epicurean. — Macaulay's Eno., ch. 7, p. 152. 
 
 4405. . Scandinavians. They be- 
 lieved implicitly in fate or predestination, and in 
 the absolute impossibility of a man's avoiding 
 that course or destiny which was prescribed for 
 him. But while this was their firm persuasion, 
 they allowed likewise the moral agency of man, 
 and the possibility of his deserving rewards and 
 punishments for his actions, a difficulty which 
 more enlightened people have long labored to 
 reconcile. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 6, 
 p. 28. 
 
 4406. PREDICTIONS, Editorial. Ciml War. 
 The New York people derided the rebellion. 
 The Tribune declared that it was nothing " more 
 or less than the natural recourse of all mean- 
 spirited and defeated tyrannies to rule or ruin, 
 making, of course, a wide distinction between 
 the will and power, for the hanging of traitors 
 is sure to begin before one month is over. . . . 
 Jeff Davis & Co. will be swinging from the 
 battlements of Washington, at least by the Fourth 
 of July." — Pollard's First Year of the 
 War, ch. 3, p. 70. 
 
 4407. PREDICTIONS, Parental. Far Peter 
 Cooper. While the ex-lieutenant Cooper was 
 making and selling hats in a shop in Little Dock 
 Street, a son was born to him, whom he named 
 Peter, after the great apostle, with a full con- 
 viction that " the boy would come to something," 
 and with the conscientious conviction that he 
 bad been instructed to do so by what he firmly 
 believed to be a celestial vision. If it were but 
 a superstition, the probability seems veiy strong 
 that somebody was right. — Lester's Life of 
 Peter Cooper, p. 10. 
 
 4408. PREDICTIONS realized. Mw York. In 
 one of the letters written to £tuyvesant [the co- 
 lonial governor] by the secretary of the [West 
 India Company], the remarkable prediction is 
 made that the commerce of New Amsterdam 
 should cover every ocean and the ships of all na- 
 tions crowd into her harbor. But for many 
 years the growth of the city was slow. As late 
 as the middle of the century the better part of 
 Manhattan Island were still divided among the 
 farmers, Central Park was a forest of oaks and 
 chestnuts. [17th century.]— Ridpath's U. S.. 
 ch. 19, p. 168. 
 
 4409. PREJUDICE, Commercial. National 
 Bank. The original plan of a national bank was 
 met ... by every sort of objection. Some said it 
 was a new thing, and they did not understand it. 
 Others said the project came from Holland, and 
 there were too many Dutch things already. To- 
 ries said that a bank and a monarchy could not 
 exist together. Whigs said that a bank and lib- 
 erty were incompatible.for that the Crown would 
 command the wealth of the bank. [It was 
 established in 1694.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 11, p. 171. 
 
 4410. PREJUDICE, Deluded by. Reign of 
 Charles II. The Marquess of Worcester . . . 
 observed the expansive power of moisture rari- 
 fied by heat. After many experiments, he had 
 succeeded in constructing a rude steam-engine, 
 which he called a fire water- work, and which he 
 pronounced to be an admirable and most forci- 
 
 ble instrument of propulsion. But the marquess 
 was suspected to be a madman, and known to be 
 a Papist. His inventions, therefore, found na 
 favorable reception . His fire water- work might, 
 perhaps, furnish matter for conversation at a 
 meeting of the Royal Society, but was not applied 
 to any practical purpose. — JVIacaxjlay's Eng.. 
 ch. 3, p. 346. 
 
 4411. PREJUDICE in History. Dionymis. 
 It is not improbable that the hatred which the 
 Greeks ever affected to bear to the name of ty- 
 rant has made their historians blacken the char- 
 acter of Dionysius more than he deserved. We 
 read of the constant terror he was under of as- 
 sassination ; of his never venturing to harangue 
 the people but from the top of a tower ; of the 
 dungeon he contrived for the imprisonment of 
 state criminals, constructed in the form of the 
 cavity of the ear, which, communicating with an 
 aperture in his private apartment, he could dis- 
 tinctly hear any word that the prisoner uttered ; 
 of the horror he had of allowing himself to be 
 shaved, and of his making his daughters singe 
 off his beard with nut-shells. But how is all this 
 consistent with the certain facts — of his command- 
 ing his armies tn person ; his overseeing his nu- 
 merous artisans employed in the public works ; 
 his familiar intercourse with men of science, his 
 magnificent entertainments, and, at length, his 
 dying of a debauch at a public festival ? Great 
 allowance must be made for the prejudices of 
 those writers who have given us the character 
 of Dionysius. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 8, 
 p. 360. 
 
 4412. PREJUDICE, Investigation with. Bo- 
 man Emperor Julian. Instead of listening to the 
 proofs of Christianity with that favorable atten- 
 tion which adds weight to the most respectable 
 evidence, he heard with suspicion, and disputed 
 with obstinacy and acuteness, the doctrines for 
 which he already entertained an invincible aver- 
 sion. Whenever the young princes were direct- 
 ed to compose declamations on the subject of 
 the prevailing controversies, Julian always de- 
 clared himself the advocate of Paganism ; under 
 the specious excuse that, in the defence of the 
 weaker cause, his learning and ingenuity might 
 be more advantageously exercised and displayed. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 22, p. 412. 
 
 4413. PREJUDICE, National. French— Eng- 
 lish. The English . . . are the only people who 
 have been unable to claim the authorship of the 
 " Imitation of Jesus" ; a Frenchman might write 
 it, a German, an Italian, never an Englishman. 
 From Shakespeare to Milton, from Milton to 
 Byron, their beautiful and sombre literature is 
 sceptical, Judaical, Satanic, in a word antichris- 
 tian. " As regards law," as a legist well says, 
 " the English are Jews, the French Christians." 
 A theologian might express himself in the same 
 manner as regards faith. The American Indians, 
 with that penetration and originality they so of- 
 ten exhibit, expressed this distinction in their 
 fashion. " Christ," said one of them, "was a 
 Frenchman whom the English crucified in Lon- 
 don ; Pontius Pilate was an officer in the service 
 of Great Britain." — Michelet's Joan op Arc, 
 p. 51. 
 
 4414. PREJUDICE, Opposition of. Ttdgn of 
 Charles II. [See No. 4882.] An act, the first of 
 our many turnpike acts, was passed, imposing 
 
S%2 
 
 PREJUDICE— PREPARATION. 
 
 .a small toll on travellers and goods, for the pur- 
 pose of keeping some parts of this important line 
 
 -of communication in good repair. This innova- 
 tion, however, excited many murmurs, and the 
 
 ■other great avenues to the capital were long left 
 under the old system. A change was at length 
 
 •effected, but not without great difficulty ; for un- 
 just and absurd taxation to which men are ac- 
 customed is often borne far more willingly than 
 the most reasonable impost which is new. It 
 was not till many toll-bars had been violently 
 pulled down, till the troops had in many districts 
 been forced to act against the people, and till 
 much blood had been shed, that a good system 
 -was introduced. By slow degrees reason tri- 
 umphed over prejudice. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 
 .ch. 3, p. 350. 
 
 4415. PREJUDICE against Progress. Iron by 
 Coal. A man wiser than others in his genera- 
 tion, Edward, Lord Dudley, obtained in 1619 a 
 patent for smelting iron ore by pit coal. He 
 would probably have bestowed immense riches 
 upon his country had not his iron works been 
 •destroyed in an outbreak of that popular igno- 
 rance which has too often interrupted the course 
 of scientific improvement. The notion of smelt- 
 ing iron ore by coal was not fairly tried till 
 1740.— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 4416. PREJUDICE, Reaction of. Methodism. 
 The fear of being called Methodists was one of 
 the causes that made too many of the clergy 
 careless in their lives and indifferent in their 
 -vocation [in the middle of the eighteenth centu- 
 j-y]. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 110. 
 
 4417. PREJUDICE, Sectional. North and South. 
 'The Southern people considered that they were 
 opposing [in the secession struggle] an ene- 
 my who had proved himself a foe to mankind, 
 religion, and civilization. — Pollard's First 
 Year of the War, ch. 11, p. 263. 
 
 441§. PREJUDICE and Superstition. Lepers. 
 [In 1321] the Lepers . . . were popularly ac- 
 cused of having poisoned all the wells and foun- 
 tains in Poitou and Guienne. The grounds of 
 this horrible charge are not distinctly known ; 
 the Lepers were reported to be under the influ- 
 ence of sorcery and magic, the belief in which 
 ^was then universal ; another account represented 
 i;hem as hired agents of the Moorish King of 
 Oranada ; a third, as accomplices of the Jews. 
 The Lepers were arrested in all parts of France, 
 and barbarously tortured ; every petty official 
 in the kingdom was authorized to deal with them 
 at his sole discretion ; and great multitudes, thus 
 condemned in defiance of all forms of justice, 
 perished in the flames. — Students' France, 
 ch. 9, § 23. 
 
 4419. PREMONITION, Accidental. Charles I. 
 [In 1643, during the civil wars, Charles I. was 
 at Oxford, and, in the public library, one of his 
 lords suggested, as a diversion, that the king 
 make a trial of his fortune by Sortes Virgilianm, 
 which was a usual kind of augury some ages 
 past. The king opened a Virgil at the part giv- 
 ing] Dido's imprecation against ^neas, which 
 Mr. Dryden translates : 
 
 "Yet let a race untam'd and haughty foes, 
 His peaceful entrance with dire arms oppose ; 
 Oppress'd with numbers in th' unequal field, 
 Bis men discourag'd, and himself expell'd. 
 
 Let him for succor sue from place to place, 
 Torn from his subjects, and his son's embrace, 
 First let him see his friends in battle slain. 
 And their untimely fate lament in vain ; 
 And when, at length, the cruel war shall cease, 
 On hard conditions may he buy his peace. 
 Nor let him then enjoy supreme command. 
 But fall untimely by some hostile hand, 
 And lie unburied on the barren sand." 
 Charles seemed concerned at the accident [which, 
 in some measure, proved a prediction of his over- 
 throw]. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 2, p. 26. 
 
 4420. PREMONITION of Death. Charles V. 
 A deadly poison had been administered to . . . 
 in his early youth, through the unnatural machi- 
 nations of the King of Navarre. A German 
 physician arrested the progress of the venom by 
 opening an issue in his arm, forewarning him 
 that, if at any time the issue should close, his 
 death was inevitable within fifteen days. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 10. 
 
 4421. . Abraham Lincoln. "No 
 
 man," said Mrs. Stowe, " has suffered more and 
 deeper, albeit with a dry, weary, patient pain, 
 that seemed to some like insensibility, than Presi- 
 dent Lincoln." " Whichever way it [the rebel- 
 lion] ends," he said to her, " /shan't last long 
 after it is over." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 726. 
 
 4422. . Abraham Lincoln. " He 
 
 told me," says a correspondent of the Boston Jour- 
 nal, " that he was certain he should not otitlast 
 the rebellion." . . . There was dissension among 
 the Republican leaders. Many of his best friends 
 had deserted him, and were talking of an opposi- 
 tion . . . convention to nominate another candi- 
 date ; and universal gloom was among the people. 
 [He also said,] " I feel a presentiment that I shall 
 not outlast the rebellion. When it is over my work 
 will be done. " — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 727. 
 
 4423. PREPARATION, Constant. "Minnie- 
 men." a.d. 1774. Out of Boston the power of 
 [last royal governor] Gage was at an end. In the 
 county of Worcester, the male inhabitants, from 
 the age of sixteen to seventy, formed themselves 
 into companies and regiments, chose their own 
 officers, and agreed that one third part of the en- 
 rolled should hold themselves ready to march "at 
 a minute's warning. " "In time of peace, prepare 
 for war," was the cry of the country.— Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 11. 
 
 4424. PREPARATION for Oratory. Demosthe- 
 nes. The substance of the speeches which he 
 heard he committed to memory, and afterward 
 reduced them to regular sentences and periods, 
 meditating a variety of corrections and new forms 
 of expression, both for what others had said to 
 him and he had addressed to them. Hence it 
 was concluded that he was not a man of much 
 genius, and that all his eloquence was the effect 
 of labor. A strong proof of this seemed to be, 
 that he was seldom heard to speak anything ex- 
 tempore, and though the people often called upon 
 him by name, as he sat in the assembly, to speak 
 to the point debated, he would not do it unless he 
 came prepared. For this, many of the orators 
 ridiculed him ; and Pytheas, in particular, told 
 him that all his arguments smelled of the 
 lamp. Demosthenes retorted sharply upon him, 
 "Yes, indeed, but your lamp and mine, my 
 friend, are not conscious to the same labors." To 
 
PREROGATIVE— PRESS. 
 
 623 
 
 others lie did not pretend to deny his previous ap- 
 plication, but told them he neither wrote the 
 whole of his orations, nor spoke without first 
 committing part to writing. He further affirm- 
 ed, that this showed him a good member of a 
 ■democratic state ; for the coming prepared to the 
 rostrum was a mark of respect for the people. 
 Whereas, to be regardless of what the people 
 might think of a man's address showed his in- 
 clination for oligarchy, and that he had rather 
 gained his point by force than by persuasion. 
 Another proof they give us of his want of confi- 
 dence on any sudden occasion, is, that when he 
 happened to be put into disorder by the tumul- 
 tuary behavior of the people, Demades often rose 
 up to support him in an extempore address, but 
 he never did the same for Demades. — Plu- 
 takch's Demosthenes. 
 
 4425. PREROGATIVE, Royal. Beign of Sev- 
 erus. The lawyers and historians concurred in 
 teaching that the inspired authority was held, not 
 l)y the delegated commission, but by the irrevo- 
 cable resignation of the Senate, that the [Roman] 
 Emperor was freed from the restraints of the civil 
 laws, and could command by his arbitrary will 
 the lives and fortunes of his subjects, and might 
 dispose of the empire as of his private patrimony. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 5, p. 149. 
 
 4426. . James II. James . . . was re- 
 solved to bring to issue the question of the king's 
 ■dispensing power — that is, the right of the sover- 
 eign to abrogate express laws by the exercise of 
 Jiis prerogative. This prerogative had been ex- 
 .ercised in the earliest times of the Constitution ; 
 "but had gradually become more and more limit- 
 ^ed, as the legislative power had become more 
 defined. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 25, p. 407. 
 
 4427. PRESBYTERIANISM despised. By 
 
 Charles II. Lauderdale related to Burnet that 
 ^the king [Charles II.] told him to let presbytery 
 
 f:o, " for it was not a religion for gentlemen." 
 A religion of blindness and servility was the re- 
 ligion wanted.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 15, 
 p. 253. 
 
 442§. PRESENT declined. William Pitt. [In 
 1747 William Pitt was paymaster-general for 
 George II.] When a subsidy was advanced to a 
 foreign power, it had been customary for the 
 itching palm of office to demand a half per cent 
 as its honorarium. Pitt astonished the King of 
 Sardinia by sending him the sum without deduc- 
 tion which Parliament had voted ; and he raised 
 his majesty's astonishment still higher when he 
 refused a present as a compliment to his integ- 
 rity. Pitt was a poor man. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 179. 
 
 4429. PRESENT, A perplexity. The French 
 Minister. A dry humor, nay, sometimes a most 
 droll humor, guides his [Cromwell's] dealings 
 with him. [Cardinal] Mazarin was, we know, a 
 most miserable miser, a kind of griffin in thread- 
 hare wings, watching his heaps and cellars of 
 gold. How well Cromwell knew him. He sent 
 presents to Cromwell, we find — the richest and 
 the stateliest presents of hangings and pictures 
 a,nd jewels. Whereupon Cromwell came out 
 generously too, and sent the Frenchman what he 
 knew, to his market eye, would be of more value 
 than hangings, pictures, or books ; he sent him 
 *ome tons of British tin ! Was it not character- 
 
 istic of the shrewdness of the man ? The supple 
 Mazarin never found himself so perplexed. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 210. 
 
 4430. PRESENTIMENT, A true. John How- 
 ard. He had a strong presentiment that from this 
 journey [to the East] he should never return, 
 and therefore thought it wrong to expose his 
 servant to its manifold perils. The man, how- 
 ever, so earnestly entreated to be allowed to ac- 
 company him, that his scruples were at last over- 
 come. All his preparations were made with a 
 view to the probability of his never again seeing 
 his native land. He made his will with great 
 deliberation, bequeathing a great number of 
 small legacies to his dependents and friends, 
 overlooking no one who had the slightest claim 
 to his favor, [He went to investigate the plague 
 near its place of origin.] — Cyclopedia of Biog. , 
 p. 73. 
 
 4431. PRESENTS bring Presents. Pudding. 
 Stow records that the widow Cornwallis obtain- 
 ed a fair house and tenements of a dissolved 
 priory by the timely present of some fine pud- 
 dings to the king [Henry VIII.] — Kjnight's 
 Eng,, vol. 2, ch. 25, p. 413. 
 
 4432. PRESENTS, Solicitation of. Alexander. 
 [Alexander the Great was generally more offend- 
 ed at those who refused his presents than at those 
 who asked . . . favors.] He had given nothing to 
 Serapion, one of the youths that played with 
 him at ball, because he asked nothing. One 
 day, when they were at their diversion, Sera- 
 pion took care always to throw the ball to others 
 of the party ; upon which Alexander said, 
 "Why do you not give it me?" "Because 
 you did not ask for it," said the youth. The 
 repartee pleased the king much ; he laughed, 
 and immediately made him very valuable pres- 
 ents. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 4433. PRESS defended, The. Liberty. [In 1830 
 Charles X. of France signed an ordinance by 
 which the liberty of the periodical press was 
 suspended. The proprietors and editors of the 
 chief opposition papers consulted the most emi- 
 nent lawyers, who gave their opinion that the 
 ordinance was not legal, and ought not to be 
 submitted to. Forty-four conductors of news- 
 papers signed a protest in which they declared 
 their intention to resist the ordinance. The 
 government said, "This protest has this day lost 
 that character of legality which commands obe- 
 dience ; we resist it." There was occasionally a 
 cry in the streets of " Long live the Charter I 
 Down with the ministers !" The next day a 
 more ominous cry went forth — "Up with Lib- 
 erty ! Down with the Bourbons !" Sentinels were 
 placed around the offices of the four principal 
 newspapers to prevent their sale, but they were 
 thrown out of the window ; then the presses 
 were broken. Then followed the three terrible 
 days of July — the revolution against the family 
 of Bourbons and the uncrowning of Charles X. j 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 253. 
 
 4434. PRESS, Education by the. Edgar Allan 
 Poe. [Poe became joint-editor of the Southern 
 Literary Messenger.] Here we have Edgar Poe 
 installed at twenty-two as a public teacher 
 through the medium of the press ; a young man 
 incompetent to manage a small store, unable to 
 manage himself, and yet a public writer. Not 
 
524 
 
 PRESS— PRESUMPTION. 
 
 many months pass before he lapses into his old 
 habits of drunkenness. — Smiles' Brief Biog- 
 BAPHIES, p. 339, 
 
 4435. FBESS, Freedom of the. Safety by.. 
 "When, in 1695, the English press became sedi- 
 tious, [John Milton] advocated its freedom, say- 
 ing: "Though all the winds of doctrine were 
 let loose to play upon the earth, so truth be in 
 the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and 
 prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength. Let her 
 and falsehood grapple. Who eveV knew truth 
 put to the worse in a free and open encounter ?" — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, eh, 12, p. 177. 
 
 4436. . Libellous. [In 1803 Bona- 
 parte, having been greatly irritated by the arti- 
 cles published in England, asked that the govern- 
 ment suppress the newspapers which published 
 articles unfriendly to himself. He was inform- 
 ed that the press was free, and beyond the pow- 
 er of the government to suppress. He then de- 
 manded the prosecution of a French publisher 
 for " a libel on a friendly government." Bona- 
 parte gained the case.] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 7, 
 ch. 24, p. 421. 
 
 4437. . Frederick the Great. One 
 
 bookseller sent to the palace a copy of the most 
 stinging lampoon that perhaps was ever written 
 in the world, the " Memoirs of Voltaire," pub- 
 lished by Beaumarchais, and asked for his Maj- 
 esty's orders. " Do not advertise it in an offen- 
 sive manner," said the king, " but sell it by all 
 means. I hope it will pay you well." Even 
 among statesmen accustomed to the license of a 
 free press such steadfastness of mind as this is 
 not very common. — Macaulay's Frederick 
 THE Great, p. 48. 
 
 443§. -. At New Y<yrk. a. d. 1734. 
 
 A newspaper was established to defend the pop- 
 ular cause ; ... its printer, John Peter Zenger, 
 was imprisoned on the charge of publishing 
 false and malicious libels. ... At the trial the 
 publishing was confessed ; but the aged Andrew 
 Hamilton, ... of Philadelphia, pleading for 
 Zenger, justified the publication by asserting its 
 truth. " You cannot be admitted," interrupted 
 the chief- justice, " to give the truth of a libel in 
 evidence." " Then," said Hamilton to the jury, 
 "we appeal to j^ou for witnesses of the facts. 
 The jury have the right to determine both the 
 law and the facts, and they ought to do so." [He 
 plead for the cause of liberty,] ... "the liberty 
 of opposing arbitrary power by speaking and 
 writing the truth. " The jury gave their verdict, 
 " Not guilty." The people of the colonies exult- 
 ed. .. . A patriot of the Revolution esteemed 
 this trial to have been the morning star of the 
 American Revolution. — Bancroft's U. S.,vol. 3, 
 ch. 23. 
 
 4439. PEESSjPolitical. Feared. [Roger L'Es- 
 trange, inspector of the press for Charles II. 
 in 1666, said :] A public mercury makes the mul- 
 titude " too familiar vdth the actions and coun- 
 cils of their superiors, too pragmatical and cen- 
 sorious, and gives them, not only an itch, but 
 a colorable right and license to be meddling 
 with the government." . . . " To keep the mul- 
 titude in the right course he thinks the prudent 
 management of a gazette may contribute to 
 a very high degree." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 17, p. 281. 
 
 4440. FBESS, Power of the. Feared. [The great 
 Duke of Marlborough, and hero of Blenheim, 
 was a brave soldier, but a moral coward. To his 
 wife he wrote,] " The villainous way of printing 
 stabs me to the heart. " This moral cowardice is 
 a curious revelation of human incdnsistency. 
 "The villainous way of printing" was ever a 
 terror to the man who would charge a redoubt 
 with the utmost coolness. " Paper-bullets of 
 the brain" were far more terrible to him than 
 a volley of grape-shot. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, 
 ch. 24, p. 374. 
 
 4441. FBESS, Progress of. America. As early 
 as 1704 the Boston News-Letter, first of periodicals 
 in the New World, was published in the city of 
 the Puritans ; but fifteen years elapsed before 
 another experiment of the same sort was made. 
 In 1721 the New England Courant, a little sheet 
 devoted to free thought and the extinction of 
 rascality, was established at Boston by the two 
 Franklins — James and Benjamin. In 1740, New 
 York had but one periodical, Virginia one, and 
 South Carolina one, and at the close of the 
 French and Indian war there were no more than 
 ten newspapers published in the Colonies. The 
 chief obstacles to such publications were the ab- 
 sence of great cities and the difficulty of communi- 
 cation between distant sections of the country. 
 Boston and Philadelphia had each no more than 
 eighteen thousand inhabitants ; New York but 
 twelve thousand. In all Virginia there was not 
 one important town ; while as far south as 
 Georgia there was scarcely a considerable village ; 
 to reach this widely scattered population with 
 periodical publications was quite impossible. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 36, p. 282. 
 
 4442. PBESS, Besponsibility of the. False 
 News. The publisher of false news was a person 
 for whom the pillory was an especial terror [in 
 1709].— Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 26, p. 403. 
 
 4443. PBESUMPTION, Foolish. Riemi the 
 Roman. At the hour of worship, he [Rienzi] 
 showed himself to the returning crowds in a 
 majestic attitude, with a robe of purple, hia 
 sword, and gilt spurs ; but the holy rites were 
 soon interrupted by his levity and insolence. 
 Rising from his throne, and advancing toward 
 the congregation, he proclaimed in a loud voice : 
 " We summon to our tribunal Pope Clem- 
 ent, and command him to reside in his diocese 
 of Rome ; we also summon the sacred college of 
 cardinals. We again summon the two pretend- 
 ers, Charles of Bohemia and Lewis of Bavaria, 
 who style themselves emperors ; we likewise 
 summon all the electors of Germany, to inform 
 us on what pretence they have usurped the in- 
 alienable right of the Roman people, the ancient 
 and lawful sovereigns of the empire." Unsheath- 
 ing his maiden sword, he thrice brandished it to 
 the three parts of the world, and thrice repeated 
 the extravagant declaration, "And this, too, is 
 mine !" The Pope's vicar, the Bishop of Orvieto, 
 attempted to check this career of folly ; but his 
 feeble protest was silenced by martial music. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 70, p. 483. 
 
 4444. PBESUMPTION, Beward of. Indignity. 
 [Darius the Great sent ambassadors to the Athe- 
 nians to demand earth and water, which denoted 
 submission.] The Athenians threw them into 
 a ditch, and told them. There was earth and 
 water enough. — Plutarch's Themistocleb. 
 
PRETENDER— PRIDE. 
 
 525 
 
 4445. PRETENDEK, An honored. Michael. A 
 Greek, who styled himself the father of Constan- 
 tine, . . . appeared at Salerno, and related the ad- 
 ventures of his fall and flight. That unfortunate 
 friend was acknowledged by the duke [Robert 
 Guiscard] and adorned with the pomp and titles 
 of imperial dignity ; in his triumphal progress 
 through Apulia and Calabria, Michael was sa- 
 luted with the tears and acclamations of the 
 people ; and Pope Gregory VII. exhorted the 
 bishops to preach, and the Catholics to fight, 
 in the pious work of his restoration. His con- 
 versations with Robert were frequent and famil- 
 iar ; and their mutual promises were justified by 
 the valor of the Normans and the treasures of 
 the East. Yet this Michael, by the confession 
 of the Greeks and Latins, was a pageant and an 
 impostor ; a monk who had fled from his con- 
 vent, or a domestic who had served in the palace. 
 The fraud had been contrived by the subtle 
 Guiscard ; and he trusted that, after this pre- 
 tender had given a decent color to his arms, he 
 would sink, at the nod of the conqueror, into his 
 primitive obscurity. — Gibbon's Rome, cli. 36, 
 p. 467 
 
 4446. PEETENDERS, Numerous. Mustapha. 
 [Mustapha, the pretender, called himself the son 
 of the Great Bajazet, and claimed to have been 
 -concealed twelve years among the Greeks ; he 
 was discovered to be an impostor and executed.] 
 A similar character and claim was asserted by 
 several rival pretenders ; thirty persons are said 
 to have suffered under the name of Mustapha ; 
 and these frequent executions may perhaps in- 
 sinuate that the Turkish court was not perfectly 
 secure of the death of the lawful prince. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 279. 
 
 4447. FBIDE, Absence of. Julius Ccesar. 
 About himself and his own exploits there is not 
 one word of self-complacency or self -admiration. 
 In his writings, as in his life, Caesar is always the 
 same — direct, straightforward, unmoved, save 
 by occasional tenderness, describing with uncon- 
 scious simplicity how the work which had been 
 forced upon him was accomplished. — Fboude's 
 ■C^SAR, ch. 28. 
 
 444§. FBIDE, Characteristic, ^r Edward 
 Seymour. [William of Orange had invaded Eng- 
 land and he was welcomed by the people.] The 
 most important of the new-comers was Seymour, 
 who had recently inherited a baronetcy which 
 added little to his dignity, and who, in birth, in 
 political influence, and in parliamentary abili- 
 ties, was beyond comparison the foremost among 
 the Tory gentlemen of England. At his first 
 audience he is said to have exhibited his charac- 
 teristic pride in a way which surprised and 
 amused the prince. " I think. Sir Edward," 
 said William, meaning to be very civil, "that 
 you are of the family of the Duke of Somerset." 
 " Pardon me, sir," said Sir Edward, who never 
 forgot that he was the head of the elder branch 
 of the Seymours, " the Duke of Somerset is of 
 my family." — Mac aul ay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 469. 
 _ 4449. PBIDE concealed. By Humility. [Age- 
 silaus was a Lacedaemonian.] We have no por- 
 trait or statue of him. He would not suffer any 
 to be made while he lived, and at his death he 
 utterly forbade it. We are only told that he was 
 a little man, and that he had not a commanding 
 .aspect. — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 4450. FBIDE, Defensive. Samuel Johnson. 
 Dr. Adams expostulated with Johnson, and sug- 
 gested that his not being admitted when he 
 called on him was probably not to be imputed 
 to Lord Chesterfield. Chesterfield kept Johnson 
 waiting in an anteroom while other company re- 
 ceived his attention, . . . and in confirmation of 
 this, he insisted on Lord Chesterfield's general 
 affability and easiness of access, especially to 
 literary men. " Sir," said Johnson, " that is not 
 Lord Chesterfield ; he is the proudest man this 
 day existing." " No," said Dr. Adams, " there 
 is one person, at least, as proud ; I think, by your 
 own account, you are the prouder man of the 
 two." "But mine" (replied Johnson instantly) 
 " was defensive pride." This, as Dr. Adams well 
 observed, was one of those happy turns for which 
 he was so remarkably ready. — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 69. 
 
 4451. FBIDE, Folly of. Destructive. [AlpArs- 
 lan the Turk] meditated the . . . glorious conquest 
 of Turkestan. . . . But the progress of the great 
 king was retarded by the governor of Berzem ; 
 and Joseph the Carizmian presumed to defend 
 his fortress against the powers of the East. When 
 he was produced a captive in the royal tent, the 
 sultan, instead of praising his valor, severely re- 
 proached his obstinate folly ; and the insolent 
 replies of the rebel provoked a sentence, that he 
 should be fastened to four stakes, and left to ex- 
 pire in that painful situation. At this command,, 
 the desperate Carizmian, drawing a dagger, 
 rushed headlong toward the throne ; the guards 
 raised their battle-axes ; their zeal was checked 
 by Alp Arslan, the most skilful archer of the 
 age ; he drew his bow, but his foot slipped, the 
 arrow glanced aside, and he received in his breast 
 the dagger of Joseph, who was instantly cut in 
 pieces. The wound was mortal ; and the Turk- 
 ish prince bequeathed a dying admonition to the 
 pride of kings. " In my youth," said Alp Ars- 
 lan, " I was advised by a sage to humble myself 
 before God ; to distrust my own strength, and 
 never to despise the most contemptible foe. I 
 have neglected these lessons ; and my neglect 
 has been deservedly punished. Yesterday, as 
 from an eminence I beheld the numbers, the 
 discipline, and the spirit of my armies, the earth 
 seemed to tremble under my feet ; and I said in 
 my heart, Surely thou art the king of the world, 
 the greatest and most invincible of warriors. 
 These armies are no longer mine ; and, in the 
 confidence of my personal strength, I now fall 
 by the hand of an assassin." — Gibbon's Romb, 
 ch. 57, p. 519. 
 
 4452. FBIDE, Humiliated. Samuel Johnson. 
 Sir Joshua [Reynolds] told me a pleasant char- 
 acteristical anecdote of Johnson, about the time 
 of their first acquaintance. When they were 
 one evening together at the Miss Cotterells', the 
 then Duchess of Argyle, and another lady of 
 high rank, came in. Johnson, thinking that the 
 Miss Cotterells were too much engrossed by them, 
 and that he and his friend were neglected, as low 
 company of whom they were somewhat ashamed, 
 grew angry ; and resolving to shock their sup- 
 posed pride, by making their great visitors imag- 
 ine that his friend and he were low indeed, he 
 addressed himself in a loud tone to Mr. Rey- 
 nolds, saying, " How much do you think you 
 and I could get in a week if we were to work as 
 
5^6 
 
 PRIDE— PRINCIPLES. 
 
 hard as we could ?" — as if they had been common 
 mechanics. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 64. 
 
 4453. PRIDE, Mortified. Oliver Goldsmith's. 
 Goldsmith's incessant desire of being conspicu- 
 ous in company was the occasion of his some- 
 times appearing to such disadvantage as one 
 should hardly have supposed possible in a man 
 of his genius. When his literary reputation had 
 risen deservedly high, and his society was much 
 courted, he became very jealous of the extraor- 
 dinary attention which was everywhere paid to 
 Johnson. One evening, in a circle of wits, he 
 found fault with me for talking of Johnson as 
 entitled to the honor of unquestionable superi- 
 ority. "Sir," said he, "you are for making a 
 monarchy of what should be a republic." He 
 was still more mortified, when, talking in a com- 
 pany with fluent vivacity, and, as he flattered 
 himself, to the admiration of all who were pres- 
 ent, a German who sat next him, and perceived 
 Johnson rolling himself, as if about to speak, 
 suddenly stopped him, saying, " Stay, stay — 
 Toctor Shonson is going to say something." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 219. 
 
 4454. PRIDE of Rivalry. Cicero. Cicero's 
 natural place was at Caesar's side ; but to Caesar 
 alone of his contemporaries he was conscious of 
 an inferiority which was intolerable to him. 
 In his own eyes he was always the first person. 
 He had been made unhappy by the thought that 
 posterity might rate Pompey above himself. 
 Closer acquaintance had reassured him about 
 Pompey, but in Caesar he was conscious of a 
 higher presence, and he rebelled against the hu- 
 miliating acknowledgment. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 27. 
 
 4455. PRIDE, Sacrifices for. Oliver Qoldsmith. 
 [He had suddenly resolved to go beyond the sea 
 — anywhere. His mortification because of re- 
 proof in college was the cause. See No. 5369.] 
 He accordingly sold his books and clothes, and 
 sallied forth from the college walls the very next 
 day, intending to embark at Cork for — he scarce 
 knew where — America, or any other part beyond 
 sea. With his usual heedless imprudence, how- 
 ever, he loitered about Dublin until his finances 
 were reduced to a shilling ; with this amount of 
 specie he set out on his journey. . . . For three 
 whole days he subsisted on his shilling ; when 
 that was spent, he parted with some of the 
 clothes from his back, until, reduced almost to 
 nakedness, he was four-and-twenty hours with- 
 out food, insomuch that he declared a handful 
 of gray pease, given to him by a girl at a wake, 
 was one of the most delicious repasts he had 
 ever tasted. Hunger, fatigue, and destitution 
 brought down his spirit and calmed his anger. 
 Fain would he have retraced his steps, could he 
 have done so with any salvo for the lingerings of 
 his pride. — Iuving's Goldsmith, p. 25. 
 
 4456. PRIDE, Subjugation of. Luther. In 
 the monastery every one was proud to see the 
 youthful and learned scholar in the garb of the 
 order — the black cowl with the scapulary. Yet 
 the new arrival could not be exempted from any 
 of the most menial services which it was cus- 
 tomary to impose upon the novices in order to 
 break their self-will and to overcome their pride. 
 Thus Luther was obliged to assist in the clean- 
 ing of the cells. He was also sent out with the 
 beggar's sack, through the streets of the city, to 
 
 solicit food and money. And although he him- 
 self did not feel humiliated in the performance- 
 of these menial duties — for he was inspired with- 
 a burning desire faithfully to fulfil his vows of 
 poverty and obedience — yet the professors of the 
 university interposed their objections. — Rein's 
 Luther, ch. 3, p. 30. 
 
 4457. PRIDE, Vainglorious. Henry VIII. 
 He had one great object ever present to his mind 
 in peace or in war : to display Henry the king^ 
 in his presumed superiority of mind and body, 
 made doubly impressive by his regal magnifi- 
 cence. A more vainglorious and self-willed 
 coxcomb never wore a crown. In his first expe- 
 rience in war, in 1513, his qualities were exhib- 
 ited in a way which sufficiently betokens the 
 total absence of real greatness of character. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 2, ch. 16, p. 267. 
 
 4458. PRIESTS, Interference of. MedMing, 
 The interference of the clergy with men's tem- 
 poral affairs was never-ceasing ; and the offl- 
 ciousness was often hastily resented by member* 
 of the family where the priest was supreme. 
 John Paston complains that his mother's chap- 
 lain has turned her affection from her sons : ' ' Sir 
 James [the priest] and I be twain ; we fell out 
 before my mother with ' thou proud priest,' and 
 ' thou proud squire,' my mother taking his part, 
 so I have almost shut the bolt of my mother's 
 house." [a.d. 1450-1485.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 
 2, ch. 8, p. 125. 
 
 4459. PRIMOGENITURE disregarded. Old 
 
 Testament. Their whole history, far from fa- 
 voring the notion that primogeniture is of divine 
 institution, would rather seem to indicate that- 
 younger brothers are under the especial protec- 
 tion of Heaven. Isaac was not the eldest son of 
 Abraham, nor Jacob of Isaac, nor Judah of Ja- 
 cob, nor David of Jesse, nor Solomon of David. 
 Indeed, the order of seniority among children i» 
 seldom strictly regarded in countries where 
 polygamy is practised. — Mac aula y's Eng., 
 ch. 1, p. 67. 
 
 4460. PRINCIPLE, Importance of. Tax on 
 Tea. "You are quarrelling for threepence a 
 pound on tea, an atom on the shoulders of a 
 giant," said the Tories ; . . . [Alexander Hamil- 
 ton] answered, " The Parliament claims a right 
 to tax us in all cases whatever ; its late acts are 
 in virtue of that claim ; it is the principle against 
 which we contend." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, 
 ch. 19. 
 
 4461. PRINCIPLES limited. James II. A fa- 
 tal delusion had taken possession of his mind, 
 which was never dispelled till it had ruined him. 
 He firmly believed that, do what he might, the 
 members of the Church of England would act up 
 to their principles. It had, he knew, been pro- 
 claimed from ten thousand pulpits, it had beea 
 solemnly declared by the University of Oxford, 
 that even tyranny as frightful as that of the most 
 depraved of the Caesars did not justify subjects in 
 resisting the royal authority, and hence he was 
 weak enough to conclude that the whole body of 
 Tory gentlemen and clergymen would let him 
 plunder, oppress, and insult them without lifting 
 an arm against him. [He made the attempt and 
 was driven from the throne into exile in France.] 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 58. 
 
 4462. PRINCIPLES, Weight of. Independence 
 Day. The nation, when it made choice of a day 
 
m 
 
 PRINTING— PROCESSION. 
 
 527- 
 
 for its great anniversary, selected not the day of 
 the resolution of independence, when it closed 
 the past, but that of the declaration of the prin- 
 ciples on which it opened its new career. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 70. 
 
 4463. PRINTING, Beginning of. An Almanac. 
 In 1638, Stephen Daye, an English printer, ar- 
 rived at Boston, bringing a font of types, and in 
 the following year set up a press at Cambridge. 
 The first American publication was an almanac 
 calculated for New England, and bearing the 
 date of 1639. During the next year Thomas 
 Welde and John Eliot, two ministers of Roxbury, 
 and Richard Mather, of Dorchester, translated 
 the Hebrew Psalms into English verse, and pub- 
 lished their rude work in a volume of three hun- 
 dred pages — the first book printed on this side of 
 the Atlantic— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13, p. 182. 
 
 4464. FEINTING restricted. Punishment. [In 
 1638 the Star-Chamber attempted to regulate the 
 press. By its decree, " printing in corners with- 
 out a license " was punishable by the orthodox 
 process of whipping and the pillory.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 27, p. 431. 
 
 4465. PRINTING, Suspicious. Magic. The 
 circumstance which, of all others, most conduced 
 to the advancement and universal dissemination 
 of learning at this period was the admirable in- 
 vention of the art of printing. Printing seems 
 to have been invented about the year 1440, at 
 Strasburg, by John Gutenberg, but consider- 
 ably improved by John Faust and Peter Schof- 
 fer. This noble invention was, at its first ap- 
 pearance, deemed so extraordinary that the ser- 
 vants of John Faust, who came to Paris to sell 
 some of his early publications, were accused of 
 magic, and the Parliament ordered all their books 
 to be committed to the flames. It must be owned, 
 however, to the honor of Louis XI. , that he con- 
 demned this decision of the Parisian judges, and 
 ordered the value of the books to be paid to their 
 proprietors. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 16, 
 p. 253. 
 
 4466. PRISONERS, Cruelty to. England. [In 
 1637, the sheriff of London was sent for to an- 
 swer a charge of having been kind to Mr. Prynne 
 as he passed on his way to prison at Carnarvon. 
 Mr. Prynne had written a book against theatres.] 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 423. 
 
 4467. . "The Fleet." Those pris- 
 oners who refused to bear their oppressions [from 
 extortionate and avaricious keepers] without re- 
 monstrance" were put in irons, and were confined 
 in damp and loathsome dungeons. [In the same 
 city, a similar prison for debtors, the Marshalsea, 
 disclosed similar enormities.] Thumb-screws 
 and iron skull-caps were here the received in- 
 struments of torture. Three hundred and thirty 
 prisoners were crowded into a few narrow wards, 
 forty or fifty being locked up through the night 
 in a room sixteen feet square. The prison allow- 
 ance was insufficient to support life, and the do- 
 nations of the charitable were intercepted by the 
 scoundrels in authority. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 4, p. 65. 
 
 4468. PRISONERS, Enslaved. Indian. In 
 the prosecution of the war the colonists were ac- 
 tuated by a shameful spirit of avarice. The ob- 
 ject was not so much to punish or destroy the 
 savages as to take them prisoners. A bounty 
 
 was offered for every captured Indian, and as- 
 fast as the warriors were taken they were sold as 
 slaves for the West Indies. The petty strife con- 
 tinued for a year, and was then concluded witb- 
 a treaty of peace. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 28, 
 p. 232. 
 
 4469. PRISONERS, Extortion from. Fleet. [In 
 1730, in the management of the Fleet, one of the- 
 London debtors' prisons [a system of fraud and 
 extortion was laid bare by a committee of Par- 
 liament], which showed how impossible it was 
 for any but the affluent prisoner to obtain the 
 humblest lodging and the coarsest food. Those- 
 without money were handed over to "the com- 
 mon side ;" too happy if disease, engendered by 
 filth and starvation, soon released them from 
 their miseries. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 4, 
 p. 64. 
 
 4470. PRISONS of Tyranny. France. France- 
 had many Bastilles, where, without legal trial' 
 or sentence, men suspected of designs against 
 the government, or who had given offence to a 
 royal courtier or a royal mistress, might be shut 
 up even to the end of their days, under the au- 
 thority of a lettre de cachet, through whose mys- 
 terious agency they vanished out of society, and 
 were as if dead. — ^Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch, 9,. 
 p. 171. 
 
 4471. PRIVACY of Conversation. Lacedmno- 
 nian. [All the Lacedaemonian people ate their 
 daily food at the public tables. The following- 
 custom prevailed :] When they first entered, the 
 oldest man present pointed to the door, and said. 
 Not a word spoken in this company goes out there. 
 — Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 4472. PRIVATIONS, Ministerial. John 'Les- 
 ley. Returning from St. Hilary Downs, Mr. Wes- 
 ley and his assistant, John Nelson, stopped to pick, 
 blackberries. Wesley said, "Brother Nelson, 
 we ought to be thankful that there are plenty of 
 blackberries, for this is the best country I ever 
 saw for getting a stomach, but the worst I ever 
 saw for getting food. Do the people think we^ 
 can live by preaching ?" Nelson replied, " I 
 know not what they may think ; but one asked 
 me to eat something as I came from St. Just, 
 when I ate heartily of barley bread and honey."" 
 He said, " You are well off ; I had a thought of 
 begging a crust of bread of the woman where I 
 met the people at Morvah, but forgot it till I had- 
 got some distance from the house." — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 193. 
 
 4473. PRIVILEGES, Pre-eminent. Conquest- 
 of Scotland. [By King Edward I. of England.} 
 The flight of Bruce left his followers at Edward's 
 mercy. Noble after noble was sent to the block. 
 The Earl of Athole pleaded kindred with royal- 
 ty. " His only privilege," burst forth the king, 
 " shall be that of being hanged on a higher gal- 
 lows than the rest." — Hist, of Eng. People,. 
 §292. 
 
 4474. PROCESSION, Funeral. Alexander's. 
 Aridseus having been deputed ... to take upon- 
 himself the care of that solemnity, had employed- 
 two years in preparing everything that could 
 possibly render it the most pompous and splen- 
 did funeral that had ever been seen. When air 
 things were ready . . . orders were given for 
 the procession to begin. This was preceded by 
 a great number of pioneers and other workmen^ 
 
^28 
 
 PROCESSION— PROCRASTINATION. 
 
 whose office was to make all the ways practica- 
 Tile through which the procession was to pass. 
 As soon as these were levelled, that magnificent 
 •chariot, the invention and design of which raised 
 as much admiration as the immense riches that 
 flittered all over it, set out from Babylon. The 
 body of the chariot rested upon two axletrees, 
 that were inserted into four wheels, made after 
 the Persian manner; the naves and spokes of 
 which were covered with gold, and the felloes 
 plated over with iron. The extremities of the 
 axletrees were made of gold, representing the 
 muzzles of lions biting a dart. The chariot had 
 four poles, to each of which were harnessed four 
 sets of mules, each set consisting of four of those 
 animals ; so that this chariot was drawn by six- 
 ty-four mules. The strongest of those creatures 
 and the largest were chosen on this occasion. 
 They were adorned with crowns of gold, and 
 •collars enriched with precious stones and golden 
 -bells. — Rollin's Hist., Book 16, § 3. 
 
 4475. PROCESSION, Royal. Oreek Emperor's. 
 ■The rites of policy were connected with those of 
 religion, and his visits to the principal churches 
 were regulated by the festivals of the Greek cal- 
 endar. On the eve of these processions, the gra- 
 <;ious or devout intention of the monarch was 
 proclaimed by the heralds. The streets were 
 cleared and purified ; the pavement was strewed 
 with flowers ; the most precious furniture, the 
 gold and silver plate, and silken hangings, were 
 displayed from the windows and balconies, and 
 a severe discipline restrained and silenced the tu- 
 mult of the populace. The march was opened 
 by the military officers at the head of their troops ; 
 they were followed in long order by the magis- 
 trates and ministers of the civil government ; the 
 person of the emperor was guarded by his eu- 
 nuchs and domestics, and at the church door he 
 was solemnly received by the patriarch and his 
 clergy. The task of applause was not abandon- 
 ed to the rude and spontaneous voices of the 
 crowd. The most convenient stations were oc- 
 cupied by the bands of the blue and green fac- 
 tions of the circus ; and their furious conflicts, 
 which had shaken the capital, were insensibly 
 .sunk to an emulation of servitude. From either 
 £ide they echoed in responsive melody the praises 
 of the emperor ; t heir poets and musicians direct- 
 ed the choir, and long life and victory were the 
 burden of every song. The same acclamations 
 were performed at the audience, the banquet, 
 :and the church ; and, as an evidence of bound- 
 less sway, they were repeated in the Latin, Goth- 
 ic, Persian, French, and even English language, 
 by the mercenaries who sustained the real or 
 ^fictitious character of those nations. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 53, p. 358. 
 
 4476. PROCESSION, Triumphant. Roman Em- 
 'peror Aurelian. Since the foundation of Rome, 
 no general had more nobly deserved a triumph 
 than Aurelian ; nor was a triumph ever celebrat- 
 ed with superior pride and magnificence. The 
 pomp was opened by twenty elephants, four roy- 
 al tigers, and above two hundred of the most 
 curious animals from every climate of the North, 
 the East, and the South. They were followed 
 by sixteen hundred gladiators, devoted to the 
 cruel amusement of the amphitheatre. The 
 wealth of Asia, the arms and ensigns of so many 
 conquered nations, and the magnificent plate and 
 
 wardrobe of the Syrian queen, were disposed in 
 exact symmetry or artful disorder. The ambas- 
 sadors of the most remote parts of the earth, of 
 Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, Bactriana, India, and 
 China, all remarkable by their rich or singular 
 dresses, displayed the fame and power of the 
 Roman Emperor, who exposed likewise to the 
 public view the presents that he had received, 
 and particularly a great number of crowns of 
 gold, the offerings of grateful cities. The victo- 
 ries of Aurelian were attested by the long train 
 of captives who reluctantly attended his triumph, 
 Goths, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alemanni, Franks, 
 Gauls, Syrians, and Egyptians. Each people 
 was distinguished by its peculiar inscription, and 
 the title of Amazons was bestowed on ten mar- 
 tial heroines of the Gothic nation who had been 
 taken in arms. But every eye, disregarding the 
 crowd of captives, was fixed on the Emperor 
 Tetricus and the Queen of the East. The for- 
 mer, as well as his son, whom he had created 
 Augustus, was dressed in Gallic trousers, a saf- 
 fron tunic, and a robe of purple. The beaute- 
 ous figure of Zenobia was confined by fetters of 
 gold ; a slave supported the gold chain which 
 encircled her neck, and she almost fainted under 
 the intolerable weight of jewels. She preceded 
 on foot the magnificent chariot, in which she 
 once hoped to enter the gates of Rome. It was 
 followed by two other chariots, still more sump 
 tuous, of Odenathus and of the Persian mon- 
 arch. The triumphal car of Aurelian (it had 
 formerly been used by a Gothic king) was drawn, 
 on this memorable occasion, either by four stags 
 or by four elephants. The most illustripus of 
 the Senate, the people, and the army, closed the 
 solemn procession. So long and so various was 
 the pomp of Aurelian's triumph that although 
 it opened with the dawn of day, the slow majes- 
 ty of the procession ascended not the Capitol be- 
 fore the ninth hour ; and it was already dark 
 when the emperor returned to the palace. The 
 festival was protracted by theatrical representa- 
 tions, the games of the circus, the hunting of 
 wild beasts, combats of gladiators, and naval en- 
 gagements. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 359. 
 
 4477. PROCRASTINATION, Fatal. ArcMas. 
 Pelopidas, with eleven of his friends in the dis- 
 guise of peasants, entered the city [of Thebes] in 
 the dusk of the evening, and joined the rest of 
 the conspirators in the house of a principal citi- 
 zen, of the name of Charon. Philidas, who act- 
 ed as secretary to the polemarchs or chief magis- 
 trates of Thebes, was, secretly, a steady friend 
 to the design, and had purposely invited the 
 chiefs of the oligarchy and the principal of the 
 Spartan commanders to a magnificent supper at 
 his house, where, as a part of the entertainment, 
 he promised to regale his guests with the com- 
 pany of some of the handsomest of the Theban 
 courtesans. While the guests, warm with wine, 
 eagerly called for the introduction of the ladies, 
 a courier arrived from Athens, and brought a 
 letter to Archias, the chief governor, desiring it 
 to be instantly read, as containing important 
 business. " 'This is no time," said the voluptu- 
 ary, " to trouble us with business ; we shall con- 
 sider of that to-morrow." This letter contained 
 a full discovery of the plot. Meantime Pelopi- 
 das and his companions, dressed in female attire, 
 entered the hall, and each drawing a dagger from 
 
PRODIGALITY— PROFESSION. 
 
 539 
 
 under his robe, massacred the governor and the 
 whole of the Spartan officers, before they had 
 time to stand upon their defence. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 162. 
 
 447§. PRODIGALITY checked. By Instruc- 
 tion. [James I. was ignorantly lavish of his fa- 
 vors. He gave Robert Carr an order on the 
 lord treasurer for £20,000 ; but the treasurer, 
 apprehending] that the king was ignorant of the 
 worth of what was demanded, as of the person 
 who had begged it [placed the £20,000 in 
 specie upon the floor of a room to which the 
 kmg was coming]. " Whose money is this ?" 
 said James. " It was your Majesty's before you 
 gave it away." The king threw himself upon 
 the heap, and swore that Carr should have no 
 more than a few hundred pounds. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 22, p. 341. 
 
 4479. PRODIGALITY encouraged. Ruinous. 
 Philosophers rose to tell the prodigal great that 
 they were in the right course, for that private 
 vices were public benefits ; and so, in very 
 charity to the provider of luxuries, the country 
 squire became a rake upon the town, and his es- 
 tates went to ruin, and all " his poor dependents 
 felt the curse of his licentiousness." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 49. 
 
 44§0. PROFANITY irrepressible. Washing- 
 ton. [The advance of the army was in retreat at 
 Monmouth by the cowardice and incapacity of 
 General Lee, its commander.] The chief was ex- 
 asperated. . . . When he met Lee, he exclaimed, 
 in fierce tones, "What is the meaning of all this, 
 sir ?" Lee hesitated a moment, when, according 
 to Lafayette, the aspect of Washington became 
 terrible, and he again demanded, "I desire to 
 know the meaning of this disorder and confu- 
 sion !" The fiery Lee, stung by Washington's 
 manner, made an angry reply, when the chief, 
 unable to control himself, called him " a damned 
 poltroon." " This," said Lafayette, . . . "was 
 the only time I ever heard General Washington 
 swear." — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 44S1. PROFANITY punished. Puritans. [In 
 1653 profaners were punished by the officers of 
 the law.] Swearing had been a statutable crime 
 since the time of James I. , but the extreme Pu- 
 ritans not only visited profane cursing with fine 
 and the stocks, but punished even such as fol- 
 lowed Lady Percy's example of " Good sooth ;" 
 and "God shall mend me," " Plague take you," 
 was flneable. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 11, 
 p. 173. 
 
 . 44S2. PROFANITY, Ruinous. Bobespierre. 
 The " F6te de I'Etre Supreme "... was a the- 
 atrical exhibition of very questionable taste, in 
 which Robespierre, as president of the conven- 
 tion, played the part of high-priest, with ill-con- 
 cealed self -exaltation and triumph. At this mo- 
 ment the tyrant may be said to have attained the 
 summit of his extraordinary fortunes ; and, by 
 a strange fatality, it was on this occasion that the 
 first seeds were sown of that hostile coalition 
 which in the course of a few weeks was to achieve 
 his ruin. Great dissatisfaction was excited by the 
 pre-eminence assumed at the festival by Robes- 
 pierre over his colleagues. Various threatening 
 hints were dropped in his hearing : " It is but a 
 step from the Capitol to the Tarpeian Rock," 
 •said one ; ' ' He would accustom the republic to 
 
 adore some one, in order to make himself ador 
 ed by and by," exclaimed another. — Students 
 France, ch. 27, § 6. 
 
 44§3. PROFANITY, Suppression of. Christo- 
 pher Wren. When Sir Christopher Wren was 
 building St. Paul's Cathedral, he caused the fol- 
 lowing notice to be affixed to several parts of 
 the structure : " Whereas, among laborers and 
 others, that ungodly custom of swearing is so 
 frequently heard, to the dishonor of God and 
 contempt of His authority ; and to the end that 
 such impiety may be utterly banished from these 
 works, which are intended for the service of 
 God and the honor of religion, it is ordered that 
 profane swearing shall be a sufficient crime to 
 dismiss any laborer that comes to the call ; and 
 the clerk of the works, upon a sufficient proof, 
 shall dismiss him accordingly ; and that if any 
 master, working by task, shall not, upon admoni- 
 tion, reform the profanation among his appren- 
 tices, servants, and laborers, it shall be con- 
 strued his fault, and he shall be liable to be cen- 
 sured by the commissioners." 
 
 4484. PROFESSION, Choice of. Accidental. 
 It was by accident that [Julius] Caesar took up 
 the profession of a soldier ; yet perhaps no com- 
 mander who ever lived showed greater military 
 genius. The conquest of Gaul was by a force 
 numerically insignificant, which was worked 
 with the precision of a machine. The variety of 
 uses to which it was capable of being turned im- 
 plied, in the first place, extraordinary fore- 
 thought in the selection of materials. Men 
 whose nominal duty was merely to fight were 
 engineers, architects, mechanics of the highest 
 order. In a few hours they could extemporize 
 an impregnable fortress on an open hill-side. 
 They bridged the Rhine in a week. They built 
 a fleet in a month. The legions at Alesia held 
 twice their number pinned within their works, 
 while they kept at bay the whole force of insur- 
 gent Gaul, entirely by scientific superiority. 
 The machine, which was thus perfect, was com- 
 posed of human beings who required supplies 
 of tools, and arms, and clothes, and food, and 
 shelter, and for all these it depended on the fore- 
 thought of its commander. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 28. 
 
 44 §5. PROFESSION by Coercion. Dr. Andrew 
 Combe. Although he had chosen to be "a doc- 
 tor," when finally asked "what he would be," 
 his answer . . . was, " I'll no be naething." He 
 would give no further answer ; and, after all 
 kinds of " fleechin' " and persuading were tried, 
 he had at length to be carried by force out of the 
 house to begin his professional career 1 [Between 
 his father and brother he was carried] several 
 hundred yards before he would put his feet to the 
 ground. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p. 369. 
 
 44§6. PROFESSION, Hereditary. Egyptiam. 
 All professions in Egypt were hereditary, a piece 
 of policy . . . which deserves much more to be 
 condemned than applauded. If the same disposi- 
 tions and the same talents descended invariably 
 from father to son, we might agree with M. Bos- 
 suet in holding it presumable that men would ex- 
 ecute in greater perfection what they had always 
 seen done, and what had been their sole employ- 
 ment from infancy ; but daily experience shows- 
 that neither talents nor inclinations are invariably 
 hereditary, and therefore the argument is futile. 
 
330 
 
 PROFESSION— PROGRESS. 
 
 But not only were all professions hereditary 
 among this people ; the rank and dignity of each 
 was most scrupulously settled, nor could any emi- 
 nence of merit or of fortune entitle an individ- 
 ual to higher respect or honor than what belonged 
 to the meanest of his class ; a policy repressive of 
 all emulation, and of that generous ambition on 
 which every species of excellence depends ; 
 while, at the same time, it was a fertile source of 
 jealousy, animosity, and disunion. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 46. 
 
 44§7. PROFESSION ignored. Reign of Charles 
 II. Any lad of noble birth, any dissolute cour- 
 tier for whom one of the king's mistresses 
 would speak a word, might hope that a ship of 
 the line, and with it the honor of the country 
 and the lives of hundreds of brave men, would 
 be committed to his care. It mattered not that 
 lie had never in his life taken a voyage except on 
 the Thames ; that he could not keep his feet in a 
 breeze ; that he did not know the difference be- 
 tween latitude and longitude. No previous train- 
 ing was thought necessary ; or, at most, he was 
 ■sent to make a short trip in a man-of-war, where 
 he was subjected to no discipline, where he was 
 treated with marked respect, and where he lived 
 in a round of revels and amusements. If, in the 
 intervals of feasting, drinking, and gambling, he 
 succeeded in learning the meaning of a few tech- 
 nical phrases and the names of the points of the 
 .compass, he was fully qualified to take charge 
 of a three-decker. — Mac aul ay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 281. 
 
 4488. PROFESSION, A suspicious. Eeign of 
 James 11. [Pledges of support were sent to Will- 
 iam Prince of Orange, if he would come from 
 Holland and deliver England from the oppres- 
 :sions of James.] Lord . . . Churchill, in a letter 
 written with a certain elevation of language, 
 which was the sure mark that he was going to 
 commit a baseness, declared that he was deter- 
 mined to perform his duty to Heaven and to his 
 country, and that he put his honor absolutely 
 into the hands of the Prince of Orange. "William 
 .^doubtless read those words with one of those bit- 
 ter and cynical smiles which gave his face its 
 least pleasing expression. It was not his business 
 to take care of the honor of other men ; nor had 
 the most rigid casuist pronounced it unlawful in 
 ^general to invite, to use, and to reward the ser- 
 ■vices of deserters whom he could not but despise. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 9, p. 407. 
 
 4489. PROFITS, Eagerness for. Tobacco. 
 Hitherto the labor of the settlers had been direct- 
 ed to the planting of vineyards and to the manu- 
 facture of potash, soap, glass and tar. The man- 
 agers of the London Company had at last learned 
 that these articles could be produced more 
 cheaply in Europe than in America. They had 
 also discovered that there were certain products 
 peculiar to the New World which might be raised 
 and exported with great profit. Chief among 
 ^uch native products was the plant called tobac- 
 -co, the use of which had already become fashion- 
 able in Spain, England, and France. This, then, 
 became the leading staple of the colony, and was 
 -even used for money. So entirely did the settlers 
 give themselves to the cultivation of the famous 
 ■weed that the very streets of Jamestown were 
 ploughed up and planted with it. — Ridpath's 
 V. S., ch. 11, p. 109. 
 
 4490. PROFLIGATE, Royal. Queen of Spam. 
 King Charles IV. was a gluttonous old man, im- 
 becile in mind, impotent in action, dissolute ia 
 life._ He was utterly d'spised. His wife, Louisa 
 Maria . . . was as shameless a profligate as could 
 be found in any dwelling of infamy in Spain. 
 Manual Godoy . . . was one of the bodyguard of 
 the king. ... He sang beautifully . . . the queen 
 sent for him to the palace ; lavished upon him 
 wealth and honors, and surrendered her husband, 
 the government, and her own person without re- 
 serve, into his hands. . . . The imbecile old king 
 . . . acquiesced in this arrangement. — Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 1. 
 
 4491. PROGRESS Checked. Family. It is re- 
 corded that the man who picked up the body [of 
 William II., who had been accidentally shot in 
 the forest in 1100], was a charcoal-burner, of the 
 name of Purkess, living in the village of Min- 
 stead, in the forest, and that on his cart was the 
 corpse removed to Winchester. In that village 
 in 1843 we saw the name of Purkess over a little 
 shop ; and Mr. Stewart Rose, who held an office 
 in the forest, records that the charcoal-burner's 
 descendants have always lived in this village, 
 where they still live, the possessors of one horse 
 and cart, and no more. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 16, p. 281. 
 
 4492. PROGRESS by Competition. Isaac New- 
 ton. [He had vanquished an insolent bully in a 
 fist-fight. See No. 179.] The next morning, 
 however, he had again the mortification of seeing 
 his enemjr at the head of the class, while he oc- 
 cupied his usual place at the foot. He began to 
 reflect. Could he regard himself in the light of 
 a victor while his foe lorded it over him in the . 
 school-room ? The applauding shouts of his 
 school-fellows had been grateful to his ears, but 
 his enemy enjoyed the approval of the teacher. 
 The laurels of the play-ground seemed to fade in 
 comparison with the nobler triumphs of the 
 mind. The result of his reflections was that he 
 determined to conquer his adversary again by 
 getting to the head of his class. From that time 
 he became as studious as he had before been 
 idle, and soon attained the second place. A long 
 and severe struggle ensued between him and his 
 adversary for the first, in the course of which 
 each triumphed in turn ; but, at length, Isaac 
 Newton remained permanently at the head. He 
 never relapsed into idleness. He was a student 
 thenceforth to the end of his life of nearly eighty- 
 five years. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 245. 
 
 4493. PROGRESS by Development. Farm 
 Stock. The average weight of the ox and the 
 sheep has been doubled since the beginning of 
 the eighteenth century, — Knight's Eng. , vol. 7, 
 ch. 1, p, 12. 
 
 4494. PROGRESS, Feeble. Syriam— Egyp- 
 tians. [The slothful effeminacy of the former ex- 
 posed them to the contempt, the sullen ferocious- 
 ness of the latter excited the aversion, of the con- 
 querors. Those nations had submitted to the 
 Roman power, but they seldom desired or de- 
 served the freedom of the city ; and it was re- 
 marked, that more than two hundred and thirty 
 years elapsed, after the ruin of the Ptolemies, be- 
 fore an Egyptian was admitted into the Senate 
 of Rome.]— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 46. 
 
 4495. PROGRESS, Hopeless. Explorers. [Sir 
 William Parry in the Polar Sea.] At last, how* 
 
PROGRESS— PROMISES. 
 
 531 
 
 «ver, a difficulty arose which was wholly in- 
 surmountable by mortal power. Soon after they 
 had reached tolerably firm ice, over which they 
 oould draw their sleds with comparative ease, 
 a strong, steady north wind met them, which 
 rendered their march exceedingly fatiguing. 
 This they could have endured, but imagine 
 their dismay when they discovered that this 
 wind was blowing the whole mass of ice toward 
 the south faster than they could march north- 
 ward. As long as possible Captain Parry con- 
 cealed this crushing fact from the men ; but 
 when, at the end of laborious and distressing 
 days, he found that they were actually farther 
 from the Pole than in the morning, he was com- 
 pelled to disclose the secret, and retrace his steps. 
 They had travelled, since leaving the ship, six 
 hundred and sixty-eight miles, and had only 
 made one hundred and seventy-two miles. They 
 reached the ship sixty-one days after leaving 
 her, and soon after sailed for England. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OP Bigg. , p. 389. 
 
 4496. PROGRESS, Human. Oermany. The 
 most civilized nations of modern Europe issued 
 from the woods of Germany ; and in the rude 
 institutions of those barbarians we may still dis- 
 tinguish the original principles of our present 
 laws and manners. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, 
 p. 250. 
 
 4497. PROGRESS ignored. GMrles I. It may 
 be allowed, on an impartial estimate of the char- 
 acter and personal qualities of Charles I. , that 
 Jiad the nation in his reign entertained no higher 
 ideas of the liberty of the subject, or of the pow- 
 ers of parliament, than those which prevailed 
 during the two preceding centuries, this prince 
 would have reigned with high popularity. It 
 was his misfortune to fill the throne of England 
 at the period of this remarkable crisis in the pub- 
 lic opinions, and to be educated in the highest 
 notions of the powers of the crown at the time 
 when those usurped powers were justly doomed 
 to come to an end. It was his misfortune, too, 
 that with many good dispositions, and a very 
 large share of mental endowments, he wanted 
 that political prudence which should have taught 
 him to yield to the necessity of the times, and 
 that it was wiser to abandon a little of that pow- 
 er which he conceived to be his right, than, by 
 obstinately maintaining it to its utmost extent, 
 to risk an entire deprivation of it. — Tytlek's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 298. 
 
 449S. PROHIBITION, Colonial. Bacon's As- 
 sembly. [The reform assembly of Virginia, 1676. ] 
 The church aristocracy was broken up . . . the 
 sale of wine and ardent spirits was absolutely 
 prohibited, if not at Jamestown, yet otherwise 
 through the whole country . . . two of the mag- 
 istrates, notorious for raising county taxes for 
 their private gains, were disfranchised. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 4499. PROHIBITION, Incipient. New Jersey. 
 In November of 1681, Jennings, the deputy-gov- 
 ernor of West Jersey, convened the first general 
 assembly of the province. The men who had so 
 worried the aristocracy of England by wearing 
 their hats in the presence of great men, and by 
 saying " thee" and " thou" now met together to 
 make their own laws. The code was brief and 
 simple. The sale of ardent spirits to the Red 
 juen was prohibited. Taxes should be voted 
 
 by the representatives of the people. The lands 
 of the Indians should be acquired by honorable 
 purchase. Finally, a criminal — unless a murder- 
 er, a traitor, or a thief — might be pardoned by 
 the person against whom the offence was commit- 
 ted.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 24, p. 206. 
 
 4500. PROHIBITION, Ineffective. Colony of 
 Georgia. Another regulation which prohibited 
 the introduction of ardent spirits could not be 
 enforced ; it led only to clandestine traffic. [The 
 colonists were chiefly poor people, debtors, and 
 persecuted Protestants.] — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 24. 
 
 4501. PROHIBITION, Plea for. Dutch and 
 Indians, a.d. 1642. The trader did not learn 
 humanity, nor the savage forget revenge ; the 
 son of a chief, stung by the conviction of having 
 been defrauded and robbed, aimed an unerr- 
 ing arrow at the first Hollander exposed to his 
 fury. A deputation of river chieftains hasten- 
 ed to express their sorrow ; . . . they offered to 
 purchase security for the murderer by a fine 
 for blood. . . . " You yourselves," they added, 
 " are the cause of this evil ; you ought not craze 
 the young Indians with brandy. Your own 
 people, when drunk, fight with knives, and do 
 foolish things ; and you cannot prevent mis- 
 chief till you cease to sell strong drink to the 
 Indians." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 4502. PROHIBITION, Protection by. Colonial. 
 The colony of Georgia [established as a refuge 
 for the poor] interdicted the importation of 
 spirituous liquors. The cap of Liberty was on 
 its seal, and its motto — Non sibi sed aliis. Not 
 for themselves, but others — declared the philan- 
 thropic purpose of its projectors. — Stevens' 
 M. E. Church, vol. 1, p. 22. 
 
 4503. PROHIBITION resisted. American Ind- 
 ians. Prohibitory laws were hardly sanction- 
 ed by savage opinion. The wild man hates re- 
 straint, and loves to do what is right in his own 
 eyes. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 4504. PROMISES, Broken. Queen Mary. [In 
 1559, when Mary Queen of Scots was reminded 
 by the leading reformers of her promises of tol- 
 eration, she replied :] Promises ought not to be 
 urged upon princes unless they can conveniently 
 fill them. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 8, p. 118. 
 
 4505. PROMISES, Deceptive. To Heretics. [Lu- 
 ther went to Worms to meet his accusers, and 
 was promised safe-conduct.] The Papists, on 
 the other hand, sought to persuade his Imperial 
 Majesty to seize Luther and to put him to death. 
 They adduced the example of John Huss, and 
 said, " To a heretic one is under no obligation, 
 either to grant a safe-conduct or to keep it." But 
 the Emperor Charles [V.] replied, " Whatever 
 promise has been made must be fulfilled." — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 9, p. 85. 
 
 4506. PROMISES, Regard for. Romans. The 
 goddess of Faith (of human and social faith) was 
 worshipped, not only in her temples, but in the 
 lives of the Romans ; and if that nation was de- 
 ficient in the more amiable qualities of benevo- 
 lence and generosity, they astonished the Greeks 
 by their sincere and simple performance of the 
 most burdensome engagements. Yet among the 
 same people, according to the rigid maxims of 
 the patricians and decemvirs, a naked pact, a 
 promise, or even an oath, did not create any civil 
 
632 
 
 PROMOTION— PROMPTNESS. 
 
 obligation, unless it was confirmed by the legal 
 form of a stipulation. Whatever might be the 
 etymologj'^ of the Latin word, it conveyed the 
 idea of a firm and irrevocable contract, which 
 was always expressed in the mode of a question 
 and answer. " Do you promise to pay me 100 
 pieces of gold ?" was the solemn interrogation of 
 Seius. " I do promise," was the reply of Sem- 
 pronius. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 365. 
 
 4507. PROMOTION earned. General Grant. 
 Governor Yates, of his State, . . . put him on his 
 staff as adjutant, to assist him in arranging the 
 quota of the State. ... He acquitted himself 
 so well, that when Lincoln sent on to the gov- 
 ernor to forward two names from the State for 
 the position of brigadier-general, the latter pro- 
 posed to Grant to send him on. But he declined, 
 saying he preferred to earn his promotion. He, 
 however, accepted the colonelcy of the Twenty- 
 first Regiment. ... On the 7th of August, . . . 
 1861, he received his appointment as brigadier- 
 general. — Headley's General Gbant, p. 47. 
 
 450§. PEOMOTION, Jocose, Napoleon I. [Na- 
 poleon was the second to cross the bridge at 
 Lodi.] Some of the veterans of the army, imme- 
 diately after the battle, met together, and jocosely 
 promoted their general, who had so distinguished 
 himself by bravery, and who was so juvenile in 
 his appearance, to the rank of corporal. When 
 Napoleon next appeared upon the field he was 
 greeted with enthusiastic shouts by the whole 
 army, " Long live our little corporal !" . . . and 
 never lost . . . this honorary and affection- 
 ate nickname. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 4509. PROMOTION, Loss by. Saturninus. [One 
 of the thirty tyrants.] When the clamor of the 
 soldiers invested the reluctant victims with the 
 ensigns of sovereign authority, they sometimes 
 mourned in secret their approaching fate. ' ' You 
 have lost," said Saturninus, on the day of his ele- 
 vation — "you have lost a useful commander, and 
 you have made a very wretched emperor." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 10, p. 324. 
 
 4510. PROMOTION, Ofifensive. Roman Sena- 
 tors. Julius Caesar . . . increased the number of 
 the senate to nine hundred, filling its ranks from 
 eminent provincials, introducing even barba- 
 rian Gauls, and, still worse, libertini, the sons of 
 liberated slaves, who had risen to distinction by 
 their own merit. The new members came in 
 slowly, and it is needless to say were unwillingly 
 received ; a private handbill was sent round rec- 
 ommending the coldest of greetings to them. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 26. 
 
 4511. PROMOTION, Providential. Queen Eliz- 
 
 oheth. [Daughter of Henry yni.] Tradition still 
 points out the tree in Hatfield Park beneath 
 which Elizabeth was sitting when she received 
 the news of her peaceful accession to the throne. 
 She fell on her knees, and drawing a long breath, 
 exclaimed at last, "It is the Lord's doing, and 
 it is marvellous in our eyes." To the last these 
 words remained stamped on the golden coinage 
 of the queen. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 692. 
 
 4513. PROMOTION, Remarkable. Cromwell. 
 The storm is up in England, and Oliver has be- 
 come a marked man ; he probably knows that 
 he will have to take a prominent part in the af- 
 fairs of the kingdom. Halt we awhile to reflect 
 
 on this. This obscure man, lone English farmer, 
 untitled, unwealthy, no grace of manner to in- 
 troduce himself, ungainly in speech and in ac- 
 tion, unskilled in war, unused to the arts of 
 courts and the cabals of senates and legislators — 
 this man whose life had passed altogether with 
 farmers and religious-minded men, was, at al- 
 most a bound, to leap to the highest place in the 
 people's army, grasping the baton of the mar- 
 shal. This man was to strike the successful 
 blows on the field, shivering to pieces the king- 
 ly power in the land ; himself was to assume the 
 truncheon of the Dictator ; was to sketch the 
 outline of laws, of home and foreign policy, 
 which all succeeding legislators were to attempt 
 to embody and imitate ; was to wring conces- 
 sions to his power from the most haughty mon- 
 archies of ancient feudal Europe, and to bear up, 
 in arms, England, fast dwindling into contempt, 
 to the very foremost place among the nations ; 
 was to produce throughout the world homage- 
 to the Protestant religion, making before his- 
 name the fame and terror of Gustavus, of Henry 
 IV., of Zisca, to dwindle and look pale. And 
 this with no prestige of birth or education. Is. 
 it too much, then, to call him the most royal act- 
 or England, if not the world, has produced ? — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 47. 
 
 4513. PROMOTION, Unexpected. Cromwell. 
 No doubt Cromwell was amazed at the lofty ele- 
 vation to which he ascended ; for he commenced 
 his public career without any plan ; he threw him- 
 self, and his fortunes, and his life into the scale 
 against the king, and on the side of the people. 
 He was at that time a plain country yeoman. 
 We do not believe that he had any ambition other 
 than to serve the cause with a brave, pure heart. 
 Could he, whose unnoticed days had been passed 
 by a farmer's ingle, see gleaming before his eyes 
 a crown, which he might refuse ? Could he, who 
 had spent his later years in following the plough, 
 dream that he should draw the sword, only to 
 find himself at last the greatest general of his 
 own age, and one of the greatest soldiers of any 
 age ? Well might he say, " One never mounts so- 
 high as wJien one does not know where one is go- 
 ing." It is the sublime of human philosophy 
 and character to be able to say this ; it is faith in 
 Providence and in destiny alone which can say 
 this. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 21. 
 
 4514. PROMPTNESS, Success by. Charles XII. 
 Three powerful enemies joined in a league to op- 
 press him. Sweden was then in possession of the 
 territories of Estonia and Livonia ; and Charles 
 XL , his father, had violated the privileges of the 
 Livonians, which they had asserted by a deputa- 
 tion, at the head of which was a nobleman of the 
 name of Patkul, who had incensed the monarch 
 by too bold a remonstrance in favor of the liber- 
 ties of his country ; he was condemned to death, 
 but he escaped, and denounced a signal ven- 
 geance against the King of Sweden ; he found 
 means to persuade Augustus, Kingof Poland, and 
 the czar, Peter, that they had now an opportuni- 
 ty of recovering, during the weakness of that 
 monarchy, all the provinces they had formerly 
 lost. They were joined by Frederick IV. , King 
 of Denmark, and it was not doubted that Swe- 
 den would fall a victim to so formidable an alli- 
 ance. ... It was the opinion of Charles' coun- 
 sellors that a negotiation should be set on foot 
 
PROOF— PROPERTY, 
 
 533 
 
 to avert the impending ruin ; but the king himself 
 instantly gave orders to prepare for war. ' ' I shall 
 ;attack the first," said he, " who declares against 
 me, and by defeating him, I hope to intimidate 
 the rest." From that time Charles dedicated his 
 life to a series of fatigues and dangers, and en- 
 joyed not a moment of ease or relaxation. — Tyt- 
 LEu's Hist., Book 6, eh. 35, p. 477. 
 
 4515. PROOF of Intentions. Cleopatra. [An- 
 tony was suspicious that she might poison him, 
 and required his food to be tasted at her ban- 
 quets.] She employed a very extraordinary 
 method to make him sensible how ill-founded his 
 fears were, and at the same time, if she had so 
 bad an intention, how ineffectual all the precau- 
 tions he took would be. She caused the extrem- 
 ities of the flowers to be poisoned, of which the 
 wreaths, worn by Antony and herself at table, 
 according to the custom of the ancients, were 
 composed. When their heads began to grow 
 warm with wine, in the height of their gayety, 
 Cleopatra proposed to Antony to drink off those 
 flowers. He made no difficulty ; and, after having 
 plucked off the ends of his wreath with his fin- 
 gers, and thrown them into his cup filled with 
 wine, he was upon the point of drinking it, when 
 the queen, taking hold of his arm, said to him, 
 " I am the poisoner against whom you take such 
 mighty precaution. If it were possible for me to 
 live without you, judge now whether I wanted 
 «ither the opportunity or means for such an ac- 
 tion." Having ordered a prisoner, condemned 
 to die, to be brought thither, she made him drink 
 that liquor, upon which he died immediately. — 
 Rollin's Hist. , Book 24, § 3. 
 
 4516. PROPEETY, Conservatism of. James- 
 iown Colony. The greatest change in the condi- 
 tion of the colonists resulted from the incipient 
 establishment of private property. To each man 
 a few acres of ground were assigned for his or- 
 chard and to plant at his pleasure and for his 
 own use. So long as industry had been without 
 its special reward, reluctant labor, wasteful of 
 time, had been followed by want. — Bancroft's 
 Hist, op U. S., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 4517. PROPERTY, Hereditary. Boman Laws. 
 The jurisprudence of the Romans appears to 
 have deviated from the equality of nature much 
 less than the Jewish, the Athenian, or the Eng- 
 lish institutions. On the death of a citizen all 
 his descendants, unless they were already freed 
 from his paternal power, were called to the in- 
 heritance of his possessions. The insolent pre- 
 rogative of primogeniture was unknown ; the 
 two sexes were placed on a just level ; all the 
 sons and daughters were entitled to an equal por- 
 tion of the patrimonial estate ; and if any of the 
 sons had been intercepted by a premature death, 
 his person was represented, and his share was 
 divided, by his surviving children. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 44, p. 360. 
 
 45 1§. PROPERTY, Ownership of. Production. 
 The savage who hollows a tree, inserts a sharp 
 stone into a wooden handle, or applies a string to 
 an elastic branch becomes in a state of nature 
 the just proprietor of the canoe, the bow, or the 
 hatchet. The materials were common to all, the 
 new form, the produce of his time and simple 
 industry, belongs solely to himself. His hungry 
 brethren cannot, without a sense of their own in- 
 justice, extort from the hunter the game of the 
 
 forest overtaken or slain by his personal strength 
 and dexterity. If his provident care preserves 
 and multiplies the tame animals, whose nature 
 is tractable to the arts of education, he acquires a 
 perpetual title to the use and service of their nu- 
 merous progeny, which derives its existence from 
 him alone. If he encloses and cultivates a field 
 for their sustenance and his own, a barren waste 
 is converted into a fertile soil ; the seed, the ma- 
 nure, the labor, create a new value, and the re- 
 wards of harvest are painfully earned by the fa- 
 tigues of the revolving year. In the successive 
 states of society, the himter, the shepherd, the 
 husbandman, may defend their possessions by 
 two reasons which forcibly appeal to the feelings 
 or the human mind : that whatever they enjoy 
 is the fruit of their own industry ; and that every 
 man who envies their felicity may purchase sim- 
 ilar acquisitions by the exercise of similar dili- 
 gence. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 355. 
 
 4519. PROPERTY, Titles to. Reignof James II. 
 [He favored the destruction of titles, so as to ad- 
 vance the adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, 
 whose property had long ago been confiscated.] 
 He ought to have determined that the existing 
 settlement of landed property [in Ireland] should 
 be inviolable ; and he ought to have announced 
 that determination in such a manner as effectu- 
 ally to quiet the anxiety of the new proprietors, 
 and to extinguish any wild hopes which the old 
 proprietors might entertain. Whether, in the 
 great transfer of estates, injustice had or had not 
 been committed, was immaterial. That transfer, 
 just or unjust, had taken place so long ago that 
 to reverse it would be to unfix the foundations of 
 society. There must be a time of limitation to 
 all rights. After thirty -five years of actual pos- 
 session, after twenty-five years of possession sol- 
 emnly guaranteed by statute, after innumerable 
 leases and releases, mortgages and devises, it was 
 too late to search for flaws in titles. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 124. 
 
 4520. PROPERTY, Tyranny of. Bev. John 
 Ball. " Mad" as the landowners held him to be, 
 it was in the preaching of John Ball that Eng- 
 land first listened to a declaration of the natural 
 equality and rights of man. "Good people," 
 cried the preacher, " things will never be well in 
 England so long as goods be not in common, 
 and so long as there be villeins and gentlemen. 
 By what right are they whom we call lords 
 greater folk than we ? On what grounds have 
 they deserved it ? Why do they hold us in serf- 
 age ? If we all came of the same father and 
 mother, of Adam and Eve, how can they say or 
 prove that they are better than we, if it be not 
 that they make us gain for them by our toil what 
 they spend in their pride ? They are clothed in. 
 velvet and warm in their furs and their ermines, 
 while we are covered with rags. They have wine 
 and spices and fair bread, and we oat-cake and 
 straw and water to drink. They have leisure 
 and fine houses ; we have pain and labor, the 
 rain and the wind in the fields. And yet it is of 
 us and of our toil that these men hold their state." 
 It was the tyranny of property that then as 
 ever roused the defiance of socialism. — Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 345. 
 
 4521. PROPERTY, Wrongs in. English Law. 
 A.D. 1763. The right of primogeniture made its 
 chief victims in the bosoms of the families which 
 
534 
 
 PROPHECIES— PROSPERITY. 
 
 it kept up. . . . Even the mother who might 
 survive her husband, after following him to his 
 tomb, . , . returned no more to the ancestral 
 mansion, but vacated it for the heir ; and the 
 dowager must be content with her jointure, 
 which might often be paid grudgingly as to one, 
 " Long wintering on a young man's revenue." 
 — Banckoft's it. S., vol. 5, ch. 3. 
 
 4522. PROPHECIES, Sustained. England 1753. 
 [In 1753 there was great opposition to a bill, 
 which was passed, permitting Jews to hold real 
 estate. One said itj was to give the lie to all the 
 prophecies of the New Testament : they are 
 to remain without any fixed habitation until 
 they acknowledge Christ to be the Messiah. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 193. 
 
 4523. PROPHECY, False. Empires fall. [When 
 the Spanish Armada was expected to visit the 
 coasts of England] many ancient and strange 
 prophecies, in divers languages, and many excel- 
 lent astronomers of sundry nations, had in very 
 plain terms foretold that the year 1588 should 
 be most fatal and ominous unto all estates, con- 
 cluding in these words : "And if in that year 
 the world do not perish and utterly decay, yet 
 empires all, and kingdoms after, shall ; and no 
 man to raise himself shall know no way, and that 
 forever after it shall be called the year of won- 
 der." [Englishmen interpreted the prophecy 
 against their enemies as a prediction of their 
 overthrow, the God of the Bible, which Eng- 
 lishman had learned to read, being their defend- 
 er.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 14, p. 218. 
 
 4524. PROPHECY, Unconscious. Virgil. Con- 
 stantine, in a very long discourse, which is still 
 extant, . . . expatiates on the various proofs of 
 religion ; but he dwells with peculiar complacen- 
 cy on the Sibylline verses, and the fourth eclogue 
 of Virgil. Forty years before the birth of Christ, 
 the Mantuan bard, as if inspired by the celestial 
 muse of Isaiah, had celebrated, with all the pomp 
 of Oriental metaphor, the return of the Virgin, 
 the fall of the serpent, the approaching birth of 
 a godlike child, the offspring of the great Jupi- 
 ter, who should expiate the guilt of human kind, 
 and govern the peaceful universe with the vir- 
 tues of his father ; the rise and appearance of a 
 heavenly race, a primitive nation throughout the 
 world, and the gradual restoration of the inno- 
 cence and felicity of the golden age. The poet 
 was perhaps unconscious of the secret sense and 
 object of these sublime predictions, which have 
 been so unworthily applied to the infant son of 
 a consul, or a triumvir ; but if a more splendid, 
 and indeed specious, interpretation of the fourth 
 eclogue contributed to the conversion of the first 
 Christian emperor, Virgil may deserve to be rank- 
 ed among the most successful missionaries of the 
 gospel. ... He chiefly depends on a myste- 
 rious acrostic, composed in the sixth age after the 
 Deluge, by the Erythraean Sibyl, and translated 
 by Cicero into Latin. The initial letters of the 
 thirty-four Greek verses form this prophetic sen- 
 tence : Jesus Christ, Son of God, SaviouB op 
 THE World.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20, p. 269. 
 
 4525. PROPHETS, The Great. Four. Mahom- 
 et taught that God Almighty had engraven these 
 laws [of Mahomet. See Religion, Mahometan] in 
 the hearts of the first race of men, but that vice and 
 iniquity gradually prevailing, and wearing out I 
 
 their impression. He had sent, from time to time,. 
 His prophets upon earth, to revive His holy pre- 
 cepts by their doctrines and example. The most 
 eminent of these prophets, he affirmed, were- 
 Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ — and Mahomet, 
 the last, the greatest of all — who was destined tO' 
 extend the knowledge of the true religion over 
 all the garth. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 1, 
 p. 52. 
 
 4526. PROPRIETORS, Nominal. George I. 
 [When the Hanoverian prince George came to 
 the British throne as George I., the foreigner 
 penned his first impressions.] He said : " This is 
 a strange country. The first morning after my 
 arrival at St. James' I looked out of the window, 
 and saw a park, with canals, etc., which they 
 told me were mine. The next day Lord Chet- 
 wynd, the ranger of my park, sent me a fine- 
 brace of carp out of my canal ; and I was told I 
 must give five guineas to Lord Chetwynd's ser- 
 vant for bringing me my carp out of my canal 
 in my own park." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 1, 
 p. 4. 
 
 4527. PROPRIETORS, Bondage of. Peruvians, 
 The mines of Potosi were discovered, with which 
 the Peruvians themselves had been unacquaint- 
 ed — a source of riches which to this day is not 
 exhausted. The Peruvians were made to work 
 at these mines for the Spaniards, as the real pro- 
 prietors. Those slaves who, from constitutional 
 weakness of body, were soon worn out by the 
 dreadful fatigues, . . . without the smallest re- 
 mission of their labors, were replaced by negroes, 
 from the coast of Africa. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 21. 
 
 452S. PROSPERITY, Children bring. Arab. 
 The nurses of the desert, who came usually to 
 compete for the new-born children to the doors 
 of the wealthy, did not present themselves at the 
 door of Amina [the mother of Mahomet] , because 
 she was a widow, and that widows, commonly 
 poor, did not remunerate so liberally as the fa- 
 thers the nurses of their children. At length 
 Halima, one of those women of the desert who 
 sold their milk, not having been able to find an- 
 other nursling in the city, returned to Amina 
 toward the evening, and took her infant. The 
 credulity of the Arabs remarked, that from the 
 day when this child was introduced into the tent 
 of Halima all the prosperities and fecundities 
 of nomad life made it their centre. The nurse 
 refused to give him back to his mother, for fear 
 of losing, with his departure, the benedictions of 
 her tent. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 55. 
 
 4529. PROSPERITY, Dangers of. Philip of 
 Macedon. Olympias bare him Alexander, sur- 
 named the Great. . . . Philip, who at that time 
 was absent from his kingdom, had three very 
 agreeable pieces of news brought him at one and 
 the same time : that he had carried the prize at 
 the Olympic games ; that Parmenio, one of his 
 generals, had gained a great victory over the II- 
 lyrians, and that his wife was delivered of a son. 
 This prince, temfied at so signal a happiness, 
 which the heathens thought frequently the omen 
 of some mournful catastrophe, cried out, " Great 
 Jupiter ! in return for so many blessings, send 
 me as soon as possible some slight misfortune."— 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 14, § 1. 
 
 4530. PROSPERITY, Destructive. Christiamty. 
 The corruption of manners and principles, so 
 
PROSPERITY— PROTECTION. 
 
 535 
 
 forcibly lamented by Eusebius, may be consid- 
 ered, not only as a consequence, but as a proof, 
 of the liberty which the Christians enjoyed and 
 abused under the reign of Diocletian. Prosper- 
 ity had relaxed the nerves of discipline. Fraud, 
 envy, and malice prevailed in every congrega- 
 tion. The presbyters aspired to the episcopal 
 office, which every day became an object more 
 worthy of their ambition. The bishops, who 
 contended with each other for ecclesiastical pre- 
 eminence, appeared by their conduct to claim a 
 secular and tyrannical power in the church ; and 
 the Hvely faith which still distinguished the 
 Christians from the Gentiles was shown much 
 less in their lives than in their controversial writ- 
 ings. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 57. 
 
 4531 . PEOSPERITY by Government. By Rienzi. 
 [The Roman tribune and patriot.] Justice was 
 appeased by the tardy execution of Martin Ur- 
 sini, who, among his various acts of violence and 
 rapine, had pillaged a shipwrecked vessel at the 
 mouth of the Tiber. His name, the purple of 
 two cardinals, his uncles, a recent marriage, and 
 a mortal disease were disregarded by the inflex- 
 ible tribune, who had chosen his victim. The 
 public officers dragged him from his palace and 
 nuptial bed ; his trial was short and satisfactory ; 
 the bell of the Capitol convened the people ; 
 stripped of his mantle, on his knees, with his 
 hands bound behind his back, he heard the sen- 
 tence of death ; and after a brief confession Ur- 
 sini was led away to the gallows. After such an 
 example, none who were conscious of guilt could 
 hope for impunity, and the flight of the wicked, 
 the licentious, and the idle soon purified the city 
 and territory of Rome. In this time (says the 
 historian) the woods began to rejoice that they 
 were no longer infested with robbers ; the oxen 
 began to plough ; the pilgrims visited the sanc- 
 tuaries ; the roads and inns were replenished 
 with travellers ; trade, plenty, and good faith 
 were restored in the markets ; and a purse of 
 gold might be exposed without danger in the 
 midst of the highway. As soon as the life and 
 property of the subject are secure, the labors and 
 rewards of industry spontaneously revive ; Rome 
 was still the metropolis of the Christian world. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 70, p. 477. 
 
 4532. PROSPERITY, Springs of. Improve- 
 ment. In every experimental science there is a 
 tendency toward perfection. In every human 
 being there is a wish to ameliorate his own con- 
 dition. These two principles have often sufficed, 
 even when counteracted by great public calami- 
 ties and by bad institutions, to carry civilization 
 rapidly forward. No ordinary misfortune, no 
 ordinary misgovernment, will do so much to 
 make a nation wretched as the constant prog- 
 ress of physical knowledge and the constant ef- 
 fort of every man to better himself will do to 
 make a nation prosperous. — Macaulay'sHist., 
 ch. 3, p. 261. 
 
 4533. PROSTITUTE, A distinguished. TJieodo- 
 ra. The beauty of Theodora was the subject of 
 more flattering praise and the source of more ex- 
 quisite delight. Her features were delicate and 
 regular ; her complexion, though somewhat pale, 
 was tinged with a natural color ; every sensation 
 was instantly expressed by the vivacity of her 
 eyes ; her easy motions displayed the graces 
 of a small but elegant figure ; and either love or 
 
 adulation might proclaim that painting and po- 
 etry were incapable of delineating the matchless- 
 excellence of her form. But this form was de- 
 graded by the facility with which it was exposed 
 to the public eye and prostituted to licentious 
 desire. Her venal charms were abandoned to a 
 promiscuous crowd of citizens and strangers, of 
 every rank and of eve^y profession ; the fortu- 
 nate lover who had been promised a night of en- 
 joyment was often driven from her bed by a 
 stronger or more wealthy favorite ; and when 
 she passed through the streets, her presence was- 
 avoided by all who wished to escape either the 
 scandal or the temptation. The satirical histo- 
 rian has not blushed to describe the naked scenes 
 which Theodora was not ashamed to exhibit ia 
 the theatre. After exhausting the arts of sensu- 
 al pleasure, she most ungratefully murmured 
 against the parsimony of nature. [She became- 
 the wife of the Roman Emperor Justinian.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 50. 
 
 4534. PROTECTION of Industry, aashing. 
 When the cultivator wanted to obtain the best 
 price for his wool, that legislation that was al- 
 ways protecting one class against another class, 
 to the injury of both classes, ordained the expor- 
 tation of wool should be hampered with restric- 
 tions ; ' ' because that sufficient plenty of the said 
 wools may continually abide and remain within 
 the said realm, as may competently and reason- 
 ably serve for the occupation of cloth-makers." 
 Of necessity much of the sufficient plenty became 
 superabundant stock ; and the price of wool was 
 beaten down by the limitation of the market. 
 [a.d. 1450-1485.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 7, 
 p. 108. 
 
 4535. PROTECTION of Manufactures. Eng- 
 lish. The rural interests of England had (in 1698) 
 prohibited the importation of Irish cattle. The 
 Irish farmers took to breeding sheep, and wool 
 being abundant, woollen manufactures sprang 
 up. The Commons implored the king ' ' to enjoin 
 all those he employed in Ireland to use their ut- 
 most diligence to hinder the exportation of wool 
 from Ireland, except imported hither, and for 
 discouraging the woollen and encouraging the 
 linen manufacture in Ireland. " — Knight's Eng. , 
 vol. 5, ch. 14, p. 214. 
 
 4536. PROTECTION by Secrecy. Aihanasius. 
 [During the persecution by the Arian party.] He 
 was once secreted in a dry cistern, which he had 
 scarcely left before he was betrayed by the treach- 
 ery of a female slave ; and he was once concealed 
 in a still more extraordinary asylum, the house of 
 a virgin, only twenty years of age, and who was 
 celebrated in the whole city for her exquisite 
 beauty. At the hour of midnight, as she related 
 the story many years afterward, she was sur- 
 prised by the appearance of the archbishop in a 
 loose undress, who, advancing with hasty steps, 
 conjured her to afford him the protection which 
 he had been directed by a celestial vision to seek 
 under her hospitable roof. The pious maid ac- 
 cepted and preserved the sacred pledge which 
 was intrusted to her prudence and courage. 
 Without imparting the secret to any one, she in- 
 stantly conducted Athanasius into her most se- 
 cret chamber, and watched over his safety with 
 the tenderness of a friend and the assiduity of a 
 servant. As long as the danger continued, she 
 regularly supplied him with books and provi 
 
536 
 
 PROTECTION— PROTESTANTISM. 
 
 fiions, washed his feel, managed his correspond- 
 dence, and dexterously concealed from the eye 
 of suspicion this familiar and solitary intercourse 
 between a saint whose character required the 
 most unblemished chastity, and a female whose 
 charms might excite the most dangerous emo- 
 tions. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 21, p. 352. 
 
 4537. PROTECTION for the Weak. James 
 Oglethorpe. He selected as the site of his settle- 
 ment the high bluff on which now stands the 
 city of Savannah. Here, on the first day of Feb- 
 ruary, were laid the foundations of the oldest 
 English town south of the Savannah River. Broad 
 streets were laid out ; a public square was re- 
 served in each quarter ; a beautiful village of tents 
 and board houses built among the pine trees ap- 
 peared as the capital of a new commonwealth, 
 where men were not imprisoned for debt. Tomo- 
 «hichi, chief of the Yamacrans, came from his 
 cabin half a mile distant to see his brother Ogle- 
 thorpe. There was a pleasant conference. " Here 
 is a present for you," said the red man to the 
 white man. The present was a buffalo robe 
 painted on the inside with the head and feathers 
 ■of an eagle. ' ' The feathers are soft, and signify 
 love ; the buffalo skin is the emblem of protec- 
 tion. Therefore love us and protect us," said 
 the old chieftain. Such a plea could not be lost 
 on a man like Oglethorpe. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 29, p. 239. 
 
 453§. PROTECTOR needed. Protestants. Had 
 Cromwell been on the throne of England when 
 Louis XIV. dared to revoke what had been 
 called the Irrevocable Edict of Nantes, and by 
 this act to inaugurate a protracted and horrible 
 reign of terror, the revocation vwould never have 
 taken place, or that apparition, which Mazarin 
 .always dreaded lest he should see, would have 
 been beheld — namely, Cromwell at the gates of 
 Paris. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 214. 
 
 4539. PROTECTION, A strong. Oliver Crom- 
 well. It was at the very period of the massacre 
 •of the Piedmontese that a treaty with France had 
 been matured, after long and tedious negotiation. 
 One demand after another had been conceded to 
 Cromwell by Louis and his crafty adviser, the 
 Cardinal Mazarin. John Milton, Oliver's pri- 
 vate and foreign secretary, had conducted the 
 negotiation to a successful issue, and the French 
 ambassador waited with the treaty ready for sig- 
 nature, when Cromwell learned of the sufferings 
 of the Vaudois. He forthwith despatched an 
 iimbassador, on their behalf, to the Court of 
 "Turin, and refused to sign the treaty with France 
 until their wrongs were redressed. The French 
 ambassador w^s astonished and indignant. He 
 remonstrated with Cromwell, and urged that 
 the question bore no connection with the terms 
 of the treaty ; nor could his sovereign interfere, 
 ■on any plea, with the subjects of an independent 
 State. Mazarin took even bolder ground. He 
 <iid not conceal his sympathy with the efforts of 
 the Duke of Savoy to coerce these Protestant 
 rebels — declared his conviction that in truth " the 
 Vaudois had inflicted a hundred times worse 
 cruelties on the Catholics than they had suffered 
 from them," and altogether took up a very high 
 and haughty position. Cromwell remained un- 
 moved. New protestations met with no better 
 reception. He told his Majesty of France, in 
 Teply to his assurances of the impossibility of in- 
 
 terfering, that he had already allowed his own 
 troops to be employed as the tools of the perse- 
 cutors ; which, though very much like giving 
 his Christian Majesty the lie, was not without 
 its effect. Cromwell would not move from the 
 sacred duty he had assumed to himself, as the 
 defender of the persecuted Protestants of Europe. 
 The French ambassador applied for an audience 
 to take his leave, and was made welcome to go. 
 Louis and Mazarin had both to yield to his wishes 
 at last, and became the unwilling advocates of 
 the heretics of the valleys. — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 16, p. 215. 
 
 4540. PROTESTANTISM, Advance of. Fraiice. 
 
 [a.d. 1561-1567. The Protestant opinions] were 
 popular among the merchant class. The nobl&sse 
 was fast becoming Huguenot. At the court 
 itself the nobles feasted ostentatiously on the fast- 
 days of the church, and flocked to the Protestant 
 preachings. The clergy themselves seemed 
 shaken. Bishops openly abjured the older faith. 
 Coligny's brother, the Cardinal of Chatillon, cel- 
 ebrated the communion instead of mass in his 
 own episcopal church at Beauvais, and married 
 a wife. So irresistible was the movement, that 
 Catharine saw no way of preserving France to 
 Catholicism but by the largest concessions ; and 
 in the summer of 1561 she called on the pope to 
 allow the removal of images, the administration 
 of the sacrament in both kinds, and the aboli- 
 tion of private masses. Her demands were out- 
 stripped by those of an assembly of deputies 
 from the states which met at Pontoise. These 
 called for the confiscation of church property, 
 for freedom of conscience and of worship, and, 
 above all, for a national council in which every 
 question should be decided by ' ' the word of 
 God." France seemed on the verge of becom- 
 ing Protestant ; and at a moment when Protes- 
 tantism had won England and Scotland, and ap- 
 peared to be fast winning southern as well as 
 northern Germany, the accession of France 
 would have determined the triumph of the Ref- 
 ormation. [Persecution of Protestants follow- 
 ed.] — Hist, of Eng. People, § 726. 
 
 4541. PROTESTANTISM, Overthrow of. Per- 
 secution. At Rome the news of this great blow 
 [given by the massacre on St. Bartliolomew's 
 Day] was hailed with extravagant manifestations 
 of joy ; the Pope [Gregory XII.] and cardinals 
 went in state to return thanks to Heaven for this 
 signal mercy, and medals were struck in its 
 honor. Philip II. extolled it as one of the most 
 memorable triumphs of Christianity, compared 
 it to the splendid victory of Lepanto, and boast- 
 ed that the total ruin of Protestantism was now 
 finally assured. Nevertheless, this great wicked- 
 ness, like all state crimes, was quite ineffectual 
 for the purpose toward which it was directed. 
 The Huguenots had lost their ablest leaders ; 
 they were stunned, confounded, scattered, weak- 
 ened, but they were by no means wholly crushed. 
 As soon as they recovered from their consterna- 
 tion they once more rushed to arms. . . . The 
 persecuted party once more raised their heads, 
 and within a year from the date of the great 
 massacre were in a position to address the king 
 in bolder and more importunate language than 
 at any former period of the contest. • • • _ The 
 full and public exercise of the reformed religion 
 was authorized throughout the kingdom ; the 
 
PROTESTANTISM— PROVIDENCE. 
 
 537 
 
 parliaments were to consist of an equal number 
 of Protestant and Catholic judges ; all sentences 
 passed against the Huguenots were annulled, 
 and the insurgents were pronounced to have 
 .acted for the good of the king and kingdom ; 
 •eight towns were placed in their hands for an un- 
 limited period ; and the States- General were to 
 be convoked within six months. Such were the 
 •conditions of the " Peace of Monsieur," as it was 
 termed, which was signed on the 6th of May, 
 1576 — less than four years after that frightful 
 massacre by which it was hoped that the Hugue- 
 jiot faction would be finally extirpated from 
 France. — Students' France, ch. 16, § 12, and 
 -ch. 17, § 2. 
 
 4542. PROTESTANTISM, Protectors of. Eng- 
 .lish — Swede. The prince who bears the closest 
 resemblance to Cromwell is Gustavus Adolphus 
 •of Sweden. He, too, was the lion of the Protes- 
 -tant cause, and his camp, like that of the great 
 British farmer, was the scene of piety and extraor- 
 .dinary bravery. Like Cromwell, he was rapid 
 and irresistible as a mountain torrent on the 
 field. Like Cromwell, he alarmed the councils 
 -of the Roman Pontiff and struck terror into the 
 Imperialist cabinet. Far inferior to Cromwell — 
 for who of all generals or statesmen equalled 
 him ? — yet both regarded themselves as set apart 
 .-and consecrated for the defence of Protestantism 
 Against the encroachments and cruelties of Po- 
 pery. This idea largely entered into the mind 
 of the Protector. He saw the state of Europe ; 
 he felt for its wrung and lacerated condition. In 
 his age he was the only Protestant prince ; the 
 ^so-called Protestant statesmen were in league 
 with Rome. He raised his banner against the 
 Vatican, declared his side and his convictions, 
 and made the tyrants and diplomatists of Europe 
 quail and shrink before the shadow of his power 
 •and the terror of his name. In the history of 
 I Protestantism he occupies the distinguished 
 ; place, in the very foreground. That we are en- 
 I titled to say thus much of him is proved by a 
 I reference to his own words, as well as to the 
 j T:)etter evidence of his deeds. — Hood's Ckom- 
 
 -WELL, ch. 16, p. 217. 
 f 4543, PEOTESTATION, Absurd. Timour the 
 I Tartar. [To his Syrian captives.] "You see me 
 1 lere," continued Timour," a poor, lame, decrepit 
 j mortal. Yet by my arm has the Almighty been 
 j pleased to subdue the kingdoms of Iran, Touran, 
 \ and the Indies. I am not a man of blood ; and 
 I God is my witness that in all my wars I have 
 I never been the aggressor, and that my enemies 
 I have always been the authors of their own calam- 
 , ity." During this peaceful conversation the 
 streets of Aleppo [in Syria] streamed with blood 
 ' and re-echoed with the cries of mothers and chil- 
 dren, with the shrieks of violated virgins. — Gib- 
 I bon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 262. 
 
 I 4544. PKOTESTATIONS, Characteristic. Celts. 
 
 ' The Celts at all times have been fond of emphat- 
 
 '■ ic protestations. The young heroes swore a 
 
 solemn oath that they would not see wife or chil- 
 
 -dren or parents more till they had ridden twice 
 
 through the Roman army. In this mood they 
 
 encountered Caesar in the valley of the Vin- 
 
 geanne, a river which falls into the Sa6ne, and 
 
 ; they met the fate which necessarily befell them 
 
 ^ when their ungovernable multitudes engaged the 
 
 legions in the open field. They were defeated 
 
 with enormous loss ; not they riding through the 
 Roman army, but themselves ridden over and 
 hewn down by the German horsemen and sent 
 flying for fifty miles over the hills into Alice St. 
 Reine. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 19. 
 
 4545. PROVIDENCE, Deliverance by. Golum- 
 bus. [Four richly laden Venetian galleys were 
 attacked by Columbo the younger, near the Por- 
 tuguese coast.] A desperate engagement took 
 place ; the vessels grappled each other, and the 
 crews fought hand to hand, and from ship to 
 ship. The battle lasted from morning until even- 
 ing, with great carnage on both sides. The vessel 
 commanded by Columbus was engaged with a 
 huge Venetian galley. They threw hand-gre- 
 nades and other fiery missiles, and the galley 
 was wrapped in flames. The vessels were fasten- 
 ed together by chains and grappling-irons, and 
 could not be separated ; both were involved in 
 one conflagration, and soon became a mere blaz- 
 ing mass. The crews threw themselves into the 
 sea ; Columbus seized an oar, which was float- 
 ing within reach, and, being an expert swimmer, 
 attained the shore, though full two leagues dis- 
 tant. — Irving's Columbus, ch. 2. 
 
 4546. PROVIDENCE, Delivering. National. 
 When a financial panic made it impossible to paj' 
 the army of William III. , then in tiie field against 
 Louis XIV . , and the danger from mutiny or total 
 desertion was very great, the king was informed 
 of the state of the treasury, and in reply express- 
 ed that noble sentiment which every English- 
 man ought to bear in mind in the day of public 
 calamity and fear : " May God relieve us from 
 our present embarrassment, for I cannot suppose 
 it is His will to suffer a nation to perish which He 
 has so often almost miraculously saved, though 
 we have too well deserved it." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 195. 
 
 4547. PROVIDENCE, Detention of. Oliver 
 Oromwell. Notice also that those latest years 
 of James and first years of Charles were the 
 period when the cruel persecution proceeding in 
 England drove the first emigrants away into the 
 American wilderness, there to found the old 
 Massachusetts colony ; they left their homes 
 and country, willing to encounter the privations 
 and dangers of the distant wilderness, hoping 
 there to find a rest and refuge for outraged re- 
 ligion and humanity. Those were the days com- 
 memorated by the Plymouth Rock — the first 
 settlers in Salem, and the growth of Lynn. We 
 refer to this especially, because tradition says 
 that on the 1st of May, 1638, eight ships, bound 
 for New England, and filled with Puritan fami- 
 lies, were arrested and interrupted in the Thames 
 by an order from the king, and that among their 
 passengers in one of those vessels were Pym, 
 Hampden, Cromwell, and Hazelrig. Mr. John 
 Forster doubts this, but cannot disprove it. — ■ 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 48. 
 
 4548. PROVIDENCE, Directing. The Pilgrims. 
 [They intended to settle near the Hudson.] The 
 spot to which Providence had directed the plant- 
 ers had, a few years before, been rendered en- 
 tirely a desert by a pestilence, which had like- 
 wise swept over the neighboring tribes, and 
 desolated almost the whole seaboard of New 
 England. . . . There were the traces of a pre* 
 vious population, but not one living inhabitant.. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
538 
 
 PROVIDENCE. 
 
 4549. PEOVIDENCE, Disposal of. Pilgrims. 
 The voyage was loug and perilous. For sixty- 
 three days the ship was buffeted by storms and 
 driven. It had been the intention of the Pilgrims 
 to found their colony in the beautiful country of 
 the Hudson, but the tempest carried them out of 
 their course, and the first land seen was the deso- 
 late Cape Cod. On the 9th of November the 
 vessel was anchored in the bay ; then a meeting 
 was held on board, and the colony organized 
 under a solemn compact. In the charter which 
 jhey there made for themselves the emigrants 
 declared their loyalty to the English crown, and 
 covenanted together to live in peace and har- 
 mony, with equal rights to all, obedient to just 
 laws made for the common good. Such was the 
 simple but sublime constitution of the oldest 
 New England State. A nobler document is not 
 to be found among the records of the world. To 
 this instrument all the heads of families, forty- 
 one in number, solemnly set their names. An 
 election was held in which all had an equal 
 voice, and John Carver was unanimously chosen 
 governor of the colony. — Ridpath'sU. S.,ch. 7, 
 p. 91. 
 
 4550. PEOVIDENCE, Gifts of. Socrates. "Did 
 you never reflect within yourself," says Socrates 
 to Euthydemus, " how much care the gods have 
 taken to bestow upon man all that is necessary 
 for him ?" " Never, I assure you," replied he. 
 "You see," continued Socrates, "how neces- 
 sary light is, and how precious that gift of the 
 gods ought to appear to us." " "Without it," 
 added Euthydemus, "we should be like the 
 blind, and all nature as if it were dead ; but be- 
 cause we have occasion for intervals of relaxa- 
 tion, they have also given us the night for our 
 repose." "You are in the right ; and for this 
 we ought to render them continued praises and 
 thanksgiving. They have ordained that the sun, 
 that bright and luminous star, should preside 
 over the day to distinguish its different parts, 
 and that its light should serve not only to dis- 
 cover the wonders of nature, but to dispense 
 over every part life and heat ; and at the same 
 time they have commanded the moon and stars 
 to illumine the night, which of itself is dark and 
 obscure. Is there anything more worthy of ad- 
 miration than this variety and vicissitude of day 
 and night, of light and darkness, of labor and 
 rest ; and all this for the convenience and-good 
 of man ?" Socrates enumerates in like manner 
 the infinite advantages we receive from fire and 
 water for the necessaries of life. . . . "All 
 these things," said Euthydemus, "make me 
 doubt whether the gods have any other employ- 
 ment than to shower down their gifts and bene- 
 fits upon mankind." — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, 
 ch. 4, § 4. 
 
 4551. PROVIDENCE in History. Reign of 
 James II. [See No. 4o53.] The task [of invad- 
 ing England] would indeed have been too ardu- 
 ous even for such a statesman as the Prince of 
 Orange, had not his chief adversaries been at 
 this time smitten with an infatuation such as by 
 many men not prone to superstition was as- 
 cribed to the special judgment of God, Not only 
 was the King of England, as he had ever been, 
 stupid and perverse, but even the counsel of the 
 politic King of France was turned into foolish- 
 ness. "Whatever wisdom and energy could do, 
 
 "William did. Those obstacles which no wisdom 
 or energy could have overcome, his enemies 
 themselves studiously removed. . . . Louis, by 
 two opposite errors, raised against himself at 
 once the resentment of both the religious parties 
 between which "Western Europe was divided. 
 Having alienated one great section of Christen- 
 dom by persecuting the Huguenots, he alienated 
 another by insulting the Holy See. These faults 
 he committed at a conjuncture at which no fault 
 could be committed with impunity, and under 
 the eye of an opponent second in vigilance, sa- 
 gacity, and energy to no statesman whose mem- 
 ory history has preserved. William saw with, 
 stern delight his adversaries toiling to clear 
 away obstacle after obstacle from his path. 
 "While they raised against themselves the en- 
 mity of all sects, he labored to conciliate all. The 
 great design which he meditated he with exqui- 
 site skill presented to different governments in 
 different lights ; and it must be added that, 
 though these lights were different, none of them, 
 was false. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 9, p. 384, 404; 
 
 4552. . Plymouth Colony. Had. 
 
 New England been colonized immediately on 
 the discovers of the American continent, the 
 old English institutions would have been plant- 
 ed under the powerful influence of the Roman 
 Catholic religion ; had the settlement been made 
 under Elizabeth, it would have been before ac- 
 tivity of the popular mind in religion had con 
 ducted to a corresponding activity of mind in 
 politics. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 4553. PEOVIDENCE, National. Great Brit- 
 ain. No man of English extraction would have 
 risen to eminence, except by becoming in speech 
 and habits a Frenchman. England owes her 
 escape from such calamities to an event which 
 her historians have generally represented as dis- 
 astrous. Her interest was so directly opposed- 
 to the interest of her rulers, that she had no hope 
 but in their errors and misfortunes. The talents 
 and even the virtues of her six first French 
 kings were a curse to her. The follies and vices 
 of the seventh were her salvation. Had John 
 inherited the great qualities of his father, . . . 
 and had the King of France at the same time 
 been as incapable as all the other successors of 
 Hugh Capet had been, the house of Plantagenct 
 must have risen to unrivalled ascendency in 
 Europe. But just at this conjuncture France, 
 for the first time since the death of Charlemagne, 
 was governed by a prince of great firmness and 
 ability. On the other hand, England, which, 
 since the battle of Hastings, had been ruled gen- 
 erally by wise statesmen, always by brave sol 
 diers, fell under the dominion of a trifler and a 
 coward. From that moment her prospects 
 brightened. John was driven from Normandy 
 The Norman nobles were compelled to make 
 their election between the island and the conti- 
 nent. , . . The great-grandsons of those who had 
 fought under "VYilliam and the great-grandsons 
 of those who had fought under Harold began tc 
 draw near to each other in friendship, and th( 
 first pledge of their reconciliation was the Great 
 Charter, won by their united exertions, and 
 framed for their common benefit. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 14. 
 
 4554. PEOVIDENCE, Overmling. Missions. 
 In 1815 the Rev. Barnabas Shaw went from 
 
PROYIDEKCE— PROWESS. 
 
 539 
 
 England as a missionary to Xhe Africans. Ar- 
 riving at Cape Town, the government prohibited 
 his laboring there, and with his devoted wife he 
 started for the heathen tribes in the interior. A 
 wagon and oxen were their outfit, and not know- 
 ing" whither they went they continued their 
 weary journey, untR on the evening of the 
 twenty-seventh day they met a party of Hotten- 
 tots, accompanied by a chief, who encamped 
 near them. Shaw communicated with them, 
 and to his surprise learned that, having heard 
 of the " Great Word," the chief was going to 
 Cape Town to seek a Christian missionary for his 
 people. He had already travelled two hundred 
 miles, and there were yet nearly three hundred 
 before he could reach Cape Town, where it was 
 certain he could obtain no preacher, . . . Had 
 either party started but half an hour earlier on 
 its journey they must have missed each other. 
 — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 3. p. 363. 
 
 4555. PROVIDENCE, Protecting. WUliamof 
 Orange. [By solicitation of Protestants he in- 
 vaded England.] The disembarkation had hard- 
 ly been effected when the wind rose again, and 
 swelled into a fierce gale from the west. The 
 enemy [under James II.], coming in pursuit 
 down the Channel, had been stopped by the same 
 change of weather which enabled William to 
 land. During two days the king's fleet lay on an 
 unrufiied sea in sight of Beachy Head. At 
 length [Admiral] Dartmouth was able to proceed. 
 He passed the Isle of Wight, and one of his 
 ships came in sight of the Dutch topmasts in 
 Torbay. Just at this moment he was encoun- 
 tered by the tempest, and compelled to take 
 shelter in the harbor of Portsmouth. . . . The 
 weather had indeed served the Protestant cause 
 so well that some men of more piety than judg- 
 ment fully believed the ordinary laws of nature 
 to have been suspended for the preservation of 
 the liberty and religion of England. Exactly a 
 hundred years before, they said, the Armada, in- 
 vincible by man, had been scattered by the wrath 
 of God. Civil freedom and divine truth were 
 again in jeopardy ; and again the obedient ele- 
 ments had fought for the good cause. The wind 
 had blown strong from the east while the prince 
 wished to sail down the Channel, had turned to 
 the south when he wished to enter Torbay, had 
 sunk to a calm during the disembarkation, and, 
 as soon as the disembarkation was completed, 
 had risen to a siorm, and had met the pursu- 
 ers in the face. [See No. 1863.] — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 9, p. 447. 
 
 4556. PROVIDENCE, Special. Preservation. 
 Richard Rodda, a Cornish miner, was saved from 
 sudden death while on his knees in prayer. He 
 had knelt but about two minutes when the earth 
 gave way above him ; a large stone fell before 
 Eim and reached above his head ; another fell at 
 his right hand, and a third on his left, each, like 
 the first, being higher than himself ; a fourth 
 fell upon these about four inches above him, and 
 sheltered him. Had he been in any other post- 
 ure he would have been crushed. — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, p. 148. 
 
 4557. PROVIDENCE, Submission to. Socrates. 
 He cites an excellent prayer, from a poet whose 
 name has not come down to us : "Great God, 
 give us, we beseech thee, those good things of 
 which we stand in need, whether we crave them 
 
 or not ; and remove from us all those which may 
 be hurtful to us, even though we implore them 
 of Thee." — Rollin's Hist., vol. 1, Book 9, ch. 4, 
 p. 386. 
 
 455§. PROVIDENCE, Trust in. William, Prince 
 of Orange. As the time of striking the great 
 blow drew near, the anxiety of William became 
 intense. From common eyes his feelings were 
 concealed by the icy tranquillity of his demean- 
 or ; but his whole heart was open to Bentinck. 
 The preparations were not quite complete. The 
 design was already suspected, and could not long 
 be concealed. The King of France or the city 
 of Amsterdam might still frustrate the whole 
 plan. If Louis were to send a great force into 
 Brabant, if the factiqn which hated the stadt- 
 holder were to raise its head, all was over. ' ' My 
 sufferings, my disquiet," the prince wrote, " are 
 dreadful. I hardly see my way. Never in any- 
 life did I so much feel the need of God's guid- 
 ance." — [See No. 4555.] Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 9, p. 412. 
 
 4559. . Abraham Lincoln. [Fare- 
 well address to his neighbors at Springfield, 111., 
 February 11, 1860. He was soon to be inaugu- 
 rated over a broken Union.] My Friends : No 
 one not in my position can appreciate the sadness 
 I feel at this parting. To this people I owe all 
 that I am. Here I have lived more than a quar- 
 ter of a century ; here my children were bom, 
 and here one of them lies buried. I know not 
 how soon I shall see you again. A duty devolves 
 upon me which is, perhaps, greater than that 
 which has devolved upon any other man since 
 the days of Washington. He never could have 
 succeeded except for the aid of divine Providence, 
 upon which he at all times relied. I feel that I 
 cannot succeed without the same Divine aid which 
 sustained him, and on the same Almighty Being 
 I place my reliance for support, and I hope you, 
 my friends, will all pray that I may receive that 
 Divine assistance, without which I cannot suc- 
 ceed, but with which success is certain. Agaia 
 I bid you all an affectionate farewell. — Ray- 
 mond's Lincoln, ch. 5, p. 131. 
 
 4560. PROVIDENCE, Vindication of. Perse- 
 cution. The gardens and circus of Nero on the 
 Vatican, which were polluted with the blood of 
 the first Christians, have been rendered still more 
 famous by the triumph and by the abuse of the 
 persecuted religion. On the same spot, a tem- 
 ple, which far surpasses the ancient glories of 
 the Capitol, has been since erected by the Chris- 
 tian pontiffs, who, deriving their claim of uni- 
 versal dominion from an humble fisherman of 
 Galilee, have succeeded to the throne of the 
 Caesars, given laws to the barbarian conquerors 
 of Rome, and extended their spiritual jurisdic- 
 tion from the coast of the Baltic to the shores of 
 the Pacific Ocean. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, 
 p. 18. 
 
 4561. PROWESS, Military. Boman General 
 Belisarius. At the head of one thousand horse, 
 the Roman general sallied from the Flaminiaa 
 gate to mark the ground of an advantageous po- 
 sition, and to survey the camp of the barba- 
 rians ; but while he still believed them on the 
 other side of the Tiber, he was suddenly en- 
 compassed and assaulted by their numerous 
 squadrons. The fate of Italy depended on hi» 
 life ; and the deserters pointed to the conspien- 
 
640 
 
 PULPIT— PUNISHMENT. 
 
 ous horse, a bay, with a white face, which he 
 rode on that memorable day. " Aim at the bay 
 horse," was the universal cry. Every bow was 
 bent, every javelin was directed against that fa- 
 tal object, and the command was repeated and 
 obeyed by thousands who were ignorant of its 
 real motive. The bolder barbarians advanced 
 to the more honorable combat of swords and 
 spears ; and the praise of an enemy has graced 
 the fall of Visandus, the standard-bearer, who 
 maintained his foremost station, till he was 
 pierced with thirteen wounds, perhaps by the 
 hand of Belisarius himself. The Roman gen- 
 eral was strong, active, and dexterous ; on every 
 side he discharged his weighty and mortal 
 strokes ; his faithful guards imitated his valor, 
 and defended his person-; and the Goths, after 
 the loss of a thousand men, fled before the arms 
 of a hero. They were rashly pursued to their 
 camp ; and the Romans, oppressed by multi- 
 tudes, made a gradual, and at length a precipi- 
 tate retreat to the gates of the city ; the gates 
 were shut against the fugitives ; and the public 
 terror was increased by the report that Belisa- 
 rius was slain. His countenance was indeed dis- 
 figured by sweat, dust, and blood ; his voice 
 was hoarse, his strength was almost exhausted ; 
 but his unconquerable spirit still remained ; he 
 imparted that spirit to his desponding compan- 
 ions ; and their last desperate charge was felt by 
 the flying barbarians, as if a new army, vigor- 
 ous and entire, had been poured from the city. 
 The Flaminian gate was thrown open to a real 
 triumph. . . . The example of Belisarius may 
 be added to the rare examples of Henry IV. , of 
 Pyrrhus, and of Alexander. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 41, p. 161. 
 
 4562. PULPIT, Conservatism of the. Politics. 
 [In 1636, in the great contests between Parlia- 
 ment and Charles I.,] the pretensions of the 
 crown were advocated from the pulpit, and the 
 disobedient were threatened with more than tem- 
 poral penalties. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 25, 
 p. 392. 
 
 4563. PULPIT controlled. James II. [In 
 1686] the king, as the head of the Church, had 
 issued, as directions to the clergy, not to intro- 
 duce into their pulpits any discussion upon doc- 
 trinal points which were matters of contro- 
 versy. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 26, p. 408. 
 
 4564. PUNISHMENT, Capital. England, a.d. 
 1763. The game laws, parcelling out among the 
 large proprietors the exclusive right of hunting, 
 , . . were maintained with relentless severity ; 
 and to steal or even to hamstring a sheep was as 
 much punished by death as murder or treason. 
 During the reign of George III. sixty-three new 
 capital offences had been added to the criminal 
 laws, and five new ones on the average contin- 
 ued to be discovered annually ; so that the code 
 of England, formed under the influence of the 
 rural gentry, seemed written in blood. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 3. 
 
 4565. PUNISHMENT deserved. Titus Oates. 
 [Author of the infamous fiction of the popery 
 plot. See No. 4213.] His offence, though, in 
 a moral light, murder of the most aggravated 
 kind, was, in the eye of the law, merely a mis- 
 demeanor. The tribunal, however, was desir- 
 ous to make his punishment more severe than 
 that of felons or traitors, and not merely to 
 
 put him to death, but to put him to death 
 by frightful torments. He was sentenced to 
 be stripped of his clerical habit, to be pil- 
 loried in Palace Yard, to be led round West- 
 minster Hall with an inscription declaring his 
 infamy over his head, to be pilloried again in 
 front of the Royal Exchange, to be whipped 
 from Aldgate to Newgate, and, after an interval 
 of two days, to be whipped from Newgate to 
 Tyburn. If, against all probability, he should 
 happen to survive this horrible infliction, he 
 was to be kept a close prisoner during life. Five 
 times every year he was to be brought forth 
 from his dungeon and exposed on the pillory in 
 different parts of the capital. [He barely sur- 
 vived.] — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 449. 
 
 4566. . Mourzoufle. Mourzoufle 
 
 [a tyrant of Constantinople] was received with 
 smiles and honors in the camp of his father 
 Alexius ; but the wicked can never love, and 
 should rarely trust, their fellow-criminals ; he 
 was seized in the bath, deprived of his eyes, 
 stripped of his troops and treasures, and turned 
 out to wander an object of horror and contempt 
 to those who with more propriety could hate, 
 and with more justice could punish, the assassin 
 of the emperor Isaac and his son. As the tyrant, 
 pursued by fear or remorse, was stealing over to 
 Asia, he was seized by the Latins of Constanti- 
 nople, and condemned, after an open trial, to 
 an ignominious death. His judges debated the 
 mode of his execution — the axe, the wheel, or 
 the stake ; and it was resolved that Mourzoufle 
 should ascend the Theodosian column, a pillar 
 of white marble of one hundred and forty-seven 
 feet in height. From the summit he was cast 
 down headlong, and dashed in pieces on the 
 pavement, in the presence of innumerable spec- 
 tators, who filled the forum of Taurus. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 61, p. 103. 
 
 4567. PUNISHMENT, Effective. Prompt. [In 
 1647 the "Levellers" and " Agitators" were nu- 
 merous in Cromwell's army. Some of the regi- 
 ments appear with papers in their hats of " Lib- 
 erty for England, their rights for the soldiers." 
 General Fairfax commands them to tear them 
 out, and they shout in derision.] Cromwell ex- 
 claims, " Take that paper out of your hats." 
 They refuse. He rushes into the ranks, orders 
 fourteen of the mutineers to be seized ; a drum- 
 head court-martial is assembled, and three are 
 condemned to death. The council of officers 
 order that they shall draw lots which shall deter- 
 mine the fate of one. The immediate execution 
 of that one restored the army to its wonted dis- 
 cipline. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 6, p. 87. 
 
 456§. PUNISHMENT, Excessive. Edward 
 Floyd. [In 1621 Edward Floyd, a Roman Catho- 
 lic barrister, expressed his joy that " goodman 
 Palsgrave and goodwife Palsgrave" had been 
 driven from Prague ; when it was known] there 
 was no punishment too terrible to be inflicted 
 upon the delinquent — whipping, the pillory, bor- 
 ing of his tongue, nailing of his ears, were small 
 justice for such an offence. The House went be- 
 yond its powers in passing a heavy sentence upon 
 Floyd without hearing him. He api>ealed to the 
 king, denying the accusation against him. . . . 
 The Lords confirmed the sentence, with addi- 
 tional severities. "Whipping, which was a part 
 of this sentence, was remitted on the motion of 
 
PUNISHMENT. 
 
 541 
 
 Prince Charles. The unhappy man underwent 
 tlie other unjust punishment — to pay a fine of 
 £5000, and to be imprisoned for life. " There 
 is surely no instance," says Mr. Hallam, " in the 
 annals of our own, and hardly any civilized coun- 
 try, where a trilling offence, if it were one, has 
 been visited with such outrageous cruelty." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 24, p. 381. 
 
 4569. PTTNISHMENT ineffective, Capital. 
 
 Hanging. [In 1509 theft was punished by hang- 
 ing ; thieves were often hung twenty together 
 upon one gallows ; nevertheless thieves were in 
 every place. A traveller has recorded that] people 
 are taken up every day by dozens, like birds in a 
 covey, and especially in London ; yet for all this 
 they never cease to rob and murder in the streets. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, p. 253. 
 
 4570. PUNISHMENT of the Innocent. China. 
 There is nothing more barbarous in the prosecu- 
 tion of crimes in China than that custom, bor- 
 rowed from the Scythians, by which all the re- 
 lations of a criminal, to the ninth degree, are sub- 
 jected to the same punishment as the offender 
 himself. The husband suffers for the guilt of 
 his wife, the father for that of his children. 
 Where the father is dead, the eldest son is re- 
 sponsible for all the younger, and each for each. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 24, p. 347. 
 
 45V1. . Children. The influence 
 
 of the eunuch Eutropius was unbounded with 
 [Arcadius] his sovereign ; but though courted, 
 as we may suppose, like all other ministers, by 
 the parasites of the court, he was deservedly de- 
 tested by the people. A striking monument of 
 his fears from the popular odium, and the appre- 
 hension of undergoing that fate which he merit- 
 ed, appears in that most sanguinary of the Ro- 
 man statutes, the law of Arcadius and Honorius, 
 for the punishment of those who should conspire 
 the death of the emperor's ministers. A capital 
 punishment was inflicted on the offender him- 
 self ; it is declared that his children shall be per- 
 petually infamous, incapable of all inheritance, 
 of all office or employment ; that they shall lan- 
 guish in want and misery, so that life itself shall 
 be a punishment to them, and death a consola- 
 tion. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 5, p. 14. 
 
 4572. PUNISHMENT in Kind. TJieseus. [The- 
 seus, the founder of Attica,] put a period to the 
 cruelties of Damastes, surnamed Procrustes, 
 making his body fit the size of his own beds, as 
 he had served strangers. These things he did in 
 imitation of Hercules, who alwaj^s returned upon 
 the aggressors the same sort of treatment which 
 they intended for him ; for that hero sacrificed 
 Busiris, killed Antaeus in wrestling, Cygnus in 
 single combat, and broke the skull of Termerus, 
 whence this is called the Termerian mischief ; 
 for Termerus, it seems, destroyed the passengers 
 he met, by dashing his head against theirs. Thus 
 Theseus pursued his travels to punish abandoned 
 wretches, who suffered the same kind of death 
 from him that they inflicted on others. — Plu- 
 tarch's Theseus. 
 
 4573. PUNISHMENT, Parental. LutTier. The 
 parents reared their son Martin in the fear of God 
 and in the love of good works. But their disci- 
 pline was strict and severe, as they themselves en- 
 dured hard toil in gaining a livelihood. "My 
 father," relates Luther, " on one occasion flogged 
 
 me so severely that I ran away, and was embit- 
 tered against him until he gradually regained my 
 affections. On another occasion my mother, be- 
 cause of a mere nut, whipped me so hard that the 
 blood flowed. Her severe and earnest treatment 
 of me led me to enter a cloister and become a 
 monk. But in their hearts they meant it well with 
 me, and made but one mistake, in that they did 
 not discern the different dispositions according to 
 which all punishments should be administered. 
 For we ought to punish so that the apple go hand 
 in hand with the rod." — Rein's Luther, ch. 2, 
 p. 19. 
 
 4574. PUNISHMENT, Partiality in. Romans. 
 The malefactors who replenish our jails are the 
 outcasts of society, and tlie crimes for which they 
 suffer may be commonly ascribed to ignorance, 
 poverty, and brutal appetite. For the perpetra- 
 tion of similar enormities, a vile plebeian might 
 claim and abuse the sacred character of a mem- 
 ber of the republic ; but, on the proof or suspi- 
 cion of guilt, the slave or the stranger was nailed 
 to a cross ; and this strict and summary justice 
 might be exercised without restraint over the 
 greatest part of the populace of Rome. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 373. 
 
 4575. PUNISHMENT, Eetaliation in. Vid- 
 gotJis. The Visigoth code provides that for every 
 offence for which there is not a special statutory 
 punishment the pcena talionis should take place. 
 It was a very ample extension of this retaliation, 
 that he who wilfully set fire to a house was burnt 
 himself. If a judge, corrupted by bribery, con- 
 demned an Innocent man to punishment, he suf- 
 fered the like punishment himself. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 7, p. 45. 
 
 4576. PUNISHMENT, Eule of. Roman Law. 
 A sin, a vice, a crime, are the objects of theology, 
 ethics, and jurisprudence. Whenever their judg- 
 ments agree, they corroborate each other ; but as 
 often as they differ a prudent legislator appre- 
 ciates the guilt and punishment according to the 
 measure of social injury. On this principle the 
 most daring attack on the life and property of a 
 private citizen is judged less atrocious than the 
 crime of treason or rebellion which invades the 
 majesty of the republic— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, 
 p. 377. 
 
 4577. PUNISHMENT necessary, Severe. Crom- 
 well. [Cromwell justified the terrible and whole- 
 sale slaughter of the royalists at Drogheda and 
 Wexford by stating that it would prevent the ef- 
 fusion of blood in the future. An enlightened and 
 truly pious minister writes of this Irish cam- 
 paign :] ' ' For nine years a most insane war has 
 been raging. Cromwell, by merciful severity, 
 concludes it in nine months." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 8, p. 123. 
 
 457§. PUNISHMENT, Severity in. Roman 
 Emperor Aurelian. A single instance will serve 
 to display the rigor and even cruelty of Aure- 
 lian. One of the soldiers had seduced the wife 
 of his host. The guilty wretch was fastened to 
 two trees forcibly drawn toward each other, and 
 his limbs "Vv ere torn asunder by their sudden sep- 
 aration. A few such examples impressed a sal- 
 utary consternation. The punishments of Aure- 
 lian were terrible, but he had seldom occasion to 
 puni.sh more than once the same offence. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 340. 
 
542 
 
 PUNISHMENT— QUACKERY. 
 
 4579. PUNISHMENT, Terrible. By Vipers. 
 [In punishment for sedition, the Romans shut 
 up] one Caius Billius in a cask with vipers 
 and other serpents, and left him to perisli in 
 that cruel manner. — Plutarch's Tiberius 
 Gracchus. 
 
 45S0. PUEGATOEY, Compensations in. Ma- 
 hometan. The good and evil of each Mussul- 
 man will be accurately weighed in a real or al- 
 legorical balance ; and a singular mode of com- 
 pensation will be allowed for the payment of in- 
 juries : the aggressor will refund an equivalent 
 of his own good actions, for the benefit of the 
 person whom he has wronged ; and if he should 
 be destitute of any moral property, the weight 
 of his sins will be loaded with an adequate share 
 of the demerits of the sufferer. According as 
 the shares of guilt or virtue shall preponderate, 
 the sentence will be pronounced, and all, with- 
 out distinction, will pass over the sharp and per- 
 ilous bridge of the abyss ; but the innocent, 
 treading in the footsteps of Mahomet, will glo- 
 riously enter the gates of paradise, while the 
 guilty will fall into the first and mildest of the 
 seven hells. The term of expiation will vary 
 from nine hundred to seven thousand years ; 
 but the prophet has judiciously promised that 
 aZl his disciples, whatever may be their sins, 
 shall be saved, by their own faith and his in- 
 tercession, from eternal damnation. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 50, p. 119. 
 
 4581. PUEGATOEY, Mahometan. Punishment 
 in. In the Mahometan theology al araf signi- 
 fies the wall of separation between heaven and 
 hell, and corresponds somewhat to the pur- 
 gatory of the Latin church. Sitting astride of 
 this wall are those whose good and evil deeds 
 so exactly balance each other, that they deserve 
 neither heaven nor hell, and those others who go 
 to war without their parents' consent and fall in 
 battle. These last are martyrs, and are there- 
 fore preserved from hell ; but inasmuch as they 
 have disobeyed their parents'commands, are not 
 deemed worthy of heaven. — Am. Cyclopedia, 
 " Al Arap." 
 
 4582. PUEIT AN, Description of. English. 
 The extreme Puritan was at once known from 
 other men by his gait, his garb, his lank hair, 
 the sour solemnity of his face, the upturned 
 white of his eyes, the nasal twang with which 
 he spoke, and, above all, by his peculiar dialect. 
 He employed on every occasion the imagery 
 and style of Scripture. Hebraisms violently 
 introduced into the English language, . . . and 
 applied to the common concerns of English life, 
 were the most striking peculiarities of this cant, 
 which moved, not without cause, the derision 
 both of prelatists and libertines. — Macaulay's 
 ExG., ch. 1, p. 76. 
 
 45S3. PUEITANISM vs. Chivalry. New Eng- 
 landers. If it had the sectarian crime of intol- 
 lerance, chivalry had the vices of dissoluteness. 
 The Knights were brave from gallantry of spirit ; 
 the Puritans from the fear of God. The Knights 
 were proud of loyalty ; the Puritans of liberty. 
 The Knights did homage to monarchs, in whose 
 smile they beheld honor, whose rebuke was the 
 wound of disgrace ; the Puritans, disdaining 
 ceremony, would not bow at the name of Jesus, 
 nor bend the knee to the King of kings. Chiv- 
 alry delighted in outward show, favored pleas- 
 
 ure, multiplied amusements, and degraded the 
 human race by an exclusive respect for the 
 privileged classes ; Puritanism bridled the pas- 
 sions, commanded the virtues of self-denial, and 
 rescued the name of man from dishonor. The 
 former valued courtesy ; the latter justice. The 
 former adorned society by graceful refinements ; 
 the latter founded national grandeur on univer- 
 sal education. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4584. PUEITANISM, Peculiarities of. Eng- 
 lisli. The extreme Puritans, therefore, began to 
 feel for the Old Testament a preference which, 
 perhaps, they did not distinctly avow even to 
 themselves, but which showed itself in all their 
 sentiments and habits. They baptized their 
 children by the names, not of Christian saints, 
 but of Hebrew patriarchs and warriors. In de- 
 fiance of the express and reiterated declarations 
 of Luther and Calvin, they turned the weekly 
 festival by which the Church had, from the 
 primitive times, commemorated the resurrection 
 of her Lord, into a Jewish Sabbath. They 
 sought for principles of jurisprudence in the 
 Mosaic law, and for precedents to guide their 
 ordinary conduct in the books of Judges and 
 Kings. Their thoughts and discourses ran much 
 on acts which were assuredly not recorded as 
 examples for our imitation. The prophet who 
 hewed in pieces a captive king ; the rebel gen- 
 eral who gave the blood of a queen to the dogs ; 
 the matron who, in defiance of plighted faith, 
 and of the laws of Eastern hospitality, drove the 
 nail into the brain of the fugitive ally who had 
 just fed at her board, and who was sleeping un- 
 der the shadow of her tent, were proposed as 
 models to Christians suffering under the tyranny 
 of princes and prelates. — ^Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 1, p. 74. 
 
 4585. PUEITANS despised. Peter Cooper. It 
 has been too common to sneer at the Puritans, 
 but says Macaulay, " No man ever did it who 
 had occasion to meet them in the halls of debate, 
 or cross swords with them on the field of battle." 
 If there ever was a man of this type — if there 
 ever was a man who carried a lion-hearted cour- 
 age and believing soul in his bosom — if there 
 ever was a man who never quailed, or never could 
 quail, in the presence of earthly or infernal 
 powers, that man was Peter Cooper. — Lester's 
 Life of Peter Cooper, p. 30. 
 
 4586. PUEITY, Sentimental. Edward III. 
 [Among men the betrayal of women is now] 
 "held a game ;" . . . nowhere was the deteriora- 
 tion of sentiment on this head more strongly 
 typified than in Edward III. himself. The king, 
 who (if the pleasing tale be true which gave rise 
 to some beautiful scenes in an old English dra- 
 ma) had in his early days royally renounced an 
 unlawful passion for the fair Countess of Salis- 
 bury, came to be accused of at once violating his 
 conjugal duty and neglecting his military glory 
 for the sake of strange women's charms. The 
 founder of the Order of the Garter — the device 
 of which enjoined purity even of thought as a 
 principle of conduct — died in the hands of a ra- 
 pacious courtesan. — Ward's Chaucer, ch. 1. 
 
 4587. QUACKEEY, Experiment in. Cato. [He 
 advised his son to beware of all physicians.] He 
 added that he himself had written a little treat- 
 ise, in which he had set down his method of 
 cure, and the regimen he prescribed when any 
 
QUACKERY— QUARREL. 
 
 543 
 
 nt his family fell sick ; that he never recom- 
 luended fasting, but allowed them herbs, with 
 duck, pigeon, or hare, such kind of diet being 
 light and suitable for sick people, having no oth- 
 *r inconvenience but its making them dream ; 
 And that with these remedies and this regimen 
 iie preserved himself and his family. But his 
 self-sufficiency in this respect went not unpun- 
 ished, for he lost both his wife and son. — Plu- 
 tarch's Cato. 
 
 45§§. QUACKERZ, Superstitious. King's 
 Touch. [Edward the Confessor] was a healer of 
 ■the sick and a restorer to sight of the blind. It 
 was he who first used "the healing benediction," 
 which he left to the "succeeding royal tj^," so 
 that even the pious Charles II. " touched" eight 
 thousand five hundred of his afflicted subjects in 
 -one year, and one hundred thousand in the course 
 of his reign. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 12, 
 p. 164. 
 
 45 §9, QUALIFICATION, Deficient. Philip. De- 
 mosthenes was perfectly acquainted with the dis- 
 position of Philip, and was very far from prais- 
 ing him, like the generality of orators. Two 
 colleagues, with whom he had been associated 
 in an embassy to that great prince, were contin- 
 ually praising the King of Macedonia at their re- 
 turn, and saying that he was a very eloquent 
 iind handsome prince, and a most extraordinary 
 drinker. "Whit strange commendations are 
 these !" replied Demosthenes. " The first is the 
 accomplishment of a rhetorician ; the second of 
 a woman ; and the third of a sponge ; but none 
 of them the qualification of a king." — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 16, § 2. 
 
 4590. QUALITY more than Quantity. War. 
 Hannibal having ordered his troops to arm, him- 
 self, with a few others, rode up to an eminence, 
 to take a view of the enemy now drawn up for 
 ilattle. One Gisco that accompanied him, a man 
 of his own rank, happening to say the num- 
 bers of the enemy appeared to him sui-prising, 
 Hannibal replied, with a serious countenance : 
 " There is another thing which has escaped your 
 observation, much more surprising than that." 
 Upon his asking what it was : " It is," said he, 
 " that among such numbers not one of them is 
 named Gisco." [He defeated the Romans with 
 lerrible carnage. J— Plutakch's Fabitjs Maxi- 
 
 MUS. 
 
 4591. . Soldiers. [Oliver Crom- 
 
 "well expressed his opinion concerning the im- 
 portance of good quality in soldiers.] A few 
 honest men are better than numbers. ... I had 
 rather have a plain, russet-coated captain, who 
 knows what he fights for, and loves what he 
 knows, than that which you call " a gentleman," 
 and is nothing else. I honor a gentleman that 
 is so indeed. [He insisted that his soldiers should 
 be religious men, but left the particular form 
 to their own choice.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 -ch. 2, p. 29. 
 
 4592. QUALITY, Tested by. Swrn-ds. [The 
 Romans were compelled to pay tribute to the 
 Mahometans.] When the unnatural mother 
 of Constantine was deposed and banished, her 
 successor, Nicephorus, resolved to obliterate this 
 badge of servitude and disgrace. The epistle of 
 the emperor lo the caliph was pointed with an 
 illusion to the game of ehess, ■•vhicn Lad already 
 
 spread from Persia to Greece. " The queen (he 
 spoke of Irene) considered you as a rook, and 
 herself as a pawn. That pusillanimous female 
 submitted to pay a tribute, the double of which 
 she ought to have exacted from the barbarians. 
 Restore therefore the fruits of your injustice, or 
 abide the determination of the sword." At these 
 words the ambassadors cast a bundle of swords 
 before the foot of the throne. The caliph smiled 
 at the menace, and drawing his cimeter, sam- 
 samah, a weapon of historic or fabulous renown, 
 he cut asunder the feeble arms of the Greeks, 
 without turning the edge or endangering the 
 temper of his blade. He then dictated an epis- 
 tle of tremendous brevity : "In the name of the 
 most merciful God, Harun al Rashid, command- 
 er of the faithful, to Nicephorus, the Roman 
 dog. I have read thy letter, O thou son of an 
 unbelieving mother. Thou shalt not hear, thou 
 shalt behold, my reply." It was written in char- 
 acters of blood and fire on the plains of Phry- 
 gia ; and the warlike celerity of the Arabs could 
 only be checked by the arts of deceit and the 
 show of repentance. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, 
 p. 309. 
 
 4593. QUABBEL, Conjugal. Benjamin Thomp' 
 son. [He is better known as Rumford, the 
 Yankee count, who became distinguished for 
 his efforts in behalf of the poor.] He con- 
 tracted an unfortunate marriage with a brill- 
 iant wealthy French widow, which embitter- 
 ed his closing years. She was whollj^ a woman 
 of the drawing-room. He was an inventor, a 
 philosopher, and a lover of order even to fanati- 
 cism. An infuriate " incompatibility" was rap- 
 idly developed. One of their quarrels he has 
 himself recorded : " A large party had been in- 
 vited I neither liked nor approved of, and invit- 
 ed for the sole purpose of vexing me. Our 
 house (near Paris) was in the centre of the gar- 
 den, walled around, with iron gates. I put on 
 my hat, walked down to the porter's lodge, and 
 gave him orders, on his peril, not to let any one 
 in. Besides, I took away the keys. Madame 
 went down, and when the company arrived she 
 talked with them — she on one side, they on the 
 other, of the high brick wall. After that she 
 goes and pours boiling water on some of my 
 beautiful flowers." — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 650. 
 
 4594. QUAEBEL, Degrading. Milton's. Poets 
 and artists, more susceptible than practical men, 
 seem to live a life of perpetual wrangle. . . . Ben 
 Jonson, Dry den, Pope, Voltaire, Rousseau, be- 
 labor their enemies, and we see nothing incon- 
 gruous in their doing so. It is not so when the 
 awful majesty of Milton descends from the em- 
 pyrean throne of contemplation to use the lan- 
 guage of the gutter or the fish market. The 
 pathos is unthinkable. The universal intellect 
 of Bacon shrank to the paltry pursuit of place. 
 The disproportion between the intellectual ca- 
 paciousness and the moral aim jars upon the 
 sense of fitness, and the name of Bacon, wasest, 
 meanest, has passed into a proverb. Milton's fall 
 is far worse. It is not here a union of grasp of 
 mind with an ignoble ambition, but the plunge of 
 the moral nature itself from the highest heights 
 to that despicable region of vulgar scurrility and 
 libel which is below the level of average gentility 
 and education. The name of Milton is a synonym 
 
6U 
 
 QUARREL— RACE. 
 
 for sublimity. He has endowed our language 
 with the loftiest and noblest poetry it possesses, 
 and the same man is found employing speech 
 for the most unworthy purpose to which it can 
 be put, that of defaming and vilifying a person- 
 al enemy, and an enemy so mean that barely to 
 have been mentioned by Milton had been an hon- 
 or to him. [He defamed Morus, a pamphleteer.] 
 — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 10. 
 
 4595. QUAREEL, A needless. Duel. [Be- 
 tween Commodores Decatur and Barron.] The 
 word being given, they fired so exactly together 
 that it sounded like the report of one pistol. 
 Barron fell, badly wounded. Decatur was 
 about to fall, but was caught, and staggered for- 
 ward a few steps, and sank down close to Bar- 
 ron ; and, as they lay on the ground, both ex- 
 pecting to die, the}' conversed together as fol- 
 lows, as near as could be collected: "Let us," 
 said Barron, "make friends before we meet in 
 heaven. Everything has been conducted in the 
 most honorable manner, and I forgive you from 
 the bottom of my heart." " I have never been 
 your enemy," Decatur replied, "and I freely 
 forgive you my death, though I cannot forgive 
 those who stimulated you to seek my life." 
 " Would to God," said Barron, " that you had 
 said as much yesterday !" According to one 
 witness, Decatur added : "God bless you, Bar- 
 ron." To which Barron replied, "God bless 
 you, Decatur." [Decatur died and Barron sur- 
 vived.] — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 93. 
 
 4596. QUABEEL provoked. Samuel Johnson. 
 When my mother lived in London, there were 
 two sets of people, those who gave the wall, 
 and those who took it — the peaceable and the 
 quarrelsome. When I returned to Lichfield, 
 after having been in London, my mother asked 
 me whether I was one of those who gave the 
 wall, or those who took it. Now, it is fixed that 
 every man keeps to the right ; or, if one is tak- 
 ing the wall, another yields it ; and it is never a 
 dispute. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 25. 
 
 4597. QUAEEEL, Shamefal. Frederick the 
 Great . [Voltaire was greedy. Frederick was 
 parsimonious. Voltaire was his chosen friend 
 and guest.] It is humiliating to relate that the 
 great warrior and statesman gave orders that his 
 guest's allowance of sugar and chocolate should 
 be curtailed. It is, if possible, a still more hu- 
 miliating fact that Voltaire indemnified him- 
 self by pocketing the wax candles in the royal 
 antechamber. — Macaulay's Fkederick the 
 Great. 
 
 459§. QUESTIONS, Test. Alexander's. In the 
 course of [one of his Persian] expeditions he 
 took ten of the Gymnosophists , who had been 
 principally concerned in instigating Sabbas to 
 revolt. ... As these ten were reckoned the most 
 acute and concise in their answers, he put the 
 most difficult questions to them that could be 
 thought of, and at the same time declared he 
 would put the first person that answered wrong 
 to death, and after him all the rest. The oldest 
 man among them was to be the judge. He de- 
 manded of the first which were most numer- 
 ous, the living or the dead. He answered, 
 ' ' The living, for the dead no longer exist. " The 
 second was asked whether the earth or the sea 
 produced the largest animals. He answered, 
 -' The earth, for the sea is part of it." The 
 
 third, which is the craftiest of all animals. 
 " That," said he, " with which man is not yet 
 acquainted." The fourth, what was his reason 
 for persuading Sabbas to revolt. " Because," 
 said he, " I wished him either to live with honor 
 or to die as a coward deserves." The fifth 
 had this question put to him, "Which do you 
 think oldest, the day or the night ?" He an- 
 swered, " The day, by one day." As the king- 
 appeared surprised at this solution, the philoso- 
 pher told him abstruse questions must have 
 abstruse answers. Then addressing himself to 
 the sixth, he demanded, "What are the best 
 means for a man to make himself loved ?" He 
 answered, " If possessed of great power, do not 
 make yourself feared." The seventh was asked, 
 how a man might become a god. He answered, 
 " By doing what is impossible for man to do.'' 
 The eighth, " Which is strongest, life or death ?" 
 "Life," said he, "because it bears so many- 
 evils." The last question that he put was, 
 "How long is it good for a man to live?" 
 "As long," said the philosopher, "as he does 
 not prefer death to life." Then turning to the 
 judge, he ordered him to give sentence. The old 
 man said, "In my opinion they have all an- 
 swered one worse than another." " If this is 
 thy judgment," said Alexander, " thou shalt die 
 first." " No," replied the philosopher, " not ex- 
 cept you choose to break your word ; for you 
 declared the man that answered worst should 
 first suffer." — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 4599. QUESTION, Unanswered. Simonides. 
 The answer he gave a prince who asked him 
 what God was is much celebrated. That prince 
 was Hiero, King of Syracuse. The poet desired 
 a day to consider the question proposed to him. 
 On the morrow he asked two days ; and when- 
 ever he was called upon for his answer, he still 
 doubled the time. The king, surprised at this- 
 behavior, demanded his reason for it. " It is," re- 
 plied Simonides, "because the more I consider 
 the question, the more obscure it seems, Quia 
 quanta diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur 
 obscurior." — Rollin's Hist., Book 5, art. 9. 
 
 4600. EACE, Antipathy of. Beign of James: 
 II. [Roman Catholic troops from Ireland were 
 brought into England to aid the king in the 
 overthrow of the Protestant faith.] Neither 
 [English] officers nor soldiers were disposed tO' 
 bear patiently the preference shown by their 
 master to a foreign and a subject race. The 
 Duke of Berwick, who was colonel of the Eighth 
 Regiment of the Line, then quartered at Ports- 
 mouth, gave orders that thirty men, just arrived 
 from Ireland, should be enlisted. The English 
 soldiers declared that they would not serve with 
 these intruders. John Beaumont, the lieutenant- 
 colonel, in his own name and in the name of 
 five of the captains, protested to the duke's face 
 against this insult to the English army and na- 
 tion. "We raised the regiment," he said, "at 
 our own charges, to defend his Majesty's crown 
 in time of danger. We had then no difficulty ia 
 procuring hundreds of English recruits. We can 
 easily keep every company full without admit- 
 ting Irishmen. We therefore do not think it 
 consistent with our honor to have these strangers 
 forced on us ; and we beg that we may either be 
 permitted to command men of our own nation, 
 or to lay down our commissions." Berwick 
 
RACE— RAILWAYS. 
 
 545 
 
 sent to Windsor for directions. The king, gi*eatly 
 exasperated, instantly despatched a troop of 
 horse to Portsmouth with orders to bring the 
 six refractory officers before him. They refused 
 to make any submission, and they were sen- 
 tenced to be cashiered,- the highest punishment 
 that a court-martial was then competent to inflict. 
 The whole nation applauded the disgraced otQ.- 
 -cers. — Mac AUL ay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 397. 
 
 4601. BACE, Dislike of. Samuel Johnson. 
 £He was fond of ridiculing Scotchmen.] He 
 would not allow Scotland to derive any credit 
 from Lord Mansfield, for he was educated in 
 England. " Much," said he, " may be made of a 
 "Scotchman, if he be caught young." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 198. 
 
 460i2. RACE for Life, A. Prisoner. [After 
 the battle of Sedgemoor, between the rebel Duke 
 •of Monmouth and James II. ] Feversham [James' 
 •commander] passed for a good-natured man ; but 
 lie was a foreigner, ignorant of the laws, and 
 •careless of the feelings of the English. He was 
 accustomed to the military license of France. 
 ... A considerable number of prisoners were 
 immediately selected for execution. Among 
 them was a youth famous for his speed. Hopes 
 were held out to him that his life would be 
 spared if he could run a race with one of the 
 ■colts of the marsh. The space through which 
 the man kept up with the horse is still marked 
 T)y well-known bounds in the moor, and is about 
 thi'ee quarters of a mile. Feversham was not 
 ashamed, after seeing the performance, to send 
 the wretched performer to the gallows. — Ma- 
 ■caulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 596. 
 
 4603. RACE, Pride in. SamuelJohnson. [He 
 iiad undertaken to complete his dictionary in 
 three years.] Adams : " But, sir, how can you 
 4o this in three years ?" Johnson : " Sir, I have 
 no doubt that I can do it in three years." Adams : 
 " But the French Academy, which consists of 
 forty members, took forty years to compile their 
 dictionary." Johnson: " Sir, thus it is. This is 
 the proportion. Let me see ; forty tiipes forty 
 is sixteen hundred. As three to sixteen hun- 
 dred, so is the proportion of an Englishman to a 
 Frenchman." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 47. 
 
 4604. RACE ridiculed. Sarmiel Johnson. Mr. 
 Arthur Lee mentioned some Scotch who had 
 taken possession of a barren part of America, 
 and wondered why they should choose it. John- 
 son : " Why, sir, all barrenness is comparative. 
 The Scotch would not know it to be barren." 
 ioswELL : " Come, come, he is flattering the 
 English. You have now been in Scotland, sir, 
 and say if you did not see meat and drink enough 
 there." Johnson: "Why yes, sir; meat and 
 "drink enough to give the inhabitants sufficient 
 strength to run away from home." All these 
 quick and lively sallies were said sportively, 
 •quite in jest. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 311. 
 
 4603. RACES, Amalgamation of. Oreat Brit- 
 ain. Early in the fourteenth century the amal- 
 gamation of the races was all but complete ; 
 and it was soon made manifest by signs not to 
 be mistaken, that a people inferior to none exist- 
 ing in the world had been formed by the mix- 
 ture of three branches of the great Teutonic 
 family with each other and with the aboriginal 
 JBritons. There was indeed scarcely anything in 
 
 common between the England to which John 
 had been chased by Philip Augustus and the 
 England from which the armies of Edward HI. 
 went forth to conquer France. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 17. 
 
 4606. RACES, Inequality of. GelU— Saxons. 
 There could not be equality between men who 
 lived in houses and men who lived in sties, be- 
 tween men who were fed on bread and men who 
 were fed on potatoes, between men who spoke 
 the noble tongue of great philosophers and poets 
 and men who, with a perverted pride, boasted 
 that they could not writhe their mouths into chat- 
 tering such a jargon as that in which the " Ad- 
 vancement of Learning " and the " Paradise 
 Lost" were written. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, 
 p. 135. 
 
 4607. RAIB, Successful. General Stoneman. 
 While these great and decisive events were tak- 
 ing place in the Carolinas, the famous cavalry 
 raid of General Stoneman was in progress. About 
 the middle of March he set out from Knoxville 
 with a force of six thousand men, crossed the 
 mountains, captured Wilkesboro, and forced his 
 way across the Yadkin at Janesville, . . . the 
 general object being the destruction of public 
 property, the capture of Confederate stores, and 
 the tearing up of railroads. Turning to the 
 north, the troopers traversed the western end of 
 North Carolina, and entered Carroll County, Vir- 
 ginia. At Wytheville the railroad was torn up, 
 and then the whole line was destroyed from the 
 bridge over New River to within four miles of 
 Lynchburg. Christiansburg was captured, and 
 the track of the railway obliterated for ninety 
 miles. Turning first to Jacksonville and then 
 southward, the expedition next struck and de- 
 stroyed the North Carolina Railroad between 
 Danville and Greensboro. . . . After a fight 
 with Ferguson's Confederate cavalry, the Fed- 
 erals turned back to Dallas, where all the divi- 
 sions were concentrated, and the raid was at an 
 end. During the progress of the expedition six 
 thousand prisoners, forty -six pieces of artillery, 
 and immense quantities of small arms had fallen 
 into the hands of Stoneman's men ; the amount 
 of property destroyed and the damage otherwise 
 done to the tottering Confederacy could not be 
 estimated. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 66, p. 530. 
 
 4608. RAILWAY, The first. In England. On 
 the 15th of September [1830] the first railway 
 for the conveyance of passengers was opened, 
 the carriages being drawn by a locomotive en- 
 gine, at the speed of a race-horse. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 14, p. 258. 
 
 4609. RAILWAYS, Slow. Slower than Ca- 
 nals. [In 1825 it was stated in the House of Com- 
 mons that] the experiment of conveying goods 
 on a railway had been tried, and had completely 
 failed. The best locomotive engine that could 
 be found had been selected ; and the average rate 
 on a plane surface was not three miles and three 
 quarters per hour, which was slower than canal 
 conveyance. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 14, 
 p. 258. 
 
 4610. RAILWAYS underestimated. England. 
 [Before a committee of the House of Commons] 
 Telford and others expressed an opinion that 
 with the improvement of the locomotive the 
 speed upon a railway might be fifteen miles, and 
 
646 
 
 RAIMENT— REACTION. 
 
 even twenty miles an hour. These opinions were 
 called " the gross exaggerations of the powers of 
 the locomotive steam-engine ;" and it was con- 
 tended that even if such a speed could be at- 
 tained, the dangers of bursting boilers and broken 
 wheels Avould be so great that we should as 
 soon expect that ' ' people would as soon suffer 
 themselves to be fired off upon one of Congreve's 
 ricochet rockets as to trust themselves to the 
 mercy of such a machine going at such a rate." 
 . , . "As to those persons who speculate on 
 making railways general throughout the king- 
 dom, and superseding all the canals, all the wag- 
 ons, mail and stage-coaches, post-chaises, and, 
 in short, every other mode of conveyance by land 
 and by water, we deem them and their visionary 
 schemes unworthy of notice." — [Taken from the 
 Quarterly Review in] Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 ch. 14, p. 259. 
 
 4611. EAIMENT restricted. By Zaleueus. 
 [The Locrian lawgiver.] To banish luxury from 
 his republic, which he looked upon as the cer- 
 tain destruction of a government, he did not fol- 
 low the practice established in some nations, 
 where it is thought sufficient, for the restraining 
 it, to punish, by pecuniary mulcts, such as in- 
 fringe the laws ; but he acted ... in a more artful 
 and ingenious, and at the same time more effect- 
 ual, manner. He prohibited women from wear- 
 ing rich and costly stuffs, embroidered robes, 
 jewels, ear-rings, necklaces, bracelets, gold rings, 
 and such like ornaments, excepting none from 
 this law but common prostitutes. He enacted 
 a similar law with regard to the men, except- 
 ing in the same manner, from the observance 
 of it, such only as were willing to pass for 
 debauchees and infamous wretches. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 7, ch. 2, §2. 
 
 4612. RANK, Plea for. Samuel Johmon. I 
 mentioned a certain author who disgusted me . . . 
 by showing no deference to noblemen into whose 
 company he was admitted. Johnson : " Sup- 
 pose a shoemaker should claim an equality with 
 him, as he does with a lord ; how he would 
 stare ! ' Why, sir, do you stare ? ' says the shoe- 
 maker ; ' I do great service to society. 'Tis true, 
 I am paid for doing it ; but so are you, sir ; and 
 I am sorry to say it, better paid than I am, for 
 doing something not so necessary. For mankind 
 could do better without your books than with- 
 out my shoes.' Thus, sir, there would be a per- 
 petual struggle for precedence, were there no 
 fixed invariable rules for the distinction of rank, 
 which creates no jealousy, as it is allowed to be 
 accidental." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 124. 
 
 4613. RANSOM, Paternal. Reign of James II. 
 Sir John Cochrane had held among the Scotch 
 rebels the same rank which had been held by 
 Grey in the west of England. That Cochrane 
 should be forgiven by a prince vindictive beyond 
 all example seemed incredible ; but Cochrane 
 was the younger son of a rich family ; it was 
 therefore only by sparing him that money could 
 be made out of him. His father. Lord Dundon- 
 ald, offered a bribe of £5000 to the priests of the 
 royal household, and a pardon was granted. — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 5, p. 608. 
 
 4614. RANSOM, A willing. Richard C(Bur de 
 Lion. [After the failure of the crusade, near 
 Jerusalem.] Richard [I.] now thought of re- 
 turning to his dominions, but, unwilling to put 
 
 himself in the power of his rival, Philip [H.], by 
 traversing the kingdom of France, he sailed with 
 a single ship to Italy, and was wrecked near 
 Aquileia. Thence, . . . putting on a pilgrim's dis- 
 guise, he resolved to make his way, on foot, 
 through Germany. He was discovered, however, 
 at Vienna, by Leopold, Duke of Austria, and 
 thrown into prison by the command of the em- 
 peror, Henry VI. No sooner was Richard's: 
 situation known to his subjects, than they vied 
 with each other in contributions for his ransom, 
 which was fixed at an exorbitant sum by the em- 
 peror, and opposed with every artifice of the; i 
 meanest policy by the king of France. His.- 
 brother John, likewise, who in his absence had 
 endeavored to usurp the government of Eng- 
 land, is said to have had a conference with Philip, 
 in which the perpetual captivity of Richard was- 
 agreed upon, while he himself was to be secured 
 upon the English throne. These cabals, how- 
 ever, were unsuccessful. Richard obtained his* 
 liberty on payment of a ransom equal to about 
 £300,000 sterling, which his subjects levied by 
 the cheerful contributions of all ranks of the 
 State. On his return to his dominions he was 
 received with the utmost transports of delight 
 and satisfaction. Richard had given his sub- 
 jects no real cause of affection toward him ; 
 during a reign of ten years he was but four 
 months in the kingdom ; but it is the disposition 
 of the English to revere heroism and to com- 
 miserate misfortune. His traitorous brother, 
 after some submission, was received into favor. 
 — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 8, p. 145. 
 
 4615. RAPACITY, Royal. Henry III He sent] 
 forth inquisitors of the forests, who not only 
 ruined all those who had encroached upon the 
 forest borders, but also impoverished many, even, j 
 those of noble birth, " for a single small beast,, 
 a fawn or hare, although straying in an out-of- 
 the-way place." The Jews, according to the cus-j 
 torn of the age, were lawful plunder, and Henry, 
 as regarded them, did not depart from the piousi 
 usage of his father. But he did more than any 
 of his predecessors in the spoil of the Israel- 
 ites. He sold them as he would a farm to hi* 
 brother Richard.— Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24,. 
 p. 363. 
 
 4616. RAPE attempted. Joan of Arc. [Soon 
 to be burned by the British.] The unfortunate 
 prisoner, despoiled of her man's dress, had much 
 to fear. Brutality, furious hatred, vengeance, 
 might severally incite the cowards to degrade 
 her before she perished, to sully what they were 
 
 about to burn Besides, they might be 
 
 tempted to varnish their infamy by a reason of 
 state, according to the notions of the day — by de- 
 priving her of her virginity, they would undoubt- 
 edly destroy that secret power of which the Eng- 
 lish entertained such great dread, w^ho, perhaps, 
 might recover their courage when they knew 
 that, after all, she was but a woman. According 
 to her confessor, to whom she divulged the fact, 
 an Englishman, not a common soldier, but a 
 gentleman, a lord, patriotically devoted himself 
 to this execution, bravely undertook to violate 
 a girl laden with fetters, and, being unable to 
 effect his wishes, rained blows upon her.— 
 Michelet's Joan op Arc, p. 53. 
 
 4617. REACTION from Excess. Guises. 
 [Twelve hundred Protestants had been butchered 
 
REACTION— REBELLION. 
 
 547 
 
 at Amboise.] The atrocious cruelties perpetra- 
 ted by the Guises in their hour of triumph pro- 
 duced a speedy reaction in favor of the persecuted 
 sectaries. The nation regarded the massacre with 
 disgust ; and the Calvinists, instead of being in- 
 timidated and crushed, continued to gain ground, 
 and loudly demanded vengeance for the blood of 
 their martyred brethren. — Students' France, 
 eh. 16, § 3. 
 
 461 §. REACTION, Moral. Bestoration of 
 Charles II. The Restoration was a moral catas- 
 trophe. It was not that there wanted good men 
 among the churchmen — men as pious and virtu- 
 ous as the Puritans whom they displaced ; but the 
 Royalists came back as the party of reaction — re- 
 action of the spirit of the world against asceti- 
 cism, of self-indulgence against duty, of material- 
 ism against idealism. For a time virtue was a 
 ublic laughing-stock, and the word " saint," the 
 "ghest expression in the language for moral 
 erfection, connoted everything that was ridicu- 
 us. I do not speak of the gallantries of White- 
 all. . . . The style of court manners was a mere 
 incident on the surface of social life. The nation- 
 al life was far more profoundly tainted by the dis- 
 couragement of all good men, which penetrated 
 every shire and every parish, than by the distant 
 reports of the loose behavior of Charles II. Ser- 
 vility, meanness, venality, time-serving, and a 
 disbelief in virtue diffused themselves over the 
 nation like a pestilential miasma, the depressing 
 influence of which was heavy, even upon those 
 souls which individually resisted the poison. The 
 heroic age of England had passed away, not by 
 gradual decay, by imperceptible degeneration, 
 but in a year, in a single day, like the winter's 
 snow in Greece. — Pattison's Milton, ch. 12. 
 
 4619. . Beign of Charles II. The 
 
 theatres were closed [by the Puritans]. The play- 
 ers were flogged. The press was put under the 
 guardianship of austere licensors. The Muses 
 were banished from their favorite haunts. . . . 
 The Restoration emancipated thousands of minds 
 from a yoke which had become insupportable. 
 The old fight recommenced, but with an animosi- 
 ty altogether new. . . . The war between wit and 
 Puritanism soon became a war between wit and 
 morality. The hostility excited by a grotesque 
 caricature of virtue did not spare virtue herself. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 371. 
 
 4620. READING, Effects of. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. [The books read by the youthful Lincoln 
 were Ramsay's Life of Washington, Weems' Life 
 of Washington, ^sop's Fables, and Bunyan's 
 Pilgrim's Progress. It is quite probable that the 
 quaint phraseology of these last two volumes, 
 and their direct and forcible illustrations, may 
 have impressed upon the productions of Mr. 
 Lincoln's pen that style which is one of their 
 most peculiar and favorite characteristics. — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 1, p. ^3. 
 
 4621. READING-ROOMS necessary. Napoleon 
 I. He had, when a young man, passed months in 
 Paris without a home, with an empty purse, and 
 almost without a friend. He was then in the 
 habit of visiting a small reading-room in the Pa- 
 lais Royal, where for a few sous he could, in the 
 chilly days of winter, read the daily journals, and 
 enjoy the warmth of afire. . . . [He became First 
 Consul.] He was afterward urged, as a matter 
 of State policy, to shut up these reading-rooms. 
 
 To this he replied : " No ; I will never do that ; 1 
 know too well the comfort of having such a place 
 to go to ever to deprive others of the same re- 
 source." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 4622. REALITY, Power in. Cromwell. It is 
 something striking to contrast the two men going 
 down to the same House. Charles was a king, 
 and he went to arrest the members and to assert 
 that there was no law in England save his will ; 
 but he went as king Nominal. Cromwell went 
 with no royalty about him, yet he went as king 
 B^ul ; and he, too, went for the still more amaz- 
 ing purpose of daring that whole House, and 
 turning it out into the streets. [By dissolving 
 Parliament at the head of his soldiers.] — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 177. 
 
 4623. REALIZATION, Joys of. Columbus. The 
 land was now clearly seen about two leagues dis- 
 tant, whereupon they took in sail and lay to, 
 waiting impatiently for the dawn. The thoughts 
 and feelings of Columbus in this little space of 
 time must have been tumultuous and intense. 
 At length, in spite of every difficulty and dan- 
 ger, he had accomplished his object. The great 
 mystery of the ocean was revealed ; his theory, 
 which had been the scoff of sages, was trium- 
 phantly established ; he had secured to himself 
 a glory durable as the world itself. It is difficult 
 to conceive the feelings of such a man, at such a 
 moment ; or the conjectures which must have 
 thronged upon his mind, as to the land before 
 him, covered with darkness. — Irving's Colum- 
 bus, Book 3, ch. 4. 
 
 4624. REASON, Worship of. French Bevolu- 
 tion. During the revolution a beautiful opera 
 girl of licentious habits was conveyed, in most 
 imposing ceremonial, to the church of Notre 
 Dame. There she was elevated upon an altar, 
 and presented to the thronged assemblage as the 
 Goddess of Reason. " Mortals," said Chau- 
 mette, " cease to tremble before the powerless 
 thunders of a god whom your fears have created ! 
 There is no God. Henceforth worship none but 
 Reason. Here I offer you its noblest and purest 
 image. Worship only such divinities as this." 
 The whole assemblage bowed in adoration, and 
 then retired to indulge in scenes which the pen 
 refuses to record. — [Foot-note in] Abbott's 
 Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 4625. REBELLION, Constructive. Emperor 
 Maximilian. Maximilian, after the death of his 
 father, was elected emperor in the year 1493. 
 This prince, who was an able politician, laid the 
 foundation of the permanent greatness of the 
 German empire, by procuring the enactment of 
 that celebrated constitutional law, which estab- 
 lishes a perpetual peace between the whole of the 
 States composing the Germanic body, which 
 States, before that time, had been at constant vari- 
 ance upon every trivial opposition of interests. 
 Thenceforth every such contest was to be treated 
 as an act of rebellion against the empire. It is 
 easy to see of what vast importance this law was 
 to the solid interests of the Germanic body. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 19, p. 276. 
 
 4626. REBELLION prevented. Scotland. The 
 Earl of Douglas, an ambitious and high-spirited 
 nobleman, had openly aimed at rendering him- 
 self independent of his sovereign : he forbade his 
 vassals to acknowledge any authority but his 
 
648 
 
 REBELLION— RECOGNITION. 
 
 own. He created knights, appointed a privy 
 council, and, in short, assumed every ensign of 
 royalty except the title of king. The chancellor, 
 determined to suppress these aspiring preten- 
 sions, decoyed Douglas to an interview in the 
 castle of Edinburgh, and there, while separated 
 from his followers, he was seized and instantly 
 beheaded. This example of barbarous rigor did 
 not deter his successor, William, Earl of Douglas, 
 from prosecuting the same ambitious plans ; and 
 his fate was equally severe, and yet more unjus- 
 tifiable. In a conference with the young mon 
 arch he was reproached by him with forming 
 connections with the factious nobility which 
 were dangerous to the public peace and govern- 
 ment of the kingdom ; the king requesting him 
 to dissolve these associations, Douglas peremp- 
 torily refused. ' ' If you will not," said the young 
 James [II.], " this shall ;" and drawing his dag- 
 ger, he instantly stabbed him to the heart. This 
 action, unworthy of a prince, was universally 
 condemned by his subjects. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 15, p. 234. 
 
 4627. EEBELLION, Small. Rhode Island. A 
 proposition was made to change the constitution 
 of the State, [under which] the right of suffrage 
 was restricted to those who held a certain amount 
 of property. On that issue the people of Rhode 
 Island were nearly unanimous ; but in respect to 
 the manner of abrogating the old charter there 
 was a serious division. One faction, called the 
 " Law and Order party," proceeding in accord- 
 ance with the former constitution, chose Samuel 
 W. King as governor. The other faction, called 
 the " Suffrage party," acting in an irregular way, 
 elected Thomas W. Dorr. In May of 1842 both 
 parties met and organized their rival govern- 
 ments. The " Law and Order party" now under- 
 took to suppress the faction of Dorr. The latter 
 resisted, and made an attempt to capture the 
 State arsenal. But the militia, under the direc- 
 tion of King's officers, drove the assailants away. 
 A month later the adherents of Dorr again ap- 
 peared in arms, but were dispersed by the troops 
 of the United States ; Dorr iled from Rhode 
 Island ; returned soon afterward ; was caught, 
 tried for treason, convicted, and sentenced to 
 imprisonment for life. He was then offered 
 pardon on condition of taking an oath of alle- 
 giance. This he stubbornly refused to do, and 
 in June of 1845 obtained his liberty without con- 
 ditions. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 56, p. 442. 
 
 462§. REBELLION, A Soap. Reign of Charles I. 
 Charles was determined to govern by preroga- 
 tive, and not by Parliament. He sold privi- 
 leges for every unjust exaction. A patent for 
 the manufacture of soap was sold — a very sad 
 affliction indeed, for in addition to the costly 
 price from the existence of the monopoly, for 
 which £10,000 had been paid, the linen had 
 been burned, and the flesh as well, in the wash- 
 ing, so that the city of London was visited by 
 an insurrection of women, and the Lord Mayor 
 was reprimanded by the king because he gave 
 them his sympathy. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 4, 
 p. 84. 
 
 4629. REBELLION, The Whiskey. Penn»yl- 
 vania. During the summer and autumn of 
 "*794 the country was much disturbed by a diffi- 
 culty in western Pennsylvania, known as the 
 whiskey insurrection. Hoping to improve the 
 
 revenues of the government. Congress had, three 
 years previously, imposed a tax on all ardent 
 spirits distilled in the United States. While 
 [citizen] Genet [from France] was at Philadel- 
 phia, he and his partisans incited the people of 
 the distilling regions to resist the tax-collectors. 
 The disaffected rose in arms. Washington issued 
 two proclamations warning the insurgents to 
 disperse ; but instead of obeying, they fired upon 
 and captured the officers of the government. 
 The President then ordered General Henry Lee 
 to enter the rebellious district with a sufficient 
 force to restore order and enforce the law. 
 When the troops reached the scene of the disturb- 
 ance, the rioters had already scattered. The 
 insurrection was a political rather than a social 
 outbreak ; the anti-Federalists were in a major- 
 ity in the distilling region, and the whiskey-tax 
 was a measure of the Federal party. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 46, p. 368. 
 
 4630. REBELS punished. Duke of Monmouth's. 
 Somersetshire, the chief seat of the rebellion, 
 had been reserved for the last and most fearful 
 vengeance. In this county two hundred and 
 thirty-three prisoners were in a few days hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered. At every spot where two 
 roads met, on every market-place, on the green 
 of every large village which had furnished Mon- 
 mouth with soldiers, ironed corpses claftering in 
 the wind, or heads and quarters stuck on poles, 
 poisoned the air, and made the traveller sick with 
 horror. In many parishes the peasantry could 
 not assemble in the house of God without see- 
 ing the ghastly face of a neighbor grinning at 
 them over the porch. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 5, 
 p. 596. 
 
 4631. . Temuginthe Ta/rtar. Temu- 
 
 gin fought a battle against his rebellious sub- 
 jects. . . . After his first victory he placed 
 seventy caldrons on the fire, and seventy of the 
 most guilty rebels were cast headlong into the 
 boiling water. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64, p. 204. 
 
 4632. REBUKE, Gentle. Julius Ccesar. In 
 battle he sometimes rode ; but he was more often 
 on foot, bareheaded, and in a conspicuous dress, 
 that he might be seen and recognized. Again 
 and again by his own efforts he recovered a day 
 that was half lost. He once seized a panic-stricken 
 standard-bearer, turned him round, and told him 
 that he had mistaken the direction of the enemy. 
 — Froude's C^sar, ch. 28. 
 
 4633. RECANTATION impossible. Martin 
 Lutlier. " The more they rage and meditate 
 upon the use of force, the less do I fear, and the 
 more freely will I attack the Roman serpents. I 
 am prepared for the worst that may happen, and 
 await the counsel of God." " This I know, in- 
 deed; that I would be treated as the dearest and 
 most agreeable person, did I but speak one 
 word, revoca — that is, I recall. But I will not 
 make myself a heretic by the recall of that 
 opinion by which I became a Christian. I would 
 rather die, be burnt, exiled, and accursed."^ 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 5, p. 58. 
 
 4634. RECOGNITION required. Washington. 
 The whole British force, now gathered in the 
 vicinity of New York, amounted to fully 30,000 
 men. . . . Washington's army was inferior in 
 numbers, poorly equipped, and imperfectly disci- 
 plined. [Admiral Howe, brother of General 
 
RECOMPENSE— REFINEMENT. 
 
 549 
 
 Howe, had arrived from England with instruc- 
 tions] to try conciliatory measures with the 
 Americans. First he sent to the American camp 
 an officer with a despatch directed to George 
 "Washington, Esquire. Of course Washington 
 refused to receive a communication which did 
 not recognize his official position. In a short 
 time Howe sent another message, addressed to 
 George Washington, etc. , etc. , etc. , and the bear- 
 er, who was Howe's adjutant-general, insisted 
 that and-so-f orth might be translated Oeneral of 
 the Avurican Army. Washington was the last 
 man in the world to be caught by a subterfuge ; 
 and the adjutant was sent away. It was already 
 well known that Howe's authority extended only 
 to granting pardon and to unessential matters 
 about which the Americans were no longer con- 
 cerned. Washington therefore replied that since 
 no offence had been committed no pardon was re- 
 quired ; that the colonies were now indepen- 
 dent, and would defend themselves against all ag- 
 gressions. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 39, p. 310. 
 
 4635. RECOMPENSE, Honorable. Abraham 
 Lincoln. [When a boy he borrowed a Life 
 of Washington.] During a severe storm he 
 improved his leisure by reading his book. One 
 night he laid it down carefully, as he thought, 
 and the next morning he found it soaked 
 through ! The wind had changed, the storm had 
 beaten in through a crack in the logs, and the 
 appearance of the book was ruined. How could 
 he face the owner under such circumstances ? 
 He had no money to offer as a return, but he 
 took the book, went directh' to Mr. Crawford 
 [the owner], showed him the irreparable injury, 
 and frankly and honestly offered to work for 
 him till he should be satisfied. [Mr. Crawford 
 gave him the book] in return for three days' 
 steady labor in "pulling fodder." — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 1, p. 22. 
 
 4636. RECORD, Mutilated. James I. It was 
 through Sir John Eliot, very eminently, that the 
 Commons and the Stuarts came at last to their 
 great rupture. . . . Then came the contest with 
 the stubborn old king upon the privilege of de- 
 bate in Parliament. The king said the Parlia- 
 ment held their liberties by toleration, not by 
 right ; and when the House, recorded its very 
 different conviction in a resolution on its jour- 
 nals, the imbecile old king came up from Theo- 
 bald's in a passion, got together a privy council 
 and six of the judges, sent for the Commons' 
 journal, and even dared to tear out the registry. 
 He then instantly dissolved the House by proc- 
 lamation. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 54. 
 
 4637. RECREATION, Excessive. " Oentlemen." 
 Sir John Harrington . . . draws a picture . . . 
 that illustrates the prevailing madness. [About 
 A.D. 1600.] " In the morning perhaps at chess, 
 and after his belly is full then at cards ; and 
 when his spirits wax dull at that, then for some 
 exercise of his arms at dice ; and being weary 
 thereof, to cool himself a little play at tables 
 [backgammon] ; and, being disquieted in his 
 patience for overseeing cinque and quartre, or 
 missing two or three foul blots, then to an inter- 
 lude ; and so ... be ever as far from a worthy 
 and wise man as the circle is from the centre." 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 256. 
 
 463§. RECREATION, Extravagant. Bajazet I. 
 The French princes admired the magnificence of 
 
 the Ottoman, whose hunting and hawking equi- 
 page was composed of seven thousand huntsmen 
 and seven thousand falconers. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 64, p. 241. 
 
 4639. REDEMPTION, Price of. Calais. [In 
 1347, during a siege of nearly twelve months' du- 
 ration, in which the garrison had eaten their horses 
 and dogs. They were then willing to surrender 
 town, castle, and goods, if the people were per- 
 mitted to depart from the city.] The king [Ed- 
 ward III.] resolved that all the grace he would 
 award was, that six chief burgesses of the town 
 should come out bareheaded, and barefooted, 
 and barelegged, and in their shirts, with halters 
 about their necks, and with the keys of the 
 town and castle in their hands, and thus yield 
 themselves purely to his will, and the rest he 
 would take to mercy. . . . Sir John of Vienne 
 sounded the common bell, and told his sad re- 
 port, and the people wept, and he himself wept 
 piteously. Then stood forth the richest burgess 
 of all the town, Eustace de St. Pierre, and said 
 that, to save the residue of the people, he would 
 be the first to put his life in jeopardy. When he 
 had thus spoken, every man worshipped him, 
 and divers kneeled down at his feet with sore 
 weeping. Then another honest burgess, John 
 Dayre, rose and said, ' ' I will keep company with 
 my gossip, Eustace." And James of Wyssant, and 
 Peter his brother, and two others, declared the 
 same. Then tliey went out of the gate, appar- 
 elled as the king desired, and stood between the 
 gate and the barriers. . , . The six burgesses knelt 
 before the king, and held up their hands and 
 said, " We submit ourselves clearly unto your 
 will and pleasure, to save the residue of the peo- 
 ple of Calais." . . . The earls and barons, and 
 others who were there, wept for pity, but the king 
 looked felly upon them, . . . and he commanded 
 their heads to be struck off, and would hear no 
 man in their behalf for mercy. Then the queen 
 [Philippa], being great with child, kneeled down 
 and said, ' ' Gentle Sir, since I passed the sea in 
 much peril, I have desired nothing of you ; there- 
 fore, I now require of you, in the honor of the 
 Son of the Virgin Mary, and for the love of me, 
 that you will take mercy of these six burgesses." 
 The king beheld the queen, and stood still awhile 
 in a study, and then said. "Ah, dame, I would 
 you had been now in some other place ; but I 
 cannot deny you. I give these men to you to do 
 your pleasure with them." And the six bur- 
 gesses were brought into the queen's chamber, 
 newly clothed ; and she gave them to eat at their 
 leisure, and bestowed upon each six nobles, and 
 caused them to be taken through the host in safe- 
 ty, and set at liberty. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 30, p. 465. 
 
 4640. REFINEMENT, Characteristic. Athe- 
 nians. In the war against Philip of Macedon, one 
 of the couriers of that prince was intercepted, 
 and his dispatches seized ; they opened all the 
 letters which he carried, except those written by 
 Philip's queen, Olympia, to her husband. These 
 the Athenians transmitted immediately to Phil- 
 ip, with the seals unbroken. In the same war, 
 Philip was suspected of having distributed bribes 
 among the Athenian orators. Their houses were 
 ordered to be searched ; but with singular regard 
 to decorum, they forbade to break into the house 
 of Callicles, because he was then newly married. 
 
650 
 
 REFINEMENT— REFORMATION. 
 
 Such was certainly the natural character of the 
 Athenians — generous, decent, humane, and pol- 
 ished. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10, p. 107. 
 
 4641. REFINEMENT, Misjudged. American 
 Indians. The inhabitants of this immense conti- 
 nent — if we except those of Mexico and Peru, 
 which were comparatively refined and luxurious 
 nations — were tribes of wandering savages, and 
 utterly unacquainted with almost every art of 
 civilized life. They were naked, except a small 
 covering round the middle ; their sole occupa- 
 tion was the chase, and when the season of hunt- 
 ing was at an end, the American, if not engaged 
 in war, spent his time in perfect indolence ; half 
 the day was consumed in sleep, and the other 
 half in immoderate eating and drinking. The 
 Indians of America were in their disposition 
 grave even to sadness ; they held in contempt 
 the levity of manners of the Europeans, and, 
 observing great taciturnity themselves, imputed 
 to childishness all idle talk or conversation. 
 Their behavior was modest and respectful, and 
 in their solemn councils their deliberations were 
 carried on with the greatest order and decorum. 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 21, p. 306. 
 
 4642. BEFINEMENT recommended. Bi-idal. 
 [Lord Malmesbury was sent by George III., in 
 1795, to the Duke of Brunswick, to demand his 
 daughter for the Prince of Wales, the heir ap- 
 parent to the British throne. J The sagacious am- 
 bassador did his duty in offering her advice, and 
 sometimes remonstrance, especially " on the 
 toilette, on cleanliness, and on delicacy of speak- 
 ing" — strange subjects of discussion with a lady 
 who might be queen of England. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 18, p. 319. 
 
 4643. REFLECTION, Corrected by. Samuel 
 Johnson. Mr. Morgann and he had a dispute 
 pretty late at night, in which Johnson would not 
 give up, though he had the wrong side ; and, in 
 short, both kept the field. Next morning, when 
 they met in the breakfast room. Dr. Johnson ac- 
 costed Mr. Morgann thus: "Sir, I have been 
 thinking on our dispute last night — you were 
 in (he right." — Boswell's Johxson, p. 489. 
 
 4644. REFLECTION, Death-bed. Cardinal Wol- 
 iey. [Cardinal Wolsey, who for eight years had 
 been, with Henry VIII., the autocrat of Eng- 
 land, and for about twenty years the head of the 
 
 government, was on his dying-bed, in 1531, when 
 e uttered these memorable words] : If I had 
 served God as diligently as I have done the king, 
 he would not have given me over in my gray 
 hairs. [Henry had taken away his honors and 
 his wealth, and permitted his arrest on the false 
 charge of high treason.] — Knight's Eng. , vol. 2, 
 -ch. 20, p. 334. 
 
 4645. REFLECTION, Delicate. Insh Ameri- 
 £ans. A.D. 1775. [General Howe, brother of the 
 lamented general who fell in the war with France 
 at Ticonderoga, was commander of the British 
 army.] Howe was of an Irish family ; to the 
 Irish, therefore, they expressed their amazement 
 at finding his name in the catalogue of their en- 
 emies ; and they fletched their complaint by 
 adding, " America loved his brother." — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 43. 
 
 4646. REFLECTIONS, Melancholy. Antony. 
 [After his defeat by Caesar, which was occasioned 
 chiefly by his infatuation, he fled to Cleopatra's 
 
 fleet.] Antony having entered the admiral-gal- 
 ley, in which Cleopatra was, went and sat dowa 
 at the head of it ; where, leaning his elbows on 
 his knees, and supporting his head with his two 
 hands, he remained like a man overwhelmed 
 with shame and rage, reflecting with profounc) 
 melancholy upon his ill conduct, and the mis 
 fortunes it had brought upon him. He kept in 
 that posture, and in those gloomy thoughts, dur- 
 ing the three days they were going to Tenarus, 
 without seeing or speaking to Cleopatra. At the 
 end of that time they saw each other again, and 
 lived together as usual. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 34, § 3. 
 
 4647. REFORM, Civil-Service. Alfred the 
 Great. An appeal lay from all these courts to 
 the king himself, in coimcil ; and Alfred, in 
 whom his subjects deservedly placed the highest 
 confidence, was ovei'whelmed with appeals from 
 all parts of the kingdom. The only remedy for 
 this was to reform the ignorance and restrain the 
 corruption of the inferior magistrates from 
 whence it arose. Alfred, therefore, was solicitous 
 to appoint the ablest and most upright of his no- 
 bility to exercise the office of sheriffs and carls. 
 He punished many for malversation, and he 
 took care to enforce the study of letters, and par- 
 ticularly of the laws, as indispensable to their 
 continuing in office. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 5, p. 111. 
 
 464S. REFORM needed. CcBsar the Dictator. 
 All his efforts were directed to the regeneration 
 of Roman society. Cicero paints the habits of 
 fashionable life in colors which were possibly 
 exaggerated- ; but enough remains of authentic 
 fact to justify the general truth of the picture. 
 Women had forgotten their honor, children their 
 respect for parents. Husbands had murdered 
 wives, and wives husbands. Parricide and in- 
 cest formed common incidents of domestic Ital- 
 ian history; and, as justice had been ordered 
 in the last years of the Republic, the most aban- 
 doned villain who came into court with a hand- 
 ful of gold was assured of impunity. "Rich 
 men," says Suetonius, "were never deterred 
 from crime by a fear of forfeiting their es- 
 tates ; they had but to leave Italy, and their 
 property was secured to them." — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 25. 
 
 4649. REFORMATION, Political. Romans. 
 [After the death of the infamous emperor Corn- 
 modus] the expense of the household was imme- 
 diately reduced to one half. All the instruments 
 of luxury Pertinax exposed to public auction — 
 gold and silver plate, chariots of a singular con- 
 struction, a superfluous wardrobe of silk and em- 
 broidery, and a great number of beautiful slaves 
 of both sexes ; excepting only, with attentive hu- 
 manity, those who Avere born in a state of free- 
 dom, and had been ravished from the arms oi 
 their weeping parents. At the same time that he 
 obliged the worthless favorites of the tyrant to 
 resign a part of their ill-gotten wealth, he satis- 
 fied the just creditors of the state, and unexpecb 
 edly discharged the long arrears of honest ser- 
 vices. He removed the oppressive restrictions 
 which had been laid upon commerce, and grant- 
 ed all the uncultivated lands in Italy and the 
 provinces to those who would improve them, 
 with an exemption from tribute during te» 
 years. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 121. 
 
REFORMATION— REFORMERS. 
 
 551 
 
 4630. BEFORMATION, Silent. Social. It is 
 Temarkable that the two greatest and most salu- 
 tary social revolutions which have taken place 
 in England — that revolution which, in the thir- 
 teenth century, put an end to the tyranny of na- 
 tion over nation, and that revolution which, a 
 few generations later, put an end to the prop- 
 erty of man in man — were silently and imper- 
 ceptibly effected. They struck contemporary ob- 
 servers with no surprise, and have received from 
 historians a very scanty measure of attention. 
 They were brought about neither by legislative 
 regulation nor by physical force. Moral causes 
 noiselessly effaced, first the distinction between 
 Norman and Saxon, and then the distinction be- 
 tween master and slave. None can venture to 
 fix the precise moment at which either distinc- 
 tion ceased. ... It would be most unjust not to 
 acknowledge that the chief agent in these two 
 great deliverances was religion. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 21. 
 
 4651. EEFOEMATION, Violent. Religious. In 
 the year 727, the emperor Leo, the Isaurian, was 
 desirous of extirpating this [image-worship] idol- 
 ;atry, which he very justly considered as disgrace- 
 ful to Christianity ; but his measures were too 
 violent. He burnt and destroyed all the paintings 
 in the churches, and broke to pieces the statues. 
 The people were highly exasperated, and he at- 
 tempted to enforce his reformation by punish- 
 ment and persecution, which had no beneficial 
 effect. — Tytleu's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, p. 82. 
 
 4652. REFORMER by Accident, Thomas Clark- 
 son. Thomas Clarkson, when twenty-four years 
 of age, wrote an essay on slavery, to obtain 
 a prize, which he won ; but the facts which he 
 discovered made such a deep impression on his 
 mind, that he devoted himself to its abolition. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 26, p. 466. 
 
 4653. REFORMER, Impetuous. John Knox. 
 The celebrated John Knox arrived . . . from 
 ■Geneva, where he had imbibed the doctrines of 
 Calvin, of which his natural disposition fitted 
 him to be a most zealous and intrepid promoter. 
 This reformer was possessed of a very consid- 
 erable share of learning, and of uncommon 
 acuteness of understanding. He was a man of 
 rigid virtue, and of a very disinterested spirit ; 
 but his maxims (as Dr. Robertson remarks) were 
 too severe, and the impetuosity of his temper 
 was excessive. His eloquence was fitted to rouse 
 and to inflame. His first public appearance was 
 at Perth, where, in a very animated sermon, he 
 wrought up the minds of his audience to such a 
 pitch of fuiy, that they broke down the walls of 
 the church, overturned the altars, destroyed the 
 images, and almost tore the priests to pieces. 
 The example was contagious, and the same 
 scenes were exhibited in different quarters of the 
 kingdom. The Protestant party soon after took 
 up arms. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 28, 
 p. 383. 
 
 4654. REFORMER, Impracticable. Thomas 
 Carlyle. His religion consists in longings, his 
 socialism in phrases without plan ; his politics 
 .are altogether negative. He clearly enough sees 
 what is wrong, but he fails to point out what is 
 night, or what we ought to substitute in place of 
 "the wrong which he would do away with. He 
 is baffled when he sits down to propose remedies. 
 He has none to offer, but goes on assailing, 
 
 scourging, and pulling down. . . . He is a seer, 
 a prophet, a poet. — Smiles' Breep Biographies, 
 p. 273. 
 
 4655. REFORMERS corrupted. Earl of HerU 
 ford. When [in 1547] it was alleged that Henry 
 VIII. had promised the Earl of Hertford the rev- 
 enues of six good prebends, the disinterested 
 sincerity of the Protector in seeking a further 
 reformation of religion might well be doubted. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 1, p. 3. 
 
 4656. REFORMERS, English. Eightemth Cen- 
 tury. [John Howard in 1777 published his book 
 " On Prisons," and sowed the seed which revo- 
 lutionized prison discipline. In 1739, Captain 
 Thomas Coram obtained a charter for the first 
 foundling hospital, having seen infants exposed 
 in the streets and left to perish by their unnatu- 
 ral mothers. About the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, Jonas Hanway, by personal effort, se- 
 cured the establishment of the Magdalene Asy. 
 lum, and also the Marine Society ; the latter 
 of which proposed to take distressed boys out 
 of the streets, and educate them for the seaman's 
 life. Robert Raikes in 1781 was struck by the 
 degraded condition of the children in the suburbs 
 of the city of Gloucester.] No benefit to society 
 was greater than that produced by the partial ex- 
 tension of education to the humblest classes of 
 the community [through his endeavors. He first 
 introduced Sunday-schools in 1781. Much was 
 done by Whitefield and Wesley.] The light lit- 
 erature of forty years overflows with ridicule of 
 Methodism. The preachers were pelted by the 
 mob ; the converts were held up to execration as 
 fanatics or hypocrites. Yet Methodism held the 
 ground it had gained. It had gone forth to ut- 
 ter the words of truth to men little above the 
 beasts that perish, and it had brought them to 
 regard themselves as akin to humanity. The 
 time would come when its earnestness would 
 awaken the Church itself from its somnolency, 
 and the educated classes would not be ashamed 
 to be religious. There was wild enthusiasm 
 enough in some of the followers of Whitefield and 
 Wesley ; much self-seeking ; zeal verging upon 
 profaneness ; moral conduct strangely opposed 
 to pious profession. But these earnest men left 
 a mark upon their time which can never be ef- 
 faced. The obscure young students at Oxford, 
 in 1736, who were first called ' ' Sacramentarians," 
 then "Bible Moths," and finally "Methodists," 
 produced a moral revolution in England which 
 probably saved us from the fate of nations whol- 
 ly abandoned to their own devices. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 119. 
 
 4657. REFORMERS, False. Seneca. The phi- 
 losopher Seneca could write of the duty of 
 conferring benefits, but was practically a griping 
 usurer. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 46. 
 
 465S. REFORMERS, Self-condemned. Polyg- 
 amy. While the tenets of Luther were rapidly 
 gaining ground in the North, the following fact 
 will convince us that he arrogated to himself an 
 authority very little short of that of the pope 
 in Germany. Philip, the landgrave of Hesse 
 Cassel, had taken a disgust at his wife, a prin- 
 cess of the house of Saxony, who he alleged was 
 intolerably ugly, and addicted to drunkenness. 
 The secret was, that he had fallen in love with a 
 young lady of the name of Saal, whom he wanted 
 to marry. Luther at this time, with five of his 
 
653 
 
 REFUGE— REINFORCEMENTS. 
 
 followers, was holding a kind of synod at Wit- 
 tenberg, for the regulation of all matters regard- 
 ing the church. The landgrave presented to him 
 a petition, setting forth his case, in which he at 
 the same time insinuated, that in case Luther and 
 his doctors should refuse him a dispensation of 
 polygamy, he would, perhaps, be obliged to ask it 
 of the pope. The synod were under considerable 
 difficulty. The interest of the landgrave was too 
 formidable to be disregarded, and at the same 
 time, to favor him, they must assume to them- 
 selves a power of breaking a law of Scripture. 
 The temporal consideration was more powerful 
 than the spiritual one. They agreed to give 
 Philip a dispensation for polygamy, and he ac- 
 cordingly married his favorite, even with the 
 consent of his former wife. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 20, p. 296. 
 
 4659. EEFUGE, Sanctuary for. Fifteenth Cen- 
 tury. The clergy are they who have the su- 
 preme sway over the country, . . . They have 
 provided that a number of sacred places in the 
 kingdom should serve for the refuge and escape 
 of all delinquents ; and no one, were he a traitor to 
 the crown, or had he practised against the king's 
 own person, can be taken out of these by force. 
 And a villain of this kind, who, for some great ex- 
 cess that he has committed, has been obliged to 
 take refuge in one of these sacred places, often 
 goes out of it to brawl in the public streets, and 
 then, returning to it, escapes with impunity for 
 every fresh offence he may have been guilty of. 
 This is no detriment to the purses of the priests, 
 nor to the other perpetual sanctuaries. But every 
 church is a sanctuary for forty days ; and if a 
 thief, or murderer, who has taken refuge in 
 one, cannot leave it in safety during those forty 
 days he gives notice that he wishes to leave 
 England. In which case, being stripped to the 
 shirt by the chief magistrate of the place, and a 
 crucifix placed in his hand, he is conducted 
 along the road to the sea, where, if he finds a 
 passage, he may go, with a " God speed you." 
 But if he should not find one, he walks into the 
 sea up to the throat, and three times asks for 
 passage ; and this is repeated till a ship ap- 
 pears, which comes for him, and so he departs 
 in safety. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 15, 
 p. 244. 
 
 4660. EEFUGE secured. In Amenca. Crom- 
 well was dead. The Commonwealth tottered 
 and fell. Charles II. was restored to the throne 
 of his ancestors. Tidings of the Restoration 
 reached Boston on the 27th of July, 1660. In 
 the same vessel that bore the news came Edward 
 Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges 
 who had passed sentence of death on Charles I. 
 It was now their turn to save their lives by 
 flight. Governor Endicott received them with 
 courtesy ; the agents from the British Govern- 
 ment came in hot pursuit, with orders to arrest 
 them. For a while the fugitives, aided by the 
 people of Boston, baffled the officers, and then 
 escaped to New Haven. Here for many weeks 
 they lay in concealment ; not even the Indians 
 would accept the reward which was offered for 
 their apprehension. At last the exiles reached 
 the valley of the Connecticut, and found ref- 
 uge at the village of Hadley, where they passed 
 the remainder of their lives. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 14, p. 137. 
 
 4661. EEFTJSAL.Contemptuous. Emperor Clmc 
 dius. [He was one of the rival emperors of 
 Rome.] The siege of Milan was continued, and 
 Aureolus soon discovered that the success of his 
 artifices had only raised up a more determined 
 adversary. He attempted to negotiate with Clau- 
 dius a treaty of alliance and partition. " Tell 
 him," replied the intrepid emperor, " that such 
 proposals should have been made to Gallienus ; 
 he, perhaps, might have listened to them with 
 patience, and accepted a colleague as despicable 
 as himself." This stern refusal, and a last un- 
 successful effort, obliged Aureolus to yield the 
 city and himself to the discretion of the conquer- 
 or. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 11, p. 333. 
 
 4663. EEFUSAL, Disdainful. Caled the Sar- 
 acen. [He invaded Syria, and was opposed by 
 a Roman army.] In the presence of both ar- 
 mies, a venerable Greek advanced from the ranks^ 
 with a liberal offer of peace ; and the departure 
 of the Saracens would have been purchased by 
 a gift to each soldier of a turban, a robe, and a 
 piece of gold ; ten robes and one hundred pieces 
 to their leader ; one hundred robes and one 
 thousand pieces to the caliph. A smile of in- 
 dignation expressed the refusal of Caled. ' ' Ye 
 Christian dogs, you know your option — the- 
 Koran, the tribute, or the sword. We are a peo- 
 ple whose delight is in war rather than in 
 peace, and we despise your pitiful alms, since 
 we shall be speedily masters of your wealth, 
 your families, and your persons." — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 195. 
 
 4663. EEFUSAL, Happy. Alexander's. When 
 he came within a short distance of the city of 
 Lampsacus, which he had determined to destroy, 
 in order to punish the rebellion of its inhabitants,, 
 he saw Anaximenes, a native of that place, com- 
 ing to him. This man, who was a famous his- 
 torian, had been very intimate with Philip, his. 
 father ; and Alexander himself had a great es- 
 teem for him, having been his pupil. The king, 
 suspecting the business he was come upon, to be 
 beforehand with him, swore, in express terms, 
 that he would never grant his request. " The fa- 
 vor I have to desire of you," says Anaximenes, 
 "is, that you would destroy Lampsacus." By 
 this witty evasion, the historian saved his coun- 
 try. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 3. 
 
 4664. EEGAED, Insincere. Themistodes. This: 
 prudent general used to say the Athenians paid 
 him no honor or sincere respect ; but when 
 a storm arose, or danger appeared, they sheltered 
 themselves under him, as under a plane-tree, 
 which, when the weather was fair again, they 
 would rob of its leaves and branches. — Plu- 
 tarch's Themistocles. 
 
 4665. EEIGN, The longest. Louis XIV. Loui& 
 was crowned in 1643, when four years old, and 
 he reigned until his death in 1715. His reign, 
 the longest on record, had occupied seventy-two 
 years. — Students' France, ch. 22, § 13. 
 
 4666. EEINFOECEMENTS, Dangerous. Vir- 
 ginia. In the midst of these dark days. Captain. 
 [Christopher] Newport arrived from England. 
 He brought a full store of supplies, and one hun- 
 dred and twenty emigrants. Great was the joy 
 throughout the little plantation ; only the presi- 
 dent was at heart as much grieved as gladdened, 
 for he saw in the character of the new-comers no- 
 
RELIC— RELICS. 
 
 553 
 
 promise of anything but vexation and disaster. 
 Here were thirty -four gentlemen at the head of 
 the list, to begin with ; then came gold-hunters, 
 jewellers, engravers, adventurers, strollers, and 
 vagabonds : many of them had more business in 
 jail than in Jamestown. To add to Smith's cha- 
 grin, this company of worthless creatures had 
 been sent out contrary to his previous protest 
 and injunction. He had urged Newport to bring 
 over only a few industrious mechanics and la- 
 borers ; but the love of gold among the members 
 of the London Company had prevailed over com- 
 mon-sense to send to Virginia another crowd of 
 profligates. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, p. 103. 
 
 4667. RELIC, An auspicious. " Tim Holy 
 Lance." [The Crusaders were reduced to great 
 distress when besieged by the Turks in Anti- 
 och.] Of the diocese of Marseilles, there was a 
 priest of low cunning and loose manners, and his 
 name was Peter Bartholemy. He presented him- 
 self at the door of the council-chamber, to dis- 
 iK close an apparition of St. Andrew, which had 
 1^^ been thrice reiterated in his sleep, with a dread- 
 ^l^ul menace if he presumed to suppress the com- 
 j^^Baands of Heaven. " At Antioch," said the apos- 
 nPRle, " in the church of my brother, St. Peter, near 
 the high altar, is concealed the steel head of the 
 lance that pierced the side of our Redeemer. In 
 three days that instrument of eternal, and now 
 of temporal, salvation will be manifested to his 
 disciples. Search, and ye shall find ; bear it 
 aloft in battle, and that mystic weapon shall pen- 
 etrate the souls of the miscreants." The pope's 
 legate, the bishop of Puy, aifected to listen with 
 coldness and distrust ; but the revelation was 
 eagerly accepted by Count Raymond, whom his 
 faithful subject, in the name of the apostle, had 
 chosen for the guardian of the holy lance. The 
 experiment was resolved ; and on the third day, 
 ; after a due preparation of prayer and fasting, 
 the priest of Marseilles introduced twelve trusty 
 spectators, among whom were the count and his 
 chaplain ; and the church-doors were barred 
 against the impetuous multitude. The ground 
 was opened in the appointed place ; but the work- 
 men, who relieved each other, dug to the depth 
 of twelve feet without discovering the object of 
 their search. In the evening, when Count Ray- 
 mond had withdrawn to his post, and the weary 
 assistants began to murmur, Bartholemy, in his 
 shirt, and without his shoes, boldly descended 
 into the pit. The darkness of the hour and of the 
 place enabled him to secrete and deposit the head 
 of a Saracen lance, and the first sound, the first 
 \ gleam of the steel was saluted with a devout 
 rapture. The holy lance was drawn from its re- 
 cess, wrapped in a veil of silk and gold, and ex- 
 posed to the veneration of the Crusaders. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 586. 
 
 466§. RELICS, Bogus. Religious. Luther . . . 
 > directed a vigorous attack upon the Archbishop 
 j Albert of Mayence, brother of the Elector of 
 Brandenburg. This church dignitary, in need 
 of money, had again set up the traffic with indul- 
 gences in the city of Halle, establishing a great 
 shrine of relics, and inviting all to visit the same. 
 He had collected a multitude of glorious relics, 
 about nine thousand in number. Among these 
 \. were remains of saints, a portion of the body of 
 the patriarch Isaac, remnants of manna, pieces 
 of Moses' burning bush, jugs from the marriage 
 
 feast at Cana, some of the wine which Christ 
 made of water on that occasion, thorns from 
 Jesus' martyr crown, one of the stones with 
 which Stephen was killed, and many other glo- 
 rious relics. Against all this abomination Luther 
 wrote a treatise entitled, "Against the Idol la 
 Halle," and sent it to Wittenberg for publica- 
 tion. — Rein's Luther, ch. 10, p. 97. 
 
 4669. RELICS, Fictitioas. Girdle. [Mary Mag- 
 dalen's girdle was found in a monastery, and sent 
 to Lord Cromwell in 1535.] — Knight's Eng 
 vol. 3, ch. 33, p. 366. 
 
 4670. . Profitable. [Erasmus de^ 
 
 scribes, in his Colloquies, the exhibition of relics 
 in 1509.] The joint of a man's finger is exhib- 
 ited to us, the largest of three. I kiss it ; and then 
 I ask, " Whose relics were these ?" He says, " St. 
 Peter's." " The Apostle ?" He said," Yes." Then, 
 observing the size of the joint, which might have 
 been that of a giant, I remarked Peter must 
 have been a man of very large size. [What 
 looked like ground chalk mixed with the white 
 of an egg was shown to him as the milk of the 
 Blessed Virgin. At the shrine of St. Thomas at 
 Canterbury he saw in the sacristy a box of 
 black leather which contained some torn frag- 
 ments of linen which were once worn by St. 
 Thomas. He was also shown the upper part of a 
 shoe which was bound with a brass rim, and in it 
 was a piece of glass resembling a jewel, which 
 might be kissed for a small coin. It was the shoe 
 of St. Thomas.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 15, 
 p. 346. 
 
 4671. . Religious. In the reign 
 
 of the younger Theodosius, Lucian, a presbyter 
 of Jerusalem, . . . related a very singular dream, 
 which, to remove his doubts, had been repeat- 
 ed on three successive Saturdays. A vener- 
 able figure stood before him, in the silence of 
 the night, with a long beard, a white robe, and 
 a gold rod ; announced himself by the name of 
 Gamaliel, and revealed to the astonished presby- 
 ter that his own corpse, with the bodies of his 
 son Abibas, his friend Nicodemus, and the illus- 
 trious Stephen, the first martyr of the Christiaa 
 faith, were secretly buried in the adjacent field. 
 He added, with some impatience, that it was 
 time to release himself and his companions from 
 their obscure prison ; that their appearance 
 would be salutary to a distressed world, and that 
 they had made choice of Lucian to inform the 
 bishop of Jerusalem of their situation and their 
 wishes. The doubts and difficulties which still 
 retarded this important discovery were succes- 
 sively removed by new visions, and the ground 
 was opened by the bishop, in the presence of an 
 innumerable multitude. The coffins of Gamaliel, 
 of his son, and of his friend were found in reg- 
 ular order ; but when the fourth coffin, which 
 contained the remains of Stephen, was shown to 
 the light, the earth trembled, and an odor, such 
 as that of Paradise, was smelt, which instantly 
 cured the various diseases of seventy-three of the 
 assistants. The companions of Stephen were 
 left In their peaceful residence of Caphargamala ; 
 but the relics of the first martyr were transport- 
 ed, in solemn procession, to a church constructed 
 in their honor on Mount Sion, and the mi- 
 nute particles of those relics, a drop of blood, or 
 the scrapings of a bone, were acknowledged, in 
 almost every province of the Roman world, to 
 
j554 
 
 RELICS. 
 
 possess a divine and miraculous virtue. — Gib- 
 :bon's Rome, ch. 28, p. 158. 
 
 4672. . Religious. The zeal, per- 
 haps the avarice, of the clergy of Jerusalem, . . . 
 fixed, by unquestionable tradition, the scene of 
 •each memorable event. They exhibited the in- 
 struments which had been used in the passion of 
 'Christ ; the nails and the lance that had pierced 
 His hands. His feet, and His side ; the crown of 
 thorns that was planted on His head ; the pillar 
 a' which He was scourged ; and, above all, they 
 rshowed the cross on which He suffered, and which 
 was dug out of the earth in the reign of those 
 princes who inserted the symbol of Christianity 
 in the banners of the Roman legions. Such mir- 
 acles as seemed necessary to account for its ex- 
 traordinary preservation and seasonable discov- 
 ery were gradually propagated without opposi- 
 tion. The custody of the true cross, which on 
 Easter Sunday was solemnlj'- exposed to.the peo- 
 ple, was intrusted to the bishop of Jerusalem ; 
 and he alone might gratify the curious devotion 
 of the pilgrims by the gift of small pieces, which 
 they enchased in gold or gems, and carried awa}^ 
 in triumph to their respective countries. But as 
 this gainful branch of commerce must soon have 
 l)een annihilated, it was found convenient to sup- 
 pose that the marvellous wood possessed a se- 
 cret power of vegetation, and that its substance, 
 though continually diminished, still remained en- 
 tire and unimpaired. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 23, 
 p. 434. 
 
 4673. . Grown of Thorns. [Bald- 
 win II., emperor at Constantinople, claimed to 
 possess the crown which had been placed on the 
 head of Christ.] It had formerly been the prac- 
 tice of the Egyptian debtors to deposit, as a se- 
 curity, the mummies of their parents ; and both 
 their honor and religion were bound for the re- 
 demption of the pledge. In the same manner, 
 iind in the absence of the emperor, the barons of 
 Romania borrowed the sum of thirteen thousand 
 one hundred and thirty-four pieces of gold on 
 the credit of the holy crown. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 <;h. 61, p. 122. 
 
 4674. . Religious. The ambassa- 
 
 -dors of Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain, 
 respectfully offered, on the threshold of the Vat- 
 ican, his rich presents of gold and gems ; they ac- 
 •cepted, as a lucrative exchange, the hairs of St. 
 John the Baptist, a cross which enclosed a small 
 piece of the true wood, and a key that contain- 
 •ed some particles of iron which had been scraped 
 from the chains of St. Peter. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 37, p. 562. 
 
 4675. . Religious. [The Roman 
 
 ^empress Eudocia became greatly devoted to re- 
 ligion.] In the Holy Land, her alms and pious 
 foundations exceeded the munificence of the great 
 Helena ; and though the public treasure might 
 be impoverished by this excessive liberality, she 
 enjoyed the conscious satisfaction of returning 
 to Constantinople with the chains of St. Peter, 
 the right arm of St. Stephen, and an undoubted 
 picture of the Virgin, painted by St. Luke. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 82, p. 356. 
 
 4676. RELICS, Honored. Religious. [In the 
 sthirteenth century the Venetians received the 
 crown of thorns from Constantinople. It was 
 borne in a silver shrine, enclosed in a golden 
 
 vase. It was afterward conveyed to France.] 
 The court of France advanced as far as Troyes, 
 in Champagne, to meet with devotion this ines- 
 timable relic ; it was borne in triumph through 
 Paris by the king himself, barefoot, and in his 
 shirt. The success of this transaction tempted 
 the Latin emperor to offer, with the same gener- 
 osity, the remaining furniture of his chapel ; a 
 large and authentic portion of the true cross ; 
 the baby-linen of the Son of God, the lance, the 
 sponge and the chain of His passion ; the rod of 
 Moses, and part of the skull of St. John the Bap- 
 tist. For the reception of these spiritual treas- 
 ures, twenty thousand marks were expended by 
 St. Louis on a stately foundation, the holy chap- 
 el of Paris.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 61, p. 123. 
 
 4677. RELICS, Sacred. Rsign of Theodasius. 
 In the age which followed the conversion of Con- 
 stantine, the emperors, the consuls, and the gen- 
 erals of armies devoutly visited the sepulchres 
 of a tentmaker and a fisherman, and their ven- 
 erable bones were deposited under the altars of 
 Christ, on which the bishops of the royal city 
 continually offered the unbloody sacrifice. . . . 
 The bodies of St. Andrew, St. Luke, and St. 
 Timothy had reposed near three hundred years 
 in the obscure graves, from whence they were 
 transported, in solemn pomp, to the church of 
 the apostles, which the magnificence of Constan- 
 tine had founded on the banks of the Thracian 
 Bosphorus. About fifty years afterward, the 
 same banks were honored by the presence of 
 Samuel, the judge and prophet of the people of 
 Israel. His ashes, deposited in a golden vase, 
 and covered with a silken veil, were delivered by 
 the bishops into each other's hands. The relics 
 of Samuel were received by the people with the 
 same joy and reverence which they would have 
 shown to the living prophet ; the highways, from 
 Palestine to the gates of Constantinople, were 
 filled with an uninterrupted procession ; and the 
 emperor Arcadius himself, at the head of the 
 most illustrious members of the clergy and senate, 
 advanced to meet his extraordinary guest, who 
 had always deserved and claimed the homage of 
 kings. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 28, p. 156. 
 
 4678. RELICS, Superstitious regard for. Bones. 
 [In 1065, Harold II., King of the Anglo-Saxons, 
 swore to support William the Norman in his 
 contest for the crown of England ; but he swore 
 with a mental reservation. He stands] between 
 two ornamental pedestals, upon the top of which 
 he places the ends of his fingers. He is swear- 
 ing upon common reliquaries, as he thought ; 
 such as parish priests in England kept upon their 
 altars, to command the faith of ignorant boors. 
 He swears. But under the reliquaries are hidden, 
 by a cloth of gold, the bones of saints and holy 
 martyrs. William then commands the cloth to 
 be removed, and Harold turns pale when he 
 knows the supersanctity of the oath which ha 
 has taken. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 13, p. 174. 
 
 4679. RELICS, Virtue of. Christian, a.d. 
 643. The shrines of the apostles were guarded 
 by miracles and invisible terrors ; and it was not 
 without fear that the pious Catholic approached 
 the object of his worship. It was fatal to touch, 
 it was dangerous to behold, the bodies of the 
 saints ; and those who, from the purest motives, 
 presumed to disturb the repose of the sanctuary 
 were affrighted by visions, or punished with sua- 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 555 
 
 •den death. The unreasonable request of an em- 
 press, who wished to deprive the Romans of 
 their sacred treasure, the head of St. Paul, was 
 rejected with the deepest abhorrence ; and the 
 pope asserted, most probably with truth, that a 
 linen which had been sanctified in the neighbor- 
 hood of his body, or the filings of his chain, 
 which it was sometimes easy and sometimes im- 
 possible to obtain, possessed an equal degree of 
 miraculous virtue. But the power as well as 
 virtue of the apostles resided with living energy 
 ;in the breast of their successors. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 45, p. 419. 
 
 46§0. BELIGION, False Ambition in. Boman 
 Emperor Julian. He resolved to erect, without 
 delay, on the commanding eminence of Moriah, 
 a stately temple, which might eclipse the splen- 
 dor of the church of the resurrection on the ad- 
 jacent hill of Calvary ; to establish an order of 
 priests, whose interested zeal would detect the 
 arts, and resist the ambition, of their Christian 
 rivals ; and to invite a numerous colony of Jews, 
 whose stern fanaticism would be always prepar- 
 ed to second, and even to anticipate, the hostile 
 measures of the Pagan government. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 33, p. 437. 
 
 46§1. EELIGION, Austerity in. Blaise Pas- 
 xal. He removed from his room all superfluous 
 or luxurious articles, refused the assistance of 
 servants, brought his own dinner from the kitch- 
 ■en, fasted frequently, partook only of the plain- 
 est fare, passed hours every day in prayer, and 
 gave all the money he could spare to the poor. 
 Around his waist, next his skin, he wore a girdle 
 of iron, with points directed inward, and when 
 he caught himself taking pleasure in anything 
 not spiritual, or when any trifling or pleasant 
 thought arose in his mind, he would press the 
 points into his flesh with his elbow, to recall him- 
 self to what he called his ' ' duty. " His two great 
 Tules were to indulge in nothing he could do 
 without, and to enjoy no worldly pleasure. He 
 considered it a sin to take pleasure in his food, 
 and purposely avoided the viands in which he 
 had formerly delighted. He took great pains 
 not to taste what he ate. — Cyclopedia of Bigg. , 
 p. 101. 
 
 46§3. RELIGION, Benefits of. Cimlization. 
 [See No. 909.] The great engine of the civiliza- 
 tion of the Greeks was the introduction of a na- 
 tional religion by those eastern colonies ; and, in- 
 spired with the enthusiasm of all new converts, 
 it is no wonder that superstition was at this time 
 their predominant characteristic, fo this a.ge, 
 therefore, and to this character of the people, we 
 must refer the origin of the Grecian oracles and 
 the institution of the public games in honor of 
 the gods. — Tytler'sHist., Book 1, ch. 7, p. 64. 
 
 4683. RELIGION, Bond of. Scotch Covenant. 
 James [I.] had, with some success, established in 
 that country [Scotland] a hierarchy on the pat- 
 tern of the English church, and Charles wanted 
 to complete the work of his father by resting dis- 
 ■cipline upon a regular system of canons, and 
 modelling the public worship by the forms of a 
 liturgy. These designs were extremely odious to 
 the Scots, and they met with the reception which 
 might have been expected. The Bishop of Edin- 
 burgh, beginning to read the service in the cathe- 
 dral-church, was assaulted with the most furious 
 rage, and narrowly escaped being torn in pieces 
 
 by the populace. The tumult spread through the 
 whole kingdom, and the heads of tne Presbyte- 
 rian party, assembling themselves in the capital, 
 subscribed the famous bond called the National 
 Covenant, by which, after a formal renunciation 
 of the abominations of popery, they bound them- 
 selves by a solemm oath to resist all religious in- 
 novations, and to defend to the utmost the glory 
 of God and the honor of their king and country. 
 The consequences of this association, which was 
 eagerly subscribed by all ranks and conditions 
 of the people, were extremely alarming ; and 
 Charles, perceiving he had gone too far, ofiered to 
 suspend the use of the liturgy, provided matters 
 were put on the same footing as before, and the 
 Scots would retract their covenant. But they re- 
 plied that they would sooner renounce their bap- 
 tism ; and summoning a general assembly at Glas- 
 gow, they, with great deliberation, not only an- 
 nulled the liturgy and canons, but utterly abol- 
 ished the episcopal hierarchy, which, for above 
 thirty years, had quietly subsisted in the king- 
 dom. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 29, p. 401. 
 46§4. RELIGION, Burdened by. In Ireland.. 
 [Reign of James II.] The Protestant Noncon- 
 formists, on their side, endured with more pa- 
 tience than could have been expected the sight 
 of the most absurd ecclesiastical establishment 
 that the world has ever seen. Four archbishops 
 and eighteen bishops were employed in looking 
 after about a fifth part of the number of Church- 
 men who inhabited the single diocese of London. 
 Of the parochial clergy a large proportion wer6 
 pluralists, and resided at a distance from their 
 cures. There were some who drew from their 
 benefices incomes of little less than a thousand a 
 year, without ever performing any spiritual func- 
 tion. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 123. 
 
 4685. RELIGION, Burdensome. Tnfles. Two 
 priests of the best families of Rome, Cornelius 
 Cethegus and Quintus Suipicius, were degraded 
 from the priesthood ; the former because he did 
 not present the entrails of the victim according to 
 rule; and the latter because, as he was sacrificing, 
 the tuft of his cap, which was such an one as the 
 Flamines wear, fell off. And because the squeak- 
 ing of a rat happened to be heard at the moment 
 that Minucius the Dictator appointed Caius Fla- 
 minius his general of horse, the people obliged 
 them to quit their posts, and appointed others 
 in their stead. — Plutarch's Marcellus. 
 
 4686. RELIGION, Champion for. John Milton. 
 Milton was resolute in his religion at Rome, so 
 much so that many were deterred from showing 
 him the civilities they were prepared to offer. 
 His rule, he says, was " not of my own accord to 
 introduce in those places conversation about 
 religion, but, if interrogated respecting the faith, 
 then, whatsoever I should suffer, to dissemble 
 nothing. What I was, if any one asked, I con- 
 cealed from no one ; if any one in the very city 
 of the pope attacked the orthodox religion, I de- 
 fended it most freely." Beyond the statement 
 that the English Jesuits were indignant, we hear 
 of no evil consequences of this imprudence. — 
 Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 3. 
 
 4687. RELIGION, Irreligious Champion of. 8t. 
 John Lord Bolingbroke. a.d. 1711. Indifferent 
 not to the forms of religion only, but to religion 
 itself, he was the unscrupulous champion of the 
 High Church, and supported the worst acts of 
 
556 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 its most intolerant policy [while secretary of 
 state].— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, eh. 21. 
 
 468§. RELIGION changed. For Money. After 
 some previous negotiation, the amiable and fas- 
 cmating Henrietta of Orleans, Charles' sister, 
 who possessed much influence over him, arrived 
 at Dover on a secret mission in May, 1670, and 
 a treaty was shortly afterward concluded, the pro- 
 visions of which, discreditable to both sovereigns, 
 must cover the memory of Charles [II.] with pe- 
 culiar and eternal infamy. He engaged to aban- 
 don his late allies, and join Louis in invading 
 Holland, furnishing a contingent of six thousand 
 men and a fleet of flf ty sail ; he was also to make 
 a public profession of the Roman Catholic relig- 
 ion, and propagate it to the utmost of his power 
 in his dominions. As the price of these disgrace- 
 ful acts of treachery, Charles was to receive from 
 Louis an annual subsidy of three millions (£120,- 
 000) during the war, together with the island of 
 Walcheren, and two fortresses on the Scheldt, 
 as his share of the spoil. — Students' France 
 ch. 21, § 5. 
 
 46§9. EELIGION and Commerce. Codfish. 
 Gold lured the Spaniards to South America and 
 Mexico ; but the humbler bait which attracted 
 the French to Northern America was codfish. In 
 Catholic countries there are so many days on 
 which meat may not, and fish may be, eaten, that 
 fish is an article of very great importance ; and 
 this was perhaps the reason why the French, as 
 early as 1525, only thirty-three years after the 
 discovery of America, had a considerable fleet 
 of fishing vessels on the banks of Newfoundland. 
 — Cyclopedia op Biog. , p. 368. 
 
 4690. RELIGION a Conflict. Duality of Man. 
 The religious history of man is essentially the 
 same in all ages. It takes its rise in the duality 
 of his nature. He is an animal, and as an ani- 
 mal he desires bodily pleasure, and shrinks from 
 bodily pain. As a being capable of morality, he 
 is conscious that for him there exists a right and 
 wrong. Something, whatever that something 
 may be, binds him to choose one and avoid the 
 other. This is his religion, his religatio, his ob- 
 ligation, in the sense in which the Romans, from 
 whom we take it, used the word ; and obliga- 
 tion implies some superior power to which man 
 owes obedience. The conflict between his two 
 dispositions agitates his heart and perplexes his 
 intellect. To do what the superior power re- 
 quires of him, he must thwart his inclinations. 
 He dreads punishment, if he neglects to do it. 
 He invents methods by which he can indulge his 
 appetites, and finds a substitute by which he can 
 propitiate his invisible ruler or rulers. He offers 
 sacrifices ; he institutes ceremonies and observ- 
 ances.— Froude's BUNYAN, ch. 2. 
 
 4691. RELIGION, Confusion in. James II. The 
 king early put the loyalty of his Protestant friends 
 to the proof. While he was a subject he had 
 been in the habit of hearing mass with closed 
 doors in a small oratory which had been fitted 
 up for his wife. He now ordered the doors to 
 be thrown open, in order that all who came to 
 pay their duty to him might see the ceremony. 
 When the host was elevated there was a strange 
 confusion in the antechamber. The Roman 
 Catholics fell on their knees ; the Protestants 
 hurried out of the room. Soon a new pulpit was 
 erected in the palace ; and during Lent a series 
 
 of sermons was preached there by popish divines, 
 to the great discomposure of zealous churchmen' 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 438. 
 
 4692. RELIGION, Consolation of. Charles I. 
 Bishop Juxon, who attended him to the last 
 moment, as he approached the block, said to him, 
 " Sire, there is but one step more, a sharp and 
 short one ! Remember that in another second 
 you will ascend from earth to heaven, and that 
 there you will find in an infinite and inexhausti- 
 ble joy the reward of your sacrifice, and a crown 
 that shall never pass away." " My friend," re- 
 plied Charles, interrupting him with perfect com- 
 posure, " I go from a corruptible crown to aa j 
 incorruptible one, and which, as you say, I feel 1 
 convinced I shall possess forever without trouble ■ 
 or anxiety." — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 48. 
 
 4693. RELIGION, Contradicted. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. Two ladies from Tennessee came before 
 the President, asking the release of their hus- 
 bands, held as prisoners of war at Johnson's 
 Island. ... At each of these interviews one 
 of the ladies urged that her husband was a re- 
 ligious man. . . . When the President ordered 
 the release, he said to this lady : " You say your J 
 husband is a religious man ; tell him when you * 
 meet him that I say I am not much of a judge ' 
 of religion, but that in my opinion the religion 
 which sets men to rebel against the government, 
 because, as they think, that government does not 
 sufilciently help some men to eat their bread in 
 the sweat of other men's faces, is not the sort ot 
 religion upon which people can get to heaven." 
 — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 735. 
 
 4694. RELIGION, Courage by. Reign ofJamef. 
 II. [Protestant rebels under the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth.] The number of the rebels whom Jef- 
 freys hanged on this circuit was three hundred 
 and twenty. . . . They were, for the most part, 
 men of blameless life and of high religious pro 
 f ession. They were regarded by themselves, and 
 by a large proportion of their neighbors, not as 
 wrong-doers, but as martyrs who sealed with 
 blood the truth of the Protestant religion. Very 
 few of the convicts professed any repentance for 
 what they had done. Many, animated by the 
 old Puritan spirit, met death, not merely with 
 fortitude, but with exultation. . . . Some of 
 them composed hymns in the dungeon and 
 chanted them on the fatal sledge. Christ, they 
 sang, while they were undressing for the butch- 
 ery, would soon come to rescue Zion and to make 
 Avar on Babylon, would set up His standard, 
 would blow His trumpet, and would requite 
 His foes tenfold for all the evil which had been 
 inflicted on His servants. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 5, p. 598. 
 
 4695. RELIGION, Decline of. Samuel John 
 son. Boswell : " Is there not less religion in the. 
 nation now, sir, than there was formerly ?" John- 
 son : "I don't know, sir, that there is." Bob- 
 well : " For instance, there used to be a chap- 
 lain in every great family, which we do not find 
 now." Johnson: "Neither do you find any 
 of the state servants which great families used 
 formerly to have. There is a change of modes 
 in the whole department of life." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 166. 
 
 4696. RELIGION, Devotion to. Columbm. 
 Throughout his life he was noted for strict at- 
 
m 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 557 
 
 tention to the offices of religion, observing rigor- 
 ously the fasts and ceremonies of the church ; 
 nor did his piety consist in mere forms, but par- 
 took of that lofty and solemn enthusiasm with 
 which his whole character was strongly tinct- 
 ured. — Irving's Columbus, ch. 4. 
 
 4697. BELIOION, Discord in. Egyptians. [A 
 natural cause of] discords among themselves was 
 the variety and difference of the objects of relig- 
 ious worship in the different provinces of the 
 kingdom. The same animals that were regard- 
 ed in one province with the most superstitious 
 reverence were in another the objects of de- 
 testation and abhorrence. In one quarter they 
 tamed the crocodiles, adorned them with gold 
 and jewels, and worshipped them ; in another 
 they killed those animals without mercy. In one 
 province the most sacred animal was a dog ; in 
 another they reckoned dog's flesh the most deli- 
 cate food. Cats were adored in one district, 
 .and rats in another. From these differences 
 arose perpetual and violent animosities ; for 
 there are no contentions so rancorous as those 
 which spring from the most trifling differences 
 in religious worship or opinion. ' ' The multi- 
 tude," says Diodorus, " have been often inflamed 
 into the highest pitch of fury on account of the 
 sacrilegious murder of a divine cat." — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 46. 
 
 469§. EELIGION disguised. Pagans. The 
 temples of the Roman Empire were deserted, or 
 •destroyed ; but the ingenious superstition of the 
 Pagans still attempted to elude the laws of Theo- 
 dosius, by which all sacrifices had been severely 
 prohibited. The inhabitants of the country, 
 Tvhose conduct was less opposed to the eye of 
 malicious curiosity, disguised their religious, 
 under the appearance of convivial, meetings. On 
 the days of solemn festivals they assembled in 
 great numbers under the spreading shade of 
 ^orae consecrated trees ; sheep and oxen were 
 slaughtered and roasted ; and this rural enter- 
 tainment was sanctified by the use of incense, 
 and by the hymns which were sung in honor of 
 the gods. But it was alleged that, as no part of 
 the animal was made a burnt-offering, as no al- 
 tar was provided to receive the blood, and as the 
 previous oblation of salt cakes and the conclud- 
 ing ceremony of libations were carefully omit- 
 ted, these festal meetings did not involve the 
 guests in the guilt or penalty of an illegal sacri- 
 fice. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 28, p. 148. 
 
 4699. EELIGION, Diverse Views of. Romans. 
 The various modes of worship which prevailed 
 in the Roman world were all considered by the 
 people as equally true ; by the philosopher, as 
 ■equally false ; and by the magistrate, as equally 
 useful. _ And thus toleration produced not only 
 Jnutual indulgence, but even religious concord. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 34. 
 
 4700. RELIGION, Duplicity in. Beign of James 
 II. The dispensing power was . . . employed 
 for the purpose of enabling Roman Catholics to 
 hold ecclesiastical preferment. The new solicit- 
 or readily drew the warrants in which Sawyer 
 liad refused to be concerned. One of these war- 
 rants was in favor of a wretch named Edward 
 Sclater, who had two livings, which he was de- 
 termined to keep at all costs and through all 
 changes. He administered the sacrament to his 
 parishioners according to the rites of the Church 
 
 of England on Palm Sunday, 1686. On Easter 
 Sunday, only seven days later, he was at mass. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 79. 
 
 4701. EELIGION, Effects of. Puritanism vs. 
 Ecclesiasticism. Ecclesiastical tyranny is of all 
 kinds the worst ; its fruits are cowardice, idle- 
 ness, ignorance, and poverty. Puritanism was a 
 life-giving spirit ; activity, thrift, intelligence, 
 followed in its train ; and as for courage, a cow- 
 ard and a Puritan never went together. " He 
 that prays best and preaches best will fight 
 best" — such was the judgment of Cromwell, the 
 greatest soldier of his age. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4702. EELIGION, Effort in. Martin Luther. 
 Filled with awe and reverence, he had come to 
 Rome, and had hoped to find peace for his soul. 
 " I was one of those frantic saints in Rome ; I ran 
 about all the churches and crypts, and believed 
 all their shameless, impudent lies. I also read 
 mass, perhaps ten times, and I very much re- 
 gretted that my father and mother were still 
 alive, for I should have been delighted to deliver 
 them from purgatory with my masses, and with 
 other precious works and many prayers. " On 
 his knees he crept up Pilate's staircase, the Scala 
 Sancta, or holy stairway, which was said to have 
 been brought from the judgment hall to Rome 
 and placed in the chapel of St. John's Church of 
 the Lateran. Luther did this in order to receive 
 indulgence. And yet he felt, in doing such a 
 work, as if a voice in thunder tones were crying 
 out to him : " The just shall live by faith" (Rom, 
 1 : 17). — Rein's Luther, ch. 4, p. 38. 
 
 4703. EELIGION, Excitement in. Early Meth- 
 odists. [Great excitement, with extraordinary 
 physical effects, frequently attended the preach- 
 ing of Wesley and Whitefield.] The most 
 singular fact about them is, that for a consid- 
 erable time the superior ardor and eloquence of 
 Whitefield did not produce them, while under 
 the calmer and more logical preaching of Wesley 
 people dropped on every side as if thunderstruck. 
 It is also noteworthy . . . that at this time not 
 one of his texts, as recorded in his journals, was 
 of a serious or terrific character, but they were, 
 as in most of his life, selected from the great and 
 precious promises. . . . [Wesley made a special 
 investigation of the remarkable physical effects 
 occurring at Newcastle.] He found, first, that all 
 persons who had been thus affected were in per- 
 fect health, and had not been subject to convul- 
 sions of any kind. Second, that these new affec- 
 tions had come upon them in a moment, without 
 any previous notice, while they were either hear- 
 ing the preaching, or thinking on what they had 
 heard. Third, that they usually dropped down, 
 lost their strength, and were seized with violent 
 pain. Their feelings were described differently. 
 Some said they felt as if a sword was running 
 through them ; others thought a great weight 
 lay upon them. ... "I can no more," said he, 
 "attribute them to a natural cause than to the 
 Spirit of God." — ^Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, 
 pp. 126, 188. 
 
 4704. EELIGION , Extremes in. Puritanism. 
 [In 1653 the Puritans fasted on Christmas and 
 feasted on Ash Wednesday.] They took this 
 course upon the old principle, that the greater 
 was the remove from Roman Catholicism, the 
 
558 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 nearer was the approach to true religion. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 11, p. 172. 
 
 4705. . Second Crusade. At 
 
 length they appeared before Jerusalem; and 
 though famine, sickness, and great losses, even 
 by their victories, had reduced their immense 
 army to twenty thousand men, they resolutely 
 attacked a garrison of forty thousand, and after 
 a siege of five weeks took the city by storm. The 
 whole inhabitants, soldiers and citizens, men, 
 women, and children, who were either Mahom- 
 etans or Jews, were put to the sword. It is af- 
 firmed by all the historians that, after this in- 
 human massacre, the Christians went in solemn 
 procession to the place where the^- were told was 
 the sepulchre of our Saviour, and there burst into 
 a flood of tears. This mixture of barbarity and 
 cruelty with the tender feelings is derided by 
 some authors, and especially Voltaire, as some- 
 thing out of nature, and scarcely possible ; but 
 when it is considered what was the motive of 
 many of these men, the enthusiasm which ani- 
 mated them in a cause which they were per- 
 suaded was to conduct them to heaven, the con- 
 tending feelings with which they were agitated, 
 detestation for those infidels who, as they imag- 
 ined, had polluted, by their impious worship, the 
 most sacred monuments of their religion, and joy 
 and gratitude for the recovery and vindication 
 of those venerable remains, we shall find noth- 
 ing in the deportment of these Crusaders but 
 what is natural and consistent with their situa- 
 tion.— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 157. 
 
 4706. EELIGION, Folly in. Pillar Saints. 
 As the affectation of superior sanctity and the 
 pride of being singular gave rise to many of 
 the austerities of the monastic life, the same mo- 
 tive led_ some men to seclude themselves from 
 social life in a still more extraordinary manner 
 than that practised by any of the religious or- 
 ders. These men were termed Stylites, or Pillar 
 Saints. They mounted themselves on the tops 
 of stone pillars, and stood there immovable for 
 many years. One Simeon, a native of Syria, 
 gave the first example of this most amazing 
 folly, and passed thirty-seven years of his life 
 upon pillars of various heights, beginning with 
 one of nine feet, and increasing from year to 
 year, till he died on a pillar of forty cubits. 
 Another saint of the same name lived sixty- 
 eight years in the same manner. The venera- 
 tion which these holy men acquired excited a 
 number of imitators, and their degrees of sanctity 
 were always estimated according to the height of 
 their pillars, and the number of years they had 
 passed upon them. For above six centuries this 
 superstitious frenzy prevailed in the East, nor 
 was the practice altogether abolished till the 
 twelfth century. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 3, p. 85. 
 
 4707. EELIGION, Generosity in. False. As 
 the Alcmaeonidag were very rich and powerful, 
 they got themselves appointed by the Amphic- 
 tyons, who constituted the general council of 
 Greece, to superintend the rebuilding of the tem- 
 ple of Delphi, for the sum of 300 talents or 300,- 
 000 crowns. As they were naturally generous, 
 and had besides their reasons for being so on this 
 occasion, they added to this sum a great deal of 
 their own money, and made the whole front of 
 the temple all of Parian marble, at their particu- 
 
 lar expense ; whereas by the contract made witb 
 the Amphictyons, it was only to have beeii 
 made of common stone. The liberality of the 
 Alcmaeonidae was not altogether a free bounty ; 
 neither was their magnificence toward the god 
 of Delphi a pure effect of religion : policy was. 
 the chief motive. They hoped by this means to 
 acquire great influence in the temple, and it hap- 
 pened according to their expectation. The money, 
 which they plentifully poured into the hands of 
 the priestess, rendered them absolute masters of 
 the oracle, and of the pretended god who presid- 
 ed over it, and who for the future became their 
 echo. ... As often therefore as any Spartan 
 came to consult the priestess, whether upon his 
 own affairs or upon those of the State, no prom- 
 ise was ever made him of the god's assistance, 
 but upon condition that the Lacedaemoniana 
 should deliver Athens from the yoke of tyranny. 
 This order was so often repeated to them by the 
 oracle, that they resolved at last to make war 
 against the Pisistratidae, though they were under 
 the strongest engagements of friendship and hos- 
 pitality with them : herein preferring the will 
 of God, says Herodotus, to all human considera- 
 tions. — Rollin's Hist., Book 5, § 8. 
 
 470§. EELI6I0N and Gold. Heathen. [la 
 the besieged city of Tyre there was a brazea 
 statue of Apollo of enormous size.] During the 
 siege, in consequence of a dream which one of 
 the citizens had, the Tyrians imagined that 
 Apollo was determined to leave them and go- 
 over to Alexander. Immediately they fastened 
 with a gold chain his statue to Hercules' altar, 
 to prevent the deity from leaving them. For 
 these people were silly enough to believe that 
 after his statue was thus fastened down, it would 
 not be possible for him to make his escape, and 
 that he would be prevented from doing so by 
 Hercules, the tutelar god of the city. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 15, § 6. 
 
 4709. RELIGION graded. Pythagoras. In. 
 imitation of the Egyptian priests, Pythagoras 
 professed two different kinds of doctrine, the one 
 accommodated to vulgar use, and the other re- 
 served for the private ear of his favorite disci- 
 ples. The object of the former was morality ; 
 the latter consisted of many mysteries wliich we' 
 are probably at no loss for being very little ac- 
 quainted with. Five years of silence were req- 
 uisite for preparing his scholars for the partic- 
 ipation of these secrets. These disciples formed 
 among themselves a sort of community ; they 
 lived all in the same house together with their 
 wives and children ; they had their goods in 
 common, and their time was parcelled out and 
 appropriated to various exercises of mind and 
 body. Music was in high esteem with them, as 
 a corrective of the passions ; and they had one 
 kind of music for the morning, to awaken and 
 excite the faculties, and another for the evening, 
 to relax and compose them. The notion which 
 Pythagoras inculcated of the soul's transmigra- 
 tion through different bodies made his disciples 
 strictly abstain from animal food. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 263. 
 
 4710. BELIGION, Husbandman's. Cato's 
 Prayer. It is in a ceremony called Solitaurilia, 
 and according to some Suovetaurilia, in which the 
 country people made a procession round their 
 lands, and offered libations and sacrifices to cer- 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 559* 
 
 tain gods. ..." Father Mars," said the suppliant, 
 " I humbly implore and conjure vou to be pro- 
 pitious and favorable to me, my family, and all 
 my domestics, in regard to the occasion of the 
 present procession in my fields, lands, and es- 
 tate ; to prevent, avert, and remove from us all 
 diseases, known and unknown, desolations, 
 storms, calamities, and pestilential air ; to make 
 our plants, corn, vines, and trees grow and come 
 to perfection ; to preserve our shepherds and 
 flocks ; to grant thy preservation of life and 
 health to me, my family, and all my domestics." 
 "What a reproach is it that Christians, and often 
 those who have the greatest share in the goods 
 of this world, should in these days be so little 
 careful to demand them from God, and be 
 ashamed to thank Him for them ! Among the 
 Pagans all their meals began and ended with 
 prayers, which are now banished from almost 
 all our tables. — Rollin's Hist., Book 24, art. 4, 
 §5. 
 
 4711. EELIGION, Hypocrisy in. Charles IT. 
 The Duke of York [afterward James II.], too 
 dull to apprehend danger, or too fanatical to care 
 about it, was impatient to see the article touch- 
 ing the Roman Catholic religion carried into im- 
 mediate execution ; but Louis [XIV.] had the 
 wisdom to perceive that, if this course were 
 taken, there woiild be such an explosion in Eng- 
 land as would probably frustrate those parts of 
 the plan which he had most at heart. It was 
 therefore determined that Charles should still 
 call himself a Protestant, and should still, at 
 high festivals, receive the sacrament according 
 to the ritual of the Church of England. His 
 more scrupulous brother ceased to appear in the 
 royal chapel. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 196. 
 
 4712. EELIGION, Impediments to. George 
 MuUer. [He was sent away from home to school.] 
 But while exemplary in his conduct outwardly, 
 he was totally unconcerned about the salvation 
 of his soul, and utterly reckless regarding the 
 eternal realities of the world to come. He had 
 three hundred books of his own, but no Bible ; 
 and as he was surrounded by unconverted per- 
 sons, and never heard the Gospel preached, he 
 had no opportunity whatever of receiving relig- 
 ious instruction, nor of conversing^ with any 
 one who would take an interest in his spiritual 
 welfare. — Life of George Muller, p. 11. 
 
 4713. EELIGION insulted. Pope Gregory VII. 
 [He summoned Emperor Henry IV., while at 
 war with the Saxons,] to come in person to 
 Rome and answer the charge of having granted 
 the investiture of benefices. He treated this inso- 
 lent message with proper contempt. Gregory 
 [VII.] had, at the same time, denounced a sen- 
 tence of excommunication against Philip I. of 
 Prance. . . . What gave weight to sentences of 
 this kind, which would otherwise have been held 
 in derision, was that policy of the popes by which 
 they took care to level their ecclesiastical thunder 
 against those who had enemies powerful enough 
 to avail themselves of the advantages which 
 such sentences gave them against the party ex- 
 communicated. Henry, it must be owned, 
 thought of rather a mean revenge against the 
 pontiff. By his orders, a ruffian seized the pope 
 while he was performing divine service, and 
 after bruising and maltreating him, confined him 
 to prison. The pontiff, however, soon recovered 
 
 his liberty, and assembling a council at Rome, 
 pronounced a formal sentence of deposition 
 against the emperor. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 7, p. 127. 
 
 4714. . Louis XV. " The most. 
 
 Christian king" of France . . . caused an attrac- 
 tive woman to be taken from public licentious- 
 ness, consecrated by the sacrament of marriage' 
 as the wife of a French nobleman, and then in- 
 stalled in his own palace as his mistress. In re- 
 turn she adored royalty and sided against the 
 philosophers .... An abandoned female who 
 pleased the fancies of a corrupt old man became 
 the symbol and the support of absolute power.— 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 48. 
 
 4715. EELIGION by Legislation. Romans. 
 [The Emperor Gratian was celebrated for his 
 piety.] The conscience of the credulous prince- 
 was directed by saints and bishops, who pro- 
 cured an imperial edict to punish, as a capital 
 offence, the violation, the neglect, or even the- 
 ignorance of the divine law. — Gibbon, vol. 3. 
 
 4716. EELIGION, Legislation against. Jes- 
 uits. As the influence of the Jesuits gave to 
 France its only power over the Five Nations, the 
 legislature of New York, in 1700, made a law 
 for hanging every Popish priest that should come- 
 voluntarily into the province. " The law ought 
 forever to continue," is the commentary of the- 
 historian, wholly unconscious of the true nature- 
 of his remark.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, 
 ch. 21. 
 
 4717. EELIGION, Licensed. By King John. 
 [There is a warrant of King John's, dated from 
 Normandy.in the early part of his reign,in which 
 he says :}*Know ye, that we have given license 
 to Peter Buillo to enter into any religion that he 
 pleases.— Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 340. 
 
 4718. EELIGION, Melancholy. Cromwell. 
 This passion [of the times] in the ardent and', 
 gloomy disposition of Cromwell almost pro- 
 duced a disease of the imagination. He trembled 
 for his eternal salvation, and dreaded lest he- 
 should not sacrifice enough for his faith. He re- 
 proached himself for an act of cowardly tolera- 
 tion in permitting Catholic symbols, such as the- 
 cross on the summit, and other religious orna- 
 ments, left by recent Protestantism, to remain, 
 upon the church at Huntingdon. He was im- 
 pressed with the idea of an early death, and lived 
 under the terror of eternal punishment. War- 
 wick, one of his contemporaries, relates that 
 Cromwell, seized on a particular occasion with 
 a fit of religious melancholy, sent frequently dur- 
 ing the night for the physician of the neighbor- 
 ing village, that he might talk to him of his 
 doubts and terrors. He assisted assiduously at 
 the preachings of those itinerant Puritan minis- 
 ters who came to stir up polemical ardor and an- 
 tipathies.— Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 6. 
 
 47J9, . Anabaptists. [Hooker said 
 
 of the Anabaptists :] Every word otherwise than; 
 severely and sadly uttered seemed to pierce like 
 a sword through them. If any man were pleas- 
 ant, their manner was fervently, with sighs, to 
 repeat those words of our Saviour Christ, " Wo» 
 be to you which now laugh, for ye shall lament."' 
 —Knight's Eng. , vol. 3, ch. 16, p. 245. 
 
 4720. EELIGION, Misplaced. Military Cru- 
 saders. The power of Constantine was distract^ 
 
560 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 ed by a Turkish war ; the mind of Henry was 
 feeble and irresolute ; and the pope, instead of 
 repassing the Alps with a German army, was 
 accompanied only by a guard of seven hundred 
 Swabians and some volunteers of Lorraine. In 
 Ms long progress from Mantua to Beneventum, 
 a vile and promiscuous multitude of Italians was 
 enlisted under the holy standard : the priest and 
 the robber slept in the same tent ; the pikes and 
 crosses were intermingled in the front ; and the 
 martial saint repeated the lessons of his youth 
 in the order of march, of encampment, and of 
 combat. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 56, p. 455. 
 
 4721. EELIGION, Misunderstood. Pope's Le- 
 gate. The legate addressed Luther in a gracious 
 and fatherly manner, and in the name of the pope 
 plainly demanded of him that he recant his errors 
 and promise to abstain thereafter from the pro- 
 mulgation of all views that might distract the 
 Church. Two articles he should recall and with- 
 draw : First, the denial that the "indulgence- 
 treasure " of the Church is the merit of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ ; secondly, his maintenance that a 
 person who wishes to receive the Lord's Supper 
 must above all things possess the faith and the in- 
 ner conviction that his sins will be forgiven him. 
 Hereupon a discussion ensued between Luther 
 and [Cardinal] Cajetan. The attendants of the 
 latter audibly tittered when they heard the ex- 
 planations 01 the Augustinian monk, so strange 
 and curious did they seem to the Italians. In 
 Tain did Luther appeal to the Bible and its dec- 
 larations concerning faith. — Rein's Luther, 
 ch. 5, p. 53. 
 
 4722. . Puritans Criticised. If, 
 
 from the outside peculiarities which so. easily ex- 
 cite the sneer of the superficial observer [see No. 
 4731], we look to the genius of the sect itself, Puri- 
 tanism was religion struggling for the -people. 
 ' ' Its absurdities," says its enemy, ' * were the shel- 
 ter for the noble principles of liberty." It was 
 its otflce to engraft the new institutions of popu- 
 lar energy upon the old European system of feu- 
 dal aristocracy and popular servitude ; the good 
 was permanent ; the outward emblems, which 
 'were the signs of party, were of transient dura- 
 tion. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 4723. EELIGION, Mockery of. Boman Em- 
 peror Michael. But the most extraordinary feat- 
 ure in the character of Michael is the profane 
 mockery of the religion of his country. ... A buf- 
 foon of the court was invested in the robes of 
 the patriarch ; his twelve metropolitans, among 
 ^hom the emperor was ranked, assumed their ec- 
 clesiastical garments ; they used or abused the 
 sacred vessels of the altar ; and, in their bacchana- 
 lian feasts, the holy communion was administered 
 in a nauseous compound of vinegar and mustard. 
 Nor were these impious spectacles concealed from 
 the eyes of the city. On the day of a solemn fes- 
 tival, the emperor, with his bishops or buffoons, 
 rode on asses through the streets, encountered the 
 true patriarch at the head of his clergy ; and by 
 their licentious shouts and obscene gestures dis- 
 ordered the gravity of the Christian procession. — 
 <Jibbon'8 Rome, ch. 48, p. 596. 
 
 4724. BELIGION without Morality. Arme- 
 nian. [Archbishop Isaac was earnestly solicited 
 by the Armenian nobles to sanction the removal 
 ©I their unworthy king.] He deplored the man- 
 
 ifest and inexcusable vices of Artasires, and de- 
 clared that he should not hesitate to accuse him 
 before the tribunal of a Christian emperor, who 
 would punish, without destroying, the sinner. 
 " Our king," continued Isaac, " is too much ad- 
 dicted to licentious pleasures, but he has been 
 purified in the holy waters of baptism. He is a 
 lover of women, but he does not adore the fire 
 or the elements. He may deserve the reproach 
 of lewdness, but he is an undoubted Catholic ; 
 and his faith is pure, though his manners are 
 flagitious. I will never consent to abandon my 
 sheep to the rage of devouring wolves ; and you 
 would soon repent your rash exchange of the in- 
 firmities of a believer for the specious virtues of 
 a heathen." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 33, p. 360. 
 
 4725. EELIGION, Motives in. Heathen. The 
 devout polytheist, though fondly attached to his 
 national rites, admitted with implicit faith the 
 different religions of the earth. Fear, gratitude, 
 and curiosity, a dream or an omen, a singular 
 disorder, or a distant journey, perpetually dis- 
 posed him to multiply the articles of his belief, 
 and to enlarge the list of his protectors. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 34. 
 
 4726. EELIGION needful to the State. Moral- 
 ity. [Seven years after the abolition of the Qom- 
 monwealth and the restoration of the profligate 
 Charles II. , the historian writes :] The infamous 
 corruption of the higher classes was eating into 
 the foundation of England's greatness. Her peo- 
 ple were losing that masculine simplicity, that 
 hearty devotion to public and private duties, that 
 religious earnestness — intolerant, no doubt — but 
 rarely simulated by the followers of Calvin or the 
 followers of Arminius in the greatest heat of their 
 conflicts ; the English were losing that nationality 
 whose excess may be ludicrous, but whose utter 
 want is despicable. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 17, p. 295. 
 
 4727. . Patriotism. [Their] motive 
 
 [for favoring the Reformation] was their [the peo- 
 ple's] avowed hatred of the religion which Aus- 
 tria protected, and their enthusiastic attachment 
 to a doctrine which that House was endeavoring 
 to extirpate by fire and sword. Their attachment 
 was ardent, their hatred invincible. Religious 
 fanaticism anticipates even the remotest dangers. 
 Enthusiasm never calculates its sacrifices. What 
 the most pressing danger of the State could not 
 effect with the citizens was effected by religious 
 zeal. For the State or for the prince few would 
 have drawn the sword ; but for religion, the mer- 
 chant, the artist, the peasant — all cheerfully flew 
 to arms. For that State or for the prince even 
 the smallest additional impost would have been 
 avoided ; but for religion the people readily 
 staked at once life, fortune, and all earthly 
 hopes. It trebled the contributions which flowed 
 into the exchequer of the princes, and the armies 
 which marched to the field ; and, in the ardent 
 excitement produced in all minds by the peril 
 to which their faith was exposed, the subject 
 felt not the pressure of those burdens and priva- 
 tions under w^ich, in cooler moments, he would 
 have sunk exhausted. The teiTors of the Span- 
 ish Inquisition and the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew's procured for the Prince of Orange, 
 the Admiral Coligny, the British Queen Eliza- 
 beth, and the Protestant princes of Germany 
 supplies of men and money from their subjects. 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 561 
 
 to a degree which at present is inconceivable. — 
 Thirty Years' War, § 11. 
 
 4728. EELIGION, Occasion of. Mystery. Even 
 scepticism is made to supply an apology for su- 
 perstition. The great and incomprehensible 
 secret of the universe eludes the inquiry of man. 
 Where reason cannot instruct, custom may be 
 permitted to guide ; and every nation seems to 
 consult the dictates of prudence by a faithful 
 attachment to those rites and opinions which 
 have received the sanction of ages. If those ages 
 have been crowned with glory and prosperity, if 
 the devout people have frequently obtained the 
 blessings which they have solicited at the altars 
 of the gods, it must appear still more advisable 
 to persist in the same salutary practice, and not 
 to risk the unknown perils that may attend any 
 rash innovations. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 28, 
 p. 135. 
 
 4729. EELIGION, Oppressive. Colony of Mary- 
 land. The clause for liberty in Maryland extend- 
 ed only to Christians, and was introduced by 
 the proviso that, " Whatsoever person shall blas- 
 pheme God, or shall reproach or deny the Holy 
 Trinity, or any of the Three Persons, thereof, 
 shall be punished with death." — Bancroft's 
 U.S., vol. 1, ch. 7. 
 
 4730. RELIGION, Natural. Pagans. A fa- 
 mous legislator, Zaleucus by name . . . requires 
 above all things, of the citizens, to believe and be 
 firmly persuaded that there are gods ; and adds, 
 that the bare casting up our eyes to the heavens 
 and contemplating their order and beauty are suf- 
 ficient to convince us that it is impossible so won- 
 derful a fabric could have been formed by mere 
 chance or human power. As the natural conse- 
 quence of this belief, he exhorts men to honor and 
 revere the gods as the authors of whatever is good 
 and just among mortals ; and to honor them, not 
 merely by sacrifices and splendid gifts, but by a 
 circumspect conduct, and by purity and inno- 
 cence of manners, these being infinitely more 
 grateful to the deities than all the sacrifices that 
 can be offered. After this exordium, so pregnant 
 with religion and piety, in which he describes the 
 Supreme Being as the primary source whence all 
 laws flow, as the chief authority which com- 
 mands obedience to them, as the "most powerful 
 motive for our faithful observance of them, and 
 as the perfect model to which mankind ought to 
 conform, he descends to the particulars of those 
 duties which men owe to one another, and lays 
 down a precept which is very well adapted to 
 preserve peace and unity in society by enjoining 
 the individuals who compose it not to make their 
 hatred and dissensions perpetual, which would 
 evince an unsociable and savage disposition, but 
 to treat their enemies as men who would soon be 
 their friends. This is cariying morality to as 
 great a perfection as could be expected from 
 heathens. — Rollin's Hist., Book 7, ch. 3, § 1. 
 
 4731. RELIGION paradoxical. Puritans. This 
 was the Puritan belief in England in the seven- 
 teenth century. The reason starts at it, but all 
 religion is paradoxical to reason. God hates sin, 
 yet sin exists. He is omnipotent, yet evil is not 
 overcome. The will of man is free, or there can 
 be no guilt ; yet the action of the will, so far as 
 experience can throw light on its operation, is as 
 much determined by antecedent causes as every 
 other natural force. Prayer is addressed to a 
 
 Being assumed to be omniscient, who knows- 
 better what is good for us than we can know ; 
 who sees our thoughts without requiring to hear 
 them in words ; whose will is fixed and cannot 
 be changed. Prayer, therefore, in the eye of 
 reason, is an impertinence. The Puritan theol- 
 ogy is not more open to objection on the ground 
 of unreasonableness than the Catholic theology, 
 or any other which regards man as answerable 
 to God for his conduct. We must judge of a 
 creed by its effects on character, as we judge of 
 the wholesomeness of food as it conduces to- 
 bodily health. And the creed which swept like 
 a wave through England at that time, and rec- 
 ommended itself to the noblest and most power- 
 ful intellects, produced also in those who accept- 
 ed it a horror of sin, and enthusiasm for justice, 
 purity, and manliness, which can be paralleled 
 only in the first age of Christianity. — Froude'& 
 BUNYAN, ch. 2. 
 
 4732. RELIGION, Peculiarities in. Puritans 
 in New England. They were opposed to wigs \ 
 they could preach against veils ; they denounced. 
 long hair ; they disliked the cross in the banner, 
 as much as the people of Paris disliked the liliea- 
 of the Bourbons, and for analogous reasons. 
 They would not allow Christmas day to be kept- 
 sacred ; they called neither months, nor days, nor 
 seasons, nor churches, nor inns by the names- 
 common in England ; they revived Scripture 
 names at christenings ; . . . prohibited frivolous 
 fashions in their own dress ; and . . . checking- 
 extravagance even in woman, frowned on her 
 hoods of silk and her scarfs of tiffany, extended 
 the length of her sleeve to the wrist, and limited 
 its greatest width to half an ell. . . . They mar- 
 ried without a minister, and buried the dead 
 without a prayer. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, 
 ch. 10. 
 
 4733. RELIGION, Persecution of. Beign of 
 James II. Many Dissenters were cited before th© 
 ecclesiastical courts. Others found it necessary 
 to purchase the connivance of the agents of the 
 government by presents of hogsheads of wine, 
 and of gloves stuffed with guineas. It was im- 
 possible for the sectaries to pray together without 
 precautions such as are employed by coiners and 
 receivers of stolen goods. The places of meet- 
 ing were frequently changed. Worship was per- 
 formed sometimes just before break of day and 
 sometimes at dead of night. Round the building- 
 where the little flock was gathered together senti- 
 nels were posted to give the alarm if a stranger 
 drew near. The minister in disguise was intro- 
 duced through the garden and the back yard. In 
 some houses there were trap-doors through 
 which, in case of danger, he miglit descend. 
 Where Nonconformists lived next door to each 
 other, the walls were often broken open, and 
 secret passages were made from dwelling ta 
 dwelling. No psalm was sung ; and many con- 
 trivances were used to prevent the voice of the 
 preacher, in his moments of fervor, from being 
 heard beyond the walls. Yet, with all this care, 
 it was often found impossible to elude the vigi- 
 lance of informers. — Macatjlay's Eng., ch. 5, 
 p. 617. 
 
 4734. RELIGION of PoHcy. Changeful. 
 Michael, the emperor who had raised Photius to- 
 the patriarchal chair, was murdered by his rival 
 Basileas, who, immediately on his mounting the 
 
562 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 imperial throne, deposed the patriarch in the 
 midst of his triumph ; and a council of the 
 -church being called at this time, at Rome, 
 Photius was unanimously condemned to do pen- 
 ance for his usurpations and heresies. Soon after, 
 however, Photius, who was a man of consummate 
 ability, prevailed on the emperor to reinstate him 
 .as patriarch, and he was now declared innocent 
 by four hundred bishops, three hundred of whom 
 were the same men who had before signed his 
 condemnation. This is a disgraceful picture of 
 •depravity ; but conscience and religion are too 
 weak to combat against State policy. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 4, p. 95. 
 
 4735. BELIGION and Politics. Ancient Bo- 
 mans. The Romans showed a spirit of toleration 
 to the religious opinions of other nations, because 
 they found nothing in these which aimed at the 
 subversion of their own religion, nor anything 
 of that zeal of making converts which so re- 
 markably distinguished the votaries of Chris- 
 tianity. The religion of the Romans was insepa- 
 rably interwoven with their system of govern- 
 ment. The Christians, by exposing the absurd- 
 ities of their system of worship, in effect under- 
 mined the fabric of their political constitution ; 
 and hence they were not without reason consid- 
 ered by the Romans as a dangerous body of 
 men, whom it became the interest of the empire 
 to suppress and exterminate. Hence those op- 
 probrious epithets with which they have been 
 jstigmatized by the Roman writers, and hence 
 those cruel persecutions which they underwent 
 from the emperors and their deputies in the 
 provinces. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 4, p. 3. 
 
 4736. EELIGION, Power of. Druids in Bnt- 
 ■ain. Their religion was that of the Druids, 
 the uncertainty regarding whose particular tenets 
 is universally acknowledged. It is, however, 
 generally agreed that they taught the belief of 
 one God, Creator of the universe ; of the limited 
 duration of the world, and its destruction by 
 flre ; of the immortality of the human soul, and 
 its transmigration through different bodies, in 
 which the just and the wicked met with a retri- 
 bution for their conduct in the present state ; 
 but on these doctrines, as general principles, they 
 seemed to have reared an immense superstructure 
 of fable. Their worship was polluted by the 
 horrid practice of human sacrifice ; and the chief 
 office of their priests was to divine future events 
 from the flowing of the blood of the victim, or 
 the posture in which he fell after receiving the 
 fatal blow. The influence of this religion was 
 so great as to extend over every department of 
 the government of the Britons. The Druids 
 were not only the priests, but the judges, civil 
 and criminal ; and the bondage in which they 
 held the minds of the people was so strict as to 
 .supply the place of laws. The Romans, after 
 the conquest of Gaul, found it impossible to rec- 
 oncile to their laws and institutions the nations 
 w^hom they had subdued, while this religion sub- 
 sisted, and in this instance were obliged to de- 
 part from their usual principles of toleration. 
 They abolished the religion of the Druids by 
 the severest penal enactments. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 4, p. 103. 
 
 4737. EELIGION, Preparatory. West Indians. 
 Oolumbus at first indulged in the error that the 
 natives of Hayti were destitute of all notions of 
 
 religion, and he had consequently flattered him 
 self that it would be the easier to introduce into 
 their minds the doctrines of Christianity ; not 
 aware that it is more difficult to light up the fire 
 of devotion in the cold heart of an atheist than 
 to direct the flame to a new object, when it is 
 already enkindled. There are few beings, how- 
 ever, so destitute of reflection as not to be im- 
 pressed with the conviction of an overruling 
 deity. A nation of atheists never existed. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 4738. EELIGION, Progress in. "More Truth." 
 Now, the English at Ley den, trusting in God and 
 in themselves, made ready for their departure 
 . . . the Speedwell, of sixty tons, the Mayflower, 
 of one hundred and eighty tons. ... A solemn 
 fast was held; . . . [pastor] Robinson gave them a 
 farewell : " I charge you before God and His 
 blessed angels that you follow me no further 
 than you have seen me follow the Lord Jesus 
 Christ. The Lord has more truth yet to break 
 forth out of His Holy word." — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 1, ch. 8. 
 
 4739. EELIGION, Progress by. Colonization. 
 Religious enthusiasm colonized New England, 
 and religious enthusiasm founded Montreal, 
 made a conquest of the wilderness on the upper 
 lakes, and explored the Mississippi. Puritanism 
 gave New England its worship and its schools ; 
 the Roman chiirch created for Canada its altars, 
 its hospitals, and its seminaries. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 30. 
 
 4740. EELIGION, Progressive. MahomeVa. 
 The illiterate character and ignorance of Ma- 
 homet, in his younger days, leave no doubt 
 that, in the composition of this work, he must 
 have had able assistants ; but as he was possessed 
 of strong natural talents and a brilliant imag- 
 ination, the chief merit was, in all probabil- 
 ity, his own. The production of the work in 
 small and detached parcels was a highly politic 
 measure ; for by leaving it in his power to add 
 to it from time to time, according as he was fa- 
 vored with new revelations, he had it in his power 
 to remove or explain any errors or inconsisten- 
 cies, the detection of which might otherwise 
 have been fatal to his imposture. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 1, p. 53. 
 
 4741. EELIGION, Eevolution in. Britain. 
 Henry VIII., the Caligula of Britain, in a fit of 
 anger against the Church of Rome, changed the 
 religion of his kingdom. This was the greatest 
 act of absolute authority ever exercised by one 
 man over an entire nation. The caprice of a 
 king became the conscience of the people, and 
 temporal authority subjugated their souls. The 
 old Catholicism, repudiated by the sovereign, 
 was abandoned to indiscriminate pillage and 
 derision, with its dogmas, hierarchy, clergy, 
 monks, monasteries, ecclesiastical possessions, 
 territorial fiefs, hoarded riches, and temples of 
 worship. The Roman Catholic faith became a 
 crime in the kingdom, and its name a scandal 
 and reproach to its followers. National apostasy 
 was as sudden and overwhelming as a clap of 
 thunder; the Catholic nation had disappeared 
 beneath the English nation. — Lamartine's 
 Cromwell, p. 7. 
 
 4742. EELIGION ridiculed. England. [Early 
 reign of Queen Mary.] The restoration of the 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 563 
 
 •old worship was followed by outbreaks of bold 
 defiance. A tailor of St. Giles in the Fields 
 .lAiaved a dog with the priestly tonsure. A cat 
 ■was found hanging in the Cheap, " with her 
 head shorn, and the likeness of a vestment cast 
 over her, with her fore-feet tied together and a 
 round piece of paper like a singing cake between 
 them." Yet more galling were the ballads which 
 were circulated in mockery of the mass, the 
 pamphlets which came from the exiles over sea, 
 the seditious broadsides dropped in the streets, 
 the interludes in which the most sacred acts of 
 the old religion were flouted with ribald mock- 
 ery. — Hist, of English People, § 658. 
 
 4743. BELIGION, Bomance in. MaiTiage of 
 Pocahontas. A foraging party of the colonists, 
 . . . having stolen the daughter of Powhatan, 
 demanded of her father a ransom. . . . John 
 Rolfe, " an honest and discreet" young English- 
 man, an amiable enthusiast, . . . daily, hourly, 
 .and, as it were, in his very sleep, heard a voice 
 crying in his ears that he should strive to make 
 her a Christian. . . . After a great struggle of 
 mind and believing prayers, . . . winning the 
 favor of Pocahontas, he desired her in mar- 
 riage. ... In the little church of Jamestown 
 . . . Opuchisco, her uncle, gave the bride away. 
 — B-i.NCROFT'8 Hist, op U. S., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 4744. EELIGION, Ktded by. DaHus. [Ar- 
 taxerxes, his son.] Being near his father's bed 
 when he was dying, he asked him, a few mo- 
 ments before he expired, what had been the rule 
 of his conduct during so long and happy a reign 
 as his, that he might make it his example. " It 
 has been," replied he, " to do always what justice 
 and religion required of me." — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 9, ch. \,% 1. 
 
 4745. EELIGION, Sacrifices for. William Penn. 
 Was born on the 14th of October, 1644. He 
 was the oldest son of Vice- Admiral Sir William 
 Penn, of the British navy. At the age of twelve 
 he was sent to the University of Oxford, where 
 he distinguished himself as a student until he 
 was expelled on account of his religious opin- 
 ions. Afterward he travelled on the Continent ; 
 was again a student at Saumer ; returned to 
 study law at London ; went to Ireland ; became 
 a soldier ; heard the preaching of Loe, and was 
 converted to the Quaker faith. His disappoint- 
 ed father drove him out of doors, but he was 
 not to be turned from his course. He publicly 
 proclaimed the doctrines of the Friends ; was 
 arrested and imprisoned for nine months in the 
 Tower of London. Being released, he repeated 
 the offence, and lay for half a year in a dungeon 
 at Newgate. A second time liberated, but de- 
 spairing of toleration for his people in England, 
 he cast his gaze across the Atlantic. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 25, p. 210. 
 
 4746. EELIGION of Savages. West Indians. 
 It was soon discovered that these islanders had 
 their creed, though of a vague and simple nature. 
 They believed in one Supreme Being, inhabiting 
 the sky, who was immortal, omnipotent, and 
 invisible ; to whom they ascribed an origin, who 
 had a mother, but no father. Thev never ad- 
 dressed their worship directly to him, but em- 
 ployed inferior deities, called Zemes, as messen- 
 gers and mediators. . . . They believed their 
 Zemes to be transferable, with all their powers, 
 iind often stole them from each other. When 
 
 the Spaniards came among them they often hid 
 their idols, lest they should be taken away. They 
 believed that these Zemes presided over every 
 object in nature, each having a particular charge 
 or government. They influenced the seasons 
 and the elements, causing sterile or abundant 
 years ; exciting hurricanes and whirlwinds, and 
 tempests of rain and thunder, or sending sweet 
 and temperate breezes and fruitful showers. — 
 Ibving's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 4747. EELIGION, Secularized. Henry IV. 
 Henry had now fully made up his mind to the 
 important measure — the "perilous leap," as he 
 expressed it — which he saw to be indispensably 
 necessary to the peaceable recognition of his 
 rights. A conference took place, . . . and after 
 a deliberation of five hours the king declared 
 himself perfectly satisfied of the truth of tli6 
 Catholic religion. Two days later he proceeded 
 to St. Denis, where he was met at the door of the 
 church by the Archbishop of Bourges, with 
 seven other prelates. Falling on his knees, Henry 
 solemnly abjured his Calvinistic errors, and 
 made profession of the Catholic, Roman, and 
 Apostolic faith, upon which the archbishop 
 absolved him provisionally, and restored him 
 to the communion of the Church. — Students' 
 France, ch. 18, § 6. 
 
 474§. EELIGION, Signs of. Mahomet. The 
 ceremonies of circumcision, ablution, and the 
 pilgrimage to Mecca he recommended as ex- 
 terior and visible signs, by which God desired 
 that man should signify his belief of the more 
 speculative tenets of his religion. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 1, p. 52. 
 
 4749. EELIGION, Simple. Scandinavians. The 
 religion of the ancient Scandinavians forms a 
 very curious object of inquiry, and is the more 
 worthy of attention that it was most intimately 
 connected with their manners. Three great 
 moral principles were the foundation of their 
 religion, and influenced their whole conduct. 
 These were, "to serve the Supreme Being with 
 prayer and sacrifice ; to do no wrong or unjust 
 actions ; and to be valiant and*intrepid in fight." 
 These were the principles of the ancient religion, 
 which, although accompanied by a most wild 
 and extravagant mythology, yet resting on this 
 pure and simple basis, had a wonderful effect 
 upon the character and manners of the people. 
 —Tytler's Hist. , Book 5, ch. 6, p. 28. 
 
 4750. EELIGION, State. Colony of Virginia. 
 A.D. 1662. The English Episcopal Church be- 
 came once more the religion of the State ; and 
 though there were not ministers in above a fifth 
 part of the parishes, so that the church was 
 scattered ... in the wilderness, yet the laws 
 demanded strict conformity, and required of 
 every one to contribute to the support of the Es- 
 tablished Church. . . . No Nonconformist might 
 teach, even in private, under pain of banishment; 
 no reader might expound the catechism or the 
 Scriptures. . . . Absence from church was for 
 them [the Quakers] an offence, punishable by 
 a monthly fine of £20 sterling. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 4751. EELIGION, A Statesman's. Bismarck. 
 " I can only hope for forgiveness in a confidence 
 upon the blood of Christ ! As a statesman, I am 
 not sufficiently disinterested ; in my own mind. 
 
564 
 
 RELIGION— RENOWN. 
 
 I am rather cowardly ; because it is not easy al- 
 ways to get that clearness on the questions com- 
 ing before me which grows upon the soil of di- 
 vine confidence. . . . Among the multitude of 
 sinners who are in need of the mercy of God, I 
 hope that His grace will not deprive me of the 
 staff of humble faith, in the midst of the dan- 
 gers and doubts of my calling." We observe 
 also that he had his children both baptized and 
 confirmed, and that, if he is iinable to attend 
 church, he usually has prayers read by some 
 young clergyman at home. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 631. 
 
 4752. RELIGION, A successful. Mahometan. 
 The rapid success which attended the propaga- 
 tion of the religion of Mahomet may be account- 
 ed for from a few natural and simple causes. 
 The first of these was certainly that signal favor 
 which attended his arms, and, as we shall imme- 
 diately see, those of his successors. The martial 
 spirit, when inflamed by the enthusiasm of re- 
 ligion, is irresistible ; and while repeated victo- 
 ries persuaded many of a divine interposition in 
 favor of the Prophet and his law, the terror of 
 his arms inclined others submissively to receive 
 that religion which was propagated by the sword. 
 Neither was it surprising that a religion which 
 adapted itself so entirely to the passions of men 
 should find a number of willing votaries among 
 the luxurious nations of the East. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 1, p. 53. 
 
 4753. RELIGION, Suppression of. Jews. As 
 soon as he [Antiochus' general] arrived in Jeru- 
 salem, he began by putting a stop to the sacri- 
 fices which were offered up to the God of Israel, 
 and suppressing all the observances of the Jew- 
 ish law. They polluted the temple in such a 
 manner that it was no longer fit for the service 
 of God ; profaned the Sabbaths and other festi- 
 vals ; forbid the circumcision of children ; car- 
 ried off and burnt all the copies of the law 
 wherever they could find them ; abolished all 
 the ordinances of God in every part of the coun- 
 try, and put to death whoever was found to have 
 acted contrary to* the decree of the king. — Rol- 
 Un's Hist. , Book 19, ch. 2, g 3. 
 
 4754. RELIGION, Thoughtless. SamuelJohn- 
 •on. [BoswELL.] I told him that Goldsmith had 
 ^aid to me a few days before, " As I take my 
 shoes from the shoemaker, and my coat from 
 the tailor, so I take my religion from the priest. " 
 I regretted this loose way of talking. Johnson : 
 "' Sir, he knows nothing ; he has made up his 
 mind about nothing." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 204. 
 
 4755. RELIGION, Toleration in. SamuelJohn- 
 lon. Talking on the subject of toleration one 
 day when some friends were with him in his 
 study, he made his usual remark, that the State 
 has a right to regulate the religion of the people, 
 who are the children of the State. A clergyman 
 having readily acquiesced in this, Johnson, who 
 loved discussion, observed, " But, sir, you must 
 go round to other States than our own. You do 
 not know what a Brahmin has to say for him- 
 self. In short, sir, I have got no farther than 
 this : every man has a right to utter what he 
 thinks truth, and every other man has a right to 
 knock him down for it. Martyrdom is the test. " 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 433. 
 
 4756. RELIGION, Vacillation in. Dping^ 
 King Charles II. Many attributed this apathy to 
 contempt for divine things, and many to the stu- 
 por which often precedes death ; but there were 
 in the palace a few persons who knew better. 
 Charles had never been a sincere member of the 
 Established Church. His mind had long oscil- 
 lated between Hobbism and popery. When hie 
 health was good and his spirits high, he was a 
 scoffer. In his few serious moments he was. 
 a Roman Catholic. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, 
 p. 404. 
 
 4757. RELIGION, Value of. To tU State. Th&, 
 Romans knew and valued the advantages of re- 
 ligion, as it is connected with civil government. 
 They encouraged the public festivals which hu- 
 manize the manners of the people. They man- 
 aged the arts of divination, as a convenient in- 
 strument of policy ; and they respected, as the 
 firmest bond of society, the useful persuasion, 
 that, either in this or in a future life, the crime of 
 perjury is most assuredly pimished by the aveng- 
 ing gods.^GiBBON's Rome, ch. 2, p. 37. 
 
 475§. REMEDY by Fire. Chinese. There i» 
 no science more cultivated by the Chinese than 
 that of medicine, yet there is none in which their 
 knowledge is so contemptible. There is not a 
 physician among them who knows anything of 
 the internal structure of the human body. They 
 determine the nature of all diseases by feeling- 
 the pulse, and the most usual cure for any top- 
 ical affection is searing the parts affected with a. 
 hot iron. The foolish belief of an elixir vitm is 
 predominant in China, and is a great object of 
 the researches of their physicians. — Tytleb'* 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 24, p. 343. 
 
 4759. REMEOT, A strange. Wailing. la 
 Abyssinia ... a favorite regime for fever is to- ' 
 surround the bed of the patient with old ladies- 
 of strong lungs, who howl and wail for several 
 days together, lamenting the prospect of the 
 sufferer's death, and at the least sign of torpor 
 the unhappy victim is instantly buried. — Ap- 
 pleton's Cyclopedia, "Abyssinia." 
 
 4760. REMORSE, Persecutor's. Charles IX. 
 Charles IX. on his death-bed suffered fearfully 
 from the agonies of remorse in looking back on 
 the atrocities which had disgraced his reign, and 
 which, if not their original author, he had at 
 least culpably sanctioned. His couch was fre- 
 quently bathed in blood, a natural consequence 
 of his disease ; and this was interpreted by many 
 into a sort of judicial retribution on his crimes. 
 — Students' France, ch. 16, § 12. 
 
 4761. REMORSE, Royal. Edward IV. [The; 
 last few] years of his life . . . were not years of 
 ease and prosperity. The chroniclers say that 
 his remorse for the death of Clarence was con- 
 stant and bitter [his brother, against whom he 
 appeared in person, urging on the false charg 
 of treason. He was found guilty and sentenced 
 to be executed, but was found dead in prison,j 
 supposed to be murdered by his connivance], and" 
 that he was wont to cry out in rage, "O un-j 
 fortunate brother, for whose life no man in thia 
 world once make request !" — Knight's Eng. 
 vol. 2, ch. 11, p. 175. 
 
 4762. RENOWN for Honesty. Aristides. The 
 greatest honor which the ancients have done tc 
 Aristides is the having bestowed on him the gloj 
 
RENOWN— REPENTANCE. 
 
 565 
 
 rious title of the Just. He gained it, not by one 
 particular occurrence of his life, but by the 
 whole tenor of his conduct and actions. — Rol- 
 IiIn's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, § 18. 
 
 4763. EENOWN of Infamy. Erostratus. One 
 lErostratus had set fire to the temple [of Diana 
 
 \ aX Ephesus] on purpose. Being put to the tort- 
 ure, in order to force him to confess his motive 
 for committing so infamous an action, he owned 
 that it was with the view of making himself 
 known to posterity, and to immortalize his name, 
 by destroying so noble a structure. The states- 
 general of Asia imagined they should prevent 
 the success of his view by publishing a decree 
 prohibiting the mention of his name. However, 
 their prohibition only excited a greater curiosi- 
 ty ; fo'' scarce one of the historians of that age 
 lias omitted to mention so monstrous an extrav- 
 agance, and at the same time to tell us the name 
 of the criminal. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 1. 
 
 4764. RENOWN, Literary. SamuelJohnson. 
 TOn the death of Dr. Samuel Johnson,] in 1784, 
 It has been said ' ' it was not only the end of a 
 reign, but the end of kingship altogether, in our 
 literary system. For King Samuel has had no 
 successor ; nobody since his day, and that of his 
 contemporary Voltaire, has sat on a throne of 
 Xiterature either in England or France." — G. L. 
 •Craig, in Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 5, p. 85. 
 
 4765. RENOWN, Noble. PeHcles. He was 
 infected with the pestilence. Being extremely 
 ill, and ready to breathe his last, the principal 
 citizens, and such of his friends as had not for- 
 saken him, discoursing together in his bed- 
 •chamber about his rare merit, they ran over his 
 exploits, and computed the number of his victo- 
 xies ; for while he was generalissimo of the Athe- 
 nians, he had erected for the glory of their city 
 nine trophies, in memory of as many battles 
 gained by him. They did not imagme that Per- 
 icles heard what they were saying, because he 
 aseemed to have lost his senses ; but it was far 
 •otherwise, for not a single word of their dis- 
 course had escaped him ; when, breaking sud- 
 -denly from his silence, " I am surprised," says 
 he, " that you should treasure up so well in your 
 memories and extol so highly a series of ac- 
 tions in which fortune had so great a share, and 
 which are common to me with so many other 
 generals ; and at the same time should forget 
 the most glorious circumstance in my life — 
 I mean my never having caused a single citizen 
 to put on mourning." — Book 7, ch. 3, § 2. 
 
 4766. RENT, Refused. Anti-Bent Party. In 
 the latter part of Tyler's administration the 
 State of New York was the scene of a serious 
 social disturbance. Until the year 1840 the de- 
 rscendants of Van Rensselaer, one of the old Dutch 
 patroons of New Netherlands, had held a claim 
 on certain lands in the counties of Rensselaer, 
 Columbia, and Delaware. In liquidation of this 
 -claim they had continued to receive from the 
 f armew certain trifling rents. At last the farm- 
 •€rs grew tired of the payment and rebelled. 
 From 1840 until 1844 the question was frequently 
 discussed in the New York Legislature ; but no 
 satisfactory settlement was reached. In the lat- 
 ter j-ear the anti-rent party became so bold as to 
 coat with tar and feathers those of their fellow- 
 tenants who made the payments. Officers were 
 
 sent to apprehend the rioters, and them they 
 killed. Time and again the authorities of the 
 State were invoked to quell the disturbers, and 
 the question in dispute has never been perma- 
 nently settled. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 56, p. 444. 
 4767. REPARATION for Disloyalty. Annap- 
 olis. A.D. 1774. When it appeared that this 
 offer to burn the tea did not wholly satisfy the 
 crowd, the owner of the brig . . . proposed to 
 devote that also to the flames. The offer was 
 accepted. The penitent importers and owner 
 went on board, and in the presence of a large mul- 
 titude of gazers they themselves set fire to the 
 packages of tea [2320 pounds], all of which, to- 
 gether with the Peggy Stewart, her canvas, cord- 
 age, and every appurtenance, was consumed. 
 [This brig brought tea from London, while the 
 colonies refused to import it and pay the tea-tax, 
 and the Continental Congress was in session con- 
 sidering the w^hole subject.] — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 12. 
 
 476§. REPARTEE, Apt. John Wesley. "Sir," 
 said a blustering, low-lived man, who attempted 
 to push against John Wesley and throw him 
 down — " sir, I never make way for a fool." " I 
 always do," replied Wesley, stepping aside and 
 passing calmly on. — Stevens' Methodism, 
 vol. 2, p. 386. 
 
 4769. REPENTANCE, Attractive. Martin 
 Luther. On one occasion, when they were con- 
 versing about repentance, Staupitz said, " There 
 is no true repentance other than that which flows 
 from the love of God and His righteousness." 
 This word penetrated Luther's soul as the sharp- 
 ened arrow of the warrior. He searched in the 
 Scriptures and found to his sweet joy that all 
 the words of the Bible agreed with the above 
 statement ; so that, whereas formerly there was 
 no word in Scripture more bitter to him than re- 
 pentance, there was now no other word that was 
 sweeter and that sounded more agreeable." — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 3, p. 34. 
 
 4770. REPENTANCE, Ineffective. Conversion 
 of Whitefield. [The celebrated Rev. George 
 Whitefield sought] purification of soul by pray- 
 er, watchings, fastings, alms, and Christian labors 
 among the poor. He passed through a fiery or- 
 deal, . . . spent whole days and weeks prostrate 
 on the ground in prayer, using only bread and 
 sage tea during the forty days of Lent, except 
 on Saturdaj's and Sundays. . . . He selected the 
 coarsest food, wore patched raiment, uncleaned 
 shoes, and coarse gloves. He prayed till the 
 sweat ran down his face, under the trees, far 
 into the winter nights . . . [But he did not escape 
 his ascetic delusions, until] ' ' by laying hold on 
 the cross by a living faith" he received " an 
 abiding sense of the pardoning love of God, and 
 a full assurance of faith." — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 1, p. 31. 
 
 4771. REPENTANCE, Public. John Under- 
 hill. A.D. 1640. Having the licentiousness . . . 
 of the soldiers of that age, he had been com- 
 pelled, at Boston, in a great assembly, on lecture- 
 day, during the session of the general court, 
 dressed in the ruthf ul habit of a penitent, to stand 
 upon a platform, and with sighs and tears and 
 brokenness of heart to beseech the compassion 
 of the congregation. — Bancroft's L, S., vol. 2, 
 ch. 15. 
 
666 
 
 REPENTANCE— REPROOF. 
 
 4772. REPENTANCE, Sudden. SamuelJohn- 
 son. JoHKoON : " Sir, we are not to judge de- 
 terminately of the state in which a man leaves 
 this life. He may in a moment have repented ef- 
 fectually, and it is possible may have been ac- 
 cepted of God. There is in ' Camden's Remains ' 
 an epitaph upon a very wicked man who was 
 killed by a fall from his horse, in which he is 
 supposed to say, 
 
 ' Between the stirrup and the ground, 
 I mercy asked, I mercy found.' " 
 ^BoswELii's Johnson, p. 495. 
 
 4773. REPRESENTATIVE, Punished in. King 
 of England. The king ... is above the reach of 
 all courts of law ; but his ministers, his indis- 
 pensable instruments, are answerable for all the 
 measures of government. All misapplications 
 of the public money, all ruinous and improper 
 expeditions, all abuses of power are chargeable 
 to tJieir account ; and the Commons, the guar- 
 dians of the Constitution, have a right to impeach 
 them at the bar of the House of Lords. A min- 
 ister impeached for misconduct cannot plead in 
 excuse the commands of the sovereign, nor will 
 it avail him, pleading guilty to the charge, to 
 produce the royal pardon. He must suffer as 
 the author of those measures of which he was 
 the instrument ; a noble and most effectual anti- 
 dote against the evils of misgovernment ! — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 31, p. 437. 
 
 4774. REPRIMAND, Fictitious. La FayetU. 
 [He had complicated relations between France 
 and England by joining the American patriots 
 on his return.] He was received in France with 
 great distinction, which he amusingly describes : 
 "When I went to court, which had hitherto 
 only written for me orders for my arrest, I was 
 presented to the ministers. I was interrogated, 
 complimented, and exiled — to the hotel where 
 my wife was residing. Some days after, I wrote 
 to the king to acknowledge my /«m^<. I received 
 in reply a light reprimand and the colonelcy of 
 the Royal Dragoons. Consulted by all the min- 
 isters, and, what was much better, embraced by 
 all the women, I had at Versailles the favor of 
 the king, and celebrity at Paris." — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 479. 
 
 4775. REPRIMAND of Kindness. Samuel 
 Johnson. He much regretted that hisj^ra^ tutor 
 was dead, for whom he seemed to retain the 
 greatest regard. He said, " I once had been a 
 whole morning sliding in Christ-Church mead- 
 ows, and missed his lecture in logic. After 
 dinner he sent for me to his room. I expected 
 a sharp rebuke for ray idleness, and went with 
 a beating heart. When we were seated, he told 
 me he had sent for me to drink a glass of wine 
 with him, and to tell me he was not angry with 
 me for missing his lecture. This was, in fact, a 
 most severe reprimand." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 71. 
 
 4776. REPRISAL, An Honest. Cromwell. An 
 English merchantship was taken in the chops of 
 the Channel, carried into St. Malo, and there con- 
 fiscated [by the French] upon some groundless 
 pretence. [The master of the ship, an honest 
 Quaker, appealed to the Protector, who told his 
 council that he would take that affair upon him- 
 self. He examined the master, and then] he 
 asked him if he could go to Paris with a letter. 
 
 The man answered he could. " Well^ then," 
 says the Protector, " prepare for your journey^ 
 and come to me to-morrow morning." Next. 
 morning he gave him a letter to Cardinal Maz- 
 arin, and told him he must stay but three days 
 for an answer. ' ' The answer I mean," says he, 
 ' ' is the full value of what you might have made 
 of your ship and cargo ; and tell the Cardinal 
 that if it is not paid you in three days you have 
 express orders from me to return home." The 
 honest, blunt Quaker, we may suppose, followed 
 his instructions to a tittle ; but the Cardinal, ac- 
 cording to the manner of ministers when they 
 are any way pressed, began to shuffle ; therefore 
 the Quaker returned, as he was bid. As soon as 
 the Protector saw him, he asked, " Well, friend, 
 have you got your money ?" And upon the 
 man's answering he had not, the Protector told 
 him, " Then leave your direction with my secre- 
 tary, and you shall soon hear from me." Upon 
 this occasion that great man did not stay to nego- 
 tiate or to explain, by long, tedious memorials, 
 the reasonableness of his demand. No ; though 
 there was a French minister residing here, he- 
 did not so much as acquaint him with the story, 
 but immediately sent a man-of-war or two to the 
 Channel, with orders to seize every French ship 
 they could meet with. Accordingly, they re- 
 turned in a few days with two or three French 
 prizes, which the Protector ordered to be imme- 
 diately sold, and out of the produce he paid the 
 Quaker what he demanded for his ship and 
 cargo. Then he sent for the French Minister, 
 gave him an account of what had happened, and 
 told him there was a balance, which, if he 
 pleased, should be paid in to him, to the end that 
 he might deliver it to those of his countrymen 
 who were the owners of the French ships that 
 had been so taken and sold. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 16, p. 211. 
 
 4777. REPROACH, Escape from. Napoleon I. 
 [During his Egyptian campaign he with a party 
 of scientific men visited Suez. The tide rose 
 twenty feet, and, coming suddenly, they were 
 greatly endangered for a time. ] " Had I perished 
 in that manner, like Pharaoh," said Napoleon, 
 "it would have furnished all the preachers in 
 Christendom with a magnificent text against, 
 me." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 12. 
 
 477§. REPROACH, Gentle. Anaxagoras. 
 [Being destitute he resolved to starve.] Pericles- 
 conjured him, in the strongest and most moving 
 terms, not to throw his life away ; adding, that 
 it was not Anaxagoras but himself that was tO' 
 be lamented, if he was so unfortunate as to lose 
 so wise and faithful a friend ; one who was so 
 capable of giving him wholesome counsels, in 
 the pressing emergencies of the State. Anaxa- 
 goras then, uncovering a little his head, spoke 
 thus to him: " Pericles, those who need the 
 light of a lamp take care to feed it with oil. " This 
 was a gentle and at the same time a keen and 
 piercing reproach. — Rollin's Hist., Book 7, 
 ch. 3, § 2. 
 
 4779. REPROOF, Meekness in. Dr. Taylor. 
 [The martyr was burning at the stake.] One of 
 the executioners "cruelly cast a fagot at him, 
 which hit upon his head and brake his face that 
 the blood ran down his visage. Then said Dr. 
 Taylor, ' O friend, I have harm enough — what 
 needed that ?' " One more act of brutality 
 
REPROOF— REPUTATION. 
 
 567 
 
 brought his sufferings to an end. " So stood he 
 still without either crying or moving, with his 
 hands folded together, till Soyce with a halberd 
 struck him on t£e head that the brains fell out, 
 and the dead corpse fell down into the fire." — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 660. 
 
 4780. REPROOF, Undeserved. Dr. Arnold. 
 Once at Laleham, when teaching a rather dull 
 boy, he spoke rather sharply to him, when the 
 pupil looked up in his face and said, " Why do 
 you speak angrily, sir ? indeed I am doing the 
 best that I can." Years afterward he . . . said, 
 " I never felt so much in my life — that look and 
 that speech I have never forgotten." — Smiles' 
 Brief Biographies, p. 76. 
 
 47§1. REPROOF, XTndistiirbed by. Was/iing- 
 toii. A gentleman once slept at Mount Vernon 
 in the room . . . [near by] he overheard, through 
 the thin partition, the voice of Mrs. Washington. 
 He could but listen, and it was a curtain lecture 
 which she was giving her lord . . . The great 
 man listened in silence till she had done, and 
 then, without a remark upon the subject in hand, 
 said: "Now, good sleep to you, my dear." — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 10. 
 
 4782. REPUBLIC in Decay. Roman. Thus 
 bloodily ended the Civil War, which the Senate 
 of Rome had undertaken against Caesar, to es- 
 cape the reforms which were threatened by his 
 second consulship. They had involuntarily 
 rendered their country the best service which 
 they were capable of conferring upon it, for the 
 attempts which Caesar would have made to 
 amend a system too decayed to benefit by the 
 process had been rendered forever impossible by 
 their persistence. The free constitution of the 
 Republic had issued at last in elections which 
 were a mockery of representation, in courts of 
 law which were an insult to justice, and in the 
 conversion of the Provinces of the Empire into 
 the feeding-grounds of a gluttonous aristocracy. 
 In the army alone the Roman character and the 
 Roman honor survived. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 25. 
 
 4783. REPUBLIC Presaged. John Cabot. In 
 April the fleet left Bristol ; and on the morning 
 of the 24th of June, at a point about the middle 
 of the eastern coast of Labrador, the gloomy 
 shore was seen. This was the real discovery 
 of the American continent. Fourteen months 
 elapsed before Columbus reached the coast of 
 Guiana, and more than two years before Ojeda 
 ^nd Vespucci came in sight of the mainland of 
 South America. Cabot explored the shore-line 
 of the country which he had discovered, for 
 several hundred miles. He supposed that the 
 land was a part of the dominions of the Cham of 
 Tartary ; but finding no inhabitants, he went 
 on shore, according to the terms of his commis- 
 sion, planted the fiag of England, and took pos- 
 session in the name of the English king. No man 
 forgets his native land ; by the side of the flag 
 of his adopted country Cabot set up the banner 
 of the Republic of Venice — auspicious emblem 
 of another flag that should one day float from 
 sea to sea. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 6, p. 77. 
 
 4784. REPUTATION, Blemished. Napoleon I. 
 The piincipal charges brought against Napoleon 
 are the massacre of the [2000] prisoners at 
 Jaffa, and the poisoning of the sick in the hos- 
 
 pital there, the execution of the Duke d'Enghien, 
 the invasion of Spain, the divorce of Josephine 
 and the war with Russia. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 12. 
 
 4785. REPUTATION, Changeful, Robert 
 Burns. Burns first came upon the world as a 
 prodigy ; and was, in that character, entertained 
 by it in the usual fashion, with loud, vague, tu- 
 multuous wonder, speedily subsiding into cen- 
 sure and neglect ; till his early and most mourn- 
 ful death again awakened an enthusiasm for 
 him, which, especially as there was now noth- 
 ing to be done, and much to be spoken, has 
 prolonged itself even to our own time. — Car- 
 lyle's Burns, p. 14. 
 
 4786. REPUTATION, A deceptive. Charles 
 XII. Old Dr. Franklin used to say that if a 
 man makes a sheep of himself, the wolves will 
 eat him. Not less true is it, that if a man is 
 generally supposed to be a sheep, wolves will be 
 very likely to try and eat him. Three kings, 
 neighbors and allies of Charles, hearing on all 
 hands that the young king was a fool, and know- 
 ing that he was only a boy in years, concluded 
 that it would be an excellent time to satisfy some 
 ancient grudges against Sweden, and to wrest a 
 few provinces from its territory. , . . Sweden 
 was alarmed. Her old generals were dead, her 
 armies were unused to war, and the king was 
 thought to be a boy — self-willed and incapable. 
 [He proved one of the greatest generals of 
 Europe.] — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 435. 
 
 4787. REPUTATION, Evil. England. There 
 was one province of our island in which, as Pro- 
 copius had been told, the ground was covered 
 with serpents, and the air was such that no man 
 could inhale it and live. To this desolate region 
 the spirits of the departed were ferried over from 
 the land of the Franks at midnight. A strange 
 race of fishermen performed the ghastly office. 
 The speech of the dead was distinctly heard by 
 the boatmen ; their weight made the keel sink 
 deep in the water ; but their forms were invisi- 
 ble to mortal eye. Such were the marvels which 
 an able historian, the contemporary of Belisa- 
 rius, of Simplicius, and of Tribonian, gravely 
 related in the rich and polite Constantinople, 
 touching the country in which the founder of 
 Constantinople had assumed the imperial purple. 
 — Mac AUL ay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 5. 
 
 4788. REPUTATION, False. Aristides. Cal- 
 lias, who was a near relation of Aristides, and 
 the most wealthy citizen in Athens, was cited to 
 appear before the judges. The accuser, laying 
 very little stress on the cause itself, reproached 
 him especially Avith permitting Aristides, and 
 his wife and children, to live in poverty, at a 
 time when he himself rolled in riches. Callias, 
 perceiving that these reproaches made a strong 
 impression on the judges, summoned Aristides 
 to declare before them whether he had not often 
 pressed him to accept of large sums of money, 
 and whether he had not obstinately refused to ac- 
 cept of his offer, giving for answer that he had 
 more reason to boast of his poverty than Callias 
 of his riches ; that many persons were to be 
 found who made a good use of their wealth, but 
 that there were few who bore their poverty with 
 magnanimity and even with joy ; and that none 
 had cause to blush at their condition but such as 
 had reduced themselves to it by their idleness, 
 
i)68 
 
 REPUT ATION— REQUES 1 . 
 
 their intemperance, their profusion or dissolute 
 conduct. Aristides declared that his kinsman 
 had told nothing but the truth ; and added, that 
 a man whose frame of mind is such as to sup- 
 press every wish for superfluities and who con- 
 fines the wants of life within the narrowest 
 limits, besides its freeing him from a thousand 
 importunate cares, and leaving him so much 
 master of his time as to devote it entirely to the 
 public, it approximates him, in some measure 
 to the Deity, who is wholly void of cares or 
 wants. There was no man in the assembly but, 
 ■at his leaving it, would have chosen to be Aris- 
 tides, though so poor, rather than Callias with 
 ^11 his riches. — Rollin's Hist., Book 6, § 17. 
 
 4T§9. REPUTATION, Fictitious. General 
 Charles Lee. a.d. 1776. [An English advent- 
 urer who pretended to be an experienced sol- 
 dier, a man of great audacity and an abominable 
 meddler. Congress made him the second in 
 <;ommand of its armies, Washington being the 
 first. New York had been evacuated.] The 
 .-army sighed for the coming of Lee, not know- 
 ing that he had advised to give up the forts in 
 •Charleston Harbor without firing a gun. [The 
 brave Moultrie drove away the immense British 
 force, in spite of Lee's interference and opposi- 
 tion, but Lee took the glory, and was promoted.] 
 A New York officer wrote : " He is hourly ex- 
 pected as if from heaven." . . . Yet Lee with 
 ;all his ill-concealed aspirations, had not one 
 talent of a commander. He could never see any- 
 thing in its whole, or devise a comprehensive 
 plan of action, but by the habit of his mind 
 ■would fasten upon some detail and always find 
 fault. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 10. 
 
 4T90. REPUTATION, Field for. Washington. 
 Early in the session [of the Colonial Congress] 
 John Adams made a powerful address, in the 
 ■course of which he sketched the condition and 
 wants of the country and of the army. The ne- 
 cessity of appointing a commander-in-chief and 
 the qualities requisite in that high officer were 
 ■dwelt upon ; and then the speaker concluded by 
 putting in nomination George Washington, of 
 Virginia. As soon as his name was mentioned, 
 Washington arose and withdrew from the hall. 
 For a moment he was overpowered with a sense 
 of the responsibility which was about to be put 
 upon him, and to his friend Patrick Henry he 
 said, with tears in his eyes: "I fear that this 
 -day will mark the downfall of my reputation." 
 On the 15th of June the nomination was unani- 
 mously confirmed by Congress ; and the man 
 Tvho had saved the wreck of Braddock's army 
 ^«vas called to build a nation. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 •eh. 38, p. 301. 
 
 4791. REPUTATION, Mixed. Alexander. It 
 must be confessed, that good and evil, virtues 
 .and vices, were never more equally blended in 
 any prince. But this is not all ; for Alexander 
 Appears very different, according to the times or 
 circumstances in which we consider him, as 
 Livy has very justlj^ observed. In the inquiry 
 he makes concerning the fate of Alexander's 
 :arms, supposing he had turned them toward 
 Italy, he discovers in him a kind of double Alex- 
 ander : the one wise, temperate, judicious, brave, 
 intrepid, but at the same time prudent and cir- 
 cumspect ; the other immersed in all the wan- 
 tonness of a haughty prosperity ; vain, proud, 
 
 arrogant, fier^' ; softened by voluptuousness, 
 abandoned to intemperance and excesses ; in a 
 word, resembling Darius rather than Alexander ; 
 and having made the Macedonians degenerate 
 into all the vices of the Persians, by the new 
 turn of mind and the new manners he assumed 
 after his conquests. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, 
 §19. 
 
 4792. REPUTATION preserved. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. In one respect President Lincoln achieved 
 a wonderful success. He maintained, through 
 the terrible trials of his administration, a repu- 
 tation, with the great body of the people, for un- 
 sullied integrity of purpose and of conduct, 
 which even Washington did not surpass, and 
 which no President since Washington has equal- 
 led. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 21, p. 716. 
 
 4793. REPUTATION for Probity. Cato. [It 
 is said of Cato the Younger,] his reputation came 
 to be so great that a certain orator, in a cause 
 where only one witness was produced, said to 
 the judges, " One man's evidence is not sufficient 
 to go by, not even if it was Cato's." It grew, in- 
 deed, into a kind of proverb, when people were 
 speaking of strange and incredible things, to sa^, 
 "I would not believe such a thing, though it 
 were affirmed by Cato." — Plutarch's Cato 
 THE Younger. 
 
 4794. REPUTATION, Stained. William Pitt. 
 [At the close of the war between England and 
 France, it was proposed in the treaty of peace] 
 that each nation should retain its acquisitions ; 
 but [Pitt] delayed the settlement of the epochs, 
 till the fleet of one hundred and fifteen vessels, 
 which had sailed on the very day of his answer 
 to the proposition of Choiseul [the French min- 
 ister] could make the conquest of Belle-Isle. 
 This is the great stain on the fame of William 
 Pitt. Every object of the war had been accom- 
 plished ; but he insisted on its continuance for 
 the purpose of making more extended acquisi- 
 tions. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 17. 
 
 4795. REPUTATION for Veracity. James IL 
 He was on the throne ; and his first act was to 
 declare that he would defend the Church, and 
 would strictly respect the rights of his people. 
 The estimate which all parties had formed of 
 his character added weight to every word that 
 fell from him. . . . Satire itself had never rep- 
 resented him as a man likely to court public fa- 
 vor by professing what he did not feel, and by 
 promising what he had no intention of perform- 
 ing. On the Sunday which followed his acces- 
 sion, his speech was quoted in many pulpits. 
 " We have now for our church," cried one loyal 
 preacher, " the word of a king, and of a king 
 who was never worse than his word." This 
 pointed sentence was fast circulated through 
 town and country, and was soon the watchword 
 of the whole Tory party. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 4, p. 413. 
 
 4796. REQUEST, Waiting for a. Alexander. 
 We are first to acknowledge and admire, in Al- 
 exander, a happy disposition, cultivated and im- 
 proved by an excellent education. He had a 
 great, noble, and generous soul. He delighted in 
 beneficence and liberality — qualities he had ac- 
 quired in his infant years. A young lad, whose 
 business it was to gather up and throw the balls 
 when he played at tennis, to whom he had given 
 
EESEMBLANCE— RESENTMENT. 
 
 569 
 
 nothing, taught him a good lesson on that sub- 
 ject. As he always threw the ball to the other 
 players, the king, with an angry air, cried to 
 him, " Am I, then, to have no ball ?" " No, Sir," 
 replied the lad, "you do not ask me for it.". 
 This witty and ready answer gave great satisfac- 
 tion to the prince, who fell a laughing, and after- 
 ward was very liberal to him. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 15, § 19. 
 
 4797. RESEMBLANCE, Startling. Christ— 
 Cmar. Strange and startling resemblance be- 
 tween the fate of the founder cf the kingdom of 
 this world and of the Founder of the kingdom 
 not of this world, for which the first was a prep- 
 aration. Each was denounced for making him- 
 self a king. Each was maligned as the friend of 
 publicans and sinners ; each was betrayed by 
 those whom he had loved and cared for ; each 
 was put to death, and Caesar also was believed to 
 have risen again and ascended into heaven and 
 become a divine being. — Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 28. 
 
 4798. RESEJfTMENT, Cruel. Alexander. 
 Alexander, incensed at the opposition he had 
 met with [at Tyre], and the losses his army had 
 sustained, forgot his usual clemency. He or- 
 dered the city to be burnt to the ground ; 8000 
 of the inhabitants had been put to the sword, in 
 the final assault and entry of the Macedonians, 
 of the prisoners taken with arms in their hands ; 
 2000 were crucified, and the rest, to the amount 
 of 30,000, sold as slaves. The conduct of Alex- 
 ander was yet more inhuman on the taking of 
 Gaza, which immediately followed the capture 
 and demolition of Tyre. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 2, ch. 4, p. 185. 
 
 4799. RESENTMENT, Infamous. Benedict 
 Arnold. In Washington's opinion, there was 
 not in the army " a more active, more spirited, 
 and more sensible officer " than Arnold, the old- 
 est brigadier ; but in the promotions he was 
 passed over, on the pretext that Connecticut had 
 already two major-generals. . . . The slight 
 rankled in Arnold's breast ; to Washington he 
 complained of the wound to his " nice feelings ;" 
 to Gates he wrote, " By heavens, I am a villain 
 if I seek not a brave revenge for my injured hon- 
 or." [He became an infamous traitor.] — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 19. 
 
 4§00. RESENTMENT, Passionate. Maximin. 
 [This Roman emperor had demanded of the vir- 
 tuous and wealthy widow of the late Emperor 
 Galerius the immediate gratification of his pas- 
 sions by marriage.] On this repulse, the love of 
 Maximin was converted into fury ; and, as wit- 
 nesses and judges were always at his disposal, it 
 was easy for him to cover his fury with an ap- 
 pearance of legal proceedings, and to assault the 
 reputation as well as the happiness of Valeria. 
 Her estates were confiscated, her eunuchs and 
 domestics devoted to the most inhuman tor- 
 tures ; and several innocent and respectable ma- 
 trons, who were honored with her friendship, 
 suffered death, on a false accusation of adultery. 
 The empress herself, together with her moth- 
 er Prisca, was condemned to exile. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 14, p. 488. 
 
 4801 . RESENTMENT of Patriots. Lord Chat- 
 
 liam. A.D. 1777. [In the House of Lords he 
 
 ! said], "If I were an American as I am an 
 
 Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed 
 in my country, I never would lay down my 
 arms ; never, never, never." — Bancroft's U.S., 
 vol. 9, ch. 28. 
 
 4802. RESENTMENT, Public. ToBntishTax. 
 ation. [When the news of the Stamp Act ar- 
 rived at New York] it was not easy to describe 
 the manner in which the people were affected. 
 " I will wear nothing but homespun," exclaimed 
 one citizen; "I will drink no wine," echoed 
 another, angry that wine must pay a new duty. 
 "I propose," cried a third, "that we dress in 
 sheepskins with the wool on." All expressed 
 their resentment in the strongest manner. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 10. 
 
 4803. RESENTMENT, Savage. Oreek Em- 
 peror Theodore Lascans. The cruelty of the em- 
 peror was exasperated by the pangs of sickness, 
 the approach of a premature end, and the sus- 
 picion of poison and magic. The lives and for- 
 tunes, the eyes and limbs, of his kinsmen and 
 nobles, were sacrificed to each sally of pas- 
 sion ; and before he died, the son of Vataces 
 might deserve from the people, or, at least, from 
 the court, the appellation of tyrant. A matron 
 of the family of the Palseologi had provoked his 
 anger by refusing to bestow her beauteous 
 daughter on the vile plebeian who was recom- 
 mended by his caprice. Without regard to her 
 birth or age, her body, as high as the neck, was 
 inclosed in a sack with several cats, who were 
 pricked with pins to irritate their fury against 
 their unfortunate fellow-captive. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 62, p. 145. 
 
 4804. RESENTMENT withheld. Robbery. 
 Anytus was very fond of Alcibiades, and hap- 
 pening to make an entertainment for some stran- 
 gers, he desired Alcibiades to give him his com- 
 pany. Alcibiades would not accept of the invi- 
 tation, but having drank deep with some of his 
 acquaintance at his own house, he went thither 
 to play some frolic. The frolic was this : He 
 stood at the door of the room where the guests 
 were entertained, and seeing a great number of 
 gold and silver cups upon the table, he ordered 
 his servants to take half of them and carry them 
 to his own house ; and then, not vouchsafing so 
 much as to enter into the room himself, as soon 
 as he had done this he went away. The com- 
 pany resented the affront, and said he had be- 
 haved very rudely and insolently to Anytus. 
 " Not at all," said Anytus, " but rather kindly, 
 since he has left us half, when he knew it was 
 in his power to take the whole." — Plutarch's 
 " Alcibiades." 
 
 4805. RESENTMENT of Wrongs. The Irish 
 Oentleman. [Being despoiled of their lands the 
 old Milesian proprietor] seldom betook himself 
 to any peaceful calling. Trade, indeed, he 
 thought a far more disgraceful resource than 
 marauding. Sometimes he turned freebooter. 
 Sometimes he contrived, in defiance of the law, 
 to live by coshering — that is to say, by quartering 
 himself on the old tenants of his family, who, 
 wretched as was their own condition, could not 
 refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom 
 they still regarded as their rightful lord. The 
 native gentleman who had been so fortunate as 
 to keep or to regain some of his land too often 
 lived like the petty prince of a savage tribe, and 
 indemnified himself for the humiliations which 
 
570 
 
 RESERVE— RESOLUTION. 
 
 the dominant race made him suffer by govern- 
 ing his vassals despotically, by keeping a rude 
 harem, and by maddening or stupefying himself 
 daily with strong drink. Politically he was in- 
 significant. No statute, indeed, excluded him 
 from the House of Commons ; but he had al- 
 most as little chance of obtaining a seat there as 
 a man of color has of being chosen a senator of 
 the United States. In fact, only one Papist had 
 been returned to the Irish Parliament since the 
 Restoration. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 120. 
 
 4806. RESERVE, Social. Samuel Johnson. 
 Though a stern, true-born Englishman, and fully 
 prejudiced against all other nations, he had 
 discernment enough to see, and candor enough 
 to censure, the cold reserve too common among 
 Englishmen toward strangers: "Sir (said he), 
 two men of any other nation who are shown 
 into a room together, at a house where they are 
 both visitors, will immediately find some con- 
 versation. But two Englishmen will probably 
 go each to a different window, and remain in ob- 
 stinate silence. Sir, we as yet do not enough 
 understand the common rights of humanity." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 489. 
 
 4§07. RESIDENCE, Intolerable. Reign of 
 Charles II. If the most fashionable parts of 
 the capital could be placed before us, such as 
 they then were, we should be disgusted with 
 their squalid appearance, and poisoned by their 
 noisome atmosphere. In Covent Garden a filthy 
 and noisy market was held close to the dwell- 
 ings of the great. Fruit- women screamed, cart- 
 ers fought, cabbage-stalks and rotten apples 
 accumulated in heaps at the thresholds of the 
 Countess of Berkshire and of the Bishop of 
 Durham. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 333. 
 
 480S. RESIGNATION, Coercion by. Napo- 
 leon I. [The Directory at Paris were alarmed 
 when they learned that in one month Napoleon 
 had become the mosst famous man in Europe.] 
 They determined to check his career. Keller- 
 man . . . they consequently appointed his asso- 
 ciate in command. . . . Napoleon promptly but 
 respectfully tendered his resignation, saying, 
 " One bad general is better than two good ones ; 
 war, like government, is mainly decided by tact." 
 This decision brought the Directory immediate- 
 ly to terms. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 4809. RESIGNATION, Easy. Abraham Lin- 
 «oln. Being informed of the death of [the Con- 
 federate] John Morgan, he said, " Well, I 
 wouldn't crow over anybody's death ; but I can 
 take this as resignedly as any dispensation of 
 Providence." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 750. 
 
 4810. RESIGNATION, Serene. Oriental. Ab- 
 bassa, the sister of the Caliph of Bagdad, first 
 lost her husband, then was driven from her pal- 
 ace to live in extreme destitution. Her reply to 
 an inquirer into her distress is a celebrated ex- 
 ample of serene fortitude among Oriental mor- 
 alists : " Once I owned a palace and slaves, 
 now I have but two sheepskins to cover me. 
 Heaven must have seen cause to afflict me ; I 
 bow to its dispensations and am content." — 
 Appleton's Cyclopedia, " Abbassa." 
 
 4811. RESIGNATION, Strength for. Be- 
 reavement. At the siege of Barcelona in 1705, 
 Captain Carleton witnessed the following affect- 
 
 ing fact, which he tells us in his memoirs : "1 
 saw an old officer, having his only son with 
 him, a fine young man about twenty years of age, 
 going into their tent to dine. While they were 
 at dinner, a shot took off the head of the son. 
 The father immediately rose up, and first look- 
 ing down upon his headless child, and then lift- 
 ing up his eyes to Heaven, while the tears ran 
 down his cheeks, only said, ' Thy will be 
 done.'" 
 
 4812. RESISTANCE, Popular. James 11 He 
 forced a Roman Catholic president upon a Protes- 
 tant college. [See more at Timothy Hall, No. 2.] 
 The Bishop of Oxford was quietly installed 
 by proxy, but only two members of Magdalene 
 College attended 'the ceremony. Many signs 
 showed that the spirit of resistance had spread 
 to the common people. The porter of the col- 
 lege threw down his keys. The butler refused 
 to scratch Hough's name out of the buttery 
 book, and was instantly dismissed. No black- 
 smith could be found in the whole city who 
 would force the lock of the president's lodgings. 
 It was necessary for the commissioners to em- 
 ploy their own servants, who broke open the 
 door with iron bars. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, 
 p. 277. 
 
 4813. . Bostonians. a.d. 1765. The 
 
 daybreak of Wednesday, the 14th of August, 
 saw the effigy of Oliver [the king's stamp offi- 
 cer] tricked out with emblems of Bute and 
 [George] Grenville [late king's ministers] swing- 
 ing on the bough of a stately elm, the pride of 
 the neighborhood, known as the Great Tree, . . . 
 near the entrance of the town. The pageant 
 had been secretly prepared by Boston mechan- 
 ics .. . after dark . . . images borne on abler ... 
 they passed down the main street, marched di- 
 rectly through the old State House, shouting, . . . 
 "Liberty, Property, no Stamps." They. .. 
 made a funeral pyre for his effigy in front of 
 his own house. [Oliver resigned his office.] — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 16. 
 
 4814. RESISTANCE, Provoked. Legislaiion. 
 In the Assembly which introduced the resolu- 
 tion the ecclesiastical tithes, which, ... in the 
 first instance, had been declared redeemable, 
 were abolished, a few days later, without com- 
 pensation. . . . Against this act of spoliation 
 the Abbe Sieyes protested in a vehement and 
 well-reasoned speech, and the debate was pro- 
 tracted to some length ; but the measure was 
 eventually carried by an immense majority. 
 "You have unloosed the bull, M. I'Abbe," ob- 
 served Mirabeau to Sieyes, " and you must not 
 be surprised if he makes use of his horns." — 
 Students' France, ch. 26, § 3. 
 
 4815. RESISTANCE, Wisdom in. Massachu- 
 setts Patriots, a.d. 1774. Everywhere the rural 
 population . . . were anxiously weighing the is- 
 sues in which they were involved. One spirit 
 moved through them all. From the hills of Berk- 
 shire to the Penobscot they debated the great 
 question of resistance, as though God were heark- 
 ening ; and they took counsel reverently with 
 their ministers, and the aged, and the pious, and 
 the brave in their villages. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 7, ch. 8. 
 
 4816. RESOLUTION, Success by. Patriots. 
 [When Dr. Franklin was examined by a Com- 
 
RESPECT— RESPONSIBILITY. 
 
 571 
 
 mittee of the whole House of Parliament respect- 
 ing the disposition of the American colonies, 
 he said, Americans] could do without cloth from 
 England. " I am of opinion, that before their 
 old clothes are worn out they will have new 
 ones of their own making. " But, ' ' can they pos- 
 sibly find wool enough in North America ?" he 
 was asked. The answer showed the mettle of 
 the people that he represented : " They have 
 taken steps to increase the wool. They entered 
 into general combination to eat no more lamb, 
 and very few lambs were killed last year. This 
 course persisted in will make a prodigious differ- 
 ence in the quantity of wool. The establish- 
 ment of great manufactories is not necessary ; 
 the people will all spin and work for themselves 
 in their own houses." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 eh. 18. 
 
 4§17. RESPECT, Beneficial. Samuel John- 
 son. To a lady who endeavored to vindicate her- 
 self from blame for neglecting social attention 
 to the worthy neighbors, by saying, " I would go 
 to them if it would do them any good," he said, 
 "What good, madam, do you expect to have 
 in your power to do them ? It is showing them 
 respect, and that is doing them good." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 133. 
 
 4§18. RESPONSIBILITY accepted. Bishop 
 Bancroft. [After the revolutionary Government 
 by regency had been proposed] his absence 
 [from the House of Lords] drew on him many 
 contumelious censures ; nor have even his eulo- 
 gists been able to find any explanation of it 
 which raises his character. The plan of regen- 
 cy was his own. He had, a few days before, in 
 a paper written with his own hand, pronounced 
 that plan to be clearly the best that could be 
 adopted. The deliberations of the Lords who 
 supported that plan had been carried on under 
 his roof. His situation made it his clear duty to 
 declare publicly what he thought. Nobody can 
 suspect him of personal cowardice or of vulgar 
 cupidity. It was probably from a nervous fear 
 of doing wrong that, at this great conjuncture, 
 he did nothing ; but he should have known that, 
 situated as he was, to do nothing was to do 
 wrong. A man who is too scrupulous to take 
 on himself a grave responsibility at an impor- 
 tant crisis ought to be too scrupulous to accept 
 the place of first minister of the Church and first 
 peer of the realm. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 10, 
 p. 583. 
 
 4§19. RESPONSIBILITY assumed. States- 
 mamhip. On the 30th of April [1803J the treaty 
 ceding Louisiana to the United States was for- 
 mally concluded [by Napoleon Bonaparte]. 
 Mr. Monroe and Mr. [Chancellor] Livingston 
 had no authority to negotiate for so vast an ex- 
 tent of territory ; but the former was fully pos- 
 sessed of President Jefferson's views, and felt as- 
 sured that his instructions would have been am- 
 ple if the condition of France had been foreseen 
 when he sailed from Amerijca. Communication 
 with Washington was impossible. Under the 
 most favorable circumstances, an answer could 
 not be expected in less than three months. By 
 that time the British ships would probably hold 
 the mouths of the Mississippi, and the flag of 
 St. George be waving over New Orleans. Mon- 
 roe and Livingston both realized that hesitation 
 would be fatal ; and they boldly took the respon- 
 
 sibility of purchasing a territory of unknown but 
 prodigious extent, and of pledging the credit of 
 the Government for a sum which, rated by the^ 
 ability to pay, was larger than a similar pledge- 
 to-day for five hundred millions of dollars. . . . 
 The total cost of Louisiana was, ... in round 
 numbers, $15,000,000. [See more at No. 2939.} 
 — Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress^ 
 vol. 1, p. 7. 
 
 4§20. RESPONSIBILITY, Awed by. ConU-- 
 nental Congress, July 1, 1776. The order of the; 
 day came next, and Congress resolved itself " into 
 a committee of the whole to take into considera- 
 tion the resolution respecting independence." 
 For a few moments perfect silence prevailed ; 
 every one felt the responsibility of acting finally 
 on the most important question ever agitated 
 in the assembly. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, 
 ch. 69. 
 
 4821. RESPONSIBILITY evaded. John Wild- 
 man. His hatred of monarchy had induced him 
 to engage in a long series of conspiracies, first 
 against the Protector, and then against the 
 Stuarts. But with Wildman's fanaticism was 
 joined a tender care for his own safety. He liad 
 a wonderful skill in grazing the edge of treason. 
 No man understood better how to instigate others 
 to desperate enterprises by words which, when 
 repeated to a jury, might seem innocent, or, at 
 worst, ambiguous. Such was his cunning, that, 
 though always plotting, though always known 
 to be plotting, and though long malignantly 
 watched by a vindictive government, he eluded 
 every danger, and died in his bed, after having 
 seen two generations of his accomplices die ou 
 the gallows. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 487. 
 
 4§22. RESPONSIBILITY, Impressed by. Peri- 
 cles. Whenever he was to appear in the assem- 
 bly, before he came out of his house he used to 
 say to himself, " Remember, Pericles, that thou 
 art going to speak to men born in the arms of 
 liberty ; to Greeks, to Athenians." — Rollin's . 
 Hist., Book 7, ch. 7, § 7. 
 
 4§23. RESPONSIBILITY, Individual. Fred- 
 erick the Great. [With base perfidy he captured 
 Silesia in a time of general peace.] The selfish 
 rapacity of the King of Prussia gave the signal 
 to his neighbors. His example quieted their sense 
 of shame. His success led them to underrate 
 the difficulty of dismembering the Austrian mon- 
 archy. The whole world sprang to arms. On 
 the head of Frederick is all the blood which was 
 shed in a war which raged during many y.ears 
 and in every quarter of the globe — the blood of 
 the column of Fontenoy, the blood of the brave 
 mountaineers who were slaughtered at Cullo- 
 den. The evils produced by this wickedness 
 were felt in lands where the name of Prussia 
 was unknown ; and, in order that he might rob 
 a neighbor whom he had promised to defend, 
 black men fought on the coast of Coromandel, 
 and red men scalped each other by the great 
 lakes of North America. — Macaulay's Fred- 
 erick THE Great, p. 33. 
 
 4824. RESPONSIBILITY by Indulgence. Wil- 
 liam Prince of Orange. The French invasion 
 produced a complete change. The suffering 
 and terrified people raged fiercely against the 
 government. In their madness they attacked 
 the bravest captains and the ablest statesmen of 
 
673 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY— RESULTS. 
 
 the distressed Commonwealth. De Ruyter was 
 insulted by the rabble. De Witt was torn in 
 pieces before the gate of the palace of the States- 
 General at the Hague. The Prince of Orange, 
 who had no share in the guilt of the murder, 
 but who, on this occasion, as on another lament- 
 able occasion twenty years later, extended to 
 •crimes perpetrated in his cause an indulgence 
 which has left a stain on his glory, became chief 
 of the Government without a rival. — Macau- 
 lay's ExG., ch. 3, p. 204. 
 
 4§25. EESPONSIBILITY, Knowledge gives. 
 Alabama Claims. The claim of the United States 
 against the British Government for damages 
 done to American commerce by Confederate 
 oruisers during the Civil War still remained un- 
 settled. These cruisers had been built and 
 equipped in English ports, and with the knowl- 
 edge of the English Government. Such a pro- 
 ceeding was in plain violation of the law of na- 
 tions, even if the independence of the Confeder- 
 ate States had been recognized. Time and 
 again Mr. Seward remonstrated with the British 
 authorities, but without effect. After the war 
 Great Britain became alarmed at her own con- 
 duct, and grew anxious for a settlement of the 
 difficulty. On tlie 27th of February, 1871, a 
 joint high commission, composed of five British 
 and five American statesmen, assembled at 
 Washington City. From the fact that the cruis- 
 er Alabama had done most of the injury com- 
 plained of, the claims of the United States were 
 called The Alabama Claims. After much dis- 
 cussion, the commissioners framed a treaty, 
 known as the Treaty of Washington, by which 
 it was agreed that all claims of either nation 
 against the other should be submitted to a board 
 of arbitration to be appointed by friendly na- 
 tions. Such a court was formed, and in the sum- 
 mer of 1872 convened at Geneva, Switzerland. 
 The cause of the two nations was impartially 
 heard, and on the 14th of September decided in 
 favor of the United States ; Great Britain was 
 obliged, for the wrongs that she had done, to 
 pay into the Federal treasury $15,500,000.— 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 67, p. 556. 
 
 4§26. RESPONSIBILITY, Official. Emperor 
 Julian. The Caesar had rejected, with abhor- 
 rence, a mandate for the levy of an extraordi- 
 nary tax ; a new superindiction, which the pra3- 
 lect had offered for his signature ; and the faith- 
 ful picture of the public misery, by which he 
 liad been obliged to justify his refusal, offended 
 the court of Constantius. . . . After stating his 
 own conduct, he proceeds in the following 
 terms : " Was it possible for the disciple of 
 Plato and Aristotle to act otherwise than I have 
 done ? Could I abandon the unhappy subjects 
 intrusted to my care ? Was I not called upon 
 to defend them from the repeated injuries of 
 these unfeeling robbers ? A tribune who deserts 
 his post is punished with death, and deprived of 
 the honors of burial. With what justice could 
 I pronounce his sentence, if, in the hour of dan- 
 ger, I myself neglected a duty far more sacred 
 and far more important ? God has placed me in 
 this elevated post. His providence will guard 
 a,nd support me. Should I be condemned to 
 suffer, I shall derive comfort from the testimony 
 of a pure and upright conscience. Would to 
 Heaven that I stilt possessed a counsellor like 
 
 Sallust ! If they think proper to send me a suc- 
 cessor, I shall submit without reluctance ; and 
 had much rather improve the short opportunity 
 of doing good than enjoy a long and lasting 
 impunity of evil." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 19, 
 p. 245. 
 
 4827. EESPONSIBILITY of Power. Against 
 Slavery. The slavery agitation was a necessity 
 of the Northern theory of government. Duty is 
 the correlative of power ; and if the Govern- 
 ment at Washington, in Yankee estimation, was a 
 consolidated organization, with power to pro- 
 mote the general welfare by any means it might 
 deem expedient, it was proper that it should 
 overthrow the hated institution of slavery at the 
 South. The central Government was responsi- 
 ble for its continuance or existence, in propor-jj 
 tion to its power over it. Under these circumj 
 stances, the duty of acting on the subject of 
 slavery was imperious, and amounted to a mora 
 necessity. — Pollard's Second Year of ti 
 War, ch. 13, p. 294. 
 
 4§2§. RESTITUTION, Conscientious. Cri 
 well. Notice, also, that when he was at CamI 
 bridge he won some money at gambling : £20j 
 £50, £100. All these sums now wei*e returne 
 as moneys upon no principle his own. — Hooo'a 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 47. 
 
 4§29. RESTRAINT, Difficult. Luther. [Hi 
 was denounced as worthy of excommunication.] 
 Concerning himself Luther says: "I cannol 
 deny that I am more violent than I ought to be ; 
 they know that, and for that very reason ough^ 
 not to have excited the dog ! How hard it is tc 
 temper the heat and restrain the pen, thou knoW'^ 
 est from personal experience. This is the reasoi 
 why I have always been unwilling publicly tc 
 proclaim my cause. And the more I am dispose " 
 not to do so, the more I am compelled agains| 
 my will ; and this happens because of the severea 
 accusations which are heaped upon God's Word 
 and myself. And so shameful has this been, tha 
 even if my pen and my impetuosity had not car-j 
 ried me away, a heart of stone would have beei 
 moved to take up arms ; how much the more 
 that am impetuous by nature, and possess noi 
 a very dull pen !" — Rein's Luther, ch. 7J 
 p. 68. 
 
 4830. RESULTS, Decisive. Admiral Nelson\ 
 [When Nelson found, after a long search, tl 
 French fleet at Alexandria, he prepared for bat 
 tie, and] exclaimed that before the morrow hij 
 fate would be a peerage or Westminster Abbey^ 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 20, p. 355. 
 
 4831. RESULTS, Far-reaching. NationaUty\ 
 Captain Argall was sent with an armed vessel tcT 
 the coast of Maine. The avowed object of thfl 
 voyage was to protect the English fishermen who 
 frequented the waters between the Bay of Fundj 
 and Cape Cod, but the real purpose was to de 
 stroy the colonies of France, if any should be 
 found within the limits of the territory claimed 
 by England [which he did]. ... On his way 
 back to Virginia he made a descent on the Dutch 
 traders of Manhattan Island, destroyed many of 
 their huts, and compelled the settlers to acknowl- 
 edge the sovereignty of England. The result of 
 these outrageous proceedings was to confine the 
 French settlements in America to the banks of 
 the St. Lawrence, and to leave a clear coast for 
 
RESURRECTION— RETRACTION. 
 
 573 
 
 the English flag from Nova Scotia to Florida. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 11, p. 109. 
 
 4§32. RESTJERECTION hinted. By Ancients. 
 [Callicratidas was defeated by the Athenians near 
 Arginusfe.] When it was known at Athens that 
 the dead bodies had been left without interment, 
 the people were highly enraged, and caused the 
 whole weight of their resentment to fall upon 
 those whom they deemed guilty of that crime. 
 The ancients held it a great one not to provide 
 sepulture for the dead ; and we may observe, that, 
 after all their battles, the first care of the con- 
 quered, notwithstanding the sense of their mis- 
 fortune and their great alfliction for a bloody de- 
 feat, was to demand a suspension of arms from 
 the victor, in order to pay the last duties to those 
 who had fallen in battle, upon which they be- 
 lieved their happiness in another life depended. 
 They had little or no idea of the resurrection of the 
 body ; but, however, the Pagans, by the soul's 
 concern for the body after death, the religious 
 regard paid to it, and the zeal with which they 
 rendered solemn honors to the dead, showed that 
 they had some confused notion of a resurrection, 
 ,,which subsisted among all nations, and descend- 
 from the most ancient tradition, though they 
 
 )uld not clearly distinguish it. [The victorious 
 
 snerals were sentenced to death for this neglect.] 
 
 Iollin's Hist. , Book 8, ch. 2, § 5. 
 
 4§33. EETALIATION, Popular. Virginia 
 Colonists. [The Stamp Act was passed.] Soon 
 they resolved that the act should recoil on Eng- 
 land, and began to be proud of frugality ; arti- 
 cles of luxury of British manufacture were ban- 
 ished; and threadbare coats were most in fash- 
 ion. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 13. 
 
 4S34. RETIREMENT, Religious. William 
 Cowper. Mrs. Unwin's influence produced the 
 Moral Satires. ' ' The Task " was born of a more 
 potent inspiration. One day Mrs. Jones, the wife 
 of a neighboring clergyman, came into Olney to 
 shop, and with her came her sister, Lady Austen, 
 the widow of a baronet, a woman of the world, 
 who had lived much in France, gay, sparkling 
 and vivacious, but, at the same time, full of feel- 
 ing even to overflowing. The apparition acted 
 like magic on the recluse. He desired Mrs. Unwin 
 to ask the two ladies to stay to tea ; then shrank 
 from joining the party which he had himself in- 
 vited ; ended by joining it, and, his shyness giv- 
 ing way with a rush, engaged in animated con- 
 versation with Lad}'' Austen, and walked with her 
 part of the way home. On her an equally great 
 effect appears to have been produced. A warm 
 friendship at once sprang up, and before long 
 Lady Austen had verses addressed to her as Sister 
 Annie. Her ladyship, on her part, was smitten 
 ^•with a great love of retirement. . . . That a 
 coman of fashion, accustomed to French salons, 
 |hould choose such an abode, with a pair of Purl- 
 ins for her only society, seems to show that one 
 [)f the Puritans, at least, must have possessed 
 reat powers of attraction. — Smith's Cowper, 
 5. 
 
 4835. RETORT, A crushing. Samuel Jdhn- 
 w. However unfavorable to Scotland, he uni- 
 formly gave liberal praise to George Buchanan 
 IS a writer. In a conversation concerning the 
 literary merits of the two countries, in which 
 "Juchanan was introduced, a Scotchman, imagin- 
 
 ing that on this ground he should have an un- 
 doubted triumph over him, exclaimed, " Ah, Dr. 
 Johnson, what would j^ou have said of Buchan- 
 an had he been an Englishman ?" " Why, Sir 
 (said Johnson, after a little pause), I should not 
 have said of Buchanan, had he been an English- 
 man, what I will now say of him as a Scotch- 
 man — that he was the only man of genius hia 
 country ever produced." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 487. 
 
 4S36. RETORT, A sarcastic. Bichard I. Rich- 
 ard ... of England was satiated with the glory 
 and misfortunes of his first adventure ; and he 
 presumed to deride the exhortations of Fulk of 
 Neuilly , who was not abashed in the presence of 
 kings. " You advise me," said Plantagenet, " to 
 dismiss my three daughters, pride, avarice, and 
 incontinence : I bequeath them to the most de- 
 serving ; my pride to the knights templars, my 
 avarice to the monks of Cisteaux, and my in- 
 continence to the prelates." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 60, p. 60. 
 
 4§37. RETALIATION declined. Bnjazet. [He 
 was the great Ottoman general.] No sooner was 
 Timour informed that the captive Ottoman was 
 at the door of his tent, than he graciously stepped 
 forward to receive him, seated him by his side, 
 and mingled with just reproaches a soothing pity 
 for his rank and misfortune. " Alas !" said the 
 emperor, " the decree of fate is now accomplished 
 by your own fault ; it is the web which you have 
 woven, the thorns of the tree which yourself have 
 planted. I wished to spare, and even to assist, 
 the champion of the Moslems ; you braved our 
 threats ; you despised our friendship ; you forced 
 us to enter your kingdom with our invincible 
 armies. Behold the event. Had you vanquished, 
 I am not ignorant of the fate which you reserved 
 for myself and my troops. But I disdain to re- 
 taliate ; your life and honor are secure ; and I 
 shall express my gratitude to God by my clem- 
 ency to man." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 267. 
 
 4§38. RETRACTION refused. Alexander H. 
 Stephens. [Judge Cone of Georgia attacked Ste- 
 phens with a dirk -knife because of threats sup- 
 posed to have been made by the latter, who was a 
 small man and a semi-invalid.] Stephens, half 
 fainting, fell upon his back. The giant Cone was 
 at his throat in a moment ; his head, by a grip of 
 iron, was held against the cruel floor ; the keen 
 and blood-dripping knife was held aloft before 
 him ready for the last fatal thrust, but still the 
 poor, pale face of the little hero was set and defi- 
 ant — his black eyes still flashed undauntedly. 
 " Retract, or I'll cut your cursed throat !" hissed 
 Cone. "Cut! I'll never retract !" gasped the 
 almost lifeless Stephens. Like a flash the knife 
 came down. With an almost superhuman effort 
 the prostrate man caught it in his right hand. 
 Clean through the muscles, tendons, and bones of 
 the hand it cut, then stuck fast and reached no 
 vital part. With desperate strength Cone tried to 
 wrench it free. With a grasp almost of death 
 the horribly mangled and mutilated hand still 
 held it fast. In the struggle Stephens was once 
 more dragged to his feet. The blood was rushing 
 in streams from his many wounds. His hold 
 upon the knife which sought his brave heart be- 
 gan to relax. He was dying. But even when 
 he believed the next moment would be his last 
 strong men came to his relief. The madman 
 
574 
 
 RETREAT— RETRIBUTION. 
 
 Cone was secured and held fast. — Norton's 
 Alex. H. Stephens, ch. 3, p. 27. 
 
 4§39. EETEEAT, Hasty. Battte of Spurs. 
 The English army advanced in August, 1513, and 
 sat down before the walls of Terouanne. They 
 were here joined by the eccentric Emperor 
 Maximilian, who, after contracting to serve in the 
 ranks as a volunteer, at the rate of 100 crowns a 
 day, soon contrived to gratify his vanity by as- 
 suming the direction of the operations of the 
 siege. A French force was dispatched to relieve 
 Terouanne, under the orders of the Duke of Lon- 
 gueville. . . . The two armies met on the 16th 
 of August, between Terouanne and Blangis, 
 when, after a brief encounter, the French gen- 
 darmerie consulted their safety by a flight so pre- 
 cipitate that the day has become known in his- 
 tory as the "Battle of the Spurs." — Students' 
 France, ch. 13, § 8. 
 
 4§40. . "Battle of Spurs." [In 
 
 1513, 10,000 French gendarmes, at the siege of 
 Terouanne, were seized with some inexplicable 
 panic at the first shock with the cavalry of 
 the Emperor Maximilian and fled hastily from 
 the field.] The French themselves, laughing at 
 the panic-stricken flight of their army, called 
 this "The Battle of the Spurs." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 16, p. 268. 
 
 4§41. EETEEAT impossible. Battle of Xeres. 
 [The Saracens invaded Spain and overthrew 
 the Goths.] Notwithstanding the valor of the 
 [5000] Saracens [under Tarik] they fainted under 
 the weight of multitudes, and the plain of Xeres 
 was overspread with 16,000 of their dead bodies. 
 " My brethren," said Tarik, to his surviving com- 
 panions, "the enemy is before you, the seals 
 behind, whither would ye fly ? Follow your 
 general ; I am resolved either to lose my life or 
 to trample on the prostrate king of the Romans." 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 253. 
 
 4§42. EETEEAT, Masterly. Battle of Brook- 
 lyn. At first the army seemed ruined. ... It 
 seemed an easy thing for Clinton and Howe to 
 press on and capture all the rest. Yet, in a few 
 hours, Washington brought together his shattered 
 forces, reorganized his brigades, and stood ready 
 for an assault in the trenches back of Brooklyn. 
 During the 28tli Howe, who was a sluggish, sen- 
 sual man, ate pudding and waited for a fitter 
 day. On the 29th there was a heavy fog over 
 island and bay and river. Washington, clearly 
 perceiving that he could not hold his position, 
 and that his army was in great peril, resolved 
 to withdraw to New York. The enterprise was 
 extremely hazardous, requiring secrecy, courage 
 and dispatch. By eight o'clock on that memo- 
 rable night every boat and transport that could 
 be obtained was lying at the Brooklyn ferry. 
 There, under cover of the darkness, the embarka- 
 tion began. Washington personally superintend- 
 ed every movement. All night with muflfled 
 oars the boatmen rowed silently back and forth, 
 bearing the patriots to the northern side of the 
 channel. At daylight on the following morning 
 just as the last boat-load was leaving the wharf 
 the movement was discovered by the British. 
 They rushed into the American intrenchments, 
 and found nothing there except a few worthless 
 guns. After a severe battle which had cost him 
 nearly 400 men, Howe had gained possession 
 of Long Island — and nothing more. General 
 
 Greene, who was a competent judge, declared that 
 Washington's retreat was the most masterly he 
 had ever read or heard of. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 39, p. 312. 
 
 4§43. EETEIBUTION begun. Lard Counsel- 
 lor Jeffreys. [James II. had fled to France.] 
 And now the day of retribution had arrived. 
 The Trimmer [Lord Halifax] was walking 
 through Wapping, when he saw a well-known 
 face looking out of the window of an ale-house. 
 He could not be deceived. The eyebrows, in- 
 deed, had been shaved away. The dress was that 
 of a common sailor from Newcastle, and was 
 black with coal-dust ; but there was no mistak- 
 ing the savage mouth and eye of Jeffreys. The 
 alarm was given. In a moment the house waa 
 surrounded by hundreds of people shaking blud- 
 geons and bellowing curses. The fugitive's life 
 was saved by a company of the train-bands, and 
 he was carried before the lord mayor. . . . When 
 the great man, at whose frown a few days before 
 the whole kingdom had trembled, was dragged 
 into the justice room begrimed with ashes, half 
 dead with fright, and followed by a raging mul- 
 titude, the agitation of the unfortunate mayor 
 rose to the height. He fell into fits, and was 
 carried to his bed, whence he never rose. Mean- 
 while the throng without was constantly becom. 
 ing more numerous and more savage. Jeffreys 
 begged to be sent to prison. . . . Two regiments 
 of militia were drawn out to escort him, and 
 found the duty a diflScult one. It was repeatedly 
 necessary for them to form, as if for the purpose 
 of repelling a charge of cavalry, and to present 
 a forest of pikes to the mob. The thousands 
 who were disappointed of their revenge pursued 
 the coach, with howls of rage, to the gate of the 
 Tower, brandishing cudgels, and holding up 
 halters full in the prisoner's view. The wretched 
 man, meantime, was in convulsions of terror. 
 He wrung his hands ; he looked wildly out, 
 sometimes at one window, and sometimes at the 
 other, and was heard even above the tumult cry- 
 ing, ' ' Keep them off, gentlemen I for God's sake 
 keep them off 1" At length ... he was lodged 
 in the [Tower] fortress, where some of his most 
 illustrious victims had passed their last days, and 
 where his own life was destined to close in un- 
 speakable ignominy and horror. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 517. 
 
 4§44. EETEIBUTION overlooked. Napoleon I. 
 [Reared in an infidel age.] Having never been 
 taught any correct ideas of probation or retribu- 
 tion, the question whether a few thousand illiter- 
 ate peasants should eat, drink and sleep for a few 
 years more or less, was in his view of little im- 
 portance compared with those great measures of 
 political wisdom which should meliorate the con- 
 dition of Europe for ages. It is Christianity 
 alone which stamps importance upon each in- 
 dividual life. — Abbott's Napoleon B., toL 1, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 4§45. EETEIBUTION, Sanitary. Black Assise. 
 In the year 1577 the jail fever raged in the 
 county jail at Oxford, and spread from the 
 prison to the court, and from the court to the 
 town. In the course of forty hours the lord 
 chief baron (as the presiding judge was called), 
 the high sheriff, the jurymen, and all who were 
 in the court room, to the number of three hun- 
 dred, died of this malignant disease. The citi- 
 
RETRIBUTION— REVENGE. 
 
 575 
 
 I 
 
 zens fled in terror from the town, and, ever after, 
 that session of tlie court was called the ' ' Black 
 Assize." — Cyclopedia op Bigg., " John How- 
 ard," p. 62. 
 
 4S46. EETRIBUTION, Sense of. Charles II. 
 [In his last words before laying his head on the 
 hlock] he acknowledged, with true Christian 
 humih'ty, that although innocent before the law 
 of the cnmes for which he was about to suffer, 
 his conscience told him that he had been guilty 
 of many faults and weaknesses, for which he ac- 
 cepted without a murmur his present death as a 
 •meet and salutary expiation. " I basely ratified," 
 said he, in allusion to the fate of Strafford, " an 
 unjust sentence, and the similar injustice I am 
 now to undergo is a seasonable retribution for 
 the punishment I inflicted on an innocent man. 
 — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 47. 
 
 4§47. REVENGE, Bloody. Sepoy Rebellion. 
 As the Highlanders came to one of General 
 Wheeler's dead daughters tied naked to the 
 ground, having been subjected to treatment 
 worse than death, they sat down, and cutting off 
 her hair, divided it, with pale countenances and 
 wrathful eyes, between them. Each one then 
 slowly counted the number of threads he had, 
 -and with a solemn, fearful oath, swore that 
 for each hair one man should die. An oath he 
 more than kept. — General Grant's Travels, 
 p. 328. 
 
 4§4§. REVENGE, Characteristic. American 
 Indian. In case of death by violence, the de- 
 parted shade could not rest till appeased by a re- 
 taliation. His kindred would " go a thousand 
 miles for the purpose of revenge, over hills and 
 mountains ; through large cane swamps, full of 
 grapevines and briers ; over broad lakes, rapid 
 rivers, and deep creeks ; and all the way endan- 
 gered by poisonous snakes, exposed to the ex- 
 tremities of heat and cold, to hunger and thirst" 
 . . . often eontinuing from generation to gen- 
 eration . . . tribe against tribe . . . peace was 
 restored by atoning presents. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ;^h. 22. 
 
 4§49. REVENGE, Condescension of. Maria The- 
 resa. [The empress-queen of Austria had been 
 robbed of the province of Silesia by Frederick 
 II.] Though the haughtiest of princesses, though 
 the most austere of matrons, she forgot in her 
 thirst for revenge both the dignity of her race and 
 the purity of her character, and condescended to 
 flatter the low-born and low-minded concubine, 
 "who, having acquired influence by prostituting 
 herself, retained it by prostituting others. Maria 
 Theresa actually wrote with her own hand a note 
 full of expressions of esteem and friendship to 
 her dear cousin, the daughter of the butcher 
 Poisson, the wife of the publican D'Etioles, the 
 kidnapper of young girls for the Parc-aux-cerfs 
 — a strange cousin for the descendant of so many 
 emperors of the West ! — Macaulay's Fred- 
 erick THE Great, p. 77. 
 
 4§50. REVENGE on the Dead, Paris. The fall 
 of his [Louis XIII.] odious favorite [Concini] 
 was hailed with extravagant delight by the citi- 
 zens of Paris ; the frantic populace disinterred 
 his coi*pse, dragged it through the streets, tore it 
 in pieces, and burned it to ashes. — Students' 
 France, ch. 19, § &. 
 
 4§51. . Hanged. [On the 30th of 
 
 Jan. 1661, after the restoration of Charles II., 
 Evelyn records] : " This day (O the stupendous 
 and inscrutable judgments of God ! ) were the 
 carcasses of those arch-rebels Cromwell, Brad- 
 shaw (the judge who condemned his majesty 
 [Charles I.], and Ireton (son-in-law to the Usurp- 
 er), dragged out of their superb tombs in 
 Westminster, among the kings, to Tyburn, and 
 hanged on the gallows there from nine in the 
 morning till six at night, and then buried under 
 that fatal and ignominious monument, in a deep 
 pit ; thousands of people who had seen them in 
 all their pride being spectators." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 15, p. 248. 
 
 4§52. REVENGE declined. Matthew Hale. A 
 man who had done Sir Matthew Hale a great in- 
 jury came afterward to him for his advice in 
 the settlement of his estate. Sir Matthew gave 
 his advice very frankly to him, but would ac- 
 cept of no fee for it ; and thereby showed, both 
 that he could forgive as a Christian, and that he 
 had the spirit of a gentleman, not to take money 
 of one who had wronged him so grievously. 
 When he was asked how he could use a man so 
 kindly who had wronged him so much, his an- 
 swer was, he thanked God he had learned to 
 forget injuries. 
 
 4§53. REVENGE, Determined. Woman's. 
 [Mary Queen of Scots had strong hatreds. 
 Murray and his adherents were the objects of her 
 wrath in 1567, and she declared she would 
 rather peril her crown than lose her revenge.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 9, p. 139. 
 
 4§54. REVENGE, Dishonorable. Siege of Gaza. 
 At length, after repeated assaults, the city waa 
 taken by storm, and its brave inhabitants per- 
 ished almost to a man. The governor, Betis, 
 whose noble defence of his country was worthy 
 of the applause even of an enemy, was dragged 
 round the walls of the city at the wheels of Al- 
 exander's chariot. " The king," says Curtius, 
 " gloried that, in this instance, he imitated the 
 example of his progenitor, Achilles, in the ven- 
 geance he took on the dead body of Hector." — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 4, p. 185. 
 
 4855. REVENGE, Female. Parysatis. [She 
 was the mother of Cyrus. The captured family 
 of Hydarnes, the Persian governor, were] deliv- 
 ered to Parysatis, to do with them as that moth- 
 er, exasperated to the last excess by the treatment 
 either done or intended against her daughter 
 Hamestris, should think fit. That cruel princess 
 began by causing Roxana, whose beauty had 
 been the occasion of all this evil, to be sawed in 
 two, and ordered all the rest to be put to death, 
 except Statira, whose life she granted to the 
 tears and the most tender and ardent solicitations 
 of Arsaces . . . Such was the state of the affair 
 at the death of Darius. Statira, as soon as her 
 husband was upon the throne, caused Udiastes 
 [the assassinator of her brother Teriteuchmes] 
 to be delivered into her hands. She ordered his 
 tongue to be torn out, and made him die in the 
 most exquisite torments she could invent, to 
 punish the crime which had occasioned the ruin 
 of her family. . . . Parysatis on her side took 
 her revenge on the son of Teriteuchmes, whom 
 she caused to be poisoned ; and we shall see 
 that Statira's turn was not very remote. History 
 has not a more tragical scene, nor a more moiii' 
 
576 
 
 REVENGE. 
 
 strous complication of adultery, incest, and 
 murder ; which, after having occasioned great 
 disorders in the royal family, terminated at 
 length in ihe most fatal manner to all who had 
 I any share in it. — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, ch. 1, 
 §1. 
 
 I 4856 EEVENGE, Honored. Age of Charle- 
 I magne. Among all barbarous nations, the right 
 of private revenge is allowed ; which is not only 
 ' expedient in such a state of society, but absolute- 
 I ly necessary, where there is neither sufficient am- 
 plitude in the penal laws to apply to the variety 
 of criminal acts, nor coercive force in any branch 
 of the state to carry such laws into execution. 
 Among the ancient Germans, revenge was al- 
 ways honorable — often meritorious. The inde- 
 pendent warrior chastised or vindicated with his 
 own hand the injuries he had received or given ; 
 and he had nothing more to dread than the re- 
 sentment of the sons or kinsmen of the enemy 
 he sacrificed. The magistrate, conscious of his 
 weakness, interposed, not to punish, but to rec- 
 oncile ; and he was satisfied if he could per- 
 suade the aggressor to pay, and the injured par- 
 ty to accept the moderate fine interposed as the 
 price of blood. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, 
 p. 78. 
 
 4§5y. EEVENGE, Ignoble. Bsign of Charles 
 II. Sir John Coventry, a country gentleman, 
 had in debate, sneered at the profligacy of the 
 court. In any former reign he would probably 
 have been called before the Privy Council and 
 committed to the Tower. A diiferent course was 
 now taken. A gang of bullies was secretly sent 
 to slit the nose of the offender. This ignoble re- 
 venge, instead of quelling the spirit of opposi- 
 tion, raised such a tempest that the king was 
 compelled to submit to the cruel humiliation of 
 passing an act which attainted the instruments of 
 his revenge, and which took from him the pow- 
 er of pardoning them. — Macaulay'sEng., ch. 2, 
 p. 191. 
 
 4§5§. EEVENGE, Implacable. Wife of Beli- 
 saHus. From this pleasing and perhaps volun- 
 tary delusion, Belisarius [the Roman general] 
 was awakened at Syracuse by the officious in- 
 formation of Macedonia ; and that female atten- 
 dant, after requiring an oath for her security, pro- 
 duced two chamberlains, who. like herself, had 
 often beheld the adulteries of Antonina. A hasty 
 flight into Asia saved Tlieodosius from the jus- 
 tice of an injured husband, who had signified to 
 one of his guards the order of his death ; but the 
 tears of Antonina and her artful seductions as- 
 sured the credulous hero of her innocence ; and 
 he stooped, against his faith and judgment, to 
 abandon those imprudent friends who had pre- 
 sumed to accuse or doubt the chastity of his wife. 
 The revenge of a guilty woman is implacable and 
 bloody ; the unfortunate Macedonia, with the 
 two witnesses, were secretly arrested by the min- 
 ister of her cruelty ; their tongues were cut out, 
 their bodies were hacked into small pieces, and 
 their remains were cast into the sea of Syracuse. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 41, p. 185. 
 
 4S59. EEVENGE, Ingenious. Picture. When 
 Attila took possession of the royal palace of Mi- 
 lan, he was surprised and offended at the sight 
 of a picture which represented the Csesars seated 
 on their throne, and the princes of Scythia pros- 
 trate at their feet. The revenge which Attila in- 
 
 flicted on this monument of Roman vanity was 
 harmless and ingenious. He commanded a paint- 
 er to reverse the figures and the attitudes ; and 
 the emperors were delineated on the same can- 
 vas approaching in a suppliant posture to empty 
 their bags of tributary gold before the throne of 
 the Scythian monarch. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35, 
 p. 445. 
 
 4§60. EEVENGE of Injustice. Jail Fever. 
 Howard went into one of those dungeons that 
 was twenty-four steps below the surface, and 
 another that was thirty-seven ; but they were 
 usually ten or twelve feet under ground, with 
 two small windows about two feet square. The 
 floor was littered with what had been once straw, 
 but which was soon ground into powder when 
 the dungeon was dry, and into paste when it was 
 damp. Damp it usually was, and chilly, and 
 foul, and stinking, to a degree that only the he- 
 roic benevolence of a Howard could have borne 
 to remain in it voluntarily. On this pulverized 
 and rotten straw, teeming with vermin and sur- 
 charged with poisonous odors, the walls and 
 ceiling exceeding filthy, the prisoners slept, cov- 
 ered in winter with a damp and filthy rug. The 
 jail fever, of course, raged in all such prisons, 
 and often spread into the towns. It was common 
 for judges, lawyers, and jurymen to catch that 
 malignant disease from the prisoners whom they 
 tried ; the bar and the bench of England . . . 
 lost some of their brightest ornaments from this 
 most deadly of fevers. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 44. 
 
 4§61. EEVENGE, Personal. James Hamilton. 
 Murray, guardian of the infant King James and 
 dictator of the kingdom, governed the unhappy 
 country with vigor and address. But a pro- 
 scribed gentleman of good family, James Ham- 
 ilton of Bothwellhaugh, whose wife Murray had 
 left to die in misery and madness on the thresh- 
 old of her own dwelling, which had been be- 
 stowed by the regent on Bellenden. one of hi* 
 partisans, swore to avenge at once his wife and 
 his country. Gathering a handful of the earth 
 which covered the bier of his wife, he wore it 
 within his girdle as an eternal incentive to re- 
 venge ; and repairing in disguise to the small 
 town of Linlithgow, through which Murray had 
 to pass on his return to Edinburgh, he placed 
 himself at a window, fired upon and killed th< 
 regent. He then mounted a horse ready for hii 
 behind the house, and by swift flight escape( 
 the regent's guards. " I alone," cried the dyin| 
 Murray, "could have saved the church, th( 
 kingdom, and the king ; anarchy will now de 
 vour them all !" — Lamaktine's Queen 
 Scots, p 38. 
 
 4§62. . Napoleon! [WheninexiU 
 
 at Elba he said :] " I never revenged myself foi 
 a personal injury during the whole course of mj 
 life. ' — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 23. 
 
 4§63. EEVENGE, Savage. Husband's. [Rol 
 ert, the pusillanimous Emperor of Constantino 
 pie.] The amorous youth had neglected hi 
 Greek bride, the daughter of Vataces, to intro 
 duce into the palace a beautiful maid, of a pri 
 vate though noble family of Artois ; and hei 
 mother had been tempted by the lustre of th« 
 purple to forfeit her engagements with a gentle 
 man of Burgundy. His love was converted intc 
 
REVENUE— REVOLUTION. 
 
 577 
 
 rage ; he assembled his friends, forced the pal- 
 ace gates, threw the mother into the sea, and in- 
 hunianly cut off the nose and lips of the wife or 
 concubine of the emperor. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 61, p. 117. 
 
 4§64. REVENUE, Ancient. Roman. From 
 the faint glimmerings of such doubtful and scat- 
 tered lights, we should be inclined to believe, 
 first, that (with every fair allowance for the dif- 
 ference of times and circumstances) the general 
 income of the Roman provinces could seldom 
 amount to less than fifteen or twenty millions of 
 our money ; and, secondly, that so ample a rev- 
 enue must have been fully adequate to all the 
 expenses of the moderate government instituted 
 by Augustus, whose court was the modest fam- 
 ily of a private senator, and whose military es- 
 tablishment was calculated for the defence of 
 the frontiers, without any aspiring views of con- 
 quest, or any serious apprehension of a foreign 
 invasion. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 189. 
 
 4§65. REVENUE from Injustice. Turks. The 
 patrimony of the sultan arises, in a great meas- 
 ure, from the confiscation of the estates of the 
 viziers and bashaws ; and when he has occasion 
 to supply his private purse, it costs him only the 
 condemnation of one of these unfortunate gran- 
 dees. On the whole, the revenues of the Turk- 
 ish empire ai'e very inconsiderable. But the ab- 
 solute power of the sultan supplies that defect, 
 • and can execute very great projects at a small ex- 
 pense. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 13, p. 213. 
 
 4§66. REVENUE, Mismanaged. Beign of 
 George III. a. d. 1763. Heavy complaints were 
 made that the system of making all the revenue 
 offices in America sinecure places, had led to 
 such abuses that an American annual revenue 
 of less than £2000 cost the establishment of the 
 customs of Great Britain between seven and'eight 
 thousand pounds a year. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 5, ch. 5. 
 
 4§67. REVERENCE, Excessive. Obsequious. 
 William Pitt ... is said to have knelt when he was 
 with George II. in his closet, and to have bowed 
 «o low at the levee that his hooked nose was seen 
 between his legs. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 16, 
 p. 252. 
 
 4§6§. REVERENCE, Maternal. Alexander. He 
 used to send magnificent presents to his mother ; 
 but then he never would let her have any concern 
 in the affairs of the government. She used fre- 
 quently to make very severe complaints upon 
 that account ; but ke always submitted to her 
 ill-humor with great mildness and patience. An- 
 tipater having one day written a long letter 
 against her, the king, after reading it, replied, 
 " Antipater does not know that one single tear 
 shed by a mother will obliterate ten thousand 
 such letters as this." — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, 
 §9- 
 
 4§69. REVERENCE for Parents. Ancients. 
 Cyrus the Great, in the midst of his conquests, 
 and at the most brilliant era of his good fortune, 
 would not accept of the advantageous offer made 
 him by Cyaxares, his uncle, of giving him his 
 daughter in marriage, and Media for her dowry, 
 till he had first advised with his father and moth- 
 er'and obtained their consent. History informs 
 us here, that ariiong the Persians, a son, how 
 great and powerful soever he might be, never 
 
 dared to seat himself before his mother till he 
 had first obtained her leave ; and that to do 
 otherwise was considered as a crime. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 16, § 9. 
 
 4S70. REVERENCE, Religious. [When the 
 Romans offered their sacrifices, if] one of the 
 horses that drew the chariots called Tensce, in 
 which are placed the images of the gods, hap- 
 pened to stumble, or if the charioteer took the 
 reins in his left hand, the whole procession 
 was to be repeated. And in later ages they have 
 set about one sacrifice thirty several times on ac- 
 count of some defect or inauspicious appearance 
 in it. Such reverence have the Romans paid to 
 the Supreme Being. — Plutarch. 
 
 4871. REVERSES, Benefit of. The English. 
 The reverses which compelled them, after a long 
 and bloody struggle, to relinquish the hope of 
 establishing a great continental empire, were 
 really blessings in the guise of disasters. The 
 spirit of the French was at last aroused. They 
 began to oppose a vigorous national resistance 
 to the foreign conquerors ; and from that time 
 the skill of the English captains and the cour- 
 age of the English soldiers were, happily for 
 mankind, exerted in vain. After many desper- 
 ate struggles, and with many bitter regrets, our 
 ancestors gave up the contest. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 1, p. 19. 
 
 4872. REVOLT suppressed. Soldiers. About 
 the middle of the same month the New Jersey 
 brigade stationed at Pompton revolted. This 
 movement Washington quelled by force. Gen- 
 eral Robert Howe marched to the camp with, 
 five hundred regulars and compelled twelve of 
 the principal mutineers to execute the two 
 leaders of the revolt. From that day order was 
 completely restored. Those insurrections had a 
 good rather than a bad effect ; Congress was 
 thoroughly alarmed, and immediate provisions 
 were made for the better support of the army. 
 An agent was sent to France to obtain a further 
 loan of money. Robert Morris was appointed 
 secretary of finance ; the Bank of North Amer- 
 ica was organized ; and, although the outstanding 
 debts of the United States could not be paid, yet 
 all future obligations were promptly met, for 
 Morris and his friends pledged their private fort- 
 unes to sustain the credit of the government. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 44, p. 346. 
 
 4873. REVOLUTION by Contagion. America — 
 France. Shortly after the American Declaration 
 of Independence, signed on the 4th of July, 
 1776, three deputies from the new Republic — 
 Benjamin Franklin, Arthur Lee, and Silas Deans 
 — arrived in Paris to solicit aid from France in 
 the struggle against the mother country. Their 
 presence created an extraordinary sensation ; 
 and the enthusiasm thus produced was undoubt- 
 edly one of the causes which contributed power- 
 fully to the subsequent outbreak of the Revolu- 
 tion. — Students' France, ch. 25, § 2. 
 
 4874. REVOLUTION, Instantaneous. Puri- 
 tans. Calling a council of his officers, a remon- 
 strance was framed, to be presented to the Par- 
 liament, reminding them that it was averse to 
 the spirit of a democracy that any set of magis- 
 trates should be perpetual, and desiring that they 
 might immediately think of dissolving, after is- 
 suing writs for the election of a new Parliament. 
 
578 
 
 EEVOLUTIONS— RICHES. 
 
 This application, it may be imagined, met with 
 a sharp reply, which was nothing more than 
 what Cromwell wished and expected. Before 
 the smallest hint had transpired of his design, 
 he now presented himself with three hundred 
 soldiers at the door of the House of Commons. 
 Leaving his guards without, he took his seat for 
 gome time and listened to their debates ; then, 
 vising hastily up: "I judge," said he, "this 
 Parliament to be ripe for dissolution" (taking 
 one of the members by the cloak). " You," said 
 he, "are a whoremaster ;" to another, " You are 
 a drunkard," and (to a third), " You are an extor- 
 tioner. The Lord hath done with you, get you 
 gone, you are no longer a Parliament." Then, 
 stamping with his foot, which was a signal for 
 the soldiers to enter, ''Here," said he, pointing 
 to the mace which lay on the table, " take away 
 that fool's bauble ;" then, ordering the soldiers 
 to drive all the members out of the house, he 
 locked the door himself, put the key into his 
 
 Socket, and went home to his lodgings in White- 
 all. Thus, by one of the boldest actions record- 
 ed in history, the famous Republic of England, 
 which had subsisted four years and three months, 
 was annihilated in one moment. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 413. 
 
 4875. EEVOLUTIONS, Injustice brings. Eu- 
 
 tory. [Foss in ' ' Judges of England" says,] one of 
 the primary causes of the great rebellion that 
 overthrew the Government, and that cost the 
 king his head, was the degradation of the bench 
 of justice. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 28, 
 p. 447. 
 
 4876. EEVOLUTIONS, Eetrogradive. Resto- 
 ration of Gharles II. Revolutions are of two 
 kinds : they are either progressive or reactionary. 
 A revolution of progress is often destructive, 
 sweeping away much which should have been 
 preserved. But such a revolution has a regen- 
 erating force ; it renews the youth of a nation, 
 and gives free play to its vital powers. Lost 
 limbs are replaced by new. A revolution of re- 
 action, on the other hand, is a benumbing influ- 
 ence, paralyzing effort, and levelling character. 
 In such a conservative revolution the mean, the 
 selfish, and the corrupt come to the top ; man 
 seeks ease and enjoyment rather than duty ; virt- 
 ue, honor, patriotism, and disinterestedness dis- 
 appear altogether from a society which has 
 ceased to believe in them. . . . The Restoration 
 of 1660 was such a revolution. — Pattison's 
 Milton, ch. 12. 
 
 4877. EEWAEB, Destitute of. Captain John 
 Smith. Extreme sufferings from his wounds and 
 the ingratitude of his employers were the fruits 
 of his services. He received, for his sacrifices and 
 perilous exertions, not one foot of land, not the 
 house he built, not the field his own hands had 
 planted, nor any reward but the applause of his 
 own conscience and the world. He was the 
 father of Virginia, the true leader who first 
 planted the Saxon race within the borders of the 
 United States. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 4878. EEWAED of Gratitude. General Grant. 
 During his visit [to New York, 1867], a purse of 
 $100,000 was made up for him by the citizens. 
 
 . Previous to this, Philadelphia had given him 
 $30,000 ; Galena, a house and furniture, and Bos- 
 
 ton a library. If he had been an Englishman, 
 and rendered such services to his country as he 
 had to the Union, he would have received twice 
 as much, and an estate and titles besides. — 
 Headley's Grant, p. 240. 
 
 4879. EEWAED, Unexpected. By Alexander. 
 This prince was naturally of a tender and hu- 
 mane disposition, which made him sensible of 
 the affliction of persons in the lowest condition. 
 A poor Macedonian was one day driving before 
 him a mule laden with gold for the king's use : 
 the beast being so tired that he was not able 
 either to go on or sustain the load, the mule- 
 driver took it up and carried it, but with great 
 difficulty, a considerable way. Alexander, see- 
 ing him just sinking under his burden, and going 
 to throw it on the ground, in order to ease him- 
 self, cried out, " Friend, do not be weary yet ; try 
 and carry it quite through to thy tent, for it is 
 all thy own." — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 12. 
 
 4880. EICH, Duty of the. Epaminondas. 
 Though poor himself, and without any estate, 
 his very poverty, by drawing upon him the es- 
 teem and confidence of the rich, gave him the 
 opportunity of doing good to others. One of 
 his friends being in great necessity, Epaminon- 
 das sent him to a very rich citizen, with orders to 
 ask him for 1000 crowns in his name. That rich 
 man coming to his house, to know his motives 
 for directing his friend to him upon such an er- 
 rand : "Why," replied Epaminondas, "it is 
 because this honest man is in want, and you are 
 rich." — Rollin's Hist., Book 12, § 7. 
 
 4881. EICHES, Avarice with. Pythins. [He 
 was a Lydian prince residing at Celsenae.] He 
 presented great Xerxes with a sum equal to about 
 £1,700,000 sterling. After such a conduct as 
 this, who would not think that Pythius's pecul- 
 iar cliaracteristic and particular virtue had been 
 generosity, and a noble contempt of riches ? And 
 yet he was one of the most penurious princes in 
 the world ; and who, besides his sordid avarice 
 with regard to himself, was extremely cruel and 
 inhuman to his subjects, whom he kept contin- 
 ually employed in hard and fruitless labor, al- 
 ways digging in the gold and silver mines which 
 he had in his territories. When he was absent 
 from home, his subjects went with tears in their 
 eyes to the princess his wife, laid their com- 
 plaints before her and implored her assistance. 
 Commiserating their condition, she made use of 
 a very extraordinary method to work upon her 
 husband, and to give him a clear notion and a 
 palpable demonstration of the folly and injustice 
 of his conduct. On his return home, she ordered 
 an entertainment to be prepared for him, very 
 magnificent in appearance, but what in reality 
 was no entertainment. All the courses and ser- 
 vices were of gold and silver ; and the prince, in 
 the midst of all these rich dishes and splendid 
 rarities, could not satisfy his hunger. He easily 
 divined the meaning of this enigma, and began 
 to consider that the end of gold and silver was 
 not merely to be looked upon, but to be em- 
 ployed and made use of, and that to neglect, a» 
 he had done, the business of husbandry and the 
 tilling of land, by employing all his people in 
 digging and working of mines, was the direct 
 way to bring a famine both upon himself and 
 his country. For the future, therefore, he only 
 reserved a fifth part of his people for the busi- 
 
RICHES. 
 
 679 
 
 ness of mining. — Rollin's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2, 
 §2. 
 
 4§82. EICHES in Contentment. Phodon. [Al- 
 exander made Phocion, the Athenian, a present 
 of] a hundred talents. When the money was 
 brought to Athens, Phocion asked the persons 
 employed in that commission, " Why, among 
 all the citizens of Athens, he should be singled 
 out as the object of such bounty ?" " Because," 
 said they, " Alexander looks upon you as the 
 only honest and good man." " Then," said 
 Phocion, "let him permit me always to retain 
 that character, as well as really to be that man." 
 The envoys then went home with him, and 
 when they saw the frugality that reigned there, 
 his wife baking bread, himself drawing water, 
 and afterward washing his own feet, they urged 
 him the more to receive the present. They told 
 him, " It gave them real uneasiness, and was, 
 indeed, an intolerable thing, that the friend of 
 so great a prince should live in such a wretched 
 manner." At that instant a poor old man hap- 
 pening to pass by, in a mean garment, Phocion 
 asked the envoys, " Whether they thought worse 
 of him than of that man '?" As they begged of 
 him not to make such a comparison, he re- 
 joined, "Yet that man lives upon less than I 
 do, and is contented. In one Avord, it will be 
 to no purpose for me to have so much money, 
 if I do not use it ; and if I was to live up to it, 
 I should bring both myself and the king, your 
 master, under the censure of the Athenians." 
 Thus, the money was carried back from Athens, 
 and the whole transaction was a good lesson to 
 the Greeks, ' ' That the man who did not want 
 such a sum of money was richer than he who 
 could bestow it." — Plutarch's " Phocion." 
 
 4§83. EICHES despised. " Under the Feet" 
 The general of Amurath, Evrenos, who had ab- 
 jured the God of the Greeks for the Allah of 
 Mahomet, and who was conquering antique 
 Greece to the Ottomans, signalized himself by 
 presents that were the spoils of the islands and 
 the continent of the Adriatic. Two hundred 
 ■^oung Greek slaves of his own race, chosen 
 among the flower of the youth and beauty of 
 Thessaly, opened the market of his cortege of 
 tributaries. Ten of these slaves carried upon 
 their heads golden plates filled with Venetian 
 ducats ; ten others, silver plates filled with se- 
 quins ; eighteen more had golden and silver gob- 
 lets, to lave the fingers ; the rest, cups, crystals, 
 Venetian glasses, in which precious stones were 
 incrusted in transparency. All these marvels, 
 which the Ottomans call mtschou (or things to 
 be thrown under the feet), were, in fact, strewn 
 beneath the feet of Bajazet and his affianced.— 
 Lamartlne's Turkey, p. 251. 
 
 4§84. RICHES, Joy in. Sudden. Among all 
 the concubines of Mithridates that were brought 
 before Pompey, he touched not one, but sent 
 them to their parents or husbands ; for most of 
 them were either daughters or wives of the great 
 officers and principal persons of the kingdom. 
 Put Stratonice, who was the first favorite, and 
 had the care of a fort where the best part of the 
 king's treasure was lodged, was the daughter of 
 a poor old musician. She sung one evening to 
 Mithridates at an entertainment, and he was so 
 much pleased with her that he took her to his 
 bed that night, and sent the old man home in no 
 
 very good humor, because he had taken his 
 daughter without condescending to speak one 
 kind word to him. But when he waked next 
 morning, he saw tables covered with vessels of 
 gold and silver, a great retinue of eunuchs and. 
 pages, who offered him the choice of rich robes,, 
 and before his gate a horse with such magnifi- 
 cent furniture as is provided for those who are 
 called the king's friends. All this he thought 
 nothing but an insult and burlesque upon him, 
 and therefore prepared for flight ; but the ser- 
 vants stopped him, and assured him that the king 
 had given him the house of a rich nobleman 
 lately deceased, and that what he saw was only 
 the first fruits — a small earnest of the fortune 
 he intended him. At last he suffered himself 
 to be persuaded that the scene was not visionary; 
 he put on the purple, and mounted the horse, 
 and, as he rode through the city, cried out, " All 
 this is mine." The inhabitants,of course, laughed 
 at him ; and he told them they should not be 
 surprised at this behavior of his, but rather won- 
 der that he did not throw stones at them. — Plu- 
 tarch's Pompey. 
 
 4§»5. EICHES, Power with. Philip. It is 
 said that having one day consulted the oracle of 
 Delphi, he received the following answer : 
 " Make coin thy weapons, and thou'lt conquer 
 all." 
 
 The advice of the priestess became his rule, and 
 he applied it with great success. He boasted 
 that he had carried more places by money than 
 arms ; that he never forced a gate till after hav- 
 ing attempted to open it with a golden key ; and 
 that he did not think any fortress impregnable 
 into which a muie laden with silver could find 
 entrance. It has been said that he was a mer- 
 chant rather than a conqueror ; that it was not 
 Philip, but his gold, which subdued Greece, and 
 that he bought its cities rather than took them. 
 He had pensioners in all the commonwealths of 
 Greece, and retained those in his pay who had 
 the greatest share in the public affairs. And, 
 indeed, he was less proud of the success of a bat- 
 tle than that of a negotiation, well knowing that 
 neither his generals nor his soldiers could share 
 in the honor of the latter. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 14, § 1. 
 
 4§S6. EICHES slighted. Solon. [He was 
 one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He vis- 
 ited Sardis, and was shown the treasures of Croe- 
 sus — name proverbial for wealth.] When So- 
 lon had seen all, he w^as brought back to the 
 king. Croesus then asked him which of man- 
 kind in all his travels he had found the most tru- 
 ly happy ? " One Tellus," replied Solon, " a cit- 
 izen of Athens, a very honest and good man, 
 who, after having lived all his days without in- 
 digence, having always seen his country in a 
 flourishing condition, has left children that are 
 universally esteemed, has had the satisfaction of 
 seeing those children's children, and at last died 
 gloriously in fighting for his country." — Rol- 
 lin's Hist. , Book 3, ch. 4. 
 
 4887. EICHES, Superseded. Oredans. [The 
 Persians invaded Greece.] While Xerxes was 
 continuing his march, some deserters from Ar- 
 cadia came and joined his army. The king hav- 
 ing asked them what the Grecians were then do- 
 in^, was extremely surpnsed when he was told 
 
580 
 
 RICHES— RIDICULE. 
 
 that they were employed in seeing the games and 
 combats then celebrating at Olympia ; and his 
 •surprise was still increased when he understood 
 that the victor's reward in those engagements 
 was only a crown of olive. " What men must 
 they be," cried one of the Persian nobles, with 
 great wonder and astonishment, " who are influ- 
 enced only by honor, and not by money ?" — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 6, eh. 2, § 7. 
 
 4§§8. RICHES, Tendency of. Degrading. The 
 opulence of Sybaris was soon followed by luxu- 
 ry, and such a dissoluteness of manners as is 
 scarcely credible. The citizens employed them- 
 selves in nothing but banquets, games, shows, 
 parties of pleasure, and carousals. Public re- 
 wards and marks of distinction were bestowed 
 on those who gave the most magnificent enter- 
 tainments ; and even to such cooks as were best 
 skilled in the important art of making new dis- 
 coveries in dressing dishes, and inventing new 
 refinements to please the palate. The Sybarites 
 carried their delicacy and effeminacy to such a 
 height that they carefully removed from their 
 city all such artificers whose work was noisy, 
 and would not suffer any cocks in it, lest their 
 shrill piercing crow should disturb their balmy 
 slumbers. — Rollin's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2, 
 §3. 
 
 4§§9. EICHES, Uncertain. Dionysius. It is 
 certain that Dionysius, who had seen himself 
 master of Syracuse, and of almost all Sicily, who 
 had possessed immense riches, and had had nu- 
 merous fleets and great armies of horse and foot 
 under his command ; that the same Dionysius, 
 reduced novv almost to beggary, and from a king 
 become a schoolmaster, was a good lesson for 
 persons of exalted stations, warning them not to 
 confide in their grandeur, nor to rely too much 
 upon their fortune. — Rollin's Hist., Book 10, 
 ch. 2, § 6. 
 
 4890. BIDICTJLE changed. By Puritans. 
 From the Reformation to the civil war almost 
 every cavalier, gifted with a fine sense of the lu- 
 dicrous, had taken some opportunity of assailing 
 the straight-haired, snuffling, whining saints, 
 who christened their children out of the book of 
 Nehemiah, who groaned in spirit at the sight of 
 Jack in the Green, and who thought it impious to 
 taste plum and porridge on Christmas day. At 
 length a time came when the laughers began to 
 look grave in their turn. The rigid, ungainly 
 zealots, after having furnished much good sport 
 during two generations, rose up in arms, con- 
 quered, ruled, and, grimly smiling, trod down 
 under their feet the whole crowd of mockers. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 371. 
 
 4§91. BIDICULE conquered. Napoleon I. 
 [See No. 5033. His aristocratic school-fellows 
 ridiculed his origin and poverty.] In conse- 
 quence of this state of feeling, he secluded him- 
 self almost entirely from his fellow-students, and 
 buried himself in the midst of his books and 
 maps. While they were wasting their time in 
 dissipation and in frivolous amusements, he con- 
 secrated his days and nights, with untiring assi- 
 duity, to study. He almost immediately elevated 
 himself above his companions, and by his supe- 
 riority commanded their respect. Soon he was 
 regarded as the brightest ornament of the insti- 
 tution. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 4892. EIDICULE cures Cowardice. Arab. 
 [When Mahomet approached Mecca with an ar- 
 my of followers, the inhabitants rose en masse to 
 resist him.j One of the oldest of them having 
 refused to march on accoimt of his corpulence, 
 ' ' Perfume thyself," said his fellow-citizens, " for 
 thou art but a woman." He blushed at the re- 
 proach, and joined the march. —Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 106. 
 
 4893. RIDICULE, Defended by. Cmar. This 
 treason [of Cleopatra] opened Antony's eyes, 
 and made him, when too late, give credit to what 
 his friends had told him of the queen's perfidy. 
 In this extremity he was for signalizing himself 
 by an extraordinary act of valor, capable, in his 
 opinion, of doing him abundance of honor. He 
 sent to challenge Caesar to a single combat. Cae- 
 sar made answer, that if Antony was weary of 
 life, there were other ways to die besides that. — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 24, § 3. 
 
 4894. RIDICULE of Greatness. Julian. As 
 long as the fame of the Emperor Julian was 
 doubtful, the buffoons of the palace, who were 
 skilled in the language of satire, tried the effica- 
 cy of those arts which they had so often prac- 
 tised with success. They easily discovered that 
 his simplicity was not exempt from affectation ; 
 the ridiculous epithets of a hairy savage, of an 
 ape invested with the purple, were applied to the 
 dress and person of the philosophic warrior ; and 
 his modest despatches were stigmatized as the 
 vain and elaborate fictions of a loquacious Greek, 
 a speculative soldier, who had studied the art of 
 war amid the groves of the academy. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 22, p. 370. 
 
 4895. RIDICULE, Public. Reign of James 11. 
 [A period of great agitation for the preservation 
 of the Protestant faith from the aims of a Cath- 
 olic king.] Tyrconnel [lord-lieut. of Ireland] had 
 transmitted for the royal approbation the heads 
 of a bill repealing the law by which half the 
 soil of Ireland was held, and he had sent to 
 Westminster, as his agents, two of his Roman 
 Catholic countrymen who had lately been raised 
 to high judicial office : Nugent, chief justice of 
 the Irish Court of King's Bench, a personification 
 of all the vices and weaknesses which the Eng- 
 lish then imagined to be characteristic of the Po- 
 pish Celt ; and Rice, a baron of the Irish Ex- 
 chequer, who, in abilities and attainments, was 
 perhaps the foremost man of his race and relig- 
 ion. The object of the mission was well known; 
 and the two judges could not venture to show 
 themselves in the streets. If ever they were rec- 
 ognized, the rabble shouted, " Room for the Irish 
 ambassadors ;" and their coach was escorted with 
 mock solemnity by a train of ushers and harbin- 
 gers bearing sticks with potatoes stuck on the 
 points. So strong and general, indeed, was at 
 that time the aversion of the English to the Irish, 
 that the most distinguished Roman Catholics par 
 took of it. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 396. 
 
 4896. RIDICULE punished. Of Religion. [When 
 Methodism was first introduced into Reading, 
 Penn.,] there was a shop in the neighborliood of 
 the school-house where some young men used 
 to meet together. One of the company under- . 
 took to mimic the Methodists. He went on to 
 show how they acted in their meetings. He 
 shouted, clapped his hands, and then he would 
 show how they fell down. He then threw him 
 
RIDICULE— RIGHT. 
 
 581 
 
 self down on the floor, and lay there as if asleep. 
 His companions enjoyed the sport ; but after he 
 had lain for some time they wondered why he 
 did not get up. They shook him in order to 
 awake him. They saw he did not breathe ; they 
 turned pale , they sent for a physician, who ex- 
 amined the man and pronounced him dead. This 
 awful incident stopped ridicule and persecution. 
 —Stevens' M. E. Church, vol. 3, p. 429. 
 
 4§9r. EIDICULE, Reformation by. Laws. Al- 
 cibiades and Nicias, who were persons of the 
 greatest interest in Athens, had each his party ; 
 but perceiving that the people were going to 
 proceed to the Ostracism, and that one of them 
 was likely to suffer by it, they consulted together, 
 and joining interests, caused it to fall upon Hy- 
 perbolus [who was a mean wretch]. Hereupon 
 the people, full of indignation at finding this 
 kind of punishment dishonored and turned into 
 ridicule, abolished it entirely. — Plutarch's 
 Aristiues. 
 
 4§98. RIDICULE, Revolution by. Welsh. The 
 Barons of Snowdon, with other noblemen of the 
 most considerable families in Wales, had attend- 
 ed Llewellyn [Prince of Wales] to London, when 
 he came thither at Christmas, A. D. 1377, to do 
 homage to King Edward. , . . Their large ret- 
 inues were quartered in Islington and the neigh- 
 boring villages. These places did not afford 
 milk enough for such numerous trains ; they 
 liked neither wine nor the ale of London, and 
 though plentifully entertained, were much dis- 
 pleased at a new manner of living which did not 
 suit their taste, nor perhaps their constitutions. 
 They were still more offended at the crowds of 
 people that flocked about them when they stirred 
 abroad, staring at them, as if they had been 
 monsters, and laughing at their uncouth garb and 
 appearance. They were so enraged on this oc- 
 casion, that they engaged privately in an associa- 
 tion to rebel on the first opportunity, and resolved 
 to die in their own country rather than ever 
 come again to London, as subjects, to be held in 
 such derision ; and when they returned home 
 they communicated their resentments to their 
 compatriots, who made it the common cause of 
 their country.— Knight's Eng., vol. 1, eh. 25, 
 p. 384. 
 
 4899. RIDICULE, Unconscious of. George III. 
 On the 9th of January, 1770, the Parliament was 
 opened by the king [George III.]. With a sin- 
 gular want of perception of the ridiculous, the 
 first words of the royal speech were these : " My 
 lords and gentlemen, it is with much concern 
 that I find myself obliged to open the session of 
 Parliament with acquainting you that the dis- 
 temper among the homed cattle has lately broke 
 out in this kingdom. -'—Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 19, p. 300. 
 
 4900. RIDICULE, Unfelt. Diogenes. Diog- 
 enes, the philosopher, when one said, "They 
 deride you," answered well, "But I am not de- 
 rided," accounting those only to be ridiculed 
 who feel the ridicule and are discomposed at it. 
 —Plutarch's Fabius Maximus. 
 
 4901. RIDICULE, Warning in. Wfiitefield. In 
 the days of Whitefleld, Thorpe, one of his most 
 violent opponents, and three others, laid a wager 
 who could best imitate and ridicule Whitefield's 
 preaching. Each was to open the Bible at ran- 
 
 dom, and preach an extempore sermon from tha 
 first verse that presented itself. Thorpe's three 
 competitors each went through the game with 
 impious buffoonery. Then, stepping upon the 
 table, Thorpe exclaimed, " I shall beat you all!"" 
 They gave him the Bible, and, by God's inscru- 
 table providence, his eye fell first upon this 
 verse, "Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise- 
 perish." He read the words, but the sword of 
 the Spirit went through his soul in a moment, 
 and he preached as one who scarce knew what 
 he said. The hand of God laid hold upon him, 
 and, intending to mock, he could only fear and 
 tremble. When he descended from the table, a 
 profound silence reigned in the company and. 
 not one word was said concerning the wager. 
 Thorpe instantly withdrew, and after a season 
 of the deepest distress passed into the full light 
 of the Gospel, and became a most successful 
 preacher of its grace. 
 
 4902. RIGHT of Might. English Earls. [Ed- 
 ward I. attempted to limit the independence of 
 the old barons.] Immediately after his landing 
 he appoipted a commission of inquiry into the 
 judicial franchises then existmg, and on its re- 
 port (of which the existing " Hundred-Rolls" are 
 the result) itinerant justices were sent, in 1278, to 
 discover by what right these franchises were 
 held. The writs of quo warranto were roughly 
 met here and there. Earl Warenne bared a rusty 
 sword, and flung it on the justices' table. ' ' This, 
 sirs," he said, "is my warrant. By the sword 
 our fathers won their lands when they came over 
 with the Conqueror, and by the sword we will 
 keep them." — Hist, of Eng. People, §263. 
 
 4903. . William III. On the open- 
 ing of the contest with France, William III. 
 . . . was false to the principle of liberty of the 
 seas, — prohibiting all commerce with France 
 — and to the protest of Holland gave no other 
 reply than that it was his will, and that he had 
 power to make it good. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 4904. . Triiimph of the Indepen- 
 dents. To save its party from an entire defeat, 
 the army interposed, and "purged" the House 
 of Commons. "Hear us, said the excluded 
 members to Colonel Pride, who expelled them. 
 " I cannot spare time," replied the soldier. " By 
 what right are we arrested?" demanded they 
 of the extravagant Hugh Peters. ' ' By the right 
 of the sword, " answered the late envoy from Maa- 
 sachusetts. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 4905. RIGHT by Precedent. Napoleon I. a.d. 
 1803. [The British suddenly attacked all French, 
 vessels of every kind, without previous declara- 
 tion of war, and made prisoners of seamen. TLes 
 First Consul retaliated by suddenly imprisoning 
 all Englishmen in France.] The cabinet of St- 
 James remonstrated energetically against Napo* 
 leon's capture of peaceful travellers upon the 
 land. Napoleon replied, "You have seized un- 
 suspecting voyagers upon the sea. " Engmnd re- 
 joined, " It is customary to capture everything: 
 upon the ocean belonging to the enemy, and 
 therefore it is right." Napoleon answered, " I 
 will make it customary to do the same thing 
 upon the land, and then that will also be righL." 
 —Abbott's Napoleon B., val, 1, eh, 26. 
 
583 
 
 RIGHT— RIOT. 
 
 4906. RIGHT and Wrong. Boundaries. A 
 good action is not distinguished from a bad ac- 
 tion by marks so plain as those which distinguish 
 a hexagon from a square. There is a frontier 
 where virtue and vice fade into each otlier. Who 
 has ever been able to define the exact boundary 
 between courage and rashness, between pru- 
 dence and cowardice, between frugality and 
 avarice, between liberality and prodigality ? 
 Who has ever been able to say how far mercy 
 to offenders ought to be carried, and where it 
 ceases to deserve the name of mercy and becomes 
 a pernicious weakness ? What casuist, what law- 
 giver, has ever been able nicely to mark the limits 
 of the right of self-defence ? All our jurists hold 
 that a certain quantity of risk to life or limb 
 justifies a man in shooting or stabbing an assail- 
 ant ; but they have long given up in despair the 
 attempt to describe, in precise words, that quan- 
 tity of risk. — Macauj.ay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 368. 
 
 4907. EIGHTS asserted. Captain William 
 Wadsworth. a. d. 1693. [Fletcher, by royal com- 
 mission, assumed to command Connecticut train- 
 bands. The colonists claimed command of their 
 own militia.] Hartford was . . . a community of 
 farmers, the unmixed progeny of Puritans. 
 William Wadsworth, the senior captain of the 
 town [was exercising his men]. Fletcher ad- 
 vances, to assume command, ordering Bayard, of 
 l^ew York, to read his commission and the roy- 
 al instructions. It is the fortune of our Amer- 
 ica, that if, at any moment, the happiness of a 
 state depended on the will of one man, that man 
 was true to his duty. At the order of Captain 
 Wadsworth the drums began to roll, . . . The 
 petulant Fletcher commanded silence. "I will 
 not" — such had been his words to the Governor 
 of Connecticut — " I will not set my foot out of 
 this colony till I have seen his Majesty's commis- 
 sion obeyed." And Bayard . . . once more be- 
 gan to read. "Drum, drum, I say!" shouted 
 Wadsworth, adding, as he turned to the gover- 
 nor of New York, " if I am interrupted again, 
 I will make the sun shine through you in a 
 moment." [Governor Fletcher retired.] — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 8, ch. 19. 
 
 4908. RIGHTS ignored. JSyi2w?er. Charles II. 
 jseemed to regard the British Empire as personal 
 property, to be used for the benefit of himself and 
 his courtiers. In order to reward the worthless 
 profligates who thronged his court, he began to 
 grant to them large tracts of land in Virginia. 
 What did it matter that these lands had been re- 
 deemed from the wilderness and were covered 
 with orchards and gardens ? It was no uncom- 
 mon thing for an American planter to find that 
 his farm, which had been cultivated for a quar- 
 ter of a century, was given away to some disso- 
 lute flatterer of the royal household. Great dis- 
 tress was occasioned by these iniquitous grants, 
 until finally, in 1673, the king set a limit to his 
 own recklessness by giving away the whole State. 
 Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, two 
 ignoble noblemen, received under the great seal 
 a deed by which was granted to them for thirty- 
 one years all the dominion of land and water 
 oalled Virginia. — Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 12, p. 11. 
 
 4909. RIGHTS, Importance of. "Squatter 
 Sovereignty." In January of 1854 Senator Ste- 
 phen A. Douglas, of Illinois, brought before 
 the Senate of the United States a proposition to 
 
 organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. 
 In the bill reported for this purpose a clause was 
 inserted providing that the people of the two 
 territories, in forming their constitutions, should 
 decide fm' themselves whether the new States 
 should be free or slave-holding. This was a vir- 
 tual repeal of the Missouri Compromise ; for both 
 the new territories lay north of the parallel of 
 36° 35'. Thus by a single stroke the old settle- 
 ment of the slavery-question was to be undone. 
 From January till May Mr. Douglas' report,, 
 known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, was de- 
 bated in Congress. All the bitter sectional an<» 
 tagonisms of the past were aroused in full force. 
 The bill was violently opposed by a majority 
 of the representatives from the East and North ; 
 but the minority, uniting with the Congressmen 
 of the South, enabled Douglas to carry his 
 measure through Congress, and in May of 1864 
 the bill received the sanction of the President. 
 Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 59, p. 472. 
 
 4910. RIGHTS, Maintenance of. By Exercise^ 
 [When the British Parliament repealed the 
 Stamp Act and withdrew all the taxes except 
 3d. on each pound of tea, the tea duties were re- 
 tained] upon the principle that there must al- 
 ways be one tax to keep up the right. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 20, p. 310. 
 
 49 1 1 . RIGHTS, Petition of. Reign of Charles I. 
 [The last Parliament but one before the Revolu- 
 tion.] There were, to our minds, some extraor- 
 dinary subjects of debate, especially on the 
 king's claim to commit without cause shown or 
 the face of the warrant. "The greatest ques- 
 tion," exclaimed Pym, "that ever was .in this 
 place or elsewhere !" Selden and Coke both 
 spoke upon it. " What," answered Coke, " shall 
 I accept such law ? Shall I have a state of in- 
 heritance for life, or for years, in my land, and 
 shall I be a tenant at will, for my liberty ! 
 freeman to be a tenant at will for his freedom t 
 There is no such tenure in all Littleton." We 
 follow with earnest interest those discussions in 
 which Elliot took so great and prominent a part, 
 out of which came into existence the immortal 
 Petition of Rights. These are great debates ; 
 greater debates are not recorded in history. 
 "Magna Charta is such a fellow," said Coke, 
 "he will have no sovereign." The great char- 
 ter of the people's liberties was upheld and 
 strengthened by the Petition of Rights. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 72. 
 
 4912. RIGHTS, Sentimental. Political. By 
 an apparent contradiction not difl3cult to recon- 
 cile, many of those who fought bravely for the 
 right of the abolitionists to be heard in Congres 
 by petition were yet enraged with them for con- 
 tinually, and, as they thought, causelessly rais- 
 ing and pressing the issue. They were willing 
 to fight for the right of the abolitionists to do a 
 certain thing, and then willing to fight the abol- 
 itionists for aimlessly and uselessly doing it. 
 The men who were governed by these complex 
 motives were chiefly Whigs. — Blaine's Twenty 
 Years op Congress, vol. 1, p. 24. 
 
 4913. RIOT, Night of. Flight of James II. 
 [William, Prince of Orange, with an army of in- 
 vasion and an English army of welcome, was 
 drawing near to London.] When the night — the 
 longest night, as it chanced, of the year—ap- 
 proached, forth came from every den of vice,. 
 
RISING— RIVALRY. 
 
 683 
 
 from the bear-garden at Hockley, and from the 
 labyrinth of tippling-houses and brothels in the 
 Friars, thousands of housebreakers and high- 
 waymen, cut-purses and ring-droppers. With 
 these were mingled thousands of idle appren- 
 tices, who wished merely for the excitement of 
 a riot. Even men of peaceable and honest hab- 
 its were impelled by religious animosity to join 
 the lawless part of the population ; for the cry 
 of No Popery — a cry which has more than once 
 endangered the existence of London — was the 
 signal for outrage and rapine. First the rabble 
 fell on the Roman Catholic places of worship. 
 The buildings were demolished. Benches, pul- 
 pits, confessionals, breviaries, were heaped up 
 and set on fire. A great mountain of books and 
 furniture blazed on the site of the convent at 
 Clerkenwell. Another pile was kindled before 
 the ruins of the Franciscan house in Lincoln's 
 Inn Fields. The chapel in Lyme Street, the 
 chapel in Bucklersbury , were pulled down. The 
 pictures, images, and crucifixes were carried 
 along the streets in triumph, amid lighted tapers 
 torn from the altars. The procession bristled 
 thick with swords and staves, and on the point 
 of every sword and of every staff was an orange. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 514. 
 
 4014. RISING, Early. Washington. During 
 the whole of both his public and private life he 
 was a very early riser. . . . Whether as chief 
 magistrate or the retired citizen, we find this 
 man of method and labor seated in his library 
 from one to two hours before day in winter and 
 at daybreak in summer. — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 4915. RITUALISM rejected. Catliolic. Many 
 felt a strong repugnance even to things indiffer- 
 ent which had formed part of the polity or ritu- 
 al of the mystical Babylon. Thus Bishop Hoo- 
 per, who died manfully at Gloucester for his re- 
 ligion, long refused to wear the episcopal vest- 
 ments. Bishop Ridley, a martyr of still greater 
 renown, pulled down the ancient altars of his 
 diocese, and ordered the Eucharist to be ad- 
 ministered in the middle of churclies, at tables 
 which the papists irreverently termed oyster- 
 boards. Bishop Jewel pronounced the clerical 
 garb to be a stage dress, a fool's coat, a relic of 
 the Amorites, and promised that he would spare 
 no labor to extirpate such degrading absurdities. 
 Archbishop Grindal long hesitated about accept- 
 ing a mitre from dislike of what he regarded as 
 the mummery of consecration. Bishop Park- 
 hurst uttered a fervent prayer that the Church 
 of England would propose to herself the Church 
 of Zurich as the absolute pattern of a Christian 
 community. Bishop Ponet wa« of opinion that 
 the word bishop should be abandoned to the 
 papists, and that the chief officers of the purified 
 Church should be called superintendents. None 
 of these prelates belonged to the extreme section 
 of the Protestant party. — Mac aul ay's Eng., 
 ch. 1, p. 47. 
 
 4916. RIVAL, A successful. Mary Queen of 
 Scots. Mary had, after a few days of marriage, 
 abandoned her transient fondness for the youth 
 she imagined she had loved, conceived a cool- 
 ness for Darnley [her husband], and became 
 again prodigal of everything toward Rizzio [an 
 Italian musician and courtier], on whom she lav- 
 ished power and honors, violating the almost 
 
 sacred etiquette of the times by admitting him to 
 her table in her private apartments, and sup- 
 pressing the name of the king in public papers, 
 substituted that of Rizzio. Scotland found she 
 had two kings, or, rather, the nominal king dis- 
 appeared to give place to the favorite. — Lamar- 
 tine's Queen of Scots, p. 19. 
 
 4917. RIVAL, An unsuspected. Brother. A 
 beautiful female, a matron in rank, a prostitute 
 in manners, had instructed the younger Andron- 
 icus [son of the Greek Emperor Andronicus] in 
 the rudiments of love ; but he had reason to sus- 
 pect the nocturnal visits of a rival ; and a stran- 
 ger passing through the street was pierced by the 
 arrows of his guards, who were placed in ambush 
 at her door. That stranger was his brother. 
 Prince Manuel, who languished and died of his 
 wound; and the Emperor Michael, their common 
 father, whose health was in a declining state, ex- 
 pired on the eighth day, lamenting the loss of 
 both his children. However guiltless in his in- 
 tention, the younger Andronicus might impute 
 a brother's and a father's death to the conse- 
 quence of his own vices ; and deep was the sigh 
 of thinking and feeling men when they per- 
 ceived, instead of sorrow and repentance, his 
 ill-dissembled joy on the removal of two odious 
 competitors. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63, p. 177. 
 
 49 1§. RIVALRY, Business. Fulton's First 
 Steamboat. The Clermont was immediately put 
 upon the river as a packet-boat, and plied be- 
 tween New York and Albany until the close of 
 navigation, being always crowded with passen- 
 gers. Enlarged during the winter, she resumed 
 her trips in the spring of 1808, and continued to 
 run with great success, and with profit to her 
 owners. It was long, however, before the river 
 boatmen were disposed to tolerate this new and 
 terrible rival. At first, it is said, they fled in 
 affright from the vicinity of the monster, fear- 
 ing to be set on fire or run down by her. After- 
 ward, regaining their courage, they made so 
 many attempts to destroy her that the Legisla- 
 ture of the State passed a special act for her pro- 
 tection. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 159. 
 
 4919. RIVALRY an Obstacle. Politics. [Dur- 
 ing the invasion of England by the Dutch, led 
 by William, Prince of Orange,] a considerable 
 number of peers . . . came, with Sancroft at 
 their head, to present a petition, praying that a 
 free and legal Parliament might be called, and 
 that a negotiation might be opened with the 
 Prince of Orange. . . . Unexpected difficulties 
 arose. Halifax became first cold and then ad- 
 verse. It was his nature to discover objections 
 to everything ; and on this occasion his sagacity 
 was quickened by rivalry. The scheme, which 
 he had approved while he regarded it as his 
 own, began to displease him as soon as he found 
 that it was also the scheme of Rochester, by 
 whom he had been long thwarted and at length 
 supplanted, and whom he disliked as much as 
 it was in his easy nature to dislike anybody. 
 Nottingham was at that time much under the 
 influence of Halifax. They both declared that 
 they would not join in the address if Rochester 
 signed it. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 465. 
 
 4920. RIVALRY, Talent vs. Money. Borne. At 
 the time when Pompey returned from his Asiat- 
 ic expedition, Caesar held the olflce of praetor. 
 The ambitious spirit of Pompey could brook 
 
584 
 
 ROADS— ROBBERY. 
 
 neither a superior nor an equal. Crassus, a man 
 of mean talents, but of a restless and ambitious 
 spirit, had, by means of his enormous wealth, 
 gained a very considerable party to his interest ; 
 for money at Rome could always insure popular- 
 ity, and thus render even the weakest of men for- 
 midable to the liberties of their country. Thus, 
 with the greatest inequality of talents, Pompey 
 and Crassus were rivals in the path of ambition ; 
 and Caesar, who at this time aspired to the consul- 
 ate, and was well aware that, by courting exclu- 
 sively either of the rivals, he infallibly made the 
 other his enemy, showed the reach of his politi- 
 cal genius by artfully effecting a reconciliation 
 between them, and thus securing the friendship 
 of both. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 1, p. 400. 
 
 4921. BO ADS, Improvement of. Beign of 
 Charles II, It was only in fine weather that the 
 whole breadth of the road was available for 
 wheeled vehicles. Often the mud lay deep on the 
 right and the left, and only a narrow track of firm 
 ground rose above the quagmire. At such time 
 obstructions and quarrels were frequent, and the 
 path was sometimes blocked up during a long 
 time by carriers, neither of Avhom would break 
 the way. It happfened, almost every day, that 
 coaches stuck fast, until a team of cattle could 
 be procured from some neighboring farm to 
 tug them out of the slough. But in bad seasons 
 the traveller had to encounter inconveniences 
 still more serious. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 347. 
 
 4922. BOBBER, An honored. Jermack the 
 Cossack. About the end of the sixteenth century 
 a Cossack chief of the name of Jermack, who 
 followed the profession of a robber, and was the 
 leader of a gang of banditti, was the means of 
 adding to the Russian empire all that immense 
 tract of country known by the name of Siberia. 
 He had long infested the Russian borders by his 
 depredations, till at last, being taken prisoner 
 with the greatest part of his followers, and con- 
 demned to suffer death, he threw himself upon 
 the clemency of the czar, and offered, on condi- 
 tion of receiving a pardon, to point out an easy 
 conquest of an immense extent of empire un- 
 known to the Russians. His offer Avas accepted, 
 the czar approved of the expedition, and Jer- 
 mack set out as the general of a regular army for 
 the conquest of Siberia, then in the hands of the 
 Tartars. This expedition was attended with all 
 the success that could be wished. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, p. 473. 
 
 4923. BOBBEBS, Honored. Beign of Charles 
 IL It is related how Claude Duval, the French 
 page of the Duke of Richmond, took to the road, 
 became captain of a formidable gang, and had 
 the honor to be named first in the royal procla- 
 mation against notorious offenders ; how, at the 
 head of his troop, he stopped a lady's coach, in 
 which there was a booty of four hundred pounds ; 
 how he took only one hundred, and suffered the 
 fair owner to ransom the rest by dancing a co- 
 ranto with him on the heath ; how his vivacious 
 gallantry stole away the hearts of all women ; 
 how his dexterity at sword and pistol made him 
 a terror to all men ; how, at length, in the year 
 1670, he was seized when overcome by wine ; 
 how dames of high rank visited him in prison, 
 and with tears interceded for his life ; how the 
 king would have granted a pardon but for the 
 
 interference of Judge Morton, the terror of kigh. 
 waymen, who threatened to resign his office un. 
 less the law was carried into full effect ; and how, 
 after the execution, the corpse lay in state with 
 all the pomp of scutcheons, waxlights, black- 
 hangings, . . . till the same cruel judge who 
 had intercepted the mercy of the crown sent 
 officers to intercept the obsequies. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 2, p. 356. 
 
 4924. BOBBEBS, Hunting. Blood-hounds. The 
 parishes were required to keep blood-hounds 
 for the purpose of hunting the freebooters. 
 Many old men who were living in the middle of 
 the eighteenth century could well remember the 
 time when those ferocious dogs were common ; 
 yet, even with such auxiliaries, it was found im- 
 possible to track the robbers to their retreats 
 among the hills and morasses, for the geography 
 of that wild country was very imperfectly 
 known. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 365. 
 
 4925. BOBBEBS, Success of. Beign of Charle* 
 II. The public authorities seem to have been 
 often at a loss how to deal with these enterpris- 
 ing plunderers. At one time it was announced 
 in the Gazette that several persons who were 
 strongly suspected of being highwaymen, but 
 against whom there was not sufficient evidence, 
 would be paraded at Newgate in riding-dresses ; 
 their horses would also be shown ; and all gentle- 
 men who had been robbed were invited to inspect 
 this singular exhibition. On another occasion 
 a pardon was publicly offered to a robber if he 
 would give up some rough diamonds, of immense 
 value, which he had taken when he stopped the 
 Harwich mail. A short time after appeared 
 another proclamation, warning the inn-keepers 
 that the eye of the government was upon them. 
 Their criminal connivance, it was affirmed, ena- 
 bled banditti to infest the roads with impunity. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 355. 
 
 4926. BOBBEBY excused. Arabs. The sepa- 
 ration of the Arabs from the rest of mankind 
 has accustomed them to confound the ideas of 
 stranger and enemy ; and the poverty of the land 
 has introduced a maxim of jurisprudence which 
 they believe and practise to the present hour. 
 They pretend that, in the division of the earth, 
 the rich and fertile climates were assigned to the 
 other branches of the human family ; and that 
 the posterity of the outlaw Ishmael might re- 
 cover, by fraud or force, the portion of inheri- 
 tance of which he had been unjustly deprived. 
 According to the remark of Pliny, the Arabian 
 tribes are equally addicted to theft and merchan- 
 dise ; the caravans that traverse the desert are 
 ransomed or pillaged ; and their neighbors, 
 since the remote times of Job and Sesostris, have 
 been the victims of their rapacious spirit. If a 
 Bedoween discovers from afar a solitary travel- 
 ler, he rides furiously against him, crying, with 
 a loud voice, 'Undress thyself, thy aunt {my 
 wife) is without a garment. " A ready submission 
 entitles him to mercy ; resistance will provoke 
 the aggressor. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 87. 
 
 4927. BOBBEBY, Boyal. Henry III The 
 king rose above the meanness of the beggar [at 
 times], to do the more legitimate work of the 
 robber. **He seized by force on whatever was 
 used in the way of meat and drink — especially 
 wine, and even clothes — against the will of those 
 
ROMANCE— ROMANISM. 
 
 585 
 
 who sold these things." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 24, p. 367 
 
 492S. ROMANCE, Origin of. Roman Lan- 
 guage. We have seen how prodigious was the 
 waste of blood in those expeditions [the Cru- 
 sades], and how few returned to their countries 
 of those immense swarms which poured into the 
 East. But those few who did return found in 
 the admiration and applause of their country- 
 men a high reward for their labors ; their praises 
 were sung by bards and minstrels, and their ex- 
 ploits recorded in a species of composition un- 
 known till this time, the celebrated old Ro- 
 mances. This species of composition was so 
 named from the Romance language, in which 
 the first of these works were composed. Latin 
 was the vulgar tongue in France till the begin- 
 ning of the ninth century ; then arose a mixed 
 dialect between the Latin and the Frank tongues, 
 which was termed Romance, and which in proc- 
 ess of time is now matured into the French lan- 
 guage. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 10, p. 168. 
 
 4929. EOMANISM, Civil Assamption of. Paul 
 IV. [In 1558 Elizabeth, Queen of England, des- 
 patched messengers, according to the custom of 
 sovereign princes, to the various European 
 courts, announcing her succession.] The arro- 
 gant Paul IV. replied to Elizabeth's messenger 
 that it was great boldness in. her to assume the 
 crown without his consent, and that she must 
 submit all her claims to hi#decision. [See No. 
 4939.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 8, p. 108. 
 
 4930. E0MANIS3I, Deliverance from. Prayer. 
 [The church service book of Edward VI. con- 
 tained a passage praying for deliverance] from 
 the Bishop of Rome and all his detestable enor- 
 mities. — Knight's Eng , vol. 3. ch. 8, p. 114. 
 
 4931. ROMANISM, Display of. Priests. When 
 Prince Charles was married to Henrietta Maria 
 of France she brought with her to England 
 twenty-nine priests in her train. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 25, p. 388. 
 
 4932. ROMANISM, Hatred of. Reign of Charles 
 II. That hatred had become one of the ruling 
 passions of the community, and was as strong in 
 the ignorant and profane as in those who were 
 Protestants from conviction. The cruelties of 
 Mary's reign — cruelties which, even in the most 
 accurate and sober narrative, excite just detesta- 
 tion, and which were neither accurately nor 
 soberly related in the popular martyrologies — 
 the conspiracies against Elizabeth, and, above all, 
 the Gunpowder Plot, had left in the minds of 
 the vulgar a deep and bitter feeling, which was 
 kept up by annual commemorations, prayers, 
 bonfires, and processions. It should be added 
 that those classes which were peculiarly distin- 
 guished by attachment to the throne, the clergy 
 and the landed gentry, had peculiar reasons for 
 regarding the Church of Rome with aversion. 
 The clergy trembled for their benefices, the land- 
 ed gentry for their abbeys and great tithes. — 
 Macaulay's Eng.. ch. 2, p. 216. 
 
 4933. ROMANISM insulted. Reign of James 
 II. [After the acquittal of the seven Protestant 
 Bishops. See No. 3031.] A figure made of wax 
 with some skill, and adorned at no small expense 
 with robes and a tiara, was mounted on a chair 
 resembling that in which the bishops of Rome 
 are stilL on some great festivals, borne through 
 
 Saint Peter's Church to the high altar. His 
 holiness was generally accompanied by a train 
 of cardinals and Jesuits. At his ear stood a 
 buffoon disguised as a devil with horns and 
 tail. No rich or zealous Protestant grudged his 
 guinea on such an occasion, and, if rumor could 
 be trusted, the cost of the procession was some- 
 times not less than a thousand pounds. After 
 the pope had been borne some time in state over 
 the heads of the multitude, he was committed to 
 the flames with great acclamation. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 8, p. 359. 
 
 4934. ROMANISM against Liberty. Magna 
 Gharta. John was compelled to yield to their 
 demands ; and on the 15th day of June, 1215, 
 signed, at Runny mead, the ever memorable 
 Magna Charta, the foundation and bulwark of 
 English liberty. But the ink was scarcely dry 
 when the tyrant complained bitterly to the pope 
 of the violence to which he had been subjected, 
 and besought his interference. Innocent [HI.], 
 in his capacity of suzerain of England, issued 
 a bull, declaring the charter illegal, null and 
 void, and forbade the king to permit and the 
 barons to demand the observance of its provi- 
 sions, under pain of excommunication. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 8, § 15. 
 
 4935. . Magna Charta. [In 1215 
 
 Pope Innocent III. undertook to assist King 
 John against his barons, who demanded and ob- 
 tained the Magna Charta ; he excommunicated 
 them, and further proceeded by] annulling the 
 charter. England said the insolent mandate 
 had become a fief of the holy see, and the King 
 of England had no right to surrender the privi- 
 leges of the crown without the consent of his 
 feudal superior. [See No. 4942.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 353. 
 
 4936. ROMANISM, Oppression of. T7ie Poor. 
 On every side were the evidences of the vast en- 
 dowments of the English Church — splendid ca- 
 thedrals, rich abbeys, shrines of inestimable 
 value, bishops and abbots surrounded with bar- 
 onial splendor, ample provision for the working 
 clergy. And yet all the wealth of this church, 
 acknowledged to be greater than that of any 
 other church in Christendom, could not protect 
 the people from the irritating demands which 
 were generally made at the season of family 
 affliction, and pressed too often upon the widow 
 and the fatherless. The chronicler, reciting 
 this grievance, says : " For the children of the 
 defunct should all die for hunger, and go a beg- 
 ging, rather than they would of charity give to 
 them the sely cow which the dead man ought 
 [owned], if had only one." [The taking of mor- 
 tuaries, or corpse presents, was a species of exac- 
 tion which fastened upon the dead with the 
 rapacity of the vulture, and reached even the 
 humblest in the land.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 20, p. 325. 
 
 4937. ROMANISM patronized. By James II. 
 The bishop of London was suspended from his 
 ecclesiastical function for refusing to censure a 
 clergyman who had preached against the doc- 
 trines of the Church of Rome. Six other bishops, 
 having refused to publish the king's equally 
 fraudulent as illegal declaration for liberty of con- 
 science, were immediately committed to prison. 
 James sent an ambassador to the pope, though all 
 
586 
 
 ROMANISM— ROMANISTS. 
 
 correspondence with Rome was by law treason- 
 able, and he received the pope's nuncio in Lon- 
 don, who published pastoral injunctions, and 
 consecrated several Romish bishops. A catholic 
 president was appointed by the king to Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, and on its refusal to admit 
 him, the whole members were expelled except 
 two who complied. In short, the king's inten- 
 tions were not at all disguised ; and the Roman 
 Catholics began openly to boast that a very little 
 time would see their religion fully established. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 30, p. 425. 
 
 493§. EOMANISM, Belief in. Sarmiel John- 
 son. On the Roman Catholic religion he said : 
 " If you join the Papists externally they will not 
 interrogate you strictly as to your belief in their 
 tenets. No reasoning Papist believes every 
 article of their faith. There is one side on 
 which a good man might be persuaded to em- 
 brace it. A good man of a timorous disposition 
 in great doubt of his acceptance with God, and 
 pretty credulous, may be glad to be of a church 
 where there are so many helps to get to heaven. 
 I would be a Papist if I could. I have fear 
 enough ; but an obstinate rationality prevents 
 me. I shall never be a Papist, unless on the 
 near approach of death, of which I have a very 
 
 freat terror. I wonder that women are not all 
 'apists." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 521. 
 
 4939. EOMANISM and the State. Sixius V. 
 [In 1588,] Pope Sixtus V. made a solemn treaty 
 with Philip II. [of Spain], and promised him 
 an enormous subsidy, to be paid when he had 
 taken any English port. The warlike pontiff 
 was equally ready with his spiritual weapons. 
 He published a new bull of excommunication 
 against Elizabeth, and called all Catholics to a 
 crusade against England, as for a holy war 
 against the Infidel. They came from all lands 
 where the doctrines of the Reformation had 
 never taken root, or had been extirpated — they 
 came, needy adventurers with high-sounding 
 names, ready to fight for the true faith, and to 
 have each a dainty plot of the English garden. 
 They thought less of the plenary indulgences 
 promised for their voluntary service than of the 
 stores of wealth that would reward their valor, 
 when the Jezebel, the accursed queen, should be 
 hurled from her throne, and the pope should 
 have bestowed her crown upon Philip or his 
 nominee. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 14, p. 217. 
 [See Cause, at No. 4929,] 
 
 4940. . Boniface VIII., in August, 
 
 1296, issued his famous bull " Clericis laicos" 
 by which the clergy were forbidden to furnish 
 princes with subeidies or any kind of pecuniary 
 contribution without the permission of the Holy 
 See, and any layman of whatever rank, demand- 
 ing or accepting such payment, was ipso facto 
 excommunicated. — Students' France, ch. 9, 
 §16. 
 
 4941. . Super-Sovereign. [Inno- 
 cent III.] assumed the regency of Sicily during 
 a minority. He decided between rival claim- 
 ants to the impeiial crown of Germany, first set- 
 ting up one prince and then deposing him. He 
 excommunicated Philip [II.] of France for an 
 unlawful marriage, and compelled him to take 
 back his repudiated wife. — Knight's Eng,, 
 vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 337. 
 
 4942. . Innocent III. [In 1208 
 
 Innocent III, interdicted all the churches of 
 England, King John did not yield, and in 1813 
 he was excommunicated. Innocent proceeded,] 
 absolving his vassals from their fealty, exhort- 
 ing all Christian princes and barons to assist in 
 dethroning him, and excommunicating those 
 who held any intercourse with him. . . . 
 All the ordinary operations of law were sus- 
 pended. There was impunity for crime. There 
 was no safety for property. [See No. 4935.] — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 341. 
 
 4943. ROMANISM vs. the State. Innocent 
 III. [Innocent III. was pope in 1207 ; he was 
 not satisfied with spiritual power,] unless he 
 could render that power an instrument for the 
 subjugation of every European state to a humil- 
 iating subserviency. This principle, as express- 
 ed by himself in a memorable letter, was that 
 "as God created two luminaries, one superior 
 for the day, and the other inferior for the night, 
 which last owes its splendor entirely to the first, 
 so he has disposed that the regal dignity should 
 be but a reflection of the papal authority, and 
 entirely subordinate to it," — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 337. 
 
 4944. . England. [In 1142] Mi- 
 
 lo, Earl of Hereford, has demanded money 
 of the Bishop of Hereford to pay his troops. 
 The bishop refuse^ and Milo then seizes his 
 lands and goods. "Me bishop then pronounces 
 sentence of excommunication against Milo and 
 his adherents, and lays an interdict upon the 
 whole countrj' subject to the earl's authority. 
 We might hastily think that the solemn curse 
 pronounced against " a nation, or a district, was 
 an unmeaning ceremony, with its " bell, bock, 
 and candle," to terrify only the weak-minded. 
 It was one of the most outrageous of the nu- 
 merous ecclesiastical tyrannies. . . . Under an 
 interdict, all churches were shut. No knell was 
 tolled, for the dead, for the dead remained un- 
 buried. No merry peals welcomed the bridal 
 Drocessions, for no couple could be joined in 
 wedlock. The awe-stricken mother might have 
 her infant baptized, and the dying might receive 
 extreme unction. But all public offices of the 
 church were suspended. The whole kingdom 
 was placed by the pope under edict [in 1208].— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 18, p. 267. 
 
 4945. . Assumption. Dr. Lingard 
 
 explains how the popes came to assume the power 
 of deposing kings. They were at first contented 
 with spiritual censures ; but when all notions of 
 justice came to be modelled upon the feudal prin- 
 ciples, it was maintained that sovereigns, who 
 held their fees from God, became traitors by 
 disobedience ; that as traitors they ought to for- 
 feit their kingdoms or fees ; and that the pontiff, 
 the vicegerent of God upon earth, had the right 
 to pronounce sentence against them for the vio- 
 lation of fealty. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 23, 
 p. 341, 
 
 4946. ROMANISTS, Alliance of. Oath. [Af- 
 ter the discovery of the gunpowder plot] all 
 Roman Catholics who had been convicted of 
 recusancy, and all who had not received the 
 sacrament twice in twelve months in a Protes- 
 tant church, were also required to take an oath 
 of allegiance. In this oath the pretended power 
 of the pope to absolve subjects from their obedi- 
 
ROMANISTS— RUIN. 
 
 587 
 
 lencewas to be expressly renounced. — Knight's 
 Cng., vol. 3, eh. 23, p. 338. 
 4947. EOMANISTS denounced. Cromwell. 
 [[He says the principle] begins to be exploded 
 khat people are for kings and churches, and 
 [saints are for the pope or churchmen. He goes 
 [on in this impassioned strain: " How dare you 
 assume to call these men your flocks whom 
 [you have plunged into so horrid a rebellion 
 Min 1639, in the interests of Charles II., and 
 [against the Commonwealth] by which you 
 Ihave made them and the country almost a 
 fruinous heap ? and whom you have fleeced, 
 ind polled, and peeled hitherto and make it 
 iyour business to do so still. You cannot feed 
 Ithem, you poison them with your false, abom- 
 linable, anti-Christian doctrines and practices. 
 I You keep the Word of God from them, and 
 [instead thereof give them your senseless or- 
 [ders and traditions. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 'Ch. 9, p. 126. 
 
 4918. ROMANISTS, Plot of. Assassination. 
 |.[In 1880 it was arranged by the Romanists that 
 Ian English officer by the name of Savage should 
 'assassinate Queen Elizabeth, and confederates 
 would liberate Catholic Mary Queen of Scots. 
 ; The plot was changed. It was thought to be a 
 ' plan of too much importance to be left to the 
 resolution of one man. It was arranged that six 
 should engage in that service. The government 
 frustrated their plan, and the execution of con- 
 spirators followed.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 13, p. 187. 
 
 4949. EOYALTY, Atrocity of. Constantino- 
 fie. Constantinople itself was for some ages 
 the theatre of disgraceful resolutions, achieved 
 by the most atrocious crimes. The attention 
 dwells with horror on the bloody tragedies of 
 this period : one emperor assassinated in re- 
 venge of murder and incest ; anotlier poisoned 
 by his own wife ; a third stabbed in the bath 
 by his servants ; a fourth plucking out the 
 eyes of his brothers ; a mother the murderer 
 of her own son, that she might herself enjoy his 
 throne. Of such complexion was that series of 
 sovereigns who swayed the empire of the East 
 for nearly two hundred years. Under all these 
 misfortunes Constantinople still remained the 
 most populous, the most opulent, and the most 
 polished city of Christendom. It was probably 
 indebted for its welfare, amid all these distresses, 
 to its extensive commerce, the consequence of 
 its situation, which gives it the command of 
 two seas. — Tytler'sHist., Book 6, ch. 4, p. 92. 
 
 4950. ROYALTY, Maternal. Napoleon I. 
 Soon after Napoleon's assumption of the impe- 
 rial purple, he happened to meet his mother in 
 the garden of St. Cloud. The emperor was sur- 
 rounded with his courtiers, and half playfully 
 extended his hand for her to kiss. " Not so, 
 my son," she gravely replied, at the same time 
 presenting her hand in return ; " it is your duty 
 to kiss the hand of her who gave you life." — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B.,vo1. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 4951. ROYALTIES, Miseries of. Stuarts. 
 During the period of their separate sover- 
 eignty over Scotland, but three of the race es- 
 caped a violent death. The first of them who 
 aspired to the crown of Great Britain was by 
 an English monarch doomed to death on the 
 
 scaffold ; her grandson was beheaded in the 
 name of the English people. The next in the 
 line, long a needy exile, is remembered chiefly 
 for his vices ; and as if a domestic crime alone 
 could avenge the national wrongs, James II. 
 was reduced from royalty to beggary by the 
 conspiracy of his own children. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 3, ch. 19. 
 
 4952. ROYALTY overthrown. Palace at 
 Milan, a.d. 1796. [The Austrians were de- 
 feated at Lodi ; the Archduke Ferdinand and 
 his duchess fled.] The moment they had de- 
 parted republican zeal burst forth unrestrained. 
 The tri-colored cockade seemed suddenly to 
 have fallen, as by magic, upon the hats and 
 caps of the multitude. ... "A placard was 
 upon the palace — " This house to let ; for the 
 keys apply to the French Commissioner " [Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte]. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 4953. ROYALTY, Rejected. Statue of George 
 HI. The Declaration [of Independence] was 
 read on the 9th [of July] to every brigade in 
 New York City. ... In the evening a mob, 
 composed in part of soldiers, threw down the 
 equestrian statue of George III., which stood 
 in the Bowling Green, and the lead of which it 
 was formed was cut in pieces to be run into 
 bullets. The riot offended Washington, and 
 was rebuked in general orders. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 1. 
 
 4954. RTJIN, An expressive. Rome. [In the 
 fifteenth century.] This spectacle of the world, 
 how is it fallen ! how changed ! how defaced! 
 The path of victory is obliterated by vines, 
 and the benches of the senators are concealed 
 by a dunghill. Cast your eyes on the Palatine 
 Hill, and seek among the shapeless and enor- 
 mous fragments the marble theatre, the obe- 
 lisks, the colossal statues, the porticos of Nero's 
 palace ; survey the other hills of the city ; the 
 vacant space is interrupted only by ruins and 
 gardens. The forum of the Roman people, 
 where they assembled to enact their laws and 
 elect their magistrates, is now enclosed for the 
 cultivation of pot-herbs, or thrown open for the 
 reception of swine and buffaloes. The public 
 and private edifices that were founded for 
 eternity lie prostrate, naked, and broken, like 
 the limbs of a mighty giant ; and the ruin is the 
 more visible from the stupendous relics that 
 have survived the injuries of time and fortuna, 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 71, p. 517. 
 
 4955. RUIN, Inevitable. Reign of James IT. 
 [At the trial of the seven bishops who refused 
 to aid the king in overthrowing the Protestant 
 Church.] The jury was sworn ; it consisted of 
 persons of highly respectable station. The fore- 
 man was Sir Roger Langley, a baronet of old 
 and honorable family. With him were joined 
 a knight and ten esquires, several of whom are 
 known to have been men of large possessions. 
 . . . One name excited considerable alarm, that 
 of Michael Arnold. He was brewer to the palace, 
 and it was apprehended that the government 
 counted on his voice. The story goes that he 
 complained bitterly of the position in which he 
 found himself. " Whatever I do," he said, " I 
 am sure to be half ruined. If I say Not Guilty, 
 I shall brew no more for the king ; and if I say 
 
588 
 
 RUIN— RULER. 
 
 Guilty, I shall brew no more for anybody else." 
 [The masses of the people sided with the bish- 
 ops.]— Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 347. 
 
 4956. EUIN, National. By Expansion. In- 
 genious men may point out a variety of inter- 
 nal as well as external circumstances, which 
 had their operation in producing the decline, 
 and at length the ruin of this immense fabric ; 
 but they may be all reduced to one single head. 
 The fall of the Roman empire was the inevita- 
 ble effect of its overgrown extension. The 
 commonwealth subsisted by the virtuous and 
 patriotic ardor of the citizens ; but the passion 
 for conquest, which at first found sufficient 
 scope in the domestic war among the Italian 
 states, was, after their reduction, necessarily ex- 
 tended to a distance. Remote dominion relaxed 
 the patriotic affection, which of necessity grew 
 the weaker, the more extensive were its objects. 
 The vices of the conquered nation infected the 
 victorious legions, and foreign luxuries corrupt- 
 ed their commanders. Selfish interest took the 
 place of public virtue ; the people were enslav- 
 ed by despots, who, regarding as the first object 
 the security of their own power, found it often 
 their wisest policy to abase that martial spirit 
 which was no less formidable to the matter of 
 the state than to its foreign enemies. Thus the 
 military character of the Romans went gradually 
 to decay, because it was purposely depressed by 
 the emperors ; and thus their extensive domin- 
 ions, wanting their necessary support of brave, 
 of virtuous, and of disciplined troops, fell an 
 easy prey to that torrent of barbarians which 
 overwhelmed them.— Tytler's Hist., Book 5, 
 ch. 5, p. 21. 
 
 4957. RULER, A capable. Kildare. In 1494 
 Henry [VII.] took the country in hand. Sir Ed- 
 ward Poynings, a tried soldier, was despatched 
 as deputy to Ireland with troops at his back. 
 English officers, English judges, were quietly 
 sent over. The lords of the pale were scared by 
 the seizure of their leader, the Earl of Kildare. 
 . . . The time had not yet come when England 
 was strong enough to hold Ireland by her own 
 strength. For a while the lords of the pale must 
 still serve as the English garrison against the un- 
 conquered Irish, and Henry called his prisoner 
 Kildare to his presence. " All Ireland cannot 
 rule this man," grumbled his ministers. " Then 
 shall he rule all Ireland," laughed the king, and 
 Kildare returned as lord-deputy to hold the 
 country loyally in Henry's name. — Hist, op 
 Eng. People, § 498. 
 
 495S. RULER, Conceited. James II. James 
 was always boasting of his skill in what he called 
 kingcraft ; and yet it is hardly possible even to 
 imagine a course more directly opposed to all 
 the rules of kingcraft than that which he fol- 
 lowed. The policy of wise rulers has always been 
 to disguise strong acts under popular forms. It 
 was thus that Augustus and Napoleon established 
 absolute monarchies, while the public regarded 
 them merely as eminent citizens invested with 
 temporary magistracies. The policy of James 
 was the direct reverse of theirs. He enraged 
 and alarmed his Parliament by constantly telling 
 them that they held their privileges merely dur- 
 ing his pleasure, and that they had no more busi- 
 ness to inquire what he might lawfully do than 
 
 what the Deity might lawfully do. Yet ho 
 quailed before them. — Macaulay's Eng., ch 1 
 p. 68. 
 
 4959. RULER, Embarrassed. Prince of Wales. 
 The Scotch Parliament, composed of fanatical 
 Presbyterians, as hostile to the independent faith, 
 of Cromwell as to the papacy itself, treated for 
 the throne with the Prince of Wales. They only 
 required of him, in acknowledgment of his res- 
 toration in Scotland, the recognition of their na- 
 tional Church. This Church was a species oi 
 biblical mysticism, savage, and calling itself in- 
 spired, founded on the ruins of the Romish faith, 
 by a prophet named John Knox, with the sword 
 in his hand, excommunication on his lips, and. 
 superstition in his heart — the true religion of 
 civil war, replacing one intolerance by another, 
 and adding to the natural ferocity of the people 
 the most ridiculous assumption of extreme sanc- 
 tity. Scotland at that time resembled a Hebrew 
 tribe, governed by a leader assuming divine in- 
 spiration, interpreted through his disciples and 
 priests. . . . The Prince of Wales, young, hand- 
 some, thoughtless, voluptuous, and unbelieving 
 — a true English Alcibiades — condemned to gov- 
 ern a nation of bigoted and cruel sectarists, hes- 
 itated to accept a throne which he could only 
 keep by feigning the hypocrisy and fanaticism 
 of his parliament, or by rashly repudiating the 
 yoke of the clergy. — Lamartine's Cromwell. 
 p. 50. 
 
 4960. RULER, An excellent. Saladin. Egypt, 
 Syria, and Arabia were adorned by the royal 
 foundations of hospitals, colleges, and mosques, 
 and Cairo was fortified with a wall and citadel ; 
 but his works were consecrated to public use ; 
 nor did the sultan indulge himself in a garden 
 or palace of private luxury. In a fanatic age, 
 himself a fanatic, the genuine virtues of Saladin 
 commanded the esteem of the Christians ; the 
 Emperor of Germany gloried in his friendship : 
 the Greek emperor solicited his alliance ; ana 
 the conquest of Jerusalem diffused, and perhaps 
 magnified, his fame both in the East and West. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 23, 
 
 4961. RULER, A foolish. Justinian II. [Of 
 Constantinople.] The name of a triumphant 
 lawgiver was dishonored by the vices of a boy, 
 who imitated his namesake only in the expensive 
 luxury of building. His passions were strong ; 
 his understanding was feeble ; and he was intox- 
 icated with a foolish pride that his birth had 
 given him the command of millions, of whom 
 the smallest community would not have chosen 
 him for their local magistrate. His favorite min- 
 isters were two beings the least susceptible of hu- 
 man sympathy, a eunuch and a monk ; to the 
 one he abandoned the palace, to the other the 
 finances ; the former corrected the emperor's 
 mother with a scourge, the latter suspended the 
 insolvent tributaries, with their heads down- 
 ward, over a slow and smoky fire. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 48, p. 577. 
 
 4962. RULER, A great. Alfred the Great. 
 [See No. 5876.] Alfred, whether we view him 
 in his public or private character, deserves to be 
 esteemed one of the best and greatest of princes. 
 He united the most enterprising and heroic spirit 
 with the greatest prudence and moderation ; the 
 utmost vigor of authority with perfect affability 
 
RULER. 
 
 589 
 
 and a most winning deportment ; the most ex- 
 emplary justice with the greatest lenity. His 
 civil talents were in every respect equal to his 
 military virtues. He found the kingdom in the 
 most miserable condition to which anarchy, do- 
 mestic barbarism, and foreign hostility could re- 
 duce it ; by the valor of his arms, and by his 
 abilities as a politician and lawgiver, he brought 
 it to a pitch of eminence and glory which, till 
 then, England had never attained. The outhnes 
 of his admirable plan of political economy merit 
 particular attention, as being, in fact, the foun- 
 dation of the venerable system of the British 
 Constitution. Alfred, in short, in every view 
 of his character, must be regarded as one of the 
 wisest and best of men that ever occupied the 
 throne of any nation.— Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 5, p. 109. 
 
 49(}3, . Charles Martel. Charles 
 
 Martel governed France for about thirty years 
 with great wisdom, spirit, and ability. He was 
 victorious over all his intestine foes ; he kept in 
 awe the neighboring nations ; be delivered his 
 country from the ravages of the Saracens, whom 
 he entirely defeated between Tours and Poictiers 
 — thus averting the imminent danger of Mahom- 
 etanism overspreading Western Europe ; and he 
 died honored and lamented.— Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 2, p. 59. 
 
 49Q4, . Canute. Canute, from the 
 
 extent of his dominions, was one of the greatest 
 monarchs of the age. He was sovereign of Den- 
 mark, Norway, and England. His character, as 
 King of England, was not uniform. He was, 
 in the first years of his rei^n, detested by his sub- 
 jects, Avhom he loaded with the heaviest taxes, 
 and exasperated by numberless acts of violence 
 and oppression. In his later years his admin- 
 istration was mild and equitable. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 6, p. 113. 
 
 4965. RULER, A horrible. Nero. How he 
 souglit to revive the flagging pulse of exhausted 
 pleasure by unheard-of enormities, and strove to 
 make shame shameless by undisguised public- 
 ity ; how he put to death the last descendant of 
 Augustus, the last descendant of Tiberius, and 
 the last descendant of the Claudii ; how he end- 
 ed the brief but heart-rending tragedy of the life 
 of Octavia by defaming her innocence, driving 
 her to the island of Pandataria, and there enforc- 
 ing her assassination under circumstances so sad 
 as might have moved the hardiest villain to tears ; 
 how he hastened by poison the death of Burrus, 
 and entrusted the vast power of the Praetorian 
 command to Tigellinus, one of the vilest of the 
 human race ; how, when he had exhausted the 
 treasures amassed by the dignified economy of 
 Claudius, he filled his coffers by confiscating the 
 estates of innocent victims ; how he caused the 
 death of his second wife, Poppsea, by a kick in- 
 flicted on her when she was in a delicate condi- 
 tion ; how, after the detection of the conspiracy 
 of Piso, he seemed to revel in blood ; how he 
 ordered the death of Seneca ; how, by the exe- 
 cution of Paetus Thrasea and Barea Soranus, he 
 strove to extinguish the last embers of Roman 
 magnanimity, and to slay "virtue itself ;" how 
 wretches like Vatinius became the cherished fa- 
 tyorites of his court ; how his reign degenerated 
 
 ito one perpetual orgy, at once monstrous and 
 Igar— into these details, fortunately, we need 
 
 not follow his awful career. . . . Probably no 
 man who ever lived has crowded into fourteen 
 years of life so black a catalogue of iniquities as 
 this CoUot d'Herbois upon an imperial throne. — 
 Farrar's Early Days, ch. 3, p. 28. 
 
 4966. RULER, An indei>eiident. James I. 
 James was a firm believer in the divinity which 
 doth make a king ; but it must seem something 
 surprising that, however Scotland might bow 
 down graciously to such follies, England should 
 yield as compliantly to his will. His reply to 
 his flrst counsellors upon his arrival in England 
 is well known: " Do I mak the Judges? do 
 I mak the Bishops ? then, God is wauns 1 I 
 mak what likes me, law and gospel." Comment- 
 ing upon this, John Forster, in his " Statesmen 
 of England," says, "he was not an absolute fool, 
 and little more* can be said of him." — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 36. 
 
 4967. RULER, A monster. Mahomet III. Ma- 
 homet III., the successor of Amurath, began his 
 reign like a monster, by strangling nineteen of 
 his brothers, and drowning twelve of his father's 
 concubines, on the supposition of their being 
 pregnant. Yet this barbarian supported the dig- 
 nity of the empire and extended its dominions. 
 —Tytler's Hist , Book 6, ch. 23, p. 330. 
 
 496§. RULER, Natural. General Orant. His 
 father being poor, as soon as Ulysses was able 
 to help him he was put to work, to the neglect 
 of his education. At the age of eight he waa 
 taught to drive a team, and at ten was accus- 
 tomed to drive one from Georgetown — to which 
 place his father had removed— to Cincinnati, a 
 distance of forty miles, and bring a load back.— 
 Headley's General Grant, p. 26. 
 
 4969. RULER, Popular. Emperor Adrian. On 
 his return to Rome, his conduct was such as to 
 ingratiate him with every rank of the citizens. 
 He remitted all the debts due to. the treasury for 
 the last sixteen years, by burning the records and 
 obligations. He bestowed liberal presents upon 
 those amongst the ancient families w^ho had fall- 
 en into indigence, and appointed new funds for 
 the maintenance and education of the children 
 of the poor. He then undertook a progress 
 through all the provinces of the empire, repress- 
 ing abuses, and studioudy relieving the people 
 wherever he found the taxes too heavy or exor- 
 bitant. He rebuilt many cities which had been 
 destroyed or had fallen into ruin. Among the 
 rest he rebuilt Jerusalem, which he named ^lia 
 CapitoUna. In these progresses through his do- 
 minions, so careful was he in avoiding every- 
 thing which might distress the provinces, that 
 he used no equipage or show, but travelled on 
 foot and lived with the frugality of a common 
 soldier. This exemplary conduct made him be- 
 loved and respected by his subjects, as much 
 as he was formidable to the enemies of the em- 
 pire from his courage and resolution. His pop- 
 ularity became so great that he stood not in need 
 of the ensigns of power and authority. The 
 guards, andlthe fasces he deemed superfluous to 
 him who made it his study to reign, not over 
 the persons, but over the hearts of his subjects, 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 497. 
 
 4970. . Charlemagne. This great 
 
 prince was no less respectable in his private than 
 in his public character. He was a man of U»« 
 
590 
 
 RULER— RULERS. 
 
 most amiable dispositions, and there never was 
 a sovereign to whom his subjects were more at- 
 tached from consideration of personal regard. 
 His secretary and historian, Eginhart, gives a 
 beautiful picture of his domestic life, and the 
 economy of his family, which is characteristic 
 of an age of great simplicity. He never rode 
 abroad without being attended by his sons and 
 daughters ; the former he instructed in all man- 
 ly exercises, in which he himself was particu- 
 larly skilled ; and his daughters, according to 
 the simple manners of the times, were assiduous- 
 ly employed in the various labors of housewife- 
 ry, particularly in spinning wool with the dis- 
 taff. For his children he indulged in all the af- 
 fection of the fondest parent, and he bore the 
 premature loss of some of them with less mag- 
 nanimity than might have been expected from 
 so heroic a mind. — Tytleb's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 3, p. 73. 
 
 4971. RULER, A righteous. Danish King. A 
 letter which Cnut wrote after twelve years of 
 rule to his English subjects marks the grandeur 
 of his character and the noble conception he had 
 formed of kingship. ' ' I have vowed to God to 
 lead a right life in all things," wrote the king, 
 " to rule justly and piously my realms and sub- 
 jects, and to administer just judgment to all. 
 If heretofore I have done aught beyond what 
 was just, through headiness or negligence of 
 youth, I am ready, with God's help, to amend it 
 utterly." No royal officer, either for fear of the 
 king or for favor of any, is to consent to injus- 
 tice, none is to do wrong to rich or poor, " as 
 they would value my friendship and their own 
 well-being." He especially denounces unfair 
 exactions : "I have no need that money be 
 heaped together for me by unjust demands." " I 
 have sent this letter before me, " Cnut ends, ' ' that 
 all the people of my realm may rejoice in my 
 well-doing ; for as you yourselves know, never 
 have I spared, nor will I spare, to spend myself 
 and my toil in what is needful and good for my 
 people." Cnut's greatest gift to his people was 
 that of peace. With him began the long internal 
 tranquillity which was from this time to be the 
 key-note of the national history. [Date, early 
 in the eleventh century.] — Hist, op Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 87. 
 
 4972. RULER, Ruinous. Heedless. After his 
 enfranchisement from an oppressive guardian, 
 John Palaeologus remained thirty-six years the 
 helpless, and, asit should seem, the careless spec- 
 tator of the public ruin. Love, or rather lust, 
 was his only vigorous passion ; and in the em- 
 braces of the wives and virgins of the citj'^, the 
 Turkish slave forgot the dishonor of the emperor 
 of the Romans [of the Eastern empire]. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 64, p. 242. 
 
 4973. RULER, A shameless. Charles IT. A 
 king might be pardoned for amusing his leisure 
 with wine, wit, and beauty, but it was intolerable 
 that he should sink into a mere saunterer and 
 voluptuary ; that the gravest affairs of state 
 should be neglected, and that the public service 
 should be starved and the finances deranged in 
 order that harlots and parasites might grow rich. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 177. 
 
 4974. RULER, A spirited. Charles XII. [After 
 the defeat of the Swedes at Pultowa.] Charles, 
 
 a fugitive, with a few followers, crossed Ihfl 
 river Dneiper, and sought an asylum in the d(,- 
 minions of the grand seignior. Let us now mark 
 the conduct of Charles. In Sweden, where it 
 was not known whether their king was dead or 
 alive, the regency had thoughts of capitulating 
 with the czar. When Charles heard of this pro- 
 posal, he wrote to the senate that he would send 
 them one of his boots to govern them. With his 
 feeble train of followers, who amounted only to 
 1800 men, he formed a small camp near Bender, 
 from whence he endeavored to prevail with the 
 court of Constantinople to arm in his favor 
 against the Russians. — Tytlek'sHist., Book 6, 
 ch. 35, p. 480. 
 
 4975. RULER, A superior. Henry VII. The 
 army of Richmond sang a hymn to God uix)n 
 the field of battle [of Bosworth], and with the 
 loudest acclamations proclaimed him as Henry 
 VII. King of England. This auspicious day put 
 an end to the civil wars between the houses of 
 York and Lancaster. Henry, by marrying the 
 Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 
 united in his own person the interests and rights 
 of both these families. This excellent prince, 
 who knew how to govern as well as to conquer, 
 was one of the best monarchs that ever reigned 
 in England. The nation, under his wise and po- 
 litic administration, soon recovered the wounds 
 it had sustained in those unhappy contests. 
 The parliaments which he assembled made 
 the most salutary laws, the people paid their 
 taxes without reluctance, the nobles were kept 
 in due subordination, and that spirit of commer- 
 cial industry for which the English have been, 
 in these latter ages, justly distinguished, began 
 to make vigorous advances under the reign of 
 Henry VII. The only failing of this prince was 
 an economy, perhaps too rigid, which, in his 
 latter years, degenerated even into avarice ; and 
 though his taxes were not oppressive, he left in 
 the treasury, at his death, no less than two mill- 
 ions sterling. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, 
 p. 228. 
 
 4976. RULERS, Change of. " Pontiac's War" 
 The French had won the affections of the sav- 
 ages by their pliability and their temperance, and 
 retained it by religious influence ; they seemed 
 no more to be masters, but companions and 
 friends. [The French were driven out of Canada 
 and the west by the English.] More formidable 
 enemies now appeared, arrogant in their preten- 
 sions, scoffing insolently at those whom they 
 superseded, driving away their Catholic priests, 
 and introducing the traffic in rum, which till 
 then had been effectually prohibited. [War fol- 
 lowed.] — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 7. 
 
 4977. RULERS, Many. Six Emperoi's. For the 
 first, and indeed for the last time, the Roman 
 world was administered by six emperors. In 
 the West, Constantine and Maxentius affected to 
 reverence their father Maximian. In the East, 
 Licinius and Maximin honored with more real 
 consideration their benefactor Galerius. The op- 
 position of interest and the memory of a recent 
 war divided the empire into two great hostile 
 powers ; but their mutual fears produced an 
 apparent tranquillity. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, 
 p. 466. 
 
 497§. RULERS, Precise and parental. John 
 Howard. He began the education of his son al. 
 
RULERS— SABBATH. 
 
 591 
 
 most as soon as the child was old enough to 
 manifest a preference. He laid it down as an 
 inflexible rule that the infant should have noth- 
 ing that it cried for — an excellent principle 
 when it is not carried too far, but one which is 
 much better enforced by a mother than a father. 
 A mother does not usually lay down any inflex- 
 ible rule for the government of a very young 
 child, but varies her treatment with the occa- 
 sion. [The son became his father's shame and 
 Borrow.] — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 68. 
 
 4979. RULERS, Responsibility of. Beign of 
 Charles 11. The prevailing discontent was com- 
 pounded of many feelings. One of these was 
 wounded national pride. That generation had 
 seen England, during a few years, allied on equal 
 terms with France, victorious over Holland and 
 Spain, the mistress of the sea, the terror of Rome, 
 the head of the Protestant interest. Her re- 
 sources had not diminished ; and it might have 
 been expected that she would have been at least as 
 highly considered in Europe under a legitimate 
 king, strong in the affection and willing obedi- 
 ence of his subjects, as she had been under a 
 usurper whose utmost vigilance and energy were 
 required to keep down a mutinous people ; yet 
 she had, in consequence of the imbecility and 
 meanness of her rulers, sunk so low that any 
 German or Italian principality which brought 
 five thousand men into the field was a more im- 
 portant member of the commonwealth of na- 
 tions. — Macaulay's Exg., ch. 2, p. 215. 
 
 49§0. RULERS, Responsibility of. British. 
 They might safely be tyrants within the precinct 
 of the court, but it was necessary for them to 
 watch with constant anxiety the temper of the 
 country. Henry VIII., for example, encoun- 
 tered no opposition when he wished to send 
 Buckingham and Surrey, Anne Boleyn and Lady 
 Salisbury, to the scaffold ; but when, without 
 the consent of Parliament, he demanded of his 
 subjects a contribution amounting to one sixth 
 of their goods, he soon found it necessary to re- 
 tract. The cry of hundreds of thousands was 
 that they were English and not French, freemen 
 and not slaves. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. l,p. 38. 
 
 4981. RULERS, Terrifying. Boman. All the 
 vice, all the splendor, all the degradation of 
 Pagan Rome, seemed to be gathered up in the 
 person of [Nero] that emperor who first placed 
 himself in a relation of direct antagonism against 
 Christianity. Long before death ended the astute 
 comedy in which Augustus had so gravely borne 
 his part, he had experienced the Nemesis of Ab- 
 solutism, and foreseen the awful possibilities 
 which it involved. But neither he nor any one 
 else could have divined that four such rulers as 
 Tiberius, Gains, Claudius, and Nero— the first a 
 sanguinary tyrant, the second a furious mad- 
 man, the third an uxorious imbecile, the fourth 
 a heartless buffoon — would in succession afflict 
 and horrify the world. Yet these rulers sat upon 
 the breast of Rome with the paralyzing spell of 
 a nightmare. The concentration of the old pre- 
 rogatives of many offices in the person of one, 
 who was at once Consul, Censor, Tribune, Pon- 
 tifex Maximus, and perpetual Imperator, forti- 
 fied their power with the semblance of legality, 
 and that power was rendered terrible by the 
 sword of the Prajtorians and the deadly whis- 
 
 per of the informers. — Farear's Early Days. 
 ch. 2, p. 11. 
 
 49§2. RULERS, Uneducated. " Crowned Ass " 
 [He was one of the early rulers of a part of An- 
 jou in France.] Alone of his race, Fulk the 
 Good waged no wars ; his delight was to sit in 
 the choir of Tours and to be called "canon." 
 One Martinmas eve Fulk was singing there in 
 clerkly guise when the French king, Louis 
 d'Outremer, entered the church. " He sings like 
 a priest," laughed the king, as his nobles pointed 
 mockingly to the figure of the count canon. But 
 Fulk was ready with his reply. "Know, my 
 lord," wrote the Count of Anjou, "that a king 
 unlearned is a crowned ass." Fulk was in fact 
 no priest, but a busy ruler, governing, enforcing 
 peace, and carrying justice to every corner of 
 the wasted land. To him alone of his race men 
 gave the title of " the Good." — History op Eng. 
 People, § 122. 
 
 49§3. RUMORS, Welcomed. Death of Charles 
 II. We cannot, therefore, wonder that wild 
 stories without number were repeated and be- 
 lieved by the common people. His Majesty's 
 tongue had swelled to the size of a neat's tongue. 
 A cake of deleterious powder had been found ia 
 his brain. There were blue spots on his breast. 
 There were black spots on his shoulder. Some- 
 thing had been put into his snuff-box. Some- 
 thing had been put into his broth. Something 
 had been put into his favorite dish of eggs and 
 ambergris. The Duchess of Portsmouth had 
 poisoned him in a cup of chocolate. The queen 
 had poisoned him in a jar of dried pears. Such 
 tales ought to be preserved, for they furnish us 
 with a measure of the intelligence and virtue of 
 the generation which eagerly devoured them. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 411. 
 
 49§4. RUNAWAY, A distinguished. Fran- 
 cisco Pizarro. One day a pig strayed from the 
 herd and could not be found. Pizarro, dreading 
 his father's anger, dared not go home. He made 
 his way to a recruiting station, enlisted in the 
 Spanish army as a private soldier, and served for 
 a while in Italy. Attracted by the marvels re- 
 lated of the New World, and being naturally 
 fond of adventure, he, too, joined at length an 
 expedition to America, and, arriving at His- 
 paniola, served under Columbus, and soon won 
 distinction. He had every quality that fits a man 
 for a life of daring adventure. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. ^3. 
 
 49§5. SABBATH, Defenceless on the. Jerusa- 
 lem. Ptolemy advanced into Judea, and formed 
 the siege of Jerusalem. The city was so strong 
 by its advantageous situation, in conjunction 
 with the works of art, that it would have sus- 
 tained a long siege, had it not been for the relig- 
 ious fear the Jews entertained of violating the 
 law, if they should defend themselves on the 
 Sabbath. Ptolemy was not long unacquainted 
 with this particular ; and in order to improve 
 the great advantage it gave him, he chose that 
 day for the general assault ; and as no individual 
 among the Jews would presume to defend him- 
 self, the city was taken without any difficulty.-— 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 16, § 4. 
 
 49§6. SABBATH desecrated. Nobility. The 
 private offences, in the support of whose oflicial 
 
592 
 
 SABBATH— SACRIFICE. 
 
 interdiction Wilberf orce formed a society, were, 
 profanation of the Lord's day, swearing, drunk- 
 enness. The great gave their Sunday card-par- 
 ties and Sunday concerts long after Hannah 
 More published, in 1796, her "Estimate of the 
 Religion of the Fashionable World." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 7, p. 123. 
 
 4987. . London. [In London, in 
 
 1141], in every Sunday in Lent, a company with 
 lances and shields went out to joust. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 18, p. 264. 
 
 498§. . England, 1388. [The law 
 
 required] every servant of husbandry, laborer, 
 and servant of artificer, . . . they shall have bows 
 •and arrows, and use the same on Sundays and 
 Jiolidays. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 1, p. 14. 
 
 49§9. SABBATH misspent. Charles II. — Last. 
 His palace had seldom presented a gayer or a 
 more scandalous appearance than on the evening 
 ■of Sunday, the first of February, 1685. . . . The 
 ^eat gallery of Whitehall, an admirable relic of 
 the magnificence of the Tudors, was crowded 
 with revellers and gamblers. The king sat there 
 chatting and toying with three women, whose 
 charms were the boast and whose vices were the 
 disgrace of three nations. Barbara Palmer, 
 Duchess of Cleveland, was there, no longer 
 young, but still retaining some traces of that 
 superb and voluptuous loveliness which twenty 
 years before overcame the hearts of all men. 
 There, too, was the Duchess of Portsmouth, 
 whose soft and infantine features were lighted 
 up with the vivacity of France. Hortensia 
 Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin, and niece of the 
 ^reat cardinal, completed the group. [He died 
 on Friday following.] — Mac aul ay's Eng., ch. 4, 
 p. 399. 
 
 4990. SABBATH Observance enforced. PuH- 
 ians. [In 1653] one unhappy victim is stocked 
 three hours, for the heinous offence of going to 
 Charminster immediately after dinner on Easter 
 day, and eating milk and cream with some lads 
 and lassies, upon which entertainment they 
 spent twopence each. Even the plea that the 
 moving about on the Sabbath-day was to hear 
 a preacher in another parish was no mitigation 
 •of the offence of taking a longer walk than to 
 the church at the offender's own door. ... A 
 tailor is brought up for working at two o'clock 
 on a January morning, to have a piece of his 
 manufacture complete in due time for some or- 
 thodox church-goer. Children are punished for 
 playing at nine stones. Hanging out clothes to 
 dry on the Sabbath was an especial offence. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 9, p. 172. 
 
 4991. SABBATH, Privacy on the. Washing- 
 ton. On Sunday no visitors were admitted to 
 the President's house, save the immediate rela- 
 tives of the family, with only one exception, 
 Mr. Speaker Trumbull, since Governor of Con- 
 necticut, and who had been confidential secre- 
 tary to the chief during the war. — Custis' Wash- 
 ington, vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 4992. SABBATH rejected, The. France. The 
 revolutionary tribunals had closed the churches 
 and prohibited the observance of the Sabbath. 
 To efface if possible all traces of that sacred day, 
 they had appointed every tenth day for cessation 
 irom labor and for festivity. A heavy fine was 
 
 inflicted upon any one who should close his 
 shop on the Sabbath, or manifest any reverence 
 for that discarded institution. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 4993. SACSAMENT, Inconsistency with the. 
 Joan of Arc. [She was informed that she must 
 be burnt at the stake that day.] After this burst 
 of grief, she recovered herself and confessed ; 
 she then asked to communicate. The brother 
 was embarrassed ; but consulting the bishop, the 
 latter told him to administer the sacrament, 
 " and whatever else she might ask." Thus, at 
 the very moment he condemned her as a re- 
 lapsed heretic, and cut her off from the Church, 
 he gave her all that the Church gives to her 
 faithful. Perhaps a last sentiment of humanity 
 awoke in the heart of the wicked judge ; he 
 considered it enough to burn the poor creature, 
 without driving her to despair and damning her. 
 Perhaps, also, the wicked priest, through free- 
 thinking levity, allowed her to receive the sac- 
 raments as a thing of no consequence, which, 
 after all, might serve to calm and silence the 
 sufferer. — Michelet's Joan op Arc, p. 55. 
 
 4994. SACEIFICE consumed. By Lightning. A 
 prodigy that happened at Amphipolis testified 
 also the favor of the gods. The consul was 
 offering sacrifice there, and the sacred ceremonies 
 were begun, when a flash of lightning fell upon 
 the altar, and at once consumed and consecrated 
 the victim. — Plutarch's Paulus ^milius. 
 
 4995. SACEIFICE, Human, Arabs. The life 
 of a man is the most precious oblation to dep- 
 recate a public calamity ; the altars of Phoe- 
 nicia and Egypt, of Rome and Carthage, have 
 been polluted with human gore ; the cruel 
 practice was long preserved among the Arabs ; 
 in the third century a boy was annually sacri- 
 ficed by the tribe of Dumatians ; and a royal 
 captive was piously slaughtered by the prince 
 of the Saracens, the ally and soldier of the Em- 
 peror Justinian. A parent who drags his son to 
 the altar exhibits the most painful and sublime 
 effort of fanaticism ; the deed, or the intention, 
 was sanctified by the example of saints and 
 heroes. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, p. 95. 
 
 4996. . Gauls. Many of the re- 
 ligious rites among the Gauls were cruel and 
 bloody. Human sacrifices were of frequent oc- 
 currence. It was believed that the life of man 
 cannot be purchased but by that of his fellow- 
 man ; that the gods cannot be propitiated but. 
 at this costly price. Accordingly, those who 
 were attacked by dangerous sickness, and those 
 who were about to expose themselves to the 
 hazards of war, procured through the ministry 
 of the Druids the immolation of human victims 
 on their behalf. Public sacrifices of the same 
 kind were sometimes held. A colossal human 
 figure was made of wicker-work, and its huge 
 limbs filled with the bodies of living men, 
 generally condemned criminals or captives taken 
 in war. The image was then set on fire. — 
 Students' France, ch. 1, § 10. 
 
 4997. . Swedes. Till the end of 
 
 the eleventh century, a celebrated temple sub- 
 sisted at Upsal, the most considerable town 
 of the Swedes and Goths. It was enriched 
 with the gold which the Scandinavians had ac- 
 quired in their piratical adventures, and sane- 
 
SACRIFICE— SAILOR. 
 
 593 
 
 tifled by the uncouth representations of the three 
 principal deities, the god of war, the goddess of 
 generation, and the god of thunder. In the 
 general festival that was solemnized every ninth 
 year, nine animals of every species (without ex- 
 cepting the human) were sacrificed, and their 
 bleeding bodies suspended in the sacred grove 
 adjacent to the temple. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 10, 
 p. 283. 
 
 499§. . Romans. [The Romans 
 
 were expecting the attack of the Gauls.] 
 The vast preparations they made were further 
 proofs of their fears (for it is said that so many 
 thousands of Romans were never seen in arms 
 either before or since), and so were the new and 
 extraordinary sacrifices which they offered. . . . 
 They buried two Greeks — a man and a woman, 
 and likewise two Gauls, one of each sex, alive 
 in the beast-market. — Plutarch. 
 
 4999. SACRIFICES, Christian. John Nelson. 
 [One of Mr. Wesley's most heroic and success- 
 ful preachers was a stone-cutter by trade.] He 
 kept hewing stone by day, and preaching by 
 night. . . . [His success awakened opposi- 
 tion.] The ale-house keepers complained of 
 the loss of their customers by his preaching, 
 and the parish clergyman wished not such a rival 
 near him. He was arrested . . . as a vagrant 
 without visible means of support. . . . Five 
 hundred pounds bail was refused, witnesses 
 were rejected, save his clerical accuser. Nelson 
 repelled the charge manfully. " I am as able 
 to get my living by my hands," said he, " as any 
 man of my trade in England is, and you 
 know it." [He was impressed for the army.] 
 At Bradford he was pluhged into a dungeon, 
 into which flowed blood and filth from a slaugh- 
 ter-house above it, so that it smelled, he says, 
 " like a pig-stye ; but my soul," he adds, " was 
 so filled with the love of God that it was para- 
 dise to me." There was nothing in it to sit on, 
 and his only bed was a heap of decayed straw. 
 — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 207. 
 
 5000. SACRIFICES, Ministerial. Rev. TJios. 
 Smith. He rode four thousand miles and 
 preached four hundred sermons in one year, 
 and laid many nights on wet cabin floors some- 
 times covered with snow through the night, and 
 his horse standing under a pelting storm of 
 snow or rain, and|at the end of the year received 
 his travelling expenses and four silver dollars 
 of his salary. — Stevens' M. E. Church, ch. 4, 
 p. 269. 
 
 5001. SACRILEGE, Infamous. Hakem the 
 Turk. The temple of the Christian world, the 
 church of the Resurrection, was demolished 
 to its foundations ; the luminous prodigy of 
 Easter was interrupted, and much profane labor 
 was exhausted to destroy the cave in the rock 
 which properly constitutes the holy sepulchre. 
 At the report of this sacrilege, the nations of 
 Europe were astonished and afflicted ; but, in- 
 stead of arming in the defence of the Holy 
 Land, they contented themselves with burning 
 or banishing the Jews as the secret advisers 
 of the impious barbarian. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 57, p. 532. 
 
 5002. SACRILEGE, Sectarian. Sacking of 
 Constantinople. The churches were profaned 
 by the licentiousness and party zeal of the Lat- 
 
 ins. [The Roman Catholics.] After stripping 
 the gems and pearls, they converted the chalices 
 into drinking-cups ; their tables, on which they 
 gamed and feasted, were covered with the pict- 
 ures of Christ and the saints ; and they tram- 
 pled under foot the most venerable objects of 
 the Christian worship. In the cathedral of St. 
 Sophia the' ample veil of the sanctuary was 
 rent asunder for the sake oi the golden fringe ; 
 and the altar, a monument of art and riches, 
 was broken in pieces and shared among the cap- 
 tors. Their mules and horses were laden with 
 the wrought silver and gilt carvings which 
 they tore down from the doors and pulpit ; and 
 if the beasts stumbled under the burden, they 
 were stabbed by their impatient drivers, and the 
 holy pavement streamed with their impure 
 blood. A prostitute was seated on the throne 
 of the patriarch ; and that daughter of Belial, as 
 she is styled, sung and danced in the church, to 
 ridicule the hymns and processions of the Ori- 
 entals. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 60, p. 93. 
 
 5003. SAFETY, Public. Inhumanity. [Goth- 
 ic youths were distributed through the empire 
 as hostages. They were tempted to conspire 
 against their masters.] As soon as he [Julius]) 
 had obtained the discretionary power of acting 
 as he should judge most expedient for the good 
 of the republic, he assembled the principal offi- 
 cers, and privately concerted effectual measures 
 for the execution of his bloody design. An order 
 was immediately promulgated, that, on a stated 
 day, the Gothic youth should assemble in the cap- 
 ital cities of their respective provinces ; and as a 
 report was industriously circulated that they 
 were summoned to receive a liberal gift of lands 
 and money, the pleasing hope allayed the fury of 
 their resentment, and, perhaps, suspended the 
 motions of the conspiracy. On the appointed 
 day, the unarmed crowd of the Gothic youth 
 was carefully collected in the square or forum ; 
 the streets and avenues were occupied by the 
 Roman troops, and the roofs of the houses were 
 covered with archers and slingers. At the same 
 hour, in all the cities of the East, the signal 
 was given of indiscriminate slaughter ; and the 
 provinces of Asia were delivered, by the cruel 
 prudence of Julius, from a domestic enemy, 
 who, in a few months, might have carried fire 
 and sword from the Hellespont to the Euphra- 
 tes. The urgent consideration of the public 
 safety may undoubtedly authorize the violation 
 of every positive law. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, 
 p. 56. 
 
 5004. SAFETY, Selfish. Darius. [When Da- 
 rius fled with his routed army before Alex- 
 ander the Great, he was in great peril of his per- 
 sonal safety.] Justin tells us, that when those 
 about Darius advised him to break down the 
 bridge of the Cydnus, to retard the enemy's, 
 pursuit, he answered, " I will never purchase 
 safety to myself at the expense of so many 
 thousands of my subjects as must by this means 
 be lost." — Plutarch's " Alexander," Lang- 
 horne's Note. 
 
 5005. SAILOR, A great. Sebastian Cabot. [By 
 his great discoveries in America] he advanced the 
 commerce of England . . . and was pensioned 
 as the great seaman. — Bancroft's Hist, of 
 U. S., vol.1, ch. 1. 
 
594 
 
 SAILOR— SAINTS. 
 
 5006. SAILOB, Trials of the. Sam. Johnson. 
 His negro servant, Francis Barber, having left 
 him and been some time at sea, ... a state 
 of life of which Johnson always expressed the 
 utmost abhorrence. He said, " No man will be 
 a sailor who has contrivance enough to get him- 
 self into a jail ; for being in a ship is being in a 
 jail, with the chance of being drowned." And 
 at another time, " A man in a jail has more 
 room, better food, and commonly better com- 
 pany." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 95. 
 
 5007. SAILOR, Youthful. Sir Francis Drake. 
 When he was about twelve years old he was reg- 
 ularly apprenticed to the captain of a small ves- 
 sel trading with Holland and France, in which 
 he took the place of a cabin-boy. The cabin- 
 boy of a ship in former times, like the youngest 
 apprentice in a shop, was required to do all the 
 odd, disagreeable jobs, such as greasing the 
 mast, washing the dishes, furling the topmast 
 sail, coiling up the ropes, tarring the cable, feed- 
 ing the pig. Young Drake performed his duties 
 so well, learned his business so thoroughly, and 
 won the confidence and affection of the captain 
 to such a degree, that the captain, dying when 
 Drake was eighteen, bequeathed him his vessel. 
 The young man soon proved his fitness to com- 
 mand. Having made one successful voyage to 
 the western ports of France, he sailed next to 
 Africa, and brought home a good share of the 
 gold dust and elephants' tusks of Guinea. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BiOG. , p. 359. 
 
 500§. SAILOBS, Destitution of. Beign of 
 Charles II. It does not appear that there was 
 in the service of any of the Stuarts a single naval 
 officer, such as, according to the notions of our 
 time, a naval officer ought to be — that is to say, 
 a man versed in the theory and practice of his 
 •calling, and steeled against all the dangers of 
 battle and tempest, yet of cultivated mind and 
 polished manners. There were gentlemen and 
 there were seamen in the navy of Charles II., 
 but the seamen were not gentlemen, and the gen- 
 tlemen were not seamen. — Macatjlay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 384. 
 
 5009. SAILORS, Patriotic. English. [Charles 
 I. commanded Admiral Pennington to assist 
 Louis in fighting the Huguenots. J For the third 
 time Pennington took his vanguard into the 
 French harbor, and with him went, with des- 
 perate reluctance, the seven merchant ships. 
 One captain. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, broke 
 through and returned, learning that the destina- 
 tion of the fleet was Rochelle. Pennington and 
 the rest doggedly obeyed the king's warrant, 
 and delivered up the ships and their stores with- 
 out tTieir crews, Pennington declaring that he 
 would rather be hanged in England for disobe- 
 dience than fight himself or see his seamen fight 
 against their brother Protestants of France. He 
 quietly looked on while his crews deserted, 
 leaving every ship, including his own, to be 
 manned by Frenchmen, and came back to set 
 himself right with his countrymen. The van- 
 guard hastened away to Rochelle, and her can- 
 nons, no longer manned by English crews, ac- 
 complished the object of the " martyr king" and 
 " Defender of the Protestant Faith !" — " open- 
 ing fire against Rochelle, and mowing down the 
 Huguenots like grass." These were the sailors 
 
 of those days, and this was the English Govern- 
 ment of those days. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3 
 p. 60. 
 
 5010. SAINTS canonized. By Bope. The 
 canonization of saints was practised by everj' 
 bishop for twelve centuries ; at length, the num- 
 ber growing out of all bounds, the popes thought 
 it necessary to assume the exclusive right of 
 canonization. Pope Alexander III. , one of the 
 most profligate of men, was the first who issued 
 a solemn decree reserving to himself the sole 
 right of making saints. — Tytler's Hist., Book 
 6, ch. 3, p. 85. 
 
 5011. SAINTS, Marks of. Joan of Arc. In 
 the space of a few years, before and after the 
 Pucelle, every province had its saint — either a 
 Pierrette, a Breton peasant girl who holds con- 
 verse with Jesus Christ, or a Marie of Avignon, 
 a Catherine of Rochelle, or a poor shepherd, 
 such as Saintrailles brings up from his own coun- 
 try, who has the stigmata on his feet and hands, 
 and who sweats blood on holy days like the pres- 
 ent holy woman of the Tyrol. — Michelkt's 
 Joan, p. 1. 
 
 5012. SAINTS, Pillar. Stylites. Among these 
 heroes of the monastic life, the name and gen- 
 ius of Simeon Stylites have been immortal- 
 ized by the singular invention of an aerial pen- 
 ance. At the age of thirteen the young Syrian 
 deserted the profession of a shepherd, and threw 
 himself into an austere monastery. After a long 
 and painful novitiate, in which Simeon was re- 
 peatedly saved from pious suicide, he estab- 
 lished his residence on a mountain, about thirty 
 or forty miles to the east of Antioch. Within 
 the space of a mandra, or circle of stones, to 
 which he had attached himself by a ponderous 
 chain, he ascended a column which was suc^ 
 cessively raised from the height of nine to that 
 of sixty feet from the ground. In this last anci 
 lofty station the Syrian anchoret resisted th& 
 heat of thirty summers and the cold of as many 
 winters. Habit and exercise instructed him to 
 maintain his dangerous situation without fear or 
 giddiness, and successively to assume the differ- 
 ent postures of devotion. He sometimes prayed 
 in an erect attitude, with his outstretched arms 
 in the figure of a cross ; but his most familiar 
 practice was that of bending his meagre skele- 
 ton from the forehead to the feet ; and a curious 
 spectator, after numbering twelve hundred and 
 forty-four repetitions, at length desisted from 
 the endless account. The progress of an Ulcer 
 in his thigh might shorten but it could not dis- 
 turb this celestial life ; and the patient hermit 
 expired without descending from his column. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 37, p. 539. 
 
 5013. SAINTS, Worship of. Introduction. At 
 Rome the bones of St. Peter and St. Paul — or, 
 rather, what they believed to be such — were re- 
 moved from their graves one hundred and fifty 
 years after their death, and deposited in magnifi- 
 cent shrines. In the following ages Constanti- 
 nople, which could boast no treasures of that 
 kind within her own walls, had recourse to the 
 provinces, and acquired from them the supposed 
 bodies of St. Andrew, St. Luke, and St. Timo- 
 thy, after these had been dead for three hundred 
 years. But these sacred treasures were appro- 
 priated solely to the churches of the capitals of 
 
SALARY— SCANDALS. 
 
 595 
 
 the empire ; other cities and their churches bor- 
 rowed portions of these older relics ; and where 
 they had not interest to procure these, their 
 priests had dexterity to discover relics of their 
 own. The possession of these bones was found 
 to conduce very much to the acquisition of more 
 substantial treasures. It was easy to find skel- 
 etons, and to give them names ; but it was nec- 
 essary to prove their authenticity and virtue by 
 making these bones perform miracles. Artifice 
 and roguery had a powerful assistant here in 
 popular credulity ; and even natural events, when 
 ascribed to the mediation of saints and martyrs, 
 became proofs of their divine and supernatural 
 power. It was easier for the vulgar mind to 
 approach in prayer the image or simply the idea 
 oi a holy man — one who had been on earth sub- 
 ject to like passions with themselves — than to 
 raise their imaginations to the tremendous and 
 incomprehensible nature of the Supreme Power ; 
 hence the prayers to saints. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 4, p. 11. 
 
 501 4. SALARY supplemented. Reign of Charles 
 JI. The regular salary, however, was the small- 
 est part of the gains of an official man of that 
 age. From the nobleman who held the white 
 staff and the great seal down to the humblest 
 tide-waiter and ganger, what would now be 
 called gross corruption was practised without 
 disguise and without reproach. Titles, places, 
 commissions, pardons, were daily sold in market 
 overt by the great dignitaries of the realm, and 
 every clerk in every department imitated, to the 
 best of his power, the evil example. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 288. 
 
 5015. SARCASM, Merited. "Leave the 
 Thames." [In l(jl3 James I. threatened ruin to 
 the Londoners by removing his own court, and 
 the Court of Westminster Hall, and the Records 
 in the Tower, because he was refused by the city 
 a donation called a "benevolence." The Lord 
 Mayor replied :] " Your Majesty hath power to 
 ■do what you please, and your city of London will 
 obey accordingly ; but she humbly desires that 
 when your Majesty shall remove your courts 
 you would please to leave the Thames behind 
 3-0U." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 22, p. 357. 
 
 5016. SAVAGES, Ancient. Oermany. [The 
 Heruli inhabited the dark forests of Germany 
 and Poland.] Their names, the only remains 
 <rf their language, are Gothic. They fought 
 almost naked, like the Icelandic Berserkirs ; 
 their bravery was like madness ; few in number, 
 they were mostly of royal blood. What feroc- 
 ity, what unrestrained license, sullied their vic- 
 tories ! The Goth respects the church, the 
 priests, the senate ; the Heruli mangle all in a 
 general massacre : there is no pity for age, no 
 refuge for chastity. Among themselves there 
 is the same ferocity : the sick and the aged are 
 put to death, at their own request, during a 
 solemn festival ; the widow ends her days by 
 hanging herself upon the tree which shadows 
 her husband's tomb. All these circumstances, 
 so striking to a mind familiar with Scandinavian 
 history, lead us to discover among the Heruli 
 not eo much a nation as a confederacy of princes 
 and nobles. — Mii>man's Note in Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39, p. 16. 
 
 5017. SAVAGES, Gentle. Natives of St. 
 Thomas. " So loving, so tractable, so peaceable, 
 
 are these people," says Columbus in his journal, 
 " that I swear to your majesties there is not in 
 the world a better nation nor a better land. 
 They love their neighbors as themselves, and 
 their discourse is ever sweet and gentle, and ac- 
 companied with a smile ; and though it is true 
 that they are naked, yet their manners are dec- 
 orous and praiseworthy." — Irvinq's Columbus, 
 Book 4, ch. 8. 
 
 501§. SAVIOUR, A false. Titus Oates. [Titus 
 Gates, the infamous and unscrupulous false wit- 
 ness who caused the death of those whom he ac- 
 cused of connection with the " Popish plot,"] put 
 on an episcopal garb except the lawn sleeves — 
 silk gown and cassock, great hat, satin hat-band 
 and rose, long scarf — and was called, or most 
 blasphemously called himself, the Saviour of the 
 nation. Whoever he pointed at was taken up 
 and committed, so that many people got out of 
 his way, as from a blast. The very breath of 
 him was pestilential, and if it brought not im- 
 prisonment or death on whomsoever it fell, 
 it surely poisoned reputation. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 20, p. 337. 
 
 5019. SAVIOUR in a Name. Solon. [King 
 of Sardis.] Croesus being a prisoner, was con- 
 demned by [Cyrus] the conqueror to be burnt 
 alive. Accordingly the funeral pile was pre- 
 pared, and that unhappy prince, being laid 
 thereon, and just upon the point of execution, 
 recollecting the conversation he had formerly 
 had with Solon, was wofully convinced of the 
 truth of that philosopher's admonition, and in 
 remembrance thereof, cried aloud three times, 
 " Solon ! Solon 1 Solon !" Cyrus, who, with the 
 chief officers of his court, was present at this 
 spectacle, was curious to know why Croesus 
 pronounced that celebrated philosopher's name 
 with so much vehemence in this extremity. Be- 
 ing told the reason, and reflecting upon the un- 
 certain state of all sublunary things, he was 
 touched with commiseration at the prince's mis- 
 fortune, caused him to be taken from the pile, 
 and treated him afterward, as long as he lived, 
 with honor and respect. Thus had Solon the 
 glory, with one single word, to save the life of 
 one king, and give a wholesome lesson of in- 
 struction to another. — Rollin's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 1, art. 1. 
 
 5020. SCANDAL, Victim of. Bev. Charles 
 Wesley. [The early Methodists were mobbed, 
 their houses pulled down, and their lives in peril 
 in the city of Cork.] Twenty -eight depositions 
 were presented to the grand jury against the ri- 
 oters, which were all thrown out, and the jury 
 made a remarkable presentment which still 
 stands on the city records, and which declares 
 that "we find and present Charles Wesley to 
 be a person of ill-fame, a vagabond, and a com- 
 mon disturber of his Majesty's peace, and we 
 pray that he may be transported. "'-Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 282. 
 
 5021. SCANDALS, Ecclesiastical. Bo man. 
 The interested views, the selfish and angry pas. 
 sions, the arts of perfidy and dissimulation, the 
 secret corruption, the open and even bloody vio- 
 lence which had formerly disgraced the freedom 
 of election in the commonwealths of Greece and 
 Rome too often influenced the choice of the 
 successors of the apostles. While one of the 
 
596 
 
 SCARCITY— SCHOOL. 
 
 candidates boasted the honors of his family, a 
 second allured his judges by the delicacies of a 
 plentiful table, and a third,*more guilty than his 
 rivals, offered to share the plunder of the church 
 among the accomplices of his sacrilegious hopes. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20, p. 281. 
 
 5022. SCAECITY, Value by. Oracles. An 
 unknown woman is said to have come to Tar- 
 quin with nine volumes of oracles written by 
 the Sibyl of Cuma, for which she demanded a 
 very considerable price. Tarquin refusing to 
 purchase them at her rate, she burned three of 
 them, and then asked the same price for the re- 
 maining six. Her proposal being rejected with 
 scorn, she burned three more, and notwithstand- 
 ing, still insisted on her first price. Tarquin, 
 surprised at the novelty of the thing, put the 
 books into the hands of the augurs to be exam- 
 ined, who advised to purchase them at any rate. 
 Accordingly he did, and appointed two persons 
 of distinction, styled Duumviri, to be guardians 
 of them, who locked them up in a vault under 
 the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and there 
 they were kept until they were burned with the 
 temple itself. — Plutarch's Publicola, Lai^g- 
 horne's Note. 
 
 5023. SCEPTICS, Superstitious. Ashley Coo- 
 per, Earl of Shaftesbury. Sceptics are apt to be 
 superstitious ; the organization which favors 
 the moral restlessness of perpetual doubt often 
 superinduces a nervous timidity. Shaftesbury 
 was indifferent to religion ; his physical irrita- 
 bility made him not indifferent to superstition. 
 He would not fear God, but he watched the 
 stars ; he did not receive Christianity, and he 
 could not reject astrology. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 13. 
 
 5024. SCHOLARSHIP, Defective. Robert Ful- 
 ton. At school, Robert Fulton was a dull and 
 troublesome boy. Books were disgusting to 
 him. He had the impudence to tell his teacher, 
 one day, that his head was so full of original 
 notions that there was no vacant room in it for 
 the contents of dusty books. But, out of school, 
 he exhibited intelligence and talent. — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BioG. , p. 153. 
 
 5025. SCHOLARSHIP by Emulation. Charles 
 XII. He M^as exceedingly obstinate, and, like 
 most obstinate people, was sometimes led by the 
 nose. For example : he would not learn Latin ; 
 but when he was artfully told that the King of 
 Denmark and the King of Poland knew that 
 language well, he threw himself into the study 
 of it with great energy, and became a very good 
 scholar [and king of Sweden]. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 433. 
 
 5026. SCHOLARSHIP revived. Arabs. In the 
 ninth century we trace the first dawnings of 
 the restoration of science. After the fanaticism 
 of the Arabs had subsided the caliphs aspired 
 to conquer the arts, rather than the provinces, 
 of the empire ; their liberal curiosity rekindled 
 the emulation of the Greeks, brushed away the 
 dust from their ancient libraries, and taught 
 them to know and reward the philosophers, 
 whose labors had been hitherto repaid by the 
 pleasure of study and the pursuit of truth ; . . . 
 a school was opened in the palace of Magnaura ; 
 arid the presence of Bardas excited the emula- 
 tion of the masters and students. At their head 
 
 was the philosopher Leo, archbishop of Thessa- 
 lonica ; his profound skill in astronomy and the 
 mathematics was admired by the strangers of 
 the East ; and this occult science was magnified 
 by vulgar credulity, which modestly supposes 
 that all knowledge superior to its own must be 
 the effect of inspiration or magic. At the press- 
 ing entreaty of the Caesar, his friend, the cele- 
 brated Photius, renounced the freedom of a sec- 
 ular and studious life, ascended the patriarchal 
 throne, and was alternately excommunicated 
 and absolved by the synods of the East and 
 West. By the confession even of priestly ha- 
 tred, no art or science, except poetry, was for- 
 eign to this universal scholar, who was deep in 
 thought, indefatigable in reading, and eloquent 
 in diction. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 378. 
 
 5027. SCHOOL, Aversion toward. Garibaldi. 
 When he was about fourteen his father took 
 him on board his vessel, on one of his trips to 
 Genoa, and put him at school in that city. The 
 school, it seems, was a very dull one, the teach- 
 ers being totally unable to interest the boys in 
 their studies ; and this active lad suffered intol- 
 erably from the confinement and tedium. He 
 and several of his companions resolved to es- 
 cape. Garibaldi understanding well the man- 
 agement of a sail-boat, they got possession of 
 one, put some provisions on board, and set sail 
 for the open sea. But a treacherous abbe, to 
 whom the secret had been confided, betrayed 
 them, and informed Garibaldi's father, who 
 jumped into a swift boat and made all sail in 
 pursuit, and soon overtook them. They all re- 
 turned to school crestfallen. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 493. 
 
 502S. SCHOOL, Caste in. Harvard. John 
 Adams, in a class of twenty-four, ranked four- 
 teenth. On state occasions, when the class en- 
 tered a room, he would have gone in fourteenth. 
 His grandson tells us that he would not have 
 held even as high a rank as this but that his 
 mother's ancestors were persons of greater con- 
 sequence than his father's. This custom of ar- 
 ranging the students in accordance with the 
 supposed social importance of their parents pre- 
 vailed at Harvard until the year 1769, after 
 which the alphabetical order was substituted. — 
 Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 171. 
 
 5029. SCHOOL, Discipline in. Samuel John- 
 son. There is now less flogging in our great 
 schools than formerly, but then less is learned 
 there ; so that what the boys get at one end they 
 lose at the other. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 265. 
 
 5030. SCHOOL everywhere. Socrates. Soc- 
 rates did not affect the manners or the habits 
 of a public teacher. He had no school ; he 
 gave no professed lectures on philosophy ; he 
 mingled with his fellow-citizens in all ranks of 
 life, conversing with each man on the subjects 
 best suited to his occupation and talents. The 
 theatres, the temples, the shops of the artists, 
 the courts of justice, the public streets, were all 
 occasionally the scene of his moral conversations 
 and instnidtive arguments. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 9, p. 268. 
 
 5031. SCHOOL of Observation. Hugh Miller. 
 [He was apprenticed to a stone-mason ; the} 
 quarry proved to be one of his best schools . . - 
 
SCHOOL— SCHOOLS. 
 
 597 
 
 ■v\ ^ere other men saw nothing, he detected an- 
 alogies, differences and peculiarities which set 
 him a thinking. He simply kept his eyes and 
 his mind open ; was sober, diligent, and per- 
 severing ; and this was the secret of his intel- 
 lectual growth. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, 
 p. 91. 
 
 5032. SCHOOL, Perils of. Edgar Allan Poe. 
 [This remarkable poet became a drunkard. 
 Mr. John Allan, a rich merchant, adopted him.] 
 When the boy was not quite seven years of 
 age, he took him to London ; and, in a village 
 near that city, he placed the little orphan at a 
 boarding-school, where he left him for nearly 
 live years. So far as is known, the child had 
 not a friend, still less a relation, on that side of 
 the ocean. Here was an eager, vivacious, and 
 probably precocious boy, confined in the desola- 
 tion of an English school ; which is, generally 
 speaking, a scene as unsuited to the proper nurt- 
 ure of the young as Labrador for the breeding 
 of canary-birds. Such a boy as that needed the 
 tenderness of women and the watchful care of 
 fin alf ectionate and wise father. He needed love, 
 home, and the minute, fond attention which rare 
 and curious plants usually receive, but which 
 children seldom do, who are so much more 
 worthy of it, and would reward it so much more. 
 He needed, in short, all that he did not have, 
 and he had in abundance much that he did not 
 need. If the truth could be known, it would 
 probably be found that Poe received at this 
 school the germ of the evil which finally de- 
 stroyed him. Certainly he failed to acquire the 
 self-control and strong principle which might 
 have saved him. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 738. 
 
 5033. SCHOOL, Trials at. Napoleon I. [The 
 young aristocrats] sneered at the plainness of 
 Napoleon's dress, and at the emptiness of his 
 purse [when at school at Brienne, near Paris]. 
 His proud spirit was stung to the quick by these 
 indignities, and his temper was roused by that 
 disdain to which he was compelled to submit, 
 and from which he could find no refuge. Then 
 . . . was implanted in his mind that hostility, 
 which he ever afterward so signally manifested 
 to rank, founded not on merit, but upon the ac- 
 cident of birth. . . . Thirty years after this 
 liTapoleon said, "Called to the throne by the 
 Yoice of the people, my maxim has always been, 
 * A career open to talent,' without distinction of 
 birth." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 5034. SCHOOL-DAYS, Happy. Samuel John- 
 son. He maintained that a boy at school was the 
 happiest of human beings. I supported a differ- 
 ent opinion, from which I have never yet varied, 
 that a man is happier ; and I enlarged upon the 
 anxiety and sufferings which are endured at 
 school. Johnson: "Ah! Sir, a boy's being 
 flogged is not so severe as a man's having the 
 hiss of the world against him. Men have a solic- 
 itude about fame, and the greater share they 
 have of it, the more afraid they are of losing 
 it." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 124. 
 
 5035. SCHOOL-LIFE, Tedious. Shakespeare. 
 There was in Stratford an ancient grammar 
 school, where Latin and Greek were taught ; and 
 taught (as I guess) in the ancient dull way ; for 
 this school Shakespeare attended from about his 
 seventh to his fourteenth year, and he speaks in 
 
 his plays of boys creeping 'unwillingly to 
 school," and of their going from school with 
 alacrity. There are thirteen passages in the 
 works of Shakespeare expressive of the tedium 
 and disgust which boys used to endure in the 
 barbarous schools of the olden time ; where- 
 as, there is not one which alludes to school as a 
 pleasant place. — Cyclopedia of BioG.,p. 24. 
 
 5036. SCHOOL-LIFE, Temptations of. Wil- 
 berfaree. [Wilberforce entered St. John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge] 1776, at the age of seventeen. 
 He tells his experience : " I was introduced, on 
 the first night of my arrival, to as licentious a 
 set of men as can well be conceived. They 
 drank hard, and their conversation was even 
 worse than their lives. . . . After the first year I 
 shook off in great measure my connection with 
 them." He got into better society. " but those," 
 he complains, " with whom I was intimate, their 
 object seemed to be to make and keep me idle. 
 If ever I appeared studious they would say to 
 me, ' Why in the world should a man of your 
 fortune trouble himself with fagging ?' " Wil- 
 berforce was one of the few who could ' ' escape 
 contagion, and emerge pure from so foul a 
 pool." — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6. 
 
 5037. SCHOOLMASTEE imitated. William 
 Cowper. Cowper was under Vincent Bourne, 
 his portrait of whom is, in some respects, a pict- 
 ure not only of its immediate subject, but of the 
 schoolmaster of the last century. " I love the 
 memory of Vinny Bourne. ... I love him, too, 
 with a love of partiality, because he was usher 
 of the fifth form at AVestminster when I passed 
 through it. He was so good-natured and so in- 
 dolent that I lost more than I got by him, for he 
 made me as idle as himself. He was such a 
 sloven, as if he had trusted to his genius as a 
 cloak for everything that could disgust you in 
 his person ; and, indeed, in his writings he has 
 almost made amends for all. ... I remember 
 seeing the Duke of Richmond set fire to his greasy 
 locks, and box his ears to put it out again." — 
 Smith's Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
 503§. SCHOOLMASTEE vs. Soldier. Brough- 
 am. [Mr. Brougham in 1828 declared in Par- 
 liament that it . . . unconstitutional that almost 
 the whole patronage of the State should be 
 placed in the hands of a military Premier — the 
 Duke of Wellington. But he would not exag- 
 gerate the danger.] He was perfectly satisfied 
 that there would be no unconstitutional attack 
 on the liberties of the people. These are not 
 the times for such an attempt. There were 
 periods when the country had heard with dismay 
 that the soldier was abroad. That was not the 
 case now. Let the soldier be ever so . . . much 
 abroad, in the present age he could do nothing. 
 There was another person abroad — a less impor- 
 tant person — whose labors had tended to pro- 
 duce this state of things — the schoolmaster was 
 abroad. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 229. 
 
 5039. SCHOOLS appreciated. Colony of Mass. 
 [In 1636] six years after the arrival of Win- 
 throp, the general court voted a sum, equal to a 
 year's rate of the whole colony, toward the erec- 
 tion of a college. In 1638, John Harvard, who 
 arrived in the bay only to fall a victim to the 
 most wasting disease of the climate, desiring Xo 
 connect himself imperishably with the happi- 
 
598 
 
 SCHOOLS— SCIENCE. 
 
 ness of his adopted country, bequeathed to the 
 college one half of his estate and all his library. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 9040. SCHOOLS, Beginning of. New England 
 Colonies. " To the end that learning may not be 
 buried in the graves of our forefathers," it was 
 ordered in all the Puritan colonies, "that in 
 every township, after the Lord hath increased 
 them to the number of fifty householders, shall 
 appoint one to teach all children to write and 
 read ; and when any town shall increase to one 
 hundred families they shall set up a grammar 
 school, the masters thereof being able to instruct 
 youth, so far as they may be fitted for the uni- 
 versity." — Bancroft's tJ. S., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 5041. SCHOOLS, Christianized. Roman. 
 [About the beginning of the third century the 
 Church was in a prosperous condition.] Philos- 
 ophy, her most dangerous enemy, was now con- 
 verted into her most useful ally. The groves of 
 the academy, the gardens of Epicurus, and even 
 the portico of the Stoics, were almost deserted, 
 as so many different schools of scepticism or im- 
 piety ; and many among the Romans were de- 
 sirous that the writings of Cicero should be con- 
 demned and suppressed by the authority of the 
 senate. The prevailing sect of the new Plato- 
 nicians judged it prudent to connect themselves 
 with the priests, whom, perhaps, they despised, 
 against the Christians, whom they had reason to 
 fear. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 59. 
 
 5042. SCHOOLS, Excellence in. AtJienian. The 
 Attic schools of rhetoric and philosophy main- 
 tained their superior reputation from the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war to the reign of Justinian. Athens, 
 though situate in a barren soil, possessed a pure 
 air, a free navigation, and the monuments of an- 
 cient art. That sacred retirement was seldom 
 disturbed by the business of trade or govern- 
 ment ; and the last of the Athenians were dis- 
 tinguished by their lively wit, the purity of their 
 taste and language, their social manners, and 
 some traces, at least, in discourse, of the magna- 
 nimity of their fathers. In the suburbs of the 
 city, the academy of the Platonists, the lyceum 
 of the Peripatetics, the portico of the Stoics, and 
 the garden of the Epicureans, were planted with 
 trees and decorated with statues ; and the phi- 
 losophers, instead of being immured in a clois- 
 ter, delivered their instructions in spacious and 
 pleasant walks, which, at different hours, were 
 consecrated to the exercises of the mind and 
 body. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 106. 
 
 5043. SCHOOLS, Perverted. Reign of James II. 
 The king had already begun to treat Oxford 
 with such rigor, that the rigor shown toward 
 Cambridge might, by comparison, be called len- 
 ity. Already University College had been turned 
 by Obadiah Walker into a Roman Catholic sem- 
 inary. Already Christ Church was governed by 
 a Roman Catholic dean. Mass was already said 
 daily in both those colleges. — Macaulay's Eng. , 
 ch. 8, p. 261. 
 
 5044. SCHOOLS, Ragged. In London. A 
 Scotch gardener, Andrew Walker, attempted to 
 weed " The Devil's Acre" [a district in London 
 abandoned to thieves, beggars, and pickpockets], 
 and in 1839 set up a school, in a stable, for re- 
 claiming the wretched children who swarmed 
 around him. This was the beginning of ' Rag- 
 
 ged Schools" in London. — Knight's Eng., vol.8, 
 ch. 22, p. 399. 
 
 5045. . In Pm'tsmouth. [Joha 
 
 Pounds, a Portsmouth cobbler, started a Ragged 
 School and for many years rescued poor children 
 from destruction. He was a poor man, but] in 
 the course of his benevolent career he was the 
 gratuitous instructor of five hundred children, 
 who without him would have swelled the num- 
 bers of the criminal population. — Knight's- 
 Eng., vol 8, ch. 22, p. 399. 
 
 5046. SCHOOLS, Struggle for. James II. He 
 was resolved to transfer to his own Church all 
 the wealthiest and most splendid foundations of 
 England. It was to no purpose that the best 
 and wisest of his Roman Catholic counsellors re- 
 monstrated. They represented to him that he 
 had it in his power to render a great service io 
 the cause of his religion without violating the 
 rights of property. [See No. 877.] — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 8, p. 263. 
 
 5047. SCIENCE an AUy. War. In the two 
 sieges, the deliverance of Constantinople may be 
 chiefly ascribed to the novelty, the terrors, and 
 the real efficacy of the Greek fire. The impor- 
 tant secret of compounding and directing this 
 artificial flame was imparted by Callinicus, a 
 native of Heliopolis, in Syria, who deserted 
 from the service of the caliph to that of the em- 
 peror. The skill of a chemist and engineer was 
 equivalent to the succor of fleets and armies .; 
 and this discovery or improvement of the mili- 
 tary art was fortunately reserved for the distress- 
 ful period when the degenerate Romans of the 
 East were incapable of contending with the war- 
 like enthusiasm and youthful vigor of the Sara- 
 cens. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63, p. 282. 
 
 504§. SCIENCE contributory to Art. Navi- 
 gation. His [John II., King of Portugal] twO' 
 physicians, Roderigo and Joseph, the latter a 
 Jew, the most able astronomers and cosmogra- 
 phers of his kingdom, together with the cele- 
 brated Martin Behem, entered into a learned 
 consultation on the subject. The result of their 
 conferences and labors was the application of 
 the astrolabe to navigation, enabling the sea- 
 man, by the altitude of the sun, to ascertain his 
 distance from the equator. This instrument has 
 since been improved and modified into the mod- 
 ern quadrant, of which, even at its first introduc- 
 tion, it possessed all the essential advantages. It 
 is impossible to describe the effect produced 
 upon navigation by this invention. It cast it 
 loose at once from its long bondage to the land, 
 and set it free to rove the deep. — Irving's Co- ^ 
 LUMBUS, ch. 6. 
 
 5049. SCIENCE, Experimental. Baconian. 
 The year 1660, the era of the restoration of the 
 old Constitution, is also the era from which i 
 dates the ascendency of the new philosophy. In 
 that year the Royal Society, destined to be a 
 chief agent in a long series of glonous and salu- 
 tary reforms, began to exist. Ih'^ few months 
 experimental science became all the mode. The 
 transfusion of blood, the ponderation of air, the 
 fixation of mercury, succeeded to that place in 
 the public mind which had been lately occupied 
 by the controversies of the Rota. Dreams of 
 perfect forms of government made way for 
 dreams of wings with which men were to fly 
 
SCIENCE— SEA. 
 
 599 
 
 from the tower to the Abbey, and of double- 
 Aeeled ships which were never to founder in the 
 fiercest storm. All classes were hurried along 
 by the prevailing sentiment. Cavalier and 
 Roundhead, Churchman and Puritan, were for 
 once allied. Divines, jurists, statesmen, nobles, 
 princes, swelled the triumph of the Baconian 
 philosophy. Poets sang with emulous fervor the 
 approach of the Golden Age. . . . Dryden, with 
 more zeal than knowledge, joined his voice to 
 the general acclamation, and foretold things 
 which neither he nor anybody else understood. 
 The Royal Society, he predicted, would soon 
 lead us to the extreme verge of the globe, and 
 there delight us with a better view of the moon. 
 — Macatjlay's Eng. , ch. 3, p. 379. 
 
 5050. SCIENCE, Infatuated by. Pliny. In 
 the first year of the reign of Titus happened that 
 most remarkable eruption of Mount Vesuvius 
 which overwhelmed the cities of Herculaneum 
 and Pompeii, and in which the elder Pliny lost 
 his life, from an earnest curiosity to be a near 
 witness of that striking spectacle. He had de- 
 termined to embellish his Natural History with 
 a description of that most interesting phenome- 
 non, and for this purpose rushed eagerly into 
 that situation of danger from which others were 
 as eagerly attempting to escape. He was there 
 suffocated by a cloud of sulphurous vapor. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 493. 
 
 505 1 . SCIENCE, Magic-like. Admiral Drake. 
 [In 1587 Admiral Drake came to Plymouth and 
 found the populous town had no adequate sup- 
 ply of fresh water.] At Dartmoor he found a 
 leat, or spring, that he found was capable of 
 being conducted from the high ground to a res- 
 ervoir at the northern suburb of Plymouth. He 
 mounted his horse, says the local tradition, and 
 riding to the distant hills found the desired sup- 
 ply ; and having pronounced some magical 
 words, rode back, and the stream followed him 
 all the way to the town. . . . Science since that 
 time has uttered many words which appear 
 magical. — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 14, p. 216. 
 
 5052. SCIENCE the Patron of Art. Navigation. 
 [See No. 5867.] Preparatory to this remarkable 
 voyage the Argonauts were furnished with in- 
 structions by Chiron, the astronomer, who 
 framed for their use a scheme of the constella- 
 tions, giving a determined place to the solstitial 
 and equinoctial points ; the former in the 15th 
 degrees of Cancer and Capricorn, and the latter 
 in the 15th degrees of Aries and Libra. This re- 
 corded fact has served as the basis of an emen- 
 dation of the ancient chronology by Sir Isaac 
 Newton. — Tytler's Hist., Bookl, ch. 8, p. 71. 
 
 5053. SCIENCE and Politics. Julius Ccesar. 
 The genius of Caesar was not confined to the arts 
 of government, but carried its researches into 
 every branch of science and philosophy. The 
 duration of the year at this time was twelve 
 lunar months, with an intercalation of twenty- 
 two or twenty-three days, alternately, at the end 
 of every two y. trs ; but the pontiffs either intro- 
 duced or omitted the intercalation according to 
 circumstances, as they wanted to abridge or 
 prolong the time of the magistrates continuing 
 in olBce — and thus there was the greatest confu- 
 sion in the calendar. Caesar, who was a profi- 
 cient in astronomy, and to whose writings in that 
 science even Ptolemy confesses that he owed in- 
 
 formation, corrected the errors of the calendar 
 by fixing the solar year at three hundred and 
 sixty-five days, with an intercalation of one day 
 every fourth year. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, 
 ch. 2, p. 412. 
 
 5054. SCOUEGING ineffective. Jame«JJ. [The 
 notorious Catherine Sedley was his mistress. 
 In seasons of repentance he stimulated his 
 purpose of reformation by scourging his own 
 shoulders. See No. 1133.] James wrote, implor- 
 ing and commanding her to depart. He owned 
 that he had promised to bid her farew^ell in per- 
 son. " But I know too well," he added, " the 
 power which you have over me. I have not 
 strength of mind enough to keep my resolution 
 if I see you." He offered her a yacht to convey 
 her with all dignity to Flanders, and threatened 
 that if she did not go quietly she should be sent 
 away by force. She at one time worked upon 
 his feelings by pretending to be ill. Then she 
 assumed the airs of a martyr, and impudently 
 proclaimed herself a sufferer for the Protestant 
 religion. Then again she adopted the style of 
 John Hampden. She defied the king to remove 
 her. She would try the right with him. "While 
 the Great Charter and the Habeas Corpus Act 
 were the law of the land she would live where 
 she pleased. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 67, 
 
 5055. SCEIPTURE misused. Against Colum- 
 bus. A council of clerical sages was convened 
 in the collegiate convent of St. Stephen to in- 
 vestigate the new theory of Columbus. It was 
 composed of professors of astronomy, geogra- 
 phy, mathematics, and other branches of science, 
 together with various dignitaries of the church, 
 and learned friars. ... At the very threshold of 
 the discussion, instead of geographical objec- 
 tions, Columbus was assailed with citations from 
 the Bible and the Testament : the book of Gene- 
 sis, the psalms of David, the prophets, the epis- 
 tles, and the gospels. To these were added the 
 expositions of various saints and reverend com- 
 mentators. — Irving's Columbus, Book 2, ch. 8, 
 
 5056. SCULPTOR, The mental. Socrates. [His 
 father was a sculptor.] He was surprised that a 
 sculptor should employ his whole attention to 
 fashion an insensible stone into the likeness of a 
 man, and that a man should take so little pains 
 not to resemble an insensible stone. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 9, ch. 4, § 1. 
 
 5057. SCULPTUEE, Nobility of. Eternalise 
 Fame. It is the peculiar advantage of the art of 
 sculpture that, being ordinarily employed on 
 the most durable materials, and such as possess 
 small intrinsic value, it bids the fairest of all the 
 arts to eternize the fame of the artist. "While its 
 works resist all natural decay from time, they 
 afford no temptation to alter their form, in 
 which consists their only value. They may lie 
 hid from neglect in an age of ignorance, but 
 they are safe, though buried in the earth ; and 
 avarice or industry, to supply the demands of an 
 after age of taste, will probably recover them. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 7, p. 229. 
 
 505S. SEA, Passion for the. Sir John Frank- 
 lin. Almost from infancy the boy had shown a 
 fondness for sea-stories, and had often said that 
 he meant to be a sailor. This was regarded as a 
 boy's fancy that would soon pass away ; but 
 when he was but eleven years old a circumstance 
 
600 
 
 SEA-BATHING— SECTARIANISM. 
 
 occurred which gave reason to suppose that his 
 taste for the sea was something more than this. 
 He had never yet beheld the ocean, though it 
 was but twelve miles from his school. One day. 
 when the school had a holiday, he and one of 
 his school-fellows walked that twelve miles to 
 the shore, for no other purpose than to gaze 
 upon the sea. All that he had ever heard or 
 dreamed of the grandeur and charm of the ocean 
 was more than realized, and he sat, hour after 
 hour, entranced with the magnificence of the 
 view. From that day he was never shaken in 
 his resolve to spend his life upon the sea. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BiOG., p. 390. 
 
 5059. SEA-BATHING unappreciated. Eng- 
 land. In the beginning of the eighteenth centu- 
 ry .. . there was no gathering on the coast, east 
 or west, north or south, to inhale the breeze or 
 float in the brine. The sea was as much dreaded 
 by inland dwellers as the mountains were hate- 
 ful to the inhabitants of the plains. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 1, p. 10. 
 
 5060. SEAL, Importance of the. British. 
 [William of Orange was welcomed in England 
 and James II. fled for France. The Seal of 
 State was thrown into the Thames.] Next to the 
 Prince of Wales the chief object of anxiety 
 was the great seal. To that symbol of kingly 
 authority our jurists have always ascribed a pe- 
 culiar and almost mysterious importance. It is 
 held that if the keeper of the seal should affix 
 it, without taking the royal pleasure, to a patent 
 of peerage or to a pardon, though he may be 
 guilty of a high offence, the instrument cannot 
 be questioned by any court of law, and can be 
 annulled only by an act of Parliament. James 
 seems to have been afraid that his enemies might 
 get this organ of his will into their hands, and 
 might thus give a legal validity to acts which 
 might affect him injuriously. [It was recovered.] 
 — Mac AUL ay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 486. 
 
 5061. SECESSION, Planned. New England. 
 On the night of the 2d of February, 1812, an 
 Irishman, named John Henry, now a natural- 
 ized citizen of the United States, called at the 
 President's mansion and revealed to him the as- 
 tounding fact that the ministry of Great Britain, 
 co-operating with Sir James Craig, Governor of 
 Canada, had been engaged for some years in a trea- 
 sonable scheme to destroy tlie American Union. 
 .... As early as 1808 the attention of the Can- 
 adian governor had been called to certain pub- 
 lished articles written by Henry against repub- 
 lican governments ; and the latter was summoned 
 to Montreal. From him Craig learned of the in- 
 tense hostility of the Federal party to the ad- 
 ministration, and of the great distress of New 
 England on account of the embargo and other 
 restrictions on commerce, . . . and he was prom- 
 ised an annual salary of $5000 to return to Bos- 
 ton and become the secret agent of England and 
 Canada. The purpose of the conspirators was 
 to aggravate the popular discontent of New Eng- 
 land until the Eastern States should be induced 
 to secede from the Union and join themselves 
 with Canada. But with the repeal of the em- 
 bargo and the subsidence of political excite- 
 ment, the people were in n© humor to be led 
 into rebellion. Sir James Craig died, and Henr3^ 
 unsuccessful and impaid, went, in 1811, to Lon- 
 don, and presented his claim for £30,000 to the 
 
 English ministers; . . . but this, for services which 
 had resulted in nothing, was reckoned a serious 
 matter, . . . and he was sent back to get what re- 
 muneration he could from the successor of Craig 
 in Canada. Enraged at his treatment, the spy, 
 instead of returning to Montreal, sailed to Bos- 
 ton, and going thence to Washington, divulged 
 the whole conspiracy to the President, surren- 
 dered his correspondence with Craig, and re- 
 ceived therefor $50,000 out of the secret service 
 fund of the United States. The disclosure of 
 this perfidious business contributed greatly to 
 consolidate public sentiment against Great Brit- 
 ain and to strengthen the hands of the war par- 
 ty.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 49, p. 392. 
 
 5062. SECEECY, Deception in. Lieutenant- 
 Governor Hutchinson, Mass. a.d. 1769. "I 
 humbly entreat your Lordship that my letters 
 may not be made public," was his ever-renewed 
 prayer to successive secretaries of State, so that 
 he conducted the government like one engaged 
 in a conspiracy or an intrigue. But some of his 
 letters . . . discovered. . . disclosed that he had 
 laid snares for the lives of patriots, and had urged 
 the " thorough" of English liberty in America. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 42. 
 
 5063. SECRECY, Impenetrable. Napoleon I. 
 "1 never," said Josephine, "beheld Napoleon 
 for a moment perfectly at ease, not even with 
 myself. He is constantly alert. If at any time 
 he appears to show a little confidence, it is merely 
 a feint to throw the person with whom he con- 
 verses off his guard, and to draw forth his real 
 sentiments ; but never does he himself disclose 
 his real thoughts." — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 5064. SECEET imperilled, A. Cato. [Cato 
 the Censor said] that in all his life he never 
 repented but of three things : the first was, that 
 he had trusted a woman with a secret ; the 
 second, that he had gone by sea when he might 
 have gone by land ; and the third, that he had 
 passed one day without having his will in his 
 possession. — Plutarch's " Cato the Censor.*' 
 
 5065. SECEETS burdensome. Josephine. Jo 
 sephine, frank and candid, and a stranger to all 
 artifice, could not easily conceal her knowledge 
 or her thoughts. Napoleon consequently seldom 
 intrusted to her any plans which he was un- 
 willing to have known. "A secret," he once 
 observed, " is burdensome to Josephine." — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 5066. SECTAEIAN, The Wind a. Reign of 
 James II. [The disloyal English were waiting 
 to welcome William, Prince of Orange.] The 
 general impatience for the arrival of the Dutch 
 became every day stronger. The gales which at 
 this time blew obstinately from the west, and 
 which at once prevented the prince's armament 
 from sailing and brought fresh Irish regiments 
 from Dublin to Chester, were bitterly cursed 
 and reviled by the common people. The weather, 
 it was said, was popish. Crowds stood in Cheap- 
 side gazing intently at the weather-cock on the 
 graceful steeple of Bow Church, and praying for 
 a Protestant wind. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, 
 p. 433. 
 
 5067. SECTAEIANISM in Death. Mary Queen 
 of Scots. [Before her speedy execution.] She 
 had asked for her almoner Preaux ; two Protes- 
 
SECTARIANISM— SEDUCTION. 
 
 601 
 
 tant ministers were sent to her. "Madam, we 
 come to console you," they said, stepping over 
 the threshold of her chamber. "Are you Cath- 
 olic priests?" she cried. "No," replied they. 
 " Then I will have no comforter but Jesus," she 
 added, with a melancholy firmness. — Lamar- 
 tijse's Queen op Scots, p. 48. 
 
 506§. SECTARIANISM, Narrow. Scots. [Wil- 
 liam of Orange had been welcomed by the Eng- 
 lish.] Among the [Scotch] insurgents were some 
 fierce and moody men who had formerly dis- 
 owned Argyle, and who were now equally eager 
 to disown William. His highness, they said, 
 was plainly a malignant. There was not a word 
 about tne Covenant in his declaration. The 
 Dutch were a people with whom no true servant 
 of the Lord would unite. They consorted with 
 Lutherans, and a Lutheran was as much a child 
 of perdition as a Jesuit. The general voice of 
 the kingdom, however, effectually drowned the 
 growl of this hateful faction. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 10, p. 561. 
 
 5069. SECTS, Aversion among. Donatists. If 
 they obtained possession of a church which had 
 been used by their Catholic adversaries, they 
 purified the unhallowed building with the same 
 zealous care which a temple of idols might have 
 required. They washed the pavement, scraped 
 the walls, burnt the altar, which was commonly 
 of wood, melted the consecrated plate, and cast 
 the Holy Eucharist to the dogs, with every cir- 
 cumstance of ignominy which could provoke 
 and perpetuate the animosity of religious fac- 
 tions. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 21, p. 299. 
 
 5070. SECTS, Differences of. Persian— Turk. 
 The national religion of the Persians is the Ma- 
 hometan, as reformed by Sophi. The slender 
 difference of opinions between them and the 
 Turks is the cause of an aversion much stronger 
 than ever subsisted between the Protestants and 
 Catholics. If a Persian were washing his hands 
 in a river, he would conceive himself contami- 
 nated if he knew that a Turk had bathed in it. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 23, p. 331. 
 
 5071. . Magnified. [When the 
 
 OreeKs and Latins met to form a reunion of 
 the Catholic church in the fifteenth century they 
 experienced great difficulty and their labor was 
 ineffective.] In the treaty between the two na- 
 tions several forms of consent were proposed, 
 such as might satisfy the Latins without dis- 
 honoring the Greeks ; and they weighed the scru- 
 ples of words and syllables till the theological 
 balance trembled with a slight preponderance in 
 favor of the Vatican. It was agreed (I must en- 
 treat the attention of the reader) that the Holy 
 Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son, as 
 from one principle and one substance ; that he 
 proceeds by the Son, being of the same nature 
 and substance, and that he proceeds from the 
 Father and the Son, by one spiration and pro- 
 duction.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 67, p. 321. 
 
 5072. SEDITION, Partisan. "Blues" and 
 "Greens." [Against the Emperor Justinian.] A 
 Biilitary force, which had been despatched to the 
 aid of the civil magistrate, was fiercely encoun- 
 tered by an armed multitude, whose numbers 
 and boldness continually increased ; and the 
 Heruli, the wildest barbarians in the service of 
 the emDire, overturned *.he priests and their rel- 
 
 ics, which, from a pious motive, had been rash- 
 ly interposed to separate the bloody conflict. 
 The tumult was exasperated by this sacrilege ; 
 the people fought with enthusiasm in the cause 
 of God ; the women, from the roofs and win- 
 dows, showered stones on the heads of the sol- 
 diers, who darted firebrands against the houses ; 
 and the various flames, which had been kindled 
 by the hands of citizens and strangers, spread 
 without control over the face of the city. The 
 conflagration involved the cathedral of St. So- 
 phia, the baths of Zeuxippus, a part of the pal- 
 ace, from the first entrance to the altar of Mars, 
 and the long portico from the palace to the fo- 
 rum of Constantine ; a large hospital, with the 
 sick patients, was consumed ; many churches 
 and stately edifices were destroyed, and an im- 
 mense treasure of gold and silver was either melt- 
 ed or lost. From such scenes of horror and dis- 
 tress the wise and wealthy citizens escaped over 
 the Bosphorus to the Asiatic side ; and during 
 five days Constantinople was abandoned to the 
 factions, whose watchword, Nika, vanquish! 
 has given a name to this memorable sedition. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 61. 
 
 5073. SEDUCTION avenged. Boman Emperor 
 Carinus. Carinus possessed arms and treasures 
 sufllcient to support his legal title to the em- 
 pire. But his personal vices overbalanced every 
 advantage of birth and situation. ... A tribune, 
 whose wife he had seduced, seized the opportu- 
 nity of revenge, and, by a single blow, extin- 
 guished civil discord in the blood of the adul- 
 terer. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 401. 
 
 5074. SEDUCTION by Promises. Henry VIII. 
 " If it please you," the king wrote at this time 
 to Anne Boleyn, " to do the office of a true, loy- 
 al mistress, and give yourself body and heart to 
 me, who have been and mean to be your loyal 
 servant, I promise you not only the name, but 
 that I shall make you my sole mistress, remove 
 all others from my affection, and serve you 
 only." What stirred Henry's wrath most was 
 Catherine's " stiff and obstinate" refusal to bow 
 to his will. Wolsey's advice that " your grace 
 should handle her both gently and doulcely" 
 only goaded Henry's impatience. — Hist, of 
 Eng. People, § 549. 
 
 5075. SEDUCTION, Punishment of. Constan- 
 tine. The laws of Constantine against rapes not 
 only to the brutal violence which compelled, but 
 even to the gentle seduction which might per- 
 suade, an unmarried woman, under the age of 
 twenty -five, to leave the house of her parents. 
 The successful ravisher was punished with 
 death ; and as if simple death was inadequate to 
 the enormity of his guilt, he was either burnt 
 alive, or torn in pieces by wild beasts in the am- 
 phitheatre. The virgin's declaration that she had 
 been carried away with her own consent, instead 
 of saving her lover, exposed her to share his fate. 
 The duty of a public prosecution was intrusted 
 to the parents of the guilty or unfortunate maid ; 
 and if the sentiments of nature prevailed on them 
 to dissemble the injury, and to repair by a sub- 
 sequent marriage the honor of their family, they 
 were themselves punished by exile and confisca- 
 tion. The slaves, whether male or female, who 
 were convicted of having been accessory to rape 
 or seduction, were burnt alive, or put to death by 
 the ingenious torture of pouring down their 
 
602 
 
 SEEKING— SELF-ABNEGATION. 
 
 throats a quantity of melted lead. . . . But when- 
 ever the offence inspires less horror than the pun- 
 ishment, the rigor of penal law is obliged to give 
 way to the common feelings of mankind. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 14, p. 49o. 
 
 5076. SEEKING for God. Cromwell. For 
 my beloved daughter, Bridget Ireton, . . . 
 your sister Claypole is, I trust in mercy, exer- 
 cised with some perplexed thoughts. She sees 
 her own vanity and carnal mind — bewailing it. 
 She seeks after (as I hope also) what will sat- 
 isfy. And thus to be a seeker is to be one of the best 
 sect next to a finder ; and such a one shall every 
 faithful humble seeker be at the end. Happy 
 seeker, happy finder ! Who ever tasted that 
 the Lord is gracious, without some sense of 
 self, vanity, and badness ? Who ever tasted 
 that graciousness of His, and could go less in 
 desire [i.e., because less desirous], less pressing 
 after full enjoyment ? Dear heart, press on ; 
 let not thy husband, let not anything cool thy 
 affections after Christ. I hope he [thy husband] 
 will be an occasion to inflame them. That 
 which is best worthy of love in thy husband is 
 that of the image of Christ he bears. Look on 
 that, and love it best, and all the rest for that. 
 I pray for thee and him; do so for me. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 12, p. 161. 
 
 5077. SELF, Conquest of. Mahomet. He in- 
 stituted in each year a fast of thirty days, and 
 strenuously recommended the observance as a 
 discipline which purifies the soul and subdues 
 the body, as a salutary exercise of obedience 
 to the will of God and his apostle. During the 
 month of Ramadan, from the rising to the set- 
 ting of the sun, the Mussulman abstains from 
 eating, and drinking, and women, and baths, 
 and perfumes ; from all nourishments that can 
 restore his strength, from all pleasure that can 
 gratify his senses. In the revolutions of the 
 lunar year the Ramadan coincides, by turns, 
 with the winter cold and the summer heat ; and 
 the patient martyr, without assuaging his thirst 
 with a drop of water, must expect the close of 
 a tedious and sultry day. The interdiction of 
 wine, peculiar to some orders of priests or her- 
 mits, is converted by Mahomet alone into a pos- 
 itive and general law ; and a considerable por- 
 tion of the globe has abjured, at his command, 
 the use of that salutary though dangerous 
 liquor. — Gibbon's Mahomet, p. 28. 
 
 507§. SELF first. Honors. [Battle with 
 Xerxes.] . . . When they came to the Isth- 
 mus, and every ofiicer [of the Athenians] took 
 a bullet fi'om the altar to inscribe upon it 
 the names of those that had done the best ser- 
 vice, every one put himself in the first place, 
 and Themistocles in the second. — Plutarch's 
 " Themistocles." 
 
 5079. SELF, Mastery of. Alfred the Cheat. 
 Scholar and soldier, artist and man of business, 
 poet and saint, his character kept that perfect 
 balance which charms us in no other Englishman 
 save Shakespeare. And all was guided, con- 
 trolled, ennobled by a single aim. " So long as 
 I have lived," said the king as life closes about 
 him, " I have striven to live worthily." Little 
 by" little men came to know what such a life of 
 worthiness meant. Little by little they came to 
 recognize in Alfred a ruler of higher and no- 
 
 bler stamp than the world had seen. Never had 
 it seen a king who lived solely for the good of 
 his people. Never had it seen a ruler who set 
 aside every personal aim to devote himself solely 
 to the welfare of those whom he ruled. It was 
 this grand self-mastery that gave him his power 
 over the men about him. — Hist, op Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 69. 
 
 50S0. SELF-ABNEGATION in Oratory. De- 
 mosthenes. That which characterizes Demosthe- 
 nes more than any other circumstance, and in 
 which he has never been imitated, is such an 
 absolute oblivion of himself, and so scrupulous 
 and constant a solicitude to suppress all osten- 
 tation of wit — in a word, such a perpetual care 
 to confine the attention of the auditor to the 
 cause, and not to the orator, that he never suffers 
 any one turn of thought or expression to escape 
 him which has no other view than merely 
 to please and shine. This reserve and modera- 
 tion in so fine a genius as Demosthenes, and in 
 matters so susceptible of grace and elegance, 
 adds perfection to his merit, and renders him 
 superior to all praises. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 16, § 2. 
 
 5081. SELF-ABNEGATION, Patriotic. Regu- 
 lus. [Attilus Regulus led the Roman army against 
 the Carthaginians and was captured. ] Carthage 
 . . . began seriously to wish for peace. Ambas- 
 sadors for that purpose were despatched to- 
 Rome ; and Regulus was sent along with them, 
 [to encourage the negotiations]. They exacted 
 at the same time from him an oath that he would 
 return to Carthage in case there should neither 
 be peace nor an exchange of prisoners. To the 
 surprise of all, this great and generous man 
 used his utmost endeavors to dissuade his coun- 
 trymen from agreeing to a peace ; a proposition 
 which he represented as proceeding solel}^ from, 
 the weakness of the enemy, whom, by continu- 
 ing the war, they would compel to any submis- 
 sion. But still further, he even dissuaded his 
 countrymen from consenting to an exchange of 
 prisoners ; a measure which he endeavors to con- 
 vince them must be to their disadvantage, from 
 this circumstance, that they had in their hands 
 many of the best officers of the enem3% whom 
 they would be obliged to exchange against pri- 
 vate men. His arguments prevailed, and the 
 negotiation was broken off. . . . The Ponti- 
 f ex Maximus, on being consulted on the validity 
 of the oath he had sworn to return to Carthage, 
 gave it as his opinion that, it having been ex- 
 torted by the necessity of his situation, he was 
 under no obligation to observe it. But the nobie 
 soul of Regulus could not admit of such eva- 
 sion. Disregarding the entreaties of his f riends» 
 the tears of his wife and children, the urgent re- 
 monstrance of the senate and of the whole Ro- 
 man people, this generous and heroic man re- 
 solved that the terror of consequences, how 
 dreadful soever, should not persuade him to a 
 violation of his honor. " I am not ignorant, "^ 
 said he, " that death and the severest tortures 
 are preparing for me ; but what are these to the 
 stain of an infamous action, the reproach of a 
 guilty mind ? I have sworn to retu-rn to Car- 
 thage ; it is therefore my duty to go. Let the 
 gods direct the consequence as to their wisdom 
 shall seem best." To Carthage accordingly he 
 returned, where, as he had foreseen, he sufferea 
 
SELF-COMMAND— SELF-POSSESSION. 
 
 COS 
 
 a cruel and ignominious death. — Tytler's Hist. , 
 Book 3, ch. 9, p. 369. 
 
 50§2. SELF-COMMAND against Fear. Wil- 
 liam III. One day when William III. was in 
 the trenches [before the walls of Numur] the 
 deputy governor of the Bank of England placed 
 himself at his side. " Mr. Godfrey," said the 
 king, "why do you expose yourself ?" The 
 Londoner replied, " Not being more exposed 
 than your Majesty, should I be excusable if I 
 sliowed more concern ?" William, who had a 
 special objection to men going beyond their com- 
 /iiission, replied, " I am in my duty and there- 
 fore have a more reasonable claim to preserva- 
 tion. " A cannon-ball in a few minutes finish- 
 ed the career of the over-zealous amateur. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 12, p. 181. 
 
 50§3. SELF-CONTROL, Remarkable. Duke 
 Frederic. It is but justice to this most respect- 
 able man to relate an anecdote, told by Roger 
 Ascham, preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, who, 
 when in Germany, was personally acquainted 
 with him. Duke Frederic was ' taken prisoner 
 by Charles V. in the battle of Mulberg, and upon 
 a representation of some of his councillors that 
 the exemplary punishment of so eminent a man 
 would prove of great service in checking the 
 progress of the Reformation, the emperor, for- 
 getting his own obligations to him, condemned 
 him to be beheaded, on a scaffold, at Witten- 
 berg. The warrant for his execution, signed 
 by the emperor's hand, was sent to Duke Fred- 
 eric the night before, and was delivered to him 
 while he was playing at chess, with his cousin, 
 the landgrave of Lithenberg. He read it over 
 attentively, and then folding it up, " I perceive," 
 said he, "that I fall a victim to my religion, 
 and that my death is necessary to the emperor's 
 schemes of distinguishing the Protestant faith. 
 But God will maintain his own cause. Come, 
 sinner," said he, " take heed to your game ;" 
 and then, with the same composure as if he had 
 received a private letter of little importance, he 
 continued to play till he had defeated his antag- 
 onist. It is a satisfaction to learn that the em- 
 peror, impressed, as is said, by this admirable 
 example of fortitude, gave immediate orders for 
 a recall of the warrant, and ever afterward 
 treated the elector of Saxony with the highest 
 respect and esteem. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 19, p. 286. 
 
 50§4. SELF-DENIAL, Conception of. Amer- 
 ican Indian. The Indian, detesting restraint, 
 was perpetually imposing on himself extreme 
 hardships, that by penance and suffering he 
 might atone for his offences, and by acts of self- 
 denial he might win for himself the powerful 
 favor of the invisible world. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 50§5. SELF-DENIAL, Unavailing. Bev. Wil- 
 liam Brarnwell. [He was inclined to piety from 
 his childhood, but] an exemplary life could not 
 satisfy the demands of his conscience. He 
 sought relief by austerities, which only exasper- 
 ateof his sufferings ; he would bow for hours 
 with his knees bare on sand which he spread on 
 the floor, confessing his sins and repeating his 
 prayers. He spent his holidays meditating in 
 the solitude of the woods ; he fasted and watch- 
 ed, and took solitary walks throughout the night. 
 After protracted struggles he received better 
 
 views of faith, while partaking of the Lord's 
 Supper at the church of Preston. — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 2, p. 309. 
 
 50§0. SELF-DESTRUCTION, Working for. 
 
 Making Arms. [In a.d. 410 Alaric the Goth 
 plundered Rome. He was made master-general 
 of Eastern Illy ri cum.] The use to which Alar- 
 ic applied his new command distinguishes the 
 firm and judicious character of his policy. He 
 issued his orders to the four magazines and manu- 
 factures of offensive and defensive arms, Margus, 
 Ratiaria, Naissus, and Thessalonica, to provide 
 his troops with an extraordinary supply of 
 shields, helmets, swords, and spears ; the unhap- 
 py provincials were compelled to forge the in- 
 struments of their own destruction ; and the bar- 
 barians removed the only defect which had some- 
 times disappointed the efforts of their courage. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 30, p. 198. 
 
 50§7. SELF-GOVERNMENT, Basis of. France. 
 France had tried Republicanism, and the exper- 
 iment had failed [and Napoleon became dicta- 
 tor]. There was neither intelligence nor virtue 
 among the people sufficient to enable them to 
 govern themselves. During ages of oppression 
 they had sunk into an abyss from whence they 
 could not rise, in a day, to the dignity of free- 
 men. Not one in thirty of the population of 
 France could either read or write. Religion, 
 with all its restraints, was scouted as fanaticism. 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 16. 
 
 508§. SELF-GOVERNMENT, Capacity for. 
 Massachusetts, a.d. 1774. As the supervision 
 of [royal] government disappeared, each man 
 seemed more and more a law unto himself ; and 
 as if to show that the world had been governed 
 too much, order prevailed in a province where, 
 in fact, there existed no regular government, no 
 administration but committees, no military offi- 
 cers but those chosen by the militia. Yet never 
 were legal magistrates obeyed with more alac- 
 rity. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 16. 
 
 50§9. SELF-GOVERNMENT, Faculty of. Bo- 
 mans — English. To the student of political his- 
 tory, and to the English student above all oth- 
 ers, the conversion of the Roman republic into 
 a military empire commands a peculiar interest. 
 Notwithstanding many differences, the English 
 and the Romans essentially resemble one another. 
 The early Romans possessed the faculty of 
 self-government beyond any people of whom we 
 have historical knowledge, with the one excep- 
 tion of ourselves. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 1. 
 
 5090. SELF-GOVERNMENT withheld. Vir- 
 ginia Colony. The first written charter of a per- 
 manent American colony, which was to be the 
 chosen abode of liberty, gave to the mercantile 
 corporation nothing but a desert territory, with 
 the right of peopling and defending it, and re- 
 served to the monarch absolute legislative au- 
 thority, the control of all appointments, and a 
 hope of ultimate revenue. To themselves it con- 
 ceded not one elective franchise, not one of the 
 rights of self-government. — Bancroft's Hist, 
 opU. S., ch. 4. 
 
 5091. SELF-POSSESSION, Brave. Admiral Le 
 Fort. One day, after a dinner of unusual ex- 
 cess, he [Peter the Great] fell into a dispute with 
 Admiral Le Fort, and was so transported with 
 fury that he rushed upon him sword in hand. 
 
604 
 
 SELF-PROTECTION— SENSE. 
 
 Le Fort, with admirable self-possession, bared 
 his bosom to the stroke, and stood motionless to 
 receive it. The czar, drunk as he was, was re- 
 called to himself by this action, put up his sword, 
 and, as soon as he was a little sobered, publicly 
 asked Le Fort's pardon for his violence. ' ' I am 
 trying," said he. "to reform my country, and I 
 am not yet able to reform myself." — Cyclope- 
 dia OF BioG., p. 430. 
 
 5092. SELF-PEOTECTION first. War. Gre- 
 cian lawgivers [were wont to] punish him who 
 throws away his shield, not him who loses his 
 sword or spear ; thus instructing us that the 
 first care of every man, especially of every gov- 
 ernor of a city, or commander of an army, should 
 be to defend himself, and after that he is to 
 think of annoying the enemy. — Plutarch's Pe- 
 
 LOPIDAS. 
 
 5093. SELF-RELIANCE, Excellence in. Due 
 de Liancourt. Louis Philippe and brothers vis- 
 ited . . . Mount Vernon. The amiable Due de 
 Liancourt bore his reverses of fortune with great 
 magnanimity. He used to say : "In the days 
 of my power and affluence, under the ancient 
 regime of France, I kept fifty servants, and yet 
 my coat was never so well brushed as it is now." 
 — CusTis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 23. 
 
 5094. SELF-RELIANCE, Success by. General 
 Grant. [He proposed to pass his gun-boats 
 past the formidable batteries of Vicksburg.] 
 When the idea became' known to those in his in- 
 timacy, to his staff, and to his corps command- 
 ers, it seemed to them full of danger. To move 
 his army below Vicksburg was to separate it from 
 the North, and from all its supplies ... If fail- 
 ure came it was sure to be overwhelming. . . . 
 Sherman, McPherson, Logan, Wilson — all op- 
 posed his plan. [His persistence occasioned the 
 fall of Vicksburg.] — Headley's Grant, p. 104. 
 
 5095. SELF-SACRIFICE, Magnanimity of. Al- 
 exander. [When the army of Alexander the 
 Great was marching against Darius, in crossing 
 the deserts] they often suffered more for want of 
 water than by fatigue ; many of the cavalry were 
 unable to hold out. While they were upon the 
 march some Macedonians had filled their bottles 
 at a river, and were bringing the water upon 
 mules. These people, seeing Alexander greatly 
 distressed with thirst (for it was in the heat of 
 the day), immediately filled a helmet with water, 
 and presented it to him. He asked them to 
 whom they were carrying it, and they said, 
 " Their sons ; but if our prince does but live, 
 we shall get other children, if we lose them." 
 Upon this he took the helmet in his hands ; but 
 looking round, and seeing all the horsemen bend- 
 ing their heads, and fixing their eyes upon the 
 water, he returned it without drinking. How- 
 ever, he praised the people that offered it, and 
 said, " If I alone drink, these good men will be 
 dispirited." The cavalry, who were witnesses 
 to this act of temperance and magnanimit3^ cried 
 out, "Let us march! We are neither weary 
 nor thirsty, nor shall we even think ourselves 
 mortal, while under the conduct of such a king." 
 At the same time they put spurs to their horses. 
 — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 5096. SELFISHNESS, Petulant. Bojnan No- 
 bles. When they have called for warm water, 
 if a slave has been tardy in his obedience, he is 
 
 instantly chastised with three hundred lashes ; 
 but should the same slave commit a wilful mur- 
 der, the master will mildly observe that he is a 
 worthless fellow ; but that if he repeats the of- 
 fence, he shall not escape punishment. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 256. 
 
 5097. SENSATION, Public. Captain John 
 Smith. [Based on fiction.] Then it was — eight 
 years after his residence with Powhatan — that 
 he first told the famous tale of his rescue by Poc- 
 ahontas from a violent death. Doubtless he 
 told it to help the advertising scheme, and to ex- 
 cuse his old friend Rolfe for marrying an Indian 
 girl. He wrote a letter to the Queen of Eng- 
 land, recommending the "Virginia Princess" to 
 her Majesty, in which he used the following lan- 
 guage : "After some six weeks' fatting among 
 those savage courtiers, at the minute of my exe- 
 cution, she hazarded the beating out of her own 
 brains to save mine ; and not only that, but so 
 prevailed with her father that I was safely con- 
 ducted to Jamestown." The trick succeeded to 
 admiration. Pocahontas became the lion of the 
 London season. The king and queen received 
 her at court with gracious civility ; the bishop 
 of London gave her a banquet, and King James 
 consulted his council upon the question, whether 
 Rolfe had not committed a grave offence in 
 marrying a princess of an imperial house ! After 
 a year's stay in England poor Pocahontas, sick 
 from the change in her mode of living, and yet 
 unwilling to go, set out with her husband on her 
 return home. While waiting at Gravesend for 
 the sailing of the ship, she died. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 659. 
 
 509§. SENSATIONALISTS by Singularity. 
 Samuel Johnson. Boswell : " Is it wrong then, 
 sir, to affect singularity, in order to make peo- 
 ple stare?" Johnson: "Yes, if you do it by 
 propagating error ; and, indeed, it is wrong in 
 any way. There is in human nature a general 
 inclination to make people stare ; and every wise 
 man has himself the cure of it, and does cure 
 himself. If you wish to make people stare by 
 doing better than others, why, make them stare, 
 till they stare their eyes out. But consider how 
 easy it is to make people stare, by being absurd. 
 I may do it by going into a drawing-room with- 
 out my shoes. You remember the gentleman 
 in the Spectator, who had a commission of 
 lunacy taken out against him for his extreme 
 singularity, such as never wearing a wig, but a 
 nightcap. Now, sir, abstractedly, the night-cap 
 was best ; but, relatively, the advantage was 
 overbalanced by his making the boys run after 
 him." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 161. 
 
 5099. SENSE, Eflfect of good. Joan of Arc. 
 The originality of the Pucelle, the secret of her 
 success, was not her courage or her visions, but 
 her good sense. Amid all her enthusiasm the 
 girl of the people clearly saw the question, and 
 knew how to resolve it. The knot which poli- 
 tician and doubter could not unloose she cut. 
 She pronounced, in God's name, Charles VII. to 
 be the heir ; she reassured him as to his legiti- 
 macy, of which he had doubts himself, and she 
 sanctified this legitimacy by taking him straight 
 to Reims, and by her quickness gaining over the 
 English the decisive advantage of the corona- 
 tion. — Michelet's Joan of Arc, p. 1. 
 
SENSE— SENSUALITY. 
 
 605 
 
 51 00. SENSE deceived. Gnostics. The Gnos- 
 tics were distinguished by the epithet of 
 
 ^oceies, . . . and betrayed the human while 
 ley asserted the divine nature of Clirist. . . . 
 ['hej'^ vainly pretended that the imperfections of 
 latter are incompatible with the purity of a ce- 
 lestial substance. While the blood of Christ yet 
 smoked on Mount Calvary, the Docetes invented 
 the impious and extravagant hypothesis that, 
 linstead of issuing from the womb of the Virgin, 
 |He had descended on the banks of the Jordan in 
 the form of perfect manhood ; that he had im- 
 josedl on the senses of His enemies and of His 
 isciples, and that the ministers of Pilate had 
 rasted their impotent rage on an airy phantom, 
 7ho seemed to expire on the cross, and after 
 iree days to rise from the dead. — Gibbon's 
 ioME, ch. 21, p. 307. 
 
 5101. SENSE, Fallacious. Eleatie School. 
 ["he Eleatie sect of philosophy . . . was founded 
 t)y Xenophanes about five hundred years before 
 Christ. They maintained that things had neither 
 
 beginning, an end, nop any change ; that all 
 fthe phenomena which we see of changes in the 
 visible world are entirely in our own senses ; and 
 that of the real essence of things we have no per- 
 ception, and therefore can attain to no knowl- 
 edge ; but as our senses are fallacious, and it is 
 only through their medium that we perceive any- 
 thing, so we cannot trust to them, and therefore 
 have no assurance of the truth of anything what- 
 ever. Yet upon this basis of nothing, the Eleat- 
 ics (strange to tell) raised a system of physics, 
 of which the principal doctrines were, that the 
 univei"se was a compound of the four elements ; 
 that the stars were kindled up by the motion of 
 the clouds ; that the sun was an immense body 
 of ignited vapor ; but that various suns lighted 
 various parts of the earth ; and, finally (the only 
 national dogma, though not derived by any log- 
 ical inference from premises), that there is but 
 one God, who rules over all nature. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 265. 
 
 5102. SENSIBILITY, Exquisite. Olker Oold- 
 smith. All at once he threw down his cards, 
 hurried out of the room and into the street. 
 He returned in an instant, resumed his seat, and 
 the game went on. Sir William, after a little 
 hesitation, ventured to ask the cause of his re- 
 treat, fearing he had been overcome by the heat 
 of the room. "Not at all," replied Gold- 
 smith ; "but in truth I could not bear to hear 
 that unfortunate woman in the street, half sing- 
 ing, half sobbing, for such tones could only 
 arise from the extremity of distress ; her voice 
 grated painfully on my ear and jari-ed my 
 frame, so that I could not rest until I had sent 
 her away." It was in fact a poor ballad-singer 
 whose cracked voice had been heard by others 
 of the party, but without having the same effect 
 on their sensibilities. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 35, p. 202. 
 
 5103. SENSIBILITY, Nervous. SoutJiey. It 
 would not do for Southey to burn away to-day 
 in some white flame of excitement the nerve 
 which he needed for use to-morrow. He could 
 not afford to pass a sleepless night. If his face 
 glowed or his brain throbbed, it was a warning 
 taat he had gone far enough. His very suscep- 
 tibility to nervous excitement rendered caution 
 the more requisite. ... " The truth is," writes 
 
 Southey, ' ' that though some persons, whose 
 knowledge of me is scarcely skin-deep, suppose 
 I have no nerves, because I have ^reat self-con- 
 trol as far as regards the surface, if it were not 
 for great self-management, and what may be 
 called a strict intellectual regimen, I should 
 very soon be in a deplorable state of what is 
 called nervous disease, and this would have 
 been the case any time during the last twenty 
 years." And again : " A man had better break 
 a bone, or even lose a limb, than shake his ner- 
 vous system.'" — Dowden's Southey, ch. 4. 
 
 5104. SENSITIVENESS to Defect. PMUp of 
 Macedon. [He besieged the city of Methone.] 
 Aster of Amphipolis had offered his service to 
 Philip as so excellent a marksman that he could 
 bring down birds in their most rapid flight. The 
 monarch made this answer : " Well, I will take 
 you into my service when I make war upon 
 starlings ;" which answer stung the cross-bow- 
 man to the quick. A repartee proves often of 
 fatal consequence to him who makes it ; and it 
 is no small merit to knoAv when to hold one's 
 tongue. Aster having thrown himself into the 
 city, he let fly an arrow, on which was written, 
 " To Philip's right eye," and gave him a most 
 cruel proof that he was a good marksman ; for 
 it hit him in his right eye. Philip sent him 
 back the same arrow with this inscription, " If 
 Philip takes the city, he will hang up Aster ;" 
 and accordingly he was as good as his word. A 
 skilful surgeon drew the arrow out of Philip's 
 eye with so much art and dexterity that not the 
 least scar remained ; and though he could not 
 save his eye, he yet took away the blemish. But 
 nevertheless this monarch was so weak as to be 
 angry whenever any person happened to let slip 
 the word Cyclops, or even the word eye, in his 
 presence. — ^Kollin's Hist., Book 14, | 11. 
 
 5105. SENSUALITY, Imperial. Commodus. 
 The Emperor Commodus valued nothing in sov- 
 ereign power except the unbounded license of 
 indulging his sensual appetites. His hours were 
 spent in a seraglio of three hundred beautiful 
 women, and as many boys, of every rank and 
 of every province ; and wherever the arts of se- 
 duction proved ineffectual, the brutal lover had 
 recourse to violence. The ancient historians 
 have expatiated on these abandoned scenes of 
 prostitution, which scorned every restraint of 
 nature or modesty ; but it would not be easy to 
 translate their too faithful descriptions into the 
 decency of modern language. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 4, p. 111. 
 
 5106. SENSUALITY, Religious. Pagans. 
 The temple and the village [of Daphne] were 
 deeply bosomed in a thick grove of laurels and 
 cypresses, which reached as far as a circumfer- 
 ence of ten miles, and formed in the most sultry 
 summers a cool and impenetrable shade. A 
 thousand streams of the purest water, issuing 
 from every hill, preserved the verdure of the 
 earth and the temperature of the aii' ; the senses 
 were gratified with harmonious sounds and aro- 
 matic odors ; and the peaceful grove was conse- 
 crated to health and joy, to luxury and love. 
 The vigorous youth pursued, like Apollo, the 
 object of his desires ; and the blushing maid 
 was warned, by the fate of Daphne, to shun the 
 folly of unseasonable coyness. The soldier and 
 the philosopher wisely avoided the temptation 
 
606 
 
 SENTIMENT— SERFAGE. 
 
 of this sensual paradise, where pleasure, assum- 
 ing the character of religion, imperceptibly 
 dissolved the firmness of manly virtue. But the 
 groves of Daphne continued for many ages to 
 enjoy the veneration of natives and strangers ; 
 the privileges of the holy ground were enlarged 
 by the munificence of succeeding emperors ; 
 and every generation added new ornaments to 
 the splendor of the temple. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 23, p. 448. 
 
 5107. SENTIMENT ignored. Romam. To 
 prevent the risk of a second act of insubordina- 
 tion, Sylla [the Dictator] made personal arrange- 
 ments to attach Pompey directly to himself. 
 He had a step-daughter named .Emilia. She 
 was already married, and was pregnant. Pom- 
 pey too was married to Antistia, a lady of good 
 family ; but domestic ties were not allowed to 
 stand in the way of higher objects. Nor did it 
 matter that Antistia's father had been murdered 
 by the Roman populace for taking Sylla's side, 
 or that her mother had gone mad and destroyed 
 herself on her husband's horrible death. Late 
 Republican Rome was not troubled with senti- 
 ment. Sylla invited Pompey to divorce Antis- 
 tia and marry Emilia. Pompey complied. 
 Antistia was sent away. Emilia was divorced 
 from her husband, and was brought into Pom- 
 pey's house, where she immediately died. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 8. 
 
 5108. SENTIMENTS, Power of. Jane MaeCrea. 
 July, 1777. Jane MacCrea, a young woman 
 of twenty, betrothed to a loyalist in the British 
 service and esteeming herself under the protec- 
 tion of British arms, was riding from Fort Ed- 
 ward [N. Y.] to the British camp at Sandy Hill, 
 escorted by two Indians. The Indians quarrelled 
 about the reward offered on her safe aiTival, and 
 at half a mile from Fort Edward one of them 
 sunk a tomahawk in her skull. The incident 
 was not of unusual barbarity ; but this massacre 
 of a betrothed girl on her way to her lover 
 touched the hearts of all who heard the story. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 22. 
 
 5109. SENTIMENT, PubUc. Better than 
 Lawi. Lycurgus left none of his laws in writ- 
 ing ; it was ordered in one of the Rhetrce that 
 none should be written. For what he thought 
 most conducive to the virtue and happiness of a 
 city was principles interwoven with the man- 
 ners and breeding of the people. These would 
 remain immovable as formed in inclination, and 
 be the strongest and most lasting tie ; and the 
 habits which education produced in the youth 
 would answer in each the purpose of a law- 
 giver. — Plutarch's " Lycurgus." 
 
 5110. . Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 [After Mary Queen of Scots had married Both- 
 well, the supposed murderer of her previous 
 husband, she was soon captured by a confeder- 
 acy of nobles who sought to put down the pow- 
 er of Bothwell.] She was conducted into Edin- 
 burgh amidst the execrations of an infuriated 
 populace. The soldiers carried a banner on 
 which was painted the body of the murdered 
 Darnley lying under the tree near the kirk of 
 Field, and a child kneeling beside it, with the 
 legend "Judge and avenge my cause, O Lord." 
 This terrible flag was paraded before her ; and 
 when she awoke next morning, and looked out 
 of the window of the provost house in which 
 
 she had been lodged, the same dreadful repre- 
 sentation was hung up to meet her first gaze. In 
 her despair she attempted to address the people, 
 who were moved to some pity at her agony. 
 [Public sentiment punished the murderess.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 9, p. 149. 
 
 5111. SENTIMENTS, Irrepressible. Napole- 
 on I. [He declared there was no nobility but 
 that of merit, yet] he divorced his faithful Jo- 
 sephine and married a daughter of the Caesars, 
 that by an illustrious alliance he might avail 
 himself of this universal and innate prejudice. 
 No power of reasoning can induce one to look 
 with the same interest upon the child of Caesar 
 and the child of the beggar. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 5112. SEPULCHRE, Kissing the Holy. Cru- 
 saders. [The Crusaders had taken the city of 
 Jerusalem.] The holy sepulchre was now free, 
 and the bloody victors prepared to accomplish 
 their vow. Bareheaded and barefoot, with con- 
 trite hearts, and in a humble posture, they as- 
 cended the hill of Calvary, amidst the loud an- 
 thems of the clergy, kissed the stone which had 
 covered the Saviour of the world, and bedewed 
 with tears of joy and penitence the monument 
 of their redemption. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, 
 p. 594. 
 
 5113. SEPULCHRES, Economy in. Atheniam. 
 The expense was excessive at the death of great 
 persons, and their sepulchres were as sumptuous 
 and magnificent as those of the Romans in the 
 age of Cicero. Demetrius made a law to abol- 
 ish this abuse, which had passed into a custom, 
 and inflicted penalties on those who disobeyed 
 it. He also ordered the ceremonials of funerals 
 to be performed by night, and none were per- 
 mitted to place any other ornament on tombs 
 than a column three cubits high, or a plain tab- 
 let, mensam, and appointed a particular magis- 
 trate to enforce the observation of this law. — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 16, § 5. 
 
 5114. SEPULTURE, Preparation for. Spar- 
 tans. The body of Agesilaus was carried to 
 Sparta. Those who were about him not having 
 honey, with which it was the Spartan custom to 
 cover the bodies they wished to embalm, made 
 use of wax in its stead. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 12, § 10. 
 
 5115. SERENADE, Response to. Abralmm Lin- 
 coln. On the occasion of a serenade, the Presi- 
 dent was called for by the crowd assembled. He 
 appeared at the window with his wife (who is 
 somewhat below the medium height), and made 
 the following brief remarks : " Here I am, and 
 here is Mrs. Lincoln. That's the long and short 
 of it." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 749. 
 
 5116. SERFAGE, Burdens of. England. Thir- 
 teenth Gentui-y. The troubles of the time helped 
 here as elsewhere the progress of the town : 
 serfs, fugitives from justice or their lord, the 
 trader, the Jew, naturally sought shelter under 
 the strong hand of St. Edmund. But the set- 
 tlers were wholly at the abbot's mercy. Not a 
 settler but was bound to pay his pence to the 
 abbot's treasury, to plow a rood of his land, to 
 reap in his harvest-field, to fold his sheep in the 
 abbey folds, to help bring the annual catch of 
 eels from the abbey waters. Within the four 
 crosses that bounded the abbot's domain land 
 
SERMON— SEVERITY, 
 
 607 
 
 and water were his : the cattle of the townsmen 
 paid for their pasture on the common ; if the 
 fullers refused the loan of their cloth, the cellar- 
 ers would refuse the use of the stream, and 
 seize their looms wherever they found them. 
 No toll might be levied from tenants of the 
 abbey farms, and customers had to wait before 
 shop and stall till the buyers of the abbot had 
 had the pick of the market. There was little 
 chance ot redress, for if burghers complained in 
 folk-mote it was before the abbot's otficers that 
 its meeting was held ; if they appealed to the 
 alderman, he was the abbot's nominee and re- 
 ceived the horn, the symbol of his office, at the 
 Abbot's hands. Like all the greater revolutions of 
 society, the advance from this mere serfage was 
 a silent one ; indeed, its more galling instances 
 of oppression seem to have slipped uncon- 
 -sciously away. — Hist, of Eng People, § 177. 
 
 5117. SEEMON, Along. Bisho2) Burnet. In 
 the pulpit, the effect of his discourses, which 
 were delivered without any notes, was heighten- 
 ed by a noble figure and by pathetic action. He 
 was often interrupted by the deep hum of his 
 Audience ; and when, after preaching out the 
 hour-glass, which in those days was part of the 
 furniture of the pulpit, he held it up in his 
 hand, the congregation clamorously encouraged 
 him to go on till the sand had run off once 
 more. — ^JIacaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 163. 
 
 5118. SERMON, A queer. Bislwp Turner's. 
 [At the coronation of James IL] The sermon 
 ■was made up of quaint conceits, such as seventy 
 years earlier might have been admired, but such 
 as moved the scorn of a generation accustomed 
 to the purer eloquence of Sprat, of South, and 
 of Tillotson. King Solomon was King James. 
 Adonijah was Monmouth. Joab was a Rye 
 House conspirator ; Shimei a Whig libeler ; 
 Abiathar, an honest but misguided old Cavalier. 
 One phrase in the Book of Chronicles was con- 
 strued to mean that the king was above the 
 Parliament [and another was cited to prove that 
 Jhe alone ought to command the militia]. — Ma- 
 CAUlay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 441. 
 
 5119. SERMONS, Soporific. Latimer's. The 
 ^ood Latimer is not very hard upon those who 
 slept at sermons ; he tells a story of a gentle- 
 woman of London whose neighbor met her in 
 the street and said, " Mistress, whither go ye ?" 
 " Marry," said she, " I am going to St. Thomas 
 of Acres to the sermon. I could not sleep all 
 this last night, and 1 am going now thither : I 
 never failed of a good nap there." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 491. 
 
 5120. SERVANT, Devotion of. Maria. The 
 story of Maria, the daughter of the magnificent 
 Eudaemon, is singular and interesting. In the 
 sack of Carthage she was purchased from the 
 Vandals by some merchants from Syria, who 
 afterward sold her as a slave in their native coun- 
 try, A female attendant, transported in the 
 same ship, and sold in the same family, still 
 continued to respect a mistress whom fortune 
 had reduced to the common level of servitude ; 
 and the daughter of Eudaemon received from 
 her grateful affection the domestic services 
 "which she had once required from her obedi- 
 ence. This remarkable behavior divulged the 
 real condition of Maria, who, in the absence of 
 
 the bishop of Cyrrhus, was redeemed from sla- 
 very by the generosity of some soldiers of the 
 garrison. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 33, p. 382. 
 
 5121. SERVANT, A useful. Sidney Godol- 
 pMn. Godolphin had been bred a page at White- 
 hall, and had early acquired all the flexibility 
 and the self-possession of a veteran courtier. He 
 was laborious, clear-headed, and profoundly 
 versed in the details of finance. Every gov- 
 ernment, therefore, found him a useful servant ; i 
 and there was nothing in his opinions or in his ! 
 character which could prevent him from serv- 
 ing any government. " Sidney Godolphin," 
 said Charles, ' ' is never in the way, and never 
 out of the way." This pointed remark goes far 
 to explain Godolphin's extraordinary success in 
 life. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 238. 
 
 5122. SERVICE, Demoralized. Beign of 
 Charles II. The chief bait which allured these 
 men [the court favorites] into the [naval] ser- 
 vice was the profit of conveying bullion and 
 other valuable commodities from port to port ; 
 for both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean were 
 then so infested by pirates from Barbary that 
 merchants were not willing to trust precious 
 cargoes to any custody but that of a man-of-war. 
 A captain in this way sometimes cleared several 
 thousand pounds by a short voyage ; and for 
 this lucrative business he too often neglected the 
 interests of his country and the honor of his 
 flag, made mean submission to foreign powers, 
 disobeyed the most direct injunctions of his su- 
 periors, lay in port when he was ordered to 
 chase a Sallee rover, or run with dollars to Leg- 
 horn when his instructions directed him to re- 
 pair to Lisbon ; and all this he did with impu- 
 nity. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 283. 
 
 5123. SEVERITY, Disgraceful. "Bottomless 
 Bagge." There was one living in the West at 
 that time, "Bottomless Bagge," Sir James 
 Bagge, and it is to no other than Archbishop 
 Laud that he must be thankful for his charac- 
 teristic patronymic. He was Buckingham's 
 choice, and a most worthy agent for the West ; 
 he had a profound genius for servilities, mean- 
 nesses, and rascalities of every kind ; he was a 
 man who could lick the blacking off a great man's 
 boots and swear that it was better than port 
 wine ; it was he who offered the £5 to the 
 Frenchmen for their £80. We see in him the 
 cur constantly snapping round about the heels 
 of Eliot, and always with the same sinuous sanc- 
 tity — his fragrant name is an ointment poured 
 forth with a large flavoring of asafoetida ; a 
 truculent rascal, a genuine barnacle, a great 
 high-priest of the Circumlocution Office, em- 
 bodying in himself a premature aptitude of 
 chicane and red tape, which might make him a 
 study even in these modern days. The rascal 
 does not seem to have got the worst of it. — 
 Hood's Cromwell, ch. 4, p. 64. 
 
 5124. SEVERITY, Parental. Roman. [War 
 with the Samnites.] The battle began ; and 
 Titus Manlius, the son of the consul Torquatus, 
 being challenged by a Latin captain, accepted 
 the summons, defeated his antagonist, and re- 
 turned with his spoils to the main army. His 
 father, with a true Roman severity, ordered his 
 head to be struck off for disobedience. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 7, p. 353. 
 
608 
 
 SHAME— SIGNATURE. 
 
 5125. SHAME, Consammate. Queen of Spain. 
 A.D. 1808. [Prince] Ferdinand {w'ho demanded 
 the abdication of his imbecile father and disso- 
 lute mother, Charles IV. and Louisa Maria] was 
 endeavoring to blazon abroad his mother's shame, 
 and to bring Godroy [one of the king's body- 
 guard] to trial as his mother's paramour. Napo- 
 leon thus delicately suggested to him that, in 
 dishonoring his mother, he did but invalidate 
 the legitimacy of his own birth. . . . The still 
 more wretched mother retaliated, as perhaps no 
 mother ever retaliated before. She told her son 
 to his face that he was of ignoble birth — that 
 her husband was not his father. — Abbott's Na- 
 poleon B., vol. 2, ch. 1. 
 
 5126. SHAMS, Military. American Revolution. 
 [Major General Stupen wrote of the disorder 
 and confusion in Washington's army at Valley 
 Forge as he found it.] I have seen a regiment 
 consisting of thirty men, and a company of one 
 corporal. [The men were only engaged for three, 
 or six, or nine months, so that it was impossible 
 to have a regiment or company complete.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 24, p. 383. 
 
 5127. SHOUTING vs. Silence. Trojans— Greeks. 
 It appears from Homer's accounts that the 
 Greeks, in rushing on to engagement, preserved 
 a deep silence, while the Trojans, like most other 
 barbarous nations, uttered hideous shouts at the 
 moment of attack. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 8, p. 78. 
 
 512§. SICKNESS cured by Gifts, The. Fif- 
 teenth Gentury. The Church held its empire over 
 the will of the population, high and low, through 
 the universal belief in the efficacy of its ceremo- 
 nial observances for procuring health and weal 
 and the safety of souls. A husband is sick in 
 London, and his anxious wife writes, "My 
 mother behested [vowed] another image of wax 
 of the weight of you, to our Lady of Walsing- 
 ham ; and she sent four nobles to the four or- 
 ders of Friars at Norwich to pray for you ; and 
 I have behested to go on a pilgrimage to Wal- 
 singham and St. Leonards." [a.d. 1450-1486.] 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 8, p. 125. 
 
 5129. SICKNESS, Friend in. SamuelJohnson. 
 Miss Williams told me he asked her to sit down 
 by him, which she did ; and upon her inquiring 
 how he was, he answered, " I am very ill in- 
 deed, madam. I am very ill when you are near 
 me ; what should I be were j^ou at a distance ?" 
 — Boswell's Johnson, p. 519. 
 
 5130. SICKNESS, Information in. Aristotle. 
 Once, when he was sick, he said to the doctor, 
 "Do not treat me as you would a driver of oxen 
 or a digger, but tell me the cause, and you 
 will find me obedient." — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 558. 
 
 5131. SICKNESS, Saintly. Rev. John W. 
 Fletcher. A friend went to visit the heavenly- 
 minded Fletcher in his illness. He remarked : 
 " I went to see a man with one foot in the grave, 
 but found him with one foot in heaven." — Ste- 
 vens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 50. 
 
 - 5132. SIGN of Destiny. Mahomet. [The 
 monk Djerdjis, at an interview] perceived a 
 sign below the neck, between the shoulders of 
 Mahomet, a sign regarded by the Arabs as the 
 omen of a great destiny. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 58. 
 
 5133. SIGNAL for Action. Alexander. In 
 drawing up his army and giving orders, as well 
 as exercising and reviewing it, he spared Buceph- 
 alus on account of his age, and rode another 
 horse ; but he constantly charged upon him ; and 
 he had no sooner mounted him than the signal 
 was always given. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 5134. SIGNAL mistaken. Oildo the Rebel. 
 Gildo was prepared to resist the invasion with aU 
 the forces of Africa. . . . He proudly reviewed 
 an army of 70,000 men, and boasted, with the 
 rash presumption which is the forerunner of dis- 
 grace, that his numerous cavalry would tram- 
 ple under their horses' feet the troops of Mascezel, 
 and involve, in a cloud of burning sand, the 
 natives of the cold regions of Gaul and Germany. 
 But the Moor, who commanded the legions of 
 Honorius [the Roman Emperor], . . . fixed his 
 camp of 5000 veterans in the face of a superior 
 enemy and, after the delay of three days, gave 
 the signal of a general engagement. As Mascezel 
 advanced before the front with fair offers of 
 peace and pardon, he encountered one of the fore- 
 most standard-bearers of the Africans, and on 
 his refusal to yield, struck him on the arm with 
 his sword. The arm and the standard sunk 
 under the weight of the blow ; and the imaginary 
 act of submission was hastily repeated by all the 
 standards of the line. At this signal the disaffected 
 cohorts proclaimed the name of their lawful 
 sovereign ; the barbarians, astonished by the de- 
 fection of their Roman allies, dispersed, accord- 
 ing to their custom, in tumultuary flight ; and 
 Mascezel obtained the honors of an easy and 
 almost bloodless victory. The tyrant escaped 
 from the field. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 29, p. 186. 
 
 5135. SIGNALS, Ancient. Greek Empire.^ The 
 language of signals, so clear and copious in the 
 naval grammar of the moderns, was imperfectly 
 expressed by the various positions and colors of 
 a commanding flag. In the darkness of the night, 
 the same orders to chase, to attack, to halt, to re- 
 treat, to break, to form, were conveyed by the 
 lights of the leading galley. By land, the fire- 
 signals were repeated from one mountain to 
 another ; a chain of eight stations commanded a 
 space of five hundred miles ; and Constantinople 
 in a few hours was apprised of the hostile motions 
 of the Saracens of Tarsus. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 53, p. 366. 
 
 5136. SIGNATURE of Ignorance. "Rude 
 Mark." In the eighth year of his age Theodoric 
 was reluctantly yielded by his father to the pub- 
 lic interest, as the pledge of an alliance which 
 Leo, Emperor of the East, had consented to pur- 
 chase by an annual subsidy of three hundred 
 pounds of gold. The royal hostage was educated 
 at Constantinople with care and tenderness. His 
 body was formed to all the exercises of war, his 
 mind was expanded by the habits of liberal con- 
 versation ; he frequented the schools of the most 
 skilful masters ; but he disdained or neglected 
 the arts of Greece, and so ignorant did he always 
 remain of the first elements of science, that a 
 rude mark was contrived to represent the signa- 
 ture of the illiterate King of Italy. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 39, p. 2. 
 
 5137. SIGNATURE, Remarkable. Arabs. The 
 Arabs relate that Amurath, at the moment of 
 ratifying a convention which engaged the repub- 
 lic [of Ragusa] to pay a tribute of five hundred 
 
SIGNATURE— SILENCE. 
 
 609 
 
 ducats in gold to the Sultan, in exchange for the 
 liberty of navigation and commerce in the Turk- 
 ish seas, dipped the interior of his hand in the 
 ink, and applying it to the parchment, left there- 
 on the trace of his five fingers, as the lion im- 
 prints his five claws on the sand. By an accident, 
 say they, of the disposition of the Sultan's hand 
 in this gesture, the three middle fingers were 
 joined and extended, the thumb and the little fin- 
 ger were separated fanwise. This signature, say 
 they further, was imitated by the successors of 
 the' Sultan as a sign of power, of disdain, and of 
 possession of the earth. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 245. 
 
 513§. SIGNATUEE, Eesponsible. Judges of 
 Charles I. To sign the death-warrant was a 
 solemn deed, from which some of the judges 
 -were ready to shrink ; Cromwell concealed the 
 magnitude of the act under an air of buffoonery ; 
 thechamber rang with gayety ; he daubed the 
 cheek of one of the judges that sat next him with 
 ink, and, amid shouts of laughter, compelled 
 another, the wavering Ingoldsby, to sign the 
 paper as a jest. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 5139. SIGNATURE, A responsible. Duke of 
 Monmouth. [After the overthrow of his rebel- 
 lion] Monmouth threw himself on the ground, 
 and crawled to the king's feet [James II.]. He 
 wept. He tried to embrace his uncle's knees 
 with his pinioned arms. He begged for life, only 
 life, life at any price. ... A declaration, filled 
 witli atrocious calumnies, had been put forth. 
 The regal title had been assumed. For treasons 
 so aggravated there could be no pardon on this 
 side of the grave. The poor terrified duke vowed 
 that he had never wished to take the crown, but 
 had been led into that fatal error by others. As 
 to the Declaration, he had not written it. He had 
 not read it. He had signed it without looking 
 at it. It was all the work of Ferguson, that 
 bloody villain Ferguson. "Do you expect me 
 to believe," said James, with contempt but too 
 well merited, " that you set your hand to a paper 
 of such moment without knowing what it con- 
 tained ?" — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 575. 
 
 5140. SIGNATURE, Symbolic. Indian Tribes. 
 [Peace was made by the tribes with the French 
 and their allies.] A written treaty was made, to 
 which each nation drew for itself a symbol. The 
 Senecas and Onondaga* drew a spider ; the Ca- 
 yugas a calumet ; the Oneidas a forked stick ; the 
 Molaawks a bear ; the Hurons a beaver ; the Abe- 
 nakis a deer, and the Ottawas a hare. ... It was 
 declared that peace should reach beyond the Mis- 
 sissippi. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 5141. SIGNS, Faith in. Oold-Seekers. [Gold- 
 seekers went among the frozen regions of North 
 America, following Frobisher's discoveries.] 
 At one moment they expected death, and at the 
 next they looked for gold. Spiders abounded, 
 and ' ' spiders were a sign of great store of gold. " 
 [The ships were laden with valueless earth.] — 
 Bancroft's Hist, op U. S., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 5142. SIGNS, Need of. Reign of Charles II. 
 The houses were not numbered. There would, 
 indeed, have been little advantage in numbering 
 them ; for of the coachmen, chairmen, porters, 
 and errand-boys of London, a very small pro- 
 portion could read. It was necessary to use 
 marks which the most ignorant could under- 
 
 stand. The shops were therefore distinguished 
 by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque 
 aspect to the streets. The walk from Charing 
 Cross to Whitechapel lay through an endless 
 succession of Saracen's Heads, Royal Oaks, 
 Blue Bears, and Golden Lambs, which disap- 
 peared when they were no longer required for 
 the direction of the common people. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 335. 
 
 5143. SIGNS, Significant. " Of the Times.' 
 [After the marriage of Philip of Spain to Queen 
 Mary of England indications of a change in the 
 policy of the government were soon given.] After 
 a few days of banqueting, Philip and Mary pro- 
 ceeded to Windsor, where the king was installed 
 as a knight of the garter ; " at which time," says 
 Holinshed, "a herald took down the arms of 
 England at "Windsor, and in place of them would 
 have set the arms of Spain, but he was command- 
 ed to set them up again by certain lords." This 
 was one sign of the times. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 5, p. 75. 
 
 5144. SIGNS, Welcome. Columbus' First Voy- 
 age. On the 14th of September the voyagers 
 were rejoiced by the sight of what they consid- 
 ered harbingers of land. A heron and a tropi- 
 cal bird, called the Rabo de Junco, neither of 
 which is supposed to venture far to sea, hovered 
 about the ships. — Irving's Columbus, Book 3, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 5145. SILENCE enjoined. Alexander. [Alex- 
 ander the Great distributed his favors with a free 
 hand. His mother wrote him :] "You do well 
 in serving your friends, and it is right to act 
 nobly ; but by making them all equal to kings, in 
 proportion as you put it in their power to make 
 friends, you deprive yourself of that privilege." 
 Olympias often wrote to him in that manner ; 
 but he kept all her letters secret, except one, 
 which Hephaestion happened to cast his eye upon, 
 when he went, according to custom, to read over 
 the king's shoulder ; he did not hinder him from 
 reading on ; only, when he had done, he took 
 his signet from his finger and put it to his mouth., 
 — -♦'lutarch's Alexander. 
 
 5146. SILENCE of Grief. Bonaparte. [After 
 the battle of Leipzig, which decided the over- 
 throw of Bonaparte's power in Europe, he was 
 seen sitting at a window in Freiburg], his head 
 resting on his arm in silent despair. Berthier sat 
 opposite to him in a similar state. Neither spoke, 
 and officers who entered were silently ordered, 
 by a wave of the hand, to leave the room. — 
 Steffens in Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 31, 
 p. 565. 
 
 5147. SILENCE in Misfortune. Pompey. After 
 this fatal engagement [with Caesar], Pompey ex- 
 perienced all the miseries of a fugitive. The last 
 scenes of the life of this illustrious man afford a 
 striking picture of the vicissitudes of fortune and 
 the instability of all human greatness. He passed 
 the first night, after his defeat, in the solitary 
 hut of a fisherman upon the sea-coast. Thence 
 he went on board a vessel, which landed him 
 first at Amphipolis ; whence be sailed to Lesbos, 
 where his wife Cornelia was waiting, in anxious 
 expectation, the issue of the late decisive con- 
 flict. They met upon the sea-shore. Pompey em- 
 braced her without uttering a word, and this 
 silence spoke at once the whole extent of her mis 
 
610 
 
 SILENCE— SIN. 
 
 fortune. They fled for protection to Egypt.— 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 4, ch. 3, p. 408. 
 
 514§. SILENCE necessary. Plunder. [In 
 1645, when the Parliament army plundered the 
 Basing House, one soldier got three bags of sil- 
 ver, which (he not being able to keep his own 
 counsel) grew to be common pillage among the 
 rest, and the fellow had but one half crown left 
 to himself at last.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 4, p. 50. 
 
 5149. SILENCE, Public. Samuel JoTiTison. 
 
 We talked of public speaking. Johnson : "We 
 must not estimate a man's powers by his being 
 able or not able to deliver his sentiments in pub- 
 lic. Isaac Hawkins Browne, one of the first wits 
 of this country got into Parliament, and never 
 opened his mouth. For my own part, I think 
 it is more disgraceful never to try to speak than 
 to try it and fail ; as it is more disgraceful 
 not to fight than to fight and be beaten."— Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 244. 
 
 5150. SILENCE, Treasonable. Beign of Henry 
 VIII. As it was by terror that he [Thomas 
 Cromwell] mastered the king, so it was by terror 
 that he mastered the people. Men felt in Eng- 
 land, to use the figure by which Erasmus paints 
 the time, " as if a scorpion lay sleeping under 
 every stone." The confessional had no secrets 
 for Cromwell. Men's talk with their closest 
 friends found its way to his ear. " Words idly 
 spoken," the murmurs of a petulant abbot, the 
 ravings of a moon-struck nun, were, as the 
 nobles cried passionately at his fall, " tortured 
 into treason." The only chance of safety lay 
 in silence. "Friends who used to write and 
 send me presents," Erasmus tells us, "now sent 
 neither letters nor gifts, nor received any from 
 any one, and this through fear." But even the 
 refuge of silence was closed by a law more in- 
 famous than any that has ever blotted the statute- 
 book of England. Not only was thought made 
 treason, but men were forced to reveal their 
 thoughts on pain of their very silence being pun- 
 ished with the penalties of treason. — Hist, ojp 
 Eng. People, § 577. 
 
 5151. SIMONY, A Debauchee's. King of 
 France. In order to gratify his habitual licen- 
 tiousness, Philip, whose private revenues were 
 scanty, had recourse to the scandalous expedient 
 of offering for sale, to the highest bidder, the 
 bishoprics and other valuable ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferments, the proceeds of this unhallowed traffic 
 being expended in riot and debauchery. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 7. § 14. 
 
 5152. SIMONY, Papal. Pope Vigilius. [The 
 pope Sylverius was tried on the charge of trea- 
 son.] Accused by credible witnesses and the 
 evidence of his own subscription, the successor 
 of St. Peter was despoiled of his pontifical orna- 
 ments, clad in the mean habit of a monk, and 
 embarked, without delay, for a distant exile in 
 the East. At the emperor's command, the 
 clergy of Rome proceeded to the choice of a new 
 bishop ; and after a solemn invocation of the 
 Holy Ghost, elected the deacon Vigilius, who 
 had purchased the papal throne by a bribe of 
 two hundred pounds of gold. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 41, p. 169. 
 
 5153. SIMPLICITY difficult. Samuel John- 1 
 son. Goldsmith said that he thought he could i 
 
 write a good fable, mentioned the simplicity 
 which that kind of composition requires, and 
 observed, that in most fables the animals intro- 
 duced seldom talk in character. " For instance," 
 said he, "the fable of the little fishes, who saw 
 birds fly over their heads, and envying them, 
 petitioned Jupiter to be changed into birds. The 
 skill," continued he, " consists in making them 
 talk like little fishes." While he indulged him- 
 self in this fanciful revery, he observed Johnson 
 shaking his sides and laughing. Upon which 
 he smartly proceeded, " Why, Dr. Johnson, this 
 is not so easy as you seem to think ; for if you 
 were to make little fishes talk, they would talk 
 like whales." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 210. 
 
 5154. SIMPLICITY preserved. Joan of Arc. 
 [She had predicted the coronation of Charles 
 VII. at Rheims.] With his coronation the maid 
 felt her errand to be over. " O gentle king, the 
 pleasure of God is done," she cried, as she flung 
 herself at the feet of Charles and asked leave to 
 go home. " Would it were his good will," she 
 pleaded with the archbishop, as he forced her to 
 remain, " that I might go and keep sheep once 
 more with my sisters and my brothers ; they 
 would be so glad to see me again !" But the 
 policy of the French court detained her. — Hist. 
 OF Eng. People, § 432. 
 
 5155. SIMPLICITY, Eoyal. Julian. [The 
 ruler of Gaul.] The simple wants of nature 
 regulated the measure of his food and sleep. 
 Rejecting with disdain the delicacies provided 
 for his table, he satisfied his appetite with the 
 coarse and common fare which was allotted to 
 the meanest soldiers. During the rigor of a 
 Gallic winter, he never suffered a fire in his bed- 
 chamber ; and after a short and interrupted slum- 
 ber, he frequently rose in the middle of the 
 night from a carpet spread on the floor, to des- 
 patch any urgent business, to visits his rounds, 
 or to steal a few moments for the prosecution of 
 his favorite studies. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 19, 
 p. 233. 
 
 5156. SIN, Indulgence in. For Money. With 
 more boldness than ever, the new Pope Leo had 
 sent, in 1516, agents through the world to sell in- 
 dulgences, and the man chosen for Saxony, 
 Tetzel the Dominican, and his band, were 
 among the most zealous preachers of this iniqui- 
 ty. "I would not exchange," said he, in one of 
 his harangues, " my privilege" (as vender of the 
 papal letters of absolution) " against those which 
 St. Peter has in heaven ; for I have saved more 
 souls by my indulgences than the apostle by his 
 sermons. Whatever crime one may have com- 
 mitted" — naming an outrage upon the person of 
 the Virgin Mary — " let him pay well, and he will 
 receive pardon. Likewise the sins which you 
 may be disposed to commit in future may be 
 atoned for beforehand." — Bunsen's Luther, 
 p. 9. 
 
 5157. SIN overlooked. Samuel Johnson. I 
 stated to him an anxious thought, by which a 
 sincere Christian might be disturbed, even when 
 conscious of having lived a good life, so far as 
 is consistent with human infirmity ; he might 
 fear that he should afterward fall away, and be 
 guilty of such crimes as would render all his 
 former religion vain. Could there be, upon this 
 awful subject, such a thing as balancing of ac- 
 counts ? Suppose a man who has led a good life 
 
SIN— SINS. 
 
 611 
 
 for seven years commits an act of wickedness, 
 and instantly dies ; will his former good life 
 have any effect in his favor ?" Johnson : " Sir, 
 if a man has led a good life for seven years, and 
 then is hurried by passion to do what is wrong, 
 and is suddenly carried off, depend upon it he 
 will have the reward of his seven years' good 
 life : God will not take a catch of him. Upon 
 this principle Richard Baxter believes that a 
 suicide may be saved. ' If,' says he, 'it should 
 be objected that what I maintain may encour- 
 age suicide, I answer, I am not to tell a lie to 
 prevent it.' " — Bos well's Johnson, p. 499. 
 
 515§. SIN, Remedy for. American Indians. 
 That man should take up the cross, that sin 
 should be atoned for, are ideas that dwell in hu- 
 man nature ; they were so diffused among the 
 savages, that Leclercq believed some of the 
 apostles must have reached the American conti- 
 nent. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 8, cli. 22. 
 
 5159. SIN, Unpardonable. William Cowper. 
 Cowper tells us that ' ' to this moment he had 
 fel't no concern of a spiritual kind ;" that " ig- 
 norant of original sin, insensible of the guilt of 
 actual transgression, he understood neither the 
 law nor the gospel — the condemning nature of 
 the one, nor the restoring mercies of the other." 
 But after attempting suicide he was seized, as he 
 well might be, with religious horrors. Now it 
 was that he began to ask himself whether he had 
 been guilty of the unpardonable sin, and was 
 presently persuaded that he had, though it 
 would be vain to inquire what he imagined 
 the unpardonable sin to be. — Smith's Cowper, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 5160. SINCERITY, Attractions of. Beign of 
 William and Anne. [All Catholic priests in 
 parishes were prisoners at large, all others were 
 banished by law.] The Catholic priest adjuring 
 his religion, received a pension of thirty and 
 afterward of forty pounds. And in spite of these 
 laws, there were, it is said, four thousand Cath- 
 oHc clergymen in Ireland ; and the Catholic 
 worship gained upon the Protestant, so attractive 
 is sincerity when ennobled by persecution. — 
 Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 5, ch. 4. 
 
 5161. SINCERITY, Power in. Julius Ccesar. 
 He never misled his army as to an enemy's 
 strength ; or if he misstated their numbers, it was 
 only to exaggerate. In Africa, before Thapsus, 
 when his officers were nervous at the reported 
 approach of Juba, he called them together, and 
 said briefly : " You will understand that with- 
 in a day King Juba will be here with the le- 
 gions, 30,000 horse, 100,000 skirmishers, and 300 
 elephants. You are not to think or ask questions. 
 I tell you the truth, and you must prepare for it. 
 If any of you are alarmed, I shall send you 
 home." [His army never lost a battle while he 
 was with them in person.]— Froude's C^sar, 
 ch. 28. 
 
 5162. SINGULARITY, Motive for. Diogenes. 
 As the character of this extraordinary person 
 was differently judged of in his own time, some 
 accounting him the wisest of men and others 
 little better than a madman, it is no wonder that 
 his estimation with the moderns should be 
 equally various. It is not to be doubted that 
 the love of singularity was a powerful motive of 
 his conduct and opinions. He opposed the com-^ 
 
 mon-sense of mankind, and affected a contempt 
 even of reputation, as he found that conduct a 
 new mode of acquiring it. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 9, p. 269. 
 
 5163. SINNERS, Crusade of. First Crusade. 
 The French possessed more of the spirit of ad- 
 venture than the Italians. The design was no 
 sooner proposed in a council held at Clermont, in 
 Auvergne, than they took up arms with the most 
 enthusiastic emulation. The principal nobles 
 immediately sold their lands to raise money for 
 the expedition, and the Church bought them 
 at an easy rate, and thus acquired immense ter- 
 ritorial possessions ; even the poorest barons set 
 out upon their own charges, and the vassals at- 
 tended the standard of their lords. Besides these, 
 whom we may suppose to have been influenced 
 by the piety of the design, an innumerable mul- 
 titude, a motley assemblage of beggars, slaves, 
 malefactors, strumpets, debauchees, and profli- 
 gates of all kinds joined the throng, and hoped to 
 find in those scenes of holy carnage and desola- 
 tion means of making their fortune by plun- 
 der. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 154. 
 [Note.] — Many even of these miscreants had 
 their own motives of piety. Mr. Gibbon's ob- 
 servation has both truth and wit in it. " At the 
 voice of their pastor, the robber, the incendiary, 
 the homicide, arose by thousands to redeem their 
 souls, by repeating on the infidels the same 
 deeds which they had exercised against their 
 Christian brethren." — Gibbon, ch. 68. 
 
 5164. SINS, Deliverance from. By Indul- 
 gences. This warning against the preachers 
 of indulgences was justified by good reasons. 
 For in the neighborhood of Wittenberg, at the 
 town of Jiiterbock, Tetzel, a Dominican monk, 
 carried on his traffic. There were lively times 
 at that place, as at an annual fair and market. 
 The people danced and caroused, rejoicing that 
 they were rid of their sins. And large mul- 
 titudes flocked from Wittenberg to patronize 
 Tetzel. — Rein's Luther, ch. 1, p. 9. 
 
 5165. SINS of Others. Jo7m Bunyan. Of 
 himself he says : " Though I could sin with 
 delight and ease, and take pleasure in the ril- 
 lainies of my companions, even then, if I saw 
 wicked things done by them that professed 
 goodness, it would make my spirit tremble. 
 Once, when I was in the height of my vanity, 
 hearing one swear that was reckoned a relig- 
 ious man, it made my heart to ache." — 
 Froude's Bunyan, ch. 1. 
 
 5166. SINS, Tormenting. John Bunyan. " My 
 sins," he says, " did so offend the Lord that 
 even in my childhood He did scare and af- 
 fright me with fearful dreams, and did terrify 
 me with dreadful visions. I have been in my 
 bed greatly afflicted, while asleep, with appre- 
 hensions of devils and wicked spirits, who still, 
 as I then thought, labored to draw me away 
 with them, of which I could never be rid. I 
 was afflicted with thoughts of the Day of Judg- 
 ment night and day, trembling at the thoughts of 
 the fearful torments of hell fire." When, at 
 ten years old, he was running about with his 
 companions in " his sports and childish vani- 
 ties," these terrors continually recurred to him, 
 yet "he would not let go his sins." — Froude'b 
 Bunyan, ch. 1. 
 
G12 
 
 SISTER— SLANDER. 
 
 3167. SISTER, A comforting. To Frederick 
 the G-reat. Amid disastrous defeat in battle 
 and increasing and determined foes, his mother, 
 " whom he loved most tenderly," died. A few 
 friends remained faithful to him, cheering him 
 by their correspondence. " Oh, that Heaven 
 had heaped all ills on me alone !" said his af- 
 fectionate sister ; "I would have borne them 
 with firmness." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, 
 eh. 12. 
 
 516§. SKILL misapplied. Perpetual Motioiu 
 Richard Arkwright . . . had so little knowledge 
 of mechanical principles, that he took it into his 
 head to invent a perpetual motion. So infatu- 
 ated was he, that he spent most of his time, 
 and soon all his money, in making experiments. 
 Peace fled from his house, and plenty from his 
 board. His wife very naturally resented this 
 infringement of her rights, and, on one unhap- 
 py day, overcome with sudden anger, she broke 
 to pieces his wheels and levers, and all the ap- 
 paratus of his perpetual motion. Violence never 
 answers a good purpose between people who 
 live together in a relation so intimate — neither 
 violence of word nor deed. Richard Arkwright 
 could not forgive this cruel stroke ; he separat- 
 ed himself from his wife, and never lived with 
 her again. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 708. 
 
 5169. SKILL, Proof of. Maier BotJiscMld. 
 The Landgrave's friend. General Estorflf, had 
 noticed the accuracy and good sense of Maier 
 Rothschild many j^ears before, when the bank- 
 er was a banker's clerk in Hanover. He recom- 
 mended him for the post, and he was summon- 
 ed to the Landgrave's residence. When he 
 arrived, it chanced that the mighty monarch was 
 getting badly beaten in a game of chess, by 
 General Estorfl. " Do you understand chess?" 
 asked the Landgrave. " Yes, your Highness," 
 said the banker. " Then step up here and look 
 at my game." Rothschild obeyed, and suggest- 
 ed the moves by which the game was easily 
 won. It was enough. From that time to the 
 end of his life he managed the finances of the 
 Landgrave of Hesse. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 567. 
 
 5170. SLANDER, Defence from. Napoleon I. 
 When I have been asked to cause answers to be 
 written to them [see No. 24] I have uniformly 
 replied, " My victories and my works of public 
 improvement are the only response which it 
 becomes me to make." — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 5171. SLANDER from Envy. John Bunyan. 
 Envy at his rapidly-acquired reputation brought 
 him baser enemies. He was called a witch, a 
 Jesuit, a highwayman. It was reported that he 
 had " his misses," that he had two wives, etc. 
 " My foes have missed their mark in this," he 
 said, with honest warmth ; " I am not the man. 
 If all the fornicators and adulterers in England 
 were hanged by the neck, John Bunyan, the 
 object of their envy, would be still alive and 
 well." — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 5. 
 
 5172. SLANDER, Fine for. $500,000. The 
 late sheriff [of London], Pinkington, having 
 said, upon the duke's [of York, afterward 
 James II.] return, " he had fired the city and 
 was now come to cut their throats," he caused 
 him to be indicted, and the court assigned his 
 
 Royal Highness £100,000 for damages.— 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 23, p. 370. 
 
 5173. SLANDER, Opposition by. John Wes- 
 ley. When the country was in general commo- 
 tion, occasioned by threatened invasions from 
 France and Spain, and by the movements of the 
 Scotch Pretender, ... all sorts of calum- 
 nies against Wesley flew over the land. He 
 had been seen with the Pretender in France ; 
 had been taken up for high treason, and was at 
 last safe in prison awaiting his doom. He was 
 a Jesuit, and kept Roman priests in his house at 
 Lohdon. He was an agent of Spain, whence he 
 received large remittances, in order to raise a 
 body of twenty thousand men to aid the expect- 
 ed Spanish invasion. He was an Anabaptist ; a 
 Quaker ; had been prosecuted for unlawfully 
 selling gin ; had hanged himself ; and, at any 
 rate, was not the genuine John Wesley, for it 
 was well known that the latter was dead and 
 buried. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 199. 
 
 5174. SLANDER of Piety. Comtantine. [After 
 he became a Christian.] 'The historian Zosimus 
 maliciously asserts that the emperor had im- 
 brued his hands in the blood of his eldest son 
 before he publicly renounced the gods of Rome 
 and of his ancestors. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 20, 
 p. 249. 
 
 5175. . Richard Baxter's. [Reign 
 
 of James II.] In a Commentary on the New 
 Testament, he had complained, with some bit- 
 terness, of the persecution which the Dissent- 
 ers suffered. That men who, for not using the 
 Praj'^er Book, had been driven from their homes, 
 stripped of their property, and locked up in dun- 
 geons, should dare to utter a murmur, was then 
 thought a high crime against the State and the 
 Church. , . . An information was filed. Baxter 
 begged that he might be allowed some time to 
 prepare for his defence. It was on the day on 
 which Gates was pilloried in Palace Yard that 
 the illustrious chief of the Puritans, oppressed 
 by age and infirmities, came to Westminster 
 Hall to make this request. Jeffreys burst into a 
 storm of rage. " Not a minute," he cried, " to 
 save his life. I can deal with saints as well as 
 with sinners. There stands Gates on one side 
 of the pillory ; and if Baxter stood on the other, 
 the two greatest rogues in the kingdom would 
 stand together." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, 
 p. 456. 
 
 5176. SLANDER punished. By James I. On 
 the 3d of August, 1596, John Dickson, an Eng- 
 lishman, was indicted for uttering calumni- 
 ous and slanderous speeches against the king. 
 The amount of his offence was that, being 
 drunk, he had allowed a boat he was managing 
 to come in the way of one of the king's ordnance 
 vessels, when, being called upon by Archibald 
 Gairdenar, one of his Majesty's cannoners, to 
 give place to his Majesty's ordnance, " he fyrst 
 ansserit, that he would nocht vyre his boit for 
 king or kasard ; and thairefter, maist proudlie, 
 arrogantlie, shlanderouslie, and calumniouslie 
 callit his Majestic ane bastard king : and that he 
 was nocht worthie to be obeyit." The jury found 
 him guilty, but qualified their verdict by admit- 
 ting his drunkenness ; but their qualification did 
 not avail ; the poor fellow was hanged. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 35. 
 
SLANDER— SLAVERY. 
 
 613 
 
 5177. SLANDER rewarded. Dick Talbot. [He 
 had declared Anue Hyde's adultery with him- 
 self before her marriage to the king.] Had her 
 husband [James II.] been a man really upright 
 and honorable, he would have driven from his 
 presence with indignation and contempt the 
 wretches that slandered her. But one of the pe- 
 culiarities of James' character was that no act, 
 however wicked and shameful, which had been 
 prompted by a desire to gain his favor, ever 
 seemed to him deserving of disapprobation. Tal- 
 bot continued to frequent the court, appearing 
 daily with brazen front before the princess whose 
 ruin he had plotted, and was installed into the 
 lucrative post of chief panderer to her husband. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 45. 
 
 517§. SLANDER, Victim of. Colwmbus. [Put 
 in chains. See No. 1648.] From the early 
 and never-to-be-forgotten outrage upon Castilian 
 pride, of compelling hidalgos, in time of emer- 
 gency, to labor in the construction of works 
 necessary to the public safety, down to the recent 
 charge of levying war against the government, 
 there was not a hardship, abuse, nor sedition in 
 the island that was not imputed to the misdeeds 
 of Columbus and his brothers. Besides the usual 
 accusations of inflicting oppressive labor, un- 
 necessary tasks, painful restrictions, short allow- 
 ances of food, and cruel punishments upon the 
 Spaniards, and waging unjust wars against the 
 natives, they were now charged with preventing 
 the conversion of the latter, that they might 
 send them slaves to Spain, and profit by their 
 sale. This last charge, so contrary to the pious 
 feelings of the admiral, was founded on his hav- 
 ing objected to the baptism of certain Indians of 
 mature age, until they could be instructed in the 
 doctrines of Christianity ; justly considering it 
 an abuse of that holy sacrament to administer 
 it thus blindly. Columbus was charged, also, 
 with having secreted pearls and other precious 
 articles collected in his voyage along the coast. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 13, ch. 7. 
 
 5179. SLANDERS, Vile. Primitive Church. 
 There were many who pretended to confess or 
 to relate the ceremonies of this abhorred society. 
 It was asserted, " that a new-born infant, entirely 
 covered over with flour, was presented, like 
 some mystic symbol of initiation, to the knife of 
 the proselyte, who unknowingly inflicted many 
 a secret and mortal wound on the innocent vic- 
 tim of his error ; that as soon as the cruel deed 
 was perpetrated, the sectaries drank up the 
 blood, greedily tore asunder the quivering mem- 
 l)ers, and pledged themselves to eternal secrecy, 
 by a mutual consciousness of guilt. It was as 
 • confidently affirmed that this inhuman sacrifice 
 was succeeded by a suitable entertainment, in 
 which intemperance served as a provocative to 
 brutal lust ; till, at the appointed moment, the 
 lights were suddenly extinguished, shame was 
 banished, nature was forgotten ; and, as acci- 
 dent might direct, the darkness of the night was 
 polluted by the incestuous commerce of sisters 
 and brothers, of sons and of mothers." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 11. 
 
 5180. SLAUGHTER, Barbarous. 58,000. The 
 Numidians had seized some territories belonging 
 to Carthage, and a war ensued, in which the 
 Carthaginians were much weakened. The son 
 of Massinissa, a barbarian in every sense, slaugh- 
 
 tered in cold blood 58,000 of the Carthaginians 
 after they had laid down their arms. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, p. 384. 
 
 51§1. SLAUGHTER, Exterminating. Of Ger- 
 mans. The poor Germans stood bravely defend- 
 ing themselves as they could ; but the sight of 
 their women flying in shrieking crowds, pur- 
 sued by the Roman horse, was too much for 
 them, and the whole host were soon rushing in 
 despairing wreck down the narrowing isthmus 
 between the Meuse and the Rhine. They came 
 to the junction at last, and then they could go 
 no farther. Multitudes were slaughtered ; mul- 
 titudes threw themselves into the water and were 
 drowned. Csesar, who was not given to exag- 
 geration, says that their original number was 
 430,000. The only survivors of whom any clear 
 record remains were the detachments who were 
 absent from the battle, and the few chiefs who 
 had come into Caesar's camp and continued with 
 him at their own request from fear of being 
 murdered by the Gauls. This affair was much 
 spoken of at the time, as well it might be. Ques- 
 tions were raised upon it in the Senate. Cato 
 insisted that Caesar had massacred a defenceless 
 people in a time of truce, that he had broken 
 the law of nations, and that he ought to be given 
 up to the Germans. The sweeping off the earth 
 in such a manner of a quarter of a million human 
 creatures, even in those unscrupulous times, 
 could not be heard of without a shudder. — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 16. 
 
 5182. SLAVERY, Antiquity of. Older than 
 the Recm'ds. Slavery and the slave-trade are older 
 than the records of human society ; they are 
 found to have existed wherever the savage 
 hunter began to assume the habits of pastoral 
 or agricultural life ; and, with the exception of 
 Australasia, they have extended to every portion 
 of the globe. They pervaded every nation of 
 civilized antiquity. . . . The founder of the 
 Jewish nation was a slaveholder and a purchaser 
 of slaves.— Bancroft's Hist, of U. S., vol. 1, 
 ch. 5. 
 
 51 §3. SLAVERY, Abuses of. Reign of James 
 II. [The rebels captured with the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth were consigned to ten years of slavery in 
 the Indies.] The human cargoes were stowed 
 close in the holds of small vessels. So little space 
 was allowed that the wretches, many of whom 
 were still tormented by unhealed wounds, could 
 not all lie down at once without lying on one 
 another. They were never suffered to go on 
 deck. The hatchway was constantly watched 
 by sentinels armed with hangers and blunder- 
 busses. In the dungeon below all was darkness, 
 stench, lamentation, disease, and death. Of 
 ninety-nine convicts who were carried out in one 
 vessel, twenty- two died before they reached Ja- 
 maica, although the voyage was performed with 
 unusual speed. The survivors, when they ar- 
 rived at their house of bondage, were mere skele- 
 tons. During some weeks coarse biscuit and 
 fetid water had been doled out to them in such 
 scanty measure that any one of them could easily 
 have consumed the ration which was assigned to 
 five. They were, therefore, in such a state, that 
 the merchant to whom they had been consigned 
 found it expedient to fatten them before selling 
 them. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 603. 
 
614 
 
 SLAVERY. 
 
 51S4. SLAVERY, Beginnings of. Georgia. 
 Agriculture had not flourished. Commerce had 
 not sprung up. The laws of property had been 
 so arranged that estates could descend only to 
 the oldest sons of families. The colonists were 
 poor, and charged their poverty to the fact that 
 slave-labor was forbidden in the province. This 
 became the chief question which agitated the 
 people. The proprietary laws grew more and 
 more unpopular. The statute excluding slavery 
 was not rigidly enforced, and, indeed, could not 
 be enforced when the people had determined to 
 evade it. Whitefield himself pleaded for the 
 abrogation of the law. Slaves began to be hired 
 first for short terms of service, then for longer 
 periods, then for a hundred years, which was 
 equivalent to an actual purchase for life. Finally, 
 cargoes of slaves were brought directly from 
 Africa, and the primitive free-labor system of 
 Georgia was revolutionized. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 29, p. 244. 
 
 51 §5. SLAVERY of Captives. Eomans. The 
 captive Barbarians, exchanging death for slavery, 
 were distributed among the provincials, and as- 
 signed to those districts (in Gaul, the territories 
 of Amiens, Beauvais, Cambray, Treves, Langres, 
 and Troyes are particularly specified) which had 
 been depopulated by the calamities of war. They 
 were usefully employed as shepherds and hus- 
 bandmen, but were denied the exercise of arms, 
 except when it was found expedient to enroll 
 them in the military service. Nor did the em- 
 perors refuse the property of lands, with a less 
 servile tenure, to such of the Barbarians as solic- 
 ited the protection of Rome. They granted a 
 settlement to several colonies of the Carpi, the 
 Bastarnae, and the Sarmatians ; and, by a dan- 
 gerous indulgence, permitted them in some 
 measure to retain their national manners and 
 independence. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 415. 
 
 51§6. SLAVERY in England. A.D. 1215. A 
 large portion of the people were in the con- 
 dition of villanage. Some were in a state of 
 slavery. The men went with the land as chat- 
 tels. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 24, p. 350. 
 
 5187. SLAVERY introduced. Virginia. The 
 year 1619 was marked by the introduction 
 of negro slavery into Virginia. The servants 
 of the people of Jamestown had hitherto been 
 persons of English or German descent, and their 
 term of service had varied from a few months 
 to many years. No perpetual servitude had 
 thus far been recognized, nor is it likely that the 
 English colonists would of themselves have in- 
 stituted the system of slave labor. In the month 
 of August a Dutch man-of-war sailed up the 
 river to the plantations, and offered by auction 
 twenty Africans. They were purchased by the 
 wealthier class of planters, aud made slaves for 
 life. It was, however, nearly a half century 
 from this time before the system of negro sla- 
 very became well established in the English col- 
 onies. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 11, p. 111. 
 
 51§8. SLAVERY mitigated. Athenian. All 
 Athenian slaves were allowed to purchase their 
 freedom at a price stipulated by the magistrate. 
 If any slave found his treatment intolerably 
 severe, and was unable to purchase his freedom, 
 he might oblige his master to sell him to another 
 who would use him better. The emancipation 
 of a slave, however, did not exempt him from 
 
 all the duties to his master. — Tytler'sHist., 
 Book 1, ch. 10, p. 103. 
 
 5189. . Jiomans. [During the 
 
 times of Caius Marcius Coriolanus, the Romans] 
 treated their slaves with great moderation, and 
 this was natural, because they worked and even 
 ate with them. It was deemed a great punish- 
 ment for a slave who had committed a fault to 
 take up that piece of wood with which they 
 supported the thill of a wagon, and carry it 
 round the neigborhood. — Plutaech's Caiijs 
 Marcius. 
 
 5190. SLAVERY, Natural. Turks. The con- 
 texture of the Turkish government is such a 
 fabric of slavery, that it is almost impossible 
 that any subject of the empire should inherit a 
 free or an ingenuous spirit. The grand signior 
 himself is born of a slave of the seraglio. The 
 viziers are often slaves by birth, and through 
 the whole empire it is hard to find any that derive 
 their origin from ingenuous parents. It is there- 
 fore no wonder that the Turks should inherit a 
 disposition fitted for the rule of an absolute 
 master. [Says Grotius after Aristotle :] " Thus 
 some nations are slaves by nature, born to be 
 governed, not to govern." — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 13, p. 212. 
 
 5191. SLAVERY opposed. By Friends. To 
 the Society of Friends in England belongs the 
 honor of the first united efforts to prevent the 
 continuance of the slave trade, against which 
 they petitioned Parliament in 1783. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 26, p. 466. 
 
 5192. SLAVERY, Prevalence of. In Rome. 
 It was more for the interest of the merchant or 
 manufacturer to purchase than to hire his work- 
 men ; and in the country slaves were employed 
 as the cheapest and most laborious instruments 
 of agriculture. To confirm the general obser- 
 vation, and to display the multitude of slaves, 
 we might allege a variety of particular instances. 
 It was discovered, on a very melancholj'^ occa- 
 sion, that four hundred slaves were maintained 
 in a single palace of Rome. The same number 
 of four hundred belonged to an estate which an 
 African widow, of a very private condition, re- 
 signed to her son, while she reserved for herself 
 a much larger share of her property. A freed- 
 man, under the reign of Augustus, though his 
 fortune had suffered great losses in the civil wars, 
 left behind him three thousand six hundred yoke 
 of oxen, two hundred and fifty thousand head of 
 smaller cattle, and what was almost included in 
 the description of cattle, four thousand one hun- 
 dred and sixteen slaves. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 2, p. 52. 
 
 5193. SLAVERY of Prisoners. Beign of 
 James II. The number of prisoners [who had 
 been rebels under the Duke of Monmouth] whom 
 Jeffreys transported was eight hundred and 
 forty-one. These men, more wretched than their 
 associates who suffered death, were distributed 
 into gangs, and bestowed on persons who enjoy- 
 ed favor at court. The conditions of the gift 
 were that the convicts should be carried beyond 
 sea as slaves, that they should not be emancipat- 
 ed for ten years, and that the place of their 
 banishment should be some West Indian island. 
 This last article was studiously framed for the 
 purpose of aggravating the misery of the exiles. 
 
SLAVERY— SLAVES. 
 
 615 
 
 la New England or New Jersey they would 
 have found a population kindly disposed to them, 
 and a climate not unfavorable to their health and 
 vigor. It was therefore determined that they 
 should be sent to colonies where a Puritan could 
 hope to inspire little sympathy. ... It was 
 estimated by Jeffreys that, on an average, each 
 of them, after all charges were paid, would be 
 worth from ten to fifteen pounds. There was, 
 therefore, much angry competition for grants. 
 . . . More than one fifth of those who were 
 shipped were flung to the sharks before the end of 
 the voyage. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 602. 
 
 5194. SLAVERY, Punished by. England. It 
 was a class which sprang mainly from debt or 
 crime. Famine drove men to " bend their 
 Heads in the evil days for meat ;" the debtor, un- 
 able to discharge his debt, flung on the ground 
 his freeman's sword and spear, took up the la- 
 borer's mattock, and placed his head as a slave 
 within a master's hands. The criminal whose 
 kinsfolk would not make up his fine became a 
 •crime-serf of the plaintiff or the king. Some- 
 times a father pressed by need sold children or 
 wife in bondage. In any case, the slave became 
 part of the live-stock of his master's estate, to be 
 willed away at death with horse or ox, whose 
 pedigree was kept as carefully as his own. His 
 children were bondsmen like himself ; even a 
 freeman's children by a slave mother inherited 
 the mother's taint. " Mine is the calf that is 
 born of my cow," ran an English proverb. 
 Slave cabins clustered round the homestead of 
 every rich landowner ; ploughman, shepherd, 
 goatherd, swineherd, oxherd, and cowherd, 
 dairymaid, barnman, sower, hayward, and wood- 
 ward, were often slaves. It was not, indeed, 
 slavery such as we have known in modern times, 
 for stripes and bonds were rare ; if the slave was 
 slain it was by an angry blow, not by the lash. 
 But his master could slay him if he would ; it 
 was but a chattel the less. The slave had no 
 plaoj in the justice court, no kinsmen to claim 
 vengeance or guilt-fine for his wrong. If a 
 stranger slew him his lord claimed the damages ; 
 if guilty of wrong-doing, " his skin paid for 
 him," under his master's lash. If he fled he 
 might be chased like a strayed beast, and when 
 caught he might be flogged to death. If the 
 wrong-doer were a woman-slave she might be 
 burned. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 15. 
 
 5195. SLAVERY, Repulsive. In England. 
 The Saxon race carried the most repulsive forms 
 of slavery to England, where not half the popula- 
 tion could assert a right to freedom, and where 
 the price of a man was but four times the price 
 of an ox. ... In defiance of severe penalties, 
 the Saxons sold their own kindred into slavery 
 on the continent ; nor could the traffic be check- 
 ed till religion, pleading the cause of humanity , 
 made its appeal to the conscience. — Bancroft's 
 Hist, of U. S. , vol. 1 , ch. 5. 
 
 5196. SLAVERY, Unchristian. British. How 
 great a part the Catholic ecclesiastics subsequent- 
 ly had in the abolition of villanage we learn from 
 the unexceptionable testimony of Sir Thomas 
 Smith, one of the ablest Protestant councillors of 
 Elizabeth. When the dying slaveholder asked 
 for the last sacraments, his spiritual attendants 
 regularly adjured him, as he loved his soul, to 
 emancipate his brethren for whom Christ had 
 
 died. So successfully had the Church used her 
 formidable machinery, that, before the Refor- 
 mation came, she had enfranchised almost all 
 the bondmen in the kingdom except her own, 
 who, to do her justice, seem to have been very 
 tenderly treated. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 23. 
 
 5197. SLAVES, Angelic. English. But once 
 masters of the Britons, the Bernician Englishmen 
 turned to conquer their English neighbors to the 
 south, the men of Deira, whose first king, ^lla, 
 was now sinking to the grave. The struggle 
 filled the foreign markets with English slaves, 
 and one of the most memorable stories in our 
 history shows us a group of such captives as they 
 stood in the market-place of Rome, it may be in 
 the great Forum of Trajan, which still in its de- 
 cay recalled the glories of the Imperial City. 
 Their white bodies, their fair faces, their golden 
 hair, was noted by a deacon who passed by. 
 ' ' From what country do these slaves come ?" 
 Gregory asked the trader who brought them. 
 The slave-dealer answered, "They are English," 
 or, as the word ran in the Latin form, it would 
 bear at Rome, "they are Angles." The deacon's 
 pity veiled itself in poetic humor. ' ' Not Angles, 
 but angels," he said, " with faces so angel-like ! 
 From what country come they ?" " They come," 
 said the merchant, "from Deira." " i)e ird!" 
 was the untranslatable word-play of the viva- 
 cious Roman; "ay, plucked from God's ire 
 and called to Christ's mercy ! And what is the 
 name of their king ?" They told him, " ^lla," 
 and Gregory seized on the word as of good omen. 
 "Alleluia shall be sung in Ella's laud," he 
 said, and passed on, musing how the angel-faces 
 should be brought to sing it. — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 40. 
 
 519§. SLAVES of Disbelievers. Virginia, a.d. 
 1670. Statute : . . . " All servants, not being Chris- 
 tians, imported into this country by shipping, 
 shall be slaves." Yet it was added, " conversion 
 to the Christian faith doth not make free !" — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 14. 
 
 5199. SLAVES, DociUty of. Civil War. [Pres- 
 ident Lincoln's emancipation proclamation] had 
 shown that slavery was an element of strength 
 with us ; that it had assisted us in our struggle ; 
 that no servile insurrections had taken place in 
 the South, in spite of all the allurements of our 
 enemy ; that the slave had tilled the soil while his 
 master had fought ; that in the large districts un- 
 protected by our troops, and with a white popu- 
 lation consisting almost exclusively of women 
 and children, the slave had continued at his 
 work, quiet, cheerful, and faithful, , . . though 
 prompted to the work of assassination and pil- 
 lage by the most brutal examples of the Yankee 
 soldiery. — Pollard's Second Year of the 
 War, ch. 6, p. 182. 
 
 5200. SLAVES, Rebellion of. Roman. They 
 found a leader in a young Thracian robber chief, 
 named Spartacus, who was destined for the 
 amphitheatre, and who preferred meeting his 
 masters in the field to killing his friends to make 
 a Roman holiday. Spartacus, with two hundred 
 of his companions, burst out from the Capuan 
 " stables," seized their arms, and made their way 
 into the crater of Vesuvius, which was then, aft^ 
 the long sleep of the volcano, a dense jungle of 
 wild vines. The slaves of the adjoining planta- 
 
616 
 
 SLAVES— SLEEP. 
 
 tions deserted and joined them. The fire spread, 
 Spartacus proclaimed universal emancipation, 
 and in a few weeks was at the head of an army 
 with which he overran Italy to the foot of the 
 Alps, defeated consuls and praetors, captured the 
 eagles of the legions, wasted the farms of ftie no- 
 ble lords, and for two years held his ground 
 against all that Kome could do. — Fkoude's C^- 
 SAR, ch. 9. 
 
 5201. SLAVES, White. In Virginia.. The 
 supply of white servants became a regular busi- 
 ness, and a class of men, nicknamed spirits, 
 used to delude young persons, servants, and idlers 
 into embarking for America, as to a land of spon- 
 taneous plenty. White servants came to be a 
 usual article of trafflc. They were sold in Eng- 
 land to be transported, and in Virginia were re- 
 sold to the highest bidder ; like negroes, they 
 were to be purchased on shipboard, as men buy 
 horses at a fair. — Bancroft's Hist, of U. S. , 
 vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 5202. SLAVE-TRADE opposed. Continental 
 Congress, a.d. 1774. We will neither support nor 
 purchase any slave imported after the 1st day of 
 December next ; after which time we will wholly 
 discontinue the slave-trade, and will neither be 
 concerned in it ourselves, nor will we hire our 
 vessels nor sell our commodities or manufact- 
 ures to those who are concerned in it. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 13. 
 
 5203. SLAVE-TRADE respected. New York. 
 a.d. 1661. We have seen Elizabeth of England 
 a partner in the commerce of which the Stuarts, 
 to the days of Queen Anne, were distinguished 
 patrons ; the city of Amsterdam did not blush 
 to own shares in the slave-ship, to advance money 
 for the outfits, and to participate in the returns. 
 In proportion to population. New York had as 
 many Africans as Virginia. . . . They were im- 
 ported . . . often directly from Guinea, and were 
 sold at public auction to the highest bidder. The 
 average price Avas less than $140. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 5204. SLEEP, Benefit of. Disposition. It was 
 a rule with Cato to have his slaves either em- 
 ployed in the house or asleep, and he liked those 
 best that slept the most kindly, believing that 
 they were better tempered than others that had 
 not so much of that refreshment, and fitter for 
 any kind of business. — Plutarch's Cato the 
 Censor. 
 
 5205. SLEEP at Command. Napoleon I. "Dif- 
 ferent affairs are arranged in my head," said he, 
 " as in drawers. When I wish to interrupt one 
 train of thought, I close the drawer which con- 
 tains that subject, and open that which contains 
 another. They do not mix together or incon- 
 venience me. I have never been kept awake by 
 an involuntary prfX)CCupation of mind. If I wish 
 for repose, I shut up all the drawers, and I am 
 asleep. I have always slept when I wanted rest, 
 and almost at will." — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 5206. SLEEP, Deficient. Josiah Quincy. This 
 excellent man carried one of his virtues to ex- 
 cess — early rising. He rose so early in the morn- 
 ing that he scarcely had sleep enough ; so that, 
 when he sat down during the day for ten min- 
 utes, he was very likely to fall asleep. John 
 Quincy Adams was also addicted to excessive 
 
 early rising. One day these two distinguished 
 men went into Judge Story's lecture-room to 
 hear him read his lecture to his class in the law 
 school. The judge received the two presidents 
 with his usual politeness, and placed them on 
 the platform by his side, in full view of the class, 
 and then went on with his lecture. In a very 
 few minutes both the presidents were fast asleep. 
 The judge paused a moment, and pointing to 
 the two sleeping gentlemen, uttered these words : 
 "Gentlemen, you see before you a melancholy 
 example of the evil effects of early rising." This 
 remark was followed by a shout of laughter, 
 which effectually roused the sleepers, after which 
 the judge resumed his discourse. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 758. 
 
 5207. SLEEP, Exceptional. Sir Walter Scott. 
 Basil Hall reports Scott's having told him . . . 
 that " having once arrived at a country inn, he 
 was told there was no bed for him. ' No place 
 to lie down at all ?' said he. ' No/ said the peo- 
 ple of the house ; ' none, except a room in which 
 there is a corpse lying.' ' Well,' said he, 'did 
 the person die of any oontagious disorder ? ' * Oh, 
 no ; not at all,' said they. ' Well, then,' contin- 
 ued he, ' let me have the other bed. So,' said Sir 
 Walter, ' I laid me down, and never had abetter 
 night's sleep in my life.'" He was, indeed, a 
 man of iron nerve. — Hutton's Life of Scott, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 520§. SLEEP, Perilous. Columbus' First Toy- 
 age. [Coasting near St. Thomas.] Columbus, 
 who had hitherto kept watch, finding the sea 
 calm and smooth, and the ship almost motion- 
 less, retired to rest, not having slept the pre- 
 ceding night. He was, in general, extremely 
 wakeful on his coasting voyages, passing whole 
 nights upon deck in all weathers ; never trusting 
 to the watchfulness of others where there was- 
 any difficulty or danger to be provided against. 
 In the present instance he felt perfectly secure. 
 . . . No sooner had he retired than the steers- 
 man gave the helm in charge to one of the ship- 
 boys, and went to sleep. This was in direct vio- 
 lation of an invariable order of the admiral, that 
 the helm should never be intrusted to the boys. 
 The rest of the mariners who had the watch took 
 like advantage of the absence of Columbus, and 
 in a little while the whole crew was buried in 
 sleep. In the mean time the treacherous cur- 
 rents which run swiftly along this coast carried 
 the vessel quietly, but with force, upon a sand- 
 bank. The heedless boy had not noticed the 
 breakers, although they made a roaring that 
 might have been heard a league. [The vessel 
 was wrecked.] — Irving's Columbus, Book 4, 
 ch. 8. 
 
 5209. SLEEP, Surprising. Duke of Argyle. 
 [On the day appointed for his decapitation at 
 Edinburgh, for rebellion,] one of the lords of 
 the council, who had probably been bred a Pres- 
 byterian, and had been seduced by interest to 
 join in oppressing the church of which he had 
 once been a member, came to the castle with a 
 message from his brethren, and demanded ad- 
 mittance to the earl. It was answered that the earl 
 was asleep. The privy councillor thought that 
 this was a subterfuge, and insisted on entering. 
 The door of the cell was softly opened ; and 
 there lay Argyle on the bed, sleeping, in lii* 
 irons, the placid sleep of infancy. The con 
 
SLEEP— SOCIALISM. 
 
 61? 
 
 science of the renegade smote him. He turned 
 away, sick at heart, ran out of the castle, and 
 took refuge in the dwelling of a lady of his fam- 
 ily who lived hard by. There he flung himself 
 on a couch, and gave himself up to an agony of 
 remorse and shame. His kinswoman, alarmed 
 by his looks and groans, thought that he bad 
 been taken sick with sudden illness, and begged 
 him to drink a cup of sack. . " No, no," he said, 
 " that will do me no good." She prayed him to 
 tell her what had disturbed him. " I have been," 
 he said, "in Argyle's prison. I have seen him 
 within an hour of eternity, sleeping as sweetly 
 as ever man did. But as for me — " — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., eh. 5, p. 523. 
 
 5210. SLEEP, Transient. Napoleon I. After 
 spending several days and nights in preparation 
 for a decisive conflict, he has been known repeat- 
 edly to fall asleep in the midst of the uproar and 
 horror of the field of battle, and when the balls 
 of the enemy were sweeping the eminence upon 
 which he stood. " Nature has her rights," said 
 he, " and will not be defrauded with impunity. 
 I feel more cool to receive the reports which are 
 brought to me when awaking in this manner 
 from transient slumber." — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 5211. SLEEP, Undisturbed. WasJiington. 
 " How did you sleep, general ?" asked [his guest] 
 the Duke of Orleans [Louis Philippe] one morn- 
 ing of the master of the house. ' ' I always sleep 
 well," replied General Washington, "for I nev- 
 er wrote a word in my life which I had after- 
 ward cause to regret." — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 508. 
 
 5212. SLEEPERS, The Seven. Legend. "When 
 the Emperor Decius persecuted the Christians, 
 seven noble youths of Ephesus concealed them- 
 selves in a spacious cavern in the side of an ad- 
 jacent mountain, where they were doomed to 
 perish by the tyrant, who gave orders that the 
 entrance should be firmly secured with a pile of 
 huge stones. They immediately fell into a deep 
 slumber, which was miraculously prolonged, 
 without injuring the powers of life, during a 
 period of one hundred and eighty-seven years. 
 At the end of that time, the slaves of Adolius, 
 to whom the inheritance of the mountain had 
 descended, removed the stones to supply mate- 
 rials for some rustic edifice ; the light of the sun 
 darted into the cavern, and the Seven Sleepers 
 were permitted to awake. After a slumber, as 
 they thought, of a few hours, they were pressed 
 by the calls of hunger, and resolved that Jam- 
 blichus, one of their number, should secretly re- 
 turn to the city to purchase bread for the ixse of 
 his companions. The youth (if we may still em- 
 ploy that appellation) could no longer recognize 
 the once familiar aspect of his native country ; 
 and his surprise was increased by the appearance 
 of a large cross, triumphantly erected over the 
 principal gate of Ephesus. His singular dress 
 and obsolete language confounded the baker, to 
 whom he offered an ancient medal of Decius as 
 the current coin of the empire ; and Jamblichus, 
 on the suspicion of a secret treasure, was dragged 
 before the judge. Their mutual inquiries pro- 
 duced the amazing discovery that two centuries 
 were almost elapsed since Jamblichus and his 
 friends had escaped from the rage of a pagan 
 tyrant. The bishop of Ephesus, the clergy, the 
 
 magistrates, the people, and, it is said, the Emper- 
 or Theodosius himself, hastened to visit the 
 cavern of the Seven Sleepers, who bestowed 
 their benediction, related their story, and at the 
 same moment peaceably expired. — Gibbon, ch.3; 
 p. 383. 
 
 5213. SLEEPERS in the Temple. Ino. On the 
 road between Octylus and Thalamife ... is 
 the temple of Ino. It is the custom of those 
 who consult her to sleep in the temple, and what 
 they want to know is revealed to them in a dream. 
 — Pausanias. 
 
 5214. SMILE resented, A. Timour the Tar- 
 tar. In his camp before Delhi Timour massa- 
 cred 100,000 Indian prisoners, who had smiled 
 when the army of their countrymen appeared 
 in sight. . . . The people of Ispahan supplied 
 70,000 human skulls for the structure of several 
 lofty towers. ... A similar tax was levied on 
 the revolt of Bagdad, . . . and the exact ac- 
 count ... is stated ... at 90,000 heads.— 
 Note in Gibbon's Rome, ch. 34, p. 398. 
 
 5215. SMOKER, A female. General Jack- 
 son's Wife. A more exemplary woman in all 
 the relations of life — wife, friend, neighbor, re- 
 lation, mistress of slaves — never lived, and never 
 presented a more quiet, cheerful, and admirable 
 management of her household. She had the 
 general's own warm heart, frank manners, and 
 admirable temper ; and no two persons could 
 have been better suited to each other, lived more 
 happily together, or made a house more attrac- 
 tive to visitors. No bashful youth or plain old 
 man, whose modesty sat them down at the low- 
 er end of the table, could escape her cordial at- 
 tention, any more than the titled gentleman at 
 her right and left. Young persons were her de- 
 light, and she always had her house filled with, 
 them, all calling her affectionately " Aunt Ra- 
 chel." In the homely fashion of the time, she 
 used to join her husband and guests in smoking 
 a pipe after dinner and in the evening. There 
 are now living many persons who well remem- 
 ber seeing her smoking by her fireside a long 
 reed pipe. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 536. 
 
 5216. SMUGGLING fined. England. In the 
 session of 1698 the Parliament proceeded against 
 some dozen of opulent merchants with foreign 
 names, by impeaching them for high crimes and 
 misdemeanors, for fraudulently importing for- 
 eign alamodes and lustrings, and for illegally ex- 
 porting native wool. One was fined £10,000 ; 
 one, £3000 ; two, £1500 each ; three, £1000 each ; 
 and one, £500. These sums were applied to 
 the building of Greenwich Hospital.— Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 14, p. 212. 
 
 5217. SOCIALISM illustrated. Samuel John- 
 son. Sir, there is one Mrs. Macaulay in this town, 
 a great republican. One day when I was at her 
 house, I put on a very grave countenance, and 
 said to her, " Madam, I am now become a con- 
 vert to your way of thinking. I am convinced 
 that all mankind are upon an equal footing ; and 
 to give you an unquestionable proof, madam, 
 that I am in earnest, here is a very sensible, civ- 
 il, well-behaved fellow-citizen, your footman; 
 I desire that he may be allowed to sit down and 
 dine with us." I thus, sir, showed her the ab- 
 surdity of the levelling doctrine. She has never 
 liked me since. Sir, your levellers wish to level 
 
618 
 
 SOCIALISM— SOCIETY. 
 
 down as far as themselves ; but they cannot bear 
 levelling up to themselves. They would all have 
 some people under them ; why not, then, have 
 some people above them ? — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 124. 
 
 521§. SOCIALISM, Political. Gains Gracchus. 
 [The Roman tribune.] He brought forward, 
 and carried through, with enthusiastic clapping 
 of every pair of hands in Rome that were hard- 
 ened with labor, a proposal that there should be 
 public granaries in the city, maintained and filled 
 at the cost of the State, and that corn should be 
 sold at a rate artificially cheap to the poor free 
 citizens. Such a law was purely socialistic. The 
 privilege was confined to Rome, because in Rome 
 the elections were held, and the Roman constitu- 
 ency was the one depository of power. The ef- 
 fect was to gather into the city a mob of needy, 
 unemployed voters, living on the charity of the 
 State, to crowd the circus, and to clamor at the 
 elections, available no doubt immediately to 
 strengthen the hands of the popular tribune, 
 but certain in the long run to sell themselves to 
 those who could bid highest for their voices. — 
 Proude's C^sar, ch. 3. 
 
 5319. SOCIETY, Bond of. Egyptians. Perjury 
 was also punished with death, because that crime 
 attacks both the gods, whose majesty is tram- 
 pled upon by invoking their name to a false oath ; 
 and men, by breaking the strongest tie of human 
 society — viz. , sincerity and veracity. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 1, Part 2, ch. 1. 
 
 5230. SOCIETY degraded. Gowper's Times. 
 Drunkenness reigned in palace and cottage alike. 
 Gambling, cock-fighting, and bull-fighting were 
 the amusements of the people. Political life, 
 which, if it had been pure and vigorous, might 
 have made up for the absence of spiritual influ- 
 ences, was corrupt from the top of the scale to 
 the bottom ; its effect on national character is 
 portrayed in Hogarth's " Election." That proper- 
 ty had its duties as well as its rights, nobody 
 had yet ventured to say or think. The duty of 
 a gentleman toward his own class was to pay his 
 debts of honor and to fight a duel whenever he 
 was challenged by one of his own order ; toward 
 the lower class his duty was none. Though the 
 forms of government were elective — and Cowper 
 gives us a description of the candidate at elec- 
 tion-time obsequiously soliciting votes — society 
 ■was intensely aristocratic, and each rank was di- 
 vided from that below it by a sharp line which 
 precluded brotherhood or sympathy. — Smith's 
 Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
 5221. SOCIETY, Deliverers of. Reformers. 
 {See No. 5220.] That the slave-trade was iniqui- 
 tous hardly any one suspected ; even men who 
 deemed themselves religious took part in it with- 
 out scruple. But a change was at hand, and a 
 still mightier change was in prospect. At the 
 time of Cowper's death John Wesley was twen- 
 ty-eight, and Whitefield was seventeen. "With 
 them the revival of religion was at hand. John- 
 son, the moral reformer, was twenty-two. How- 
 ard was born, and in less than a generation "Wil- 
 berforce was to come. — Smith's Cowpkr, ch. 1. 
 
 5222. SOCIETY, An effective. Knights of St. 
 John. But the firmest bulwark of Jerusalem was 
 founded on the knights of the Hospital of St. 
 John, and of the temple of Solomon ; on the 
 
 strange association of a monastic and militaiy 
 life, which fanaticism might suggest, but which 
 policy must approve. The flower of the nobili- 
 ty oi Europe aspired to wear the cross and to 
 profess the vows of these respectable orders ; 
 their spirit and discipline were immortal ; and 
 the speedy donation of twenty-eight thousand 
 f arros, or manors, enabled them to support a reg- 
 ular force of cavalry and infantry for the defence 
 of Palestine. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 598. 
 
 5223. SOCIETY, Opposition to. Poet Shelley. 
 " Laon and Cythna" was . . . representative of its 
 author. All his previous experiences and all his 
 aspirations — his passionate belief in friendship, 
 his principle of the equality of women with men, 
 his demand for bloodless revolution, his confi- 
 dence in eloquence and reason to move nations, 
 his doctrine of free love, his vegetarianism, his 
 hatred of religious intolerance and tyranny — are 
 blent together and concentrated in the glowing 
 cantos of this wonderful romance. The hero, 
 Laon, is himself idealized, the self which he im- 
 agined when he undertook his Irish campaign. 
 The heroine, Cythna, is the helpmate he had al- 
 ways dreamed, the woman exquisitely feminine, 
 yet capable of being fired with male enthusiasm. 
 ... In the first edition of the poem he made Laon 
 and Cythna brother and sister, not because he be- 
 lieved in the desirability of incest, but because he 
 wished to throw a glove down to society, and 
 to attack the intolerance of custom in its strong- 
 hold. — Stmonds' Shelley, ch. 5. 
 
 5224. SOCIETY, Orderly. Plymouth Golony. 
 House-breaking and highway robbery were of- 
 fences unknown in their courts, and too little 
 apprehended to be made subjects of severe leg- 
 islation. — Bancroft's U. S., ch. 8. 
 
 5225. SOCIETY, Reaction of. Pome. [Time of 
 Nero.] At the summit of the whole decaying 
 system — necessary, yet detested — elevated indef- 
 initely above the very highest, yet living in dread 
 of the very lowest, oppressing a population 
 which he terrified, and terrified by the population 
 he oppressed, was an emperor raised to the divin- 
 est pinnacle of autocracy, yet conscious that his 
 life hung upon a thread ; an emperor who, in 
 the terrible phrase of Gibbon, was at once a 
 priest, an atheist, and a god. — Farrar's Early 
 Days, ch. 1, p. 4. 
 
 5226. SOCIETY, Reformation of. Impartiality. 
 In 1698 . . . societies for the reformation of man- 
 ners had for some time been in activity. Their 
 business was to lay informations before the mag- 
 istrates of swearers, drunkards. Sabbath-break- 
 ers, and other offenders, and to appropriate that 
 portion of the fines which were earned by com- 
 mon informers to purposes of charity. The ob- 
 jection which ever was and ever will be against 
 the most honest exertions of such societies is, 
 that they are not impartial in their visitations. 
 Defoe said : " Till the nobility, gentry, justices 
 of the peace, and clergy will be pleased to re- 
 form their own manners, or find out some meth- 
 od and power impartially to punish themselves 
 when guilty, we humbly crave leave to object to 
 setting any poor man in the stocks, or sending 
 him to the House of Correction for immoralities, 
 as the most unjust and unequal way of pro- 
 ceeding in the world." — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 13, p. 205. 
 
SOCIETY— SOLDIER. 
 
 619 
 
 5227. SOCIETY, Unbound. "War of the 
 Jtoses." The individual sense of personal duty, 
 the political consciousness of each citizen that 
 national order and national welfare are essential 
 to his own well-being, had not yet come. The 
 bonds which had held the world together through 
 so many ages loosened and broke, only to leave 
 man face to face with his o^n selfishness. The 
 motives that sway and ennoble the common con- 
 duct of men were powerless over the ruling 
 classes. Pope and king, bishop and noble, vied 
 with each other in greed, in self-seeking, in lust, 
 in faithlessness, in a pitiless cruelty. It is this 
 moral degradation that flings so dark a shade over 
 the wars of the Roses. From no period in our 
 annals do we turn with such weariness and dis- 
 gust. Their savage battles, their ruthless execu- 
 tions, their shameless treasons, seem all the more 
 terrible from the pure selfishness of the ends for 
 which men fought, for the utter want of all no- 
 bleness and chivalry in the contest itself, of all 
 great result in its close. — Hist, of Eng. Peo- 
 ple, § 466. 
 
 522S. SOLDIEE, Christian. "Stonewall" 
 Jackson. At the siege of Vera Cruz Jackson 
 commanded a battery, . . . and was promoted 
 first-lieutenant. For his conduct at Cerro Gordo 
 he was brevetted captain. He was in all Scott's 
 battles to the city of Mexico, and behaved so 
 well that he was brevetted major for his services. 
 To his merits as a commander he added the virt- 
 ues of an active, humble, consistent Christian, 
 restraining profanity in his camp, welcoming 
 army colporteurs, distributing tracts,and anxious 
 that every regiment. . . should be supplied with 
 chaplains. He was vulgarly sneered at as a fatal- 
 ist ; his habits of soliloquy were derided as super- 
 stitious conversations with a familiar spirit ; . . . 
 but ... he believed he had a distinct mission of 
 duty, in which he should be spared for the ends 
 of Providence. — Pollard's First Year of the 
 War, ch. 9, p. 221. 
 
 5229. SOLBIEB, Cruelty and Courtesy of. 
 
 Black Prince. [In 1370 the Black Prince met 
 the French in Gascony. His last warlike act 
 associates his name with the infamous system of 
 cruelty that makes the individual bravery, en- 
 durance, and courtesy of the later feudal times 
 look like hollow mockery — a miserable impost- 
 ure of self-glorification, trampling upon the 
 higher principle that unites strength with mercy. 
 Three thousand men, women, and children were 
 ^.butchered in cold blood when Limoges was 
 iken. A few knights, who resWved to battle 
 the last, placed their backs against a wall, 
 and long fought against superior numbers. 
 These Prince Edward ordered to be received to 
 ransom. This was chivalry. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 31. 
 
 5230. SOLDIEE, Ignorant. Beign of Jamea 
 II. In June, 1686, Tyrconnel came. His com- 
 mission authorized him only to command the 
 troops ; but he brought with him royal instruc- 
 tions touching all parts of the administration, 
 and at once took the real government of the 
 island into his own hands. On the day after his 
 arrival, he explicitly said that commissions must 
 be largely given to Roman Catholic officers, 
 and that room must be made for them by dis- 
 missing more Protestants. He pushed on the 
 remodeiiing of the army eagerly and indefatiga- 
 
 bly. It was, indeed, the only part of the func- 
 tions of a commander-in-chief which he was 
 competent to perform ; for, though courageous 
 in brawls and duels, he knew nothing of mili- 
 tary duty. At the very first review which he 
 held, it was evident to all who were near to him 
 that he did not know how to draw up a regi- 
 ment. To turn Englishmen out and to put 
 Irishmen in was, in his view, the beginning and 
 the end of the administration of war. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 132. 
 
 5231. SOLDIEE, A natural. Cromwell. Bred 
 to peaceful occupations, he had, at more than 
 forty years of age, accepted a commission in 
 the Parliamentary army. No sooner had he 
 become a soldier, than he discerned, with the 
 keen glance of genius, what Essex and men like 
 Essex, with all their experience, were unable 
 to perceive. He saw precisely where the strength 
 of the Royalists lay, and by what means alone 
 that strength could be overpowered. He saw 
 that it was necessary to reconstruct the army of 
 the Parliament. He saw, also, that there were 
 abundant and excellent materials for the pur- 
 pose — materials less showy, indeed, but more 
 solid than those of which the gallant squadrons 
 of the king were composed. It was necessary 
 to look for recruits who were not mere mer- 
 cenaries ; for recruits of decent station and grave 
 character, fearing God and zealous for public 
 liberty. With such men he filled his own regi- 
 ment, and while he subjected them to a disci- 
 pline more rigid than had ever before been known 
 in England, he administered to their intellectual 
 and moral nature stimulants of fearful potency. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 109. 
 
 5232. SOLDIEE, A remarkable. General Lee. 
 General Lee is, almost without exception, tha 
 handsomest man of his age I ever saw. He ia 
 fifty-six years old, tall, broad-shouldered, very 
 well made, well set up — a thorough soldier ic 
 appearance ; and his manners are most courteous 
 and full of dignity. He is a perfect gentleman 
 in every respect. I imagine no one has so few 
 enemies, or is so universally esteemed. Through- 
 out the South all agree in pronouncing him at 
 near perfection as a man can be. He has non^ 
 of the small vices, such as smoking, drinking, 
 chewing, or swearing, and his bitterest enemy 
 never accused him of the greater ones . . . Gen- 
 eral Lee is a religious man. — [English officer'^ 
 diary, quoted in] Pollard's Second Year of 
 THE War, p. 342. 
 
 5233. SOLDIEE, Spirited. Puritan. [At the 
 battle of Dunbar.] It appears there were then 
 only two houses and farmsteads. On this Monday 
 there had been some slight skirmishing. Leslie's 
 horse dashed across those little huts occupied 
 by Lambert's or Pride's foot and horse, and 
 seized three prisoners, one a musketeer, a spir- 
 ited fellow, with a wooden arm. On being 
 brought before Leslie, he was asked, " Do the 
 enemy intend to fight ?" The man replied, 
 ' ' What do you think we come here for ? We 
 come for nothing else." " Soldier," said Leslie, 
 "how will you fight, when you have shipped 
 half your men and all your great guns ?" The 
 answer was, ' ' Sir, if you please to draw down 
 your men, you shall find both men and great 
 guns too." To one of the officers who asked 
 him how he dared reply so saucily to the gen- 
 
cao 
 
 SOLDIER— SOLDIERS. 
 
 eral, he said, " I only answer the question put, 
 to me." Leslie sent him across, free again, by 
 a trumpet ; and making his way to Cromwell, 
 he reported what -had passed, adding, " I f or 
 one have lost twenty shillings by the business, 
 plundered from me in this skirmish." There- 
 upon the lord-general gave him two pieces, 
 which are forty shillings, and sent him away re- 
 joicing. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 11, p. 51. 
 
 5234. SOLDIER, A wonderful. Hannibal. On 
 the first intelligence of the march of the Cartha- 
 ginians Publius Scipio, the consul, had taken the 
 field with a large army, and hoped by rapid 
 marches to arrest him in the first part of his 
 progress, and to make the country of the Trans- 
 alpine Gauls the theatre of the war ; but Hanni- 
 bal had got the start of him, and had already 
 passed the Rhone in the face of an opposing 
 army. He took his way along the eastern banks 
 of that river to Lyons, and thence to one of the 
 chief passes of the Alps — not improbably that 
 which is now known by the name of the Great 
 St. Bernard. On proceeding to ascend the 
 mountains, he found the country in some parts 
 buried in snow, and at every defile defended by 
 large troops of mountaineers. He overcame, by 
 astonishing perseverance, every difiiculty, and, 
 at length, in the space of fifteen days, penetrated 
 into that country which he had promised to his 
 troops as the end and the reward of their labors. 
 The time occupied in the whole of this march 
 was five months and a half. His army, on leav- 
 ing Carthage, amounted to 50,000 foot and 
 20,000 horse; but of these, on arriving in Italy, 
 there remained only 20,000 foot and 6000 horse. 
 This expedition is deservedly reckoned one of 
 the most remarkable exploits of antiquity. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 9, p. 373. 
 
 5235. SOLDIEB, Choice. Riflemen. The men 
 [from the frontiers], painted in the guise of 
 savages, were strong and of great endurance, 
 many of them more than six feet high ; they 
 wore leggings and moccasins and an ash-colored 
 shirt with a double cape ; each one carried a 
 rifle, a hatchet, a small axe, and a hunter's 
 knife. They could subsist on a little parched 
 corn and game, killed as they went along ; at 
 night, wrapped in their blankets, they willingly 
 made a tree their canopy, the earth their bed. 
 The rifle in their hands sent its ball, with uner- 
 ring precision, a distance of two or three hun- 
 dred yards. Their motto was, "Liberty or 
 Death." They were the first troops raised under 
 the authority of the Continental Congress, and . . . 
 the best corps in the camp. . . . They taught the 
 observing Frederick to introduce into his service 
 light bodies of sharpshooters, and their exam- 
 ple has modified the tactics of European armies. 
 — Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 8, ch. 44. 
 
 5236. SOLDIEB, Colonial. English against 
 Fl'ench. On the banks of Lake George [in 1758] 
 9024 provincials . . . assembled. There were the 
 600 New England rangers, dressed like woods- 
 men, armed with a firelock and hatchet ; under 
 their right arm a powder-horn ; a leather bag for 
 bullets at their waist ; and to each officer a 
 pocket compass as a guide in the forests. — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 13. 
 
 5237. SOLDIEES, Dauntless. Franks. "The 
 Franks," says the Emperor Constantine, "are 
 bold and valiant to the verge of temerity ; and 
 
 their dauntless spirit is supported by the con. 
 tempt of danger and death. In the field and in 
 close onset tlie}^ press to the front and rush 
 headlong against the enemy, without deigning 
 to compute either his numbers or their own. 
 Their ranks are formed by the firm connections 
 of consanguinity and friendship • and their 
 martial deeds are prompted by the desire of 
 saving or revenging their dearest companions. 
 In their eyes a retreat is a shameful flight ; and 
 flight is indelible infamy. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 53, p. 373. 
 
 523§. SOLDIEES, Defensive. Oreelc Empire. 
 Neither authority nor art could frame the most 
 important machine, the soldier himself ; and if 
 the ceremonies of Constantine always suppose the 
 safe and triumphal return of the emperor, his 
 tactics seldom soar above the means of escaping 
 a defeat, and procrastinating the war. Notwith- 
 standing some transient success, the Greeks were 
 sunk in their own esteem and that of their neigh- 
 bors. A cold hand and a loquacious tongue was 
 the vulgar description of the nation ; the author 
 of the tactics was besieged in his capital ; and 
 the last of the Barbarians, who trembled at the 
 name of the Saracens, or Franks, could proudly 
 exhibit the medals of gold and silver which they 
 had extorted from the feeble sovereign of Con- 
 stantinople. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 53, p. 369. 
 
 5239. SOLDIERS, Disobedient. James 11. 
 The heads of the corporation, though men se- 
 lected for office on account of their known Tory- 
 ism, protested against this illegal proceeding. 
 The lord-mayor was ordered to appear before 
 the Privy Council. " Take heed what you do," 
 said the king. " Obey me ; and do not trouble 
 yourself either about gentlemen of the long robe 
 or gentlemen of the short robe." . . . The chapel 
 was opened. All the neighborhood was soon in 
 commotion. Great crowds assembled in Cheap- 
 side to attack the new mass house. The priests 
 were insulted. A crucifix was taken out of the 
 building and set up on the parish pump. The 
 lord-mayor came to quell the tumult, but was 
 received with cries of " No wooden gods." The 
 train-bands were ordered to disperse the crowd ; 
 but they shared in the popular feeling, and mur- 
 murs were heard from the ranks, " We cannot 
 in conscience fight for popery." — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 6, p. 93. 
 
 5240. SOLDIERS fearful. Romans. Such 
 was the horror for the profession of a soldier, 
 which had affected the minds of the degenerate 
 Romans, that many of the youth of Italy and 
 the provinces chose to cut off the fingers of their 
 right hand, to escape from being pressed into 
 the service ; and this strange expedient was so 
 commonly practised, as to deserve the severe 
 animadversion of the laws, and a peculiar name 
 in the Latin language. They were called Murci, 
 denoting a lazy and cowardly person. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 17, p. 130. 
 
 5241. SOLDIEES, Graves of. Decorated. The 
 first year of the war of Peloponnesus being 
 now elapsed, the Athenians, during the winter, 
 solemnized public funerals, according to ancient 
 custom, ... in honor of those who had lost their 
 lives in that campaign, a ceremony which they 
 constantly observed during the whole course of 
 that war. For this purpose they set up, three 
 days before, a tent, in which the bones of the 
 
SOLDIERS. 
 
 G21 
 
 ieceased citizens were exposed, and every per- 
 son strewed flowers, incense, perfumes, and 
 other tilings of the same kind upon those re- 
 mains. They afterward were put on carriages, 
 in coffins made of cypress wood, every tribe 
 having its particular coffin and carriage ; but 
 in one of the latter a large empty coffin was 
 carried, in honor of those whose bodies had not 
 been found. The procession marched with a 
 grave, majestic, and religious pomp ; a great 
 number of the inhabitants, both citizens and for- 
 eigners, assisted at this mournful solemnity. 
 [The most renowned orators spoke at their 
 graves.] — Rollin's Hist., Book 7, cli. 3. 
 
 5242. SOLDIERS, Invulnerable. Asiatics. [In 
 1823 the British army in Bengal felt the necessity 
 of fortifying against the probable attack of the 
 enemy.] An enormous pagoda, more than three 
 hundred feet high, became a citadel, garrisoned 
 b}^ a battalion of British troops. . . . On the 
 night when the astrologers had decided that an 
 attack upon this sacred place would free th.e 
 country from the impious strangers, a body of 
 troops, called Invulnerables, advanced to the 
 northern gateway. A terrible cannonade was 
 opened upon these dense masses, and they fled 
 at once to the neighboring jungle. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 219. 
 
 5243. SOLDIERS maimed. Supported. [Solon 
 established a law] that " persons maimed in the 
 wars should be maintained at the public charge." 
 — Plutarch. 
 
 5244. SOLDIERS marked. Hand— Face. The 
 armies both of Sparta and Athens were com- 
 posed of four sorts of troops : citizens, allies, 
 mercenaries, and slaves. The soldiers were 
 sometimes marked in the hand, to distinguish 
 them from the slaves, who had that charac- 
 ter impressed upon their forehead. Interpre- 
 tei's believe that it is in allusion to this dou- 
 ble manner of marking that it is said in the 
 Revelation that all were obliged " to receive 
 the mark of the beast in the right hand, or in 
 their foreheads ;" and that St. Paul says of him- 
 self : " I bear in my body the marks of the 
 Lord Jesus." — Rollin's Hist., Book 10, ch. 2, 
 §3. 
 
 5245. SOLDIERS misnamed. Beign of James 
 II. When his [General Kirke'sJ soldiers dis- 
 pleased him, he flogged them with merciless 
 severity ; but he indemnified them by permit- 
 ting them to sleep on watch, to reel drunk 
 about the streets, to rob, beat, and insult the 
 merchants and the laborers. When Tangier 
 was abandoned, Kirke returned to England. 
 He still continued to command his old soldiers, 
 who were designated sometimes as the First Tan- 
 gier Regiment and sometimes as Queen Catha- 
 rine's Regiment. As they had been levied for 
 the purpose of waging war on an infidel nation, 
 they bore on their flag a Christian emblem, the 
 Paschal Lamb. In allusion to this device, and 
 with a bitterly ironical meaning, these men, the 
 rudest and most ferocious in the English army, 
 were called Kirke's lambs. — Macaulay'sEng., 
 ch. 5, p. 586. 
 
 5246. SOLDIERS, Model. GromicelVs. These 
 persons, sober, moral, diligent, and accustomed 
 to reflect, had been induced to take up arms, 
 not by the pressure of want, not by the love of 
 
 novelty and license, not by the arts of recruiting 
 officers, but by religious and political zeal, min- 
 gled with the desire of distinction and promo- 
 tion. The boast of the soldiers, as we find it 
 recorded in their solemn resolutions, was, that 
 they had not been forced into the service, nor had 
 enlisted chiefly for the sake of lucre ; that they 
 were no janizaries, but freeborn Englishmen, 
 who had, of their own accord, put their lives in 
 jeopardy, for the liberties and religion of Eng- 
 land, and whose right and duty it was to watch 
 over the welfare of the nation which they had 
 saved. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 113. 
 
 5247. SOLDIERS, Nation of. Gauls. The 
 chief was either hei-editary or elected, or won 
 his command by the sword. The mass of the 
 people were serfs. The best fighters were self- 
 made nobles, under the chiefs authority. Every 
 man in the tribe was the chief's absolute sub- 
 ject ; the chief, in turn, was bound to protect 
 the meanest of them against injury from with- 
 out. War, on a large scale or a small, had been 
 the occupation of their lives. The son was not 
 admitted into his father's presence till he was 
 old enough to be a soldier. When the call to 
 arms went out, every man of the required age 
 w^as expected at the muster, and the last comer 
 was tortured to death in the presence of his 
 comrades as a lesson against backwardness. — 
 Froude'S C^sar, ch. 14. 
 
 524S. SOLDIERS, Notorious. Wilsons Zouaves. 
 [Colonel] Billy Wilson . . . boasted that when 
 his regiment was moved off [from New York], 
 it would be found that not a thief, highway- 
 man, or pickpocket would be left in the city. 
 — Pollard's First Year of the War, ch. 8, 
 p. 72. 
 
 5249. SOLDIERS, Odd. Cromwell's. The Pu- 
 ritan soldiers of Cromwell are armed with all 
 kinds of weapons, clothed in all colors, and some- 
 times in rags. Pikes, halberds, and long straight 
 swords are ranged side by side with pistols and 
 muskets. Often he causes his troops to halt that 
 he may preach to them, and frequently they 
 sing psalms while performing their exercise. 
 The captains are heard to cry, " Present, fire ! in 
 the name of the Lord !" After calling over the 
 muster-roll, the officers read a portion of the 
 New or Old Testament. Their colors are cov- 
 ered with symbolical paintings and verses from 
 the Scriptures. They march to the Psalms of 
 David, while the Royalists advance singing loose 
 bacchanalian songs. The license of the nobili- 
 ty and cavaliers composing the king's regular 
 troops could not prevail, notwithstanding their 
 bravery, against these martyrs for their faith. 
 The warriors who believed themselves the sol- 
 diers of God must socner or later gain the vic- 
 tory over those who are only the servants of 
 man. Cromwell was the first to feel this con- 
 viction. — Lamartine's Cromwell, p. 31. 
 
 5250. SOLDIERS, Piety of. CromwelVs. Crom- 
 well had foreseen the destinies of the contest, and 
 from among the freeholders and their sons in his 
 own neighborhood he formed his immortal 
 troop of Ironsides, those men who, in many a 
 well-fought field, turned the tide of conflict, 
 men who ' ' jeopardized their lives on the high 
 places of the field." These men were peculiarly 
 moulded ; their training was even more religious 
 than military ; they were men of position and 
 
622 
 
 SOLDIERS— SOLITUDE. 
 
 character. Oliver preached to them, prayed 
 with them, directed their vision to all the des- 
 perate and diflficult embroilments of the times. 
 These men were Puritans all ; Independents ; 
 men who, however painful it may be to our 
 more Christian notions, used their Bible as a 
 matchlock, and relieved their guard by revolv- 
 ing texts of Holy Writ, and refreshed their 
 courage by draughts from God's Book. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 6, p. 95. 
 
 5251. . CromwelVs. But that 
 
 which chiefly distinguished the army of Crom- 
 well from other armies was the austere morality 
 and the fear of God which pervaded all ranks. 
 It is acknowledged by the most zealous Royal- 
 ists that, in that singular camp, no oath was 
 heard, no drunkenness or gambling was seen, 
 and that during the long dominion of the sol- 
 diery the property of the peaceable citizen and 
 the honor of woman were held sacred. If out- 
 rages were committed, they were outrages of 
 a very different kind from those of which a vic- 
 torious army is generally guilty. No servant- 
 girl complained of the rough gallantry of the 
 red-coats ; not an ounce of plate was taken from 
 the shops of the goldsmiths ; but a Pelagian 
 sermon, or a window on which the Virgin and 
 Child were painted, produced in the Puritan 
 ranks an excitement which it required the ut- 
 most exertions of the officers to quell. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 114. 
 
 5252. SOLDIEKS described, Poor. Cato. "1 
 do not like," he said once, " a soldier who 
 moves his hands when he marches and his feet 
 when he fights, and who snores louder in bed 
 than he shouts in battle." — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 422. 
 
 5253. SOLDIEBS, Professional. Lacedmrno- 
 nian. The allies of Sparta likewise complained 
 of Agesilaus, that it was not in any public 
 quarrel, but from an obstinate spirit of private 
 resentment, that he sought to destroy the The- 
 bans. For their part, they said, they were 
 wearing themselves out, without any occasion, 
 by going in such numbers upon this or that 
 y''xi)edition every year, at the will of a handful 
 of Lacedaemonians. Hereupon Agesilaus, de- 
 sirous to show them that the number of their 
 warriors was not so gi'eat, ordered all the allies 
 tvO sit down promiscuously on one side and all 
 the Lacedaemonians on the other. This done, the 
 crier summoned the trades to stand up one after 
 another, the potters first, and then the braziers, 
 the carpenters, the masons — in short, all the me- 
 chanics. Almost all the allies rose up to answer 
 in one branch of business or other, but not one 
 of the Lacedaemonians ; for they were forbidden 
 to learn or exercise any manual art. Then 
 Agesilaus smiled and said, "You see, my friends, 
 we send more warriors into the field than you." 
 — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 5254. SOLDIEBS, Quality of. Cromwell's. 
 " At his first entrance into the wars," observes 
 the Reliquim Baxteriana, ' ' being but captain of 
 horse, he had especial care to get religious men 
 into his troops ; these men were of greater un- 
 derstanding than common soldiers, and there- 
 fore were more apprehensive of the importance 
 and consequences of the war. By this means, 
 indeed, he sped better than he expected. Here- 
 upon he got a commission to take some care of 
 
 the associated counties, where he brought his 
 troop into a double regiment of fourteen full 
 troops, and all these as full of religious men as 
 he could get ; these, having more than ordinary 
 wit and resolution, had more than ordinary suc- 
 cess. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 6, p. 100. 
 
 5255. SOLDIEES, Terrible. Janizaries. [Un- 
 der Amurath I., the Turk.] Vigilant officers 
 were stationed at Gallipoli, to watch the passage 
 and to select for his use the stoutest and most 
 beautiful of the Christian youth. , . . Many 
 thousands of the European captives were edu- 
 cated in religion and arms, and the new militia 
 was consecrated and named by a celebrated der- 
 vis. Standing in the front of their ranks, he 
 stretched the sleeve of his gown over the head 
 of the foremost soldier, and his blessing was 
 delivered in these words : ' ' Let them be called 
 Janizaries {Yengi cheri, or new soldiers) ; may 
 their countenance be ever bright ! their hand 
 victorious ! their sword keen ! may their spear 
 always hang over the heads of their enemies \ 
 and wheresoever they go, may they return with a. 
 white face!" Such was the origin of these 
 haughty troops, the terror of the nations, and 
 sometimes of the sultans themselves.- — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 64, p. 235. 
 
 5256. SOLDIERS, Unqualified. Eeign of 
 Charles I. In a country which had not, within 
 the memory of the oldest person living, made 
 war on a great scale by land, generals of tried 
 skill and valor were not to be found. It was 
 necessary, therefore, in the first instance, to trust 
 untried men, and the preference was naturally 
 given to men distinguished either by their sta- 
 tion, or by the abilities which they had displayed 
 in Parliament, In scarcely a single instance, 
 however, was the selection fortunate. Neither 
 the grandees nor the orators proved good sol- 
 diers. The Earl of Stamford, one of the greatest 
 nobles of England, was routed by the Royalists 
 at Stratton. Nathaniel Fiennes, inferior to none 
 of his contemporaries in talents for civil business, 
 disgraced himself by the pusillanimous surren- 
 der of Bristol. Indeed, of all the statesmen 
 who at this juncture accepted high military com- 
 mands, Hampden alone appears to have carried 
 into the camp the capacity and strength of mind 
 which had made him eminent in politics. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 108. 
 
 5257. SOLITUDE, Delight in. Daniel Boone. 
 Occupying the first cottage in Kentucky, in the 
 spring of 1770 . . , [his] brother returned to 
 the settlements for horses and supplies of ammu- 
 nition, leaving the renowned hunter " by him- 
 self, without bread, or salt, or sugar, or even a 
 horse or dog." . . . He was no more alone 
 than a bee among the flowers, but communed 
 familiarly with the whole universe of life. . . . 
 For him the rocks and fountains, the leaf and 
 the blade of grass, had life ; . . . the trees stood 
 up, . . . myriads of companions. . . . The per- 
 petual howling of the wolves by night round his 
 cottage, or his bivouac in the brake, was his di- 
 version. . . . He returned to his wife and chil 
 dren fixed in his purpose, at the risk of life and 
 fortune, to bring them as soon as possible to live 
 in Kentucky, which he esteemed a second Para- 
 dise. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 41. 
 
 5259. SOLITUDE, Moroseness by. Chrysostom. 
 He maintained, from some considerations of 
 
I 
 
 SON— SORCERY. 
 
 623 
 
 health or ahstinence, his . . . habits of taking his 
 repasts alone ; and this inhospitable custom, 
 which his enemies imputed to pride, contributed, 
 at least, to nourish the infirmity of a morose and 
 unsocial humor. — Gibbon, ch. 3, p. 343. 
 
 5259. SON, A devoted. Confucius. Just as he 
 was about to be promoted to the highest digni- 
 ties of the empire, his mother, in the flower of 
 her age, suddenly died. Immediately, in accord- 
 ance with the ancient traditions, he resigned 
 his office, and resolved to pay all the honors to 
 his mother's memory which the most rigorous 
 of the old customs demanded. After conveying 
 the body to the summit of a mountain, where the 
 ashes of his father reposed, he secluded himself 
 from society, and passed three whole years in 
 mourning the irreparable loss which he had sus- 
 tained, his only relief being the study of phi- 
 losophy. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 409. 
 
 5260. SON like Mother. Emperor Nero. Clau- 
 dius, by the advice of his faithful councillors, 
 his freedmen, married his niece Agrippina, the 
 daughter of Germanicus, a woman equally 
 vicious as Messalina, and more daring in her 
 crimes. Her favorite object was to secure the 
 empire for her son Domitius ^nobarbus [Nero] ; 
 and, to gain the freedmen to her interest, she 
 made no scruple to prostitute herself to them. 
 In the prosecution of her scheme she employed 
 banishment, poison, murder — every different 
 engine of vice and inhumanity. She obliged 
 Octavia, the emperor's daughter, to marry Domi- 
 tius, whom she now made Claudius adopt, to 
 the prejudice of his son Britannicus ; and Domi- 
 tius was hailed Caesar, with the titles of Nero 
 Claudius CcBsar DrusiLs Oermanicus. . . . Agrip- 
 pina, having by these complicated crimes paved 
 the way for the succession of her son to the 
 throne, now thought proper to make way for 
 him by poisoning her husband ; and Claudius, 
 after a reign of fourteen years, was thus carried 
 off at the age of sixty -three. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 1, p. 486. 
 
 5261. SON, Eeconciling. Themistoeles. Ad- 
 metus, king of the Molossians, . . had made are- 
 quest to the Athenians, which being rejected 
 with scorn by Themistoeles in the time of his 
 prosperity and influence in the State, the king 
 entertained a deep resentment against him, and 
 made no secret of his intention to revenge him- 
 self, if ever the Athenian should fall into his 
 power. However, while he was thus flying from 
 place to place, he was more afraid of the recent 
 envy of his countrymen than of the conse- 
 quences of an old quarrel with the king ; and 
 therefore he went and put himself in his hands, 
 appearing before him as a supplicant in a par- 
 ticular and extraordinary manner. He took the 
 king's son, who was yet a child, in his arms, 
 aod kneeled down before the household gods. 
 This manner of offering a petition the Molos- 
 sians look upon as the most effectual, and the 
 only one that can hardly be rejected. — Plu- 
 tarch's TlIEMISTGCLES. 
 
 5262. SONG, Enamored by. Jodah Quincy. 
 [While visiting his aunt in Boston he met a 
 young lady wlio made no impression on his 
 mind till] she began to sing one of the songs of 
 Burns with a clearness of voice and with a 
 degree of taste and feeling which charmed and 
 excited Mm beyond anything he had ever ex- 
 
 perienced. He immediately threw down the law 
 papers which he had been examining, and re- 
 turned to the company. Miss Morton sang several 
 other songs, to the great delight of all who heard 
 her, and to the unbounded rapture of this par- 
 ticular young gentleman. When the singing 
 was over, he entered into conversation with her» 
 and discovered her to be an intelligent, well-in- 
 formed, unaffected, and kind-hearted girl. In 
 short, he fell in love with her upon the spot, and 
 when the young lady left Boston a week after, 
 he was engaged to her. Some time elapsed, how- 
 ever, before they were married. She was a 
 young lady of highly respectable connections 
 and considerable fortune. The marriage was 
 suitable in all respects, and they lived together 
 fifty-three happy years. This most fortunate 
 union was, no doubt, one of the main causes of 
 the singular peace and uninterrupted happiness 
 of his life. — Cyclopedia gf Bigg., p. 751. 
 
 5263. SONG, PoUtical. Reign of James IL 
 [Irish Roman Catholic troops were brought into 
 England to aid the king in supplanting the Prot- 
 estant religion.] Thomas Wharton had writ- 
 ten a satirical ballad on the administration of Tyr- 
 connel [lord-lieutenant of Ireland]. In this little 
 poem an Irishman congratulates a brother Irish- 
 man, in a barbarous jargon, on the approaching 
 triumph of popery and of the Milesian race. The 
 Protestant heir will be excluded. The Protestant 
 officers will be broken. The Great Charter and 
 the praters who appeal to it will be hanged in 
 one rope. The good Talbot will shower com- 
 missions on his countrymen, and will cut the 
 throats of the English. These verses, which were 
 in no respect above the ordinary standard of 
 street poetry, had for burden some gibberish 
 which was said to have been used as a watch- 
 word by the insurgents of Ulster in 1641. The 
 verses and the tune caught the fancy of the na- 
 tion. From one end of England to the other all 
 classes were constantly singing this idle rhyme. 
 . . . One of the characteristics of the good old 
 soldier is his trick of whistling Lillibullero. 
 Wharton afterward boasted that he had sung a 
 king out of three kingdoms. But, in truth, the 
 success of Lillibullero was the effect, and not the 
 cause, of that excited state of public feeling 
 which produced the Revolution. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 9, p. 397. 
 
 5264. SOECERY condemned. England, a.d. 
 1440. [In 1440] the Witch of Eye was burned 
 in Smithfield for having, in former daj'^s, given 
 medicines to Eleanor Cobham to make the Duke 
 of Gloucester love her and wed her. [The duke's 
 wife was brought before an ecclesiastical com- 
 mission by the political enemies of her husband, 
 and] condemned by the bishops to all the humilia- 
 tions of penance in the streets of London, on three 
 several days. . . . She was confined at Calais 
 and the Isle of Man for the remainder of her 
 life. [Her offence was only this : she had con- 
 sulted an astrologer] to know what should fall 
 of her, and to what estate she should come. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 6, p. 94. 
 
 5265. SORCERY, Fear of. By Joan of Arc, 
 The only question was whether these beings were 
 good or evil angels ; whether she brought with 
 her "airs from heaven or blasts from hell." 
 This question seemed to her countrymen to be 
 decisively settled in her favor by the austere 
 
(524 
 
 SORCERY— SOUL. 
 
 sanctity of her life, by the holiness of her con- 
 versation, but still more by her exemplary atten- 
 tion to all the services and rites of the Church. 
 The dauphin at first feared the injury that might 
 be done to his cause if he laid himself open to 
 the charge of having leagued himself with a 
 sorceress. Every imaginable test, therefore, was 
 resorted to in order to set Joan's orthodoxy and 
 purity beyond suspicion. At last Charles and 
 his advisers felt safe in accepting her services as 
 those of a true and virtuous Christian daugh- 
 ter of the Holy Church. — Decisive Battles, 
 §375. 
 
 5266. SORCEEY punished. Henry VI. [He 
 married his mistress, Eleanor Cobham ; she was 
 charged with compassing the king's death by sor- 
 cer}'.] Her judges found that she had made a 
 waxen image of the king and slowly melted it 
 at a fire, a process which was held to account for 
 Henry's growing weakness both of body and 
 mind. The duchess was doomed to penance for 
 her crime ; she was led bareheaded and bare- 
 footed in a white penance-sheet through the 
 streets of London, and then thrown into prison 
 for life. — Hist, of Exg. People, § 436. 
 
 5267. SOEEOW, A living. Mother of WesUy. 
 Susanna Wesley, ... in a letter to her brother, 
 writes, with the anguish which only a mother 
 can know, for the saddest sorrow of a child : 
 ' O sir ! O brother ! happy, thrice happy are 
 you ; happy is my sister that buried your chil- 
 dren in infancy secure from temptation, secure 
 from guilt, secure from want and shame, secure 
 from the loss of friends. Believe me, it is better 
 to mourn ten children dead than one living, 
 and I have buried many." — Stevens' Method- 
 ism, vol. 1, p. 59. 
 
 526S. SOEEOW, Sentimental. Xerxes. [The 
 Persians invaded Greece.] He left Sardis, and 
 directed his march toward the Hellespont. 
 Being arrived there, he wished to have the 
 pleasure of seeing a naval engagement. A throne 
 was erected for him upon an eminence ; and in 
 that situation, seeing all the sea crowded with 
 his vessels, and the land covered with his troops, 
 he at first felt a secret joy diffuse itself through 
 his soul, in surveying with his own ej^es the vast 
 extent of his power, and considering himself as 
 the most happy of mortals ; but reflecting soon 
 afterward, that of so many thousands in a hun- 
 dred years' time there would not be one living 
 soul remaining, his joy was turned into grief, 
 and he could not forbear weeping at the uncer- 
 tainty and instability of human things. He 
 might have found another subject of reflection, 
 which would have more justly merited his tears 
 and affliction, had he turned his thoughts upon 
 himself, and considered the reproaches he de- 
 served for being the instrument of shortening that 
 fatal term to millions of people, whom his cruel 
 ambition was going to sacrifice in an unjust and 
 unnecessary war. [He had 1,800,000 men.] — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2, § 2. 
 
 5269. SOUL, Divinity of the. Pythagoras. 
 Pythagoras regarded the human soul as consist- 
 ing of two parts — the one a sensitive, which is 
 common to man and the inferior animals ; the 
 other a rational and divine, which is common to 
 man with the Deity, and is indeed a part of the 
 divine nature. The first perishes with the body, 
 of which it is an inseparable adjunct ; the other 
 
 survives and is immortal ; but after the death of 
 one body it enters into another, and so passes 
 through an endless series of transmigrations. 
 It is punished by degradation into the body of 
 an inferior animal. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 9, p. 263. 
 
 5270. SOUL, Immortality of the. Socrates. 
 Socrates passed the rest of the day [his last day] 
 with his friends, and conversed with them with 
 his usual . . . tranquillity. The subject of 
 conversation was most important, and well suit- 
 ed to his present condition — that is to say, the 
 immortality of the soul. What gave occasion 
 to this discourse was a question introduced in a 
 manner by chance, Whether a true philosopher 
 ought not to desire and take pains to die ? This 
 proposition, taken too literally, implied an opin- 
 ion that a philosopher might kill himself. Soc- 
 rates shows that nothing is more unjust than this 
 notion ; and that man, appertaining to God, 
 who formed and placed him with His own hand 
 in the post he possesses, cannot abandon it Avith- 
 out His permission, nor quit life without His 
 order. What is it, then, that can induce a philos- 
 opher to entertain this love for death ? It can 
 be on\j the hope of that happiness which he ex- 
 pects in another life, and that hope can be 
 founded only upon the opinion of the soul's im- 
 mortality. — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, ch. 4, § 7. 
 
 5271. SOUL, Mystery of the. Mahomet. [Ma- 
 homet's wisdom was tested by the rabbins, who 
 asked an answer to this question, " What is the 
 soul ?" Mahomet demanded] three days to re- 
 flect. He then replied to the questions to the 
 satisfaction of the rabbins. As to the definition 
 of the soul, which does not fall under the senses, 
 and which cannot be defined by words all bor- 
 rowed from material properties: "The soul," 
 said he, " is a mysterj', of which God has re- 
 served to Himself alone the knowledge. Man 
 can know only what God vouchsafes to teach 
 him." — Lamartines Turkey, p. 87. 
 
 5272. SOUL, Nohility of. Darius. Polystra- 
 tus having gone aside to a fountain to quench 
 his thirst, saw hard by a mean wagon, in which 
 lay a wounded man, to appearance in the agonies 
 of death. There was no attendant near. On 
 approaching, he perceived that it was the king 
 of the Persians, who lay stretched upon a skin, 
 covered with wounds. When Polystratus came 
 near, he opened his eyes, and feebly asked of 
 him a draught of water, which when he had re- 
 ceived, " Whoever thou art," said he, " who hast 
 done me this office of humanity, it is the last of 
 my misfortunes that I can offer thee no return. 
 But Alexander will requite thee for it ; and may 
 the gods reward him for that generous compas- 
 sion which, though an enemy, he has shown to 
 me and to my unfortunate kindred. Take," 
 said he, " this hand as the pledge of my gratis 
 tude." So saying, he grasped the hand of 
 Polystratus, and immediately expired. Such 
 was the end of Darius Codomannus. ... Of 
 this prince it may be truly said that he merited a 
 better fate. The tender and humane affections 
 formed a strong ingredient in his nature. When 
 we consider him stripped of his dominions, his 
 crown and life sacrificed to the insatiable ambi- 
 tion of an unprovoked invader — to forgive was 
 much ; but an emotion of gratitude to that 
 enemy, expressed with his latest breath, indi- 
 
SOUL— SPECULATION. 
 
 62e 
 
 cated a generosity of soul which is scarcely to be 
 paralleled. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 4, 
 p. 189. 
 
 5273. SOTJL, Seat of the. Aristotle. He in- 
 forms us that, in his opinion, the seat of the soul 
 is that portion of the brain called the pineal 
 gland, a small, solid mass of nei'vous matter in 
 the midst of the lobes of the brain. The rea- 
 son which this great philosopher gives for so 
 thinking is, that ' ' all the other parts of the brain 
 are double, and thought is single." Man's soul 
 thus being in the head, he feels it necessary to 
 explain why we are provided with bodies and 
 limbs. Since the soul is completely enclosed 
 within the skull, why should we be encumbered 
 with such a great mass of unspiritual matter ? 
 Tlie gods foresaw, he tells us, that the head, 
 being round, would roll down the hills, and could 
 not ascend steep places ; and to prevent this, 
 the body was added as a carrier and locomotive 
 of the head. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 560. 
 
 5274. SOUL, Superiority of the. William III. 
 [William III. was for many years afflicted with 
 the asthma, and during the later years of his 
 life was greatly opposed and annoyed by the 
 partisan spirit in Parliament, which ignored his 
 great services to England, and his recommenda- 
 tions for the security of t^ie State. In the sum- 
 mer of 1701 he appeared in the last stages of 
 bodily feebleness, but the labors of the follow- 
 ing autumn appeared to improve his health. It 
 was a period of public exigency, arising from the 
 aggressive attitude of France. William seemed 
 to rise superior to bodily disease in preparing for 
 the conflict which was threatened.] It has been 
 admirably said by Lord Mahon : "Let those 
 who doubt the dominion of the soul over the 
 bodily powers, who deny that a strong mind 
 can sway and strengthen and force onward a 
 feeble suffering frame — let such observe whether 
 in the last labors of William to form the Alli- 
 ance, or in the Alliance itself when formed, 
 they can discover any trace of sickness — one 
 single mark of languor or decline. '' — Knight's 
 ExG., vol. 5, ch. 1«, p. 253. 
 
 5275. SOVEREIGN, An American. General 
 Orant. [After sixteen years of public service he 
 proposed a tour of travel.] A government vessel, 
 the Indiana, was placed at his disposal, with- 
 out limit as to time. This announcement 
 awakened the liveliest interest in England, where 
 he was lirst to land, and it was agitated in all 
 the papers whether the courtesies tendered him 
 should be those accorded to a sovereign ruler or a 
 private citizen. Van Buren and Fillmore had 
 both been received simply as distinguished Amer- 
 ican citizens. At length Lord Beaconsfleld an- 
 nounced that he should be received as a sov- 
 ereign. — Headley's Travels op General 
 Grant, p. 5. 
 
 5276. SOVEREIGNTY, Claims of. Sword of 
 Mars. It was natural enough that the Scythians 
 should adore, Avith peculiar devotion, the god of 
 war ; but as they were incapable of forming 
 either an abstract idea or a corporeal represen- 
 tation, they worshipped their tutelar deity under 
 the symbol of an iron cimeter. One of the 
 shepherds of the Huns perceived that a heifer 
 who was grazing had wounded herself in the 
 foot, and curiously followed the track of the 
 blood, till he discovered, among the long grass, 
 
 the point of an ancient sword, which he dug out 
 of the ground and presented to Attila. ^hat 
 magnanimous, or, rather, that artful, prince ac- 
 cepted, with pious gratitude, this celestial favor; 
 and, as the rightful possessor of the sword of 
 Mars, asserted his divine and indefeasible claim 
 to the dominion of the earth. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 34, p. 390. 
 
 5277. SPECIALTY, Success by. Emperor Max- 
 imian. Maximian was born a peasant, and, like 
 Aurelian, in the territory of Sirmium. Ig- 
 norant of letters, careless of laws, the rusticity 
 of his appearance and manners still betrayed in 
 the most elevated fortune the meanness of his 
 extraction. War was the only art which he 
 professed. . . . After the example of IVIarcus, he 
 gave himself a colleague in the person of Max- 
 imian, on whom he bestowed at first the title of 
 CfEsar, and afterward that of Augustus. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 405. 
 
 5278. SPECTACLE, Magnificent. Cleopatra. 
 [She left her dominions to visit Antony in Cili- 
 cia.] She sailed along the river Cydnus in a most 
 magnificent galley. The stern was covered with 
 gold, the sails were of purple, and the oars were 
 silver. These, in their motion, kept time to the 
 music of flutes and pipes and harj^s. The queen, 
 in the dress and character of Venus, lay under a 
 canopy embroidered with gold, of the most ex- 
 quisite workmanship, while boys, like painted 
 Cupids, stood fanning her on each side of the 
 sofa. Her maids were of the most distinguished 
 beauty, and, habited like the Nereids and the 
 Graces, assisted in the steerage and conduct of 
 the vessel. The fragrance of burning incense 
 was diffused along the shores, which were cov- 
 ered with multitudes of people. Some followed 
 the procession, and such numbers went down 
 from the city to see it, that Antony was at last 
 left alone on the tribunal. A rumor was soon 
 spread that Venus was come to feast with Bac- 
 chus, for the benefit of Asia. Antony sent to 
 invite her to supper ; but she thought it his 
 duty to wait upon her, and to show his polite- 
 ness, on her arrival he complied. He was aston- 
 ished at the magnificence of the preparations, 
 but particularly at that multitude of lights, 
 which were raised or let down together, and 
 disposed in such a variety of square and circu- 
 lar figures, that they afforded one of the most 
 pleasing spectacles that has been recorded in 
 history. — Plutarch's Antony. 
 
 5279. SPECULATION, Endangered by. "Black 
 Friday." In the autumn of 1869 occurred the 
 most extraordinary monetary excitement ever 
 known in the United States, or perhaps in the 
 world. A company of unscrupulous specula- 
 tors in New York City, headed by Jay Gould 
 and James Fisk, Jr., succeeded in producing 
 what is known as a " corner" in the gold market, 
 and brought the business interests of the metrop- 
 olis to the verge of ruin. During the civil war 
 the credit of the government had declined to 
 such an extent that at one time a dollar in gold 
 was worth two hundred and eighty-six cents in 
 paper currency ; but after the restoration of the 
 national authority the value of paper money ap- 
 preciated, and in the fall of 1869 the ratio of 
 gold to the greenback dollar had fallen to about 
 one hundred and thirty to one hundred. There 
 were at this time, in the banks of New York, 
 
 ■ 
 
€26 
 
 SPECULATION. 
 
 fifteen million dollars in gold coin and in the 
 sub-treasury of the United States a hundred 
 millions more. The plan of Gould and Fisk 
 was to get control, by purchase, of the greater 
 part of the fifteen millions, to prevent the secre- 
 tary of the treasury from selling any part of the 
 hundred millions under his authority ; then, hav- 
 ing control of the market, to advance the price 
 of gold to a fabulous figure, sell out all which 
 they held themselves, and retire from the field 
 of slaughtered fortunes with their accumulated 
 millions of spoils. . . . Having carefully arranged 
 all the preliminaries, the conspirators, on the 
 13th of September, began their work of pur- 
 chasing gold, at the same time constantly ad- 
 vancing the price. By the 22d of the month 
 they had succeeded in putting up the rate to a 
 hundred and forty. On the next day the price 
 rose to a hundred and forty-four. The members 
 of the conspiracy now boldly avowed their de- 
 termination to advance the rate to two hundred, 
 and it seemed that on the morrow they would 
 put their threat into execution. On the morn- 
 ing of the 24th, known as Black Friday, the 
 hidding in the Gold Room began with intense ex- 
 citement. The brokers of Fisk and Gould ad- 
 vanced the price to a hundred and fifty, a hun- 
 dred and fifty-five, and finally to a hundred and 
 sixty, at which figure they were obliged to pur- 
 chase several millions by a company of mer- 
 chants who had banded themselves together 
 with the determination to fight the gold-gam- 
 blers to the last. Just at this moment came a 
 despatch that Secretary Boutwell had ordered 
 a sale of four millions from the sub-treasury. 
 There Avas an instantaneous panic. The price 
 of gold went down twenty per cent in less than 
 as many minutes ! The speculators were blown 
 away in an uproar ; but they managed, by ac- 
 cumulated frauds and corruptions, to carry off 
 with them more than eleven million dollars, as the 
 fruit of their nefarious game. Several months 
 elapsed before the business of the country re- 
 covered from the effects of the shock. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 68, p. 553. 
 
 5380. SPECULATION, Epidemic of. England, 
 1720. [Under the infiuence of the gigantic 
 South Sea Scheme the spirit of speculation 
 in 1720 became an epidemic] Companies of 
 every character — water companies, fishery com- 
 panies, companies for various manufactures, 
 companies for settlements and foreign trade — 
 infinite varieties, down to companies for fatting 
 hogs and importing jackasses from Spain — 
 rushed into the market amid the universal cry for 
 shares, and more shares. ... It was calculated 
 that the value of the stock of all the companies 
 . . . was twice as much as the fee simple of all 
 the land of the kingdom, . . . and five times as 
 much as the circulating medium of Europe. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 3, p. 42. 
 
 5281. SPECULATION, Imperilled by. Has- 
 cality. The year 1819 was noted for a great finan- 
 cial crisis — the first of many that have occur- 
 red to disturb and distress the country. With 
 the reorganization of the Bank of the United 
 States, in 1817, the improved facilities for credit 
 gave rise to many extravagant speculations, gen- 
 erally conceived in dishonesty and carried . on 
 by fraud. The great branch bank at Baltimore 
 was especially infested by a band of unscrupu- 
 
 lous speculators, who succeeded, in connivance 
 with the ofiicers, in withdrawing from the in- 
 stitution fully two millions of dollars beyond its 
 securities. President Cheves, however, of the Su- 
 perior Board of Directors, adopted a policy 
 which exposed the i>revailing rascality, and by 
 putting an end to the system of unlimited cred- 
 its, gradually restored the business of the coun- 
 try to a firmer basis. But for the time being 
 financial affairs were thrown into confusion ; 
 and the Bank of the United States itself was 
 barely saved from suspension and bankruptcy. 
 — RiDPATii's U. S., ch. 52, p. 419. 
 
 5282. SPECULATION, Mania for. Franc e. 
 [John Law had the management of the finances 
 of France.] Dukes and footmen, capitalists and 
 shop-boys, ladies of the court and servant-maids, 
 jostled one another in their eagerness to bu}' the 
 favorite share of the moment. The provinces 
 poured into Paris tens of thousands of people 
 eager to join in the maddening game, and the 
 mania spread at last to all the countries of Eu- 
 rope. Kings and princes of distant lands bought 
 shares in Law's delusive schemes, and in Lon- 
 don the mania raged almost as violently as at 
 Paris. Money was borrowed in Paris at the 
 rate of a quarter per cent per quarter of an 
 hour, the lender keeping his eyes upon his 
 watch. Desk-room was let in the vicinity of 
 the share-market for fifty francs a day. Shares, 
 bonds, and coin changed in value fifty times in 
 a morning. So popular was the magician who 
 had conjured up this state of things, that large 
 sums were given for places where he could be 
 seen in passing, and it was a distinction to be 
 able to say, ' ' I have seen John Law. " A poor 
 old cobbler, who had a little shop in the street 
 thus suddenly invested with so much impor- 
 tance, cleared two hundred francs a day by let- 
 ting chairs and desks, and selling pens and 
 paper. Men made fortunes in a few days. Peo- 
 ple who were lackeys one week kept lackeys the 
 next. Law's own coachman came to him one 
 day and addressed him thus : "I am going to 
 leave you, sir. Here are two young men, both 
 of whom, I answer for it, are excellent coach- 
 men. Take your choice, and I will keep the 
 other myself." . . . This madness raged in Eu- 
 rope eight months, during which people thought 
 the age of gold had come ; for, while hundreds 
 of thousands appeared to gain, very few seemed 
 to lose. The constant rise in price of shares and 
 royal paper appeared to enrich everj-body, and 
 ruin nobody. . . . The reaction, I need not say, 
 was terrific. When first the suspicion arose 
 that all these fine fortunes were founded upon 
 paper of fictitious value, it spread with alarm- 
 ing rapidity. By various adroit manauvres 
 Law checked the progress of distrust, but he 
 could only check it. The rush to "realize" 
 gi-ew in volume and intensity from day to day, 
 until it became a universal panic. — Cyclopedia 
 OF Bigg., p. 455. 
 
 5283. . England. The age of 
 
 companies came very soon after the revolution. 
 No scheme of fraud, no delusion of folly, was 
 transparent enough to make its victims stay 
 their headlong pursuit of imaginary wealth. The 
 mania never stopped. Several years after the 
 ruin produced by the infatuation of the South 
 Sea Scheme, the management of companies v^as 
 
SPECULATION— SPECULATORS. 
 
 637 
 
 thus spoken of : " We are so fond of companies, 
 it is a wonder that we have not our shoes 
 blacked by one, and a set of directors made rich 
 at the expense of our very blackguards." The 
 fluctuations, soon after the revolution, in the 
 price of shares, not only of " new projects and 
 schemes promising mountains of gold," but of 
 the established trading companies, were so ex- 
 cessive, that the business of the Royal Exchange 
 in its stock-jobbing department might be com- 
 pared to the operations of a great gambling 
 house. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 3, p. 41. 
 
 52§4. SPECULATION, Oppression by. France. 
 [In 1TT3, during the reign of Louis XV ,] the 
 distress of the lower classes was grievously aug- 
 mented by a scandalous association called the 
 " Pacte de Famine," which produced artificially 
 an immense rise in the price of corn. The king 
 himself was a large shareholder in this com- 
 pany, which bought up the grain in France, 
 exported it, and then re-introduced it at an enor- 
 mous profit. The people were thus driven to the 
 last extremity of misery ; and yet no one vent- 
 ured to raise his voice against this abominable 
 traffic, the slightest complaint being followed by 
 consignment to the dungeons of the Bastile. 
 — Students' France, ch. 24, § 2. 
 
 52§5. SPECULATION, Prevention of. By Leg- 
 islation. When Congress convened [in Septem- 
 ber, 1873], a bill authorizing the issue of treasu- 
 ry notes, not to exceed ten millions of dollars, 
 was passed as a temporary expedient. More im- 
 portant by far was tlie measure proposed by the 
 President, and brought before Congress, under 
 the name of " The Independent Treasury Bill." 
 By the provisions of this remarkable proj- 
 ect the public funds of the nation Avere to be 
 kept on deposit in a treasury to be established 
 for that special purpose. It was argued by Mr. 
 Van Buren and his friends that the surplus 
 money of the country would drift into the inde- 
 pendent treasury and lodge there ; and that by 
 this means the speculative mania would be ef- 
 fectually checked, for extensive speculations 
 •could not be carried on without an abundant 
 -currency. It was in the nature of the President's 
 plan to separate the business of the United 
 States from the general business of the country. 
 The Independent Treasury Bill was passed by 
 the Senate, but defeated in the House of Rep- 
 resentatives.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 56, p. 438. 
 
 52§6. SPECULATION, Ruinous. Missisfdppi 
 Scheme. A dividend of twelve per cent was 
 60on declared upon the shares, and an incredible 
 impulse was given to the sale, the anxiety to ob- 
 tain them amounting to infatuation. In Octo- 
 ber they reached the preposterous price of 
 10,000 francs, twenty times their original value ; 
 it is even said that at last they were not to be 
 purchased under eighteen or twenty thousand 
 francs. Enormous fortunes were realized dur- 
 ing the height of the ferment by speculators of 
 all classes— from princes, generals, and prelates, 
 down to petty shop-keepers, clerks, lackeys, 
 waiting-maids, and courtesans. A fictitious and 
 baseless prosperity overspread the whole king- 
 dom. But a reaction was inevitable. Such was 
 the rage for obtaining the bank-paper, that Law 
 found himself unable to control its issue ; its 
 circulation was increased to the portentous 
 amount of three thousand millions of francs, 
 
 whereas the whole value of the metallic coinage 
 existing in France did not exceed seven hundred 
 millions. Toward the close of 1719 suspicion 
 began to gain ground as to the solvency both of 
 the bank and of the company, and many of the 
 largest shareholders prudently converted their 
 shares and notes into investments in money, jew- 
 els, and landed property. The Prince of Contl 
 gave the signal for this assault upon the public 
 credit by extorting from the bank three cart- 
 loads of silver in exchange for his bank-notes. 
 Every exertion was now made by the regent and 
 Law to arrest the downward movement, but in 
 vain. Money payments were forbidden for sums 
 above 100 francs ; the currency of the bank-notes 
 was made obligatory, and at last all payments 
 in specie were prohibited. Violent means were 
 adopted to enforce these tyrannical decrees ; but 
 it was impossible to stem the tide of reaction ; 
 the public confidence was shaken more and more 
 every day, and the hollowness of the whole 
 system soon becoming manifest, a universal pan- 
 ic ensued. — Students' France, ch. 23, § 4. 
 
 52§7. SPECULATORS, Defeat of. Napoleon I. 
 The state of the empire was now such that the 
 public funds began to decline, England, Spain, 
 and Portugal, . . . Austria, . . . Prussia, . . . long- 
 ing for an opportunity to retrieve . . . fallen fort- 
 unes. [Russia Avas doubtful.] Speculators in 
 the public funds endeavored to excite a panic. 
 The price fell from ninety-four as low as seven- 
 ty. Napoleon immediately roused himself. . . . 
 " I mean," said he, " to make a campaign against 
 the bears."- By means of judicious purcliases, 
 steadily executed for one or two months, the 
 speculators for a fall were beaten. The public 
 funds rose again to the price which Napoleon 
 deemed it a point of honor for the government 
 to maintain. . . . Many of the speculators . . . 
 were ruined. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 528§. SPECULATORS, Pernicious. Virginia. 
 King Charles [I.] commissioned John Harvey to 
 assume the government. He arrived in the au- 
 tumn of 1629, and from this time until 1635 the 
 colony was distracted with the presence of a 
 most unpopular chief magistrate. He seems to 
 have been disliked on general principles, but the 
 greatest source of dissatisfaction was his partial- 
 ity to certain speculators and land monopolists, 
 who at this time infested Virginia, to the annoy- 
 ance and injury of the poorer people. There 
 were many old land grants, covering districts of 
 territory, which were now occupied by actual 
 settlers, and between the holders of the lands 
 and the holders of the titles violent altercations 
 arose. In these disputes the governor became a 
 partisan of the speculators against the people, 
 until the outraged assembly of 1635 passed a res- 
 olution that Sir John Harvey be thrust out of 
 office, and Captain West be appointed in his 
 place, "until the king's pleasure may be known 
 in the matter." A majority of the councillors 
 sided with the burgesses, and Harvey was 
 obliged to go to England to stand his trial. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 12, p. 115. 
 
 52S9. SPECULATORS, Revenge on. By the 
 Poor [During the Revolution.] On the morn- 
 ing of the 22d of July [1789] some peasants of 
 Vitry, near Fontainebleau, are leading into Paris 
 an old man bound with ropes to the tail of a 
 
fi28 
 
 SPEECH. 
 
 cart. On his neck is fastened a bundle of grass, 
 and a collar of nettles is round his neck. It is 
 Foulon, who has been denounced as a specu- 
 lator in famine — one who said the poor should 
 eat grass if they could not get bread. He was 
 hanged to a lantern at the corner of a street. 
 His head was cut off ; a bundle of hay was stuffed 
 into the mouth. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 9, 
 p. 175. 
 
 5290. SPEECH, Brevity in. General Grant. 
 [He was entertained by the city of Manchester, 
 England, where he spoke longer than usual. 
 He commonly used but a very few words in an 
 address.] In reply to a toast of the mayor, he 
 said with a smile that Englishmen had got 
 more and longer speeches out of him than his 
 own countrymen, but they were poorer, simply 
 because they were longer than he was accustom- 
 ed to make. — Headley's Travels of Grant, 
 p. 7. 
 
 5291. . General Grant. One of 
 
 his soldier friends, who is said to be almost as re- 
 served as himself, was commissioned to present 
 the general with an elegantly engraved gold cup, 
 in the name of the soldiers who had served under 
 him. The warrior was introduced into the Grant 
 household, bearing the cup. . . . He quietly 
 placed the cup upon a sideboard, remarking, 
 ' ' That's the cup. " The President looked at it in a 
 dreamy sort of a way, and said, " Thank you." 
 Then he offered his companion-in-arms a cigar. 
 The two veterans sat down, and facing each 
 other, smoked away in silence, while the deputa- 
 tion of soldiers outside waited in vain for the 
 speech which is usual on such occasions. — 
 Travels op General Grant, p. 89. 
 
 5292. SPEECH, Dissembling. Chosroes. [The 
 ruler of the Turks.] While the successor of Disa- 
 bul celebrated his father's obsequies, he was 
 saluted by the ambassadors of the Emperor Tibe- 
 rius, who proposed an invasion of Persia, and sus- 
 tained, with firmness, the angry and perhaps 
 the just reproaches of that haughty barbarian. 
 " You see my ten fingers," said the great khan, 
 and he applied them to his mouth. " You 
 Romans speak with as many tongues, but they 
 are tongues of deceit and perjury. To me you 
 hold one language, to my subjects another ; and 
 the nations are successively deluded by your per- 
 fidious eloquence." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42, 
 p. 209. 
 
 5293. SPEECH, Earnest. John Milton. [Mil- 
 ton's plea for the commonwealth :] ' ' What I have 
 spoken is the language of that which is not called 
 amiss the good old cause. . , . Thus much I 
 should, perhaps, have said, though I were sure I 
 should have spoken only to trees and stones, and 
 had none to cry to but with the prophet, ' O earth, 
 earth, earth ! ' to tell the very soil itself what her 
 perverse inhabitants are deaf to. Nay, though 
 what I have spoken should happen to be the very 
 last words of our expiring liberty." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, p. 233. 
 
 5294. SPEECH, Irrepressible. Lady Fairfax. 
 [When Charles I. was on his trial before the 
 High Court of Justice, while the President was 
 addressing the commissioners, and saying that the 
 prisoner was brought before the court to answer a 
 charge of high treason and other crimes, brought 
 before him, in the name of the people of Eng- 
 
 land, a voice was heard from the gallery : " its ;i 
 lie — not one half of them." It came from Lady 
 Fairfax.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 7, p. 109. 
 5295. . Son of Cro'^us. [Cyrus capt- 
 ured Sardis.] The only son Croesus had living 
 was dumb. This young prince, seeing a soldier, 
 when the city was taken, ready to give the king, 
 whom he did not know, a stroke upon the head 
 with his cimeter, made such a violent effort and 
 struggle, out of fear and tenderness for the life 
 of his father, that he broke the string of his 
 tongue, and cried out, " Soldier, spare the life of 
 Crojsus !" — Rollin'sHist., Book 4, ch. 1, art. 1. 
 
 5296. SPEECH, Passionate. Emperor Julian. 
 He sometimes forgot the gravity of his station, 
 asked indiscreet or unseasonable questions, and 
 betrayed, by the loudness of his voice and the 
 agitation of his body, the earnest vehemence with 
 which he maintained his opinion against the 
 judges, the advocates, and their clients. But his 
 knowledge of his own temper prompted him to 
 encourage, and even to solicit, the reproof of his 
 friends and ministers ; and whenever they vent- 
 ured to oppose the irregular sallies of his pas- 
 sions, the spectators could observe the shame, as 
 well as the gratitude, of their monarch. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 22, p. 407. 
 
 5297. SPEECH, Plainness of. Athenians. At 
 the close of an audience which he gave to some 
 Athenian ambassadors, who were come to com- 
 plain of some act of hostility, he asked whether 
 he could do them any service. "The greatest 
 service thou couldest do us," said Demochares, 
 " would be to hang thyself." Philip [of Mace- 
 don], without the least emotion, though he per- 
 ceived that all the persons present were highly of- 
 fended, . . . answered, " Go tell your superiors 
 that those who dared to make use of such insolent 
 language are more haughty and less peaceably 
 inclined than they w^ho can forgive them."— 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 14, § 8. 
 
 529S. SPEECH, Eesponsibility in public. Peri^ 
 cles. Such was the solicitude of Pericles when 
 he had to speak in public, that he always first 
 addressed a prayer to the gods that not a word 
 might unawares escape him unsuitable to the oc- 
 casion. — Plutarch's Pericles. 
 
 5299. SPEECH, Toleration of free. Frederick 
 the Great. He once saw a crowd staring at some- 
 thing on a wall. He rode up, and found that 
 the object of curiosity was a scurrilous placard 
 against himself. The placard had been posted 
 up so high that it was not easy to I'ead it. Fred- 
 erick ordered his attendants to take it down and 
 put it lower. "My people and I," he said, 
 "have come to an agreement which satisfies us 
 both. They are to say what the}"" please, and I 
 am to do what I please." — Macaulay's Fred- 
 erick the Great, p. 48. 
 
 5300. SPEECH, Unrestrainable. Beign of James 
 II. [Seven bishops who refused to please the 
 king by betraying the Protestant religion were 
 brought to trial.] It seemed that at length this 
 hard fight had been won. The case for the 
 crown was closed. Had the counsel for the 
 bishops remained silent, an acquittal was cer- 
 tain ; for nothing which the most corrupt and 
 shameless judge could venture to call legal evi- 
 dence of publication had been given. The chief 
 justice was beginning to charge the jury, and 
 
SPEECH— SPIRIT. 
 
 639 
 
 would undoubtedly have directed them to acquit 
 the defendants ; but Finch, too anxious to be 
 perfectly discreet, interfered, and begged to be 
 heard. " If you will be heard," said Wriglit, 
 " you shall be heard ; but you do not understand 
 your own interests." The other counsel for the 
 defence made Finch sit down, and begged the 
 chief justice to proceed. He was about to do so 
 when a messenger came to the solicitor-general 
 with news that Lord Sunderland could prove the 
 publication, and would come down to the court 
 immediately. Wright maliciously told the coun- 
 sel for the defence that they had only themselves 
 to thank for the turn which things had taken. 
 The countenances of the great multitude fell. 
 Finch was, during some hours, the most unpopu- 
 lar man in the country. Why could he not sit 
 still, as his betters. Sawyer, Pemberton, and Pol- 
 lexfen had done ? His love of meddling, his 
 ambition to make a fine speech, had ruined every- 
 thing. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 351. 
 
 5301. SPEECH, Worthy. Indian Chief Canon- 
 chet. Taken prisoner at last, near the Blackstone, 
 a young man began to question him. " Child," 
 replied he, "you do not understand war ; I will 
 answer your chief." His life was offered him if 
 he would procure a treaty of peace ; he refused 
 the offer with disdain. . . , Condemned to death, 
 he only answered, " I like it well ; I shall die 
 before I speak anything unworthy of myself." — 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 13. 
 
 5302. SPELLING, Bad. George Washington. 
 Washington himself, before he became a public 
 man, was a bad speller. People were not so par- 
 ticular then in such matters as they are now ; and 
 besides, there really was no settled system of 
 spelling a hundred years ago. When the general 
 wrote for a " rheam of paper," a beaver " hatt," 
 a suit of " cloaths," and a pair of " sattin " shoes, 
 there was no Webster unabridged to keep peo- 
 ple's spelling within bounds. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 9. 
 
 5303. SPELLING, Diverse. Shakespeare. In 
 the first place, how did he spell his name ? 
 When he wrote it, he spelled it in various ways ; 
 but when he had it printed he spelled it Sliak- 
 spere, or Shakespeare, and so did his intimate 
 friend, Ben Jonson. In his own day, the name 
 was spelled in thirty-three different ways : Sliax- 
 pur, Schakespeyr, Chacksper, Shakaspeare, 
 Schakespeire, etc. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 23. 
 
 5304. SPIES, Ensnared by. Reign of Theodo- 
 sius. The general who commanded the military 
 and naval powers of the Thracian frontier soon 
 perceived . . . that the Barbarians, awed by the 
 presence of his fleet and legions, would probably 
 defer the passage of the river till the approach- 
 ing winter. The dexterity of the spies, whom 
 he sent into the Gothic camp [of Alatheus], al- 
 lured the Barbarians into a fatal snare. They 
 were persuaded that, by a bold attempt, they 
 might surprise, in the silence and darkness of 
 the night, the sleeping army of the Romans ; and 
 the whole multitude was hastily embarked in a 
 fleet of three thousand canoes. The bravest of 
 the Ostrogoths led the van ; the main body con- 
 sisted of the remainder of their subjects and sol- 
 diers ; and the women and children securely fol- 
 lowed in the rear. One of the nights without a 
 moon had been selected for the execution of their 
 
 design ; and thej^ had almost reached the south- 
 ern bank of the Danube, in the firm confidence 
 that they should find an easy landing and an un- 
 guarded camp. But the progress of the Barba- 
 rians was suddenly stopped by an unexpected 
 obstacle : a triple line of vessels, strongly con- 
 nected with each other, and which formed an 
 impenetrable chain of two miles and a half along 
 the river. While they struggled to force their 
 way in the unequal conflict, their right flank 
 was overwhelmed by the irresistible attack of a 
 fleet of galleys, which were urged down the 
 stream by the united impulse of oars and of the 
 tide. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, p. 67. 
 
 5305. SPIES, Shameless. Beign of James IL 
 John Locke hated tyranny and persecution as a 
 philosopher ; but his intellect and his temper pre- 
 served him from the violence of a partisan. . . . 
 In one point, however, he was vulnerable. He 
 was a student of Christ Church in the University 
 of Oxford. It was determined to drive from that 
 celebrated college the greatest man of whom it 
 could ever boast ; but this was not easy. Locke 
 had, at Oxford, abstained from expressing any 
 opinion on the politics of the day. Spies had 
 been set about him. Doctors of divinity and 
 masters of arts had not been ashamed to perform 
 the vilest of all offices, that of watching the lips 
 of a companion in order to report his words to 
 his ruin. The conversation in the hall had been 
 purposely turned to irritating topics, to the Ex- 
 clusion bill, and to the character of the Earl of 
 Shaftesbury, but in vain. Locke never broke 
 out, never dissembled, but maintained such 
 steady silence and composure as forced the tools 
 of power to own with vexation that never man 
 was so complete a master of his tongue and of 
 his passions. When it was found that treachery 
 could do nothing, arbitrary power was used. 
 After vainly trying to inveigle Locke into a fault, 
 the government resolved to punish him without 
 one. Orders came from Whitehall that he should 
 be ejected, and those orders the dean and canons 
 made haste to obey. Locke was travelling on the 
 Continent for his health when he learned that 
 he had been deprived of his home and of his 
 bread without a trial or even a notice. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng. , ch. 5, p. 505. 
 
 5306. SPIEIT, An impelling. Geoi-ge Fox the 
 Quaker, a.d. 1649. Like Milton and Roger 
 Williams, his soul abhorred the hireling min- 
 istry of diviners for money ; and on the morn- 
 ing of a first-day he was moved to go to the 
 great steeple-house and cry against the idol. 
 "When I came there," says Fox, "the people 
 looked like fallow ground, and the priest, like a 
 great lump of earth, stood in the pulpit above. 
 He took for his text these words of Peter, ' We 
 have also a more sure word of prophecy,' and 
 told the people this was the Scriptures. Now, 
 the Lord's power was so mighty on me, and so 
 strong in me, that I could not hold, but was made 
 to cry out, ' Oh, no, it is not the Scriptures, it is 
 the Spirit.'" . . . If cruelly beaten, or set in the 
 stocks, or ridiculed as mad, he still obeyed the 
 oracles of the voice within him. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 5307. SPIRIT, Teachings of. Quaker Doctrine. 
 The revelation of truth is immediate. It springs 
 neither from tradition nor from the senses, but 
 directly from the mind. No man comes to the 
 
630 
 
 SPIRITS— SPOILS. 
 
 knowledge of God but by the Spirit. "Each 
 person," says Penn, " knows God from an infal- 
 lible demonstration in himself, and not on the 
 slender grounds of men's lo here interpretations, 
 or lo there. The instinct of Deity is so natural 
 to man, that he can no more be without it, and 
 be, than he can be without the most essential 
 part of himself." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, 
 eh. 16. 
 
 530§. SPIRITS, Communication with. Sioeden- 
 borg. In one of his letters, he says: "I have 
 been called to a holy office by the Lord Himself, 
 who most graciously manifested Himself to me, 
 His servant, in the year 1743, when He opened 
 my sight to a view of the spiritual world, and 
 granted me the privilege of conversing with 
 spirits and angels, which I enjoy to this day. 
 From that time I began to print and publish vari- 
 ous arcana that have been seen by me, or revealed 
 to me, as respecting heaven and hell, the state 
 of man after death, the true worship of God, the 
 spiritual sense of the Word, with many other 
 most important matters conducive to salvation 
 and true wisdom." — White's Swedenborg, 
 ch. 8, p. 62. 
 
 5309. . Swederibarg. The Queen of 
 
 Sweden asked him whether his spiritual inter- 
 course was a science or art that could be commu- 
 nicated to others. He said : " No, it is the gift 
 of the Lord." " Can you, then," said she, 
 " speak with every one deceased, or only with 
 certain persons ?" He answered, " I cannot con- 
 verse with all, but only with such as I have 
 known in this world, with all royal and princely 
 persons, with all renowned heroes, or great and 
 learned men, whom I have known, either per- 
 sonally, or from their actions or writings ; con- 
 sequently, with all of whom I could form an 
 idea ; for it may be supposed that a person 
 whom I never knew, and of whom I could form 
 no idea, I neither could nor would wish to 
 speak with." — White's Swedenborg, ch. 11, 
 p. 90. 
 
 5310. SPIRITS, Intercourse with. New Pla- 
 tonists. [Of the Alexandrian schools.] Consum- 
 ing their reason in these deep but unsubstantial 
 meditations, their minds were exposed to illu- 
 sions of fancy. They flattered themselves that 
 they possessed the secret of disengaging the soul 
 from its corporeal prison ; claimed a familiar 
 intercourse with demons and spirits ; and, by a 
 very singular revolution, converted the study of 
 philosophy into that of magic. The ancient sages 
 had derided the popular superstition. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 13, p. 449. 
 
 5311. SPIRITS, Lying. Swederibarg. In his 
 diary, written about this time, he says that 
 "spirits narrate things wholly false, and lie. 
 When spirits begin to speak with man, care 
 should be taken not to believe them ; for almost 
 everything they say is made up by them, and 
 they lie ; so that if it were permitted them to re- 
 late what heaven is, and how things are in 
 heaven, they would tell so many falsehoods, and 
 with such strong assertion, that man would 
 be astonished."— White's Swedenborg, ch. 8, 
 p. 69. 
 
 5312. SPIRITS, Ministering. Samuel John- 
 son. The following very solemn and affecting 
 prayer was found after Dr. Johnson's decease : 
 
 . . . "April 26, 1752, being after 12 at night 
 of the 25th. O Lord ! Governor of heaven and 
 earth, in whose hands are embodied and departed 
 spirits, if thou hast ordained the souls of the 
 dead to minister to the living, and appointed 
 my departed wife to have care of me, grant 
 that I may enjoy the good effects of her attention 
 and ministration, whether exercised by appear- 
 ance, impulses, dreams, or in any other manner 
 agreeable to thy government. Forgive my pre- 
 sumption, enlighten my ignorance, and however 
 meaner agents are employed, grant me the- 
 blessed influences of thy holy Spirit, through 
 Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen." — Boswell'^ 
 Johnson, p. 61. 
 
 5313. SPLENDOR, Palatial. Timour. [On 
 his return from five years of conquest, Timour] 
 erected a palace of marble, transparent like ala- 
 baster, which intercepted the cold and let through, 
 a softened light to the apartments. Greek paint- 
 ers brought from Byzantium painted its domes 
 in fresco, presenting colored pages of the history 
 of his campaigns. He was seen there in all hi& 
 diversities of fortune, from the condition of a 
 Tartar shepherd to that of sovereign of double 
 Asia. He gave this palace to one of the daughters 
 of his deceased son, Miran-Schah, named Beg- 
 hizi. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 315. 
 
 5314. SPOILS, Abundant. Romans. In the 
 course of a few years the riches of Syracuse, of 
 Carthage, of Macedonia, and of Asia were 
 brought in triumph to Rome. The treasures of 
 Perseus alone amounted to near two million* 
 sterling, and the Roman people, the sovereign 
 of so many nations, was forever delivered from 
 the weight of taxes. The increasing revenue of 
 the provinces was found sulBcient to defray the 
 ordinary establishment of war and government, 
 and the superfluous mass of gold and silver wa& 
 deposited in the temple of Saturn, and reserved 
 for any unforeseen emergency of the State. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 186. 
 
 5315. SPOILS, Abundant. Pillage of Constan- 
 tinople. [By Crusaders.] Yet the magnitude of 
 the prize surpassed the largest scale of experience 
 or expectation . After the whole had been equally 
 divided between the French and Venetians, fifty 
 thousand marks were deducted to satisfy the 
 debts of the former and the demands of the 
 latter. The residue of the French amounted to 
 four hundred thousand marks of silver, about 
 eight hundred thousand pounds sterling ; nor 
 can I better appreciate the value of that sum in 
 the public and private transactions of the age, 
 than by defining it as seven times the annual rev- 
 enue of the kingdom of England. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 60, p. 90. 
 
 5316. SPOILS, Dedication of. Pious. [When 
 Aurelian the emperor returned from his con- 
 quests in the East], a considerable portion of his 
 oriental spoils was consecrated to the gods of 
 Rome ; the Capitol and every other temple 
 glittered with the offerings of his ostentatious, 
 piety ; and the temple of the Sun alone received 
 above fifteen thousand pounds of gold. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 11. 
 
 5317. SPOILS, Division of. Arabs. The Arab 
 continued to unite the professions of a merchant 
 and a robber ; and his petty excursions for the 
 defence or the attack of a caravan insensibly 
 
SPORT— STATE. 
 
 G31 
 
 Ijrepared his trooj^s for the conquest of Arabia. 
 The distribution of the spoil was regulated by a 
 livine law ; the whole was faithfully collected 
 n one common mass ; a fifth of the gold and 
 ijilver, the prisoners and cattle, the movables 
 md immovables, was reserved by the prophet 
 for pious and charitable uses ; the remainder 
 was shared in adequate portions by the soldiers 
 ivho had obtained the victory or guarded the 
 :amp ; the rewards of the slain devolved to their 
 widows and orphans. — Gibbon's Mahomet, 
 p. 38. 
 
 ' 5318. SPORT, Magnificent. Oriental. [Baja- 
 ;et, the Ottoman conqueror, invited some of his 
 listinguished guests to a hunt in the valleys of 
 Mount Olympus ] This chase, which attests to 
 what prodigious magnificence the family of 
 Othman had arisen in so few years, was con- 
 iucted by seven thousand falcon-carriers on 
 horseback, and by seven thousand gamekeepers 
 of the imperial forests of Olym.pus. The dogs 
 were clad in housings of purple, and wore collars 
 ornamented with precious stones. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 299. 
 
 5319. SPORT, Thoughtless. Marriage. In 
 1393, on the occasion of the marriage of one of the 
 ■ladies of the queen's household, a grand masked 
 ball was given at court, in which Charles VI., 
 with five of his nobles, disguised themselves as 
 savages, in close-fitting dresses covered with pitch 
 and tow to resemble hair. The young Duke of 
 Orleans, excited, no doubt, by wine, approached 
 these grotesque figures with a lighted torch, and, 
 either accidentally or from wanton love of mis- 
 chief, set their combustible costume in a blaze. 
 The king was fortunately standing apart, and the 
 Duchess of Berry hurried him out of the hall. 
 Four of the unlucky maskers were burnt to death ; 
 one saved his life by throwing himself into a 
 large tub of water which happened to be at 
 hand. — Students' France, ch. 11, § 6. 
 
 5320. SPORT, TTnenjoyed. Martin Luther. 
 
 • [While secluded at Wartburg Castle.] On one 
 occasion he joined a hunting party, but took 
 no pleasure in the sport. " I have been on a 
 
 'hunt," he writes to Spalatin, "for the past two 
 days, and have tasted of that bitter-sweet enjoy- 
 ment of our noble lords ! We got two rabbits 
 
 ; and a couple of poor partridges. A worthy oc- 
 cupation, in truth, for idle people ! I continued 
 
 I my theological studies amid the snares and the 
 dogs ; and as much pleasure as I derived f i"om 
 viewing such sport, the more sympathy and sor- 
 
 , row I had in thinking of the mysterious truth 
 the picture concealed. For the picture teaches 
 
 ' nothing else than that the devil, through his god- 
 less masters and dogs — the bishops and theolo- 
 gians — secretly hunts and catches the innocent 
 little animals — the common people. It is the 
 picture of simple and believing souls which is 
 thus vividly presented to my sorrowing heart. 
 And once it happened that a poor little rabbit 
 took refuge in the sleeve of my coat lying by the 
 way. The dogs in their pursuit scented its 
 hiding-place, first wounded, and then killed it. 
 Thus the pope and Satan rage in their efforts to 
 ruin saved souls, without concerning themselves 
 about my labors." — Rein's Luther, ch. 10, 
 p. 95. 
 
 5321. SPY, An infamous. Tempter. [In 1817 
 James Willan, a printer of Dewsbury, proved 
 
 that a government spy named Oliver,] who rep- 
 resented himself as a delegate from the radicals 
 of London, had for several times, for the space 
 of two months, endeavored to seduce him into 
 acts of violence and situations of danger, and 
 that he had especially urged him to attend a 
 meeting of "delegates," at which meeting ten 
 men were arrested by a party of military. [The 
 spy became a tempter.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 ch. 5, p. 81. 
 
 53*22. STARVATION, Depopulated by. Italy. 
 The twenty years of the Gothic war consum- 
 mated the distress and depopulation of Italy. As 
 early as the fourth campaign, under the disci- 
 pline of Belisarius himself, fifty thousand labor- 
 ers died of hunger in the narrow region of Pice- 
 num ; and a strict interpretation of the evidence 
 of Procopius would swell the loss of Italy above 
 the total sum of her present inhabitants. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, vol. 4. 
 
 5323. STATE, Bereavement of the. Epami- 
 nondas. The Theban power expired with this 
 great man, whom Cicero seems to rank above 
 all the illustrious men Greece ever produced. 
 Justin is of the same opinion, when he says, 
 that as a dart is no longer in a condition to 
 wound when the point of it is blunted, so Thebes, 
 after having lost its general, was no longer for- 
 midable to its enemies, and its power seemed to 
 have lost its edge aud to be annihilated by the 
 death of Epaminondas. Before him that city was 
 not distinguished by any memorable action ; and 
 after him it sunk into its original obscurity ; so 
 that it saw its glory take birth and expire with 
 this great man. — Rollin'sHist., Book 12, ch. 1, 
 §27. 
 
 5324. STATE endangered. Criminals. 
 Francis of La Roque, Lord of Roberval, in Pic- 
 ardy, was the next to undertake the colonization 
 of the countries discovered by the French. This 
 nobleman . . . was commissioned by the court of 
 France to plant a colony off the St. Lawrence. 
 . . . 'The man, however, who was chiefly relied 
 on to give character and direction to the proposed 
 colony was no other than James Cartier. He 
 only seemed competent to conduct the enterprise 
 with any promise of success. . . . The French 
 peasants and mechanics were not eager to em- 
 bark for a country which had nothing better than 
 savages and snow. ... So the work of enlisting 
 volunteers went on slowly, until the government 
 adopted the plan of opening the prisons of the 
 kingdom and giving freedom to whoever would 
 join the expedition. There was a rush of rob- 
 bers, swindlers, and murderers, and the lists were 
 immediately filled. Only counterfeiters and 
 traitors were denied the privilege of gaining their 
 liberty in the New World.— Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 5, p. 72. 
 
 5325. STATE, An honored. Virginia. Vir- 
 ginia is proud of being called the mother of 
 presidents, and she has a right to the name. 
 Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and 
 Harrison were all her sons. But she has many 
 other illustrious children whose names would 
 have received no additional lustre from the presi- 
 dential office. This is particularly true of Gen- 
 eral Sam Houston, the father and president of 
 the republic of Texas. He was born on the 2d 
 of March, 1793, in Rockbridge County. Virginia. 
 —Lester's Sam Houston, p. 1. 
 
633 
 
 STATE— STATESMANSHIP. 
 
 5326. STATE neglected. Cicero said : " Even 
 if I had no enemies, if I was supported as uni- 
 versally as I ought to be, still a medicine which 
 will cure the diseased parts of the State is better 
 than the surgery which would amputate them. 
 The knights have fallen off from the Senate. 
 The noble lords think they are in heaven when 
 they have barbel in their pounds that will eat out 
 of their hands, and they leave the rest to fate." — 
 Froude's C^sar, ch. 12. 
 
 5327. STATE, Protection of the. By Education. 
 [Charondas, the Grecian lawgiver,] required all 
 children of the citizens to be educated in polite 
 literature, the effect of which is to soften and 
 civilize the minds of men, inspiring them with 
 gentleness of manners, and inclining them to 
 virtue ; all which constitute the felicity of a 
 State, and are equally necessary to citizens of all 
 conditions. In this view he appointed salaries 
 (paid by the State) for masters and preceptors, 
 in order that learning, by being communicated 
 gratuitously, might be acquired by all. He con- 
 sidered ignorance as the greatest of evils, and 
 the source whence all vices flowed. — Rollix's 
 Hist., Book 7, ch. 2, §2. 
 
 532§. STATE, Security of the. Napoleon I. 
 [He witnessed the attack of the mob on the 
 palace of the Tuileries.] Napoleon openly 
 avowed his conviction that France, without edu- 
 cation and without religion, was not prepared 
 for the Republicanism of the United States. _ In 
 this sentiment Lafayette and most of the wisest 
 men of the French nation concurred. ... In 
 France at this time there was neither intelli- 
 gence, religion, nor morality among the masses. 
 There was no reverence for law, neither human 
 nor divine. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 eh. 2. 
 
 5329. STATE, Bights of the. Nullification. 
 The reopening of the tariff question occasioned 
 great excitement in Congress and throughout the 
 country. In the session of 1831-32 additional 
 duties Avere levied upon manufactured goods im- 
 ported from abroad. By this act the manufact- 
 uring districts were again favored at the expense 
 of the agricultural States. South Carolina was 
 specially offended. A great convention of her 
 people was held, and it was resolved that the tar- 
 iff law of Congress was unconstitutional, and 
 therefore null and void. Open resistance was 
 threatened in case the officers of the government 
 should attempt to collect the revenues in the har- 
 bor of Charleston. In the United States Senate 
 the right of a State, under certain circumstances, 
 to nullify an act of Congress, was boldly pro- 
 claimed. On that issue occurred the famous 
 debate between the eloquent Colonel Hayne, 
 Senator from South Carolina, and Daniel Web- 
 ster, of Massachusetts, perhaps the greatest 
 master of American oratory. The former ap- 
 peared as the champion of State Rights, and the 
 latter as the advocate of Constitutional Suprem- 
 acy. But the question was not decided by de- 
 bate. The President took the matter in hand, 
 and issued a proclamation denying the right of 
 any State to nullify the laws of Congress. But 
 Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President, resigned his of- 
 fice to accept a seat in the Senate, where he 
 might better defend the doctrines of his State. 
 The President having warned the people of 
 South Carolina against pursuing the doctrines 
 
 further, Mr. Clay brought forward and secured 
 the passage of a [compromise] bill providing 
 for a gradual reduction of the duties complained 
 of, until, at the end of ten years, they should 
 reach the standard demanded by the South. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 54, p. 428. 
 
 5330. STATES, Rights of. Taxation. July, 
 1776. The Confederacy [of the United States] 
 now stood in the place of the crown as the cen- 
 tral authority. ... It was laid down as a fun- 
 damental article that " the United States assem- 
 bled shall never impose or levy any tax or du- 
 ties," except for postage ; and this restriction- 
 such was the force of habit — was accepted with- 
 out remark. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 1. 
 
 5331. STATESMAN, Dangerous. Charles Town- 
 send. A.D. 1767. He died at the age of forty-one, 
 famed alike for incomparable talents and extreme 
 instability. [He was called the weather-cock.] 
 ... If his indiscretion forbade esteem, his good- 
 humor dissipated hate. He had been courted by 
 all parties, but never possessed the contidence 
 of any. He followed no guide, and he had no 
 plan of his own. No one wished him as an ad- 
 versary ; no one trusted him as an associate. He 
 sometimes spoke with boldness ; but at heart he 
 was as timid as he was versatile. . . . With pow- 
 er, fortune, affection, and honors clustering 
 around him, he fell in the bloom of manhood, 
 the most celebrated statesman who has left noth- 
 ing but errors to account for his fame. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S. , vol. 6, ch. 80. 
 
 5332. STATESMAN, Degeneracy of. English, 
 Cowper believed that the public men of his time 
 had grown degenerate — "the age of virtuous 
 politics is past." — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 7, 
 p. 114. 
 
 5333. STATESMANSHIP, Contemptible. Na- 
 jwleon III. During the civil war the Emperor 
 Napoleon III. interfered in the affairs of Mexico, 
 and succeeded, by overawing the people with 
 a French army, in setting up an empire. In the 
 early part of 1864 the crown of Mexico was con- 
 ferred on Maximilian, the Archduke of Austria, 
 who established his government and sustained it 
 with French and Austrian soldiers. But the 
 Mexican President Juarez headed a revolution 
 against the usurping emperor ; the government 
 of the United States rebuked France for having 
 violated the Monroe Doctrine ; Napoleon, becom- 
 ing alarmed, withdrew his army, and Maximil- 
 ian was overthrown. On the 13th of June, 1867, 
 he was tried by court-martial and condemned to 
 be shot, and six days afterward the sentence was 
 carried into execution. The scheme of Napoleon, 
 who had hoped to profit by the civil war and 
 gain a foothold in the New World, was thus just- 
 ly brought to shameful contempt. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 67, p. 545. 
 
 5334. STATESMANSHIP, Foolish. James 11. 
 He brought over Irishmen, not, indeed, enough 
 to hold down the single city of Loudon or the 
 single county of York,"but more than enough to 
 excite the alarm and rage of the whole kingdom, 
 from Northumberland to Cornwall. Battalion 
 after battalion, raised and trained by Tyrconnel, 
 landed on the western coast, and moved toward 
 the capital ; and Irish recruits were imported m 
 considerable numbers to fill up vacancies in the 
 English regiments. Of the many en-ors whicb 
 
STATESMANSHIP— STONE. 
 
 633 
 
 James committed, none was more fatal than this. 
 Already he had alienated the hearts of his peo- 
 ple by violating their laws, confiscating their es- 
 tates, and persecuting their religion. Of those 
 who had once been most zealous for monarchy, 
 he had already made many rebels in heart ; yet 
 he might still, with some chance of success, have 
 appealed to the patriotic spirit of his subjects 
 against an Invader, for they were a race insular 
 in temper as well as in geographical position. 
 Their national antipathies were, indeed, in that 
 age unreasonably and unamiably strong. They 
 had never been accustomed to the control or in- 
 terference of any stranger. The appearance of 
 a foreign army on their soil might impel them 
 even to rally round a king whom they had no 
 reason to love. William might perhaps have been 
 .able to overcome this difficulty ; but James re- 
 moved it. Not even the arrival of a brigade of 
 Louis' musketeers would have exacted such 
 Tesentment and shame as our ancestors felt 
 when they saw armed columns of Papists, just ar- 
 rived from Dublin, moving in military pomp 
 along the highroads. — M.\c.\ulay'sEng., eh. 9, 
 p. 393. 
 
 5335. STATESMANSHIP, National. William 
 iJie Conqueror. Preparatory to William's plan 
 •of reducing England entirely under the feu- 
 «dal government, he found it necessary to en- 
 gage in and complete a very great undertaking. 
 This was a general survey of all the kingdom, 
 ;an account of its extent, its proprietors, their 
 tenures, and their values ; the quantity of 
 meadow, pasture, wood, and arable land which 
 they contained ; the number of tenants, cot- 
 tagers, and servants of all denominations who 
 lived upon them. Commissioners were appoint- 
 ed for this purpose, who, after six years em- 
 ployed in the survey, brought him an exact 
 account of the whole property in the kingdom. 
 This monument, called Doomsday Book, the most 
 "valuable piece of antiquity possessed by any 
 ■nation, is at this day in existence, and is pre- 
 served in the English Exchequer. It was, in 
 the year 1783, printed by an order of Parliament. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 8, p. 134. 
 
 5336. STATESMANSHIP, Ruinous. Span- 
 iards. From Ferdinand the Catholic to Philip 
 III., Spain had expelled three millions of Jews 
 and Moors ; her inferior nobility emigrated to 
 America ; in 1703 her census enumerated less 
 than seven million souls. The nation that once 
 would have invaded England had no navy ; 
 And, having the mines of Mexico and South 
 America, it needed subscriptions for its defence. 
 ^Foreigners, by means of loans and mortgages, 
 .gained more than seven eighths of the wealth 
 from America, and furnished more than nine 
 tenths of the merchandise shipped for the colo- 
 nies. Spanish commerce had expired ; Spanish 
 manufactures had declined ; even agriculture 
 iad fallen a victim to mortmains and privilege. 
 Inactivity was followed by poverty, and the dy- 
 iDasty itself became extinct. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 Tol. 3, ch. 31. 
 
 5337. STATUE, Honored by. Cato. TheAthe- 
 i^nians decreed above three hundred statues 
 
 Demetrius Phalereus. Honors thus prodi- 
 illy lavished are no proofs of real merit, but 
 1'^^ the effects of servile adulation ; and Demetrius 
 Phaiereus was culpable to a considerable degree 
 
 in not opposing them to the utmost of his power, 
 if he really was in a condition to prevent their 
 taking place. The conduct of Cato was much 
 more prudent, in declining several marks of dis- 
 tinction which the people were desirous of gi-ant- 
 ing him ; and when he was asked one day why 
 no statues had been erected to him, when Rome 
 was crowded with so many others, " I had much 
 rather," said he, " people should inquire why I 
 have none than why I have any." — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 16, § 7. 
 
 533S. STATUE, Immense. Apollo. A gigan- 
 tic statue of Apollo, or the sun, seventy cubits 
 in height, was erected at the entrance of the har- 
 bor, a monument of the freedom and the arts of 
 Greece. After standing fifty-six years, the co- 
 lossus of Rhodes was overthrown by an earth- 
 quake ; but the massy trunk and huge frag- 
 ments lay scattered eight centuries on the 
 ground, and are often described as one of the 
 wonders of the ancient world. They were col- 
 lected by the diligence of the Saracens, and sold 
 to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who is said to 
 have laden nine hundred camels with the weight 
 of the brass metal ; an enormous weight, though 
 we should include the hundred colossal figures 
 and the three thovasand statues which adorned 
 the prosperity of the city of the sun. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 319. 
 
 5339. STATURE, Lofty. Abraham Lincoln. 
 Mr. Lincoln, as he shook hands with the judge 
 [Kelley, of Pennsylvania], inquired, " What is 
 your height?" " Six feet three. What is yours, 
 Mr. Lincoln ?" " Six feet four," " Then," said the 
 judge, " Pennsylvania bows to Illinois, My dear 
 man, for years my heart has been aching for a 
 President that I could lookup to, and I've found 
 him at last in the land where we thought there 
 were none but little giants." [The distinguished 
 Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, was known as 
 the " little giant."] — Raymond's Lincoln, ch, 3. 
 p. 105. 
 
 5340. STEAMBOATS, First. In England. 
 Henry Bell had his steam-passage boat running 
 on the Clyde in 1811. In a few years steamboats 
 were plying on the Thames. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 8, ch. 7, p. 131. 
 
 5341. STOICISM admired. Sonthey. Epic 
 tetus showed how life could be simplified, in- 
 deed, by bringing it into obedience to a perfect 
 law. Instead of a quietism haunted by feverish 
 dreams — duty, action, co-operation with God. 
 " Twelve years ago," wrote Southey in 1806, " I 
 carried Epictetus in my pocket till my very heart 
 was ingrained with it, as a pig's bones become 
 redder by feeding him upon madder. And the 
 longer I live, and the more I learn, the more am 
 I convinced that stoicism, properly understood, 
 is the best and noblest of systems." Much that 
 Southey gained from stoicism he kept through- 
 out his whole life, tempered, indeed, by the in- 
 fluences of a Christian faith, but not lost. — 
 Dowden's Southey, ch. 3. 
 
 5342. STONE, A sacred. Roman Emperor 
 Bessianus Antoninus. The sun was worshipped 
 at Emesa under the name of Elagabalus [from 
 two Syriac words, Ela, a god, and Oabal, to 
 form, the forming or plastic god], and under 
 the form of a black conical stone, which, as it 
 \vas universally believed, had fallen from heaven 
 
684 
 
 STONE— STKATAGEM. 
 
 on that sacred place. To this protecting deity 
 Antoninus, not without some reason, ascribed 
 his elevation to the throne. The display of su- 
 perstitious gratitude was the only serious busi- 
 ness of his reign. The triumph of the god of 
 Emesa over all the religions of the earth was the 
 great object of his zeal and vanity ; and the ap- 
 pellation of Elagabalus (for he presumed as pon- 
 tiff and favorite to adopt that sacred name). — 
 Gibbon's Rome, eh. 5, p. 170. 
 
 5343. . At Mecca. A small square 
 
 edifice, or temple, called the Caabba, was held 
 throughout all Arabia to be a place of the most 
 supreme sanctity. Within this temple was a 
 stone, which was the peculiar object of venera- 
 tion, and was said to have descended from 
 heaven, in those days of innocence when man 
 was free from guilt as he came from the hands 
 of his Creator. The stone was then white, but 
 gradually became sullied, as man became more 
 wicked, till at last it grew entirely black. From 
 the pilgrimages which it was customary to make 
 to this temple, and the riches it brought thither, 
 Mecca became the most considerable city of 
 Arabia. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 1, p. 50. 
 
 5344. STORM, A destructive. England. On the 
 night of the 27th of November [1703] a mighty 
 wind arose in the western and southern districts 
 of England and in part of the eastern, which 
 toppled down steeples, unroofed houses, drove 
 great ships from their anchorage, and swept 
 away the watchtowers of the coasts. The shores 
 of the channel were strewn with wrecks. The 
 Thames and the Severn were crowded with dis- 
 masted merchantmen, and hulls whose crews 
 had been swept into the raging sea. Fourteen 
 or fifteen men-of-war were cast away, and fif- 
 teen hundred seamen perished with them. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 17, p. 269. 
 
 5345. STORM, Terrible. Beiffn of Charles I. 
 Clamor and debate went on within the house 
 [opposing the king's effort to rule by preroga- 
 tive], and men's hearts failed them for fear with- 
 out. While the Remonstrance was passing, a 
 wild storm broke over London. Wind and hail, 
 rain, lightning, and thunder, the like of it was 
 never known in the memory of living man ; the 
 <;hurchyard walls were broken down, the earth 
 rent and torn from the graves, revealing, so it is 
 said, the faces of the dead ; supernatural shapes 
 in the mist hung brooding over the Thames, and 
 the superstitious saw misty shape and storm and 
 tempest bearing on and beating against the house 
 of the Duke of Buckingham, its stairs, and its 
 walls. Storms were moving toward York House 
 too. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 3, p. 68. 
 
 5346. STORM, Unequalled. Robert Burns. In 
 February of the ensuing year, 1795, his duties as 
 supervisor led him to what he describes as the 
 "unfortunate, wicked little village" of Eccle- 
 f echan, in Annandale. The night after he arrived 
 there fell the heaviest snowstorm known in 
 Scotland within living memory. When people 
 awoke next morning they found the snow up to 
 the windows of the second story of their houses. 
 In the hollow of Cam psie hills it lay to the depth 
 of from eighty to a hundred feet, and it had not 
 disappeared from the streets of Edinburgh on the 
 king's birthday, the 4th of June. Storm-stayed 
 at Ecclef echan, Burns indulged in deep potations 
 and in song-writing.— -Shairp's Burns, ch. 7. 
 
 5347. STRANGERS, Chilled by. At 8t. Kilda^ 
 Macaulay 's ' ' History of St. Kilda" was very well, 
 written, except some foppery about liberty and 
 slavery. I mentioned to him that Macaulay told 
 me he was advised to leave out of his book the 
 wonderful story, that, upon the approach of a 
 stranger, all the inhabitants catch cold, but that 
 it had been so well authenticated, he determined 
 to retain it. Johnson : " Sir, to leave things out 
 of a book, merely because people tell you they 
 will not be believed, is meanness." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 185. 
 
 5348. STRATAGEM, Credible. Darius, King 
 of Persia. At length, after a siege of twenty 
 months, Darius won the city by a treacherous 
 stratagem. One of his captains, mutilating his 
 visage with hideous wounds, fled, as if for safe- 
 ty, to the Babylonians, and offered his services 
 to avenge himself against Darius, who had used 
 him thus inhumanly. The man was trusted by 
 the credulous Babylonians with a high com- 
 mand, of which he availed himself to open the 
 gates to the Persians. With aggravated meanness 
 and cruelty Darius impaled alive three thou- 
 sand of the principal citizens. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 11, p. 116. 
 
 5349. STRATAGEM, Dishonorable. King of 
 Spain. Seeing that King John [II.] still mani- 
 fested an inclination for the enterprise, it was- 
 suggested to him by the Bishop of Ceuta that 
 Columbus might be kept in suspense while a ves- 
 sel secretly despatched in the direction he should 
 point out might ascertain whether there were 
 any foundation for his theory. By this means, 
 all its advantages might be secured, without 
 committing the dignity of the crown by formal 
 negotiations about what might prove a mere chi- 
 mera. King John, in an evil hour, had the weak- 
 ness to permit a stratagem so inconsistent with 
 his usual justice and magnanimity. Columbus 
 was required to furnish, for the consideration of 
 the council, a detailed plan of his proposed voy- 
 age, with the charts and documents according* 
 to which he intended to shape his course. These 
 being procured, a caravel was despatched with 
 the ostensible design of carrying provisions to the 
 Cape de Verde Islands, but with private instruc- 
 tions to pursue the designated route. Departing 
 from those islands, the caravel stood westward for 
 several days, until the weather became stormy ;, 
 when the pilots, seeing nothing but an immeas- 
 urable waste of wild, tumbling waves still ex- 
 tending before them, lost all courage and T)ut 
 back, ridiculing the project of Columbus as ex- 
 travagant and irrational. This unworthy attempt 
 to defraud him of his enterprise roused the indig- 
 nation of Columbus, and he declined all offers 
 of King John to renew the negotiation. — Irv- 
 ing's Columbus, ch. 6. 
 
 5350. STRATAGEM, Success by. Georgia. [In 
 June of 1742 the Spaniards attempted the reduc- 
 tion of Fort William.] The English general had 
 only 800 men and a few Indian allies. In order 
 to cope with superior numbers, he resorted ta 
 stratagem. A Frenchman had deserted to the 
 Spaniards. To him the English general now 
 wrote, as if to a spy. A Spanish prisoner in Ogle- 
 thorpe's hands was liberated and bribed to deliver 
 the letter to the deserter. The Frenchman was^ 
 advised that two British fleets were coming to 
 America, one to aid Oglethorpe and the other to 
 
STRATAGEM— STRENGTH. 
 
 635 
 
 attack St. Augustine. Let the Spaniards remain 
 on the island but three days longer, and they 
 would be ruined. If the enemy did not make 
 an immediate attack on Frederica, his forces 
 would be captured to a man. . . . This letter was 
 delivered [to the Spanish commander], and the 
 astonished Frenchman was arrested as a spy ; but 
 the Spaniards could not tell whether his denial 
 was true or false. There was a council of war 
 in the Spanish camp. Oglethorpe's stratagem 
 was suspected, but could not be proved. Three 
 ships had been seen at sea that day ; perhaps 
 these were the first vessels of the approaching 
 British fleets. The Spaniards were utterly per- 
 plexed ; but it was finally decided to take Ogle- 
 thorpe's advice, and make the attack on Fred- 
 erica. [They failed.] — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 29. 
 p. 342. 
 
 5351. STRATAGEM, Saccessfal. Fidelity. 
 [When Marius had conquered the people of 
 Rome, his fury was insatiable, especially against 
 the prominent citizens.] On this occasion it was 
 found that no obligations of friendship, no 
 rights of hospitality, can stand the stock of ill- 
 fortune. For there were very few who did not 
 betray those that had taken refuge in their 
 houses. The slaves of Cornutus, therefore, de- 
 serve the highest admiration. They hid their 
 master in the house, and took a dead body out 
 of the street from among the slain, and hanged 
 it by the neck ; then they put a gold ring upon 
 the finger, and showed the corpse in that condi- 
 tion to Marius' executioners ; after which they 
 dressed it for the funeral, and buried it as their 
 master's body. No one suspected the matter ; 
 and Cornutus, after being concealed as long as it 
 was necessary, was conveyed by those servants 
 into Galatia. — Plutarch's Caius Marius. 
 \ 5352. STRATEGY despised. Persians. In 
 ; fight the ancient Persians displayed great per- 
 : sonal courage. They esteemed it dishonorable 
 ! to employ any stratagems in war, and never 
 I fought in the night, unless when attacked by the 
 I enemy. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 11. p. 120. 
 I 5353. STRATEGY, Needful. Columbus. As 
 i he foresaw that the vague terrors already awak- 
 ; ened among the seamen would increase with the 
 \ space which intervened between them and their 
 i homes, he commenced a stratagem which he 
 I continued throughout the voyage. He kept two 
 > reckonings : one correct, in which the true way 
 of the ship was noted, and which was retained 
 , in secret for his own government ; in the other, 
 ! which was open to general inspection, a number 
 ■ of leagues was daily subtracted from the sailing 
 of the ship, so that the crews were kept in igno- 
 rance of the real distance they had advanced. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 3, ch. 2. 
 
 5345. STREETS, Darkness of. Reign of 
 Charles II. When the evening closed in, the dif- 
 ficulty and danger of walking about London be- 
 came serious indeed. The garret windows were 
 opened, and pails were emptied, with little re- 
 gard to those who were passing below. Falls, 
 bruises, and broken bones were of constant oc- 
 currence ; for, till the last year of the reign of 
 Charles II. , most of the streets were left in pro- 
 found darkness. Thieves and robbers plied their 
 trade with impunity ; yet they were hardly so 
 terrible to peaceable citizens as another class of 
 I ruffians. It was a favorite amusement of disso- 
 
 lute young gentlemen to swagger by night about 
 the town, breaking windows, upsetting sedans, 
 beating quiet men, and offering rude caresses to 
 pretty women. Several dynasties of these tyrants 
 had, since the Restoration, domineered over the 
 streets. The Muns and Tityre Tus had given 
 place to the Hectors, and the Hectors had been 
 recently succeeded by the Scourers. At a later 
 period arose the Nicker, the Hawcubite, and the 
 yet more dreaded name of Mohawk. — Macau- 
 lay's Hist. , ch. 3, p. 336. 
 
 5355. STREETS, Filthy. Reign of Charles 11. 
 The drainage was so bad, that in rainy weather 
 the gutters soon became torrents ; . . . black riv- 
 ulets roared down Snow Hill and Ludgate Hill, 
 bearing to Fleet Ditch a vast tribute of animal 
 and vegetable filth from the stalls of butchers 
 and green-grocers. This flood was profusely 
 thrown to right and left by coaches and carts. 
 To keep as far from the carriage road as possi- 
 ble was therefore the wish of every pedestrian. 
 The mild and timid gave the wall ; the bold and 
 athletic took it. If two roysterers met, they 
 cocked their hats in each other's faces and push- 
 ed each other about till the weaker was shoved 
 toward the kennel. If he was a mere bully, he 
 sneaked off, muttering that he should find a time; 
 if he was pugnacious, the encounter probably 
 ended in a duel behind Montague House. — ^Ma. 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 335. 
 
 5356. STRENGTH, Consciousness of. Alexan- 
 der. [At daybreak he was asleep.] Parme- 
 nio, having at last awakened him, and seem- 
 ing surprised to find him in so calm and sweet 
 a sleep, just as he was going to flght a bat- 
 tle, in which his whole fortune lay at stake : 
 "How is it possible," said Alexander, " for us 
 not to be calm since the enemy is coming to de- 
 liver himself into our hands ?" Immediately he 
 took up his arms, mounted his horse, and rode 
 up and down the ranks, exhorting the troops to 
 maintain, and, if possible, to surpass, their an- 
 cient fame and the glory they had hitherto ac- 
 quired. Soldiers, on the day of battle, imagine 
 they see the fate of the engagement painted in 
 the face of their general. As for Alexander, he 
 had never appeared so calm, so ga}^ nor so res- 
 olute The serenity and security which they 
 observed in him were in a manner so many as- 
 surances of the victory. There was a great dif- 
 ference between the two armies with respect to 
 numbers, but much more so with regard to cour- 
 age. That of Darius consisted at least of 600,000 
 foot and 40,000 horse, and the other of no more 
 than 40,000 foot and 7000 or 8000 horse ; but the 
 latter was all fire and strength ; whereas, on the 
 side of the Persians, it was a prodigious assem- 
 blage of men, not of soldiers ; an empty phan- 
 tom rather than a real army. [Darius was de- 
 feated.] — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 8. 
 
 5357. STRENGTH by Piety. Cromwell. Charles 
 II. fled in hopeless desolation to France, to exist 
 as the pensioned pauper of the French king. The 
 royal power was now fairly beaten down in Eng- 
 land. Let the malignant sneerer, who has no 
 words but commonplace abuse to bestow upon 
 the great English hero, attempt to realize what 
 the land would have been, must have been, with- 
 out him, rent in factions, almost all equally 
 strong. An army then without a leader, dreamy 
 SDeculators determined to impose their theories 
 
636 
 
 STRENGTH— STRUGGLE, 
 
 upon the kingdom, and so inflict upon the land 
 the miseries of anarchy, as in the French revolu- 
 tion ; or the horrors of persecution, as in Boston 
 and the New England States. Cromwell was 
 the power raised up by Providence to save Eng- 
 land from this. Never in the history of the 
 "world had a man a more difficult task to perform ; 
 but he performed it, because he brought to the 
 task, in addition to the most remarkable combi- 
 nation of mental requisites ever assembled to- 
 gether in one man — forming a sort of mythic 
 personage, and reminding us of Theseus or Her- 
 cules — in addition to these, we say, he brought 
 piety of the sublimest order, and singleness of 
 purpose lofty as that of a Hebrew prophet, but 
 conjoined to a largeness of toleration for all re- 
 ligious differences, for which we know not where 
 to find a parallel. — Hood's Cromvtell, ch. 12, 
 p. 163. 
 
 535S. STRENGTH, Physical. Father of Pres- 
 ident Jefferson. This Peter Jefferson was a giant 
 in stature and strength. It is said of him, that 
 he could lift from their sides to an upright po- 
 sition two hogsheads of tobacco at once, each of 
 a thousand pounds' weight. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 346. 
 
 5359. . Washington. The power 
 
 of Washington's arm was displayed in several 
 memorable instances : in his throwing a stone 
 from the bed of the stream to the top of the Nat- 
 ural Bridge ; another . . . across the Rappa- 
 hannock, at Fredericksburg. . . . Numbers have 
 since tried this feat, but none have cleared the 
 water. — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 25. 
 
 5360. STRIFE, Choice in. Enemies or Chil- 
 dren. The general voice of the kingdom of 
 France was now for peace ; and the once haugh- 
 ty Louis [XIV.], now miserably humbled, sent 
 his minister to negotiate in person at the Hague, 
 where he met with the most mortifying treat- 
 ment from Marlborough, Eugene, and the grand 
 pensionary Heinsius. They demanded nothing 
 less, as a condition of peace, than that the king 
 of France should undertake, at his own charges, 
 to dethrone his grandson Philip, and even lim- 
 ited him to the space of two months for the ful- 
 filling of this condition. The spirit of the 
 aged Louis broke out into the most just indigna- 
 tion at this inhuman and dishonorable proposal. 
 ■" Since," says he, " I must die fighting, it shall 
 be with mine enemies, and not with my chil- 
 dren." He prepared, therefore, for a resolute 
 continuance of that war which was only to in- 
 volve him in fresh misfortunes. [War with 
 England.] — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 34, 
 p. 467. 
 
 5361. STRIFE, Conjugal. Becondliation. The 
 ancient worship of the Romans afforded a pe- 
 culiar goddess to hear and reconcile the com- 
 plaints of a married life ; but her epithet of Vir- 
 iplaca, the appeaser of husbands, too clearly in- 
 dicates on which side submission and repentance 
 are always expected. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, 
 p. 349. 
 
 5362. STRIFE, Family. Abominable. It be- 
 ing the season when the pilgrimage attracted to 
 Mecca the Arabs from all parts of the desert, 
 they agreed to post themselves upon the route, 
 to the end of warning the pilgrims against the 
 novelties which a pretended prophet, a nephew 
 
 of Aboutaleb, was disseminating as a schism in 
 the Kaaba. " Let us also," they deliberated, 
 " be agreed, before leaving the city, upon what 
 we shall say separately to the pilgrims, so that 
 there may be no discrepancy between our sever- 
 al representations." " Will we say that he is a 
 diviner ? No, for he has neither the convulsive 
 and incoherent accent, nor the language full of 
 affected consonances of the diviners. Shall 
 we say that he is a madman ? But his entire 
 exterior inspires dignity and reflection. Shall 
 we say he is a poet ? But he does not express 
 himself in verse. Shall we say, in fine, that 
 he is a wizard ? But he does not work mira- 
 cles ; he practises none of the mysteries of mag- 
 ic ; his sole magic lies in the eloquence and the 
 persuasion of his lips. Let us say, then, that 
 he is a public enemy, who, by his artifices, sows 
 disunion among families, who poisons the affec- 
 tions, who severs brother from brother, son from 
 father, wife from husband." — Lamartine's 
 Turkey. 
 
 5363. STRIFE, Premature. Bishop Burnet. 
 [He was the private chaplain of the wife of Will- 
 iam, Prince of Orange. The English were con- 
 sidering the question of filling the throne made 
 vacant by the flight of James II. to France by 
 crowning William of Orange and making Mary 
 only queen consort, though she was the daugh- 
 ter of the fugitive king.] Said the brave and 
 honest divine : " It would be unseemly in me to 
 oppose any plan which may have your counte- 
 nance. I therefore desire to be set free, that 1 
 may fight the princess' battle with every facul- 
 ty that God has given me." " I think, doctor," 
 said William, with characteristic coolness, "that 
 you had better stay where you are. It will sure- 
 ly be time for you to quit me when I do some- 
 thing of which you disapprove." In a few hours 
 the scheme which had excited Burnet's resent- 
 ment was entirely given up, and all those who 
 considered James as no longer king were agreed 
 as to the way in which the throne must be filled. 
 William and Mary must be king and queen.— 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 10, p. 599. 
 
 5364. STRIFE, Responsibility for. James II 
 The seventeenth century has, in that unhappy 
 country, left to the nineteenth a fatal heritage ol 
 malignant passions. No amnesty for the mutual 
 wrongs inflicted by the Saxon defenders of Lon- 
 donderrj^ and by the Celtic defenders of Lim- 
 erick, has ever been granted from the heart by 
 either race. To this day a more than Spartan 
 haughtiness alloys the many noble qualities 
 which characterize the children of the victors, 
 while a Helot feeling, compounded of awe and 
 hatred, is not too often discernible in the chil- 
 dren of the vanquished. Neither of the hostile 
 castes can justly be absolved from blame ; but the 
 chief blame is due to the short-sighted and head- 
 strong prince [James II.] who, placed in a situ- 
 ation in which he might have reconciled them, 
 employed all his power to inflame their animos- 
 ity, and at length forced them to close in a grap- 
 ple for life and death. — Macadlay'sEng., ch. 6, 
 p. 117. 
 
 5365. STRUGMJLE, Fierce. Paul Jones. On 
 the 23d of September Paul Jones, cruising off 
 the coast of Scotland with a flotilla of French 
 and American vessels, fell in with a fleet of Brit- 
 ish merchantmen, convoyed by two men-of-war. 
 
STRUGGLE— STUDY. 
 
 637 
 
 The battle that ensued was bloody beyond prec- 
 edent in naval warfare. For an hour and a 
 half the Serapis, a British frigate of forty-four 
 guns, engaged the Poor Richard within musket- 
 shot. Then the vessels, both in a sinking con- 
 dition, were run alongside and lashed together. 
 The marines fought with the fury of madmen, 
 until the Serapis struck her colors. Jones has- 
 tily transferred his men to the conquered ship, 
 and the Poor Richard went down. The remain- 
 ing British ship was also attacked and captured. 
 So desperate was the engagement, that of the 375 
 men on board the fleet of Jones 300 were either 
 killed or wounded. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 43, 
 p. 238. 
 
 5366. STRUGGLE, Hopeless. Battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg. Night came and ended the useless 
 carnage. General Burnside would have re- 
 newed the battle, but his division commanders 
 finally dissuaded him, and on the night of the 
 15th [of December] the Federal army was si- 
 lently withdrawn across the Rappahannock. The 
 Union losses in this terrible conflict amounted to 
 1500 killed, 9100 wounded, and 1650 prisoners 
 and missing. The Confederates lost in killed 
 595, 4061 wounded, and 653 missing and pris- 
 oners. Of all the important movements of the 
 war, only that of Fredericksburg was under- 
 taken with no probability of success. Under the 
 plan of the battle — if plan it might be called — 
 nothing could be reasonably expected but repulse, 
 rout, and ruin. Thus, in gloom and disaster to 
 the Federal cause, ended the great campaign of 
 1862.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 64, p. 510. 
 
 5367. STUDENT, Belated. GJiarlemagne. The 
 literary merits of Charlemagne are attested by 
 the foundation of schools, the introduction of 
 arts, the works which were published in his 
 name, and his familiar connection with the sub- 
 jects and strangers whom he invited to his court 
 to educate both the prince and people. His own 
 studies were tardy, laborious, and imperfect ; if 
 he spoke Latin and understood Greek, he de- 
 rived the rudiments of knowledge from conver- 
 sation rather than from books ; and in his ma- 
 ture age the emperor strove to acquire the 
 practice of writing, which every peasant now 
 learns in his infancy. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, 
 p. 47. 
 
 536§. STUDENT, A royal. Charlemagne. Char- 
 lemagne was an indefatigable student ; and the 
 impulse of his personal example, patronage, 
 and superintendence produced effects which, 
 considering the circumstances of the times, are 
 truly wonderful, and redound to his eternal 
 honor. History presents to us few more strik- 
 ing spectacles than that of the great monarch of 
 the West, surrounded by the princes and prin- 
 cesses of his family and the chief personages of 
 his brilliant court, all content to sit as learners 
 at the feet of their Anglo-Saxon preceptor Al- 
 cuin in the "school of the palace" at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. — Students' France, ch. 5, S 10, 
 p. 73. 
 
 5369. STUDENTS, FoUy of. Ooldsmith. On 
 one occasion we find him implicated in an affair 
 that came nigh producing his expulsion. A re- 
 port was brought to college that a scholar was 
 in the hands of the bailiffs. This was an insult 
 in which every gownsman felt himself involved. 
 A number of the scholars flew to arms, and 
 
 sallied forth to battle, headed by a hare-brained 
 fellow nick-named Gallows Walsh, noted for 
 his aptness at mischief and fondness for riot. 
 The stronghold of the bailiff was carried by 
 storm, the scholar set at liberty, and the delin- 
 quent catchpole borne off captive to the college, 
 where, having no pump to put him under, they 
 satisfied the demands of collegiate law by duck- 
 ing him in an old cistern. Flushed with this 
 signal victory. Gallows Walsh now harangued 
 his followers, and proposed to break open New- 
 gate, or the Black Dog, as the prison was called, 
 and effect a general jail delivery. He was an- 
 swered by shouts of concurrence, and away 
 went the throng of madcap youngsters, fully 
 bent upon putting an end to the tyranny of law. 
 They were joined by the mob of the city, and 
 made an attack upon the prison with true Irish 
 precipitation and thoughtlessness, never having 
 provided themselves with cannon to batter its 
 stone walls. A few shots from the prison 
 brought them to their senses, and they beat a 
 hasty retreat, two of the townsmen being killed 
 and several wounded. — Irving's Goldsmith, 
 ch. 2, p. 24. 
 
 5370. STUDIES, Ancient. Beign of Theodoric. 
 [Boethius was an honored scholar.] For the 
 benefit of his Latin readers, his genius submitted 
 to teach the first elements of the arts and sci- 
 ences of Greece. The geometry of Euclid, the 
 music of Pythagoras, the arithmetic of Nicom- 
 achus, the mechanics of Archimedes, the as- 
 tronomy of Ptolemy, the theology of Plato, and 
 the logic of Aristotle, with the commentary of 
 Porphyry, were translated and illustrated by the 
 indefatigable pen of the Roman senator. And 
 he alone was esteemed capable of describing the 
 wonders of art, a sun-dial, a water-clock, or a 
 sphere which represented the motions of the 
 planets. . . . Such conspicuous merit was felt 
 and rewarded by a discerning prince ; the dig- 
 nity of Boethius was adorned with the titles of 
 consul and patrician, and his talents were use- 
 fully employed in the important station of mas- 
 ter of the oflSces. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39, 
 p. 33. 
 
 5371. STUDY, Devoted to. Thomas Jefferson. 
 Upon the completion of his college course, he 
 studied law for five years, with an assiduity 
 most unusual in the heir to a good estate. He 
 had a clock in his bedroom, and his rule in 
 summer was to get up as soon as he could see 
 the hands, and in winter he rose uniformly at 
 five. Including the time passed in music and 
 reading, he usually spent fourteen hours of 
 every day at his studies ; three of which, he 
 tells us, were sometimes spent in practising on 
 the violin. There has seldom been a young 
 man of fortune who lived more purely than he. 
 He neither practised the vices nor indulged the 
 passions of his class in the Virginia of that day. 
 He never quarrelled ; he never gambled. His 
 mouth was innocent of tobacco. He never 
 drank to excess. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 347. 
 
 5372. . President Madison. Of all 
 
 the public men who have figured in public life 
 in the United States, he was the most studious 
 and thoughtful. The eldest son of a rich Vir- 
 ginia planter, he was yet so devoted to the ac- 
 quisition of knowledge that, for months together 
 at Princeton College, he allowed himself but 
 
638 
 
 STUDY— SUBJUGATION. 
 
 three hours' sleep out of the twenty-four — an 
 excess which injured his health for all the rest 
 of his life. He appeared to live wholly in the 
 world of ideas. Daniel Webster reckoned him 
 the ablest expounder of the Constitution, and 
 Thomas Jefferson pronounced him the best 
 head in Virginia. Without being a brilliant ora- 
 tor, he was an excellent argumentative speaker, 
 and always conciliated the feelings of his oppo- 
 nents by the gentleness of his demeanor and 
 the courtesy of his language. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 518. 
 
 5373. STUDY, Preparation ty. John Milton. 
 With aspirations thus vast, though unformed, 
 with "amplitude of mind to greatest deeds," 
 Milton retired to his father's house in the coun- 
 try. Five more years of self-ediJcation, added 
 to the seven years of academical residence, were 
 not too much for the meditation of projects such 
 as Milton was already conceiving. Years many 
 more than twelve, filled with great events and 
 distracting interests, were to pass over before 
 the body and shape of " Paradise Lost" was 
 given to these imaginings. — Pattison's Mil- 
 ton, ch. 2. 
 
 5374. . John Milton. Until he was 
 
 thirty-one John Milton was a student, and noth- 
 ing but a student ; first, at home, at his fa- 
 ther's side ; next at a great London grammar- 
 school ; then at Cambridge University ; after- 
 ward at his father's house in the country ; and 
 finally in foreign countries. During all this long 
 period of preparation he was a most diligent, 
 earnest, and intense student. He was probably 
 the best Latin scholar that ever lived who was 
 not a native Roman of Cicero's day. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG., p. 168. 
 
 5375. . Napoleon I. [His entire 
 
 early life was devoted to intense study. When 
 twenty -two years of age he was promoted to a 
 first lieutenancy, and visited his native land on 
 furlough.] Upon returning to the home of his 
 childhood, to spend a few months in rural leisure, 
 the first object of his attention was to prepare 
 for himself a study, where he could be secluded 
 from all interruption. For this purpose he se- 
 lected a room in the attic of the house ... he 
 passed days and nights of the most incessant 
 mental toil. He sought no recreation ; he sel- 
 dom went out ; he seldom saw any company. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 5376. STUPIDITY, Hopeless. Beign of James 
 II. [The invasion of England by William of 
 Orange was welcomed by conspicuous men who 
 deserted James II.] The impenetrable stupidity 
 of Prince George served his turn on this occa- 
 sion better than cunning would have done. It 
 was his habit, when any news was told him, to 
 exclaim in French, " Est-il possible ?" "Is it 
 possible ?" This catchword was now of great 
 use to him. " Est-il possible ?" he cried, when 
 he had been made to imderstand that Churchill 
 and Grafton [James' generals] were missing. 
 And when the ill tidings came from Warminster 
 he again ejaculated, ' ' Est-il possible ?" . . . 
 Prince George and Ormond were invited to sup 
 with the king at Andover. The meal must have 
 been a sad one. The king was overwhelmed by 
 his misfortunes. His son-in-law was the dullest 
 of companions. " I have tried Prince George 
 sober," said Charles II., " and I have tried him 
 
 drunk ; and, drunk or sober, there is nothing in 
 him." Ormond, who was through life taciturn 
 and bashful, was not likely to be in high spirits 
 at such a moment. At length the repast ter- 
 minated. The king retired to rest. Horses were 
 in waiting for the prince and Ormond, who, aa 
 soon as they left the table mounted and rode off. 
 [They deserted to the king's enemy.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 477. 
 
 5377. STYLE, Adaptation of. Luther. I would 
 have such a translation as would deserve to 
 be read by all Christians, for I hope we would 
 be able to present to Germany a better transla- 
 tion than is the Latin version. It is a great work, 
 and worthy of our united labors, since it ought 
 everywhere to be found and to conduce to the 
 general welfare of the people. In two months 
 Luther had completed the translation of the 
 New Testament. ' ' I translated not only St. 
 John's Gospel," says Luther, "but the entire 
 New Testament, while I was in Patmos [his 
 place of concealment]. And now Philip (Me- 
 lanchthon) and I have begun to polish it off, and 
 with God's help it will be a fine piece of work. 
 For my fellow-Germans was I born, and them 
 will I serve !" And in order that he might do 
 this right well, he questioned the mother at 
 home, the children in the streets, and the com- 
 mon laborer in the market. The terms of court 
 and palace he could not use, said he. And thus 
 he accomplished the completion of a truly pop- 
 ular, glorious work, which proved to be the 
 foundation and corner-stone of his Reformation 
 labors. — Rein's L other, ch. 10, p. 99. 
 
 5378. SUBJUGATION intolerable. Beign oj 
 James II. [Irish troops were brought over to 
 aid James in supplanting the Protestant, religion.] 
 The Englishman . . . knew that great numbers 
 of Irish had repeatedly fled before a small Eng- 
 lish force, and that the whole Irish population 
 had been held down by a small English colony ; 
 and he very complacently inferred that he was 
 naturally a being of a higher order than the 
 Irishman ; for it is thus that a dominant race al- 
 ways explains its ascendency and excuses its 
 tyranny. That in vivacity, humor, and elo- 
 quence the Irish stand high among the nations 
 of the world, is now universally acknowledged. 
 That, when well disciplined, they are excellent 
 soldiers, has been proved on a hundred fields of 
 battle ; yet it is certain that, a century and a half 
 ago, they were generally despised in our island 
 as both a stupid and a cowardly people. And 
 these were the men who were to hold England 
 down by main force while her civil and ecclesi- 
 astical constitution was destroyed. The blood 
 of the whole nation boiled at the thought. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 394. 
 
 5379. SUBJUGATION, Oppressive. Malwmei 
 II. the Great. The Greeks remained under the 
 dominion of the grand signior in a state of op- 
 pression little short of slavery ; they were suf- 
 fered, however, to retain their religion and their 
 laws. They were allowed, paying a small trib- 
 ute, to carry on a little commerce and cultivate 
 their lands. The patriarch's revenues must, at 
 least, have been considerable, as he paid, at his 
 installation, no less than 8000 ducats, one half 
 to the exchequer of the grand signior, and the 
 other to the officers of the Porte. The greatest 
 subjection the Greeks have been under was in 
 
SUBLIMITY— SUCCESS. 
 
 639 
 
 the tribute of children. Every father has been 
 compelled to give one of his sons to serve among 
 the janizaries or in the seraglio, or to pay a 
 sum for his ransom. — Tytleb's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 13, p. 211. 
 
 53§0. SUBLIMITY, Influence of. Pyramids. 
 The whole army instinctively halted and gazed 
 awe-stricken upon those monuments of anti- 
 quity. The face of Napoleon beamed with en- 
 thusiasm. " Soldiers, ' he exclaimed, as he rode 
 along the ranks, "from those summits forty 
 •centuries contemplate your actions !" The ardor 
 of the soldiers was aroused to the highest pitch. 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 11. 
 
 53§1. SUBMISSION, Humiliating. Richard 11. 
 Though a prince of some spirit, he was pos- 
 sessed of a very weak understanding, aban- 
 doned to his pleasures, and a slave to unworthy 
 favorites. By their persuasion, and to gratify 
 his revenge as well as his avarice, he confiscat- 
 ed, on a specious pretence of treason, the estate 
 of his uncle. Henry of Lancaster, Duke of Here- 
 ford, a prince of great resolution and ability, 
 and, by descent from Henry III., of no remote 
 pretensions to the throne of England. While 
 the king was employed in quelling an insurrec- 
 tion in Ireland, Henry of Lancaster, who was 
 in high favor with the people, found means to 
 levy a very formidable army ; he engaged the 
 Earl of Northumberland in his interest, and pre- 
 vailed on York, then viceroy in the king's ab- 
 sence, to give him no opposition ; while, as he 
 pretended, all that he had in view was the recov- 
 ery of his estate. Richard, on his return from 
 Ireland, found Lancaster at the head of his 
 troops, determined to wrest from him the posses- 
 sion of the crown ; his numbers were inconsid- 
 ■erable, and diminished by desertion to his rival. 
 Resistance he saw was vain while the body of 
 the people were his enemies. Lancaster told 
 him he was a novice in the art of government, 
 and that he would teach him how to rule the 
 people of England ; to which the submissive 
 monarch is said to have replied, "Fair cousin, 
 since it pleases you, it pleases us likewise." 
 Richard, confined in the Tower, was accused of 
 maladministration, and condemned by Parlia- 
 ment, who solemnly deposed him from the 
 throne ; he was confined a prisoner in the castle 
 of Pontefract, and afterward privately assassi- 
 nated.— Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 12, p. 201. 
 
 5382. SUBMISSION of Soul. Penitential. [Rev. 
 Freeborn Garretson wasa Maryland farmer when 
 he became awakened to a sense of his personal 
 need of salvation.] Under the preaching of the 
 Rev. Daniel Ruff he was " so oppressed he could 
 scarcely support his burden ;" and riding home- 
 ward through a lonely wood, agonized by a 
 sense of his sinfulness and of the necessity of 
 regeneration, he dismounted and began to pray. 
 But his prayer was for forbearance that he might 
 ^et delay till a more convenient season. Resum- 
 ing his ride, he was again arrested with an over- 
 powering consciousness that "now is the ac- 
 cepted time, now is the day of salvation." " I 
 threw," he says, " the reins of my bridle on the 
 horse's neck, and putting my hands together, 
 cried out. Lord, I submit !" . . . " The enmity 
 of my heart was slain, the plan of salvation was 
 open to me." ..." My soul was so exceeding 
 iiappy that it seemed as if I wanted to take wing 
 
 and fly away to heaven." — Stevens' M. E. 
 Church, vol. 1, p. 354. 
 
 53S3. SUBSTITUTE, A happy. Persecution. 
 Queen Mary, having dealt severely with the 
 Protestants in England, about the latter end of 
 her reign signed a commission for to take the 
 same course with them in Ireland ; and to exe- 
 cute the same with greater force, she nominates 
 Dr. Cole one of the commissioners. This doc- 
 tor coming with the commission to Chester, on 
 his journey, the mayor of that city, hearing that 
 her Majesty was sending a messenger into Ire- 
 land, and he being a churchman, waited on the 
 doctor, who, in discourse with the mayor, taketh 
 out of a cloak-bag a leather box, saying unto 
 him, " Here is a commission that will lash the 
 heretics of Ireland " (calling the Protestants by 
 that title). The good woman ©f the house, being 
 well affected to the Protestant religion, and also 
 having a brother, named John Edmonds, of the 
 same, then a citizen in Dublin, was much trou- 
 bled at the doctor's words ; but watching her 
 convenient time, while the maj'or took his leave 
 and the doctor complimented him down-stairs, 
 she opens the box, takes the commission out, 
 and places in lieu thereof a sheet of paper with 
 a pack of cards wrapped up therein, the knave 
 of clubs being faced uppermost. The doctor 
 coming up to his chamber, suspecting nothing 
 of what had been done, put up the box as for- 
 merly. The next day, going to the water-side, 
 wind and weather serving him, he sails toward 
 Ireland. . . . He presents the box unto the lord 
 deputy, who causing it to be opened, that the 
 secretary might read the commission, there was 
 nothing save a pack of cards, with the knave of 
 clubs uppermost ; which not only startled the 
 lord deputy and council, but the doctor, who 
 assured them he had a commission, but knew 
 not how it was gone. Then the lord-deputy 
 made answer, ' ' Let us have another commission, 
 and we will shuifle the cards in the mean while. " 
 The doctor, being troubled in his mind, went 
 away, and returned into England. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, p. 303. 
 
 53§4. SUCCESS, Changes by. Columbus. One 
 can hardly recognize in the individual thus made 
 the companion of princes, and the theme of gen- 
 eral wonder and admiration, the same obscure 
 stranger who but a short time before had been 
 a common scoff and jest in this very court, de- 
 rided by some as an adventurer, and pointed at 
 by others as a madman. Those who had treated 
 him with contumely during his long course of 
 solicitation now sought to efface the remem- 
 brance of it by adulations. Every one who had 
 given him a little cold countenance or a few 
 courtly smiles now arrogated to himself the 
 credit of having been a patron and of having 
 promoted the discovery of the New World. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 7. 
 
 5385. SUCCESS, Dangerous. Rivalry. It was 
 in 1813, when, in consequence of the presence 
 of two large armies, a malignant typhus fever 
 raged, and the sick became so numerous that it 
 was n^essary to divide them among the city 
 physicians. Seventy -three cases fell to the share 
 of Dr. Hahnemann, all of whom he treated on 
 the homoeopathic system, and all of whom re- 
 covered, except one old man. This striking 
 success, while it increased the number of his dis- 
 
640 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 
 ciples, inflamed the fury of his enemies, and he 
 could not go into the streets without being hoot- 
 ed at and insulted. Compelled again to take 
 flight, he found refuge at the obscure capital of 
 one of his disciples, the Duke of Anhalt. But 
 even there he was not safe from persecution. 
 Several times the windows of his house were 
 broken, and he seldom ventured out of doors. — 
 Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 275. 
 
 5386. . Alcibiades. WhenTimon, 
 
 famed for his misanthropy, saw Alcibiades 
 . . . conducted home with great honor from 
 the place of assembly, he did not shun him, 
 as he did other men, but went up to him, and 
 shaking him by the hand, thus addressed him : 
 " Go on, my brave boy, and prosper ; for your 
 prosperity will bring on the ruin of all this 
 crowd." This occasioned several reflections ; 
 some laughed, some railed, and others were ex- 
 tremely moved at the saying. So various were 
 the judgments formed of Alcibiades, by reason of 
 the inconsistency of his character. — Plutarch's 
 Alcibiades. 
 
 53§7. SUCCESS, Dangers of. Demoralization. 
 Dundee knew the qualities of the race [Highland- 
 ers] which he was going to lead against the regu- 
 lar troops of the new government [that of William 
 III.]. They were most to be feared in the hour 
 of success. " In battle the point to which they 
 bend their utmost efforts, and which they are 
 most anxious to carry, is their enemies' baggage. 
 If that once falls into their hands, disregarding 
 all discipline and oaths, and leaving their colors, 
 home they run." — Cunningham, in Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 6, p. 93. 
 
 53§8. SUCCESS, Delusive. Charles Goodyear. 
 [He met many discouragements in experimenting 
 with india-rubber, and was brought to bitterest 
 poverty.] Another time Mr. Goodyear thought 
 he had succeeded in curing india-rubber by mix- 
 ing it with quicklime. He made some specimens 
 of india-rubber cloth, which had an elegant ap- 
 pearance ; but after enjoying his triumph a few 
 days he found, to his dismay, that the weakest 
 acid, such as apple-juice, orange-juice, or vinegar 
 and water, dropped upon his cloth, dissolved 
 it into soft gum again. — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 217. 
 
 53§9. SUCCESS deserved. Benjamin Frank- 
 lin in Philadelphia. On the deep foundations of 
 sobriety, frugality, and industry the young [run- 
 away] journeyman [seventeen years old] built his 
 fortunes and his fame ; and he soon came to have 
 a printing-office of his own. Toiling early and 
 late, with his own hands he set types and worked 
 at the press ; with his own hands he would trun- 
 dle to the office in a wheelbarrow the reams of 
 paper which he was to use. His ingenuity was 
 such that he could form letters, make types and 
 woodcuts, and engrave vignettes in copper. The 
 assembly of Pennsylvania respected his merit, 
 and chose him its printer. — Bancroft's TJ. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 23. 
 
 5390. SUCCESS, Disaster a. Queen Anne's 
 War. A. D. 1711. [An English squadroi^ under 
 Sir Hovenden Walker, ascended the St. Law- 
 rence to attack Quebec. By his incompetency 
 and obstinacy] eight ships had been wrecked and 
 eight hundred and eighty-four men drowned. A 
 council of war voted unanimously that it was 
 
 impossible to proceed. ' ' Had we arrived safe at 
 Quebec," wrote the admiral, "ten or twelve thou 
 sand men must have been left to perish of cold 
 and hunger ; by the loss of part. Providence- 
 saved all the rest!" and he expected public honors- 
 for his successful retreat, which to him seemed 
 as glorious as a victory. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 5391. SUCCESS by DupJ^city. Louis XL He 
 was a consummate master of the arts of dissimu- 
 lation and duplicity ; he made it the main busi- 
 ness of his life to overreach and circumvent 
 others, and accounted successful fraud the most 
 conspicuous proof of talent. Where his prede- 
 cessors would have employed violence, Louis- 
 trusted to cajolery, corruption, and perfidy. He 
 understood to perfection how to play off one 
 class of interest against another ; how to scatter 
 the seeds of division and estrangement so as to 
 profit afterward by the discord he had foment- 
 ed. Louis realized his objects as a sovereign by 
 sacrificing without scruple all his obligations as- 
 aman. — Students' France, ch. 12, § 1. 
 
 5392. SUCCESS, Encouraging. Battle of Tren- 
 ton. About the 20th of December the weather 
 became very cold, and by the evening of the 25th 
 the river was filled with floating ice. . . . Wash- 
 ington's division succeeded in getting over, but 
 the passage was delayed till three o'clock in the 
 morning. All hope of reaching Trenton before 
 daybreak was at an end ; but Washington, be- 
 lieving that the Hessians would sleep late after 
 their revels, divided his army into two columns, 
 and pressed forward. One division, led by Sul- 
 livan, passed down the river to attack the town 
 on the west ; the other, commanded by Washing- 
 ton and Greene, made a circuit to the Princeton 
 road The movement was entirely successful. 
 Nearly a thousand of the dreaded Hessians threw 
 down their arms and begged for mercy. Before 
 nightfall Washington, with his victorious men 
 and the whole body of .captives, was safe on the 
 other side of the Delaware. The battle of Tren- 
 ton roused the nation from despondency. Confl 
 dence in the commander and hope in the ultimate 
 success of the American cause were everywhere 
 revived. — Ridpath'sU. S., ch. 39, p. 316. 
 
 5393. SUCCESS, Fortunate. Roman Emperor 
 Honorius. The remainder of the reign of Ho- 
 norius was undisturbed by rebellion ; and it may 
 be observed that, in the space of five years, 
 seven usurpers had yielded to the fortune of a. 
 prince, who was himself incapable either of 
 counsel or of action. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, 
 p. 307. 
 
 5394. SUCCESS, Genius for. Frederick tlie 
 Great. 'The net seemed to have closed complete- 
 ly round him. The Russians were in the field, 
 and were spreading devastation through his 
 eastern provinces. Silesia was overrun by the 
 Austrians. A great French army was advancing 
 from the west under the command of Marshal 
 Soubise, a prince of the great Armorican house 
 of Rohan. Berlin itself had been taken and 
 plundered by the Croatians. Such was the sit- 
 uation from which Frederick extricated himself, 
 with dazzling glory, in the short space of thirty 
 days. [He defeated the French November 5,. 
 and the Austrians on December 5.] — Macau- 
 lay's Frederick the Great, p. 97. 
 
SUCCESS. 
 
 641 
 
 5395. SUCCESS by Gentleness. Missionaiies. 
 
 ; On a low island of barren gneiss-rock oflf the 
 I west coast of Scotland an Irish refugee, Colum- 
 i ba, had raised the famous mission-station of lona. 
 ' It was within its walls that Oswald in youth 
 [ found refuge, and on his accession to the throne 
 I of Northumbria he called for missionaries from 
 ; ;among its monks. The first preacher sent in 
 answer to his call obtained little success. He 
 declared on his return that among a people so 
 i stubborn and barbarous as the Northumbrian 
 : folk success was impossible. "Was it their 
 ; stubbornness or your severity ?" asked Aidan, a 
 ■ Tjrother sitting by ; " did you forget God's word 
 i to give them the milk first and then the meat ?" 
 i All eyes turned on the speaker as fittest to un- 
 dertake the abandoned mission, and Aidan, sail- 
 i jng at their bidding, fixed his bishop's see in the 
 island-peninsula of Lindisfarne. Thence, from a 
 I monastery which gave to this spot its after name 
 j of Holy Island, preachers poured forth over the 
 heathen realms. [He had great success.] — Hist. 
 •OF Eng. People, § 50. 
 
 5396. SUCCESS vs. Happiness. Ci/rus. Cyrus 
 ■wanted this kind of glory. He himself informs 
 us, that during the whole course of his life, 
 which was pretty long, the happiness of it was 
 never interrupted by any unfortunate accident ; 
 and that in all his designs the success had an- 
 swered his utmost expectation. But he acquaints 
 us at the same time with another thing almost 
 incredible, and which was the source of all that 
 moderation and evenness of temper so conspicu- 
 ous in him, and for which he can never be sufii- 
 •ciently admired — namely, that in the midst of 
 his uninterrupted prosperity he still preserved in 
 his heart a secret fear, proceeding from the ap- 
 prehension of the changes and misfortunes that 
 might happen ; and this prudent fear was not 
 only a preservative against insolence, but even 
 against intemperate joy. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 4, art. 3, § 3. 
 
 5397. SUCCESS, Jealousy of. Columbus. Co- 
 lumbus sailed a second time, with a fleet of seven- 
 teen ships, and returned after the discovery of 
 the Caribbee Islands and of Jamaica. But his 
 enemies, jealous of the reputation he had ac- 
 quired, had prevailed on the court of Spain to 
 send along with his fleet an officer, who, in the 
 character of justiciary, might establish such reg- 
 ulations in the new colonies as were most for 
 the advantage of the Spanish Government. This 
 officer, on account of some differences between 
 Columbus and his soldiers, put the admiral in 
 irons on board his own ship, and returned with 
 him a prisoner to Spain. The court, it is true, 
 repaired this affront in the best manner possible. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 31, p. 805. 
 
 539§. SUCCESS, Joys of. Columbus. Ashe 
 «.pproached the shore, Columbus, who was dis- 
 posed for all kinds of agreeable impressions, was 
 delighted with the purity and suavity of the at- 
 mosphere, the crystal transparency of the sea, 
 and the extraordinary beauty of the vegetation. 
 He beheld also fruits of an unknown kind upon 
 the trees which overhung the shores. On land- 
 ing he threw himself on his knees, kissed the 
 earth, and returned thanks to God with tears of 
 joy. His example was followed by the rest, 
 whose hearts indeed overflowed with the same 
 feelings of gratitude. . . . The feelings of the 
 
 crew now burst forth in the most extravagant 
 transports. They had recently considered them- 
 selves devoted men, hurrying forward to destruc- 
 tion ; they now looked upon themselves as fa> 
 vorites of fortune, and gave themselves up to th& 
 most unbounded joy. They thronged around 
 the admiral with overflowing zeal, some embrac- 
 ing him, others kissing his hands. Those who 
 had been most mutinous and turbulent during 
 the voyage were now most devoted and enthu- 
 siastic. — Irving's Columbus, Book 3, ch. 5. 
 
 5399. SUCCESS, Lines of. General Grant. 
 [After fifteen years' military service he resigned 
 his commission, and became a farmer near St. 
 Louis.] His farming did not seem to prosper 
 much, for his crops were not enough to keep the 
 farm going ; so he hauled wood in winter to Ca- 
 rondelet, and sold it by the cord. . . , But even 
 this was not sufficient to support him comfort- 
 ably, and so he became collector of other peoples' 
 debts. But he was such a poor hand at dun- 
 ning . . . there seemed a very poor lookout for 
 him. [He succeeded in war, if not in peace.]-^ 
 Headley's General Grant, p. 41. 
 
 5400. SUCCESS, Misunderstood. Hannibal. 
 After this great success [in vanquishing the Ro- 
 man army] Hannibal's friends advised him to 
 pursue his fortune, and to enter Rome along 
 with the fugitives, assuring him that in five days 
 he might sup in the Capitol. It is not easy to 
 conjecture what his reason was for not taking 
 this step. Most probably some deity opposed it, 
 and therefore inspired him with this hesitation 
 and timidity. On this account it was that a 
 Carthaginian, named Barca, said to him, with 
 some heat, " Hannibal, you know how to gain a 
 victory, but not how to use it." — Plutarch's 
 Fabius Maximus. 
 
 5401. SUCCESS a Necessity. Revolution. The 
 news of the execution of Louis XVI. was re- 
 ceived in France with awe and terror, and ex- 
 cited throughout Europe an outcry of grief and 
 indignation. Apart from its scandalous injustice 
 and cruelty, the crime was regarded, both at 
 home and abroad, as an act of hostile defiance 
 launched against all thrones and all established 
 governments ; it placed France in a position of 
 universal aggression and antagonism. " There 
 is no going back now," exclaimed [Jean Paul] 
 Marat; "we must either prevail or perish!" 
 And the army sent a deputation to thank the 
 Convention for having reduced them to the neces- 
 sity of conquering. — Students' France, ch. 17, 
 §1. 
 
 5402. SUCCESS overruled. Alexander. Alex- 
 ander, after having left Patala, marched through 
 the country of the Oritae. . . . Here he was in 
 such want of provisions, that he lost a great num- 
 ber of soldiers, and brought back from India 
 scarce the fourth part of his army, which had 
 consisted of 120,000 foot and 15,000 horse. 
 Sickness, bad food, and the excessive heats had 
 swept them away in multitudes ; but famine 
 made a still greater havoc among the troops in 
 this barren country, which was neither ploughed 
 nor sowed, its inhabitants being savages, who 
 fared very hard, and led a most uncomfortable 
 life. After they had eaten all the palm-tree roots 
 that could be met with, they were obliged to 
 feed upon the beasts of burden, and next upon 
 their war horses ; and when they had no beasts 
 
642 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 
 left to carry their baggage, they were forced to 
 burn those rich spoils, for the sake of which the 
 Macedonians had run to the extremities of the 
 earth. The plague, the usual attendant upon 
 famine, completed the calamity of the soldiers, 
 and destroyed great numbers of them. — Rol- 
 lin's Hist., Book 15, § 17. 
 
 5403. SUCCESS by Perseverance. Demosthe- 
 nes. The first essay of his eloquence was against 
 his guardians, whom he obliged to refund a 
 part of his fortune. Encouraged by this suc- 
 cess, he ventured to speak before the people, 
 but with very ill fortune. He had a weak voice, 
 an impediment in his speech, and a very short 
 breath ; notwithstanding which, his periods were 
 so long, that he was often obliged to stop in the 
 midst of them to take breath. This occasioned 
 his being hissed by the whole audience, from 
 whence he retired discouraged, and determined 
 to renounce forever a function of which he be- 
 lieved himself incapable. One of his auditors, 
 who, through all these imperfections, had ob- 
 served an excellent fund of genius in him, and 
 a kind of eloquence which came very near that 
 of Pericles, gave him new spirit from the grate- 
 ful idea of so glorious a resemblance, and the 
 good advice which he added to it. He ventured, 
 therefore, to appear a second time before the 
 people, and was no better received than before. 
 As he withdrew, hanging down his head, and in 
 the utmost confusion, Satyrus, one of the most 
 excellent actors of those times, who was his 
 friend [gave him encouragement and advice]. 
 He stammered to such a degree, that he could 
 not pronounce some letters, among others that 
 with which the name of the art he studied be- 
 gins ; and he was so short-breathed that he could 
 not utter a whole period without stopping. He 
 at length overcame these obstacles by putting 
 small pebbles into his mouth, and pronouncing 
 several verses in that manner without interrup- 
 tion ; and that even when walking, and going 
 up steep and difficult places ; so that, at last, no 
 letter made him hesitate, and his breath held out 
 through the longest periods. He went also to 
 the seaside, and while the waves were in the 
 most violent agitation he pronounced harangues, 
 to accustom himself, by the confused noise of the 
 waters, to the roar of the people and the tumul- 
 tuous cries of public assemblies. Demosthenes 
 took no le3s care of his actions than of his voice. 
 He had a large looking-glass in his house, which 
 served to teach him gesture, and at which he 
 used to declaim before he spoke in public. To 
 correct a fault which he had contracted by an ill 
 habit, of continually shrugging his shoulders, 
 he practised standing upright in a kind of very 
 narrow pulpit or rostrum, over which hung a 
 halbert, in such a manner that, if in the heat of 
 action that motion escaped him, the point of the 
 weapon might serve at the same time to admon- 
 ish and correct him. — Rollin's Hist., Book 13, 
 
 5404. SUCCESS, Premature. Charles Ooodyear. 
 Coming to his shop one morning, an Irishman in 
 his employ met him at the door in high spirits, 
 saying that he had found out the great secret 
 and beaten a Yankee, pointing to his trousers, 
 which he had dipped into one of the barrels of 
 sap. They were so nicely coated over with the 
 glistening gum, that for a moment Mr. Good- 
 
 year thought that perhaps Jerry had blundered 
 into the secret. The man sat down to his work 
 on the top of a cask. On attempting to rise, a 
 few minutes after, he found himself glued to his- 
 seat, and his legs stuck tight together. He had 
 to be cut out of his trousers, amid the laugh- 
 ter of the bystanders. — Cyclopedia of Biog.» 
 p. 217. 
 
 5405. SUCCESS, Proof of. Elias Howe. All 
 the winter of 1844-45 Mr. Howe worked at his- 
 machine. His conception of what he intended 
 to produce was so clear and complete, that he 
 was little delayed by failures, but worked on 
 with almost as much certainty and steadiness as. 
 though he had a model before him. In April he 
 sewed a seam by his machine. By the middle of 
 May, 1845, he had completed his work. In July 
 he sewed by his machine all the seams of two 
 suits of woollen clothes — one suit for Mr. Fisher 
 and the other for himself, the sewing of both 
 of which outlasted the cloth. — Cyclopedia of 
 Bigg., p. 682. 
 
 5406. SUCCESS, Remarkable. Civil War. 
 From the 20th of June to the 1st of December 
 [1861] General Price's army marched over 
 eight hundred miles [in Missouri], averaging- 
 10,000 men during the time. . . . They fought 
 five battles and at least thirty skirmishes. . . . 
 Not a week passed without engagements of some- 
 sort. They started without a dollar, without a 
 wagon or team, without a cartridge [having 
 rifles, shotguns, etc.], without a bayonet-gun. Ou 
 the 1st of September they had about eight thou- 
 sand bayonet-guns, fifty pieces of cannon, four 
 hundred tents, ... for nearly all of which they 
 were indebted to their own strong arms in battle- 
 and to the prodigality of the enemy. — Pollard's- 
 First Year of the War, ch. 5, p. 153. 
 
 5407. . Ooethe. A man who, in 
 
 early life, rising almost at a single bound into- 
 the highest reputation over all Europe ; by grad- 
 ual advances, fixing himself more and mora 
 firmly in the reverence of his countrymen, as- 
 cends silently through many vicissitudes to the 
 supreme intellectual place among them ; and 
 now, after half a century, distinguished by con- 
 vulsions, political, moral, and poetical, still 
 reigns, full of years and honors, with a soft, un- 
 disputed sway ; still laboring in his vocation, 
 still forwarding, as with kingly benignity, what- 
 ever can profit the culture of his nation ; such a. 
 man might justly attract our notice, were it only 
 by the singularity of his fortune. — Carlyle's- 
 Goethe, ch. 1. 
 
 540§. SUCCESS, Reputation by. Washington. 
 When [Louis] Kossuth visited the tomb of 
 Washington, he stood silent before it for several 
 minutes, and then said, as he turned to leave the 
 place, "How necessary it is to be successful !" 
 — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 306. 
 
 5409. SUCCESS, Reputation by. English Yan- 
 kees. Yorkshiremen are the Yankees of old Eng- 
 land ; they are sharper, tougher, more enter- 
 prising and persevering, less amiable and po- 
 lite, than the people of the more southern coun- 
 ties of England. Some of them are exceedingly 
 hard bargainers, and very rough in their man- 
 ners. Take them for all in all, however, they 
 are the people that contribute most to the strength 
 and prosperity of the British empire ; and it i* 
 not uncommon to meet among them men ii> 
 
SUCCESS— SUFFRAGE. 
 
 643 
 
 whom are happily united the force of a York- 
 shireman with the suavity of a man of Kent or 
 Sussex. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 306. 
 
 5410. SUCCESS, Steps to. Dr. Morton. [In 
 the discovery of ether. ] The thought occurred to 
 the young man one day, that perhaps a way 
 might be discovered of lessening human sensi- 
 bility to pain. He had not received a scientific 
 education, nor had he more scientific knowledge 
 than an intelligent young man would naturally 
 possess who had passed through the ordinary 
 schools of a New England town. Instead of re- 
 sorting to books, or consulting men of science, 
 he began, from time to time, to experiment with 
 various well-known substances. First he tried 
 draughts of wine and brandy, sometimes to the 
 intoxication of the patient ; but as soon as the 
 instrument was applied, consciousness revived, 
 and long before the second tooth was out, the pa- 
 tient, though not perfectly aware of what was 
 going on, was roaring with agony. He tried 
 laudanum in doses of two hundred and three 
 hundred drops, and opium in masses of ten 
 grains, frequently renewing the dose until the 
 patient would be in a condition truly deplorable. 
 Dr. Morton records in his diary, that on one oc- 
 casion he gave a lady five hundred drops of lau- 
 danum in forty-five minutes, which did indeed 
 lessen the pain of the operation, but it took her 
 a whole week to recover from the effects of the 
 narcotic. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 635. 
 
 5411. SUCCESS, Surprising. Bomans. [The 
 first Punic war.] Thus, the Romans, after a war 
 of twenty -four years, begun under every disad- 
 vantage, destitute of finances, totally unprovided 
 with a fleet, and, of course, ignorant of naviga- 
 tion, were, at length, able to prescribe the most 
 humiliating terms to Carthage, the first maritime 
 power in the world. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 9, p. 371. 
 
 5412. SUCCESS vs. Tactics. iV<*p(9Zeo/j-i. [After 
 the battle of Lodi] said an Austrian general in- 
 dignantly:. . . "This beardless boy ought to have 
 been beaten over and over again ; for who ever 
 saw such tactics ! The blockhead knows nothing 
 of the rules of war. To-day he is in our rear, 
 to-morrow on our flank, and the next day again 
 in our front. Such gross violations of the estab- 
 lished principles of war are insufferable." — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 5413. SUCCESS, Unenjoyed. Julius Gcesar. 
 He was growing weary of the thankless burden. 
 He was heard often to say that he had lived long 
 enough. Men of high nature do not find the 
 task of governing their fellow-creatures particu- 
 larly delightful.— Froude's C^sab, ch. 26. 
 
 5414. SUCCESS, Want of. General Grant. A 
 strong man by nature, ... he had to learn by 
 failures how to win ultimate success. . . . We 
 find that both he and Sherman, who, at the close 
 of the war, stood up as our foremost generals, 
 came very near being removed from command 
 for their mistakes, or, at least, want of success. 
 . . . The Government was determined to consign 
 Grant to disgrace, and would have done so but 
 for the strenuous, persistent efforts of a single 
 friend, Mr. Washburne. — Headley's General 
 Grant, p. 25. 
 
 5415. SUCCESS by "Weakness. BritisJi. Dur- 
 ing many years the great British monarchy, 
 
 under four successive princes of the house of 
 Stuart, was scarcely a more important member 
 of the European system than the little kingdoni 
 of Scotland had previously been. This, how- 
 ever, is little to be regretted. Of James I., as of 
 John, it may be said, that if his administration 
 had been able and splendid, it would probably 
 have been fatal to our country, and that we owe 
 more to his weaknesses and meannesses than to 
 the wisdom and courage of much better sover- 
 eigns. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 65. 
 
 5416. SUCCESS, Well-earned. Andrew John- 
 son. On the day after the assassination of Mr. 
 Lincoln, Andrew Johnson took the oath of of- 
 fice, and became President of the United States. 
 He was a native of North Carolina, born in Ra- 
 leigh on the 29th of December, 1808. With no ad- 
 vantages of education, he passed his boyhood in 
 poverty and neglect. In 1826 he removed with his 
 mother to Tennessee, and settled at Greenville. 
 Here he was married to an intelligent lady, who 
 taught him to write and cipher. Here, by dint 
 of native talent, force of will, and strength of 
 character, he first earned the applause of his fel- 
 low-men. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 67, p. 544. 
 
 5417. SUFFERINGS, Unspeakable. Dr. Mott. 
 He was one of the eminent men commissioned 
 by the government to examine the prisoners of 
 war whom Jefferson Davis had starved and tort- 
 ured at Andersonville, Salisbury, and Belle Isle. 
 On his return, he was asked whether the newspa- 
 per reports of their condition were exaggerated. 
 "My dear boy," he exclaimed, with horror de- 
 picted on his countenance, "you can form no 
 idea of the poor, shrivelled, wasted victims. In 
 the whole course of my surgical experience, not 
 excepting the most painful operations on de- 
 formed limbs, I have never suffered so much in 
 my life at the sight of anything, I care not what 
 it is. It unnerved me. I felt sick." This, re- 
 member, was the testimony of a man who, for a 
 period of sixty-five years, had been in the con- 
 stant habit of witnessing human suffering in 
 every form, who had lived in the hospitals of 
 the great cities, and who was a gentleman of un- 
 impeachable veracity. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 532. 
 
 541 §. SUFFRAGE, Perils of universal. Peter 
 Stuyvesant. a. d. 1653. [The colonists demand- 
 ed] ' ' that no new laws should be enacted but 
 with the consent of the people, that none shall 
 be appointed to office but with the approbation 
 of the people." . . . Stuyvesant was taken by sur- 
 prise. He had . . . doubts of man's capacity for 
 self-government. . . . His reply, ..." Shall the 
 people elect their own officers ? If . . . the elec- 
 tion of magistrates be left to the rabble, every 
 man will vote for one of his own stamp. The 
 thief will vote for a thief, the smuggler for a 
 smuggler, and fraud and vice will become priv- 
 ileged." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 15. 
 
 5419. SUFFRAGE, Universal. Virginia. Vir- 
 ginia was the first State in the world, composed 
 of separate boroughs, diffused over an extensive 
 surface, where the government was organized on 
 the principle of universal suffrage. All free- 
 men, without exception, were entitled to vote. 
 An attempt was once made to limit the right to 
 house-keepers ; but the public voice reproved 
 the restriction ; the very next year it was decided 
 to be "hard, and unagreeable to reason, that 
 
644 
 
 SUICIDE. 
 
 any person should pay equal taxes, and yet have 
 no votes in elections ;" and the electoral fran- 
 chise "Was restored. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, 
 oh. 6. 
 
 5420. SUICIDE averted. Napoleon I. [He 
 had been degraded in rank after arrest on false 
 charges. He sought military employment, and 
 was set aside for the favorites of the govern- 
 ment. He was impoverished, humiliated, and 
 discouraged.] Urged by animal instinct to escape 
 prospects so gloomy, and from sorrows, I wan- 
 dered along the bank of the river, feeling that 
 it was unmanly to commit suicide, and yet un- 
 able to resist the temptation to do so. In a few 
 more moments I should have thrown myself into 
 the water, when I ran against an individual 
 dressed like a simple mechanic. [It proved to be 
 a former comrade in his artillery regiment.] He 
 
 4 had emigrated, and had returned to France in 
 disguise to see his aged mother. [He offered 
 Napoleon a belt of gold for the relief of his ex- 
 iled mother, which was joyfully accepted, . . . 
 and afterward repaid tenfold.] — Abbott's Na- 
 poleon B., vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 5421. SUICIDE, Cause of. Samuel Johnson. 
 We talked of the melancholy end of a gentleman 
 who had destroyed himself. Johnson :" It 
 was owing to imaginary difficulties in his affairs, 
 which, had he talked of with any friend, would 
 soon have vanished." Boswell : "Do you 
 think, sir, that all who commit suicide are mad?" 
 Johnson : " Sir, they are often not universally 
 disordered in their intellects, but one passion 
 presses so upon them, that they yield to it, and 
 commit suicide, as a passionate man will stab 
 another." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 209. 
 
 5422. SUICIDE, Cowardice of. American Ind- 
 ians. The savage believed that to every man 
 there is an appointed time to die ; to anticipate 
 that period by suicide was the meanest kind of 
 cowardice. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 5423. SUICIDE deterred. Benjamin Abbott. 
 [One of the most useful Methodist ministers dur- 
 ing his Christian life was an exceedingly wicked 
 man in his previous life. He long struggled with 
 an awakened conscience]. " Satan suggested to 
 me that my day of grace was over ; therefore I 
 might pray and cry, but he was sure of me at 
 last." In passing through a lonely wood at night 
 he was tempted to commit suicide ; biit while 
 looking for a suitable place for the deed, he was 
 deterred by an inward voice, which said, " This 
 torment is nothing compared to hell." — Ste- 
 TENs' M. E. Church, vol. 1, p. 198. 
 
 5424. SUICIDE, Dyspeptic's. Mr. Beauclerk 
 
 said [to Samuel Johnson] : Mr. , who loved 
 
 buttered muffins, but durst not eat them because 
 they disagreed with his stomach, resolved to 
 shoot himself ; and then he eat three buttered 
 muffins for breakfast, before shooting himself, 
 knowing that he should not be troubled with in- 
 digestion ; he had two charged pistols ; one was 
 found lying charged upon the table by him, 
 after he had shot himself with the other. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 410. 
 
 5425. SUICIDE, Escape by. Demosthenes. [Hav- 
 ing, in the downfall of Greece, fled for sanc- 
 tuary to the temple of Neptune. Soldiers came 
 to arrest him. He asked them to wait until he 
 had sent his last message to his family.] Then 
 
 he retired into the inner part of the temple ; and 
 taking some paper, as if he meant to write, he 
 put the pen in his mouth, and bit it a consider- 
 able time, as he used to do when thoughtful 
 about his composition ; after which he covered 
 his head and put it in a reclining posture. The 
 soldiers who stood at the door, apprehending 
 that he took these methods to put off the fatal 
 stroke, laughed at him, and called him a coward. 
 Archias then approaching him desired him to 
 rise, and began to repeat the promises of making 
 his peace with Antipater. Demosthenes, who 
 by this time felt the operation of the poison he 
 had taken strong upon him, uncovered his face, 
 and looking upon Archias, " Now," said he, 
 " you may act the part of Creon in the play as 
 soon as you please, and cast out this carcass of 
 mine unburied. For my part, O gracious Nep- 
 tune ! I quit thy temple with my breath within 
 me. But Antipater and the Macedonians would 
 not have scrupled to profane it with murder." 
 By this time he could scarcely stand, and there- 
 fore desired them to support him. But, in at- 
 tempting to walk out, he fell by the altar, and 
 expired with a groan. — Plutarch. 
 
 5426. SUICIDE, Glorification of. Stoicism. 
 Its favorite theme was the glorification of suicide, 
 which wiser moralists had severely reprobated, 
 but which many Stoics belauded as the one sure 
 refuge against oppression and outrage. It was 
 a philosophy which was indeed able to lacerate 
 the heart with a righteous indignation against 
 the crimes and follies of mankind, but which 
 vainly strove to resist, and which scarcely even 
 hoped to stem, the ever-swelling tide of vice and 
 misery. For wretchedness it had no pity ; on 
 vice it looked with impotent disdain. — Farrar's 
 Early Days, ch. 1, p. 9. 
 
 5427. SUICIDE, Mania for. William Cowper. 
 First he bought laudanum, and had gone out into 
 the fields with the intention of swallowing it, 
 when the love of life suggested another way of 
 escaping the dreadful ordeal. He mi^ht sell all 
 he had, fly to France, change his religion, and 
 bury himself in a monastery. He went home to 
 pack up ; but while he was looking over his port- 
 manteau, his mood changed, and he again re- 
 solved on self-destruction. Taking a coach, he 
 ordered the coachman to drive to the Tower 
 Wharf, intending to throw himself into the river. 
 But the love of life once more interposed, under 
 the guise of a low tide and a porter seated on the 
 quay. Again in the coach, and afterward in 
 his chambers, he tried to swallow the laudanum ; 
 but his hand was paralyzed by ' ' the convincing 
 Spirit," aided by seasonable interruptions from 
 the presence of his laundress and her husband, 
 and at length he threw the laudanum away. On 
 the night before the day appointed for the ex- 
 amination before the Lords, he lay some time 
 with the point of his penknife pressed against 
 his heart, but without courage to drive it home. 
 Lastly, he tried to hang himself ; and on this oc- 
 casion he seems to have been saved not by the 
 love of life, or by want of resolution, but by 
 mere accident. He had become insensible, when 
 the garter by which he was su^ended broke, 
 and his fall brought in the laundress, who sup- 
 posed him to be in a fit. He sent her to a friend, 
 to whom he related all that had passed.— 
 Smith's Cowper, ch. 1. 
 
r 
 
 SUICIDE— SUPERSTITION. 
 
 645 
 
 542§. SUICIDE, Philosophic. Marcus Porcius 
 Cato. [Caesar had defeated the army of Pompey 
 and Cato near Utica. ] The spirits of his party were 
 not equal to his own, and some of his friends 
 venturing to hint a wish for a timely capitula- 
 tion, Cato counselled them to provide as they 
 judged best for their own safety. After supper, 
 during which he conversed with his usual cheer- 
 fulness, he retired to his apartment, and for a 
 while occupied himself in perusing Plato's " Dia- 
 logue on the Immortality of the Soul." He then 
 composed himself to sleep, and after a short re- 
 pose, inquiring whether his friends had saved 
 themselves by flight, and being assured that all 
 was well, he calmly fell upon his sword. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 2, p. 413. 
 
 5429. SUICIDE, Remorseful. Slielley's first 
 Wife. The life that once was dearest to him had 
 ended thus in misery, desertion, want. The 
 mother of his two children, abandoned by both 
 her husband and her lover, and driven from her 
 father's home, had drowned herself after a brief 
 struggle with circumstance. However Shelley 
 may have felt that his conscience was free from 
 blame, however small an element of self-reproach 
 may have mingled with his grief and horror, 
 there is no doubt that he suffered most acutely. 
 His deepest ground for remorse seems to have 
 been the conviction that he had drawn Harriet 
 into a sphere of thought and feeling for which 
 she was not qualified, and that had it not been 
 for him and his opinions, she might have lived 
 a happy woman in some common walk of life. 
 One of his biographers asserts that ' ' he con- 
 tinued to be haunted by certain recollections, 
 partly real and partly imaginative, which pursu- 
 ed him like an Orestes." — Symonds' Shelley, 
 ch. 4. 
 
 5430. SUMMER, Land of. North Carolina. 
 In spite of Locke's grand model and the Tus- 
 carora war, in spite of the threatened Spanish 
 invasion of 1744, the northern colony had greatly 
 prospered. The intellectual development of the 
 people had not been as rapid as the growth in 
 numbers and in wealth. Little attention had 
 been given to questions of religion. There was 
 no minister in the province until 1703. Two 
 years later the first church was built. The first 
 court-house was erected in 1722, and the printing- 
 press did not begin its work until 1754. But the 
 people were brave and patriotic. They loved 
 their country, and called it the "Land of Sum- 
 mer." In the farm-house and the village, along 
 the banks of the rivers and the borders of the 
 primeval forests, the spirit of liberty pervaded 
 every breast. The love of freedom was intense, 
 and hostility to tyranny a universal passion. In 
 the times of Sothel it was said of the North 
 Carolinians that they w^ould not pay tribute e«e?2. 
 to C«sar.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 27, p. 229. 
 
 5431. SUMMONS, Exasperating. The Black 
 Prince. The success of Henry of Trastamara 
 decided him to take immediate action, and in 
 1369 he summoned the Black Prince, as Duke of 
 Aquitaine, to meet the appeal of the Gascon 
 lords in his court. The prince was maddened by 
 the summons. " I will come," he replied, " but 
 with helmet on head, and with sixty thousand 
 men at my back." — Hist. opEng. People, §353. 
 
 5432. SUN, Worship of the. Persians. The 
 Persians of every age have denied the charge. 
 
 and explained the equivocal conduct, which 
 might appear to give a color to it. The elements, 
 and more particularly fire, light, and the sun, 
 whom they called Mithra, were the objects of 
 their religious reverence, because they considered 
 them as the purest symbols, the noblest produc- 
 tions, and the most powerful agents of the Di- 
 vine power and nature. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 8, 
 p. 233. 
 
 5433. SUNDAY, Burdensome. Samuel John- 
 son. It was a heavy day with me when I w^as a 
 boy. My mother confined me on that day, and 
 made me read " The Whole Duty of Man," from 
 a great part of which I could derive no instruc- 
 tion. When, for instance, I had read the chap- 
 ter on theft, which, from my infancy, I had 
 been taught was wrong, I Avas no more convinced 
 that theft was wrong than before ; so there was- 
 no accession of knowledge. — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 13. 
 
 5434. SUNDAY-SCHOOLS, Earmers'. John Bun- 
 yan. If religion was not taught at school, it 
 was taught with some care in the cottages and 
 farm-houses by parents and masters. It was 
 common in many parts of England, as late as 
 the end of the last century, for the farmers to 
 gather their apprentices about them on Sunday 
 afternoons, and to teach them the Catechism. 
 Rude as was Bunyan's home, religious notions 
 of some kind had been early and vividly im- 
 pressed upon him. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 1. 
 
 5435. SUNDAY-SCHOOLS, Fruit. EnglaiuL. 
 In 1816 ... a new order of politicians was called 
 into action. "The Sunday-schools of the pre- 
 ceding thirty years had produced many work- 
 ing men of sufficient talent to become readers, 
 writurs, and speakers in the village meetings for 
 Parliamentary Reform. ... By such various 
 means, anxious listeners at first, and then zeal- 
 ous proselytes, were drawn from the cottages of 
 quiet nooks and dingles, to the weekly read- 
 ings and discussions of the Hampden clubs." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 5, p. 73. 
 
 5436. SUPERSTITION, Absurdity of. Papal. 
 [Pope] Alexander VI. . . . and his favorite son, 
 Caesar Borgia, continued to practise every effort 
 of ambitious villainy to increase their power and 
 accumulate wealth. The personal estate of the 
 cardinals on their death devolved to the pope, 
 and many an unhappy cardinal died suddenly 
 during this pontificate. Borgia, by force of 
 arms, made himself master of the territories of 
 some of the richest of the Italian nobles. Four 
 of them he invited to a friendly conference, 
 under the most solemn protestations of amica- 
 ble intentions, and he massacred two of them 
 by ambuscade. Vitelli, one of these wretched 
 victims, is said to have entreated Borgia, his- 
 murderer, to ask of the pope, his father, a plen- 
 ary indulgence for him in the agonies of death. 
 Such is the deplorable weakness of superstition, 
 that can attribute to the most abandoned of men 
 the power of pardoning all offences against the 
 Deity. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, p. 221. 
 
 5437. SUPERSTITION, Aid of. Charles VII. 
 [He was opposed by the Duke of Burgundy, one 
 of the most powerful princes in Europe. When 
 he recovered his father's throne] the kingdom 
 was nearly exhausted by war. ... In this dis- 
 tressed situation of France, Charles, availing: 
 
SUPERSTITION. 
 
 himself of the superstition of the age, projected 
 an extraordinary scheme for the recovery of his 
 kingdom, by feigning an interposition from 
 Heaven in his favor. A gentleman, of the name 
 of Baudricourt, saw a young servant maid at an 
 inn in Lorraine, whom he immediately conceived 
 to be a lit person for playing a very extraordi- 
 nary part. She was taught her cue, and made 
 to counterfeit a divine inspiration. They car- 
 ried her before the king, where the answers that 
 were put in her mouth and the demeanor which 
 she assumed convinced everybody that she was 
 inspired. Orleans was, at this time, besieged by 
 the English. Joan of Arc, this heroic maid, 
 who had now assumed the dress of a man, un- 
 dertook to relieve the town and compel the Eng- 
 lish to abandon the enterprise. She put herself 
 at the head of the French troops, attacked, beat, 
 and dispersed the English, who believed her to 
 be the devil himself, delivered Orleans, and 
 placed the crown upon Charles' head in the 
 church of Rheims. She proceeded for some time 
 in this career of success, till she was at last taken 
 prisoner at Compiegne. The regent Bedford, 
 either in a fit of passion, or to satisfy the revenge 
 of the English, instead of respecting, as he ought 
 to have done, this singular instance of intrepidity 
 in one of her sex, was prompted to behave with 
 meanness and cruelty. She was tried as a here- 
 tic and sorceress by an ecclesiastical tribunal, 
 and condemned and burnt at Rouen. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 13, p. 306. 
 
 5438. . Athenians. A considera- 
 ble party of the citizens, however, were secretly 
 hostile to the usurpation of Pisistratus. The 
 faction of the Alecmseonidae, of whom the chiefs 
 were Megacles and Lycurgus, gained at length 
 so much strength as to attack and expai the 
 usurper from the city. The stratagem by which 
 he regained his power is a singular instance of 
 the force of superstition. He procured a beauti- 
 ful female to personate the goddess of Minerva. 
 Seated on a lofty chariot, she drove into the city, 
 while her attendants proclaimed aloud that their 
 tutelary deity had deigned in person to visit 
 them, and to demand the restoration of her fa- 
 Torite Pisistratus. A general acclamation hailed 
 the auspicious presence, and all paid obedience 
 to the heavenly summons. — Tytleb's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 10, p. 110. 
 
 5439. SUPEESTITION, Alarm of. Eurcype. 
 The summer which followed the close of the 
 American war is described as "an amazing and 
 portentous one." There were alarming meteors 
 and tremendous thunder-storms. For many 
 weeks of June, July, and August the sun was 
 clouded over with a smoky fog that proceeded 
 from whatever quarter the wind blew. At noon 
 it cast "a rust-colored, ferruginous light ;" at ris- 
 ing and setting it was ' ' lurid and blood-colored. " 
 The phenomena prevailed over the whole of Eu- 
 rope. The people looked with superstitious awe 
 on the " disastrous twilight." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 7, ch. 1, p. 1. 
 
 5440. SUPERSTITION, Appeal to. Boman 
 Ehnperor Constantino. [Ambassadors from the 
 usurper Magnentius asking alliance.] Such prop- 
 ositions and such arguments appeared to de- 
 serve the most serious attention ; the answer 
 of Constantius was deferred till the next day ; 
 and as he had reflected on the importance of 
 
 justifying a civil war in the opinion of the peo- 
 ple, he thus addressed his council, who listened 
 with real or affected credulity : " Last night," 
 said he, " after I retired to rest, the shade of the 
 great Constantine, embracing the corpse of my 
 murdered brother, rose before my eyes ; his 
 well-known voice awakened me to revenge, for- 
 bade me to despair of the republic, and assured 
 me of the success and immortal glory which 
 would crown the justice of my arms." — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 18, p. 190. 
 
 5441. . John Smith. He fought 
 
 like a lion at bay, tied one of his guides to his 
 left arm for a buckler, ran and fired by turns, 
 stumbled into a morass, and was finally over- 
 taken. The savages were still wary of their 
 dangerous antagonist until he laid down his gun, 
 made signs of surrender, and was pulled out of 
 the mire. Without exhibiting the least signs of 
 fear, Smith demanded to see the Indian chief, 
 and on being taken into the presence of that 
 dignitary, began to excite his interest and curios- 
 ity by showing him a pocket compass and a 
 watch. These mysterious instruments struck 
 the Indians with awe ; and profiting by the mo- 
 mentary advantage, the prisoner began to draw 
 figures on the ground, and to give his captors 
 some rude lessons in geography and astronomy. 
 The savages were amazed, and listened for an 
 hour, but then grew tired, bound their captive 
 to a tree, and prepared to shoot him. At the 
 critical moment he flourished his compass in the 
 air, as though performing a ceremony, and the 
 Indians forbore to shoot. His sagacity and 
 courage had gained the day, but the more ap- 
 palling danger of torture was yet to be avoided. 
 The savages, however, were thoroughly super- 
 stitious, and became afraid to proceed against 
 him, except in the most formal manner. He 
 was regarded by them as an inhabitant of 
 another world, whom it was dangerous to touch. 
 — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, p. 99. 
 
 5442. SUPEESTITION— ASTEOLOGY. Charles 
 II. [In 1647 Charles II., when about to flee 
 his kingdom, consulted by a female agent an 
 astrologer to ascertain where he should seek 
 refuge.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 5, p. 82. 
 
 5443. SUPEESTITION, Beneficial. Pestilence. 
 The priests, to put a stop to this calamity, which 
 threatened to depopulate the city, tried every 
 expedient which policy or superstition could 
 devise. A Lectisternium was celebrated, and 
 scenic representations were for the first time in- 
 troduced at Rome, borrowed, it is said, from 
 Etruria. But all was to no purpose. The 
 plague, however, is recorded to have yielded at 
 last to the ceremony of driving a nail into the 
 temple of Jupiter. This, a French writer re- 
 marks, was curing one contagious disease by 
 another yet more contagious ; meaning, no 
 doubt, that the encouragement of superstition is 
 worse than the pestilence — a sentiment which is 
 not happily applied to the case of a rude people, 
 whose superstitious prejudices are the safeguard 
 of their morals, and will be cherished by a wise 
 legislator as an engine of good policy. — Tyt- 
 leb's Hist., Book 3, ch. 6, p. 351. 
 
 5444. SUPEESTITION, Common. England. 
 A.D. 1642. All men had a touch of superstition. 
 Evelyn looks with wonder upon ' ' a shining cloud 
 in the air, in shape resembling a sword." Aftei' 
 
SUPERSTITION. 
 
 647 
 
 the battle of Edgehill, " in the very place where 
 the battle was stricken, have since and doth ap- 
 pear strange and portentous apparitions of two 
 jarring and contrary armies." So records a 
 tract in which the apparitions and prodigious 
 noises of war and battles are certified by a jus- 
 tice of the peace, a preacher, and other persons 
 ^f quality. — Knight's Eng., ch. 3, § 30, p. 494. 
 
 5445. SUPEBSTITION, Controlled by. West 
 Indians. [Columbus was shipwrecked on his 
 third voyage, aged, sick, and famishing.] They 
 withheld all provisions, in hopes either of starv- 
 ing the admiral and his people, or of driving 
 them from tht island. In this extremity a 
 fortunate idea presented itself to Columbus. 
 From his knowledge of astronomy, he ascer- 
 tained that, within three days, there would be a 
 total eclipse of the moon in the early part of the 
 night. He sent, therefore, an Indian of His- 
 paniola, who served as his interpreter, to sum- 
 mon the principal caciques to a grand confer- 
 ence, appointing for it the day of the eclipse. 
 When all were assembled, he told them by his 
 interpreter that he and his followers were wor- 
 shippers of a Deity who dwelt in the skies, who 
 favored such as did well. This great Deity, he 
 added, was incensed against the Indians who re- 
 fused to furnish his faithful worshippers with 
 provisions, and intended to chastise them with 
 famine and pestilence. Lest they should disbe- 
 lieve this warning, a signal would be given that 
 night. They would behold the moon change its 
 color and gradually lose its light — a token of the 
 fearful punishment which awaited them. — Irv- 
 ing's Columbus, Book 16, ch. 3. 
 
 5446. SUPEBSTITION, Cowardice of. Mexi- 
 
 •eans. Scarce had Cortez appeared upon the 
 frontier, when a sudden consternation seized the 
 whole empire, and paved the way for an easy 
 •conquest. The ships, the arms, the dress of the 
 Spaniards, made the Americans regard them at 
 first as beings of a superior nature. When Cor- 
 tez arrived at the city of Mexico, he was re- 
 ceived by the prince, Montezuma, with every 
 , mark of reverence and submission. — Tytlek's 
 I Hist., Book 6, ch. 21, p. 309. 
 I 5447. SUPERSTITION, Credulity of. Zerah 
 \ Coleburn. [The wonderful mathematician. See 
 I 2fo. 3532.] Some people thought him a conjurer. 
 [ A woman came to him one day, saying that 
 I twenty years ago she had had some spoons stolen, 
 I and asked him where they were. One good 
 '' lady said that, in her opinion, God had endowed 
 I the child with a miraculous gift in order that he 
 • might explain the mysterious numbers of the 
 I prophecies. Some people manifested a certain 
 [degree of terror in his presence, as though he 
 I were possessed of the devil. What added to the 
 I marvel was, that the boy was totally unable to 
 I explain the processes by which he effected his 
 calculations. ..." God put it into my head," 
 ^ he said, one day, to an inquisitive lady, " but I 
 cannot put it into yours." — Cyclopedia of 
 -BioG., p. 81. 
 
 i 544§. . American Indian. The 
 
 medicine man boasts of his power over the ele- 
 ments ; he can call water from above, beneath, 
 and around ; he can foretell a drought, or bring 
 rain, or guide the lightning ; ... he conjures 
 the fish ; ... he can pronounce spells . . . which 
 "Will compel the beaver to rise up from beneath 
 
 the water ; ... he can . . . draw the heart of 
 a woman. ... If an evil spirit has introduced 
 disease, . . . the medicine man can put it to 
 flight. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 5449. SUPERSTITION, Depressed by. Alex- 
 ander. The Chaldean priests of Babylon had 
 appropriated to their own use the riches and rev- 
 enue of the temple of Belus, which was the or- 
 nament of that city, and a great object of super- 
 stitious veneration. Alexander had expressed a 
 purpose of reforming this abuse, and the Chal- 
 deans, to avert his design, had published a pre- 
 diction that his entry into Babylon would be 
 fatal to the conqueror of the East. Alexander 
 probably saw through this artifice, and despised 
 it. He entered Babylon in triumph, and was so 
 delighted with the splendor of that great city, 
 that he declared his purpose of making it the 
 capital of his empire. He there received am- 
 bassadors from various regions of the earth, con- 
 gratulating him on his conquests, and soliciting 
 his friendship and alliance ; but mark the force 
 of superstition even in the greatest minds. 
 The Chaldean prophecy, in spite of reason, de- 
 pressed his spirits to such a degree as to force 
 him to drown reflection by every species of riot 
 and debauchery. The consequence was an in- 
 flammatory fever, which, after a few days' con- 
 tinuance, put an end to his life, in the thirty- 
 third year of his age. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 4, p. 193. 
 
 5450. STTPERSTITION from Ignorance. An- 
 cient Oermans. The same ignorance which ren- 
 ders barbarians incapable of conceiving or em- 
 bracing the useful restraints of laws, exposes 
 them naked and unarmed to the blind terrors of 
 superstition. The German priests, improving 
 this favorable temper of their countrymen, had 
 assumed a jurisdiction, even in temporal con- 
 cerns, which the magistrate could not venture to 
 exercise ; and the haughty warrior patiently sub- 
 mitted to the lash of correction when it was in- 
 flicted, not by any human power, but by the im- 
 mediate order of the god of war. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 9, p. 270. 
 
 5451. SUPERSTITION, Incredible. First Cm- 
 sade. Above eighty thousand ranged themselves 
 under the banner of Peter the Hermit, who 
 walked at their head with a rope about his waist, 
 and sandals on his feet. Peter's lieutenant was 
 Walter the Penny] ess, and in the van of his troops 
 were carried a sacred goose and a goat, which, 
 (monstrous to believe !) were said to be filled with 
 the Holy Ghost. This immense and disorderly 
 multitude began their march toward the East in 
 the year 1095. They made the first essay of 
 their arms, not upon the unbelievers, but on 
 their fellow-Christians. The first exploit which 
 signalized the expedition was the taking of a 
 small Christian city in Hungary, which had re- 
 fused to starve its own inhabitants by supplying 
 such a tribe of hungry locusts with provisions. 
 This impious city was stormed and pillaged, and 
 the inhabitants massacred. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 9, p. 154. 
 
 5452. SUPERSTITION, Inhumanity of. Sylla. 
 Sylla gave the people a magnificent entertain- 
 ment, on account of his dedicating the tenth of 
 his substance to Hercules. The provisions were 
 so overabundant, that a great quantity was 
 thrown every day into the river ; and the wine 
 
648 
 
 SUPERSTITION. 
 
 that was drank was forty years old at least. In 
 the midst of this feasting, which lasted many 
 days, Metella sickened and died. As the priests 
 forbade him to approach her, and to have his 
 house defiled with mourning, he sent her a bill 
 of divorce, and ordered her to be carried to an- 
 other house while the breath was in her body. 
 His superstition made him very punctilious in 
 observing these laws of the priests. — Plutarch's 
 Sylla. 
 
 5453. SUPEBSTITION, Inventions of. King 
 Philip's Wa?\ The minds of the English were 
 appalled by the horrors of the impending con- 
 flict, and superstition indulged in its wild inven- 
 tions. At the time of the eclipse of the moon 
 you might have seen the figure of an Indian 
 scalp imprinted on the centre of the disk. The 
 perfect form of an Indian bow appeared in the 
 sky. The sighing of the wind was like the 
 whistling of bullets. Some distinctly heard in- 
 visible troops of horses gallop through the air ; 
 while others found the prophecy of calamities in 
 the howling of the wolves. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 ch. 12. 
 
 5454. SUPEBSTITION, Omens of. Meteor. 
 On the 12th of December, 1680, John Evelyn 
 writes : " This evening, looking out of my cham- 
 ber window toward the west, I saw a meteor of 
 an obscure bright color, very much in shape like 
 the blade of a sword, the rest of the sky being 
 very serene and clear. What this may portend 
 God only knows. But such another phenomena 
 I remember to have seen in 1640, about the 
 trial of the great Earl of Strafford preceding 
 our bloody revolution." — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 22, p. 360. 
 
 5455. SUPEBSTITION, ReUgions. Cures. 
 A notable instance of superstitious frenzy was 
 that connected with an ecclesiastic named Paris, 
 who, having fallen a victim, at an early age, to 
 the excess of his ascetic rigor, was venerated af- 
 ter death as a saint by devout crowds who came 
 to pray at his tomb. . . . Soon it began to be 
 rumored that miracles had been wrought by his 
 remains ; instantaneous cures were effected; 
 the lame, the impotent, the paralytic, seized with 
 convulsive spasms, and raised to a state of pre- 
 ternatural ecstasy, suddenly recovered the use 
 of their limbs ; various nervous diseases disap- 
 peared under the same influence ; it was even 
 pretended that obstinate wounds and cancerous 
 ulcers had been healed. These strange phenom- 
 ena increased to such an extent that the Arch- 
 bishop of Paris published a brief in which he 
 attributed them to the agency of Satan. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 22, § 5. 
 
 5456. SUPERSTITION removed. At Alex- 
 andria. A great number of plates of different 
 metals, artificially joined together, composed the 
 majestic figure of the deity, who touched on 
 either side the walls of the sanctuary. The as- 
 pect of Serapis, his sitting posture, and the scep- 
 tre which he bore in his left hand were extreme- 
 ly similar to the ordinary representations of Ju- 
 piter. It was confidently reported that if any 
 Impious hand should dare to violate the majesty 
 of the god, the heavens and the earth would in- 
 stantly return to their original chaos. An intrep- 
 id soldier, animated by zeal, and armed with a 
 weighty battle-axe, ascended the ladder ; and 
 even the Christian multitude expected with some 
 
 anxiety the event of the combat. He aimed a. 
 vigorous stroke against the cheek of Serapis ; 
 the cheek fell to the ground ; the thunder was- 
 still silent, and both the heavens and the earth 
 continued to preserve their accustomed order 
 and tranquillity. The victorious soldier repeat- 
 ed his blows ; the huge idol was overthrown and 
 broken in pieces, and the limbs of Serapis were 
 ignominiously dragged through the streets of Al- 
 exandria. His mangled carcass was burnt in the 
 amphitheatre, amid the shouts of the populace ; 
 and many persons attributed their conversion to 
 this discovery of the impotence of the tutelar 
 deity. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 4, p. 10. 
 
 5457. SUPERSTITION, Ridiculous. Egyp- 
 tians. The superstitions of the Egyptians were 
 a copious subject of ridicule to other nations of 
 antiquity, and contributed to degrade them in 
 the opinion of those whose objects of religious 
 worship, if not fundamentally more rational, 
 were less ludicrous, less childish and unmanly. 
 What could they think of a nation where, as 
 Herodotus tells us, if a house was on fire, the 
 father of a family would take more pains to save 
 his cats than his wife and children ; where a 
 mother would be transported with joy at the 
 news of her child being devoured by a crocodile ;. 
 or where the soldiers, returning from a military 
 expedition, would come home loaded with a pre- 
 cious booty of dogs, cats, hawks, and vultures ?" 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 47. 
 
 5458. SUPERSTITION, Safety by. Captain 
 John Smith. [In 1608 John Smith was pre- 
 served by the Indians who had butchered his 
 companions. He exhibited a pocket compass, 
 and showed how it always pointed to one quar- 
 ter. See No. 5441.] He requested that a letter 
 should be conveyed to Jamestown ; and when it 
 was known that he could so endue a piece of pa- 
 per with intelligence as to speak to his distant 
 companions, he was beheld with superstitious 
 awe. — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 22, p. 344. 
 
 5459. SUPERSTITION of Scholars. ^.D. 1653. 
 [The learned and the scientific were not free from 
 it.] Mr. [William] Oughtred, a renowned math- 
 ematician, . . . had strong apprehensions of some 
 extraordinary event to happen the following 
 year, from the calculation of coincidence witli 
 the diluvian period ; and added that it might 
 possibly be to convert the Jews by our Saviour's 
 visible appearance, and to judge the world. 
 The almanac-makers of that time were deluding 
 the people with those prophecies, which they 
 continued to swallow for two centuries. . . On 
 the 29th of April, 1652, the people were terribly 
 frightened by an eclipse of the sun. This day 
 was called Mirk Monday, and the dread of it so> 
 exceedingly alarmed the whole nation, that hard- 
 ly any one would work or stir out of their 
 houses. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 11, p. 175. 
 
 5460. SUPERSTITION of Soldiers. Spirits. 
 [The Earl of Surrey writes from Scotland in 
 1523 :] About eight o'clock the horses of his- 
 company suddenly brake loose and suddenly run 
 out of his field in such numbers that it caused a 
 marvellous alarm in our field ; and our standing 
 watch being set, the horses came running along 
 the camp, at whom were shot above one hundred 
 sheaves of arrows and divers guns, thinking that 
 they would have been Scots that would have as- 
 saulted the camp. Finally the horses were so 
 
SUPERSTITION— SURPRISE. 
 
 649 
 
 mad that they ran like wild deer into the field, 
 above fifteen hundred at least in divers compa- 
 nies, and in one place above fifty ran down a 
 great rock and slew themselves i and above two 
 hundred and fifty ran into the town, being on 
 fire, and by the women taken and carried away, 
 right evil brent ; and many were taken again, 
 and finally by what I can esteeme by the number 
 of them that I saw go on foot the next day, I 
 think there is lost above eight hundred horses, 
 and all with folly for lack of not lying within 
 the camp. I dare not write the wonders that my 
 Lord Dacre and all his company do say they saAv 
 that night, six times, of spirits and fearful sights. 
 And universally all their company say plainly 
 the devil was that night among them six times, 
 which misfortune hath blemished the best jour- 
 ney that was made in Scotland many years. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 18, p. 299. 
 
 5461. SUPEESTITION vs. Wisdom. Julian. 
 In fact, Julian was, as a pagan, blinded by the 
 most bigoted superstition. His belief in omens 
 was ridiculous ; his sacrifices were so numerous 
 that cattle were wanting to supply him with 
 victims. The expense of these religious rites 
 became burdensome to the State, and was uni- 
 versally complained of. He was even accused 
 of the horrid abomination of human sacrifices. 
 His enthusiasm and fanaticism, acknowledged 
 even by his greatest panegyrists, " almost de- 
 grade him to the level of an Egyptian monk." 
 " Notwithstanding his own modest silence upon 
 the subject," says Mr. Gibbon, " we may learn 
 from his faithful friend, the orator Libanius, that 
 he lived in a perpetual intercourse with the gods 
 and goddesses ; that they descended upon earth 
 to enjoy the conversation of their favorite hero ; 
 that they gently interrupted his slumbers by 
 touching his hand or his hair ; that they warned 
 him of any impending danger, and conducted 
 him by their infallible wisdom in every action of 
 his life ; and that he had acquired such an inti- 
 mate knowledge of his heavenly guests, as read- 
 ily to distinguish the voice of Jupiter from that of 
 Minerva, and the form of Apollo from the fig- 
 ure of Hercules." In short, this wise and phil- 
 osophic emperor was, in matters of religion, one 
 of the weakest, most bigoted, and superstitious 
 of mankind. — Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 3, 
 p. 519. 
 
 5462. SUPPLIANT, An abject. Beign of 
 James II. [Rochester, the lord-treasurer, was 
 a Protestant whom the king proposed to dismiss 
 from office.] " It is whispered, " he said, "that 
 if I do not do as your Majesty would have me, 
 I shall not be suffered to continue in my present 
 station. " The king said, with some general ex- 
 pressions of kindness, that it was difficult to 
 prevent people from talking, and that loose re- 
 ports were not to be regarded. These vague 
 phrases were not likely to quiet the perturbed 
 mind of the minister. His agitation became vio- 
 lent, and he began to plead for his place as if he 
 had been pleading for his life. " Your Majesty 
 sees that I do all in my power to obey you. In- 
 deed, I will do all that I can to obey you in 
 everything. I will serve you in your own way. 
 Nay," he cried, in an agony of baseness, "I 
 will do what I can to believe as you would have 
 jne. But do not let me be told, while I am try- 
 ing to bring my mind to this, that if I find it 
 
 impossible to comply, I must lose all." — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 142. 
 
 5463. SUPREMACY, Meritorious. Late in Sev- 
 enteenth Century. France united at that time al- 
 most every species of ascendency. Her military 
 glory was at the height. She had vanquished 
 mighty coalitions. She had dictated treaties. 
 She had subjugated great cities and provinces. 
 She had forced the Castilian pride to yield her 
 the precedence. She had summoned Italian 
 princes to prostrate themselves at her footstool. 
 Her authority was supreme in all matters of 
 good breeding, from a duel to a minuet. She 
 determined how a gentleman's coat must be cut, 
 how long his peruke must be, whether his heels 
 must be high or low, and whether the lace on 
 his hat must be broad or narrow. In literature 
 she gave law to the world. The fame of her 
 great writers filled Europe. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 369. 
 
 5464. SURGEEY, Brave. Duke Leopold. 
 [The Austrian crusader.] Leopold had stuff 
 in him too. He died, for example, in this man- 
 ner : falling with his horse, I think in some 
 siege or other, he had got his leg hurt, which 
 hindered him in fighting. Leg could not be 
 cured : " Cut it off, then !" said Leopold. This 
 also the leech could not do, durst not, and would 
 not, so that Leopold was come quite to a halt. 
 Leopold ordered out two squires, put his thigh 
 upon a block, the sharp edge of an axe at the 
 right point across his thigh : " Squire first, hold 
 that axe ; steady ! Squire second, smite you on 
 it with forge-hammer, with all your strength, 
 heavy enough !" Squire second struck heavy 
 enough, and the leg flew off ; but Leopold took 
 inflammation, died in a day or two, as the leech 
 had predicted. — Carlyle's Fkedebick the 
 Great, Book 2, ch. 6, p. 83. 
 
 5465. SUEGERY, Skill in. Dr. Valentine 
 Mott. In 1828 he performed what is universally 
 allowed to be the most difficult feat ever attempt- 
 ed in surgery, A clergyman was afflicted with 
 an enormous tumor in the neck, in which were 
 embedded and twisted many of the great arte- 
 ries. In removing this tumor, it was necessary 
 to take out entire one of the collar-bones, to lay 
 bare the membrane enclosing the lungs, to dissect 
 around arteries displaced by the tumor and em- 
 bedded in it, to apply forty ligatures, and re- 
 move an immense mass of diseased matter. All 
 this was done without the aid of chloroform. 
 The patient survived the operation, and is now 
 living and discharging the duties of his profes- 
 sion. Dr. Mott was the first to operate success- 
 fully for immovability of the lower jaw, and the 
 first to entirely remove the lower jaw. He was 
 the first to succeed in sewing up a slit in a large 
 vein. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 530. 
 
 5466. SURPRISE, Mutual. American Bewlu- 
 tion. After the fall of Charleston General Gates 
 was appointed to command in the South. [He 
 took post at Clermont, thirteen miles from Cam- 
 den, where the British forces were concentrat- 
 ed.] By a singular coincidence Corn wallis and 
 Gates each formed the design of surprising his 
 antagonist in the night. Accordingly, on the 
 evening of the 15th of August, Gates set out 
 for Camden, and at the same time Cornwallis 
 moved toward Clermont. About daydawn the 
 two armies met midway on Sander's Creek. 
 
B50 
 
 SURPRISE— SURRENDER. 
 
 Both generals were surprised, but both made 
 immediate preparations for l>attle. [The Amer- 
 icans were badly defeated.] — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 43, p. 341. 
 
 5467. STJEPRISE, Success by. Colonel Barton. 
 •On the 10th of July a brilliant exploit was per- 
 formed in Rhode Island. Colonel William Bar- 
 ton, of Providence, learning that Major-Gen- 
 eral Prescott was quartered at a farm-house near 
 Newport, apart from his division, determined 
 to capture him. On the night of the 10th of 
 July the daring colonel, with forty volunteers, 
 •embarked at Providence, dropped down the bay, 
 :a,nd reached the island near Prescott's lodgings. 
 The movement was not discovered. The Brit- 
 ish sentinel was deceived with a plausible state- 
 ment, and then threatened with death if he did 
 not remain quiet. The patriots rushed forward, 
 burst open Prescott's door, seized him in bed, 
 and hurried him half clad to the boats. The 
 .alarm was raised ; a squad came hurrying to the 
 water's edge ; but the provincials were already 
 paddling out of sight with their prisoner. This 
 lucky exploit gave the Americans an officer of 
 equal rank to exchange for General Lee. Colo- 
 nel Barton was rewarded with promotion and 
 an elegant sword. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 40, 
 p. 320. 
 
 546S. SUEBENSEB to Beath. Boges. Boges 
 was governor of it [Eion] under the King of Per- 
 sia, and acted with such a zeal and fidelity for 
 his sovereign as have few examples. When 
 besieged by Cimon and the Athenians, it was in 
 his power to have capitulated upon honorable 
 terms, and to have returned to Asia with his 
 family and all his effects. However, being 
 persuaded he could not do this with honor, he 
 resolved to die rather than surrender. The city 
 was assaulted with the utmost fury, and he de- 
 fended it with incredible bravery. Being at last 
 in the utmost want of provisions, he ihre\7 from 
 the walls into the river Strymon all the gold and 
 silver in the place ; then caused fire to be set to 
 a pile, and having killed his wife, his children, 
 and his whole family, he threw them into the 
 midst of the flames, and afterward rushed into 
 them himself. — Rollin's Hist., Book 7, § 3. 
 
 5469. SUSSENDEB demanded. Ethan Allen. 
 This daring and eccentric man was chosen col- 
 .onel by a company of two hundred and seventy 
 patriots. To capture Ticonderoga, with its vast 
 magazine of stores, was the object of Allen and 
 the audacious mountaineers of whom he was the 
 leader. Benedict Arnold left Cambridge, and 
 joined the expedition as a private. On the 
 evening of the 9th of May . . . they reached 
 the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, opposite 
 Ticonderoga. Only a few boats could be pro- 
 cured, and when day broke on the following 
 morning but eighty-three men had succeeded 
 in crossmg. With this mere handful — for the 
 rest could not be waited for — Allen, with Arnold 
 by his side, made a dash, and gained the gate- 
 way of the fort. The sentinel was driven in, 
 closely followed by the mountaineers, who set 
 up such a shout as few garrisons had ever 
 heard. Allen's men hastily faced the barracks, 
 and stood ready to fire ; he himself rushed to the 
 quarters of Delaplace, the commandant, and 
 shouted for the incumbent to get up. The 
 -startled official thrust out his head. " Surren- 
 
 der this fort instantly," said Allen. " By what 
 authority ?" inquired the astounded officer. 
 " In the name of the great Jehovah and the 
 Continental Congress !" said Allen, flourishing, 
 his sword. Delaplace had no alternative. The 
 garrison, numbering forty -eight, were made 
 prisoners and sent to Connecticut. A fortress 
 which had cost Great Britain eight million 
 pounds sterling was captured in ten minutes by 
 a company of undisciplined provincials. . . . 
 A hundred and twenty cannon and vast quanti- 
 ties of military stores fell int(^ the hands of the 
 Americans. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 38, p. 298. 
 
 5470. SUBBENDEB, Disgracefal. Manchester. 
 [When Charles Edward, grandson of James II., 
 was endeavoring to recover the throne, his 
 Highlanders were near to Manchester, into 
 which preceded them a sergeant, his mistress, 
 and his drummer, and the town yielded.] " Man- 
 chester," says volunteer Ray, "was taken by a 
 sergeant, a drum, and a woman, about two 
 o'clock in the afternoon." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 9, p. 145. 
 
 5471. SUBBENDEB, Final. Civil War. On 
 the 7th of April [1865] . . . General Grant, now 
 at Farmville, addressed a note to the Confeder- 
 ate commander, expressing a desire that the fur- 
 ther effusion of blood might be saved by the sur- 
 render of the Confederate army. To this General 
 Lee replied by declaring his desire for peace, but 
 adding that the occasion for the surrender of the 
 Army of Northern Virginia had not arrived. On 
 the morning of the 9th, however, when it became 
 known that the left wing of the Union army had 
 secured the line of the Lynchburg Railroad, 
 when the wreck of Longstreet's veterans, attempt- 
 ing to continue the retreat, were confronted and 
 driven back by Sheridan, then the iron-souled 
 Confederate leader, seeing the utter uselessness 
 of a further struggle, sent General Grant a note, 
 asking for a meeting preliminary to a surrender. 
 The Union commander immediately complied 
 with the request. At two o'clock in the after- 
 noon of Palm Sunday, the 9th of April, 1865, the 
 two great generals met each other in the par- 
 lor of William McLean at Appomattox Court- 
 House. There the terms of surrender were dis- 
 cussed and settled. It was agreed that General 
 Grant should put his proposition in the form of 
 a military note [which he did]. To this . . . 
 General Lee responded as follows : " Head Quar- 
 ters Army of Northern Virginia, April 9th, 1865. 
 General : I received your letter of this date, con- 
 taining the terms of the surrender of the Army 
 of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As 
 they are substantially the same as those ex- 
 pressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are 
 accepted. I will proceed to designate the prop- 
 er officers to carry the stipulation into effect. — 
 R. E. Lee, General." Thus the work was done. 
 
 . . . After four dreadful years of bloodshed, de- 
 vastation, and sorrow, the civil war in the 
 United States was at an end. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 66, p. 539. 
 
 5472. SUBBENDEB, Impossible to. "The Old 
 Guard." [When the remnant of the French 
 army was retreating from Waterloo, two battal- 
 ions covered the retreat against the re-enforced 
 and victorious allies.] Weary of the butchery, 
 they suspended for a moment their fire, and sent 
 a flag of truce demanding a capitulation. G«ner- 
 
SURRENDER— SUSPICION. 
 
 651 
 
 til Cambronne returned the immortal reply, 
 " ' The Guard dies ; it never surrenders. " [Soon 
 they] mowed them all down — Abbott's Napo- 
 1.EON B., vol. 2, ch. 27. 
 
 5473. SUERENDER, Indignant. Peter Stuy- 
 ■vesant. [On the 28th of August, 1664, the 
 English demanded the surrender of New Neth- 
 erland and an immediate acknowledgment of the 
 sovereignty of England.] It was clear that the 
 burgomasters meant to surrender. The stormy 
 old governor exhorted them to rouse to action 
 and fight ; some one replied that the Dutch 
 West India company was not worth fighting 
 for. Burning with indignation, Stuyvesant 
 snatched up the written proposal of Nicolls and 
 tore it to tatters in the presence of his council. 
 It was all in vain. The brave old man was 
 forced to sign the capitulation ; and on the 8th 
 of September, 1664, New Netherland ceased to 
 «xist. The English flag was hoisted over the 
 fort and town, and the name of New York was 
 substituted for New Amsterdam. — Ridpath's 
 U. S.,ch. 19, p. 171. 
 
 5474. SURRENDER prevented. Charter Oak. 
 Attended by an armed guard, Andros proceeded 
 to Connecticut. Arriving at Hartford in Octo- 
 l)er of 1687, he found the assembly of the prov- 
 ince in session, and demanded the surrender of 
 •the colonial charter. The instrument was brought 
 in and laid upon the table. A spirited debate 
 •ensued, and lasted until evening. When it was 
 about to be decided that the charter should be 
 .given up, the lamps were suddenly dashed out. 
 Other lights were brought in, but the charter 
 iiad disappeared. Joseph Wads worth, snatching 
 lip the precious parchment, bore it off through 
 the darkness, and concealed it in a hollow tree, 
 ■ever afterward remembered with affection as The 
 •Charter Oak. But the assembly was overawed 
 and the free government of Connecticut sub- 
 verted.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 15, p. 146. 
 
 5475. SUSPENSION, Financial. Bank of Eng- 
 land. [In 1797, after a continued run on the 
 hank for specie in exchange for its notes, it was 
 compelled to pay in sixpences, and then, by com- 
 mand of George III., to suspend specie payments. 
 Tlie next day] there was a great meeting of 
 merchants at the Mansion House, when a unani- 
 mous resolution passed, that " we will not refuse 
 io receive bank-notes in payment of any sum of 
 money to be paid to us, and will use our utmost 
 .endeavor to make all our payments in a similar 
 manner." The stocks immediately rose. A 
 weight was suddenly taken off the wheels of in- 
 dustry. . , . But a chronic malady was induped 
 which lasted during a generation — a malady 
 •which defied every attempt to cure till the prin- 
 ciple of a convertible paper currency was again 
 firmly established. Of the lasting effects of this 
 measure, which was only intended to be tempo- 
 rary, the government of 1797 could have no con- 
 ception. [Specie payments were resumed in 
 1833.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 19, p. 334. 
 
 5476. SUSPICION, Above. Cmai^s Wife. [See 
 No. 1652.] Clodius was not yet the danger- 
 ous desperado which he afterward became ; and 
 immorality, though seasoned with impiety, 
 might easily, it was thought, be made too much 
 of. Caesar himself did not press for punishment. 
 As president of the college, he had acquiesced in 
 
 their decision, and he divorced the unfortunate 
 Pompeia ; but he expressed no opinion as to the 
 extent of her criminality, and he gave as his 
 reason for separating from her, not that she was 
 guilty, but that Caesar's wife must be above 
 suspicion. — Fkoude's C^sar, ch. 12. 
 
 5477. SUSPICION, Clamorous. Free Masons. 
 William Morgan, a resident of western New 
 York, having threatened to publish the secrets 
 of the Masonic fraternity, of which he was a 
 member, suddenly disappeared from home, and 
 was never heard of afterward. The Masons fell 
 under . the suspicion of having abducted and 
 murdered him. A great clamor was raised 
 against them in New York, and the excitement 
 extended to other parts of the country. The is- 
 sues between the Masons and their enemies be 
 came a political one, and many eminent men were 
 embroiled in the controversy. For several years 
 the anti-Masonic party exercised a considerable 
 influence in the elections of the country. De 
 Witt Clinton, one of the most prominent and 
 valuable statesmen of New York, had to suffer 
 much, in loss of reputation, from his member- 
 ship in the order. His last days were clouded 
 with the odium which for the time being at- 
 tached to the Masonic name. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 53, p. 425. 
 
 5478. SUSPICION of Conspiracy. Constantine. 
 An edict of Constantine, published about this 
 time, manifestly indicates his real or affected 
 suspicions that a secret conspiracy had been 
 formed against his person and government. By 
 all the allurements of honors and rewards, he in- 
 vites informers of every degree to accuse with- 
 out exception his magistrates or ministers, his 
 friends or his most intimate favorites, protest- 
 ing, with a solemn asseveration, that he himself 
 will listen to the charge, that he himself will 
 revenge his injuries ; and concluding with a 
 prayer, which discovers some apprehension of 
 danger, that the providence of the Supreme 
 Being may still continue to protect the safety 
 of the emperor and of the empire. — Gibbon's 
 RoMiE, ch. 18, p. 159. 
 
 5479. SUSPICION diverted. Emperor Nero. 
 Nero was so secure in his absolutism, he had 
 hitherto found it so impossible to shock the 
 feelings of the people or to exhaust the terrified 
 adulation of the Senate, that he was usually in- 
 different to the pasquinades which were con- 
 stantly holding up his name to execration and 
 contempt. But now he felt that he had gone too 
 far, and that his power would be seriously im- 
 perilled if he did not succeed in diverting the 
 suspicions of the populace. He was perfectly 
 aware that when the people in the streets cursed 
 those who set fire to the city, they meant to 
 curse him. If he did not take some immediate 
 step he felt that he might perish, as Gains had 
 perished before him, by the dagger of the assas- 
 sin. It is at this point of his career that Nero 
 becomes a prominent figure in the history of the 
 Church. . . . For Nero endeavored to fix the 
 odious crime of having destroyed the capital of 
 the world upon the most innocent and faithful 
 of his subjects — upon the only subjects who 
 offered heartfelt prayers on his behalf — the Ro- 
 man Christians. They were the defenceless 
 victims of this horrible charge ; for though they 
 were the most harmless, they were also the most 
 
652 
 
 SUSPICION— SWINDLER. 
 
 hated and the most slandered of living men. — 
 Farrar's Early Days, ch. 4, p. 33. 
 
 5480. SUSPICION diverted. King of Portugal. 
 [Each of the monarchs was preparing expedi- 
 tions of discovery for the New World.] Resende, 
 in his history of King John II. , informs us that 
 the Portuguese monarch, by large presents, or 
 rather bribes, held certain of the confidential 
 members of the Castilian cabinet in his interest, 
 who informed him of the most secret councils 
 of their court. The roads were thronged with 
 couriers ; scarce was an intention expressed by 
 Ferdinand to his ministers, but it was conveyed 
 to his rival monarch. The result was that the 
 Spanish sovereigns seemed as if under the influ- 
 ence of some enchantment. King John antici- 
 pated all their movements, and appeared to dive 
 into their very thoughts. ... As a surmise of 
 treachery in the cabinet might naturally arise. 
 King John, while he rewarded his agents in se- 
 cret, endeavored to divert suspicions from them 
 upon others, making rich presents of jewels to 
 the Duke de Infantado and other Spanish gran- 
 dees of incorruptible integrity. — Irving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book 5, ch. 9. 
 
 5481. SUSPICION, Effect of. Bsign of Gom- 
 modus. That assembly, whom Marcus had ever 
 considered as the great council of the nation, was 
 composed of the most distinguished of the Ro- 
 mans : and distinction of every kind soon became 
 criminal. The possession of wealth stimulated 
 the diligence of the informers ; rigid virtue im- 
 plied a tacit censure of the irregularities of Cora- 
 modus ; important services implied a dangerous 
 superiority of merit ; and the friendship of the 
 father always insured the aversion of the son. Sus- 
 picion was equivalent to proof ; trial to condem- 
 nation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 105. 
 
 5482. SUSPICION, Perilous. Emperor Nero. 
 A conspiracy, which was at this time discovered, 
 gave Nero ample scope for the gratification of 
 the natural cruelty of his disposition. The slight- 
 est suspicion of guilt was now punished with im- 
 mediate death. It was a sufficient crime if a man 
 was seen to have saluted a suspected person. 
 Seneca, among others, was accused of having 
 been privy to tliis conspiracy ; and as a mark of 
 the emperor's gratitude for the past services of 
 his preceptor, he was permitted to choose the 
 manner of his death. He chose to expire in a 
 warm bath, after having his veins opened. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 1, p. 488. 
 
 5483. SUSPICION sown. In War. As Them- 
 istocles sailed along the coasts, wherever he saw 
 any harbors or places proper for the enemy's 
 ships to put in at, he took such stones as he hap- 
 pened to find, or caused to be brought thither 
 for that purpose, and set them up in the ports 
 and watering-places, with the following inscrip- 
 tion engraved in large characters, and addressed 
 to the lonians. " Let the lonians, if it be possi- 
 ble, come over to the Greeks, from whom they 
 are descended, and who now risk their lives for 
 their liberty. If this be impracticable, let them 
 at least perplex the barbarians, and put them in 
 disorder in time of action." By this he hoped 
 either to bring the lonians over to his side, or to 
 sow discord among them by causing them to be 
 suspected by the Persians.— Plutarch's Them- 
 
 ISTOCLE8. 
 
 5484. SUSPICION, Weakness of. Dionysius. 
 [Dionysius the tyrant] was so suspicious of all 
 mankind, and so wretchedly timorous, that he. 
 would not suffer a barber to shave him, but had 
 his hair singed off with a live coal by one of his. 
 own attendants. Neither his brother nor his son 
 were admitted into his chamber in their own 
 clothes, but were first stripped and examined by 
 the sentinels, and after that were obliged to put. 
 on such clothes as were provided for them. 
 When his brother Leptines was once describing 
 the situation of a place, he took a spear fronx 
 one of the guards to trace the plan, upon which 
 Dionysius was extremely offended, and caused 
 the soldier who had given up his spear to be put 
 to death. He was afraid, he said, of the sense 
 and sagacity of his friends, because he knew 
 they must think it more eligible to govern than 
 to obey. He slew Marsyas, whom he had ad- 
 vanced to a considerable military command, 
 merely because Marsyas dreamed that he killed 
 him ; for he concluded that this dream by 
 night was occasioned by some similar sugges- 
 tion of the day. Yet even this timorous and sus- 
 picious wretch was offended with Plato, because 
 he would not allow him to be the most valiant 
 man in the world ! — Plutarch. 
 
 5485. SWEAEING, Admired. General Charles- 
 Scott. [He] had a most inveterate habit of swear- 
 ing ; whether in private or public, . . . every 
 other word was an oath. . . . After the war a 
 friend, . . . anxious to reform his evil habits, 
 asked him whether it was possible that . . . the 
 admired Washington ever swore. Scott reflected 
 for a moment, and then exclaimed : " Yes, once. 
 It was at Monmouth, and on a day that would 
 have made any man swear. Yes, sir, he swore 
 on that day till the leaves shook on the trees — 
 charming, delightful. Never have I enjoyed 
 such swearing before or since. Sir, on that ever- 
 memorable day he swore like an angel from 
 heaven." The reformer abandoned the gener- 
 al in despair. — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, 
 ch. 31. 
 
 5486. SWEAEING, Eeproof for. John Bunyan. 
 One day, as I was standing at a neighbor's shop- 
 window, and there cursing and swearing after 
 my wonted manner, there sat within the woman 
 of the house and heard me, who, though she was 
 a loose and ungodly wretch, protested that I 
 swore and cursed at such a rate that she trem- 
 bled to hear me. I was able to spoil all the 
 youths in a whole town. At this reproof I was 
 silenced and put to secret shame, and that too, 
 as I thought, before the God of heaven. I stood 
 hapging down my head, and wishing that I 
 might be a little child, that my father might 
 learn me to speak without this wicked sin of 
 swearing ; for, thought I, I am so accustomed 
 to it that it is vain to think of a reformation. — 
 Froude's Bunyan, ch. 2. 
 
 5487. SWINDLEE, A Eoyal. Henry VIL 
 The ingrained covetousness and cunning of the 
 man — for " of nature, assuredly, he coveted to 
 accumulate treasure," and "neither did he care 
 how cunning they were that he did employ, for 
 he thought himself to have the master-reach." 
 These qualities made him, to use plain words, a 
 royal swindler. He went far beyond his age as an 
 exaggerated representative of the new-born spirit 
 of money-making, as opposed to the ancient 
 
SWINDLER— SYMPATHY. 
 
 653 
 
 iirit of violence. He carried it forward into 
 that unscrupulous passion for wealth, which has 
 rendered the grasping accumulator so detestable 
 -at all times. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, eh. 15, 
 p. 238. 
 
 54§8. _ . Henry VIII. [Parlia- 
 ment in 1544 prepared Henry VIII. for the 
 •expense of wars with Scotland and with France, 
 by declaring that all loans made to the king 
 in the two previous years of his reign be en- 
 tirely remitted and released, and securities for 
 the same be utterly void.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 2, ch. 27, p. 442. 
 
 54 §9. . Richard I. [To raise money, 
 
 he ordered the great seal to be broken, and proc- 
 lamation to be made that no grant under that 
 .seal would be valid, unless the fees due to the 
 crown were paid the second time for affixing 
 the new seal.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, 
 p. 330. 
 
 5490. SWOED vs. Banner. Joan of Arc. She 
 wore at her side a small battle-axe and the con- 
 .-secrated sword, marked on the blade with five 
 crosses, which had at her bidding been taken 
 for her from the shrine of St. Catharine at Fier- 
 bois. A page carried her banner, which she had 
 caused to be made and embroidered as her Voices 
 •enjoined. It was white satin, strewn withj^ewr*- 
 de-lis, and on it were the words "Jesus Ma- 
 ria," and the representation of the Saviour in 
 His glory. Joan afterward generally bore her 
 banner herself in battle ; she said that though 
 she loved her sword much, she loved her banner 
 forty times as much ; and she loved to carry it, 
 because it could not kill any one. — Decisive 
 Battles, § 378. 
 
 5491. SWOED in Religion. Mahomet. "The 
 sword," says Mahomet, "is the key of heaven 
 and of hell ; a drop of blood shed in the cause 
 of God, a night spent in arms, is of more avail 
 than two months of fasting or prayer ; whoso- 
 ever falls in battle, his sins are forgiven ; at the 
 •day of judgment his wounds shall be resplendent 
 as vermilion and odoriferous as musk ; and the 
 loss of his limbs shall be supplied by the wings 
 -of angels and cherubim." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 50, p. 124. 
 
 5492. SWOED, Worship of the. Scythians. It 
 Is certain that the nomadic tribes of Northern 
 Asia, whom Herodotus described under the name 
 of Scythians, from the earliest times worshipped 
 as their god a bare sword. That sword-god was 
 supposed, in Attila's time, to have disappeared 
 from earth ; but the Hunnish king now claimed 
 1o have received it by special revelation. It was 
 said that a herdsman, who was tracking in the 
 desert a wounded heifer by the drops of blood, 
 found the mysterious sword standing fixed in 
 the ground, as if it had darted down from heaven. 
 The herdsman bore it to Attila, who henceforth 
 was believed by the Huns to wield the Spirit of 
 Death in battle, and their seers prophesied that 
 that sword was to destroy the world. — Decisive 
 Battles, § 235. 
 
 5493. SYMPATHY by Experience. Samuel 
 Johnson. Johnson, whose robust frame was not 
 in the least affected by the cold, scolded me, as 
 if my shivering had been a paltry effeminacy, 
 saying, "Why do you shiver?" Sir William 
 ficott, of the Commons, told me that when he 
 
 complained of a headache in the post-chaise, as 
 they were travelling together to Scotland, John* 
 son treated him in the same manner : "At your 
 age, sir, I had no headache." It is not easy to 
 make allowance for sensations in others which 
 we ourselves have not at the time. We must all 
 have experienced how very differently we are af- 
 fected by the complaints of our neighbors when 
 we are well and when we are ill. In full health 
 we can scarceljr believe that they suffer much, 
 so faint is* the image of pain upon our imagina 
 tion ; when softened by sickness, we readily 
 sympathize with the sufferings of others. — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 128. 
 
 5494. SYMPATHY, Freaks of. Napole<m I. 
 Napoleon could look with perfect composure 
 upon the carnage of the field of battle, and order 
 movements without the tremor of a nerve which 
 he knew must consign thousands to a bloody 
 death ; but when [some one fell overboard] . . . 
 his sympathies were aroused to the highest de 
 gree. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 10. 
 
 5495. SYMPATHY for the Friendless. Abraham 
 Lincoln. Among the . . . persons in waiting . . . 
 was a small, pale, delicate-looking boy about 
 thirteen years old. The President saw him, . , . 
 and said, " Come here, my boy, and tell me what 
 you want." . . . With bowed head and timid 
 accents, he said : " Mr. President, I have been a 
 drummer-boy in a regiment for two years, and 
 ray colonel got angry with me and turned m« 
 off ; I was taken sick, and have been a long tima 
 in hospital. This is the first time I have been 
 out, and I came to see if you cannot do some" 
 thing for me." The President looked at him . . . 
 tenderly, and asked him where he lived. " I 
 have no home," answered the boy. " Where i» 
 your father ?" " He died in the army," was th* 
 reply. " Where is your mother?" ... " M J 
 mother is dead also. I have no mother, no father, 
 no brothers, no sisters," and, bursting into tears, 
 " no friends — nobody cares for me." Mr. Lin- 
 coln's eyes were filled with tears, and he said to 
 him, " Can't you sell newspapers ?" " No," said 
 the boy ; " I am too weak, and the surgeon of the 
 hospital told me I must leave, and I have no 
 money and no place to go to." The scene wa« 
 wonderfully affecting. The President drew 
 forth a card and . . . gave special directions " to 
 care for this poor boy." — Raymond's Lincoln, 
 p. 740. 
 
 5496. SYMPATHY, Mutual. Napoleon I. [A( 
 St. Helena the captive emperor found] a poor 
 negro slave working in Mr. Balcombe's garden, 
 in whose history and welfare the emperor be- 
 came deeply interested. He was a Malay Indian, 
 of prepossessing appearance. He had been stolen 
 from his native land by the crew of a British 
 vessel. The emperor's sympathies were deeply 
 moved by the old man's story. Poor Toby be- 
 came very much attached to the emperor. . . . 
 They were fellow-captives. — Abbott's Napo- 
 leon B., vol. 2, ch. 30. 
 
 5497. SYMPATHY for the Poor. Abraham 
 Lincoln. As a distinguished citizen of Ohio en- 
 tered the vestibule of the White House, his at- 
 tention was attracted by a poorly clad young 
 woman who was violently sobbing. . . . She 
 had been ordered away by the servants, after 
 vainly endeavoring for many hours to see the 
 President about her only brother, who had been 
 
654 
 
 SYMPATHY— TALENT. 
 
 condemned to death [for desertion]. . . . She 
 had passed the lon^ hours of two days trying in 
 vain to get an audience. [He aided lier admis- 
 sion to the office, and at his suggestion she forced 
 her way between himself and Mr. Lincoln, and 
 insisted on his examination of the papers she 
 brought.] Mr. Lincoln was at first somewhat 
 surprised at the apparent forwardness ; . . . com- 
 menced an examination of the document ; . . . 
 his eye fell upon her scanty but neat dress. In- 
 stantly his face lighted up. " My poor girl," 
 said he, " you have come here with no governor, 
 or senator, or member of Congress to plead 
 your cause. You seem honest and truthful, 
 and you don't wear hoops ; and I will be whipped 
 but I will pardon your brother." — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, p. 739. 
 
 5498. SYMPATHY, Religious. Puntans of 
 New England. The sympathies of the colonists 
 were wide ; a regard for Protestant Germany is 
 as old as emigration ; and during the Thirty 
 Years' War the whole people of New England 
 held fasts and offered prayers for the success of 
 their Saxon brethren. — Banckoft'sU. S., vol. 1, 
 ch. 10. 
 
 5499. SYMPATHY, Unmanned by. Columbus. 
 [Moved by envy, and sustained by vilest slanders, 
 Bobadilla sent him to Spain in irons. Great in- 
 dignation and release followed.] When the queen 
 beheld this venerable man approach, and thought 
 on all he had deserved and all he had suffered, 
 she was moved to tears. Columbus had borne 
 up firmly against the rude conflicts of the world ; 
 he had endured with lofty scorn the injuries and 
 insults of ignoble men ; but he possessed strong 
 and quick sensibility. When he found himself 
 thus kindly received by his sovereigns, and be- 
 held tears in the benign eyes of Isabella, his long- 
 suppressed feelings burst forth ; he threw him- 
 self on his knees, and for some time could not 
 utter a word for the violence of his tears and sob- 
 bings. — Irving's Columbus, Book 14, ch. 1. 
 
 5500. SYSTEM, Living by. Alfred the Great. 
 Alfred was himself, for that age, a most accom- 
 plished scholar ; and considering the necessary 
 toils and constant active employment, it is sur- 
 prising how much he employed himself in the 
 pursuits of literature. He is said to have di\'ided 
 his time into three equal parts : one was allotted 
 to the despatch of the business of government ; 
 another to diet, exercise, and sleep ; and a third 
 to study and devotion. By this admirable regu- 
 larity of life he found means, notwithstanding 
 his constant wars, and the care of entirely new 
 modelling and civilizing his kingdom, to com- 
 pose a variety of ingenious and learned works. 
 — Tytleb's Hist., Book 6, ch. 5, p. 111. 
 
 5501. TACT, Lack of. President John Adams. 
 The same qualities which made him a bad nego- 
 tiator prevented his acquiring credit as the chief 
 magistrate of the nation. He was a bad judge 
 of men, and he was wedded to certain ancient 
 and unpopular ideas which prevented his retain- 
 ing the confidence of the masses. He was a kind 
 of republican tory, at a time when the feeling of 
 the nation was setting powerfully in the opposite 
 direction. At the same time, his vanity, his 
 quickness of temper, his total want of manage- 
 ment, his blind trust in some men and his blind 
 distrust of others, continually estranged from 
 him those who would naturally have been his 
 
 friends and supporters. After serving four years,, 
 he was whirled from his place by a tornado of 
 democratic feeling. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 178. 
 
 5502. TACT, Natural. Henry Sidney. [He- 
 was the agent of the Prince of Orange in nego- 
 tiating for the revolution with the peers of Eng- 
 land. J Sidney, with a sweet temper and winning 
 manners, seemed to be deficient in capacity and 
 knowledge, and to be sunk in voluptuousness 
 and indolence. His face and form were eminently 
 handsome. In his youth he had been the terror 
 of husbands ; and even now, at near fifty, he was- 
 the favorite of women and the envy of younger 
 men. He had formerly resided at the Hague in 
 a public character, and had then succeeded in 
 obtaining a large share of William's [Prince of 
 Orange] confidence. Many wondered at this ; for 
 it seemed that between the most austere of states- 
 men and the most dissolute of idlers there could 
 be nothing in common. . . . There is a certain tact, 
 resembling an instinct, which is often wanting ta 
 great orators and philosophers, and which is of tea 
 found in persons who, if judged by their conver- 
 sation or by their writings, would be pronounced 
 simpletons. Indeed, when a man possesses this, 
 tact, it is in some sense an advantage to him that 
 he is destitute of those more showy talents which 
 would make him an object of admiration, of 
 envy, and of fear. Sidney was a remarkable in- 
 stance of this truth. Incapable, ignorant, and 
 dissipated as he seemed to be, he understood, or 
 rather felt, with whom it was necessary to be re- 
 served, and with whom he might safely venture 
 to be communicative. The consequence was, 
 that he did what Mordaunt, with all his vivacity 
 and invention, or Burnet, with all his multifarious 
 knowledge and fluent elocution, never could 
 have done. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 373. 
 
 5503. TALENT without Character. Frederick 
 the Great. By the public the King of Prussia 
 was considered as a politician destitute alike of 
 morality and decency, insatiably rapacious, and 
 shamelessly false ; nor was the public much in 
 the wrong. He was at the same time allowed to 
 be a man of parts — a rising general, a shrewd 
 negotiator and administrator. — Macaulay's- 
 Frederick the Great, p. 42. 
 
 5504. TALENT, Discovery of. Napoleon I. 
 He had ordered some very difficult and important 
 works to be executed on a bridge of the canal of 
 Languedoc. The engineer had admirably ac- 
 complished the arduous achievement. [Napoleon 
 inspected the work, and asked many questions of 
 the engineer.] The engineer seemed embarrassed, 
 and replied with hesitation and confusion. Soon 
 the prefect appeared. Napoleon promptly said 
 to him: "I am not correctly informed. The 
 bridge was not made by that man. Such a work 
 is beyond his capacity." The prefect then con- 
 fessed that the chief engineer was neither the 
 originator of the plan nor the author of the 
 works, but they both belonged to a modest, subor- 
 dinate man unknown to fame. . . . He appointed 
 the young man . . . chief engineer, and took him 
 to Paris. — Abbott's N.4.poleon B., vol. 2, ch. 2. 
 
 5505. TALENT, Education of. Alexander. 
 Alexander owed all these advantages to the ex- 
 cellent education which Aristotle gave him. He 
 had also a taste for the whole circle of arts, but 
 such as becomes a prince — that is, he knew the 
 
TALENT— TASTE. 
 
 655 
 
 value and usefulness of them. Music, painting, 
 sculpture, architecture, flourished in his reign, 
 because they found in him both a skilful judge 
 and a generous protector, who was able to dis- 
 tinguish and reward rnerit wherever displayed. 
 But he despised certain trifling feats of dexterity 
 that were of no use. Much admiration was lav- 
 ished on a man who employed himself very 
 earnestly in throwing small peas through the eye 
 of a needle, which he would do at a considerable 
 distance, and without once missing. Alexander 
 seeing him thus engaged, ordered him, as we are 
 told, a present suitable to his employment — viz., 
 a basket of peas. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, 
 §1. 
 
 5506. TALENT, Indications of. Mathematics. 
 Carlyle says that the best indication in a boy of 
 a superior understanding is a turn for mathe- 
 matics. When a boy, in addition to a decided 
 mathematical gift, possesses also a natural dex- 
 terity in handling tools, and an inclination to ob- 
 serve nature, there is ground for believing that, 
 if properly aided, he will become a man of 
 science. We were led to these remarks by ob- 
 serving that the four men of modern times who 
 did most to increase the sum of knowledge — 
 Copernicus, Columbus, Galileo, and Newton — 
 were all natural mathematicians, and owed their 
 discoveries directly to mathematics. All of them, 
 also, possessed that manual dexterity and that 
 love of observing nature of which we have 
 spoken. They were alike in other respects : all 
 of than were endowed with an amazing patience. 
 All of them were men of childlike simplicity of 
 character. All of them were good citizens, as 
 well as sublime geniuses. All of them, but Colum- 
 bus perhaps, were even sound men of business 
 — prudent and successful in the management of 
 their private aifairs. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 204. 
 
 5507. TALENT, Lack of. Confederate Con- 
 gress. The Confederate congress ... of 1863. 
 It is not to be disguised that this body fell below 
 the spirit and virtue of the people, and was re- 
 markable for its destitution of talents and ability. 
 Not a single speech that has yet been made in it 
 will live. — Pollard's Second Year of the 
 War, ch. 9, p. 226. 
 
 550S. TALENT overestimated. Napoleon I. 
 [Entering unannounced, he discovered the Em- 
 press Maria Louisa making an omelet.] " How," 
 exclaimed the emperor, "are you making an 
 omelet ? You know nothing about it. I will 
 show you how it is done." He immediately took 
 his place at the table, and went to work. . . . The 
 omelet was at last made, and one side was fried. 
 Now came the diiflculty of turning it by tossing 
 it over with artistic skill in the frying-pan. Na- 
 poleon in the attempt awkwardly tossed it upon 
 the floor. Smiling he said, " I have given myself 
 credit for more exalted talents than I possess ;" 
 and he left. — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, 
 ch. 11. 
 
 5509. TALENT, Untaught. Zerah Colburn. 
 He was able, during the later years of his youth, 
 to explain the processes by which he performed 
 his calculations, some of which were so simple 
 that they have since been employed in the New 
 England schools. We have seen a class of boys, 
 not more than twelve years of age, multiply six 
 figures by six figures, without slate and pencil, by 
 
 the method of Zerah Colburn. His mode of ex- 
 tracting the square root also can be acquired 
 by boys quick at figures. But this does not les- 
 sen our astonishment that a boy of seven years, 
 wholly untaught, should have discovered meth- 
 ods in calculation that had escaped the vigilance 
 of mathematicians, from the days of Euclid to 
 our own time. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 83. 
 
 5510. TALENTS misjudged. Charles XIL 
 No one, it appears, expected much of this youth- 
 ful monarch. He had no vices, it is true ; he 
 neither drank nor gormandized nor gambled. 
 A Spartan soldier was not more temperate, nor 
 more hardy, nor more chaste than he. But 
 he was haughty, reserved, and obstinate, and 
 seemed to care for nothing but hunting and the 
 drilling of his troops. The ambassadors residing 
 at his court wrote home to their masters that this 
 new king was stupid, and was not likely ever to 
 be formidable to his neighbors. His own sub- 
 jects, seeing that he did nothing but hunt and at- 
 tend parades, considered him inferior to his an- 
 cestors. [He became one of the great rulers and 
 captains of Europe.] — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 434. 
 
 5511. TALISMANS, Belief in. West India/ns. 
 Besides the Zemes, each cacique had three idols 
 or talismans, which were mere stones, but which, 
 were held in great reverence by themselves and 
 their subjects. One they supposed had the power 
 to produce abundant harvests, another to remove 
 all pain from women in travail, and the third to 
 call forth rain or sunshine. Three of these were 
 sent home by Columbus to the sovereigns. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 6, ch. 10. 
 
 5512. TAEIFr, Protection by. First Congress. 
 They did not even wait for the inauguration of 
 President Washington, but began nearly a month 
 before that important event to prepare a revenue 
 bill,. . . declaring that " it is necessary for the 
 support of the government, for the discharge 
 of the debts of the United States, and for the 
 encouragement and protection of manufactures, 
 that duties be laid on imported goods, wares, 
 and merchandise." — Blaine's Twenty Years, 
 ch. 9, p. 183. 
 
 5513. TASTE conditioned. Climate. It may 
 be said, therefore, in praise of Epaminondas, that 
 he falsified the proverb which treated the Boeo- 
 tians as boorish and stupid. This was the notion 
 commonly entertained of them ; and it was im- 
 puted to the gross air of the country, as the Athe- 
 nian delicacy of taste was attributed to the sub- 
 tlety of the air they breathed. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 12, ch. 1, § 7. 
 
 5514. TASTE for Literature. Alexander. After 
 the battle of Arbela the Macedonians had found 
 among the spoils of Darius a gold casket (en- 
 riched with precious stones), in which the ex- 
 quisite perfumes used by that prince were put ; 
 Alexander, who was quite covered with dust, and 
 regardless of essences and perfumes, destined 
 this rich casket to hold Homer's poems, which 
 he considered the most perfect and the most 
 precious production of the human mind. He ad- 
 mired particularly the Iliad, which he called 
 " the best provision for a warrior." He always 
 had with him that edition of Homer which Ans- 
 totle had revised and corrected, and to which the 
 title of the " Edition of the Casket " was given ; 
 
656 
 
 TAX— TAXATION. 
 
 and he laid it, with his sword, eve~y night under 
 his pillow. — RoLLusr's Hist., Book 15, § 1. 
 
 5515. TAX on Consumption. English Colonies. 
 After two years' discussion, an act of Parlia- 
 ment . . . imposed a duty of ninepence on every 
 gallon of rum, sixpence on every gallon of molas- 
 ses, and five shillings on every hundred weight of 
 sugar imported from foreign colonies into any 
 of the British plantations. . . . Duty on molasses 
 liad all the effect of a prohibition, and led only 
 to clandestine importations. — Bancroft's U. S. 
 
 5516. TAX, Enormous. Henry VIIL [In 
 1523 Parliament voted a tax of two shillings on 
 a, pound, on the valuation of goods or land. 
 Goods valued at less than twenty pounds to pay 
 sixteen pence on a pound. And if worth less 
 than forty shillings, the tax would be eight- 
 pence. In 1525 a subsidy was demanded by the 
 king without the intervention of Parliament.] 
 Commissioners were appointed to levy the ille- 
 gal claim of the sixth part of every man's sub- 
 stance. . . . The resistance was universal. [It 
 was not collected.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 18, p. 296. 
 
 5517. TAX, Excise. Beign of Oeorge III. 
 A. D. 1763. [An excise on cider and perry was 
 proposed by George Grenville in Parliament.] 
 The cider counties were in a flame ; the city of 
 London, proceeding beyond all precedent, peti- 
 tioned commons, lords, and king against the 
 measure ; and the cities of Exeter and Worces- 
 ter instructed their members to oppose it. The 
 House of Lords divided upon it, and two pro- 
 tests against it appeared on the journals. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 5. 
 
 55 1§. TAXATION, Exemption from. Clergy. 
 {Reign of Constantine.] The whole body of the 
 Catholic clergy, more numerous perhaps than 
 the legions, was exempted by the emperors from 
 all service, private or public, all municipal offi- 
 ces, and all personal taxes and contributions, 
 which pressed on their fellow-citizens with in- 
 tolerable weight ; and the duties of their holy 
 profession were accepted as a full discharge 
 of their obligations to the republic. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 20, p. 283. 
 
 5519. TAXATION inevitable. Reign of Gale- 
 rius. A very minute survey appears to have 
 T)een taken of their real estates ; and wherever 
 there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, 
 torture was very freely employed to obtain a 
 sincere declaration of their personal wealth. . . . 
 The conquest of Macedonia, as we have already 
 observed, had delivered the Roman people from 
 the weight of personal taxes. Though they had 
 experienced every form of despotism, they had 
 now enjoyed that exemption near five hundred 
 years ; nor could they patiently brook the inso- 
 lence of an Illyrian peasant, who, from his dis- 
 tant residence in Asia, presumed to number 
 Rome among the tributary cities of his empire. 
 The rising fury of the people was encouraged 
 by the authority, or at least the connivance, of 
 the senate, and the feeble remains of the Prseto- 
 Tian guards. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, p. 460. 
 
 5520. TAXATION, Odious. Stamp Act. [Its 
 previsions were briefly these :] Every note, bond, 
 ■deed, mortgage, lease, license, and legal docu- 
 ouent of whatever sort required in the colonies 
 
 should, after the first day of the following No 
 vember, be executed on paper bearing an English 
 stamp. This stamped paper was to be furnished 
 by the British governmenj;, and for each sheet 
 the colonists were required to pay a sum vary- 
 ing, according to the nature of the document, 
 from threepence to six pounds sterling. Every 
 colonial pamphlet, almanac, and newspaper was 
 required to be printed on paper of the same sort, 
 the value of the stamps in this case ranging from 
 a half -penny to f ourpence ; every advertisement 
 was taxed two shillings. No contract should be 
 of any binding force unless written on paper 
 bearing the royal stamp. The news of the hate- 
 ful act swept over America like a thundercloud. 
 . . . The muffled bells of Philadelphia and 
 Boston rung a funeral peal ; and the people said 
 it was the death-knell of liberty. In New York 
 a copy of the Stamp Act was carried through 
 the streets with a death's-head nailed to it, and a 
 placard bearing this inscription : " The Folly of 
 England and the Ruin of America." — Rid- 
 path's U. 8., ch. 37, p. 289. 
 
 5521. TAXATION by Bepresentatives. Amer- 
 ican Revolution. The more immediate cause of 
 the Revolution was the passage by Parliament of 
 a number of acts destructive of colonial liberty. 
 These acts were resisted by the colonies, and the 
 attempt was made by Great Britain to enforce 
 them with the bayonet. The subject of this un- 
 just legislation, which extended over a period of 
 twelve years just preceding the war, was the 
 question of taxation. It is a well-grounded prin- 
 ciple of English common law that the people, by 
 their representatives in the House of Commons, 
 have the right of voting whatever taxes and 
 customs are necessarj-^ for the support of the 
 kingdom. The American colonists claimed the 
 full rights of Englishmen. With good reason 
 it was urged that the general assemblies of colo- 
 nies held the same relation to the American peo- 
 ple as did the House of Commons to the people 
 of England. The English ministers replied that 
 Parliament and not the colonial assemblies was 
 the proper body to vote taxes in any and all 
 parts of the British empire. " But we are not 
 represented in Parliament," was the answer of the 
 Americans ; " the House of Commons may there- 
 fore justly assess taxes in England, but not in 
 America." " Many of the towns, boroughs, and 
 shires in these British isles have no representa- 
 tives in Parliament, and yet the Parliament 
 taxes them," replied the ministers, now driven to 
 sophistry. ' ' If any of your towns, boroughs, and 
 shires are not represented in the House of Com- 
 mons, they ought to be," was the American re- 
 joinder ; and there the argument ended. Such 
 were the essential points of the controversy. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 37, p. 286. 
 
 5522. TAXATION resisted, Illegal. New Hamp- 
 shire Colony, 1684. [Charles II. appointed Ed- 
 ward Canfield, a notorious fortune-seeker, gov- 
 ernor, who expected a harvest of fines and for- 
 feitures.] Illegal taxes could not be gathered ; 
 associations were formed for mutual support in 
 resisting their collection. At Exeter the sheriff 
 was driven off with clubs, and the farmers' wives 
 had prepared hot water to scald his officer if he 
 had attempted to attach property in the hous© 
 At Hampton he was beaten, robbed of his 
 sword, seated upon a horse, with a rope round 
 
TAXATION— TAXES. 
 
 65? 
 
 his neck, and conveyed out of the province. . . . 
 Rioters . . . were rescued by a new riot ; if . . . 
 the militia were ordered out, not a man obeyed 
 the summons.— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 12. 
 
 5523. TAXATION, Ruinous. France. As if 
 the protection of manufactui-es needed restric- 
 tions on the exchanges of the products of the 
 earth, the withering prohibition of the export of 
 grain had doomed large tracts of land to lie des- 
 olately fallow. Indirect taxes, to the number of 
 at least ten thousand, bringing with them cus- 
 tom-houses between provinces, and custom- 
 houses on the frontier, and a hundred thousand 
 tax-gatherers, left little "to the peasant but 
 eyes to weep with."— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 5524. TAXATION by Stamps. Stamp-tax in 
 Coloiiiea. Unless stamps were used, marriages 
 would be null, notes of hand valueless, ships at 
 sea prizes to the first captors, suits at law impos- 
 sible, transfers of real estate invalid, inheritances 
 irreclaimable. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 10. 
 
 5525. TAXES, Destructive. Constantine. To 
 these grievances may be added the oppressive 
 taxes. The word indiction, which serves to as- 
 certain the chronology of the middle ages, was 
 derived from the practice of the emperor's sign- 
 ing with his own hand an edict prescribing the 
 annual measure of tho tribute to be levied, and 
 the term allowed for payment of it. The meas- 
 ure or quantity was ascertained by a census, or 
 survey, made by persons appointed for that pur- 
 pose, through all the provinces, who measured 
 the lands, took account of their nature, whether 
 arable, pasture, wood, or vineyard, and made an 
 estimate of their medium value, from an average 
 produce of five years. The numbers of slaves 
 and of cattle were likewise reported, and the 
 proprietors were examined on their oath as to 
 the true state of their affairs. Part of the trib- 
 ute specified by the indiction was paid in money, 
 and part in the produce of the land ; and so ex- 
 orbitant were these taxes, that the husbandmen 
 found it their interest to let their fields lie uncul- 
 tivated, as the burdens increased in a greater 
 proportion to the produce than their profits. 
 Hence the agriculture of the Roman provinces 
 was almost ruined, and population, which keeps 
 pace with plenty, gradually diminished. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 5, ch. 3, p. 515. 
 
 5526. . To Agriculture. Malmes- 
 
 bury writes thus of the year 1092 : " On account 
 of the heavy tribute which the king [William 
 II.], while in Normandy, had levied, agriculture 
 failed ; of which failure the immediate conse- 
 quence was a famine. This also gaining ground, 
 a mortality ensued, so general that the dying 
 wanted attendance and the dead burial." [The 
 king had taken all the stores for seeding the 
 following year.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 16, 
 p. 225. 
 
 5527. TAXES, Disturbances from, France. 
 [When Anne of Austria held the regency of 
 France, she replenished her empty treasury by 
 levying a] tax upon all articles of merchandise 
 brought for sale to the capital, whether by land 
 or water, levied indiscriminately upon all classes ; 
 and it is curious that this impost, less open to 
 objection than others on the score of equity, 
 should have been the proximate cause of the vio- 
 
 lent disturbances which followed. — Students' . 
 France, ch. 20, ^ 5. 
 
 552§. TAXES legislated. British. That the 
 king could not impose taxes without the consent 
 of Parliament is admitted to have been, from 
 time immemorial, a fundamental law of Eng- 
 land. It was among the articles which John 
 was compelled by the barons to sign. Edward 
 I. ventured to break through the rule ; but 
 able, powerful, and popular as he was, he en- 
 countered an opposition to which he found it 
 expedient to yield. He covenanted according- 
 ly, in express terms, for himself and his heirs^ 
 that they would never again levy any aid with- 
 out the assent and good-will of the estates of 
 the realm. His powerful and victorious grand- 
 son attempted to violate this solemn compact j 
 but the attempt was strenuously withstood. At 
 length the Plantagenets gave up the point ir^ 
 despair. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, p. 29. 
 
 5529. TAXES, Merciless. Agriculture. Ead- 
 ner relates that in the merciless taxation of that 
 reign [of Henry I.] the very doors were taken off 
 the houses when the people could no longer pay ; 
 and another contemporary writer says that a 
 troop of unhappy cultivators came, on one oc- 
 casion, to the king's palace, and threw down their 
 ploughshares at his feet, for the capital was ex- 
 hausted which alone could set the ploughs at 
 work. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 17, p. 247. 
 
 5530. TAXES multiplied. Romans in Britain. 
 The great "procurator," or revenue officer, of 
 the province had his subordinates in every city 
 to look after the "curiales" [official persons of 
 landed property, residing within city walls] , and 
 to take special care that no lenity interfered with 
 the rigid collection of the poll-tax, the funeral- 
 tax, the auction-tax, the tax on the sale of slaves, 
 the tithe of mining produce, and the tribute of 
 corn, hay, and cattle. Sometimes the levy wa» 
 just ; often it was frightfully oppressive. . . . 
 The curia were bound to collect what was im- 
 posed, and were responsible for any deficiency. 
 [Date about a.d. 300.]— Knight's Eng., vol 1,, 
 ch. 3, p. 45. 
 
 5531. TAXES, Odious. Reign of Charles 11. 
 The tax on chimneys, though less productive^ 
 raised far louder murmurs. The discontent ex- 
 cited by direct imposts is, indeed, almost always- 
 out of proportion to the quantity of money which 
 they bring into the Exchequer ; and the tax on> 
 chimneys was, even among direct imposts, pe- 
 culiarly odious, for it could be levied only by 
 means of domiciliary visits, and of such visits- 
 the English have always been impatient to a de- 
 gree which the people of other countries can but 
 faintly conceive. The poorer householders were 
 frequently unable to pay their hearth money to 
 the day. When this happened, their furniture 
 was distrained without mercy ; for the tax was 
 farmed ; and a farmer of taxes is, of all creditors, 
 proverbially the most rapacious. The collectors 
 were loudly accused of performing their unpop- 
 ular duty with harshness and insolence. It was 
 said that, as soon as they appeared at the thresh- 
 old of a cottage, the children began to wail, and 
 the old women ran to hide their earthen ware. 
 Nay, the single bed of a poor family had some- 
 times been carried away and sold. The net an- 
 nual receipt from this tax was £200,000. — Ma^^ 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 268. 
 
658 
 
 TAXES— TEACHER. 
 
 5533. TAXES, Oppressive. Roman. The Ro- 
 man tax, or capitation, on the proprietors of 
 land would have suffered a rich and numerous 
 class of free citizens to escape. With the view 
 of sharing that species of wealth which is derived 
 from art or labor, and which exists in money 
 or in merchandise, the emperors imposed a dis- 
 tinct and personal tribute on the trading part of 
 their subjects. Some exemptions, very strictly 
 confined both in time and place, were allowed to 
 the proprietors who disposed of the produce of 
 their own estates. Some indulgence was grant- 
 ed to the profession of the liberal arts ; but ev- 
 ery other branch of commercial industry was af- 
 fected by the severity of the law. The honora- 
 ble merchant of Alexandria, who imported the 
 gems and spices of India for the use of the west- 
 ern world ; the usurer, who derived from the in- 
 sterest of money a silent and ignominious profit ; 
 the ingenious manufacturer, the diligent mechan- 
 ic, and even the most obscure retailer of a se- 
 questered village, were obliged to admit the of- 
 ficers of the revenue into the partnership of their 
 gain ; and the sovereign of the Roman empire, 
 who tolerated the profession, consented to share 
 the infamous salary of public prostitutes. As 
 this general tax upon industry was collected ev- 
 ery fourth year, it was styled the Lustral Gontn- 
 bution ; and the historian Zosimus laments that 
 the approach of the fatal period was announced 
 by the tears and terrors of the citizens, who were 
 often compelled by the impending scourge to em- 
 brace the most abhorred and unnatural meth- 
 ods of procuring the sum at which their prop- 
 erty had been assessed. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17, 
 p. 149. 
 
 5533. . New York. "When the 
 
 Swedes, naturally a quiet and submissive people, 
 resisted the actions of the government, they were 
 visited with additional severity. If there is any 
 more murmuring against the taxes, make them 
 «o heavy that the people can do nothing but 
 think how to pay them, said Lovelace [the 
 second Governor of New York] in his instruc- 
 tions to his deputy. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 20, 
 p. 173. 
 
 5534. TAXES, Bebellion against. Duty on 
 Gloih. [In 1381 a] bloody riot took place at Rou- 
 en, in consequence of the proposal of a new duty 
 upon cloth ; the burghers rushed to arms, and 
 having proclaimed a wealthy clothier King of 
 Rouen, insisted on his issuing an edict repealing 
 the tax, and holding up the ofl5cers of the rev- 
 enue to public execration. The unfortunate col- 
 lectors were plundered, insulted, and violently 
 driven from the city ; an attack was next made 
 upon the castle, in which the governor was kill- 
 ed ; the clergy were also assaulted and maltreat- 
 ed. .. . The chief authors of the revolt were 
 executed, and the duty upon cloth was levied by 
 threats and force. . . , Emboldened by this suc- 
 cess, the court attempted to enforce at Paris an 
 excise-duty upon produce exposed for sale in the 
 markets. The step was energetically resisted ; 
 the popular wrath exploded at once, and the cap- 
 ital was in full insurrection. ... No sooner had 
 the ferment subsided than arrests were made in 
 every part of Paris, and the wretched prisoners, 
 without any public condemnation, were dis- 
 patched by a secret and odious mode of execu- 
 4ion — they were inclosed in sacks, and thrown 
 
 at dead of night into the Seine.— Students' 
 France, ch. 11, § 1. 
 
 5535. TAXES, Ruinous. France, a. D. 1774. 
 [Reign of Louis XVI.] The annual expenses 
 largely exceeded the revenue, and extortions to 
 meet the deficit fell on the humble and the weak. 
 Yet the chief financial officers grew enormously 
 rich. . . . The land tax, the poll tax, the best 
 tithes of the produce for the priest, twentieths, 
 military service, taxes on consumption, labor on 
 the highways, crushed the pea.santry. The in- 
 direct taxes were farmed out to commissioners, 
 who had power to enforce extortionate demands 
 by summarily sending demurrers to the galleys 
 or the scaffold. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 7, ch. 7. 
 
 5536. TEACHEB punished. The. By Scholars. 
 A schoolmaster, designing to betray the Fale- 
 rians by means of their children, took them every 
 day out of the city to exercise, keeping pretty 
 close to the walls at first, and when their exer- 
 cise was over led them in again. By degrees he 
 took them out farther, accustoming them to di- 
 vert themselves freely, as if they had nothing to 
 fear. At last, having got them altogether, he 
 brought them to the Roman advanced guard, and 
 delivered them up to be carried to Camillus. 
 When he came into his presence, he said he 
 was the schoolmaster of Falerii, but preferring 
 his favor to the obligations of duty, he came to 
 deliver up those children to him, and in them 
 the whole city. This action appeared very 
 shocking to Camillus, and he said to those that 
 were by, " War at best is a savage thing, and 
 wades through a sea of violence and injustice ; 
 yet even war itself has its laws, which men of 
 honor will not depart from ; nor do they so pur- 
 sue victoiy as to avail themselves of acts of vil- 
 lainy and baseness. For a great general should 
 only rely on his own virtue, and not upon the 
 treachery of others." Then he ordered the lie- 
 tors to tear off the wretch's clothes, to tie his 
 hands behind him, and furnish the boys with 
 rods and scourges, to punish the traitor, and 
 whip him into the city. — Plutarch. 
 
 5537. TEACHEB, Belation of. Aristotle. [King 
 Philip secured him to be the teacher of young 
 Alexander. See No. 3589.] Alexander likewise 
 discovered no less esteem for his master, whom 
 he believed himself bound to love as much as if 
 he had been his father, declaring that he was 
 indebted to the one for living, and to the other 
 for living well. The progress of the pupil was 
 equal to the care and abilities of the preceptor. 
 He grew passionately fond of philosophy, and 
 learned the several branches of it, but with the 
 discrimination suitable to his birth. Aristotle 
 endeavored to improve his judgment by laying 
 down sure and certain rules, by which he might 
 distinguish just and solid reasoning from what 
 is merely specious, and by accustoming him to 
 separate in discourse all such parts as only 
 dazzle from those which are truly solid, and 
 should constitute its whole value. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 15, §1. 
 
 553§. TEACHEB, Besnonsibility of. Philip oj 
 Macedon. His queen Olympias . . . was deliv- 
 ered ... of a son, Alexander, justly denomi- 
 nated the Great. On this event, Philip wrote to 
 the philosopher Aristotle in these emphatic 
 words, truly worthy of a king : ' ' Know that a 
 son is born to us. We thank the gods, first, for 
 
TEACHER— TEMPERANCE. 
 
 659 
 
 their excellent gift, and, secondly, that it is be- 
 .stowed in the age of Aristotle, who, we trust, 
 will render him a son worthy of his father, and 
 ^ prince worthy of Macedonia." — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 3, p. 170. 
 
 5539. TEACHEE, Value of. To Alexander. I 
 do not know whether any prince in the world 
 had a nobler education than Alexander. He 
 was very conversant in eloquence, poetry, polite 
 learning, the whole circle of arts, and the most 
 abstracted and most sublime sciences. How 
 happy was he in meeting with so great a precep- 
 tor ! None but an Aristotle was fit for an Alex- 
 ander. I am overjoyed to find the disciple pay 
 .so illustrious a testimony of respect to his mas- 
 ter, by declaring he was more indebted to him in 
 -one sense than to his father. A man who thinks 
 and speaks in this manner must be fully sensi- 
 ble of the great advantages of a good education. 
 — Rollin's Hist. , Book 15, § 19. 
 
 5540. TEACHEES, Pay of. AtJienian. The 
 Athenian professors were paid by their disciples, 
 :according to their mutual wants and abilities ; 
 the price appears to have varied from a mina to 
 & talent ; and Isocrates himself, who derides the 
 avarice of the sophists, required, in his school of 
 rhetoric, about £30 from each of his hundred 
 pupils. The wages of industry are just and hon- 
 <orable, yet the same Isocrates shed tears at the 
 first receipt of a stipend ; the Stoic might blush 
 when he was hired to preach the contempt of 
 money ; and I should be sorry to discover that 
 Aristotle or Plato so far degenerated from the 
 example of Socrates as to exchange knowledge 
 for gold. But some property of lands and 
 houses was settled by the permission of the laws, 
 and the legacies of deceased friends, on the 
 philosophic chairs of Athens. Epicurus be- 
 queathed to his disciples the gardens which he 
 had purchased for eighty minae, or £250, with a 
 fund sufficient for their frugal subsistence and 
 monthly festivals, and the patrimony of Plato 
 afforded an annual rent, which, in eight cen- 
 turies, was gradually increased from three to 
 •one thousand pieces of gold. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 <;h. 40, p. 106. 
 
 5541. TECHNICALITIES, Strenuous for. Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. " Judge ," said he, "held the 
 
 •strongest ideas of rigid government and close 
 construction that I ever met. It was said of him 
 on one occasion that he would hang a man for 
 blowing his nose in the street, but he would 
 quash the indictment if it failed to specify which 
 Jiand he blew with." — Raymond's LiNCOiiN, 
 p. 754. 
 
 5542. TELEGEAPH, Value of. Treaty of 
 Ghent. On the 18th of February the treaty was 
 ratified by the Senate of the United States, and 
 peace was publicly proclaimed. It was in the 
 interim between the conclusion of the treaty and 
 the reception of the news in the United States 
 that the battle of New Orleans was fought. A 
 telegram would have saved all the bloodshed. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 51, p. 414. 
 
 5543. TEMPEE, Command of. Themistocles. 
 Eurybiades said : " Do not you know, Themis- 
 tocles, that in the public games such as rise up 
 before their turn are chastised for it ?" " Yes," 
 answered Themistocles ; "yet such as are left 
 i)ehind never gain the crown." Eurvbiades, 
 
 upon this, lifting up his staff, as if he intended 
 to strike him, Themistocles said : " Strike if you 
 please, but hear me." The Lacedaemonians, ad- 
 miring his command of temper, bade him speak 
 what he had to say. — Plutarch's Themisto- 
 cles. 
 
 5544. TEMPEEAMENT, Changeful. Henry II. 
 [Henry II.] is described as a lamb when in 
 good humor, but a lion or worse than a lion 
 when seriously angry. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1 
 ch. 19, p. 279. 
 
 5545. TEMPEEANCE, Allies of. Tea and 
 Coffee. While tea and coffee were taxed in 
 their liquid state, and families sent to the coffee- 
 house for a quart of the precious infusions, it 
 was observed excess in drinking, especially 
 about London, was somewhat lessened through 
 their use. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 3, p. 38. 
 
 5546. TEMPEEANCE of Athletes. Grecian. 
 Those who were designed for this profession fre- 
 quented, from their most tender age, the Gym- 
 nasia or Palaestrae, which were a kind of acade- 
 mies maintained for that purpose at the public 
 expense. In these places, such young people 
 were under the direction of different masters, 
 who employed the most effectual methods to 
 inure their bodies for the fatigues of the public 
 games, and to train them for the combats. The 
 regimen they were under was very hard and 
 severe. At first they had no other nourishment 
 than dried figs, nuts, soft cheese, and a coarse 
 heavy sort of bread, called fiaZ,a. They were ab- 
 solutely forbidden the use of wine, and enjoined 
 continence. — Rollin's Hist., Book 10, ch. 3, 
 p. 424. 
 
 5547. TEMPEEANCE, Beginning in. Firat 
 Organization. The earliest organization to stem 
 the torrent of intemperance in this republic 
 would seem to have been that of " The Temper- 
 ate Society of Moreau and Northumberland" 
 (Saratoga Co., N. Y.), which was instigated by 
 Dr. B. J. Clark, of Moreau, in March, 1808, and 
 constituted by the signature of forty -three mem- 
 bers, mainly substantial farmers of the two 
 towns named. Their constitution stipulated that 
 "No member shall drink rum, gin, whiskey, 
 wine, or any distilled spirits, or compositions of 
 the same, or any of them, except by the advice 
 of a physician, or in case of actual disease (also 
 excepting wine at public dinners), under penalty 
 of twenty -five cents. Provided, that this article 
 shall not infringe on any religious ordinance." 
 And further, that " No member shall be intoxi- 
 cated under penalty of fifty cents." And again: 
 "No member shall offer any of said liquors to 
 any other member, or urge any other person to 
 drink thereof, under penalty of twenty-five cents 
 for each offence." — Appleton's Cyclopedia, 
 "Abstinence." 
 
 5548. TEMPEEANCE, German. Respected.. It 
 was not enough to have driven the Germans out 
 of Gaul. Caesar respected their character. Head- 
 mired their abstinence from wine, their courage, 
 their frugal habits, and their pure morality. But 
 their virtues made them only more dangerous ; 
 and he desired to show them that the Roman arm 
 was long and could reach them even in their 
 own homes. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 16, p. 39. 
 
 5549. TEMPEEANCE and Justice. King 
 Philip. Philip, rising from an entertainment at 
 
660 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 "which he had sitten several hours, was addressed 
 by a woman, who begged him to examine her 
 cause, and to hear several reasons she had to al- 
 lege, which were not pleasing to him. He ac- 
 cordingly heard it, and gave sentence against 
 her ; upon which she replied very calmly : " I 
 appeal." "How!" says Philip, "from your 
 king? To whom, then ?" " To Philip when fast- 
 ing," replied the woman. The manner in which 
 he received this answer would do honor to the 
 most sober prince. He gave the cause a second 
 hearing, acknowledged the injustice of his sen- 
 tence, and condemned himself to make amends 
 for it. — Rollin's Hist., Book 14, § 7. 
 
 5550. TEMPERANCE by Legislation. Spar- 
 tans. Particular care was taken to educate the 
 youth according to the laws and manners of the 
 country, in order that, by being early engrafted 
 into them, and confirmed by long habitude, they 
 might become, as it were, a second nature. The 
 hard and sober manner in which they were 
 brought up inspired them during the rest of 
 their lives with a natural taste for frugality and 
 temperance that distinguished them from all 
 other nations, and wonderfully adapted them to 
 support the fatigues of war. Plato observes 
 that this salutary custom had banished from 
 Sparta and all the territory dependent upon it 
 drunkenness, debauchery, and all the disorders 
 that ensue from them ; insomuch that it was a 
 crime punishable by law to drink wine to excess 
 even in the Bacchanalia, which everywhere else 
 were days of license, and on which whole cities 
 gave themselves up to the last excesses. — Rol- 
 lin's Hist., Book 10, ch. 1, § 1. 
 
 5551. TEMFEBANCE, Legislation against. 
 First Congress. The manufacture of glass had 
 been started in Maryland, and the members from 
 that State secured a duty on the foreign article 
 after considerable discussion, and with the signifi- 
 cant reservation, in deference to popular habits, 
 that " black quart bottles" should be admitted 
 free. — Blaine's Twenty Years, ch. 9, p. 184. 
 
 5552. TEMPERANCE by Legislation. Eng- 
 land, 1736. A petition against the excessive use 
 of spirituous liquors was presented to the House 
 of Commons from the justices of the peace for 
 Middlesex. The drinking of Geneva [gin], it 
 was alleged, had excessively increased among 
 the people of inferior rank ; the constant and 
 excessive use of distilled spirituous liquors had 
 already destroyed thousands, and rendered great 
 numbei-s of others unfit for labor, debauching 
 their morals, and driving them into every vice. 
 [A tax of 20«. a gallon was laid on gin, and every 
 retailer was required to take out an annual 
 license costing £50. The measure was opposed 
 by the government, because it would reduce the 
 revenue by reducing the consumption. It was 
 opposed because it was a sumptuary law.] Yet 
 the magnitude of the evil certainly warranted 
 some strong legislative measure. It was stated 
 that within the bills of mortality there were 
 twenty thousand houses for retailing spirituous 
 liquors. Sudden deaths from excessive gin- 
 drinking were continually' reported in the news- 
 papers. The bill was passed, and to come into 
 operation after the 29th of Sept. On that day 
 the signs of the liquor-shops were put in mourn- 
 ing. Hooting mobs were assembled around the 
 dens where they could no longer get " drunk 
 
 for a penny and dead-drunk for twopence." 
 The last rag was pawned to carry oflE a cheap- 
 quart or gallon of the beloved liquor. The act 
 was evaded. Hawkers sold a colored mixture in 
 the streets, and pretended chemists opened shops 
 for the sale of " Cholick-water." Fond, playful 
 names, such as "Tom Row," "Make-shift," 
 " The Ladies' Delight," " The Baulk," attracted 
 customers to the old haunts. Informers were 
 rolled in the mud, or pumped upon, or thrown 
 into the Thames. It became necessary in 1743, 
 when the consumption of gin had positive- 
 ly increased, to reduce the excessive duty. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 5, p. 78. 
 
 5553. . Against the Poor. [Parlia- 
 ment passed an act in 1606] for repressing the 
 odious vice of drunkenness, which vice was 
 described as the overthrow of many good arts 
 and manual trades, the disabling of divers work- 
 men, and the general impoverishing of many 
 good subjects. [The statute was directed against 
 the sins of the humble. The fine of a convicted 
 di-unkard was five shillings. The king and his 
 court set the example by their intemperance, but 
 their only fine was the odium of public opinioa 
 directed against them.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 22, p. 339. 
 
 5554. TEMPERANCE, Mechanical. " Pegs in 
 Cup." The interference of [St.Dunstan] the arch- 
 bishop with the social customs of the people 
 is one of the stories told to his honor. They 
 were in the habit of quarrelling about the quan- 
 tity that each man should drink out of the com- 
 mon cup ; and he enacted that pegs should be 
 put in the vessels, that no thirsty soul should 
 take more than his just proportion. [He was. 
 prime-minister to King Edgar, a.d. 958-975.} 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch 10, p. 146. 
 
 5555. TEMPERANCE and Politics. John Locke, 
 [William III. offered him a mission to Branden- 
 burg, which he declined.] " If I have reason ta 
 apprehend the cold air of the country, there is yet 
 another thing in it as inconsistent with my con- 
 stitution, and that is their warm drinking. . . . 
 I imagine, whatever I may do there myself, the 
 knowing what others are doing is at least one 
 half of my business, and I know no such rack in 
 the world to draw out men's thoughts as a well- 
 managed bottle. If, therefore, it were fit for me 
 to advise in this case, I should think it more for 
 the king's interest to send a man of equal part* 
 that could drink his share than the soberest man 
 in the kingdom." — Fowler's Locke, ch. 4. 
 
 5556. TEMPERANCE possible. Prohibition. 
 [In 1652 the House of Commons voted that no 
 wines should be imported into the common- 
 wealth. The French minister told the council 
 " they could not do without our wines." They 
 answered him jocosely that men soon got ac- 
 customed to anything ; and that as they had,^ 
 without inconvenience, dispensed with a king, 
 contrary to the general belief, so they could 
 also dispense with French wines.] — Knight's? 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 10, p. 152. 
 
 5557. TEMPERANCE, Practical. Napoleon I. 
 The emperor and empress usually dined alone. 
 The dinner consisted of but one course, pro- 
 longed by the dessert. The only wine he drank 
 was a light French wine mingled with water. 
 Ardent spirits he never drank. The dinner usa- 
 
TEMPERANCE— TEMPTATION. 
 
 661 
 
 ;ally lasted not more than twenty minutes. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 29. 
 
 555§. TEMPEEANCE by Prohibition. London. 
 In the statutes of London [a.d. 1290] "it is 
 enjoined that . . . after curfew bell tolled . . . 
 none keep a tavern open for wine or ale." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 25, p. 386. 
 
 5559. TEMPEEANCE by Eeaction. Lacedce- 
 moniam. Anachonis, the philosopher, being 
 asked by what means a man might best guard 
 against the vice of drunkenness, answered, " By 
 bearing constantly in his view the loathsome, in- 
 decent behavior of such as are intoxicated." 
 Upon this principle was founded the custom of 
 the LacedfEmonians, of exposing their di'unken 
 slaves to their children, who by that means con- 
 ceived an early aversion to a vice which makes 
 men appear so monstrous and irrational. 
 
 5560. . Young Cyrus. [Young Cy- 
 rus visited his grandfather Astyages, the king 
 of the Medes, and playfully served as a cup-bear- 
 er.] Astyages embraced him with great fond- 
 ness, and said. " I am mighty well pleased, my 
 dear child ; nobody can serve me with a better 
 grace ; but you have forgotten one essential cere- 
 mony, which is that of tasting." And indeed the 
 cup-bearer was used to pour some of the liquor 
 into his left hand, and to taste it, before he pre- 
 sented it to the king. " No," replied Cyrus, " it 
 is not through forgetfulness that I omitted that 
 ceremony." " Why, then," said Astyages, "for 
 what reason did you do it ?" " Because I appre- 
 hended there was poison in the liquor." " Poi- 
 .son, child ! How could you think so ?" " Yes, 
 poison, papa ; for not long ago, at an entertain- 
 ment you gave to the lords of your court, after 
 the guests had drunk a little of that liquor, I per- 
 "Ceived all their heads were turned — they sung, 
 made a noise, and talked they did not know 
 what ; you yourself seemed to have forgotten that 
 j'ou were king, and they that they were subjects ; 
 and when you would have danced, you could 
 not stand upon your legs." " Why," says Asty- 
 ages," have you never seen the same thing hap- 
 pen to your father ?" " No, never," says Cyrus. 
 " How is it with him when he drinks ?" " Why, 
 when he has drunk, his thirst is quenched, and 
 that's all." — Rollin's Hist., Book 4, ch. 1, § 2. 
 
 5561. TEMPEEANCE Eeformation. Father 
 Mathew. Those unexpected scenes at Limerick 
 decided Father Mathew's future career. He be- 
 came the Apostle of Temperance. In some of 
 the densely peopled counties of Ireland he ad- 
 ministered the pledge to fifty thousand persons 
 a day for some days together. Three millions of 
 ^he people of Ireland, it is computed, vowed 
 %emselves to total abstinence in his presence ; 
 Hnd in America his success was not less aston- 
 ishing. — Cyclopedia op Bigg., p. 112. 
 
 5562. TEMPEEANCE, Eeligious. Mahomet. 
 'The interdiction of wine, peculiar to some orders 
 •of priests or hermits, is converted by Mahomet 
 
 alone into a positive and general law ; and a con- 
 siderable portion of the globe has abjured, at his 
 command, the use of that salutary though dan- 
 gerous liquor. These painful restraints are, 
 doubtless, infringed by the libertine and elud- 
 •ed by the hypocrite. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50, 
 p. 116. 
 
 5563. TEMPEEANCE, Standard of. Washing- 
 ton. He dressed and dined at three. At this 
 meal he ate heartily. ... He partook sparingly 
 of dessert, drank a home-made beverage, and 
 from four to five glasses of Madeira wine. When 
 the cloth was removed, with old-fashioned cour- 
 tesy he drank to the health of every person 
 present, and then gave his toast — his only toast 
 — " All our friends." — CcsTts' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 5564. TEMPEEANCE, Strict. Mohammedans. 
 [Under Abubeker, the reformer.] The abuse, or 
 even the use, of wine was chastised by fourscore 
 strokes on the soles of the feet, and, in the fervor 
 of their primitive zeal, many secret sinners re- 
 vealed their fault, and solicited their punish- 
 ment. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 190. 
 
 5565. TEMPLE, Furniture of the. Jewish. 
 The holy instruments of the Jewish worship, 
 the gold table and the gold candlestick with 
 seven branches, originally framed according to 
 the particular instructions of God Himself, and 
 which were placed in the sanctuary of His tem- 
 ple, had been ostentatiously displayed to the Ro- 
 man people in the triumph of Titus. They were 
 afterward deposited in the temple of Peace ; and 
 at the end of four hundred years the spoils of Je- 
 rusalem were transferred from Rome to Carthage 
 by a Barbarian who derived his origin from the 
 shores of the Baltic. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 36, 
 p. 464. 
 
 5566. TEMPTATION dismissed. Martyr Hoc- 
 per. [After Hooper's condemnation, the ru- 
 mor went forth that the fear of death had pre- 
 vailed over his constancy. He wrote a letter to 
 rebut such rumors, and made this affirmation 
 therein :] "I have taught the truth with my 
 tongue and with my pen heretofore, and here- 
 after shall shortly confirm the same, by God's 
 grace, with my blood." . . . When, at the 
 stake, he listened to the bitter laments of the 
 common people, who greatly loved him ; a par- 
 don was offered him if he would recant ; but he 
 exclaimed, " If you love my soul, take it away." 
 When he was fastened by hoops of iron to the 
 stake, he said the trouble was needless, for God 
 would give him strength to abide the extremity 
 of the fire without bands. His sufferings were 
 of the most lingering nature ; but he remained 
 calm and still to the last, and while flames 
 were slowly consuming him, died as quietly. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 3, ch. 6. 
 
 5567. TEMPTATION, Intentional. Samuel 
 Johnson. There is a very good story told of Sir 
 Godfrey Kneller, in his character of a justice of 
 the peace. A gentleman brought his servant 
 before him, upon an accusation of having stolen 
 some money from him ; but it having come out 
 that he had laid it purposely in the servant's 
 way, in order to try his honesty. Sir Godfrey 
 sent the master to prison. Johnson: " To re- 
 sist temptation once is not a sufficient proof of 
 honesty. If a servant, indeed, were to resist the 
 continued temptation of silver lying in a win- 
 dow, as some people let it lie, when he is sure 
 his master does not know how much there is of 
 it, he would give a strong proof of honesty. 
 But this is a proof to which you have no right 
 to put a man. You know, humanly speaking 
 there is a certain degree of temptation which 
 will overcome any virtue. Now, in so far as 
 
663 
 
 TEMPTATION— TESTIMONY. 
 
 you approach temptation to a man, you do him 
 an injury ; and if he is overcome, you share his 
 guilt." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 363. 
 
 5568. TEMPTATION, Morbid. John Bunyan. 
 He had gained Christ, as he called It. He was 
 now tempted " to sell and part with this most 
 blessed Christ, to exchange Him for the things 
 of this life — for anything. If there had been any 
 real prospect of worldly advantage before Bun- 
 yan, which he could have gained by abandoning 
 his religious profession, the words would have 
 had a meaning. . . . And yet he says, " It 
 lay upon me for a year, and did follow me so 
 continually that I was not rid of it one day in a 
 month, sometimes not an hour in many days 
 together, unless when I was asleep. I could 
 neither eat my food, stoop for a pin, chop a 
 stick nor cast my eye to look on this or that, but 
 still the temptation would come, ' Sell Christ 
 for this, sell Him for that ! Sell Him ! Sell 
 Him ! ' " — Froxjde's Bunyan, ch. 3. 
 
 5569. TENDERNESS with Courage. QaH- 
 baldi. As a boy he was chiefly remarkable for 
 an extreme tenderness of feeling. When he was 
 a very little boy, he happened, in playing with 
 a grasshopper, to break one of its legs, which 
 afflicted him to such a degree that he could not 
 go on with his play. He went to his room, 
 where he remained for several hours mourning 
 over the irreparable injury he had done the 
 poor insect. But this excessive tenderness did 
 not proceed from weakness of character. Not 
 long after, while playing on the banks of one of 
 those wide and deep ditches which they have in 
 Italy for irrigating the fields, he saw a poor 
 washerwoman, who had fallen into the ditch, 
 struggling for her life, and in imminent danger 
 of drowning. He sprang to her assistance, and, 
 young as he was, he actually succeeded in getting 
 the woman out. He has to this day a lively 
 recollection of the ecstasy which he experienced 
 upon seeing her safe on the bank. In affairs of 
 this nature, calling for the sudden risk of one 
 life for the preservation of another, he has never 
 hesitated, nor even so much as thought of his 
 own danger till the danger was over. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BiOG. , p. 493. 
 
 5570. TENDERNESS with Resoluteness. Oliver 
 Cromwell. [Cromwell exhibited great tenderness 
 in every domestic relation, as son, husband and 
 father. In 1648 iiis eldest son was killed in 
 battle, and ten years later he calls up bitter re- 
 membrances out ^f the sacred depths of his 
 heart. He was fourteen days by the bedside of 
 his dying daughter. Lady Claypole, ' ' unable to 
 attend to any public business whatever." He 
 daily visited his mother in her old age.]^ 
 Knight, vol. 4, ch. 13, p. 214. 
 
 5571. TENANTS, Regard for. John Howard. 
 As often as he had a cottage completed, he 
 looked about for a sober and diligent tenant 
 for it ; so that his cottage-building furnished a 
 most powerful inducement to reform. Besides 
 this, he let his cottages on certain conditions fa- 
 vorable to virtue and good order. One was, that 
 the tenant should go to church once every Sun- 
 day ; another, that he should never go to the ale- 
 house ; another, that he should never gamble ; 
 another, that he should let his children go to the 
 school which he had established for them. It was 
 80 exceedingly desirable to a poor man to have 
 
 one of his cottages, with a garden attached, at a 
 rent of about ten dollars a year, that he had no- 
 difliculty in inducing the villagers to comply 
 with his conditions. — Cyclopedia op Biog., 
 p. 37. 
 
 5572. TERROR vs. Happiness. Damocles, 
 [Damocles, a courtier of Dionysius the tyrant, 
 was] always repeating, that never man was hap- 
 pier than Dionysius. " Since you are of that 
 opinion," said the tyrant, " will you taste and 
 make proof of my felicity in person ?" The offer 
 was accepted with joy. Damocles was placed 
 on a golden couch, covered with carpets, richly 
 embroidered. The sideboards were loaded with 
 vessels of gold and silver. The most beauti- 
 ful slaves in the most splendid habits stood 
 around, ready to serve him at the slightest signal. 
 The most exquisite essences and perfumes had 
 not been spared. The table was spread with 
 proportionate magnificence. Damocles was all 
 joy, and looked upon himself as the happiest 
 man in the world ; when, unfortunately, casting: 
 up his eyes he beheld over his head the point of 
 a sword, which hung from the roof only by a. 
 single horse-hair. He was immediately seized 
 with a cold sweat ; everything disappeared in ait 
 instant ; he could see nothing but the sword, 
 nor think of anything but his danger. In the- 
 height of his fear he desired permission to retire, 
 and declared he would be happy no longer. — 
 Rollin'sHist., Book 9, ch. 1, § 4. 
 
 5573. TERROR, Reign of. France. The 
 Committee of Public Safety . . . commenced 
 by proclaiming a new and hastily framed con- 
 stitution, of an absurdly democratic and imprac- 
 ticable character, which was inaugurated at a. 
 national fete with pagan and atheistical ceremo- 
 nies on the 10th of August. Next followed a 
 decree for a levy en masse of all citizens capa- 
 ble of bearing arms ; another for a forced loaa 
 amounting to nearly one year's revenue ; anoth- 
 er extorting from all landowners and farmers a. 
 contribution of two-thirds of their produce in 
 grain for the consumption of the army ; another 
 imposing a maximum — that is, a fixed arbitrary 
 price above which no provisions could be sold — 
 upon bread, meat, wine, salt, wood, and other- 
 articles. A farther measure — the famous " lot 
 des suspects" — placed the liberty and prop- 
 erty of the whole population of France at the 
 uncontrolled disposal of the government, and 
 soon filled the prisons with upward of two hun- 
 dred thousand miserable captives. — Students' 
 France, ch. 27, § 4. 
 
 5574. TEST for Office. Beligious. [Of Par- 
 liament enacted under Charles II.] the Test. 
 Act provided that all persons holding any office,, 
 civil or military, should take the Oath of Su- 
 premacy, should subscribe a declaration against 
 transubstantiation, and should publicly receive- 
 the sacrament according to the rites of the- 
 Church of England. The preamble expressed 
 hostility only to the Papists, but the enacting 
 clauses were scarcely more unfavorable to the 
 Papists than to the most rigid class of Puritans. 
 — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 2, p. 208. 
 
 5575. TESTIMONY, Christian. For John 
 Bunyan. " One daj^ in a street in Bedford, a& 
 he was at work in his calling, he fell in with 
 three or four poor women sitting at a door in the 
 sun talking about the things of God." He wa» 
 
IP 
 
 TESTIMONY— THANKSGIVING. 
 
 663 
 
 himself at that time " a brisk talker " about the 
 matters of religion, and he joined these women. 
 Their expressions were wholly unintelligible to 
 him. " They were speaking of the wretched- 
 ness of their own hearts — of their unbelief, of 
 their miserable state." Bunyan left the women, 
 and went about his work, but their talk went 
 with him. " He was greatly affected." "He 
 saw that he wanted the true tokens of a godly 
 man. " He sought them out and spoke with them 
 again and again. He could not stay away, and 
 the more he went the more he questioned his 
 condition. — Froude's Bunyan, ch. 2. 
 
 5576. TESTIMONY, Imaginative. Columbus. 
 He mentions in his journal that he saw three 
 mermaids [in the West Indies] which elevated 
 themselves above the surface of the sea, and he 
 observes that he had before seen such on the coast 
 of Africa. He adds that they were by no 
 means the beautiful beings they had been repre- 
 sented, although they possessed some traces of 
 the human countenance. It is supposed that 
 these must have been manati or sea-calves seen 
 indistinctly and at a distance ; and that the im- 
 agination of Columbus, disposed to give a won- 
 derful character to everything in this new world, 
 had identified these misshapen animals with the 
 sirens of ancient story. — Ikving's Columbus, 
 Book 5, ch. 1. 
 
 5577. TESTIMONY, Trial of. Middle Ages. 
 The ignorance of the judges, as well as the 
 weakness of their authority in those rude ages, 
 laid a natural foundation for another singularity 
 in their legal forms, which was the judgment 
 of God. A party accused of a crime was al- 
 lowed to produce a certain number of wit- 
 nesses, more or fewer according to the measure 
 of the offence ; and if these declared upon oath 
 their belief in the innocence of the accused, it 
 was accounted a sufficient justification. Seven- 
 ty-two compurgators were required to absolve 
 an incendiary or murderer ; and Gregory of Tours 
 relates, that when the chastity of a queen of 
 Prance was suspected, three hundred nobles 
 swore, without hesitation, that the infant prince 
 had been actually begotten by her deceased hus- 
 band. It is not improbable that the notorious 
 perjuries occasioned by this absurd practice 
 gave rise to another equally preposterous, and 
 much more dangerous to the unhappy criminal. 
 It was in the option of the judge to condemn the 
 party accused to undergo the trial of cold water, 
 of boiling water, or of red-hot iron. They began 
 with the performance of the mass, and the ac- 
 cused person solemnly took the sacrament. If the 
 trial was by cold water, the priest gave his bene- 
 diction to the water, and performed exorcism, to 
 expel evil spirits. The culprit, tied hand and foot, 
 was then thrown into a pool of water ; where, if 
 he sank to the bottom, and probably was drown- 
 ed, it was a proof of his innocence ; but if he 
 swam above, he was accounted certainly guilty, 
 and condemned to death accordingly. The trial 
 by hot water was performed by making the ac- 
 cused person plunge his naked arm into a ves- 
 sel of boiling water, and fetch from the bottom 
 a consecrated ring. The arm was immediately 
 put into a bag, and sealed up by the judge, to 
 be opened after three days ; when, if there were 
 no marks of burning, the culprit, was declared 
 innocent. It is well known that there are compo- 
 
 sitions which powerfully resist the immediate 
 effects of fire, and which, in all probability, 
 were not unknown in those days when there was. 
 so much occasion for them. The third proof 
 was by holding in the hand, for a certain space 
 of time, a red-hot iron, or by walking bare- 
 footed over several burning ploughshares or 
 bars of iron. Perhaps it might be possible to 
 elude even the dangers of this experiment, 
 though certainly more difficult than the last. 
 Another ordeal was of a gentler sort ; it was 
 performed by consecrating a piece of barley- 
 bread and cheese, and giving it to the accused to 
 eat, who, if he was not choked by it, was de- 
 clared innocent. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, 
 p. 79. 
 
 557§. THANKS expressed. S. Johnson. Mr. 
 Sheridan told me that when he communicated 
 to Dr. Johnson that a pension was to be granted 
 him, he replied in a fervor of gratitude, " The 
 English language does not afford me terms ade- 
 quate to my feelings on this occasion. I must 
 have recourse to the French. I am penetre with 
 his Majesty's goodness." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 103. 
 
 5579. THANKSGIVING, Duty of. Neglected. 
 [Henry Dorsey Gough, a wealthy Maryland 
 planter,] was riding to one of his plantations un- 
 der a state of religious awakening. He heard 
 the voice of prayer and praise in a cabin, and, 
 listening, discovered that a negro from a neigh- 
 boring estate was leading the devotions of his 
 own slaves, and offering fervent thanksgivings 
 for the blessings of their depi*essed lot. His 
 heart was touched, and, with emotion, he ex- 
 claimed, " Alas, O Lord, I have my thousands, 
 and tens of thousands, and yet, ungrateful wretch 
 that I am, I never thanked Thee, as this poor 
 slave does, who has scarcely clothes to put on, 
 or food to satisfy his hunger !" [He never for- 
 got the lesson.] — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 1, p. 236. 
 
 55§0. THANKSGIVING, Threefold. Thalea. 
 [He was one of the seven wise men of Greece.] 
 He used to thank the gods for three things : 
 that he was born a reasonable creature, and not 
 a beast ; a man, and not a woman ; a Greek, and 
 not a Barbarian. Upon his mother's pressing 
 him to marry when he was young, he told her it 
 was then too soon , and, after several years were 
 elapsed, he told her it was then too late. — Rol- 
 lin's Hist. , Book 5, art. 9. 
 
 5581. THANKSGIVING for Victory. Span- 
 ish Armnda. [In 1589, after the dispersion of the 
 famous Spanish Armada by the British fleet of 
 one half its tonnage, a national thanksgiving 
 celebrated the victory.] On Sunday the 24th of 
 November, Elizabeth rode in a chariot to Saint 
 Paul's, in the most magnificent of dresses ; and 
 the streets were hung with blue cloth ; and the 
 companies of the city stood on both sides in 
 goodly order, and the trophies were carried in 
 procession ; and the great captains of England's 
 Salamis were about their queen ; and she gra- 
 ciously saluted them by name ; and a solemn 
 thanksgiving was offered up, and the glory 
 given to God only. On that day there were also 
 given in every church in the land " public and 
 general thanks unto God, with all devotion and 
 inward affection of heart and humbleness for His 
 gracious favor extended toward us in our de. 
 
€64 
 
 THEATRES— THEATRICALS. 
 
 liverance and defence, in the wonderful over- 
 throw and destruction shown by His mighty 
 hand on our malicious enemies, the Spaniards, 
 who had thought to evade and make a con- 
 quest of the realm." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 15, p. 237. 
 
 55 §2. THEATEES, Corrupted. English. Eigh- 
 teenth Century. In theatrical representations 
 of life there was scarcely an attempt to exhibit 
 a woman of sense and modesty. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27. 
 
 55§3. THEATBES, Dangers of. 8. Johnson. 
 He for a considerable time used to frequent the 
 Oreen-room, and seemed to take delight in dis- 
 sipating his gloom by mixing in the sprightly 
 chit-chat of the motley circle then to be found 
 there. Mr. David Hume related to me from 
 Mr. Garrick, that Johnson at last denied himself 
 that amusement, from consideration of rigid 
 virtue, saying : ' ' I'll come no more behind your 
 scenes, David ; for the silk stockings and white 
 bosoms of your actresses excite my amorous 
 propensities." — Boswkll's Johnson, p. 51. 
 
 55§4. THEATRES, Licentiousness and. Eng- 
 ■land. Not the least of the opposing influences 
 (against the promotion of Christian knowl- 
 edge) was the licentiousness of the stage. In 
 1697, Sunderland as Lord Chamberlain had is- 
 sued an order to prevent the profaneness and 
 immorality of the acted drama. The Master of 
 the Revels probably made no attempt to remon- 
 strate against performances of which the whole 
 structure of the action was to represent chastity 
 as the thin disguise of scheming women, and 
 the pursuit of adultery as the proper business 
 of reflned gentlemen ; to make the sober citizen 
 the butt of the profligates who invaded his do- 
 mestic hearth ; to exhibit the triumphs of intellect 
 in the schemes of venal lackeys to aid the in- 
 trigues of their masters, and of odious waiting- 
 maids to surround their mistresses with opportu- 
 nities of temptation. Burnet was pretty right 
 in his antithesis — "The stage is the great cor- 
 rupter of the town, and the bad people of the 
 town have been the chief corrupters of the 
 3." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 13, p. 206. 
 
 55§5. THEATRES, Opposition to. Dr. Daw- 
 son. [In one of the churches in London, about 
 1630, one Dr. Dawson read the " Book of Sports," 
 and presently after read the Ten Commandments, 
 then said] : " Dearly Beloved, you have heard 
 now the commandments of God and man, obey 
 which you please. " [The ' 'Book of Sports " de- 
 fined certain amusements as lawful.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 415. 
 
 55§6. . Punished. [In 1633, Will- 
 iam Prynne was fined £5000, had his ears cut 
 -off, and his book " Histrio-Mastix, the Player's 
 Scourge," burned by the hangman under his 
 nose ; he was also sentenced to perpetual im- 
 prisonment. This was the punishment inflicted 
 by the Star Chamber for writing against " Stage 
 Plays."] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 411. 
 
 55§7. THEATRES restored. The Restoration. 
 A.D. 1662. The drama came back in the shame- 
 less garb, and with the brazen look, and the 
 drunken voice of the lowest strumpet. The 
 people were to be taught that Shakespeare was a 
 barbarian, and not to be tolerated in his own 
 dsimpliclty. He was, if heard at all. to furnish 
 
 the libretto of an opera, to be got up with 
 dresses and decorations by Sir William D'Aven- 
 ant. . . . The theatre was at the height of 
 fashion when it was most shameless. The ac- 
 tresses were removed from "The King's House," 
 to become the mistresses of the king, by their 
 gradual promotion from being the mistresses 
 of the king's servants. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, 
 ch. 17, p. 296. 
 
 558§. THEATRES and Sensuality. Roman. 
 Ovid employs two hundred lines in the research 
 of places the most favorable to love. Above all, 
 he considers the theatre as the best adapted to 
 collect the beauties of Rome, and to melt them 
 into tenderness and sensuality. — Note in Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 268. 
 
 55§9. THEATRES vicious. Reign of Charles 
 II. The play-houses, shut by the meddling fa- 
 natic in the day of his power, were again crowd- 
 ed. [After the restoration of Charles II.] The 
 fascination of sex was called in to aid the fasci- 
 nation of art ; and the young spectator saw, 
 with emotions unknown to the contemporaries of 
 Shakespeare and Jonson, tender and sprightly 
 heroines personified by lovely women. From 
 the day on which the theatres were reopened, 
 they became seminaries of vice, and the evil 
 propagated itself. The profligacy of the repre- 
 sentations soon drove away sober people. The 
 frivolous and dissolute who remained required 
 every year stronger and stronger stimulants. 
 Thus, the artists corrupted the spectators, and 
 the spectators the artists, till the turpitude of the 
 drama became such as must astonish all who 
 are not aware that extreme relaxation is the nat- 
 ural effect of extreme restraint, and that an age 
 of hypocrisy is, in the regular course of things, 
 followed by an age of impudence. Nothing is 
 more characteristic of the times than the care 
 with which the poets contrived to put all their 
 loosest verses into the mouths of women. The 
 compositions in which the greatest license was 
 taken were the epilogues. They were almost 
 always recited by favorite actresses ; and nothing 
 charmed the depraved audience so much as to 
 hear lines grossly indecent repeated by a beau- 
 tiful girl, who was supposed to have not yet 
 lost her innocence." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 373. 
 
 5590. . English. 1774. The stage 
 
 at this period was either a school of immorality 
 or a vehicle of slander. — Massey, in Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 5, p. 98. 
 
 5591. THEATRICALS in Churches. Scriptural 
 Events. [The plays in the sixteenth century were 
 mostly representative of Scripture events and 
 characters, even the most sacred ; they were 
 originally performed in the churches, and the 
 priests were often the performers. It was com- 
 mon to the pleasure-seekers of that day to wit- 
 ness the Creation and the Fall ; the Flood ; the 
 Israelites in Egypt ; the Salutation and Adora- 
 tion of the Shepherds ; Christ before Pilate ; the 
 Resurrection ; the Ascension and Doomsday. 
 The great festival days were usually selected for 
 their performance.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 29, p. 494. 
 
 5592. THEATRICALS condemned. By Solon. 
 [Solon was one of the seven wise men of Greece.] 
 Solon went among the rest for the sake of hear 
 
THEFT— THEOLOGY. 
 
 G65 
 
 in^ Thespis, who acted himself, according to 
 the custom of the ancient poets. When the 
 play was ended, he called to Thespis, and asked 
 him, "Whether he was not ashamed to utter 
 such lies before so many people ?" Thespis 
 made answer, ' ' That there was no harm in lies 
 of that sort, and in poetical fictions, which were 
 made only for diversion." " No," replied Solon, 
 giving a great stroke with his stick upon the 
 ground ; ' ' but if we suffer and approve of lying 
 tor our own diversion, it will quickly find its 
 way into our serious engagements, and all our 
 business and affairs." — Rollin's Hist., Book 5, 
 art. 8. 
 
 5593. THEFT, Adroit. Oylippus. Lysander 
 liad sent Gylippus, who had commanded the 
 army in Sicily, before him, to carry the money 
 and spoils, which were the fruit of his glorious 
 campaigns, to Lacedaemon. The money, with- 
 out reckoning the innumerable crowns of gold 
 given him by the cities, amounted to 1500 tal- 
 ents, that is to say, 1,500,000 crowns. Gylippus, 
 who carried this considerable sum, could not re- 
 sist the temptation of converting some part of it 
 to his own use. The bags were sealed up care- 
 fully and did not seem to leave any room for 
 theft. He unsewed them at the bottom ; and, 
 after having taken out of each of them what 
 money he thought fit, to the amount of 300 tal- 
 ents, he sewed them up again very neatly, and 
 thought himself perfectly safe. But when he 
 arrived at Sparta, the accounts which had been 
 put up in each bag discovered him. To avoid 
 punishment, he banished himself from his coun- 
 try. [It occasioned a decree that punishing 
 with death any citizen having in his possession 
 gold coin.] — Rollin's Hist., Book 8, ch. 2, 
 
 5594. THEFT, Cautious. Spartans. An Iren 
 was one that had been two years out of the 
 class of boys ; a Melliren one of the oldest lads. 
 This Iren, then, a youth twenty years old, gives 
 orders to those under his command, in their lit- 
 tle battles, and has them to serve him at his 
 house. He sends the oldest of them to fetch 
 wood, and the younger to gather pot-herbs : 
 these they steal where they can find them, either 
 slyly getting into gardens, or else craftily and 
 warily creeping to the common tables. But if 
 any one be caught, he is severely flogged for 
 negligence or want of dexterity. They steal too, 
 whatever victuals they possibly can, ingeniously 
 contriving to do it when persons are asleep or 
 keep but indifferent watch. If they are discov- 
 ered, they are punished not only with whipping, 
 but with hunger. Indeed, their supper is but 
 slender at all times, that, to fence against want, 
 they may be forced to exercise their courage and 
 address. . . . The boys steal with so much cau- 
 tion, that one of them having conveyed a young 
 fox under his garment, suffered the creature to 
 tear out his bowels with his teeth and claws, 
 •choosing rather to die than to be detected. — 
 Plutarch's "Lycurgus." 
 
 5595. THEFT, Educated for. Spartans. 
 Theft was a part of the system of education at 
 Lacedaemon. Children were sent out to steal 
 ivom the public markets and gardens, from the 
 
 \ butchers' stalls, and even from private houses. 
 If unsuccessful, they were pimished with the 
 "loss of a meal ; if detected in the theft, they 
 
 were scourged with severity. It is a lame apol- 
 ogy for an institution of this kind to say that it 
 habituated them early to stratagems of war, to 
 danger, and to vigilance. The talents of a thief 
 are very different from the virtues of a warrior. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 9, p. 95. 
 
 5596. THEFT, Punishment of. Prince. When 
 a prince of the royal blood of France disgraced 
 himself by committing robbery and murder in 
 the streets of Paris, Louis XV. would not grant 
 a pardon, though eagerly solicited to do so by a 
 deputation from the Parliament of Paris, who 
 tried him and suspended their sentence until the 
 royal pleasure should be known. "My lords 
 and counsellors," said the king, " return to 
 your chambers of justice, and promulgate your 
 decree." " Consider," said the first President, 
 " that the unhappy prince has your Majesty's 
 blood in his veins." "Yes," said the king, 
 " but the blood has become impure, and justice 
 demands that it should be let out ; nor would I 
 spare my own son, for a crime for which I 
 should be bound to condemn the meanest of my 
 subjects." The prince was executed on the 
 scaffold in the court of the Grand Chatelet, on 
 the 12th of August, 1729. 
 
 5597. THEOCRACY, American. Jews — Puri- 
 tans. New England, like Canaan, had been set- 
 tled by fugitives. Like the Jews, they had fled 
 to a wilderness ; like the Jews, they looked to 
 Heaven for a light to lead them on ; like the 
 Jews, they had no supreme ruler but God ; like 
 the Jews, they had heathen for their foes ; and 
 they derived their legislation from the Jewish 
 code. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 19. 
 
 559§. THEOLOGY, Difficulties in. Infinite Deity. 
 Hiero . . . asked Simonides his opinion with 
 regard to the nature and attributes of the Deity. 
 The latter desired one day's time to consider of 
 it ; the next day he asked two, and went on in- 
 creasing in the same proportion. The prince 
 pressing him to give his reasons for these delays, 
 he confessed that the subject was above his 
 comprehension and that the more he reflected, 
 the more obscure it appeared to him. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 7, ch. 2, § 1. 
 
 5599. THEOLOGY, EflFects of. Cromwell. 
 Was not merely his speech, but deep, far be- 
 neath his speech, lay his great thoughts of God • 
 and unless you understand his inner depth of 
 vital conviction, you will have no comprehension 
 of the man. . . . Manton, himself one of the 
 greatest of these writers, says Cromwell had a 
 large and well -selected library. Many of our 
 most famous pieces were then unwritten ; but 
 there were some pieces of Smith, Caudray, 
 Adams, Owen, Goodwin, and Mede, and the 
 earlier fathers, and Calvin, and Hooker, and 
 Herbert's lyrics. We think such were the men 
 with whom Cromwell walked and mused, and 
 whose writings shed light into his soul. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 1, p. 21. 
 
 5600. THEOLOGY, Philosopher's. Anaxag- 
 oras. Anaxagoras, . . . deviating most from 
 the vulgar errors and superstition, . . . was 
 accused of impiety. He taught that the first efll- 
 cient principle of all things was an immaterial 
 and intelligent Being, existing from all eternity ; 
 that the substratum, or subject of His operations, 
 was matter, which likewise existed from all ete]> 
 
6t6 
 
 THEOLOGY— THEORETICAL. 
 
 nity in a chaotic state, compreliending the con- 
 fused rudiments of all different substances, which 
 the intelligent mind of the Creator first sepa- 
 rated, and then combined for the formation of the 
 universe, and of all bodies, animate and inani- 
 mate. It is true that Thales propagated the 
 doctrine of an eternal mind, the Creator and 
 Ruler of the universe ; but he, like most of the 
 ancient philosophers, seemed to consider this 
 mind as united to matter, which was animated 
 by it, as the body is by the soul. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 262. 
 
 5601. . Plato. The most cele- 
 brated of the disciples of Socrates was Plato, a 
 philosopher whose doctrines have had a more 
 extensive and a more lasting empire over the 
 minds of mankind than those perhaps of any 
 other of the ancients. Plato, a native of ^gina, 
 and thus by his country an Athenian, was born 
 about 430 B.C. . . . It was Plato's fundamental 
 doctrine that from nothing, nothing can proceed. 
 Believing, therefore, in the eternal existence of 
 the Deity, he believed likewise in the eternity 
 of matter, as the substratum ... of the Deity's op- 
 erations. This matter, however, was in a cha- 
 otic state, and endowed with no qualities what- 
 ever, till the eternal mind conferred these quali- 
 ties upon it, reduced it into order, and thus 
 formed the beautiful fabric of the universe, of 
 which the idea or archetype had existed from all 
 eternity in Himself. But in chaotic matter Plato 
 conceived that as there was an original deform- 
 ity, so there was a natural resistance to that per- 
 fect order and excellence which the Deity 
 sought to produce, but which He could not en- 
 tirely overcome ; and hence the origin of that 
 evil which partially contaminates His works . 
 yet here the philosopher seems himself to per- 
 ceive the objection from the boundless power of 
 the Divinity, as he expresses himself with great 
 obscurity on the subject. His notions of God, 
 however, are not only most sublime, but ex- 
 tremely refined. He conceived that the divine 
 nature consisted of three distinct essences, states, 
 or hypostases : the first a pure and self-existent 
 Essence, whose sole attribute was goodness, . . . 
 the second he conceived to be Mind, the wisdom 
 or reason of the first, and the proper Creator of 
 the universe. . . . the third he conceived to be the 
 Soul of the world ; as he conceived the activity of 
 created matter to infer an inhabiting mind, . . . 
 simply . . . (the soul) or . . .soul of the world. The 
 second hypostasis he supposed to be an emanation 
 from the first, and the third from both. Such is 
 the Platonic Trinity, bearing, in its general de- 
 scription, a strong resemblance to the Christian ; 
 but differing in this material point, that in the 
 former the second and third persons are sub- 
 ordinate and inferior to the first. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 271. 
 
 5602. . Stoics. The Stoical doc- 
 trines have had a very extensive prevalence and 
 duration ; and though in some particulars pal- 
 pably erroneous, may be accounted, on the 
 whole, more consonant to right reason and more 
 favorable to the practice of virtue than those of 
 any other sect of the philosophy of the ancients. 
 According to the Stoics, the whole universe, 
 and God Himself, the Creator and soul of that 
 universe, are regulated by certain laws, which 
 are immutable, and resulting from necessity. 
 
 The actions of God Himself are regulated by 
 those general laws ; yet in one sense they may 
 be considered as free and voluntary, viz. , that 
 as there is nothing external of the universe 
 which God pervades, and which His soul regu- 
 lates, there is nothing external of Himself which 
 can impel or necessitate him. Man, according 
 to the notions of the Stoics, is a part of the Di- 
 vinity. The human soul is a portion of that great 
 soul which pervades the universe. The will of 
 man is subject, like the divine will, to unalter 
 able laws ; yet it is virtually free, because man 
 believes himself a free agent, and his conduct is. 
 influenced by that belief. He obeys voluntarily 
 and from inclination that destiny which he must 
 have obeyed ab ante, though he had not inclined 
 it. Man being a part of the universe which is 
 regulated by God, cannot complain that he is 
 bound by the same laws which regulate and 
 bind universal nature, and even God Himself. 
 The wise man, therefore, never considers what 
 is good or evil with respect to himself. What- 
 ever happened to him must necessarily have hap- 
 pened according to the order of nature ; because 
 had it not been neccessary, it would not have 
 happened. The pains and pleasures of an indi- 
 vidual are, therefore, imworthy of the regard of 
 Him who attends to the universal good ; his. 
 pains and pleasures are determined by the same 
 law which determined his existence. He can- 
 not repine that he exists, for at whom shall he 
 repine ? He existed by the necessity of nature. 
 Virtue, in the opinion of a Stoic, was nothing 
 more than a manly resolution to accommodate 
 the unalterable laws of nature. Vice was a 
 weak and dastardly endeavor to oppose those 
 laws. Vice, therefore, was folly, and virtue the 
 only true wisdom. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 9, p 278. 
 
 5603. THEOLOGY ridiculous. Egyptian. 
 In theology, too, while the superstitious worship 
 of the common people was so grossly absurd as 
 to draw on them the ridicule of all other nations, 
 the secret doctrines of the priests are generally 
 allowed to have been pure, refined, and ration- 
 al. One Great Intelligence was supposed to- 
 preside over all nature. Subordinate spirits, 
 portions of that Intelligence, presided over the 
 actions of mankind, as the guardians of the hu- 
 man soul, which was derived from the same 
 divine original, but was destined to undergo a 
 certain nuipber of transmigrations through dif- 
 ferent bodies, before it was reunited to the great 
 parent-spirit. They believed in the immortality 
 of the soul. Diodorus tells us that they es- 
 teemed the present state of existence to be of no 
 value in comparison with that which was to 
 come, and which was to be the reward of a life 
 spent in this world in the practice of virtue. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 4, p. 43. 
 
 5604. THEOEETICAL vs. Practical. Webster 
 — Clay. "While Mr. Webster is so honorably 
 perpetuated by his elaborate and masterly dis- 
 cussion of great principles in the Senate, he did 
 not connect himself with a single historic meas- 
 ure. While Mr. Clay's speeches remain unread, 
 his memory is lastingly identified with issues- 
 that are still vital and powerful. He advanced 
 the doctrine of protection to the stately dignity 
 of the American system. — Blaine's Twenty 
 Years of Congress, p. 107. 
 
THIEVES— TIME. 
 
 667 
 
 5605. THIEVES protected. By Law. a.d. 1194. 
 Chester fair, iu the time of John, was a great re- 
 sort of vagabonds ; for by the charter of the 
 city no one could be there apprehended for any 
 theft or misdeed, except it were committed in the 
 fair. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 22, p. 329. 
 
 5606. THOUGHT conditioned. By Respira- 
 tion. Swedenborg, with amazing observation 
 and sagacity, has made a regular study of this 
 ratio between the respiration and the thoughts 
 and emotions ; he shows in detail that the two 
 correspond exactly , and, moreover, that their cor- 
 respondence is one of the long-sought links be- 
 tween the soul and the body, whereby every 
 thought is represented and carried out momenta- 
 neously in the expanse of the human frame. It 
 is difficult to give a more plain or excellent rea- 
 son of the tie between the body and the soul, 
 than that the latter finds the body absolutely to 
 its mind ; while, on the other hand, the living 
 body clings to the soul, because it wants a 
 friendly superior life to infuse and direct its life. 
 — White's Swedenborg, ch. 6, p. 53. 
 
 5607. THOUGHT, Flexibility of. Jiifcra. [The 
 Emperor Julian was] an author, a pontiff, a 
 magistrate, a general, and a prince. In one and 
 the same day he gave audience to several am- 
 bassadors, and wrote, or dictated, a great num- 
 ber of letters to his generals, his civil magis- 
 trates, his private friends, and the different cities 
 of his dominions. He listened to the memorials 
 which had been received, considered the sub- 
 ject of the petitions, and signified his intentions 
 more rapidly than they could be taken in short- 
 hand by the diligence of the secretaries He 
 possessed such flexibility of thought and such 
 firmness of attention that he could employ his 
 hand to write, his ear to listen, and his voice to 
 dictate, and pursue at once three several trains 
 of ideas without hesitation and without error. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 22, p. 394. 
 
 560§. THOUGHT, Food for. Observation. As 
 the fall of apples from a tree led Newton to the 
 theory of gravitation, so the slow and uniform 
 swinging of a lamp, suspended from the roof of 
 the Pisa cathedral, suggested to Galileo the idea 
 of the pendulum as a measurer of time and as 
 a motive-power of clocks. It was fifty years 
 later, however, before he actually constructed a 
 pendulum clock. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., p. 262. 
 
 5609. THOUGHT suggested. Sir Robert Peel. 
 Farmers in those days generally used pewter 
 plates at table. It happened one day that Robert 
 Peel drew a pattern for calico on the back of 
 one of his dinner-plates, and while he was look- 
 ing at it, the thought occurred to him that per- 
 haps if he should spread color upon it, and ap- 
 ply the requisite degree of pressure, he could 
 get an impression on calico. In a cottage close 
 to his farm-house lived a woman who had one 
 of those machines for smoothing fabrics which 
 worked by rollers. Having applied color to his 
 pattern, and placed calico over it, he passed his 
 ])late between the rollers of this calendering ma- 
 chine. He was delighted to find that an excel- 
 lent impression was made upon the calico, and 
 thus was begun the invention of the process 
 by which to this day calico is printed. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OP BioG., p. 714. 
 
 5610. THOUGHTS, Serious. Samuel John- 
 son, " Alas ! sir," said Johnson, speaking, when 
 
 in another mood, of grand houses, fine gardens, 
 and splendid places of public amusement, ' ' alas I 
 sir, these are only struggles for happiness. 
 When I first entered Ranelagh it gave an expan- 
 sion and gay sensation to my mind such as I 
 never experienced anywhere else. But as Xer- 
 xes when he viewed his immense army, and con- 
 sidered that not one of that gi-eat multitude 
 would be alive a hundred years afterward, so it 
 went to my heart to consider that there was not 
 one in all that brilliant circle that was not afraid 
 to go home and think." — Note in Irving's 
 Goldsmith, ch. 35, p. 203. 
 
 5611. THREATS, Government by. Cardinal 
 Wolsey. [When Cardinal Wolsey, in 1525, resort- 
 ed to the old trick of voluntary " benevolence," 
 the rich yielded to the irregular exactions] in the 
 form of gifts and loans, under the terror of such 
 speeches as one which Wolsey made to the 
 mayor and aldermen of London : " It were better 
 that some should suffer indigence than the king 
 at this time should lack ; and therefore beware, 
 and resist not, nor ruffle not in this case, for 
 it may fortune to cost some their heads." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 19, p. 303. 
 
 5612. THREATS ridiculed. Napoleon I. [After 
 defeating 200,000 Austrians, he marched against 
 the pope's terrified army, under Cardinal Busca, 
 intrenched upon the banks of the Senio.] Senio 
 . . . sent a flag of truce, who very pompously 
 . . . declared, in the name of the cardinal-in- 
 chief, that if the French continued to advance 
 he should certainly fire upon them. The terrible 
 menace was reported through the French lines, 
 and was received with perfect peais of merri- 
 ment. Napoleon replied that he should be ex- 
 ceedingly sorry to expose himself to the cardi- 
 nal's fire, and that, therefore, as the army was 
 very much fatigued, with the cardinal's leave it 
 would take up its quarters for the night. — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 7. 
 
 5613. TIME, Changes by. Samuel Johnson. 
 Mr. Wilkes has, however, favored me with one 
 repartee of Pope. . . . Johnson, after justly 
 censuring him for having " nursed in his mind a 
 foolish disesteem of kings," tells us, " yet a little 
 regard shown him by the Prince of Wales melted 
 his obduracy : and he had not much to say when 
 he was asked by his Royal Highness how he 
 could love a prince, while he disliked kings. 
 The answer which Pope made was, " The young 
 lion is harmless, and even playful ; but when 
 his claws are full grown he becomes cruel, 
 dreadful, and mischievous." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 444. 
 
 5614. TIME, Detention of. Napoleon I. [He 
 arrived with his battle- worn army on the plains 
 of Waterloo too late in the evening to accomplish 
 his desire.] As the light was fading away he 
 pointed toward the visible sun, and said, " What 
 would I not give to be this day possessed of the 
 power of Joshua, and enabled to retard thy 
 march for two hours !" — Abbott's Napoleon 
 B., vol. 2, ch. 27. 
 
 5615. TIME, Estimate of. Napoleon I. [He, 
 with 30.000 men, defeated 50,000 Austrians at 
 the battle of Rivoli.] " The Austrians," said he, 
 ' ' manoeuvred admirably, and failed only be- 
 cause they are incapable of calculating the value 
 of minutes." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 7. 
 
«68 
 
 TIME— TITLE. 
 
 5616. TIME, Investment of. Napoleon I. [Na- 
 poleon, with othyrs, was quartered at the house 
 of a barber at Auxoune. Some spent their time 
 coquetting with the barber's pretty wife ; he with 
 his books in hard study.] A few years after, as 
 Napoleon, then commaiider of the army of It- 
 aly, was on his way to Marengo, ... he stopped 
 at the door of the barber's shop, and asked his 
 former hostess if she remembered a young officer 
 by the name of Bonaparte wlio was once quar- 
 tered in her family. "Indeed, I do," was her 
 pettish reply, " ani a very disagreeable inmate 
 he was. He was always either shut up in his 
 room, or, if he walked out, he never conde- 
 scended to speak to any one." " Ah ! my good 
 womad," Napoieon rejoined, " had I passed my 
 time as you wished to have me, I should not 
 now have been in command of the army of 
 Italy." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 5617. TIME, Purchase of. Valuable. [When 
 the armj'- of Sertorius came to the] mountains 
 adjoining Spain, the Barbarians insisted that 
 he should pay toll, and purchase his passage 
 •over them. Those that attended him were fired 
 with indignation, and thought it an insufferable 
 thing for a Roman proconsul to pay toll to such 
 a crew of Barbarians. But he made light of the 
 seeming disgrace, and said time was ^he thing 
 he purchased, than which nothing in the world 
 could be more precious to a man engaged in 
 ^eat attempts. He therefore satisfied the de- 
 mands of the mountaineers, and passed over into 
 Spain without losing a moment. — Plutarch's 
 Sertorius. 
 
 5618. TIME saved. Washington. General 
 Henry Lee once observed to the chief : " We are 
 amazed, sir, at the vast amount of work that you 
 accomplish." Washington replied : " Sir, I rise 
 at four o'clock, and a great deal of my work is 
 done while others are asleep." [He retired at 
 nine o'clock.] — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, 
 ch. 22. 
 
 5619. TIME, Systematized. Petronius Maxi- 
 Tnus. The private life of the senator Petronius 
 Maximus was often alleged as a rare example of 
 human felicity. His birth was noble and illustri- 
 ous, since he descended from the Anician fami- 
 ly ; his dignity was supported by an adequate 
 patrimony in land and money ; and these advan- 
 tages of fortune were accompanied with liberal 
 arts and decent manners, which adorn or imitate 
 the inestimable gifts of genius and virtue. The 
 luxury of his palace and table was hospitable 
 and elegant. Whenever Maximus appeared in 
 public he was surrounded by a train of grateful 
 and obsequious clients ; and it is possible that 
 among these clients he might deserve and pos- 
 sess some real friends. His merit was rewarded 
 by the favor of the prince and senate ; he thrice 
 exercised the office of Praetorian prsefect of It- 
 aly ; he was twice invested with the consulship, 
 and he obtained the rank of patrician. These 
 civil honors were not incompatible with the en- 
 joyment of leisure and tranquillity ; his hours, 
 according to the demands of pleasure or reason, 
 were accurately distributed by a water-clock ; 
 and this avarice of time may be allowed to prove 
 the sense which Maximus entertained of his own 
 happiness. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 36, p. 460. 
 
 5620. TIMES, Unfavorable. EigJiteenth Cen- 
 iury. One of the grand difficulties in a history 
 
 of Frederick is, all along, this same, that he lived 
 in a century which has no history, and can have 
 little or none. A century so opulent in accumu- 
 lated falsities — sad opulence descending on it by 
 inheritance, always at compound interest, and 
 always largely increased by fresh acquirement 
 on such immensity of standing capital — opulent 
 in that bad way as never century before was ! 
 Which had no longer the consciousness of being 
 false, so false had it grown ; and was so steeped 
 in falsity, and impregnated with it to the very 
 bone, that, in fact, the measure of the thing was 
 full, and a French Revolution had to end it. To 
 maintain much veracity in such an element, es- 
 pecially for a king, was no doubt doubly remark- 
 able. But now, How extricate the man from his 
 century ? How show the man, who is a reality 
 worthy of being seen, and yet keep his century, 
 as a hypocrisy worthy of being hidden and for- 
 gotten, in the due abeyance ? To resuscitate the 
 eighteenth century, or call into men's view, be- 
 yond what is necessary, the poor and sordid per- 
 sonages and transactions of an epoch so related 
 to us, can be no purpose of mine on this occa- 
 sion. The eighteenth century, it isAvell known, 
 does not figure to me as a lovely one, needing to 
 be kept in mind, or spoken of unnecessarily. To 
 me the eighteenth century has nothing grand in 
 it, except that grand universal suicide, named 
 French Revolution, by which it terminated its 
 otherwise most worthless existence with at least 
 one worthy act — setting fire to its old home and 
 self, and going up in flames and volcanic explo- 
 sions in a truly memorable and important man- 
 ner. A very fit termination, as I thankfully feel, 
 for such a century. — Carlyle's Frederick 
 the Great, Book 1, ch. 1, p. 7. 
 
 5621. TIMIDITY in Government. Co7isian- 
 tine. The same timid policy, of dividing what- 
 ever is united, of reducing whatever is eminent, 
 of dreading every active power, and of expect- 
 ing that the most feeble will prove the most obe- 
 dient, seems to pervade the institutions of sev- 
 eral princes, and particularly those of Constan- 
 tine. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 17, p. 12. 
 
 5622. TITLE authorized. Temugin the Tar- 
 tar. The ambition of Temugin condescended to 
 employ the arts of superstition ; and it was from 
 a naked prophet, who could ascend to heaven on 
 a white horse, that he accepted the title of Zin- 
 gis, the most great, and a divine right to the con- 
 quest and dominion of the earth. In a general 
 couroultai, or diet, he was seated on a felt, which 
 was long afterward revered as a relic, and sol- 
 emnly proclaimed great khan, or emperor, of the 
 Moguls aud Tartars. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64, 
 p. 205. 
 
 5623. TITLE, Indifference to. Napoleon I. 
 [On his way to St. Helena.] The orders given 
 by the [British] Government , . . were very ex- 
 plicit, that Napoleon should not be recognized 
 as emperor, but simply as general. . . . When 
 informed of the decree, he simply remarked, 
 " They cannot prevent me from being myself." 
 — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 2, ch. 29. 
 
 5624. TITLE, Nominal. France and England. 
 The first and greatest cause of the [French and 
 Indian war] was the conflicting territorial claims 
 of the two nations. England had colonized the 
 sea-coast ; France had colonized the interior of 
 the continent. In making grants of territory, 
 
TITLE— TOIL. 
 
 669 
 
 ' the English kings had always proceeded upon 
 i the theory that the voyage of Sebastian Cabot 
 ; had given to England a lawful right to the coun- 
 i try from one ocean to the other. — Ridpath's 
 ' U. S., ch. 30, p. 247. 
 
 '■ 5625. TITLE, A papal. Africa. The enthusi- 
 I asm of Prince Henry was redoubled by the suc- 
 
 ■ cess of these experiments, and he resolved to 
 
 ■ employ the operation of a new and very power- 
 i ful motive to the prosecution of his schemes of 
 
 discovery. He applied to the Pope, Eugene IV. , 
 and representing that the chief object of his pious 
 wishes was to spread the knowledge of the Chris- 
 
 ' tian religion among those barbarous and idola- 
 trous nations which occupied the greatest part 
 of the continent of Africa, he procured a bull, 
 
 i conferring on the Portuguese an exclusive right 
 to all the countries which they had discovered, 
 or might discover, between Cape Non and the 
 continent of India. Ridiculous as such a dona- 
 tion appears to us, it was never doubted at that 
 time that the pope had a right to confer it, and, 
 what is very singular, all the European powers, 
 for a considerable space of time, paid the most 
 implicit deference to the grant, and acknowl- 
 edged the exclusive title of the Portuguese to 
 almost the whole continent of Africa. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 18, p. 268. 
 
 5626. TITLE, Terrible. " Scourge of God." It 
 was during the retreat from Orleans that a Chris- 
 tian hermit is reported to have approached the 
 Hunnish king, and said to him, "Thou art the 
 Scourge of God for the chastisement of the Chris- 
 tians." Attila instantly assumed this new title 
 of terror, which thenceforth became the appel- 
 lation by which he was most widely and most 
 fearfully known. — Decisive Battles, § 248. 
 
 5627. TITLE by the Sword. Scottish Barons. 
 Edward I. , having forfeited the estates of many 
 of the Scottish barons, granted them to his Eng- 
 lish subjects. These were expelled by the Scots, 
 who seized their lands. Amid such frequent 
 changes, many held their possessions by titles 
 extremely defective, and Robert formed on this 
 ground a scheme for checking the growing pow- 
 er and wealth of his nobles. He summoned them 
 to appear, and show by what rights they held 
 their lands. " By this right," said each of them, 
 laying his hand upon his sword ; " by the sword 
 we gained them, and by that we will defend 
 them." Robert, apprehensive of the conse- 
 quences of exasperatinej this resolute spirit of his 
 nobles, wisely dropped the scheme. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, p. 230. 
 
 562§. TITLES, Pompous. Romans. [During 
 the reign of Constantine] the principal officers 
 of the empire were saluted, even by the sove- 
 reign himself, with the deceitful titles of your 
 Sincenty, your Oravity, your Excellency, your 
 Eminence, your Sublime and wonderful Magni- 
 tude, your Illustrious and magnificent Highness. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 108. 
 
 5629. TITLES, Sale of. James II. [Sir An- 
 tony Shirley invented a wholesale mode of ob- 
 taining supplies for King James I., by the sale of 
 honors. One hundred thousand pounds were ob- 
 tained by the sale of baronets. A title interme- 
 diate between a knight and a baron was bestowed 
 at the price of £1095.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, 
 ch. 22, p. 355. 
 
 5630. TITLES, Significant. State. [The Arab 
 rulers gave to some of their servants the title of 
 Pasha, which was derived from two Persian 
 words, pai and schah, which signify foot of 
 the Shah.] This Asiatic denomination goes back 
 to Cyrus. He gave, by extension of his au- 
 thority, to his principal officers the name of one 
 of the members of his person. The administra- 
 tors were his eyes ; the tax-collectors his hands ; 
 the police his ears ; the judges his tongue ; the 
 governors, the viziers, the visitors of the prov- 
 inces, Mrs, feet or his pashas. — Lamartine's Tur- 
 key, p. 235. 
 
 5631. TITLES, Strange. Army. [The Jan- 
 issaries, a fanatical band of Islamites,] placed 
 between the cap and the turban a wooden spoou 
 instead of a buckle — thus glorifying themselves, 
 in presence of the volunteer and unpaid troops, 
 at their distinction of being paid and fed too by 
 the Emir. Thay gave to all the grades of their 
 privileged corps titles relative to the subsistence 
 of the troops in the campaign. The colonel re- 
 ceived the name of grand distributer of soup ; 
 the superior and subaltern officers were called, 
 the one head cook, the other first water-carrier. 
 Next to the standard of this band, which bore, 
 embroidered in wool, the crescent and the dou- 
 ble-pointed sabre, the cooking pot became the 
 sacred symbol of confraternity with the Janis- 
 saries, their sign for rallying for council, and 
 more often for sedition. — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 212. 
 
 5632. TITLES, Superfluous. William Pitt. la 
 ceasing to be the great Commoner [to become a 
 member of the House of Lords as Earl of Chat- 
 ham] he veiled his superiority. "My friend," 
 said Frederick of Prussia on hearing of it, " has 
 harmed himself by accepting a peerage. " "It ar- 
 gues," said the King of Poland, "a senselessness 
 to glory to forfeit the name of Pitt for any title." 
 . . . His popularity vanished, and with it the 
 terror of his name. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 6, 
 ch. 26. 
 
 5633. TITLES, Undeserved. Degrees. Vices- 
 imus Knox, ... a distinguished fellow of St. 
 John's College, Oxford, a Master of Arts, de- 
 scribes . . . the most absurd forms of ease and cred- 
 it as the finest genius, in one stage of the process ; 
 and in another, when "the examiners and the 
 candidates often converse on the last drinking 
 bout, or read the newspaper, or a novel, or di- 
 vert themselves as well as they can in any man- 
 ner, till the clock strikes eleven, when all par- 
 ties descend, and the testimonium is signed by 
 the masters." So much for the Bachelor's de- 
 gree, which is attained after four years' term- 
 keeping. For the degree of Master of Arts three 
 more years must be employed in trumpery for- 
 malities ; and then, " after again taking oaths by 
 wholesale, and paying the fees," the academic is- 
 sues into the world with an "undeniable pass- 
 port to carry him through it with credit." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 6, p. 111. 
 
 5634. TOBACCO opposed. James I. [King 
 James I. wrote a treatise entitled a " Counter- 
 blast to Tobacco." He hated tobacco-smokers, 
 but did not check the increase of the fashionable 
 indulgence.]— Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 22, 
 p. 340. 
 
 5635. TOIL, Contentment in. Abdolonymus. 
 He was so poor that he was obliged to get liis 
 
670 
 
 TOIL— TOLERATION. 
 
 bread by day labor in a garden without the city. 
 His honesty and integrity had reduced him, as 
 well as many more, to such extreme poverty. 
 Solely intent upon his labor, he did not hear the 
 clashing of the arms which had shaken all Asia. 
 [Being of royal blood, Alexander made him king 
 of the Sidonians]. . . . Alexander commanded 
 the newly elected prince to be sent for, and after 
 surveying him attentively a long time, spoke 
 thus : ' ' Thy air and mien do not contradict what 
 is related of thy extraction ; but I should be glad 
 to know with what frame of mind thou didst 
 bear thy poverty." " Would to the gods," re- 
 plied he, ' ' that I may bear this crown with equal 
 fortitude ! These hands have procured me all I 
 desired ; and while I possessed nothing, I want- 
 ed nothing." This answer gave Alexander a 
 high idea of Abdolonymus' virtue, so that he 
 presented him not only with all the rich furni- 
 ture which had belonged to Strato, but with part 
 of the Persian plunder, and likewise annexed 
 one of the neighboring provinces to his domin- 
 ions. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 6. 
 
 5636. TOIL, Rewards of. Cyrus. "Every- 
 thing charms and transports me in this place," 
 said Lysander, addressing himself to Cyrus ; 
 " but what strikes me most is the exquisite taste 
 and elegant industry of the person who drew the 
 plan of the several parts of this garden, and gave 
 it the fine order, wonderful disposition, and hap- 
 piness of symmetry, which I cannot sufficiently 
 admire." Cyrus, infinitely pleased with this dis- 
 course, replied, "It was I that drew the plan, 
 and entirely marked it out ; and many of the 
 trees which you see were planted with my own 
 hands." " What \" replied Lysander, consider- 
 ing him from head to foot, " is it possible, with 
 these purple robes and splendid vestments, those 
 strings of jewels and bracelets of gold, those bus- 
 kins so richly embroidered, that you could play 
 the gardener, and employ your royal hands in 
 planting trees ?" " Does that surprise you ?" 
 said Cyrus. "I swear by the god Mithras, that 
 when my health admits I never sit down to ta- 
 ble without having made myself sweat with some 
 fatigue or other, either in military exercise, ru- 
 ral labor, or some other toilsome employment, 
 to which I apply with pleasure and without 
 sparing myself." Lysander was amazed at this 
 discourse, and pressing him by the hand — " Cy- 
 rus," said he, "you are truly happy, and deserve 
 your high fortune." — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, 
 oh. 1. 
 
 5637. TOLEBANCE, Impracticable. Relig- 
 ious. Mr. Hallam has truly said, " Tolerance in 
 religion, it is well known, so unanimously ad- 
 mitted (at least verbally), even by the theologians 
 in the present century, was seldom considered 
 as practicable, much less as a matter of right dur- 
 ing the period of the Reformation. " — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 3, p. 39. 
 
 563§. TOLEEATION, Apostle of. Roger Will- 
 iams. To this man belongs the shining honor 
 of being first in America or in Europe to pro- 
 claim the full gospel of religious toleration. He 
 declared to his people that the conscience of man 
 may in no wise be bound by the authority of the 
 magistrate ; that civil government has only to 
 do with civil matters, such as the collection of 
 taxes, the restraint and punishment of crime, 
 and the protection of all men in the enjoyment 
 
 of equal rights. For these noble utterances he 
 was obliged to quit the ministry of the church 
 at Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally, in 
 1634, he wrote a paper in which the declaration 
 was made that grants of land, though given by 
 the king of England, were invalid until the na- 
 tives were justly recompensed. This was equiv- 
 alent to saying that the colonial charter itself 
 was void, and the people were really living upon 
 the land of the Indians. Great excitement was 
 occasioned by the publication, and Williams con- 
 sented that, for the sake of public peace, the pa- 
 per should be burned . But he continued to teach 
 his doctrines, saying that compulsory attendance 
 at religious worship, as well as toleration for the 
 support of the ministry, was contrary to the teach- 
 ings of the gospel. When arraigned for these 
 bad doctrines, he crowned his offences by telling 
 the court that a test of church-membership in a 
 voter or a public officer was as ridiculous as the 
 selection of a doctor of physic or the pilot of a 
 ship on account of his skill in theology. These 
 assertions raised such a storm in court that Will- 
 iams was condemned for heresy and banished 
 from the colon3\ In the dead of winter he left 
 home, and became an exile in the desolate forest. 
 For fourteen weeks he wandered on through the 
 snow, sleeping at night on the ground or in a 
 hollow tree, living on parched corn, acorns, and 
 roots. He carried with him one precious treas- 
 ure, a private letter from Governor Winthrop, 
 giving him words of cheer and encouragement. 
 . . . With five companions who had joined him 
 in banishment, he embarked in a canoe, passed 
 down the river, and crossed to the west side of 
 the bay. Here he was safe ; his enemies could 
 hunt him no farther. A tract of land was hon- 
 orably purchased from Canonicus ; and in June 
 of 1636 the illustrious founder of Rhode Island 
 laid out the city of Providence. — Ridpath's 
 U. S.,ch. 13, p. 128. 
 
 5639. TOLEEATION commended. Cromwell. 
 Cromwell's whole ideas of religious liberty rose 
 and ranged far beyond those of most of the men 
 of his age. How impressively this comes out in 
 his correspondence with the Scotch commission- 
 ers and Presbyterian clergymen after the battle 
 of Dunbar ! " You say," he writes, "that you 
 have just cause to regret that men of civil employ- 
 ments should usurp the calling and employment 
 of the ministry to the scandal of the Reformed 
 kirks. Are you troubled that Christ is preached ? 
 Is preaching so exclusively your function ? I 
 thought the Covenant and these professors of it 
 could have been willing that any should speak 
 good of the name of Christ ; if not, it is no cove- 
 nant of God's approving ; nor are these kirks you 
 mention in so much the spouse of Christ. Where 
 do you find in the Scripture a ground to warrant 
 such an assertion that preaching is exclusively 
 your function ?" — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 5, 
 p. 193. 
 
 5640. TOLERATION condemned. By Puritans. 
 The treatise of Thomas Edwards, ... in his 
 "Gangrena" [published in time of Cromwell, 
 and disapproved by him, says :] "A toleration 
 is the grand design of the devil — his masterpiece, 
 and chief engine he has at this time, to uphold his 
 tottering kingdom. It is the most compendious, 
 ready, sure way to destroy all religion, lay all 
 waste, and bring in all evil. It is a most tran- 
 
TOLERATION— TORTURE. 
 
 671 
 
 scendent, catholic, and fundamental evil for this 
 kingdom of any that can be imagined. As origi- 
 nal sin is the most fundamental sin, having the 
 seed and spawn of all in it, so a toleration hath 
 all errors in it, and all evils. It is against the 
 whole stream and current of Scripture, both in 
 the Old and New Testament, both in matters of 
 faith and manners, both general and particular 
 commands. It overthrows all relations, political, 
 ecclesiastical, and ecommiical. And whereas 
 other evils, whether of judgment or practice, be 
 but against some one or two places of Scripture, 
 or relation, this is against all — this is the Abad- 
 don, Apollyon, the destroyer of all religion, the 
 abomination of all desolation and astonishment, 
 the liberty of perdition, and therefore the devil 
 follows it night and day, working mightily in 
 many by writing books for it, and other ways — 
 all the devils in hell and their instruments be- 
 ing at work to promote a toleration." — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 5, p. 193. 
 
 564 1 . TOLEEATION, Edict of. First in France. 
 An edict was published at St. Germains in Janu- 
 ary, 1562, by which permission was given to the 
 Huguenots throughout the kingdom to hold 
 meetings for religious worship outside the walls 
 of towns, and all penalties enacted against them 
 were abolished. They were required, on the 
 other hand, to restore to the dominant commun- 
 ion all churches of which they had wrongfully 
 taken possession ; to abstain from preaching 
 against the Catholic faith ; and to leave the clergy 
 in peaceable enjoyment of their tithes and other 
 endowments. This was the first official recogni- 
 tion of the principle of religious toleration in 
 France. — Students' France, ch. 16, § 4. 
 
 5642. TOLERATION forgotten. Puritans. 
 The Puritan and republican party in Maryland 
 had grown sufficiently strong to defy the pro- 
 prietor and Catholics. A Protestant assembly 
 was convened at Patuxent in October of 1654. 
 The first act was to acknowledge the supremacy 
 of Cromwell ; the next to disfranchise the Catho- 
 lics and to deprive them of the protection of the 
 laws. The ungrateful representatives seemed to 
 forget that if Lord Baltimore had beenequally in- 
 tolerant not one of them would have had even a 
 residence within the limits of Maryland. It would 
 be difficult to find a more odious piece of legisla- 
 tion than that of the assembly at Patuxent. Of 
 course the Catholic party would not submit to a 
 code by which they were virtually banished from 
 their own province. Civil war ensued. Governor 
 Stone organized and armed the militia, seized 
 the records of the colony, and marched against 
 the opposing forces. A decisive battle was fought 
 just across the estuary from the present site of 
 Annapolis. The Catholics were defeated, with a 
 loss of fifty men in killed and wounded. Stone 
 himself was taken prisoner, and was only saved 
 from death by the personal friendship of some 
 of the insurgents. Three of the Catholic leaders 
 were tried by a court-martial, and executed. — 
 RiDPATH's U. S. , ch. 26, p. 222. 
 
 5643. TOLERATION, Partiality in. Cromioell. 
 We wonder at some things in Cromwell's history. 
 We wonder that in his after years, while his soul 
 was so blessed by a large toleration, he so reso- 
 lutely and intolerantly hated Romanism. We 
 must remember, as we have already said, that 
 when Oliver was six years old there came to his 
 
 father's house in Huntingdon the news of the 
 Gunpowder Plot ; we must remember that a 
 feline Jesuitism was sneaking over the whole of 
 England, and round the courts of Europe and 
 through its kingdoms ; we must remember that 
 when he was only eleven years old the brave 
 Henry of Navarre was murdered in the streets 
 of Paris — fine defender of Protestantism that he 
 was ! Pieces of news like these were calculated 
 to sting a boy's memoiy, and to remain there, 
 and to leave a perpetual irritation. Popery was 
 to be hated then ; we now may afford to forgive 
 what Popery has done. — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 2, p. 33. 
 
 5644. TOLERATION, Popular. Oliver Crom- 
 well. [He was very bitter against priests, and 
 would not have the mass, but he says :J As for 
 the people, what thoughts have they in matters 
 of religion, in their own breasts, I cannot reach ; 
 but shall think it my duty, if they walk honestly 
 and peaceably, not to cause them in the least to 
 suffer for the same ; and shall endeavor to walk 
 patiently and in love toward them, to see if it 
 shall please God to give them another or a better 
 mind. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 9, p. 126. 
 
 5645. TOLERATION, Remarkable. Timour. 
 One circumstance which strongly marks a great- 
 ness of character in this Tartar potentate was 
 his toleration. He believed himself neither in 
 the sect of the Lama nor in the faith of Mahomet, 
 but acknowledged one Supreme Being, without 
 any mixture of superstitious observances ; yet he 
 suffered all men, both Mussulmans and idolaters, 
 to exercise their own religious worship ; and 
 while he was passing Mount Libanus, he is 
 said to have even assisted, with reverence, at the 
 religious ceremonies of some of the Christian an- 
 chorets who dwelt on that mountain. — Tytleb's 
 Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, p. 208. 
 
 5646. TOMB of Pleasure seeker. Sardana- 
 palus. [Alexander came to Anchiala, built by 
 Sardanapalus.] His tomb was still to be seen in 
 that city, with this inscription : ' ' Sardanapalus 
 built Anchiala and Tarsus in one day : go, 
 
 PASSENGER, EAT. DRINK, AND REJOICE, FOR THE 
 REST IS NOTHING." — RoLLIN'S HiST., Book 15, 
 
 §5- 
 
 5647. TOMBS, Empty. Pyramids. These pyra- 
 mids were tombs ; and there is still to be seen in 
 the middle of the largest an empty sepulchre, cut 
 of one entire stone, about three feet deep and 
 broad, and a little above six feet long. Thus all 
 this bustle, all this expense, and all the labors of 
 so many thousand men for so many years ended 
 in procuring for a prince, in this vast and almost 
 boundless pile of building, a little vault six feet 
 in length. Besides, the kings who built these 
 pyramids had.it not in their power to be buried 
 in them, and so did not enjoy the sepulchre they 
 had built. The public hatred which they in- 
 curred, by reason of their unheard-of cruelties to 
 their subjects, in laying such heavy tasks upon 
 them, occasioned their being interred in some 
 obscure place, to prevent their bodies from being 
 exposed to the fury and vengeance of the popu- 
 lace. — Rollin's Hist., Book 1, ch. 2, § 2. 
 
 564§. TORTURE of Criminals. France. 
 [Louis XV. Avas stabbed with a penknife in the 
 hand by a crazy fanatic named] Damiens, who de- 
 clared that his purpose was to punish the king for 
 his tyrannical treatment of the Parliament, and to 
 
672 
 
 TORTURE— TRADE. 
 
 force him to take measures for preventing the 
 refusal of the sacraments. After being cruelly 
 tortured, the wretched criminal was executeci 
 with all the frightful barbarities which the law 
 denounced on parricides : his limbs were torn 
 with red-hot pincers, and boiling melted lea-d was 
 poured into the wounds ; after which his body 
 was dragged in pieces by four horses, and the 
 remains burnt and scattered to the winds. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 24, § 2. 
 
 5649. TORTURE, Punishment by. Iron Boot. 
 [It was a boot of iron put on the leg, and wedges 
 were driven in, commonly against the calf, but 
 sometimes on the shin-bone. Officers of the Eng- 
 lish Government used it to punish disloyal or 
 suspected Scotchmen in Edinburgh.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17, p. 394. 
 
 5650. TORTURE, Terrible. Garibaldi. He 
 became involved in one of those wars between 
 Republicans and Absolutists which desolated the 
 countries of South America for so many years. 
 He fought on sea and on land. He was wounded 
 and shipwrecked. He commanded fleets and 
 regiments. He was victorious and defeated. 
 Once, being taken a prisoner, he was cruelly 
 beaten with a club, then hung by his hands to a 
 beam for two hours, and when cut down fell 
 helpless to the earth. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 495. 
 
 5651. TORTURE, Testimony by. John How- 
 ard. In all the prisons of the Continent he found 
 one horror which was unknown in England — a 
 torture chamber. It was a custom then, in all 
 the countries of Europe, except Prussia, to sub- 
 ject criminals to the torture, in order to compel 
 them to confess their crimes and reveal their ac- 
 complices. This chamber was usually under 
 ground, that the cries of the sufferer might not 
 be heard. Clad only in a long flannel gown, the 
 trembling victim was led to this apartment, 
 where were assembled the magistrates, the exe- 
 cutioners, a surgeon, and a secretary ; and there 
 he was tortured till his agony had wrung from 
 him a confession, real or fictitious. Sometimes 
 it was the thumb-screw, sometimes the boot, 
 sometimes a chair with blunt spikes in the seat ; 
 sometimes it was a machine for dislocating the 
 arms ; sometimes it was the lash or the shower- 
 bath, that tried the endurance of the accused. 
 These chambers of torture Howard visited, but 
 he purposely forebore to lend a false attraction 
 to his book by describing them. — Cyclopedia 
 OF BiOG., p. 50. 
 
 565*2. TRACTS effective. Religious. [Dr. 
 Coke, in 1785, gave a tract, being an extract of 
 Mr. Law's "Treatise on the Nature and Design of 
 Christianity," to a family named Cowles, in Wil- 
 liamsburgh, Va.] By means of it they were so 
 stirred up to seek the Lord, that the father, the 
 mother, and six children, who were married, with 
 their husbands and wives — fourteen in all — were 
 converted. The man who received the tract be- 
 came a preacher. — Stevens' M. E. Church, 
 vol. 3, p. 287. 
 
 5653. TRADE, Contempt for. Samuel Johnson. 
 Being solicited to compose a funeral sermon 
 for the daughter of a tradesman, he naturally in- 
 quired into the character of the deceased ; and 
 being told she was remarkable for her humility 
 and condescension to inferiors, he observed that 
 
 those were very laudable qualities, but it might 
 not be so easy to discover who the lady's inferi- 
 ors were. — Boswell's Johnson, p. 175. 
 
 5654. TRADE, Illicit. American Colonies. 
 A.D. 1763. It was thought that of a million and 
 a half pounds of tea consumed annually in the 
 colonies, not more than one-tenth part was sent 
 from England. Grenville [prime-minister] held 
 that the contraband was all stolen from the com- 
 merce and part of it from the manufactures of 
 Great Britain, against . . . the law. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 9. 
 
 5655. TRADE, Inhuman. Slave Trade. By 
 the treaty of Utrecht England gained the monop- 
 oly of the slave trade in Spanish and British 
 America. Controlling the trade in slaves, who 
 cost nothing but trinkets and toys and refuse 
 arms, England gained, by the sale of the children 
 of Africa into bondage in America, the capital 
 which built up and confirmed a British empire 
 in Hindostan. — Bancroft's U. S. , vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 5656. TRADE, Laws for. England. [In 
 1509] the complaint of the Commons, that hat- 
 makers and cap-makers "sell their hats and 
 caps at an outrageous price," averring that what 
 they buy for sixteen-pence they sell for three shil- 
 lings, is simply evidence of lack of competition. 
 [It was enacted that no hatter should sell the 
 best hat above the price of twenty -pence. But 
 the purchaser really obtained no cheaper com- 
 modity ; he lost in quality what he gained in 
 price.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 15, p. 251. 
 
 5657. TRADE, Overreaching in. Egyptians. 
 The general character of the Egyptians, with re- 
 spect to morals, contributed likewise to draw 
 upon them the disesteem of other nations. They 
 have been generally accused by the ancients of 
 great cunning and insincerity in their dealings. 
 The term AvyoTCTea^eiv , to play the Egyptian, was 
 proverbially used by the Greeks to signify cozen- 
 ing and overreaching. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, 
 ch. 4, p. 47. 
 
 565§. TRADE regulated. Fixed Prices. An 
 edict was issued in the name of the four Caesars — 
 Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius, and Gale- 
 rius. It fixed a maximum of prices throughout 
 the empire for all the necessaries and commodi- 
 ties of life. The preamble insists, with great 
 vehemence, on the extortion and inhumanity of 
 the venders and merchants. . . . The edict, as 
 Colonel Leake clearly shows, was issued a.c. 303. 
 Among the articles of which the maximum value 
 is assessed are oil, salt, honey, butchers' meat, 
 poultry, game, fish, vegetables, fruit, the wages 
 of laborers and artisans, schoolmasters and ora- 
 tors, and clothes. — Milman's Note in Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 13, p. 410. 
 
 5659. . Boman Emperor Julian. 
 
 When the luxurious citizens of Antioch com- 
 plained of the high price of poultry and fish, Ju- 
 lian publicly declared that a frugal city ought 
 to be satisfied with a regular supply of wine, oil, 
 and bread. . . . The emperor ventured on a very 
 dangerous and doubtful step, of fixing, by legal 
 authority, the value of corn. He enacted that, 
 in a time of scarcity, it should be sold at a price 
 which had seldom been known in the most plen- 
 tiful years. . . . The consequences might have 
 been foreseen, and were soon felt. The Imperial 
 wheat was purchased by the rich merchants ; the 
 
TRADE— TRAINING. 
 
 673 
 
 proprietors of land, or of corn, withheld from 
 the city the accustomed supply, and the small 
 quantities that appeared in the market were 
 secretly sold at an advanced and illegal price. 
 Julian still continued to applaud his own pol- 
 icy, and treated the complaints of the people as a 
 vain and ungrateful murmur. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 34, p. 466. 
 
 5660. . England. [In 1548 the] 
 
 sellers of victuals were to be punished for con- 
 spiring and covenanting to sell their commodities 
 at unreasonable prices. It required three quarters 
 of a century to show that such legislation was a 
 mistake. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 185. 
 
 5661. TBADE, Tricks in. England in 1547. 
 [The dealer puts] a strike of good malt in the 
 bottom of the sack, two strikes of bad malt in the 
 middle, and a good strike in the sack's mouth ; 
 the cloth-maker stretches his eighteen yards of 
 cloth to twenty -seven, and then thickens it with 
 " flock powder," the " devil's dust " of modern 
 times. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 486. 
 
 5662. TRADES UNION, Objection to. CasU. 
 In the towns the organization of trades, with 
 their strict laws of apprenticeship and their 
 guilds, excluded from competition with the rec- 
 ognized artisan all those who had not the claim 
 of caste — for caste it was, when a workman must 
 have been brought up to a calling, and could 
 follow that calling and no other. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 267. 
 
 5663. TRADES UNION, Opposition of. James 
 Watt. Although there were no mathematical- 
 instrument-makers in Glasgow [where he first 
 established himself in business], he was opposed 
 by the corporation of the hammermen, on the 
 ground that he was neither the son of a burgess 
 nor had served an apprenticeship within the bor- 
 ough. — Smiles' Brief Biographies, p 13. 
 
 5664. TRADES-UNION, Oppressive. James 
 Watt. [When James Watt went to Glasgow to 
 establish a shop for the manufacture of mathe- 
 matical instruments,] the worshipful company 
 of hammermen, in that spirit of exclusiveness 
 which the lapse of a century has scarcely eradi- 
 cated where guilds and corporations have any 
 remnant of antiquated privileges, resolved to pre- 
 vent James Watt exercising his art. — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 7, ch. 3, p. 59. 
 
 5665. TRADES-UNION prohibited. England. 
 [It was enacted in 1423,] Whereas by the yearly 
 congregations and confederacies made by the 
 masons in their general chapiters assembled, the 
 good course and effect of the statutes of laborers 
 be openly violated and broken, in subversion of 
 the law, and to the great damage of all the com- 
 mons, our said lord, the king, willing in this 
 case to provide remedy, hath ordained and es- 
 tablished that such chapiters and congregations 
 shall not be hereafter holden ; and if any such 
 be made, they that cause such chapiters to be as- 
 sembled and holden, if they therefore be con- 
 vict, shall be judged for felons. And all the 
 other masons that come to such chapiters and con- 
 gregations be punished by imprisonment of their 
 bodies, and make fine and reason at the king's 
 will. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 8, p. 116. 
 
 5666. . England. [In 1548] com- 
 binations of workmen were prohibited under 
 
 severe penalties.— Knight's Eng., vol. 6. ch. 12. 
 p. 185. 
 
 5667. TRADITION, Worthless. Cromwell. 
 [Charles I. fled at the battle of Dunbar.] They 
 still remember that day in Worcester, and still 
 point out many of the places connected with the 
 story of the battle ; and in Perry Wood, where 
 Cromwell first took up his position, there is a tree, 
 which the peasant shows to those who desire to 
 see it, where the devil, Cromwell's intimate 
 friend, appeared to him, and gave him the prom- 
 ise of victory. — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 13, 
 p. 170. 
 
 566§. TRAINING for Greatness. Alexander. 
 So ripe a judgment in this young prince was 
 owing as much to the good education which had 
 been given him as to the excellence of his natural 
 abilities. Several preceptors were appointed to 
 teach him whatsoever was worthy the heir to a 
 great kingdom ; and the chief of these was Leoni- 
 das, a relation of the queen, and a person of the 
 most severe morals. Alexander himself related 
 afterward, that this Leonidas, in their journeys 
 together, used frequently to look into the trunks 
 where his bed and clothes were laid, in order to 
 see if Olympias, his mother, had not put some- 
 thing superfluous into them, which might admin- 
 ister to delicacy and luxury. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 15, § 1. 
 
 5669. TRAINING, Lack of. Military. It is 
 the misfortune of men of superior military ability 
 that their subordinates are generally failures 
 when trusted with independent commands. Ac- 
 customed to obey implicitly the instructions of 
 their chief, they have done what they have been 
 told to do, and their virtue has been in never 
 thinking for themselves. They succeed, and they 
 forget why they succeed, and in part attribute 
 their fortune to their own skill. With Alexander's 
 generals, with Caesar's, with Cromwell's, even 
 with some of Napoleon's, the story has been the 
 same. They have been self-confident, yet when 
 thrown upon their own resources they have 
 driven back upon a judgment which has been 
 inadequately trained. The mind which guided 
 them is absent. The instrument is called on to 
 become self-acting, and necessarily acts unwise- 
 ly. — FrOUDE's CiESAR, ch. 25. 
 
 5670. TRAINING, Lasting. Scott's Mother. 
 Sir Walter's mother, who was a Miss Rutherford, 
 the daughter of a physician, had been better edu- 
 cated than most Scotchwomen of her day, in spite 
 of having been sent " to be finished off " by " the 
 honorable Mrs. Ogilvie," whose training was so 
 effective, in one direction at least, that even in 
 her eightieth year Mrs. Scott could not enjoy a 
 comfortable rest in her chair, but " took as much 
 care to avoid touching her chair with her back 
 as if she had still been under the stern eyes of 
 Mrs. Ogilvie." — Hutton's Life of Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott, ch. 1. 
 
 5671. TRAINING by Obedience. Spartans. 
 They accustomed the children from their earliest 
 infancy to an entire submission to the laws, mag- 
 istrates, and all in authority ; and their edu- 
 cation, properly speaking, was no more than an 
 apprenticeship of obedience. It was for this rea- 
 son that Agesilaus advised Xenophon to send his 
 children to Sparta, as to an excellent school, 
 where they might learn the greatest and most 
 
674 
 
 TRAINING— TRAMPS. 
 
 noble of all sciences, to obey and to command, 
 for the one naturally leads on to the other. — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 10, eh. 1, § 1. 
 
 5672. TEAINING, Physical. Momans. In 
 treating of the system of Roman education, we 
 have taken notice of those exepcises of the body to 
 which all the youth of the republic were accus- 
 tomed from their earliest infancy. By the con- 
 stant practice of wrestling, boxing, launching 
 the javelin, running, and swimming they were 
 inured from their cradle to that species of life 
 which a soldier leads in the most active campaign 
 in the field. They were accustomed to the mili- 
 tary place — that is, to walk twenty miles, and 
 sometimes twenty-four, in four hours. During 
 these marches they carried burdens of sixty 
 pounds' weight ; and the weapons with which 
 they were armed were double the weight of those 
 which were used in the actual field of battle. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 5, p. 452. 
 
 5673. TRAINING, Success without. William 
 Prince of Orange. The faculties which are nec- 
 essary for the conduct of great affairs ripened in 
 him at a time of life when they have scarcely 
 begun to blossom in ordinary men. Since Oc- 
 tavius the world had seen no such instance of 
 precocious statesmanship. Skilful diplomatists 
 were surprised to hear the weighty observations 
 which at seventeen the prince made on public 
 affairs, and still more surprised to see the lad, in 
 situations in which he might have been expected 
 to betray strong passion, preserve a composure 
 as imperturbable as their own. At eighteen he 
 sat among the fathers of the Commonwealth, 
 grave, discreet, and judicious as the oldest 
 among them. At twenty -one, in a day of gloom 
 and terror, he was placed at the head of the ad- 
 ministration. At twenty-three he was renowned 
 throughout Europe as a soldier and a politician. 
 He had put domestic factions under his feet ; he 
 was the soul of a mighty coalition ; and he had 
 contended with honor in the field against some 
 of the greatest generals of the age. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 7, p. 153. 
 
 5674. TRAITOE, Political. Mr. Huske in 
 Parliament, a.d. 1763. A native of New Hamp- 
 shire, educated at Boston, now member [of Par- 
 liament] from Maiden, . . , boasted that taxes 
 might be laid on the colonies to yield £5,000,000 
 [only £200,100 were proposed by the ministry], 
 which would secure the promised relief to the 
 country gentlemen. This sum, he insisted, the 
 Americans were well able to pay ; and he was 
 heard by the House with great joy and attention, 
 betraying his native land for the momentary 
 pleasure of being cheered by the aristocracy, 
 which was so soon to laugh at him. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., vol. 5, ch. 9. 
 
 5675. TRAITOR punished. By Mother. The 
 great Pausanias, who had beaten the Persians in 
 the battle of Plataea,and who on many occasions 
 had behaved with great generosity as well as 
 moderation, at last degenerated and fell into a 
 scandalous treaty with the Persians, in hopes, 
 through their interest, to make himself sovereign 
 of Greece. As soon as he had conceived these 
 strange notions, he fell into the manners of the 
 Persians, affected all their luxury, and derided 
 the plain customs of his country, of which he 
 had formerly been so fond. The Ephori waited 
 some time for clear proof of his treacherous de- 
 
 signs, and when they had obtained it, determined 
 to imprison him. But he fled into the temple 
 of Minerva Chalcioicos, and they besieged him 
 there. They walled up all the gates, and his own 
 mother laid the first stone. When they had al- 
 most starved him to death, they laid hands on 
 him, and by the time they had got him out of 
 the temple he expired. — Note in Plutarch's 
 Lives. 
 
 5676. TRAITOR, Shameless. Reign of James 
 II. [Lord Sunderland, the prime-minister, was 
 apprehensive of retribution when the revolution 
 should take place.] There was yet one way in 
 which he might escape — a way more terrible to 
 a noble spirit than a prison or a scaffold. He 
 might still, by a well-timed and useful treason, 
 earn his pardon from the foes (jf the government. 
 It was in his power to render to them at this 
 conjuncture services beyond all price ; for he had 
 the royal ear ; he had great influence over the 
 Jesuitical cabal ; and he was blindly trusted by 
 the French ambassador. . . Whenever he wished 
 to transmit a secret message to Holland, he spoke 
 to his wife ; she wrote to Sidney, and Sidney 
 communicated her letter to William. One of her 
 communications was intercepted and carried to 
 James. She vehemently protested that it was a 
 forgery. Her husband, with characteristic in- 
 genuity, defended himself by representing that 
 it was quite impossible for any man to be so base 
 as to do what he was in the habit of doing. 
 "Even if this is Lady Sunderland's hand," he 
 said, " that is no affair of mine. Your Majesty 
 knows my domestic misfortunes. The footing 
 on which my wife and Mr. Sidney are is but too 
 public. Who can believe that I would make a 
 confidant of the man who has injured my honor 
 in the tenderest point — of the man whom, of all 
 others, I ought most to hate ?" This defence 
 was thought satisfactory ; and secret intelligence 
 was still transmitted from the wittol to the adul- 
 teress, from the adulteress to the gallant, and 
 from the gallant to the enemies of James. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 9, p. 411. 
 
 5677. TRAMPS, Philosophic. Cynics. The 
 morality of Socrates . . . was pushed the length 
 of extravagance by the Cynics. The founder of 
 this sect was Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates. . . . 
 To evince his contempt of luxury, he chose to 
 wear an old and tattered cloak. ' ' Whj^ so os- 
 tentatious 1" said Socrates. " Through your rag- 
 ged coat I see your vanity." Virtue, in the 
 opinion of the Cynics, consisted in renouncing 
 all the conveniences and comforts of life. They 
 clothed themselves in rags, disdained to live in a 
 house, slept in the streets, ate nothing but what 
 was coarse and insipid, and wandered about the 
 country with a stick and a knapsack. They de- 
 cried all the arts as either useless or dangerous. 
 Science was altogether fruitless and unnecessary ; 
 for a virtuous man had attained to the perfec- 
 tion of his nature, and had no need to learn any- 
 thing. From voluntary ignorance they advanced 
 to impudence ; and having nothing to lose, while 
 they scorned all gain, they indulged themselves 
 in satire and in veclive without restraint. . . . The 
 vices with which Diogenes has been reproached 
 are hardly to be believed, when we know tliat 
 some of the most virtuous of the Greeks were 
 his admirers and disciples. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 2, ch. 9, p. 269. 
 
TRANCE— TRAVEL. 
 
 675 
 
 5678, TBANCE, Continuous. Swedenborg. 
 
 A short time before his death he lay for some 
 weeks in a trance, without any sustenance. — 
 White's Swedenborg, ch. 28, p. 260. 
 
 5679. TEANCES, Punished for. Elizabeth 
 Barton. [Elizabeth Barton, the nun of Kent, 
 claimed to have been miraculously restored to 
 health. She had been long sick, and could not eat 
 or drink by a long space, and in the violence of 
 her infirmity she seemed to be in trances,] and 
 spoke and uttered many foolish and idle words. 
 [She commenced, about 1525, to have] trances 
 and revelations. She had revelations and special 
 knowledge concerning Cardinal Wolsey, and 
 also the king's highness, concerning his marriage, 
 so that she said if he did marry another woman 
 his grace should not reign king past one month 
 afterward. . . . She saw the king, Anne Boleyn, 
 and the Earl of Wiltshire walking in a garden ; 
 and a little devil whispering in the lady's ear to 
 send her father with a great bribe to the em- 
 peror. She saw evil spirits struggling for Wol- 
 sey 's soul after his decease. She saw persons 
 whom the angel of God had appointed to be at 
 her death when she should receive the crown of 
 martrydom. [She was executed for conspiracy 
 of treason, and involved Bishop Fisher and Sir 
 Thoma-5 More in a similar fate.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 2, ch. 22, p. 352. 
 
 56S0. TRAVEL, Benefits of. Crusaders. The 
 contempt with which, in the last century, it 
 was fashionable to speak of the pilgrimages, the 
 sanctuaries, the crusades, and the monastic in- 
 stitutions of the Middle Ages. In times when 
 men were scarcely ever induced to travel by 
 liberal curiosity, or the pursuit of gain, it was 
 better that the rude inhabitant of the north 
 should visit Italy and the east as a pilgrim, than 
 that he should never see anything but those 
 squalid cabins and uncleared woods among 
 which he was born. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 7. 
 
 56§1. TRAVEL, Dangers of. Swedenborg. In 
 the year 1710 I set out for Gottenburg, that I 
 might be conveyed, by ship, thence to London. 
 On the voyage my life was in danger four 
 times : first on some shoals, toward which we 
 were driven by a storm, until we were within a 
 quarter of a mile from the raging breakers, and 
 we thought we should all perisli. Afterward 
 we narrowly escaped some Danish pirates under 
 French colors ; and the next evening we were ' 
 fired into from a British ship, which mistook us | 
 for the same pirates, but without much damage. I 
 Lastly, in London itself, I was exposed to a more ' 
 serious danger. While we were entering the 
 harbor, some of our countrymen came to us in a 
 boat, and persuaded me to go with them into the 
 city. Now, it was known in London that an epi- 
 demic was raging in Sweden, and therefore all 
 who arrived from Sweden were forbidden to 
 leave their ships for six weeks, or forty days ; so 
 I, having transgressed this law, was very near 
 being hanged, and was only freed under the 
 condition that, if any one attempted the same 
 thing again, he should not escape the gallows. — 
 White's Swedenborg, ch. 11, p. 26. 
 
 5682. TRAVEL, Difficulties of. Beign of 
 Charles II. The rich commonly travelled in their 
 own carriages, with at least four horses. ... A 
 coach and six is in our time never seen, except 
 
 as part of some pageant. The frequent mention, 
 therefore, of such equipages in old books is like- 
 ly to mislead us. We attribute to magnificence 
 what was really the effect of a very disagreeable 
 necessity. People in the time of Charles II. 
 travelled with six horses, because with a smaller 
 number there was great danger of sticking fast 
 in the mire. Nor were even six horses always 
 sufficient. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 351. 
 
 5683. TRAVEL, Effects of. Emulation. The 
 Russian traders had seen the magnificence and 
 tasted the luxury of the city of the Csesars. A 
 marvellous tale and a scanty supply excited the 
 desires of their savage countrymen ; they envied 
 the gifts of nature which their climate denied ; 
 they coveted the works of art which they were 
 too lazy to imitate and too indigent to purchase ; 
 the Varangian princes unfurled the banners of 
 piratical adventure, and their bravest soldiers 
 were drawn from the nations that dwelt in the 
 northern isles of the ocean. -^Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 55, p. 428. 
 
 5684. TRAVEL expedited. Romans. Cities 
 were connected with each other and with the 
 capital by the public highways, which, issuing 
 from the forum of Rome, traversed Italy, per- 
 vaded the provinces, and were terminated only 
 by the frontiers of the empire. If we carefully 
 trace the distance from the wall of Antoninus to 
 Rome, and from thence to Jerusalem, it will be 
 found that the great chain of communication 
 from the north-west to the south-east point of the 
 empire was drawn out to the length of four 
 thousand and eighty Roman miles. The public 
 roads were accurately divided by mile-stones, 
 and ran in a direct line from one city to another, 
 with very little respect for the obstacles either of 
 nature or private property. Mountains were 
 perforated, and bold arches thrown over the 
 broadest and most rapid streams. The middle 
 part of the road was raised into a terrace which 
 commanded the adjacent country, consisted of 
 several strata of sand, gravel, and cement, and 
 was paved with large stones, or, in some places 
 near the capital, with granite. Such was the 
 solid construction of the Roman highways, 
 whose firmness has not entirely yielded to the 
 effort of fifteen centuries. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 2, p. 63. 
 
 5685. . Stage-Coach. To the very 
 
 beginning of the Revolution the people lived 
 apart, isolated and dependent on their own re- 
 sources for life and enjoyment. When, in 1766, 
 an express wagon made the trip from New York 
 to Philadelphia in two days, it was considered a 
 marvel of rapidity. Six years later the first 
 stage-coach began to run regularly between 
 Boston and Providence. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 36, p. 283. 
 
 5686. TRAVEL, Indifference to. Roman Em- 
 peror Antoninus Pius. The tranquil life of An- 
 toninus Pius was spent in the bosom of Italy ; 
 and during the twenty-three years that he di- 
 rected the public administration, the longest 
 journeys of that amiable prince extended no 
 farther than from his palace in Rome to the 
 retirement of his Lanuvian villa. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 1, p. 9. 
 
 5687. TRAVEL, Objects in. To See Men. It will 
 be observed that when giving me advice as to 
 
€76 
 
 TRAVEL— TREASON. 
 
 my travels, Dr. [Samuel] Johnson did not dwell 
 ■upon cities, and palaces, and pictures, and 
 shows, and Arcadian scenes. He was of Lord 
 Essex's opinion, who advises his kinsman, Roger 
 Earl of Rutland, " rather to go a hundred miles 
 to speak with one wise man than five miles to 
 see a fair town." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 119. 
 
 56§§. TRAVEL, Slow. Stage-Coach. On the 
 10th of July [1754] Benjamin Franklin laid be- 
 fore the commissioners the draft of a federal con- 
 stitution. His vast and comprehensive mind had 
 realized the true condition and wants of the 
 country : the critical situation of the colonies 
 demanded a central government. How else 
 could revenues be raised, an army be organized, 
 and the common welfare be provided for ? Ac- 
 cording to the proposed plan of union, Philadel- 
 phia, a central city, was to be the capital. It was 
 urged in behalf of this clause that the delegates 
 of New Hampshire and Georgia — the colonies 
 most remote — could reach the seat of govern- 
 ment in fifteen or twenty days. — Ridpath's U. S. , 
 ch. 31, p. 257. 
 
 56§9. TEAVEL, Suppression of. Beign of 
 Charles II. [Stage-coaches were introduced be- 
 tween Exeter and London.] Many persons were, 
 from mere stupidity and obstinacy, disposed to 
 clamor against the innovation, simply because it 
 was an innovation. It was vehemently argued 
 that this mode of conveyance would be fatal to 
 the breed of horses and to the noble art of horse- 
 manship ; that the Thames, which had long been 
 an important nursery of seamen, would cease to 
 be the chief thoroughfare from London up to 
 Windsor and down to Gravesend ; that saddlers 
 and spurriers would be ruined by hundreds ; 
 that numerous inns, at which mounted travellers 
 had been in the habit of stopping, would be de 
 serted, and would no longer pay any rent ; that 
 the new carriages were too hot in summer and 
 too cold in winter ; that the passengers were 
 grievously annoyed by invalids and crying 
 ciiildren ; that the coach sometimes reached the 
 inn so late that it was impossible to get supper, 
 and sometimes started so early that it was im- 
 possible to get breakfast. On these grounds it 
 was gravely recommended that no public car- 
 riage should be permitted to have more than 
 four horses, to start of tener than once a week, or 
 to go more than thirty miles a day. — Macau- 
 i.ay's Eng., ch. 11, p. 353. . 
 
 5690. TREACHERY, Base. Philip VI. Fif- 
 teen of the most powerful barons of Brittany, 
 Whom the king had invited to a grand tourna- 
 ment, were suddenly arrested and thrown into 
 the ChStelet, upon a vague charge of intriguing 
 with the English ; and after a brief detention 
 they were brought out and beheaded, without 
 anjr form of trial, on the 29th of November, 
 1343. Early in the next year three barons of 
 Normandy were in like manner seized and put 
 to death, in utter violation of all rules of justice. 
 — Students' France, ch. 10, § 7. 
 
 5691. TREACHERY, Consummate. Charles 11. 
 Charles II. was, perhaps, in a deeper degree than 
 any of his ancestors or descendants, false, treach- 
 erous, and licentious. He signed the Solemn 
 League and Covenant of Scotland, supporting 
 the Protestant religion, at the very moment 
 he was in attempted negotiation with Rome for 
 befriending the Papacy. He was, however, pro- 
 
 claimed king of the Scots, and the Scots had a 
 perfect right to elect him to be their monarch ; 
 but he aimed at the recovery of Scotland in order 
 to recover the crowns of the three kingdoms. 
 To win Scotland to help him in this, he would 
 not only sign the Covenant ; he proffered to sign 
 a declaration by which he renounced all Papacy 
 and Episcopacy. But pledged word or oath 
 were of very little account with him. — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 12, p. 149. 
 
 5692. TREACHERY, Gold for. Benedict Ar- 
 nold. About midnight of the 21st [of September 
 Andre] went ashore from the Vulture, a sloop of 
 war, and met Arnold in a thicket, on the west 
 bank of the river, two miles below Haverstraw. 
 Day-dawn approached, and the conspirators were 
 obliged to hide themselves. In doing so, they 
 entered the American lines. Arnold gave the pass- 
 word, and Andre, disguising himself, assumed 
 the character of a spy. During the next day the 
 traitor and his victim remained concealed at the 
 house of a Tory named Smith. Here the awful 
 business was completed. Arnold was to surren- 
 der West Point, its garrisons and stores, and to 
 receive for his treachery £10,000 and a commis- 
 sion as brigadier in the British army. All pre- 
 liminaries being settled, papers containing a full 
 description of West Point, its defences, and the 
 best method of attack, were made out and given 
 to Andr6, who secreted the dangerous docu- 
 ment in his stockings. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 43, 
 p. 344. 
 
 5693. TREACHERY, Message of. Emperor 
 Alexander I. [He professed ardent and lasting 
 friendship for Napoleon, yet when nearly all 
 Europe was arrayed against him he proved to 
 be an enemy.] An Austrian courier was taken 
 prisoner. There was found in his possession a 
 letter from the commander of the Russian forces, 
 addressed to the Archduke Ferdinand, congratu- 
 lating him upon his victory, and expressing tTie 
 hope that very soon the Russian army would be 
 permitted to co-operate with the Austnans against 
 the French. Napoleon immediately sent the let- 
 ter to Alexander, without note or comment. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B. , vol. 2, ch. 7. 
 
 5694. TREASON, Cry of. Patnck Henry. [He 
 was a young man and new member of the legis- 
 lature of Virginia when the Stamp Act was pro- 
 claimed.] Lifted beyond himself, " Tarquin," 
 he cried, " and Caesar had each his Brutus ; 
 Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the 
 Third — " " Treason !" shouted the speaker. 
 " Treason, treason !" was echoed round the 
 house, while Henry, fixing his eye on the first 
 interrupter, continued, without faltering, " may 
 profit by their example." — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 5, ch. 13. 
 
 5695. TREASON defined. Reign of James II. 
 The Tories of the Lower House proceeded to 
 introduce what they called a bill for the preser- 
 vation of the king's person and government. 
 They proposed that it should be high treason to 
 say that Monmouth was legitimate, to utter any 
 words tending to bring the person or government 
 of the sovereign into hatred or contempt, or to 
 make any motion in Parliament for changing i 
 the order of succession. Some of these provi- 
 sions excited general disgust and alarm. The 
 Whigs, few and weak as they were, attempted 
 to rally, and found themselves re-enforced by a 
 
TREASON— TRIAL. 
 
 677" 
 
 considerable number of moderate and sensible 
 Cavaliers. Words, it was said, may easily be mis- 
 understood by an honest man. They may easily 
 be misconstrued by a knave. What was spoken 
 metaphorically may be apprehended literally. 
 What was spoken ludicrously may be appre- 
 hended seriously. A particle, a tense, a mood, 
 an emphasis, may make the whole difference be- 
 tween guilt and innocence. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 5, p. 540. 
 
 5696. TREASON, Incipient. War of 1812. 
 Under a rigorous blockade the foreign commerce 
 of the Eastern States was totally destroyed. The 
 beacons in the light-houses were allowed to burn 
 out, and a general gloom settled over the coun- 
 try. From the beginning many of the people of 
 New England had opposed the war. Their in- 
 terests centred in ships and factories ; the for- 
 mer were captured at sea, and the latter came 
 to a standstill. Industry was paralyzed. Tlie 
 members of the Federal party cried out against 
 the continuance of the contest. The legislature 
 of Massachusetts advised the calling of a con- 
 vention. The other Eastern States responded to 
 the call, and on the 14th of December [1814] the 
 delegates assembled at Hartford. The objects of 
 the convention were not very clearly expressed, 
 but opposition to the war and the policy of the 
 Administration was the leading principle. The 
 leaders of the Democratic party, who supported 
 the war policy of the government, did not hesi- 
 tate to say that the purposes of the assembly 
 were disloyal and treasonable. Be that as it 
 may, the convention ruined the Federal party. 
 After remaining in session with closed doors for 
 nearly three weeks, the delegates published an 
 address more moderate and just than had been 
 expected, and then adjourned. But little hope 
 of political preferment remained for those who 
 had participated in the Hartford convention. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 51, p. 412. 
 
 5697. TBEASON, Punishment of. Romans. 
 This measure of an agrarian law we shall ob- 
 serve, from this time forward, to be a source of 
 domestic dissensions, down to the very end of 
 the commonwealth. Cassius was the first pro- 
 poser of it, and it cost him his life. His office 
 of consul was no sooner at an end than he was 
 solemnly accused of aspiring at royalty ; and, by 
 sentence of the popular assembly, he was thrown 
 from the Tarpeian Rock, the usual punishment of 
 treason. — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 4, p. 324. 
 
 569§. TBEASON, Retribution of. Romans. 
 [When Rome was besieged] Tarpeia, the govern- 
 or's daughter, charmed with the golden brace- 
 lets of the Sabines, betrayed the fort into their 
 hands, and asked, in return for her treason, 
 what they wore on their left arms. Tatius agree- 
 ing to the condition, she opened one of the gates 
 by night, and let in the Sabines. . . . Such were 
 the sentiments of Tatius with regard to Tarpeia 
 when he ordered the Sabines to remember their 
 promise, and to grudge her nothing which they 
 had on their left arms. He was the first to take 
 off his bracelet and throw it to her, and with 
 that his shield. As every one did the same, she 
 was overpowered by the gold and shields thrown 
 upon her, and sinking under the weight, ex- 
 pired. — Plutarch's "Romulus." 
 
 5699. TREASURE, Hope a. Alexander. Be- 
 fore he set out on his expedition [against the 
 
 Persians] he settled the affairs of Macedon, over 
 which he appointed Antipater as viceroy, with 
 12,000 foot, and nearly the same number of 
 horse. He also inquired into the domestic affairs 
 of his friends, giving to one an estate in land, 
 to another a village, to a third the revenues of a 
 town, to a fourth the toll of a harbor. And as 
 all the revenues of his demesnes were already 
 employed and exhausted by his donations, Per- 
 diccas said to him, " My lord, what is it you 
 reserve for yourself ?" Alexander replying, 
 "Hope," "The same hope," says Perdiccas, 
 "ought therefore to satisfy us," and very gen- 
 erously refused to accept of what the king had 
 assigned to him. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, §3. 
 
 5700. TREATY, An observed. William Penn's. 
 The treaty with the red men — the only treaty 
 that was never sworn to and never broken, says 
 Voltaire — was one of friendship and brother- 
 hood and of mutual defence. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 23, p. 379. 
 
 5701. TREE, Delivering. Second Crusade. 
 The vanguard, which bore the royal banner and 
 the oriflamme of St. Denys, had doubled their 
 march with rash and inconsiderate speed ; and 
 the rear, which the king commanded in person, 
 no longer found their companions in the evening 
 camp. In darkness and disorder they were en- 
 compassed, assaulted, and overwhelmed by the 
 innumerable host of Turks, who, in the art of 
 war, were superior to the Christians of the 
 twelfth century. Louis [VII.], who climbed a 
 tree in the general discomfiture, was saved by 
 his own valor and the ignorance of his adversa- 
 ries ; and with the dawn of day he escaped alive, 
 but almost alone, to the camp of the vanguard. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 10. 
 
 5702. TRIAL abandoned, Scipio Africanus. 
 He incited two of the tribunes, the Petilii, to 
 bring a formal accusation against Scipio Afri- 
 canus, as guilty of peculation in converting large 
 sums gained in his foreign conquests to his owa 
 instead of the public use. The behavior of 
 Scipio on this occasion was consonant to the 
 magnanimity of his character. On the first day 
 of his citation before the assembly of the people, 
 when his accusation was read, appearing not to 
 have listened to it, he entered into an ample de- 
 tail of all the illustrious services he had rendered 
 his country. His accusers made no reply, not 
 daring to controvert a single word which he had 
 uttered, but contented themselves with adjourn- 
 ing the assembly to the next day. On the mor- 
 row, while an immense multitude crowded the 
 forum, Scipio pressed forward to the tribunal, 
 and making a signal for silence, "My country- 
 men," said he, " it was on this very day that I 
 fought bravely for you against Hannibal and the 
 Carthaginians in the field of Zama, and gained 
 a glorious victory. Is it thus you celebrate that 
 anniversary ? Come, let us repair instantly to 
 the Capitol, and give our solemn thanks to all the 
 gods for the republic preserved through my 
 means." With one universal acclamation, the 
 whole multitude followed him while he led the 
 way to the temple of Jupiter — and the tribunes 
 were left alone in the forum. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 9, p. 279. 
 
 5703. TRIAL by Combat. Assise of Jerusalem. 
 The trial by battle was established in all criminal 
 cases which affected the life or limb or honor 
 
678 
 
 TRIAL— TRIBUTE. 
 
 of any person, and in all civil transactions, of 
 or above the value of one mark of silver. It ap- 
 pears that in criminal cases the combat Mras the 
 privilege of the accuser, who, except in a charge 
 of treason, avenged his personal injury, or the 
 death of those persons w^hom he had a right to 
 represent ; but wherever, from the nature of the 
 change, testimony could be obtained, it was 
 necessary for him to produce witnesses of the 
 fact. In civil cases the combat was not allowed 
 as the means of establishing the claim of the de- 
 mandant, but he was obliged to produce wit- 
 nesses who had, or assumed to have, knowledge 
 of the fact. The combat was then the privilege 
 of the defendant, because he charged the wit- 
 ness with an attempt by perjury to take away 
 his right. He came therefore to be in the same 
 situation as the appellant in criminal cases. It 
 was not then as a mode of proof that the combat 
 was received, nor as making negative evidence 
 (according to the supposition of Montesquieu), 
 but in every case the right to offer battle was 
 founded on the right to pursue by arms the re- 
 dress of an injury ; and the judicial combat was 
 fought on the same principle, and with the same 
 spirit, as a private duel. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, 
 p. 603. 
 
 5704. TEIAL by Ordeal. Fire. Under the 
 reign of Justice and Vataces a dispute arose be- 
 tween two officers, one of whom accused the 
 other of maintaining the hereditary right of the 
 Palseologi. . . . He was pursued by the whis- 
 pers of malevolence ; and a subtle courtier, the 
 Archbishop of Philadelphia, urged him to accept 
 the judgment of God in the fiery proof of the 
 ordeal. Three days before the trial the patient's 
 arm was enclosed in a bag, and secured by the 
 royal signet ; and It was incumbent on him to 
 bear a red-hot ball of iron three times from the 
 altar to the rails of the sanctuary, without arti- 
 fice and without injury. Palaeologus eluded the 
 dangerous experiment with sense and pleasantry. 
 ' ' I am a soldier, " said he, "and will boldly enter 
 the lists with my accusers ; but a layman, a 
 sinner like myself, is not endowed with the gift 
 of miracles. Your piety, most holy prelate, may 
 deserve the interposition of Heaven, and from 
 your hands I will receive the fiery globe, the 
 pledge of my innocence." The archbishop start- 
 ed ; the emperor smiled ; and the absolution or 
 pardon of Michael was approved by new rewards 
 and new services. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 62, 
 p. 147. 
 
 5705. TRIAL, Right of. Disregarded. [In 
 1603 James I. showed both ignorance 'and des- 
 potism in his contempt of the ordinary course of 
 justice.] " I hear our new king," writes Harring- 
 ton, " hath hanged one man before he was tried ; 
 'tis strangely done ; now, if the wind bloweth 
 thus, why may not a man be tried before he 
 hath offended ?"— Knight's Eng. , vol. 3, ch. 20, 
 p. 308. 
 
 5706. TRIAL, A severe. John Bunyan. [He 
 was arrested for preaching to Dissenters, and 
 urged to promise to desist.] Remonstrances and 
 entreaties were equally useless, and, with ex- 
 treme unwillingness, they committed him to 
 Bedford jail to wait for the sessions. ... To 
 himself, at any rate, his trial was at the moment 
 most severe. He had been left a widower a year 
 or two before, with four young children, one of 
 
 them blind. He had lately married a second 
 time. His wife was pregnant. The agitation at 
 her husband's arrest brought on premature labor, 
 and she was lying in his house in great danger. 
 He was an affectionate man, and the separation 
 at such a time was peculiarly distressing. — 
 Froude's Bunyan, ch. 5. 
 
 5707. TRIALS, Fellowship in. Napoleon I. 
 [His Egyptian army, with immense suffering, 
 crossed the desert from Alexandria to Cairo.] 
 He toiled along on foot at the head of the column, 
 sharing the fatigue of the most humble soldiers. 
 Like them, he threw himself upon the sands at 
 night, with the sand for his pillow, and secreting 
 no luxuries for himself, he ate the coarse beans 
 which constituted the only food for the army. — 
 Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 11. 
 
 5708. TRIALS, Improvement under. Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. [To a friend] he said cheerfully : 
 ' ' I am very sure that if I do not go away from 
 here a wiser man, I shall go away a better man, 
 for having learned here what a very poor sort of 
 man I am." Afterward, referring to what he 
 called a change of heart, he said he did not re- 
 member any precise time when he passed through 
 any special change of purpose or of heart ; but 
 he would say that his own election to office and 
 the crisis immediately following influentially 
 determined him in what he called ' ' a process 
 of crystallization then going on in his mind." — 
 Raymond's Lincoln, p. 734. 
 
 5709. TRIBUTE of Friendship. Melanchthon. 
 Luther is too great, too wonderful for me to 
 depict in words. If there be a man on earth I 
 love with my whole heart, that man is Luther. 
 One is an interpreter, one a logician, another an 
 orator, affluent and beautiful in speech, but Lu- 
 ther is all in all — whatever he writes, whatever 
 he utters, pierces to the soul, fixes itself like ar- 
 rows in the heart — he is a miracle among men. 
 — Rein's Luther, p. 210. 
 
 5710. TRIBUTE scorned. To France. [In 1797 
 the French Directory grew insolent, and began 
 to demand an alliance against Great Britain, and 
 soon afterward issued instructions to French 
 men-of-war to assail the commerce of the United 
 States, and ordered [Mr. Charles C. Pinckney, 
 the American minister, to leave the territory of 
 France]. These proceedings were equivalent to 
 a declaration of war. The President convened 
 Congress in extraordinary session, and measures 
 were devised for repelling the aggressions of the 
 French. Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall 
 were directed to join Mr. Pinckney in a ilnal 
 effort for a peaceable adjustment of the diffi- 
 culties. But the effort was fruitless. The Direc- 
 tory of France refused to receive the ambassa- 
 dors except upon condition that they would 
 pledge the payment into the French treasury of ] 
 a quarter of a million of dollars. Pinckney an- 
 swered with the declaration that the United 
 States had millions for defence, but not a cent for 
 tribute. The envoys were then ordered to leave 
 the country. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 47, p. 373. 
 
 5711. TRIBUTE, Shamefal. To Pirates. For a 
 long time Algerine pirates had infested the Med- 
 iterranean, preying upon the commerce of civil- 
 ized nations ; and those nations, in order to pur- 
 chase exemption from such ravages, had adopted 
 the ruinous policy of paying the Dey of Algiers 
 
 I 
 
TRIBUTE— TRUCE. 
 
 679 
 
 an annual tribute. In consideration of the trib- 
 ute, tlie dey agreed that his pirate ships should 
 confine themselves to the Mediterranean, and 
 should not attack the vessels of such nations as 
 made the payment. Now, however, with the 
 purpose of injuring France, Great Britain 
 winked at the agreement with the dey by which 
 the Algerine sea-robbers were turned loose on 
 the Atlantic. By their depredations American 
 commerce suffered greatly, and the government 
 of the United States was obliged to purchase 
 safety by paying the shameful tribute. — Rid- 
 path's U. S., ch. 46, p. 370. 
 
 5712. TRIBUTE in Women. Tartars. A select 
 band of the fairest maidens of China was an- 
 nually devoted to the rude embraces of the Huns ; 
 and the alliance of the haughty Tanjous [the Tar- 
 tar princes] was secured by their marriage with 
 the genuine, or adopted, daughters of the Impe- 
 rial family, which vainly attempted to escape 
 the sacrilegious pollution. The situation of these 
 unhappy victims is described in the verses of a 
 Chinese princess, who laments that she had been 
 condemned by her parents to a distant exile, 
 under a Barbarian husband ; who complains that 
 sour milk was her only drink, raw flesh her only 
 food, a tent her only palace ; and who expresses, 
 in a strain of pathetic simplicity, the natural 
 wish, that she were transformed into a bird, to 
 fly back to her dear country, the object of her 
 tender and perpetual regret. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 26, p. 19. 
 
 5713. TRICK miscarried, A. Persian. [The 
 Persian satrap] Sarbar still maintained the im- 
 portant station of Chalcedon ; but the jealousy 
 of Cliosroes or the artifice of Heraclius [both 
 Persian monarchs] soon alienated the mind of 
 that powerful satrap from the service of his king 
 and country. A messenger was intercepted with 
 a real or fictitious mandate to the cadarigan, or 
 second in command, directing him to send, with- 
 out delay, to the throne the head of a guilty or 
 unfortunate general. The despatches were trans- 
 mitted to Sarbar himself ; and as soon as he read 
 the sentence of his own death, he dexterously 
 inserted the names of four hundred officers, as- 
 sembled a military council, and asked the cada- 
 rigan whether he was prepared to execute the 
 commands of their tyrant. The Persians unan- 
 imously declared that Chosroes had forfeited 
 the sceptre ; a separate treaty was concluded 
 with the government of Constantinople. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 46, p. 478. 
 
 5714. TRIFLERS, Diplomatic. French. The 
 American Government held an old claim against 
 France for damages done to the commerce of the 
 United States in the wars of Napoleon. In 1831 
 the French king had agreed to pay $5,000,000 
 for the alleged injuries ; but the dilatory govern- 
 ment of France postponed and neglected the 
 payment, until the President, becoming wrath- 
 ful, recommended to Congress to make reprisals 
 on French commerce, and at the same time di- 
 rected the American minister at Paris to demand 
 his passports and come home. These measures 
 had the desired effect, and the indemnity was 
 promptly paid. The government of Portugal 
 was brought to terms in a similar manner. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 54, p. 435. 
 
 5715. TRIFLES, Effect of. Battle. [A great 
 battle between the Macedonians and the Romans, 
 
 in which 25,000 of the former were slain, was 
 brought on by ^milius in this way :] Toward 
 evening he availed himself of an artifice, to make 
 the enemy begin the fight. It seems he turned 
 a horse loose without a bridle, and sent out some 
 Romans to catch him, who were attacked while 
 they were pursuing him, and so the engagement 
 began. — Plutakch's JSmilius. 
 
 5716. TRIFLES, Power of. Social Life. Mar- 
 cus Fabius Ambustus had given one of his daugh- 
 ters in marriage to Licinius Stolo, a plebeian, and 
 the other to Servius Sulpitius, a patrician, and 
 at that time one of the military tribunes. One 
 day, when the wife of the plebeian was at her 
 sister's house, the lictor who walked before Sul- 
 pitius, on his return from the senate, knocked 
 loudly at the door with the staff of the fasces, to 
 give notice that the magistrate was coming in. 
 This noise, to which the wife of Licinius was not 
 accustomed, threw her into a panic. Her sister 
 laughed at her alarm, and threw out a malicious 
 jest on the inequality of their conditions. A very 
 small matter, says Livy, is sufiicient to disturb 
 the quiet of a woman's mind. The younger Fa- 
 bia took this affront most seriously to heart. She 
 complained to her father, who, to comfort her, 
 promised that he would do his utmost endeavor 
 that her husband should have his lictor as well 
 as her elder sister's. This trifling circumstance 
 is said to have been the cause of the admission 
 of the plebeian order to the consular dignity. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 3, ch. 6, p. 348. 
 
 5717. TRIMMER, Political. Loi'd Halifax. 
 Halifax was known as the Trimmer — one who 
 was selected to tender the crown to William and 
 Mary, but who had taken no part in the first 
 steps which deprived James of the crown. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 5, p. 68. 
 
 571 §. TRIUMPH, Fleeting. JVaj^oZeoft J. [The 
 great campaigns of Bonaparte were productive 
 of triumphs which endured but three months. 
 The allies under Suwaroff reconquered the Cis- 
 alpine territory.]— Knight's Eng. , vol. 7, ch. 22, 
 p. 382. 
 
 5719. TRIUMPH, Honors of. Pompey. "When 
 Pompey landed at Brindisi his dreaded legions 
 were disbanded, and he proceeded to the Capi- 
 tol with a train of captive princes, as the sym- 
 bols of his victories, and wagons loaded with 
 treasure as an offering to his country. He was 
 received as he advanced with the shouts of ap- 
 plauding multitudes. He entered Rome in a gal- 
 axy of glory. A splendid column commemorat- 
 ed the cities which he had taken, the twelve 
 million human beings whom he had slain or sub- 
 jected. His triumph was the most magnificent 
 which the Roman citizens had ever witnessed, 
 and by special vote he was permitted to wear his 
 triumphal robe in the Senate as often and as long 
 as might please him. The fireworks over, and 
 with the aureole of glory about his brow, the 
 great Pompey, like another Samson shorn of 
 his locks, dropped into impotency and insignifi- 
 cance. — Froude's C^sab, ch. 12. 
 
 5720. TRUCE, The h«ly. Mahometan. An an- 
 nual festival of two, perhaps of four, months, 
 was observed by the Arabs before the time of 
 Mahomet, during which their swords were relig- 
 iously sheathed both in foreign and domestic 
 hostility ; and this partial truce is more strongly 
 
680 
 
 TRUTH. 
 
 expressive of the habits of anarchy and warfare. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 49, p. 89. 
 
 5721. TRUTH, Boldness for the. John How- 
 ard. Dining ... at the house of the English 
 ambassador, Sir Robert Murray Keith, where a 
 large company of Austrian princes and nobles 
 were assembled, the conversation turned upon 
 the absurd iniquity of the torture, when one of 
 the Austrians observed that the glory of abol- 
 ishing the torture in the Austrian dominions be- 
 longed to his present Imperial Majesty Joseph II. 
 "Pardon me," said Howard; "his Imperial 
 Majesty has only abolished one species of tort- 
 ure to establish another in its place more cruel ; 
 for the torture which he abolished lasted at the 
 most only a few hours ; but that which he has 
 appointed lasts many weeks — nay, sometimes 
 years. The poor wretches are plunged into a 
 noisome dungeon as black as the Black Hole of 
 Calcutta, from which they are taken only if they 
 confess what is laid to their charge." " Hush !" 
 said the ambassador; "your words will be 
 reported to his Majesty." " What !" cried How- 
 ard, ' ' shall my tongue be tied from speaking 
 truth by any king or emperor in the world ? I 
 repeat what I asserted, and maintain its verac- 
 ity." The company appeared awestruck at his 
 boldness, and admired it ; but no one ventured 
 to make any observation whatever, and a dead si- 
 lence ensued. They were not, perhaps, aware 
 that he had said the same thing to the emperor 
 himself. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 55. 
 
 5722. TRUTH vs. Falsehood. Samuel John- 
 son. An animated debate took place whether 
 Martinelli should continue his History of Eng- 
 land to the present day. Goldsmith : " To be 
 sure he should." Johnson : " No, sir ; he would 
 give great offence. He would have to tell of al- 
 most all the living great what they do not wish 
 told". . . . Goldsmith: " There are people who 
 tell a hundred political lies every day, and are not 
 hurt by it. Surely, then, one may tell truth with 
 safety." Johnson : " Why, sir, in the first 
 place, he who tells a hundred lies has disarmed 
 the force of his lies. But besides, a man had 
 rather have a hundred lies told of him than one 
 truth which he does not wish to be told." Gold- 
 smith : " For my part, I'd tell the truth, and 
 shame the devil." Johnson : " Yes, sir ; but the 
 devil will be angry. I wish to shame the devil 
 as much as you do, but I should choose to be 
 out of the reach of his claws." Goldsmith : 
 "His claws can do you no harm when you have 
 the shield of truth." — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 207. 
 
 5723. TRUTH vs. Fiction. James II. A dram- 
 atist would scarcely venture to bring on the stage 
 a grave prince, in the decline of life, ready to 
 sacrifice his crown in order to serve the interests 
 of his religion, indefatigable in making prose- 
 lytes, and yet deserting and insulting a wife who 
 had youth and beauty, for the sake of a profli- 
 gate paramour who had neither. Still less, if 
 possible, would a dramatist venture to introduce 
 a statesman stooping to the wicked and shame- 
 ful part of a procurer, and calling in his wife to 
 aid him in that dishonorable office, yet, in his 
 moments of leisure, retiring to his closet, and 
 there secretly pouring out his soul to his God in 
 penitent tears and devout ejaculations. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 68. 
 
 5724. TRUTH honored. Frederick II Fred- 
 erick is by no means one of the perfect demi-gods, 
 and there are various things to be said against 
 him with good ground. To the last a question- 
 able hero, with much in him which one could 
 have wished not there, and much wanting which 
 one could have wished. But there is one feature 
 which strikes you at an early period of the in- 
 quiry, that in his way he is a reality ; that he al- 
 ways means what he speaks ; grounds his actions, 
 too, on what he recognizes for the truth ; and, 
 in short, has nothing whatever of the hypocrite 
 or phantasm — which some readers will admit to 
 be an extremely rare phenomenon. — Carlyle's 
 Frederick the Great, Book 1, ch. 1, p. 13. 
 
 5725. TRUTH, Liberty hy the. Martin Luther. 
 At his bidding truth leaped over the cloister 
 walls, and challenged every man to make her his 
 guest ; aroused every intelligence to acts of pri- 
 vate judgment ; changed a dependent, recipient 
 people into a reflecting, inquiring people ; lifted 
 each human being out of the castles of the Mid- 
 dle Age, to endow him with individuality, and 
 to summon man to stand forth as man. The 
 world heaved with the fervent conflict of opin- 
 ion. — Bancropt's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 6. 
 
 5726. TRUTH, Moral. From within. Thus 
 did the mind of George Fox arrive at the con- 
 clusion that truth is to be sought by listening to 
 the voice of God in the soul. Not the learning 
 of the university, not the Roman see, not the 
 English Church, not Dissenters, not the whole 
 outward world, can lead to a fixed rule of mo- 
 rality. The law in the heart must be received 
 without prejudice, cherished without mixture, 
 and obeyed without fear. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 5727. TRUTH ontraged. Inquisition. Galileo 
 was thus compelled to choose between a solemn 
 denial of demonstrated truth or the most agoniz- 
 ing of deaths. What he ought to have done in 
 these circumstances is a question in morals which 
 has been discussed for two hundred years with- 
 out result, since it is a question which every one 
 decides according to his own character. He de- 
 cided to recant. On his knees, with one hand 
 upon the Gospel, he pronounced the form of 
 words required : "I abjure, curse, and detest 
 the error and heresy of the motion of the earth, 
 and promise that I will never more teach, ver- 
 bally or in writing, that the sun is the centre of 
 the universe, and immovable, and that the earth 
 is not the centre of the universe and movable. " 
 Rising from his knees, indignant at the outrage 
 done to truth through him, he muttered between 
 his teeth the words which will never be forgot- 
 ten — "The earth moves, notwithstanding!" — 
 Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 264. 
 
 5728. TRUTH, Perilous. A.D. 408. The sen- 
 ators loudly declared, in regular speeches or in 
 tumultuary acclamations, that it was unworthy 
 of the majesty of Rome to purchase a precarious 
 and disgraceful truce from a Barbarian king ; 
 and that, in the judgment of a magnanimous 
 people, the chance of ruin was always preferable 
 to the certainty of dishonor. . . . The tumult of 
 virtue and freedom subsided ; and the sum of 
 four thousand pounds of gold was granted, under 
 the name of a subsidy, to secure the peace of It- 
 aly and to conciliate the friendship of the king 
 of the Goths. Lampadius alone, one of the most 
 
TRUTH— TYRANNY. 
 
 681 
 
 illustrious members of the assembly, still persist- 
 ed in his dissent ; exclaimed, with a loud voice, 
 " This is not a treaty of peace, but of servitude ;" 
 and escaped the danger of such bold opposi- 
 tion by immediately retiring to the sanctuary of 
 a Christian church. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 30, 
 p. 231. 
 
 5729. TRUTH, Perversion of. Habit. [Mr. 
 Hallam says of Charles II. he] "had unhappily 
 long been in the habit of perverting his natural 
 acuteness to the mean subterfuges of equivocal 
 language." . . . [Knight says :] " In no situation 
 or difficulty could this unfortunate king give up 
 his system of double-dealing and half-confi- 
 dence." [When he was making treaties for the 
 pacification of Ireland, and promised that dur- 
 ing the negotiations all hostilities for his cause 
 should end, at the very same time he wrote to 
 Ormond, the general in command,] " Obey my 
 wife's orders, and not mine, until I shall let you 
 know I am free from all restraint ; nor trouble 
 yourself about my concessions as to Ireland ; 
 they will lead to nothing." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 1. 
 
 5730. TRUTH, Power of speculative. Quakers. 
 [William] Penn exults that the message [from 
 the inner voice] came without suspicion of hu- 
 man wisdom. It was wonderful to witness the 
 energy and the unity of mind and character 
 which the strong perception of speculative truth 
 imparted to the most illiterate mechanics ; they 
 delivered the oracles of conscience with fearless 
 freedom and natural eloquence ; and with happy 
 unconscious sagacity spontaneously developed 
 the system of moral truth which, as they be- 
 lieved, existed as an incorruptible seed in every 
 soul. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 16. 
 
 5731. TRUTH, Vitality of the. Political. 
 Truth once elicited never dies. As it descends 
 through time it may be transmitted from State 
 to State, from monarch to commonwealth, but 
 its light is never extinguished, and never per- 
 mitted to fall to the ground. A great truth, if 
 no existing nation would assume its guar- 
 dianship, has power — such is God's providence 
 — to call a nation into being and life by the life 
 it imparts. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 5732. TRUTHS, Preparatory. Inventions. A 
 century before the Christian era the mighty 
 power of steam had been observed, and some 
 attempts had been made to turn it to account. 
 But a great invention, as we have before re- 
 marked, is the growth of ages. Many ingen- 
 ious men had labored to perfect this one, the 
 greatest of all, and they had brought it on so 
 far, that a single improvement alone was wanting 
 to make it available. It was just so with Sir 
 Isaac Newton's sublime discovery of the attrac- 
 tion of gravitation. Previous philosophers had 
 made discoveries that only needed combining to 
 produce the final truth, which, in a happy 
 hour, flashed upon the mind of Newton. — Cy- 
 clopedia OF BioG. , p. 142. 
 
 5733. TRUTHS, Uncertain. Sophists. Greece 
 was, in the days of Socrates, overrun with 
 Sophists — pretended philosophers, whose whole 
 science consisted in a certain futile logic ; an 
 artificial apparatus of general arguments, which 
 they could apply to every topic, and by which 
 they could maintain, with an appearance of 
 
 plausibility, either side of any proposition. It 
 was usual for these philosophers to get up in 
 the public assemblies or in the theatres and offer 
 to argue or make an oration on any subject that 
 should be named. The Athenians, a superficial 
 people, fond of everything new and extraordi- 
 nary, were quite captivated with this kind of 
 jugglery. The Sophists passed for the wisest 
 and most eloquent of men, and the youth 
 flocked in crowds to their schools, where the 
 rudiments of this precious art were explained 
 and communicated. The sober part of the 
 Athenians judged this to be a very useless disci- 
 pline ; but the wiser Socrates saw the pernicious 
 tendency of this new art of philosophizing, 
 which made everything uncertain and problem- 
 atical ; and his penetrating intellect easily per- 
 ceived the method by which it was to be exposed 
 and destroyed. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, 
 p. 267. 
 
 5734. TYRANNY, Cruelty of. Xei-xes. [Py- 
 thius, a prince of Lydia (see No. 4881),] who 
 had made such obliging offers to Xerxes, having 
 desired as a favor of him, some time afterward, 
 that out of his five sons who served in his army 
 he would be pleased to leave him the eldest, in 
 order to be a support and comfort to him in his 
 old age, the king was so enraged at the propo- 
 sal, though so reasonable in itself, that he caused 
 the eldest son to be killed before the eyes of 
 his father, giving him to understand that it was 
 a favor that he spared the lives of him and the 
 rest of his children ; and then causing the dead 
 body to be cut in two, and one part to be placed 
 on the right and the other on the left, he made 
 the whole array pass between them, as if he 
 meant to purge and purify it by such a sacrifice. 
 — Rollin's Hist., Book 6, ch. 2, § 2. 
 
 5735. TYRANNY, Ecclesiastical. Catholic . 
 The childhood of the . European nations was 
 passed under the tutelage of the clergy. The 
 ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long 
 the ascendency which naturally and properly be- 
 longs to intellectual superiority. "The priests, 
 with all their faults, were by far the wisest por- 
 tion of society. It was, therefore, on the whole, 
 good that they should be respected and obej^ed. 
 The encroachments of the ecclesiastical power 
 on the province of the civil power produced 
 much more happiness than misery, while the 
 ecclesiastical power was in the hands of the only 
 class that had studied history, philosophy, and 
 public law, and while the civil power was in 
 the hands of savage chiefs, who could not read 
 their own grants and edicts. But a change took 
 place. Knowledge gradually spread among lay- 
 men. At the commencement of the sixteenth 
 century many of them were in every intellectual 
 attainment fully equal to the most enlightened 
 of their spiritual pastors. Thenceforward that 
 dominion which, during the Dark Ages, had 
 been, in spite of many abuses, a legitimate and 
 a salutary guardianship, became an unjust and 
 noxious tyranny. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 1, 
 p. 44. 
 
 5736. TYRANNY, Emblem of. The Bastile. 
 The destruction of the Bastile was the type of 
 the fall of tyranny to Englishmen and English- 
 women. Hannah More writes to Horace Wal- 
 pole : " Poor France ! though I am sorry that 
 the lawless rabble are so triumphant, I caimot 
 
683 
 
 TYRANNY. 
 
 help hoping that some good will arise from the 
 sum of human misery having been so considera- 
 bly lessened at one blow by the destruction of 
 the Bastile." Dumont says that in England . . . 
 the destruction of the Bastile had caused a 
 general joy. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 10, 
 p. 183. 
 
 5737. TYEANNY, Insurrection against. Peas- 
 ants. The frightful insurrection called the Jac- 
 querie was a general rising of the enslaved peas- 
 ants of the provinces against the nobles, prompt- 
 ed not so much by the love of liberty as by the 
 desperation of utter and hopeless misery, and a 
 ferocious thirst of vengeance upon their tyrants. 
 The revolt of the Jacques, as they were called 
 (from the familiar nickname of Jacques Bon- 
 homme, applied to the French peasantry), com- 
 menced in the neighborhood of Clermont and 
 Beauvais, in May, 1358, and quickly overspread 
 the northern and western districts. It was a 
 war of wholesale extermination ; the feudal 
 chateaus were assailed, sacked, burnt, and razed 
 to the ground, and their inmates, down to the 
 youngest infant, put to the sword with every 
 circumstance of almost incredible barbarity. — 
 Students' France, ch. 10, § 13. 
 
 573§. TYRANNY, Legislative. Long Parlia- 
 ment. Like Rome under its decemviri, Eng- 
 land was enslaved by its legislators ; English lib- 
 erty had become the patrimony of the Commons ; 
 the forms of government, the courts of justice, 
 peace and war — all executive, all legislative, 
 power rested with them. They were irresponsi- 
 ble, absolute, and apparently never to be dis- 
 solved but at their own pleasure. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 2, ch. 11. 
 
 5739. TYRANNY of Liberty. Frerich Revo- 
 Ivtion. On June 10 [1794] resolutions were 
 presented to the convention by Couthon for con- 
 ferring increased and m.onstrous powers on the 
 revolutionary tribunal. It was to be divided into 
 four courts, for the more expeditious despatch 
 of business ; the " enemies of the republic," 
 against whom it was to act, were defined in 
 the most vague, arbitrary, and comprehensive 
 terms ; the juries were empowered to convict 
 without examining witnesses or hearing counsel, 
 and upon any proof, material or moral, verbal 
 or written, which they might deem sufficient ; 
 and the sole penalty to be inflicted for all offences 
 was death. This frightful proposition, which 
 . . . placed the lives ... of the whole French 
 nation at the absolute disposal of Robespierre, 
 . . . was ultimately adopted. Its effects were 
 appalling. Between the 10th of June and the 
 27th of July, 1794, upward of fourteen hundred 
 victims perished by the hands of the execu- 
 tioner. The daily batches (fournees) frequently 
 included fifty, and even sixty, seventy, and 
 eighty individuals. Fouquier-Tinville, the pub- 
 lic accuser, at length proposed to erect the 
 guillotine in a hall adjoining the tribunal, and 
 to despatch five hundred prisoners in one day. 
 —Students' France, ch. 27, § 6, p. 572. 
 
 5740. . " Revolutionary Tribu- 
 nal." [On the 10th of March, 1793, forty-eight 
 days after the execution of Louis XVI., this 
 tribunal was formed. It was] composed of five 
 judges, who were to be bound by no forms of 
 precedure, and of a permanent jury. These 
 jurymen were to satisfy themselves as to facts 
 
 in any way that they could, and to vote audibly 
 in the presence of a Paris mob. To direct the 
 proceedings of this awful tribunal, from whose 
 decrees there was no appeal, a public accuser 
 was appointed. . . . He had only one remedy 
 for the cure of lukewarmness toward the Revo- 
 lution—death. He was in so great a hurry to do 
 his work, that identity of person was sometimes 
 unnecessary when an accused stood before him. 
 Two women of the same name having been ar- 
 rested, he settled the accounts of both, for fear 
 of a mistake. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 15, 
 p. 272. 
 
 5741. TYRANNY, Parental. Frederick Will- 
 iam I. [Princess Wilhelmina received his spe- 
 cial displeasure. Her brother Fritz (Frederick 
 the Great) had vainly endeavored to escape his 
 father's tyranny by flight, and was under ar- 
 rest.] " We learned from some attendant that 
 at least my brother was not dead. The king 
 now came back. We all ran to kiss his hands ; 
 but me he no sooner noticed than rage and fury 
 took possession of him. He became black in 
 the face, his eyes sparkling fire, his mouth 
 foaming. ' Infamous canaille,' said he ; ' darest 
 thou show thyself before me ? Go, keep thy 
 scoundrel of a brother company ! ' And, so say- 
 ing, he seized me with one hand, slapping me 
 on the face with the other," clenched as a fist 
 ( poing), ' ' several blows,' one of which struck me 
 on the temple, so that I fell back, and should 
 have split my head against a corner of the wain- 
 scot had not Madame de Sonsfeld caught me by 
 the headdress and broken the fall. I lay on the 
 ground without consciousness. The king, in a 
 frenzy, was for striking me with his feet, had 
 not the queen, my sisters, and the rest ran be- 
 tween, and those who were present prevented 
 him. They all ranked themselves round me, 
 which gave Mesdames de Kamecke and Sonsfeld 
 time to pick me up. They put me in a chair in 
 the embrasure of a window ; threw water on 
 my face to bring me to life, which care I lament- 
 ably reproached them with, death being a thou- 
 sand times better in the pass things had come 
 to. The queen kept shrieking ; her firmness 
 had quite left her ; she wrung her hands, and 
 ran in despair up and down the room. The 
 king's face was so disfigured with rage it was 
 frightful to look upon. The little ones were on 
 their knees begging forme." — Carlyle's Fred- 
 erick THE Great, Book 7, ch. 7, p. 205. 
 
 5742. TYRANNY, Recompensed for. France. 
 It is to Louis XI., who was a vicious, unprinci- 
 pled tyrant, that France owed the extension of 
 her commerce, the establishment of posts through 
 the kingdom, and the regular administration of 
 justice. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 13, p. 214. 
 
 5743. TYRANNY, Self-destructive. Reign of 
 Gommodus. [The Roman emperor] Commodus 
 had now attained the summit of vice and infamy. 
 Amid the acclamations of a flattering court, he 
 was unable to disguise from himself that he had 
 deserved the contempt and hatred of every man 
 of sense and virtue in his empire. His ferocious 
 spirit was irritated by the consciousness of that 
 hatred, by the envy of eveiy kind of merit, by 
 the just apprehension of danger, and by the 
 habit of slaughter, which he contracted in his 
 daily amusements. History has preserved a long 
 list of consular senators sacrified to his wanton 
 
TYRANNY— UNBELIEF. 
 
 683 
 
 suspicion, which sought out, with peculiar anx- 
 iety, those unfortunate persons connected, how- 
 ever remotelj^, with the family of Antoninus, 
 without spanng even the ministers of his crimes 
 or pleasures. His cruelty proved at last fatal to 
 himself. He had shed with impunity the noblest 
 blood of Rome ; he perished as soon as he was 
 dreaded by his own domestics. Marcia, his fa- 
 vorite concubine, Eclectus, his chamberlain, and 
 Laetus, his pretorian prefect, alarmed by the 
 fate of their companions and predecessors, re- 
 solved to prevent the destruction which every 
 hour hung over their heads, either from the mad 
 caprice of the tyrant, or the sudden indignation 
 of the people. [They poisoned him. J — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 4, p. 115. 
 
 5744. TYRANNY, Shameful. At Sa.n Domin- 
 go. [Columbus had been slandered and sent 
 home in irons.] Las Casas gives an indignant 
 picture of the capricious tyranny exercised over 
 the Indians by worthless Spaniards, many of 
 whom had been transported convicts from the 
 dungeons of Castile. These wretches, who in 
 their own countries had been the vilest among 
 the vile, here assumed the tone of grand cava- 
 liers. They insisted upon being attended by 
 trains of servants. They took the daughters and 
 female relations of caciques for their domestics, 
 or rather for their concubines, nor did they 
 limit themselves in number. When they trav- 
 elled, instead of using horses and mules with 
 which they were provided, they obliged the 
 natives to transport them upon their shoulders 
 in litters, or hammocks, with others attending 
 to hold umbrellas of palm-leaves over their 
 heads to keep off the sun, and fans of feathers 
 to cool them ; and Las Casas affirms that he has 
 seen the backs and shoulders of the unfortunate 
 Indians who bore these litters raw and bleeding 
 from the task. When these arrogant upstarts 
 arrived at an Indian village they consumed and 
 lavished away the provisions of the inhabitants, 
 seizing upon whatever pleased their caprice, and 
 obliging the cacique and his subjects to dance 
 before them for their amusement. — Irving's 
 Columbus, Book 14, ch. 3. 
 
 5745. TYRANNY, Terrible. aUdo. Gildo, 
 the brother of the tyrant Firmus, . . , was invested 
 with the command of Africa. His ambition soon 
 usurped the administration of justice and of the 
 finances, without account and without control. 
 . . . During those twelve years [of his reign} 
 the provinces of Africa groaned under the domin- 
 ion of a tyrant. . . . The forms of law were 
 often superseded by the use of poison ; and if 
 the trembling guests who were invited to the 
 table of Gildo presumed to express their fears, 
 the insolent susjjicion served only to excite his 
 fury, and he loudly summoned the ministers of 
 death. Gildo alternately indulged the passions 
 of avarice and lust ; and if his days were terrible 
 to the rich, his nights were not less dreadful to 
 husbands and parents. The fairest of their wives 
 and daughters were prostituted to the embraces 
 of the tyrant, and afterward abandoned to a 
 ferocious troop of Barbarians and assassins, the 
 black, or swarthy, natives of the desert, whom 
 Gildo considered as the only guardians of his 
 throne. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 29, p. 181. 
 
 5746. UMPIRE, A dangerous. Scotland. 
 There appeared two illustrious competitors for 
 
 the crown — Robert Bruce, son of Isabella, sec- 
 ond daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon, and 
 John Baliol, grandson of Margaret, the earl's 
 eldest daughter. As the rules of succession are 
 n/yw understood, the right of Baliol, the grand- 
 son of the eldest daughter, was clearly prefera- 
 ble. But in those days the order of succession 
 was not so certainly established, and each com- 
 petitor had his pretensions supported by a for- 
 midable party in the kingdom. To avoid a civil 
 war, which must otherwise have taken place, the 
 candidates agreed to a measure which had very 
 near proved fatal to the independence of the 
 kingdom. They chose Edward I. of England to 
 be umpire of the contest ; and this ambitious and 
 artful prince determined to avail himself of the 
 powers thus bestowed on him, and to arrogate 
 to himself the sovereignty of Scotland. He sum- 
 moned all the Scottish barons to attend him at 
 the castle of Norham, in Northumberland ; and 
 having gained some and intimidated others, he 
 prevailed on the whole assembly to acknowledge 
 Scotland a fief of the English crown, and to 
 swear allegiance to him as their sovereign oi 
 liege lord. He next demanded possession of 
 the kingdom, that he might be able to deliver it 
 to him whose right should be found preferable ; 
 and such was the dastardly pusillanimity of all 
 present, whom Edward had intimidated by 
 bringing with him a very formidable army, that 
 this exorbitant demand was likewise complied 
 with, both by the barons and the competitors for 
 the crown. One man alone, worthy of an eter- 
 nal memorial, Gilbert de Umphraville, Earl of 
 Angus, sustained the honor of his country, and 
 peremptorily refused to deliver up those castles 
 which he held from the Scottish kings. Edward, 
 who believed Baliol the least formidable of the 
 competitors, adjudged the question in his favor, 
 and put him in possession of the kingdom, after 
 making him solemnly take the oath of fidelity to 
 himself as lord paramount, and subscribe to every 
 condition which he thought proper to require. 
 But the Scots were not long patient under their 
 state of subjection. — Tttler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 12, p. 190. 
 
 5747. UNANIMITY in Wrong-doing. Taxing 
 Colonies. On the 9th of March, 1764, George 
 Grenville made his first appearance in the House 
 of Commons as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 to unfold the budget. ... He gave notice . . . 
 that it was his intention, in the next session, to 
 bring in a bill imposing stamp-duties in America. 
 . . . The opposition were publicly called upon 
 to deny, if they thought it fitting, the right of 
 the legislature to impose any tax, internal or ex- 
 ternal, on the colonies ; not a single person ven- 
 tured to controvert that right. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 5, ch. 9. 
 
 5748. UNBELIEF, Vicious. Samuel Johnson. 
 I described to him an impudent fellow from 
 Scotland, who aflfected to be a savage, and . . . 
 maintained that there was no distinction between 
 virtue and vice. Johnson : " Why, sir, if the 
 fellow does not think as he speaks, he is lying ; 
 and I see not what honor he can propose to him- 
 self from having the character of a liar. But if 
 he does really think that there is no distinction 
 between virtue and vice, why, sir, when he 
 leaves our houses let us count our spoons."— 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 119. 
 
684 
 
 UNION— USURY. 
 
 5749. UNION by Intercourse. Christians. 
 [In 1655] the Quakers, who were hunted and 
 persecuted by every other sect/found a friend in 
 Cromwell. George Fox, who had been seized in 
 his preachings and carried to London, man- 
 aged to see the Protector, and exhorted him to 
 keep in the fear of God ; and Cromwell, having 
 patiently listened to his lecture, parted with him, 
 saying, " Come again to my house. If thou and I 
 were but an hour of the day together, we should 
 be nearer, one to the other. I wish no more harm 
 to thee than I do to my own soul." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 4, ch. 13, p. 193. 
 
 5750. UNION by Peril, Reign of James II. 
 The amity of the Whigs and Tories had not 
 survived the peril which had produced it. On 
 several occasions, during the prince's march 
 from the west, dissension had appeared among 
 his followers. While the event of his enterprise 
 was doubtful, that dissension had, by his skil- 
 ful management, been easily quieted. But 
 from the day on which he entered Saint James' 
 in triumph, such management could no longer 
 be practised. His victory, by relieving the na- 
 tion from the strong dread of popish tyranny, 
 had deprived him of half his influence. Old 
 antipathies, which had slept when bishops were 
 in the Tower, when Jesuits were at the council 
 board, when loyal clergymen were deprived of 
 their bread by scores, when loyal gentlemen 
 were put out of the commission of the peace by 
 hundreds, were again strong and active. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 563. 
 
 5751. UNION, Primitive. Christian. The con- 
 tempt of the world exercised them in the habits of 
 humility, meekness, and patience. The more 
 they were persecuted, the more closely they ad- 
 hered to each other. Their mutual charity and 
 unsuspecting confidence has been remarked by 
 infidels, and was too often abused by perfidious 
 friends. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 15, p. 546. 
 
 5752. UNRULINESS, Childish. Fredenek 11 
 His governess, the Dame Montbail, having or- 
 dered him to do something which was intolera- 
 ble to the princely mind, the princely mind re- 
 sisted in a very strange way : the princely body, 
 namely, flung itself suddenly out of a third-story 
 window, nothing but the hands left within ; and 
 hanging on there by the sill, and fixedly resolute 
 to obey gravitation rather than Montbail, soon 
 brought the poor lady to terms ; upon which, 
 indeed, he had been taken from her, and from 
 the women altogether, as evidently now needing 
 rougher government. — Caklyle's Frederick 
 THE Great, Book 1, ch. 3, p. 8. 
 
 5753. UNWORTHINESS, Depressed by. Bun- 
 yan. His judgment was in the main satisfied 
 that the Bible was, as he had been taught, the 
 Word of God. This, however, helped him little ; 
 for in the Bible he read his own condemnation. 
 The weight which pressed him down was the 
 sense of his unworthiness. What was he that 
 God should care for him ? He fancied that he 
 heard God saying to the angels, "This poor, 
 simple wretch doth hanker after me, as if I had 
 nothing to do with my mercy but to bestow it 
 on such as he. Poor fool, how art thou deceived ! 
 it is not for such as thee to have favor with the 
 Highest." — Froude's BuNYAN, ch. 8. . I 
 
 5754. USAGE not Law. Ecclesiastical. [When 
 the Commons were resisting the exactions of the 
 clergy in 1529, the representatives of the Church 
 defended the severe extortions on the ground of 
 usage.] The laity retorted in the words of a bar- 
 rister of Gray's Inn : " The usage hath ever been 
 of thieves to rob on Shooter's hill — ergo, it is 
 lawful." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 20. 
 
 5755. USE or Abuse. Money. [The father of 
 Herod the Great] must have ended his life in 
 poverty and contempt, had he not discovered an 
 immense treasure buried under an old house, the 
 last remains of his patrimony. According to the 
 rigor of the law, the emperor might have assert- 
 ed his claim, and the prudent Atticus prevented, 
 by a frank confession, the officiousness of in- 
 formers. But the equitable Nerva, who then 
 filled the throne, refused to accept any part of it, 
 and commanded him to use, without scruple, the 
 present of fortune. The cautious Athenian still 
 insisted that the treasure was too considerable 
 for a subject, and that he knew not how to use 
 it. " Abuse it, then," replied the monarch, with, 
 a good-natured peevishness, "for it is your 
 own." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 2, p. 57. 
 
 5756. USEFULNESS, Survival of. Monks. 
 [Reign of Henry VIII.] Master of convocation, 
 absolute master of the bishops, Henry had be- 
 come master of the monastic orders through the 
 right of visitation over them which had been 
 transferred by the act of supremacy from the 
 papacy to the crown. The monks were soon to 
 know what this right of visitation implied in the 
 hands of the vicar-general. As an outlet for re- 
 ligious enthusiasm, monasticism was practically 
 dead. The friar, now that his fervor of devo- 
 tion and his intellectual energy had passed away., 
 had sunk into a mere beggar. The monks had 
 become mere land-owners. Most of the religious' 
 houses were anxious only to enlarge their reve- 
 nues and to diminish the number of those who 
 shared them. In the general carelessness which 
 prevailed as to the spiritual objects of their trust, 
 in the wasteful management of their estates, in 
 the indolence and self-indulgence which for the 
 most part characterized them, the monastic es- 
 tablishments simply exhibited the faults of all 
 corporate bodies that have outlived the work 
 which they were created to perform. — Hist, op 
 Eng. People, § 573. 
 
 5757. USURYinevitable. ^.D. 408. At Rome 
 commerce was always held in contempt ; but the 
 senators, from the first age of the republic, in- 
 creased their patrimony and multiplied their 
 clients by the lucrative practice of usury ; and 
 the obsolete laws were eluded, or violated, by the 
 mutual inclinations and interest of both parties. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 251. 
 
 575§. USURY, Law of. Boman. Usury, the 
 inveterate grievance of the city, had been dis- 
 couraged by the Twelve Tables and abolished 
 by the clamors of the people. It was revived by 
 their wants and idleness, tolerated by the discre- 
 tion of the praetors, and finally determined by 
 the code of Justinian. Persons of illustrious 
 rank were confined to the moderate profit of four 
 per cent ; six was pronounced to be the ordinary 
 and legal standard of interest ; eight was allowed 
 for the convenience of manufacturers and mer- 
 chants ; twelve was granted to nautical insur- 
 ance, which the wiser ancients had not attempted 
 
USURY— VALOR. 
 
 685 
 
 to define ; but, except in this perilous adven- 
 ture, the practice of exorbitant usurj'^ was severe- 
 ly restrained. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 368. 
 
 5759. . Lucullus. [He found the 
 
 cities of Asia vphich he conquered in great dis- 
 tress.] In the first place, he ordered the cred- 
 itors not to take above one in the hundred for a 
 month's interest ; in the next place, he abolished 
 all interest that exceeded the principal ; the third 
 and most important regulation was, that the 
 creditor should not take above a fourth part of 
 the debtor's income. And if any one took inter- 
 est upon interest, he was to lose all. By these 
 means, in less than four years, all the debts were 
 paid, and the estates restored free to the proprie- 
 tors. — Plutarch's Lucullus. 
 
 5760. USUEY, Laws against. Fifteenth Cen- 
 tury. [It was] enacted, ' ' that all manner of per- 
 sons lending money to and for a time, taking for 
 the same loan anything more besides or above 
 the money lent, by way of contract or covenant 
 at the time of the said loan, should forfeit half 
 the money so lent." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, 
 ch. 15, p. 249. 
 
 5761. UTILITY vs. Beauty. Sir Walter Scott. 
 [Political speech.] " We in this district," he 
 said, " are proud, and with reason, that the first 
 chain-bridge was the work of a Scotchman. It 
 still hangs where he erected it a pretty long time 
 ago. The French heard of our invention, and de- 
 termined to introduce it, but with great improve- 
 ments and embellishments. ... It was on the 
 Seine at Marly. The French chain-bridge looked 
 lighter and airier than the prototype. Every 
 Englishman present was disposed to confess that 
 we had been beaten at our own trade. But by 
 and by the gates were opened, and the multitude 
 were to pass over. It began to swing rather for- 
 midably beneath the pressure of the good com- 
 pany ; and by the time the architect, who led 
 the processson in great pomp and glory, reached 
 the middle, the whole gave way, and he — wor- 
 thy, patriotic artist — was the first that got a 
 ducking. They had forgot the middle bolt — or 
 rather this ingenious person had conceived that 
 to be a clumsy-looking feature, which might 
 safely be dispensed with, while he put some in- 
 visible gimcrack of his own to supply its place." 
 — Hutton's Scott, ch. 12. 
 
 5762. VACCINATION opposed. Edward Jen- 
 Tier. For thirty years after this antidote for the 
 small-pox was first practised in 1800, the wholly 
 ignorant and imperfectly educated still stood in 
 the way of this great blessing. [Edward Jenner 
 was the discoverer.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 8, 
 ch. 7, p. 130. 
 
 5763. VAGRANTS, Imposition of. England. 
 [A committee of the House of Commons, in 
 1816, obtained evidence respecting mendicity 
 and vagrancy in London and its vicinity.] The 
 chief tendency of the evidence was to show how 
 the sturdy beggar was a capitalist and an epi- 
 cure ; ate fowls and beefsteaks for supper and 
 despised broken meat ; had money in the funds, 
 and left handsome legacies to his relations. The 
 witnesses had famous stories of a lame impostor 
 who tied up his leg in a wooden frame, and a 
 blind one who wrote letters in the evening for 
 his unlettered brethren ; of a widow who sat for 
 
 ten years with twins who never grew bigger. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 8, ch. 4, p. 66. 
 
 5764. VALOB, Military. Derar the Saracen. 
 His single lance maintained a flying fight against 
 thirty Romans, who were detached by Werdan ; 
 and, after killing or unhorsing seventeen of their 
 number, Derar returned in safety to his applaud- 
 ing brethren. When his rashness was mildly cen- 
 sured by the general, he excused himself with 
 the simplicity of a soldier. " Nay," said Derar, 
 " I did not begin first ; but they came out to take 
 me, and I was afraid that God should see me 
 turn my back ; and indeed I fought in good ear- 
 nest, and without doubt God assisted me against 
 them ; and had I not been apprehensive of dis- 
 obeying your orders, I should not have come 
 away as I did ; and I perceive already that they 
 will fall into our hands." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 51, p. 195. 
 
 5765. VALOR, Xntual. Ancient Germans. In 
 the hour of danger it was shameful for the chief 
 to be surpassed in valor by his companions — 
 shameful for the companions not to equal the 
 valor of their chief. To survive hia fall in battle 
 was indelible infamy. To protect his person 
 and to adorn his glory with the trophies of their 
 own exploits were the most sacred of their 
 duties. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 266. 
 
 5766. VALOR, Proof of. Ticonderoga taken. 
 A.D. 1775. [Ethan Allen, his Green Mountain 
 boys, and others to the number of eighty-three, 
 arrived at daybreak without discovery.] Allen 
 addressed them: "Friends and fellow-soldiers, 
 we must this morning quit our pretensions for 
 valor, or possess ourselves of this fortress ; and in- 
 asmuch as it is a desperate attempt, I do not urge 
 it on, contrary to will. You that will undertake 
 voluntarily, poise your firelocks." . . . Every 
 firelock was poised. " Face to the right," cried 
 Allen. . . . [They] marched to the gate, . . . 
 rushed into the fort, . . . raising the Indian war- 
 whoop, and . . . formed ... in hollow square, 
 [Being summoned. Captain] Delaplace, the com- 
 mander, came out, undressed, with his breeches 
 in his hand. " Deliver to me the fort instantly," 
 said Allen. " By what authority ?" . . . "In 
 the name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- 
 nental Congress." What cost the British nation 
 eight millions sterling . . . and many lives was 
 won in ten minutes by a few undisciplined men, 
 without loss. [Nearly 50 prisoners, 100 cannon, 
 one thirteen-inch ^ortar, a number of swivels, 
 stores, and small arms were captured.] — Ban- 
 croft'sU. S.,vo1. 7, ch. 32. 
 
 5767. VALOR, Spur to. Reputation. Audit 
 seems to me that the ancients did not think that 
 valor consists in the exemption from fear, but, 
 on the contrary, in the fear of reproach and the 
 dread of infamy ; for those who stand most in 
 fear of the law act with the greatest intrepidity 
 against the enemy ; and they who are most ten- 
 der of their reputation look with the least con- 
 cern upon other dangers. — Plutarch's Cleo- 
 menes. 
 
 576§. VALOR, Wonderful. Constantine. [We 
 might] relate a wonderful exploit of Constantine, 
 which, though it can scarcely be paralleled 
 either in poetry or romance, is celebrated, not 
 by a venal orator devoted to his fortune, but by 
 an historian, the partial enemy of his fame. We 
 
686 
 
 VALUE— VANITY. 
 
 are assured that the valiant emperor threw him- 
 self into the river Hebrus, accompanied only 
 by twelve horsemen, and that by the effort or ter- 
 ror of his invincible arm he broke, slaughtered, 
 and put to flight a host of 150,000 men. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch, 14, p. 499. 
 
 5769. VALUE, Change in. Manhattan Island. 
 In January of 1626 Peter Minuit, of Wesel, was 
 regularly appointed by the Dutch West India 
 Company as governor of New Netherland. 
 Until this time the natives had retained the own- 
 ership of Manhattan Island ; but on Minuit's ar- 
 rival, in May, an offer of purchase was made 
 and accepted. The whole island, containing 
 more than twenty thousand acres, was sold to 
 the Dutch for twenty-fovu* dollars. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 18, p. 162. 
 
 5770. . Ti/rian Purple. The Tyr- 
 
 ian purple is celebrated by all the ancient au- 
 thors. The color was the pure juice of a partic- 
 ular kind of shell-fish, and being produced in 
 very small quantities, came thence to be of great 
 value. The moderns are not unacquainted with 
 the fish, but make no use of it, as a richer color 
 is produced at much less expense from the coch- 
 ineal insect. — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 6, 
 p. 51. 
 
 5771. VALUES, Conventional. West Indians. 
 [Columbus' first voyage.] The avarice of the 
 discoverers was quickly excited by the sight of 
 small ornaments of gold, worn by some of the 
 natives in their noses. These the latter gladly 
 exchanged for glass beads and hawks' bells ; and 
 both parties exulted in the bargain, no doubt 
 admiring each other's simplicity. — Ibving's Co- 
 lumbus, Book, 4, ch. 1. 
 
 5772. VANITY, Excessive. Boman Emperor 
 Diocletian. The Asiatic pomp which had been 
 adopted by the pride of Diocletian assumed an 
 air of softness and effeminacy in the person of 
 Constantine. He is represented with false hair 
 of various colors, laboriously arranged by the 
 skilful artists of the times ; a diadem of a new 
 and more expensive fashion ; a profusion of 
 gems and pearls, of collars and bracelets, and a 
 variegated flowing robe of silk, most curiously 
 embroidered with flowers of gold. In such ap- 
 parel, scarcely to be excused by the youth and 
 folly of Elagabalus, we are at a loss to discover 
 the wisdom of an aged monarch and the sim- 
 plicity of a Roman veteran. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 18, p. 156. 
 
 5773. VANITY, Folly of. Madman. One 
 day, as Art^xerxes was hunting, Tiribazus 
 showed him a rent in his robe, upon which the 
 king said, " What shall I do with it ?" "Put 
 on another, and give that to me," said Tiribazus. 
 " It shall be so," said the king ; "I give it thee, 
 but I charge thee not to wear it." Tiribazus, 
 who, though not a bad man, was giddy and 
 vain, disregarding the restriction, soon put on 
 the robe, and at the same time tricked himself 
 out with some golden ornaments, fit only for 
 queens. The court expressed great indignation, 
 because it was a thing contrary to their laws and 
 customs ; but the king only laughed, and said 
 to him, " I allow thee to wear the trinkets as a 
 woman, and the robe as a madman." — Plu- 
 tabch's Artaxerxes. 
 
 5774. VANITY, Foolish. Ferguson. rRebellion 
 of the Duke of Monmouth against James II.} 
 One of the insurgent chiefs was named Fer- 
 guson.] . . . With this man's knavery was 
 strangely mingled an eccentric vanity which re- 
 sembled madness. The thought that he had 
 raised a rebellion and bestowed a crown had 
 turned his head. He swaggered about, bran- 
 dishing his naked sword, and crying to the crowd 
 of spectators who had assembled to see the army 
 march out of Taunton, "Look at me! You 
 have heard of me. I am Ferguson, the famous 
 Ferguson, the Ferguson for whose head so 
 many hundred pounds have been offered." And 
 this man, at once unprincipled and brain-sick, 
 had in his keeping the understanding and the 
 conscience of the unhappy Monmouth. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 548. 
 
 5775. VANITY with Greatness. Queen Eliz- 
 abeth. A happy retort or a finished compliment 
 never failed to win her favor. She hoarded 
 jewels. Her dresses were innumerable. Her 
 vanity remained, even to old age, the vanity of 
 a coquette in her teens. No adulation was too 
 fulsome for her, no flattery of her beauty too 
 gross. She would play with her rings that her 
 courtiers might note the delicacy of her hands, 
 or dance a coranto that an ambassador, hidden 
 dexterously behind a curtain, might report her 
 sprightliness to his master. — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 710. 
 
 5776. VANITY rebuked. •• Fine Coat." A fo]^- 
 pish physician once reminded [Samuel] John- 
 son of his having been in company with him 
 on a former occasion. " I do not remember it, 
 sir." The physician still insisted, adding that 
 he that day wore so fine a coat that it must have 
 attracted his notice. " Sir," said Johnson, " had 
 you been dipped in Pactolus, I should not have 
 noticed you." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 530. 
 
 5777. . Oliver Goldsmith's. Gold- 
 smith, to divert the tedious minutes, strutted 
 about, bragging of his dress, and I believe was 
 seriously vain of it, for his mind was wonder- 
 fully prone to such impressions. " Come, come," 
 said Garrick, " talk no more of that. You are, 
 perhaps, the worst — eh, eh !" Goldsmith was 
 eagerly attempting to interrupt him, when Gar- 
 rick went on, laughing ironically, "Nay, you 
 will always look like a gentleman ; but I am 
 talking of being well or ill dressed." " Well, let 
 me tell you," said Goldsmith, " when my tailor 
 brought home my bloom-colored coat, he said, 
 ' Sir, I have a favor to beg of you. When any- 
 body asks you who made your clothes, be 
 pleased to mention John Filby, at the Harrow, 
 in Water Lane. ' " Johnson: " Why, sir, that 
 was because he knew the strange color would 
 attract crowds to gaze at 4t, and thus they might 
 hear of him, and see how well he could make a 
 coat, even of so absurd a color." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 163. 
 
 577§. . Plato. Archytas, who had 
 
 engaged for Plato's safety, when he understood 
 his danger [from Dionysius the tyrant], sent 
 a galley to demand him ; and the tyrant, to 
 palliate his enmity, previous to his departure 
 made pompous entertainments. At one of them, 
 however, he could not help saying, " I suppose, 
 Plato, when you return to your companions in 
 the academy, my faults wUl often be the subject 
 
VANITY— VENGEANCE. 
 
 687 
 
 bf your conversation." "I hope," answered 
 Plato, ' ' we shall never be so much at a loss for 
 subjects in the academy as to talk of you." — 
 Plutarch's Dionysius. 
 
 5779. . Menecrates. [He assumed 
 
 the title Menecrates Jupiter. He was a physi- 
 cian.] King Philip hit upon a remedy for his 
 visionary correspondent. Philip invited him to 
 a grand entertainment. Menecrates had a sep- 
 arate table, where nothing was served up to him 
 but incense and perfume, while all the other 
 guests fed upon the most exquisite dainties. 
 The first transports of joy with which he was 
 seized, when he found his divinity acknowl- 
 edged, made him forget that he was a man ; 
 but hunger afterward forcing him to recollect 
 his being so, . . . he took leave of the company 
 abruptly. — Rollin's Hist., Book 14, § 8. 
 
 57§0. VANITY, Eidiculous. Mo numental. 
 The triumphal arch of Constantine still remains 
 a melancholy proof of the decline of the arts, 
 and a singular testimony of the meanest vanity. 
 As it was not possible to find in the capital of 
 the empire a sculptor who was capable of adorn- 
 ing that public monument, the arch of Trajan, 
 without any respect either for his memory or 
 for the rules of propriety, was stripped of its 
 most elegant figures. The difference of times 
 and persons, of actions and characters, was to- 
 tally disregarded. The Parthian captives ap- 
 pear prostrate at the feet of a prince who never 
 carried his arms beyond the Euphrates ; and 
 curious antiquarians can still discover the head 
 of Trajan on the trophies of Constantine. The 
 new ornaments which it was necessary to intro- 
 duce between the vacancies of ancient sculpture 
 are executed in the rudest and most unskilful 
 manner. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 14, p. 483. 
 
 57§1. VANITY, Victim of. Alexander. His 
 only fault [in conversation] was his retaining so 
 much of the soldier as to indulge a troublesome 
 vanity. He would not only boast of his own 
 actions, but suffered himself to be cajoled by 
 flatterers to an amazing degree. These wretches 
 were an intolerable burden to the rest of the 
 company, who did not choose to contend with 
 them in adulation, nor yet to appear behind 
 them in their opinion oi their king's achieve- 
 ments. — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 5782. VASSALAGE, Humiliating. Charles II. 
 to Louis XIV. Since the king was bent on 
 emancipating himself from the control of Par- 
 liament, and since, in such an enterprise, he 
 could not hope for effectual aid at home, it 
 followed that he must look for it abroad. The 
 power and wealth of the King of France might 
 be equal to the arduous task of establishing ab- 
 solute monarchy in England. Such an ally 
 would undoubtedly expect substantial proofs 
 of gratitude for such a service. Charles must 
 descend to the rank of a great vassal, and must 
 make peace and war according to the directions 
 of the government which protected him. . . . 
 His relation to Louis would closely resemble 
 that in which the Rajah of Nagpore and the 
 King of Oude now stand to the British Govern- 
 ment. Those princes are bound to aid the East 
 India Company in all hostilities, defensive and 
 offensive, and to have no diplomatic relations 
 but such as the East India Company shall sanc- 
 tion. The Company, in return, guarantees them 
 
 against insurrection. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, 
 p. 191. 
 
 57§3. VEGETARIAN, Trials of the. Joseph 
 Bitson. John Leyden's great antipathy was Rit- 
 son, an ill-conditioned antiquarian, of vegeta- 
 rian principles, whom Scott alone of all the anti- 
 quarians of that day could manage to tame and 
 tolerate. In Scott's absence one day, during his 
 early married life at Lasswade, Mrs. Scott inad- 
 vertently offered Ritson a slice of beef, when 
 that strange man burst out in such outrageous 
 tones at what be choose to suppose an insult, 
 that Leyden threatened to ' ' thraw his neck" if 
 he were not silent — a threat which frightened 
 Ritson out of the cottage. On another occasion, 
 simply in order to tease Ritson, Leyden com- 
 plained that the meat was overdone, and sent to 
 the kitchen for a plate of literally raw beef, and 
 ate it up solely for the purpose of shocking his 
 crazy rival in antiquarian research. — Hutton's 
 Life of Sir Walter Scott, ch. 6. 
 
 57§4. VENGEANCE, Cry for. Mari/ Queen 
 of Scots. The lords conducted the queen as a 
 prisoner to Edinburgh Castle. In passing through 
 the army she was assailed with the imprecations 
 of the military and the populace. The soldiers 
 waved before her horse a banner, on which was 
 represented the dead body of Darnley [her mur- 
 dered husband, whose death she had caused] ly- 
 ing beside his page in the orchard of Kirk o' 
 Field, and the little King James on his knees in- 
 voking the vengeance of Heaven against his moth- 
 er and the murderer of his unhappy father, in 
 these words of the royal poet of Israel, " Judge 
 and avenge my cause, O Lord !" " By this royal 
 hand," she said to Lord Lindsay, who had aided 
 in the unpardonable murder of her first favorite, 
 Rizzio, " I'll have your heads for this !" — Lam- 
 artine's Mary Queen of Scots, p. 33. 
 
 5785. . Against Murderers. It 
 
 was a law of the State, that any man invested 
 with a military command might frustrate any 
 charge brought against him by going on service. 
 Sylla therefore defeated the purpose of his ene- 
 mies by repairing immediately to his army, and 
 commencing the campaign against Mithridates. 
 His partisans at Rome, in the mean time, took 
 advantage of a series of violent and illegal pro- 
 ceedings of Cinna, to procure his deposition 
 from office, and his expulsion from the city. 
 Marius, returning to Italy at this juncture, 
 found means to levy a considerable army, and 
 joining his forces to those of Cinna, they laid 
 siege to Rome, at that time reduced to great dis- 
 tress by famine. In this situation, the Senate 
 capitulated with these traitors in arms, repealed 
 the attainder of Marius, and restored Cinna to 
 his consular function. They entered the city tri- 
 umphantly at the head of the army, and imme- 
 diately gave orders for a general massacre of all 
 those citizens whom they regarded as their ene- 
 mies. The scene was horrible beyond all de- 
 scription. The heads of the senators, streaming 
 with blood, were stuck up before the rostra / " a 
 dumb senate," says an ancient writer, "but 
 which yet cried aloud to Heaven for vengeance." 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 1, p. 394. 
 
 5786. VENGEANCE demanded. Virtue dis- 
 honored. [Tarquinius'] son Sextus, lawless and 
 flagitious, had committed a rape on Lucretia, the 
 wife of Collatinus, and the injured matron, un- 
 
688 
 
 VENGEANCE— VENTURE. 
 
 able to survive her dishonor, stabbed herself in 
 the presence of her husband and kindred. Bru- 
 tus, a witness to this shocking scene, drew the 
 dagger from her breast, and swore by the eter- 
 nal gods to be the avenger of her death— an oath 
 immediately taken by all who were present. The 
 dead body of the violated Lucretia was brought 
 into the forum, and Brutus, throwing off his as- 
 sumed disguise of insanity, appeared the passion- 
 ate advocate of a just revenge, and the animated 
 orator in the cause of liberty against tyrannical 
 oppression. The people were roused in a mo- 
 ment, and were prompt and unanimous in their 
 procedure Tarquinius was at this time absent 
 from the city, engaged in a war with the Rutu- 
 lians. The Senate was assembled, and pro- 
 nounced a decree which banished forever the 
 tyrant, and at the same time utterly abolished 
 the name and office of king. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 2, p. 302, 
 
 5r§r. VENGEANCE, Diabolical. John Wilkes 
 Booth. He had been from the outbreak of the 
 rebellion one of the most fanatical devotees ; and 
 as its strength and prospects of success began to 
 grow less and less, his mind was absorbed in des- 
 perate schemes for reviving its fortunes and se- 
 curing its triumph. . . . What was [at first] , . . 
 a desire to aid the rebellion became, after this 
 was hopeless, a desperate determination to avenge 
 its downfall. He plotted the murder of Mr. Lin- 
 coln and of the leading members of the govern- 
 ment. — Raymond's Lincoln, ch. 21, p. 713. 
 
 578§. VENGEANCE, FooUsh, Jaines IT. [He 
 was fleeing from his English subjects, whom he 
 had exasperated by his oppressions.] At three 
 in the morning of Tuesday, the 11th of Decem- 
 ber, James rose, took the great seal in his hand, 
 laid his commands on Northumberland not to 
 open the door of the bed-chamber till the usual 
 hour, and disappeared through a secret passage. 
 . . . Sir Edward Hales was in attendance with 
 a hackney coach. James was conveyed to Mil- 
 bank, where he crossed the Thames in a small 
 wherry. As he passed Lambeth he flung the 
 great seal into the midst of the stream, whence, 
 after many months, it was accidentally caught 
 by a fishing-net and dragged up. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 9, p. 509. 
 
 57§9. VENGEANCE of God. Appeal to. [A 
 Protestant] nobleman named Villemongis, when 
 brought to the scaffold [at Amboise], dipped 
 his hands in the blood of his slaughtered com- 
 rades, and, raising them to Heaven, exclaimed, 
 " Lord, behold the blood of thy children ; Thou 
 wilt take vengeance for them !" — Students' 
 France, ch. 16, § 2. 
 
 5790. VENGEANCE, Maternal. Hannah Dus- 
 tin. The town of Haverhill, on the Merrimac, 
 was captured under circumstances of special 
 atrocity. Nearly forty persons were butchered 
 in cold blood ; only a few were spared for cap- 
 tivity. Among the latter was Mrs. Hannah Dus- 
 tin. Her child, only a week old, was snatched 
 out of her arms and dashed against a tree. The 
 heartbroken mother, with her nurse and a lad 
 named Leonardson from "Worcester, was taken 
 by the savages to an island in the Merrimac, a 
 short distance above Concord. Here, while their 
 captors, twelve in number, were asleep at night, 
 the three prisoners arose, silently armed them- 
 selves with tomahawks, and with one deadly 
 
 blow after another crushed in the temples of the 
 sleeping savages until ten of them lay still in 
 death ; then embarking in a canoe the captives 
 dropped down the river, and reached the Eng- 
 lish settlement in safety, Mrs. Dustin carried 
 home with her the gun and tomahawk of the 
 savage who had destroyed her family, and a bag 
 containing the scalps of her neighbors. It is no* 
 often that the mother of a murdered babe has 
 found such ample vengeance. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 16, p. 150. 
 
 5791. VENGEANCE, Merciless. James 12, [Af- 
 ter subduing the rebellion in Scotland, led by tLe 
 Duke of Argyle.] The vengeance of the con- 
 querors was mercilessly wreaked on the people 
 of Argyleshire. Many of the Campbells were 
 hanged without a trial by Athol. . . . More than 
 three hundred rebels and malcontents were trans- 
 ported to the colonies. Many of them were also 
 sentenced to mutilation. On a single day the 
 hangman of Edinburgh cut off the ears of thir- 
 ty-five prisoners. Several women were sent 
 across the Atlantic after being first branded in 
 the cheek with a hot iron.— Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 5, p. 527. 
 
 5792. VENGEANCE, Monument for. Atheni. 
 ans. [After the battle at Marathon.] With 
 presumptuous confidence, the Persians had 
 brought marble from Asia to erect a triumphal 
 monument on the subjugation of their enemies. 
 The Athenians caused a statue of Nemesis, the 
 Goddess of Vengeance, to be formed out of this 
 marble, by the celebrated Phidias ; and tablets 
 to be erected, on which were recorded the 
 names of the heroes who had fallen in the fight, 
 —Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1, p, 130, 
 
 5793. VENGEANCE, Passionate. Governor 
 William Berkeley. [In the early history of Vir- 
 ginia the tyranny of Governor Berkeley was re- 
 sisted, and he hung twenty -two patriots ;] nor is 
 it certain when the vengeful tyrant would have 
 stayed his hand, had not the assembly met and 
 passed an edict that no more blood should be 
 spilt for past offences. One of the burgesses 
 from the county of Northampton said in the de- 
 bate that if the governor were let alone he would 
 hang half the country. When Charles II. heard 
 of Berkeley's ferocity, he exclaimed, "The old 
 fool has taken away more lives in that naked 
 country than I for the murder of my father ;" 
 and the saying was true. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 12, p. 121. 
 
 5794. VENGEANCE for Vengeance. " War of 
 the Roses." The head of Duke Richard, crowned 
 in mockery with a diadem of paper, is said to 
 have been impaled on the walls of York. His 
 second son, Lord Rutland, fell crying for mercy 
 on his knees before Clifford. But Clifford's 
 father [Lord Clifford] had been the first to fall 
 in the battle of St. Alban's, which opened the 
 struggle. " As your father killed mine," cried 
 the savage baron, while he plunged his dagger in 
 the young noble's breast, " I will kill you 1" 
 The brutal deed was soon to be avenged. — Hist. 
 OP Eng. People, § 449. 
 
 5795. VENTTJEE, An instmctive. Captive 
 Party of Franks. [A colony of captive Franks] 
 had been established by Probus [the emperor] 
 on the sea-coast of Pontus, with a view of 
 strengthening the frontier against the inroads of 
 
VERDICT— VICE. 
 
 689 
 
 the Alani. A fleet stationed in one of the harbors 
 of the Euxine fell into the hands of the Franks ; 
 and they resolved, through unknown seas, to ex- 
 plore their way from the mouth of the Phasis to 
 that of [their native country] the Rhine. They 
 easily escaped through the Bosphorus and the 
 Hellespont, and cruising along the Mediterra- 
 nean, indulged their appetite for revenge and 
 plunder by frequent descents on the unsuspect- 
 ing shores of Asia, Greece, and Africa. The 
 opulent city of Syracuse, in whose port the na- 
 vies of Athens and Carthage had formerly been 
 sunk, was sacked by a handful of barlaarians, 
 who massacred the greatest part of the trem- 
 bling inhabitants. From the Island of Sicily the 
 Franks proceeded to the columns of Hercules, 
 trusted themselves to the ocean, coasted round 
 Spain and Gaul, and steering their triumphant 
 course through the British Channel, at length 
 finished their surprising voyage by landing in 
 safety on the Batavian or Frisian shores. The 
 example of their success, instructing their 
 countrymen to conceive the advantages and to 
 despise the dangers of the sea, pointed out to 
 their enterprising spirits a new road to wealth and 
 glory. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 12, p. 384. 
 
 5796. VERDICT, A welcome. Reign of James 
 II. [Jeifreys tried Lord Delamere for treason.] 
 All the triers, from Churchill, who, as junior 
 baron, spoke first, up to the treasurer, pro- 
 nounced, on their honor, that Delamere was not 
 guilty. . . . The public joy at the acquittal of 
 Delamere was great. The reign of terror was 
 over. ,The innocent began to breathe freely, and 
 false accusers to tremble. One letter written on 
 this occasion is scarcely to be read without tears. 
 The widow of Russell, in her retirement, learned 
 the good news with mingled feelings. " I do 
 bless God," she wrote, " that He has caused some 
 stop to be put to the shedding of blood in this 
 poor land. Yet when I should rejoice with them 
 that do rejoice, I seek a corner to weep in." — 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 37. 
 
 5797. VETO, Power of. Romans. The first 
 tribunes of the people were created two hundred 
 and sixty years after the foundation of Rome, 
 and seventeen years after the abolition of the re- 
 gal government. These magistrates were habit- 
 ed like simple citizens ; they had no exterior en- 
 signs of power ; they had neither tribunal nor 
 jurisdiction as judges ; they had no guards nor 
 attendants, unless a single domestic termed 
 Viator or Apparitor. They stood without the 
 senate-house, nor durst they enter it unless they 
 Were called in by the consuls ; but possessing 
 ._. . the power of suspending or annulling, by a 
 lingle veto, the most solemn decrees of that 
 body, their influence and authority were very 
 great.— Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 4, p. 319. 
 
 579§. VICE concealed. Bacchanalians. [This 
 society of young people of both sexes met for 
 purposes professedly pious, and at their frequent 
 meetings indulged in every species of promis- 
 cuous' debauchery,] and even in the commission 
 of the most atrocious crimes ; for the youth of 
 either sex whom they trepanned to their abomi- 
 nable purposes, if unwilling victims, usually paid 
 the forfeit of life. A freed woman, anxious for 
 the safety of her lover, disclosed the mysteries 
 to the consul, Postumius, and to him and to his 
 colleague the Senate committed full power to 
 
 take every necessary measure for the detection 
 and punishment of all concerned in this horrid as- 
 sociation, both in Rome and in the other cities of 
 Italy. The number was found to exceed seven 
 thousand. Of these the most guilty were capi- 
 tally punished ; others betook themselves to vol- 
 untary banishment ; and not a few, from con- 
 scious guilt and the terror of punishment, laid 
 violent hands on themselves. The Senate passed 
 a solemn decree that henceforward no individual 
 should presume to offer a sacrifice to Bacchus, 
 at which more than five persons assisted, with- 
 out a previous permission granted by their body 
 in full assembly. — Tytlek's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 9, p. 381. 
 
 5799. VICE, Disqualified for. Englishman. 
 The Englishman is held to be " the most unsuc- 
 cessful rake in the world. He is at variance 
 with himself. He is neither brute enough to 
 enjoy his appetites nor man enough to govern 
 them." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 4, p. 54. 
 
 5§00. VICE, Patron of. Henry III Henry 
 abandoned himself without restraint to those 
 disgraceful vices and outrageous buffooneries 
 which were the bane of his character and his 
 reign, and Avhich inflicted a deep and lasting in- 
 jury on the social condition of France. The 
 court became alternately the scene of unbridled 
 sensuality and of fierce brawls, bloody duels, and 
 licensed assassination. On one occasion three of 
 the king's minions, who were not deficient in 
 personal valor, fought publicly with three crea- 
 tures of the Duke of Guise. Four of the com- 
 batants were killed on the spot, among whom 
 were two of Henry's favorites. Over their dead 
 bodies the monarch made a most preposterous 
 and degrading exhibition of effeminate sorrow 
 and fondness, and erected for them a sumptuous 
 mausoleum in the church of St. Paul at Paris. — 
 Students' France, ch. 18, § 4. 
 
 5801. VICE, Pleasure in. Epicureans. It 
 might have been the chief pleasure of Epicurus 
 to be honest and just in his dealings, but others 
 find pleasure in fraud and chicane. In short, 
 there is no vice or crime that might not find an 
 apology, or rather a recommendation. Had It 
 not afforded pleasure it would not have been 
 practised or committed. " If it is allowable for 
 me," we shall suppose the disciple of Epicurus 
 to say to his master — " if it is allowable for me 
 to pursue pleasure as my chief object, it is, of 
 consequence, allowable for me to be vicious, if 
 I find pleasure in it. " ' ' But you are punished," 
 says Epicurus, "in the consequence; and you 
 will find vice productive of pain instead of. 
 pleasure." " Of that," says the disciple, " I take 
 my risk ; I look to the consequence, and I find 
 it overbalanced by my present gratification ; I 
 find pleasure in this action, notwithstanding the 
 hazard of its consequence ; it is therefore allow- 
 able for me to commit it. " Epicurus must grant 
 that the conclusion is fair and legitimate. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 280. 
 
 5§02. VICE by Reaction. From Puritanism. 
 Because he had covered his failings with the 
 mask of devotion, men were encouraged to ob- 
 trude with cynic impudence all their most scan- 
 dalous vices on the public eye. Because he had 
 punished illicit love with barbarous severity, 
 virgin purity and conjugal fidelity were to be 
 made a jest. To that sanctimonious jargon, 
 
VICE— VICTORY. 
 
 "which was his Shibboleth, was opposed another 
 jargon not less absurd and much more odious. 
 As he never opened his mouth except in scrip- 
 tural phrase, the new breeds of wits and fine 
 gentlemen never opened their mouths without 
 uttering ribaldry of which a porter would now 
 be ashamed, and without calling on their Maker 
 to curse them, sink them, confound them, blast 
 them, and damn them. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 3, p. 372. 
 
 5S03. VICE, Schools of. Drinking Places. 
 [After the assassination of Lincoln and the at- 
 tempted assassination of Mr. Seward at the same 
 hour,] orders were instantly given to close all 
 drinking-shops and all places of public resort in 
 the city. — Raymond's Lencoln, ch. 21, p. 701. 
 
 5 §04. . PiHsons. In this apart- 
 ment all the inmates of the prison, men and 
 women, debtors and felons, passed the day. As 
 the jailer had the privilege of selling beer and 
 liquors to the prisoners, they were supplied with 
 just as much drink as they could pay for ; and, 
 consequently, this day-room often presented a 
 scene of riotous debauchery. Every new-comer 
 had to treat the whole company ; and all fines, 
 bets, and penalties were discharged by pots of 
 ale and bowls of punch. As no employment was 
 provided for the prisoners, nor any books, most 
 of them spent the day, and every day, in playing 
 cards and in drinking the beer and brandy which 
 were the invariable stakes. The presence of 
 women was frequently the occasion of excesses 
 still more abominable. In this school of deprav- 
 ity, maintained at the expense of the virtuous 
 portion of the community, youthful offenders, 
 whom judicious treatment could easily have res- 
 cued, were rendered in a few weeks adepts in all 
 the arts by which crime preys upon virtue. There 
 murderers recounted tales of butchery, highway 
 robbers vaunted their exploits on the road, house- 
 breakers unfolded their secrets and magnified 
 their gains. There young women, imprisoned 
 on suspicion of a trifling theft, were thrown 
 among the most abandoned of their own sex and 
 the most brutal of ours. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 43. 
 
 5805. VICES, Dishonored for. Roman Em- 
 j)eror Elagabalus. [See No. 1829.] Elagabalus 
 was massacred by the indignant Praetorians, 
 his mutilated corpse dragged through the streets 
 of the city, and thrown into the Tiber. His 
 memory was branded with eternal infamy by 
 the Senate, the justice of whose decree has been 
 ratified by posterity. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, 
 p. 174. 
 
 5S06. VICES, Victim of. Charles James Fox. 
 [He opposed the subjugation of the colonies by 
 masterly speeches in Parliament.] "With talents, 
 good-nature, and truthfulness he had no restrain- 
 ing principles, and looked down with contempt 
 on those who had. Priding himself on ignorance 
 of every self-denying virtue, an adept in debauch, 
 and vain in his excesses, he feared nothing. Un- 
 lucky at the gaming-table, . . . draining the cup 
 of pleasure to the dregs, fond of loose women 
 and beloved by them, the delight of profligates, 
 the sport of usurers, impoverished by his vices, he 
 braved scandal, and gloried in a lordly reckless- 
 ness of his inability to pay his debts. ... He 
 had a strong will, but never used it to bridle his 
 
 passions, even though their indulgence wronged 
 his own father or corrupted his young admirers. 
 — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 9, ch. 8. 
 
 5§07. VICTORIES endangered. Sherman's 
 Army. When, on the 19th of March [1865], Qen- 
 eral Sherman was incautiously approaching Ben- 
 tonsville, he was suddenly attacked by the ever- 
 vigilant Johnston, and for a while the Union 
 army, after all its marches and victories, was in 
 danger of destruction. But the tremendous 
 fighting of General Jefferson C. Davis' division 
 saved the day, and on the 21st Sherman entered 
 Goldsborough unopposed. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 66, p. 530. 
 
 5S0§. VICTORIES of Genius. Frederick the 
 Oreat. The king's fame filled all the world. He 
 had, during the last year, maintained a contest, 
 on terms of advantage, against three powers, the 
 weakest of which had more than three times his 
 resources. He had fought four great pitched 
 battles against superior forces. Three of these 
 battles he had gained ; and the defeat of Kolin, 
 repaired as it had been, rather raised than low- 
 ered his military renown. The victory of Leu- 
 then is to this day the proudest on the roll of 
 Prussian fame. [Battles of Kolin, Rosbach, and 
 Leuthen ; the first and last against the Austrians, 
 the second against the French.] — Macaulay's 
 Frederick the Great, p. 98. 
 
 5S09. VICTORIES, Succession of. Napoleon I. 
 The Austrians were now driven out of Italy. 
 [a. d. 1797. ] Napoleon commenced the campaign 
 with 30,000 men. He received during th§ prog- 
 ress of these destructive battles 25,000 recruits. 
 Thus in ten months Napoleon, with 55,000 men, 
 had conquered five armies under veteran generals 
 and composed of more than 200,000 highly dis- 
 ciplined Austrian troops. He had taken 100,000 
 prisoners, and killed and wounded 35,000 men. 
 These were great victories, and " a great vic- 
 tory," said the Duke of Wellington, nobly, "ia 
 the most awful thing in the world except a great 
 defeat." — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 7, 
 
 5§10. VICTORY, Bloodless. Pizarro in Peru. 
 The Peruvian inca said : " I desire to be a vassal 
 of the gods alone. I know nothing about the pope, 
 nor his pretended right to dispose of my king- 
 dom ; and as to renouncing the religion of my 
 ancestors, it will be time to do that when you 
 have proved to me the truth of yours." As soon 
 as the [Spanish] priest returned with this reply 
 [from the inca], Pizarro ordered his artillery to 
 open. A short but desperate and bloody battle 
 ensued. Rushing himself upon the litter of the 
 inca, Pizarro overturned it and took the monarch 
 prisoner. Then the Peruvians fled, leaving be- 
 hind them their king, 2000 killed, 3000 prisoners, 
 and an immense booty. Pizarro was wounded 
 in the hand, but he lost not a man of his little 
 army. This single battle made Pizarro master 
 of Peru, which he ruled for the next eight years 
 with sovereign sway. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 327. 
 
 5811. VICTORY, Costless. Roman. Belisarius, 
 the Roman general, met the Vandals, who had 
 conquered Carthage, above twenty miles from 
 that city, in a decisive battle. Yet no more than 
 fifty Romans and 800 Vandals were found on 
 the field of battle ; so inconsiderable was the 
 carnage of a day which extinguished a nation 
 
VICTORY. 
 
 691 
 
 and transferred the empire of Africa. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 41, p. 132. 
 
 5§12. VICTOKY, Costly. To ConstanUua. 
 
 tHe fought the usurper Magentius at Mursa in 
 lungary.] The number of the slain was com- 
 puted at 54,000 men, and the slaughter of the 
 conquerors was more considerable than that of 
 the vanquished ; a circumstance which proves 
 the obstinacy of the contest, and justifies the ob- 
 servation of an ancient writer, that the forces 
 of the empire were consumed in the fatal battle 
 of Mursa, by the loss of a veteran army, suflScient 
 to defend the frontiers, or to add new triumphs 
 to the glory of Rome. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 18, 
 p. 196. 
 
 5813. VICTOKY, Decisive. Saratoga. On the 
 9th of October [1777] Burgoyne reached Sarato- 
 ga, and attempted to escape to Fort Edward. But 
 Gates and Lincoln now commanded the river, 
 and the proud Briton was hopelessly hemmed in. 
 He held out to the last extremity, and finally, 
 when there were only three days between his 
 soldiers and starvation, was driven to surrender. 
 On the 17th of October terms of capitulation 
 were agreed on, and the whole army, numbering 
 5791, became prisoners of war. Among the cap- 
 tives were six members of the British Parliament. 
 A splendid train of brass artillery, consisting of 
 42 pieces, together with nearly 5000 muskets and 
 an immense quantity of ammunition and stores, 
 was the further fruit of the victory. The valor 
 of the patriots had fairly eclipsed the warlike 
 renown of Great Britain. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 40, p. 324. 
 
 5§14. VICTORY by Enthusiasm. Surrender of 
 Burgoyne, October 1777. [At the battle of Sara- 
 toga.] The cause of the great result was the 
 courage and the determined love of freedom. 
 ... So many of the rank and file were free- 
 holders, or freeholders' sons, that they gave a 
 character to the whole army. . . . When the 
 generals who should have directed them [Gen- 
 erals Gates and Lincoln] remained in camp, their 
 common zeal created a harmonious correspond- 
 ence of movement, and baffled the high officers 
 and veterans opposed to them. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 24. 
 
 5815. VICTORY, Expensive. PyrrTius. [Pyr- 
 rhus withstood the Romans at Asculum, where 
 he was] wounded in the arm with a javelin, and 
 the Samnites plundered his baggage ; and the 
 number of the slain, counting the loss on both 
 sides, amounted to above 15,000 men. When 
 they had all quitted the field, and Pyrrhus was 
 congratulated on the victory, he said: "Such 
 another victory and we are undone." For he 
 had lost great part of the forces which he brought 
 with him and all his friends and officers, except 
 a very small number. He had no others to send 
 for to supply their place, and he found his con- 
 federates here very cold and spiritless ; whereas 
 the Romans filled up their legions with ease and 
 despatch from an inexhaustible fountain which 
 they had at home ; and their defeats were so far 
 from discouraging them, that indignation gave 
 them fresh strength and ardor for the war. — 
 Plutarch's Pyrrhus. 
 
 5816. VICTORY by Fortune. Pompey. The 
 great Pompey might inscribe on his trophies 
 that he had defeated in battle two millions of ene- 
 
 mies and reduced fifteen hundred cities from 
 Lake Maeotis to the Red Sea ; but the fortune of 
 Rome flew before his eagles ; the nations were 
 oppressed by their own fears, and the invincible 
 legions which he commanded had been formed 
 by the habits of conquest and the discipline of 
 -Gibbon's Rome, ch. 42, p. 190. 
 
 5817. VICTORY by Generalship. Battle of 
 Princeton. Washington's position was critical 
 in the extreme. To attempt to recrosss the Dela- 
 ware was hazardous. To retreat in any direc- 
 tion was to lose all that he had gained by his 
 recent victory. To be beaten in battle was utter 
 ruin. In the great emergency he called a coun- 
 cil of war, and announced his determination to 
 leave the camp by night, make a circuit to the 
 east, pass the British left flank, and strike the de- 
 tachment at Princeton before his antagonist could 
 discover or impede his movement. Orders were 
 immediately issued for the removal of the bag- 
 gage to Burlington. In order to deceive the 
 enemy, the camp-fires along the Assanpink were 
 brightly kindled and a guard left to keep them 
 burning through the night. Then the army was 
 put in motion by the circuitous route to Prince- 
 ton. Everything was done in silence, and the 
 British sentries walked their beats until the 
 morning light showed them a deserted camp. 
 Just then the roar of the American cannon, thir- 
 teen miles away, gave Cornwallis notice of how 
 he had been outgeneralled. At sunrise Washing- 
 ton was entering Princeton. At the same mo- 
 ment the British regiments stationed there were 
 marching out by the Trenton road to re-enforce 
 Cornwallis. The Americans met them in the 
 edge of the village, and the battle at once began. 
 
 . . . The valor of Washington never shone with 
 brighter lustre. He spurred among his flying 
 men, who rallied at his call. He rode between 
 the hostile lines, and reined his horse within thirty 
 yards of the enemy's column. . . . [The Brit- 
 ish were defeated.] — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 40, 
 p. 317. 
 
 5818. VICTORY, Genius for. Cromwell. Two 
 thirds of the field were gained for Rupert and 
 for Charles. Lord Fairfax was defeated. He 
 fled through the field, through the hosts of the 
 Cavaliers, who supposed him to be some Royal- 
 ist general ; he posted on to Cawood Castle, ar- 
 rived there, and in the almost or entipely desert- 
 ed house he unbooted and unsaddled himself, 
 and went like a wise old soldier to bed. But 
 amid all that rout, carnage, and flying confu- 
 sion, one man held back his troops. Cromwell, 
 there to the left, when he saw how the whole 
 Royalist force attacked the centre, restrained the 
 fiery impatience of his Ironsides ; he drew them 
 off still farther to the left ; his eye blazed all on 
 fire, till the moment he uttered his short, shaip, 
 passionate word to the troops, " Charge, in the 
 name of the Most High I" Beneath the clouds, 
 beneath the storm, beneath the night heavens 
 flying along, he scattered the whole mass. We 
 know it was wondrous to see him in those moods 
 of highly- wrought enthusiasm ; and his watch- 
 word always struck along the ranks. " Truth 
 and Peace I" he thundered along the lines ; 
 " Truth and Peace 1" in answer to the Royalist 
 cries of " God and the King 1" " Upon them — 
 upon them !" That hitherto almost unknown 
 man and his immortal hosts of Puritans poured 
 
692 
 
 VICTORY. 
 
 upon the Cavaliers. The air was alive with ar- 
 tillery. Cromwell seized the very guns of the 
 Royalists, and turned them upon themselves. 
 Thus, when the Royalists returned from the 
 scattering the one wing of their foes, they found 
 the ground occupied by victors. The fight was 
 fought again, but fought in vain ; in vain was 
 Rupert's rallying cry, "For God and for the 
 King !" — Hood's Cromwell, ch. 8, p. 115. 
 
 5§19. . Coesar. [At the siege of 
 
 Alesia immense armies gathered against him.] 
 Out of the 60,000 that had sallied forth in the 
 morning, all but a draggled remnant lay dead 
 on the hill-sides. Seventy-four standards were 
 brought to Caesar. The besieged retired into 
 Alesia again in despair. The vast hosts that 
 were to have set them free melted away. In the 
 morning they were streaming over the country, 
 making back for their homes, with Caesar's cav- 
 alry behind them, cutting them down and cap- 
 turing them in thousands. The work was done. 
 The most daring feat in the military annals of 
 mankind had been successfully accomplished. 
 A Roman army which could not at the utmost 
 have amounted to 50,000 men had held block- 
 aded an army of 80,000 — not weak Asiatics, but 
 European soldiers, as strong and as brave indi- 
 vidually as the Italians were ; and they had de- 
 feated, beaten, and annihilated another army 
 which had come expecting to overwhelm them, 
 five times as large as their own. — Froude's 
 C^SAR, ch. 19. 
 
 5§20. VICTORY, Honorable. Alexander. In 
 the month of September there happened an 
 eclipse of the moon, about the beginning of the 
 festival of the great mysteries at Athens. The 
 eleventh night after that eclipse the two armies 
 being in view of each other, Darius kept his men 
 under arms, and took a general review of his 
 troops by torchlight. Meantime Alexander suf- 
 fered his Macedonians to repose themselves, and 
 with his soothsayer Aristander performed some 
 private ceremonies before his tent, and offered 
 sacrifices to Fear. The oldest of his friends, 
 and Parmenio in particular, when they beheld 
 the plain between Niphates and the Gordrean 
 Mountains all illumined with the torches of the 
 Barbarians, and heard the tumultuary and ap- 
 palling noise from their camp, like the bellow- 
 ings of an immense sea, were astonished at their 
 numbers, and observed among themselves how 
 arduous an enterprise it would be to meet such a 
 torrent of war in open day. They waited upon 
 the king, therefore, when he had finished the 
 sacrifice, and advised him to attack the enemy in 
 the night, when darkness would hide what was 
 most dreadful in the combat. Upon which he 
 gave them that celebrated answer, " I will not 
 steal a victory." — Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 5§21. VICTORY, Inexpensive. Battle of Dun- 
 bar. Terrible was the awakening of the Scottish 
 soldiers ; and their matches all out ; tlie battle- 
 cry rushed along the lines — "The Covenant I 
 The Covenant !" but it soon became more and 
 more feeble, while yet high and strong, amid the 
 war of the trumpets and the musketry, arose the 
 watchword of Cromwell : ' ' The Lord of Hosts I 
 The Lord of Hosts I" The battle-cry of Luther 
 was in that hour the charging word of the Eng- 
 lish Puritans. Terrible I but short as terrible ! 
 Cromwell had seized the moment and the place^ 
 
 The hour and the man met there ; in overthrow- 
 ing the one flank of the enemy's line, he made 
 them the authors of their own defeat. A thick 
 fog, too, had embarrassed their movements; 
 their very numbers became a source of confu 
 sion. But now over St. Abb's Head the sun sud- 
 denly appeared, crimsoning the sea, scattering 
 the fogs away. The Scottish army were seen 
 flying in all directions — flying, and so brief a 
 fight ! " They run !" said Cromwell ; "I pro- 
 test they run !" and catching inspiration, doubt- 
 less, from the bright shining of the daybeam, 
 " Inspired," says Mr. Forster, " by the thought 
 of a triumph so mighty and resistless, his voice 
 was again heard, ' Now let God arise, and let 
 His enemies be scattered I ' " It was a won- 
 derful victory — w^onderful even among won- 
 derful triumphs ! To hear the shout sent up by 
 the united English army ; to see the general 
 make a halt, and sing the one hundred and sev- 
 enteenth psalm upon the field. Wonderful that 
 that immense army should thus be scattered — 
 10,000 prisoners taken, about 3000 slain, 200 
 colors, 15,000 stand of arms, and all the artille- 
 ry ! — and that Cromwell should not have lost of 
 his army twenty men ! — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 12, p. 154. 
 
 5S22. . Coesar's. The most re- 
 markable feature in Caesar's campaigns, and 
 that which indicates most clearly his greatness 
 as a commander, was the smallness of the num- 
 ber of men that he ever lost, either by the 
 sword or by wear and tear. No general was ever 
 so careful of his soldiers' lives. — Froude's Cm- 
 SAR, ch. 14. 
 
 5§23. VICTORY, Inglorious. Commodus. We 
 read that Commodus descended, sword in hand, 
 into the arena against a wretched gladiator, 
 armed only with a foil of lead, and, after shed- 
 ding the blood of the helpless victim, struck 
 medals to commemorate the inglorious victory. 
 — Macaulay's Frederick the Great, p. 56. 
 
 5824. VICTORY, Miraculous. Apparently. 
 [Clovis, the] victorious king of the Franks, pro- 
 ceeded without delay to the siege of Angou- 
 leme. At the sound of his trumpets the walls 
 of the city imitated the example of Jericho, and 
 instantly fell to the ground ; a splendid miracle, 
 which may be reduced to the supposition that 
 some clerical engineers had secretly undermined 
 the foundations of the rampart. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 38, p. 585. 
 
 5§25. VICTORY, Moderation in. General 
 Grant. Grant, with true delicacy of feeling, re- 
 fused to be present at the terrible humiliation of 
 his foe [surrender of General Lee]. . . . Gov- 
 erned by the same feelings, he made no victori- 
 ous entrance into the Confederate capital. — ' 
 Headley's Grant, p. 233. 
 
 5§26. VICTORY, Opportunity for. Alfred the 
 Great. The Saxons were reduced to siich de- 
 spair that many left their country, fled into the 
 mountains of Wales, or escaped beyond sea. 
 Alfred himself was obliged to relinquish his 
 crown. He concealed himself in the habit of a 
 peasant, and lived for some time in the house of 
 a neatherd. ... A chief of Devonshire, a man 
 of great spirit and valor, had, with a handful of 
 his followers, routed a large party of Danes, and 
 tjiken a consecrated or enchanted standard, in 
 
VICTORY— VINDICTIVENESS. 
 
 693 
 
 which, they reposed the utmost confidence. Al- 
 fred, observing this symptom of reviving spirit 
 in his subjects, left his retreat ; but before hav- 
 ing recourse to arms, he resolved to inspect him- 
 self the situation of the enemy. Assuming the 
 disguise of a harper, he passed without suspicion 
 into the Danish camp, where his music and drol- 
 lery obtained him so favorable a reception that 
 he was kept there for several days, and even 
 lodged in the tent of their prince. Here, having 
 remarked their careless security, their contempt 
 of the English, and their own real weakness, he 
 immediately, by private emissaries, summoned a 
 rendezvous of the bravest of the Saxon nobles. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 5, p. 108. 
 
 5827. VICTORY a Preparation. 'Napoleon I. 
 " Such a rapid succession of brilliant victories," 
 said Las Casas to Napoleon at St. Helena, ' ' fill- 
 ing the world with your fame, must have been 
 a source of great delight to you." "By no 
 means," Napoleon replied ; " they who think so 
 know nothing of the peril of our situation. The 
 victory of to-day was instantly forgotten in prep- 
 aration for the battle M^hich was to be fought on 
 the morrow. The aspect of danger was before 
 me. I enjoyed not one moment of peace. " — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 5. 
 
 582§. VICTORY presumed. Pompey. After 
 one doubtful engagement, in which the advan- 
 tage was rather on the side of Pompey, [Julius] 
 Caesar led him on to Macedonia, where he had 
 two additional legions under his lieutenant Calvi- 
 nus. Pompey, who was easily elated with every 
 af:)pearance of success, flattered himself that this 
 was a retreat upon the part of his enemy. He 
 was, therefore, anxious to come up with him, 
 and eager to terminate the war by a general en- 
 gagement. This was exactly what Caesar wished. 
 This impoi'tant battle was fought in the field of 
 Pharsalia. The army of Pompey amounted to 
 45,000 foot and 7000 horse, which was more 
 than double that of his rival ; and so confident 
 of victory were the former, that they had adorned 
 their tents with festoons of laurel and myrtle, 
 and prepared a splendid banquet against their 
 return from the battle. Vain and presumptuous 
 preparations ! Of this immense army, 15,000 
 were left dead on the field and 24,000 surren- 
 dered themselves prisoners of war, and cheerful- 
 ly incorporated themselves into the army of the 
 victor, whose loss, in all, did not exceed 200 
 nien. Caesar found in the camp of Pompey all 
 his papers, containing the correspondence he car- 
 ried on with the chief of his partisans at Rome. 
 The sagacious and magnanimous chief com- 
 mitted them unopened to the flames, declaring 
 that he wished rather to be ignorant who were 
 his enemies than be obliged to punish them. — 
 Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 2, p. 409. 
 
 5829. VICTORY, An unfortunate. Battle of 
 Manassas. The justice of history compels us to 
 state that two causes — the overweening confi- 
 dence of the South in the superior valor of its 
 people, induced by the unfortunate victory at 
 Manassas, and the vain delusion . . . that Euro- 
 pean interference was certain, and that peace was 
 near at hand — conspired about this time [close 
 of 1861] to reduce the Southern cause to a crit- 
 ical condition of apathy. — Pollard's First 
 Year of the War, ch. 8, p. 210. 
 
 5830. VICTORY, Victims of. Indians. [John 
 Donelson, the father of General Jackson's wife, 
 and other pioneer emigrants were floating down 
 the Tennessee River, seeking homes in the wil- 
 derness.] On board one boat, containing twenty- 
 eight persons, the small-pox raged. As this boat 
 always sailed at a certain distance behind the 
 rest, it was attacked by Indians, who captured it, 
 killed all the rrien, and carried off the women and 
 children. The Indians caught the small-pox, of 
 which some hundreds died in the course of the 
 season. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 533. . 
 
 5831. VILLAINY, Reward of. Titus OaU». 
 On the day in which he was brought to the bar, 
 Westminster Hall was crowded with spectators, 
 among whom were many Roman Catholics, 
 eager to see the misery and humiliation of their 
 persecutor. A few years earlier his short neck, 
 his legs uneven as those of a badger, his forehead 
 low as that of a baboon, his purple cheeks, and 
 his monstrous length of chin, had been familiar 
 to all who frequented the courts of law. He had 
 then been the idol of the nation. Wherever he 
 had appeared men had uncovered their heads 
 to him. The lives and estates of the magnates 
 of the realm had been at his mercy. Times had 
 now changed ; and many who had formerly re- 
 garded him as the deliverer of his country shud- 
 dered at the sight of those hideous features on 
 wliich villainy seemed to be written by the hand 
 of God. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 4, p. 448. 
 
 5832. VINDICATION, Audacious. Bothwell. 
 [He directed the assassins of Darnley, Queen 
 Mary's despised h usband. They assassinated him 
 that Bothwell might take his place.] Bothwell 
 was accused of regicide before the judges of 
 Edinburgh, at the instance of the Earl of Lennox, 
 the king's father. The favorite, with undaunted 
 audacity, supported by the queen and by the 
 troops devoted, as usual, to the reigning power, 
 appeared in arms before the judges, and inso- 
 lently exacted from them an acquittal. The 
 same day he rode forth, mounted on one of 
 Darnley's favorite horses, which the people 
 recognized with horror bearing his murderer. 
 The queen saluted him from her balcony with 
 a gesture of encouragement and tenderness. — 
 Lamartine's Mary Queen of Scots, p. 30. 
 
 5833. VINDICTIVENESS, Prelatical. Arch- 
 bishop Sharpe. [Archbishop Sharpe was shot at 
 in Scotland, and afterward recognized his would- 
 be assassin. His name was Mitchel. After being 
 tortured by the "iron boot,"] he was brought 
 before the council, and after a solemn promise 
 that his life should be spared, confessed his 
 guilt. The council doomed him to perpetual im- 
 prisonment on the Bass Rock. [Three or four 
 years later] it was determined to bring him to 
 trial. He was brought to Edinburgh, and his 
 own confession was urged against him. The 
 promise on which that confession was extorted 
 was suppressed. The archbishop denied it. The 
 council books were not allowed to be produced. 
 The man was convicted. A distinct record of 
 the promise was found in the council books im- 
 mediately after conviction, yet he was executed 
 Burnet says : "It was such a combination of 
 treachery, perjury, and cruelty as the like had 
 perhaps not been known." — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 4, ch. 21, p. 348. 
 
694 
 
 VIOLENCE— VIRTUE. 
 
 5§34. VIOLENCE, Error of. Christians. The 
 successful example of Luther gave rise to reform- 
 ers of different kinds, and among the rest two 
 fanatics of Saxony, whose names were Stork and 
 Muncer, pretended to reform both the Catholics 
 and the Lutherans. It was their notion that the 
 gospel gave them a warrant for propagating their 
 tenets by force of arms, which thej' grounded on 
 these words of Scripture: "lam come not to 
 send peace, but a sword." They condemned the 
 baptism of infants, and rebaptized their disciples 
 when they were come to the age of manhood, 
 whence they got the name of Anabaptists. They 
 preached up an universal equality among man- 
 kind, and strenuously contended both for relig- 
 ious and civil liberty ; but it was their error to be 
 too violent. They had not strength to support 
 their sanguinary notion of converting men by 
 the sword ; and after committing some horrible 
 outrages, they were defeated by the regular 
 troops of the empire, and Muncer and several of 
 his associates had their heads cut off upon a scaf- 
 fold at Mulhausen. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 ch. 30, p. 397. 
 
 5§35. VIRGINITY dedicated. Pulcheria. Pul- 
 cheria, the sister of Theodosius, . . . received, at 
 the age of sixteen, the title Augusta. . . . She 
 continued to govern the Eastern empire near for- 
 ty years : during the long minority of her broth- 
 er, and after his death in her own name, and in 
 the name of Marcian, her nominal husband. 
 From a motive either of prudence or religion, 
 she embraced a life of celibacy ; and notwith- 
 standing some aspersions on the chastity of Pul- 
 cheria, this resolution, which she communicated 
 to her sisters Arcadia and Marina, was celebrated 
 by the Christian world as the sublime effort of 
 heroic piety. In the presence of the clergy and 
 people the three daughters of Arcadius dedicat- 
 ed their virginity to God ; and the obligation of 
 their solemn vow was inscribed on a tablet of 
 gold and gems, which they publicly offered in 
 the great church of Constantinople. Their pal- 
 ace was converted into a monastery ; and all 
 males, except the guides of their conscience, the 
 saints who had forgotten the distinction of sexes, 
 were scrupulously excluded from the holy thresh- 
 old. Pulcheria, her two sisters, and a chosen 
 train of favorite damsels formed a religious com- 
 munity ; they renounced the vanity of dress ; 
 interrupted, by frequent fasts, their simple and 
 frugal diet ; allotted a portion of their time to 
 works of embroidery, and devoted several hours 
 of the day and night to the exercises of prayer 
 and psalmody. The piety of a Christian virgin 
 was adorned by the zeal and liberality of an em- 
 press. Ecclesiastical history describes the splen- 
 did churches which were built at the expense of 
 Pulcheria in all the provinces of the East ; her 
 charitable foundations for the benefit of strangers 
 and the poor ; the ample donations which she 
 assigned for the perpetual maintenance of mo- 
 nastic societies, and the active severity with 
 which she labored to suppress the opposite her- 
 esies of Nestorius and Eutyches. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 33, p. 367. 
 
 5836. VIEGINITY, Faith in. Joan of Are. 
 [After her capture by the British she was tried 
 by the University of Paris as a sorceress. They 
 were under restraint because of her professed 
 virginity.] They pronounced as their opinion 
 
 that it was lawful to have recourse to the young 
 maiden. The Archbishop of Embrun, who had 
 been consulted, pronounced similarly, support- 
 ing his opinion by showing how God had fre- 
 quently revealed to virgins — for instance, to the 
 sibyls — what he concealed from men ; how the 
 demon could not make a covenant Vith a vir- 
 gin ; and recommending it to be ascertained 
 whether Jehanne were a virgin. Thus, being 
 pushed to extremity, and either not being able or 
 being unwilling to explain the delicate distinc- 
 tion betwixt good and evil revelations, knowl- 
 edge humbly referred a ghostly matter to a cor- 
 poreal test, and made this grave question of the 
 spirit depend on woman's mysteiy. As the doc- 
 tors could not decide, the ladies did ; and the 
 honor of the Pucelle was vindicated by a jury, 
 with the good Queen of Sicily, the king's moth- 
 er-in-law, at their head. — Michelet's Joan op- 
 Arc, p. 10. 
 
 5837. VIEGINITY, Sacred. Joan pf Arc. She 
 was said to be a virgin, and it was a notorious 
 and well-ascertained fact that the devil could 
 not make a compact with a virgin. The coolest 
 head among the English, Bedford, the regent, 
 resolved to have the point cleared up ; and his. 
 wife, the duchess, intrusted the matter to some 
 matrons, who declared Jehanne to be a maid — 
 a favorable declaration, which turned against her, 
 by giving rise to another superstitious notion — to 
 wit, that her virginity constituted her strength, 
 her power, and that to deprive her of it was to 
 disarm her, was to break the charm, and lower 
 her to the level of other women. — Michelet's 
 Joan of Arc, p. 53. 
 
 583§. VIETUE, False. Wife of Constantine. 
 They ascribe the misfortunes of Crispus to the 
 arts of his stepmother, Fausta, whose implacable 
 hatred, or whose disappointed love, renewed in 
 the palace of Constantine the ancient tragedy of 
 Hippolitus and of Phaedra. Like the daughter of 
 Minos, the daughter of Maximian accused her 
 son-in-law of an incestuous attempt on the chas- 
 tity of his father's wife, and easily obtained, from 
 the jealousy of the emperor, a sentence of death 
 against a young prince whom she considered 
 with reason as the most formidable rival of her 
 own children. But Helena, the aged mother of 
 Constantine, lamented and revenged the untime- 
 ly fate of her grandson Crispus ; nor was it long: 
 before a real or pretended discovery was made, 
 that Fausta herself entertained a criminal connec- 
 tion with a slave belonging to the imperial sta- 
 bles. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 18, p. 168. 
 
 5839. VIETUE, Political. Reign of James 
 II. Rochester was lord lieutenant of Hertford- 
 shire. All his little stock of virtue had been ex- 
 pended in his struggle against the strong temp- 
 tation to sell his religion for lucre. He was still 
 bound to the court by a pension of £4000 a 
 year, and in return for this pension he was 
 willing to perform any service, however illegal 
 or degrading, provided only that he were not re- 
 quired to go through the forms of a reconciliation 
 with Rome. He had readily undertaken to man- 
 age his country ; and he exerted himself, as 
 usual, with indiscreet heat and violence. But 
 his anger was thrown away on the sturdy squires 
 to whom he addressed himself. They told him 
 with one voice that they would send up no man 
 to Parliament who would vote for taking away 
 
VIRTUE— VISION. 
 
 695 
 
 the safeguards of the Protestant religion. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 302. 
 
 5840. VIETUE, Protection of. Capture of 
 Borne. A Roman lady, of sin|:ular beauty and 
 orthodox faith, had excited the impatient desires 
 of a young Goth, who, according to the sagacious 
 remark of Sozomen, was attached to the Arian 
 heresy. Exasperated by her obstinate resistance, 
 he drew his sword, and, with the anger of a 
 lover, slightly wounded her neck. The bleeding 
 heroine still continued to brave his resentment 
 and to repel his love, till the ravisher desisted 
 from his unavailing efforts, respectfully conduct- 
 ed her to the sanctuary of the Vatican, and gave 
 six pieces of gold to the guards of the church, on 
 condition that they should restore her inviolate 
 to the arms of her husband. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 3, p. 285. 
 
 5§41. VIRTUE, Public. Pertinax. [When 
 Pertinax was raised to the throne of the Roman 
 Empire] he found a nobler way of condemning 
 his predecessor's memory, by the contrast of his 
 own virtues with the vices of Commodus. On 
 the day of his accession he resigned over to his 
 wife and son his whole private fortune, that they 
 might have no pretence to solicit favors at the ex- 
 pense of the State. He refused to flatter the van- 
 ity of the former with the title of Augusta, or 
 to corrupt the inexperienced youth of the latter 
 by the rank of Caesar. Accurately distinguishing 
 between the duties of a parent and those of a 
 sovereign, he educated his son with a severe sim- 
 plicity," which, while it gave him no assured 
 prospect of the throne, might in time have ren- 
 dered him worthy of it. In public the behavior of 
 Pertinax was grave and affable. He lived with 
 the virtuouapart of the Senate (and, in a private 
 station, he had been acquainted with the true 
 character of each individual), without either 
 pride or jealousy ; considered them as friends 
 and companions, with whom he had shared the 
 dangers of the tryanny, and with whom he 
 wished to enjoy the security of the present time. 
 He very frequently invited them to familiar en- 
 tertainments, the frugality of which was ridi- 
 culed by those who remembered and regretted 
 the luxurious prodigality of Commodus. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 4, p. 119. 
 
 5§42. VIRTUE, Severity in. Stoics. The 
 virtue of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was of a 
 severe and laborious kind. It was the well-earned 
 harvest of many a learned conference, of many 
 a patient lecture, and many a midnight lucu- 
 bration. At the age of twelve years he embraced 
 the rigid system of the Stoics, which taught him 
 to submit his body to his mind, his passions to 
 his reason ; to consider virtue as the only good, 
 vice as the only evil, all things external as things 
 indifferent. His meditations, composed in the 
 tumult of a camp, are still extant ; and he even 
 condescended to give lessons of philosophy, in 
 a more public manner than was perhaps consis- 
 tent with the modesty of a sage or the dignity of 
 an emperor. But his life was the noblest com- 
 mentary on the precepts of Zeno. He was severe 
 to himself, indulgent to the imperfection of oth- 
 ers, just and beneficent to all mankind. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 3, p. 95. 
 
 5§43. VIRTUE, Superior. Phocion. He was 
 one of the greatest men that Greece ever pro- 
 duced, in whose person every kind of merit was 
 
 united. He had been educated in the school of 
 Plato and Xenocrates, and formed his manners 
 upon the most perfect plan of pagan virtue, to 
 which his conduct was always conformable. It 
 would be difficult for any person to carry disin- 
 terestedness higher than this extraordinary man, 
 which appeared from the extreme poverty in 
 which he died, after the many great offices he 
 had filled. How many opportunites of acquir- 
 ing riches has a general always at the head of 
 armies, who acts against rich and opulent ene- 
 mies ; sometimes in countries abounding with all 
 things, and which seem to invite the plunderer I 
 But Phocion would have thought it infamous 
 had he returned from his campaigns laden with 
 any acquisition but the glory of his exalted ac- 
 tions and the grateful benedictions of the peo- 
 ple he had spared. — Rollin's Hist., Book 16, 
 §5- 
 
 5S44. VIRTUE, Uncertain. Samuel Johnson. 
 I asked whether a man naturally virtuous, or 
 one who has overcome wicked inclinations, is 
 the best. Johnson: " Sir, to ?/om, the man who 
 has overcome wicked inclinations is not the 
 best. He has more merit to himself; I would rath- 
 er trust my money to a man who has no hands, 
 and so a physical impossibility to steal, than 
 to a man of the most honest principles. There 
 is a witty satirical story of Foote. He had a 
 small bust of Garrick placed upon his bureau. 
 ' You may be surprised,' said he, ' that I allow 
 him to be so near my gold ; but you will ob- 
 serve he has no hands.' " — Boswell's Johnson, 
 p. 499. 
 
 5845. VISION, Fanciful. Phantom City. [Sol- 
 yman, an Ottoman emir, was made ruler of the 
 ancient Mysia, where also were the ruins of the 
 once opulent city of Cyzicus.] One night that 
 Solyman, seated on the brink of the sea, was 
 contemplating, in a solemn mood, these ruins of 
 temples and of palaces, illuminated like fantas- 
 tic monuments by the glimmering light of a moon 
 in its first quarter, a transparent mist, rolled 
 along by the north wind, came to diffuse itself 
 upon these ruins, and to impress upon them, by 
 its undulations, the appearance of life and move- 
 ment. He fancied that the phantom city was 
 shaking off its shroud and lifting itself out of 
 its sepulchre. The murmuring of the waves at 
 his feet, augmenting the illusion, seemed like 
 the hum of a great city when awaking in the 
 morning. He called to mind that prophetic 
 moon which, issuing formerly in a dream from 
 the side of Edebali, and representing the beauti- 
 ful and prolific Malkatoun, had appeared to his 
 grandsire Otham in the gorges of Phrygia. This 
 second apparition of the moon, illuminating at 
 the same time Asia and Europe in a scene of such 
 solemnity, appeared to him a confirmation of the 
 promise made his forefather, and a reproach of 
 the temporization of his father Orkhan. Thus 
 the credulous simplicity of the shepherd is always 
 blended in the Turk with the heroism of a war- 
 rior. The East has dreams in all its histories. 
 It is a moon that conducts the Ottomans first to 
 Phrygia, then to Europe. — Lamartine's Tur- 
 key, p. 229. 
 
 5846. VISION, Horrible. Marcus Brutus. A 
 little before he left Asia he was sitting alone in 
 his tent, by a dim light, and at a late hour. The 
 whole army lay in sleep and silence, while the 
 
696 
 
 VISION— VOTE. 
 
 general, wrapped in meditation, tliouglit he per- 
 ceived sometliing enter his tent ; turning toward 
 the door, he saw a horrible and monstrous spec- 
 tre standing silently by his side. "What art 
 thou ?" said he, boldly ; "art thou god or man ? 
 And what is thy business with me ?" The spec- 
 tre answered, "I am thy evil genius, Brutus! 
 Thou wilt see me at Philippi." To which he 
 calmly replied, "I'll meet thee there." When 
 the apparition was gone, he called his servants, 
 who told him they had neither heard any noise 
 nor had seen any vision. — Plutakch's Marcus 
 Bkutus. 
 
 5847. VISION, Spiritual. Swedenborg. There 
 is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body ; 
 and, as a consequence, there is a natural sight, 
 and there is a spiritual sight. . . . Now, it is pos- 
 sible for the spiritual body to be raised partially 
 above the natural body, without causing death, 
 or the entire withdrawal of its life from the nat- 
 ural body. This partial withdrawal of the spir- 
 itual body, and the enjoyment of sight in the 
 spiritual world, is what is meant by the opening 
 of the spiritual sight. — White's Swedenborg, 
 ch. 8, p. 71. 
 
 o§4§. VISION of War. Hannibal. His strong 
 sense of being the devoted instrument of his 
 country's gods to destroy their enemies haunted 
 him by night as they possessed him by day. 
 In his sleep, so he told Silenus, he fancied that 
 the supreme god of his fathers had called him 
 into the presence of all the gods of Carthage, 
 who were sitting on their thrones in council. 
 There he received a solemn charge to invade It- 
 aly ; and one of the heavenly council went with 
 him and with his army, to guide him on his way. 
 He went on, and his divine guide commanded 
 him, " See that thou look not behind thee !" But 
 after a while, impatient of the restraint, he turn- 
 ed to look back ; and there he beheld a huge and 
 monstrous form, thick set all over with serpents ; 
 wherever it moved orchards and woods and 
 houses fell crashing before it. He asked his 
 guide in wonder what that monster form was. 
 The god answered, " Thou seest the desolation of 
 Italy ; go on thy way, straight forward, and cast 
 no look behind." — Arnold's Hannibal, p. 7. 
 
 5§49. VISIONS, Effective. Joan of Arc. One 
 summer's day, a fast-day, Jeanne being at noon- 
 tide in her father's garden, close to the church, 
 saw a dazzling light on that side, and heard a 
 voice say, " Jeanne, be a good and obedient 
 child ; go often to church." The poor girl was 
 exceedingly alarmed. Another time she again 
 heard the voice and saw the radiance ; and in 
 the midst of the effulgence noble figures, one of 
 which had wings, and seemed a vixseprud'homme. 
 " Jeanne," said this figure to her, "go to the 
 succor of the King of France, and thou shalt re- 
 store his kingdom to him." She replied, all 
 trembling, " Messire, I am only a poor girl ; I 
 know not how to ride or lead men-at-arms." The 
 voice replied, " Go to M. de Baudricourt, cap- 
 tain of Vaucouleurs, and he will conduct thee to 
 the king. St. Catharine and St. Marguerite will 
 be thy aids." She remained stupefied and in 
 tears, as if her whole destiny had been revealed 
 to her. The prud'hamme was no less than St. 
 Michael, the severe archangel of judgments and 
 of battles. He reappeared to her, inspired her 
 with courage, and told her "the pity for the 
 
 kingdom of France." Then appeared sainted 
 women, all in white, with countless lights around, 
 rich crowns on their heads, and their voices soft 
 and moving unto tears ; but Jeanne shed them 
 much more copiously when saints and angels 
 left her. " I longed," she said, "for the angels 
 to take me away, too." — Michelet's Joan, 
 p. 5. 
 
 5§50. VISIONS, Fictitious. Siege of Constan- 
 tinople. [By Amurath II.] The strength of the 
 walls resisted an army of 200,000 Turks. . . . 
 The enthusiasm of the dervis, who was snatched 
 to heaven in visionary converse with Mahomet, 
 was answered by the credulity of the Christians, 
 who beheld the Virgin Mary, in a violet garment, 
 walking on the rampart and animating their 
 courage. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 285. 
 
 5§51. VISITOE, Welcome. Lafayette. Great 
 was the joy of the American people in the sum- 
 mer of 1824. The venerated Lafayette, now 
 aged and gray, returned once more to visit the 
 land for whose freedom he lud shed his blood. 
 The honored patriots who had fought by his 
 side came forth to greet him. The younger he- 
 roes came forth to greet him. In every city and 
 on every battle-field which he visited he was 
 surrounded by a throng of shouting freemen. 
 His journey through the country was a triumph. 
 It was a solemn and sacred moment when he 
 stood alone by the grave of Washington. Over 
 the dust of the great dead the patriot of France 
 paid the homage of his tears. In September of 
 1825 he bade a final adieu to the people who had 
 made him their guest, and then sailed for his na- 
 tive land. At his departure the frigate Brandy- 
 wine — a name significant for him — was prepared 
 to bear him away. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 52, 
 p. 422. 
 
 5552. VOICE, A powerful. Colonel Henry 
 Knox. He had one excellent quality of an ar- 
 tillery officer — a voice of stentorian power. 
 When General Washington crossed the Dela- 
 ware, Colonel Knox, it is said, was of the great- 
 est assistance, from the fact that his orders could 
 be heard from one side of the river to the other. 
 —Cyclopedia op Biog. , p. 460. 
 
 5553. VOICE, Training of. Demosthenes. The 
 hesitation and stammering of his tongue he cor- 
 rected by practising to speak with pebbles in his 
 mouth ; and he strengthened his voice by run- 
 ning or walking up-hill, and pronouncing some 
 passage in an oration or poem during the diffi- 
 culty of breath which that caused. He had, 
 moreover, a looking-glass in his house, before 
 which he used to declaim and adjust all his mo- 
 tions. — Plutarch's Demosthenes. 
 
 5§54. VOICE, Well-preserved. Old Age. 
 [When Rev. John Wesley was seventy years oid 
 he preached in a magnificent natural amphi- 
 theatre at Gwennap to more than 30,000 people, 
 by whom he was easily heard in the still even- 
 ing.] — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 119. 
 
 5S55. VOTE, Only one. Oliver Cromwell. [He 
 was returned to Parliament from the borough of 
 Huntingdon.] He took his seat in the fourth Par- 
 liament of Charles I. for Cambridge. His elec- 
 tion was most obstinately contested, and he was 
 returned at last by the majority of a single vote ; 
 his antagonist was Cleaveland, the poet. " That 
 
VOTE— vow. 
 
 697 
 
 vote," exclaimed Cleaveland, " hath ruined both 
 Churcli and kingdom !" — Hood's Cromwell, 
 ch. 4, p. 82. 
 
 5S56. VOTE, Power of one. Sparta. Sparta 
 enjoyed a longer period of prosperous duration 
 than any other State of antiquity. So long as 
 her original constitution remained inviolate, 
 which was for the period of several centuries, the 
 Lacedaemonians were a virtuous, a happy, and 
 a respectable people. Frugality, we know, was 
 the soul of Lycurgus' establishment. The lux- 
 urious disposition of a single citizen introduced 
 the poison of con-uption. Lysander, whose mil- 
 itary talents raised his country to a superiority 
 over all the Grecian States, sent home, after the 
 conquest of Athens, the wealth of that luxurious 
 republic to Lacedaemon. It was debated in the 
 Senate whether it should be received ; the best 
 and wisest of that order considered it as a most 
 dangerous breach of the institutions of their leg- 
 islator ; but others were dazzled with the lustre 
 of that gold, with which they were, till now, 
 unacquainted, and the influence of Lysander 
 prevailed for its reception. It was decreed to 
 receive the money for the use of the State, while 
 it was at the same time declared a capital crime 
 for any of it to be found in the possession of a 
 private citizen — a weak resolution, which in ef- 
 fect was consecrating and making respectable 
 in the eyes of the citizens that very thing of 
 which it was necessary to forbid them to aspire 
 at the possession. ... A single voice in the 
 Senate, perhaps, decided the fate of that illus- 
 trious commonwealth. Had there been one other 
 virtuous man, whose negative would have caused 
 the rejection of that pernicious measure, Sparta 
 might have continued to exist for ages frugal, 
 warlike, virtuous, and uncorrupted. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 6, p. 471. 
 
 5 §5 7. . Battle of Mar atlwn. One 
 
 officer in the council of war had not yet voted. 
 This was Callimachus, the war-ruler. The votes 
 of the generals were five and live, so that the 
 voice of Callimachus would be decisive. On 
 that vote, in all human probability, the destiny 
 of all the nations of the world depended. Mil- 
 tiades turned to him, and in simple soldierly 
 eloquence ... the great Athenian thus adjured 
 his countrymen to vote for giving battle: "It 
 now rests with you, Callimachus, either to en- 
 slave Athens, or, by assuring her freedom, to 
 win yourself an immortality of fame, such as 
 not even Harmodius and Aristogeiton have ac- 
 quired ; for never, since the Athenians were a 
 people, were they in such danger as they are in 
 at this moment. If they bow the knee to these 
 Medes, they are to be given up to Hippias, 
 and you know what they then will have to suf- 
 fer. But if Athens comes victorious out of this 
 contest, she has it in her to become the first city 
 of Greece. Your vote is to decide whether we 
 are to join battle or not. If we do not bring on 
 a battle presently, some factious intrigue will 
 disunite the Athenians, and the city will be be- 
 trayed to the Medes. But if we fight before 
 there is anything rotten in the State of Athens, I 
 Ijelieve that, provided the gods will give fair play 
 and no favor, we are able to get the best of it in 
 an engagement." The vote of the brave war- 
 ruler was gained ; the council determined to give 
 battle.— Decisive Battles, § 15. 
 
 .')§5§. VOTES, Soliciting. William W. Gren- 
 mile. [Candidate for House of Commons.] We 
 were sitting, ... the two ladies and myself , ... in 
 our snug parlor, one lady knitting, the othernet- 
 ting, and the gentlemen winding worsted, when to 
 our unspeakable surprise a mob appeared before 
 the window ; a smart rap was heard at the door, 
 the boys bellowed, and the maid announced Mr. 
 Grenville. Puss was unfortunately let out of 
 her box, so that the candidate, with all his good 
 friends at his heels, was refused admittance at 
 the grand entry, and referred to the back door, 
 as the onlv possible way of approach. ... I told 
 him I had no vote, for which he readily gave 
 me credit. I assured him I had no influence, 
 which he was not equally inclined to believe, 
 and the less, no doubt, because Mr. Ashburner, 
 the draper, addressing himself to me at this mo- 
 ment, informed me that I had a great deal. . . . 
 Thus ended the conference. Mr. Grenville 
 squeezed me by the hand again, kissed the la- 
 dies, and withdrew. He kissed, likewise, the 
 maid in the kitchen, and seemed, upon the 
 whole, a most loving, kissing, kind-hearted gen- 
 tleman. [William Cowper's letter to Rev. John 
 Newton.] — Smith's Cowper, ch. 7. 
 
 5§59. VOTING for Christ. Boman Senate. 
 In a full meeting of the [Roman] Senate, the 
 emperor proposed, according to the forms of the 
 republic, the important question. Whether the 
 worship of Jupiter or that of Christ should be 
 the religion of the Romans. The liberty of suf- 
 frages, which he affected to allow, was destroyed 
 by the hopes and fears that his presence inspired ; 
 and the arbitrary exile of Symmachus was a 
 recent admonition that it might be dangerous 
 to oppose the wishes of the monarch. On a 
 regular division of the Senate, Jupiter was con- 
 demned and degraded by the sense of a very 
 large majority, [a.d. 388.]— Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 28, p. 137. 
 
 5§60. VOW of Gratitude. Abraham Lincoln. 
 Immediately after the battle of Antietam . . . [the 
 President said to his Cabinet :] " The time for the 
 annunciation of the Emancipation policy could 
 no longer be delayed." Public sentiment, he 
 thought, would sustain it ; many of his warm- 
 est friends and supporters demanded it, and he 
 had promised his Ood that he would do it. . . . "I 
 made a solemn vow before God that if General 
 Lee were driven back from Pennsylvania I 
 would crown the result by the declaration of 
 freedom to the slaves." — Raymond's Lincoln, 
 p. 765. 
 
 5§61. VOW, A sudden. Martin Luther. 
 Another circumstance happened which hastened 
 his decision to seek his soul's salvation in the 
 monastic holiness recommended by the church. 
 He had been on a visit to his parents. On his 
 return to the universitj'- he had reached the vil- 
 lage of Stotternheim, near Erfurt, when a furious 
 thunderstorm burst over him, and he fell fright- 
 ened to the earth, crying out, " Deliver me, St. 
 Ann, and I will become a monk." Though he 
 regretted having made this vow, he felt himself 
 bound to keep it. And this impelled him to 
 monkhood, for, as he said himself, he never 
 could find comfort in his Christian baptism, and 
 was always much concerned to obtain the favor 
 of God through his own piety. — Rein's Lutheb, 
 ch. 3, p. 29. 
 
698 
 
 VOWS— WAGES. 
 
 5§62. VOWS, Forced. Convent. [Matilda 
 became the wife of Henry I. of England.] 
 Matilda appeared before his court to tell her 
 tale in words of passionate earnestness. She had 
 been veiled in her childhood, she asserted, only 
 to save her from the insults of the rude soldiery 
 who infested the land ; had flung the veil from 
 her again and again, and had yielded at last to 
 the unwomanly taunts, the actual blows of her 
 aunt. "As often as I stood in her presence," 
 the girl pleaded, " I wore the veil, trembling as 
 I wore it with indignation and grief. But as 
 soon as I could get out of her sight I used to 
 snatch it from my head, fling it on the ground, 
 and trample it under foot. That was the way, 
 and none other, in which I was veiled." Anselm 
 at once declared her free from conventual bonds, 
 and the shout of the English multitude when he 
 set the crown on Matilda's brow drowned the 
 murmur of churchman or of baron. — Hist, op 
 Eng. People, § 117. 
 
 5§63. VOWS, EeligiouB. In Sickness. In 1244 
 Louis IX. . . . was reduced to the borders of 
 the grave. While lying in this desperate condi- 
 tion at the chateau of Pontoise, and expecting 
 each moment to be his last, he demanded of his 
 attendants a crucifix, which he placed upon his 
 breast, and sunk immediately into a state of death- 
 like lethargy. This was the crisis of the disease. 
 To the astonishment and joy of all, the danger 
 passed, and from that hour Louis began to re- 
 cover. It soon transpired that in his extremity 
 he had solemnly vowed that, should his life be 
 spared, he would proceed on a crusade to the 
 Holy Land. — Students' Fkance, ch. 9, § 4. 
 
 5§64. . Columbus. [See No. 5865.] 
 
 The tempest still raging with unabated violence, 
 the admiral and all the mariners made a vow 
 that, if spared, wherever they first landed they 
 would go in procession barefooted and in their 
 shirts to offer up prayers and thanksgivings in 
 Bome church dedicated to the Holy Virgin. 
 Besides these general acts of propitiation, each 
 one made his private vow, binding himself to 
 some pilgrimage or vigil or other rite of peni- 
 tence and thanksgiving at his favorite shrine. 
 The heavens, however, seemed deaf to their 
 vows ; the storm grew still more wild and fright- 
 ful, and each man gave himself up for lost. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 5, ch. 2. 
 
 5865. . Columbus. [On his return 
 
 voyage a terrific storm threatened the destruction 
 of all.] Seeing all human skill baffled and con- 
 founded, Columbus endeavored to propitiate 
 heaven by solemn vows and acts of penance. By 
 his orders a number of beans, equal to the 
 number of persons on board, were put into a 
 cap, on one of which was cut the sign of the 
 cross. Each of the crew made a vow that should 
 he draw forth the marked bean he would make 
 a pilgrimage to the shrine pf Santa Maria de 
 Guadalupe, bearing a wax taper of five pounds' 
 weight. The admiral was the first to put in 
 his hand, and the lot fell upon him. From that 
 moment he considered himself a pilgrim, bound 
 to perform the vow. [The storm continued. 
 See No. 5864.] — Irving's Coluaibus, Book 5, 
 ch. 2. 
 
 5S66. VOWS, Tlnjust. Are null. [A Bedouin 
 woman, mounted on a dromedary, ran toward 
 Mahomet.] "The enemy," said she, "have 
 
 seized upon my flock, that I was pasturing in 
 the desert ; I mounted this dromedary, and made 
 a vow to immolate it in your presence to God 
 should I succeed in escaping through its speed. 
 I come to fulfil the vow." " But," said the 
 prophet, smiling, "would it not be ingratitude 
 to the generous animal to whom thou owest thy 
 safety V Thy vow is null, because it is unjust ; 
 the animal which thou hast consecrated to me 
 is thine no more, it is mine ; I gave it in trust to 
 thee ; go and console thy family." — Lamar- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 121. 
 
 5867. VOYAGE, A celebrated. Greeks. The 
 Argonauts, under the command of Jason, set 
 sail from the coast of Thessaly. Their expedition 
 was lengthened by unfavorable weather, unskil- 
 ful seamen, and theconsequentnecessity of keep- 
 ing as near as possible to the coasts. . . . The 
 outlines of their expedition may be very shortly 
 detailed. From the isle of Lemnos, where they 
 made some stay, they proceeded to Samothrace. 
 Thence sailing round the Chersonesus, they en- 
 tered the Hellespont ; keeping along the coast of 
 Asia, touched at Cyzicus, and spent some time on 
 the coast of Bithynia ; thence they entered the 
 Thracian Bosphorous, and proceeding onward 
 through the Euxine, at length discovered Cau- 
 casus at its eastern extremity. This mountain 
 was their landmark, which directed them to the 
 port of Phasis near to Oea, then the chief city of 
 Colchis, which was the ultimate object of their 
 voyage. Following the Argonauts through this 
 tract of sea, and coasting it as they must have 
 done, it appears evident that they performed a 
 voyage of at least four hundred and forty 
 leagues. Those who considered not the times and 
 the circumstances in which the Greeks accom- 
 plished this navigation, have not perceived the 
 boldness of the enterprise. These daring Greeks 
 had been but recently taught the art of sail- 
 ing, by the example of foreigners ; it was their 
 first attempt to put it in practice. They were 
 utterly ignorant of navigation as a science, and 
 they went to explore an extent of sea that was 
 altogether unknown to them. Let us do those 
 heroes justice, and freely acknowledge that the 
 voyage of the Argonauts was a noble enterprise 
 for the times in which it was executed, [b.c. 
 1280, Usher's Chronology.] — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 8. p. 71. 
 
 586§. VOYAGE, Preparation for a. Church. 
 [Jacques Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence on a 
 voyage of discovery.] In the following spring 
 three ships lay in the harbor of St. Malo, ready 
 for a voyage of discovery. In those simple old 
 days no man was audacious enough to venture 
 out upon the broad ocean without first going to 
 church and commending his soul and his enter 
 prise to God ; and the man who, on his return 
 home, neglected to repair instantly to church to 
 offer thanks, was regarded as a graceless wretch. 
 This custom prevailed as late as a hundred years 
 ago in almost all countries, and still prevails in 
 some Catholic nations. So, brave Captain Car- 
 tier and his companions went in solemn proces- 
 sion to the Cathedral of St. Malo, where the 
 bishop said mass, and gave them his parting 
 benediction. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 371. 
 
 5869. WAGES advanced. Reign of Cha/rles II. 
 In the course of a hundred and twenty years the 
 daily earnings of the bricklayer have risen from 
 
WAGES— WAR. 
 
 699 
 
 half a crown to four and tenpence, those of the 
 mason from half a crown to five and threepence, 
 those of the carpenter from half a crown to five 
 and fivepence, and those of the plumber from 
 three shillings to five and sixpence. It seems 
 clear, therefore, that the wages of labor, esti- 
 mated in money, were, in 1685, not more than 
 half of what they now are ; and there were few 
 articles important to the workingman of which 
 the price was not, in 1685, more than half of 
 what it now is. Beer was undoubtedly much 
 cheaper in that age than at present. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 390. 
 
 5§70. WAGES, Exorbitant. So called. 
 Knyghton, a chronicler of the time, . . . mentions 
 as exorbitant wages a shilling a day with his 
 food, to a mower, and eightpence a day to a 
 reaper. . . . The shilling a day was equal to fif- 
 teen shillings of our present money. . . . Five- 
 pence was equal to half a bushel of wheat. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 1, ch. 30, p. 473. 
 
 5§71. WAGES, Legal. Eeign of Charles II. 
 About the beginning of the year 1685 the jus- 
 tices of Warwickshire, in the exercise of a power 
 intrusted to them by an act of Elizabeth, fixed, 
 at their quarter sessions, a scale of wages for 
 their county, and notified that every employer 
 who gave more than the authorized sum, and 
 every workingman who received more, would 
 be liable to punishment. The wages of the com- 
 mon agricultural laborer, from March to Sep- 
 tember, they fixed at the precise sum mentioned 
 by [Sir William] Petty — namely, four shillings a 
 week without food. From September to March 
 the wages were to be only three and sixpence 
 a week. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 386. 
 
 5§72. WAGES by Popularity. Charioteer's. 
 pEarly in the sixth century] games were exhib- 
 ited at the expense of the republic, the magis- 
 trates, or the emperors ; but the reins were 
 abandoned to servile hands ; and if the profits of 
 a favorite charioteer sometimes exceeded those 
 of an advocate, they must be considered as the 
 effects of popular extravagance and the high 
 wages of a disgraceful profession. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 40, p. 56. 
 
 5§73. WAGES, Small. Fifteenth Century. 
 The summer wages of the free-mason and master 
 carpenter, of five and one quarter pence without 
 food, were reduced to fourpence in the winter. 
 The lower artificers and laborers, who received 
 three and one quarter pence in the summer with- 
 out meat and drink, were to serve for three- 
 pence in the winter, [a. d. 1450-1485. Multi- 
 plying these amounts by fifteen — the supposed re- 
 lation of present to ancient money-value— we 
 have the amount in money of to-day.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 7, p, 114. 
 
 5§74. . Beign of Charles II. Sir 
 
 William Petty, whose mere assertion carries 
 great weight, informs us that a laborer was by 
 no means in the lowest state who received for a 
 day's work fourpence with food, or eightpence 
 without food. Four shillings a week, there- 
 fore, were, according to Petty's calculation, fair 
 agricultural wages. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, 
 p. 386. 
 
 5S75. . Thirteenth Century. The 
 
 domestic servants of the [Bishop] Swinfield es- 
 tablishments were fed, clothed, and lodged. 
 
 They received in addition half-yearly wages. 
 The confidential members of the household, who 
 were of gentle blood, with names derived from 
 places, received ten shillings. . . . There were 
 two clerks, probably lay, at half a crown. The 
 highest -paid servant was John the farrier, at half 
 these wages. John the carter, Robert the carter, 
 Harpin the falconer, and William the porter 
 had each three and fourpence. Ywon (Evan) 
 the launder, Thomas the palfreyman, and Rob- 
 erlard the butler had each half a crown ; and 
 so had John the messenger. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 1, ch. 26, p. 398. 
 
 5876. WALKING, Benefit of. Alexander. 
 This lady [Ada], as a testimony of the deep sense 
 she had of the favors received from Alexander, 
 sent him every day meats dressed in the most ex- 
 quisite manner ; delicious pastry of all sorts ; 
 and the most excellent cooks of every kind. Al- 
 exander answered the queen on this occasion, 
 "that all this train was of no service to him, 
 for that he was possessed of much better cooks, 
 whom Leonidas his governor had given him ; 
 one of whom prepared him a good dinner, and 
 that was, walking a great deal in the morning 
 very early ; and the other prepared him an excel- 
 lent supper, and that was, dining very moder- 
 ately. — Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 4. 
 
 5877. WANTS, Fewness of. Diogenes. Alex- 
 ander, attended by all his courtiers, made him a 
 visit. The philosopher was at that time lying 
 down in the sun ; but seeing so great a crowd of 
 people advancing toward him, he sat up, and 
 fixed his eyes on Alexander. This prince, sur- 
 prised to see so famous a philosopher reduced to 
 such extreme poverty, after saluting him in the 
 kindest manner, asked whether he wanted any- 
 thing. Diogenes replied : " Yes, that you would 
 stand a little out of my sunshine." This answer 
 raised the contempt and indignation of all the 
 courtiers ; but the monarch, struck with the 
 philosopher's greatness of soul : ' ' Were I not 
 Alexander," says he, "I would be Diogenes." A 
 very profound sense lies hid in this expression, 
 which shows perfectly the bent and disposition 
 of the heart of man. Alexander is sensible that 
 he is formed to possess all things ; such is his 
 destiny, in which he makes his happiness consist; 
 but then, in case he should not be able to com- 
 pass his ends, he is also sensible that to be 
 happy, he must endeavor to bring his mind to 
 such a frame as to want nothing. In a word, 
 all or nothing presents us with the true image of 
 Alexander and Diogenes. How great and power- 
 ful soever that prince might think himself, he 
 could not on this occasion deny himself to be 
 inferior to a man to whom he could give, and 
 from w^hom he could take, nothing. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 15, § 2. 
 
 5878. WAE, Ancestors' Lore of. Early Eng- 
 lishmen. They were at heart fighters, and their 
 world was a world of war. Tribe warred with 
 tribe, and village with village ; even within the 
 township itself feuds parted household from 
 household, and passions of hatred and ven- 
 geance were handed on from father to son. Their 
 mood was, above all, a mood of fighting men, 
 venturesome, self-reliant, proud, with a dash of 
 hardness and cruelty in it, but ennobled by the 
 virtues which spring from war, by personal 
 courage and loyalty to plighted word; by a high 
 
(00 
 
 WAR. 
 
 and stern sense of manhood and the worth of 
 man. A grim joy in hard fighting was ah'eady 
 a characteristic of the race. War was the Eng- 
 lishman's "shield-play" and " sword -game ;" 
 the gleeman's verse took fresh fire as he sang of 
 the rush of the host and the crash of the shield- 
 line. Their arms and weapons, helmet and 
 mailshirt, tall spear and javelin, sword and seax, 
 the short, broad dagger that hung at each war- 
 rior's girdle, gathered to them much of the. leg- 
 end and the art which gave color and poetry to 
 the life of Englishmen. — Hist. ofEng. People, 
 §33. 
 
 5879. "WAE by Avarice. East Indian. It was 
 one of the charges of ' ' high crimes and misde- 
 meanors" against Warren Hastings [Governor of 
 Bengal] that he entered into a private engage- 
 ment with the nabob of Oude, " to furnish him, 
 for a stipulated sum of money, to be paid to the 
 East India Company, with a body of troops for 
 the declared purpose of thoroughly extirpating 
 the nation of the Rohillas — a nation from whom 
 the company had never received, or pretended to 
 receive or apprehend, any injury whatever." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 7, p. 135. 
 
 5§§0. WAR, Aversion toward. General 
 Grant. [When he visited Germany, Bismarck 
 regretted the emperor's illness did not permit his 
 majesty to review his soldiers in person.] Gen- 
 eral Grant accepted the crown prince's invitation 
 to a review for next morning, but with a smile 
 continued : " The truth is, I am more a farmer 
 than a soldier. I take little or no interest in 
 military affairs ; and although I entered the army 
 thirty-five years ago, and have been in two 
 wars — in Mexico as a young lieutenant, and lat- 
 er — I never went into the army without regret, 
 and never retired without pleasure. " — General 
 Grant's Travels, p. 335. 
 
 5§81. WAR, Beginning of. American Bevo- 
 lution. About midnight the [British,] under 
 command of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, 
 set out for Concord. The people of Boston, 
 Charlestown, and Cambridge were roused by the 
 ringing of bells and the firing of cannons. Two 
 hours before the vigilant Joseph Warren had 
 despatched William Dawes and Paul Revere to 
 ride with all speed to Lexington and to spread 
 the alarm through the country;. Against two 
 o'clock in the morning the minute-men were 
 under arms, and a company of a hundred and 
 thirty had assembled on the common at Lexing- 
 ton. The patriots loaded their guns, and stood 
 ready ; but no enemy appeared, and it was 
 agreed to separate until the drum-beat should 
 announce the hour of danger. At five o'clock 
 the British van, under command of Pitcairn, 
 came in sight. The provincials, to the number 
 of seventy, reassembled ; Captain Parker was 
 their leader. Pitcairn rode up, and exclaimed : 
 " Disperse, ye villians ! Throw down your 
 arms, ye rebels, and disperse \" The minute- 
 men stood still ; Pitcairn discharged his pistol at 
 them, and with a loud voice cried, " Fire !" The 
 first volley of the Revolution whistled through 
 the air, and sixteen of the patriots — nearly a 
 fourth of the whole number — fell dead or 
 wounded. The rest flred a few random shots, 
 and dispersed. — Ridpath'sU. S.,ch. 38, p. 397. 
 
 5§82. WAR, Beneficial. To National Char- 
 acter. [William Pitt, in Parliament, on contin- 
 
 uing the Seven Years' War.] " This war, though 
 it has cut deep into our pecuniary means, has 
 augmented our military faculties. Set that 
 against the debt — that spirit which has made 
 us what we are." [The debt had been increased 
 sixty millions. Knight says a compensation 
 for the burden of a great debt is made] when a 
 nation is awakened by war out of a degraded 
 condition ; when the principle of an exalted pa- 
 triotism and a generous loyalty takes the place 
 of a venal self-seeking and a miserable abnega- 
 tion of public ^wXy. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 16, p. 355. 
 
 5883. WAR, Blessings of. National Prog- 
 ress. For three years after the fall of Montreal 
 the war between France and England lingered 
 on the ocean. The English fleets were every- 
 where victorious. On the 10th of February, 
 1763, a treaty of peace was made at Paris. All 
 the French possessions in North America east- 
 ward of the Mississippi, from its source to the 
 river Iberville, and thence through Lakes Maure- 
 pas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 were surrendered to Great Britain. At the same 
 time Spain, with whom England had been at war, 
 ceded East and West Florida to the English 
 Crown. As reciprocal with this provision, 
 France was obliged to make a cession to Spain 
 of all that vast territory west of the Mississippi 
 known as the province of Louisiana. By the 
 sweeping provisions of the treaty, the French 
 king lost Ms entire possessions in the new world. 
 Thus closed the French and Indian war, one of 
 the most important in the history of mankind. 
 By this conflict it was decided that the decaying 
 institutions of the Middle Ages should not pre- 
 vail in the West, and that the powerful language, 
 laws, and liberties of the English race should 
 be planted forever in the vast domains of the 
 New World.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 35, p. 379. 
 
 5884. WAR, Brutality in. Pillage of Magde- 
 burg. [By the army of Wallenstein.] Here com- 
 menced a scene of horrors for which history has 
 no language, poetry no pencil. Neither innocent 
 childhood nor helpless old age — neither youth, 
 sex, rank, nor beauty could disarm the fury of 
 the conquerors. Wives were abused in the arms 
 of their husbands, daughters at the feet of their 
 parents ; and the defenceless sex exposed to the 
 double sacrifice of virtue and life. No situation, 
 however obscure or however sacred, escaped the 
 rapacity of the enemy. In a single church fifty- 
 three women were found beheaded. The Croats 
 amused themselves with throwing children into 
 the flames : Pappenheim's Walloons with stab- 
 bing infants at the mother's breast. Some ofll- 
 cers of the League, horror-struck at this dread- 
 ful scene, ventured to i-emind [General] Tilly that 
 he had it in his power to stop the carnage. " Re-i 
 turn in an hour," was his answer ; "I will seti 
 what I can do ; the soldier must have some re 
 ward for his danger and toils." ... In les 
 than twelve hours this strong, populous, anc 
 flourishing city, one of the finest in Germany^ 
 was reduced to ashes, with the exception of two 
 churches and a few houses, . . the living 
 crawling from under the dead, children wanderj 
 ing about with heartrending cries, calling for 
 their parents, and infants still sucking the breast' 
 of their lifeless mothers. More than six thoi 
 sand bodies were thrown into the Elbe to clea 
 
WAR. 
 
 701 
 
 Lthe streets ; a much greater number had been 
 consumed by the flames. The whole number of 
 le slain was reckoned at not less than thirty 
 thousand. — Thirty Years' War, § 282. 
 
 5 §85. . Indiscriminate. A dread- 
 ful massacre followed in the streets of Paris on 
 the night of the 12th of June [1418] ; the Con- 
 stable d'Armagnac, several prelates, and num- 
 bers of the nobility were cruelly murdered ; and 
 the mob, breaking open the prisons, butchered 
 indiscriminately all that they contained. The 
 cut-throat Cabochiens reappeared, and for three 
 days Paris was given up to atrocities too revolt- 
 ing to bear recital. The ruffians cut strips of 
 flesh from the bleeding bodies of the Armagnacs, 
 in brutal derision of the scarf or band which 
 symbolized their party. The numbers of the 
 slain were estimated at near three thousand. — 
 Students' France, ch. 10, § 12. 
 
 5§§6. WAR, Burden of. Continuous. [A hun- 
 dred years after the Seven Years' War two shil- 
 lings a head was paid annually by every one of 
 the twenty-five millions of the British popula- 
 tion] toward the perpetual burden of taxation 
 created by that war. [The same burden con- 
 tinues to this day.] — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, 
 ch. 16, p. 258. 
 
 5§§7. WAR, Small Cause of. An Ear. [In 1731 
 Captain Robert Jenkins testified that he was 
 boarded by a Spanish guarda costa not far from 
 Havana.] No contraband goods were found. He 
 was threatened with death if he did not confess 
 where his gold and unlawful merchandise was 
 hidden. The Spaniards slashed him with their 
 cutlasses ; they hung him up to the yard-arm. 
 Before he was quite exhausted they let him down, 
 and again bade him confess. He spoke of his 
 Britannic Majesty's flag, of the high seas, in a 
 mild assertion of the injustice he was receiv- 
 ing. His ear had been half cut off when the 
 ship was boarded ; and now the miscreants tore 
 the ear out of his head, exclaiming, " Carry 
 that to your king." The ear of Jenkins drove 
 England to war. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 6, 
 p. 93. 
 
 5§88. WAR, Causes of the. Rebellion. First, 
 the different construction put upon the national 
 constitution by the people of the North and the 
 South. . . . Second, the different system of labor 
 in the North and in the South. . . . The inven- 
 tion of the cotton-gin, . . . which added a thou- 
 sand millions of dollars to the revenue of the 
 South. . . . Slave labor became important and 
 slaves valuable. . . . The Missouri agitation, 
 , . . because of the proposed rejection of Mis- 
 souri as a slave-holding State. . . . The nulli- 
 fication acts of South Carolina. . . . The an- 
 nexation of Texas, with the consequent enlarge- 
 ment of the domain of slavery. . . . The Kan- 
 sas-Nebraska bill was passed. Thereby the Mis- 
 souri Compromise was repealed. Third, the 
 want of intercourse between the people of the 
 North and the South. The great railroads and 
 thoroughfares ran east and west. . . . Fourth, 
 the publication of sectional books. Fifth, the 
 evil influence of demagogues, . . . the leader- 
 ship of bad men. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 62. 
 
 5889. WAR, Civil. John Cantacuzeni. [The 
 Greek regent.] Near six years the flame of dis- 
 cord burnt with various success and unabated 
 
 rage : the cities were distracted by the faction of 
 the nobles and the plebeians — the Cantacuzeni 
 and Palseologi ; and the Bulgarians, the Servians, 
 and the Turks were invoked on both sides as 
 the instruments of private ambition and the com- 
 mon ruin. The regent deplored the calamities 
 of which he was the author and victim ; and his 
 own experience might dictate a just and lively 
 remark on the different nature of foreign and 
 civil war. " The former," said he, " is the ex- 
 ternal warmth of summer, always tolerable, and 
 often beneficial ; the latter is the deadly heat of 
 a fever, which consumes without a remedy the 
 vitals of the constitution." — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 68, p. 188. 
 
 5890. WAR, Civilization by. Britain. That 
 the first real civilizer of Britain was the military 
 arm, is evident from every incidental relation of 
 the Roman conquest. — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, 
 ch. 3, p. 36. 
 
 5891. WAR, Compensations of. Thirty Tears\ 
 Fearful indeed and destructive was the first 
 movement in which this general political sym- 
 pathy announced itself ; a desolating war of 
 thirty years, which, from the interior of Bohemia 
 to the mouth of the Scheldt, and from the banks 
 of the Po to the coasts of the Baltic, devastated 
 whole countries, destroyed harvests, and reduced 
 towns and villages to ashes ; which opened a 
 grave for many thousand combatants, and for 
 half a century smothered the glimmering sparks 
 of civilization in Germany, and threw back the 
 improving manners of the country into their 
 pristine barbarity and wildness. Yet out of this 
 fearful war Europe came forth free and inde- 
 pendent. In it she first learned to recognize her- 
 self as a community of nations ; and this inter- 
 communion of States, which originated in the 
 Thirty Years' War, would alone be sufficient to 
 reconcile the philosopher to its horrors. All this 
 was effected by religion. Religion alone could 
 have rendered possible all that was accomplished, 
 but it was far from being the sole motive of the 
 war. Had not private advantages and State 
 interests been closely connected with it, vain and 
 powerless would have been the arguments of 
 theologians ; and the cry of the people would 
 never have met with princes so willing to es- 
 pouse their cause, nor the new doctrines have 
 found such numerous, brave, and persevering 
 champions. — Thirty Years' War, § 3. 
 
 5892. WAR, Contempt of . Hangman-in- Chief. 
 [Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough, the 
 successful commander of the allied expedition 
 against Spain, afterward looked with contempt 
 upon his military vocation.] He said : " A gen- 
 eral is only a hangman-in-chief." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 19, p. 298. 
 
 5893. WAR, Cruelties of. Scotland. The . . . 
 exploits of Surrey in Scotland are thus recorded 
 in a letter of Wolsey : " The Earl of Surrey so 
 devastated and destroyed all Tweedale and 
 March, that there is left neither house, fortress, 
 village, tree, cattle, corn, nor other succor for 
 man ; insomuch that some of the people that 
 fled from the same, afterward returning and 
 finding no sustenance, were compelled to come 
 into England begging bread, which oftentimes 
 when they do eat they die incontinently for the 
 hunger passed. And with no imprisonment, 
 cutting off their ears, burning them in the faces. 
 
702 
 
 WAR. 
 
 1 
 
 or otherwise, can be kept away." — Knight's 
 Eng.,vo1. 3, ch. 18, p. 299. 
 
 5S94. WAE, Cruelty in. Timour the Tartar. 
 [Timour did not] forget that dream of all con- 
 querors, India. He overran it this time from the 
 Indus to Delhi, from the ocean to Thibet. His 
 army marched with a people of slaves in its train, 
 the prize of his first victories, and who might 
 compromise him in other battles. An atrocious 
 order delivered one hundred thousand of them to 
 death in a single night. Each Tartar soldier was 
 constrained to immolate his portion with his own 
 hand. Remorse, pity, indignation, seized the 
 army. The imans presaged the wrath of Heaven. 
 Timour responded to this revolt of conscience of 
 his warriors only by the conquest and massacre 
 of Delhi. — Lamaktine's Turkey, p. 315. 
 
 5§95. . Antioch. Mameluke Emir 
 
 Bibars rapidly reduced the principal Latin fort- 
 resses, and on the 29th of May, 1268, planted 
 his standards on the walls of Antioch. The fall 
 of this capital was fatal to the Christian power ; 
 17,000 of the inhabitants were massacred, and 
 upward of 100,000 sold into slavery. — Students' 
 France, ch. 9, § 6, p. 172. 
 
 5§96. WAR, Declaration of. Ambassador. 
 [The Roman ambassador went to Carthage.] 
 Their orders were simply to demand that Han- 
 nibal and his principal officers should be given 
 up for their attack upon the allies of Rome, in 
 breach of the treaty, and, if this were refused, 
 to declare war. The Carthaginians tried to dis- 
 cuss the previous question, whether the attack 
 on Saguntum was a breach of the treaty ; but to 
 tills the Romans would not listen. At length 
 M. Fabius gathered up his toga, as if he were 
 wrapping up something in it, and holding it out 
 thus together, he said : " Behold, here are peace 
 and war; take which you choose I" The Car- 
 thaginian suffete, or judge, answered: "Give 
 whichever thou wilt." Hereupon Fabius shook 
 out the folds of his toga, saying : " Then here 
 we give you war ;" to which several members 
 of the council shouted in answer, " "With all our 
 hearts we welcome it." Thus the Roman am- 
 bassador left Carthage, and returned straight to 
 Rome. — Arnold's Hannibal, p. 6. 
 
 5§97. WAE degraded; A Trade. In the 
 purer ages of the commonwealth the use o^ 
 arms was reserved for those ranks of citizens 
 who had a country to love, a property to defend, 
 and some share in enacting those laws which it 
 was their interest as well as duty to maintain. 
 But in proportion as the public freedom was 
 lost in extent of conquest, war was gradually 
 improved into an art, and degraded into a trade. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 1, p. 10. 
 
 589§. WAR, Destructive. Omar's. Plutarch 
 tells us that in the course of this extraordinary 
 contest, which lasted eight years, Caesar took by 
 force more than 800 towns, subdued 300 distinct 
 tribes or states, and conquered 3,000,000 of 
 fighting men, of whom 1,000,000 perished on 
 the field of battle, and another million were sold 
 into slavery. — Students' France, ch. 1, § 8, 
 p. 10. 
 
 5S99. . Of Life. [At the battle of 
 
 ChS,lons, by Attila against Theodoric, the] num- 
 ber of the slain amounted to 162,000, or, accord- 
 ing to another account, 300,000 persons ; and 
 
 these incredible exaggerations suppose a real and 
 effective loss sufiicient to justify the historian's 
 remark, that whole generations may be swept 
 away, by the madness of kings, in the space of 
 a single hour. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35, p. 446. 
 
 5900. . Bonaparte's. From Sep> 
 
 tember, 1805, to the 15th of November (1814), 
 the Senate had given Bonaparte authority to de- 
 vote to what was called the glory of France no 
 less a number than 2,103,000 of her sons. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 7, ch. 31, p. 568. 
 
 5901 WAR, Emblem of. Indian. Other 
 chiefs followed the example of the great sachem, 
 and entered into friendly relations with the 
 [Plymouth] colony. Nine of the leading tribes 
 acknowledged the sovereignty of the English 
 king. One chieftain threatened hostilities, but 
 Standish's army obliged him to beg for mercy. 
 Canonicus, king of the Narragansetts, sent to 
 William Bradford, who had been chosen govern- 
 or after the death of Carver, a bundle of arrows 
 wrapped in the skin of a rattlesnake ; but the 
 undaunted governor stuffed the skin with pow- 
 der and balls, and sent it back to the chief, who 
 did not dare to accept the dangerous challenge. 
 The hostile emblem was borne about from tribe 
 to tribe, until finally it was returned to Plym- 
 outh.— Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13, p. 124. 
 
 5902. WAR absurdly ended. Treaty of Ghent. 
 There never was a more absurd treaty than that 
 of Ghent. Its only significance was that Great 
 Britain and the United States, having been at 
 war, agreed to be at peace. Not one of the dis- 
 tinctive issues to decide which the war had been 
 undertaken was settled, or even mentioned. Of 
 the impressment of American seamen not a 
 word was said. The wrongs done to the com- 
 merce of the United States were not referred to. 
 The rights of neutral nations were left as unde- 
 termined as before. Of " free-trade and sailors' 
 rights," which had been the battle-cry of the 
 American navy, no mention was made. The 
 principal articles of the compact were devoted 
 to the settlement of unimportant boundaries and 
 the possession of some petty islands in the Bay 
 of Passamaquoddy. There is little doubt, how- 
 ever, that at the time of the treaty Great Britain 
 gave the United States a private assurance that 
 impressment and the other wrongs complained 
 of by the Americans should be practised no 
 more. For the space of sixty years vessels bear- 
 ing the flag of the United States have been se- 
 cure from such insults as caused the war of 1812. ■ 
 Another advantage gained by America was the 
 recognition of her naval power. It was no 
 longer doubtful that American sailors were the 
 peers in valor and patriotism of any seamen in 
 the world. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 51, p. 415. 
 
 5903. WAR, Enemies in. Hunger. Barba- 
 rossa's army of Crusaders did not come home 
 again, any more than Barbarossa. They were 
 stronger than Turk and Saracen, but not than 
 hunger and disease. Leaders did not know 
 then, as our little friend at Berlin came to know, 
 that "an army, like a serpent, goes upon its 
 belly." After fine fighting and considerable vic- 
 tories, the end of this Crusade was, it took to 
 "besieging Acre," and, in reality, lay perishing, 
 as of murrain, on the beach at Acre, without 
 shelter, without medicine, without food. Not 
 even Richard Coeur de Lion and his best prow- 
 
WAR. 
 
 703 
 
 ess and help could avert such issue from it. — 
 Carlyle's Frederick the Great, Book 2, 
 ch. 6, p. 83. 
 
 5904. WAE, Famine by. The Innocent. [In 
 1418, during the siege of Rouen, the population 
 were shut up for twenty weeks. Famine came. 
 An English chronicler writes :] And ever they 
 of the town hoped to have been rescued, but it 
 would not be ; and many hundreds died for hun- 
 ger, for they had eaten all the cats, horses, hounds, 
 rats, mice, and all that might be eaten ; and oft- 
 times the men-at-arms driving out the poor peo- 
 ple at the gates of the city, for spending of vic- 
 tual, anon our men drove them in again ; and 
 young children lay dead in the streets, hanging 
 on the dead mothers' paps, that pity was to see. 
 — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 5, p. 70. 
 
 5905. WAR, Famous in. William of Normandy. 
 " No knight under heaven," his enemies owned, 
 " was William's peer." Boy as he was at Val-es- 
 dunes, horse and man went down before his 
 lance. All the fierce gayety of his nature broke 
 out in the warfare of his youth, in his rout of 
 fifteen Angevins with but five men at his back, in 
 his defiant ride over the ground which Geoflry 
 Martel claimed from him — a ride with hawk on 
 fist, as if war and the chase were one. No man 
 could bend William's bow. His mace crashed 
 its way through a ring of English warriors to the 
 foot of the standard. He rose to his greatest 
 height at moments when other men despaired. 
 His voice rang out as a trumpet when his soldiers 
 fled before the English charge at Senlac, and his 
 rally turned the flight into a means of victory. — 
 Hist, op Eng. People, § 107. 
 
 5906. WAR futile. England and Spain. The 
 bells were ringing in October, 1739, upon the dec- 
 laration of hostilities against Spain. They were 
 ringing in April, 1748, upon the conclusion of 
 the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, by which not a sin- 
 gle point was gained for which England had been 
 fighting with Spain and France for eight years. 
 [England declared the war.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 6, ch. 12, p. 181. 
 
 5907, . " Seven Tears' ." [On the 
 
 15th of February, 1763, peace was concluded be- 
 tween the Empress Maria Theresa, the Elector of 
 Saxony, and the King of Prussia. The Seven 
 Years' War ended by replacing the parties to 
 this great quarrel in the exact position in regard 
 to territory in which they stood before its com- 
 mencement. — Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 16, 
 p. 257. 
 
 590§. WAR, Glory in. American Indians. 
 War alone was the avenue to glory. All other em- 
 ployment seemed unworthy of human dignity ; 
 in warfare against the brute creation, but still 
 more against man, they sought liberty, happiness, 
 and renown ; thus was gained an honorable ap- 
 pellation, while the mean and obscure among 
 them had not even a name. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22. 
 
 5909. WAR vs. Gospel. Massachusetts. [In 
 the summer of 1622 a company of immigrants 
 began a new settlement called Weymouth.] In- 
 stead of working with their might to provide 
 against starvation, they wasted the fall in idle- 
 ness, and attempted to keep up their stock of 
 provisions by defrauding the Indians. Thus pro- 
 voked to hostility, the natives formed a plan to 
 
 destroy the colony ; but Massasoit, faithful to 
 his pledges, went to Plymouth and revealed the 
 plot. Standish marched to Weymouth at the 
 head of his regiment, now increased to eight 
 men, attacked the hostile tribe, killed several war- 
 riors, and carried home the chief's head on a pole. 
 The tender-hearted John Robinson wrote from 
 Leyden : " I would that you had converted some 
 of them before you killed any." — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 13, p. 125. 
 
 5910. WAR for Honor. Ih'ojan War. The im- 
 mediate cause of the war is generally allowed to 
 have been the rape of Helen, the wife of Mene- 
 laus, by Paris, the son of Priam, King of Troy ; 
 although prior to that motive an animosity had 
 subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans for 
 many generations. It is not otherwise probable 
 that a quarrel which interested only Menelaus 
 and his brother Agamemnon should have been 
 readily espoused by all the princes of Greece. 
 The preparations for this war are said to have 
 occupied no less than ten years, a length of time 
 which ought not to surprise us, when we con- 
 sider that this was the first war in which the 
 whole nation had engaged. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 8, p. 76. 
 
 5911. WAR, Incapacity for. Lord Loudoun. 
 Ever since the treaty of Utrecht the French had 
 retained Cape Breton ; and the fortress at Louis- 
 burg had been made one of the strongest on the 
 continent. On the 20th of June Lord Loudoun 
 sailed from New York, with an army of 6000 
 regulars. By the 1st of July he was at Halifax, 
 where he was joined by Admiral Holburn, with 
 a powerful fleet of sixteen men-of-war. There 
 were on board 5000 additional troops fresh from 
 the armies of England. Never was such a use 
 made of a splendid armament. Loudoun landed 
 before Halifax, cleared off a mustering plain, 
 and set his officers to drilling regiments already 
 skilled in every manoeuvre of war. To heighten 
 the absurdity, the fields about the city were plant- 
 ed with onions, for it was said that the men might 
 take a scurvy. By and by the news came that 
 the French vessels in the harbor of Louisburg 
 outnumbered by one the ships of the English 
 squadron. To attack a force that seemed supe- 
 rior to his own was not a part of Loudoun's 
 tactics. Ordering the fleet to go cruising around 
 Cape Breton, he immediately embarked with his 
 army, and sailed for New York. Arriving at this 
 place, he proposed to his officers to fortify Long 
 Island, in order to defend the continent against 
 an enemy whom he outnumbered four to one. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 34, p. 269. 
 
 5912. WAR, Inhumanity in. Romans. [The 
 Goths had been driven by the Romans to the de- 
 fences of Ravenna.] These fortifications were, 
 indeed, impregnable to the assault of art or vio- 
 lence ; and when Belisarius invested the capital 
 he was soon convinced that famine only could 
 tame the stubborn spirit of the Barbarians. The 
 sea, the land, and the channels of the Po were 
 guarded by the vigilance of the Roman general ; 
 and his morality extended the rights of war to 
 the practice of poisoning the waters and secret- 
 ly firing the granaries of a besieged city. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 63, p. 179. 
 
 5913. WAR, Injury by. Civil. The effect of 
 the constant progress of wealth has been to make 
 insurrection far more terrible to thinking men 
 
704 
 
 WAR. 
 
 than maladministration : . . wealth would he ex- 
 posed to imminent risk of spoliation and destruc- 
 tion. Still greater would be the risk to public 
 credit, on which thousands of families directly 
 depend for subsistence, and with which the cred- 
 it of the whole commercial world is insepara- 
 bly connected. It is no exaggeration to say that 
 a civil war of a week on English ground would 
 now produce disasters which would be felt from 
 the Hoang-Ho to the Missouri, and of which the 
 traces would be discernible at the distance of a 
 century.— Mac AUL ay's Hist., ch. 1, p. 33. 
 
 5914. WAR, Instinct for. Napoleon I. There 
 is still preserved upon the island of Corsica, as 
 an interesting relic, a small brass cannon, weigh- 
 ing about thirty pounds, which was the early 
 and favorite plaything of Napoleon. Its loud 
 report was music to his childish ears. In imag- 
 inary battle he saw whole squadrons mowed 
 down by the discharges of his formidable piece 
 of artiller3^ — Abbott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, 
 ch. 1. 
 
 5915 WAR, Love of. Lord Nelson. [During 
 the battle of Copenhagan, Nelson's most terrible 
 conflict, he] was walking the quarter-deck, which 
 was slippery with blood and covered with the 
 dead, who could not be removed as fast as they 
 fell. . . . He looked upon the devastation around 
 him, and sternly smiling, said, " This is warm 
 work, and this day may be the last to any of us 
 in a moment. But mark me, I would not be 
 elsewhere for thousands." This was heroic, but 
 it was not noble. — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 1, ch. 22. 
 
 5916. . Fi-anks. Although they 
 
 were strongly actuated by the allurements of ra- 
 pine, they professed a disinterested love of war, 
 which they considered as the supreme honor and 
 felicity of human nature ; and their minds and 
 bodies were so completely hardened by perpet- 
 ual action, that, according to the lively expres- 
 sion of an orator, the snows of winter were as 
 pleasant to them as the flowers of spring. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 20, p. 239. 
 
 5917. . The Alani. [A people who 
 
 inhabited the deserts of Scythia.] The mixture 
 of Samatic and German blood had contributed 
 to improve the features of the Alani. . . . They 
 considered war and rapine as the pleasure and 
 the glory of mankind. A naked cimeter fixed 
 in the ground was the only object of their re- 
 ligious worship ; the scalps of their enemies 
 formed the costly trappings of their horses ; 
 and they viewed with pity and contempt the 
 pusillanimous warriors who patiently expected 
 the infirmities of age. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 26, 
 p. 25. 
 
 591 §. WAR, Miseries of. Battle of Freder- 
 icksburg. Little children with blue feet trod 
 painfully over the frozen ground, and those 
 whom they followed knew as little as themselves 
 where to seek food and shelter. Hundreds of 
 ladies wandered homeless over the frozen high- 
 way with bare feet and thin clothing, knowing 
 not where to find a place of refuge. Delicately 
 nurtured girls, with slender forms, upon which 
 no rain had beat, which no wind had ever visit- 
 ed too roughly, walked hurriedly, with unsteady 
 feet, upon the road, seeking only some place 
 where they could shelter themselves. Whole 
 
 families sought sheds by the wayside, or made 
 roofs of fence-rails and straw, not knowing 
 whither to fly. — Pollard's Second Year of 
 THE War, ch. 6, p. 190. 
 
 5919. . Desolation. There is a 
 
 letter . . . dated from Bologna, December 12, 
 1530, which presents as striking a picture as 
 was ever drawn of the widespread misery pro- 
 duced by the contests of ambition. In trav- 
 elling fifty miles they saw no creature stirring 
 in rural industry, except three women gathering 
 grapes rotting upon the vines. In Pavia the 
 children were crying about the streets for bread. 
 There was neither horse meat nor man's meat to 
 be found. " There is no hope [for] many years 
 that Italia shall be restored, for want of people." 
 —Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 20, p. 330. 
 
 5920. WAR, Monument of. "Heads." Ti- 
 mour the Tartar erected on the ruins of Bagdad 
 a pyramid of ninety thousand heads ; again 
 visited Georgia, and encamped on the banks of 
 the Araxes. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 263. 
 
 5921. WAR, Murderous. Battle of Toicton. 
 [In 1461,] on the eve of Palm Sunday, began 
 the cruel battle of Towton, at four o'clock, when 
 the armies [of the Yorkists and Lancastrians] 
 joined. Through all the night, amid a fall of 
 snow, these fierce men madly fought till the af- 
 ternoon of the next day. Then 33,000 men lay 
 dead on the field of battle. ... It is affirmed 
 that there was no quarter given in the battle. 
 . . . The triumph of the Yorkists was com- 
 plete. — Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 9, p. 148. 
 
 5922* WAR, Partisan. Ccesar and Pomjiey, 
 [See No. 4230.] They were now declared ene- 
 mies, and each prepared to assert, by arms, his 
 title to an unrestrained dominion over his coun- 
 try. It is not a little surprising that the citi- 
 zens of Rome should deliberately prepare to 
 sacrifice their lives and fortunes in the decision 
 of such a contest, with all the zeal of men who 
 fight for their most valuable rights and posses- 
 sions. — Tytler's Hist., Book 4, ch. 2, p. 406. 
 
 5923. WAR, Patriotism in. Defensive. [The 
 threatened invasion of England by the Spanish 
 Armada, and the conflicts which followed the 
 dispersion of that immense and powerful fleet, 
 proved to be beneficial to the nation.] There 
 was a higher result of such a warfare than the 
 taking of ships and the burning of towns. A 
 grand spirit of devotion to their country was 
 engendered in the people. The energies called 
 forth in that stirring time produced a corre- 
 sponding elevation of the national character. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 15, p. 239. 
 
 5924. . American Revolution. 
 
 Where eminent statesmen hesitated, the in- 
 stinctive action of the multitude revealed the 
 counsels of magnanimity. ... A nation without 
 union, without magazines and arsenals, without 
 a treasury, without credit, without government, 
 fought successfully against the whole strength 
 and wealth of Great Britain. An army of veter- 
 an soldiers capitulated to insurgent husband- 
 men. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 1. 
 
 5925. WAR, Piety in. Joan of Arc. At the 
 sight of the Holy Maid and her banner they ral- 
 lied and renewed the assault. Joan rode for- 
 ward at their head, waving her banner and 
 cheering them on. The English quailed at 
 
WAR. 
 
 705 
 
 _>hat they believed to be the charge of hell ; 
 Saint Loup was stormed, and its defenders put to 
 the sword, except some few whom Joan suc- 
 ceeded in saving. All her woman's gentleness 
 returned when the combat was over. It was 
 the first time that she had ever seen a battle-field. 
 She wept at the sight of so many bleeding 
 corpses ; and her tears flowed doubly when she 
 reflected that they were the bodies of Christian 
 men who had died without confession. — Deci- 
 sive Battles, § 383. 
 
 5926. WAR, Politicians in. Romans. To 
 draw him into more open ground, Caesar had 
 shifted his camp continually. Pompey had 
 followed cautiously, still remaining on his 
 guard. His political advisers were impatient 
 of these dilatory movements. They taunted 
 him with cowardice. They insisted that he 
 should set his foot on this insignificant adver- 
 sary promptly and at once ; and Pompey, gath- 
 ering courage from their confidence, and trust- 
 ing to his splendid cavalry, agreed at last to use 
 the first occasion that presented itself. . . . 
 [Pompey's] beaten army, which a few hours 
 before were sharing in imagination the lands 
 and offices of their conquerors, fled out through 
 the opposite gates, throwing away their arms, 
 flinging down their standards, and racing, 
 officers and men, for the rocky hills which 
 at a mile's distance promised them shelter. — 
 Froude's CvEsar, ch. 22. 
 
 5927. WAR prayed for. Its Miseries. In 
 1514 Lord Dacre, describing the " robbing, 
 spoiling, and vengeance in Scotland," [adds,] 
 " which I pray our Lord God to continue." 
 [Thus men appealed to the Author of all good 
 in support of their perpetration of all evil.] — 
 
 » Knight's Eng., vol. 2, ch. 17, p. 274. 
 592§. WAR, Propensity for. American Ind- 
 ians. Next among the propensities of the red 
 men was tlie passion for icar. Their wars, how- 
 ever, were always undertaken for the redress of 
 grievances, real and imaginary, and not for con- 
 quest. But with the Indian a redress of griev- 
 ances meant a personal, vindictive, and bloody 
 vengeance on the defender. The Indian's prin- 
 ciples of war were easily understood, but irre- 
 concilable with justice and humanity. The for- 
 giveness of an injury was reckoned a weakness 
 and a shame. Revenge was considered among 
 the nobler virtues. The open honorable battle 
 of the field was an event unknown in Indian 
 warfai'e. Fighting was limited to the surprise, 
 the ambuscade, the massacre ; and military 
 strategy consisted of cunning and treachery. 
 Quarter was rarely asked and never granted ; 
 those who were spared from the fight were only 
 reserved for a barbarous captivity, ransom or 
 the stake. In the torture of his victims all the 
 diabolical ferocity of the savage warrior's nature 
 burst forth without restraint. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 1, p. 44. 
 
 5929. WAR, Romance in. Tliirty Tears' 
 War. Duke Christian, passionately enamored of 
 the Electress Palatine, with whom he had be- 
 come acquainted in Holland, and more disposed 
 for war than ever, led back his army into Lower 
 Saxony, bearing that princess' glove in his hat, 
 and on his standards the motto, " All for God 
 and Her." — Thirty Years' War, § 174. 
 
 5930. WAR of the Roses. England. [The 
 Duke of York claimed the succession to the 
 English throne, which the House of Lords prom- 
 ised at the death of King Henry.] But the open 
 display of York's pretensions at once united the 
 partisans of the royal house in a vigorous re- 
 sistance ; and the deadly struggle which received 
 the name of the Wars of the Roses from the 
 white rose which formed the badge of the house 
 of York, and the red rose which was the cogni- 
 zance of the house of Lancaster, began ia a 
 gathering of the north round Lord Clifford and 
 of the west round Henry, Duke of Somerset. — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, §449. 
 
 5931. WAR for Spoils. Athenians. One 
 day Agesilaus ordered his commissaries to sell 
 the prisoners, but to strip them first. Their 
 clothes found many purchasers ; but as to the 
 prisoners themselves, their skins being soft and 
 white by reason of their having lived so much 
 within doors, the spectators only laughed at 
 them, thinking they would be of no service as 
 slaves. Whereupon Agesilaus, who stood by at 
 the auction, said to his troops : " These are the 
 persons whom you fight with ;" and then point- 
 ing to the rich spoils, ' ' Those are the things ye 
 fight for." — Plutarch's Agesilaus. 
 
 5932. WAR, Study of. Honorable. Antigo- 
 nus being asked who was the greatest gen- 
 eral, answered, " Pyrrhus would be, if he lived 
 to be old." Antigonus, indeed, spoke only of the 
 generals of his time ; but Hannibal said that, of 
 all the world had ever beheld, the first in jrenius 
 and skill was Pyrrhus, Scipio the secon<i, and 
 himself the third. . . . This was the only science 
 he applied himself to ; this was the subject of 
 his thoughts and conversation ; for he considered 
 it as a royal study, and looked upon other arts as 
 mere trifling amusements. And it is reported 
 that when he was asked whether he thought 
 Python or Caephisias the best musician, " Poly- 
 sperchon," said he, " is the general ; " intimating 
 that this was the only point Avhich it became a 
 king to inquire into or know. — Plutarch's Pyr- 
 rhus. 
 
 5933. WAR, Sufferers by. TJie Innocent. [In 
 1070 William the Conqueror destroyed the coun- 
 try for a hundred miles about York.] Malmes- 
 bury, writing half a century afterward, says : 
 "Thus the resources of a province, once flour- 
 ishing, were cut off, by fire, slaughter, and de- 
 vastation. The ground for more than sixty 
 miles, totally uncultivated and unproductive, re- 
 mains bare to the present day." Ordericus winds 
 up the lamentable story with these words: 
 ' ' There followed consequently so great a scarcity 
 in England in the ensuing years, that severe 
 famine involved the innocent and unarmed popu 
 lation in so much misery, that . . . more than, 
 a hundred thousand souls of both sexes perished 
 of want." — Knight's Eng., vol. 1, ch. 14, p. 193. 
 
 5934. WAR, Supplies in. Second Crusade. 
 The army was reviewed near to Nicaea, where it 
 was found to consist of 600,000 foot, including 
 women, and 100,000 horse. We have no accounts 
 transmitted to us how such multitudes procure 
 subsistence when once they had come into a hos- 
 tile country. It is difficult to conceive that they 
 could have procured it by plunder without such a 
 total dispersion as must have rendered all their 
 enterprises ineffectual against such a formidable 
 
706 
 
 WAR. 
 
 enemy as the Mohammedans. ... It is highly 
 probable that the greatest part of the calamities 
 and misfortunes which the Crusaders underwent 
 must have arisen from a scarcity of provisions. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 9, p. 176. 
 
 5935. WAR, Solitary Survivor of. Afghan. [In 
 1841 a British army was sent into Afghan, where, 
 after a complete success, it was placed in great 
 peril by the treachery of the natives. A retreat 
 was finally begun, and of 4500 soldiers only one 
 was brought in to Jelalabad, and he Avounded 
 and exhausted. It was Dr. Brydon.] — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 8, ch. 25, p. 458. 
 
 5936. WAR, Terrors of Civil. To Wellington. 
 [The Duke of Wellington said in Parliament on 
 the 4th of April, 1829 :] My Lords, I am one of 
 those who have passed a longer period of my 
 life engaged in war than most men, and princi- 
 pally, I may say, in civil war ; and I must say 
 this, that if I could avoid by any sacrifice what- 
 ever even one month of civil war in the country 
 to which I am attached, I would sacrifice my 
 life in order to do it. I say that there is nothing 
 that destroys property and prosperity and de- 
 moralizes character to the degree that civil war 
 does ; by it the hand of man is raised against his 
 neighbor, against his brother, and against his 
 father ; the servant betrays his master, and the 
 whole scene ends in confusion and devastation. 
 —Knight's Eng. , vol. 8, ch. 13, p. 239. 
 
 5937. WAR, Toleration in. Mahometan. 
 [When Abou-Bekr, the successor of Mahomet, 
 was about to march his Arabian warriors into 
 Syria, he gathered them round him in a circle.] 
 "Warriors of Islam," said he, "attend a mo- 
 ment, and listen well to the precepts which I am 
 about to promulge to you for observation in 
 times of war. Fight with bravery and loyalty. 
 Never use artifice or perfidy toward your en- 
 emies ; do not mutilate the fallen ; do not slay 
 the aged, nor the children, nor the women ; do 
 not destroy the palm trees ; do not burn the 
 crops ; do not cut the fruit trees ; do not slaugh- 
 ter the animals, except what will be necessary for 
 your nourishment. You will find upon your 
 route men living in solitude, in meditation, in 
 the adoration of God ; do them no injury, give 
 them no offence." — Lamartine's Turkey, 
 p. 158. 
 
 593§. WAR, Trained for. Franks. The lofty 
 stature of the Franks, and their blue eyes, de- 
 noted a Germanic origin ; their close apparel ac- 
 curately expressed the figure of their limbs ; a 
 weighty sword was suspended from a broad 
 belt ; their bodies were protected by a large 
 shield ; and these warlike Barbarians were 
 trained, from their earliest youth, to run, to leap, 
 to swim ; to dart the javelin, or battle-axe, with 
 unerring aim ; to advance, without hesitation, 
 against a superior enemy ; and to maintain, 
 either in life or death, the invincible reputation 
 of their ancestors. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 35, 
 p. 429. 
 
 5939. WAR, Trophies of. Ghastly. From the 
 permanent conquest of Russia the Tartars made a 
 deadly though transient inroad into the heart of 
 Poland, and as far as the borders of Germany. 
 The cities of Lublin and Cracow were obliter- 
 ated ; they approached the shores of the Baltic ; 
 and in the battle of Lignitz they defeated the 
 
 dukes of Silesia, the Polish palatines, and the 
 great master of the Teutonic order, and filled 
 nine sacks with the right ears of the slain. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 64, p. 218. 
 
 5940. WAR, Uncertainties of. Rebellion. Jef^ 
 ferson Davis had himself declared, . . . when- 
 ever the war should open, the North and not the 
 South should be the field of battle. ... L. P. 
 Walker, the rebel secretary of war, had said . . . 
 he would prophesy that the flag which now 
 flaunts the breeze here would float over the 
 dome of the old Capitol at Washington before 
 the first of May, and that it might float event- 
 ually over Faneuil Hall itself. — Raymond's 
 Lincoln, ch. 6, p. 178. 
 
 5941. . American Bevolution. Three 
 
 daj's after his victory [at Trenton] Washington 
 again crossed the Delaware, and took post at 
 Trenton. . . . The British fell back from their 
 outposts on the Delaware, and concentrated in 
 great force at Princeton. Cornwallis took com- 
 mand in person, and resolved to attack and over- 
 whelm Washington at Trenton. So closed the 
 year. Ten days previously Howe only waitea 
 for the freezing up of the Delaware before taking 
 up his quarters in Philadelphia. Now it was a 
 question whether he would be able to hold a 
 single town in New Jersey. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 39, p. 316. 
 
 5942. WAR unhindered. King Philip's War. 
 The Indians were not idle. " We will fight," 
 said they, "these twenty years; you have 
 houses, barns, and corn ; we have now nothing 
 to lose." — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 2, ch. 12. 
 
 5943. WAR, Waste of. Devastation. The 
 Emperor Charles [V.], whose recent triumphs 
 had inspired him with unbounded self-confi- 
 dence, expressed the utmost disdain for the mili- 
 tary resources and tactics of his adversary, and, 
 vowing that he would bring the [Francis I.] 
 King of France as low as the poorest gentleman 
 in his dominions, he crossed the Var and invaded 
 Provence, at the head of 50,000 men, on the 
 25th of July. The French army, led by the 
 Constable Montmorency, took post at Avig- 
 non, which commands both the Rhone and the 
 Durance. The population was ordered to retire 
 into the fortified towns ; property and provi- 
 sions of all kinds were hastily withdrawn, and 
 the entire district in the route of the advancing 
 enemy was then mercilessly laid waste by the 
 French themselves, so that Provence presented 
 in the course of a few days the most deplorable 
 spectacle of desolation. Flourishing towns — 
 Grasse, Digne, Draguignan, Antibes, Toulon — 
 were set on fire and reduced to ashes ; the in- 
 habitants fled to the mountains, where thousands 
 perished from exposure, privation, and hunger. 
 The march of the invaders was unopposed ; but 
 it became every day more and more difficult to 
 subsist the troops, and on reaching Aix, the cap- 
 ital, where he had intended to take triumphant 
 possession of the kingdom of Provence, Charles 
 found it, to his great dismay, totally depopulated 
 and abandoned ; everything had been removed 
 or destroyed that could be of the slightest use or 
 value to a conqueror. Famine, and its never- 
 failing consequence, contagious disease, soon 
 made fearful havoc in the imperial ranks. It 
 was attempted to besiege Aries and Marseilles ; 
 but in each case the assailants were beaten off 
 
WAR— WATCHJVIEN. 
 
 707 
 
 with severe loss ; and the emperor, hearing at 
 this moment of th3 arrival of Francis on his in- 
 trenched camp before Avignon, and apprehend- 
 : ing an attack with overwhelming numbers, re- 
 I luctantly gave orders to commence a retreat — 
 Students' France. 
 
 5944. WAE, Wealth by. Peter Cooper. The 
 war, however, was the beginning of his fortune. 
 The supply of foreign merchandise being cut oflf, 
 
 , a great impulse was given to manufactures. 
 Cloth, for example, rose to such an extravagant 
 ; price that cloth factories sprang up everywhere, 
 fand there was a sudden demand for every de- 
 [scription of cloth-making machinery. Peter 
 ! Cooper, who possessed a fine genius for inven- 
 ftion, invented a machine for shearing the nap 
 [from the surface of cloth. It answered its pur- 
 fpose well, and he sold it without delay to good 
 advantage. Then he made another ; and as 
 often as he had one done, he would go to some 
 cloth mill, explain its merits, and sell it. He 
 soon had a thriving shop, where he employed 
 several men, and he sold his machines faster 
 than he could make them. — Cyclopedia of 
 BiOG., p. 572. 
 
 5945. WAR, Wounds in. Philip of Macedon. 
 No warrior was ever bolder or more intrepid in 
 fight. Demosthenes, who cannot be suspected 
 of flattering him, gives a glorious testimony of 
 him on this head ; for which reason I will cite 
 his own words. " I saw," says this orator, 
 "this very Philip, with whom we disputed for 
 sovereignty and empire — I saw him, though cov- 
 ered with wounds, his eyes struck out, his collar- 
 bone broken, maimed both in his hands and feet, 
 still resolutely rush into the midst of dangers, and 
 ready to deliver up to fortune any other part of 
 his body she might desire, provided he might 
 live honorably and gloriously with the rest of it. " 
 — Rolun's Hist. , Book 14, § 8. 
 
 5946. WARFARE, Unequal. Ainerican Bev- 
 olution. During the siimmer [1776] Washing- 
 ton's forces were augmented to about 27,000 
 men ; but the terms of enlistment were constant- 
 ly expiring ; sickness prevailed in the camp ; and 
 the eflfective force was but little more than half 
 as great as the aggregate. On the other hand, 
 Great Britain was making the vastest prepara- 
 tions. By a treaty with some of the petty Ger- 
 man States, 17,000 Hessian mercenaries were 
 hired to fight against America. George III. was 
 going to quell his revolted provinces by turning 
 loose upon them a brutal foreign soldiery ; 25,000 
 additional English troops were levied ; an im- 
 mense squadron was fitted out to aid in the re- 
 duction of the colonies, and |1, 000,000 were 
 voted for the extraordinary expenses of the war 
 department. By these measures the Americans 
 were greatly exasperated. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 39, p. 308. 
 
 5947. WARNING of Danger. RicTiard I. 
 [Richard the Lion.] The firmness of Hubert 
 Walter had secured order in England, but over 
 sea Richard found himself face to face with 
 dangers which he was too clear-sighted to un- 
 dervalue. Destitute of his father's administra- 
 tive genius, less ingenious in his political con- 
 ceptions than John, Richard was far from being 
 a mere soldier. A love of adventure, a pride in 
 sheer physical strength, here and there a roman- 
 tic generosity jostled roughly with the craft, the 
 
 unscrupulousness, the violence of his race ; but 
 he was at heart a statesman, cool and patient in 
 the execution of his plans as he was bold in their 
 conception. "The devil is loose ; take care of 
 yourself," Philip had written to John at the news 
 of Richard's release. — Hist, of Eng. People, 
 § 151. 
 
 594§. WARNINGS, Effective. Ccesars. It was 
 now eleven in the forenoon. Caesar shook oflf 
 his uneasiness, and rose to go. As he crossed the 
 hall, his statue fell, and shivered on the stones. 
 Some servants, perhaps, had heard whispers, 
 and wished to warn him. As he still passed on, 
 a stranger thrust a scroll into his hand, and 
 begged him to read it on the spot. It contained 
 a list of the conspirators, with a clear account of 
 the plot. He supposed it to be a petition, and 
 placed it carelessly among his other papers. The 
 fate of the empire hung upon a thread, but the 
 thread was not broken. As Caesar had lived to 
 reconstruct the Roman world, so his death was 
 necessary to finish the work. [He was assassi- 
 nated.] — Froude's C^sar, ch. 27. 
 
 5949. WARS, Occasion of. Religion and Com- 
 merce, a.d. 1713. The treaty of peace at Utrecht 
 scattered the seeds of war broadcast throughout 
 the globe. . . . Instead of establishing equal jus- 
 tice, England sought commercial advantages ; 
 . . . for about two centuries the wars of religion 
 had prevailed. The wars for commercial advan- 
 tages were now prepared. The interests of com- 
 merce, under the narrow point of view of privi- 
 lege and of profit, regulated diplomacy, swayed 
 legislation, and marshalled revolutions. [See 
 No. 4097.]— Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 21. 
 
 5950. WATCHFULNESS, Safety by. Tennessee 
 Wilderness. Never has a settlement been so in- 
 fested with hostile Indians as this. When Ra- 
 chel Donelson [afterward the beloved wife of 
 General Jackson], with her sisters and young 
 friends, went blackberrying, a guard of young 
 men, with their rifles loaded and cocked, stood 
 guard over the surrounding thickets while the 
 girls picked the fruit. It was not safe for a man 
 to stoop over a spring to drink unless some one 
 else was on the watch with his rifle in his arms ; 
 and when half a dozen men stood together, in 
 conversation, they turned their backs to each 
 other, all facing different ways, to watch for a 
 lurking savage. So the Donelsons lived for 
 eight years, and gathered about them more ne- 
 groes, more cattle, and more horses than any 
 other household in the settlement.— Cyclopedia 
 of Biog., p. 534. 
 
 5951 . WATCHMEN, Mistaken. American Rev- 
 olution. Marching by way of Charlestown Neck, 
 the provincials came, about eleven o'clock, to the 
 eminence which they were instructed to fortify. 
 Prescott and his engineer, Gridley, not liking the 
 position of Bunker Hill, proceeded down the 
 peninsular seven hundred yards to another height, 
 afterward called Breed's Hill. The latter was 
 within easy cannon range of Boston. On this 
 summit a redoubt eight rods square was planned 
 by the engineer, and there, from midnight to 
 day-dawn, the men worked in silence. The Brit- 
 ish ships in the harbor were so near that the 
 Americans could hear the sentinels on deck re- 
 peating the night call, ' ' All is well. " The works 
 were not yet completed when morning revealed 
 
708 
 
 WATER— WEAKNESS. 
 
 the new-made redoubt to the astonished British 
 of Boston.— Ridpath's U. S., eh. 38, p. 300. 
 
 5952. WATEE, Need of. Kingdom. The 
 most distinguished of his [Lycurgus'] ancestors 
 was Sous, under whom the Lacedaemonians made 
 the Helotes their slaves, and gained an extensive 
 tract of land from the Arcadians. Of this Sous 
 it is related that, being besieged by the Clito- 
 rians in a difficult post where there was no water, 
 he agreed to give up all his conquests, provided 
 that himself and all his army should drink of 
 the neighboring spring. When these conditions 
 were sworn to, he assembled his forces, and of- 
 fered his kingdom to the man that would for- 
 bear drinking ; not one of them, however, would 
 deny himself. — Plutarch's Lycurgus. 
 
 5953. WATEH, Overflow of. Alban Lake. Of 
 the many springs, brooks, and lakes which Italy 
 abounds with, some were dried up, and others 
 but feebly resisted the drought ; the rivers always 
 low in the summer, then ran with a very slender 
 stream. But the Alban Lake, which has its source 
 within itself, and discharges no part of its water, 
 being quite surrounded with mountains, without 
 any cause, unless it was a supernatural one, be- 
 gan to rise and swell in a most remarkable man- 
 ner, increasing until it reached the sides, and at 
 last the very tops of the hills, all which hap- 
 pened without any agitation of its waters. For 
 a while it was the wonder of the shepherds and 
 herdsmen ; but when the earth, which, like a 
 mole, kept it from overflowing the country be- 
 low, was broken down with the quantity and 
 weight of water then descending like a torrent 
 through the ploughed fields and other cultivated 
 grounds to the sea, it not only astonished the 
 Romans, but was thought by all Italy to portend 
 some extraordinary event. [The oracles declar- 
 ed] that the city could never be taken until 
 the waters of the Alban Lake, which had now 
 forsaken their bed, and found new passages, 
 were turned back, or so diverted as to prevent 
 their mixing with the sea. — Plutarch's Ca- 
 
 MILLUS. 
 
 5954. WATEEING-PLACES, Rustic. Reign 
 of Charles II. When the court, soon after the 
 Restoration, visited Tunbridge Wells, there was 
 no town there ; but within a mile of the spring 
 rustic cottages, somewhat cleaner and neater 
 than the ordinary cottages of that time, were 
 scattered over the heath. Some of these cabins 
 were movable, and were carried on sledges from 
 one part of the common to another. To these 
 huts men of fashion, wearied with the din and 
 smoke of London, sometimes came in the sum- 
 mer to breathe fresh air, and to catch a glimpse 
 of rural life. During the season a kind of fair 
 was daily held near the fountain. The wives 
 and daughters of the Kentish farmers came from 
 the neighboring villages Avith cream, cherries, 
 wheat ears, and quails. To chaffer with them, 
 to flirt with them, to praise their straw hats and 
 tight heels, was a refreshing pastime to volup- 
 tuaries sick of the airs of actresses and maids of 
 honor. Milliners, toymen, and jewellers came 
 down from London, and opened a bazaar under 
 the trees. In one booth the politician might find 
 his coffee and the London Gazette; in another 
 were gamblers playing deep at basset ; and on 
 fine evenings the fiddlers were in attendance, 
 juid there were morris-dances on the elastic turf 
 
 of the bowling green. — Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 3, 
 p. 322. 
 
 5955. WATEEING-PLACES, Uninviting. Beign 
 of Charles II. [At Bath Springs the rooms were 
 small and] were uncarpeted, and were colored 
 brown with a wash made of soot and small beer, 
 in order to hide the dirt. Not a wainscot was 
 painted. Not a hearth or chimney-piece was of 
 marble. A slab of common freestone, and fire- 
 irons which had cost from three to four shillings, 
 were thought sufficient for any fireplace. The 
 best apartments were hung with coarse woollen 
 stuff, and were furnished with rush-bottomed 
 chairs. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 323. 
 
 5956. WEAK destroyed. Ancient Germans. 
 [The Heruli, who anciently inhabited the dark 
 forests of Germany and Poland,] were a fierce 
 people who disdained the use of armor, and who 
 condemned their widows and aged parents not 
 to survive the loss of their husbands or the de- 
 cay of their strength. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 39, 
 p. 16. 
 
 5957. WEAKNESS, Criminality of. Richard 
 Cromwell. [When Richard Cromwell succeeded 
 his father in the Protectorate of England, he did 
 not bring his father's endowments with him. 
 When the army began to evince a hostility tow- 
 ard Parliament the officers who were devoted 
 to him urged him to adopt some strong meas- 
 ure, and stand firm. But he shrank from the 
 responsibility, saying,] " I have never done any- 
 body any harm, and I never will ; I will not 
 have a drop of blood spilt for the preservation of 
 my greatness, which is a burden to me." — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 14, p. 220. 
 
 595§. WEAKNESS by Enlargement. Empire 
 of the Mohammedans. The third and most obvi- 
 ous cause of the decline and fall of the caliphs 
 was the weight and magnitude of the empire 
 itself. The caliph Almamon might proudly 
 assert that it was easier for him to rule the East 
 and the West than to manage a chess-board of 
 two feet square ; yet I suspect that in both those 
 games he was guilty of many fatal mistakes. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 52, p. 325. 
 
 5959. WEAKNESS of great Men. Demosthenes. 
 [At the battle of Cheronaea] Demosthenes, who 
 was a greater statesman than a warrior, and 
 more capable of giving wholesome counsel in 
 his harangues than of supporting them by an 
 intrepid courage, threw down his arms, and 
 fled with the rest. It is even said that in his 
 flight his robe being caught by a bramble, he 
 imagined that some of the enemy had laid hold 
 of him, and cried out, " Spare my life !" More 
 than 1000 Athenians were left upon the field of 
 battle, and above 2000 taken prisoners, among 
 whom was Demades, the orator. The loss was 
 as great on the Theban side. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 14, § 6. 
 
 5960. WEAKNESS, Moral. Milo t?ie Athlete. 
 [He was the champion wrestler of Greece.] An 
 author has judiciously observed that this sur- 
 prisingly robust champion, who prided himself 
 so much on his bodily strength, was the weakest 
 of men with regard to a passion which often 
 subdues and captivates the strongest ; a courte- 
 san having gained so great an ascendancy over 
 Milo that she tyrannized over him in the most 
 imperious manner, and made him obey what- 
 
WEALTH. 
 
 7og 
 
 ever commands she laid upon him. — Rollin's 
 Hist., Book 7, cli. 3, § 299. 
 
 5961 . WEALTH, Conservation of. Reign of 
 James II. [He desired to secure the religious 
 revolution of England by securing a Roman 
 Catholic succession to the throne.] To all men 
 not utterly blinded by passion, these difficulties 
 appeared insuperable. The most unscrupulous 
 slaves of power showed signs of uneasiness. 
 Dryden muttered that the king would only 
 make matters worse by trying to mend them, 
 and sighed for the golden days of the careless 
 and good-natured Charles. Even Jeffreys 
 wavered. As long as he was poor, he was per- 
 fectly ready to face obloquy and public hatred 
 for lucre. But he had now, by corruption and 
 extortion, accumulated great riches ; and he was 
 more anxious to secure them than to increase 
 them. His slackness drew on him a sharp rep- 
 rimand from the royal lips. In dread of being 
 deprived of the great seal, he promised whatever 
 was required of him ; but Barillon, in reporting 
 this circumstance to Louis, remarked that the 
 King of England could place little reliance on 
 any man who had anything to lose. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 291. 
 
 5962. WEALTH, Corrupting. Religion. The 
 story of Paul of Samosata, who filled the metro- 
 politan see of Antioch, while the East was in 
 the hands of de Onathus and Zenobia, may serve 
 to illustrate the condition and character of the 
 times. The wealth of that prelate was a suffi- 
 cient evidence of his guilt, since it was neither 
 derived from the inheritance of his fathers nor 
 acquired by the arts of honest industry. But 
 Paul considered the service of the Church as a 
 very lucrative profession. His ecclesiastical ju- 
 risdiction was venal and rapacious ; he extorted 
 frequent contributions from the most opulent of 
 the faithful, and converted to his own use a con- 
 siderable part of the public revenue. By his 
 pride and luxury the Christian religion was 
 rendered odious in the eyes of the Gentiles. His 
 council chamber and his throne, the splendor 
 with which he appeared in public, the suppliant 
 crowd who solicited his attention, the multitude 
 of letters and petitions to which he dictated his 
 answers, and the perpetual hurry of business in 
 which he was involved, were circumstances 
 much better suited to the state of a civil magis- 
 trate than to the humility of a primitive bishop. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 53. 
 
 5963. WEALTH by Corruption. Lord Claren- 
 don. [Lord Clarendon, chancellor for the cor- 
 rupt Charles II.,] returned from exile in the 
 deepest poverty. In seven years he had acquired 
 a sufficient fortune to build a mansion superior 
 to ducal palaces, and to furnish it with the most 
 costly objects of taste and luxury. It was called 
 " Dunkirk House" by the people, because they 
 saw what they believed to be evidence of foreign 
 bribery. — Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 17, p. 301. 
 
 5964. WEALTH, Cost of. Samuel Johnson. 
 Mrs. Thrale mentioned a gentleman who had ac- 
 quired a fortune of £4000 a year in trade, but 
 was absolutely miserable, because he could not 
 talk in company ; so miserable, that he was im- 
 pelled to lament his situation in the street to , 
 
 whom he hates, and who he knows despises him. 
 " I am a most unhappy man," said he. " I am 
 invited to conversations. I go to conversations ; 
 
 but, alas ! I have no conversation." Johnson : 
 ' ' Man commonly cannot be successful in differ- 
 ent ways. This gentleman has spent, in getting 
 £4000 a year, the time in which he might have 
 learned to talk ; and now he cannot talk." Mr. 
 Perkins made a shrewd and droll remark : " If 
 he had got his £4000 a year as a mountebank, he 
 might have learned to talk at the same time that 
 he was getting his fortune." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 455. 
 
 5965. . Samuel Johnson. The 
 
 conversation having turned on the prevailing 
 practice of going to the East Indies in quest of 
 wealth. Johnson : "A man had better have 
 £10,000 at the end of ten years passed in Eng- 
 land than £20,000 at the end of ten years passed 
 in India, because you must compute what you 
 give for money ; and a man who has lived ten 
 years in India has given up ten years of social 
 comfort, and all those advantages*which arise 
 from living in England." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 415. 
 
 5966. WEALTH, Dangerous. To Piety. John 
 Wesley remarked in early life that he had known 
 but four men who had not declined in religion 
 by becoming wealthy ; at a later period in life 
 he corrected the remark, and made no excep- 
 tion. — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 268. 
 
 5967. WEALTH, Despoiled of. By Cromwell. 
 The old Irish gentry were scattered over the 
 whole world. Descendants of Milesian chief- 
 tains swarmed in all the courts and camps of 
 the Continent. The despoiled proprietors who 
 still remained in their native land brooded 
 gloomily over their losses, pined for the opulence 
 and dignity of which they had been deprived, 
 and cherished wild hopes of another revolution. 
 A person of this class was described by his coun- 
 tryman as a gentleman who would be rich if 
 justice were done, as a gentleman who had 
 a fine estate if he could only get it. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 120. 
 
 596S. WEALTH destroyed. For Safety. 
 After the retreat [from Africa] of the Saracens, 
 the victorious prophetess [Cahina] assembled the 
 Moorish chiefs, and recommended a measure of 
 strange and savage policy. "Our cities," said 
 she, " and the gold and silver which they con- 
 tain, perpetually attract the arms of the Arabs. 
 These vile metals are not the objects of our am- 
 bition ; we content ourselves with the simple 
 productions of the earth. Let us destroy these 
 cities ; let us bury in their ruins those pernicious 
 treasures ; and when the avarice of our foes shall 
 be destitute of temptation, perhaps they will 
 cease to disturb the tranquillity of a warlike peo- 
 ple." The proposal was accepted with unani- 
 mous applause. From Tanker to Tripoli the 
 buildings, or at least the fortifications, were de- 
 molished, the fruit-trees were cut down, the 
 means of subsistence were extirpated, a fertile 
 and populous garden was changed into a desert, 
 and the historians of a more recent period could 
 discern the frequent traces of the prosperity 
 and devastation of their ancestors. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 51, p. 246. 
 
 5969. WEALTH, Enormous. Canta^uzerye. 
 [This grand chamberlain and adroit intriguer of 
 the Turkish empire became the possessor of 
 enormous wealth.] The register of his private 
 
710 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 wealth reminds us of the opulence of LucuUus 
 and of Crassus at Rome. The confiscation of his 
 treasures in silver, after his first exile, sutticed 
 to equip a fleet of sixty vessels. His granaries 
 contained the provisions of a capital, in barley 
 and wheat. Two thousand yoke of oxen tilled 
 his lands in Thrace ; two thousand five hundred 
 mares supplied with horses his stables ; three 
 hundred camels, five hundred mules, five hun- 
 dred asses, fifty thousand hogs, seventy thousand 
 sheep, filled his farmyards or covered his pas- 
 tures. — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 224. 
 
 5970. WEALTH, Failure of. Samuel Jolin- 
 son. Johnson and I set out in Dr. Taylor's 
 chaise to go to Derby. The day was fine, and 
 we resolved to go by Keddlestone, the seat of 
 Lord Scarsdale, that I might see his Lordship's 
 fine house. I was struck with the magnificence 
 of the building ; and the extensive park, with 
 the finest verdure, covered with deer and cattle 
 and sheep, delighted me. The number of old 
 oaks, of an immense size, filled me with a sort 
 of respectful admiration ; for one of them £60 
 was offered. The excellent smooth gravel roads ; 
 the large piece of water, formed by his Lordship 
 from some small brooks, with a handsome barge 
 upon it ; the venerable Gothic church, now the 
 family chapel, just by the house — in short, the 
 grand group of objects agitated and distended 
 my mind in a most agreeable manner. " One 
 should think," said I, " that the proprietor of all 
 this must be happy." "Nay, sir," said Johnson ; 
 "all this excludes but one evil — poverty." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 339. 
 
 5971. WEALTH by Flattery. Borne. A rich 
 childish old man was a domestic tyrant, and 
 his power increased with his years and infirmi- 
 ties. A servile crowd, in which he frequently 
 reckoned praetors and consuls, courted his 
 smiles, pampered his avarice, applauded his 
 follies, served his passions, and waited with im- 
 patience for his death. The arts of attendance 
 and flattery were formed into a most lucrative 
 science ; those who professed it acquired a pecul- 
 iar appellation ; and the whole city, according 
 to the lively descriptions of satire, was divided 
 between two parties — the hunters and their 
 game. [The flatterers hoped for legacies.] — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, p. 192. 
 
 5972. WEALTH, Genius for. Marcus Crassus. 
 He made himself useful to the Dictator by his 
 genius for finance, and in return he was enabled 
 to amass an enormous fortune for himself out 
 of the proscriptions. His eye for business 
 reached over the whole Roman Empire. He 
 was banker, speculator, contractor, merchant. 
 He lent money to the spendthrift young lords, 
 but with sound security and at usurious interest. 
 He had an army of slaves, but these slaves were 
 not ignorant field-hands ; they were skilled work- 
 men in all arts and trades, whose labors he 
 turned to profit in building streets and palaces. 
 Thus all that he touched turned to gold. He was 
 the wealthiest single individual in the whole 
 empire, the acknowledged head of the business 
 world of Rome. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 9, p. 16. 
 
 5973. WEALTH, Hopes of. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. A.D. 1860. [Mr. Lincoln visited New 
 York, where he met a former resident of Illi- 
 nois.] " Well, B., how have you fared since 
 you left Illinois ?" To which B. replied : "I 
 
 have made $100,000, and lost it all ; how is it 
 with you, Mr. Lincoln ?" " Oh, very well," said 
 Mr. Lincoln ; " I have the cottage at Spring 
 field, and about $8000 in money. If they 
 make me Vice-President with Seward, as some 
 say they will, I hope I shall be able to increase 
 it to $20,000, and that is as much as any man 
 ought to want." — Raymond's Lincoln, ch, 3, 
 p. 100. 
 
 5974. WEALTH, Immoderate. Bomans. The 
 historian Olympiodorus, who represents the 
 state of Rome when it was besieged by the 
 Goths, . . . observes that several of the richest 
 senators received from their estates an annual in- 
 come of four thousand pounds of gold above 
 one hundred and sixty thousand pounds ster- 
 ling, without computing the stated provision 
 of corn and wine, which, had they been sold, 
 might have equalled in value one third of the 
 money. Compared to this immoderate wealth, 
 an ordinary revenue of a thousand or fifteen 
 hundred pounds of gold might be considered as 
 no more than adequate to the dignity of the sen- 
 atorian rank, which required many expenses 
 of a public and ostentatious kind. [About a.d. 
 400].— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 249. 
 
 5975. WEALTH by Labor. Peter Cooper. 
 Now followed thirty years of steady hard work. 
 He learned how to make the best glue that ever 
 was made in the world, and it brought the high- 
 est price. For twenty years he had no book- 
 keeper, no clerk, no salesman, no agent. He 
 was up at the dawn of day. He lighted the 
 factory fires, so as to be ready for the men at 
 seven o'clock. He boiled his own glue. At 
 midday he drove into town in his wagon, called 
 upon his customers, and sold them glue and 
 isinglass. At home in the evening, posting his 
 books and reading to his family. Such was his 
 life for thirty years, his business producing him 
 thirty thousand dollars a year, a large portion 
 of which he saved, always thinking and often 
 talking of the institution which he hoped to 
 found. Glue is made from bullocks' feet, and 
 for many years he consumed in his glue facto- 
 ry all the feet which the city yielded, and saw 
 the price gradually rise from one cent to twelve 
 cents per foot. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 574. 
 
 5976. WEALTH, Perils of. Roman Emperor 
 Diocletian. One very remarkable edict which 
 he published, instead of being condemned as the 
 effect of jealous tyranny, deserves to be ap- 
 plauded as an act of prudence and humanity. 
 He caused a diligent inquiry to be made " for 
 all the ancient books which treated of the ad- 
 mirable art of making gold and silver, and with- 
 out pity committed them to the flames, apprehen- 
 sive, as we are assured, lest the opulence of the 
 Egyptians should inspire them with confidence 
 to rebel against the empire." ... It may be re- 
 marked that these ancients book, so liberally as- 
 cribed to Pythagoras, to Solomon, or to Hermes, 
 were the pious frauds of more recent adepts. 
 . . . The persecution of Diocletian is the first 
 authentic event in the history of alchemy. The 
 conquest of Egypt by the Arabs diffused that 
 vain science over the globe. Ungenial to the 
 avarice of the human heart, it was studied in 
 China, as in Europe, with equal eagerness and 
 with equal success. The darkness of the Middle 
 Ages insured a favorable reception to every tale 
 
WEALTH— WEAPONS. 
 
 711 
 
 of wonder, and the revival of learning gave new 
 vigor to hope, and suggested more specious arts 
 of deception. Philosoph}', with the aid of ex- 
 perience, has at length banished the study of 
 alchemy. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13, p. 418. 
 
 5977. WEALTH, Relative. New Yorkers. 
 A.D. 1678. The poor were relieved, and beggars 
 unknown. A thousand pounds was opulence ; 
 the possessor of half that sum was rich. — Ban- 
 croft's U. S., ch. 17. 
 
 597§. WEALTH repudiated. John Wesley. In 
 his " Appeal to Men of Reason," he said : " Hear 
 ye this, all who have discovered the treasures 
 which I am to leave behind me ; if I leave be- 
 hind me £10 (above my debts and my books, or 
 what may happen to be due on account of them), 
 you and all mankind bear witness against me that 
 I lived and died a thief and a robber. " The state 
 of his affairs at his death, nearly half a centu- 
 ry after, fully verified this pledge. — Stevens' 
 Methodism, vol. 1, p. 268. 
 
 5979. WEALTH, Eeputation for. Roman 
 Emperor Justinian. The riches of Justinian 
 were speedily exhausted by alms and buildings, 
 by ambitious wars and ignominious treatises. 
 His revenues were found inadequate to his ex- 
 penses. Every art was tried to extort from the 
 people the gold and silver which he scattered 
 with a lavish hand from Persia to France ; 
 his reign was marked by the vicissitudes, or 
 ratlier by the combat, of rapaciousness and av- 
 arice, of splendor and poverty ; he lived with 
 the reputation of hidden treasures, and bequeath- 
 ed to his successor the payment of his debts. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 60, p. 75. 
 
 59§0. WEALTH, Rural. John Cantacuzene. 
 [The Greek politician.] Under the reign of An- 
 dronicus the Younger the great domestic ruled 
 the emperor and the empire. . . . He does not 
 measure the size and number of his estates ; but 
 his granaries were heaped with an incredible 
 store of wheat and barley ; and the labor of a 
 thousand yokes of oxen might cultivate, accord- 
 ing to the practice of antiquity, about sixty-two 
 thousand five hundred acres of arable land. His 
 pastures were stocked with 2500 brood mares, 
 200 camels, 300 mules, 500 asses, 5000 horned 
 cattle, 50,000 hogs, and 70,000 sheep — a pre- 
 cious record of rural opulence. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 63, p. 183. 
 
 5981. WEALTH, Scheme of. Pope Bonifice 
 VIII. [In 1300] proclaimed a plenary absolution 
 to all Catholics who, in the course of that year, 
 and at every similar period, should respectfully 
 visit the apostolic churches of St. Peter and St. 
 Paul. The welcome sound was propagated 
 through Christendom ; and at first from the 
 nearest provinces of Italy, and at length from 
 the remote kingdoms of Hungary and Britain, 
 the highways were thronged with a swarm of 
 pilgrims who sought to expiate their sins in a 
 journey, however costly or laborious, which was 
 exempt from the perils of military service. All 
 exceptions of rank or sex, of age or infirmity, 
 were forgotten in the common transport ; and in 
 the streets and churches many persons were 
 trampled to death by the eagerness of devotion. 
 The calculation of their numbers could not be 
 easy or accurate ; and they have probably been 
 magnified by a dexterous clergy, well apprised 
 
 of the contagion of example ; yet we are assured 
 by a judicious historian who assisted at the cere- 
 mony that Rome was never replenished with 
 less than two hundred thousand strangers ; and 
 another spectator has fixed at two millions the 
 total concourse of the year. A trifling oblation 
 from each individual would accumulate a royal 
 treasure ; and two priests stood night and day, 
 with rakes in their hands, to collect, without 
 counting, the heaps of gold and silver that were 
 poured on the altar of St. Paul. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 69, p. 457. 
 
 59§2. "WEALTH well secured. Stilpon. Th« 
 city of Megara being taken, the soldiers demand- 
 ed leave to plunder the inhabitants ; but the 
 Athenians interceded for them so effectually that 
 the city was saved. Demetrius drove out the 
 garrison of Cassander, and reinstated Megara iu 
 its liberties. Stilpon, a celebrated philosopher, 
 lived in that city, and was sent for by Demetrius, 
 who asked him if he had not lost something. 
 " Nothing at all," replied Stilpon, " for I carry 
 all my effects about me ;" meaning by that ex- 
 pression his justice, probity, temperance, and 
 wisdom ; with the advantage of not ranking 
 anything in the class of blessings that could be 
 taken from him. What could all the kings of 
 the earth do in conjunction against such a man 
 as this, who neither desires nor dreads any- 
 thing. — Rollin's Hist., Book 16, § 7. 
 
 59§3. WEALTH, Slavery to. Spaniards. 
 Spain, by a very singular fatality, was the 
 Peru and Mexico of the old world. The dis- 
 covery of the rich western continent by the 
 Phoenicians, and the oppression of the sim- 
 ple natives, who were compelled to labor in 
 their own mines for the benefit of strangers, 
 form an exact type of the more recent history 
 of Spanish America. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 6, 
 p. 183. 
 
 5984. WEALTH, Wise Use of. Peter Cooper. 
 We cite the authority of the Electrical Remew, 
 which, in paying its tribute to Mr. Cooper, says : 
 " It is not for us to dwell upon the spirit of phi- 
 lanthropy and catholicity of the man, to whom 
 it gives the first honors among the Fathers of 
 the Atlantic cable. That great work was plan- 
 ned and accomplished by Peter Cooper. To 
 him, more than to any of his associates, is due 
 the successful laying of the Atlantic cable: — 
 Lester's Life of Peter Cooper, p. 24. 
 
 5985. WEALTH, Visionary. Be Soto in Flor- 
 ida. In Cuba, . . . two Indians brought as cap- 
 tives to Havana invented such falsehoods as 
 they perceived would be acceptable. They 
 conversed by signs, and their signs were inter- 
 preted as affirming that Florida abounded in 
 gold. The news spread great contentment ; De 
 Soto and his troops were restless with longing for 
 the hour to arrive of their departure to the con- 
 quest of "the richest country which had yet 
 been discovered." — Bancroft's Hist, op U. S., 
 vol. 1, ch. 2. 
 
 59§6. WEAPONS, Needless. TU Rebellion. 
 When . . . the Confederate troops first turned 
 out, they were in the habit of wearing numerous 
 revolvers and bowie-knives. General Lee is said 
 to have mildly remarked : " Gentlemen, I think 
 you will find an Enfield rifie, a bayonet, and 
 sixty rounds of ammunition as much as you can 
 
712 
 
 WEDDING— WIDOWHOOD. 
 
 conveniently carry in the way of arms." They 
 laughed, and thought they knew better ; but the 
 gix-shooters and bowie-knives gradually disap- 
 peared. — Pollard's Second Year of the 
 War, p. 329. 
 
 59§7. WEDDING, A brilUant. Oriental. Ti- 
 mour wished to dazzle as much as to conquer. 
 He knew that the sword, to subjugate the men 
 of the East, should glitter and strike at the same 
 time. The marriage of one of his sons, still a 
 child, to the daughter of one of the sovereigns of 
 the frontier of Persia permitted him to display 
 in the marriage festivities all the riches that the 
 spoils of Hindostan had accumulated in his 
 tents. A throne of gold, crowns of diamonds, 
 horns full of precious stones spilled like water 
 under the feet of the young couple, avenues of 
 censers that perfumed with musk and ambergris; 
 the earth carpeted for miles around, the dome 
 Oi the nuptial tent, formed by a firmament of 
 lapis-lazuli, wherein incrusted diamonds repre- 
 sented the stars and constellations ; the curtains 
 of the tent of woven gold, the pineapple which 
 surmounted it at the centre, outside, was chis- 
 elled in a block of fine amber. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 308. 
 
 59§§. WEDDING, Present for a. Slaves. 
 Among the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks ab- 
 solute power of life and death was exercised by 
 the lords ; and when they married their daugh- 
 ters a train of useful servants, chained on the 
 wagons to prevent their escape, was sent as a 
 nuptial present into a distant country. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 38, p. 603. 
 
 59§9. WEDLOCK, Golden. Spartans. Lysan- 
 der's poverty having been discovered after his 
 death did great honor to his memory ; when it 
 was known that of all the gold and riches which 
 had passed through his hands, of a power so ex- 
 tensive as his had been, of so many cities under 
 his government, and which made their court to 
 him — in a word, of that kind of dominion and 
 sovereignty always exercised by him, he had 
 made no manner of advantage for the advance- 
 ment and enriching of his house. Some days 
 before his death two of the principal citizens of 
 Sparta had contracted themselves to his two 
 daughters ; but when they knew in what condi- 
 tion he had left his affairs, they refused to marry 
 them. The republic did not suffer so sordid a 
 baseness to go unpunished, nor permit Lysan- 
 der's poverty, which was the strongest proof 
 of his justice and virtue, to be treated as an ob- 
 stacle to an alliance into his family. They were 
 fined in a great sum, publicly disgraced, and 
 exposed to the contempt of all persons of honor. 
 For at Sparta there were penalties established, 
 not only for such as refused to marry, or mar- 
 ried too late, but also for those who married 
 amiss ; and those especially were reckoned of 
 this number who, instead of forming alliances 
 with virtuous families and with their own rela- 
 tions, had no motive but wealth and lucre in 
 marriage. — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, ch. 3, §4. 
 
 5990. WELCOME, A gratefal. Wife of James 
 U. [The king and queen of England were fugi- 
 tives and self -exiled.] Mary was on the road 
 toward the French court when news came that 
 her husband had, after a rough voyage, landed 
 safe at the little village of Ambleteuse. Persons 
 of high rank were instantly despatched from Ver- 
 
 sailles to greet and escort him. Meanwhile Louis, 
 attended by his family and his nobility, went 
 forth in state to receive the exiled queen. Before 
 his gorgeous coach went the Swiss halberdiers. 
 On each side of it and behind it rode the body- 
 guards, with cymbals clashing and trumpets 
 pealing. After him, in a hundred carriages, each 
 drawn by six horses, came the most splendid 
 aristocracy of Europe, all feathers, ribbons, jew- 
 els, and embroidery. Before the procession had 
 gone far it was announced that Mary was ap- 
 proaching. Louis alighted and advanced on foot 
 to meet her. She broke forth into passionate 
 expressions of gratitude. "Madam," said her 
 host, "it is but a melancholy service that I am 
 rendering you to-day. I hope that I may be able 
 hereafter to render you services greater and more 
 pleasing." He embraced the little Prince of 
 Wales, and made the queen seat herself in the 
 royal state-coach on the right hand. The cav- 
 alcade then turned toward Saint Germain's. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 554. i 
 
 5991. WELCOME, PubUc. To Cromwell. [Af- \ 
 ter the subjugation of Ireland he returned to- 
 London.] On Hounslow Heath he was met by 
 General Fairfax, many members of Parliament, 
 and officers of the army, and multitudes of the 
 common people. Coming to Hyde Park, he was 
 received by the Lord Mayor and Corporation of 
 the city of London ; the great guns were fired 
 off, and Colonel Barkstead's regiment, which 
 was drawn up for that purpose, gave him sev- 
 eral volleys with their small arms. Thus in a 
 triumphant manner he entered London, amid a 
 crowd of attendants, and was received with the 
 highest acclamations. And after resuming his 
 place in Parliament, the Speaker, in an eloquent 
 speech, returned him the thanks of the House 
 for his great and faithful services in Ireland ; 
 after which the lord-lieutenant gave them a 
 particular account of the state and condition of 
 that kingdom. It was while he rode thus in state- 
 through London that Oliver replied to some 
 sycophantic person who had observed, "What 
 
 a crowd comes out to see your Lordship's tri- 
 umph !" "Yes ; but if it were to see me hang- 
 ed, how many more would there be !" Here is. 
 a clear-headed, practical man. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 11, p. 145. 
 
 5992. WIDOWHOOD, Consolation of. Isaac- 
 Newton. [He was an unsuccessful lover in early 
 life.] He appeared to have thought no more of 
 love or marriage till he was sixty. Rich and fa- 
 mous then, he aspired to the hand of Lady Nor- 
 ris, the widow of a baronet, and he wrote her a 
 quaint and curious love-letter. He began by re- 
 monstrating with her upon her excessive grief 
 for the loss of her husband, telling her that "to 
 be always thinking on the dead is to live a mel- 
 ancholy life among sepulchres." He asks her if 
 she can resolve to spend the rest of her days in 
 grief and sickness, and wear forever a widow's 
 weeds, a costume ' ' less acceptable to company," 
 and keeping her always in mind of her loss. 
 
 ' ' The proper remedy for all these griefs and mis- 
 chiefs," he adds, " is a new husband," whose 
 estate, added to her own, would enable her to live 
 more at ease. He says in conclusion : "I doubt 
 not but in a. little time to have notice of your 
 ladyship's inclinations to marry ; at least thai 
 you will give me leave to discourse with yo" 
 
 1 
 
WIFE. 
 
 713 
 
 about it." The lady's answer has not been pre- 
 served ; but as the marriage never took place, 
 we may presume that the great Sir Isaac New- 
 ton had to figure in the character of a rejected 
 lover. — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 254. 
 
 5993. WIFE abandoned. Poet Shelley. That 
 Shelley, early in 1814, had no intention of leaving 
 his wife is probable ; for he was re-married to 
 her on the 24th of March. . . . Harriet was 
 pregnant, and this ratification of the Scotch mar- 
 riage was no doubt intended to place the legiti- 
 macy of a possible heir beyond all question. Yet 
 ... in the very month after this new ceremony 
 Shelley found the diflSculties of his wedded life 
 insuperable. . . . About the middle of June 
 the separation actually occurred — not by mutual 
 consent, . . . but by Shelley's sudden abandon- 
 ment of his wife and child. For a short while 
 Harriet was left in ignorance of his abode, and 
 with a very insufficient sum of money at her 
 disposal. — Symonds' Shelley, ch. 4. 
 
 5994. WlJFE, Authority of. Lady Fairfax. On 
 the 29th of June, within a single month of his 
 arrival at home [from subduing the Irish rebels] , 
 he set forth on his great military expedition to 
 Scotland. The Parliament had wished Lord 
 Fairfax to take command and set things right 
 there ; but although Fairfax was an Indepen- 
 dent, his wife was a Presbyterian, and she would 
 not allow her husband to go. We believe that 
 it was very well that it was so. — Hood's Crom- 
 well, ch. 11, p. 145. 
 
 5995. WIFE by bequest. Athens. It was a 
 very singular law of the Athenians, which per- 
 mitted a man to bequeath his wife, like any other 
 part of his estate, to any one whom he chose for 
 his successor. The mother of Demosthenes was 
 left by will to Aphobus, with a fortune of eighty 
 mincB. The form of such a bequest has been 
 preserved, and runs thus : " This is the last will 
 of Pasio the Acharnean. I bequeath my wife, 
 Archippe, to Phormio, with a fortune of one tal- 
 3nt in Peparrhetus, one talent in Attica, a house 
 worth a hundred minse, together with the female 
 slaves, the ornaments of gold, and whatever else 
 may be in it." — Tytler's Hist., Book 1, ch. 10, 
 p. 104. 
 
 5996. WIFE, Counsels of a. Theodora. The 
 prudence of [his wife] Theodora is celebrated by 
 [the Roman emperor] Justinian himself ; and his 
 laws are attributed to the sage counsels of his 
 most reverend wife, whom he had received as the 
 gift of the Deity. Her courage was displayed 
 amid the tumult of the people and the terrors of 
 the court. Her chastity, from the moment of her 
 union with Justinian, is founded on the silence 
 of her implacable enemies ; and although the 
 daughter of Acacius might be satiated with 
 love, yet some applause is due to the firmness of 
 a mind which could sacrifice pleasure and habit 
 to the stronger sense either of duty or interest. 
 —Gibbon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 55. 
 
 5997. WIFE, An energetic. Margaret of An- 
 jou. Henry [VI.] was dragged to the battle of 
 St. Alban's, where the party of York gained a 
 complete victory. The king was wounded and 
 taken prisoner, but treated by the victor with 
 great respect and tenderness. He was soon af- 
 ter led in triumph to London ; and the Duke of 
 York, permitting him still to enjoy the title of 
 
 king, assumed to himself that of protector, 
 under which he exercised all the real powers 
 of the sovereign. Margaret of Anjou, whose 
 courage rose from her misfortunes, prepared to 
 avenge the cause of her husband, and to sup- 
 port the regal authority. With the assistance 
 of those nobles who were devoted to the house 
 of Lancaster, she raised a considerable army, 
 and met the troops of York on the borders of 
 Staffordshire. A desertion from that party in- 
 creased so much the strength of the royal army, 
 that their opponents instantly dispersed, and 
 the duke fled into Ireland, while his cause was 
 secretly maintained in England by Guy, Earl of 
 Warwick, a man of great abilities and of the 
 most undaunted fortitude. By degrees the ac- 
 tivity of this nobleman collected an army sufli- 
 cient to take the field. Margaret of Anjou had 
 ranged her army at Northampton, determined 
 to fight herself at the head of her troops, while 
 the despicable king remained in his tent, await- 
 ing in great perturbation the issue of the en- 
 gagement. The royal army was overthrown, 
 and Henry once more made a prisoner, and 
 brought back to London. Margaret fled with 
 precipitation to Wales, and, her manly spirit 
 never deserting her, employed herself in levying 
 a new army for the rescue of her husband and 
 the re-establishment of his authority.— Tyt- 
 ler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 14, p. 224. 
 
 599S. WIFE, A generous. Of William, 
 Prince of Orange. All the peculiarities of his 
 character fitted him [Bishop Burnet] to be 
 the peace-maker between William and Mary. 
 Where persons who ought to esteem and love 
 each other are kept asunder, as often happens, 
 by some cause which three words of frank ex- 
 planation would remove, they are fortunate if 
 they possess an indiscreet friend who blurts out 
 the whole truth. Burnet plainly told the prin- 
 cess what the feeling was which preyed upon her 
 husband's mind. She learned for the first time, 
 with no small astonishment, that when she be- 
 came Queen of England William would not 
 share her throne. She warmly declared that 
 there was no proof of conjugal submission and 
 affection which she was not ready to give. Bur- 
 net, with many apologies, and with solemn 
 protestations that no human being had put words 
 into his mouth, informed her that the remedy 
 was in her own hands. She might easily, when 
 the crown devolved on her, induce her Parlia- 
 ment not only to give the regal title to her hus- 
 band, but even to transfer to him by a legisla- 
 tive act the administration of the government. 
 " But," he added, " your Royal Highness ought 
 to consider well before you announce any such 
 resolution ; for it is a resolution which, having 
 once been announced, cannot safely or easily be 
 retracted." " I want no time for consideration," 
 answered Mary. " It is enough that I have an 
 opportunity of showing my regard for the 
 prince. Tell him what I say, and bring him 
 to me, that he may hear it from my own lips." 
 Burnet went in quest of William, but William 
 was many miles off after a stag. It was not til) 
 the next day that the decisive interview took 
 place. " I did not know till yesterday," said 
 Mary, " that there was such a difference be- 
 tween the laws of England and the laws of 
 God. But I now promise you that you shall al- 
 
714 
 
 WIFE. 
 
 ways bear rule ; and, in return, I ask only this, 
 that, as I shall observe the precept which enjoins 
 wives to obey their husbands, you will observe 
 that which enjoins husbands to love their wives." 
 Her generous affection completely gained the 
 heart of William. From that time till the sad 
 day when he was carried away in fits from her 
 dying-bed there was entire friendship and 
 confidence between them. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 oh. 7, p. 166. 
 
 5999. WIFE honored. Mrs. Jackson. A few 
 weeks after the battle of New Orleans, when her 
 husband was in the first flush of his triumph, 
 this plain planter's wife floated down the Missis- 
 sippi to New Orleans to visit her husband and 
 to accompany him home. She had never seen 
 a city before, for Nashville at that day was lit- 
 tle more than a village. The elegant ladies of 
 New Orleans were exceedingly pleased to ob- 
 serve that General Jackson, though he was him- 
 self one of the most graceful and polite of gentle- 
 men, seemed totally unconscious of the homely 
 bearing, the country manners, and awkward 
 dress of his wife. In all companies and on all 
 occasions he showed her every possible mark of 
 respect. The ladies gathered about her and 
 presented her with all sorts of showy knick- 
 knacks and jewelry, and one of them undertook 
 the task of selecting suitable clothes for her. 
 She frankly confessed that she knew nothing 
 about such things, and was willing to wear any- 
 thing that the ladies thought proper. Much as 
 she enjojed her visit, I am sure she was glad 
 enough to return to her old home on the banks 
 of the Cumberland and resume her oversight of 
 the dairy and the plantation. — Cyclopkdia of 
 Bigg., p. 537. 
 
 6000. "WIFE, A rebellious. John Milton's. The 
 girl herself conceived an equal repugnance to 
 the husband she had thoughtlessly accepted, 
 probably on the strength of his good looks, 
 which was all of Milton that she was capable of 
 appreciating. [Milton permitted her to visit her 
 mother one month after marriage.] Mary Mil- 
 ton went to Forest Hill in July, but on the un- 
 derstanding that she was to come back at Mi- 
 chaelmas. When the appointed time came she 
 did not appear. Milton wrote for her to come. 
 No answer. Several other letters met the same 
 fate. At last he despatched a foot-messenger to 
 Forest Hill, desiring her return. The messenger 
 came back only to report that he had been " dis- 
 missed with some sort of contempt." It was evi- 
 dent that Mary Milton's family had espoused her 
 cause as against her husband. — Milton, by 
 M. Pattison, ch. 5. 
 
 6001. WIFE remembered. Washington. Forty 
 years a husband, . . . froih the time of his mar- 
 riage until he ceased to live ... he wore sus- 
 pended from his neck by a gold chain the min- 
 iature portrait of his wife. — Custis' Washing- 
 ton, vol. 1, ch. 3. 
 
 6002. . Mrs. Samuel Johnson. [He 
 
 was a man of impetuous temper.] After her 
 death [he was] tenderly disposed to charge him- 
 self with slight omissions and offences, the sense 
 of which would give him much uneasiness. Ac- 
 cordingly we find, about a year after her decease, 
 that he thus addressed the Supreme Being : " O 
 Lord, who givest the grace of repentance, and 
 Nearest the prayer of the penitent, grant that by 
 
 true contrition I may obtain forgiveness of all the 
 sins committed, and of all duties neglected, in 
 my union with the wife whom thou hast taken 
 from me ; for the neglect of joint devotion, pa- 
 tient exhortation, and mild instruction." — Bos- 
 well's Johnson, p. 62. 
 
 6003. WIFE, A true. Mary. [The two 
 houses of Parliament were assembled in conven- 
 tion to determine the best method of filling the 
 vacant throne of James II. Mary, wife of the 
 Prince of Orange, was his daughter. Her private 
 chaplain. Bishop] Burnet, thought that the im- 
 portance of the crisis justified him in publishing 
 the great secret which the princess had confided 
 to him. He knew, he said, from her own lips 
 that it had long been her full determination, 
 even if she came to the throne in the regular 
 course of descent, to surrender her power, with 
 the sanction of Parliament, into the hands of her 
 husband. Danby received from her an earnest 
 and almost angry reprimand. She was, she 
 wrote, the prince's wife ; she had no other wish 
 than to be subject to him ; the most cruel injury 
 that could be done to her would be to set her up 
 as his competitor ; and she never could regard 
 any person who took such a course as her true 
 friend. — Macatjlay's Eng., ch. 10, p. 595. 
 
 6004. WIFE, An unhappy. Jane Seymour. 
 The Parliament, with the meanest submission to 
 the will of the tyrant [Henry VIII.], passed sen- 
 tence of death, and Anne Bullen was removed 
 from the throne to the scaffold. She left by 
 Henry a daughter, Elizabeth, afterward queen 
 of England. Henry was next day publicly mar- 
 ried to Jane Seymour, who, happily for herself, 
 died about a year afterward. — Tytlek's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 20, p. 302. 
 
 6005. WIFE and Vixen. Mrs. John Fitch. 
 He incurred the greatest calamity known to hu- 
 man nature. He married a vixen. The woman, 
 who was much older than himself, made his life 
 one horrid broil. He was one of the mildest, 
 kindest, most patient of men ; but after endur- 
 ing some months of this degrading anguish, after 
 frequently warning his wife that if she did not 
 restrain her temper he would leave her, he at 
 last abandoned his home, his property, his wife, 
 his infant son, and his unborn daughter. It was 
 a terrible hour to him. His wife, who had 
 always laughed at his threats, followed him a 
 mile, crying and humbly begging him to try her 
 once more. " But," he says, "my judgment 
 informed me that it was my duty to go, notwith- 
 standing the struggles of nature I had to contend 
 with." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 149. 
 
 6006. WIFE, A Warrior's. Oaita. Gaita, the 
 wife of Robert [Guiscard], is painted by the 
 Greeks as a warlike Amazon, a second Pallas ; 
 less skilful in arts, but not less terrible in arms, 
 than the Athenian goddess ; though wounded by 
 an arrow, she stood her ground, and strove, by 
 her exhortation and example, to rally the flying 
 troops. Her female voice was seconded by the 
 more powerful voice and arm of [her husband] 
 the Norman duke, as calm in action as he was 
 magnanimous in counsel. " Whither," he cried 
 aloud — " whither do ye fly ? Your enemy is im- 
 placable ; and death is less giievous than servi- 
 tude." The moment was decisive ; as the Va- 
 rangians advanced before the line they discoveied 
 
WIFE— WINE. 
 
 715 
 
 le nakedness of their flanks ; the main battle of 
 
 le duke, of 800 knights, stood firm and entire ; 
 
 ley couched their lances, and the Greeks de- 
 
 "^plore the furious and irresistible shock of the 
 
 French cavalry. [They won the battle of Du- 
 
 razzo.] — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 56, p. 473. 
 
 6007. "WIFE, A winning. Of William, Prince 
 of Orange. For a time William was a negligent 
 husband. He was, indeed, drawn away from 
 his wife by other women, particularly by one of 
 her ladies, Elizabeth Villiers, who, though des- 
 titute of personal attractions, and disfigured by 
 a hideous squint, possessed talents which well 
 fitted her to partake his cares. He was, indeed, 
 |. ashamed of his errors, and spared no pains to 
 1: conceal them ; but in spite of all his precautions, 
 Mary well knew that he was not strictly faithful 
 to her. Spies and tale-bearers, encouraged by 
 her father, did their best to inflame her resent- 
 ment. . . . She, however, bore her injuries with 
 a meekness and patience which deserved, and 
 gradually obtained, William's esteem and grati- 
 tude. [See No. 5998.] — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 7, p. 160. 
 
 600§. WIFE, Worthy. Calphumia. [Pliny 
 writes to his wife's aunt :] " As I remember the 
 great affection which was between you and your 
 excellent brother, and know you love his daugh- 
 ter as your own, so as not only to express the 
 tenderness of the best of aunts, but even to sup- 
 ply that of the best of fathers, I am sure it will 
 give you pleasure to hear that she proves worthy 
 of her father, worthy of you, and of your and 
 her ancestors. Her ingenuity is admirable ; her 
 frugality is extraordinary. She loves me, the 
 surest pledge of her virtue ; and adds to this a 
 wonderful disposition to learning, which she has 
 acquired from her affection to me. She reads 
 my writings, studies them, and even gets them 
 by heart. You would smile to see the concern 
 she is in when I have a cause to plead, and the 
 joy she shows when it is over. She finds means 
 to have the first news brought her of the success 
 I met with in court, how I am heard, and what 
 decree is made. If I recite anything in public, 
 she cannot refrain from placing herself privately 
 in some corner to hear, where, with the utmost 
 delight, she feasts upon my applauses ; some- 
 times she sings my verses, and accompanies them 
 with the lute, without any master, except the 
 best of instructors. 
 
 60O9. WIFE, A wronged. Catherine II. 
 Seventeen years after her marriage with Peter 
 [III.] the Empress Elizabeth died, leaving her 
 husband the heir to the throne. It now appeared 
 that the unfortunate Peter, who was then wholly 
 governed by one of his mistresses, had resolved to 
 repudiate his wife as an adulteress, and to place 
 upon the throne the companion of his debauch- 
 eries. Many authors assert that Catherine had 
 been indeed false to her husband ; but upon con- 
 sidering all the facts in the case, I find the prob- 
 abilities tend strongly toward her exculpation, 
 and the best authorities agree in believing that 
 Peter was the veritable father of Catherine's 
 children. Aware of the intention of her hus- 
 band, Catherine and her adherents resolved to 
 pi-event its execution by setting aside Peter him- 
 self. [Next to Frederick the Great, Catherine 
 II. became the most renowned monarch of her 
 time.] — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 404. 
 
 6010. WINE, Charm of. Oauls. The Gauls 
 happening to taste of wine, which was then for 
 the first time brought out of Italy, they so much 
 admired the liquor, and were so enchanted with 
 this new pleasure, that they snatched up their 
 arms, and taking their parents along with them, 
 marched to the Alps, to seek that country 
 which produced such excellent fruit, and in 
 comparison of which they considered all others 
 as barren and ungenial. — Plutarch's Camil- 
 
 LUS. 
 
 6011. WINE, Danger in. Ancients. The 
 ancients, who so well knew the excellency of 
 wine, were not ignorant of the dangers attending 
 too free an use of it. I need not mention the law 
 of Zaleucus, by which the Epizephyrian Locrians 
 were universally forbid the use of wine upon 
 pain of death, except in case of sickness. 'The 
 inhabitants of Marseilles and Melitus showed 
 more moderation and indulgence, and contented 
 themself with prohibiting it to women. At 
 Rome, in the early ages, young persons of liber- 
 al condition were not permitted to drink wine 
 till the age of thirty ; but as for the women, the 
 use of it was absolutely forbid to them ; and the 
 reason of that prohibition was, because intem- 
 perance of that kind might induce them to com- 
 mit the most excessive crimes. Seneca complains 
 bitterly that this custom was almost universally 
 violated in his times. The weak and delicate 
 complexion of the women, saj^s he, is not 
 changed ; but their manners are changed, and 
 no longer the same. They value themselves upon 
 carrying excess of wine to as great an height as 
 the most robust men. Like them, they pass 
 whole nights at table, and with a full glass of 
 unmixed wine in their hands, they glory in vying 
 with them, and, if they can, in overcoming 
 them. The Emperor Domitian passed an edict 
 in relation to wine, which seemed to have a just 
 foundation. One year having produced abun- 
 dance of wine and very little corn, he believed 
 they had more occasion for the one than the 
 other, and therefore decreed that no more vines 
 should be planted in Italy ; and that in the prov- 
 inces at least one half of the vines should be 
 rooted up. Philostratus expresses himself as if 
 the decree ordained that they should all be pulled 
 up, at least in Asia. — Rollin's Hist., Book 24, 
 art. 3, § 1. 
 
 6012. WINE, Deception in. SamuelJohnson. 
 We talked of drinking wine. Johnson : " I re- 
 quire *wine only when I am alone. I have then 
 often wished for it, and often taken it." Spot- 
 TiswooDE : "What, by way of a companion, 
 sir ?" Johnson : " To get rid of myself, to send 
 myself away. Wine gives great pleasure ; and 
 every pleasure is of itself a good. It is a good, 
 unless counterbalanced by evil. A man may 
 have a strong reason not to drink wine ; and that 
 may be greater than the pleasure. Wine makes 
 a man better pleased with himself. I do not say 
 that it makes him more pleasing to others. Some- 
 times it does. But the danger is, that while a 
 man grows better pleased with himself, he may 
 be growing less pleasing to others. Wine gives 
 a man nothing. It neither gives him knowl- 
 edge nor wit ; it only animates a man, and en- 
 ables him to bring out what a dread of the com- 
 pany has repressed." — Bos-^vell's Johnson, 
 p. 391. 
 
716 
 
 WINE— WITCH. 
 
 6013. "WINE defended. Samuel Johnson. I 
 resolutely ventured to undertake the defence of 
 convivial indulgence in wine, though he was not 
 to-night in the most genial humor. After urg- 
 ing the common plausible topics, I at last had re- 
 course to the maxim, in i)ino Veritas, a man who 
 is well warmed with wine will speak truth. 
 Johnson : " Why, sir, that may be an argu- 
 ment for drinking, if you suppose men in gener- 
 al to be liars. But, sir, I would not keep com- 
 
 Eany with a fellow who lies as long as he is so- 
 er, and whom you must make drunk before you 
 can get a word of truth out of him." — Boswell's 
 Johnson, p. 196. 
 
 6014. WINE forbidden. Women. Romulus 
 made the drinking of wine, as well as adultery, 
 a capital crime in women. For he said adul- 
 tery opens the door to all sorts of crimes, and 
 wine opens the door to adultery. The severity 
 of this law was softened in succeeding ages ; 
 the women who were overtaken in liquor were 
 not condemned to die, but to lose their dowers. — 
 Langhorne's Note in Plutarch's Numa and 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 6015. WISDOM, False in. AristotU. [He 
 taught that the heat of the body cooked the food 
 eaten.] The liquefied food steams up into the 
 heart, where it is converted into blood. Nature, 
 he says, being a good economist, gives the best 
 part of the food to the noblest parts of the body ; 
 as masters eat the best portions of an animal, the 
 slaves the inferior parts, and the dogs the refuse. 
 Since the interior of the body is so hot that food 
 is cooked merely by the natural heat, he felt it 
 necessary to explain why the body did not get too 
 hot, and consume itself. This would certainly 
 be the case, he says, if we did not continually 
 inhale cool air ! Breathing is the cooling proc- 
 ess ; and air alone, he adds, would answer the 
 purpose, because its lightness enables it to pene- 
 trate into many parts of the body which water 
 could not enter. — Cyclopedia op Biog., p. 562. 
 
 6016. WISDOM with Ignorance. Aristotle. 
 He took things too much for granted. He be- 
 lieved too easily. Although a writer on anat- 
 omy, for example, it is almost certain that he 
 never examined the inside of the human body, 
 much less dissected one. Imagine a doctor of 
 the present day giving such an account of the 
 liver as the following : "The liver is compact 
 and smooth, shining and sweet, though some- 
 what bitter ; and the reason is, that the thoughts 
 falling on it from the intellect, as on a mirror, 
 might terrify it by employing a bitterness akin 
 to its nature ; and threateningly mingle this bit- 
 terness with the whole liver, so as to give it the 
 black color of bile ; or, when images of a differ- 
 ent kind are reflected sweetening its bitterness 
 and giving place to that part of the soul which 
 lies near the liver, making it rest at night, with 
 the power of divination, in dreams. Although 
 the liver was constructed for divination, it is 
 only during life that its predictions are clear ; 
 after death its oracles become obscure, for it 
 becomes blind." — Cyclopedia of Biog., p. 560. 
 
 6017- WISDOM, Occasional. Samuel Johnson. 
 Of Dr. Goldsmith he said : ' ' No man was more 
 foolish when he had not a pen in his hand, or 
 more wise when he had." — Boswell's John- 
 son, p. 438. 
 
 601 §. WISDOM, Practical. SocraUs. After 
 having found, by his own experience, how diffi- 
 cult, abstruse, and intricate, and, at the same 
 time, of how little use that kind of learning 
 was to the generality of mankind, he was the 
 first, as Cicero remarks, who conceived the 
 thought of bringing down philosophy from heav- 
 en, to place it in cities, and introduce it intO' 
 private houses ; humanizing it, if I may use that 
 expression, and rendering it more familiar, more 
 useful in common life, more within the reach of 
 man's capacity, and applying it solely to what 
 might make them more rational, just, and virtu- 
 ous. He thought it was a sort of folly to de- 
 vote the whole vivacity of his mind and employ 
 all his time in inquiries merely curious and 
 involved in impenetrable darkness, and absolute- 
 ly incapable of contributing to the happiness of 
 mankind, while he neglected to inform himself 
 in the ordinary duties of life, and to learn what 
 is conformable or opposite to piety, justice, and 
 probity ; in what fortitude, temperance, and 
 wisdom consist ; what is the end of all govern- 
 ment, what the rules of it, and what qualities 
 are necessary for commanding and ruling well. 
 — Rollin's Hist., Book 9, ch. 4, § 1. 
 
 6019. WISDOM ridicaled. Egyptian Expedi- 
 tion of Napoleon. The scientific men, or savans, 
 as they were called, had been supplied with 
 asses to transport their persons and philosoph- 
 ical apparatus. As soon as the body of Mame- 
 lukes was seen in the distance the order was- 
 given, with military precision, " Form square, 
 savans and asses in the centre." . . . The 
 soldiers amused themselves in calling the asses 
 demi- savans. [On the march to Cairo.] — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 11. 
 
 6020. WISDOM, Source of. Folly. [It was 
 a saying of Cato] that wise men learn more from 
 fools than fools from the wise ; for the wise 
 avoid the error of fools, while fools do not prof- 
 it by the examples of the wise. — Plutarch's 
 Cato the Censor. 
 
 6021. WISHES, Kind. "Better Luck." [When 
 the fallen Emperor Napoleon arrived at Elba, 
 the place of his exile,] . . . the boatswain, in 
 behalf of his shipmates, cap in hand, returned 
 thanks, wishing "his honor long life and bet- 
 ter hick next time." — Abbott's Napoleon B., 
 vol. 2, ch. 23. 
 
 6022. WISHES, Euinous. Covetousness. In 
 some Oriental tale I have read the fable of a 
 shepherd who was ruined by the accomplish- 
 ment of his own wishes : he had prayed for wa- 
 ter ; the Ganges was turned into his grounds, and 
 his flock and cottage were swept away by the 
 inundation. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 58, p. 567. 
 
 6023. WITCH, A suspected. At Labrador, 
 In May, 1577, Captain Frobisher and his men, 
 having first gone in solemn procession to church 
 and partaken of the communion, set sail, and 
 soon reached the scene of their first explora- 
 tions. Icebergs covered the sea, and continual- 
 ly threatened the vessel with destruction, and 
 they were saved only by the light of the endless 
 northern day. Inhabitants were discovered on 
 the shore. One of these, " a man of large cor- 
 porature and good proportion," they seized and 
 carried off. Another, an ill-favored old woman, 
 they took for a devil or a witch, and actually 
 
I 
 
 WITCHCRAFT— WIT. 
 
 717 
 
 pulled off the skins that covered her feet, to see 
 if they were not cloven. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 308. 
 
 6024. WITCHCRAFT, Alleged. Salem. The 
 darkest page in the history of New England is 
 that which bears the record of the Salem 
 witchcraft. The same town which, fifty-seven 
 years previously, cast out Roger Williams, was 
 now to become the scene of the most fatal de- 
 lusion of modern times. In February of 1692, 
 in the same part of Salem, afterward called 
 Dan vers, a daughter and a niece of Samuel Par- 
 ris, the minister, were attacked with a nervous 
 disorder, which rendered them partially insane. 
 Parris believed, or affected to believe, that the 
 two girls were bewitched, and that Tituba, an 
 Indian maid-servant of the household, was the 
 author of the affection. He had seen her per- 
 forming, some of the rude ceremonies of her own 
 religion, and this gave color to his suspicions. 
 He tied Tituba, and whipped tiie ignorant creat- 
 ure, until, at his own dictation, she confessed 
 herself a witch. Here, no doubt, the matter 
 would have ended had not other causes existed 
 for the continuance and spread of the miserable 
 delusion. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 16, p. 150. 
 
 6025. WITCHCEAFT, Epidemic. SaUm. In 
 the hope of saving their lives, some of the terri- 
 fied prisoners now began to confess themselves 
 witches or bewitched. It was soon found that a 
 confession was almost certain to procure libera- 
 tion. It became evident that the accused were 
 to be put to death, not for being witches or 
 wizards, but for denying the reality of witch- 
 craft. The special court was already in session ; 
 convictions followed fast ; the gallows stood 
 waiting for its victims. The truth of Mather's 
 preaching was to be established by hanging 
 whoever denied it ; and Parris was to save his 
 pastorate by murdering his rival. When the 
 noble Borroughs mounted the scaffold he stood 
 composedly, and repeated correctly the test-pray- 
 er, which it was said no wizard could utter. The 
 people broke into sobs and moans, and would 
 have rescued their friend from death, but the ty- 
 rant Mather dashed among them on horseback, 
 muttering imprecations, and drove the hangman 
 to his horrid work. Old Giles Cory, seeing that 
 conviction was certain, refused to plead, and was 
 pressed to death. Five women were hanged in 
 one day. Between the 10th of June and 22d of 
 September twenty victims were hurried to their 
 doom. Fifty -five others uad been tortured into 
 the confession of abominable falsehoods. A 
 hundred and fifty lay in prison awaiting their 
 fate. Two hundred were accused or suspected, 
 and ruin seemed to impend over New England. 
 But a reaction at last set in among the people. 
 —Ridpath's U. S., ch. 16, p. 152. 
 
 6026. WITCHCEAFT, Malice in. Salem. 
 Parris had had a quarrel in his church. A part 
 of the congregation desired that George Bur- 
 roughs, a former minister, should be reinstated, 
 to the exclusion of Parris. Burroughs still lived 
 at Salem, and there was great animosity between 
 the partisans of the former and the present pas- 
 tor. Burroughs disbelieved in witchcraft, and 
 openly expressed his contempt for the system. 
 Here, then, Parris found an opportunity to turn 
 the confession of the foolish Indian servant 
 against his enemies, to overwhelm his rival with 
 
 the superstitions of the community, and perhaps 
 to have him put to death. There is no doubt 
 whatever that the whole murderous scheme 
 originated in the personal malice of Parris. 
 There were others ready to aid him, especially 
 the celebrated Cotton Mather, minister of Boston. 
 ... To these men . . . must be charged the 
 full infamy of what followed. — Ridpath's IJ. S., 
 ch. 16, p. 151. 
 
 6027. WITCHCEAFT punished. England, 
 1716. Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged nine 
 years, were hanged at Huntingdon ' ' for selling 
 their souls to the devil ; tormenting and destroy- 
 ing their neighbors, by making them vomit pins ; 
 raising a storm, so that a ship was almost lost, 
 by pulling off her stockings, and making a 
 lather soap." — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, 
 p. 430. 
 
 602S. . Salem. By the laws of 
 
 England witchcraft was punishable with death. 
 The code of Massachusetts was the same as that 
 of the mother-country. . . . On the 21st of March 
 [1692] the horrible proceedings began. Mary 
 Cory was arrested, not indeed for being a witch, 
 but for denying the reality of witchcraft. When 
 brought before the church and court, she denied 
 all guilt, but was convicted and hurried to pris*- 
 on. Sarah Cloyce and Rebecca Nurse, two 
 sisters, of the most exemplary lives, were next 
 apprehended as witches. The only witnesses 
 against them were Tituba, her half-witted Indian 
 husband, and the simple girl Abigail Williams, 
 the niece of Parris. The victims were sent to 
 prison protesting their innocence. Giles Cory, a 
 patriarch of eighty years, was next seized ; he 
 also was one of those who had opposed Parris. 
 The Indian accuser fell down before Edward 
 Bishop, pretending to be in a fit under Satanic 
 influence ; the sturdy farmer cured him in- 
 stantly with a sound flogging, and said that 
 he could restore the rest of the afflicted in the 
 same manner. He and his wife were immedi- 
 ately arrested and condemned. George Bur- 
 roughs, the rival of Parris, was accused and hur- 
 ried to prison. And so the work went on until 
 seventy-five innocent people were locked up in 
 dungeons. Not a solitary partisan of Parris or 
 Mather had been arrested. — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 16, p. 151. 
 
 6029. WIT, Dangerous. Claudian the Poet. 
 Claudian was exposed to the enmity of a power- 
 ful and unforgiving courtier, whom he had pro- 
 voked by the insolence of wit. He had com- 
 pared, in a lively epigram, the opposite charac- 
 ters of two Praetorian praefects of Italy ; he con- 
 trasts the innocent repose of a philosopher, who 
 sometimes resigned the hours of business to 
 slumber, perhaps to study, with the interesting 
 diligence of a rapacious minister, indefatigable 
 in the pursuit of unjust or sacrilegious gain. 
 "How happy," continues Claudian — "how 
 happy might it be for the people of Italy, if 
 Mallius could be constantly awake, and if Ha- 
 drian would always sleep !" . . . Consulting the 
 dictates of prudence rather than of honor, he ad- 
 dressed, in the form of an epistle, a suppliant 
 and humble recantation to the offended prsefect. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 31, p. 237. 
 
 6030. WIT, Quick. Woman's. The king 
 [Chas I.] was hard pressed by soldiers in pursuit 
 of him, and they sought for him all over the house. 
 
718 
 
 WITNESSES— WOMAN. 
 
 and id the kitchen, too ; but here the girl in the 
 kitchen knew him, for indeed he was there ; and 
 as they entered he looked with trepidation round 
 him, perhaps giving up all for lost now ; but the 
 cook hit him a smart rap with the basting ladle, 
 exclaiming, " Now, then, go on with thy work ; 
 what art thou looking about for ?" And the 
 manoeuvre was effectual, and the soldiers started 
 on another track. — Hood's CROMWELii, eh. 13, 
 p. 172. 
 
 6031. WITNESSES, Abuse of. Chief Justice 
 Jeffreys. One witness named Dunne, partly from 
 concern for Lady Alice, and partly from fright 
 at the threats and maledictions of the chief -jus- 
 tice, entirely lost his head, and at last stood silent. 
 " Oh, how hard the truth is," said Jeffreys, " to 
 come out of a lying Presbyterian knave !" The 
 witness, after a pause of some minutes, stammer- 
 ed a few unmeaning words. " Was there ever," 
 exclaimed the judge, with an oath — "was there 
 ever such a villain on the face of the earth ? Dost 
 thou believe that there is a God ? Dost thou be- 
 lieve in hell fire ? Of all the witnesses that I 
 ever met with, I never saw thy fellow. " Still the 
 poor man, scared out of his senses, remained 
 mute, and again Jeffreys burst forth : " I hope, 
 gentlemen of the jury, that you take notice of 
 the horrible carriage of this fellow. How can 
 one help abhorring both these men and their re- 
 ligion ? A Turk is a saint to such a fellow as 
 this. A pagan would be ashamed of such vil- 
 lainy. Oh, blessed Jesus ! What a generation 
 of vipers do we live among!" "I cannot tell 
 what to say, my lord," faltered Dunne. The 
 judge again broke forth into a volley of oaths. 
 " Was tiiere ever," he cried, " such an impudent 
 rascal ? Hold the candle to him, that we may 
 see his brazen face. You, gentlemen, that are 
 of counsel for the Crown, see that an information 
 for perjury be preferred against this fellow." — 
 Macaulay's Eng. , ch. 5, p. 594. 
 
 6032. WITNESS, A false. "Dick" Talbot. 
 A plea was wanted which might justify the 
 [James II.] Duke of York in breaking that 
 promise of marriage by which he had obtained 
 from Anne Hyde the last proof of female affec- 
 tion. Such a plea Talbot, in concert with some 
 of his ^dissolute companions, undertook to fur- 
 nish. He affirmed that he had triumphed over 
 the young lady's virtue, made up a long romance 
 about tlie interviews with which she had in- 
 dulged him, and related how, in one of his 
 secret visits to her, he had unluckily overturned 
 the chancellor's inkstand upon a pile of papers, 
 and how cleverly she had averted a discovery 
 by laying the blame of the accident on her mon- 
 key. These stories, which, if they had been 
 true, would never have passed the lips of any 
 but the basest of mankind, were pure inven- 
 tions. Talbot was soon forced to own that they 
 were so, and he owned it without a blush. — Ma- 
 caulay's Eng. , ch. 6, p. 45. 
 
 6033. WITNESSES, False. Beignof CharUsII. 
 [After Titus Oates, the honored impostor, came 
 many imitators.] A wretch named Carstairs, 
 who had earned a living in Scotland by going 
 disguised to conventicles and then informing 
 against the preachers, led the way. Bedloe, 
 a noted swindler, followed ; and soon, from all 
 the brothels, gambling-houses, and sponging- 
 houses of London, false witnesses poured forth 
 
 to swear away the lives of Roman Catholics. One 
 came with a story about an army of 30,000 men 
 who were to muster in the disguise of pilgrims 
 at Corunna, and to sail thence to Wales. Another 
 had been promised canonization and £500 to 
 murder the king. A third had stepped into an 
 eating-house in Covent Garden, and had there 
 heard a great Roman Catholic banker vow, in 
 the hearing of all the guests and drawers, to kill 
 the heretical tyrant. Oates, that he might not 
 be eclipsed by his imitators, soon added a large 
 supplement to his original narrative. He had 
 the portentous impudence to affirm, among other 
 things, that he had once stood behind a door 
 which was ajar, and had there overheard the 
 queen declare that she had resolved to give her 
 consent to the assassination of her husband. The 
 vulgar believed, and the highest magistrates pre- 
 tended to believe, even such fictions as these. — 
 Macaulay's Eng., ch. 2, p. 222. 
 
 6034. WITNESS of the Spirit. Susannah Wes- 
 ley. John Wesley's mother had rarely heard of 
 the present conscious forgiveness of sins, or the 
 witness of the spirit, much less that it was the 
 common privilege of true believers. " There- 
 fore," she said, " I never durst ask it for myself. 
 But two or three weeks ago, while my son Hall, 
 in delivering the cup to me, was pronouncing 
 these words, * The blood of our Lord Jesus 
 Christ, which was given for thee,' they struck 
 through my heart, and I knew that God, for 
 Christ's sake, had forgiven ine all my sins." 
 Wesley asked her whether her father (Dr. An- 
 nesley) had not the same faith, and if she had 
 not heard him preach it to others. She answered 
 he had it himself, and declared, a little before 
 his death, that for more than forty years he had 
 no darkness, no fear, no doubt at all of his being 
 "accepted in the Beloved." — Stevens' Meth- 
 odism, vol. 1, p. 135. 
 
 6035. WITNESSING for Christ. Primitive 
 Christians. [Among the early Christians it] be- 
 came the most sacred duty of a new convert to 
 diffuse among his friends and relations the ines- 
 timable blessing which he had received, and to 
 warn them against a refusal that would be 
 severely punished as a criminal disobedience to 
 the will of a benevolent but all-powerful Deity. 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 514. 
 
 6036. WIVES, Market for. Jamestown Colony. 
 Sixty were actually despatched, maids of vir- 
 tuous education, young, handsome, and well rec- 
 commended. The price rose from one hundred 
 and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds of 
 tobacco, and even more ; . . . the debt for a wife 
 took precedence of any other. — Bancroft's 
 Hist, of U. S., vol. 1, ch. 4. 
 
 6037. WIVES, Survival of. Widower. Jerom 
 saw at Rome a triumphant husband bury his 
 twenty-first wife, who had interred twenty-two 
 of his less sturdy predecessors. — Note in Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 349. 
 
 603S. WOMAN, Adventurous. Engagement. 
 When Philip Henry was settled at Worthen. 
 bury he sought the hand of the only daughter 
 and heiress of Mr. Matthew^s, of Broad Oak. 
 The father demurred, saying that though Mr. 
 Henry was an excellent preacher and a gentle- 
 man, yet he did not know from whence h* 
 *^-came. "True," said the daughter; "but I 
 
WOMAN. 
 
 719 
 
 know where he is going, and I should like to go 
 with him." 
 
 6039. WOMAN, Adventurous. Pope Joan. 
 Between the pontificate of Leo IV. , who died in 
 the year 855, and that of Benedict III., who 
 was elected in 858, a certain woman, who had 
 the address to disguise her sex for a considerable 
 time, is said, by learning, genius, and great ad- 
 dress, to have made her way to the papal chair, 
 and to have governed the church for two years, 
 till her holiness was unfortunately detected by 
 bearing a child in the midst of a religious proces- 
 sion. This real or fabulous personage is known 
 by the title of Pope Joan. During five centuries 
 this event was generally believed, and a vast num- 
 ber of writers bore testimony to its truth ; nor 
 until the period of the reformation of Luther was 
 it considered by any as either incredible in itself 
 or ignominious to the Church. But in the seven- 
 teenth century the existence of this female pon- 
 tiff became the subject of a keen and learned con- 
 troversy between the Protestants and the Catho- 
 lics, the former supporting the truth of the fact, 
 and the latter endeavoring to invalidate the evi- 
 dence on which it rests. Mosheim, a very learned 
 and acute writer, steers a middle course ; and 
 though he is disposed to doubt the many absurd 
 and ridiculous circumstances with which the 
 story has been embellished, for the purpose of 
 throwing ridicuJe on the head of the Romish 
 church, yet is inclined to think that it is not 
 wholly without foundation. Gibbon treats the 
 story as a mere fable. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, 
 eh. 4, p. 94. 
 
 6040. WOMAN, Ambitious, Princess Sophia. 
 The czar Alexis Michaelowitz, who first intro- 
 duced a regular system of laws among the Rus- 
 sians, paved the way for that civilization which 
 his son Peter afterward accomplished. Alexis 
 left three sons, Phsedor, Ivan, and Peter [the 
 Great] , and a daughter Sophia. Phsedor succeed- 
 ed his father, but died young in the year 1682, 
 leaving the crown to his youngest brother, Peter, 
 then only two years of age, in exclusion of the 
 elder Ivan, a man of no capacity ; but the Prin- 
 cess Sophia had that capacity which her brother 
 wanted. She committed some dreadful excesses 
 to obtain the government of the empire, and car- 
 ried the point so as to cause herself to be asso- 
 ciated with her brothers in the regency ; but this 
 did not satisfy her. She aimed at an exclusive 
 possession of the sovereignty, and for that pur- 
 pose formed a conspiracy against the life of 
 Peter, which terminated in her own ruin. The 
 young Peter assembled some troops, severely 
 punished the conspirators, confined Sophia in a 
 monastery, and leaving only an empty title to 
 his brother Ivan, made himself master of the 
 empire in the year 1689. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 6, ch. 35, p. 474. 
 
 604 1 . WOMAN, Avaricious. Wife of James II. 
 
 SThe rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth filled 
 effreys' courts with victims.] It could [not] be 
 shown that, in the season of her [Mary's] great- 
 ness, she saved, or even tried to save, one single 
 victim from the most frightful proscription that 
 England has ever seen. Unhappily, the only re- 
 quest that she is known to have preferred touch- 
 ing the rebels Avas that a hundred of those who 
 were sentenced to transportation might be given 
 to her. The profit which she cleared on the car- 
 
 go, after making large allowance for those who 
 died of hunger and fever during the passage, can- 
 not be estimated at less than a thousand guineas. 
 We cannot wonder that her attendants should 
 have imitated her unprincely greediness and her 
 unwomanly cruelty. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, 
 p. 606. 
 
 6042. WOMAN, Bravery of. Jane de Montfort. 
 The defence of the castle of Hennebon by Jane 
 de Montfort, during the captivity of her husband, 
 is one of the most interesting episodes of the 
 wars in which England was engaged. The his- 
 torian and the artist have delighted to exhibit the 
 heroic duchess, . . . with " the courage of a man 
 and the heart of a lion," showing to the people 
 of Rennes her infant boy, and saying, " See here 
 my little son, who shall be the restorer of his fa- 
 ther ;". . . at the last extremitjr looking down 
 along the sea, out of a window m the castle, and 
 crying aloud, smiling for great joy, "I see the 
 succors of England coming !" — Kkight's Ekg., 
 vol. 1, ch. 29, p. 455. 
 
 6043. . Wife of William Purefoy. 
 
 [In 1642, at the beginning of the civil war, the 
 wife of William Purefoy, a member of the 
 House of Commons, defended her house against 
 Prince Rupert and four hundred Cavaliers.] The 
 little garrison consisted of the brave lady and 
 her two daughters, her son-in-law, eight male 
 servants, and a few females. They had twelve 
 muskets, which the women loaded as the men 
 discharged them from the windows. The out- 
 buildings were set on fire, and the house would 
 have been burnt, had not the lady gone forth 
 and claimed the protection of the Cavaliers. 
 [Prince] Rupert respected her courage, and 
 would not suffer her property to be plundered. 
 [Her home was in the north of Warwickshire. 
 Her husband was absent.] — Knight's Ekg., 
 vol. 4, ch. 1, p. 1. 
 
 6044. WOMAN, Charity of. Lceta. [During 
 the invasion of the Barbarians Rome] gradually 
 experienced the distress of scarcity, and at length 
 the horrid calamities of famine. The daily al- 
 lowance of three pounds of bread was reduced 
 to one half, to one third, to nothing ; and the 
 price of corn still continued to rise in^ a rapid 
 and extravagant proportion. The poorer citi- 
 zens, who were unable to purchase the necessa- 
 ries of life, solicited the precarious charity of the 
 rich ; and for a while the public misery was al- 
 leviated by the humanity of Laeta, the widow of 
 the Emperor Gratian, who had fixed her residence 
 at Rome, and consecrated to the use of the indi- 
 gent the princely revenue which she annually re- 
 ceived from the grateful successors of her hus- 
 band. — Gibbok's Rome, ch. 31, p. 269. 
 
 6045. WOMAN, Compassion of. Nero's Nurses. 
 As Robespierre was lamented by his landlady, 
 so even Nero was tenderly buried by two nurses 
 who had known him in the exquisite beauty 
 of his engaging childhood, and by Acte, who 
 had inspired his youth with a genuine love. — 
 Farrar's Early Days, ch. 4, p. 44. 
 
 6046. WOMAN, Converts by. Clotilda. Clovis, 
 the Merovingian prince, had contracted a fortu- 
 nate alliance with the fair Clotilda, the niece of 
 the King of Burgundy, who . . . was educated in 
 the profession of the Catholic faith. It was her in- 
 terest, as well as her duty, to achieve the conver- 
 
T20 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 sion of a pagan husband ; and Clovis insensibly 
 listened to the voice of love and religion. He 
 consented ... to the baptism of his eldest son ; and 
 though the sudden death of the infant excited 
 some superstitious fears, he was persuaded, a 
 second time, to repeat the dangerous experiment. 
 In the distress of the battle of Tolbiac Clovis 
 loudly invoked the God of Clotilda and the 
 Christians ; and victory disposed him to hear, 
 with respectful gratitude, the eloquent Remigius, 
 Bishop of Rheims, who forcibly displayed the 
 temporal and spiritual advantages of his conver- 
 sion. The king declared himself satisfied of the 
 truth of the Catholic faith ; and the political 
 reasons which might have suspended his public 
 profession were removed by the devout or loyal 
 acclamations of the Franks, who showed them- 
 selves alike prepared to follow their heroic leader 
 to the field of battle or to the baptismal font. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 38, p. 574. 
 
 6047. WOMAN at Court. Lady Hamilton. 
 [When Nelson sought water and provisions for 
 his fleet in Sicily,] the Neapolitan ministry, dread- 
 ing to offend the French Directory, refused the 
 supplies which he required before he again start- 
 ed in pursuit of the fleet [of Bonaparte]. Sir 
 William Hamilton was [English] minister at Na- 
 ples ; his wife was the favorite with the Queen of 
 Naples, and one of the most attractive of the 
 ladies of that luxurious court. Nelson had slight 
 acquaintance with Lady Hamilton, and upon his 
 representations of the urgent necessit}^ for vic- 
 tualling his fleet, secret instructions were given 
 that he should be supplied with all that he re- 
 quired. [Nelson afterward urged her claims upon 
 the national gratitude, because the success of 
 his brilliant action of the Nile was owing to her, 
 as he must otherwise have gone to Gibraltar to 
 refit, and the enemy would have escaped.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 6, ch. 20, p. 355. 
 
 604§. WOMAN, Cruelty of. Parysatis. [She 
 was the mother of the murdered Cyrus. A 
 Garian soldier boasted that he had killed Cyrus.] 
 Animated by a barbarous spirit of vengeance, she 
 commanded the executioners to take that unfor- 
 tunate wretch, and to make him suffer the most 
 exquisite tortures during ten days ; then after 
 they had torn out his ej^es, to pour melted brass 
 into his ears, till he expired in that cruel agony ; 
 which was accordingly executed. [Messabates, 
 the eunuch, had, by the king's order, cut off the 
 hand and head of Cyrus.] As soon as she got him 
 into her hands, before the king could have the 
 least suspicion of the revenge she meditated, she 
 delivered him to the executioners, and command- 
 ed them to flay him alive, to lay him afterward 
 upon three cross-bars, and to stretch his skin be- 
 fore his eyes upon stakes prepared for that pur- 
 pose ; which was performed accordingly. — Rol- 
 liiN's Hist., Book 9, ch. 2, § 7. 
 
 6049. WOMAN a Custodian. Of Man. [When 
 Fabius Maximus commanded the Roman army 
 against Hannibal.] One day his officers informed 
 him that one of his courtiers . . . often quitted 
 his post, and rambled out of the camp. Upon 
 this report, he asked what kind of a man he 
 was in other respects ; and they all declared it 
 was not easy to find so good a soldier, doing 
 him the justice to mention several extraordinary 
 instances of his valor. On inquiring into the 
 cause of this irregularity, he found that the man 
 
 was passionately in love, and that, for the sake 
 of seeing a young woman, he ventured out of 
 the camp, and took a long and dangerous journey 
 every night. Hereupon Fabius gave ordei"s to 
 some of his men to find out the woman, and 
 convey her into his own tent, but took care that 
 the Lucanian should not know it. Then he sent 
 for him, and taking him aside, spoke to him as 
 follows : " 1 very well know that you have lain 
 many nights out of the camp, in breach of the 
 Roman discipline and laws ; at the same time, I 
 am not ignorant of your past services. In con- 
 sideration of them, I forgive your present crime ; 
 but for the future I will give you in charge to 
 a person who shall be answerable for you." 
 While the soldier stood much amazed, Fabius 
 produced the woman, and putting her in his 
 hands, thus expressed himself : ' ' This is the 
 person who engages for you that you will re- 
 main in camp ; and now we shall see whether 
 there was not some traitorous design which drew 
 you out, and which you made the love of this 
 woman a cloak for." — Plutarch's Fabius 
 Maximus. 
 
 6050. WOMAN, Dangerous. Cleopatra. He 
 cited Cleopatra before him, to answer for the 
 conduct of her governors, and sent one of his 
 lieutenants to oblige her to come to him in Cili- 
 cia, whither he was going to assemble the States 
 of that province. That step was, from its conse- 
 quences, very fatal to Antony, and completed his 
 ruin. His love for Cleopatra having awakened 
 passions in him till thisn concealed or asleep, in- 
 flamed them even to madness, and finally dead- 
 ened and extinguished the few sparks of honor 
 and virtue which he might perhaps still retain. 
 Cleopatra, assured of her charms by the proof 
 she had already so successfully made of them 
 upon Julius Csesar, was in hopes that she could 
 also very easily captivate Antony. . . . Never 
 was equipage more splendid and magnificent 
 than hers. The stern of her ship flamed with 
 gold, the sails were purple, and the oars inlaid 
 with silver. A pavilion of cloth of gold was 
 raised upon the deck, under which appeared the 
 queen, robed like Venus, and surrounded with 
 the most beautiful virgins of her court, of whom 
 some represented the Nereides, and others the 
 Graces. Instead of trumpets were heard flutes, 
 hautboys, harps, and other such instruments of 
 music, warbling the softest airs, to which the 
 oars kept time, and rendered the harmony more 
 agreeable. Perfumes were burning on the deck, 
 which spread their odors to a great distance 
 upon the river. — Rollin's Hist. , Book 34, 
 §3. 
 
 6051. WOMAN, Device of. Ariadne. Andro- 
 gens being treacherously slain in Attica, a very 
 fatal war was carried on against that country by 
 Minos, and divine vengeance laid it waste ; for 
 it was visited by famine and pestilence, and 
 want of water increased their misery. The 
 remedy that Apollo proposed was, that they 
 should appease Minos, and be reconciled to him, 
 whereupon the wrath of Heaven would cease, 
 and their calamities come to a period. In conse- 
 quence of this, they sent ambassadors with their 
 submission, and . . . engaged themselves by 
 treaty to send every ninth year a tribute of seven 
 young men and as many virgins. When these 
 were brought into Crete, the fabulous account 
 
I 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 721 
 
 Informs us that they were destroyed by the 
 Minotaur in the Labyrinth, or that, lost in its 
 mazes, and unable to find the way out, they 
 perished there. The Minotaur was, as Euripides 
 tells us, 
 
 A mingled form, prodigious to behold. 
 Half bull, half man ! 
 
 When the time of the third tribute came, . . . 
 Theseus, who, to express his regard for justice, 
 and take his share in the common fortune, vol- 
 untarily offered himself as one of the seven, 
 without lot. [The conditions on which the 
 tribute would be remitted were these :] That the 
 Athenians should furnish a vessel, and the young 
 men embark and sail along with him, but carry 
 no arms ; and that if they could kill the Mino- 
 taur, there should be an end of the tribute. 
 There appearing no hopes of safety for the 
 youths in the two former tributes, they sent out 
 a ship with a black sail, as carrying them to cer- 
 tain ruin. But when Theseus encouraged his 
 father by his confidence of success against the 
 Minotaur he gave another sail, a white one, to 
 the pilot, ordering him, if he brought Theseus 
 safe back, to hoist the white ; but if not to sail 
 with the black one in token of his misfortune. 
 . . . When he arrived in Crete, according to 
 most historians and poets, Ariadne, falling in 
 love with him, gave him a clew of thread, and 
 instructed him how to pass with it through the 
 intricacies of the labyrinth. Thus assisted, he 
 killed the Minotaur, and then set sail, carrying 
 off Ariadne, together with the young men. — 
 Plutarch's Caius Maucius. 
 
 6052. "WOMAN, Dominion of. James II. [His 
 favorite mistress was Sarah Jennings.] Among 
 the gallants who sued for her favor, Churchill 
 [afterward Duke of Marlborough], young, hand- 
 some, graceful, insinuating, eloquent, and brave, 
 obtained the preference. He must have been 
 enamored indeed ; for he had little property, ex- 
 cept the annuity which he had bought with the 
 infamous wages bestowed on him by the Duchess 
 of Cleveland ; he was insatiable of riches ; 
 Sarah was poor ; and a plain girl with a large 
 fortune was proposed to him. His love, after a 
 struggle, prevailed over his avarice ; marriage 
 only strengthened his passion ; and to the last 
 hour of his life Sarah enjoyed the pleasure and 
 distinction of being the one human being who 
 was able to mislead that far-sighted and sure- 
 footed judgment, who was fervently loved by 
 that cold heart, and who was servilely feared by 
 that intrepid spirit. [See No. 6077. J — Macau- 
 lay's ExG., ch. 7, p. 237. 
 
 6053. WOMAN, Energetic. Washington's 
 Mother. He was brought up in a very hardy, 
 sensible manner, on an enormous farm, not a 
 fourth part of which was cultivated. His father 
 dying when he was eleven years old, he came 
 directly under the influence of his mother, who 
 was one of the women of whom people say, 
 " There is no nonsense about her." She was a 
 plain, illiterate, energetic, strong-willed lady, 
 perfectly capable of conducting the affairs of a 
 farm, and scorning the help of others. — Cyclo- 
 pedia OF BlOG. , p. 11. 
 
 6054. WOMAN, Executive. Mother of Wash- 
 ington. To the pressing entreaties of her son 
 that she would make Mount Vernon the home 
 
 of her old age, the matron replied : "I thank 
 you for your affectionate, dutiful offers, but my 
 wants are few in this world, and I feel perfectly 
 competent to take care of myself." Upon her 
 son-in-law. Colonel Fielding Lewis, proposing 
 that he should relieve her in the direction of her 
 [farm] affairs, she observed: "Do you. Field- 
 ing, keep my books in order, for your eyesight 
 is better than mine, but leave the executive 
 management to me." — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 6055. WOMAN, Extraordinary. Zenobia. [Ze- 
 nobia was the celebrated Queen of Palmj^ra 
 and the East.] Modern Europe has produced 
 several illustrious women who have sustained 
 with glory the weight of empire ; nor is our own 
 age destitute of such distinguished characters. 
 But if we except the doubtful achievements of 
 Semiramis, Zenobia is perhaps the only female 
 whose superior genius broke through the servile 
 indolence imposed on her sex by the climate and 
 manners of Asia. She claimed her descent f i-om 
 the Macedonian kings of Egypt, equalled in 
 beauty her ancestor Cleopatra, and far surpassed 
 that princess in chastit}-^ and valor. Zenobia was 
 esteemed the most lovely as well as the most 
 heroic of her sex. She was of a dark com- 
 plexion. Her teeth were of a pearly whiteness, 
 and her large black eyes sparkled, with uncom- 
 mon lire, tempered by the most attractive sweet- 
 ness. Her voice was strong and harmonious. 
 Her manly understanding was strengthened and 
 adorned by study. She was not ignorant of the 
 Latin tongue, but possessed in equal perfection 
 the Greek, the Syriac, and the Egyptian lan- 
 guages. She had drawn up for her own use an 
 epitome of Oriental history, and familiarly com- 
 pared the beauties of Homer and Plato imder 
 the tuition of the sublime Longinus. — Gibbon, 
 ch. 11, p. 350. 
 
 6056. WOMAN, A ferocious. Hind. [After 
 one of Mahomet's battles.] The ferocious hero- 
 ine. Hind, sought the body of Hamza, the mur- 
 derer of her father, who was slain in turn by the 
 arrow of the negro slave Wahchi. She dis- 
 covers it, rushes upon the carcass, lays open the 
 side with a sabre blow, plucks out the heart, and 
 tears it with her teeth. Then, taking from her 
 own neck and arms the bracelets and necklaces 
 that adorned them, she gives them to the black 
 slave, and substitutes them with a necklace and 
 bracelets made of the ears of the dead enemy. — 
 Lamartine's Turkey, p. 116. 
 
 6057. WOMAN, Firmness of. Theodora. [A 
 rebellion broke out in Constantinople, and the 
 Emperor] Justinian was lost if [his wife] the 
 prostitute whom he raised from the theatre had 
 not renounced the timidity as well as the virtues 
 of her sex. In the midst of a council, where 
 Belisarius was present, Theodora alone displayed 
 the spirit of a hero ; and she alone, without ap- 
 prehending his future hatred, could save the 
 emperor frou} the imminent danger and his un- 
 worthy fears. "If flight," said the consort of 
 Justinian, " were the only means of safety, yet 
 I should disdain to fly. Death is the condition 
 of our birth ; but they who have reigned should 
 never survive the loss of dignity and dominion. 
 I implore Heaven that I may never be seen, not 
 a day, without my diadem and purples ; that I 
 may no longer behold the light when I cease to 
 
723 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 be saluted with the name of queen. If you re- 
 solve, O Csesar ! to fly, you have treasures ; be- 
 hold the sea, you have ships ; but tremble lest 
 the desire of life should expose you to wretched 
 exile and ignominious death. For my own part, 
 I adhere to the maxim of antiquity, that the 
 throne is a glorious sepulchre." The firmness 
 of a woman restored the courage to deliberate 
 and act, and courage soon discovers the re- 
 sources of the most desperate situation. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 40, p. 63. 
 
 605S. WOMAN forgotten. Mrs. Samuel 
 Adams. Samuel Adams married young, and 
 while he devoted himself to politics, it was 
 chiefly the industry and economy of his wife 
 that supported the family. And yet this good 
 and true wife, to whom not merely her husband, 
 but the community, stood greatly indebted, has 
 attracted so little the notice of biographers, that 
 we are unable to give even her name. — " Sam- 
 uel Adams," American Cyclopedia. 
 
 6059. WOMAN, The greatest. Napoleon I. 
 Madame de Sta6l challenged me, in the midst of 
 a numerous circle, to tell her who was the 
 greatest woman in the world. I looked at her 
 and coldly replied, " She, madame, who has 
 borne the greatest number of children." — Ab- 
 bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 35. 
 
 6060. WOMAN, Helpful. Isabella. The idea 
 of reaching the Indies by crossing the Atlantic 
 had already possessed him [Columbus]. For 
 more than ten years the poor enthusiast was a beg- 
 gar, going from court to court, explaining to dull 
 monarchs and bigoted monks the figure of the 
 earth and the ease with which the rich island of 
 the East might be reached by sailing westward. 
 He found one appreciative listener, afterward his 
 constant and faithful friend, the noble and 
 sympathetic Isabella, Queen of Castile. Be it 
 never forgotten that to the faith and insight 
 and decision of a woman the final success of Co- 
 lumbus must be attributed, — Ridpath's U. S., 
 ch. 3, p. 55. 
 
 6061. WOMAN honored. Tomb. The Taj 
 ... [in India], said to be the most beautiful 
 building in the world, . . . was built as a tomb 
 by the emperor Shah Jehar . . . for his wife, 
 whom he loved with an idolatrous affection. 
 He had promised her on her death-bed to erect 
 to her memory such a mausoleum as the world 
 had never before seen. He kept his word. . . . 
 It cost, it is stated, exclusive of labor, $15,- 
 000,000. To-day, with paid labor, it would cost 
 $50,000,000. In this country [America] it could 
 not have been built for probably twice this sum. 
 — General Grant's Travels, p. 300. 
 
 6062. WOMAN, An indiscreet. Frances Jen- 
 nings. Frances had been distinguished by 
 beauty and levity even among the crowd of 
 beautiful faces and light characters which 
 adorned and disgraced Whitehall during the 
 wild carnival of the Restoration. On one occa- 
 sion Frances dressed herself like an orange girl, 
 and cried fruit about the streets. Sober people 
 predicted that a girl of so little discretion and 
 delicacy would not easily find a husband. [She 
 was, however, twice married, and was now the 
 wife of Tyrconnel. She was the sister of Sarah, 
 the favorite mistress of James II.] — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 3, p. 236. 
 
 6063. WOMAN, Infamous. Lady Castlemaine. 
 Lord Castlemaine . . . was, indeed, well ac- 
 quainted with Rome, and was, for a layman, 
 deeply read in theological controversy. But he 
 had none of the address which his post required 
 [as English minister], and even had he been a 
 diplomatist of the greatest ability, there was a 
 circumstance which would have disqualified him 
 for the particular mission on which he had been 
 sent. He was known all over Europe as the 
 husband of the most shameless of women, and 
 he was known in no other way. — Macaulay's 
 Eng., ch. 7, p. 245. 
 
 6064. — - . Messalina. Messalina, 
 
 also, the vicious and abandoned wife of Claudi- 
 us, urged him on to various acts of injustice 
 and cruelty. This woman was infamous for all 
 manner of vices. Her debaucheries, which were 
 quite notorious in Rome, exceed all belief ; but, 
 what is the most surprising part of her character, 
 she had the address to 'pass with Claudius as a 
 paragon of virtue. She at length, however, 
 proceeded to that height of effrontery, that dur- 
 ing a short absence of Claudius she publicly 
 married Caius Silius, and upon the emperor's re- 
 turn made him, by way of jest, to sign the mar- 
 riage contract. Narcissus, his freedman, soon 
 made him sensible that the matter was too serious, 
 by informing him that the people no longer look- 
 ed upon him as emperor. Utterly unable to act 
 for himself, he now entreated that Narcissus 
 would take any steps he judged best for his in- 
 terest, and his favorite, thus invested with au- 
 thority, immediately secured the Praetorian 
 guards, and caused Messalina and Silius, her 
 gallant, to be put to death. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 5, ch. 1, p. 486. 
 
 6065. . Cleopatra. What a monster 
 
 was this princess ! The most odious of vices were 
 united in her person : an avowed disregard of 
 modesty, breach of faith, injustice, cruelty, and, 
 what crowns all the rest, the false exterior of a 
 deceitful friendship, which covers a fixed design 
 of delivering up to his enemy the person she 
 loads with the most tender caresses and with 
 marks of the warmest and most sincere attach- 
 ment. Such are the effects of ambition, which 
 was her predominant vice. — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 24, § 3. 
 
 6066. . Catharine de' Medici. 
 
 Catharine, finding herself in direct collision with 
 the admiral [Coligny], whose paramount credit 
 with the king threatened her with a total loss of 
 power, finally resolved on his destruction. No 
 doubt the idea of this crime had often been sug- 
 gested to her mind before ; it had now become a 
 necessity ; and she executed it with a cool deter- 
 mination, combined with Machiavelian subtlety, 
 which will transmit her name to posterity brand- 
 ed with peculiar and indelible infamy. Her chief 
 confidants were her son, the Duke of Anjou (af- 
 terward Henry III.), the Duke of Guise, the Mar- 
 shal de Tavannes, the Count de Retz, and the 
 Duke of Nevers. It was arranged that the admi- 
 ral should be assassinated by some known retain- 
 er of the Guises ; this would almost certainly pro- 
 duce an insurrection of the Huguenots to avenge 
 the death of their leader ; the populace of Paris 
 was then to be instigated to rise in defence of the 
 Guises ; and the weaker party was to be crush- 
 ed and exterminated by a wholesale massacre. 
 
WOMAN. 
 
 723 
 
 Such was the scheme of these diabolical conspir- 
 ators. — Students' France, ch. 16, ^ 10. 
 
 6067. WOMAN, Infatuated by. Roman Mark 
 Antony. Antony, . . . intoxicated with East- 
 ern luxury and debauchery, was daily sinking 
 in the esteem of his army. In the madness 
 of his passion for Cleopatra, he had proclaimed 
 her queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Africa, and Coelo- 
 Syria, and lavished kingdoms and provinces on 
 the children that were the fruit of her various 
 amours. . . . The imprudent measure he 
 now took in divorcing his wife Octavia, the 
 sister of his colleague, was a justifiable cause 
 for their coming to an open rupture, and ap- 
 pealing to the sword to decide their claim to 
 undivided sovereignty of the empire. Octavi- 
 us had foreseen this issue, and made formida- 
 ble preparations, which Antony had supinely 
 neglected. He trusted chiefly to his fleet, and 
 was persuaded by Cleopatra to rest the fortune 
 of the war on a naval engagement, which was 
 fought near Actium in Epirus. In the heat of 
 the battle, which was maintained for some time 
 with equal spirit, Cleopatra, with her Egyptian 
 armament of sixty galleys, took to flight, and, 
 what is scarcely conceivable, such was the in- 
 fatuation of Antony, that he followed her, leav- 
 ing his fleet to fight for themselves. — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 3, p. 420. 
 
 606§. WOMAN, An injured. Wife of James 
 II. [Mary was jealous of the infamous Cath- 
 arine Sedley, the king's mistress.] She did not 
 even attempt to conceal from the eyes of the 
 world the violence of her emotions. Day after 
 day the courtiers who came to see her dine ob- 
 served that the dishes were removed untasted 
 from the table. She suffered the tears to stream 
 down her cheeks unconcealed in the presence of 
 the whole circle of courtiers and envoys. To 
 the king she spoke with wild vehemence. 
 " Let me go," she cried. "You have made 
 your woman a countess ; make her a queen 1 
 Put my crown on her head ! Only let me hide 
 myself in some convent, where I may never see 
 her more." — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 66. 
 
 • 6069. WOMAN, Injustice to. Henry VIII. 
 [Of the pope's legates he sought a divorce.] 
 King and queen were cited to appear before 
 them when the court again met on the 18th of 
 June. Henry briefly announced his resolve to 
 live no longer in mortal sin. The queen offered 
 an appeal to Clement, and on the refusal of the 
 legates to admit it, flung lierself at Henry's feet. 
 " Sire," said Catharine [of Aragon], "I be- 
 seech you to pity me, a woman and a stranger, 
 without an assured friend, and without an indif- 
 ferent counsellor. I take God to witness that I 
 have always been to you a true and loyal wife ; 
 that I have made it my constant duty to seek 
 your pleasure ; that I have loved all whom you 
 loved, whether I have reason or not, whether 
 they are friends to me or foes. I have been 
 your wife for years ; I have brought you many 
 children. God knows that when I came to your 
 bed I was a virgin, and I put it to your own con- 
 science to say whether it was not so. If there be 
 any offence which can be alleged against me, I 
 consent to depart with infamy ; if not, then I 
 pray you to do me justice." The pitiful appeal 
 was wasted on a king who was already enter- 
 
 taining Anne Boleyn with royal state in his own 
 palace. — Hist, op Eng. People, § 552. 
 
 60r0. WOMAN, Invention of. '^Silk-weaving. 
 Till the reign of Justinian the silk-worms who 
 feed on the leaves of the white mulberry tree 
 were confined to China ; those of the pine, the 
 oak, and the ash were common in the forests 
 both of Asia and Europe ; but as their educa- 
 tion is more difiicult, and their produce more 
 uncertain, they were generally neglected, except 
 in the little island of Ceos, near the coast of At- 
 tica. A thin gauze was procured from their 
 webs, and this Cean manufacture, the invention 
 of a woman, for female use, was long admired 
 both in the East and at Rome. — Gibbon's Rome, 
 ch. 40, p. 66. 
 
 6071. WOMAN, A miserable. Sarah Jennings. 
 [See No. 6052.] Sarah was lively and voluble, 
 domineered over those whom she regarded with 
 most kindness, and when she was offended vent- 
 ed her rage in tears and tempestuous reproaches. 
 To sanctity she made no pretence, and, indeed, 
 narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion. 
 She was not yet what she became when one class 
 of vices had been fully developed in her by pros- 
 perity, and another by adversity ; when her 
 brain had been turned by success and flattery ; 
 when her heart had been ulcerated by disas- 
 ters and mortifications. She lived to be that 
 most odious and miserable of human beings, 
 an ancient crone at war with her whole kind, 
 at war with her own children and grandchildren, 
 great indeed, and rich, but valuing greatness 
 and riches chiefly because they enabled her to 
 brave public opinion, and to indulge without 
 restraint her haired to the living and the dead. 
 — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 237. 
 
 6072. WOMAN in Misfortune. Cornelia. 
 There is no female character on whom the an- 
 cient writers have lavished more praise than on 
 Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, of whose 
 greatness of mind under the severest misfortunes 
 they speak in terms of the highest eulogy. She 
 had seen the funerals of twelve of her children, 
 the last of whom were Tiberius and Caius Grac- 
 chus. While her friends were lamenting her 
 misfortunes, " Call not me unfortunate," said 
 she ; " I shall never cease to think myself a 
 happy woman, who have been the mother of 
 the Gracchi." Imprudent and dangerous for 
 themselves as she must have thought the con- 
 duct of her sons, she most naturally deemed it 
 the result of real virtue and patriotism. Plu- 
 tarch informs us that she spent the remaining 
 years of her life in a villa, near Misenum, visit- 
 ed, respected, and beloved by the most eminent 
 men, both Greeks and Romans, and honored by 
 interchanging presents even with foreign princes. 
 Her conversation was delightful when she re- 
 counted anecdotes of her father Africanus ; but 
 all were astonished when she spoke freely of 
 her sons, of their great deeds and their untimely 
 fate, and this without ever shedding a tear. " It 
 was thought bj'^ some," continues Plutarch, 
 " that the pressure of age and misfortune had 
 deadened her maternal feelings ; but they " (he 
 adds) " who were of that weak opinion were ig- 
 norant that a superior mind, enlightened by a 
 liberal education, can rise above all the calami- 
 ties of life ; and that though fortune may some- 
 times oppress virtue, she cannot deprive her of 
 
724 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 that serenity and resolution which never for- 
 sake her in the day of adversity," — Tytlkr's 
 Hist., Book 4, ch. 1, p. 388. 
 
 6073. WOMAN, A monstrous. Mary "the 
 Bloody." Mary, who inherited the cruel and tyr- 
 annical disposition of her father, began her reign 
 by putting to death her cousin Jane, together 
 with her father-in-law and husband. This out- 
 set was a prognostic of the temper of her reign, 
 which was one continued scene of bloodshed and 
 persecution. The Protestants, who had multi- 
 plied exceedingly during the short reign of Ed- 
 ward, were persecuted with the most sanguinary 
 rigor. It was a doctrine of Mary's, as Bishop 
 Burnet informs us, that as the souls of heretics are 
 afterward to be eternally burning in hell, there 
 could be nothing more proper than to imitate 
 the divine vengeance, by burning them on earth. 
 In the course of this reign it is computed that 
 about eight hundred persons were burnt alive in 
 England. Yet this monster of a woman died in 
 peace, with the consideration, no doubt, of hav- 
 ing merited eternal happiness as a reward of that 
 zeal she had shown in support of the true religion. 
 — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 20, p. 303. 
 
 6074. WOMAN opposed. Queen Mary (Stu- 
 art). With the actual outbreak of persecution 
 and the death of Cranmer all restraint was thrown 
 aside. In his "First Blast of the Trumpet 
 against the Monstrous Regiment of Women," 
 [John] Knox denounced Mary as a Jezebel, a 
 traitress, and a bastard. He declared the rule 
 of women to be against the law of nature and of 
 God. The duty, whether of the estates or peo- 
 ple of the realm, was "first to remove from hon- 
 or and authority that monster in nature ; sec- 
 ondarily, if any presume to defend that impiety, 
 they ought not to fear, first to pronounce, then 
 after to execute against them the sentence of 
 death." To keep the oath of allegiance was 
 "nothing but plain rebellion against God." — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 684. 
 
 6075. WOMAN, Patriotism of, Maria Theresa. 
 [When the Franco-Bavarians invaded Austria, 
 and won their way within a few leagues of the 
 gates of Vienna, the proud house of Austria 
 seemed doomed to inevitable] and total ruin. At 
 this crisis the young Queen of Hungary displayed 
 an intrepidity and heroism worthy of her illus- 
 trious race. She repaired to the Hungarian Diet 
 at Presburg, harangued the assembly in pathetic 
 and stirring language, and commended herself, 
 her children, and the cause of the empire to their 
 well-known patriotism, fidelity, and courage. 
 The gallant Magyars responded with tumultuous 
 enthusiasm, waving their sabres, and shouting, 
 " We will die for our king Maria Theresa !" The 
 population rose en masse, and, the movement 
 spreading into Croatia and Dalmatia, a powerful 
 army was soon marshalled for the defence of the 
 empire. — Students' France, ch. 23, § 11. 
 
 6076. WOMAN, A perfect. Gadijah. [Wife 
 of Mahomet.] During the twenty -four years of 
 their marriage her youthful husband abstained 
 from the right of polygamy, and the pride or 
 tenderness of the venerable matron was never in- 
 sulted by the society of a rival. After her death 
 he placed her in the rank of the four perfect 
 women, with the sister of Moses, the mother of 
 Jesus, and Fatima, the best beloved of his daugh- 
 ters. " Was she not old ?" said Ayesha, with 
 
 the insolence of a blooming beauty; "has not 
 God given you a better in her place ?" "No, 
 by God," said Mahomet, with an effusion of hon- 
 est gratitude ; " there never can be a better ! She 
 believed in me when men despised me ; she re- 
 lieved my wants when I was poor and persecut- 
 ed by the world."— Gibbon's Mahomet, p. 56. 
 
 6077. . Queen Mary. [When 
 
 Queen Mary was fatally sick of the small-pox, 
 her husband, William HI.,] "called me," says 
 Burnet, "into his closet, and gave vent to a 
 most tender passion. He said during the whole 
 course of their marriage he had never known 
 one single fault in her." [William was carried 
 out in a fit when she died.] — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 5, ch. 11, p. 174. 
 
 607§. WOMAN, A philosophic. Hypatia. 
 Hypatia, the daughter of Theon the mathemati- 
 cian, was initiated in her father's studies ; her 
 learned comments have elucidated the geometry 
 of Apollonius and Diophantus, and she publicly 
 taught, both at Athens and Alexandria, the phi- 
 losophy of Plato and Aristotle. In the bloom of 
 beauty and in the maturity of wisdom the mod- 
 est maid refused her lovers and instructed her 
 disciples ; the persons most illustrious for their 
 rank or merit were impatient to visit the female 
 philosopher ; and Cyril beheld, with a jealous 
 eye, the gorgeous train of horses and slaves who 
 crowded the door of her academy. — Gibbon's 
 Rome, ch. 47, p. 502. 
 
 6079. WOMAN in Politics. Louis XY. In 
 1743 the . . . influence which really predomi- 
 nated in the State was that of the king's mistress, 
 the Duchess of Chatearoux, the youngest of four 
 sisters of the family of Nesle, who had succes- 
 sively yielded to his licentious passion. — Stu- 
 dents' France, ch. 23, § 12. 
 
 60§0. . Louis XV. In 1749 the 
 
 royal affections were transferred ... to a new 
 mistress, Madame Lenormant d'Etioles, a person 
 of low birth, but of decided talent and great ac- 
 complishments, who was soon afterward created 
 Marchioness of Pompadour. Louis abandoned 
 himself slavishly to her influence, and for twen- 
 ty years she was the most powerful personage 
 in France. All the great affairs of State were 
 discussed and arranged under her guidance. 
 Generals, ministers, ambassadors, transacted bus- 
 iness in her boudoir ; she dispensed the whole 
 patronage of the government ; the rich prizes of 
 the Church, of the army, of the magistrature 
 were to be obtained solely through her favor. — 
 Students' France, ch. 20, § 1. 
 
 60S1. . Overthrow of Lord Claren- 
 don. His overthrow " Avas certainly designed in | 
 Lady Castlemaine's chamber ;" and as he retired 
 at noonday from the audience of dismission, she ' 
 ran undressed from her bed into her aviary, to 
 enjoy the spectacle of the fallen minister, and 
 "bless herself at the old man's going away." 
 The gallants of Whitehall crowded to " talk to 
 her in her bird-cage." " You," said they to her, 
 as they glanced at the retiring chancellor — "you 
 are the bird of passage." — Bancroft's TJ. S., 
 vol. 2. ch. 17. 
 
 60S2. WOMAN, Power of. Aspasia. The cel- 
 ebrated Aspasia, first the mistress and afterward 
 the wife of Pericles, had from her extraordinary 
 talents a great ascendency over his mind, and 
 
WOMAN. 
 
 725 
 
 was supposed frequently to have dictated his 
 counsels in the most important concerns of the 
 State. She was believed to have formed a socie- 
 ty of courtesans, whose influence over their gal- 
 lants, young men of consideration in the repub- 
 lic, she thus rendered subservient to the politi- 
 cal views of Pericles. , . . Such were the pow- 
 ers of her mind and the fascinating charms of 
 her conversation that even before her marriage, 
 and while exercising the trade of a courtesan, 
 her house was the frequent resort ot the gravest 
 and most respectable of the Athenian citizens ; 
 among the rest, of the virtuous Socrates. — Tyt- 
 ler's Hist. , Book 2, ch. 2, p. 147. 
 
 60§3. . Cleopatra. The passion 
 
 which Caesar had conceived for that princess 
 was probably the sole cause of his embarking 
 in so dangerous a war [with the Egyptians]. 
 He had by her one son, called Csesarion, whom 
 Augustus caused to be put to death when he be- 
 came master of Alexandria. His atfection for 
 Cleopatra kept him much longer in Egypt than 
 his affairs required. . . . Caesar passed whole 
 nights in feasting with Cleopatra. Having em- 
 barked with her upon the Nile, he carried her 
 through the country with a numerous fleet, and 
 would have penetrated into Ethiopia if his army 
 had not refused to follow him. He had resolved 
 to bring her to Rome, and to marry her ; and 
 intended to have caused a law to pass in the as- 
 sembly of the people, by which the citizens of 
 Rome should be permitted to marry such and as 
 many wives as they thought fit. — Rollin's Hist. , 
 Book 24, § 2. 
 
 6084. . James IT. At the mo- 
 ment of the king's accession, a sense of the new 
 responsibility which lay on liim made his mind 
 for a time peculiarly open to religious impres- 
 sions. He formed and announced many good 
 resolutions, spoke in public with great severity 
 of the impious and licentious manners of the age, 
 and in private assured his queen and and his con- 
 fessor that he would see Catharine Sedley no 
 more. He wrote to his mistress entreating her 
 to quit the apartments which she occupied at 
 Whitehall, and to go to a house in Saint James' 
 Square, which had been splendidly furnished for 
 her at his expense. He at the same time prom- 
 ised to allow her a large pension from his privy 
 purse. Catharine, clever, strong-minded, in- 
 trepid, and conscious of her power, refused to 
 stir. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, p. 64. 
 
 60§5. "WOMAN, Power of a wicked. King's 
 Mistress. [Mademoiselle Queronaille was one of 
 the favorite mistresses of Charles II.] Incred- 
 ible as it may appear, there is a record of partic- 
 ular payments to her out of the secret service 
 money, in the one year of 1681, of £136,668 
 10s.— Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 20, p. 325. 
 
 60§6. WOMAN, Praise of. Mrs. President 
 Jackson. The remains were interred in the gar- 
 den of the Hermitage, in a tomb which the gen- 
 eral had recently completed. The tablet which 
 covers her dust contains the following inscrip- 
 tion : " Here lie the remains of Mrs. Rachel 
 Jackson, wife of President Jackson, who died 
 the 22d of December, 1828, aged 61. Her face 
 was fair, her person pleasing, her temper amia- 
 ble, her heart kind ; she delighted in relieving 
 the wants of her fellow-creatures, and cultivated 
 that divine pleasure by the most liberal and un- 
 
 pretending methods ; to the poor she was a ben- 
 efactor ; to the rich an example ; to the wretch- 
 ed a comforter ; to the prosperous an ornament ; 
 her piety went hand in hand with her benevo- 
 lence, and she thanked her Creator for being 
 permitted to do good. A being so gentle and so 
 virtuous slander might wound but not dishon- 
 or. Even death, when he tore her from the 
 arms of her husband, could but transport her to 
 the bosom of her God." Andrew Jackson was 
 never the same man again. During his presiden- 
 cy he never used the phrase, " By the Eternal," 
 nor any other language which could be consid- 
 ered profane. He mourned his wife until he 
 himself rejoined her in the tomb he had pre- 
 pared for them both. — Cyclopedia of Bigg., 
 p. 540. 
 
 6087. WOMAN, Protected by. Pocahontas. It 
 was necessary that the sanction of the Indian em- 
 peror should be given to the sentence, and [Cap- 
 tain John] Smith was now taken twenty -five miles 
 down the river to a town where Powhatan lived 
 in winter. The savage monarch was now sixty 
 years of age, and, to use Smith's own language, 
 looked every inch a king. He received the 
 prisoner with all the rude formalities peculiar to 
 his race. Going to the Long House of the vil- 
 lage, the emperor, clad in a robe of raccoon 
 skins, took his seat on a kind of throne, pre- 
 pared for the occasion. His two daughters sat 
 right and left, while files of warriors and women 
 of rank were ranged round the hall. The king 
 solemnly reviewed the cause, and confirmed the 
 sentence of death. Two large stones were 
 brought into the hall ; Smith was dragged forth, 
 bound, and his head put into position to be 
 crushed by a war-club. A stalwart painted 
 savage was ordered out of the rank, and stood 
 ready for the bloody tragedy. The signal was 
 given, the grim executioner raised his bludgeon, 
 and another moment had decided the fate of 
 both the illustrious captive and his colony. But 
 the peril went by harmless. Matoaka [Poca- 
 hontas], the eldest daughter of Powhatan, sprang 
 from her seat and rushed between the warrior's 
 uplifted club and the prostrate prisoner. She 
 clasped his head in her arms, and held on with 
 the resolution of despair until her father, yield- 
 ing to her frantic appeals, ordered Smith to be 
 imbound and lifted up. Again he was rescued 
 from a terrible death. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 9, 
 p. 100. 
 
 6088. WOMAN, A remarkable. TJiejiah. 
 [After the death of Mahomet] an Arab woman 
 of Mesopotamia, named Thejiah, declared her- 
 self seized with the prophetic spirit, and submit- 
 ting the Arabs of Syria to her inspirations, was 
 marching at the head of an army, fanaticised by 
 her eloquence and her beauty, against Yemen. 
 — Lamartine's Turkey, p. 159. 
 
 6089. . Mary Stuart. If another 
 
 Homer were to arise, and if the poet were to 
 seek another Helen for the subject of a modern 
 epic of war, religion, and love, he would beyond 
 all find her in Mary Stuart, the most beautiful, 
 the weakest, the most attractive and most at- 
 tracted of women, raising around her, by her ir- 
 resistible fascinations, a whirlwind of love, am- 
 bition, and jealousy, in which her lovers became, 
 each in his turn, the motive, the instrument, and 
 the victim of a crime ; leaving, like the Greek 
 
726 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 Helen, the arms of a murdered husband for 
 those of his murderer ; sowing the seeds of in- 
 ternecine, religious, and foreign war at every 
 step, and closing by a saintly death the life of a 
 Clytemnestra. — Lamartine's Queen of Scots, 
 p. 1. 
 
 6090. WOMAN, Rescued by. Gliarlei> II. 
 [After the defeat of Charles II. at the battle of 
 Worcester he fled to Morseley in disguise. Here 
 he was in great danger because of the presence 
 of the soldiers of the Commonwealth. He dis- 
 guised himself as a decent serving-man, who 
 was to convey his mistress, the daughter of Col- 
 onel Lane, to a relation near Bristol. The lady 
 rode on a pillion behind him. By her assistance 
 he escaped to France, and saved his head.] — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 9, p. 141. 
 
 6091. "WOMAN, Eestraints for. Samuel John- 
 son. Mrs. Knowles affected to complain that 
 men had much more liberty allowed them than 
 women. Johnson: "Why, madam, women 
 have all the liberty they should wish to have. 
 We have all the labor and the danger, and 
 ihe women all the advantage. We go to sea, 
 we build houses, we do everything, in short, to 
 pay our court to the women," Mrs. Knowles : 
 " The Doctor reasons very wittily, but not 
 convincingly. Now, take the instance of build- 
 ing : the mason's wife, if she is ever seen in 
 liquor, is ruined ; the mason may get himself 
 drunk as often as he pleases, with little loss of 
 character ; nay, may let his wife and children 
 starve." Johnson: "Madam, you must con- 
 sider if the mason does get himself drunk, and 
 let his wife and children starve, the parish will 
 oblige him to find security for their mainte- 
 nance. We have different modes of restraining 
 evil. Stocks for the men, a ducking-stool for 
 women, and a pound for beasts. If we require 
 more perfection from women than from our- 
 selves, it is doing them honor. And women 
 have not the same temptations that we have : 
 they may always live in virtuous company ; 
 men must mix in the world indiscriminately. 
 If a woman has no inclination to do what is 
 wrong, being secured from it is no restraint to 
 her." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 379. 
 
 6092. WOMAN, A revengeful. Assassination. 
 The Duchess of Montpensier, a woman of mas- 
 culine energy and resolution, spared no pains 
 to inflame to the utmost the angry passions 
 of the multitude against Henry III., who had 
 shed her brother's blood ; and among other ex- 
 pedients, strong appeals were made to the fa 
 naticism of the priesthood and religious orders. 
 [She obtained his death by the hand of a Do- 
 minican monk.] — Students' France, ch. 17, 
 § 14. 
 
 6093. WOMAN, Rights of. Early Bomans. 
 [During the reign of Numa complaints were 
 made against the women.] Their behavior is 
 said to have been too bold and too masculine, 
 In particular to their husbands. For they con- 
 sidered themselves as absolute mistresses in their 
 houses ; nay, they wanted a share in affairs of 
 State, and delivered their sentiments with great 
 freedom concerning the most weighty matters. 
 — Plutarch's Numa and Lycurgus. 
 
 6094. WOMAN, Rule of. King of Navarre. 
 [In France the] acknowledged chief [of the Ref- 
 
 ormation] was no less a personage than the first 
 prince of the blood, Antoine de Bourbon, . . . who 
 had become King of Navarre. , . . His wife [Jean. 
 d'Albret], who had been carefully educated m the 
 Reformed doctrines by her mother, Margueiite 
 of Valois, induced him to emJbrace her faith ; 
 and his younger brother, Louis, Prince of Conde, 
 being in like manner converted by the example 
 and persuasions of his wife, declared himself 
 a zealous member of the party. — Students' 
 France, ch. 15, § 8. 
 
 6095. . Queen of Scots. [John 
 
 Knox before Queen Mary.] "I would," said 
 the queen, "my words might have the same 
 effect upon you as yours have upon Scotland ; 
 we should then understand each other, become 
 friends, and our good intelligence would do 
 much for the peace and happiness of the king- 
 dom I" " Madam," replied the stern apostle, 
 "words are more barren than the rock when 
 they are only worldly ; but when inspired by 
 God, thence proceed the flower, the grain, and 
 all virtues ! I have travelled over Germany ; I 
 know the Saxon law, which is just, for it reserves 
 the sceptre for man alone, and only gives to 
 woman a place at the hearth and a distaff !" — 
 thus plainly declaring that he saw in her only a 
 usurper, and that he was himself a republican 
 of the theocratic order. . . . The queen, alarmed 
 at the impotence of her charms, her words, and 
 her rank on the mailed heart of fanaticism, wept 
 like a child before the sectary ; her tears moved 
 but did not discourage him ; he continued to 
 preach with wild freedom against the govern- 
 ment of women and the pomps of the palace. — 
 Lamartine's Queen of Scots, p. 12. 
 
 6096. WOMAN, Sagacious. Thracian. A 
 party of Thracians demolished the house of 
 Timoclea, a woman of quality and honor. The 
 soldiers carried off the booty ; and the captain, 
 after having violated the lady, asked her whether 
 she had not some gold and silver concealed. 
 She said she had ; and taking him alone into 
 the garden, showed him a well, into which, she 
 told him, she had thrown everything of value 
 when the city was taken. The officer stooped 
 down to examine the well ; upon which she 
 pushed him in, and then despatched him with 
 stones. The Thracians, coming up, seized and 
 bound her hands, and carried her before Alex- 
 ander, who immediately perceived by her look 
 and gait, and the fearless manner in which she 
 followed that savage crew, that she was a 
 woman of quality and superior sentiments. The 
 king demanded who she was. She answered : 
 " I am the sister of Theagenes, who, in capac- 
 ity of general, fought Philip for the liberty of 
 Greece, and fell in the battle of Chacronea." 
 Alexander, admiring her answer and the bold 
 action she had performed, commanded her to 
 be set at liberty and her children with her. — 
 Plutarch's Alexander. 
 
 6097. WOMAN, Saved by. Fulvia. The 
 conspirator Catiline had brought his plot to ma- 
 turity. Troops were levied, arms provided, a 
 distinct department and function was assigned 
 to each of the principal conspirators, and a day 
 was fixed for the commencement of operations 
 in the heart of Rome. The city was to be set 
 fire to in a hundred different quarters at once ; 
 the consuls were to be assassinated ; and an im 
 
WOMAN. 
 
 727 
 
 mense list was prepared of the chief citizens 
 who were doomed to instantaneous destruction. 
 A plot of this nature, in which so many were 
 concerned, could not long be kept secret. Ful- 
 via, a woman of loose character, the mistress of 
 one of the conspirators, probably gained by the 
 spies of Cicero, gave notice to the consuls of 
 the whole plan of the conspiracy. The Senate 
 passed that powerful decree which armed the 
 consuls with dictatorial authority for the safety 
 of the republic. — Tytleb'sHist., Book 4, ch. 1, 
 p. 398. 
 
 609§. WOMAN, Scholarly. Queen Elizabeth. 
 At sixteen she already showed " a man's power 
 of application" to her books. She had read 
 almost the whole of Cicero and a great part of 
 Livy. She began the day with the study of the 
 New Testament in Greek, and followed this up 
 by reading selected orations of Isocrates and the 
 tragedies of Sophocles. She could speak Latin 
 with fluency and Greek moderately well. Her 
 love of classical culture lasted through her life. 
 Amid the press and cares of her later reign we 
 find Ascham recording how "after dinner I 
 went up to read with the queen's majesty that 
 noble oration of Demosthenes against JEschines. " 
 At a later time her Latin served her to rebuke 
 the insolence of a Polish ambassador, and she 
 could "rub up her rusty Greek" at need to 
 bandy pedantry with a vice-chancellor. But 
 Elizabeth was far, as yet, from being a mere ped- 
 ant. She could already speak French and 
 Italian as fluently as her mother-tongue. In 
 later days we find her familiar with Ariosto and 
 Tasso. The purity of her literary taste, the 
 love for a chaste and simple style, which Ascham 
 noted with praise in her girlhoodj had not yet 
 perished under the influence of euphuism. — 
 Hist, of Eng. People, § 686. 
 
 6099. WOMAN, A spirited. Theste. When 
 Philoxenus, who had married Theste [the sister 
 of Dionysius the tyrant], was declared his ene- 
 my, and fled through fear out of Sicily, Diony- 
 sius sent for his sister, and reproached her with 
 being privy to her husband's escape, without 
 letting him know it. Theste answered, without 
 fear or hesitation : "Do you think me, Dio- 
 nysius, so bad a wife, or so weak a woman, that 
 if I had known of my husband's flight I would 
 not have accompanied him, and shared in the 
 worst of his fortunes ? Indeed, I was ignorant 
 of it. And I assure you that I should esteem 
 it a higher honor to be called the wife of Phil- 
 oxenus the exile than the sister of Dionysius 
 the tyrant." The king, it is said, admired her 
 spirited answer ; and the Syracusans honored 
 her so much that she retained her princely reti- 
 nue after the dissolution of the tyranny ; and 
 the citizens, by public decree, attended the so- 
 lemnity of her funeral. — Plutarch. 
 
 6100, . Mary Stuart Queen of Scots. 
 
 She brought with her the voluptuous refinement 
 of the French Renaissance ; she would lounge 
 for days in bed, and rise only at night for dances 
 and music. But her frame was of iron, and in- 
 capable of fatigue ; she galloped ninety miles 
 after her last defeat without a pause, save to 
 change horses. She loved risk and adventure 
 and the ring of arms ; as she rode in a foray to 
 the north the swordsmen beside her heard her 
 "Wish she was a man " to know what life it was 
 
 to lie all night in the fields, or to walk on the 
 cawsey with a jack and knapschalle, a Glasgow 
 buckler, and a broadsword. — Hist, of Eng. 
 People, § 721. 
 
 6101. WOMAN, Supremacy of. Veturia. [CaXxxs 
 Marcius, surnamed Coriolanus, was a Koman 
 senator and traitor. He was condemned to ex- 
 ile.] He now proposed to himself a plan of 
 vengeance, in the last degree ignominious, and 
 which no injuries an individual can receive are 
 sufficient to justify. He repaired to the camp 
 of the Volscians, and offered his services to the 
 determined enemies of his country. They were 
 accepted ; and such v\^as the consequence of his 
 abilities as a general, that Rome, in the space of 
 a few months, was reduced to extremity. . . . He 
 appeared again with his army under the walls 
 of the city. The Senate maintained an inflexi- 
 ble resistance to the demands of the traitor, and 
 to the popular clamor. At length a band of 
 Roman matrons, at the head of which was Ve- 
 turia, the mother of Coriolanus, with his wife 
 and children, repaired to the camp of the en 
 emy, and suddenly presented themselves at the 
 feet of Coriolanus. The severity of his nature 
 was not proof against this last appeal. He con- 
 sented to lay down his arms ; he ordered his 
 troops to retire ; and thus Rome owed her 
 safety to the tears of a woman. [This storv 
 is doubted.] — Tytler's Hist., Book 3, ch. 4, 
 p. 323. 
 
 6102. WOMAN, Taste of. Abraham Lincoln. 
 [He was on his way to Washington to be inau- 
 gurated President.] At Northeast station he took 
 occasion [at a welcome gathering] to state that 
 during the campaign he had received a letter 
 from a young girl of the place in which he was 
 kindly admonished ... to let his whiskers grow ; 
 as he had acted upon that piece of advice, he 
 would now be glad to welcome his fair corre- 
 spondent, if she were among the crowd. In re- 
 sponse to the call, a lassie made her way through 
 the crowd, was helped on the platform, and was 
 kissed by the President. — Raymond's Lincoln, 
 ch. 5, p. 141. 
 
 6103. WOMAN, Taught by. Religion. The 
 Goths owed their first knowledge of Christianity 
 to a young girl, a prisoner of war ; she continued 
 in the midst of them her exercises of piety ; she 
 fasted, prayed, and praised God day and night. 
 When she was asked what good could come of 
 so much painful trouble, she answered : "It is 
 thus that Christ, the Son of God, is to be honor- 
 ed." — Note in Gibbon's Rome, ch. 16, p. 74. 
 
 6104. WOMAN, Tenderness of. Joan of Arc. 
 [At the battle of Patay.] The French men-at- 
 arms did not wait for the English leaders to make 
 up their minds, but, coming up at a gallop, en- 
 countered but slight resistance. Talbot [the 
 British commander] would fight, seeking, per- 
 haps, to fall ; but he only succeeded in getting 
 made prisoner. The pursuit was murderous ; and 
 the bodies of two thousand of the English strewed 
 the plain. At the sight of such numbers of dead 
 La Pucelle shed tears ; but she wept much more 
 bitterly when she saw the brutality of the sol- 
 diery, and how they treated prisoners who had 
 no ranson to give. Perceiving one of them felled 
 dying to the ground, she was no longer mistress 
 of herself, but threw herself from her horse, 
 raised the poor man's head, sent for a priest, 
 
728 
 
 WOMAN, 
 
 comforted him, and smoothed his way to death. 
 — Michelet's Joan, p. 18. 
 
 6105. . Lucy Hutchinson. [During 
 
 the civil war the teachers of religion were cruel 
 and revengeful, but female tenderness and cour- 
 age were not wanting, as seen in the conduct of 
 Lucy, wife of Colonel Hutchinson, after the at- 
 tack upon Nottingham Castle.] There was a 
 large room, which was the chapel, in the castle ; 
 this they had filled full of prisoners, besides a 
 very bad prison, which was no better than a 
 dungeon, called the " Lion's Den ; " the new Cap- 
 tain Palmer and another minister, having nothing 
 else to do, walked up and down the castle yard, 
 insulting and beating the poor prisoners as they 
 were brought up. . . . After our hurt men were 
 dressed, as she stood at her chamber-door, seeing 
 three of the prisoners sorely cut, and carried 
 down bleeding into the Lion's Den, she desired 
 the marshal to bring them in to her, and bound 
 up and dressed their wounds ; which while she 
 was doing Captain Palmer came in and told her 
 his soul abhorred to see this favor to the enemies 
 of God ; she replied she had done nothing but 
 what she thought was her duty, in humanity to 
 them, as fellow-creatures, and not as enemies. — 
 Knight's Eng., vol. 4, ch. 3, p. 19. 
 
 6106. WOMAN, Transformation of. Constan- 
 tinople. Constantinople is said to have been 
 originated from the elfect of a vision which ap- 
 peared to the Emperor Constantine while he slept. 
 A venerable matron, sinking under the weight of 
 many years and infirmities, was suddenly trans- 
 formed into a blooming maid. The monarch 
 awoke, interpreted the auspicious omen, and 
 obeyed without hesitation the will of Heaven, and 
 there established a city. — Gibbon's Rome, vol. 2, 
 ch. 17, p. 95. 
 
 6107. WOMAN, Value of. Exchanged. [Pla- 
 cidia, the] daughter of the great Theodosius, had 
 been the captive and the queen of the Goths ; 
 she lost an affectionate husband ; she was dragged 
 in chains by his insulting assassin ; she tasted the 
 pleasure of revenge, and was exchanged, in the 
 treat}^ of peace, for six hundred thousand meas- 
 ures of wheat. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 33, p. 363. 
 
 61 0§. WOMAN, Weakness of. Wife of James 
 II. [Tyrconnel wished to be lord-lieutenant of 
 Ireland.] Mary of Modena herself was not free 
 from suspicion of corruption. There was in 
 London a renowned chain of pearls which was 
 valued at ten thousand pounds. It had belonged 
 to Prince Rupert, and by him it had been left to 
 Margaret Hughes, a courtesan, who, toward the 
 close of his life, had exercised a boundless em- 
 pire over him. [Lord] Tyrconnel loudly boast- 
 ed that with this chain he had purchased the sup- 
 port of the queen. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, 
 p. 146. 
 
 6109. WOMAN, Wickedness of. Fredegonda. 
 Chilperic of Neustria, who had already a con- 
 cubine named Fredegonda, a woman of remark- 
 able beauty and talent, became a suitor for the 
 hand of Galeswintha, sister to Brunehaut. The 
 marriage took place ; but such was the influence 
 of the abandoned Fredegonda, that she persuad- 
 ed Chilperic to acknowledge her publicly as his 
 mistress, and assign her a residence in the palace. 
 Galeswintha refused to submit to this indignity, 
 and demanded a separation. Chilperic contrived 
 
 to soothe her by protestations of amendment ; 
 but within a few weeks the unhappy queen was 
 found strangled in her bed, and the crime was 
 universally attributed to the instigation of Frede- 
 gonda. In defiance of all decency, the king, 
 immediately after his wife's death, married his 
 guilty favorite. ... In Neustria Fredegonda 
 pursued her career of cruelty, treachery, and 
 bloodshed. She caused Clovis, a son of Chil- 
 peric by his first marriage, to be condemned and 
 executed on a charge of sorcery ; his young wife 
 was consigned to torture and the stake. Soon 
 afterward Chilperic himself closed his agitated 
 reign by a violent death. He was assassinated 
 at Chelles, near Paris, in 584. . . . The general 
 weight of testimony lays the guilt upon Frede- 
 gonda. The king, it is said, had lately discov- 
 ered her criminal intercourse with one of the 
 oflBcers of the palace ; fearing the consequences 
 of his anger, she resolved to secure her own life 
 by sacrificing her husband. . . . This extraor- 
 dinary woman died in 597, having had reason to 
 congratulate herself on the complete success of 
 her political ambition, if not on the full gratifi- 
 cation of her private vengeance. History records 
 few similar examples of atrocious and, at the 
 same time, triumphant wickedness. Writers of 
 all ages concur in holding up the memory of 
 Fredegonda to the execration of posterity. — 
 Students' France, ch. 4, g 4. 
 
 61 10. WOMAN, A wise. Artemisia. A 
 woman of a singularly heroic character, Arte- 
 misia, queen of Halicarnassus, from a pure spirit 
 of enterprise had joined the fleet of Xerxes with 
 a small squadron, which she commanded in per- 
 son. The prudence of this woman's counsels, 
 had they been followed, might have saved the 
 Persian monarch the disaster and disgrace that 
 awaited him. She recommended Xerxes to con- 
 fine his operations to the attack of the enemy by 
 land, to employ his fleet only in the supply of 
 the army, and to avoid all engagement with the 
 Grecian galleys, which now contained the chief 
 force of the enemy. But Xerxes and his officers 
 disdained to follow an advice which they .iudged 
 the result of female timidity ; and the compresed 
 position of the Grecian fleet seemed to offer a 
 favorable opportunity for a decisive blow to 
 their armament. The fleet of the Greeks con- 
 sisted of 380 ships, that of the Persians amount- 
 ed to 1200 sail. The latter, with disorderly im- 
 petuosity, hastened to the attack ; the former 
 waited their assault in perfect order, and with 
 calm and deliberate resolution. A wind sprang 
 up which blew contrary to the fleet of the Per- 
 sians ; and as it thus became necessaiy to ply 
 their oars with the greater part of tlieir men, 
 their active force was diminished, their motion? 
 impeded, and a confusion ensued which gave 
 their enemy a manifest advantage. It was then 
 that the Greeks became the assailants ; they 
 raised the pcean, or song of victory, and, aided 
 by the wind, dashed forward upon the Persian 
 squadron, the brazen beaks of the triremes 
 overwhelming and sinking every ship which 
 they touched. The Persians suffered a com- 
 plete and dreadful defeat. Artemisia, with her 
 galleys, kept the sea, and fought to the last 
 with manly courage ; while Xerxes, who had 
 beheld the engagement from an eminence on the 
 shore, no sooner saw its issue, than he precipi- 
 
WOMAN— WOMEN. 
 
 729 
 
 stately fled, upon the circulation of a false report 
 that the Greeks designed to break down his 
 bridge of boats upon the Hellespont. The Greeks, 
 landing from their ships, attacked the rear of 
 the Persian army, and made a dreadful carnage, 
 so that the coast was thickly strewn with the 
 ■dead bodies. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 1, 
 p. 135. 
 
 6111. WOMAN worshipped. Joan of Arc. 
 Chivalry was in every one's mouth as the pro- 
 tection of alflicted dames and damsels. Marshal 
 Boucicaut had just founded an order which had 
 no other object. Besides the worship of the 
 Virgin, constantly extending in the Middle Age, 
 having become the dominant religion, it seemed 
 •as if virginity must be an inviolable safeguard. 
 . . . The religion of this epoch was less the ad- 
 oration of the Virgin than of woman ; its chiv- 
 alry was that portrayed in the Petit Jehan de 
 Saintre — but with the advantage of chastity, in 
 favor of the romance over the truth. — Miche- 
 let's Joax, p. 26. 
 
 6112. WOMAN wronged. In Property. [In 
 1474 Parliament divided the great fortune of 
 the Earl of Warwick — the king-maker. His 
 two brothers received nearly all, leaving his 
 widow but a wretched provision.] — Knight's 
 J:ng., vol. 2, ch. 11, p. 172. 
 
 6113. WOMEN, Zeal of. Rebellion of Mon- 
 mouth. That an attack was to he made under 
 cover of the night was no secret in Bridgewater. 
 The town was full of women, who had repaired 
 thither by hundreds from the surrounding region, 
 to see their husbands, sons, lovers, and brothers 
 once more. There were many sad partings that 
 day, and many parted never to meet again. The 
 report of the intended attack came to the ears of a 
 Toung girl who was zealous for the king. 
 Though of modest character, she had the cour- 
 age to resolve that she would herself bear the in- 
 telligence to Feversham [the commander for 
 James II.]. She stole out of Bridgewater, and 
 made her way to the royal camp ; but that camp 
 was not a place where female innocence could 
 be safe. Even the officers, despising alike the 
 irregular force to which they were opposed and 
 the negligent general who commanded them, 
 had indulged largely in wine, and were ready 
 for any excess of licentiousness and cruelty. 
 One of them seized the unhappy maiden, refused 
 to listen to her errand, and brutally outraged 
 her. She fled in agonies of rage and shame, 
 leaving the wicked army to its doom. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 5, p. 561. 
 
 6114. . In Devonshire. [William 
 
 of Orange invaded England by invitation.] The 
 acclamations redoubled when, attended by forty 
 running footmen, the prince himself appeared, 
 armed on back and breast, wearing a white 
 plume and mounted on a white charger. With 
 how martial an air he curbed his horse, how 
 thoughtful and commanding was the expression 
 ■of his ample forehead and falcon eye, may still 
 be seen on the canvas of Kneller. Once his 
 grave features relaxed into a smile. It was when 
 an ancient woman, perhaps one of those zealous 
 Puritans who through twenty-eight years of per- 
 secution had waited with firm faith for the con- 
 «olation of Israel, perhaps the mother of some 
 rebel who had perished in the carnage of Sedge- 
 moor, or in the more fearful carnage of the 
 
 bloody circuit, broke from the crowd, rushed 
 through the drawn swords and curveting horses, 
 touched the hand of the deliverer, and cried out 
 that now she was happy. — Macaulay's Eng., 
 ch. 9, p. 451. 
 
 6115. WOMEN, Co-operation of. Revolution, 
 September, 1776. [Washington evacuated New 
 York in great haste. A few hours was of ut- 
 most value.] The respite [in the pursuit] which 
 saved [Israel] Putnam's division was due to 
 Mary Lindley, the wife of Robert Miirray. When 
 the British army drew near her house on Incle- 
 berg, as Murray Hill was then called. Lord Howe 
 and his officers, ordering a halt, accepted her 
 invitation to a lunch ; and by the excellence of 
 her viands and old Madeira wine, and by the 
 good-humor with which she parried Tryon's 
 jests at her sympathy with the rebels, she whiled 
 away two hours or more of their time, till every 
 American regiment had escaped. — Bancroft's 
 U. S., vol. 9, ch. 6. 
 
 6116. WOMEN, Courtesy to. Ancients. 
 [When the Romans and Sabines were reconciled 
 to each other, many] honorable privileges were 
 conferred upon the women, some of which were 
 these : That the men should give them the 
 way, wherever they met them ; that they should 
 not mention an obscene word or appear naked 
 before them ; that, in case of their killing any 
 person, they should not be tried before the or- 
 dinary judges ; and that their children should 
 wear an ornament about their necks, called 
 Bulla, from its likeness to a bubble, and a gar- 
 ment bordered with purple. — Plutarch's Rom- 
 ulus. 
 
 6117. WOMEN, Culture of. Unappreciated. 
 [Swift wrote a paper on] "The Education of 
 Ladies" [early in the eighteenth century], in 
 which he says : " There is a subject of contro- 
 versy which I have frequently met with in mixed 
 and select companies of both sexes, and some- 
 times only of men — whether it be prudent to 
 choose a wife who has good natural sense, some 
 taste of wit and humor, able to read and relish 
 history, books of travels, moral or entertaining 
 discourses, and be a tolerable judge of the beau- 
 ties in poetry ? This question is generally de- 
 termined in the negative by women themselves, 
 and almost universally by we men." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, p. 421. 
 
 6118. WOMEN degraded. Roman Law. Wom- 
 en were condemned to the perpetual tutelage 
 of parents, husbands, or guardians ; a sex cre- 
 ated to please and obey was never supposed 
 to have attained the age of reason and experi- 
 ence. Such, at least, was the stern and haughty 
 spirit of the ancient law, which had been insen- 
 sibly mollified before the time of Justinian. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 44, p. 355. 
 
 6119. WOMEN, Devotion of. Piety. [That 
 Camillus, the Roman general, might perform his 
 vow to Apollo, the Senate and citizens were called 
 upon to assist him. They] all produced their 
 proportion, and it was resolved that a vase of 
 massy gold should be made and sent to Delphi. 
 But as there was a scarcity of gold in the city, 
 while the magistrates were considering how to 
 procure it, the Roman matrons met, and having 
 consulted among themselves, gave up their golden 
 ornaments, which weighed eight talents, as an 
 
730 
 
 WOMEN. 
 
 offering to the god. And the Senate, in honor of 
 their piety, decreed that they should have funeral 
 orations as well as the men, which had not been 
 the custom before. — Plutarch's Camillus. 
 
 6120. WOMEN, Ferocious. Barbarians. [When 
 the Romans defeated the Ambrones, they fled 
 through their camp, where] the women meet- 
 ing them with swords and axes, and setting up a 
 horrid and hideous cry, fell upon the fugitives 
 as well as the pursuers, the former as traitors, 
 and the latter as enemies. Mingling with the 
 combatants, they laid hold on the Roman shields, 
 catched at their swords with their naked hands, 
 and obstinately suffered themselves to be hacked 
 in pieces. — Plutarch's Caius Marius. 
 
 6121. WOMEN in Government. Revolutions. 
 It is somewhat extraordinary that most of the 
 revolutions of the Roman State should have owed 
 their origin to women. To a woman Rome 
 owed the abolition of the regal dignity and the 
 establishment of the republic. To a woman she 
 owed her delivery from the tryanny of the de- 
 cemviri, and the restoration of the consular gov- 
 ernment ; and to a woman she owed that change 
 of the constitution by which the plebeians became 
 capable of holding the highest offices of the com- 
 monwealth. [See No. 5716.] — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 3, ch. 6, p. 348. 
 
 6122. WOMEN and Government. Injuries. 
 Arbitrary power spoils the shape of the foot in 
 China ; hurries the Indian woman to her hus- 
 band's funeral pile ; makes the daughters of Eve 
 in Persia mere chattels ; gives a woman the 
 twelfth share of a husband in the dominions of 
 the Grand Turk ; and renders them slaves of 
 duennas and governantes in Spain and Italy. — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 5, ch. 27, p. 418. 
 
 6123. WOMEN, Hard-hearted. Beign of James 
 II. [The property of the defeated rebels, under 
 the Duke of Monmouth, was confiscated, and ex- 
 tortion applied to all who could be suspected of 
 sympathy ; their families were left destitute, 
 while the unfortunate men were sold into sla- 
 very. ] The ladies of the queen's household distin- 
 guished themselves pre-eminently by rapacity and 
 hard-heartedness. Part of the disgrace which they 
 incurred falls on [Mary] their mistress, for it was 
 solely on account of the relation in which they 
 stood to her that they were able to enrich them- 
 selves by so odious a trade ; and there can be no 
 question that she might, with a word or a look, 
 have restrained them ; but, in truth, she encour- 
 aged them by her evil example, if not by her ex- 
 press approbation. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 5, 
 p. 605. 
 
 6124. WOMEN, Heroic. For Reform. [In 
 1642, when the despotism of Charles I. was being 
 broken,] women took part in this great question 
 of the time with an ardor in which there is noth- 
 ing really ridiculous. The cavaliers laughed at 
 " the zealous sisterhood ;" but in a juster point of 
 view there is something as heroic as the royalist 
 Countess of Derby's defence of Latham House 
 in the demeanor of the Puritan Ann Stugg, a 
 brewer's wife, when she went to the door of 
 the House of Commons, at the head of a great 
 number of women of the middle class, and pre- 
 sented a petition, which said : "It may be 
 thought strange and unbecoming our sex to show 
 ourselves here, bearing a petition to this honor- 
 able assembly ; but Christ purchased us at as dear 
 
 a rate as He did men, and therefore requireth the 
 same obedience, for the same mercy, as of men ;. 
 we are sharers in the public calamities." Pym, 
 the speaker, replied : ' ' Repair to your houses, we 
 entreat, and turn your petitions into prayers at 
 home for us." — Knight's Eng., vol. 3, ch. 30, 
 p. 489. 
 
 6125. . Flora MacDonald. [After 
 
 the battle of Culloden, in 1746, Charles Edward^ 
 the grandson of James II. , who there lost all 
 hope of gaining the British crown, wandered 
 among the Highlands, seeking an escape to 
 France. Thirty thousand pounds had been 
 offered for his apprehension, and the country 
 was full of those who were eager to find him.] 
 He wandered alone among the hills, till he wa* 
 enabled to escape to Skye. This he effected 
 through the compassionate courage and sagacity 
 of Flora MacDonald. Charles was dressed as a 
 female, when, with Flora and a faithful High- 
 lander, he went to sea in an open boat. They 
 landed at last in the country of Sir Alexander 
 MacDonald, who was opposed to the Jacobite 
 cause. Flora boldly appealed to the sympathy of 
 the Jacobite chief. Lady Margaret MacDonald, 
 and through her aid Charles was enabled to es- 
 cape from the danger which he might have en- 
 countered in this hostile district. — Knight's- 
 Eng., vol. 6, ch. 9, p. 175. 
 
 6126. WOMEN honored. Ancient Oermana. 
 [The German Barbarians] treated their womeU' 
 with esteem and confidence, consulted them oa 
 every occasion of importance, and fondly be- 
 lieved that in their breasts resided a sanctity and 
 wisdom more than human. Some of the inter- 
 preters of fate, such as Velleda, in the Batavian 
 war, governed, in the name of the Deity, the 
 fiercest nations of GermanJ^ The rest of the sex, 
 without being adored as goddesses, were respect- 
 ed as the free and equal companions of soldiers, 
 associated even by the marriage ceremony to a 
 life of toil, of danger, and of glory. In their 
 great invasions the camps of the Barbarians av era- 
 filled with a multitude of women, who remained 
 firm and undaunted amid the sound of arms, 
 the various forms of destruction, and the honor- 
 able wounds of their sons and husbands. — Gib- 
 bon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 268. 
 
 6127. WOMEN, Injustice to. By Nobility. The 
 statute of thirty-first Henry VI. shows how " un- 
 satiable covetousness " had moved " divers peo- 
 ple of great power against all right, gentleness, 
 truth, and good conscience." Their offence was 
 the " great abusing of ladies, gentlewomen, and 
 other women sole, having any substance of 
 lands, tenements, or movable goods." To such 
 they come " promising faithful friendship ; " and 
 perceiving their great innocency and simplicity, 
 " carried them off by force, or inveigled them to 
 places where they were of power, and compelled 
 them to sign obligations for money for their lib- 
 erty. Also . . . they will many times compel 
 them to be married to them, contrary to their 
 likings." — Knight's Eng., vol. 2. ch. 8, p. 113. 
 
 612S. WOMEN, Insults from. Cowards. 
 [When the Goths surrendered Ravenna to the Ro- 
 mans, after a protracted siege,] multitudes of tall 
 and robust Barbarians were confounded by the 
 masculine females, spitting in the faces of their 
 sons and husbands, most bitterly reproached 
 them for betraying their dominion and freedoia 
 
WOMEN. 
 
 731 
 
 to these pigmies of the south, contemptible in 
 their numbers, diminutive in their stature. — Gib^ 
 bon's Rome, ch. 41, p. 181. 
 
 6129. WOMEN, Patriotic. Boston, 1770. The 
 determination to keep clear of paying the Parlia- 
 ment's taxes spread into every social circle. One 
 week three hundred wives of Boston, the next a 
 hundred and ten more, with one hundred and 
 twenty-six of the young and unmarried of their 
 eex, renounced the use of tea till the revenue 
 acts should be repealed. How could the troops 
 interfere ? — Bancboft's U. S., vol. 6, ch. 43. 
 
 6130. WOMEN in Politics. Cicero's Wife. 
 Terentia was by no means of a meek and timid 
 disposition, but had her ambition, and (as Cicero 
 himself says) took a greater share with him in 
 politics than she permitted him to have in domes- 
 tic business. — Plutakch's Cicero. 
 
 6131. WOMEN, Power of. " Soap." [In Lon- 
 don great ado was made about soap when 
 Charles I. sold the monopoly of its manufacture. 
 Women complained that the new soap burned 
 the linen, scalded the laundresses' fingers, and 
 wasted in keeping. The king commands the 
 Lord Mayor of London to be reprimanded forj 
 his pusillanimity in this business, being afraid 
 of a troop of women that clamorously petitioned 
 him against the new soap. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 26, p. 416. 
 
 6132. WOMEN, Preaching by. Methodism. 
 [Mr. Wesley permitted Miss Mary Bosanquet, 
 Miss Orosby, and Miss Tripp to exhort in rustic 
 assemblies. His mother had held similar meet- 
 ings at the Epworth Rectory, and had thereby 
 filled the parish church.] Also in later years 
 Mary Fletcher had a seat elevated a step or two 
 above the level of the floor, whence she addressed 
 the people in the several chapels which«she and 
 her husband erected in the vicinity of Madeley. 
 — Stevens' Methodism, vol. 2, p. 268. 
 
 6133. WOMEN, Reform by. Church. [In 1637, 
 when Charles I. attempted by his ministers to 
 force the liturgy upon the Scots, they experienced 
 great trouble from the women. In Glasgow, 
 when the Bishop of Argyle began to officiate in 
 the use of the ritual,] the servant-maids began 
 such a tumult as was never heard since the Ref- 
 formation in our nation |^ays a witness of the 
 scene]. Jane or Janet Geddes flung a little 
 folding-stool whereon she sat at the dean's 
 head, saying, "Out, thou false thief ! dost thou 
 say the mass at my lug ?" . . , At Edinburgh 
 preachers who defend the liturgy are maltreat- 
 ed, and mostly " by enraged women of all quali- 
 ties." . . . From the date of this violent defi- 
 ance of the principles and habits of the Scottish 
 people, the reign of Charles becomes the turn- 
 ing-point in English history. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 17, p. 430. 
 
 6134. WOMEN, Rights of. Mahometan. Ma- 
 homet said : . . . " O men ! you have rights over 
 your wives, and they have equally rights over 
 you. . . . Remember that they are in your 
 houses like captives submitted to a master, and 
 who have nothing reserved to themselves. They 
 have delivered you their body and their soul on 
 the faith of God. They are a sacred deposit 
 that God has intrusted to you." — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 145. 
 
 6135. . Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. 
 
 Most prominent among those who were said 
 to be "as bad as Roger Williams, or worse," 
 was Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, a woman of genius 
 who had come over in the ship with Sir Henry 
 Vane. She desired the privilege of speaking at 
 the weekly debates, and was refused. Women 
 had no business at these assemblies, said the 
 elders. Indignant at this, she became the cham- 
 pion of her sex, and declared that the ministers 
 who were -defrauding women of the gospel were 
 no better than Pharisees. She called meetings 
 of her friends, spoke much in public, and plead- 
 ed with great fervor for the full freedom of con- 
 science. The liberal doctrines of the exiled 
 Williams were reaffirmed with more power and 
 eloquence than ever. Many of the magistrates 
 were converted to the new belief ; the governor 
 himself espoused the cause of Mrs. Hutchinson, 
 and a majority of the people at Boston inclined 
 to her opinions. For a while there was a reign 
 of discord ; but as soon as Sir Henry's term of 
 office expired a call was issued for a meeting of 
 the synod of New England. The body convened 
 in August of 1637 ; a decree was proposed ; Mrs. 
 Hutchinson and her friends were declai'ed unfit 
 for the society of Christians, and banished from 
 the territory of Massachusetts. With a large 
 number of friends the exiles wended their way 
 to the house of Roger Williams. Miantonomoh, 
 a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of the 
 beautiful island of Rhode Island. There, in the 
 month of March, 1641, a little republic was es- 
 tablished, in whose constitution freedom of con- 
 science was guaranteed and persecution for opin- 
 ion's sake forbidden. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 13, 
 p. 131. 
 
 6136. WOMEN, Rivaky of. Cleopatra. [An- 
 tony's wife] Octavia . . . had quitted Rome to join 
 him, and was already arrived at Athens. Cleo- 
 patra rightly perceived that she came only to 
 dispute Antony's heart with her. She was afraid 
 that with her virtue, wisdom, and gravity of 
 manners, if she had time to make use of her 
 modest, but lively and insinuating attractions, 
 to win her husband, that she would gain an ab- 
 solute power over him. To avoid which danger, 
 she affected to be dying for love of Antony, 
 and. with that view made herself lean and wan, 
 by taking very little nourishment. Whenevei 
 he entered her apartment she looked upon him 
 with an air of surprise and amazement, and 
 when he left her seemed to languish with sorrow 
 and dejection. She often contrived to appear 
 bathed in tears, and at the same moment en- 
 deavored to c'ry and conceal them, as if to hide 
 from him her weakness and disorder. Antony, 
 who feared nothing so much as occasioning the 
 least uneasiness to Cleopatra, wrote letters to Oc- 
 tavia to order her to stay for him at Athens, and 
 to come^ no farther, because he was upon the 
 point of undertaking some new expedition. . . , 
 That virtuous Roman lad^, dissembling the 
 wrong he did her, sent to him to know where it 
 would be agreeable to him to have the presents 
 carried which she had designed for him, since 
 he did not think fit to let her deliver them in 
 person. Antony received this second compli- 
 ment no better than the first ; and Cleopatra, 
 who had prevented his seeing Octavia, would 
 not permit him to receive anything from her. 
 
732 
 
 WOMEN— WORDS. 
 
 Octavia was obliged therefore to return to 
 Rome without having produced any other 
 effect by her voyage than that of making An- 
 tony more inexcusable. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 24. § 2. 
 
 6137. WOMEN, Euined by. Spartans. 
 Amid all that rigid austerity of manners which 
 the laws of Lycurgus seem calculated to enforce, 
 how astonishing is it that public decency and 
 decorum should have been totally overlooked ! 
 The Spartan women were the reproach of Greece 
 for their immodesty ; and Aristotle imputes 
 chiefly to their licentiousness and intemperance 
 those disorders which were ultimately the ruin of 
 the State. The men and women frequented pro- 
 miscuously the public baths ; the youth of both 
 sexes ran, wrestled, and fought naked in the pa- 
 laestra. . . . The laws of Lycurgus permitted one 
 citizen to borrow another's wife, for the purpose 
 of a good breed, and held it no dishonor for 
 an aged man who had a handsome wife to offer 
 her to a young man, and to educate as his own 
 the issue of that connection. The chief end of 
 marriage, according to the lawgiver's notions, 
 was to furnish the State with a vigorous and 
 healthy race of citizens. — Tytler's Hist., 
 Book 1, ch. 9, p. 94. 
 
 6138. WOMEN rule Men. Oato. Cato the Cen- 
 sor, speaking of the power of women, said : " All 
 men naturally govern the women, we govern 
 all men, and our wives govern us. " — Plutarch's 
 Cato. 
 
 6139. WOMEN, Testimony of. First in Gonrt. 
 When Tarquinia, a vestal, gave another adjacent 
 field to the public, she was honored with great 
 privileges, particularly that of giving her testi- 
 mony in court, which was refused to all other 
 women ; they likewise voted her liberty to 
 marry, but she did not accept it. — Plutarch. 
 
 6140. WOMEN, Warriors of. Dahomey. In 
 Abomey, the capital of the kingdom of Dahomey, 
 there are within the palace barracks five thou- 
 sand Amazons of the king's army which live in 
 celibacy under the cart; of eunuchs. — Apple- 
 ton's Cyclopedia, " Abomey." 
 
 6141. . Arabian. [In the bloody 
 
 battle between the Christians and Mahometans 
 near the Lake Tiberias, in the army of the Mus- 
 sulmans, the last] line was occupied by the sister 
 of Derar, with the Arabian women who had en- 
 listed in this holy war, who were accustomed to 
 wield the bow and the lance, and who in a mo- 
 ment of captivity had defended, against the un- 
 circumcised ravishers, their chastity and religion. 
 The exhortation of the generals was brief and 
 forcible : " Paradise is before you, the devil and 
 hell-fire in your rear." Yet such was the weight 
 of the Roman cavalry, that the right wing of 
 the Arabs was broken and separated from the 
 main body. Thrice did they retreat in disorder, 
 and thrice were they driven back to the charge 
 by the reproaches and blows of the women. — 
 Gibbon's Rome, ch. 51, p. 208. 
 
 6142. WOMEN, Warriors of. Second Crusade. 
 [The second crusade was led by the sovereigns 
 Conrad III. and Louis VII.] Under the ban- 
 ners of Conrad a troop of females rode in the 
 attitude and armor of men ; and the chief of 
 these Amazons, from her gilt spurs and bus- 
 
 kins, obtained the epithet of the Golden-footed 
 Dame. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 59, p. 6. 
 
 6143. WONDER, Superstitious. San Salvador. 
 [The natives,] when they had still further recov- 
 ered from their fears, approached the Span- 
 iards, touched their beards, and examined their 
 hands and faces, admiring their whiteness. Co- 
 lumbus was pleased with their gentleness and 
 confiding simplicity, and suffered their scrutiny 
 with perfect acquiescence, winning them by his 
 benignity. They now supposed that the ships 
 had sailed out of the crystal firmament which 
 bounded their horizon, or had descended from 
 above on their ample wings, and that these mar- 
 vellous beings were inhabitants of the skies. — 
 Irving's Columbus, Book 4, ch. 1. 
 
 6144. WOEDS, Backing for. Lysander. When 
 a citizen of Megara treated Lysander with great 
 freedom, in a certain conversation, he said, " My 
 friend, those words of thine should not come but 
 from strong walls and bulwarks." — Plutarch's 
 Lysander. 
 
 6145. WORDS, Hasty. Henry 11. [Archbishop 
 Thomas] Becket gloried in his heart at this tri- 
 umph. T^'hich served only to increase his ambi- 
 tion, insolence, and presumption. The conde- 
 scension of Henry convinced him of his own su- 
 periority and of his sovereign's weakness. He 
 began to make triumphal processions through 
 the kingdom, and to exercise his spiritual and 
 judicial powers with the most arbitrary increase 
 of authority. The Archbishop of York, who, 
 in his absence, crowned the king's eldest son, 
 was suspended from his function, as were sev- 
 eral other prelates who had officiated at the so- 
 lemnity. Deposition and excommunication 
 were daily occurrences, and Henry, who was 
 then in Normandy, heard with surprise and in- 
 dignation that his whole kingdom was in a flame 
 from the turbulent and tyrannical conduct of 
 the primate. A few hasty words which he ut- 
 tered upon the first intelligence of these disor- 
 ders were interpreted by some of his servants 
 into a mandate. Four of them immediately em- 
 barked for England, where they arrived next 
 day, and finding Becket in the act of celebrating 
 vespers in the cathedral church of Canterbury, 
 they beat out his brains before the altar. Thus 
 the man who ought to have fallen by public jus- 
 tice as a traitor was, from the mode of his death, 
 considered as a saint and martyr. The murder 
 of Becket gave the king unfeigned concern ; he 
 saw that his death would produce those very ef- 
 fects with regard to the church which he most 
 wished to prevent ; and that the bulk of his sub- 
 jects, blinded by the influence of their priests and 
 confessors, would consider him as his murderer. 
 He made the most ample submissions to the pope, 
 who pardoned him on assurance of sincere re- 
 pentance. — Macaulay's Eng., Book 6, ch. 8, 
 p. 140. 
 
 6146. WORDS, Origin of. "Sandwich." The; 
 reputation of Lord Sandwich has survived as one 
 of the most profligate in his private life, and one - 
 of the meanest in his public career. His club- '■ 
 gambling has given a name to " a bit of beef be- 
 tween two slices of bread," the only food he 
 took for four-and-twenty hours without ever 
 quitting his game. — Knight's Eng., vol. 7, 
 ch. 6, p. 104. 
 
WORDS— WORKS. 
 
 733 
 
 6147. WORDS, Thrilling. At the Stake. No 
 moimment is necessaiy to commemorate an event 
 which will be remembered, through the power 
 of a few thrilling words, as long as the English 
 language shall endure. Stripped of his prison 
 dress, the aged Latimer — the bent old man — 
 "stood bolt upright, as comely a father as one 
 might lightly behold." He stands bolt upright 
 in his shroud. Ridley and he "stand coupled 
 for a common flight," and he says, "Be of good 
 comfort, Master Ridley, and play the man ! We 
 shall t'ris day light such a candle, by God's 
 grace, in England, as sliall never be put put." — 
 Knight's Eng. , vol. 3, ch. 6, p. 91. 
 
 614§. Work, change in. SoutJiey. It was 
 part of Southey's regimen to carry on several 
 works at once ; this he found to be economy of 
 time, and he believed it necessary for the pres- 
 ervation of his health. Whenever one object 
 entirely occupied his attention, it haunted him, 
 oppressed him, troubled his dreams. The rem- 
 edy was simple — to do one thing in the morning, 
 another in the evening. To lay down poetry and 
 presently to attack history seems feasible, and no 
 ill policy for one who is forced to take all he can 
 out of himself. — Dowden's Southey, ch. 5. 
 
 6149. WORK, Dignity in. Royalty. We read 
 in Homer of princesses themselves drawing 
 water from springs, and washing, with their own 
 hands, the linen of their respective families. 
 Here the sisters of Alexander — that is, the daugh- 
 ters of a powerful prince, are employed in mak- 
 ing clothes for their brother. The celebrated 
 Lucretia used to spin in the midst of her female 
 attendants. Augustus, who was sovereign of the 
 world, wore, for several years together, no oth- 
 er clothes but what his wife and sister made him. 
 It was a custom in the northern parts of the 
 world, not many years since, for the princes 
 who then sat upon the throne to prepare several 
 of the dishes at every meal. In a word, needle- 
 work, the care of domestic affairs, a serious and 
 retired life, is the proper function of women, and 
 for this they were designed by Providence. — 
 Rollin's Hist., Book 15, § 9. 
 
 6150. WORK, End of. BcRda, fhe English 
 Monk. The , noblest proof of his love of Eng- 
 land lies in the work which immortalizes his 
 name. In his "Ecclesiastical History of the 
 English Nation," Bseda was at once the found- 
 er of mediaeval history and the first English his- 
 torian. . . . Baeda longed to bring to an end his 
 version of St. John's Gospel into the English 
 tongue and his extracts from Bishop Isidore. 
 " I don't want my boy.o to read a lie," he an- 
 swered those who would have had him rest, ' ' or 
 to work to no purpose after I am gone." A few 
 days before Ascension-tide his sickness grew 
 upon him, but he spent the whole day in teach- 
 ing, only saying cheerfully to his scholars, 
 " Learn with what speed you may ; I know not 
 how long I may last." The dawn broke on an- 
 other sleepless night, and again the old man call- 
 ed his scholars round him and bade them write. 
 "There is still a chapter wanting," said the scribe, 
 as the morning drew on, "and it is hard for thee 
 to question thyself any longer." "It is easily 
 done," said Baeda ; "take thy pen and write 
 quickly." Amid tears and farewells the day 
 wore on to eventide. ' ' There is yet one sentence 
 tin written, dear master," said the boy. " Write 
 
 it quickly," bade the dying man. " It is finish- 
 ed now," said the little scribe at last. "You 
 speak truth," said the master, "all is finished 
 now. " Placed upon the pavement, his head sup- 
 ported in his scholar's arms, his face turned to 
 the spot where he was wont to pray, Bseda chant- 
 ed the solemn " Glory to God." As his voice 
 reached the close of his song he passed quietly 
 away. — Hist, of Eng. People, § 61. 
 
 6151. WORK, Life. Columbus. It is a curious 
 and characteristic fact . . . that the recovery 
 of the holy sepulchre was one of the great objects 
 of his ambition, meditated throughout the re- 
 mainder of his life, and solemnly provided for 
 in his will. In fact, he subsequently considered 
 it the main work for which he was chosen by 
 Heaven as an agent, and that his great discovery 
 was but a preparatory dispensation of Provi- 
 dence to furnish means for its accomplishment. 
 — Irving's Columbus, Book 2, ch. 6. 
 
 6152. WORK, Silent. Stephen A. Douglas. If 
 any man could get a bill through Congress, he 
 could. He did not care much to shine as a speak- 
 er, and, indeed, he did not excel as a speaker in 
 Congress. What he prided himself upon was his 
 skill and success in getting a troublesome meas- 
 ure passed, and in effecting this, he was quite 
 willing that others should have all the glory of 
 openly advocating it. He has been known to 
 spend two years in engineering a bill, devot- 
 ing most of his time to it, and yet never once 
 speaking upon it. This was the case with the 
 long series of measures which resulted in the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 200. 
 
 6153. WORKERS wanted. Colonists. [The 
 London Company, which colonized Virginia,] 
 thought that the unskilled and idle, who would 
 starve at home, might prosper in another hemi- 
 sphere. [John] Smith wrote to the corporation 
 that when they sent again, they should rather 
 send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, garden- 
 ers, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, and even 
 diggers up of the roots of trees, than a thousand 
 such as had last come out. — Knight's Eng., 
 vol. 3, ch. 22, p. 345. 
 
 6154. WORK, Worth by. Oxen. They share 
 with man in the labors of husbandry, and spare 
 him the greatest part of the toil. Hence it was 
 that the ox, the laborious companion of man in 
 tilling the ground, was so highly regarded by 
 the ancients, that whoever had killed one of 
 them was punished with death, as if he had kill- 
 ed a citizen ; no doubt, because he was esteemed 
 a kind of murderer of the human race, whose 
 nourishment of life stood in absolute need of the 
 aid of this animal. — Rollin's Hist., Book 24, 
 art. 4. 
 
 6155. WORKS, Good. Zoroaster. [By the 
 teaching of Zoroaster the] saint, in the Magian 
 religion, is obliged to beget children, to plant 
 useful trees, to destroy noxious animals, to con- 
 vey water to the dry lands of Persia, and to 
 work out his salvation by pursuing all the labors 
 of agriculture. We may quote from the Zend- 
 avesta a wise and benevolent maxim, which com- 
 pensates for many an absurdity. " He who sows 
 the ground with care and diligence acquires a 
 greater stock of religious merit than lie could 
 
734 
 
 WORKS— WORSHIP. 
 
 gain by the repetition of ten thousand prayers. " 
 — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 8, p. 235. 
 
 6156. WORKS, Justification by. Luther. No 
 matter how much he studied and prayed, no 
 matter how severely he castigated himself with 
 fasting and watching, he found no peace to his 
 soul. Even wheA he imagined that he had sat- 
 isfied the law, he often despaired of getting rid 
 of his sins and of securing the grace of God. — 
 Rein's Luther, ch. 3, p. 33. 
 
 6157. WORLD, Origin of the. Thales. The 
 metaphysical opinions of Thales are but imper- 
 fectly known. He supposed the world to be 
 framed by the Deity out of the original element 
 of water, and animated by His essence as the 
 body is by the soul ; that the Deity therefore re- 
 sided in every portion of space ; and that this 
 world was only a great temple, where the sight 
 of everything around him reminded man of that 
 Great Being which inhabited and pervaded it. — 
 Tytler's Hist., Book 2, ch. 9, p. 261. 
 
 6158. WORLDLINESS rebuked. Socrates. [At 
 his trial he made a noble defence.] Should you 
 resolve to acquit me, on condition that I keep 
 silence for the future, I should not hesitate to 
 make answer, "Athenians, I honor and love you, 
 but I shall choose rather to obey God than 
 you, and to my latest breath shall never renounce 
 philosophy, nor cease to exhort and reprove you 
 according to my custom, by telling each of you 
 when you come in my way. My good friend, and 
 citizen of the most famous city in the world for 
 wisdom and valor, are you not ashamed of hav- 
 ing no other thoughts than that of amassing 
 wealth and of acquiring glory, credit, and dig- 
 nities, while you neglect the treasures of pru- 
 dence, truth, and wisdom, and take no pains in 
 rendering your soul as good and perfect as it 
 is capable of being ?" — Rollin's Hist. , Book 9, 
 ch. 4, § 6. 
 
 6159. WORSHIP, Apostates from. Samari- 
 tans. [Nearly two hundred years before Christ 
 Antiochus Epiphanes bitterly persecuted the 
 Jews at Jerusalem. (See No. 6166.) The Samar- 
 itans] presented a petition to the king, in which 
 they declared themselves not to be Jews, and 
 desired that their temple, built on Mount Geri- 
 zim, which till then had not been dedicated to 
 any deity in particular, might henceforward be 
 dedicated to the Grecian Jupiter, and be called 
 after his name. Antiochus received their peti- 
 tion very graciously, and ordered Nicanor, 
 ieputy -governor of the province of Samaria, to 
 dedicate their temple to the Grecian Jupiter as 
 they had desired, and not to molest them in any 
 manner. — Rollin's Hist., Book 19, ch. 2, § 3. 
 
 6160. WORSHIP, Cheerful. In Adversity. 
 (When Hannibal had slaughtered the Roman 
 array and endangered the capital, the grief was 
 universal.] Fabius Maximus fixed both the 
 place and time for mourning, allowed thirty 
 days for that purpose in a man's own house, 
 and no more for the city in general. And as 
 the feast of Ceres fell within that time, it was 
 thought better entirely to omit the solemnity, 
 than by the small numbers and the melancholy 
 looks of those that should attend it, to discover 
 the greatness of their loss ; for the worship most 
 acceptable to the gods is that which comes from 
 cheerful hearts. — ^Plutarch'sFabius Maximus. 
 
 6161. WORSHIP, Constrained. Heathen. It 
 appears that Numa's religious institutions in 
 general are very wise, and that this in particu- 
 lar is highly conducive to the purposes of piety— 
 namely, that when the magistrates or priests are 
 employed in any sacred ceremony, a herald goes 
 before, and proclaims aloud, "Hoc age" — i.e., 
 "be attentive to this;" thereby commanding 
 everybody to regard the solemn acts of religion, 
 and not to suffer any business or avocation to in- 
 tervene and disturb them ; as well knowing that 
 men's attention, especially in what concerns the 
 worship of the gods, is seldom fixed, but by a 
 sort of violence and constraint. — Plutarch's 
 Caius Marius. 
 
 6162. WORSHIP, Dreadful. Druids. "There 
 is," says he [Lucian], "without the walls of 
 Marseilles a sacred grove, which had never been 
 touched by axe since the creation. The trees of 
 it grew so thick, and were so interwoven, that 
 they suffered not the rays of the sun to pierce 
 through their branches ; but a dreary damp and 
 perfect darkness reigned through the place. 
 Neither nymphs nor sylvan gods could inhabit 
 this recess, it being destined for the most inhu- 
 man mysteries. There was nothing to be seen 
 there but a multitude of altars, upon which 
 they sacrificed human victims, whose blood dyed 
 the trees with horrid crimson. If ancient tra- 
 dition may be credited, no bird ever perched 
 upon their boughs, no beast ever trod under 
 them, no wind ever blew through them, nor 
 thunderbolt did ever touch them. These tall 
 oaks, as well as the black water that winds in 
 different channels through the place, fill the 
 mind with dread and horror. The figures of 
 the god of the grove are a kind of rude and 
 shapeless trunks, covered over with a dismal 
 yellow moss. It is the genius of the Gauls," 
 continues he, " thus to reverence gods of whom 
 they know not the figure ; and their ignorance 
 of the object of tJieir worship increases their ven- 
 eration. There is a report that this grove is often 
 shaken and strangely agitated, and that dread- 
 ful sounds are heard from its deep recesses ; that 
 the trees, if destroyed or thrown down, arise 
 again of themselves ; that the forest is some- 
 times seen to be on fire, without being consumed, 
 and that the oaks are twined about with mon- 
 strous serpents. The Gauls dare not live in it, 
 from the awe of the divinity that inhabits it, 
 and to whom they entirely abandon it. Only 
 at noon and at midnight a priest goes trembling 
 into it, to celebrate its dreadful mysteries ; and 
 is in continual fear lest the deitj to whom it is 
 consecrated should appear to him." — Tytler's 
 Hist., Book 5, ch. 6, p. 34. 
 
 6163. WORSHIP enforced. Mw England Pu- 
 ritans. The magistrates insisted on the pres- 
 ence of every man at public worship ; [Roger] 
 Williams reprobated the law ; the worst stat- 
 ute in the English code was that which did but 
 enforce attendance upon the parish church. . . . 
 " An unbelieving soul is dead in sin," such was 
 his argument ; and to force the indifferent from 
 one worship to another, " was like shifting a 
 dead man into several changes of apparel. '— 
 Bancroft's U. S., vol. 1, ch. 9. 
 
 6164. WORSHIP, Idolatrous. Ancient Ger. 
 mans. They adored the great visible objects and 
 agents of nature, the sun and the moon, the fire 
 
WORSHIP— WRITING. 
 
 735 
 
 and the earth, together with those imaginary- 
 deities who were supposed to preside over the 
 most important occupations of human life. They 
 were persuaded that, by some ridiculous arts of 
 divination, they could discover the will of the 
 superior beings, and that human sacrifices were 
 the most precious and acceptable offering to 
 their altars.— Gibbon's Rome, ch. 9, p. 269. 
 
 6165. WOESHIP of Images. Ancient Chris- 
 tian. One great article of dissension was the 
 worship of images, which had been gradually 
 gaining ground for some centuries. It arose 
 first from the custom of having crucifixes in 
 private houses, and portraits of our Saviour and 
 His apostles, which sometimes being of consider- 
 able value, were, among other religious dona- 
 tions, bequeathed by dying persons to the church, 
 where they were displayed on solemn festivals. 
 The clergy at first took pains to repress that 
 superstition. In the year 393 we find St. Epipha- 
 nius pulled down an image in a church of 
 Syria, before which he found an ignorant person 
 saying prayers. Others, however, of his breth- 
 
 , ren were not so circumspect or scrupulous, and 
 y in time the priests even found their interest in 
 encouraging the practice ; for particular images 
 in particular churches, acquiring a higher de- 
 gree of celebrity than others, and getting the 
 reputation of performing miraculous cures, the 
 grateful donations that were made to the church 
 were a very considerable emolument to the ec- 
 clesiastics. — Tytler's Hist., Book 6, ch. 3, 
 p. 82. 
 
 6166. "WORSHIP, Perilous. Jerusalem. An- 
 tiochus, at his return from Egypt, exasperated 
 to see forcibly torn from him by the Romans a 
 ■crown which he looked upon already as his own, 
 made the Jews, though they had not offended 
 Mm in any manner, feel the whole weight of 
 Ms wrath. . . . Apollonius [his officer] arrived 
 there [at Jerusalem] just two years after this 
 city had been taken by Antiochus. At his first 
 ■coming he did not behave in any manner as if 
 he had received such cruel orders, and waited 
 till the first Sabbath-day before he executed 
 them. But then, seeing all the people assem- 
 bled peaceably in the synagogues, and engaged 
 in paying their religious worship to the Crea- 
 tor, he put in execution the barbarous commis- 
 sion he had received, and setting all his troops 
 upon them, he commanded them to cut to 
 pieces all the men, and to seize all the women 
 and children, in order that they might be ex- 
 posed to sale. These commands were obeyed 
 with the utmost cruelty and rigor. Not a single 
 man was spared, all they could find being 
 cruelly butchered, insomuch that the streets 
 streamed with blood. The city was afterward 
 plundered, and fire set to several parts of it, after 
 all the riches that could be found had been 
 carried off. [See No. 6159.] — Rollin's Hist., 
 Book 19, ch. 2, § 3. 
 
 6167. WOESHIP, Eetreat from. Jefferson 
 Davis. The church bells [of Richmond] called, 
 as usual, the inhabitants to the house of worship, 
 •and Davis, among the rest, and all was peaceful 
 and quiet. ... In the midst of the service a 
 messenger approached the pew in which the 
 Confederate President sat and handed him a 
 slip of paper. It was from the War Department, 
 containing a despatch from Lee, to have every- 
 
 thing ready for the evacuation of Richmond by 
 eight o'clock at night. Had a thunderbolt fallen 
 from a cloudless sky he could not have been 
 more appalled. Crushing back the emotions of 
 his heart, he rose and left the church. — Head- 
 ley's Grant, p. 223. 
 
 616§. WOESHIP of Science. Timour. [Timour 
 the Tartar] went to pray indifferently on the 
 tombs of the Christian saints and on those of 
 the noted dervishes. His worship of scienca 
 and virtue was impartial ; was it philosophy, 
 was it policy ? Nothing in history explains this 
 mystery in the life of the conqueror. — Lamab- 
 tine's Turkey, p. 314. 
 
 6169. WOESHIP, Substitute for. To Samtiel 
 Johnson. Dr. John Campbell, the celebrated 
 political and biographical writer, being men- 
 tioned, Johnson said : . . . " Campbell is a good 
 man, a pious man. I am afraid he has not ieen 
 in the inside of a church for many years ; but he 
 never passes a church without pulling off his 
 hat. This shows that he has good principles. " — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 115. 
 
 6170. WOETH, Moral. Louis IX. Louis 
 IX. stands forth in history an ever-memorable 
 instance of the iiiherent power of high moral 
 and religious principle, when faithfully and 
 consistently carried out through a whole life. 
 . . . Voltaire, no partial panegyrist in such a 
 case, has said of him that "it is not given to 
 man to carry virtue to a higher point." Louis 
 was canonized on the 11th of August, 1297, 
 by Pope Boniface VIII. — Students' France, 
 ch. 9, § 6. 
 
 6171. WOUNDS, Honorable. Timour. [Ti- 
 mour the Tartar bore the] name of Timour 
 Lenk, or Timour the Lame. This surname, 
 which alluded both to his infirmity and preco- 
 cious glory, was given him in consequence of a 
 wound on the leg received in fighting for his 
 country. He paraded it as a title of honor, and 
 added it himself to his name. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey, p. 304. 
 
 6172. . Soldier. [Sertorius was 
 
 a soldier from his youth.] Nor did his martial 
 intrepidity abate when he arrived at the degree 
 of general. His personal exploits were still 
 great, and he faced danger in the most fearless 
 manner ; in consequence of which he had one 
 of his eyes struck out. This, however, he always 
 gloried in. He said others did not always carry 
 about with them the honorable badges of their 
 valor, but sometimes laid aside their chains, 
 their truncheons, and coronets, while he had 
 perpetually the evidences of his bravery about 
 him, and those who saw his misfortune at the 
 same time beheld his courage. The people, 
 too, treated him with the highest respect. — Plu- 
 tarch's Sertorius. 
 
 6173. . In the Front. "Young 
 
 Si ward" perished in the battle-field where 
 Macbeth fell. "Where were his wounds?" 
 said the stout old earl [his father]. " In front." 
 " Then I could wish no better fate." — Knight's 
 Eng., vol. 1, ch. 12, p. 163. 
 
 6174. WEITING, Substitute for. Cords. An 
 invention . . . approaching still nearer to writ- 
 ing was the Peruvian quipos, or cords of various 
 colors, with certain knots upon them of different 
 size, and differently combined. With these they 
 
736 
 
 WRONGS— YOUNG. 
 
 contrived to accomplish most of the purposes of 
 •writing ; they formed registers which contained 
 the annals of their empire, the state of the public 
 revenues, the account of their taxes for the sup- 
 port of government, and by means of them they 
 recorded their astronomical observation. — Tyt- 
 leb's Hist., Book 1, ch. 3, p. 25. 
 
 6175. WBONGS redressed, Imaginary. War. 
 Alexander arrived at a little city inhabited by 
 the Branchidse. These were the descendants 
 of a family who had dwelt in Miletus, whom 
 Xerxes, at his return from Greece, had for- 
 merly sent into Upper Asia, where he had set- 
 tled them in a very flourishing condition, in re- 
 Jurn for their having delivered up to him the 
 treasure of the temple of Apollo Didymseus, the 
 keepers of which they were. They received the 
 king with the highest demonstration of joy, and 
 currendered both themselves and their city to 
 him. Alexander sent for such Milesians as were 
 in his army who preserved an hereditary hatred 
 against the Branchidae, because of the treachery 
 of their ancestors. He then left them the 
 choice either of revenging the injury they had 
 formerly done them, or of pardoning them in 
 consideration of their common extraction. The 
 Milesians being so much divided in opinion 
 that they could not agree among themselves, Al- 
 exander undertook the decision himself. Ac- 
 cordingly, the next day, he commanded his 
 phalanx to surround the city ; and a signal be- 
 ing given, they were ordered to plunder that 
 abode of traitors, and put every one of them to 
 the sword, which inhuman order was executed 
 with the same barbarity as it had been given. 
 All the citizens, at the very time that they were 
 going to pay homage to Alexander, were mur- 
 dered in the streets and in their houses, no man- 
 ner of regard being paid to their cries and tears, 
 nor the least distinction made of age or sex. . . . 
 But of what crimes were those ill-fated citizens 
 guilty ? Were they responsible for those their 
 fathers had committed upward of one hundred 
 and fifty years before ? I do not know whether 
 history furnishes another example of so brutal 
 and frantic a cruelty. — Rollin's Hist., Book 
 15, §12. 
 
 6176. YEAR lengthened, The. Julius Ocesar. 
 The Alexandrian observers had discovered that 
 the annual course of the sun was completed in 
 three hundred and sixty -five days and six hours. 
 The lunar twelve was allowed to remain to fix 
 the number of the months. The number of 
 days in each month were adjusted to absorb 
 three hundred and sixty -five days. The super- 
 fluous hours were allowed to accumulate, and 
 every fourth year an additional day was to be 
 intercalated. An arbitrary step was required to 
 repair the negligence of the past. Sixty -five days 
 had still to be made good. The new system, de- 
 pending wholly on the sun, would naturally 
 have commenced with the winter solstice. But 
 Caesar so far deferred to usage as to choose to 
 begin, not with the solstice itself, but with the 
 first new moon which followed. It so happened 
 In that year that the new moon was eighty days 
 after the solstice ; and thus the next year started, 
 as it continues to start, from the 1st of January. 
 The eight days were added to the sixty -five, and 
 the current year was lengthened by nearly three 
 months. — I^oude's C^sab, ch. 25, p. 62. 
 
 6177. YEAR, The new. Samuel Johnson. 
 How seriously Johnson was impressed with a 
 sense of religion, even in the vigor of his youth, 
 appears from the following passage in his min- 
 utes, kept by way of diary : "September 7, 1736. 
 — I have this day entered upon my twenty-eighth, 
 year. Mayest thou, O God, enable me, for Jesus- 
 Christ's sake, to spend this in such a manner that 
 I may receive comfort from it at the hour of 
 death, and in the day of judgment ! Amen." — 
 Boswell's Johnson, p. 13. 
 
 617§. YOUNG MAN, Unpromising. " Pale." 
 [One of the sayings of Cato was,] that he 
 liked a young man that blushed more than one 
 that turned pale ; and that he did not like a 
 soldier who moved his hands in marching, and 
 his feet in fighting, and who snored louder in 
 bed than he shouted in battle. — Plutabch's 
 Cato the Censob. 
 
 6179. YOUNG MEN, Conquest by. Colonies. 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus informs us of the^ 
 manner in which a State, when it became over- 
 stocked, transplanted its colonies. They conse- 
 crated to a particular god all the youth of a cer- 
 tain age, furnished them with arms, and after 
 the performance of a solemn sacrifice, dismissed 
 them to conquer for themselves a new country. 
 These enterprises were, no doubt, often unsuc- 
 cessful ; but when they succeeded, and an es- 
 tablishment was obtained, it does not appear 
 that the mother State pretended to have any 
 rights over them, or claims upon the country 
 where they settled. — Tytlbb's Hist., Book 3, 
 ch. 1, p. 285. 
 
 61 §0. YOUNG MEN, Deeds of. Bonaparte. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, who had not yet completed- 
 his twenty-seventh year, was appointed gen- 
 eral-in-chief of the army of Italy. — Students*' 
 Fbance, ch. 27, § 13. 
 
 61 §1. YOUNG MEN, Energetic. Brutus.. 
 Brutus had so much influence with Caesar that 
 he reconciled him to his friend Cassius ; and 
 when he spoke in behalf of the King of Africa, 
 though there were many impeachments against. 
 him, he obtained for him a great part of his king- 
 dom. When he first began to speak on this oc- 
 casion, Caesar said : " I know not what this 
 young man intends, but whatever it is, he intends 
 it strongly." — Plutabch's Brutus. 
 
 61 §2. YOUNG MEN, Patriotism of. BebelUon. 
 [When General Grant visited Hamburg he at- 
 tended a banquet in his honor, and was spoken 
 of as having saved his country.] Grant replied : 
 " . . . I must dissent upon one remark, . . . 
 that I saved the country during the recent war. 
 If our country could be saved or ruined by any 
 one man, we should not have a country, and we 
 should not now be celebrating our Fourth of 
 July. ... If I had never held command — if I 
 had fallen — if all our generals had fallen, there 
 were ten thousand behind us who would have 
 done our work just as well. . . . What saved 
 the Union was the coming forward of the young 
 men. ... So long as our young men are ani- 
 mated by this spirit there will be no fear for the- 
 Union.'" — Genebal Gbant's Tbavels, p. 232. 
 
 61 S3. . Resisting the Stamp Act, 
 
 [Patrick Henry presented resolutions to the Vir- 
 ginia legislature sustaining the independence of 
 colonies, which were carried by small majorities^ 
 
YOUNG— YOUTH. 
 
 73? 
 
 — the fifth by one vote.] But Henry " carried 
 «11 the young members with him." [And so] 
 Virginia gave the signal for the continent. — 
 Bancroft's U. S. , vol. o, ch. 13. 
 
 61 §4. YOUNG MEN, Success of. Timour the 
 Tartar. From the twelfth year of his age 
 Timour had entered the field of action ; in the 
 twenty-fifth he stood forth as the deliverer of his 
 country ; and the eyes and wishes of the people 
 wiere turned toward a hero who suffered in their 
 cause. . . . At the age of thirty-four, and in a 
 general diet, or couroultai, he was invested with 
 imperial command ; but he affected to revere tlie 
 house of Zingis ; and while the emir Timour 
 reigned over Zagatai and the East, a nominal 
 khan served as a private officer in the armies of 
 Ms servant. A fertile kingdom, five hundred 
 miles in length and in breadth, might have satis- 
 lied the ambition of a subject ; but Timour as- 
 pired to the dominion of the world ; and before 
 Ms death the crown of Zagatai was one of the 
 ■twenty- seven crowns which he had placed on his 
 head. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 65, p. 249. 
 
 6t§5. YOUNG MEN, Triumphant. Isaac New 
 ion. Young men, it has been often remarked, 
 ^o the greatest things. Newton was but twen- 
 ty-three when he made his greatest discovery. 
 In. the autumn of 1665, the college having been 
 ■dismissed on account of the prevalence of the 
 plague, he spent several weeks at home. Seated 
 in his mother's orchard one day, while the ripe 
 fruit was falling from the trees, he fell into one 
 of his profound meditations upon the nature of 
 the force that caused the apples to fall. — Par- 
 ton's Newton, p. 81. 
 
 61 S6. YOUNG MEN, Visions of. John Adams. 
 At Worcester [Mass.] ... he was the master 
 •of the town school, where the highest wages 
 "were sixty dollars for the season. A young man 
 •of hardly twenty, just from Harvard College, 
 And at that time meditating to become a preacher, 
 ■would sit and hear [the general political con- 
 "versation], and escaping from a maze of ob- 
 uservations, would sometimes I'etire, and by 
 " laying things together, form some reflections 
 pleasing" to himself. ... If we can remove 
 the turbulent Gallics, our people, according to 
 the exactest calculations, will in another century 
 liecome more numerous than England itseli. 
 AH Europe will not be able to subdue us. The 
 ■only way to keep us from setting up for ourselves 
 is to disunite us." . . . Within twenty-one 
 years he shall assist in declaring his country's in- 
 dependence ; in less than thirty . . . shall stand 
 before the King of Great Britain the acknowl- 
 edged envoy of the free and United States of 
 America. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 4, ch. 9. 
 
 61§7. YOUNG MEN, Work of. Chinese Gm-- 
 ibn. Gordon had just turned thirty — a young 
 tman, truly, for a task so arduous -[the com- 
 mand of the Chinese army]. But men of his 
 4Stamp are not to be judged by their years. The 
 Art of war, perhaps more than any other art, 
 •demands experience in its successful practition- 
 'Crs. But sometimes, although rarely, soldiers 
 move to the front in whom an innate genius 
 for war dispenses with the tuition of experience. 
 Sheridan, when he sent Early " whirling up 
 the Shenandoah Valley," had not Gordon's 
 years when the latter took the command of the 
 
 " Ever Victorious Army." Ranald Mackenzie 
 at twenty- one was pronounced by General Grant 
 the finest cavalry division commander of the 
 Union armies. Skobeleff had conquered Kho- 
 kand before he reached eight-and-twenty. To 
 cite a more illustrious example. Napoleon was 
 but twenty-seven when he carried the Bridge 
 of Lodi. Gordon was in the prime of mental 
 and physical vigor. He had been a constant stu- 
 dent of the art military ; his nature was at once 
 enterprising and cautious ; he seemed to control 
 his fellow-men by an intuitive influence ; and 
 the buoyancy of his temperament sustained him 
 in every situation. — Chinese Gordon, p. 35. 
 
 6l§§. YOUTH, Ardor of. Lafayette. He 
 was scarcely nineteen years of age when he 
 sought a secret interview with Silas Deane, the 
 American envoy, and offered his services to 
 the Congress. Mr. Deane, it appears, objected 
 to his youth. " When," says he, " I presented 
 to the envoy my boyish face, I spoke more 
 of my ardor in the cause than of my ex- 
 perience ; but I dwelt much upon the effect my 
 departure would excite in France, and he signed 
 our mutual agreement." His intention was 
 concealed from his family and from all his 
 friends, except two or three confidants. While 
 he was making preparations for his depart- 
 ure, most distressing and alarming news came 
 from America — the retreat from Long Island, 
 the loss of New York, the battle of White 
 Plains, and the retreat through New Jersey. 
 The American forces, it was said, reduced to a 
 disheartened band of three thousand militia, 
 were pursued by a triumphant army of thirty- 
 three thousand English and Hessians. The 
 credit of the colonies at Paris sunk to the low- 
 est ebb, and some of the Americans themselves 
 confessed to Lafayette that they were discour- 
 aged, and persuaded him to abandon his proj- 
 ect. He said to Mr. Deane : " Until now, sir, 
 you have only seen my ardor in your cause, and 
 that may not prove at present wholly useless. I 
 shall purchase a ship to carry out your officers. 
 We must feel confidence in the future ; and it is 
 especially in the hour of danger that I wish to 
 share your fortune." — Cyclopedia op Biog.^ 
 p. 476. 
 
 61 §9. YOUTH, Attractive. Mahomet. He 
 seems to have cultivated ... his moral quali- 
 ties with equal assiduity as the intellectual. 
 His beauty, his modesty, his sequestration from 
 the profane pleasures oif the Khoreishite youth, 
 his assiduity to prayer in the temple, his respect 
 for the aged, his attention to treasuring up the 
 sayings of the wise, his filial affection for his 
 adopted father, Aboutaleb, his deference tow- 
 ard the son of his uncle, of whom he was the 
 guest, without affecting to be the equal, his taste 
 for solitude, his reveries — a sort of cloud under 
 which he veiled the splendor of his intellect — 
 in fine, his sober eloquence, which never spoke 
 until interrogated, but which flowed from the 
 soul rather than the lips, and which had the 
 gift of persuading others, because it was per- 
 suasion in himself — all these qualities of birth, of 
 body, of mind, of character, esteemed every- 
 where, even among barbarians, drew the esteem, 
 the affection, the eyes of Mecca upon the orphan 
 of Amina. They attracted, above all, the heart 
 of au opulent and influential woman of Mecca, 
 
*?38 
 
 YOUTH. 
 
 named Kadidje, or Kadidjah. — Lamartine's 
 Turkey. 
 
 6190. YOUTH, Backwardness in. Washington 
 Irving. Master Irving was not a prodigy ; for 
 at the first school, kept by a woman, to which he 
 was sent in his fourth year, and where he re- 
 mained upward of two years, he learned little 
 beyond his alphabet ; and at the second, where 
 boys and girls were taught, and where he re- 
 mained until he was fourteen, he was more noted 
 for his truth-telling than for his scholarship. — 
 
 -Stoddard's Irving, p. 12. 
 
 6191. YOUTH, Capacity in. Washington. At 
 the age of sixteen he was sent by his uncle to 
 survey a tract of land on the South Potomac, and 
 for three years his life was in the wilderness. — 
 Ridpath's U. S., ch. 38, p. 302. 
 
 6192. YOUTH corrected. Aristotle. Aristotle 
 was born at Stagyra, a Thracian city, then under 
 the dominion of Macedonia. His father was 
 physician to Philip, the father of Alexander the 
 Great. After a youth of dissipation he betook 
 himself with indefatigable ardor to the study of 
 philosophy, and was for twenty years a favorite 
 disciple of Plato. — Tytler's Hist., Book 2, 
 ch. 9, p. 273. 
 
 6193. YOUTH cormpted. By CatUine. The 
 party of revolution was as various as it was wide. 
 Powerful, wealthy men belonged to it, who were 
 politically dissatisfied ; ambitious men of rank, 
 whose money embarrassments weighted them in 
 the race against their competitors ; . . . and, final- 
 ly, Catiline's own chosen comrades, the smooth- 
 faced patrician youths with curled hair and redo- 
 lent with perfumes, as yet beardless or with the 
 first down upon their chins, wearing scarves and 
 veils and sleeved tunics reaching to their ankles, 
 industrious but only with the dice-box, night- 
 watchers but in the supper-rooms, in the small 
 hours before dawn, immodest, dissolute boys, 
 whose education had been in learning to love 
 and to be loved, to sing and to dance naked at 
 the midnight orgies, and along with it to handle 
 poniards and mix poisoned bowls. Well might 
 Cicero be alarmed at such a combination ; well 
 might he say that if a generation of such youths 
 lived to manhood there would be a common- 
 wealth of Catilines. — Froude's C^sar, ch. 11. 
 
 6194. YOUTH, Enemies in. William, Prince 
 of Orange. The able and experienced ministers 
 of the [Dutch] Republic, mortal enemies of his 
 name, came every day to pay their feigned civili- 
 ties to him and to observe the progress of his 
 mind. The first movements of his ambition were 
 carefully watched ; every unguarded word ut- 
 tered by him was noted down ; nor had he near 
 him any adviser on whose judgment reliance 
 could be placed. He was scarcely fifteen years 
 old when all the domestics who were attached to 
 his interest, or who enjoyed any share of his 
 confidence, were removed from under his roof 
 by the jealous government. He remonstrated 
 with energy beyond his years, but in vain. Vigi- 
 lant observers saw the tears more than once rise 
 in the eyes of the young State prisoner. His 
 health, naturally delicate, sank for a time under 
 the emotions which his desolate situation had 
 produced. Such situations bewilder and unnerve 
 the weak, but call forth all the strength of the 
 strong. Surrounded by snares in which an or- 
 
 dinary youth would have perished, William; 
 learned to tread at once warily and firmly. Long 
 before he reached manhood he knew how to keep 
 secrets, how to baffle curiosity by dry and guard- 
 ed answers, how to conceal all passions under 
 the same show of grave tranquillity. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 7, p. 150. 
 
 6195. YOUTH, Folly of. Edgar Allan Poe. The 
 acquisition of knowledge was easy to him, and 
 he could without serious effort have carried off 
 the highest honors of his class. But he drank 
 to excess ; and as drink is the ally of all the other- 
 vices, he gambled recklessly, and led so disorder- 
 ly a life that he was expelled from the college. 
 His adopted father refusing to pay his gambling- 
 debts, the young man wrote him a foolish, insult- 
 ing letter, took passage for Europe, and set off, 
 as he said, to assist the Greeks in their strug- 
 gle for independence. — Cyclopedia of Biog., 
 p. 739. 
 
 6196. YOUTH, Fountain of. Florida. Juan. 
 Ponce de Leon, who had been a companion of 
 Columbus on his second voyage, fitted out a pri- 
 vate expedition of discovery and adventure. De 
 Leon had grown rich as governor of Porto Rico,, 
 and while growing rich had also grown old. But 
 there was a fountain of perpetual youth some- 
 where in the Bahamas — so said all the learning 
 and intelligence of Spain — and in that fountain 
 the wrinkled old cavalier would bathe and be 
 young again. ... A landing was effected a short 
 distance north of where, a half century later, 
 were laid the foundations of St. Augustine. The 
 country was claimed for the King of Spain, and 
 the search for the youth-restoring-fountain was- 
 eagerly prosecuted. The romantic adventurer 
 turned southward, explored the coast for many 
 leagues, discovered and named the Tortugas, 
 doubled Cape Florida, and then sailed back to 
 Porto Rico not perceptibly younger than whea 
 he started. — Ridpath's U. S., ch. 3, p. 57. 
 
 6197. YOUTH, Genius in. Isaac Newton. See 
 No. 6185. 
 
 619S. YOUTH, Hardships in. George Wash- 
 ington. Son of a widow, ... to read, to write, 
 to cipher — these had been his degrees in knowl- 
 edge. And now at sixteen years of age, in quest 
 of an honest maintenance, encountering intoler- 
 able toil ; . . . "himself his own cook, having 
 no spit but a forked stick, no plate but a large 
 chip " [while engaged as a surveyor], . . . rarely 
 sleeping in a bed, . . . this stripling surveyor of 
 the woods . . . God had selected ... to give an 
 impulse to human affairs, and, as far as events 
 can depend on an individual, had placed the 
 rights and destinies of countless millions in the 
 keeping of the widow's son. — Bancroft's U. S., 
 vol. 3, ch. 24. 
 
 6199. . Ghauncey Jerome. [The 
 
 inventor of brass clocks.] At fifteen he was 
 bound apprentice to a carpenter, and was soon 
 able to do a man's work at the business. Appren- 
 tices at that day were not much indulged. Chaun- 
 cey Jerome, when he visited his mother, had to 
 walk all night, so as not to use his master's time, 
 and he had sometimes to trudge a whole sum- 
 mer's day on foot, with his tools on his back, in 
 order to get to the work he had to do. Several 
 times during his apprenticeship he carried his 
 tools thirty miles in one day. There were few 
 
YOUTH. 
 
 739 
 
 fehicles then except farmer's wagons. — Cyclo- 
 
 SDIA OF BioG., p. 211. 
 
 6200. . Lincoln. In 1816 his father 
 
 removed to Spencer County, Indiana — just then 
 admitted into tlie Union— and built a cabin in the 
 woods near the present village of Gentryville. 
 Here was the scene of Lincoln's boyhood — a con- 
 stant struggle with poverty, hardship, and toil. 
 At the age of sixteen we find him managing a 
 ferry across the Ohio, at the mouth of Anderson 
 Creek, a service for which he was paid six dollars 
 per month. In his youth he received in the aggre- 
 gate about one year of schooling, which was all 
 he ever had in the way of education. — Ridpath's 
 U. S., ch. 61, p. 482. 
 
 6201. YOUTH, Hope in. Maliomet. Mahomet 
 labored to attach to him all that portion of his 
 family which did not yet profess his religion. 
 " What are you afraid of ?" said he to them at 
 the end of a repast. " Never did Arab make an 
 offer to his nation of advantages to be compared 
 to those I bring you. I offer you happiness in 
 this transitory life, and eternal felicity in the life 
 to come. God has commissioned me to bring Him 
 back mankind. Let me see which of you is 
 willing to aid me in this work ; to become my 
 second, my brother, my substitute upon the 
 earth." Astonishment, terror, backwardness,* 
 incredulity, kept all of them to silence and their 
 seats. No one arose ; all sat in mute embarrass- 
 ment. Mahomet was going to be left alone, when 
 the youngest of the guests, Ali, as yet almost a 
 child, coming to the aid of his second father, 
 rose with the naive generosity of his years, and 
 exclaimed, ". I, prophet of God ! I will, in de- 
 fault of others." Mahomet, affected to tears, and 
 seeing in this burst of a mere youth, the least 
 considerable of the guests, a designation of the 
 finger of God, who marks where men are not ob- 
 serving, clasped the boy to his heart. ' ' Very 
 well," said he, no more ashamed of this disciple 
 than the disciple had been of him, "behold ye 
 Ali, my son, my second, my brother, my other 
 self ; obey Mm !" This election of a child by the 
 inspired prophet scandalized the company to even 
 laughter. — Lamartine's Tukkey, p. 73. 
 
 6202. YOUTH, Humble. Bomulus— Remus 
 
 . . . rose to distinction from very small begin- 
 nings. For the two brothers were reputed slaves 
 and sons of herdsmen ; and yet, before thejr at- 
 tained to liberty themselves, they bestowed it on 
 almost all the Latins ; gaining at once the most 
 glorious titles, as destroyers of their enemies, de- 
 liverers of kindred, kings of nations, and found- 
 ers of cities, not transplanters. — Plutarch's 
 Romulus and Theseus. 
 
 6203. YOUTH an Index. Charles I. and Crom- 
 well. The future monarch and future Protector 
 met [at Hinchinbrook House], and engaged each 
 other in childish sport, in which Charles got the 
 worst of it. For what fixed the attention of the 
 lovers of prognostications in that and succeeding 
 ages, was that "the youths had not been long 
 together before Charles and Oliver disagreed ; 
 and, as the former was then as weakly as the lat- 
 ter was strong, it was no wonder that the royal 
 visitant was worsted ; and Oliver, even at this 
 age, so little regarded dignity, that he made the 
 royal blood flow in copious streams from the 
 prince's nose." " This," adds the author, " was 
 looked upon as a bad presage for the king 
 
 when the civil wars commenced." — Hood's 
 Cromwell, ch. 2, p. 31. 
 
 6204. YOUTH, Manhood out of. Peter Cooper. 
 He found, after long searching, a place in the 
 carriage shop of Burtis & Woodward, on the cor- 
 ner of Broadway and Chambers Street, where a 
 great marble structure was afterward raised by 
 A. T. Stewart, and there he bound himself out as 
 an apprentice until he should reach the age of 
 twenty -one. He was to receive his board and a 
 salary of $25 a year. Here he began life in ear- 
 nest, and he attributed his after success in a great 
 degree to those four years of steady, hard work, 
 with the economy which his little earnings en- 
 forced ; and during the whole time he not only 
 did not run in debt one cent, but he always had 
 a little money laid by, — Lester's Life of Peter 
 Cooper, p. 13. 
 
 6205. YOUTH, Mental Bias in. Gibbon. The 
 subject he selected was a curious one for a youth 
 in his sixteenth year. It was an attempt to settle 
 the chronology of the age of Sesostris, and shows 
 how soon the austere side of history had attracted 
 his attention. "In my childish balance," h« 
 says, "I presumed to weigh the systems of 
 Scaliger and Petavius, of Marsham and of New- 
 ton ; and my sleep has been disturbed by the 
 difficulty of reconciling the Septuagint with the 
 Hebrew computation. " Of course his essay had 
 the usual value of such juvenile production — 
 that is, none at all, except as an indication of 
 early bias to serious study of history. — Morri- 
 son's Gibbon, ch. 1. 
 
 6206. YOUTH neglected. Peter the Great. 
 The education of Peter, the destined monarch of 
 a prodigious empire, was almost totally neglect- 
 ed. Russia did not much value knowledge at 
 that time, but Peter was even more ignorant than 
 was usual with Russian boys of high rank, for 
 his sister Sophia, an ambitious and bad woman, 
 purposely kept him in ignorance, that she might 
 the more easily retain an ascendency over him, 
 and over Russia through him. Notwithstanding 
 this, he had picked up a little knowledge, since 
 he had that sure sign of intellect which we call 
 curiosity. He was a great asker of questions, 
 fond of looking on while work was doing, and 
 of trying his own hand at it. — Cyclopedia of 
 BioG., p. 426. 
 
 6207. YOUTH, Perfecting. Swedenbm-g says. 
 Children in heaven grow up into young men and 
 women, and the aged return to the freshness of 
 early manhood. They who are in heaven are 
 continually advancing to the spring-time of life, 
 and the more thousands of years they live the 
 more delightful and happy is the spring to which 
 they attain ; and this progression goes on to 
 eternity. Good women who have died old and 
 worn out with age, after a succession of years 
 come more and more into the flower of youth, 
 and into a beauty which exceeds all the concep- 
 tions of beauty which can be formed from what 
 the eye has seen. In a word, to grow old in heaven 
 is to grow young. — White's Swedenborg, 
 ch. 13, p. 115. 
 
 6208. YOUTH, Preparation in. Washington. 
 To the encomiums which he [Lafayette] lavished 
 upon his hero and paternal chief, she [the moth- 
 er of Washington] replied in these words : " I 
 am not surprised at what George has done, for he 
 
740 
 
 YOUTH— ZEAL. 
 
 always was a good boy." — Custis' Washington, 
 vol. 1, ch. 1. 
 
 6209. YOUTH, Presumption of. Louis XIV. 
 [The famous French minister] Mazarin had 
 died in the year 1661, with the honor of having 
 brought about the peace of Westphalia and the 
 treaty of the Pyrenees ; and Louis, whom he 
 had hitherto led about as a child, assumed him- 
 self the reins of government. He had borne the 
 3'oke of Mazarin with great impatience, and in 
 some instances had shown that impetuosity of 
 temper which strongly characterized his dispo- 
 sition. Upon occasion of a meeting of the par- 
 liament of Paris, where some of the royal edicts 
 Avere called in question, Louis, then a boy of six- 
 teen years of age, entered the hall of parliament 
 in boots, with a whip in his hand ; and, confident 
 of the powers of an absolute prince, told them, 
 with an air of high authority, that he was ac- 
 quainted with the audacity of their procedure, 
 and would take care to restrain them within the 
 bounds of their just prerogatives. Upon the 
 death of Mazarin the first acts of the adminis- 
 tration of Louis were rather violent than politic. 
 — Tytler's Hist. , Book 6, ch. 34, p. 457. 
 
 6210. YOUTH, Regard for. "Rising Sun." 
 When Pompey arrived at Rome [from his victo- 
 ries in Africa] he demanded a triumph, in which 
 he was opposed bySylla. The latter alleged 
 that the laws did not allow that honor to any 
 person who was not either consul or praetor. 
 Hence it was that the first Scipio, when he re- 
 turned victorious from greater wars and conflicts 
 with the Carthaginians in Spain, did not demand 
 a triumph ; for he was neither consul nor praetor. 
 He added that if Pompey, who was yet little 
 better tlian a beardless youth, and who was not 
 of age to be admitted into the Senate, should en- 
 ter the city in triumph, it would bring an odium 
 both upon the dictator's power and those honors 
 of his friend. These arguments Sylla insisted 
 on, to show him he would not allow of his tri- 
 umph, and that, in case he persisted, he would 
 chastise his obstinacy. Pompey, not in the least 
 intimidated, bade him consider that more wor- 
 shipped the rising than the setting sun ; intimat- 
 ing that his power was increasing, and Sylla's 
 upon the decline. Sylla did not well hear what 
 he said, but perceiving by the looks and gestures 
 of the company that they were struck with the 
 expression, he asked what it was. When he was 
 told it he admired the spirit of Pompey, and 
 cried, " Let him triumph ! Let him triumph !" 
 — Plutarch's Pompey. 
 
 6211. YOUTH, Studious. John Milton. If 
 Milton's genius did not announce itself in his 
 paraphrases of Psalms, it did in his impetuosity 
 in learning, "which I seized with such eagerness 
 that from the twelfth year of my age I scarce 
 ever went to bed before midnight." Such is his 
 own account. . . . Aubrey's words are : ' ' When 
 he was very young he studied very hard, and sate 
 up very late, commonly till twelve or one o'clock 
 at night ; and his father ordered the maid to 
 sit up for him." — Pattison's Milton, ch. 1. 
 
 6212. YOUTH, Training of. Persians. The 
 education of children was looked upon as the 
 most important duty and the most essential part 
 of government ; it was not left to the care of fa- 
 thers and mothers, whose blind affection and 
 fondness often rendered them incapable of that 
 
 ofiice ; but the State took it upon themselves, 
 Boj's were all brought up in common, after one 
 uniform manner, where everything was regu- 
 lated, the place and length of their exercises, the 
 times of eating, the quality of their meat and 
 di"ink, and their different kinds of punishment. 
 The only food allowed either the children or the 
 young men was bread , cresses, and water ; for 
 their design was to accustom them early to tem- 
 perance and sobriety ; besides, they considered 
 that a plain, frugal diet, without any mixture of 
 sauces or ragouts, would strengthen the bod}', 
 and lay such a foundation of health as would 
 enable them to undergo the hardships and fa- 
 tigues of war to a good old age. Here boys went 
 to school to learn justice and virtue, as they do 
 in other places to learn arts and sciences ; and the 
 crime most severely punished among them was 
 ingratitude. The design of the Persians in all 
 these wise regulations was to prevent evil, being 
 convinced that it is much better to prevent faults 
 than to punish them ; and whereas in other States 
 the legislators are satisfied with enacting pun- 
 ishments for criminals, the Persians endeavored 
 so to order it as to have no criminals among 
 them. — Rollin's Hist., Book 4, art. 1, § 1. 
 
 6213. YOUTH, Unpromising. Abraham Lin- 
 coln. One of his teachers, . . . Mr. Dorsey, . . . 
 tells how his pupil came to the log-cabin school- 
 house arrayed in buckskin clothes, a raccoon-skin , 
 cap, and provided with an old arithmetic, which, 
 had somewhere been found for him, to begin his 
 investigations into the higher branches. — Ray- 
 mond's Lincoln, ch. 2, p. 21. 
 
 6214. YOUTH, Wildness in. George Muller. 
 After obtaining from his tutor leave of absence 
 under false pretences, he set off on a pleasure 
 excursion to Magdeburg, went afterward to 
 Brunswick, and lived at both places in an expen- 
 sive manner at hotels, until all the money he had 
 managed to scrape together for the journey was 
 expended. On his way back to Heimersleben, 
 he stopped at Wolfenbuttel, went to an hotel 
 there, and again began to live as though he had 
 plenty of money at his command ; but having 
 been suspected, he was followed, and when he 
 walked quietly out of the yard, without having 
 settled his account, and afterward attempted to 
 run away, he was arrested and sent to prison, 
 where, when only sixteen years of age, he found 
 himself shut up with the most depraved charac- 
 ters, such as thieves, murderers, etc. From De- 
 cember 18, 1821, to January 12, 1822, he was de- 
 tained in prison, when his father, having sent 
 money to discharge his debt at the hotel, to de- 
 fray the cost of his maintenance in jail, and to pay 
 his travelling expenses, he was set at liberty. — 
 MiJLLER's Life of George Mijller, p. 10. 
 
 6215. ZEAL for Art. Protogenes. Rhodes 
 was . . . the residence of a celebrated painter, 
 named Protogenes, who was a native of Cau- 
 nus, a city of Caria, which was then subject to 
 the Rhodians. The apartment where he painted 
 was in the suburbs, without the cityi^ when De- 
 metrius first besieged it ; but neither the presence 
 of the enemies who then surrounded him nor the 
 noise of arms that perpetually rung in his ears 
 could induce him to quit his habitation or dis- 
 continue his work. The king was surprised at 
 his conduct, and he one day asked him his rea- 
 sons for such a proceeding. " It is," replied he 
 
ZEAL. 
 
 741 
 
 " because I am sensible j'ou have declared war 
 against the Rhodians, and not against the sci- 
 ences." Nor was he deceived in that opinion, for 
 Demetrius actually showed himself their protect- 
 or. He planted a guard round his house. — Rol- 
 Lix'sHisT., Bookie, §8. 
 
 6216. ZEAL, Christian. George WJiitefield. 
 [During tlie thirty -four years of his ministerial 
 life Rev. George Whitefleld preached eighteen 
 thousand sermons, travelled through England, 
 Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and traversed the 
 American colonies from Maine to Georgia. His 
 last sermon was two hours long. The same 
 evening,] while at supper, the pavement in front 
 of the house, and even its hall, were crowded 
 with people, impatient to hear a few words from 
 his eloquent lips ; but he was exhausted, and 
 rising from the table, said to one of the clergy- 
 men who were with him, '* Brother, you must 
 talk to this dear people ; I cannot say a word." 
 Taking a candle, he hastened toward his bed- 
 room ; but before reaching it he was arrested by 
 the suggestion of his own generous heart that he 
 ought not thus to desert an anxious crowd, hun- 
 gering for the bread of life from his hands. He 
 paused on the stairs to address them. He had 
 preached his last sermon, and this was to be his 
 last exhortation. He lingered on the stairway, 
 while the crowd gazed at him with tearful eyes, 
 as Elisha at the ascending prophet. His voice, 
 never, perhaps, surpassed in its music and pathos, 
 flowed on until the candle which he held in his 
 hand burned away and went out in its socket ! 
 The next morning he was not, for God had taken 
 him ! He died of asthma, September 30, 1770. — 
 Stevens' Methodism, vol. 1, p. 466. 
 
 6217. ZEAL encouraged, Abraham Lincoln. 
 [He was not jealous of a member of his cabinet 
 who was also a candidate for the presidency, and 
 showed vigor and energy in his department.] 
 " My brother and I . . . were once ploughing 
 corn on a Kentucky farm, 1 driving the horse 
 and he holding the plough. The horse was lazy, 
 but on one occasion rushed across the field, so 
 that I, with my long legs, could scarcely keep 
 pace with him. ... I found an enormous 
 chin-fly fastened on him, and knocked it off. . . . 
 My brother asked me what I did that for. I told 
 him I didn't want the old horse bitten in that 
 way. ' Why,' said my brother, ' that's all that 
 made him go.' Now," said Mr. Lincoln, "if 
 
 Mr. has a presidential chin fly biting him, 
 
 I'm not going to knock it off ; it will only 
 make his department go." — Raymond's Lin- 
 coln, p. 720. 
 
 621 §. ZEAL, Imprudent. Execution of Charles 
 I. In no long time it became manifest that 
 those political and religious zealots, to whom 
 this deed is to be ascribed, had committed, not 
 only a crime, but an error. They had given to a 
 prince, hitherto known to his people chiefly by 
 his faults, an opportunity of displaying, on a 
 great theatre, before the eyes of all nations and 
 all ages, some qualities which irresistibly call 
 forth the admiration and love of mankind, the 
 high spirit of a gallant gentleman, the patience 
 and meekness of a penitent Christian ; nay, 
 they had so contrived their revenge, that the 
 very man whose whole life had been a series of 
 attacks on the liberties of England now seemed 
 
 to die a martyr in the cau^e of those very liber- 
 ties. — Macaulay's ExG., ch. 1, p. 120. 
 
 6219. ZEAL, Ineifective. John Milton. [The 
 restoration of monarchy was foreshadowed.] A 
 fury of utterance was upon him, and he pour- 
 ed out, during the death-throes of the republic, 
 pamphlet upon pamphlet, as fast as he could 
 get them written to his dictation. These extem- 
 porized effusions betray in their style, hurry, 
 and confusion the restlessness of a coming de- 
 spair. The passionate enthusiasm of the early 
 tracts is gone, and all the old faults, the obscu- 
 rity, the inconsecutiveness, the want of arrange- 
 ment, are exaggerated. In the " Ready Way" 
 there is a monster sentence of thirty-nine lines, 
 containing three himdred and thirty-six words. 
 — Milton, by M. Pattison, ch. 11. 
 
 6220. ZEAL misdirected. Ladies. [Addison, 
 in the Freeholder, says the lady politicians of his 
 time] are so taken up with zeal for the Church 
 that they cannot find time to teach their children 
 the catechism. — Knight's Eng., vol. 5, ch. 27, 
 p. 417. 
 
 6221. ZEAL punished. Rev. Charles Wesley. 
 He had charge of the curacy of Islington, but 
 " was ejected from it, not so much because of 
 his doctrine, as for the earnestness with which 
 he uttered it." — Stevens ' Methodism, vol. 1, 
 p. 110. 
 
 6222. ZEAL, Sectarian. James II. He 
 seems . . . to have been seized with an unusu- 
 ally violent fit of zeal for his religion ; and this 
 is the more remarkable because he had just re- 
 lapsed, after a short interval of self-restraint, into 
 debauchery. . . . Lady Dorchester had returned 
 from Dublin, and was again the king's mistress. 
 Her return was politically of no importance. 
 She had learned by experience the folly of ad;- 
 tempting to save her lover from the destruction 
 to which he was running headlong. She there- 
 fore suffered the Jesuits to guide his political 
 conduct, and they, in return, suffered her to 
 wheedle him out of money. She was, however, 
 only one of several abandoned women who at 
 this time shared, with his beloved Church, 
 the dominion over his mind. He seems to have 
 determined to make some amends for neglecting 
 the welfare of his own soul by taking care of 
 the souls of others. — Macaulay's Eng., ch. 6, 
 p. 139. 
 
 6223. ZEAL, Unrewarded. " The Pretender ." 
 In the evening [Mary, wife of James II.,] sat 
 playing cards at Whitehall till near midnight. 
 Then she was carried in a sedan to Saint James' 
 Palace, where apartments had been very hastily 
 fitted up for her reception. Soon messengers 
 were running about in all directions to summon 
 physicians and priests, lords of the council, and 
 ladies of the bedchamber. In a few hours 
 many public functionaries and women of rank 
 were assembled in the queen's room. There, 
 on the morning of Sunday, the 10th oi June, a 
 day long kept sacred by the too faithful ad- 
 herents of a bad cause, was born the most un- 
 fortunate of princes [James Francis Edward 
 Stuart, the Pretender,], destined to seven ty-seveu 
 years of exile and wandering, of vain projects, 
 of honors more galling than insults, and of 
 hopes such as make the heart sick. — Macau- 
 lay's Eng., ch. 8, p. 334, 
 
INDEX OF PEKSOML NAMES. 
 
 Explanation. The names here given may be found in the articles to which the nnmbers refet 
 
 Abbassa, 4810. 
 
 Abbott, Benj., 1080, 1109, 1193, 5423. 
 
 Abbott the Hbrmit, 2559. 
 
 Abdallah, 1269, 2289, 8004, 3386. 
 
 Abdalbahmans, 3382. 
 
 Abdolontmus, 3122, 6635. 
 
 Abd-el-Mourad, 1757. 
 
 Abo-Abdeli, 1278. 
 
 Abodtaleb, 3607, 6189. 
 
 Abraham, 593, 2375, 2649, 4625. 
 
 Abubekeb, 2605, 3897, 5564, 6937. 
 
 AcACius, Bishop, 545. 
 
 Achilles, 2999. 
 
 Adams, John, '5, 211, «74, 968, 1833, 
 
 1837, 2063, 3447, 3861, 3894, 4234, 
 
 4314, 5028, 5501, 6186. 
 Abams, John Q., 1600, 2046, 3259, 
 
 4091, 5206. 
 Adams, Mrs. John, 3497. 
 Adams, Samuel, 587, 676, 1008, 1629, 
 
 2780, 3517, 3660, 6058. 
 Adda, Archbishop, 1914, S690. 
 Addison, Joseph, 2934, 3813. 
 Adela, Princess, 3840. 
 Adet, Pierre Auguste, 170. 
 Admetus, 5261. 
 Adolius, 5212. 
 Adrastus, 3884. 
 Adrian, Emperor, 4969. 
 Adrian (Pope) IV., 2668. 
 Adrian VI., Pope, 2692. 
 .^G^ON, 2508. 
 ^LLA, King, 5197. 
 .(Emilia, 5107. 
 
 ..(Emilius Paulus, 1902, 2814, 6715. 
 •^SCHINES, 1329. 
 viEscuLAPius, 4169. 
 .^sop, Clodius (Actor), 2178, 4022, 
 ,^Tius, 2797. 
 Agamemnon, 5910. 
 Agathabcus, 2524. 
 Agathoclhs, 1538. 
 Aqesilaus, 1397, 8108, 2363, 2744, 
 
 3070, 3163, 3346, 4449, 6114, £863, 
 
 5671, 5631. 
 Agis IV., 1000. 
 Agnon, 3366. 
 Agrippa, Menenins, 4298. 
 Agrippina, 196, 1347, 2072, 8721, 4389, 
 
 5260. 
 AiDAN, Bishop, 5395. 
 AiDONEus, 3338. 
 
 Alaric, King, 687, 1145, 2893, 8086. 
 Alathetts, 5304. 
 Albert, Archbishop, 4668. 
 Albinus, Lucius, 4181. 
 
 Albinus, Senator, 3234. 
 
 Albion, 2645. 
 
 D'Albrbt, Jean, 6094. 
 
 Albuquerque, 1050, 1070, 1098, 2476, 
 36.39. 
 
 Alcibiades, 1306, 1562, 2702, 8765, 
 4804, 4897, .5386. 
 
 Aldrich, Rev., 3555. 
 
 Albxandeb the Great, 6, 186, 235, 
 1048, 1151, 1252, 1428, 1456, 1514, 
 1581, 1588, 1673, 1744, 1746, 1813, 
 1821, 2156, 2207, 2220, 2371, 2471, 
 2485, 2500, 2632, 2753, 2822, 2912, 
 2931, 3064, 3122, 3268, 3278, 3347, 
 3366, 3680, 3741, 3831, 4081, 4031, 
 4196, 4330, 4432, 4474, 4598, 4663, 
 4791, 4796, 4798, 4854, 4868, 4879, 
 5095, 5ia3, 5145, 5366, 5402, 5449, 
 5505, 5514, 6537, 5638, 6639, 6635, 
 5668, 6689, 6781, 5820, 6876, 6096, 
 6176. 
 
 Alexander, Rom. Emp., 3279, 8730. 
 
 Alexander I. (Russia), 2232, 5693. 
 
 Alexander III., Pope, 5010. 
 
 Alexandeb VI., Pope, 670, 2287, 
 2675, 5436. 
 
 Alexius I., Comnenus, 2167. 
 
 Alexius II., 2700. 
 
 Alfonso, King of Spain, 2521. 
 
 Alfred the Gbkat, 1806, 8423, 2715, 
 4647, 4962, 6079, 6600, 6826. 
 
 Ali,4181. 
 
 Alibaud, 360. 
 
 Allen, Ethan, 1967, 6469, 6766. 
 
 Almamon, 5958. 
 
 Alp Abslan, 2197, 4451. 
 
 Amaba, 2642. 
 
 Amasis, 1462, 8809. 
 
 Amauet, Abbot of Citeaux, 4123. 
 
 Ambbose. St., 1569, 4105. 
 
 Amina, 3004, 4528. 
 
 Akomphabetus, 1556. 
 
 Amubath II., 3869, 51.37, 685a 
 
 Anachabsis, 3034, 3155. 
 
 Anachonis, 5569. 
 
 Anastasius, 3253. 
 
 Anaxagoeus, 4778, 6600 
 
 Anaximbnes, 4663. 
 
 Anderson, Major, 462. 
 
 AndeS, Major, 1043, 1568, 8616, B093. 
 
 Andbew, St., 4677, 5013. 
 
 Andbews, Bishop, 61. 
 
 Andbonicus, Emperor, 17, 1867, 1863, 
 2207,4204. 
 
 Andbonicus the Youngbb, 4917. 
 
 Andbonicus, Livins (Poet), 2362. 
 
 Andbos, Sir Edmund, 1882, 8452, 38081, 
 
 6474. 
 Angelo, Michael, 347. 
 Angelus, Isaac, Emperor, 888&. 
 Anianus, 1518. 
 Anicbtus, 3743. 
 Anjou, Charles of, 82. 
 Anne oi* Austeia, 5627. 
 Anne, Queen, 558, 1380. 
 Anne, Queen of France, 1030. 
 Anne, Princess, 1927, 2203, 2828, 8446, 
 
 3473, 3501. 
 Anselm, Archbishop, 2789. 
 Antigonus, 2523, 3222, 5932. 
 Antiochus thb Geeat, 3768. 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, 6159, 6166. 
 Antisthbnbs, 1968, 6677. 
 Antistia, 5107. 
 Antoinb de Boubbon, 6094. 
 Antoninus, 6343. 
 Antoninus Pius, 5686. 
 Antony, Mark, 46, 192, 868, 1227, 
 
 1405, 2149, 4616, 4646, 4893, 5278, 
 
 6050, 6067, 6136. 
 Anttus, 4804 
 Aphobus, 5995. 
 
 Apollo, 2145, 4708, 5338, 6461, 6061. 
 Apollonius, 6166. 
 Aquillius, 1266. 
 Arcadius, Emperor, 3384, 4677, 
 AECHL4.S, 1516, 4477, 5425. 
 Abchimedes, 21, 343, 853, 1906, 3535. 
 Abchippb, 5995. 
 Abchttas, 3535, 5778. 
 Aegall, Captain, 4831. 
 Abgtle, Buke of, 6209. 
 Abiadne, 3253, 6051. 
 Abid^^us, 3889. 
 Aeiosto, 3306. 
 Abistidks, 1019, 1910, 805S, 8724, 
 
 4400, 4762, 4788. 
 Aeistobulus, 2156. 
 Abistotlb, 779, 1797, 2020, 8092, 8093, 
 
 3278, 3883, 6130, 5273, 6637, 3538, 
 
 3539, 6015, 6016, 6192. 
 Abkweight, Richard, 17TO, 2980, 
 
 2987, 3580, 5168. 
 Abmoue, Jean, 3458. 
 Abhaud, Baculard d', 8002. 
 Abnold, Benedict, 2123, 2669, 3644, 
 
 4049. 4799, 5469, 5698. 
 Arnold, Michael, 4955. 
 Abnold, Dr. Thomas (of Rugby), 
 
 1185, 4780. 
 Abtaxbbxes, 154, 1285, 2487, 3838, 
 
 6773. 
 
744 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 Abtasibbs, King, 4724. 
 
 Abtemisia, 6110. 
 
 Artemidobus, 1689. 
 
 Abthub, Prince (England), 3474. 
 
 AsBUKT, Bishop, 4347. 
 
 AsPASiA, 1256, 6084. 
 
 ASTEE, 5104. 
 
 AsTLET, Sir Jacob, 4378. 
 
 AsTBT, Samuel, 30S1. 
 
 asttages, 5560. 
 
 Athalabic, 2930. 
 
 Athanabic. 4184. 
 
 Athanasius, 4536. 
 
 Athbk^us, 3035. 
 
 Atholk, Earl of, 4473. 
 
 Attabalipa, 1176. 
 
 Attalus, 2666. 
 
 Atticus, 5755. 
 
 Attila, 34, 322, 688, 1518, 1956, 3811, 
 
 3476, 4859, 5492, 5626, 5899. 
 Attucks (Boston negro), 3805. 
 AuDLBT, Lord, 1283. 
 Atjdcbon, 1872, 2321. 
 AuGEBEAU, General, 2834. 
 Augusta, 5835. 
 Augustus, 101, 286, 305, 1687, 2846, 
 
 3215, 3777, 3880, 3881, 3891, 4194. 
 
 AuBBLiAN, 1617, 1692, 4476, 4578, 
 
 5816. 
 AuBXOi.ns, Emperor, 4661. 
 Austen, Lady, 3703, 4834. 
 Austin, Moses, 1517. 
 Austin, Thomas, 3049. 
 Aybsha, 3442, 6076. 
 
 Bacchus, 5798. 
 
 Bacon, Francis, 669, 1213, 1216, 2857, 
 
 3265, 3799, 4189, 4594. 
 Bacon, Roger, 697, 3775. 
 B^DA (the Monk), 6150. 
 Bagge, James, 5123. 
 Bahbam, 2900. 
 Baian the Avab, 3372. 
 Bajazbt I., 611, 1251, 3056, 4638, 
 
 4837, 4883, 5318. 
 Baldwin I., 3199. 
 Baldwin IL, 4354, 4673. 
 Baliol, John, 5746. 
 Ball, Rev. John, 4520. 
 Baltimore, Lord, 732. 
 Bangs, Nathan, 3846. 
 Barbarossa, 3258, 5903. 
 Barentzen, 1445. 
 Babet, John, 2858. 
 Barillon, 1471, 1978, 3653. 
 Babbon, Com., 4595. 
 Bartholemt, Peter, 4667. 
 Barton, Colonel William, 5467. 
 Barton, Elizabeth, 5679. 
 Basil, Emperor, 1342, 2361. 
 Basilbas, 4734. 
 Bassianus, Antonius, 2085, 
 Bastwick, Robert, 2040. 
 Bateman, Dr. Thomas, 540. 
 Baudricourt, 5437. 
 Baxter, Richard, 5157, 5175. 
 Bayard, Chevalier, 2566. 
 Bayard, James A., 4091. 
 Bean, J. W., 362. 
 Bbauclbbe, Mr., 5494. 
 
 Beaufort, 1408. 
 Beaumarchais, Caron de, 2966. 
 Beckbt, Thomas a. Archbishop, 2669, 
 
 2674, 3505, 6145. 
 Bedford, Dnke of, 5837. 
 Bedloe (Swindler), 6033. 
 Beqhizi, 5313. 
 Beheu, Martin, 5048. 
 Belches, Margaret, 3336. 
 Bklisarius, 2686, 2965, 3292, 4561, 
 
 4858, 5811, 5912, 6057, 1220, 1572, 
 
 1616, 1686, 1949, 2128, 2360, 5322. 
 Bell, Henry, 5340. 
 Bblub, 5449. 
 Benedict VHI., 1203. 
 Benedict IX., 1203. 
 Benedict, St., 3687. 
 Bentinck, Johann, 2228, 2235, 2234, 
 
 4558. 
 Berkeley, Sir William, 1810, 4043, 
 
 4067, 5793. 
 Bernard, St., 2670. 
 Berthier, 5146. 
 Bertband, 2230. 
 Berwick, Duke of, 4600. 
 Betis, 4854. 
 
 Bibulus, 2771. 3266, 3856, 4279. 
 Bishop, Edward, 6028. 
 BiSMAECK, 1598, 3-359, 4074, 4751, 
 
 5880. 
 Black Hawk, 2843. 
 Black Prince. See Prince Edwabd. 
 Blake, Admiral, 1657, 2131, 2345, 
 
 3779, 4341. 
 Blood, Colonel, 1327. 
 Blow, H. T., 4340. 
 Blucheb, General, 3817. 
 Boadicba, Queen, 3515. 
 BoARDMAN, Richard, 1724. 
 Bobadilla, 5499. 
 BoccoLD, John, 3078. 
 BoBHM, Henry, 1086. 
 BoETHiuB, R. Senator, 891, 1134, 8234, 
 ! 5370 
 
 ! BOHEMOND, 1024. 
 
 BoGES, 5468. 
 
 BoLETN, Anne, 5078, 6069. 
 BoLiNGBBOKE, Lord, 777, 2274, 4687. 
 BoLiVAB, General, 2625, 4044. 
 BoNAPABTE, Lucien, 3630. 
 Boniface VIU., 760, 946, 4940, 5981, 
 
 6170. 
 BoNNEB, Bishop, 4130. 
 Boone, Daniel, 5257. 
 Booth, J. Wilkes, 373, 5787. 
 BoBGiA, Caesar, 4225, 5436. 
 BosANQUET, Mary, 1663, 6132. 
 BoswELL, 2542. 
 BoTHWELL, 2188, 3437, 3455, 8496, 
 
 5832. 
 BoucHEB, Elizabeth, 3293. 
 BoucicAUT, Marshal, 6111. 
 BouPLEBS, 1597. 
 BouLTON, 2993. 
 BouBG, Anne du, 1440. 
 BouTWELL, Secretary, 5279. 
 Bbachmani, The, 2393. 
 Bbaddock, General, 97. 
 Bradford, Joseph, 2199. 
 Bbamwell, William, 5085. 
 Brbadalbane, 1470. 
 
 Brebceuf (the Missionary), 3508. 
 Bbidpobt, Admiral, 3759. 
 Broglie, Count de, 188. 
 Brougham, 5038. 
 
 Brown, John (Abolitionist), 3688. 
 Bbown, John (Martyr, Scotland>,^ 
 
 4141. 
 Bbown, William, 4130. 
 Bbowne, Charles F. (Artemns Ward),. 
 
 3283. 
 Browne, Isaac Hawkins, 5149. 
 Bruce, Robert, 4037, 5746. 
 Bbutus, Junius, 3062, 5786. 
 Bbutus, Marcus, 263, 1120, 19T7, 2852, 
 
 5846, 6181. 
 Bbyant, William C, 2329. 
 Bbydon, Dr., 5935. 
 Buckingham, Duke of, 1289, 1524,, 
 
 3871. 
 Buckingham, Duchess of, 2656. 
 Buillo, Peter, 4717. 
 BuNYAN, John, 81, 168, 818, 569, 1084, 
 
 1175, 1180, 1191, 1192, 1427, 1566,. 
 
 1650, 1768, 1823, 2032, 2733, 2764,. 
 
 5165, 5166, 5171, 5434, 5486, 5568, 
 
 5575, 5706, 5753. 
 BuEGOYNE, General, 4049, 5813. 
 BuBGUNDY, Duke of, 2697. 
 Burke, Edmund, 49, 158, 2101, 2114^ 
 
 2348, 3786, 3798. 
 Burnet, Bishop, 2281, 2798, 3076,. 
 
 3546, 5117, 5363, 5998, 6003. 
 Burns, Robert, 246, 596, 1009, 1016, 
 
 1552, 1972, 2027, 2240, 2481, 2953, 
 
 2954, 3270, 3354', 3458, 4216, 4219,. 
 
 4785, 5346. 
 BuBNSiDE, General, 5366. 
 BUEB, Aaron, 1747, 1844. 
 BuBEOUGHS, George, 6026, 6028. 
 Burton, Henry, 2040. 
 Bubton, James, 2850. 
 BuscA, 5612. 
 Bybon, Lord, 197, 1305, 1832, 2057,. 
 
 2242, 2535, 2615, 2736, 3355, 3465^ 
 
 3722. 
 
 Cabot, John, 981,991, 4783. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 5005, 5624. 
 
 Cadijah, 3472, 6076, 6189. 
 
 Cjbcilius, 3590. 
 
 C^SAB Borgia. SeeBoBGiA. 
 
 Cesar, Julius, 136, 184, 233, 250, 263, 
 275, .326, 369, 372, 606, 608, 659, 696, 
 1031, 1032, 1033, 1041, 1138, 1141,. 
 1211, 1224, 1323, 1328, 1372, 1402, 
 1409, 1480, 1481, 1491, 1689, 1834, 
 1942, 2072, 2075, 2117, 2123, 2222, 
 2251, 2255, 2302, 2333, 2479, 2639, 
 2657, 2771, 2788, 2793, 2796, 28.37, 
 2865, 2893, 2970, 3162, 3222, 3240, 
 3347, 3367, 3400, 3460, .3478, 3756, 
 3772, 3856, 3877, 4090, 4312, 4316, 
 4401, 4447, 4454, 4484, 4510, 4632, 
 4648, 4797, 4893, 4920, 5053, 5161, 
 5181, 5413, 5476, 5548, 5819, 5822, 
 5828, 5922, 5926, 5948, 6083, 6176, 
 6181. 
 
 Cahina. 5968. 
 
 Caius BiLLius, 4579. 
 
 Caius Flaminius, 4685. 
 
 Caius Gracchus, 3728, 5218, 6072, 
 
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 745 
 
 Caius Mabcius, 118. 
 
 
 Charles H., 13, 169, 674, 1420, 1657, 
 
 Clement VL, 3245. 
 
 
 Cajbtan, Cardinal, 4721. 
 
 
 1678, 1694, 2102, 2215, 2244, 2245, 
 
 Clement, Jacques, 864, 1107. 
 
 
 Cau^mt, Mr., 3618. 
 
 
 2247, 2412, 2432, 2464, 2694, 2751, 
 
 Cleomedes, 1530. 
 
 
 Caled, 4662. 
 
 
 2794, 3075, 3145, 3148, 3201. 3295, 
 
 Cleombnes, 8446. 
 
 
 Calhoun, J. C, 5329. 
 
 
 3412, 3422, 3469, 3470, 3651, 3692, 
 
 Cleopatra, 2149, 4287, 4616, 
 
 4646, 
 
 Caligula, 1352. 
 
 
 3789, 3851, 4162, 4206, 4320, 4362, 
 
 4893, 5878, 6050, 6066, 6067, 
 
 6088, 
 
 Callias, 2871, 4788. 
 
 
 4427, 4618. 4688, 4711, 4726, 4756, 
 
 6136. 
 
 
 Calliclks, 4640. 
 
 
 4846, 4908, 4973, 4983, 4989, 5357, 
 
 Clifford, Lord, 5794, 5930. 
 
 
 Callicratidas, 4832. 
 
 
 6376, 6442, 5522, 5691, 6729, 5782, 
 
 Clinton, De Witt, 5477. 
 
 
 Callimachus, 5857. 
 
 
 6033, 6090. 
 
 Clinton, General, 4049. 
 
 
 Callinicus, 5047. 
 
 
 Charles III. op France (the Sim- 
 
 Clitus, 4021. 
 
 
 Calphurnia, 6012. 
 
 
 ple), 1586. 
 
 Clodius, 1254, 1652, 1942, 4014, 
 
 547161 
 
 Cambronne, General, 5472. 
 
 
 Charles V. op France, 1637, 8208, 
 
 Clotaire, 1361, 1373, 1646. 
 
 
 Cambtses, 2881. 
 
 
 3844, 4420. 
 
 Clotilda, 1646, 6046. 
 
 
 Camillus, 445, 5536, 6119. 
 
 
 Charles VI. op France, 3.512, 5319. 
 
 Clovis I., 5824, 6046. 
 
 
 Campbell, Bartley, 4103. 
 
 
 Charles VII. op France, 65, 5164, 
 
 Clotce, Sarah, 6028. 
 
 
 Campbell, Dr., 3600. 
 
 
 5265, 5437. 
 
 Cnut, King, 4971. 
 
 
 Campbell, Dr. John, 6169. 
 
 
 Charles Vin. op France, 2675, 
 
 Cobham, Eleanor, 5264, 5866. 
 
 
 Canfield, Edward, 5522. 
 
 
 4363. 
 
 Cochrane, Sir John, 4613. 
 
 
 Canning, George, 2250. 
 
 
 Charles IX. of France, 4760. 
 
 CoEHORN (Engineer), 1897. 
 
 
 Canonohet, 5301. 
 
 
 Charles X. of France, 4483. 
 
 C(BLius, Marcus. See Marcus Cob- 
 
 Cantaouzenb, John, 5969, 5980. 
 
 Charles IV. op Spain, 1.330, 2066, 
 
 LIUS. 
 
 
 Canute the Great, 3061, 4964 
 
 
 4355, 5125. 
 
 Coffin, Nathan, 1660. 
 
 
 Cabacalla, Emperor, 239, 1096, 
 
 1183, 
 
 Charles V., Emperor, 668, 1749, 2627, 
 
 Coke, Thomas, 539, 1570, 2787, 
 
 3090, 
 
 1333, 1626. 
 
 
 2828, :3558, 4505, 5083, 5943. 
 
 3644, 5652. 
 
 
 Carausius, 1298. 
 
 
 Charles XII. op Sweden, 1239, 1240, 
 
 Colburn, Zerah, 8582, 3533, 
 
 5447, 
 
 Carinus, Emperor, 1701, 2193, 
 
 2629, 
 
 1421, 1970, 3268, 3762, 4514, 4786, 
 
 5509. 
 
 
 3299, 5073. 
 
 
 4974, 5028, 5510. 
 
 CoLDBN, Governor, 8169. 
 
 
 Cablbton, Captain, 4811. 
 
 
 Charles the Bad, 1669. 
 
 Cole, Dr. (Commissioner), 638S 
 
 . 
 
 Carlisle, Simon, 1081. 
 
 
 Charles Edward, Prince, 2832, 6450. 
 
 Coleman, Edward, 1946. 
 
 
 Cabltlb, Thomas, 2582, 4654, 5506. 
 
 Charon, 4477. 
 
 COLEPEPPER, 4102. 
 
 
 Caroline, Wife of George II., 
 
 2683. 
 
 Charondas, 5327. 
 
 CoLET, John, 1780. 
 
 
 Carstaibs (Impostor), 6088. 
 
 
 Chastel (.Jesuit), 3009. 
 
 CoLiGNT, Admiral, 6066. 
 
 
 Cabtbr, Admiral, 4148. 
 
 
 Chateaubriand, 4368. 
 
 CoLONNA, Stephen, 2537. 
 
 
 Jartier, James, 5324. 
 
 
 Chateauroux, Duchess of, 6079. 
 
 Columbus, 972, 1155, 1393, 1605 
 
 1686, 
 
 Cartieb, Captain Jacques, 3583, 5868. 
 
 Chatham, Lord. See William Piti. 
 
 1648, 1853, 1880, 1881, 1940, 
 
 2054, 
 
 Cabtwriqht, Bishop, 601. 
 
 
 Chesterfield, Lord, 2349, 4083, 4450. 
 
 2055, 2206, 2316, 2344, 2473, 
 
 2587, 
 
 Cabtwright, Dr. Edmund, 2971. 
 
 Chosroes, 1281, 5292, 5713. 
 
 2649, 2712, 2742, 2849, 3368, 
 
 3378, 
 
 Cabtwbight, Peter, 1083. 
 
 
 Christ Ji'SUs, 72, 148, 2584, 2730, 3347, 
 
 3428, 3545, 3598, 3641, 3645, 
 
 3758, 
 
 Cabus, 447. 
 
 
 4140, 4413, 4525, 4668, 4672, 4676, 
 
 3763, 3900, 4146, 4155, 4182, 
 
 4545, 
 
 Cahvilius, Spurius, 1704. 
 
 
 4797, 5067, 5100, 5859. 
 
 4623, 4696, 4737, 5017, 5055, 
 
 5144, 
 
 Cart, Mary, 6028. 
 
 
 Christian, Duke, 5929. 
 
 5178, 5208, 5:M9, 5384, 5397, 
 
 5398, 
 
 Cass, General, 4241. 
 
 
 Christina, Queen, 4390. 
 
 5445, 5499, 5506, 5576, 5744, 
 
 5771, 
 
 Cassius, 174, 263, 5697. 
 
 
 Chrtsostom, 932, 5258. 
 
 5864, 5865, 6060, 6143, 6151, 
 
 
 Castlemaine, Lady, 4338, 6063 
 
 6081. 
 
 Churchill, Arabella, 1659. 
 
 Combe, Dr. Andrew, 4485. 
 
 
 Castlemainb, Lord, 1661, 3719. 
 
 
 Churchill, Lord, 1111, 3501, 4488. 
 
 CoMPTON, Bishop, 1919. 
 
 
 Catherine op ;Aragon, 3474, 
 
 4640, 
 
 Churchill, Sarah, 1937, 2228. 
 
 CoMMODUS, 438, 1354, 1591, 1613 
 
 2816, 
 
 6069. 
 
 
 Cicero, 709, 1025, 1554, 1603, 1658, 
 
 3003, 3204, 3414, 3430, 4649, 
 
 6105, 
 
 Catherine II., 1458, 3450. 
 
 
 1834. 2056, 2255, 2462, 2873, 3165, 
 
 5481, 5743, 5823. 
 
 
 Catherine de' Medici, 6066. 
 
 
 3185, 3266, 3460, 3464, 3864, 4256, 
 
 CoNCiNi, 2526. 
 
 
 Catiline. 392, 1140, 1201, 1295, 
 
 2462, 
 
 4370, 4371, 4454, 4648, 5041, 6326, 
 
 Cond£, Louis, Prince of, 2565 
 
 2815. 
 
 6097, 6193. 
 
 
 6130, 6193. 
 
 6094. 
 
 
 Cato, 107, 151, 266, 268, 432, 
 
 1011, 
 
 CiMON, 529, 4321. 
 
 Cone, Judge, 4838. 
 
 
 1170, 1899, 2682, 2859, 2943, 
 
 3334, 
 
 Cincinnatus, 157. 
 
 Confucius, 395, 1700, 1786, 5269. 
 
 3460, 3740, 4587, 4710, 6181, 
 
 5204, 
 
 Cine AS, 1071. 
 
 Conrad III., 6142. 
 
 
 5252, 5337, 6020, 6138, 6178. 
 
 
 Cinna, Helvius, 372, 5785. 
 
 CONSTANS II., 1108. 
 
 
 Cato the Younger, 4793. 
 
 
 Clarendon, Lord, 1537, 2905, 2995, 
 
 Constantine, 354, 533, 1177, 
 
 1182, 
 
 Cecil, Kobert, 1126. 
 
 
 3209, 3898, 3899, 4283, 5963, 6081. 
 
 1208, 1317, 1320, 1498, 1611, 
 
 1721, 
 
 Cecil, William, 4179. 
 
 
 Clark, Adam, 1181. 
 
 2492, 2838, 3183, 3832, 4326, 
 
 4524, 
 
 Celbstius, Pope, 2663. 
 
 
 Clark, B. J., 5547. 
 
 5075, 5174, 5440, 5478, 5525, 
 
 6621, 
 
 Cerberus, 3338. 
 
 
 Clarkson, Thomas, 4658. 
 
 5768, 6780, 6106. 
 
 
 Charilaus, 2:^94. 
 
 
 Claudian (Popt), 6029. 
 
 Constantine V., 1362. 
 
 
 Chablbmaonb, 199, 1185, 1666 
 
 2472, 
 
 Claudius, Appius, 1866. 
 
 Constantina, 1343. 
 
 
 2968, 3074, 3347, §682, 4970, 
 
 5867, 
 
 Claudius, Marcus Aurelins, 1577, 
 
 Const antius, 2468, 6440. 
 
 
 6368. 
 
 
 2612, 2706, 4661. 
 
 Conti, Prince of, 5286. 
 
 
 Charles I., 60, 1118, 1482, 1500 
 
 1653, 
 
 Claudius, Tiberius, 3876, 4981, 5260, 
 
 Cook, Captain James, 1519, 
 
 3252; 
 
 1676, 1677, 1715, 1969, 2041, 
 
 2138, 
 
 6064. 
 
 3495. 
 
 
 2404, 2763, 2810, 2870, 3206, 
 
 3323, 
 
 Claterhousb, 4141. 
 
 Cook, Sir Thomas, 1214. 
 
 
 3357, 3523, 3627, 3628, 3662, 
 
 3689, 
 
 Clay, Henry, 1020, 1022, 3178, 4091, 
 
 Cooper, Astley, 2436, 5023. 
 
 
 3860, 4419, 4497, 4628, 4692, 
 
 5009, 
 
 4247, 4277, 4310, 5329, 5604. 
 
 Cooper, Fenimore. 2743. 
 
 
 6080, 6203, 6218. 
 
 
 Clement V., Pope, 1079. 
 
 CooPEB, Peter, 1785, 1792, 1828 
 
 S291, 
 
746 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 3091, 3277, 3327, 3334, 3694, 3448, 
 3857, 4407, 4585, 5944, 5975, 5984, 
 6204. 
 
 Copernicus, 3580, 5506. 
 
 Coram, Thomas, 4656. 
 
 Cornelia, 3728, 5147. 
 
 Cornelius Ckthbgus, 4685. 
 
 cornutus, 5351. 
 
 CoRNWALLis, Lord, 5466, 6817, 5941. 
 
 CoRNWALXiis, Widow, 4431. 
 
 CoRNWALLis, Gov. Ed Ward, 4331. 
 
 Cory, Giles, 6025, 6028. 
 
 CoRTEZ, Hernando, 78, 1074, 1106, 
 1685, 2391, 2491, 2653, 3353, 3638, 
 3830, 4088, 5446. 
 
 CoRYAT, Thomas, 3569. 
 
 CoTTA, Publius, 3165. 
 
 Coventry, Sir John, 4857. 
 
 CoWLES, 5652. 
 
 Cowpbr, William, 110, 1307, 2300, 
 2691, 2754, 2883, 3703, 4834, 5037, 
 5159, 5332, 5427. 
 
 Cox, Melville B., 3643. 
 
 Craig, James, 5061. 
 
 Cranmer, Bishop Thomas, 867, 1018, 
 1233, 1249, 3065. 
 
 •Crassus, Marcus, 434, 683, 1254, 1712, 
 3325, 4920, 5972. 
 
 Crawford, Mr., 4635. 
 
 Crispus, 5838. 
 
 Crockett, David, 634, 687, 3438, 4322. 
 
 Crcbsus, 4886,5019. 
 
 Crofts, James, 3470. 
 
 Crompton, Samuel, 535, 2986. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 127, 204, 260, 262, 
 311, 366, 370,410, 555, 575,685,965,995, 
 997, 1003, 1102, 1104, 1142, 1200, 1258, 
 1303, 1322, 1434, 1444, 1485, 1563, 
 1621, 1641, 1677, 1841, 2041, 2294, 
 3313, 2320, 2327, 2366, 2381, 2396, 
 2422, 243:3, 2457, 2470, 2474, 2480, 
 2512, 2577, 2578, 2582, 2596, 2608, 
 2623, 2792, 3075, 3188, 3189, 3293, 
 ^328, 3357, 3405, 3469, 3565, 3581, 
 3602, 3618, 3627, 3739, 3868, 3885, 
 3893, 4177, 4183, 4231, 4383, 4385, 
 4512, 4513, 4538, 4539, 4547, 4567, 
 4577, 4591, 4622, 4718, 4776, 4828, 
 4851, 4874, 4947, 5076, 5138, 5231, 
 5250, 5254, 5357, 5570, 5599, 5639, 
 5642, 5643, 5644, 5667, 5749, 5818, 
 5821, 5967, 5991, 6203. 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, 5957. 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, 2580, 5150. 
 
 Cropper, Colonel, 55. 
 Culpepper, Lord, 4908. 
 CusHiNG, Lieutenant, 73. 
 
 Cyrus, 2471, 2913, 4869, 5019, 5396, 
 5560, 5636. 
 
 Dacre, Lord, 5927. 
 
 Daoobert, King, 3248. 
 
 Damastes, 4572. 
 
 Damiens (the Assassin), 5648. 
 
 Damocles, 5572. 
 
 Dante, 4220. 
 
 Daphne, 5106. 
 
 D' Argens, 2237. 
 
 Darius, 186, 1073, 1504, 2891, 2901, 
 
 4330, 4444, 4744, 5004, 5272, 6348, 
 
 5366. 
 
 Darnley, Husband of Mary Stuart, 
 
 2687, 4916, 5110, 5784, 5832. 
 Darrah, Lydia, 4079. 
 Davis, Jefferson, 5940, 6167. 
 Davy, Sir Humphry, 86, 3290. 
 Dawes, William, 5881. 
 Dawson, Dr., 5585. 
 Daye, Stephen, 4463. 
 Dayre, John. 4639. 
 Deane, Silas, 6188. 
 Decatur, Commodore, 1258, 4596. 
 Decius, Emperor, 746, 5212. 
 Dee, John, 3804. 
 Dejoces, 1584. 
 Dblamere, Lord, 5796. 
 Delaplace, Captain, 5766. 
 Delphidius, 3058. 
 Demetrius, 2157, 3097, 6113, 5982. 
 Demetrius Phalbrbus, 5337, 6218. 
 Demochares, 5297. 
 Demosthenes, 672, 1065, 1329, 1477, 
 
 1856, 2021, 4424, 4589, 5080, 5403, 
 
 5425, 5853, 5959. 
 Demosthenes (Mother of), 5995. 
 Derar, 5764. 
 
 Derrick (the Author), 2650. 
 Descartes, 1218. 
 De Soto, Ferdinand, 1523, 1691, 
 
 6985. 
 Devereux, Robert, 651. 
 Diana, 4763. 
 DiAS, 3029. 
 Diaz, Bernard, 3758. 
 Dickson, John, 6176. 
 DiDIUS JULIANUS, 3672. 
 Diocletian, Emperor, 26, 695, 1148, 
 
 2402, 2626, 4028, 5772, 5976. 
 Diogenes, 1151, 1281, 2168, 3249,3416, 
 
 4166. 4411, 4889, 4900, 5162. 
 Dionysius, 748, 1313, 2610, 2942, 5484, 
 
 5572, 6728, 6099, 6179. 
 
 DiSABUL THE TURK, 384. 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin, 4151. 
 Djabalah, 1916. 
 Djerdjis, 5132. 
 Dominic, St., 2800. 
 DoMiTiAN, 1953, 8414, 6010. 
 DoNELSON, John, 5830, 5950. 
 DoNELSON, Rachel, 3453. 
 Dorchester, Lady, 6222. 
 Dorr, James W., 4627. 
 Douglas, William, 1947, 4626. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 207, 673, 1017, 
 
 1874, 2937, 4909, 6152. 
 DowLAH, Surajah, 1356. 
 Draco, 3159. 
 Drake, Francis, 1885, 2525, 3059, 5007, 
 
 5051. 
 Dryden, John, 7, 231, 1090, 8469, 
 
 3244, 3308, 3320, 5049. 
 Dudley, Lord Edward, 4416. 
 DuPF, Mary, 3355. 
 DuNCOMBE, Sir Sanders, 3695. 
 Dunne (the Witness), 6031. 
 DtJNOis, Count, 1559. 
 DuNSTAN, 3686, 3746, 5554. 
 DURPEY, Thomas, 3320. 
 DusTiN, Hannah, 3729, 5790. 
 DusTiN, Mr., 117. 
 Duval, Claude, 4823. 
 EcLECTUS, 5743. 
 
 Edmund, St., 5116. 
 
 Edward I., 2127, 4473, 4902, 5528, 
 
 5529, 5627, 5746. 
 Edward II. op England, 4037. 
 Edward III. the Confessor (of 
 
 England), 1560, 2364, 2496, 3105, 
 
 3459, 4272. 4586. 4588, 4639. 
 Edward 17. or England, 47, 1925, 
 
 4265, 4761. 
 Edward V. op England, 3742. 
 Edward VI. of England,. 4268, 
 
 4930. 
 Edward the Black Prince, 1260^ 
 
 1560, 2336, 2630, 3844, 5229, 5431. 
 Edward the Good, 551. 
 Edwards, Thomas, 5640. 
 Elagabalus, Emperor, 960, 1829, 
 
 2185. 
 Eliot, Sir John, 730, 4463, 4636. 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 571. 725, 1596, 
 
 1738, 1764, 2684, 2761, 2887, 8352, 
 
 3360, 3435. 3489, 3567, 3605, 3801, 
 
 4070, 4329, 4511, 4929, 4939, 4948, 
 
 5775, 6098. 
 Ellenborough, 2164. 
 Emmanuel, Victor, 4042. 
 Empedocles, 1.383. 
 Bnghien, Duke d', 4784. 
 Epaminondas, 112, 2227, 2346, 2855, 
 
 4880,5323. 
 Epicurus, 3271, 4202, 5640, 6801. 
 Epiphanius, St., 6165. 
 Erasmus, 2599, 4670. 
 Erdaviraph, 1285. 
 Erostratus, 4763. 
 Estorfp, General, 5169. 
 Ethelbert, King, 2867. 
 Etocles, 3884. 
 EucHiDAS, 2145. 
 EuDOCiA, Empress, 4675. 
 EuDOXUs, 3535. 
 Eugene IV., Pope, 6625. 
 Eugenius, 3436. 
 eurybiades, 5548. 
 euthydemus, 4550. 
 EuTROPius, 1564, 4671. 
 Evelyn, John, 5454. 
 EVERENOS, 4883. 
 Everett, Alexander H., 200. 
 Exeter, Duke of, 2210. 
 
 Pabius, Marcus, 5716, 5896. 
 Pabius, Maximus, 701, 6048, 6160. 
 Fairfax, Lord General, 10, 6818» 
 
 5994. 
 Palbpax, Lady, 5294, 5994. 
 Falkland, Lord, 4018. 
 Faraday, Michael, 537. 
 Farmer, Anthony, 3177. 
 Parragut, Admiral, 486. 
 Faust, John, 4466. 
 Fausta, 6838. 
 Faustina, 1675. 
 Paux, Guy, 3013. 
 Fawkes, Guido, 3013. 
 Ferdinand II., 921, 1272. 
 Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, 6185. 
 Ferguson (Rebel), 5774. 
 Pbrguson, Robert, 1222, 4259. 
 Fernley, John, 2850. 
 Fbrrbrs, Earl of. 2539. 
 
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 747 
 
 Tevershah, General, 4602. 
 
 
 Garibaldi, 230, 3480, 3649,4042, 5027, 
 
 Gregory Xn., 4541. 
 
 Field, C. W., 2031. 
 
 
 5569, 5650. 
 
 Gregory Xin , Pope, 2887. 
 
 FiENNES, Nathaniel, 5256. 
 
 
 Gabnbt, Henry, 1040, 2044, 2089. 
 
 Gregory (the Deacon), 5197. 
 
 Finch, Lord Keeper, 60, 5300. 
 
 
 Garrbtson, Rev. Freeborn, 5382. 
 
 Gregory, Prefect, 3385. 
 
 FiRMiN, Thomas, 553. 
 
 
 Garriok (Actor), 6844. 
 
 Gregory op Tours , 5577. 
 
 FisHEK, Mary, 4129. 
 
 
 Gassaway, William, 1088. 
 
 Grenville, George (Statesman), 4813, 
 
 FiSK, James, 5279. 
 
 
 Gaston op Orleans, 2778. 
 
 5517, 5747. 
 
 Fitch, John, 1876, 2307, 2990, 
 
 3096, 
 
 Gates, General, 5466, 6813, 6814. 
 
 Grenville, William W,, 5858. 
 
 4152, 6005. 
 
 
 Gaunt, Elizabeth, 2850. 
 
 Greville, Fulk, 1206. 
 
 Fitch, Mrs. John, 6005. 
 
 
 Geddes, Janet, 6133. 
 
 Grimshaw, Rev. William, 3708. 
 
 FiTZURSE, Reginald, 3505. 
 
 
 Gelimer, King, 1268, 3292, 8748. 
 
 Grindal, Archbishop, 4915. 
 
 Flamininus Lucius Q.uintius 
 
 1855, 
 
 Genet, " Citizen," 2429, 4629, 
 
 GUATIMOZIN, 714. 
 
 3768. 
 
 
 Geoppbby, Prince (son of Henry II. 
 
 GuiDO, 5134. 
 
 Fletcher, Dr. (Scotland), 2093 
 
 
 of England), 2853. 
 
 GuiscARD, Robert, 200, 1274. 6006. 
 
 Fletcher, Rev. John W., 5131 
 
 
 George I., 4526, 
 
 Guise, Duke of, 1406, 6066. 
 
 Fletcher, Mary, 519, 6133. 
 
 
 George II., 9, 437, 2688. 
 
 GuRDUN, 1245, 
 
 Flint, Bet, 2874. 
 
 
 Gborge ni,, 1682, 2448, 2777, 2879, 
 
 GusTAVUS II. (Adolphus), 4542. 
 
 Floyd, Edward, 4568. 
 
 
 3884, 3082, 3042, 4899, 4953, 5946. 
 
 GusTAVUS III., 2413. 
 
 FooTE (Actor), 5844. 
 
 
 George, Bishop, 264, 4334. 
 
 GusTAVus xn., 4174. 
 
 Forest, Friar, 4396. 
 
 
 George, Prince, 5376. 
 
 Gutenberg, John, 4465. 
 
 Fouquier-Tinvillb, 6739, 
 
 
 Qbrmanicus, 2072. 
 
 Guy, 1214. 
 
 FouLON OP France, 6289. 
 
 
 GerontiuS, 1499. 
 
 Guy, Earl of Warwick, 5997. 
 
 Fowler, Edward, 300. 
 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 2510, 5710. 
 
 Guyot op Marseilles, 259. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, 2265, 3313, 
 
 4S66, 
 
 Geta, Emperor, 239, 1626. 
 
 Gylippus, 5593. 
 
 5806. 
 
 
 Gibbon, Edward, 1801, 2270, 8257, 
 
 
 Fox, George, 1714, 1908, 3420, 
 
 8564, 
 
 3260, 4054, 4249, 6205. 
 
 Hadrian, Emperor, 6009. 
 
 5.306, 5726, 5749. 
 
 
 GiLDO, 5745. 
 
 Hafna, 3243. 
 
 Francis I. op France, 668, 
 
 1749, 
 
 Gisco, 4590. 
 
 Hahnemann, Dr., 5385. 
 
 2483, 3723, 4109, 4133, 4134, 5943. 
 
 Qlennie, Dr., 3732. 
 
 Hakem, 5001. 
 
 Francis, John, 362. 
 
 
 Gloucester, Duke of (Richard HI.), 
 
 Hale, Matthew, 4852. 
 
 Francis op La Roque, 5324. 
 
 
 2162, 2763, 2815, 3742. 
 
 Hale, Nathan, 1430. 
 
 Francis, St., 3364. 
 
 
 Godfrey, Mr., 5082. 
 
 Hales, Sir Edward, 5788. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 636, 638, 
 
 1508, 
 
 Godfrey, de Bouillon, 1077, 2671, 
 
 Halifax, Lord, 1132, 1610, 3231, 3031, 
 
 2103, 2824, 2847, 2915, 3095, 
 
 3216, 
 
 3556. 
 
 3656, 4258, 4311, 4919, 5717. 
 
 3239, 3527, 3647, 4441, 2290, 
 
 2331, 
 
 QoDOLPHiN, Sidney, 5021. 
 
 Hall, Bishop Timothy Hall, 2923, 
 
 2332, 2910, 4873, 5389, 5688. 
 
 
 Godwin, Earl, 2496, 3459. 
 
 4812. 
 
 Franklin, Sir John, 3332, 5058 
 
 
 Godwin, Edith, 3459, 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 185, 1461, 1747- 
 
 Fraser, General, 182. 
 
 
 Godwin, Mary, 3345. 
 
 2748. 
 
 Fredegonda, 6109. 
 
 
 Godwin, Mehetabel, 118. 
 
 Hamilton, Andrew, 4438. 
 
 Frederic, Duke, 5083. 
 
 
 Goethe, 3402, 5407. 
 
 Hamilton, James, 4861. 
 
 Frederick, Elector of Saxony 
 
 2236. 
 
 GoFFE, William, 4660. 
 
 Hamilton, Lady, 6047. 
 
 Frederick Willlam L, 2202, 
 
 2551, 
 
 Goldsmith, 0., 54, 543, 609, 617, 640, 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William, 6047. 
 
 3389, 3584, 5741. 
 
 
 718, 1664, 1674, 1737, 1835, 1875, 1909, 
 
 Hampden, John, 3139, 4038, 4041. 
 
 Frederick William. See William. 
 
 2030, 2224, 2273, 2263, 2301, 2353, 
 
 Hamza, 6056. 
 
 Frederick I. op Germany (Barba- 
 
 2466, 2546, 2601, 2664, 2749, 2904, 
 
 Hanaford, Thomas, 4063. 
 
 rossa), 2668. 
 
 
 3570, 3631, 4337, 4342, 4453, 4455, 
 
 Hannibal, 1609, 2121, 2484, 2812, 889fll 
 
 Frederick II. the Great (of Prus- 
 
 5102, 5153, 5369, 5722, 5777, 
 
 3416, 4590, 5334, 5400, 5848, 5896, 
 
 sia), 3, 208, 18.86, 1247, 1765, 
 
 1772, 
 
 GooDRicKB, Sir John, 4177, 
 
 5933, 6160. 
 
 1881, 9024, 2155, 2237, 2551, 
 
 3002, 
 
 Goodyear, Charles, 1578, 1685, 4154, 
 
 Hanway, Jonas, 4656. 
 
 3025, 3041, .3389, 3632, 3788, 
 
 4035, 
 
 4343, 5388, 5404. 
 
 Hargrbaves, James, 512, 2968. 
 
 4224, 4304, 4437, 4597, 4823, 
 
 5167, 
 
 Gordon, Catherine, 3465. 
 
 Hablay of Paris, 4172. 
 
 5299, 5394, 5503, 5724, 5741, 
 
 5752, 
 
 Gordon, Chinese, 6187. 
 
 Harmozan, 1469. 
 
 5808. 
 
 
 Gordon, George, 40. 
 
 Harold II„ 1044, 2467, 8604, 8886» 
 
 FrbdbrickV., 84, 4201. 
 
 
 Gorges, Fernando, 5009. 
 
 3840, 4678. 
 
 Fremont, John C, 1069. 
 
 
 GossBLiN, Bishop, 937. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 2510. 
 
 Frobishek, Martin, 2049, 2389, 
 
 6023. 
 
 Gough, Henry D., 1179, 5579. 
 
 Harry, " Black," 4389. 
 
 FuLK the Black, 106. 
 
 
 Gould, Jay, 5279. 
 
 Harun al Rashid, 4592. 
 
 FuLK the Good, 4982. 
 
 
 Gracchus, Caius, 3728, 5218, 6072. 
 
 Harvard, John, 2288. 
 
 Fulton, Robert, 1602, 2306, 
 
 4918, 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius, 3728, 6072. 
 
 Harvey, Dr., 628. 
 
 5024. 
 
 
 Grafton, Duke of, 2777. 
 
 Harvey, Governor Sir John, 52aR, 
 
 Fulvia, 6097. 
 
 
 Grant, General, 1226, 1382, 1891, 
 
 Hastings, Warren, 5879, 
 
 
 
 2509, 2621. 2759, 2960, 3109, 3754, 
 
 Hathaway, Anne, 3493. 
 
 Gabbiel, 8242. 
 
 
 4340, 4507, 4878, 4968, 5094, 5275, 
 
 Hayne, Senator, 5339. 
 
 Gaita, 6006. 
 
 
 5390, 5291, 5399, 5414, 5471, 5825, 
 
 Hayward (Author), 4189. 
 
 Gaius, Emperor, 2078, 4961. 
 
 
 5880, 6182. 
 
 Hector, Mr., 2799. 
 
 Galerius, Augustus, 2925. 
 
 
 Gratian, Emperor, 1007, 4715. 
 
 Helen, 5910. 
 
 GAIiBSWINTHA, 6109. 
 
 
 Gray, Thomas (Poet), 2322, 4218. 
 
 Helena, 5838. 
 
 Galileo, 2721, 3028, 5506, 6608, 
 
 5727. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, 4281. 
 
 Hblmichis, 1293. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, 4091. 
 
 
 Green, Mrs. Nathaniel, 3113. 
 
 Heming, Edward, 3397. 
 
 Gallienus, Emperor, 1370, 1830. 
 
 Gregory VII., Pope, 2889, 4445, 
 
 Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans 
 
 Gamaliel, 4671. 
 
 
 4713. 
 
 4383, 4688, 4931, 
 
748 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 Henry I. oi- England, 3207, 4317. 
 Henry II. op England, 1633, 2669, 
 
 2889, 4005, 4104, 5544, 6145. 
 Henry III. op England, 1264, 1266, 
 
 1976, 2397, 3664, 4615, 4927. 
 Henry IV. op England, 471, 1941, 
 
 3791. 
 Henry VI. oi- England, 4265, 5266, 
 
 6997. 
 Henry VII. op England, 431, 2755, 
 
 3023, 3156, 3619, 4957, 4975, 5487. 
 Henry VIII. of England, 62, 435, 
 
 458, 668, 1345, 1463, 1728, 1734. 1735, 
 
 1955, 2033, 2153, 3444, 3774, 3852, 
 
 4193, 4301, 4336, 4358, 4457, 4655, 
 
 4741, 498C, 5074. 5488, 5516, 5756, 
 
 6069. 
 Ienry rv., Emperor, 4773. 
 Henry V., 1419. 
 Henry VI., Emperor, 4614. 
 Henry II. op France, 389. 
 Henry III. op France, 364, 1911, 
 
 5800, 6066. 
 Henry IV. op France, 3009, 4747. 
 Henry V. op France, 3060. 
 Henry VI. op Prance, 2663, 3080. 
 Henry, John, 5061. 
 Henry, Duke of Somerset, 5930. 
 Henry op Lancaster, 5381. 
 Henry, Patrick, 3144, 4057, 5694, 6183. 
 Henry, Prince (Son of Henry EL. of 
 
 England), 2853. 
 Heph^stion, 2220. 
 Hekaclitjs, 1319, 2158. 
 
 HERACLITtTS, 3563. 
 
 Herbert, Edward, 1262. 
 
 Hercules, 288, 1514, 4672, 4708, 5452, 
 5461. 
 
 Herculeius, 3743. 
 
 Herepord, Bishop of, 4944. 
 
 Hbrschel, "William, 134. 
 
 Hertpord, Earl of, 4655. 
 
 Hervey, Henry, 2465. 
 
 Hewling, Benjamin, 2536. 
 
 Hick, Samuel, 4386. 
 
 Hicks, Mrs. (Witch), 6027. 
 
 Hiero, King, 4599. 
 
 Hind (Heroine), 6056. 
 
 HoBBEs, Thomas, 3246. 
 
 Hogg, James, 2061. 
 
 Holmes, Abraham, 1260. 
 
 Homer, 2317. 
 
 e, William, 3203. 
 lA, 3436, 3476. 
 ORius, 1867 1877, 3842, 5393. 
 
 Hood, General J. B., 3175. 
 
 Hook, Theodore, 2058. 
 
 Hooper, Bishop, 1233, 3607, 4915, 
 5566. 
 
 Horace, 153, 225. 
 
 Hormouz, 2900. 
 
 HoRTENsnis, 3460. 
 
 Houston, Sam, 1809, 3251, 3404, 3726. 
 
 Howard, John, 122, 145, 378, 513, 
 516, 541, 548, 806, 1346, 1459, 1676, 
 1840, 2125, 2552, 2907, 3445, 3650, 
 3872, 4002, 4163, 4164, 4165, 4192, 
 4430, 4656,4860, 4978, 5571, 6651, 5721. 
 
 Howe, Elias, 2766, 2974, 4344, 5405. 
 
 Howe, General Sir William, 1589, 
 4645, 4842, 6116. 
 
 Howe, General Eobert (American), 
 
 4872. 
 Howe, Eichard (Earl and Admiral), 
 
 4634. 
 Hubert, Sergeant, 2239. 
 Hudson, Henry, 3757. 
 Hughes, Margaret, 6108. 
 Hull, General, 1278. 
 Hume, David, 2823, 2831. 
 Hunne, Richard, 572. 
 HUNNERIC, 3624. 
 Hunt, Leigh, 1639. 
 Huntingdon, Lady, 520, 646, 1804, 
 
 2656. 
 Huske, Mr., 5674. 
 Hubs, John, 1918, 1964. 
 Hutchinson, Anne, 6135. 
 Hutchinson, Colonel, 2944. 
 Hutchinson, Gov. Thos., 4101, 5068. 
 Hutchinson, Lucy, 6105. 
 Hyde, Anne, 5177, 6032. 
 Hypatia, 6078. 
 Hyperbolus, 4897. 
 
 Inglis, Charles, 4344. 
 Ingoldsby, Colonel, 3627. 
 Innocent HI., Pope, 4934, 4935, 4941, 
 
 4942, 4943. 
 Innocent X., Pope, 249. 
 Innocent XI., Pope, 3011. 
 Innocent XIII., Pope, 1661, 3719. 
 Irene, Wife of Alexius, 2700. 
 Irene, Wife of Constantine, 180. 
 Ireton, Bridget, 6076. 
 Ireton, Henry, 4851. 
 Irving, Washington, 626, 2531, 2535, 
 
 2586, 2734, 3286, 3351, 3771, 6190. 
 Isaacs, Archbishop, 4724. 
 Isabella, Wife of Richard H., 3441. 
 Isabella, Queen of Spain, 4182, 
 
 5499, 6060. 
 
 Jaapar, 2667. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, President, 105, 
 749, 1963, 2547, 3192, 3331, 3453, 
 3773, 3796, 6086. 
 
 Jackson, Mrs. Andrew, 5215, 6960, 
 5999, 6086. 
 
 Jackson, Dr. Charles S., 2989. 
 
 Jackson, " Stonewall," 1463, 2226, 
 6228. 
 
 Jacob, Son of Leith, 2648. 
 
 Jamblichus, 6212. 
 
 James I., 61, 52:3, 619, 1945, 2154, 
 2243, 2428, 2932, 4478, 4636, 4683, 
 4966, .5015, 6415, 5629, 5634, 5705. 
 
 James II., 248, 300, 312, 316, 317, 628, 
 577, 788, 919, 1005, 1094, 1119, 1133, 
 1194, 1215, 1364, 1655, 1836, 1843, 
 1936, 1978, 2097, 2169, 2203, 2427, 
 2536, 2590, 2665, 2779, 2820, 2842, 
 2854, 2890, 2903, 3039, 3082, 3138, 
 3177, 3230, a388, 3528, 3547, 3549, 
 3585, 3617, 3682, 3720, 3750, 3841, 
 3853, 3854, 3855, 4008, 4009, 4034, 
 4086, 4121, 4139, 4239, 4240, 4258, 
 4384, 4426, 4461, 451 9, 4563, 4626, 
 4691, 4795, 4812, 4937, 4951, 4958, 
 6046, 5054, 5060, 5177, 5334, 5861, 
 5376, 6378, 6723, 5788. 5791, 5961, 
 5990, 6058, 6068, 6094, 6222. 
 
 Jameb IV. OP Scotland, 2756. 
 
 James V. op Scotland, 3619. 
 
 James V., 306. 
 
 Jameson, Colonel, 1563. 
 
 Jason, 5867. 
 
 Jaspar, Sergeant, 2151. 
 
 Jeanne de Diyion, 2198. 
 
 Jeanne op Navarre, 498. 
 
 Jepperson, Peter, 6385. 
 
 Jepperson, Thomas, 704, 1078, 1837, 
 1844, 2305, 2486, 2770, 3026, 3356. 
 5371. 
 
 Jeffreys (Chief-Justice), 1799, 1842, 
 2862, 2888, 2889, 2906, 3037, 3067, 
 3068, 3767, 4694, 4843, 5175, 6198, 
 6961, 6031. 
 
 Jehar, Shah, Emperor, 6061. 
 
 Jenkins, Captain Robert, 6887. 
 
 Jenner, Edward, 6762. 
 
 Jennings, Frances, 6062. 
 
 Jennings, Sarah, 6052, 6071. 
 
 Jermack the Cossack, 4922. 
 
 Jerome, Chauncey, 690, 2521, 2969, 
 2984, 3376, 6199. 
 
 Jesus Christ. See Christ. 
 
 Jewel, Bishop John, 4915. 
 
 Joan op Arc, 228, 417, 653, 1187, 1557, 
 1559, 1726, 1727, 1739, 1906, 1950, 
 2086, 2116, 2171, 2384, 2894, 2895, 
 4137, 4616, 4993, 6011, 5099, 6154, 
 5437, 5490, 6836, 5837, 5849, 6104, 
 6111. 
 
 Joan, Pope, 6039. 
 
 John, King of England, 4717, 4984, 
 4935, 4942. 
 
 John II. op France, 1260, 8618. 
 
 John U. op Spain, 5349. 
 
 John XH., Pope, 66, 4305. 
 
 John XIX., 1203. 
 
 John the Baptist, 4674, 4676. 
 
 John, Bishop of Burgundy, 66. 
 
 John op Bohemia, 297. 
 
 John op Cappadocia, 433, 2218. 
 
 John, Prior, 936. 
 
 John op Vienne, Sir, 4639. 
 
 Johnson, President A., 2750, 4387, 
 5417. 
 
 Johnson, Rev. S., 584, 1242, 2159, 
 2727, 3616. 
 
 Johnson, Samnel (Remarks made- 
 by), 6, 14, 46, 48, 130, 271, 298, 
 405, 521, 559, 612, 680, 708, 737, 811, 
 926, 949, 955, 1036, 1161, 1169, 1174,. 
 1228, 1308, 1312, 1353, 1379, 1396, 
 1423, 1450, 1467, 1484, 15,33, 1574,. 
 1593, 1683, 1688, 1732, 1741, 1743. 
 1800, 1815, 1864, 1951, 1957, 1959, 
 2043, 2045, 2241, 2322, 2348, 2349, 
 2511, 2514, 2515, 2631, 2804, 2823, 
 2827, 2828, 2831, 2874, 28T6, 2903, 
 2905, 2910, 2927, 3046, 3087, 3120, 
 3181, 3182, 3255, 3262, 3373, 3375, 
 3413, 3417, 3433, 3468, 3481, 3482, 
 3491, 3492, 3561, 3579, 3593, 3604,. 
 3671, 3679, 3734, 3744, 3761, 3793, 
 3795. 3823, 3825, 4061, 4075, 4158, 
 4198, 4203, 4248, 4264, 4266, 4398.. 
 4601, 4603, 4604, 4612, 4695, 4754, 
 4755, 4772, 4806, 4817, 4835, 4938, 
 5006, 6029, 5034, 5098, 5149. 5157, 
 5312, 5347, 5421, 6567, 5578, 5610^ 
 
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 749 
 
 5613, 5653, 5687, 5722, 5748, 5844, 
 5964, 5965, 6011, 6013, 6017, 6091, 
 6169. 
 
 Johnson, S. (Eeinarks concerning), 
 37, 214, 215, 256, 261, 299, 334, 404, 552, 
 622, 631, 717, 793, 1585, 1592, 1662, 
 1742, 1760, 1826, 1838. 1929, 1935, 
 2183, 2246, 2281, 2309, 2310, 2311, 
 2312, 2338, 2354, 2356, 2465, 2532, 
 2591, 2659, 2708, 2714, 2776, 2781, 
 2791, 2799, 3289, 3314, 3324, 3349, 
 3418, 3419, 3421, 3560, 3562, 3566, 
 3571, 3778, 3807, 4028, 4083, 4180, 
 4267, 4286, 4347, 4349, 4352, 4855, 
 4357, 4377, 4398, 4450, 4452, 4453, 
 4596, 4643, 4775, 5129, 5153, 5217, 
 5433, 5493, 5583, 5776, 5777, 5970, 
 6002, 6177. 
 
 Johnson, Mrs. Samuel, 600S. 
 
 Jones, Chief-Justice, 3039. 
 
 Jones, Paul, 645, 818, 1748, 5365. 
 
 Joseph II., Emperor, 778, 5721. 
 
 Joseph the Carizmian, 4451. 
 
 Josephine, Empress, 104, 178, 1699, 
 1869, 3243, 4784, 5065, 5111. 
 
 Jovius (the Prefect), 3842 
 
 Joyce, Matthias, 2351. 
 
 JUBA, 1404, 2796, 5161. 
 
 JuDE, Grandsons of St., 2808. 
 
 Julian, Emperor, 1623, 1667, 1681, 
 2034, 2256, 2501, 2549, 2727, 2774, 
 2861, 3058, 3141, 3191, 3608, 4114, 
 4412, 4680, 4826, 4894, 5155, 5461, 
 5607, 5659. 
 
 JuLiANUS DiDius, 3672, 3678. 
 
 Julius, Emperor, 5003. 
 
 Julius II., Pope, 11, 934. 
 
 Jupiter, 5443, 5461, 5859, 6l59. 
 
 Justin the Elder, 2720. 
 
 Justinian, Emperor, 4, 2019, 4533, 
 5072, 5979, 6057. 
 
 Justinian II., 4961. 
 
 JusTiNiANi, John, 1238. 
 
 JuxoN, Bishop, 4692. 
 
 Kadidjah. See Cadijah. 
 
 Karlstadt, 600, 2084. 
 
 Kay, John, 2992. 
 
 Keith, Alexander, 3432. 
 
 Keith, Robert Murray, 6721. 
 
 Ken, Bishop, 517. 
 
 Khaled, 1543. 
 
 KiPFiN, William, 2903. 
 
 KiLDAKE, Earl of, 4957. 
 
 King, Samuel W., 4627. 
 
 Kirk, Gteneral, 5245. 
 
 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 6567. 
 
 Knox, John, 581, 3504, 4653, 4959, 
 
 6074, 6095. 
 Knox, Colonel Henry, 5852. 
 Kosciusko, 3341. 
 Kossuth, Louis, 5408. 
 
 L^ta, 6044. 
 
 L^TUS, 5743. 
 
 Lafayette, 176, 210, 2225, 2564, 3212, 
 
 3216, 3220, 4056, 4318, 4319, 4774, 
 
 5851, 6188. 
 La Hire, General, 2369. 
 Lallemand (the Missionary), 3506. 
 Laubert, Samuel, 2755. 
 
 Lamberville (Missionary), 8381. 
 
 Lampadius, 5728. 
 
 Langley, Roger, 3031. 
 
 Lannes, General Jean, 2834. 
 
 Latimer, Bishop, 1233, 4396, 5119, 
 6147. 
 
 Lauderdale, 4427. 
 
 Law, John, 2134, 2272, 3665, 5282. 
 
 Lawrence, Captain James. 1253, 2570. 
 
 Le Cakon (the Monk), 3635. 
 
 Lee, General Charles, 4480, 4789. 
 
 Lee, Klchard Henry, 2790. 
 
 Lee, General Henry, 1645, 1928, 4629, 
 5618. 
 
 Lee, General Robert E., 3380, 5232, 
 5471, 5986. 
 
 Lee, Thomas, 1571. 
 
 Le Fort, Admiral, 5091. 
 
 Lentulus, 1554. 
 
 Leo, Archbishop, 5026. 
 
 Leo, Emperor, 4651, 5136. 
 
 Leo X., Pope, 711, 2808, 4250. 
 
 Leonatus, 3366. 
 
 Leonidas, 5668, 5876. 
 
 Leopold, Duke, 5464. 
 
 Lepidus, 192. 
 
 Leptines, 5474. 
 
 L'EsTRANGE, Roger, 4439. 
 
 Letitia (Mother of Napoleon L), 
 3726. 
 
 Lewis IX., 3258. 
 
 Lewis, Colonel Fielding, 6054 
 
 Leydkn, John, 5783. 
 
 LiANCouRT, Due de, 5093. 
 
 Licinius, 1318. 
 
 LioiNius Stolo, 6716. 
 
 LiOARius, 1977. 
 
 Lincoln, General Benjamin, 6813, 
 5814. 
 
 Lincoln, A., 52, 83, 99, 116, 247, 365, 
 373, 511, 514 534, 536, 557, 738, 765, 
 829, 830, 899, 1046, 1309, 1476, 1488, 
 1756, 1787, 1789, 2050, 2254, 2597. 
 2677, 2678, 2729, 2844, 2977, 3104, 
 3227, 3272, 3575, 3576, 3588, 3646, 
 3661, 3737, 3810, 3870, 3887, 3888, 
 4001, 4147, 4379, 4380, 4421, 4422, 
 4559, 4620, 4635, 4693, 4792, 4809, 
 5115, 5339, 5495, 5497, 5541, 5708, 
 5787, 6860, 5973, 6102, 6200, 6213, 
 6217. 
 
 LiNDLEY, Mary, 6116. 
 
 Lindsay, Lord, 5784. 
 
 Lisle, Alice, 3048. 
 
 LiYiNGSTONE, Chancellor, 4819. 
 
 Llewellyn, 3475, 4898. 
 
 Locke, John, 2436, 2676, 8326, 6306, 
 5555. 
 
 Lodbrog, Regner, 1417. 
 
 LoLLiA, Paulina, 3369. 
 
 LONGCHAMP, 1651. 
 
 LoNGiNUs, 1369. 
 
 LoNGSTREET, General, 71. 
 
 Loudoun, Lord, 5911. 
 
 Louis d'Outbemer, King, 4982. 
 
 Louis VI., 1198. 
 
 Louis VU., 5701, 6142. 
 
 Louis IX., 1520, 1789, 3518, 3821, 6863, 
 6170. 
 
 Louis X., 2929. 
 
 Louis XI., 6391, 5742. 
 
 Louis XII., 2200, 3451. 
 
 Louis Xin., 1474, 2851, 4850. 
 
 Louis XIV., 249, 620, 1137, 1219, 
 1597, 1671, 2142, 2209, 2272, 2407, 
 2623, 2641, SOU, 3381, 3393, 3653, 
 4119, 4144, 4364, 4665, 5360, 5535, 
 5648, 5782, 5990, 6209. 
 
 Louis XV., 1599, 3210, 3247, 4168, 
 4714, 5596, 6079, 6080. 
 
 Louis XVI., 277, 3044, 3808, 4318, 
 5401, 5740. 
 
 Louis XVin., 3301. 
 
 Louis Philippe, 216, 227, 360, 724, 
 3634, 5093, 5211. 
 
 Louis, Prince of Conde. See Cond£. 
 
 Louisa Maria, 4490. 
 
 L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 2563. 
 
 Love (Alderman), 3148. 
 
 Lovelace. Governor, 5533. 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius, 758. 
 
 LuciAN of Jbbusalem, 4671. 
 
 Lucilla, 3003. 
 
 Lucius Ostius, 4006. 
 
 LucRETiA, 5786, 6149. 
 
 Lucullus, 1395, 1590, 3829. 
 
 Luke, St., 4675, 4677, 5013. 
 
 LuPiciNUS, 1624. 
 
 Luther, Martin, 8, 53, 93, 133, 166 
 257, 267, 356, 497, 505, 567, 600, 
 761, 1092, 1159, 1162, 1163, 1178, 1241, 
 1433, I486, 1535, 1731, 1793, 1811, 
 1820, 1879, 1888, 1923, 2064, 2084, 
 2068, 2161, 2229, 2382, 2506, 2543, 
 3486, 4456, 4505, 4573, 4633, 4668, 
 4668, 4769, 4829, 5320, 5377, 5709, 
 5725, 5861, 6156. 
 
 Lycurgus, 999, 1754, 1802, 1817, 1822. 
 2191, 2347, 3164, 3264, 3365, 3499, 
 3536, 8655, 4062, 5109, 5438, 5759, 
 5952, 6137. 
 
 Lyon, Matthew, 25. 
 
 Lysander, 845, 2386, 3664, 6693, 5636, 
 5989, 6144. 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas B,, 5347. 
 
 Macaulay, Mrs., 5217. 
 
 Maccail (Scotland), 2098. 
 
 MaoCrea, Jane, 5108. 
 
 MacDonald, Flora, 6125. 
 
 Macer, Licinius, 1603. 
 
 Maclachlan, Margaret, 4142. 
 
 MacOdeqhan, 1336. 
 
 Madison, President J., C372. 
 
 Magalhaens, Admiral, 1921, 2146. 
 
 Magdalen, Mary, 4669. 
 
 Mahmud, 173, 2705, 3063. 
 
 Mahomet, 175, 493, 524, 544, 655, 800, 
 801, 828, 918, 1023, 1184, 1378, 1401, 
 1422, 1431, 1432, 1436, 1468, 1568, 
 1630, 1643, 1931, 1944, 2070, 2124, 
 2180, 2198, 2377, 2495, 2540, 2544, 
 2548, 2588, 2589, 2672, 2673, 3045, 
 3073, 3242, 3442, 3622, 3733, 3835, 
 3845, 4209, 4210, 4333, 4381, 4525, 
 4529, 4740, 4748, 4752, 4892, 5077, 
 5132, 5271, 5491, 5562, 5866, 6076, 
 6134. 
 
 Mahomet II., 202, 605, 707, 1896, 5379. 
 
 Mahomet III., 4967. 
 
 Majobian, Emperor, 1654, 3471. 
 
 Malek, 4197. 
 
750 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 Malmbsburt, Lord, 4642. 
 
 Mallkt, 2195. 
 
 Mallius, 6029. 
 
 Mah^a, 3730. 
 
 Mameluke Emib Bibars, 5895. 
 
 Manuel, Prince, 4917. 
 
 Marat, Jean Paul, 5401. 
 
 Marcellus, Bishop, 1548. 
 
 Marcellus, 1099, 2893. 
 
 Marcia, 1591. 
 
 Marcius, 1233, 1550. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, 382, 1675, 5842. 
 
 Marcus Cjelius, 1156. 
 
 Marcus Coriolanus, 6101. 
 
 Marcus. See Fabius. 
 
 Marcus Porcius Cato, 5428. 
 
 Margaret, Queen of England, 1045, 
 
 1237, 5967. 
 Mabia op Carthage, 5120. 
 Maria op Spain, 5125. 
 Maria Theresa, 756, 5907. 
 Marius, 1277, 1443, 5351, 5785, 
 Mark, Bishop, 883. 
 Marlborough, Duke of, 245, 1248, 
 
 4440. 
 Marozia, 4305. 
 Marquette (the Jesuit), 4096. 
 Mars, 4710, 5276. 
 Marshall, James, 1974. 
 Marshall, John, 5710. 
 Marstas, 5484. 
 Martel, Charles, 2187, 4963. 
 Mart I., Queen of England, 53a3. 
 Mart II , Wife of King William III., 
 
 1171, 1659, 1924, 2685, 2761, 6003, 
 
 6007, 6077. 
 Mart (Mahomet's), 3242. 
 Mart op Modena, 3528, 5990, 6041, 
 
 6068, 6108, 6123. 
 Mart Stuart, Queen of Scots, 589, 
 
 1649, 2062, 2093, 2188, 2619, 2687, 
 
 3079, 3342, 3437, 3455, 3494, 3496, 
 
 3751, 4504, 4853, 4916, 4948, 5067, 
 
 5110, 5784, 5832, 6073, 6074, 6089, 
 
 6095, 6100. 
 Hart, Virgin, 5156, 5850. 
 Mascezel, 5134. 
 Massasoit, 171, 5909. 
 Kassoud, 1886. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, 1567, 6025, 6026. 
 Mathew, Father, 781, 4212, 5561. 
 Matilda, Wife of Henry I., 5862. 
 Matthias (Anabaptist), 3078. 
 Maxentius, Emperor, 376, 1920, 3832. 
 Maximian, Emperor, 1298, 5277. 
 Maximilian, Emperor, 4625, 4839. 
 Maximilian op Mexico, 5333. 
 Maximin, 1049, 1229, 2060, 4800. 
 Maximus, Emperor, 183, 1146. 
 Maximus. See Fabius. 
 Maximus, Petronius, 2276, 5619. 
 Mathew, Jonathan, 4270. 
 Matnard, 1010. 
 Mazarin, Cardinal, 3393, 4429, 4539, 
 
 4776, 6209. 
 Mazdak, 1001. 
 
 McClellan, General George B., 1496. 
 McCullough, Colonel F., 646. 
 McLean, William, 5471. 
 McMahon, President, 2960. 
 Medici. 2477. 
 
 Medicis, Mary de, 2526. 
 
 Medius, 2931. 
 
 Megacles, 5438. 
 
 Melanchthon, 2088, 5709. 
 
 Menecrates, 618, 5779. 
 
 Mknelaus, 5910. 
 
 Men-estheus, 1526. 
 
 Merge, 3881. 
 
 Messabates, 6048. 
 
 Messalina, 6064. 
 
 Metella, 5452. 
 
 Metellus (Censor), 2065, 2873. 
 
 Meunier, 360. 
 
 Michael, Emperor, 4445, 4723, 4734, 
 
 4917. 
 Michael, St., 5849. 
 Miller, Hugh, 969, 2463, 2933, 5031. 
 MiLO, Earl of Hereford, 4944. 
 MiLO (Koman), 4014, 5960. 
 MlLTIADES, 5857. 
 Miltitz, 2161. 
 MiLTON, John, 23, 194, 604, 630, 805, 
 
 996, 1014, 1165, 1167, 1698, 2107, 2298, 
 
 2325, 2335, 2498, 2701, 3250, 3276, 
 
 3307, 3310, 3488, 3490, 3559, 3732, 
 
 4108, 4257, 4435, 4594, 4686, 5293, 
 
 5373, 5374, 6211, 6319. 
 Milton, Mrs. John, 6000. 
 Minerva (Goddess), 5461. 
 Minos, 6051. 
 MiNUCius, 2026. 
 Minuit, Peter, 2997, 5769. 
 Mithridates, 1265, 2523, 4069, 4884. 
 MiXAM, 4361. 
 
 M'Kendree, Bishop, 2023. 
 MocTADER, 3383, 3842. 
 Moez, 3674. 
 MoLLT, Captain, 4078. 
 MoLUC, Muley, 2561. 
 Monk, General, 2718. 
 Monmouth, Duke of, 1412, 1988, fill9i 
 
 3516, 2757, 2758, 3457, 4323, 5139. 
 Monroe, James (President), 4819. 
 Montcalm, General, 1455, 1494, 2940. 
 Montezuma, 2491, 2663, 2728, 4088, 
 
 5446. 
 Montport, Bertrade de, 1858. 
 Montport, Eleanora de, 3475. 
 Montport, Jane de, 6042. 
 Montmorenct, Constable, 5943. 
 Montpensier, Duchess of, 6092. 
 Montrose, Lord, 1448. 
 MooDT, Colonel, 4387. 
 Mordaunt, Charles, 5892. 
 More, Hannah, 5736. 
 More, Sir Thomas, 1117, 2372, 5679. 
 Morgan, General Daniel, 1883. 
 Morgan, John, 4809. 
 Morgan, William, 5477. 
 Morris, Robert, 3396, 3659, 4053, 4872. 
 Morse, Samuel F. B., 2981, 2989, 
 
 4030. 
 Morton, Dr. William T. G., 2334, 
 
 5410. 
 Morton, Judge (England), 4923. 
 Morton, Miss (Mrs. J. Quincy), 5262. 
 Moses, 4525. 
 motassem, 2773. 
 Mott, Dr. Valentine, 3810,4026,5417, 
 
 5465. 
 Moultrie, Colonel William, 650. 
 
 MouRZouPLE, 4566. 
 
 Mucius, 2204. 
 
 Muggleton, Ludowick, 2063. 
 
 MuLGRAVE, Earl of, 1614. See Johh 
 
 Sheppield. 
 MILLER, George, 525, 526, 900, 1188,. 
 
 1604, 2036, 2037, 4712. 
 MUNCER, 5834. 
 MuRAT, 1917, 2834. 
 MuRRAT, Alexander, 3085. 
 MuRRAT, James Stuart, 4861. 
 MxmRAT, Meg, 3434. 
 mustapha, 4446. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, 24, 58, 74, 115 
 178, 187, 229, 272, 279, 307, 368, 452, 
 509, 592, 597, 610, 647, 648, 699, 715,, 
 751, 1043, 1152, 1158, 1197, 1321, 1326,, 
 1351, 1449, 1489, 1495, 1529, 1547, 
 1575, 1580, 1656, 1665, 1699, 1725,. 
 1818. 1890, 1917, 1933, 2042. 8052„ 
 2063, 2080, 2096, 2201, 2230, 2232, 
 2289, 2282. 2319, 2330, 2357, 2358, 
 2519, 2620, 2638, 2680, 2693, 2739, 
 2740, 2753, 2830, 2833, 2834, 2839, 
 2924, 3117, 3212, 3243, 3340, 3343, 
 3-347, 3395, 3552, 3574, 3578, 3592, 
 3595, 3596, 3726, 3727, 3738, 3826, 
 3850, 4020, 4199, 4254, 4367, 4368,, 
 4436, 4508, 4621, 4777, 4784, 4808, 
 4844, 4862, 4891, 4905, 4950, 30*3,. 
 5063, 5111, 5125, 5146, 5206, 5210,. 
 5287, 5328, 5375, 5380, 5412, 5420, 
 5494, 5496, 5504, 5508, 5557, 5612,. 
 5614, 5615, 5623, 5693, 5707, 5718,, 
 5809, 5827, 5900, 5914, 6021, 6059, 
 6180. 
 
 Napoleon III., 5338. 
 
 Narcissus, 6064. 
 
 Nash, General Francis, 1608. 
 
 Nash, Thomas, 3363. 
 
 Nasica, 2814. 
 
 Natleb, James, 2094. 
 
 Neile, Bishop, 61. 
 
 Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 1391, 1904, 
 2490, 2568, 3399, 4046, 4830, 5915, 6047.. 
 
 Nelson, Governor Thomas, 4066. 
 
 Nelson, Bev. John, 1189, 2754, 2883,. 
 4033, 4472, 4999. 
 
 Nero, 196, 327, 329, 1058, 1110, 1270, 
 1287, 1288, 1347, 1358, 1418, 1533,. 
 1932, 2072, 2140, 2584, 3509, 3721, 
 4140, 4325, 4369, 4374, 4560, 4965, 
 4981, 5260, 5479, 5483, 6045. 
 
 Nerva, King, 5755. 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, 1129, 1679, 
 2716, 2717, 2922, 4233. 
 
 Newport, Captain, 4666. 
 
 Newton, Isaac, 20, 108, 179, 379, 642, 
 1164, 1472, 1686, 1871, 2100, 2295, 
 2303, 2304, 2340. 2575, 3461, 8543,. 
 3648, 3794, 4032, 4339, 4492, 5306, 
 5608, 5732, 5992, 6185, 6197. 
 
 Newton, John, 1093, 3077. 
 
 Newton, Rev. Robert, 1845. 
 
 NiCANOR, 6159. 
 
 Nicephorus, 4592. 
 
 Nicetas, 2211. 
 
 NiciAS, 686, 1943, 8070, 4897. 
 
 NiMBOD, King, 8254. 
 
 NoRKis, Lady, 5992. 
 
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 7oi 
 
 NoKTH, Sir Dudley, 1680. 
 North, Francis, 3040. 
 noureddin, 2840. 
 Ntjma, 808, 3047, 3736, 4085. 
 NuMiTOR, 3818. 
 Nurse, Rebecca, 6028. 
 NCTT, John, 2434. 
 
 Gates, Titus, 1487, 2051, 2160, 2760, 
 4213, 4333, 4565, 6018, 5831, 6038. 
 
 O'CoNNER, Feargus, 4160. 
 
 OCTAVIA, 3260, 6067, 6136. 
 
 octaviub, 192. 
 
 Odenathus, 2527. 
 
 Odik, 2380, 2545. 
 
 Ogilvie, 1228. 
 
 OGLETHORPE, GoTemor JameB, 632, 
 2120, 4299, 4537, 5350. 
 
 Olivar (Spy), 5321. 
 
 Olympia, 4640. 
 
 Omar, Caliph, 1916, 2400, 2507, 9688. 
 3240, 3591. 
 
 O'Neal, Phelim, 4132. 
 
 Oppius, 3400. 
 
 Orkhan, 2337, 2652. 
 
 Orleans, Duke of, 2695, 2697. 
 
 Okmond, Duke of, 1799. 
 
 Osceola, 394. 
 
 Oswald, 515, 5395. 
 
 Otho, 1047. 
 
 Otis, James, 3877. 
 
 Otto, M., 1067. 
 
 Ottocarus II., 1587. 
 
 Oughtrkd, William, 5469. 
 
 OusELEY, Gideon, 1243. 
 
 Otbbbuby, Sir Thomaa, 4236. 
 
 PiBDARBTUS, 4062. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, 30, 1027. 
 Paine, Timothy, 963. 
 Palamedbs, 2279. 
 Pal^ologxjs, John, 4972, 5704. 
 Pal^ologus, Michael, 12, 1835. 
 Palmer, Bartoara, 4989. 
 Palmer, Captain, 6105. 
 Palmer, Roger, 1223. 
 Palmerston. Lord, 140, 1311, 2176. 
 Panfilo de Nabvabz, 2390, 3830. 
 Pabis, Samuel, 6024, 6026. 
 Paris the Trojan, 5910. 
 Parker, Bp. of Canterbury, 2964. 
 Parker, Bp. of Oxford, 3489, 3867. 
 Parker, Captain, 5881. 
 Parkhurst, Bishop, 4915. 
 Pabmenio, 186, 3741, 5356, 5820. 
 Parry, Sir William, 77, 2047, 4495. 
 ?ABSBDS, 1267. 
 Pabysatis, 4855, 6048. 
 Pascal, Blaise, 2324, 2741, 8626, 4335, 
 
 4681. 
 Patkttl, 4514. 
 Patrick, St., 3637. 
 Paul op Samasota, 5961. 
 Paul, St., 5013, 5244. 
 PaxtlIII., Pope, 3016. 
 Paul IV., Pope, 4929. 
 Paula, 3683. 
 
 Pausanias, 368, 1556, 3724, 6675. 
 Peel, Robert, 563, 5609. 
 Pelagius, 1203. 
 
 Pelopidas, 1252, 2113, 2227, 2855, 
 
 3275, 4477. 
 Penderel, Richard, 2464. 
 Pbnn, William, 607, 1767, 2603, 2775, 
 
 2841, 2885, 8053. 3548, 4081, 4087, 
 
 4094, 4255, 4745, 6700, 6730. 
 Pennington, Captain, 5009. 
 Pepin, 3196. 
 Perdiccas, 3632, 6699. 
 Pebennis, 1612. 
 Pericles, 1497, 1769, 2170, 2395, 4027, 
 
 4156, 4321, 4765. 4778, 4822, 6298, 
 
 6084. 
 Perronet, Miss, 2534. 
 Pertinax, 165, 4649, 5841. 
 Peter the Great, 380, 1124, 1493, 
 
 1965, 2328, 3618, 2876, 8802, 5091, 
 
 6040, 6206. 
 Peter the Hermit, 1376, 1765, 8461. 
 Peter III. op Russia, 60(B. 
 Peter, St., 4670, B013, 5156. 
 Peters, Hugh, 2305. 
 Petbarch, 621, 1335. 
 Petbeius, 1404. 
 
 Petty, Sir William, 3671, 6871, 6874 
 Pbyton, Major, 2109. 
 Phabas, 3748. 
 Philidas, 4477. 
 
 Philip the Acabnanian, 1048. 
 Philip II. op Spain, 768, 3028, 2555, 
 
 3801, 4641, 4939, 6143. 
 Philip n. op France, 1938, 4941. 
 Philip IV., 946, 4399. 
 Philip VI., 5690. 
 Philip V. op Spadi, 2581. 
 Philip op Hesse Cassel, 4658. 
 Philip op Macedon, 368, 671, 1112 
 
 1889, 1968, 8680, 4629, 4589, 4885, 
 
 5104, 5297, 3538, 5549, 6945. 
 Phelippa, Queen, 4639. 
 PniLOPiEMON, 268. 
 Philotas, 3741. 
 Philoxenus, 1313. 
 Phocas, 1348. 
 Phocion, 1065, 2284, 4882. 
 Photius, Patriarch, 2571, 4734. 
 PiEBRE, Eustace de St., 4639. 
 Pilgrim's Progress, 168. 
 PiNCKNEY, Charles C, 5710. 
 PiNKiNGTON, Sheriff, 5172. 
 Pisistratides, 4063. 
 
 PiSISTRATUS, 5438. 
 
 PiTCAiRN, Major, 6881. 
 
 Pitt, William, 1515, 2399, 2835, 2899, 
 
 3586, 3786, 4040, 4233, 4428, 4794, 
 
 4867, 5632, 5882. 
 Pius v., 588. 
 PiZABRO, Francisco, 641, 880, 1068, 
 
 1077, 1176, 4984, 6810. 
 Placidia, 2359, 6107. 
 Plato, 1217, 2610, 3891, 4166, 4223, 
 
 6438, 6540, 6601, 5778. 
 Pliny, 5050, 6013. 
 Pocahontas, 5067, 6097. 
 PoE, Edgar A., 1684, 2914, 2955, 4434, 
 
 5032, 6193. 
 Pole, Cardinal, 2558. 
 Polk, President, 276, 125T. 
 Polynices, 3884. 
 Polysperchon, 5932. 
 polystratus, 5272. 
 
 Pompadoub, Marchioness de, 6080. 
 
 Pompey, 5, 177, 219, 877, 406, 1211, 
 2353, 2285, 2606, 2865, 3367, 3460^ 
 3819, 3864, 4014, 4090, 4230, 4352, 
 4261, 4306, 4365, 4454, 4884, 4920^ 
 6147, 6719, 5816, 6838, 6922, 5926, 
 6210. 
 
 PoMPEiA, 5476. 
 
 PoMPONius, 4069. 
 
 PoNET, Bishop, 4915. 
 
 Pontius, 1961, 2662, 5026. 
 
 Pope, Alexander (Poet), 2238, 3312, 
 3317, 3656, 4403. 
 
 Popp^A, 4374, 4965. 
 
 PORSENA, 2304. 
 
 PoRUS, 1588. 
 
 PoSTUMius, 5798. 
 
 Pounds, John, 5045. 
 
 Powhatan, 2961, 4743, 6087. 
 
 Pbescott, General Oliver, 6467, 5951.. 
 
 Pbeston, Captain, 3517. 
 
 Pbetonius Maximus. See Maximus.- 
 
 Pbice, General (Confederate), 5406. 
 
 Pbide, Colonel, 4904. 
 
 Prideaux, Edmund, 3067. 
 
 Prince, Rev. Henry, 3335. 
 
 Probus, Emperor, 223, 310, 1693, 3812.. 
 
 Proctor, General, 2817. 
 
 Promachus, 2912. 
 
 Protogenes, 6315. 
 
 Prynne, William, 2040, 4466, 5686. 
 
 Ptolemy, 3066, 4985. 
 
 Ptolemy, Soter, 3240. 
 
 PULCHERIA, 5835. 
 
 PUREPOY, William, 6043. 
 
 PuRKESS, 4489. 
 
 Putnam, Israel, 1894, 4036, 6115. 
 
 Pyrrhus, 1071, 1100, 3765, 4195, 5815^ 
 6932. 
 
 Pythagoras, 4709, 5269. 
 
 Pytheas, 4424. 
 
 Pythius, 4881, 5734. 
 
 QuERONAiLLE, MademoiscUe, 6085. 
 
 Quince, Parker, 2292. 
 
 QuiNOY, Josiah, 1751, 2737,3282,3287,. 
 
 4333, 4388, 5206, 5263. 
 QuiNTUS SuLPtcius, 4685. 
 
 Raikes, Robert, 4666. 
 
 Raleigh, Walter, 1139, 1244, 2747, 
 
 3585. 
 Raphael, 346. 
 Raymond, Count, 4667. 
 Regulus, Attilius, 5081. 
 Remigius, Bishop, 6046. 
 Remus, 396, 678. 
 Revere, Paul, 5881. 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 4452. 
 Rich, Edmund, 3180, 3711. 
 Richard I., 1245, 1360, 1473, 1606, 
 
 3460, 2853, 3258, 3681, 3770, 4836ir 
 
 4614, 6489, 5947. 
 Richard II., 3441, 5381. 
 Richard UI., 242, 1729, 3748. 
 Richelieu, 1473. 3424, 2482, 2851. 
 RtDDELLS IN Scotland, 3764. 
 Ridley, Bishop, 4915, 6147. 
 RiENZi, 1892, 3576, 4443, 4631. 
 RiTSON, Joseph, 6783. 
 
752 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 Eizzio, Secretary of Mary Stuart, 
 
 2687, 3751, 4916. 
 Robert, Count of Artois. 2192. 
 " KOBEKT THE Devu.," 3766. 
 Robert, Emperor, 4863. 
 Robert the Norman, 1064. 
 Roberts, Bishop, 1860. 
 Robespierre, 2370, 4482, 5739. 
 Robinson (Puritan pastor), 4738. 
 Rochester, Lord, 1471, 1610, 3500, 
 
 3653, 3874, 8875, 4919, 5462, 5839. 
 RoDDA, Richard, 4556. 
 rodebigo, 5048. 
 Rodolph, 1587. 
 Rodriguez, Juan, 3900. 
 Roebuck, Dr. John, 2985. 
 Rogers, John, 3507. 
 Rokewood, Roger, 2858. 
 Roland, Madame, 3213. 
 RoLPE, John, 4743, 5097. 
 Rolls, 1586. 
 Roma, 3084. 
 RoMANUS, 251, 2197. 
 HoMULus, 396, 678, 3047, 8785, 8818, 
 
 4006, 6014, 6202. 
 RooKE, George, 2041. 
 Rosamond, Queen, 67, 1292, 3971. 
 Rothschild, Maier Amsel, 713, 6168, 
 
 5169. 
 JlowLANDSoN, Mary, 3731. 
 HoxANA, 4855. 
 RuDEL, Geoffrey, 3848. 
 Rumbold, 1246. 
 
 RuMPORD, Count, 503, 3462, 45<>3. 
 Rupert, Prince, 226, 1282, 1898, 8718, 
 
 2870, 3487. 
 Hush, Dr., 4389, 
 
 fiABiNUS, 3879. 
 Sacktille, Charles, 3043. 
 Sackville, George, 1304. 
 Saladin, 2475, 2488, 4175, 4960. 
 Salter, William, 4125. 
 Samuel (Judge of Israel), 4677. 
 Sancropt, Bishop, 4818, 4919. 
 
 fiANDANIS, 1072. 
 
 Sandwich, Lord, 6146. 
 
 •Sandys, Sir Edwyn, 3452. 
 
 Sapor, 441, 2527. 
 
 Sarbar, 5713. 
 
 Sard ANAP ALUS, 5646. 
 
 Saturninus, 2622, 4509. 
 
 Satyrus, 5403. 
 
 Saunders, Lawrence, 3507. 
 
 Sawyer, 3170. 
 
 Sayda, 2642. 
 
 Schuyler, General, 203. 
 
 Scipio, 129, 1899. 
 
 SciPio ArRiCANUS, 5702. 
 
 Scipio Asiaticus, 1948. 
 
 Sclater, Edward, 4700. 
 
 Scott, Daniel, 1273. 
 
 Scott, (Jeneral Charles, 5485. 
 
 Scott, Walter, 19, 90, 91, 92, 94, 111, 
 
 190, 232, 490, 1015, 1173, 1640, 1644, 
 
 2048, 2059, 2318, 2592, 2882, 3336, 
 
 5207, 5493, 6761. 
 Scott, Mrs. (W. S.'s mother) 6670, 
 
 5788. 
 SoBOPs, Archbishop, 1941. 
 
 Sedley, Catherine, 2842, 5054, 6068, 
 
 6085. 
 Semmes, Captain Raphael, 3809. 
 Sbneca, 4657, 4965, 5482, 6010. 
 Sbbapis, 694. 
 Sbrapion, 4432. 
 
 Sebtorius, 113, 4073, 4149, 6172. 
 Servius TuLLiua, 3047. 
 Sbrtius Sulpitius, 5716. 
 Severus, Emperor, 206, 239, 888, 
 
 2148, 2264, 4425. 
 Seymour, Charles, 3138. 
 Seymour, Sir Edward, 4448. 
 Seymour, Governor Horatio, 8646. 
 Seymour, Jane, 6004. 
 Sbxtus, 42, 5786. 
 Shaftesbury, Lord, 4303. 
 Shakespeare, 2585, 3309, 3493, 5035, 
 
 5803. 
 Sharpe, Archbishop, 5833. 
 Shaw, Rev. Barnabas, 4554. 
 Sheppield, John (Earl of Mulgrave), 
 
 3895. 
 Shelley, Percy Byeshe, 18, 197, 402, 
 
 443, 796, 873, 2314, 2736, 2738, 2745, 
 
 3088, a345, 3350, 3672, 3704, 4211, 
 
 5223, 5993. 
 Shelley, Mrs., 5429,5993. 
 Shelley, Timothy, 3704. 
 Sheridan, Richard B., 2952. 
 Sherman, Gen. T., 3175, 5414, 5807. 
 Shirley, Sir Antony, 5629. 
 Short, Dr. Thomas, 4170. 
 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 2602. 
 Shrewsbury, EarL See Chablbs 
 
 Talbot. 
 Sidney, Algernon, 2785, 5676. 
 Sidney, Henry, 5502. 
 SiEYEs, Abbe, 4814. 
 SiQisMUND, Emperor, 1918, 4188. 
 SiLENUS, 2386. 
 SiLLius, Caius, 6064. 
 
 SiMONIDES, 4599. 
 
 SrwARD, 6173. 
 
 SixTtJS v.. Pope, 4939. 
 
 Skelton, Martha, 3356. 
 
 Skippon, General, 4378. 
 
 Smith, Captain John, 80, 1848, 2711, 
 
 2961, 3198, 3803, 4877, 6097, 5441, 
 
 5458, 6087, 6153. 
 Smith, Dr. Tliomas, 3867. 
 Smith, Rev. Thomas, 5000. 
 Smithson, James, 1812. 
 Socrates, 700, 1256, 1451, 3089,3147, 
 
 3563, 3706, 4550, 4557, 5030, 5052, 
 
 5270, 5677, 5733, 6018, 6084, 6158. 
 SoLiMAN (the Caliph), 2926. 
 Solon, 129, 1230, 1399, 1464, 3006, 
 
 3155, 3159, 4359, 4886, 5019, 6243. 
 SoLYMAN, 2562, 5845. 
 SoNSPiBLD, Madame de, 5741. 
 Sophia, Princess, 6040, 6206. 
 Southey (Poet), 556, 1782, 5103, 6841, 
 
 6148. 
 Spalatin, 1841. 
 Spanus, 1479. 
 Sparks, Jared, 8094. 
 Spartacup, 5200. 
 Sprat, Bishop, 922. 
 Sta£l, Madame de, 6059. 
 St. CI.AIB, General, 56. 
 
 Standish, Miles, 313, 880, 5901, 5909, 
 
 Stanton, Secretary, 116. 
 
 Statlra, 4855. 
 
 Steele, Richard, 1037. 
 
 Stephen III., Pope, 3196. 
 
 Stephen, St., 4671, 4675. 
 
 Stephenson, Robert, 639, 1777, 4082. 
 
 Steuben, Baron, 1623. 
 
 Stevens, Alexander H., 3285, 4838. 
 
 Sthennis, 3819. 
 
 Stillingpleet, Bishop, 7. 
 
 Stilpo, 3097. 
 
 Stilpon, 5982. 
 
 Stoneman, General, 4607. 
 
 Stork (the Fanatic), 5834. 
 
 Stobmont, 212. 
 
 Story, George, 2518. 
 
 Story, Judge, 5206. 
 
 Strabo, 2822. 
 
 Strafford, Lord, 109, 120, 882, 1407, 
 
 1545, 1934, 1952, 2919, 3860, 4846. 
 Stratonice, 4884. 
 St. Ruth, 1221. 
 
 Stuart, Mary. See Maby Stuabt. 
 Stupen, Major-General, 5126. 
 Stuyvesani, Peter, 5418, 5478. 
 Stylites, Simeon, 4706, 5012. 
 Suetonius Paulinus, 3515. 
 Sulhn, Von der, 2052. 
 SuLPiciANUS, 3678. 
 Sunderland, Lord, 1186, 1594,2118, 
 
 2266, 2967, 5676. 
 Sunderland, Lady, 5676. 
 Surrey, Earl of, 5460, 5893. 
 Sutter, John A., 2392, 2679. 
 SuWAROFF, General, 3519. 
 Swedenborq, Emmanuel, 123, 583, 
 
 914, 915, 958, 1442, 1539, 2541, 2658, 
 
 2818, 3281, 3449, a554, 3577, 5308, 
 
 5309, 5311, 5606, 5678, 5681, 5847, 
 
 6207. 
 Swift, Jonathan (Dean), 2326, 4016, 
 
 4017. 
 Sylla, 495, 2767, 2788, 8820, 3877, 
 
 3882, 5107, 5452, 6210. 
 Sylvanus, Constantine, 1359. 
 Sylverius, Pope, 5152. 
 Stsioahbib, 2220. 
 
 Tacitus, 2286, 2624. 
 
 Talbot, Charles, 2233. 
 
 Talbot, "Dick." 2699, 8202, 4276 
 
 5177, 6032. 
 Talleyrand, 4199. 
 Tambiran, Arumaga, 2538. 
 Tanjous, 5712. 
 Taeik, 4841. 
 
 Tableton, Colonel, 2902. 
 Tarpeia, 5698. 
 
 Tarquin, 42, 3062, 3176, 6022, 5786. 
 TABQuraiA, 6139. 
 Tarquinius Supebbus, 3163. 
 Tasso, 3305. 
 
 Taylor, Elizabeth, 8403. 
 Taylor, Dr. Rowland, 679, 1233; 
 
 2073, 3403, 3507, 4779. 
 Taylor, General Zacliary, ttil. 
 Teleclides, 1943. 
 Tblemachus, 835. 
 Telford, 4610. 
 Temuoin, 4631, 6622. 
 
I 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES, 
 
 755 
 
 Terence (Poet), 3590. 
 
 Terentia, 3460, 6130. 
 
 Tetzel, 2802, 2803, 4309. 5156, 5164. 
 
 Thackeray, 1310, 1506, 3534. 
 
 Thales, 386, 3717, 5580, 5600, 6157. 
 
 Thejiah, 6088. 
 
 Themistocles, 34, 189, 635, 819, 1004, 
 2191, 2196, 2387, 2856, 3069, 3467, 
 4315, 4375, 4664, 5078, 5261, 5483, 
 5543 
 
 Theodora, 1344, 1583, 2019, 4305, 
 4535, 6057. 
 
 Theodore Lascaris H., 2609, 4803. 
 
 Theodoric, 79, 164, 201, 1115, 2067, 
 2115. 2607, 2637, 2720, 5136, 5996. 
 
 Theodosius,598, 1878, 3520, 4105, 5212. 
 
 Theophilus, Emperor, 3057, 3485. 
 
 Theresa, Maria, 3718, 4035, 4849, 
 6075. 
 
 Iheseus, 254, 967, 2126, 2500, 4572, 
 6051. 
 
 Thespis, 3006, 5592. 
 
 Theste, 6099. 
 
 Thomas, St., 4670. 
 
 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Sum- 
 ford), 4593. 
 
 Thompson, Sallie, 2628. 
 
 Thrasybulus, 3222. 
 
 Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 8060. 
 
 Thucydides, 4156. 
 
 Tiberius, Emperor, 1763, 4981. 
 
 TiGRANES, 3829. 
 
 Tilly, General, 5884. 
 
 TiMOCLEA, 6096. 
 
 Timon (tiie Athenian), 5386. 
 
 Timotheus, 2213. 
 
 TiMOTHEDS (the Milesian), 3745. 
 
 Timothy, St., 4677, 5013. 
 
 TiMOUR, 89, 196, 205, 309, 615, 741, 
 1143, 1337, 1367, 1368, 1371, 1579, 
 2262, 2379, 2499, 2661, 2805, 2811, 
 3179, 3392, 3510, 4543, 4837, 5214, 
 5313, 5645, 5894, 5920, 5987, 6168, 
 6171, 6184. 
 
 TiRiBAZus, 5773. 
 
 TiTDBA, 6024, 6028. 
 
 TiTUS, Emperor, 681, 4307, 5565. 
 
 Titus Manlius, 5124. 
 
 TooRUL, 2769. 
 
 ToTiLA, 2079. 
 
 TowNSEND, Charles, 5331. 
 
 Trajan, Emperor, 547, 1893, 3873. 
 
 Trebatius, 1294. 
 
 Trevor. Sir John, 666, 1214. 
 
 Tryon (Conspirator), 1136. 
 
 Tullus Hostilius. 4086. 
 
 TuNNELL, John, 2398. 
 
 Turisund, 2645. 
 
 Turners, 5118. 
 
 Tyler, President, 4275. 
 
 Tyndale, 566. 
 
 Tyrcontiel, Lord Lieutenant, 3161, 
 3214, 3899, 5230, 5263, 6108. 
 
 Udiastes, 4855. 
 
 Umphravillb, Gilbert de, 5746. 
 TJnderhill, John, 4771. 
 Urban the Foundkr, 707. 
 URsmi, Martin, 4531. 
 
 Salens, Emporor, 836, 913. 
 
 Valentinian, 2276, 2797. 
 
 Valeria, 4800. 
 
 Van Buren, President, 51,4159,4235, 
 
 4251, 5285. 
 Vane, Henry, 1414, 1441, 2039, 3224, 
 
 3379, 4313. 
 Varro, 1609. 
 
 Vataces, John Ducas, 1766. 
 Venner, Thomas, 2091, 2093. 
 Venus, 5278. 
 Veratius, 2868. 
 Verrazzani, 3787. 
 Verres, Senator, 1210. 
 Vespasian, Emperor, 2845. 
 Veturia, 6101. 
 Victoria, Queen, 361,362. 
 ViGiLius, Pope, 2079, 5152. 
 
 ViLLEMONGIS, 5789. 
 
 Villierb, Elizabeth, 6007. 
 ViLLiERS, George, 494, 2416. 
 
 VlRAPLACA, 5361. 
 
 Virgil, 1034, 2341, 4524. 
 
 VlTELLI, 5436. 
 
 Vitellius, 3371, 3879. 
 Voltaire, 3, 2155, 2825, 2869, 3002, 
 4437. 6170. 
 
 Wadsworth, Joseph, 1882, 6474. 
 
 Wadsworth, Captain William, 4907. 
 
 Walker, Andrew, 5044. 
 
 Walker, George, 927. 
 
 Walker, Hovenden, 2025, 5390. 
 
 Walker, L. P., 5940. 
 
 Walker, Obadiah, 5043. 
 
 Wallace, William, 2218, 2560. 
 
 Wallenstein, 4284. 
 
 Waller, Edmund, 664. 
 
 Walsh, "Gallows," 5369. 
 
 Walters, Lucy, 8470. 
 
 Warbeck, Perliin, 2756. 
 
 Ward, Artemus. See Bbownx, 
 Charles P. 
 
 Ward, Sallie, 2844. 
 
 Ware, Thomas, 2646. 
 
 Warenne. Earl, 4902. 
 
 Warwick, 1619, 4265, 2755. 
 
 Washington, George, 55, 56, 76, 
 97, 809, 1447, 1541, 1589, 1784, 
 1788, 1798, 1846, 1873, 1926, 2099, 
 2308, 2342, 2420, 2611, 2633, 2635, 
 2737, 2748, 2768, 2786, 2836, 2976, 
 3102, 3195, 3216, 3235, 3274, 3396, 
 3406, 3407, 3551, 3738, 3771, 4053, 
 4065, 4382, 4480, 4620, 4634, 4781, 
 4790, 4842, 4872, 4914, 4991, 5211, 
 5302, 5359, 5392, 5485, 5563, 5618, 
 6817, 5852, 5941, 5946, 6001, 6115, 
 8191, 6194, 6204. 
 
 Washington, George, Bang of Siam, 
 3081. 
 
 Washington, Col. William, 2726, 
 2902. 
 
 Washington, Mrs. (Mother of G.), 
 3300, 6053, 6208 
 
 Wat, William, 3434. 
 
 Watson, George, 2795. 
 
 Watson, Rev. Richard, 3615. 
 
 Watt, James, 562, 689, 2316, 2975, 
 2979, 2987, 2993, 3542, 3580, 4402, 
 6668.5664. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 561, 703, 2133, 4056, 
 
 4310, 5329, 5604. 
 Wedgwood, Josiah, 2973. 
 Weed, Thurlow, 3121. 
 Wellington, Duke of, 1750, 3030^ 
 
 3322, 3817, 5809, 5936. 
 Wentworth, Henrietta, 2516, 3457. 
 Wesley, Charles, 702, 1087, 5020^ 
 
 6221. 
 Wesley, John, 119, 138, 358, 518, 549, 
 
 582, 698, 1089, 1122, 1149, 1189. 1234, 
 
 1819, 2111, 2199, 3116, 32(5, 3597, 
 
 4472, 4703, 4768, 5173 5854, 5966, 
 
 5978. 
 Wesley, Samuel, 119, 922, 4289. 
 Wesley, Susanna. 358, 794, 5267, 6034v 
 West, Captain, 5288 
 Whalley, Edward, 4660. 
 Wharton, Lord Thomas, 3750, 5263, 
 Wheeler, General, 4847. 
 Whitlock, General (Whitefeather)» 
 
 1271. 
 White, Colonel, 3328 
 White. Governor, 1531. 
 White, Thomas, 2801. 
 Whitefield. George, 2029, 2656, 3337 
 
 4770,4901.6217. 
 Whitelock (AmbasFador), 4390. 
 Whitgift, Bishop, 4138 
 Whitney, Eli, 88, 2988, 2991, 3113; 
 
 3115. 
 Whitworth, Lord, 2519. 
 Wilberforce, William, 2268, 498& 
 
 5036. 
 Wilcox, General, 3380. 
 Wii.DMAN, John, 4821. 
 WiLHELMiNA, Princcss, 6741. 
 Wilkinson, Catherine, 531. 
 WiLLAN, James, 5321. 
 William I. (the Conqueror), 436, 
 
 726, 1064, 1415, 1922, 2583, 2726, 
 
 3229, 5335, 5933. 
 William II. (the Red), 1091, 109Z 
 
 1390, 5526 
 William III. (Prince of Orange), 121, 
 
 666, 1010, 1062, 1505, 1851, 1868, 
 
 1897, 1919, 1924, 1973. 2136, 2147, 
 
 2194, 2223, 2234, 2235 2529, 2556; 
 
 2654, 2681, 2685, 2690, 2762, 3010, 
 
 3083, 3410, 3546, 3573, 3599, 3633; 
 
 3892, 4024. 4029, 4111, 4229, 4260, 
 
 4280, 4404, 4448. 4488, 4546, 4551, 
 
 4555, 4558, 482-1, 4903, 5068, 5082> 
 
 5274, 5363, 5376, 5502, 5673, 5996, 
 
 6007, 6077, 6114, 6194. 
 William of Cumberland, 69. 
 William, Duke, 31, 33. 
 William, Frederick. 1672, 4025. 
 William op Normandy, 3840, 4673 
 
 5905. 
 Williams, Abigail. 6028. 
 Williams, Eunice 3288. 
 Williams, Roger, 454, 1101, XUt 
 
 2826, 5638. 6135, 6163. 
 Wilson, Henry, 1868. 
 Wilson, Margaret, 4142. 
 Wilson, Colonel William. 5S48. 
 Windham, Widow. 3358. 
 WiNDOM, Secretary, 3701. 
 WiNSLOw. Captain, 8809. 
 Winthrop, John, 3173. 
 
754 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 ■Wolfe, General, 1452. 
 
 Xanthippus, 2170. 
 
 Zaleucus, 4611, 4730. 
 
 WoLSET, Cardinal, 1439, 1546, 1895, 
 
 Xenophanks, 5101, 5671. 
 
 Zatd, 2374. 
 
 3071, 4644, 5074, 5611. 
 
 Xerxes, 320, 1026, 1028, 3724, 3831, 
 
 Zeid, 3242. 
 
 Worcester, Marquess of, 4410. 
 
 4887, 5734, 6110. 
 
 Zeineb, 3242. 
 
 Wordsworth, 560, 1013, 1668, 2163. 
 
 
 Zemes, 4746. 
 
 Wren, Christopher, 280, 289, 4483. 
 
 Yale, Elihu, 1783, 1916. 
 
 Zbnger, Peter, 4438. 
 
 Wright, Robert, 3033. 
 
 Young (Poet), 1670. 
 
 Zbnobia, 2152, 6055. 
 
 •WYOLiirFB, 678, 4127. 
 
 TuLEE, Senator, 2679. 
 
 ZoBOASTER, 626, 3266, &Si, 
 
GENERAL INDEX OF TOPICS, 
 
 WITH CEOSS-EEFEEENOES. 
 
 Note.— References marked by a atar (♦) are titles of the articles referred to. All others in this index are 
 'cross-references to articles that illustrate other topics besides the one given in the title of the article. 
 
 ABANDONMENT. 
 
 Inhuman a.-Moslems. 
 Mortifying a.-Timothy Hall. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 ■of All for Safety-Rome. 2117 
 
 " Army by General. 1538 
 
 Beneficial-Hernando Cortez. 78 
 •of Civilization-S. Houston. 905 
 
 /Deserved a.-Catiline. 392 
 
 by Heartless Sailors-Hudson. 3757 
 Humiliating a. of Nero. 1270 
 
 -Just a. by children-J. II. 2203 
 
 Outcast for religion-W. Penn. ^3970 
 Painful a. of Wife-Dustin. 117 
 
 for Plunder-Soldiers. 2417 
 
 •Sudden a. of Richmond. 6167 
 
 " " " Wife-Shelley. 5993 
 See DESERTION. 
 ■Imitated-to Wm. of Orange. *1534 
 •Shameful a.-by Agathocles. *1538 
 
 'Constructive d.-Fred. n. 
 
 3389 
 
 See FLIGHT. 
 
 
 •Cowardly f.-Heraclian. 
 
 2158 
 
 Famous for f.-Maximin. 
 
 2060 
 
 •for Safety-Roman panic. 
 
 2117 
 
 See FUGITIVE. 
 
 
 Hopeless of escape. 
 
 1710 
 
 Hoyal f .-James II. 
 
 5788 
 
 'Sympathy for f.-Am. 
 
 4660 
 
 Welcomed-James II. 
 
 5990 
 
 See FUGITIVES. 
 
 
 Generosity to royal f . 
 
 2641 
 
 iPunished by slavery. 
 
 502 
 
 Refuge of f.-Asylum-Rome. 
 
 187 
 
 Sanctuary of f .-N. Carolina. 
 
 2439 
 
 See RUNAWAY. 
 
 
 from Abuse-Fred. II. 
 
 3389 
 
 Arrested-D. Crockett. 
 
 634 
 
 Distinguished r.-Pizarro. 
 
 *4984 
 
 Reformed r.-D. Crockett. 
 
 637 
 
 Successful r.-B. Franklin. 
 
 638 
 
 " " -S. Houston. 
 
 905 
 
 ABIIilTIES. 
 
 Misapplied-Fred. Il.-Voltaire. *3 
 Numerous a.-R. Emp. Justinian. *i 
 Overrated-Pompey. *5 
 
 Shown in Youth-Alex. *6 
 
 Useless a.-J. Dryden in debate. *7 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. Marksman's S.-Commodus. 3430 
 
 Balanced-G. Wash. 3406 ' "-Crockett. 4323 
 
 Conversational a.- Johnson. 1172 
 
 Dangerous a.-Uninstructed. 1507 
 
 Diplomatic a.-Corrupted. 1594 
 
 " " -Remarkable. 1600 
 
 Field for a.-Appropriate. 4224 
 
 Impractical a.-Milton-PolItics. 4257 
 
 Manifold a.-Q. Elizabeth. 3605 
 
 Misapplied-Failure-Newton. 2100 
 
 " -Golds'h. 2030 
 
 " -"Magn't brute." 1068 
 
 Misplaced-Gibbon in Pari. 40&i 
 
 Multiplex a.-Caesar's. 2479 
 
 Numerous a.-Gallienus. 1830 
 
 Practical a.-M. Van Buren. 4251 
 
 Presumable a. -Elevation. 3589 
 
 Prostituted-Emp. Gratian. 1007 
 
 Restricted field for a. of Caesar. 275 
 
 Triumph of a.-Wm. Pitt. 3586 
 
 Wrecked-Splendid-Bunis. 2027 
 
 See EXPERT, 
 by Practice-Jeffreys. ♦1994 
 
 3041 
 
 Physical e.-Henry II. 
 
 See EXPERTS. 
 Unappreciated-Frederick II. 
 
 See INGENUITY. 
 VS. Difficulties-Augustus. ♦2846 
 
 Practical-Benjamin Franklin. ^2847 
 of Savages-Hatchets. ^2848 
 
 Success by i.-Columbus. ^2849 
 
 Boyish i.-I. Newton. 
 
 642 
 
 Female i.-Silk-weaving. 
 
 6070 
 
 Genius shown by i.-Newton. 
 
 2303 
 
 Knowledge increased by i. 
 
 3028 
 
 In Printing mezzotints. 
 
 1898 
 
 Progress by i.-Telescope. 
 
 1632 
 
 Rewarded by Power-loom. 
 
 2971 
 
 Stimulated-New sauce. 
 
 2185 
 
 Unrewarded-Spinning. 
 
 2968 
 
 See TACT. 
 
 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. 
 
 ♦5501 
 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. 
 
 ♦5502 
 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 
 Superstition overcome by t. 
 
 See SKILL. 
 Misapplied-Perpet'l motion. ^5168 
 Proof of s.-Rothschild. ^5169 
 
 See TALENT, 
 
 without Character.-Fred. II. ♦SSOS 
 
 Discovery of t.-Nap. I. ♦5504 
 
 Education oft. -Alex. *5505 
 
 Indications of t.-Math'cs. *5506 
 
 Lack of t.-Confed'te Gens. *5507 
 
 Overestimated-Nap. I. ^5508 
 
 Untaught-Z. Colbum. +5509 
 
 vs. Character-Byron. 
 Developed by criticism. 
 Misapplied-Ruler. 
 Money rivals t.-Crassus. 
 
 2057 
 1305 
 4509 
 4920 
 
 Without success-Goldsmith. 2030 
 See GENIUS, MIND and POWER in loc. 
 
 ABNBOATION. 
 
 Self-a. of M. Luther. ♦S 
 
 See SELF-ABNEGATION in loc. 
 
 absence;. 
 
 Condemned-George n. *9 
 
 Reasonable a. -Halifax. ♦lO 
 
 Beneficial a.-Cortez. 78 
 
 Evasion by a.-Cicero, 2056 
 
 Mysterious a.-Cleomedes. ^1530 
 
 ABSOLUTION. 
 
 in Advance by Pope Julius II. ♦ 1 1 
 
 Costly a. of Palaeologus. *12 
 
 Desired in death by Charles II. ♦IS 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Penance for pope's a. 2889 
 
 See ACQUITTAL. 
 
 Joy at a. of 7 Bps.-Popular. 3031 
 
 See PARDON in loc. 
 
 ABSTINENCE. 
 
 Certainty by a.-S. Johnson. ^14 
 Limit of a. in fasting. ♦is 
 
 Prudential a. by experience. ♦16 
 Twofold a.-Wine by confessor. ♦I? 
 Unoonsc's a. from food-Shelley.^18 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 In Distress of mind. 3063 
 
 " Excitement-Gamblers'. 6146 
 
 " Grief-Wife of James II. 6068 
 
 Necessary a.-" One glass." 2955 
 
 Nobility in a.-Alex. 5095 
 
 Self -Conquest by a.-Mahomet. 5077 
 
 See HUNGER. 
 
 Address to h. difficult. 2014 
 
 Desperation of h.-Cannibals. 706 
 
756 
 
 ABSTRACTION— ACTIONS. 
 
 Perishing from h.-Siege. 1502 
 
 Pressure of h.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 Subjugated by h.-Pride. 4455 
 
 See FAST, FAMINE and TEMPER- 
 ANCE in loo. 
 
 ABSTRACTION. 
 
 Art of a.-" Waistcoat button." *19 
 
 Blunders by a.-Newton. *20 
 
 Dangerous a. -Archimedes. *21 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of mind-Goldsmith. 
 Aroused from a.-Johnson. 
 Philosopher's a.-Archimedes. 
 Youthful a. by study-Newton. 
 " Study of-Pascal. 
 
 2310 
 1905 
 2100 
 2324 
 
 ABSURDITT. 
 
 Governmental a.- L's model. 2436 
 
 ABUSE. 
 
 Absence of a.-Savage's. 
 Personal a. of Milton. 
 Slanderous a.-Napoleon I. 
 Success by a.-PoUtical. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 T«. Arguments-Johnson, 
 of the Blind-Milton. 
 '• Countrymen-London. 
 Exposure to a.-Appius. 
 of Good principles. 
 Growth of a.-Star-Chamber. 
 Judicial a.-Jeffreys. 
 Political a. for effect. 
 Reformation of a. -Hopeless. 
 Self-applied a. in Preaching. 
 T». Use-Money. 
 
 See INHUMANITY. 
 Commercial i.-01d slaves, 
 of Man to man-Eng. 
 
 " " -Spain. 
 
 Professional I.-Jeffreys. 
 Revenge for i.-Pestilence. 
 
 Age of i. to criminals. 
 Avarice causes l.-15th Cent, 
 to Beggars-Punishment. 
 " Children-Jeffrey's court. 
 Christian 1. to pagans, 
 of Commerce-Famine. 
 " " -Slave-trade. 
 
 Excused-Public safety, 
 of Government-Bateman. 
 to Indians-Explorers, 
 of Persecutors-Covenanters, 
 to Prisoners- London. 
 
 _" The Fleet." 
 " " -England. 
 Religious i. of persecutors, 
 of Superstition-Lepers burned, 
 
 -Sylla. 
 In War-Romans. 
 
 See INSULT. 
 more than Injury-Arabs, 
 to Jealousy-Flogging. 
 lAst l.-Crusaders. 
 Political i.-Wm Pitt. 
 Rebellion from i.-Perslans. 
 Remembrance of i.-Cyrus. 
 Stinging i.-Col. Tarleton. 
 
 *22 
 *23 
 ♦24 
 *26 
 
 2904 
 23 
 1231 
 1855 
 1121 
 1255 
 1842 
 4283 
 4253 
 1234 
 5755 
 
 *2859 
 *2860 
 *2861 
 ♦2868 
 ♦2863 
 
 2656 
 
 426 
 
 2703 
 
 803 
 
 1050 
 
 2002 
 
 1116 
 
 5003 
 
 540 
 
 908 
 
 656 
 
 4467 
 
 4469 
 
 5183 
 
 2557 
 
 4418 
 
 5452 
 
 591£ 
 
 ♦2896 
 ♦2897 
 ♦2898 
 ♦2899 
 ♦2900 
 ♦2901 
 ♦2902 
 
 Unconscious l.-James II. 
 
 Abusive i.-Ambassadors. 
 Added to injury-Barbarians, 
 of Arrogance-Attila-Romans. 
 
 Fancied i. -Xerxes. 
 Humiliation for i.-Pope. 
 Oversensitive to i.-Tyrant. 
 Resented by Bismarck. 
 Stinging i.-Woman's. 
 Unresented-Fear-Alexius. 
 
 See INSULTS. 
 Argument by i. -Johnson, 
 with Misfortune-James n. 
 
 Authorized for cowards. 
 Cruelty provoked by i.-Ind's. 
 Public i.-Cromwell to Pari. 
 Reparation for i., cheap. 
 Women's i. to cowards. 
 
 See OUTRAGE. 
 Horrible o. of Albion. 
 Reaction of o.-Joan of Arc. 
 Resented by parent. 
 
 ♦2903 
 
 4444 
 
 250 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 320 
 
 249 
 
 2527 
 
 8359 
 
 3489 
 
 757 
 
 ♦3904 
 ♦3905 
 
 1280 
 2074 
 410 
 2868 
 6128 
 
 ♦3971 
 ♦3972 
 ♦3973 
 
 Shameful o. -Columbus. 1648 
 
 See CRUELTY and WRONGS in loc. 
 
 ACCESS. 
 Humble a. to Diocletian. ^26 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Charity-Howard to prisons. 
 
 513 
 
 ACCIDENT. 
 
 Destiny by a.-" Box on the ear." ^27 
 Distress by a.-H. II. -lance in eye.^28 
 Revolution by-" Sicilian V'p's." *29 
 Saved by a.-T. Paine from G. ♦SO 
 Significant a. -Duke Wm., error. *31 
 Utilized-Soalding broth. ^32 
 
 " -Duke Wm. slipped. ^33 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 of Birth-Napoleon. 592 
 
 Destiny by a.-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 Discovery of gravitation by a. 2295 
 Happy a.-Finding seal of G. B. 5788 
 Invention by a.-Spinning. 2968 
 
 Life directed by a.-Demost's. 3949 
 Ominous a.-Premonition. 4419 
 
 Outrage for a. -Mussulman. 1916 
 Profession chosen by a.-Caesar. 4484 
 See COINCIDENCE in loo. 
 
 ACCIDENTS. 
 
 Concurrence of a.-Adversity by.3860 
 
 ACCIiAMATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Election by a.-Spartans. 1847 
 
 Stunning a.-crov-dead. 1849 
 
 ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 c/arefully kept a.-Wesley. 549 
 
 ACCUSATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Deception-Maximus PabiuB. 701 
 Malicious a.-C. Wesley- V. 702 
 
 " -Alex. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 • ' Pretext for violence-R. III. 242 
 
 ACCUSER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accused-Buccaneer Nutt. 2434 
 
 Blemish of a.-James II. 1119 
 
 Concealed from accused. 2877 
 
 Conscience an a. -Abbott. 1080 
 
 See BLAME in loc. 
 
 ACKNO\¥I.EDGinB:NT. 
 
 Slender a. to John Adams. ♦351 
 
 ACQUAINTANCE. 
 
 Brief a.-Deceived by. ♦SfJ 
 
 Unwelcome a.-Johnson's. *S7 
 
 See ASSOCIATES. 
 Dangerous a.-J. Howard's son. *378 
 Impure a.-J. Newton. *379 
 
 Influence of a. on Peter the G. ♦380 
 
 Burial of living a.-Barb'ns. 
 Dangerous a. -Queen of Scots. 
 Despicable a.-James II. 
 Selection of a.-Johnson. 
 Uncontaminated by evil a. 
 See ASSOCIATION. 
 Beneficial a.-M. Aurelius. 
 Guild of a.-Eng. a.d. 1214. 
 
 Changed by a.-Greeks. 
 Contaminated by prison a. 
 Controlled by a.-A. Pope. 
 Dangerous a. with Theodora. 
 Destructive-"Artemu8 Ward.' 
 Religious a. prized. 
 Repelled by a.-J. Milton. 
 Ruinous a.-Gamblers'. 
 
 " to Nero. 
 Unity by a.-Crom. and Fox. 
 See ASSOCIATIONS. 
 Protective a.-Anglo- Saxon. 
 
 Contaminating a. -Luther. 
 Dangers from a.-Gov't. 
 Effect of early a. -Nap. 
 Horrifying a.-London Tower. 
 Unimproved by good a. 
 
 See FRIENDS in loc. 
 
 ACQUITTAIi. 
 
 See cross-reference. 
 Joyful a. of 7 Bishops. 
 
 See FORGIVENESS in loc. 
 
 ACROSTIC. 
 
 Political a.-Cabal. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mysterious religions a.-Sibyl. 
 
 ACTION. 
 
 Decisive a. of Col. Gordon. 
 
 684 
 1171 
 6177 
 115r 
 503& 
 
 ♦38^ 
 
 ♦381 
 
 1865. 
 5804 
 223» 
 453* 
 3283 
 2603. 
 2701 
 2273 
 2819 
 5749 
 
 ♦383- 
 
 40S 
 509 
 745 
 904 
 
 S031 
 
 ♦38 
 
 4524 
 
 ♦40 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ill-timed a.-Louis XVI. 3044 
 
 Ready for a.-Minute men. 5881 
 
 Signal for a.-Alex. ♦513* 
 
 ACTIONS. 
 
 Speak-War-Hurling the spear. ^41 
 " -Tarquin cutting-tallest p.^42^ 
 See CONDUCT. 
 Absurd c.-8. Johnson. ♦lOSe 
 
 Contradictory c.-Steele. ♦1037 
 
 Dissolute 0. a sign. ♦1038. 
 
ACTIVITY— ADVENTURESS. 
 
 757 
 
 Scandalous c. in high life. *1039 
 
 Authority to regulate c. 746 
 
 Character evinced by c. 1326 
 
 Changed by conversion. 1109 
 
 Condemned by c.-A. Herbert. 1119 
 
 Contemptible c.-Commodus. 1591 
 
 Contradictory c. -James II. 1094 
 
 Controlled by Wm. of Orange. 121 
 
 Inconsistent c.-James II. 5733 
 
 Propriety in ministerial c. 1484 
 Surprising c.-Mary P. of Orange.788 
 See MANNERS in loo. 
 
 ACTIVITY. 
 
 Military a.-Romans. ♦SO 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Determined-" Close action." 1904 
 •Success by unexpected a. 1491 
 
 See EARNESTNESS in loo. 
 
 ACTORS. 
 
 and Actresses-Origin of. *48 
 
 Dishonored by Roman law. *44 
 
 Respect for a. by S. Johnson. *45 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Infamous a.-Success of Roman. S20 
 Punished at whipping-posts by P.228 
 
 See GESTICULATION. 
 
 •Oratorical g. opposed. 1854 
 
 Specialty in g.-Actors. 8352 
 
 See THEATRE in loc. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Spectacular a. of Antony. *46 
 
 Successful a. of Edward VI. ^47 
 
 Theatrical a. ridiculed by J. *48 
 
 ■Tricksters a. defeated-Burke. *49 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Distinguished by a. -Diplomacy. 1594 
 
 JUdlculed, First a.-Dems. 2021 
 
 See SPEECH in loc. 
 
 ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 Forced a. of Pari, by Crom. 410 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Responsibility of a.-Cabinet. *50 
 
 Unfortunate a. of Van Buren. *51 
 
 United a. of A. Lincoln. *52 
 
 Cross- reference. 
 
 ReTolutlonlzed by Cromwell. 410 
 
 See GOVERNMENT in loc. 
 
 ADMIRATION. 
 
 Changed by observation-L.'s. *53 
 Objectionable a.-Goldsraith byl.*54 
 Supreme-Col. Cropper forG. W. *55 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Architectural a. of Colosseum. 291 
 
 of Manliness-Pompey. 3819 
 
 -Louis IX. 3821 
 
 Strange a. for Napoleon I. 2833 
 
 Unappreciated a. of masses-N. 872 
 
 See ADULATION, PRAISE.and 
 
 VANITY in loc. 
 
 ADMONITION. 
 
 -Dlsregarded-Gen. Braddock. *56 
 
 See REPROOF. 
 Jleekness in r.-Dr. Taylor. '4779 
 
 Undeserved r.-Dr. Arnold. 
 Undisturbed by r.-Q. Wash. 
 
 *4780 
 *4781 
 
 Death by r.-Tetzel's. 1888 
 
 Desired-Good Emp. Julian. 5296 
 
 Sagacious r.-Wife's. 4881 
 
 See CAUTION and WARNINO 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ADOPTION. 
 
 of Captives among Indians. *57 
 by the State of soldiers' orphans.*58 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Annulled by Gabriel-M.'s son. 63 
 Pitiful a.-Foundling. 781 
 
 Substitutes in families by a. 3074 
 
 ADORATION. 
 
 Human a.-Greek Emperor's. •sg 
 
 26 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Human a. of Diocletian. 
 
 See WORSHIP in loc 
 
 ADUIiATION. 
 
 Official a. of Chas. I. by Finch. *60 
 Rebuked of James I.-s. m. *61 
 
 Ridiculous a. of H. Vlll.-r. b. g. •62 
 
 See cross-reference. 
 forMoney.-Dedication of books. 498 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 
 Artful f.-Captlve Zenobla. ♦2152 
 
 False f. of Henry VIII. *2153 
 
 Fulsome f. of James I. *2144 
 
 Irritating f . of Fred, the Q. *2155 
 
 Resented by Alexander. ♦2156 
 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. ^2157 
 
 Deception by f.-Rochester. 1471 
 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 305 
 
 Embarrassment by f .-Caesar. 2657 
 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Fulsome f . of Charles I. 60 
 
 Wealth by f.-Legacies. 5971 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 ADULTERER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advances of a.-P. of M. Stuart.3342 
 Blot of a.-Mahomet. 3242 
 
 Confirmed a.-James II. 6222 
 
 Devices of a.-Emp. Valentinian.2276 
 Merciless punishment of a. 3063 
 Papal a.-John XII. 4305 
 
 Reparation by marriage. 3458 
 
 Royal-Edward IV.-Wives of L. 47 
 Self-confessed a.-False. 5177 
 
 Wife wronged by husband. 6068 
 
 ADULTERESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Approved by husband. 4490 
 
 Arts of the a.-J. C. Sedley. 5054 
 
 Bondage to a.-James II. 5054 
 
 Distinguished a.-Pompadour. 3247 
 
 Influential a.-Aspasia. 1256 
 
 Patriotic a.-Fulvia. 6097 
 
 Respected a.-Aspasia. 6084 
 
 by Restralnts-Honoria. 3436 
 Self-confessed a.-Queen of Sp. 5125 
 
 Strange charm of a.-Sedley. 2842 
 
 Successful a.-Antonina. 4858 
 
 Victim of a. -.lames II. 
 
 See CONCUBINES. 
 Passion for o.-Elagabalus. 
 Power of Persian c. 
 
 6085 
 
 960 
 959 
 
 ADULTERY. 
 
 Excused by Gabriel-Mahomet's. *63 
 Punishment for a.-Exiled by J. *64 
 Shameless by nobility-15th Cent.^65 
 Vengeance for a.-Pope Jno. XII. ♦ee 
 Victim of a.-Peredu8. *67 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Common a.-Roman. 1295 
 
 Confessed for divorce. 2188 
 
 Diverted evidence of a. 1949 
 
 Emasculation or death for a. 3160 
 Evidence of a.-DifQcult. 1931 
 
 in High life-Charles II. 3470 
 
 Oppressive a.-Tyrant Gildo. 5745 
 Prerogative in a.-Mahomet. 4210 
 Shameless a.-Common-Europe.8243 
 
 See RAPE. 
 Attempted r.-Joan of Arc. ♦4616 
 
 by Stratagem- Valentlnian. 2276 
 Vengeance for r.-Oath. 5786 
 
 Victim of r. by soldiers. 6113 
 
 War caused by r. 5910 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 ADVANCE. 
 
 by Battle-Scott In Mexico. 
 Heroic a.-Fontenoy. 
 Opportunity for an a. 
 or Suffer-Qettysburg. 
 
 Success by aggression. 
 
 See PROGRESS in loc. 
 
 ♦68 
 ♦69 
 ♦70 
 ♦71 
 
 471 
 
 ADVENT. 
 
 Seasonable-Needed-Ready. ^72 
 
 ADVENTURE. 
 
 Courageous a.-Lieut. Cushlng. ^73 
 
 Daring a.-Napoleon. I. *74 
 
 Passion for a.-Conquest. ^75 
 Primitive a.-Geo. Washington's. ^76 
 
 Spirit of a.-Wm . Parry. ^77 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Love of a.-Young Lincoln. 3272 
 
 Youthful a.-Romantlc-Cortez. 3353 
 
 See PERIL in loc. 
 
 ADVENTURER. 
 
 Bom a.-Hemando Cortez. *''8 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dream of an a.-Count de B. 188 
 Honored-Geo. Villlers by Jas. I. 494 
 " -Disgraceful a. 2416 
 
 ADVENTURERS. 
 
 Dlsappolnted-Theodoric and G. ^79 
 Numerous with Capt. J. Smith. *80 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Remarkable a.-De Soto's exp'n.l986 
 
 Successful a.-Three men. 1076 
 
 See EXPLORERS in loo. 
 
 ADVENTURESS. 
 
 Remarkable a.-Pope Joan. 6089 
 
 Successful a.-Lady Reves. 1171 
 
 Sse COURTESAN in loc. 
 
758 
 
 ADVERSITY— AFFECTIONS. 
 
 ADVERSITY. 
 
 Eminence by a. -A. Lincoln. *83 
 Instructed by a.-Fred. the G. *84 
 Lessons of a. for the Romans. *85 
 Manhood of Sir H. Davy by a. *86 
 National a.-Reign of Edward HI. *87 
 Overruled for Eli Whitney. *88 
 
 Precedes success-Timour the T. *89 
 Struggle with a. by "an old s." *90 
 Tonic of a. -Sir Walter Scott. *91 
 Unaffected by a.-Sir W. Scott. *92 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accidents bring a.-Concurrent. 3860 
 by Ambition-Goths invade T. 79 
 Beneficial-Cholera in Eng. 2528 
 
 -P. Cooper. 1785 
 
 Blessing in Disguise- Am. Rev. 602 
 Courage in a. -Woman's. 6057 
 
 Disguised blessing in a. 4334 
 
 Disposition changed by a. 1670 
 
 Greatness of mind in a. 6072 
 
 Humiliating a.-Beggar's. 2210 
 
 Lesson of a.-Dionysius. 4889 
 
 Manifold-Emp. Adronicus d. 17 
 Manliness in a. 3820 
 
 Noble bearing in a.-Romulus. 3818 
 " " " -Sthennis. 3819 
 " " " " -Louis IX. 3821 
 
 Overwhelming a.-Nicetas. 2211 
 
 Period of a.-Washington. 2308 
 
 Refuge in prayer- Washington. 4382 
 " " " -A.Johnson. 4387 
 Regrets in a.-Wolsey. 4644 
 
 Resignation in a. 4811 
 
 Silence in a.-Pompey. 5147 
 
 Struggle with-G. Washington. 1788 
 Suicide in a.-Napoleon I. 5420 
 
 Unmitigated a.-Beggar. 2212 
 
 Weakness in a.-Cicero. 4370 
 
 Worship in a.-Cheerful. 6160 
 
 ADVERSITIES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Multiplied a.-Irish people. 3944 
 
 " '* -J. Bunyan's. 5706 
 
 Resignation to a. 4810 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 See CALAMITY. 
 
 Blessing concealed in c. 289 
 
 of War-Jerusalem-Chosroes. 324 
 
 See CALAMITIES. 
 Combined-Fire and pestilence. *693 
 Desired by pagans-on enemies. *694 
 Effect of c.-Eng. nation. *695 
 
 See MISFORTUNE. 
 Born to m.-Charles. I. *3628 
 
 Cruelty with m.-Am. Inds. *3629 
 Fellowship in m.-L.Bon'p'rte. *3630 
 Overruled-O. Gtoldsmith. ♦3631 
 
 Business m. overruled. 2969 
 Comfort in m.-Mahomet lives. 1568 
 
 Exasperation in m. feared. 1267 
 
 Greatness in m.-Cornelia. 6072 
 
 Heedlessness brings m. 2546 
 
 Insulted in m.-James II. 2905 
 
 Interpreted by conscience. 1100 
 
 Mitigated by courtesy. 1260 
 
 Multiplied-Melancholy by. 8559 
 
 National m. -Armada fails. 2028 
 
 Reversed by tact-Slave. 32 
 
 Solace in m.-Music a. 3748 
 
 Wealth by others' m.-Crassus. 683 
 Also see AFFLICTION, BEREAVE- 
 MENT, DESPONDENCY, SORROW" 
 and TROUBLE in loc. 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Sanctimonious a.of serious m.-8.*96 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Contemptuous-G. II. " lost or s." 9 
 by Patron-Tailor. 5777 
 
 Success by a. -John Law. 2134 
 
 ADVICE. 
 
 Disdained-Braddocli's defeat. *97 
 Ignored-Clarendon's, by J. n. *98 
 Ill-timed a. to A. Lincoln. ♦99 
 
 Legacy of a. by Augustus to R. *100 
 
 See COUNSEL. 
 of the Dying-Louis XIV. *1219 
 
 Inopportune c.-Deputles'. *1220 
 Safety in c.-Battle. *1221 
 
 Discarded rashly-Chas. XII. 1239 
 
 Honest c. punished. 2609 
 
 See COUNSELLOR. 
 
 Evil c.-" Evil angel. " *1222 
 
 See COUNSELLORS. 
 
 Dangerous c. of James II. *1223 
 
 Whimsical c.-"WIse woman." *1224 
 
 Obstructive c.-Scots. 975 
 
 Various c. to Washington. 1926 
 Volunteer-Too many Generals. 2284 
 
 See WARNING, 
 of Danger-Richard I. +5947 
 
 Ineffective w.-Caesar. *5948 
 
 Accepted-Girl's, by Lincoln. 6102 
 
 Admonition disregarded. *56 
 Disregarded by Nero's mother. 196 
 
 Disdained-A woman's w. 6110 
 
 Effective w. to officials. 3036 
 
 Felons w. to manufacturers. 512 
 
 Interference of novice. 3546 
 
 Neglected-DIversIon-Csesar. 1689 
 
 Timely w.-Wash. by woman. 4079 
 
 Unexpected w.-Scripture. 4901 
 
 Unmoved by w.-Alex. 1048 
 
 ADVOCATE. 
 
 Personal not proxy. *ioi 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Destitute of a.-H. Vane. 3379 
 
 Generous a.-Aristldes. 3055 
 
 See INTERCESSION, 
 
 of Innooents-Timour rejects. 1337 
 
 Life saved by i.-Deserters. 536 
 
 Woman's i.-Queen Philippa. 4639 
 
 .aESTHETICISM. 
 
 Brutality of R, in exhibitions. *102 
 Realistic ae." " " " *103 
 
 See cross-reference. 
 Contempt of ae.-Greeks c. by R. 776 
 
 AFFABILITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Falsehood In a.-Charles II. 1678 
 See AMIABILITY and COUR- 
 TESY in loc. 
 
 AFFECTATION. 
 
 See cross-reference. 
 Ridiculed by Thackeray. I50fr 
 
 AFFECTION. 
 
 Conjugal of Joseph, for Nap. *104. 
 
 " " Andrew Jackson. *105 
 
 Destitute of a.-Pulk the Black *10e 
 
 Display in pub. of a. by a kiss. *107 
 
 Enduring a. of I. Newton. *108 
 
 Pickle a. of Countess of C. *109 
 
 Filial a. of William Cowper. *iio 
 
 " " " W. Scott. *lii 
 
 " " " Caius Marclus. *112 
 
 " " " SartoriustheR. Gen.*113 
 
 " " " Alexander. 774 and *114 
 
 " " " prisoner. *115- 
 
 of Friendship-Lincoln's. *116 
 
 Impartial-Mr. Dustln. *117 
 
 Maternal a. outraged by I. *118 
 
 Parental a. of S. Wesley. *119 
 
 " " L. Stafford at t. *120 
 
 Strong a. of Wm. P. of Orange. *121 
 
 Zeal of a.-John Howard. *122 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Angered by a.-Blaise Pascal. 791 
 Appreciated-Cato's wife and t. 107 
 Based on character. 2687 
 
 Candidate's a. for electors. 5858 
 Comfort In a.-Martyr. 3403 
 
 Country vs. son-Spartan a. 3724 
 Disappointed parental a.-H. II. 4005 
 Family vs. religious a. 4184 
 
 Force of a.-Son of Croesus. 5295 
 Gifts of school-girls to Nap. 2358 
 Grief of a.-Webster's b. 561 
 
 " " " -Separation from N. 715 
 Hatred returned for a. 2883 
 
 Imperishable a. for the dead. 560 
 Misunderstood a.-James II. 2903 
 Money a proof of a. 3651 
 
 Monument of husband's a. 6061 
 Outraged-Persecutors. 1859 
 
 " -Executorof friends. 1364 
 Paternal a.-O. Cromwell. 995 
 
 without Pity-Roman. 1355 
 
 Self-sacrificing a.-Soldler's. 1572^ 
 Subdued-Parental. 1350 
 
 Surrendered to justice. 3063 
 
 Tested-Parental-Maurlce. 1348 
 
 Tortured by murderers. 1348 
 
 Trial of a.-Bereavement. 4811 
 
 Wealth of a.-Johnson. 4347 
 
 AFFECTIONS. 
 
 Blighted a. of Swedenborg. *123 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Blighted a. of Isaac Newton. 108 
 
 " -Miss Perronet. 2534 
 
 Nourished by mementoes-Scott. Ill 
 
 Struggle of a.-Chas. I.-S. or f. 822 
 
 See FRIEND. 
 Chosen f .-Alexander's. *2220 
 
 or Foe-Agesllaus. *2221 
 
 Obsequious f. -Caesars. *222^ 
 
 In SIckness-P. of Orange. *2223 
 Sordid f.-Goldsmith's. *2224 
 
 Welcome f.-Lafayette. *2225 
 
 Wounded f.-" Stonewall J." *222e 
 
 Bereaved of f .-Alexander. 14Slt 
 

 
 AFFINITY— AGITATION. 
 
 
 75» 
 
 Burdensome f.-Drlnking. 
 
 2915 
 
 Active l.-Christian. 
 
 ♦3337 
 
 Memories in a.-Cato. 
 
 ♦128 
 
 Changed to foe-Henry VIII. 
 
 2033 
 
 Battle of l.-Lovers. 
 
 ♦3338 
 
 Objections to a.-Ofifice. 
 
 ♦12» 
 
 Helpful f. of Demosthenes. 
 
 5408 
 
 Changed by 1. -Another body. 
 
 ♦3339 
 
 Protected by a.-Solon. 
 
 ♦141 
 
 "in adversity. 
 
 5420 
 
 Conjugal l.-Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦3340 
 
 Remarkable a.-13th Cent. 
 
 ♦142 
 
 Irritating-Fred. II.- Voltaire. 
 
 2155 
 
 Disappointment in l.-K. 
 
 ♦3341 
 
 " " of Reformation 
 
 ♦143 
 
 Neglected-Anaxagoras. 
 
 4778 
 
 Infatuation of l.-M. Stuart. 
 
 ♦3342 
 
 Satisfactory if deeds are. 
 
 ♦144 
 
 Polluting f. rejected. 
 Ruinous f. -Ferguson. 
 
 1472 
 
 Juvenile l.-Napoleon I. 
 a Necessity-Cannoneers. 
 
 ♦3343 
 ♦3344 
 
 
 
 1222 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 In Sickness-S. Johnson. 
 
 5129 
 
 Passionate 1. of Shelley. 
 
 ♦3345 
 
 Advanced by grief- A. Jacksor 
 
 . 105 
 
 Treacherous f .-Francis Bacon. 2857 
 
 vs. Prudence-Agesilaus. 
 
 ♦3346 
 
 Affects character-Spirit of a. 
 
 608 
 
 See FRIENDS. 
 
 
 Religion of l.-Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦3347 
 
 Characteristics of each a. 
 
 339 
 
 In Battle-Locked shields. 
 
 ♦2227 
 
 Romantic L-Qeoffrey Rudel. 
 
 ♦3348 
 
 of Corruption-Wm. III. 
 
 666 
 
 Complemental f.-Ladies. 
 
 •2228 
 
 " " -S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦3349 
 
 " Effeminacy-English. 
 
 3784 
 
 Discouraging f.-Luther's. 
 
 *2229 
 
 " " -Shelley. 
 
 ♦3350 
 
 Fault of the a.-Drake. 768, 902 
 
 Faults of f.-Nap. I. 
 
 *2230 
 
 Shadow of 1.-W. Irving. 
 
 ♦3351 
 
 of Genius-Athenian. 
 
 2296 
 
 Unlike-Halifax-Bumet. 
 
 *2231 
 
 Supremacy of 1. -Domestic. 
 
 ♦3353 
 
 " Genius-Leo X. 
 " Glory-Saracens. 
 " Marvels-Theseus. 
 
 2297 
 3782 
 3511 
 
 Abuse of f. by jokes. 
 
 3025 
 
 vs. Ambition-Napoleon-Jos. 
 
 104 
 
 Dangerous f.-Assassinators. 
 
 165 
 
 " " " " 
 
 1699 
 
 " Progress-A.D. 1485-1514. 
 
 912' 
 
 Dead f .-Recognition of. 
 
 1398 
 
 Controlled by 1. -Marlborough 
 
 . 6052 
 
 Memorable a.-Edward III. 
 
 2364 
 
 Desertion of f.-Wash. 
 
 2308 
 
 Fictitious 1. of Queen Anne. 
 
 558 
 
 Mistaken for the G. A.-Colonlsts. 36 
 
 Destitute of f. -Emperor- 
 
 3672 
 
 First 1. of R. Burns. 
 
 4219 
 
 Spirit of the a. personified-C. 
 
 575 
 
 Enemies changed to f. 
 
 2833 
 
 at First sight-Garibaldi. 
 
 3480 
 
 The Golden a.-Fabulous-Eng. 
 
 2166 
 
 Forsaken by f.-Caasar. 
 
 371 
 
 Gratitude begets l.-Howard. 
 
 3445 
 
 Unimportant-Heirs. 
 
 4459 
 
 Impatience divides f. 
 
 2748 
 
 Inspires endeavor-Bums. 
 
 4219 
 
 Want of a.-Early death of R. 
 
 346 
 
 in Misfortune-Diverse f . 
 
 93 
 
 Lawless l.-Contagious ex. of 
 
 2240 
 
 OLD AGE. 
 
 
 Partiality to f .-Judge. 
 
 3069 
 
 Magnanimity of 1 -Josephine. 
 
 2201 
 
 Crltlcised-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦130 
 
 " "-Ruler. 
 
 3070 
 
 Mission of l.-Pardon. 
 
 3998 
 
 Excitement in-Pres. Harrison 
 
 ♦131 
 
 Ruinous-Mutually. 
 
 2870 
 
 Respected-Humble life-Nap. 
 
 187 
 
 Health In o. a.-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦132 
 
 Sacrificed to ambition. 
 
 192 
 
 Sacrifices of l.-Wentworth. 
 
 2516 
 
 Labor in o. a.-M. Luther. 
 
 ♦1.3a 
 
 See FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 
 Survives abuse-Mrs. Byron. 
 
 3465 
 
 " -SirWm.Herschel.^134 
 
 Applauded-Nap.-Alex. 
 
 ♦2232 
 
 Transient 1. -Sudden-Crockett 
 
 . 3438 
 
 Literature In o. a.-J. Milton. 
 
 ♦135 
 
 Commanding f.-K. of Hearts. 
 
 ♦2233 
 
 Universal l.-Ams. excepted. 
 
 215 
 
 Success in o. a.-Csesar. 
 
 ♦136 
 
 Complemental f.-Wm. III.-B 
 
 ♦2234 
 
 Unreciprocated-Swedenborg. 
 
 123 
 
 Vigor In o. a.-Masinissa. 
 
 ♦137 
 
 Confidential f.-Wm. III.-B. 
 
 *2235 
 
 See LOVER. 
 
 
 " " -J. Wesley. 
 
 ♦138 
 
 Confirmed by money. 
 
 ♦2236 
 
 Fallen l.-H. Cortez. 
 
 ♦3353 
 
 " " -Cato the Censor 
 
 ♦13» 
 
 by Contrast-Fred.-D'Argens. 
 Controlling f.-Alex. Pope. 
 
 ♦2237 
 
 Fickle l.-R. Burns. 
 Youthful l.-Lord Bjrron. 
 
 ♦3354 
 ♦3355 
 
 " " -Palmerston. 
 
 ♦14a 
 
 ♦2238 
 
 
 
 Inseparable-Hubert for Nap. 
 
 ♦2239 
 
 
 
 Abandoned in o. a.-Tartars. 
 
 3294 
 
 
 
 Perilous to R. Burns. 
 
 ♦2240 
 
 Artful l.-Cleopatra. 
 
 6136 
 
 " " -Am. Indians.3629 
 
 Repaired-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦2241 
 
 Blind 1. of C. Sedley. 
 
 2842 
 
 Abused in o. a.-Creditor. 
 
 1855 
 
 School-boys' f .-Lord Byron. 
 
 ♦2242 
 
 Blinded l.-Marcus. 
 
 1675 
 
 Affection in o. a. Filial-Cowper. 110' 
 
 Treacherous f . of James I. 
 
 ♦2243 
 
 Ensnared -Antony by C 
 
 6136 
 
 Avarice In o. a.-Cato. 
 
 432 
 
 
 
 Fascinated-Wm. the Conq. 
 " -R. Bums. 
 
 2583 
 
 Benevolence in o. a.-Wesley. 
 
 .•549 
 
 Affecting f .-Linooln-Stanton. 
 
 116 
 
 4219 
 
 Brilliant record in o. a.-Adams.204& 
 
 Affectionate- Wash. 's farewell. 2099 
 
 Female l.-Mahomet's. 
 
 3472 
 
 Consideration for enemies' o. a.l712 
 
 Apparent f.-False-Romans. 
 
 2643 
 
 " "-Honoria. 
 
 3476 
 
 Courage In o. a.-Bp. Latimer. 
 
 1233 
 
 Communion necessary. 
 
 2957 
 
 Preservation of l.-Ariadne. 
 
 6051 
 
 Enthusiasm in o. a.-T. Coke. 
 
 3644 
 
 by Common purpose. 
 
 3216 
 
 Royal 1. of Lucy Waters. 
 
 3470 
 
 Folly in o. a. -Lovers-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 Complemental f. -Diocletian. 
 
 2402 
 
 Unsuccessful l.-I. Newton. 
 
 5992 
 
 Fortitude In o. a. -Puritan. 
 
 1250' 
 
 " " -Cowper. 
 
 4834 
 
 Visits of 1. -Dangerous. 
 
 6049 
 
 Fortune forsakes o. a.-Chas. V.2208 
 
 Disagreeable f.-Coward. 
 
 1267 
 
 See LOVERS. 
 
 
 " " " -Louis XIV.2209 
 
 Disgraceful f .-Pompadour. 
 
 3712 
 
 Rival 1. -Jefferson-others. 
 
 ♦3356 
 
 Genius In o. a.-Cowper. 
 
 2300 
 
 Disreputable f.-Hannibal. 
 
 701 
 
 
 
 Libertine in o. a.-Louis XV. 
 
 3210 
 
 
 Distrusted-Cleopatra's f. 
 
 4515 
 
 Religious l.-Sensual-Eng. 
 
 3335 
 
 Life destroyed in o. a. 
 
 5956 
 
 Forgotten-B. Arnold. 
 
 2644 
 
 Restrained-Church service. 
 
 853 
 
 Love of life in o. a. 
 
 1408 
 
 Hypocrisy in f .-Orleans and B 
 
 . 2695 
 
 
 
 Melancholy In o.a.-Q.ElIzabeth.3567 
 
 Incorruptible f.-Indian. 
 
 4361 
 
 AFFINITY. 
 
 
 Mental activity in o. a. 
 
 1010' 
 
 Needed-E. A. Poe. 
 
 5032 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Quietude necessary in. o. a. 
 
 8451 
 
 Perilous f . for Geta. 
 
 1096 
 
 by Contrast- Anne-Churchill. 
 
 2228 
 
 Reproof of o. a.-Valuable-D. 
 
 2021 
 
 " "-Turks. 
 
 173 
 
 " -Burnet-Halifax. 
 
 2231 
 
 Strength in- Wesley's sermon. 
 
 5854 
 
 Proof of f . in exile with Nap. 
 
 715 
 
 " Complement- Wm. of 0. 
 
 2234 
 
 Vanity in o. a.-Constantine. 
 
 5772- 
 
 beyond Suspicion. 
 
 3381 
 
 See FRIENDS in loc. 
 
 
 " -Q. Elizabeth. 
 
 6775- 
 
 Traitors to f .-Conspirators. 
 
 371 
 
 AFFIilOTION. 
 
 
 AOED. 
 
 
 Treacherous f.-Dick Talbot. 
 
 3202 
 
 See SICKNESS in loc. 
 
 
 Blessing of the a.-Pope-J. H. 
 
 ♦145" 
 
 " "of savages. 
 
 3518 
 
 
 
 See LONGEVITY and TIME in 
 
 loc. 
 
 Tribute of f.-Melanchthon's. 
 
 5709 
 
 AGF. 
 
 
 
 
 Unworthy of f .-Epicure. 
 
 268 
 
 Depraved at introd. of C. 
 
 ♦124 
 
 AOFNT. 
 
 
 See LOVE. 
 
 
 of Greatness-National-Arabs. 
 
 ♦125 
 
 Ignored-Clarendon, by James II. 9S: 
 
 Abode of L-" Agapemone." 
 
 ♦3335 
 
 Improved-The evils are old. 
 
 ♦126 
 
 AGITATION. 
 
 
 Accidental l.-W. Scott's. 
 
 ♦3336 
 
 Men for the a.-Cromwell. 
 
 ♦127 
 
 Perils of a.-Reformation. 
 
 ♦145 
 
T60 
 
 AGONY— ALLY. 
 
 Perseverance In a.-Anti-Slav. *147 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clairvoyant a.-Swedenborg. 914 
 915 
 Embarrassment-J. A. b, G. in. 274 
 Needless a.-London panic. 3983 
 Patriotism inflamed by a. 3525 
 
 " aroused by a. 4071 
 
 Political a.-England. 4242 
 
 " " opposed-Whigs. 4912 
 Power of a. -Peter the Hermit. 1376 
 Unseasonable a.-Cato. 1899 
 
 See ALARM and EXCITEMENT 
 in loc. 
 
 AGONT. 
 
 •Crucifixion a.-" Highest Illus." *148 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delight in gladiators' a. 102 
 
 Indifference to a. -Inhuman. 1362 
 Pleasure in a. of dying. 1368 
 
 Mental a.-Josephine's divorce. 1699 
 Moclied-Martyrs. 1358 
 
 See SUFFERING in loc. 
 
 AGRARIANISM. 
 
 Difficulties of a.-Roman. 
 
 See COMMUNISM in loc. 
 
 *149 
 
 AOREEMENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Torced a. a failure. 123 
 
 Necessary in denunciation. 1653 
 
 Policy in a -Cicero-Pompey. 3918 
 
 See CONCILIATION. 
 
 l)y Favors- Anne of Austria. *1030 
 
 Policy of c.-Caesar's. *1031 
 
 TS. Threatening-Caesar. *1032 
 
 One-sided c.-Lord Howe. 
 " " "-Gen. Patterson. 
 See COMPROMISE. 
 Failure of c.-Mlssouri. 
 Qualifications for c.-T. C. 
 Rejected by Aristides the Just. 
 Settlement by c.-Slavery. 
 on Slavery-Federal Gov't. 
 •Temporizing c.-Omnibus bill. 
 
 3995 
 
 ♦1017 
 ♦1018 
 ♦1019 
 ♦1020 
 *1021 
 *1022 
 
 Failure of c. with James II. 248 
 Impossible-U. S. and Prance. 5710 
 In Legislation-Congress. 3186 
 
 of Principle justified. 3875 
 
 Religious c. with infirmity. 419 
 
 " " by offering incense. 849 
 " "-Seeming success. 3022 
 See CONCORD, COVENANT, RECON- 
 CILIATION and UNION in loc 
 
 AGGRESSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Success by a.-H. IV.-Agincourt. 471 
 
 See ADVANCE, 
 by Battle-Scott in Mexico. *68 
 
 Heroic a.-Fontenoy. *69 
 
 Opportunity for a. '70 
 
 or Suffer-Gettysburg. *71 
 
 AGRICULiTURE. 
 
 Ancient a. of the Romans. *151 
 
 Anti-monopoly in a.-Romans. *152 
 Attractions of a -Poet Horace. *153 
 Dardens of a.for g.-Artaxerxe8.*154 
 
 Burdened by taxatlon.-France.*155 
 Exalted. "Nooc. is nearer H." *156 
 Honored by Cincinnatus. *157 
 
 " " Edmund Burke. *158 
 Pursuit of a. by noblest Romans. *159 
 Religious pursuit-Persians. *160 
 Scientific pursuit-Reign of C.II. *161 
 Superiority of a. by freemen. *162 
 Unsuccessful a.-14th century. ♦163 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Attraction of a.-W. Scott. 1460 
 
 Beauties of a.-Egypt. 2688 
 
 Beginning life in a.-Stevena. 3285 
 Beneficent.-Vataces. 1766 
 
 Benevolence in a.-Cimon. B29 
 
 Changes by a.-Physical. 3128 
 
 Drainage improves a.-Eng. 1715 
 Friendship for a-Washington. 1873 
 vs. Gold-seeliing. 2807 
 
 Honors in a.-Anglo-Saxons. 720 
 Impeded by misgovernment. 2453 
 Imperfect methods-Eng. 2175 
 
 Improvements opposed. 1129 
 
 Improvement in a.-Germany. 1377 
 Interest in a.-Wash'ton's plan. 2976 
 Rude methods in a.-18th cent. 455 
 Soul saved by a -Persians. 6155 
 See FARM. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Famous f . of Horace. 153 
 
 See FARMER. 
 Unsuccessful f.-I. Newton. *2100 
 " " -Ed. Burke. ^2101 
 
 Chosen occupation-Grant. 5880 
 
 Extensive f.-Catacuzene. 5969 
 
 Occupation changed-Crom. 2327 
 
 Son of a f .-Washington. 6053 
 
 See GARDEN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Famous g.-Waterloo. 1501 
 
 See GARDENING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Contentment in g.-Emp. 1148 
 
 Pleasure in g.-Cyrus. 5636 
 
 See FERTILITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Commended-" Many crabs." 3593 
 
 See HARVEST. 
 Lost-Gold filings sown. *2523 
 
 See HORTICULTURE. 
 Pleasures of h.-Theodoric. ♦2637 
 " " -Napoleon. ♦2638 
 
 Climate affects h. 
 
 See HUSBANDRY. 
 Changes by h.-Egypt. 
 
 947 
 
 ♦2688 
 
 AGRICULTURISTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Crippled by araputatlon-T. 164 
 
 AliARM. 
 
 Needless-Pertinax made emp. ^165 
 Religious a. of Luther. ^166 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referenees. 
 of Conscience-B. Abbott. 1109 
 
 Messenger of a. -Paul Revere. 5881 
 Nations in a. of Napoleon. 4199 
 Quieted by Scripture. 1087 
 
 Religion promoted by-Luther. 5861 
 
 Superstitious a.-Europeans. 5499 
 
 Unexpected a. -Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 by Vision-Brutus. 5846 
 
 See FEAR in loc 
 
 AiiCHEinir. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Books of a. destroyed. 5976 
 
 Student of a.-I. Newton 811 
 
 AlilENATION. 
 
 C ross-re ference . 
 
 by Silence-William and Mary. 19B4 
 
 See SEPARATION in loc. 
 
 ALIENS. 
 
 Expulsion of a.-U. S. 
 
 ►167 
 
 1206 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Rule of a.-Rome. 
 
 See FOREIGNER. 
 Generous f. -James Smithson. 1812 
 Insulting Gov't.-Genet. 2429 
 
 Odious f.-Concini. 2526 
 
 Prejudice against f. -Columbus. 2055 
 " in reports of f. 2573 
 
 See FOREIGNERS. 
 Antipathy to f. -Egyptians. *2189 
 Dishonored-Athens. *2190 
 
 Feared at Sparta. ^2191 
 
 Government depending on f . 3653 
 
 Hated-Aboriginal Irish. 727 
 
 Hatred of f . Eng. in Ireland. 3151 
 
 Intermarriage saves State. 304 
 
 Language of f.-Contempt for. 3131 
 
 Legislation against f.-U. S. 167 
 
 Marriage with f. opposed. 3498 
 
 Prejudice against f . 240 
 
 Services of f .-Fame of State. 892 
 See EMIGRANTS in loc. 
 
 ALLEGIANCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Church vs. State- Jesuits. 2887 
 
 Oath of a. to Mahomet. *3835 
 
 See LOYALTY in loc. 
 
 ALLEGORIST. 
 
 Best a.-Bunyan. ♦ISS 
 
 ALLEGORY. 
 
 C ross-references . 
 
 Animals representing r. sects. 231 
 
 Bible misused in a. 5118 
 
 ALLIANCE. 
 
 Demanded by France.-U. S. ^170 
 
 Just a.-Am. Indians. ♦ITl 
 
 of Self-interest-Romans. ♦ire 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Deceptive a. with Fred, the G. 208 
 
 ALLIES. 
 
 Invisible a.-Mahomet's angels. ^175 
 
 Rejected by Am. Congress-L. ^176 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned by a. in adversity-S. 95 
 Neglected by a.-Thebans. 465 
 
 Personal a by fear. 1642 
 
 Union with a. inseparable. 3835 
 
 ALLir. 
 
 Supernatural a.-Theseus. 
 
 ♦254 
 
 MiscellaneottB cross-refereneee. 
 Incorruptible Indian a. 4301 
 
I 
 
 ALMS— AMBITION. 
 
 761 
 
 Pretended a.-English. 1752 
 
 Unaided a.-Pyrrhus. 4195 
 
 Valuable a.-Amr. 2507 
 
 See HELP in loc. 
 
 AliMS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 for Strugglers-Sir Walter Scott 
 
 See CHARITY. 
 for the Dead-Bolingbroke. 
 Distrusted-^Ioseph II. 
 Nobility of c.-Aristotle. 
 Wise c. of-J. Howard. 
 Wonderful c. -Woman's. 
 
 . 90 
 
 *777 
 *778 
 *779 
 ♦780 
 *781 
 
 Blessings on o.-" Never grow o." 515 
 
 Confiscated to avarice. 2079 
 
 in Conversation-Cato. 1170 
 
 ■ a Crime-English law. 3111 
 
 " Dangerous c.-Romans. 5218 
 
 Ys. Hospitality of Britons. 2640 
 
 Hurtful c.-Labor degraded. 3099 
 
 Rule of c.-Mohammedan. 544 
 
 Success by c.-Howard. 513 
 
 Wise c.-Rumford. 503 
 
 of Woman-Lseta. 6044 
 
 See BEGGAR, BENEVOLENCE and 
 
 CHARITY in loc. 
 
 ALTIBRIN ATI VE;. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Painf ul-Accomp. or victim of R. 67 
 
 See CHOICE, 
 
 of Both-Lysander. *819 
 
 Manifested-Pizarro. *820 
 
 Necessary-My head or king's. ^821 
 
 Painful c.-Death of Strafford. *822 
 
 Difficult-Father's c.-Dustin. 117 
 in Life-Youthtime. 3254 
 
 Necessary c.-Charles I. 416 
 
 Painful c.-Charge or be charged. 71 
 " -Clotilda. 1641 
 
 of Paradise or perdition. 6146 
 
 Politician's o.-Church vs. vote. 3874 
 
 AmiAIiGAMATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 -of Races-Great Britain. 4605 
 
 AMBASSADOR. 
 
 C ross-references. 
 Ridiculous a.-Voltaire to Fred. II. 4 
 Strange a.-Joan of Arc. 2893 
 
 AMBASSADORS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bribed by Philip of Macedon. 671 
 
 AMBITION. 
 
 Cursed by gin-Fraser. *182 
 
 Delusive a. of Emp. Maximus. *183 
 Destructive a. of Cassar. *184 
 
 Determination of a.-Alex. H. *185 
 Diverse a -Alex, and Parmenio.*186 
 " -Napoleon and Peasant. *187 
 Dream of a.-Count de Broglie. *188 
 Envious a. of Themistocles. *189 
 Failure of a.-The clan of Scott. *190 
 Field of a.-Young knight '►igi 
 
 Inhuman a. of assassinators. *192 
 Insensibility of a.-Surg's of P. *193 
 Literary a. of Milton. *195 
 
 Lofty a. of Timour. ♦194 
 
 Maternal a. of Nero's mother. *196 
 
 Mortified a. of Poet Shelley. 
 National a. of English. 
 Persistent a. of Charlemagne. 
 Proclaimed a. of R. Guiscard. 
 Restrained a. of Theodoric. 
 Sleepless a. of Mahomet II. 
 Spurred a. of Gen. Schuyler. 
 Subordinated a. of Cromwell. 
 Unhappy a. of Timour. 
 Unsatisfied a. of Severus. 
 Unscrupulous a. of S. A. D. 
 War of a. -Seven Years' War. 
 
 *197 
 ♦198 
 ♦199 
 ♦200 
 ♦201 
 ♦202 
 ♦203 
 ♦204 
 ♦205 
 ♦206 
 ♦207 
 ♦208 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Aflfection.-N.'sdivorceof J. ♦178 
 Aroused by example-Demost's.3949 
 Aspiration of a.-B. Franklin. 2331 
 of Assassins of Csesar. 1141 
 
 Awakened In I. Newton at s. ^179 
 vs. Benefaction-Napoleon I. 2358 
 Burdened with terror. 3891 
 
 Corrected by failure. 202 
 
 Crimes of a.-Napoleon I. 3395 
 
 Cruelty of a.-Irene to Leo. ^180 
 " "-Mahomet in. 4967 
 Crushed by Sorrow-Henry II. 4005 
 in the Church-Early ages. ^181 
 
 Deceived by a.-Napoleon I. 2053 
 Delusive Theodoric's appeal. 79 
 Delusions of a.-" What thenf" 1071 
 Destructive-Rom. Emperors'. 1454 
 Diverse a.-King-Cabbage. 1148 
 
 Filial a. of Caius Marcius. 112 
 
 Happiness substituted for a. 2516 
 Heartless a. of N.-Dlvorce of J. 104 
 Humble field of a.-Caesar. 4401 
 
 Ignoble a.-Ostentatlon. 3967 
 
 Inconsiderate a.-Xerxes. 5268 
 
 Irresistible at Rubicon. 1481 
 
 Lack of a.-Newton. 1164 
 
 vs. Love-Napoleon-Josephlne. 1699 
 Merciless a. -Richard III. 3742 
 
 Misdirected a.-Keep vs. Gain. 3858 
 Mother's a. gratified-Nero. 3721 
 Nature restricts a.-Sea. 3858 
 
 One a. In life-Milton's. 3250 
 
 Perilous a.-Didius Julianus. 3672 
 Perils of Caesar. 1402 
 
 for Praise-Demoralizing. 4370 
 
 Repressed a. -Mind vegetates. 3603 
 Restrained a.-Cromwell. 8925 
 
 2480 
 Restraint of a.-Mortlfying. 3868 
 Rewarded-P. Henry. 8144 
 
 Ridiculous a.-" Generalship." 3888 
 Ruinous to religion -Japan. 3642 
 Social a. of Goldsmith. 1172 
 
 Supreme passion of Napoleon. 4020 
 Surrender of a.-Chas. of Anjou. 82 
 True a. to possess God. 2379 
 
 Unsatisfying a.- Wearisome. 2470 
 Unwise a. -Tail the leader. 3174 
 Vanity of a.-" Kings die like." 1219 
 Vexation from a.-Wm. IIL 3083 
 Vicious eflfeots-Cleopatra. 6065 
 
 for Wealth-Limit of. 5973 
 
 Woman's a.-Sophla. 6040 
 
 See FAME. 
 Belated-J. Q. Adams. ♦2046 
 
 by Competltlon-Wm. Parry. ♦2047 
 Costly f.-Sir W. Scott. ♦2048 
 
 by Discovery-N. W. passage. 
 Distant f .-Lincoln-Italy. 
 Impostor's f .-Titus Gates, 
 by Infamy-Assassin of Nap. 
 Locality for f.-Napoleon in E. 
 Perverted-Memory of C. 
 Posthumous f.-Columbus. 
 Regarded-" What will h. say?" 
 Sudden f. of Byron. 
 
 " " -Berner's St. Hoax, 
 Trials of f.-W. Scott. 
 Undesired-Emp. Maximus. 
 
 ♦2049 
 ♦2050 
 ♦2051 
 ♦2052 
 ♦2053 
 ♦2054 
 ♦2055 
 ♦2056 
 ♦2057 
 ♦2058 
 ♦2059 
 ♦2060 
 
 Ambition for f.-Themistocles. 189 
 Ambitious for f. -Trajan. 2367 
 
 Contradiction-Great vs. M. 2485 
 Delayed-Milton's. 2325 
 
 Desired next to power. 195 
 
 Diminishing f. -Thirty authors. 3304 
 Diminution of f. 2476 
 
 Increasing posthumous-Bums. 2481 
 Literature necessary to f. 3311 
 
 Merited-Fred. II. 5808 
 
 Mlsappropriated-Chas. Lee. 4789 
 Monuments of f. -Pyramids. 2365 
 Neglect followed by f . 3270 
 
 Omission of f.-T. Cromwell. 2580 
 Passion for f.-Themistocles. 189 
 " " "-Fred, the Great. 208 
 without Popularity-H. Clay. 4310 
 Toil for f.- Virgil. 2341 
 
 Undesirable f.-Shame. 6063 
 
 Wide extended f. of Wash. 3081 
 
 See HONORS. 
 Burdensome-Grant-Alfonso. ^2621 
 Compulsory h.-Satuminus. ♦2622 
 Demanded by Cromwell. ♦2623 
 
 Miserable h.-Aged Titus. ♦2624 
 
 Premature h. of Bolivar. ^2625 
 
 Reslgned-Emp. Diocletian. ^2626 
 -Chas. V. ♦2627 
 
 Unexpected-Sallie Thompson. ^2628 
 Unmerited h.-Emp. Carinus. ^2629 
 Wonbymerit-" Win his spurs." ♦2630 
 
 from Abroad-Lombards. 2645 
 
 Bestowed on animals, E. 2172 
 
 " " Goose. 6451 
 
 Burdensome h.-Lincoln. 247 
 
 for Criminals-Scots. 1300 
 
 Dangerous h.- Violent death. 1454 
 Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W. 1323 
 
 " " -Cassar. 1323 
 
 Divine h. to Demetrius. 2157 
 
 Endangered by h. -Cromwell. 366 
 
 « ., .. g^Q 
 
 Envled-Demosthenes. 1329 
 
 Exchanged, Htt vs. Chatham. 5632 
 
 for Faithfulness to truth. 2040 
 
 Funeral h.-Caesar's. 2251 
 
 *♦ " -Egyptians. 2252 
 
 •• " -Lincoln's. 22&4 
 
 Ill-proportioned h.-Martel. 2187 
 
 Literary degrees undeserved. 5633 
 
 Lost by delay-Spartans. 467 
 
 for Merit-Coronation. 1325 
 
 Misapplied h.-Pocahontas. 5097 
 
 Misplaced h. -Olympic games. 2280 
 
 " *' -Emp. Claudius. 3876 
 
 Music brings h.-Rizzio. 3751 
 
 Opportunity for-Black Prince. 470 
 
7C3 
 
 AMBUSCADE— ANGEL. 
 
 Eeceived reluctantly-Pertlnax's. 1 65 
 Restored to Cicero. 1658 
 
 Sale of h. invented. 5629 
 
 Self imposed h.-Napoleon. 1326 
 
 Selfishness in seeking h. 5078 
 
 Surrender for virtue. 686 
 
 of Triumph-Magnificent. 5719 
 
 Troublesome h.-Golden crown.1329 
 Unappreciated-Cromwell's son.5957 
 Undeserved h.-A farmer. 3177 
 
 Unenjoyed-Milton's. 3310 
 
 Unsatisfactory h.-High office. 183 
 Vexatious h.-Napoleon. 751 
 
 Viciously bestowed on Nero. 4325 
 Wearisome h.-Cromweli's. 2470 
 Withdrawn-Cromwell's. 4851 
 
 Withheld-John Cabot. 991 
 
 See OFFICE and REPUTATION in loc. 
 
 AmBVSCADE;. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Perils of a.-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 
 aiherica. 
 
 for Americans-" Monroe Doct."*209 
 Future of Am.-L.'s prediction. *210 
 Mission of Am. -John Adams. *211 
 Prophecy of Am.-Stormont. *212 
 Transformation in A.-"P.of Y. " *213 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Obnoxious foreigners in A. 167 
 
 Rescued from Philip II. 902 
 
 AMERICANS. 
 
 Despised by Samuel Johnson. ♦214 
 Hated by Samuel Johns»n. *215 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Various ancestry of A. 
 
 See PATRIOTISM in loc. 
 
 AmiABIIilTT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Savages-no words for abuse. 
 
 771 
 
 22 
 
 AMUSEMENT. 
 Captivated by a.-Louis P.in Am. ♦216 
 Disappointed in a.-Violent M. ^217 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Absorbed in- Ad. Drake. 2525 
 
 Brutal a. of Normans. 1332 
 " " " Romans-Gladiators. 204 
 
 in Calamity-Nero. 4140 
 Christianity corrects a.-Gibbon. 835 
 
 Ts. Christianity-Romans. 846 
 
 Conscience vs. a.-Bunyan. 1085 
 
 Defended then abandoned-C. 835 
 
 Devoted to a.-Emp. Angelus. 3896 
 
 Diverts resentment. 3204 
 
 Habits make a necessity, 3295 
 
 ni-timed a. -Cromwell's. 3627 
 
 " " 5138 
 
 inconsiderate of danger. 3520 
 
 Mind diverted by a. 5138 
 
 Poor denied a-Quoits. 4296 
 
 Profits by a.-Excessive. 5872 
 
 Provision for a.-Colosseum. 681 
 
 Quarrels grow out of a. 2019 
 
 Tyranny in a.-Spaniards. 5744 
 
 Unchecked by death. 6083 
 
 AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 Brutal a. by broadswords. ♦SIS 
 
 Combat-Roman theatre. ^219 
 
 Delight in a.-Romans. ^221 
 
 Interdicted by Puritans inEng.^222 
 Sanguinary a.-Roman Circus. ^223 
 Sunday a.-English games. ^224 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conceal oppression.-Romans. 3215 
 Sabbath-day a. -English. 4986 
 
 " " " 4987 
 
 221 
 
 See CIRCUS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Passion for c.-Romans. 
 
 See DANCING. 
 Ceremonious d.-Am. Indians. *1386 
 Delight in-Eng. 16th century. ^1387 
 Mystic d. of West Indians. ♦1388 
 Opposed to d.-Eng. Puritans. ♦1389 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 IdoIatroaa-lascivious-Roman. 2085 
 
 See DRAMA. 
 
 Indecent d.-12th century. ^1717 
 
 Literature of the d.-Greece. ^1718 
 
 Origin of the d.-Rome. ^1719 
 
 Religious d. in churches. ^1720 
 
 ♦220 
 
 Degraded by machinery. 
 
 See GAME. 
 Preservation of g.-Justinian. ♦2277 
 
 Fondness for hunting g. 
 Laws preserving g.-Burden. 
 Monopoly of g.-Wm. the C. 
 Passion for g.-Andronicus. 
 
 " " "-Malek-Sultan. 
 Pleasure-Perilous game. 
 Skill in shooting g. -Crockett. 
 
 See GAMES. 
 Beneficial g.-Ancient. 
 Employment in military g. 
 Passion for g. -Greeks. 
 Use of g.-S. Johnson. 
 
 See THEATRE. 
 Comipted-English. 
 Dangers of t-S. Johnson. 
 Licentiousness and t. 
 Opposition to t.-Dr. Dawson. 
 
 " " " punished. 
 
 Restored-Eng. Restoration, 
 and Sensuality-Roman. 
 Vicious t.-English. 
 
 4638 
 155 
 3943 
 4204 
 4197 
 4111 
 
 ♦2278 
 ♦2279 
 ♦2280 
 ♦2881 
 
 ♦5582 
 ♦5583 
 ♦5584 
 ♦5585 
 ♦5586 
 ♦5587 
 ♦5588 
 ♦5589 
 ♦5590 
 
 Actors dishonored-R. law. ^44 
 
 " disrespect for R. law. ^45 
 Degenerated-Religious origin. 43 
 
 Immoral and destructive-R. 103 
 
 Pleasure in t. 341 
 
 Political power of t. 1536 
 
 Shameful exhibitions. 4533 
 
 See THEATRICALS, 
 
 in Churches-Biblical. ^5591 
 
 Condemned by Solon. ^5592 
 
 See RECREATION. 
 
 Excessive r.-" Gentlemen." ♦4637 
 
 Extravagant r.-Bajazet. ♦4638 
 
 Degraded by a.-Romans. ^220 
 
 Discomfort in r.-Fashion. 2184 
 
 Simple r. of Puritans. 8696 
 
 See PLEASURE in loc. 
 
 ANALOGY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Illustration by a.-Johnson. 
 
 2727 
 
 ANARCHT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Authorized by Innocent III. 4949 
 Night of a. -Flight of James II. 491» 
 
 ANATOMY, 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mistakes in a.-Aristotle. 
 
 6016 
 
 ANCESTORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Brutality of a. overlooked. 13*4^ 
 
 Offences of a. punished in c. 6175 
 
 Regard for a.-Russians. 112* 
 
 ANCESTRY. 
 
 Humble a. of poet Horace. ^225 
 
 Ineffective a.-Prince Rupert. ♦22& 
 
 Unlike a.-Orleans princes. ^227 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Barbarous a. of Europeans. 2719 
 Base a.-Witches and demons. 1528 
 Character from a.-Q. Elizabeth. 763 
 " " " -Americans. 771 
 
 Depraved a.- Nero's. 1532 
 
 " " -Confessed. 206& 
 
 Disreputable a -John XII. 4305 
 
 Divine a.-Spurious-Silenus. 2386 
 Genius by a. -J. Milton. 2298 
 
 Happiness affected by a. 3560 
 
 Humble a.-N. R. Gabrini. 594 
 
 " " -Diocletian. 595 
 
 Nobility of a. despised-Nap. 369^ 
 Pride in honest a.-Napoleon. 3592 
 Savage a. of Europeans. 2719 
 
 Selected a.-Pilgrim Fathers. 3173 
 Unfortunate a.-Charles I. 362& 
 
 See HEREDITY. 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. ♦2551 
 Failure of h.-Howard's father. ♦2252. 
 
 of Character-Charles I. 
 Contradicted-Orleans princes, 
 of Crime-Caesar's family. 
 Cruelty by h.-Nero. 
 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. 
 
 " " -Melancholy. 
 
 " " -Nero. 
 
 Failure of h.-Cromwell's son. 
 of Genius- Watts. 
 
 " " -Blaise Pascal, 
 in Qovemment.-Monarchy. 
 
 " " -Female line-I. 
 
 Incompetence byh.-Qoldsmith 
 in Mechanics-East Indian, 
 of Profession in Egypt. 
 
 " Shamelessness-Ferdinand. 
 See PARENT in loc. 
 
 227 
 2072 
 1347 
 2072- 
 2551 
 3560 
 5260 
 5957 
 2315 
 2324 
 2451 
 2458 
 .4342 
 3537 
 4486 
 2066 
 
 ANGEIi. 
 
 Supposed an a.-Joan of Arc. ♦228 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 TS. Priest-Ferdinand's r. for o. 921 
 Shameful mission of Mahomet's. 6^ 
 
ANGELS— APATHY. 
 
 763 
 
 ANG£L.S. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Clothing of a.-Swedenborg. 958 
 
 Charmed by vision of a. 5849 
 
 Bnslaved-Eng.-Angels. 5197 
 
 Invisible a.-Mahomet's. 175 
 
 Mistaken for a.-Spaniards. 6143 
 
 Once men-Swedenborg. 3577 
 
 ANGER. 
 
 Symptom of a.-Napoleon. *229 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anti-religious a. 4741 
 
 Brutal a.-Fred. Wm. I. 5741 
 
 Controlled by a.-Peter the G. 5091 
 Costly a.-£30,000. 4102 
 
 Folly of a.-Milton. 1167 
 
 Foolish a.-John Adams. 4234 
 
 Furious a.-Byron's mother. 3722 
 of Jealousy-Voltaire. 3002 
 
 Overpowering a. at n d. G.W. 56 
 Quenched by reading Koran. 32 
 " " good-humor. 1933 
 Reaction of a.-Alexander. 1744 
 
 Savage a.-Frederiok William. 1672 
 Undeserved a. of Washington. 2748 
 Weakness-Philip. . 5104 
 
 See INDIGNATION. 
 
 Affected i.-Napoleon I. 393 
 
 Aroused by deception. 1587 
 
 at Bribery-I. Newton. 660 
 
 " " -S. A. Douglas. 673 
 
 Ixpressed by absence. 2 
 
 " Patriotic i. *2795 
 
 Furious i. -Disguised man. 1652 
 
 of Gods expected-Pagans-Nile. 694 
 
 Ul-timed i. -Investigation. 2995 
 
 Irrepressible-Geo. Washington. 56 
 
 Popular i. at Brutality. 3048 
 
 " " " assassinators of C. 46 
 
 " " " Clarendon. 3898 
 
 " " " murder of Becket. 3505 
 
 " " " Stamp act. 3525 
 
 of Pride-S. Johnson's. 4349 
 
 Public i. at absentee, George II. 9 
 
 " " -Bribery of Demos. 672 
 
 at Threatening of Gov. Gates. 2795 
 
 TTnuttered i.-Napoleon I. 5693 
 
 See RESENTMENT. 
 Cruel r.-Alexander. *479e 
 
 Infamous r.-B. Arnold. *4799 
 
 Passionate-Maximin. ♦4800 
 
 of Patriots-Lord Chatham. *4801 
 Public r.-Am. colonists. *4802 
 
 Savage r.-Theodore Lascaris. *4803 
 
 WIthheld-Kobbery. 
 of Wrongs-Irishmen. 
 
 ♦4804 
 *4805 
 
 Dishonorable-Treason. 4109 
 
 Expressed forcibly. 2891 
 
 Infidels treated with r. 2831 
 
 Opportunity for r.-Clovis I. 409 
 
 Patriotism sacrificed to r. 306 
 
 Premature r.-Bp. Burnet. 5363 
 
 Vain r. -Breaking the arrow. 391 
 
 See HATRED, PASSION and RE- 
 VENGE in loc. 
 
 ANOUISH. 
 
 Prolonged a . -Garibal di . *230 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conjugal a. of Josephine. 104 
 
 Mental a.-Napoleon- Waterloo. 3817 
 
 Murderer's a.-Alexander. 1744 
 
 See DISTRESS and TORTURE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 ANIMAL. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Defensive a. -Rattlesnake. 3939 
 
 Emblematic-Wolf-Turk. 1861 
 
 Favorite horse-Bucephalus. 5133 
 
 Fidelity-Soldier's dog. 3578 
 
 Fight with dog-Cerberus. 3338 
 
 Life of a. -Indestructible. 3263 
 
 Mysterious a.-Mahomet's. 3623 
 
 Refractory-Hen-Science. 1992 
 
 Sacred a.-Fawn-Sertorius. 1479 
 
 Superstition-Squeaking rat. 4685 
 
 Typical a.-Physician-Serpent. 4169 
 
 Utility of a.-Newton's mouse. 3543 
 
 ANIDTIAIiS. 
 
 Allegorical a. by J. Dryden. *231 
 
 Attraction of a. by Scott. *232 
 
 Condemned by Caesar-Pet a. *233 
 
 Honored-Roman Geese. *234 
 
 " by Alexander. •235 
 
 Respect for a. by Buddhists. *236 
 
 " " " by Crusaders. ^237 
 
 Service of a.-Shepherd's dogs. "'238 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appreclated-Oxen. 6154 
 
 Augury by birds. 396 
 
 Control of a. by Alexander. 6 
 
 Cruelty to a.-Romans. 223 
 
 " " "-Norman gent's. 1332 
 
 '• " "-Marksman's. 3430 
 
 Destructive-Mouse. 3106 
 
 Development of domestic a. 4493 
 
 Experiments with cows-S. 639 
 
 Fame-Mules-Wellington. 3322 
 
 Gestures the language of a. 1854 
 
 Ignoble man-Jackal. 2167 
 
 Improvement of-Washington. 1873 
 
 Influence of a. -Indirect- Pig. 4984 
 
 Ingratitude to a. reproved. 5866 
 
 Pig-tender- Young Pizarro. 641 
 
 " Possessed " by spirits. 5460 
 
 Preservation of Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 Punishment by vipers. 4579 
 Respected-Sacred Goose-Goat.5451 
 
 Reverence for sacred a.-E. 2172 
 
 Sign of success-Spiders. 5141 
 
 " " land-Birds. 5144 
 
 Study of a.-Devoted to. 1872 
 Terrifying a.-Elephant cavalry. 739 
 
 Tormented by cats. 4803 
 
 Worship of a.-Egyptlans. 4697 
 
 See BIRDS. 
 
 Augury by vultures. 396 
 
 Encouragement by b.-Caesar. 4155 
 
 See BRUTES. 
 
 Immortality of b. '»680 
 
 See DOG. 
 
 Misused-Alcibiades. 1806 
 
 See DOGS. 
 
 Martyrs destroyed by d. 1358 
 
 Provision for d.-Csrus. 4285 
 
 See FISH. 
 
 Extravagant price- Wash. 2013 
 
 Remarkable f.-Legend. 3545 
 
 Terrifying f.-Conscience. 1115 
 
 See FISHIKG. 
 
 Fraud in-Antony. 2149 
 
 See HORSE. 
 Abused-drawing by tail. 455 
 
 Managed by genius-Alexander. 6 
 vs. Philosopher-Newton. 20 
 
 Won in battle-Lannes. 618 
 
 See LIONS. 
 Perilous allies. I7<j 
 
 See PETS. 
 
 Singular-Scott's pig-hen. 232 
 
 Women's dogs condemned by C. 233 
 
 See BIRDS, BRUTES, DOG, FISH, 
 
 LION, PETS, in loc. 
 
 ANIRIOSITY. 
 
 Fraternal a.-Caracalla and Q "'239 
 
 of Ignorance-National. *240 
 
 Unreasonable, Anti-Catholic a. *241 
 
 See ANGER and HATRED in loc. 
 
 ANNIHILATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Death an a. -John Milton. 3922 
 
 ANNOUNCKiriENT. 
 Appalling-Execution. *242 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Grateful a. -Free-Lincoln. 5860 
 
 ANSIV^ER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Dissimulating- Affable. 1679, 1680 
 
 Equivocal-Grecian oracle. 3946 
 
 " -Delphic oracle. 3948 
 
 Straightforward-Luther's. 1092 
 
 See REPARTEE. 
 
 Apt r. by J. Wesley. 4708 
 
 See RETORT in loc. 
 
 ANTAGONISM. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 243 
 
 in Personal character-M. L. 761 
 
 -Q. Eliz. 763 
 
 Unnatural a.-Father-Son. 1064 
 
 See STRIFE in loc. 
 
 ANTIPATHY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Race a. of Irish in Ireland. 
 
 ANTICtUITY. 
 
 Pride in a. of Athenians. 
 
 See ANCIENTS in loc. 
 
 ♦243 
 
 *244 
 
 ANXIETY. 
 
 Consuming a. of Marlborough. ♦245 
 Maternal a. for infant-Indians. 118 
 Parental a. of R. Burns's father. "'246 
 of Responsibility- A. Lincoln. "'247 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Common to humanity. 3604 
 
 Parental a. of Emp. Severus. 239 
 Relief from a.-God. 4558 
 
 Relieved by humor-L. 1756 
 
 See FEAR in loc. 
 
 APATHY. 
 
 Cross-refei'ence. 
 by Overconfldence. 5829 
 
 See INDIFFERENCE. 
 Affected i. to adversity. 92 
 
 Cruel i. of Caesar. "'2793 
 
 to Applause of masses-Nap. "'272 
 
764 
 
 APOLOGY— APPLAUSE. 
 
 Religious I. of Charles II. 
 to Sufferings-Surgeons. 
 
 *2794 
 193 
 
 APOLiOGlT. 
 
 Degrading a. demanded by J.II.*248 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Assassin's a.-Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Doubtful a.-Marriage of H. VIII.458 
 
 Weak a. for ingratitude. 2857 
 
 See EXCUSE in loc. 
 
 APOSTASY. 
 
 Open a. of Komanus. *251 
 
 Primitive a. by persecution. *252 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconsistency- 2774 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Beaction of forced converts to a.920 
 Required of officer. 1471 
 
 APOSTATE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Shameful a.-Justus. 1359 
 
 APOSTATES. 
 
 Forgiven by Primitive C. *353 
 
 Malice of a.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 " •' " -Julian's. 2549 
 
 See TRAITOR in loc. 
 
 APOSTIiE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Last a.-Mahomet. 
 
 2589 
 
 APPARITION. 
 
 Belief in a.-S. Johnson. *256 
 
 False a.-" Three knightc." *254 
 
 Fancied a. of Theseus. ^255 
 
 C ross- references. 
 of the Dead-H. Miller. 
 Startling a.-" Evil genius.' 
 See VISION in loc. 
 
 APPEAIi. 
 
 the Only a. -Luther's. 
 
 1120 
 
 *257 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 to Honor-Successful. 2612 
 
 Useless a.-Baldwin to Lincoln, 52 
 
 See ENTREATY in loc. 
 
 APPE.% RANGES. 
 
 Indians deceptive to colonists. 36 
 
 Deceptive a.-Philopcemen's. *258 
 
 Displeasing a.-O. Cromwell's. *260 
 
 False a.-S. Johnson. *261 
 
 Misjudged a.-O. Cromwell. '262 
 
 Suspicious a. of Cassius. ♦263 I 
 
 Unpromising a.-Bp. Gleorge. *264 
 
 Successful d.-Emp. Majorian. *1654 
 
 Difficult-Richard I. 1473 
 
 for Evil deeds-Politics. 668 
 
 Masquerade-Deadly. 3512 
 
 of Patriots-Boston tea party. 3626 
 Penetrated by Joan of Arc. 2895 
 Perilous d. of martyrs. 3509 
 
 Personal-Successful-Chas. II. 3911 
 Religious d. of Jesuits. 3012 
 
 Successful d.-Alfred the Great.5826 
 Wife's d.-Man's dress. 3483 
 
 See VANITY. 
 
 Excessive v.-Diocletian. *5772 
 
 Folly of V. -Madman. *57r3 
 
 Foolish v.-Ferguson. *5774 
 
 with Greatness-Q. Elizabeth. *5775 
 
 Rebuked-" Fine Coat." *5776 
 
 " -Goldsmith's. *5777 
 
 " -Artaxerxes'. *5778 
 
 " -Menecrates'. *5779 
 
 Ridiculous v.-Monumental. *5780 
 
 Victim of v.-Alexander. '5781 
 
 of Ambition-Grant-Alfonso. 
 Architectural v.-Pyramids. 
 in Benevolence-Johnson. 
 Clerical v.-Ch. of St. Sophia. 
 Covered with rags, 
 of Earthly possession. 
 Flattered-Charles I. by Pinch. 
 Hindrance in v.-J. Adams. 
 Homage to v. of Greek Emps. 
 
 " " " -Diocletian, 
 of Honors-Queen Mary. 
 " Life. -Captive king. 
 Perilous v.-Emperor Julian, 
 of Popularity-Cromwell. 
 Prevents success-Timotheus. 
 Rebuked-Buckingham's. 
 
 " -Demaratus's. 
 Sensitive v.-Voltaire's. 
 Victiaiized by v.-Pompey. 
 See IMPOSTOR in loc. 
 
 APPETITE. 
 
 Fastidious a. of Antony. *265 
 
 Indulgence of a.-Shameless. *269 
 
 Perils of a.-Cato the Censor. *266 
 
 Protest of a.-Monks. *267 
 
 Ruled by a.-Epicare. *268 
 
 2621 
 
 2365 
 
 521 
 
 865 
 
 5677 
 
 2379 
 
 60 
 
 3894 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 2619 
 
 3292 
 
 3678 
 
 4324 
 
 2213 
 
 3904 
 
 3963 
 
 2155 
 
 5 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deceptive a. in bereavement. 558 
 Uncouth a.-S. Johnson. 3262 
 
 See DISGUISE. 
 Betrayed-Ex-Queen Mary. *1649 
 Clerical d.-J. Bunyan. *1650 
 
 Dangerous d.-Longchamp. *]ft5l 
 Detected-Clodius Pulcher. *1652 
 Difficult-Flight of Charles I. •1653 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Degraded by indulg. of a.-P. 368 
 
 Surrender to a.-H. VHI. 38.52 
 
 Voracious a.-S. Johnson. 2183 
 
 See ABSTINENCE. 
 
 Certainty by a.-S. Johnson. *14 
 
 Limit of a.-Fasting. *15 
 
 Prudential by experience. *16 
 
 Twofold a.-Wine and water. *V! 
 
 Unconscious a.-Shelley. *18 
 
 in Distress of mind. 
 
 " Excitement-Gamblers. 
 
 " Grief-Wife of James II. 
 Necessary a.-" One glass." 
 Nobility in a. -Alexander. 
 Self -conquest by a.-Mahomet. 5077 
 
 See FOOD. 
 Abominable f. -Horse-flesh. *2173 
 
 6146 
 
 2955 
 5095 
 
 Animal-King of Huns. *2174 
 
 Changes in f.-Eng. ♦2175 
 
 Chosen f . of Palmerston. ♦2176 
 
 Dangerous-Poison f.-Yuca. ^2177 
 
 Extravagance in f.-S. birds. *2178 
 
 Figure by f.-Spartans. ^2179 
 Mind affected by f. -Mahomet. *2180 
 
 Poor f. -England. +2181 
 
 Public f .-Spartan tables. ♦2182 
 
 Regard for f.-S. Johnson. ^2183 
 Suspicious-" Watering-place."^2184 
 
 Variety in f .-Invention. *2185 
 
 Wonder in f.-London. ♦2186 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Aversion to salt pork-W. I. 626 
 Animal f. rejected-Philosoph's.4709 
 Cannibals by necessity. 706 
 
 Communism in f.-Savages. 2649 
 Dangerous f.-Soldiers. 433 
 
 Division by f.-Scots. 1913 
 
 Extravagant f.-Tea. 2010 
 
 " " rebuked. 2013 
 
 " -1,000 cooks-C. 3903 
 First question-French Rev. 658 
 
 Inequality in f.-Mind. 4606 
 
 Intemperance in f. 2926 
 
 Mistake-Camphor vs. salt. 3591 
 
 Neglected in study-Newton. 3794 
 Offensive manners with f. 3421 
 
 Orders for f.-Unexpected. 2759 
 Pleasure in f. rejected-Pascal. 4681 
 " " " -Dyspeptics'. 5424 
 of the Poor-Ireland. 1510 
 
 Prayer brings f .-Miiller. 2035 
 
 Present of f. rewarded. 4431 
 
 " " -Ada to Alexander. 5876 
 Public provision-Romans. 657 
 
 Rebellion against f.-Army. 1963 
 Reward of usefulness. 2393 
 
 Strange theory of f.-Artist. 6015 
 Unappreciated f. -Discovery of. 1636 
 Unsubstantial f. -Perfume. 5779 
 
 See EATING. 
 Custom in e.-English. ♦net 
 
 " " " Roman. ^1762 
 
 Conversation in e.-Spartans. 2182 
 
 " " " desired. 3600 
 
 Gluttony-Hospitality. 2639 
 
 See HUNGER. 
 
 Insatiable h. of gold-seekers. ♦2679 
 
 Address to h. difficult. 2014 
 
 Desperation of h.-Cannibals. 706 
 
 Perishing from h.-Siege. 1502 
 
 Pressure of h.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 See FAMINE. INTEMPERANCE, 
 
 LICENTIOUSNESS, PASSIONS, 
 
 and TEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 APPLAUSE. 
 
 See PRAISE. 
 AncientGermans'a.-Clashing. *270 
 Consequence of a. -Inspiration. ♦271 
 Indifference to a. -Napoleon. ♦273 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Distrusted by Cromwell. 3739 
 
 Presumption from a. 2570 
 
 See CHEERING. 
 Effective-" Yelling regiment." ^789 
 
APPLICATION— ARMY, 
 
 765 
 
 APPIilCATION. 
 
 Neglected-Invention of m. n. *873 
 
 APPOINTIW ENT. 
 
 Embarrassment by a. of A. *S74 
 Humiliating a. of Caesar to W. *275 
 Resented-Soldlers of James V.*306 
 
 Cro33-reference. 
 Fictitious a.-Rom. Cath. Bp. 1914 
 
 APPOINTMENTS. 
 Partisan a. of Polk's adm'n. *276 
 
 APPRECIATION. 
 Partial of pai^sing events-L.XVI*!J77 
 Without a. of coin.-Barbarian8.*278 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delayed-Paradise Lost for £10. 423 
 Impressed by a. of slaves-L. 511 
 
 APPR EHEN SION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Evil-doers-Brutus. 1120 
 
 See ALARM in loc. 
 
 APPRENTICES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abused by labor and whipping. 798 
 " " overwork. 799 
 
 ACtUEDUCTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benefits of a.-Rome. 459 
 
 " " " " 460 
 
 Introduction of a.-Plymouth. 5051 
 
 ARBITRATION. 
 Rejected by Eng. -Napoleon. '279 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Confidence in a.-Barbarians. 2617 
 Peace by a.-U. S. vs. Eng. 1595 
 
 Settlement by-Alabama claim8.4825 
 
 ARCHITECT. 
 
 f Wren, the great English a. *280 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Beauty in Ionic a. ♦281 
 
 Composite order in a. *282 
 
 Defective Egyptian a. *283 
 
 Excellence of Greek a. *284 
 
 Gilded a. of Roman Capitol. *285 
 
 Improved Roman a. *286 
 
 Instruction by a. in ruins. *287 
 
 Magnificent a.-Temple of H. *288 
 Opportunity in a.-London fire. ♦289 
 
 Preservation of a. by Goths. ^290 
 
 Prophecy in a. of Colosseum. ^291 
 
 Religion in diverse a. ♦292 
 
 Roman a.-Tuscan order. ^293 
 
 Simplicity in Doric a. ♦294 
 
 Stupendous a.-Chinese Wall. ^295 
 
 Sublime Gothic a. ^296 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Argument against a.-Savage. 3793 
 
 Beautiful a.. Most-Mausoleum. 6061 
 
 Building checked by law. 2004 
 
 Costly a.-St. Sophia. 859 
 
 « ii « .. 8g5 
 
 4. .• <( .. ggg 
 
 Deception in a.-Temple of H. 288 
 Destroyed-Temple of Serapis. 598 
 Destructive to Iife-Earthquake8.332 
 Destruction of priceless-Nero. 329 
 Greatness evinced in a.- Alex. 2485 
 
 Ignorance in a.-Unknown arch. 283 
 
 Immense a.-Centennial. 1983 
 
 Indestructible a.-Temple of J. 1548 
 
 Magnificent a.-Roman baths. 460 
 
 Palatial a.-Timour's. 5313 
 
 Plain dwellings-Spartan. 1754 
 
 Renown by a.-Pericles. 1769 
 
 Useless a. -Pyramid-tombs. 5647 
 
 Vanity in a. -Pyramids. 2365 
 
 Wonderful a.-Baalbec. 3392 
 
 See BUILDING. 
 
 Colossal b.-Colosseum. ^681 
 
 Opposed-Reign of J. II. ^682 
 
 Ruined by b.-M. Crassus. ♦683 
 
 Division in b.-Romulus-Remus. 678 
 Prohibited in London. 890 
 
 See CHURCH. 
 Erection-Enthusiastic. ♦863 
 
 " -Rewarded. ♦864 
 
 Rebuilding temple-Mecca. ♦876 
 
 Building by indulgences. 2803 
 
 See DWELLINGS. 
 Plainness in d.-Lycurgus. ^1754 
 
 See PALACE. 
 Humble p. of Tartars. ♦3978 
 
 See ARSON in loc. 
 
 ARDOR. 
 
 Soldiers a. -Blind John-Crecy. ^297 
 See ZEAL in loc. 
 
 AROVmENT. 
 
 Possible-Stealing defended-J. ^298 
 Reserved a.-Violence-Johnson.^299 
 Useless a. of James II. to c. ^300 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned for resentment. 2610 
 
 by Abuse-S. Johnson. 2904 
 
 Deceptive a.-Sophists. 2283 
 
 Declined by obstinacy. 3049 
 
 Possible against art. 3793 
 
 Powerless with bigots. 2721 
 
 Readiness in a.-Sophists. 5733 
 
 Trained in use of a.-Romans. 1857 
 
 Useless- Johnson. 3825 
 
 "* with James II. 3853 
 
 See CONTROV ERSY »nd DEBATE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ARISTOCRACY. 
 
 in Battle-Roman. ♦SOI 
 
 Expense of a.-Romans. ^302 
 
 Reaction for a.-Puritans. ^303 
 
 Ruin of a.-Greeks. ^304 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Brutal pleasures-Normans. 1332 
 
 Rule of a.-Burdensome-Va. 2443 
 
 See CASTE. 
 
 Absence of c.-Irish kings. ^719 
 
 Anglo-Saxon c.-Germany. ^720 
 
 Barbarian c.-Gauls. ^721 
 
 of Birth-Italians. ^722 
 
 English c.-" Born great." ^723 
 
 Hostility to c.-American. ^724 
 
 in Judgment-Q. Elizabeth. ^725 
 
 National c.-French. ^726 
 
 " -English. ^727 
 
 In Parliament.-" Worsted s." ^728 
 
 Prejudice of c.-Parliament. ^729 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of c.-Manufacturers. 1761 
 
 Broken c. -Physicians, 
 in Church- Aaron Burr. 
 Destructive to the State-G. 
 Divisions of c.-India. 
 Egotism of c.-Byron. 
 Fourfold c.-East Indian. 
 Grades of social c.-Franks. 
 Ignored-Romans-Diocletian. 
 Legislation for c.-English. 
 in Occupation-Egypt. 
 Plea for o. of rank, 
 in Religion-Pythagoras. 
 Religious c.-Persian vs. Turk, 
 in School-Harvard. 
 " " -Napoleon I. 
 in Trades-Unions-Eng. 
 
 Tyranny of c.-Social. 
 Vice levels c. -Gamblers. 
 
 See NOBILITY in loc. 
 
 ARMOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Protected by a.-Battle of B. 
 
 ARMY. 
 Dangerous a.-Roman standing. ♦SOS 
 Disgusted a. of James V. of S. ♦SOS 
 Great a.-Napoleon's in Russia. *307 
 " " -Mogul. ♦SOS 
 
 a Great a.-Tartars. *309 
 
 Industrious a. of Probus. ♦SIO 
 
 Purified a. of Cromwell. ♦Sll 
 
 Sectarian a. of James II. ♦SIS 
 
 Small a.-Miles Standish's. ♦SIS 
 
 Strong a. of Romans. ♦SI 4 
 
 Subverted a. of James II. ♦SIS 
 
 Support of a. of Charles II. ♦SIS 
 Test in the a.-James II. ♦SIT 
 
 4170 
 856 
 304 
 3537 
 1832 
 943 
 3273 
 595 
 1734 
 4486 
 4612 
 4709 
 5070 
 5028 
 5033 
 5662 
 5663 
 3491 
 2267 
 
 461 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned shamefully. 1538 
 
 Decimated by disease. 1638 
 
 -Am. Revolution. 5126 
 
 Destroyed-Napoleon-Russia. 1495 
 
 " by sickness. 1520 
 
 Disease destroys three-fourths. 471 
 of Emigrants-Goths. 1866 
 
 Invisible a -Pompey's. 4365 
 
 Politics in the U. S. a.-Polk. 276 
 Small a.-8 men-Standish. 5909 
 
 Standing a. endangers the State. 410 
 Wasted a.-Crusader8. 1606 
 
 See GENERALS. 
 Too many g.-Macedonians. ^2284 
 
 Overrated-Pompey-Accldent. 5 
 
 See GENERALSHIP. 
 Successful g.-Pompey. ♦2285 
 
 Success by g.-Cortez. 
 Want of g.-Agincourt. 
 
 See SOLDIER. 
 Christian s.-" Stonewall J." 
 Cruelty and courtesy of s. 
 Ignorant s.-James II. 
 Natural s.-Cromwell. 
 Remarkable s.-R. E. Lee. 
 Spirited s.-Puritan. 
 Wonderful s.-Hannibal. 
 
 3834 
 
 ♦5228 
 ♦5229 
 ♦5230 
 ♦5231 
 ♦5238 
 ♦5233 
 ♦5234 
 
 Clerical s.-Prior John. 935 
 
 " " -Pope Julius n. 934 
 
ftee 
 
 ARREST— ARTS. 
 
 Clerical s.-Bp. Gosselin. 937 
 
 Doubtful s.-First battle. 2024 
 
 Greatest Roman s.-Caesar. 4312 
 
 Honored-Fallen s. 4064 
 
 Indignity to s.-Jealousy. 2900 
 
 Moral estimate of s.-Drake. 902 
 Overrated-General Chas. Lee. 4789 
 Persistent s.-Mohammedan. 2567 
 Poor 8. described. 6178 
 
 Prayer of s.-J. Astley. 4376 
 
 'vs. Schoolmaster. 6038 
 
 Success of s.-Remarkabie-C. 4612 
 Terrifying s.-Nap. leaves Elba. 4199 
 Volunteer when needed-W. 4065 
 " " "-Capt.M."4078 
 
 See SOLDIERS. 
 Choice s.-Rlflemen. *5235 
 
 Colonial s.-New England. *6236 
 Dauntless s.-Franks. *5237 
 
 Defensive s.-Greek Empire. *523S 
 Disobedient s. -English. *5239 
 
 Fearful s.-Romans. *5240 
 
 Graves of s.-Decorated. *E241 
 
 Invulnerable s.-Asiatics. *5242 
 
 Maimed-Supported by Gov't. *5243 
 Marked-Hand-Face. *5244 
 
 Misnamed-" Kirke's Lambs." *5245 
 Model s.-Cromwell's. *5246 
 
 Nation of s.-Gauls. *5247 
 
 Notorious- Wilson's Zouaves. *5248 
 Odd s.-Cromwell's. *5249 
 
 Piety of s.-Cromwell's. "■6250 
 
 " " *5261 
 
 Poor s. described. *5252 
 
 Professional-Lacedaemonians. *5253 
 Quality of s.-Cromwell's. *5254 
 Terrible s.-Janizaries. *!J255 
 
 Unqualified s. of Charles II. *5256 
 
 Athletic s.-Roman. 1827 
 
 Burdened s.-Roman. 2520 
 
 Controlled by gentleness. 1559 
 
 Courage or Disgrace. 1236 
 
 Degraded to citizens-Caesar's. 3756 
 Desertion of s.-Plunder. 2417 
 
 Devotion-Swedes to Chas. XH. 1239 
 Discipline of s.-Severe-G. XII. 4174 
 Enthusiasm of Confederate s. 1907 
 Exasperated by s.--Patriots. 3517 
 Female s. of Crusade. 6142 
 
 " " -Mussulmans. 6141 
 
 *• " -Dahomey. 6140 
 
 vs. Followers-Persians-G. 8831 
 
 Inexperienced s. -Mistakes. 2813 
 Inferior s.-Irish-James II. 317 
 
 Irritated by precedence. 4400 
 
 Marching of s.-Remarkable. 3427 
 Misplaced s.-In navy. 2718 
 
 Orphans of s.-Ed. by State. 4064 
 " " " adopted by S. 58 
 Piety of Eng. s.-Puritans. 4390 
 
 Poor impressed as s.-The. 4292 
 
 Praying s.-English Revolution. 4378 
 " " -of Cromwell's. 4385 
 
 Provision for veteran s.-R. 177 
 
 Quality better than quantity. 4590 
 
 ' 4591 
 
 Beliglous s.-Cromwell's. 764 
 
 Remarkable s.-Caesar's. 4484 
 
 6819 
 
 Revolt of B.-Am. Rev.-Dlet. 4872 
 
 Rule of s.-Cromwell. 
 
 2433 
 
 4874 
 6187 
 2308 
 5460 
 
 Successful in early life. 
 Suffering of s.-Valley Forge 
 Superstition of Eng. s. 
 Supported by booty-Trajan W. 633 
 Valuable s.-Napoleon's aides. 2834 
 See WAR. 
 
 ARRBST. 
 
 Undeserved^.-J. Bunyan. 
 
 *318 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Defeated-C. I.-Commons. 413 
 
 Escape by emigration. 4660 
 
 Sudden a. of all Jews in Eng. 710 
 
 ARROGANCE. 
 
 Answered-Charles V. *319 
 
 Childish-Xerxes-fetters-sea. *320 
 
 Insulting a.-AttUa. ♦321 
 
 " -Chas. V. ♦321 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Boastful a.-Disabul the Turk. 
 Clerical a. in politics. 
 
 Lofty a. of Attila. 
 
 National a.-English. 
 
 Peril in a.-Braddock's defeat. 
 
 See HAUGHTINESS. 
 Lordly h. of Sapor. 
 
 Humbled-Kingly-Cromwell. 
 See CONCEIT in loo. 
 
 ARSON. 
 
 Destruction by a.-Chosroes. 
 
 384 
 920 
 4929 
 322 
 323 
 97 
 
 ♦2627 
 
 2683 
 
 ♦324 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Suspected of a.-Nero. 
 
 ART. 
 
 Age of fine a. -Greece. 
 Conquest by a. -Caesar. 
 Corrupted by a.-Romans. 
 Deformity in a.-Chinese. 
 Destruction of a.-Nero. 
 
 " " "-Puritan's. 
 
 " " " -Roman. 
 
 Destructive to life. 
 Educated in a.-Romans. 
 Estimate of a. low-S. Johnson. 
 Frivolous a.-Theophilus. 
 Inspiration in a.-Italians. 
 Origin of a. -Necessity. 
 " " -Egyptians. 
 Periods of a. 
 
 " " "-Roman. 
 Pleasures of a. -Preferred. 
 Protected by Climate. 
 
 " " a.-Syracuse. 
 
 Revival of a.-Italy. 
 
 " " -15th century. 
 Schools of a. -Three. 
 Superiority in a. -Masters. 
 " " " -Raphael. 
 
 Treasures of a.-Napoleon I. 
 Value of a.-Cannon. 
 
 1287 
 
 ♦325 
 ♦326 
 *327 
 t328 
 *329 
 *330 
 *331 
 *332 
 *333 
 *334 
 *335 
 ♦336 
 ♦337 
 *338 
 ♦339 
 ♦340 
 ♦341 
 ♦342 
 ♦343 
 ♦344 
 ♦345 
 ♦346 
 ♦347 
 ♦348 
 ♦349 
 ♦350 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Condemned by Puritans. 1114 
 
 Destruction of valuable, by fire. 2141 
 
 Imitation in a. 2744 
 
 Impressive a.-Pyramids. 5380 
 
 Indifference to a.-Saracens. 3591 
 
 Leisure required by a. 2924 
 
 Lost-Greek fire. 2143 
 
 Misapplied-Monument. 6780 
 
 vs. Nature-Bread-tree. 3793 
 
 Painting illustrates-Johnson. 3977 
 
 Periods of a.-History. 2297 
 
 " in a. -Arabs. 125 
 
 Pioneers in Eng. a.-Wren-H. 280 
 
 Practical vs. abstract a. 8535 
 
 Unappreciated by Goths. 3401 
 Undeveloped in a.-Englishmen. 289 
 
 Science allied to a. 3530 
 
 " contributory to a. 5048 
 
 Surpassed by nature. 859 
 
 Zeal for a.-Protogenes. 6215 
 
 ARTISANS. 
 
 Capture of a.-Silk-weavers. ^351 
 
 Wages of a. -England, 1680. ♦352 
 
 See MECHANICS in loc. 
 
 ARTS. 
 
 Ancient a. in war. ♦353 
 
 Encouraged by Constantino. ^354 
 
 Obsolete a.-' ' Knitting, s. " ♦355 
 
 Subsidized for religion. ^356 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affinity of a. for each other. 339 
 
 Age of discoveries In a. 1632 
 
 Religion favors a. 8686 
 
 Useful a. advanced-Davy. 3290 
 
 Wealth required for a. 3655 
 
 See DANCING. 
 
 Ceremonious d.-Am. Ind.'s. ^1386 
 
 Delight in d.-Eng. 16th cent. ^1387 
 
 Idolatrous-Lascivious-Rome. 2085 
 
 Mystic d.-West Indians. ♦1388 
 
 Opposed to d.-Eng. Puritans. ^1389 
 
 See MUSIC. 
 
 Art in m.-Johnson. ♦3744 
 
 Condemned-Spartans. ^3745 
 
 Imaginary m.-Dunstan. ♦3746 
 
 Love of m.-16th century. ^3747 
 
 a Necessity- Vandals. ^3748 
 
 Opposed to m. -Puritans. ^3749 
 
 Political power of m. ^3750 
 
 Power of m.-Mary Stuart. ♦3751 
 
 in Strife-Charles XIL ♦37.52 
 
 Taste for m.-Italians. ♦3753 
 
 Unappreciated-Gen. Grant. ^3754 
 
 Undignified-Alcibiades. ♦3755 
 
 Charms of m.-Savages. 8816 
 
 Church m.-Critic of. 1304 
 
 Devotion to m.-T. Jefferson. 5371 
 Difficulty in m. met. 2979 
 
 Fondness for m. -Cromwell's. 3178 
 Ignorance of m. compensated. 34 
 Impressive m. of church bells. 509 
 Inspiration in m.- Wesley-Mobs. 698 
 4283 
 4709 
 2498 
 761 
 1968 
 3356 
 
 2317 
 4338 
 
 Laws sung to m. 
 Passions corrected by m. 
 Recreation in m. -Milton. 
 Relief in m. -Martin Luther. 
 Time-Skill requires. 
 Unpleasant m. for rivals. 
 See MUSICIAN. 
 Illustrious m.-Homer. 
 Neglected-Starvlng-Evans. 
 
ASCETICISM— ASYLUM. 
 
 767 
 
 See PAINTER. 
 Celebrated Eng.-J. Reynolds. *3976 
 
 Invention of telegraphy by p. 8989 
 
 See PAINTING. 
 lUustrates-no Information. *3977 
 
 Defects in Chinese p.-Deformity.328 
 Imitation in p.-Servile, 15th C. 345 
 Schools of p.-Florence, etc. 344 
 Supremacy in p. -Raphael. 346 
 
 See SCULPTOR. 
 Mental s.-Socrates. *5056 
 
 Nobility in-"Eternalize fame."*5057 
 
 See STATUE. 
 Honored by s.-Cato. ♦5337 
 
 Immense s.-Apollo. *5338 
 
 See STATUARY. 
 
 Destroyed-Ruin of paganism. 331 
 
 Mutilated by Romans. 327 
 
 Unappreciated-S. Johnson. 334 
 
 See ARCHITECTURE and MS- 
 
 THETICISM in loo. 
 
 ASCETICISM. 
 
 Escape from a.-J. Wesley. 
 Exercise of a. -Asiatics. 
 
 ASCETICS. 
 Early a.-Roman. 
 
 See AUSTERITY in loc. 
 
 ASPERITIT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Excusable a.-Mlsfortunes. 
 
 *358 
 *357 
 
 ♦359 
 
 3559 
 
 ASSASSIN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Honored-Emp. Caracalla. 1123 
 
 -Both well. 2188 
 
 Married by wife of viotim. 3437 
 
 Motive-Named with victim. 2052 
 
 Religious a. of Henry III. 1107 
 
 Victim, Mistake of. 2204 
 
 ASSASSINS. 
 
 Hatred of a.-Caesar's. ^372 
 
 Infamous a.-Lincoln's. ♦373 
 
 Religious a.-Persia. ^374 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deceived by Mahomet. 2495 
 
 Justified-H. Dustln-Indian's a. 3729 
 Partisan a.-Blue and green. 970 
 Rebuked by f. honors-Caesar's. 2251 
 " " " " -Lincoln's. 2254 
 Struggle with a.-Pizarro. 1068 
 
 Terror of-Nationalpanic-Eng. 3982 
 
 ASSASSINATION. 
 
 Attempted-Louis Philippe. ^360 
 
 " -Victoria. ♦361 
 
 " -Victoria. ♦362 
 
 Conspiracy for a.-British Cab. ^363 
 
 Deliverance by a.-Henry III. ^364 
 
 Escape from a.-Lincoln. ♦365 
 
 Fear of a.-Cromwell. ^366 
 
 General a. in Ireland. ^367 
 
 Justifled-Philip of Greece. ♦368 
 
 Patriotic a. of Csesar. ♦369 
 
 Peril of a.-CromwelL ^370 
 
 Remarkable a.-Caesar's. ^371 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ambition provoked a. of Caesar. 184 
 
 Attempted a. by Jesuits. 3009 
 
 " " " 3010 
 
 Common-Reign of Wm. I. 1135 
 
 Denounced-of Caesar. 2255 
 
 Disgrace of a.-James II. 4626 
 
 Failure of a.-Commodus. 8003 
 
 by Gov't-Richard III. 3742 
 
 Horrified by Caesar's a. 1138 
 
 Plot for a. of Elizabeth. 4948 
 
 Political-Duke of Gloucester. 2162 
 
 Reaction of a.-on Henry II. 6145 
 Responsibility for a.-Henry II. 2669 
 
 Resort to a.-Nero-Mother. 1347 
 
 Revenge by a.-J. Hamilton. 4861 
 
 Scheme of wholesale a. 1140 
 
 " " -Rosamond's. 67 
 
 " " -Catherine de M.'i. 6066 
 
 Shocking a. of Rizzio. 2687 
 
 Terror of a.-Emp. Augustus. 8891 
 
 ASSAUL.T. 
 
 MiBcellanecus cross-references. 
 
 of Jealousy-Romans. 2897 
 
 Reparation for a. -Cheap. 2868 
 
 Severe penalty for-£30,000. 4102 
 
 See ATTACK. 
 
 Inconsiderate a.-Crusaders. *3QQ 
 
 Unexpocted-From above. ^391 
 
 in Rear-Alarming. 2123 
 
 Success by a.-Marathon. 467 
 
 ASSEMBIilES. 
 
 Interdicted-Religious-Eng. ^375 
 
 ASSSmBIilT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Immense-Centennial year,1876. 4084 
 
 " -80,000 p.-Colosseum. 681 
 
 Popular a. opposed. 2452 
 
 Unwieldy-80,000 priests. 3833 
 
 ASSESSMENTS. 
 
 Political a.-Emp. Maxentius. *376 
 
 See TAXATION in loo. 
 
 ASSISTANCE. 
 Energetic a. of Pompey. 
 
 ♦377 
 
 173 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Refused wisely-To son. 
 Response to Mahomet's call. 
 
 See ALLIES. 
 Invisible a.-Mahomet's angels. ^175 
 Rejected by Congress-L. *176 
 
 Abandoned by a.-Adversity. 95 
 Neglected by a.-Thebans. 465 
 
 Personal a. by fear. 1542 
 
 Union with a. impossible. 3835 
 
 See HELP. 
 Fictitious h.-Apostate Julian. ^2549 
 
 Delayed till needless. 4088 
 
 Divine h. needed-Lincoln. 4380 
 
 from God the best-Joan of Arc. 1559 
 Necessary h. -Briton's appeal. 2016 
 Withheld makes manhood. 1560 
 
 See HELPERS. 
 Dependence on "Auxiliaries. "♦ 2550 
 
 Acknowledged by Newton. 1631 
 
 Repelled by insincerity. 2041 
 
 Sustained by h.-Lincoln. 52 
 
 Valuable h.-Napoleon's aides. 2834 
 
 ASSOCIATES. 
 
 Dangerous a.-J. Howard's son.^378 
 Impure a.-Sir I. Newton. ♦379 
 
 Influence of a.-Peter the Great.^390 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burial of living a.-Barbarians. 684 
 Dangerous a.-Q,ueen of Scots. 1171 
 Despicable a.-James II. 5177 
 
 Selection of a. -Johnson. 1157 
 
 Uncontaminated by evil a. 5036 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changed by a.-Greeks. 1865 
 
 Contaminated by prison a. 5804 
 Controlled by a.-A. Pope. 2238 
 
 Dangerous a. vdth Theodora. 4533 
 Destructive-" Artemus Ward." 3283 
 Religious a. prized. 2603 
 
 Repelled-John Milton. 2701 
 
 Ruinous a.-Gamblers. 2273 
 
 to Nero. 2819 
 
 Unity by a.-Cromwell.-Fox. 5749 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Beneficial a.-Marcus Aurelius. ♦388 
 Guild of a.-Eng. a.d. 1214. ^381 
 
 Protective a. -Anglo- Saxons. ♦SSS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Contaminating a.-Luther at R. 896 
 Dangers from a. in government. 406 
 Effect of early habits and a.-N. 509 
 Horrifying a. of London Tower. 746 
 Unimproved by good a.-Indians.904 
 
 See CLUBS. 
 Ancient c.-" Inimitable livers. "♦968 
 Organization of old English o. 381 
 
 See TRADES-UNION. 
 Objection to t. u.-Caste. ^5662 
 
 Opposition of t. u.-.Jas. Watt. ^5663 
 Oppressive t. u.-James Watt. ^5664 
 Prohibited-England. ^5665 
 
 ♦5666 
 See FRIENDS and INFLUENCE in loc. 
 
 ASSUMPTION. 
 
 Boastful a. of Disabul the T. 
 
 ♦384 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Rebuked-Blshop Coke. 2787 
 
 See ARROGANCE in loc. 
 
 ASTROL.OGY. 
 
 Regard for a.-Roman omens. ♦385 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Crime proven by a. 1953 
 
 Faith in a.-Charles II. 5448 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 Anticipations of a.-B.c. 640. ♦386 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advanced in A.-Egyptians. 3530 
 Discoveries in a.-Galileo. 3028 
 
 Heretical a.-Galileo. 2721 
 
 Ignored a.-Credulity of M.'s. 8623 
 Impressiveness of a. 8875 
 
 ASTIiUM. 
 
 of Refuge-Rome. 
 
 ♦387 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Poor man's-Colony of Georgia. 532 
 
768 
 
 ATHEISM— AVARICE. 
 
 ATHEISm. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referencti. 
 
 Concealed-Romans. S668 
 
 Tried-Rejected-France. 2370 
 
 ATHEISTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Nation of a.-No. 4737 
 
 ATHIiBTE!. 
 Remarkable a.-Thracian. ♦SSS 
 
 Koyal a.-Henry II. ♦389 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Moral weakness of Milo. 6960 
 
 Strong a.-Father of Jefferson. 6858 
 " " -George Washington. 6860 
 
 ATHIiETES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Barly training of a.-Persian. 1770 
 
 " " " "-Spartans. 1817 
 
 Education of a.-Roman. 1778 
 
 Female a.-Spartans. 1817 
 
 Military a. -Roman. 1827 
 
 Trained a.-Roman soldiers. 5672 
 
 ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Cpnvulslons by a.-Oracle. 8947 
 
 ATONEOTENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Belief of Am. Indians. 5158 
 
 or Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 ATTACK. 
 Inconsiderate a.-Crusaders. *390 
 Unexpected a. from aboye. *391 
 
 2123 
 
 467 
 
 2897 
 
 Cross-references. 
 In Rear- Alarming. 
 Success by a. -Marathon. 
 See ASSAULT. 
 Jealous a. -Romans. 
 Reparation for a.-Cheap. 2868 
 
 Severe penalty for a.-£30,000. 4102 
 
 ATTENTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Commanded-Heralds. 6161 
 
 AUCTION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Infamous a.-Roman tkrcaie. 3678 
 Marriage promoted by a. 8484 
 
 AUDACITTT. 
 
 Brazen a.-Catlline. *392 
 
 Deceived by a. of Napoleon. ♦393 
 
 Desperation of a.-Indians. ^394 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Presumptuous a. -Catiline. 1201 
 
 Success by a.-Joan's attacks. 1906 
 
 •• " "-Pompey. 6210 
 
 Undaunted a.-Bothwell's. 6832 
 
 Women of Paris-Revolution. 658 
 
 See ARROGANCIC. 
 
 Answered-Charles V. ♦SIO 
 
 Childish a.-Xeries-Sea. •320 
 
 Insulting a. of Attlla. •321 
 
 Boastful a.-Disabul. 
 Clerical a. in politics. 
 
 884 
 920 
 
 " •• " " 4929 
 
 I<ofty a.-Attila. 322 
 
 National a.-Bngland. 323 
 
 See PRESTTMPTION. 
 Foolish p.-Emperor Rlenzi. ♦4443 
 
 Reward of p.-Indignlty. 
 
 •4444 Reward of a.-FinancIal-J. M. ♦42i 
 
 Ridiculed by Parthlans. 1712 
 
 by Success-Capt. Lawrence. 2570 
 
 Successful p. of three men. 1076 
 
 of Youth-Nasica. 2814 
 
 " " -Pompey. 6210 
 
 " " -Louis XrV. 6209 
 
 AUDIENCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Necessary for great oratory, 8952 
 Speaker impressed by a. 4822 
 
 AUGURY. 
 
 Book of a.-Cbiiieee. •305 
 
 Bnfldtnt^ by a.-City of Romt-. •aoe 
 
 See OMENS in loo. 
 
 AUSTERITY. 
 
 Example of a.-Younger Cato. *397 
 Monkish a. in Egypt. *398 
 
 vs. Profligacy-Stuarts restored, ♦sgg 
 Religious a.-Rev. John Newton.^400 
 •' "-Priscillianlsts. ^401 
 '• "-Monks, A.D. 370. *402 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Amusements suppressed by P. 222 
 
 Hurtful a.- Unnecessary. 1169 
 
 Imagination Inflamed by a. 2090 
 
 with Licentiousness-Spartans. oi37 
 
 Reaction against a.-Puritans. 303 
 
 Refuge in a. -Melancholy. 3563 
 
 Religious a.-St. Francis. 3364 
 
 " "-Puritans. 4207 
 
 " " -Pascal. 4681 
 
 " " -Pillar saints. 4706 
 
 • 6012 
 
 " " -ineffective. 4770 
 
 " " -Rev. Bramwell. 5085 
 
 in Virtue-Stoicai. 5842 
 
 See SEVERITY. 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ♦5123 
 Parental s. -Roman. ^5124 
 
 for Cowardice-Brother's. 1273 
 
 Cruel s.-Aurelian. 4578 
 
 Governmental-Edward Floyd. 4568 
 Merciful s.-Cromwell's. 4577 
 
 Parental s.-Luther's father. 4573 
 Reaction of s.-Aurelian. 1542 
 
 " " -Commodus. 1591 
 
 Success by s.-Peter the Great. 2875 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
 HumlUated-Frederick the Q. *403 
 
 Rapid a.-Samuel Johnson. *404 
 
 Unnotlced-Humlllated-S. J. *405 
 
 Miscellaneous cioss-references. 
 Fame, Sudden-Byron. 2057 
 
 Rebuked for adulation. 2156 
 
 Shameful a.-Patrons. 1485 
 
 Successful a.-Exceptlonal. 3286 
 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Importunity of a.-Patrons. 498 
 
 Unappreciated.-Milton-C, etc. 630 
 
 AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 Anxieties of a.-S. Johnson. ♦418 
 
 Imputed a.-" Margaret N." ^419 
 
 Originality in a.-Thomas J. ^420 
 
 Qualified a.-The Stamp Act. *421 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Certlfied-Youthful-Bryant. 2329 
 
 Confusion in reputed a. 8771 
 
 Inferred-Libellous. 1167 
 
 Prohibited Judges-Comedy. 8038 
 
 Responsibility for a. -Regrets. 1249 
 
 Rewarded liberally- Pope. 8317 
 
 Supposititious a.-LIbellous. 1166 
 See LITERATURE in loo. 
 
 AUTHORITY. 
 
 Absolute a. necessary in war. •406 
 ** " -Early Romans. *407 
 " " -Turks. ♦40* 
 
 Acknowledged a.-Franks in G. *109 
 Assumed-Oliver Cromwell. *410 
 Dependence on parental a.-H. ♦411 
 by Gentleness-Joan of Arc. ♦412 
 Imprudence with a. *413 
 
 Necessary a.-Military. ♦414 
 
 Personal a.-Am. Indians. ^415 
 
 Popular a.-Chas. I. humiliated. ♦416 
 Supreme a.-Joan of Arc. ^417 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Arbitrary a.-Edward I. 710 
 
 Autocratic a. of Henry VIII. 424 
 
 " '• " Pompey. 423 
 
 Beneficial, Arrogated a.-Popes. 4302 
 Bought with money- Jylla. 3877 
 by Character-Aristides. 766 
 
 Command without a. 4049 
 
 Common a.-Spartan c.-Horses. 808 
 Conflicting a.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 
 
 " -Inspiration. 2893 
 
 Confusion of a.-Gov't of Acre. 2415 
 Delegated to the Pope-Indulg. 827 
 Disregarded-Pope Innoce't III. 4934 
 Divided a.-Failure. 975 
 
 Greatest act of personal a. 4741 
 Intolerable to Am. Indians. 3780 
 Investment o' a.-R. censor. 746 
 Parental a.-Perfect-Harmf ul-H. 806 
 Possession oi a.-Cromwell. 821 
 
 Power gives a.-Joyce. 4362 
 
 Recognition of a. by symbols. 173 
 Representative of a. -I. H. VI. 790 
 Symbol of a. lost-Seal. 5060 
 
 Unrecognized by Charles I. 1500 
 Usurpation of a.-Pretext. 2855 
 
 See GOVERNMENT and 
 OBEDIENCE in he. 
 
 AUTOCRAT. 
 
 Military a.-Pompey. •423 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIIL *424 
 
 See RULER in loc. 
 
 AVARICE. 
 
 Acquired habit-S. Johnson. ^425 
 
 of Clergy-15th century. *426 
 
 Contempt for a. of Rufinus. ^427 
 
 Corrupted by a.-Romans. ♦428 
 
 Criminal a.-London tailors. *429 
 
 Deception of a.-Henry VIL ♦430 
 
 Demands of a.-Henry VIL ^431 
 
 Glory In a.-Cato the censor ♦432 
 Official a.-John of Cappadoola.*433 
 
 Punished a. of Crassus. ♦434 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIII. •435 
 
 *• " -Wm. the Conqueror ♦43ft 
 
 " " -George II. ♦437 
 
AWAKENING— BATTLE. 
 
 769 
 
 Euled by a.-Commodus. *438 
 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of J. II. *439 
 Supremacy of a.-Confederates.*440 
 
 4478 
 1352 
 5757 
 2388 
 3655 
 1583 
 1615 
 2389 
 
 863 
 2079 
 1673 
 8680 
 
 672 
 1049 
 
 607 
 5183 
 2390 
 2403 
 5879 
 4881 
 6041 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal to a. of James I. 
 Confiscations to-Caligula. 
 vs. Contempt-Komaus. 
 Craze of a.-Gold-seekers. 
 Crimes of a. suppressed. 
 Degraded by-Theodora. 
 Endangers the State-Eng. 
 Enthusiasm of-Gold-seekers. 
 Forgotten-Rebuilding temple. 
 Heartless a.-Rome-ramine. 
 Incapable of-Alexander. 
 an Instrument, not an end. 
 Reputation lost by a.-Demo8. 
 Royal a.-Maximin. 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of J. II. 
 of Slavery-English Prisoners. 
 Victims of-Gold-seekers. 
 
 " -Official. 
 War by a.-East India, 
 with Wealth-Pythius. 
 Woman's a.-Court of James II. 
 
 AIS^AKENING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Spiritual-Bunyan. ' 1180 
 569 
 
 *' -Terrible-Bunyan. 5166 
 
 " -Martin Luther. 1178 
 
 " -Terrifying-Nelson. 1189 
 
 *• " -Bunyan. 1191 
 
 *' -A. Clark. 1181 
 
 " -Hartley Campbell. 4103 
 
 " -H. D. Gough. 1179 
 
 " -Misery in. 1193 
 
 •' -Melancholy-Fox. 8564 
 
 *' -by Prayer. 1188 
 
 •' -Unhappiness by. 1192 
 
 AWE 
 
 Effect of a.-Persian king. ^441 
 Silence of a.-Battle of the Nile.*442 
 
 See REVERENCE. 
 
 Excessive r.-Wm. Pitt. ♦4867 
 
 Filial r.-Alexander. *4868 
 
 for Parents.-Ancients. *4869 
 
 Religious r.-Pagans. *4870 
 
 Al^KlVARDNESS. 
 
 and Agility .-Poet Shelley. *443 
 
 1586 
 
 Exhibited-Etlquette. 
 BABE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Influence of b. -Pardon. 4001 
 
 Supposititious b.-Believed. 8913 
 
 See INFANTS. 
 In Heaven-Swedenborg. *2818 
 
 BACHEIiOR. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Relief for b. -Negotiator. 8461 
 
 Unhappy b. -Noble-Kosciusko. 3341 
 
 BACHELORS. 
 
 Dlscarded-Councll of Ancients. ^444 
 Forced to marry-Rome. *445 
 
 ^•unished-Spartans. *446 
 
 BAL.BNESS. 
 
 Illustrated by b.-Emp. Carus. *447 
 BANISHMENT. 
 
 Inhuman-Colonists of Arcadia.*448 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Ballot-6000- Athenians. 3968 
 
 Cruel b. of R. Williams. 5638 
 
 Priests from Ireland. 4117 
 
 Sudden hasty b.-Vaudois. 4145 
 
 Unjust-Ostracism. 3969 
 
 Voluntary-L. Bonaparte. 8630 
 
 BANNER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Devotion to-Mohammedan. 2567 
 Inappropriate-Paschal Lamb. 5245 
 of Industry-Leather apron, 2811 
 Influence of b.-Mexican. 4088 
 
 Rescued by valor-Cadiz. 651 
 
 Shocking b.-Mary Stuart. 6110 
 
 Significant-" Don't tr'd on me," 8989 
 BANK, 
 Cross-reference. 
 Prejudice against national b. 4409 
 
 BANKERS. 
 Plundered-Je wish-England. *449 
 Prejudice against b.-Lombards.*450 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Injustice to b.-Charles II. 2892 
 
 Patriotic b.-R. Morris. 3659 
 
 Prejudice against Jewish. 449 
 
 BANKRUPTCT. 
 
 Predioted-National-British. ^451 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Courage In b.-Sir Walter Scott. 92 
 
 BANQUET. 
 
 Extravagant b. -Court of R. ^452 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Prevented by death-Mrs. J. 105 
 
 See FEAST. 
 
 Ale-feast of old England. 1740 
 
 Banquet of death. 1404 
 
 " " " -Indians, 1425 
 
 Deception in display. 3768 
 
 Drunkenness usual. 2922 
 
 " " 2923 
 
 Extravagant f.-Roman. 8371 
 
 of Fools and asses-C.-L-F. 850 
 Humiliation at a f .-Goldsmith. 2664 
 
 Painful thoughts at a f. 2645 
 
 Wedding f .-Grandsons of T. 741 
 
 BAPTISm. 
 
 Proorastinated-Christian pros. 453 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Second b.-Roger Williams. 454 
 
 Trust in b.-Vices. 4724 
 
 BAPTISTS. 
 
 Pioneer of B.-Roger Williams. *454 
 
 BARBARITY. 
 
 to AnImals-Horses-18th Cent. *455 
 
 BARBER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ostentatious b. rebuked. 1667 
 
 Superlatlve-lOOO-Constantine. 3903 
 
 BARBERS. 
 
 Surgical b.-Eng.-16th century. *45fl 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Carelessness of b. punished-L. 738 
 Surgeons in 16th century. 456 
 
 BARGAIN. 
 Foolish b.-Indians. •457 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Aversion to making a b.-J, Watt.689 
 Confirmed by alms. 4300 
 
 by Distress of owners-M. C. 683 
 Satisfactory b.-Trinkets, 5771 
 
 See BUSINESS in loo. 
 
 BARRICADE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Unsuccessful b. of chains, 605 
 
 BASENESS. 
 
 Matrimonial b.-Henry Vm, •468 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bastard-Self-oonfessed-Ferd. 2066 
 
 Dastardly b.-Author. 1485 
 
 See DEPRAVITY in loo. 
 
 BASTARD. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Self-confessed-Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 BATH. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Health restored by-Napoleon. 8552 
 
 Involuntary-Prison b. 1385 
 
 Licentdous-Sexes-Spartan. 6137 
 
 Perilous b. of Alexander. 1048 
 
 " -Young Arnold. 2128 
 Rene wing-Fountain of Youth, 6196 
 
 BATHS. 
 
 Common b. of Romans. •459 
 
 Magnificent b. of Romans, *460 
 
 BATTLE. 
 
 Bloodless b.-Brenneville. •461 
 
 " " -Fort Sumter. •462 
 
 Bloody b.-Towton, •463 
 
 Cry in b.-Naseby. ^464 
 
 Decisive b.-Chaeronea. *465 
 
 Disparity in b.-Arbela. ^466 
 
 Famous b.-Marathon, ^467 
 
 " " -Mantinea. •468 
 
 Great b.-Austerlltz. *469 
 
 " " -Cressy. ^470 
 
 " " -Agincourt. *471 
 
 " " -Blenheim. *472 
 
 " " -Jena. ^473 
 
 " " -Leuthen. ^474 
 
 " •' -Navarino. *47S 
 
 " " -The Nile. *476 
 
 " *' -Rossbach. *477 
 
 " " -Trafalgar. *478 
 
 " " -Ulm. *479 
 
 " " -Vittoria. *480 
 
 " " -Wagram. *481 
 
 " " -Waterloo. *482 
 
 Ineffective-Island No. 10. *483 
 
 Preparation for b.-Hastings. *484 
 
 Religion In the b.-Siege of D. ♦485 
 
 Terrific b.-Mobile Bay. ♦486 
 
 Useless b.-New Orleans. ♦487 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bloody naval b.-Paul Jones, 1748 
 
?70 
 
 BATTLE-CRY— BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 1232 
 
 Courage in b.-Marcius. 
 Decisive-Short-Agincourt. 3834 
 Disparity of losses-N. O. 8331 
 
 Eagerness for b.-Stone ballot. 1556 
 Hard-fought b. of Crecy. 297 
 
 Important-Parsalia. 301 
 
 Lost>-No ammunition-S. 3330 
 
 Naval-AIabama-Kearsarge. 3809 
 , Perils of b.-Napoleon at Arcls. 647 
 \ " " " " " Lodi. 648 
 
 'Uninteresting b. to Dr. Harvey. 628 
 Useless b.-Fredericksburg. 5366 
 Youthful-Cromwell and Chas.I.6203 
 
 BATTIiB-CRY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Crusaders-" God wills it." 2385 
 " Puritans-" God is with us." 464 
 
 BATTLiE-FIELD. 
 
 Fruitful b.-Blood-fattened. *488 
 
 BATTIiES. 
 
 Decisive b.-Fifteen. 
 
 *489 
 
 BEARD. 
 
 Sljfnlficant b.-Walter Scott. *490 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changed by b.-Lincoln advised.6102 
 of Cowards-Half-shaven. 1280 
 
 Golden (Eed) b. of Henry VIII. 62 
 Indignity to-Caesar. 2796 
 
 Vow to leave uncut-Scott's f. 490 
 
 BEARDS. 
 Characteristic b.-Lombards. *491 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Legislation to shave. 1735 
 
 Limited use of b.-Franks. 2502 
 
 Long-Lombards. 1565 
 
 Pride in populous b.-Julian. 2501 
 Shaven-" lie against faces." 3370 
 Trimmed for battle-Alexander.2500 
 
 BEAUTY. 
 Common b. of Flemings. *492 
 
 Personal b.-Mahomet. *493 
 
 Promoted by b.-Geo. Villiers. *494 
 Self-asserted b.-Sylla. *495 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Architectual b.-Ionic order. 281 
 Artistic b. of Raphael's work. 346 
 of Benevolence-Lincoln. 514 
 
 Competition in b. for marriage. 3485 
 Dangerous b.-Maiden. 4536 
 
 " " -Woman's-M't. 3242 
 vs. Death-Garbage or Park. 3828 
 Effective b. of Poppasa. 2819 
 
 Endangered by-Women. 2211 
 
 " «' -Virginia. 3973 
 
 Fascinating b.-Mary Stuart. 6089 
 Female b.-Zenobia. 8055 
 
 Flattered-Aged Q. Elizabeth. 2684 
 Heartless b.-Countess of Carlisle. 109 
 Helpful-Mediation. 3998 
 
 Highly estimated-Elizabeth. 4329 
 with Infamy-Nero. 196 
 
 Perils of b.-Montfort. 1858 
 
 Person vs. Character. 4624 
 
 Prostituted to shame-T'odora. 4533 
 Simplicity requisite to b. 281 
 
 vs. Utility-Architecture. 5761 
 
 BEER. 
 
 Antiquity of b.-Germans. *496 
 
 See INTEMPERANCE and TEM- 
 PERANCE in loc. 
 
 BEGCAR. 
 
 Honorable b.-M. Luther. *497 
 
 Literary b.-English. *498 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 An impressive b.-' ' an old s." 90 
 Religious b.-Luther. 4456 
 
 Royal b. -Henry III. 1264 
 
 " " " " 1266 
 
 Bulermade a b.-John. 2212 
 
 Unknown among Am. Indians. 677 
 
 BEGGARS. 
 Malicious b.-England 16th C. *499 
 Professional b.-Monks. ♦500 
 
 Punlshed-England-Whipped. *501 
 " -England-Slavery. *502 
 Scheme for b.-Count Rumford.*503 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cruelty toward Scotch b. 5893 
 
 Headquarters for b.-London. 1293 
 Nobility reduced to b. 2210 
 
 Numerous-One-flfth-England. 4360 
 Prevented by law-Solon. 4359 
 
 Punishment of b.-England. 2703 
 
 BEGINNING. 
 
 Discouragement at the b. *504 
 
 Pious b. -Reformation. *505 
 
 Small b.-Am. Revolution. *506 
 
 " " -Roman Revolution. *507 
 
 " " -" Massacre of Vassy."*508 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bad b.-Success after. 2023 
 
 Ceremony at b.-a city-Anclents.897 
 Defeat at b.-Success after. 2024 
 Failure at the b.-Demosthenes. 2021 
 Hesitation at the b.-Moham. 876 
 Humble b.-Yale College. 1783 
 
 Unpromising b.-Mlnistry. 1860 
 
 BELIiS. 
 
 Impressive b.-Napoleon. *509 
 
 Substitute for b.-Muezzln. *510 
 
 BENEFACTOR. 
 
 Praise of b.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦511 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Exlled-John Kay. 2992 
 
 Wronged-B. Whitney. 2991 
 
 BENEFACTORS. 
 
 Opposed-James Hargreaves. ^512 
 
 BENEFICENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 False b. of Charles II. 2751 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 Access by b.-John Howard. ^513 
 
 Beauty of b.-A. Lincoln. ^514 
 
 Blessing on b.-Oswald. ^515 
 
 a Buslness-J. Howard. ♦SIO 
 
 Christian b.-Blshop Ken. ^517 
 
 " " -Carthaginians. ^522 
 
 Conscientious b.-John Wesley. ♦SIS 
 
 " *' -Mary Fletcher. ^519 
 
 •* " -Lady Huntingdon. ^502 
 
 Disinterested b.-S. Johnson. ♦SSI 
 
 Enforced by fine-England. ^528 
 
 Example of b.-Mahomet. ^524 
 
 Excessive b.-Sewlng-glrl. *!)25 
 
 by Falth.-Geo. Muller. ♦526 
 
 Forced b.-Duke of Guise, ♦.527 
 
 Frustrated by James II. ♦528 
 
 Genuine b.-Catherine W. *531 
 
 " " -Dr. Wilson. *530 
 
 Generous b.-Clmon. ^529 
 Incorporated for b.-Colony of G.^532 
 
 Injurious b.-Constantlne's. *533 
 
 Insulted-A. Lincoln's b. ^534 
 
 an Investment-Spinners. *535 
 
 Joy of b.-A. Lincoln. ♦SSe 
 
 " " " -Faraday. *oS7 
 
 Large b.-Huguenots. ♦SSS 
 
 Ministerial b.-Thomas Coke. ^539 
 
 Misconstrued-Dr. Bateman's. *540 
 
 Power of b.-John Howerd. ^541 
 
 Premature b.-Goldsmlth's f. ♦542 
 
 Pure b.-Goldsmith's. ^543 
 
 Religious b.-Mahomet. ♦544 
 
 " " -Bp. of Acaclus. *545 
 
 " " -Lady Huntingdon. *546 
 
 Royal b. -Emperor Trajan. ^547 
 
 Self-sacrificing b.-Howard. ^548 
 
 Systematic b.-John Wesley. ^549 
 
 I*, Test-" Glving-Llving." ^550 
 
 Treasure of b.-Epltaph. ♦SSI 
 
 Unwise b.-" Jenny's Whim." ♦SSs. 
 
 " '* -Creating poverty. ♦SSa 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bargains confirmed by b. 430C 
 
 Christian rule in b. 4333 
 
 of Deity-Socrates. 4550 
 
 Duty of the rich. 4880 
 
 " " man, Chief-Stoics. 3.394 
 Enforced by Church-England. 4295 
 Experience prompts b. 4355 
 
 Extorted " B."-Henry VIIL 430 
 " "B. "-James I. 523 
 
 " offertory of b.-D. of G. 528 
 Extortion misnamed b. 2003 
 
 ** 2005 
 
 Faith sustalned-MuUer. 2035 
 
 not Hereditary-Howard. 2552 
 
 Grand b. of Duke of Orleans. 227 
 Honored-J. Howard. 3650 
 
 Joy of b.-Rev. J. Newton, 3077 
 Life ending In b.-Deed. 2475 
 
 Misapplied b.-Maklng beggars. 500 
 National to-Persecuted French. 2294 
 Noble b.-John Pounds. 5045 
 
 Perverted by misuse of funds. 426 
 Pleasure in b.-Howard. 4192 
 
 Popularity sought by b. 4321 
 
 Practical b. -Prisoners' debts. 1459 
 " " -P. Cooper. 1828 
 
 Restrains vlce-Gambltng. 2268 
 
 Reward of b.-Foundling child. 781 
 Royal b.-Titus-Honored. 4307 
 
 Scheme of b.-Colony of Ga. 4299 
 Selfsacrlficlng-Jesults. 3018 
 
 Spirit of b.-Perlcles. 4765 
 
 System of b. to poor. 4295 
 
 Systematlo-J. Howard. 3650 
 
 Theoretical b.-Seneca. 4657 
 
 Trust In b. rewarded-Moham. 88 
 Uneducated b.-Labor of c. 804 
 
BEQUESTS— BETRAYAL, 
 
 771 
 
 Unsurpassed b.-Bishop Coke. 1570 
 
 Zeal in b.-Whitefield. 2029 
 
 See ALMS. 
 
 for Stragglers- Walter Scott 90 
 
 See CHARITT. 
 
 for the Dead-Bolingbroke. *777 
 
 Distrasted-Joseph II. *778 
 
 Nobility of c.-Aristotle. *779 
 
 Wise c. of J. Howard. *780 
 
 Wonderful c.-Woman's. *781 
 
 Blessings-"Hand never grow 
 
 o."515 
 
 Confiscated to avarice. 
 
 2079 
 
 in Conversation-Cato. 
 
 1170 
 
 a Crime-English law. 
 
 8111 
 
 " Dangerous c.-Eomans. 
 
 5218 
 
 vs. Hospitality of Britons. 
 
 2640 
 
 Hurtful c.-Labor degraded. 
 
 3099 
 
 Rule of Mohammedan c. 
 
 644 
 
 Success by c. -Howard. 
 
 513 
 
 Wise c.-Count Rumford. 
 
 503 
 
 of Woman-Laeta. 
 
 6044 
 
 See COMPASSION. 
 
 
 Discreditable c.-James II. 
 
 *1005 
 
 Female c.-Indian girl. 
 
 ♦1006 
 
 Appeal to c.-Six burgesses. 4639 
 Destitute of c.-Indian women. 2074 
 
 for Failure in life-Bums. 2037 
 
 Woman 's-Characteristio c. 6045 
 
 See GENEROSITY. 
 
 Characteristic-Johnson. 2659 
 
 Conceals vices-Sackville. 3043 
 
 Destitute of g.-James II. 1005 
 
 Embarrassment from cost. 2263 
 
 Enemy's g.-Luther-Tetzel. 1888 
 
 Example of g.-J. Harvard. 2288 
 
 Extraordinary g.-Youthful. 2915 
 
 False religious g. 4707 
 
 Liberty of Am.-Lafayette. 3216 
 
 Noble g.-William Penn. 4255 
 
 Offensive g. -Humiliating. 2356 
 Overwhelmed by g. -Napoleon. 1152 
 of the Poor-Plymouth Colony. 2081 
 
 Suspicious g.-Tacitus. 2286 
 
 Wife's g. to husband-Mary. 5998 
 
 See GIFTS, 
 
 of Affection-Napoleon I. ♦2358 
 
 Bridal g. of Placidia. *2359 
 
 Fictitious g.-Bellsarius. *2360 
 
 Rare g. for royalty. ^2361 
 
 of Bible to Queen Elizabeth. 
 Boldness in bringing g.-Jews. 
 of Books- Valuable-Scarce. 
 Corrupting g. -Roman treats. 
 Disdained by Saracens. 
 Forced g. for Maxentius. 
 
 " " to Charles I. 
 Generous bestowment-Alex. 
 Sickness cured by g. 
 
 See GOODNESS. 
 Lasting glory of Agesilaus. 
 Greatness of g.-C. de' Medici. 
 Respected-John the Good. 
 See GRATITUDE. 
 Expressed-Charles II. 
 " -S. Johnson. 
 Improvident g. of Goldsmith. 
 
 Christian g.-Benevolence. 
 Genuine g. to Lincoln. 
 
 571 
 4122 
 
 6.32 
 4243 
 4662 
 
 376 
 3662 
 5699 
 6128 
 
 2363 
 2477 
 2618 
 
 ♦8464 
 ♦2465 
 ♦2466 
 
 525 
 514 
 
 Inappropriate-Princes of Spain.1656 
 Prayer of g. -Silent. 4379 
 
 Reward of g.-General Grant. 4878 
 for Sparing mercy of God-S. W. 119 
 Speechless-Peasant-Nap. 1152 
 
 Unexpected g. of Darius. 5272 
 
 Unpleasant consequences of g. 54 
 Vow of g.-Lir coin's. 5860 
 
 " " "-An unjust. 5866 
 
 See GRATUITY. 
 Lafayette's noble g. of services. 176 
 
 See KINDNESS. 
 Religion of k.-Rev. J. Newton.^3077 
 
 Conceals faults-Hervey. 
 Crime of k. to criminal. 
 Reprimand of k.-Johnson. 
 of Savages to Columbus. 
 Spirit of k.-Pope to Howard. 
 
 See MERCY. 
 Provision for m.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 Affection without mercy. 
 Despised by Jeffreys. 
 Lack of m.-Old England. 
 Odious m. of James II. 
 Pleading for m. -Calais. 
 
 See SYMPATHY, 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Friendless-Lincoln. 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Poor-Lincoln. 
 Religious s.-Puritans. 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. 
 
 2465 
 4466 
 4775 
 2649 
 145 
 
 ♦3588 
 
 3062 
 8068 
 2860 
 8997 
 4639 
 
 ♦5493 
 ♦5494 
 ♦5495 
 ♦5496 
 ♦5497 
 ♦5498 
 ♦5499 
 
 Beggars' arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. William. 3389 
 Female s.-Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 " " -Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 See PRESENT in loe. 
 
 BEQUESTS. 
 
 for Spiritual benefits. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Wife-by Athenians. 
 
 See LEGACY, 
 for Churches.-15th century, 
 of Political advice-Augustus. 
 
 See LEGACIES. 
 Christian 1. to Church. 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. 
 Enriched by l.-Cicero. 
 
 See INHljRITANOB in loc. 
 
 BEREAVEMENT. 
 
 Comfort in b. -Cromwell's. 
 Depression by b.-Southey. 
 Distress of b.-A. Lincoln. 
 Fictitious b.-Queen Anne. 
 Forgetting b.-Johnson's r. 
 Memory of b.-Wordsworth. 
 Tears of b.-Daniel Webster. 
 Weakness in b.-James Watt. 
 
 ♦664 
 
 6995 
 
 554 
 100 
 
 ♦3183 
 ♦3184 
 ♦3185 
 
 ♦555 
 ♦556 
 ♦557 
 ♦558 
 ♦559 
 ♦560 
 ♦561 
 ♦562 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anguish of b.-Self-de8troying-R.678 
 
 of Children better than ruin of c.7M 
 Comfort in b.-Johnson. 5312 
 
 Consolation in b.-God lives. 1422 
 " " -Mohammedan. 1568 
 
 with Financial ruin of W. Scott. 94 
 Grief in b. of a mother-Sertorlus.113 
 " punished with death. 2881 
 " of Jefferson. 2486 
 
 Husband's b.-Gen. Jackson. 6086 
 vs. Living sorrow. 5267 
 
 Madness by b.-Alexander. 1428 
 
 Melancholy from b.-Cowper. 2691 
 of Mother-Grief-Solitnde. 5269 
 
 Mourning in b.-Graded. 3736 
 
 Religion by b.-A. Lincoln. 829 
 
 Repeated-Washington Irving. 3351 
 Shock of b.-William III. 6077 
 
 Sorrow of b. -President Jackson. 105 
 Sorrows of b. -Frederick II. 3632 
 Treasures in b.-Walter Scott's. Ill 
 
 See WIDOW. 
 Benevolent w. punished. 656 
 
 Noble son of a w.-Washington. 6198 
 
 See WIDOWHOOD. 
 Consolation offered in w.-N. *5992 
 
 See WIDOWER. 
 Foolish third w.-Milton. 8732 
 
 Hasty marriage of w. 3481 
 
 Many times-Twenty-twow. 6038 
 Marriage of young w.-by R. II. 3441 
 " " w.-IU-mated. 3451 
 
 Second marriage approved. 8482 
 
 See ORPHAN. 
 Successful o.-A. Hamilton. 185 
 
 See ORPHANS. 
 
 Adopted by the State- Soldier's. 58 
 
 Hardships of o. apprentices. 798 
 
 See DEATH in loc. 
 
 BETRAYAIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Unintentional b.-Missionary. 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 Open a. of Romanus. 
 Primitive a. by persecution. 
 
 3381 
 
 ♦251 
 ♦253 
 
 Discreditable b.-Protestant. 1936 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconsistency. 2774 
 
 Reaction of forced converts to a. 920 
 
 Required of officer. 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 
 Shameful a.-Justus. 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by primitive C. 
 
 1471 
 
 3177 
 1358 
 
 ♦253 
 
 Malice of a.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 " " " -Julian's. 254S 
 
 See SEDUCTION. 
 Ruinous scheme for s. 
 Severely punished-Aurelian. 
 
 See TRAITOR. 
 Political t.-Mr. Huske. 
 Punished by mother. 
 Shameless t.-Snnderland. 
 
 67 
 4578 
 
 ♦5674 
 ♦5678 
 ♦5676 
 
 Indignation toward t. -Am. Rev.2795 
 Infamy of t.-Name changed. 3764 
 for Revenge-Coriolanus. 6101 
 
 See TREACHERY. 
 Base t.-Philip VI. ♦5698 
 
772 
 
 BETROTHMENT— BLASPHEMY. 
 
 Consummate t.-Charles IL *5G91 
 Gold for t.-Benedlct Arnold. •5692 
 Message of t,-Emp. Alexander. *5693 
 
 Conquest by t.-SextU8 over G. 48 
 In Court-Criminal. 6833 
 
 Diplomatic t.-Engli8h, 1752 
 
 Disguised-Caesar's assassins. 1478 
 " -Friendship. 2243 
 
 of Friend-Brutus vs. Caesar. 2852 
 " *' -Francis Bacon. 2857 
 
 Friendship's t -Dick Talbot. 8202 
 Infamous t.-Am. Revolution. 1136 
 " " -Pausanias. 3724 
 
 Ingrate's t.-Burton. 2850 
 
 Massacre by t. *3520 
 
 National t.-England to France. 986 
 Office by t.-Eteocle8. 3884 
 
 Official t. to Columbus. *3900 
 
 Proof against t-Belisarius. 2128 
 " " "-Patriot. 4068 
 
 Proposal of t. rebuked. 4075 
 
 Proverbial-" Word of a king." 2041 
 1538 
 8518 
 6746 
 
 *5694 
 •5695 
 *5696 
 *5697 
 •5698 
 
 Shameful t.-Agathocles. 
 Thwarted by exposure. 
 Umpire's t.-Bdward I. 
 
 See TREASON. 
 Cry of t.-Patrick Henry. 
 Defined-England. 
 Incipient t.-War of 1812. 
 Punishment of t.-Romans. 
 lietrlbutlon of t.-Romans. 
 
 Atrocious crime of t. 4576 
 
 a Pretext for extortion. 2007 
 
 by Resentment-Bourbon. 4109 
 
 " -C. Marcius. 6101 
 
 Tarnished by t.-B. Arnold. 2569 
 
 BETROTHmENT. 
 
 Early b.-Sir Robert Peel. *663 
 
 See MARRIAOK in too. 
 
 BIBIiE. 
 
 Adaptation of the B.-C0I. Cong.^564 
 Bible-reading forbidden-Eng. •586 
 Comfort from the B.-Captive. •SGS 
 Diffusion of the B.-Tyndale. •566 
 Discoveries in the B.-Luther. •567 
 Displaced-By gloves-H. VIII. *568 
 Doubted-J. Bunyan's struggles. *569 
 the First American B.-Eliot's. ^570 
 Gift of B. to Queen Elizabeth. *571 
 Imperilled by the B.-R. Hunne. *572 
 Incendiary B.-Bookseller's. •573 
 Indestructible-Persecution. *574 
 Influence of the B.-CromwelL •575 
 Monopoly in the B.-Brit. pub's. ^576 
 Omitted-Coronation of J. II. '577 
 People's B.-Wycliffe. •578 
 
 Prohibition of the B.-England. *579 
 " " " " -Necessary*580 
 
 Protected by the B.-J. Knox. *581 
 Reverence for the B.-Indians. *585 
 Searching the B.-"Bible Moths"*582 
 Senses in the B.-Three senses. •SSS 
 Stimulates-Persecution of S. J.*584 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bound by the B.-Luther. 1092 
 
 Civil gov't by B. rule-Conn. 2454 
 ^Civilization advanced by the B. 836 
 
 Comfort for prisoners. 966 
 
 " from the B.-Cromwell. 555 
 
 Destitute of B.- Young Muller. 4712 
 
 Direction in duty by B. 3613 
 
 Divinity of B.-Denial a crime. 2556 
 
 Encouragement-Earthquake. 1087 
 
 Inspires courage-Covenanter. 656 
 
 Interpretation of B.-Strict. 8823 
 
 Interpreters of B.-False. 2493 
 
 Opposition to the B.-Tyndale. "566 
 
 " " " "-CathoUc. 668 
 
 .. <. » 44 »i 5~2 
 
 .. .. .. t. 577 
 
 Political abuse of B. 5118 
 
 Power of its historical books-L. 166 
 Reading of B.-Ostentatious. 4175 
 Revealed in new light. 1768 
 
 Rule in civil gov't-Conn. CoL 881 
 Strength from B.-Cromwell. 1444 
 Surrender of B.-Painful. 8616 
 
 Tribute-" Is literature itself." 81 
 Unattractive-Condemnation. 6753 
 
 See GOSPEL. 
 a Heavenly message-Sailor. *2398 
 Triumph of B.-Paganlsm. *2399 
 
 See SCRIPTURE. 
 Misused against Columbus. •5055 
 See INSPIRATION in toe. 
 BIOOTRT. 
 Disclaimed- Con t. Congress. ^587 
 Papal b.-Pius V. ^588 
 
 Protestant b.-Scotland. ^589 
 
 Puritanic b.-English Puritans. *590 
 Strange b.-American Puritans. *591 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referenojs. 
 in Benevolence-James IL 628 
 
 Blinded by b.-James II. 4085 
 
 Clerical b.-Country parson 2707 
 Display of b.-James IL 1996 
 
 Foolish b. of James II. 317 
 
 Harmonious b.-BristoL 8606 
 
 Mortified by benevolence. 8720 
 
 Protestant b.-C. disfranchised. 732 
 Rebuked-Dr. Arnold's plea. 733 
 Religious b.-Turk vs. Persian. 5070 
 Rule of b.-James II. 8549 
 
 See INTOLERANCE, 
 and Immorality-Charlemagne.*2962 
 Protestant i. to Romanists. •2963 
 Religious i.-" Tender C's." ^2964 
 
 Conscientious i.-England. 1090 
 
 Unexpected i. of Pilgrims. 591 
 
 See PREJUDICE and SUPERSTI- 
 TION in loo, 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Augury by b.-Vultures. 896 
 
 Encouragement by b.-Cormb's.4155 
 
 BIRTH. 
 
 Accident of b.-Napoleon. *592 
 
 Concealed-Mohammedan's. *593 
 
 Humble b.-Gabrini's. •594 
 
 " " -Diocletian's. *595 
 
 Superior to b.-Robert Bums. *596 
 
 Welcome b.-Napoleon's son. ^597 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abilities more than b. 2725 
 
 Caste of b.-ItaMans. 722 
 
 Celebrated shamefully. 1266 
 
 Illustrious b. ineffective-Rupert.828 
 
 " " " -Sou of N. 597 
 
 Meanness of b.-Pizarro. 641 
 
 Misfortune by b.-Charles I. 3628 
 
 " " "-Pretender." 6223 
 
 See ILLEGITIMACY. 
 
 Respected- Will lam the Conq. *2725 
 
 See INHERITANCE in loo 
 
 BISHOP. 
 
 Corrupted-Theodosius. bM 
 
 BISHOPS. 
 
 Honored by Germans. ^699 
 
 See MINISTRY in loa. 
 
 BliACKlHAIIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Contribution justified. >iK)8 
 
 See EXTORTION in loo, 
 
 BLAME. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference, 
 
 Assumed-Epamlnondas. 2855 
 
 " -Generously-Lee. 8380 
 
 Disowned-Church vs. King. 8617 
 
 Endurance of b.-Washington. 2342 
 
 See ACCUSATION, 
 by Deception-Maximus Fabius. 701 
 Malicious a.-C. Wesley-V. 702 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 " " for violence-R. nL 242 
 
 See BLOT. 
 Shameful b.- William Penn's. *607 
 of the Times-Caesar's. *608 
 
 See COMPLAINTS. 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 Croaker's o.-Bad times, 1315 
 
 Disregarded-Romans. 3143 
 
 Ill-tempered c.-Johnson. 1593 
 
 Inconsiderate c.-Pericles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Permission of c-Denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against his mother-A. 114 
 
 See CROAKING, 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. *1315 
 Habit of c. about the weather, *1316 
 
 See FAULTS. 
 
 of Friends seen quickly. 2231 
 
 Kindness conceals f.-Hervey. 2465 
 
 Overlooked in Burnet. 2798 
 
 " " friends. 2-.J30 
 
 See GRUMBLING. 
 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. ^2490 
 
 See CENSURE and SLANDER 
 
 in loo. 
 
 BLASPHEHT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Comparison to Christ. 1958 
 
 Punishable by death-Maryland. 4729 
 
 See PROFANITY. 
 Irrepressible-Washington's. •4480 
 Punished by Puritans. *4481 
 
 Ruinous p.-French Infidels. *4482 
 Suppression of p.-C. Wren. *4483 
 
 Clerical p. -Wm. Grimshaw. 8708 
 
 Female p.-Queen Elizabeth. 763 
 
 vs. Prayer- Andrew Johnson. 4387 
 
 Reproof of p. resented. 403S 
 
 See SAYEARING. 
 
 Admlred-Gen. Charies Scott. •5485 
 
 Reproof for s.-John Bunyan. »-rf486 
 
 Substitute for profane s. 
 See OATH in loo. 
 
 419 
 
BLESSING— BOOK. 
 
 773 
 
 BliESSING. 
 
 Diabolical b.-Luther's. *600 
 
 Disdained-Catholics by P. *601 
 
 Disguised-Capture of Gen. Lee. *602 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 An old man's b. on J. Howard. 145 
 
 BlilNDNESS. 
 
 Disqualified by b.-Kings. *603 
 
 by Study-John MUton. *604 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bravery of King-Blind John. 
 
 297 
 
 I 
 
 BLOCKADE. 
 
 by Chains-Constan'ple by M. *605 
 of Death-Corpses-Caesar. *606 
 
 BliOOD. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Battle without shedding b. 461 
 
 " -Bloodless-Sumter. 462 
 
 " -Bloody-Towton. 463 
 
 •' " -Paul Jones. 1748 
 
 Blood for blood. 1245 
 
 Crying for vengeance. 5789 
 
 Flowers in b.-War of Roses. 2162 
 
 Land of b.-Kentucky. 1061 
 
 Monster for b.-Timour. 1337 
 
 Responsibility for b.-Fred. II. 4823 
 
 Sacred b. of Christ-Relic. 1282 
 
 for Sacrifice-Romans. 1288 
 
 Sight of b. Intimidating. 1238 
 Tears of b.-Barbarians-Slashed. 688 
 
 of Vengeance.-Virginia. 3973 
 
 See GLADIATORS. 
 
 Courage of despair. 1235 
 
 Instruction of g. In brutality-R. 102 
 
 Introduction of g. to Rome. 974 
 
 Suppression of exhib. of g.-M. 835 
 
 See ATONEMENT in loo. 
 
 BliOT. 
 
 Shameful b. -William Penn's. *607 
 
 " " -M.'s adultery. 8242 
 
 or the Times-Caesar's. *608 
 
 See FAULT in loo. 
 
 BLUNDER. 
 
 by Inattention-Goldsmith. *609 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Mortifying b. of Goldsmith. 8570 
 
 See ERROR in loo. 
 
 BOARD. 
 
 Prayers exchanged for b. ♦610 
 
 See EATING in loo. 
 
 BOASTING. 
 
 of Pride-Bajazet. «611 
 
 Ridiculous-" Great Twalmley."*612 
 Senseless b. -American Tory. *613 
 Vain b.-Persian immortals. *614 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Boasting of power-Pompey. 4365 
 Intimidating b. -Turks. 1896 
 
 See BOMBAST. 
 Rebuked-" Jupiter" M. *6I8 
 
 Ridiculous b. of James n. *619 
 
 See POMPOSITY and SELF-CON- 
 CEIT in loo. 
 
 BOATS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Extemporized-Skins. 2333 
 
 See SHIPS in loc. 
 
 BOD¥. 
 
 Crippled-Timour the Tartar. *615 
 Perfect b.-American Indians. *616 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dlshonored-Rufinus mangled. 427 
 
 Education of b.-Romans. 5672 
 
 Formed by food-Spartans. 2179 
 
 Hardened by method. 3287 
 
 Marked-Hand-Brow. 5244 
 
 vs. Mind-Columbus. *3598 
 " " -William P. of Orange. *3599 
 
 Neglected-Napoleon I. 1982 
 
 Reveals the mind-Lean men. 263 
 
 Self-mutilated b. -Cowards. 5240 
 
 Soul sustains the b. 5274 
 
 Subjugated-Monkery. 3684 
 
 See ANATOMY. 
 Ridiculous theory of-Aristotle. 6016 
 
 See ATHLETE. 
 
 Remarkable a.-Thracian. *888 
 Royal a.-Henry II. of France. *389 
 
 Strong a.-Peter Jefferson. 5358 
 
 " " -George Washington. 5359 
 
 See ATHLETES. 
 
 Early trahiing of a.-Persian. 1770 
 
 " " " "-Spartans. 1817 
 
 Education of a.-Roman. 1778 
 
 Female a. -Spartans. 1817 
 
 Military-Roman. 1827 
 
 Trained-Roman soldiers. 5672 
 
 See BRANDING, 
 
 of Criminals-London. 1296 
 
 See CANNIBALISM. 
 
 Christian c.-Crusaders. *706 
 
 See CANNIBALS, 
 
 in Famine-France. 2077 
 
 " " -California. 2679 
 
 See CORPSE. 
 
 Dangerous c.-Napoleon's. 2839 
 
 Revenge on c. of Concini. 4850 
 
 " "-Ignoble. 4851 
 
 Sleeping In room with c. 5207 
 
 See CORPULENCE. 
 
 Distinguished for c.-L. VI. *1198 
 
 Inactive-Charles the Fat. *1199 
 
 See CREMATION. 
 
 Kindness in c.-Pompey. 2253 
 
 Opposed-Bodies preserved. 2252 
 
 Popular c. of Caesar's body. 2251 
 
 See DWARFS. 
 
 Lunar beings-Swedenborg. 2658 
 
 See EARS. 
 
 Amputated e.-Punishment. 2040 
 
 Importance of e.-War. 5887 
 
 Insult by boxing e. 27 
 
 Trophy in amputated e. 5939 
 
 See EYE. 
 Disfigured-S. Johnson's. *2017 
 
 Accident kills Henry II. of France.28 
 
 Blind, Conveniently-Nelson. 1904 
 
 Deficient-Samuel Johnson. 3262 
 
 Destroyed in anger. 3264 
 
 Wounded in the e.-Harold. 891 
 
 See EYES. 
 
 Useless e.-Siamese junks. 2018 
 
 Deceived-Mirage. 1521 
 
 Destroyed by tyrant. 1335 
 
 " -Captives-Basil. 1342 
 
 Moral protection of e.-Monks. 402 
 
 Soldiers vanquished by e. 1622 
 
 See FACE. 
 
 Winsome f . of Ed ward I V. 47 
 
 See HAIR. 
 
 Changed in early life. *2499 
 
 Manly h. -First cutting. *2500 
 
 Pride In h.-Emperor Julian. *2501 
 
 Princely style of h.-Franks. *2502 
 
 Ridiculed-" Roundhead." *2503 
 
 Uncombed-Harald II. *2504 
 Use of-Qrace-Terror-Sp'rt'ns. *2505 
 
 Beauty in h.-Sylla-Gold. 
 Memento of vengeance. 
 See HAND. 
 Punished-Bishop Cranmer. 
 
 See HANDS. 
 Fortune in h.-Amr the Arab. *2507 
 Hundred h.-^gaeon the giant. *2508 
 
 495 
 
 4847 
 
 1249 
 
 1649 
 
 Calloused prove honesty. 
 Concealing h.-Safety by. 
 
 See HEAD. 
 Elongated-Pericles. 1497 
 
 See MUTILATION, 
 of Agriculturists by Theodoric. 164 
 by Cowards-Romans. 5240 
 
 Punishment by m.-Scots. 5791 
 
 Revenge by m.-Coventry. 4857 
 
 Self-m. for deception. 5348 
 
 Soldiers supported by State. 5243 
 
 See NAKEDNESS. 
 
 Philosophers n.-Persian. 2398 
 
 Scandalous n.-Fanatic. 2094 
 
 " " -Quakers. 3502 
 
 See PHYSIQUE. 
 
 Proof by p.-Ambassador. *4172 
 
 Feebleness of p. overcome. 3599 
 Perfect p.-American Indians. 811 
 See AUSTERITY, BURIAL, CURE, 
 DISEASE, EATING, HEALTH, RES- 
 URRECTION, SENSES, SKULL and 
 TEETH in loc. 
 
 BOLDNESS. 
 
 Verbal b.-Goldsmith's. *617 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Christian b.-Telemachus. 835 
 
 for Rights.-Capt. Wadsworth. 4007 
 
 " the Truth.-John Howard. 5721 
 
 Unequalled b.-Cromwell. 4874 
 
 See COURAGE in loo. 
 
 BOmBAST. 
 
 Rebuked-" Jupiter " M. *618 
 
 Ridiculous b.-James II. *619 
 
 See BOASTING in loo. 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 Inflated-France-Louis XIV. 
 See FINANCE in loc. 
 
 *620 
 
 BONUS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 for Bribery rejected-I. Newton. 660 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 Present to Petrarch. *621 
 
 Undellvered-S. Johnson's. *622 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Borrowed-Recompense for. 4C3"» 
 Immense b.-Homer. 3241 
 
774 
 
 BOOKS— BRIBERl , 
 
 BOOKS. 
 
 Burned by hangman. *623 
 
 Dearth of b.-England. *624 
 
 Divine b.-Zendavesta. *625 
 
 Enchanted by b.-W. Irving. *626 
 
 Forbidden b.-England. *637 
 
 Passion for b.-Dr. Harvey. *628 
 
 Publication of b. restricted. *629 
 
 Rejected-Milton's-C's., etc. *630 
 
 Religious b.-Samuel Johnson. *631 
 
 Scarcity of b.-Europe. *632 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ambition aroused by b. 3268 
 
 Boys influenced by b. 2734 
 
 Burned-Alchemist's b. 5976 
 
 ■Condemned-Rule for b. 3240 
 
 Dedication of b. to patrons. 498 
 Destruction of all b.-T. Paine. 1027 
 Devil tested by b.-Cot. Mather. 1567 
 Helpful b.-Wesley-Luther. 1122 
 Thorough study of b.-Bunyan. 81 
 Valuable when scarce. 632 
 
 See LIBRARIES. 
 Ancient l.-Arabian. *3238 
 
 Subscription 1. by B. Franklin. *3239 
 
 973 
 
 Destroyed-Alexandrian-T. 
 Stolen l.-Yale College. 
 
 See LIBRARY. 
 Destroyed at Alexandria. *3240 
 " " Constantinople. *3241 
 
 Founder of circulating-B. F. 2331 
 
 Gift of l.-John Harvard. 2288 
 
 Small-Archbp. of Canterbury. 8180 
 
 See NOVELS. 
 
 Contempt for n.-Napoleon I. *3826 
 
 Reading n.-Excitement. *3827 
 
 See READING. 
 
 Effects of r.-A. Lincoln. *4620 
 
 Absorbed in r. -Shelley. 3088 
 
 Excitement in r. " Pamela." 3827 
 
 Profitable r.-A. Lincoln. 8576 
 
 Profitless vs. Profitable-Nap. 8826 
 
 Swift r.-Poet Shelley. 3572 
 See AUTHOR, BIBLE, and LIT- 
 ERATURE in loo. 
 
 BOOTY, 
 
 Division of b.-Trojan war. *633 
 
 See PLUNDER, 
 
 liawful p. of Jews. 449 
 
 Wealth by p.-Francis Drake. 8059 
 
 See SPOILS. 
 
 Abundant s.-Romans. *5314 
 
 " "-Constantinople. *5315 
 
 Dedication of s.-Pious. *5316 
 
 Division of 8.-Arab8. *5317 
 
 Abundant s.-Blake-Spaniards. 2131 
 
 Corrupted by s.-Romans. 1298 
 
 Demoralized by s.-Scots. 5387 
 
 Sustained by s.-Confederates. 1063 
 See ROBBERY in loc. 
 
 BORROWER. 
 
 See LOAN. 
 fiopeless 1. to S. Johnson. *3324 
 
 Refused by friend. 2224 
 
 See CREDITOR. 
 Merciless c. exposed. 1855 
 
 Oppression by c. -Infanticide. 2410 
 
 Restrained by law. 5759 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY in loc. 
 
 BOT. 
 
 Enchanted b.-David Crockett. *634 
 
 Precocious b.-Themistocles. *635 
 
 " " -Benj. Franklin. *636 
 
 Reformed b.-David Crockett. *637 
 
 Runaway b.-Benj. Franklin. *638 
 " Scientific " b.-R. Stephenson. *639 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Enchanted by books-Irving. 
 Endangered by genius.-Bums. 
 Fortitude of b. -Martyr. 
 Hallucination corrected. 
 Honorable-Abraham Lincoln. 
 Hope in b. blasted-Howard. 
 Inde^jendent b.-Caesar. 
 Ingenious b.-Eli Whitney. 
 
 " " -Newton. 
 Manly b. in adversity. -H. Davy. 
 Name of b. fortunate-Caesar. 
 Observing b.-W. Scott, " button, 
 Prodigy in figures-Colburn. 
 Ungovernable b.-Hugh Miller. 
 Unpromising b.-Bp. George. 
 
 626 
 
 246 
 
 4130 
 
 2734 
 
 4635 
 
 4002 
 
 2788 
 
 88 
 
 3543 
 
 , 86 
 
 8772 
 
 ," 19 
 
 3532 
 
 2463 
 
 264 
 
 BOYHOOD. 
 
 Dull b.-Oliver Goldsmith. *640 
 
 Humble b.-Pizarro. *641 
 Ingenuity in b.-Isaac Newton. *642 
 
 BOYS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Friendship of b.-Byron. 2242 
 
 Interest in b. -Luther. 497 
 
 Quarrels of b. useful. 179 
 
 See SON. 
 
 a Devoted s.-Confucius. *5259 
 
 like Mother-Nero. *5260 
 
 Reconciling s.-Themistocles. *5261 
 
 Affectionate s.-Wm. Cowper. 110 
 
 " "-Walter Scott. Ill 
 
 " "-Caius Marcius. 112 
 
 " "-SertoriustheR.G.113 
 
 " "-Alexander. 114 
 
 " "-Napoleon I. 115 
 
 Antipathy of J. Howard's son. 122 
 
 Ashamed of his mother. 3722 
 
 Birth of s., Joy by. 4529 
 
 Destroyer of mother-Nero. 1347 
 
 Disinherited-Religion-Penn. 3970 
 
 Disobedience expiated. 1662 
 
 Dutiful s. in manhood. 3723 
 
 " "-Alexander the Great. 3730 
 
 Grateful s.-Napoleon I. 3727 
 
 "-Nero. 8721 
 
 Illegitimate s. honored. 8470 
 
 Ingrate s.-Matricide-Nero. 3743 
 
 " "-Nero. 1110 
 
 " "-Infamous. 3713 
 
 Mother makes the son. 2066 
 
 Reformed by running away-C. 637 
 
 Rejected by father-Wm. Penn. 4745 
 
 Shameless s.-Prince Ferdinand. 5125 
 
 Wayward s. reclaimed. 6214 
 
 See SONS. 
 
 Ingrate s. of Henry II. 1634 
 
 .( (. ii » a 4005 
 
 Pride in s.-Mother"s-Comelia. 3728 
 See CHILDREN and YOUTH in loc. 
 
 BRANDING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Criminals-London. 
 
 1296 
 
 BRAVERY. 
 
 In Battle-Persians. *643 
 
 " " -Crusaders. *644 
 
 Brilliant b.-Paul Jones. ♦645 
 
 in Death-Col. F. McCuUough. *646 
 
 Example of b.-Napoleon. *647 
 
 Exploit of b.-Napoleon. ♦frlS 
 
 Fearless b.-William II. *649 
 
 " "-Colonel Moultrie. *650 
 
 Heroic b.-Robert Devereux. *651 
 
 " " -Richard Grenville. *652 
 
 Pre-eminence by b.-Joan of A. *653 
 
 Query of b.-Laced£emonians. ♦654 
 
 Rewarded-Paradise-M. *655 
 
 Youthful b. -Covenanter. ♦656 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Answer of b.-Tigranes. 3829 
 
 of Barbaric warriors. 901 
 
 in Battle.-Wm. Prince of O. 3410 
 Decision of b.-Pizarro. 820 
 
 in Defending life. 1499 
 
 Enterprise of b.-Nap's return. 74 
 Escape by b.-Normans. 1922 
 
 Example-" Kings never drown"1390 
 in Facing death-Strafford. 1407 
 
 Famous for-Richard the Lion. 3770 
 Honored-" Little corporal." 4508 
 
 " -Colonel Mulligan. 816 
 
 Impressive b.-Le Fort. 5091 
 
 Patriotic b.-Am. Revolution. 4059 
 Qualified for immortality. 1418 
 
 Sailor's b -Farragut-Maintop. 48« 
 Soldier's b.-Lieut. Cushing-A. 73 
 -Blind John of Bohemia.297 
 
 " -Thebans-Sacred band. 465 
 Stimulated-No escape. 1274 
 
 Woman's b.-Montfort. 6042 
 
 " " -Purefoy. 6043 
 
 See PROWESS. 
 Military p. of Belisarius. ^4561 
 
 See COURAGE in loc. 
 
 BREAD. 
 
 Public provision of b.-Romans.^657 
 
 Question of b.-Mob of Parii *658 
 
 See FOOD in loo. 
 
 BREVITY. 
 
 Famous b.-Caesar. *659 
 
 BRIBE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cros8-referen«es. 
 
 Rejected by Nap.-$800,000. 2357 
 
 " " patriot-Reed. 4075 
 
 BRIBERY. 
 
 Condemned-Isaac Newton. *660 
 
 in Court>-Eng.-for a Hearing. ^661 
 
 Disguised by purchase-Eng. *662 
 
 Legislative b.-£5000 for a Vote. *66S 
 
 " " -Commons. *664 
 
 " " -Scotch P. ♦ees 
 
 " " -Necessary-Eng. ♦666 
 " "-Duke of N. *667 
 
 Needy princes-German electors^668 
 Occasion for b.-Small pay. *669 
 
 Papal b.-Alexander VI. ^070 
 
 Perilous b.-Athenians. ^671 
 
 Rejected-Samuel Adams. *67f 
 
 Reproach of b.-Demosthenes. *67ii 
 
BRIDE— BRUTALITY. 
 
 775 
 
 Resented-Stephen A. Douglas. *673 
 Eoyal b.-Charles II. *6r4 
 
 Seeming b.-Russell. *675 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Blot of b.-Francis Bacon. 1213, 1216 
 Brand of b.-" Dunkirk House." 5963 
 Competition in b.-Irish P'rlia'nt. 663 
 " " " -Three kings. 668 
 Condemned for b.-Demos'nes. 1477 
 of Death-Beaufort. 1408 
 
 Disguised-Bonus-I. Newton. 660 
 Failure of b.-Andr6. 1043 
 
 Fear of b. by Mahomet II. 202 
 
 Habitual b. of Verres. 1810 
 
 of Judges-Catiline. 1201 
 
 " " -Public-Romans. 1208 
 
 Oflflcial-Sunderland-Secretary. 2266 
 of Officials by Goths. 1209 
 
 Proof against b.-Pompey. 2606 
 
 Universal b.-England. 1212 
 
 Unsuccessful- Andrew Marvel!. 1207 
 Wealth by b.-Sunderland. 1215 
 
 See CORRUPTION in loo. 
 BRIDE. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cold welcome to b.-Seeming. 3026 
 Difficulty interposed-Cerberus. 3338 
 Gifts for b.-Gold-P. stones. 2359 
 Preparations of b.-Refinement. 4642 
 Remembered b.-Josephine. 8340 
 a Reward of valor. 3385 
 
 Waiting fifteen years for-Cook. 3495 
 See MARRIAGK in loo. 
 
 BROTHER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bloody b.-Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Rejected for cowardice. 1273 
 
 Tyranny of elder-Franklin's. 2331 
 
 " " " 638 
 
 BROXaERITOOD. 
 
 Acknowledged-Am. Indians. *677 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Artificial b -Old English guilds. 
 Proclaimed-Penn to Indians. 
 
 See COMMUNION, 
 with God-Oliver Cromwell, 
 by Likeness-John Milton. 
 Unity by c.-Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 See COMMUNISM. 
 American c.-Colonists. 
 Equality by c.-Lycurgus. 
 
 " " " -Spartans. 
 Vicious c.-Reign of Kobad, 
 
 381 
 4094 
 
 *995 
 *996 
 *997 
 
 *999 
 *1000 
 *1001 
 
 of Families-Spartans. 
 
 in Food-American Indians. 
 
 " " -Spartan tables. 
 
 " Land by early Romans. 
 Restoration of c.-Cleomenes. 
 
 See COMMUNISTS. 
 Conspicuous c.-" Levellers." 
 Dangerous c.-" Levellers." 
 
 2649 
 
 2182 
 
 152 
 
 2445 
 
 ♦1002 
 *1003 
 
 Pleasure-seekers-England. 3335 
 Power of c.-Paris. 1276 
 
 See FELLOWSHIP, 
 lu Suffering with Napoleon. 5707 
 
 See FRATERNITY. 
 Fictitious Louis and Cromwell. 2623 
 
 See FRIEND. 
 
 Chosen f. -Alexander's. *2220 
 
 or Foe-Agesilaus. *2221 
 
 Obsequious f.-Caesar's. *2222 
 
 in Sickness-Prince of Orange. *2223 
 
 Sordid f.-Qoldsmith's. *2224 
 
 Welcome f.-Lafayette. *2225 
 
 Wounded f.-" Stonewall J." *2226 
 
 Bereaved of f.-Alexander. 
 Burdensome f.-Drinking. 
 Changed to foe-Henry VIU. 
 Executed by f. 
 of the Friendless-Lincoln. 
 Helpful f. of Demosthenes. 
 
 " "in adversity. 
 Irritating f.-Fred. Il.-Voltaire, 
 Neglected-Anaiagoras. 
 Polluting f. rejected. 
 Ruinous f.-Ferguson. 
 in Sickness-Samuel Johnson. 
 Treacherous f.-Francis Bacon. 
 
 See FRIENDS, 
 in Battle-Locked shields. 
 Complemental f.-Ladies. 
 Discouraging f .-Luther's. 
 Faults of f .-Napoleon I. 
 Forsaken of f .-Nero. 
 Unlike-Halifax-Bumet. 
 
 Abuse of f. by jokes. 
 Dangerous f. -Assassinators. 
 Dead f.-Recognition of. 
 Desertion of f .-Washington. 
 Destitute of f .-Emperor. 
 Enemies changed to f. 
 Forsaken by f.-Csesar. 
 Impatience divides f. 
 in Misfortune-Diverse f. 
 Partiality to f.-Judge. 
 " " "-Ruler. 
 Ruinous f .-Mutually. 
 Sacrificed to ambition. 
 
 See FRIENDSHIP. 
 Applauded-Nap.-Alex. 
 Commanding.-K. of Hearts. 
 Complemental.-Wm. III.-B. 
 Confidential f.-Wm. III.-B. 
 Confirmed by money. 
 Controlling- Alexander Pope, 
 by Contrast-Fred.-D'Argens. 
 Inseparable-Hubert for Nap. 
 Perilous to Robert Burns. 
 Repaired-Samuel Johnson. 
 School-boys f.-Lord Byron. 
 Treacherous f . of James I. 
 
 1428 
 8915 
 2033 
 1364 
 5495 
 5408 
 5420 
 
 , 2155 
 4778 
 1472 
 1222 
 6129 
 
 , 2857 
 
 *2227 
 *2228 
 ♦2229 
 ♦2230 
 1270 
 ♦2231 
 
 3025 
 
 165 
 
 1398 
 
 2308 
 
 8672 
 
 2833 
 
 371 
 
 8748 
 
 92 
 
 8069 
 
 3070 
 
 2870 
 
 192 
 
 ♦2232 
 ♦2233 
 ♦2234 
 ♦2235 
 ♦2236 
 ♦2238 
 ♦2237 
 ♦2239 
 ♦2840 
 ♦2241 
 ♦2242 
 ♦2243 
 
 Affecting f .-Lincoln-Stanton. 116 
 
 Affectionate-Wash. 's farewell. 2099 
 
 Apparent-False f.-Romans. 2643 
 
 Communion necessary. 2957 
 
 by Common purpose. 3216 
 
 Complemental f .-Diocletian. 2402 
 
 " "-Cowper. 4834 
 
 Disagreeable f. -Coward. 1267 
 
 Disgraceful f.-Pompadour. 3712 
 
 Disreputable f.-Hannibal. 701 
 
 Distrusted f.-Cleopatra's. 4515 
 
 Forgotten f. -Benedict Arnold. 2644 
 
 Hypocrisy in f.-Orleans and B. 2695 
 
 Incorruptible f.-Indian. 4361 
 
 Needed f .-Edgar Allan Foe, 5038 
 Perilous f. for Geta. 1096 
 
 " -Turks. 173 
 
 Proof of f . in exile with Nap. 715 
 beyond Suspicion. 3381 
 
 Traitors to f .-Conspirators. 871 
 
 Treacherous f .-Dick Talbot. 8202 
 *' f. of savages. 3518 
 
 Tribute of f .-Melanchthon's. 5709 
 Unworthy of f.-Epicure. 268 
 
 See TEMPLARS. 
 Origin of f .-Monks-Jerusalem. 1625 
 
 See TRADES-UNION. 
 
 Objection to t.-u.-Caste. ♦5662 
 
 Opposition of t.-u.-Jame8Watt.^5663 
 
 Oppressive t.-u.-James Watt. ^5664 
 
 Prohibited-England. ♦5665 
 
 ♦5666 
 
 See ASSOCIATES in loo. 
 
 BROTHERS. 
 
 Division between b.-Rom.andR.^678 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroy each other-Thebans. 
 Enemies from jealousy. 
 Quarrels of b.-Disgraceful. 
 BB17TA1.ITY. 
 of Persecutors to Rev. R. HilL 
 
 3884 
 1626 
 239 
 
 ♦679 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 .(Esthetical b. of Romans. 102, 108 
 in Amusements In Old England. 218 
 '* " of Romans. 219 
 
 " " -Normans. 1332 
 
 •' " -R. Gladiators. 204 
 
 " " -R. Circus. 223 
 
 of Ancestors overlooked. 1334 
 
 Barbaric b.- American Indians. 3508 
 Barbarous b. of Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 of Chivalry-Edward I. 
 Common b.-Old England, 
 in Court-Jeffreys, 
 to Criminals-Shocking. 
 Diet of flesh- Attila. 
 Executioner's b. -Monmouth. 
 Execution of rebels, 
 by Famine- Athenians. 
 Indignation at b.-Popular. 
 Lawless b. of Cambyses. 
 to Martyrs-Nero. 
 Parental b.-Fred. William I. 
 
 Professional b.-Jeflfreys. 
 Vengeance in b.-" Roses." 
 In War-Magdeburg. 
 " " -Indiscriminate. 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 War of e.-Queen Anne's. 
 
 by Persecution-Alblgenses. 
 of Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 
 
 See MASSACRE. 
 Evidence-m. of Crusaders. 
 General m. in war. 
 Immense m.-70,000 Romans, 
 by Mob in Paris, 
 of Patriots-Boston. 
 Prevented-Jamestown, Va. 
 Punished by m.-War. 
 by Treachery-Thessalonica. 
 Wholesale m. -300,000 people. 
 
 815 
 2860 
 3048 
 2205 
 2174 
 1979 
 1980 
 2076 
 3048 
 2881 
 3509 
 3389 
 5741 
 1994 
 5794 
 5884 
 5885 
 
 ♦1999 
 
 4123 
 2130 
 
 ♦3513 
 ♦3314 
 ♦3515 
 ♦3516 
 ♦3517 
 ♦3518 
 ♦3519 
 ♦3520 
 ♦3521 
 
776 
 
 BRUTES— BUSINESS. 
 
 Brutal m. by Caracalla. 1333 
 
 of Captives by Franks. 1334 
 
 " Christians-90,000, by Chosroe8.324 
 Depopulated by m.-Bagdad 1367 
 Drink causes m.-Indlans. 2940 
 
 Immense m.-Timour. 5894 
 
 " by Caesar. 5181 
 
 Inconsiderate m. by Scythians. 1349 
 Indignation expressed-Crom'l. 4539 
 Inhuman m. of work men-Alaric. 687 
 " " " " -Attila.688 
 by Law-Lacedaemonian slaves. 1365 
 
 " Persecutors-Catholic vs. P 4123 
 
 " " -Ireland-C. vs. P.4132 
 
 Prevented by informer. 1006 
 
 of Protestants-Duke of Guise-V. 508 
 
 " " -Com. by Pius V. 588 
 
 Religious m. by Crusaders. 4705 
 " " of prisoners. 1360 
 
 " " -Latins by Greeks. 1863 
 Small beginning of m.-" 8. V." 29 
 Terrible m.-" Sicilian Vespers." 1340 
 Unprovoked-Jews by Apoll's. 6166 
 In War-Wallenstein. 5884 
 
 " " -Paris, A.D. 1418. 5885 
 
 See MASSACRES. 
 Religious-French Revolution. ♦3522 
 
 See SLAUGHTER. 
 Barbarous s.-53,000 Carthag's. *5180 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. ♦5181 
 
 1082 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 
 in Battle-Asians. 308 
 
 " " -100,000 at Fontenal. 920 
 See CRUELTY and INHUMAN- 
 ITY in loc. 
 
 BRUTES. 
 
 Immortality of b.-S. Johnson. ^680 
 See ANIMALS in loe. 
 
 BUCCANEER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Excused-Sir Francis Drake. 902 
 
 See PIRACY in loc. 
 
 BUILDERS. 
 
 Divided-Romulus-Remus-Rome. 678 
 BUIIiDINO. 
 
 Colossal b.-Colosseum. ^681 
 
 Opposed-Reign of James II. ^682 
 Ruined by b. -Marcus Crassus. ^683 
 
 Prohibited in London by Gtov't. 890 
 
 See ARCHITECTURE in loo. 
 
 BURIAL. 
 
 Companions in b.-White Huns. ^684 
 Questioned-Ollver Cromwell's. ♦685 
 Respect by b.-Nicias. ♦686 
 
 Secreted in b.-Alaric. ^687 
 
 Tyrant's b.-Attila's. +688 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 AUve^OOO prisoners. 1368 
 
 Hopeful b.-American Indians. 1425 
 
 Importance of b. to ancients. 4832 
 
 Impoverished by b. expenses. 4936 
 
 Living b.-Barbarians. 684 
 
 Provision for b.-Wolsey. 435 
 
 See CREMATION. 
 
 Kindness in c.-Pompey's. 2253 
 
 Opposed-Bodies preserved. 2252 
 
 Popular c. of Caesar's body. 2251 
 
 See COFFIN. 
 Expensive-Attila's-Gold-Silver. 688 
 
 See FUNERAL. 
 
 Criticised-Charles n. *2247 
 
 Customs from Romans. *2248 
 
 Expensive f .-Queen Mary's. ^2249 
 
 Fatal exposure at f . *2250 
 
 Honor of f.-Csesar's. *2251 
 
 " " "-Egyptians. ^2252 
 
 Humble f.-Pompey's. *2253 
 Immense-Abraham Lincoln's. ^2254 
 
 Impressive f.-Caesar's. *2255 
 
 Panegyrics criticised. *2256 
 
 Patriotic f.-Boston. ^2257 
 
 Carousal after f. -Alexander. 2912 
 Impressive f.-Caesar. 1975 
 
 " " -Caesar's bloody g. 372 
 Passions aroused at f. 241 
 
 Pompous f . of Alexander. 4474 
 
 Unworthy f.-Sacred cats. 2172 
 
 See GRAVE. 
 Possession of g.-William of N. ^2467 
 
 Charity at the g. 1397 
 
 Guarding Napoleon's g. 2239 
 Interesting g.-Holy Sepulchre. 1881 
 
 Possession, The only-Cyrus. 2471 
 
 Unknown g.-John Cabot. 991 
 
 Vengeance-Robbing the g. 1657 
 
 See GRAVES. 
 
 Deoorated-Soldiers-Greeks. 5241 
 
 See RESURRECTION. 
 
 Hinted by ancients. ♦4832 
 
 Belief in r.-Ancient Persians. 
 
 See SEPULCHRE. 
 Kissing the Holy S. 
 
 2259 
 
 ♦5118 
 
 Interesting s. of Jesus-P'mb's. 6151 
 IVIagniflcent-Emprees of India. 6061 
 
 See SEPULCHRES, 
 Economy in s.-Athenians. ♦SllS 
 
 See SEPULTURE. 
 Preparation for s.-Spartans. ^5114 
 
 See TOMB. 
 Pleasure-seeker's-S'napalus. ♦5646 
 
 1905 
 
 ♦5647 
 
 Character expressed in t. 
 
 See TOMBS. 
 Empty t.-Pyramids. 
 
 See DEATH in loc. 
 
 BURLESaVE. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Christmas festivities-Italy-F. 850 
 
 by Caricature-Pope-England. 4933 
 
 See RIDICULE in loc. 
 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 Detested by James Watt. *&&d 
 
 Joys of b.-Chauncey Jerome. ^690 
 Nobility in b.-England. ^691 
 
 Prevented-Boycotting-Purit's. ^692 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Boycotted by Boston patriots. 692 
 
 Change of b.-Successful. 3857 
 
 Charmed by hum of b. 3795 
 
 vs. Conscience. 4955 
 
 Deceptive orders-Hoax. 2058 
 
 Delayed-Fatal. 4477 
 
 Deranged by bad money. 3657 
 
 Deranged by bad money. 3658 
 
 3659 
 Inhumanity in b.-Slaves. 2859 
 
 Perils by monopolists. 3701 
 
 Pleasure before b.-Henry VIII. 419* 
 Postponed-To-morrow. 1516 
 
 Prayer, Business-man's. 4376 
 
 Rivalry in b.-Fulton. 4918 
 
 Sorrow drowned in b.-Johnson. 559 
 Unfitted for b.-Audubon. 2321 
 
 Unsuccessful-Lincoln a s'rv'y'r. 83 
 
 See ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Carefully kept-John Wesley. 54* 
 
 " " -G. Washington. 2099 
 
 See AUCTION. 
 
 Infamous a. -Roman throne. 367ft 
 
 Marriage promoted by a. 3484 
 
 See CREDITORS. 
 Merciless c. exposed. 1855 
 
 Oppression of c. -Infanticide. 2410' 
 Restrained by law. 5759" 
 
 See DEBT. 
 Imprisonment for d. in Eng. *1459 
 Security for d.-Sir W. Scott. ^1460 
 by War of American Rev. ^1461 
 
 Arrested for d.-Charles IV. 4353 
 
 Cancelled by murder-Jews. 4178 
 
 Division by d.-American States.1987 
 
 Imprisonment for d.-England. 4289 
 
 4299 
 
 " " " " 2125 
 
 Increase of d. by extortion of J. 712 
 
 Overwhelmed by d.-Sir W. Scott. 91 
 
 Relieved by marriage-Cicero. 3464 
 
 " " " -Byron. 3465 
 
 Son pawned for d. 4354 
 
 See DEBTS. 
 Discouraged-Laws of Amasis. ^1462 
 Dishonest d.-Precedence of. ♦1463 
 Prevented-Solon's law. ^1464 
 
 Punishment for d.-Insolvent. ^1465 
 Scaled by-Virginia colony. +1466 
 Small d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1467 
 
 Due in future life, 
 of Honor-Gambler's d. 
 Require economy-Penn. 
 Suspension of all d. 
 Trivial d. unpaid-Johnson, 
 
 See MERCHANTS. 
 Enterprise of m.-John Cabot. 
 Patriotism of m.-Boston Rev. 
 
 See MONOPOLIES. 
 Encouraged-Charles I. 
 Unpatriotic-Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 See MONOPOLY. 
 Abolished-Land m. 
 Commercial m. by Charles 11. 
 " " English Col. 
 vs. Conscience-P. Cooper. 
 Exasperating m.-Charles I. 
 and Famine-Rome. 
 Land m. -Plymouth colony. 
 
 of Manufactures-England, 
 it <> tt 
 
 " " -Dutch. 
 
 Powers of m. in United States 
 Resisted-Govemmental. 
 
 in Bibles-England. 
 " HoBses-Marcus Crassus. 
 
 225» 
 
 2614 
 1767 
 1156 
 3324 
 
 981 
 692 
 
 ♦3689 
 ♦3690. 
 
 ♦3691" 
 ♦3692- 
 ♦3693. 
 ♦3694 
 ♦3695 
 ♦3696 
 ♦3697 
 ♦3698 
 ♦3699 
 ♦3700 
 ♦3701 
 ♦3708 
 
 676 
 
 68a 
 
CANDOR— CARE. 
 
 m 
 
 In Manafactures-English. 3425 
 
 Newspaper m.-Charles II. 3814 
 
 Ruinous m.-Roman Empire. 495G 
 
 Women against m.-Soap. 6131 
 
 See PROFITS. 
 
 Eagerness for p.-Tobacco. *4489 
 
 See PURCHASE. 
 
 Aggravating p. of own com. S006 
 Defeated-Arbitrary-Louis XIV.2785 
 
 See TRADE. 
 
 Contempt for t.-S. Johnson. *5653 
 
 Illicit t.-Amerlcan colonies. *5654 
 
 Inhuman t.-SIave-trade. *5655 
 
 Laws for t.-Sumptuary. *5656 
 
 Over-reaching in t.-Egyptians. *5657 
 
 Regulated-Fixed prices. *5658 
 
 " -Emperor Julian. *5659 
 
 -England. *5660 
 
 Tricks of t.-England. *5661 
 
 Competition in t. -Denied. 3689 
 
 ' 3692 
 
 .. » .i gggg 
 
 Conscience in t.-Peter Cooper. 3694 
 
 Degraded by t.-Empress. 1583 
 
 Honesty in t.-Laws for. 2217 
 
 Profits int. great-Firmus. 3987 
 See BANKRUPTCY. COMMERCE, 
 and FRAUD in loo. 
 
 CANDOR. 
 
 Christian c. in discussion. 
 
 See SINCERITY in loo. 
 
 CANNIBAIilSM. 
 
 Christian c.-Crusaders. 
 
 ♦705 
 
 ♦706 
 
 MUcellaneous cro88-referencea. 
 
 In Famine-France. 2077 
 
 " " -California. 2679 
 
 See FAMINE in loo. 
 
 CANNON. 
 
 Great c.-by Urban for M. II. *7Vl 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarmed by c.-American Ind's. 2961 
 Invention of c. beneficial to s. 350 
 Lore of c.-Caresses. 3344 
 
 CANT. 
 Political c.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See HYPOCRISY. 
 Brazen h.-Pope Adrian VI. 
 Diplomatic h.-Napoleon I. 
 Exposed-Religious-Charles II. 
 In Friendship-Rival dukes. 
 Invited-Puritan Parliament. 
 Religious h.-Rival dukes. 
 " " -Roman philos. 
 
 ♦708 
 
 ♦2692 
 ♦2693 
 ♦2694 
 ♦2695 
 ♦2696 
 ♦2697 
 ♦2698 
 
 Political h.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 Religious h.-Charles II. 4711 
 
 See HYPOCRITE. 
 
 Accomplished h.-" Dick " T. ♦2699 
 
 Epitaph of the h. -Alexius. ^2700 
 
 See RELIGION in loc. 
 
 CAPITAIi. 
 
 Conservative c.-Cicero. ^709 
 
 a Crime-Jews. ♦TlO 
 
 Spiritual c. in indulgences. ^711 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 VS. Labor-English weavers. 3098 
 
 CAPITAIilSTS. 
 
 Extortionate c.-Jews. ^712 
 
 Nation of c.-Jews. •• ♦713 
 
 See FINANCE and MONEY in loc. 
 
 CAPTIVE. 
 
 Contented with Indians. 3288 
 
 Honored-King John of France. 2336 
 Voluntary c.-Mary-Bothwell. 2188 
 
 CAPTIVES. 
 
 Inhumanity to c.-Spaniards. ^714 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-refertnces. 
 Adopted in families-Indians. 2074 
 Cruelty to c, Exquisite-BaslL 1342 
 Hardships of o. with Indians. 3288 
 Humiliation of royal c. 4476 
 
 Redeemed by early Christians. 522 
 Sorrowful c.-Deerfield-Indians. 565 
 
 CAPTIVITY. 
 
 Chosen by Napoleon's friends. +715 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Children-Goths as hostages. 810 
 
 See BONDAGE, 
 
 to Vice-James II. 6085 
 
 " Wealth-Peruvians. 4527 
 
 of Wife to h.-Romans. 1707 
 
 See SLAVERY. 
 
 Antiquity of s. ^5182 
 
 Avarice of s.-English. ^5183 
 
 Beginnings of s.-Georgia. ^5184 
 
 of Captives-Romans. +5185 
 
 in England-A.D. 1215. ♦SlSe 
 
 Introduced In Virginia. ♦5187 
 
 Mitigated-Athenian. ^5188 
 
 " -Romans. ♦5189 
 
 Natural to Turks. ^5190 
 
 Opposed by Friends. ^5191 
 
 Prevalence of s.-Rome. ^5192 
 
 of Prisoners-England. ♦5193 
 
 Punished by s.-England. ^5194 
 
 Repulsive s.-England. ^5195 
 
 Unchristian s.-in England. ^5196 
 
 Abolition of s.-Struggle for. 4161 
 Affection in s.-Pompey. 2253 
 
 Captives sold into s.-CaBsar. 608 
 Cowards punished by s.-R. 1275 
 Cruelty of s.-Helots. 1365 
 
 Death preferred to s.-Chinese. 1960 
 " of American s.-Lincoln. 3227 
 Debtors sold into s.-Romans. 1465 
 Desperate defence of s. 4159 
 
 Doubt respecting morality of s. 1106 
 Escape from s. by murder. 80 
 
 Galling s. of Peruvians. 4527 
 
 Hatred to s.-Rash-J. Brown. 3688 
 Imperilled by s.-American C. 8806 
 Indian s.-Labrador. 1290 
 
 Labor degraded by s. 3536 
 
 Opposition to s. by Abolitionists. 147 
 Poor sold into s.-England. 502 
 
 Sold into s.-Plato. 748 
 
 Suppressed s.-Boston, year 1701. 1859 
 to Wealth-Peruvians-Illus. 5983 
 Wretched s. of Helots. 1366 
 
 See SLAVES. 
 Angelic s.-the English. ^5197 
 
 of Disbelievers- Virginia. ^5198 
 
 Docility of s.-Civll War. ^5199 
 
 Rebellion of s.-Roman. 
 White s. In Virginia. 
 
 ♦5200 
 ♦5201 
 
 of Ceremony-Constantine. 752 
 
 " '• -Ambassadors. 750 
 
 Condition of Anglo-Saxon s. 720 
 
 Fidelity of s. of Cornutus. 5351 
 
 Imperilled by s.-Rome. 4366 
 
 Sale of aged s.-Inhumanity. 2859 
 
 See SLAVE-TRADE. 
 
 Opposed-Continental Cong. ♦5202 
 Respected-New York, yr. 1661. ♦5203 
 
 Conscienceless conduct-Eng. tllft 
 
 by Pirates-Romans. 4187 
 
 See PRISON in loc. 
 
 CAPTURE. 
 
 Important c.-City of Wash. ^716 
 See SPOILS and VICTORY in loc. 
 
 CARE. 
 
 Relieved by humor-Lincoln. 1756 
 
 See ANXIETY. 
 Consuming a. of Marlborough. ^245 
 Parental a. of R. Burns' father. ^246 
 of Responsibility-A. Lincoln. ^247 
 
 Mlscellaneoiis cross-references. 
 Common to humanity. 3604 
 
 Maternal a. for infant-Indians. 118 
 Parental a. of Emp. Severus. 239 
 Relief from a.-God. 4558 
 
 See APPREHENSION. 
 of Evll-doers-Bmtus. 1130 
 
 See DELIBERATION. 
 Hastened-" We march." 2221 
 
 See FORETHOUGHT. 
 Impulse better than f . 2767 
 
 See MEDITATION. 
 Peculiar m. of Swedenborg. ♦3564 
 
 Ascetical m. of Monks. 
 God revealed in m.-G. Fox. 
 Life of m.-Isaac Newton. 
 Religious m.-Samuel Johnson, 
 
 " " needful. 
 Sabbath m.-John Fitch. 
 
 See MEDDLING. 
 Destruction by Flood by m. 
 Reproved-Bishop Burnet. 
 
 357 
 1714 
 1164 
 1760 
 4707 
 
 871 
 
 ♦8545 
 ♦3646 
 
 in Families-England. 4468 
 
 Mischief by m. 5300 
 
 Well-meant m.-Hurtful. 3041 
 
 See PRUDENCE. 
 
 Longevity by p.-Locke. 3326 
 
 vs. Love-Agesilaus. 3346 
 
 Military p. felt, not seen. 1693 
 
 See REFLECTION. 
 
 Corrected by r.-S. Johnson. ♦4643 
 
 Death-bed r.-Wolsey's. ^4644 
 
 Delicate r.-Irish. ^4645 
 
 2199 
 
 Change of feeling by r. 
 
 See REFLECTIONS. 
 Melancholy r. -Antony. ^4646 
 
 See VIGILANCE. 
 Needful for liberty. 3237 
 
 See WATCHFULNESS. 
 Safety by w.-Indians. ^5960 
 
 Need of w. -Columbus. 
 
 6208 
 
m 
 
 CALAMITY— CARELESSNESS. 
 
 CAIiA]niT¥. 
 
 Desired by pagans- Alexandria. *694 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amusement in c.-Nero. 4140 
 
 Blessing concealed in c. 289 
 
 of War-Jerusalem ruined-C. 383 
 
 CAIiAMITIES. 
 
 Combined c.-London Fire-P. *693 
 Effect of o.-English nation. *695 
 
 See CATASTROPHE. 
 Appalling c.-Lisbon earthq'ke. *731 
 
 See CONFLAGRATION. 
 Defensive c.-Columbia, S. C. 
 Destructive c.-Boston. 
 
 " " -Chicago. 
 
 " "-London. 
 
 " " -Moscow. 
 
 " "-New York. 
 
 " "-Rome. 
 
 In War-Carthage. 
 
 *1051 
 *1052 
 *1053 
 *1054 
 *1055 
 *1056 
 *1057 
 *1058 
 *1059 
 
 a Blessing-Health of London. 3451 
 Destructive c.-London. 695 
 
 Patriotic c.-Bum'g of Jamest'n. 4043 
 Utilized in war-Paul Jones. 645 
 " by avarice-M. Crassus. 683 
 See DELUGE. 
 Tidal d.-Mediterranean. 1758 
 
 See DESOLATION. 
 by Pestilence-London. ♦1540 
 
 Defensive d.-Italy-War. 
 Safety by d.-Moors. 
 by War-Bologna. 
 
 " " -England. 
 
 « u -Provence. 
 
 See DESTRUCTION. 
 Difficult d.-Temple of Jupiter, 
 of Empire-Fall of Rome. 
 Terrible selfd.-Cimbrians. 
 
 of Art by Nero. 
 
 " " in ruin of paganism. 
 
 " " by Puritans, 
 vs. Construction-Mouse. 
 Followed by d.-Hannibal. 
 of Life by architecture. 
 
 " " in Crusades. 
 
 " " " War-Attila. 
 
 *' " " " -Prance. 
 
 " Politics challenged-D. by L. 
 
 " Self by infatuation-Pride, 
 by Strife-Blue and Green. 
 
 " War-Caesar's. 
 
 " " -Provence. 
 
 See DISASTER. 
 Concealed d.-Grcneral Nash. 
 Energy by d.-Romans. 
 
 1829 
 5968 
 5919 
 5933 
 6943 
 
 ♦1548 
 *1549 
 ♦1550 
 
 337 
 
 329 
 
 331 
 
 330 
 
 3106 
 
 5848 
 
 332 
 
 3258 
 
 5899 
 
 5900 
 
 889 
 
 2820 
 
 5072 
 
 5898 
 
 5943 
 
 Distressing national d. 
 
 * See EARTHQUAKE. 
 Destructive ancient e. 
 
 Alarmed by e.-London. 
 Appalling e.-Lisbon. 
 
 See EARTHQUAKES. 
 Architecture perilous by e. 
 Periods of ancient e. 
 
 ♦1609 
 
 56 
 
 ♦1758 
 
 1087 
 731 
 
 332 
 *1759 
 
 See FAMINE. 
 Brutalized by f .-Athenians. 
 Cannibals in f. -France. 
 Depopulated by f.-Bengal. 
 Distress of f.-Rome, a.d. 546. 
 Resource in f .-Horses-Moscow, 
 Trials of f. -Plymouth Colony, 
 by War-Canada, a.d. 1758. 
 
 *2076 
 ♦2077 
 *2078 
 *2079 
 *2080 
 2081 
 ♦2082 
 
 Brutality in f. -Athenians. 2076 
 Deathbyf.-20,000 Moslems robbed. 1 
 
 Depopulated by f.-Italy. 5322 
 
 Endurance in f .-Sixty days. 15 
 
 Extortion during f .-Mass. 2002 
 
 by Monopolists-Roman. 3696 
 
 Subdued by f. -Calais. 4639 
 
 by War-Siege of Rouen. 5904 
 
 " '' -England. 5933 
 
 Winter of f. -Virginia Colony. 2435 
 
 See PESTILENCE. 
 
 Devastating p.-England. ^4157 
 
 Rapid p.-Rome. ^4158 
 
 Benevolence during p.-C. 
 Desolating p.-London. 
 Destructive p.-N. E. Pilgrims. 
 Infection of p.-Plague. 
 Prevented p. -Sanitary laws. 
 
 See PLAGUE. 
 Desolating p.-Wide-spread. 
 Destructive p.-Romans. 
 
 See RUIN. 
 Impressive r.-Rome. 
 Inevitable r. -Dilemma. 
 National r. by expansion. 
 
 3018 
 1540 
 957 
 2821 
 3550 
 
 ♦4190 
 ♦4191 
 
 ♦4954 
 ♦4955 
 ♦4956 
 
 2014 
 
 by Extravagance-Cato. 
 
 See WAR in loc. 
 
 CAIiENDAR. 
 
 Corrected by Julius Csesar. *696 
 
 " " Roger Bacon. ^697 
 
 CAIiiniVKSS. 
 
 Christian c.-J. Wesley-Mob. ^698 
 
 of Dlscipline.-Napoleon. *699 
 
 Exasperating c. -Socrates. ♦TOO 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Conquered by c.-Mob. 1234 
 
 in Death-Monmouth. 1412 
 
 " *' -Socrates. 1451 
 
 " " -Strafford. 1407 
 
 Faith produces c. -Storm. 2111 
 
 of Genius-Admiral Drake. 2525 
 
 Masterly c.-Napoleon I. 2330 
 
 Power in c.-Cromwell. 1563 
 
 Religion secures c.-Earthquake.l087 
 
 Religious c.-Flogging. 
 
 in a Tumult- Thomas Lee. 
 
 See COMPOSURE. 
 
 before Execution- Argyle. 
 
 Remarkable c.-Alexander. 
 
 See MEEKNESS. 
 
 Christian m.-Godfrey de B. 
 
 Christian m. in reproof. 
 Husband's m.-Rumford. 
 Martyr's m.-Taylor at stake. 
 Philosophic m. -Plato. 
 Power of Christian m. 
 in Reproof-Dr. Taylor. 
 Victory by m.-Lycurgus. 
 
 See SELF-COMMAND, 
 against Fear-WUliam III. 
 
 2159 
 1571 
 
 5209 
 5356 
 
 ♦3556 
 
 2787 
 3468 
 679 
 1314 
 2350 
 4779 
 3264 
 
 ♦5082 
 
 See SELF-CONTROL. 
 Remarkable s.-c.-Duke Fred. •5088 
 
 Abandoned-C. J. Fox. 
 in Excitement-G. Washington 
 Power over others by s.-c. 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 
 in Suppressing indignation. 
 " ' ' resentment. 
 
 Weakness in s.-c. -confessed. 
 See SELF-POSSESSION. 
 Brave- Admiral Le Fort. 
 
 580< 
 . 3406 
 3595 
 5205 
 5693 
 4804 
 5091 
 
 ♦5091 
 
 CAI.XTOTNY. 
 
 Instigated-Maximus Fabius. ^701 
 Opposition by c.-Chas. Wesley. ^708 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bid for c.-Scotch insurgents. 1947 
 Punished-In juries in kind. 8160 
 
 Shameful c. of physician. 1048 
 
 Victims of c.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 
 See LIBEL. 
 Trials for l.-Willlam Hone. ♦3203 
 
 Anonymous l.-Milton. 
 False accusation of 1. 
 Indifferent to l.-Frederick 11. 
 Press prosecuted for 1. 
 
 See SLANDER. 
 Defence from s.-Napoleon I. 
 from Envy-John Bunyan. 
 Fine for s.-$500,000. 
 Opposition by s.-J. Wesley. 
 Persecutors s.-Constantine. 
 of Piety-Richard Baxter's. 
 Punished by James I. 
 Rewarded-Dlck Talbot. 
 Victim of s.-Columbus. 
 
 1165 
 3049 
 5299 
 4436 
 4438 
 
 ♦5170 
 ♦5171 
 ♦5173 
 ♦5173 
 ♦5174 
 ♦5175 
 ♦5176 
 ♦5177 
 ♦5178 
 
 Abusive s. of Nap. by Britons. 84 
 of Americans by Sam. Johnson. 814 
 Inconsistency of s.-Nap. I. by E. 84 
 Shameful s. of woman. 6034 
 
 Victim of s.-CromweU " King." 3893 
 " " "-Bolivar. 4044 
 
 See ACCUSATION in loe. 
 
 CANAIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Anticipated-Suez. 
 
 2713 
 
 CANDIDATE. 
 
 Dead c.-Daniel Webster. ^703 
 
 Dignified c.-Thomas Jefferson. *704 
 
 See POLITICS in loc. 
 
 CANDOR. 
 
 Christian c. in discussion. ^705 
 
 See SINCERITY in loc. 
 
 C ARK LESSNKSS. 
 
 Censure of c.-S. Johnson. ^717 
 
 Habitual c.-Goldsmith. ♦718 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Personal safety-Nelson. 1391 
 Self-punished c.-Barber-Lincoln. 738 
 Unpunished c.-Koran quoted. 32 
 
 See ABSTRACTION. 
 Art of a.-" Waistcoat button." ♦lO 
 Blunders by a.-Newton. ^20 
 
 Dangerous a.-Archimedes. ^21 
 
 Absence of mind-Goldsmith. 609 
 Aroused from a.-Johnson. 2310 
 
 Philosopher's a.-Archimedes. 1905 
 
CARICATURE— CATHOLICISM. 
 
 779 
 
 S'outhful a. by study-Newton. 2100 
 " study of Pascal. 2324 
 
 See FORGETFULNESS. 
 Deslred-Themlstocles. *2196 
 
 Parental f . of son-Howard. 
 See HEEDLESSNESS. 
 Loss by h.-Goldsmith's. 
 
 411 
 
 *2546 
 
 Alarming political h. 3786 
 
 See INDIFFERENCE. 
 
 Cruel 1. of Csesar. *2793 
 
 Religious i. of Charles II. *2794 
 
 Affected i. to misfortune-Scott. 92 
 
 to Applause of the masses-Nap. 272 
 
 " Human life- War. 1070 
 
 " Suffering of others-Surgeon. 193 
 
 See RECKLESSNESS. 
 of Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi. 648 
 Example of r.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 of Necessity-Wm. II. " K. n. d." 649 
 
 caricature:. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Rellgious-Pope-England. 4933 
 
 See BURLESQUE. 
 
 Christmas festivities-Italy. 850 
 
 See EXAGGERATION in loc. 
 
 CAROUSAL.. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Fatal to Alexander the Great. 2931 
 See FEAST and INTEMPER- 
 ANCE in loo. 
 
 CASTE. 
 
 Absence of c.-Irish Kings. *719 
 
 Anglo-Saxon c.-Germany. *720 
 
 Barbarian c.-Gauls. *721 
 
 of Birth-Italians. *722 
 
 English c.-" Born great." *723 
 
 Hostility to c.-American. *724 
 in Judgment-Queen Elizabeth. *725 
 
 National c.-French. *726 
 
 " "-English. *727 
 
 In Parliament-" Worsted S." *728 
 
 Prejudice of o.-Parliament. *729 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 Absence of c.-Eng. manuf'rs. 
 Brolien-Physicians. 
 in Church-A. Burr unwelcomed 
 Destructive to the State-Greeks 
 Divisions of c. -India, 
 in Eating-Old England. 
 Egotism of c.-Byron. 
 In Food-Eng.-Scots. 
 Fourfold-E. India. 
 Grades of social c.-Franks. 
 Ignored-Romans-Diocletian, 
 Legislation for c.-England. 
 In Occupation-Egypt. 
 " Trade-union-England. 
 
 Plea for c. of rank, 
 in Religion-Pythagoras. 
 Religious c. -Persian vs. Turk. 
 In School-Harvard. 
 " " -Napoleon I. 
 Tsrranny of social c. 
 Vice levels c. -Gamblers. 
 
 See ARISTOCRACY. 
 in Battle-Roman. 
 Expense of a.-Romans. 
 
 1761 
 4170 
 .856 
 .304 
 3537 
 
 934 
 1832 
 1913 
 
 943 
 3273 
 
 595 
 1734 
 4486 
 5662 
 5663 
 4612 
 4709 
 5070 
 5028 
 B033 
 8491 
 2267 
 
 *301 
 •302 
 
 Reaction for a.-Puritans. 
 Ruin of a.-Greeks. 
 
 Brutal pleasures-Norman a. 
 Rule of a. burdensome- Va. 
 See COLOR-LINE. 
 in Commerce-Columbus. 
 
 ♦303 
 *304 
 
 1332 
 2443 
 
 *972 
 
 of Faction-Romans-Blue-G. 2019 
 
 See OSTRACISM. 
 
 by Ballot-Athenians. *3968 
 
 Evils of o.-Athenlans. *3969 
 
 See SLAVERY in loc. 
 
 CASUISTRY. 
 
 Difficult c.-American Indian. 
 
 *730 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Question in c.-Galileo. 5727 
 
 " of c.-Falsehood. 2045 
 
 See CONSCIENCE in loc. 
 
 CATASTROPHE. 
 
 Appalling c.-Lisbon earthq'ke. *731 
 
 See SHIPWRECK. 
 
 Planned by Nero. 1347 
 
 « .. .4 2819 
 
 See CALAMITY in loc. 
 
 CATHOIilCS (ROOTAN). 
 
 Disfranchised-Md. Colony. *732 
 
 Justice to C. -Ireland. *733 
 
 Prejudice against C.-English. *734 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Animosity toward C. 241 
 
 Anti-ritualistic C. 4915 
 
 Approval of persecution. 4541 
 
 Army of C.-James IL 312 
 
 Church attendance required byC.852 
 Cruelty of C. to P.-Ireland. 1336 
 Discoveries by C. missionaries. 3635 
 Disfranchised in Maryland. 5642 
 Distrusted by Protestants. 1475 
 
 Fear of assassinating C. 3982 
 
 Fidelity honored-C. priests. 5160 
 Freedom of conscience by C. 1166 
 Hatred of C.-Cromwell's. 5643 
 
 Instruction of C. prohib'd by P. 1816 
 League of C.-Ireland. 3151 
 
 Morality denied by Catholics. 3705 
 Oppressed by oath of allegiance. 448 
 Peril of C.-Gunpowder plot. 1945 
 Persecuted by Arians. 4113 
 
 " " legislation-Md. 4116 
 
 " in Ireland. 4117 
 
 " Scotland. 4118 
 
 Persecution of Puritans comp. 4120 
 " " C. by Scots. 4139 
 
 Popular excitement-Anti-C. 241 
 Prejudice against C.-P. Office. 4332 
 " "-Scots. 1113 
 Schools-Struggle for. 5046 
 
 Severity toward C.-Floyd. 4568 
 Slandered-Titus Gates. 2760 
 
 Terrorized in London. 4913 
 
 CATHOIilCISM. 
 Benefits of C.-Amalg. of races. ^735 
 Wisdom of C.-Broad plans. *736 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bigotry of C.-Pope Pius V. 588 
 
 Bloody persecution of H. in Fla. 855 
 Discussion of C. forbidden. 573 
 
 Escape from C.-New England. 4558 
 Indulgences of C. by Pap. power. 82? 
 Miracles of C. martyrs. *3624 
 
 Reformation of C.-France. 4540 
 Secret adherent of C.-Chas. II. 2694 
 
 See CONVENTS. 
 Refuge in c.-Fear of vice. *1169 
 
 See JESUITS. 
 Abolished-Fr., Sp.,Port. andS.*3007 
 Achievements of J.-Distlng'ed.*3008 
 Assassination by J. -Henry IV.*3009 
 " " "-Wm. ofO.*3010 
 
 Estranged from J. -Pope. *3011 
 
 Mission of J.-Cosmopolitan. *3012 
 Plotting of J.-Gunpowder plot.*3013 
 Popularity of J.-18th century. ♦3014 
 Power of J.-18th century. *3015 
 Purpose of J. -18th century. *3016 
 Rescued by J.-Papacy. *3017 
 
 Self-sacrifice of J.-Benevol'ce.*3018 
 vs. the State-England. *3019 
 
 Suppressed by government. *3020 
 Vices of J.-Insincerity. *2021 
 
 Victories of J.-Fictitious. ♦2022 
 
 Conscience perverted by J. 
 Dlstrusted-Imposture. 
 Equivocation of J.-Rules. 
 Falsehoods concerning J. 
 Heroism of J. missionaries. 
 Prohibited in New York. 
 
 See MONK. 
 Bold deed of m.-Telemachus 
 
 See MONKERY. 
 Early progress of m.-Popular 
 Origin of m.-Body subdued. 
 Success of m.-4th century. 
 
 MONKS. 
 Artistic English m. 
 Wealthy m. of Italy. 
 
 1105 
 3913 
 2044 
 4213 
 3508 
 4718 
 
 i-G. 835 
 
 ♦3683 
 ♦3684 
 ♦3685 
 
 ♦3687 
 
 Austerity of Egyptian m. 397 
 
 Beggary promoted by m. 500 
 
 Fanaticism of m. 37C2 
 
 Literature preserved by m. 3315 
 Military m.-Templars. 1625 
 
 Obedience of m. 3847 
 
 Popularity of m.-9th century. 3171 
 Remarkable fanaticism-Pillar s.5012 
 Surviving their usefulness. 5756 
 
 See PAPACY, 
 against Liberty-Magna Charta. 3207 
 
 See POPE. 
 Superseded by Henry VIII. ^4301 
 Supremacy of p. beneficial. ♦4302 
 
 Cruelty of p. Gregory XIL 
 Devotion to the p.-Entire. 
 Insolvent p.-Gregory XIII. 
 " " -Gregory VII. 
 Licentious p. -Clement VI. 
 Simony of p. Vigilius. 
 POPERY. 
 Enslavement by p.-History. 
 Struggle with p.-Frederick II, 
 
 POPES. 
 Disreputable p.-John XII. 
 See ROMANISM. 
 Civil assumptions of R. 
 Deliverance from R.-Prayer. 
 Display of R.-Priests. 
 Hatred of R.-Protestants. 
 
 4541 
 3016 
 2887 
 2889 
 3245 
 6153 
 
 ♦4303 
 ♦4304 
 
 ♦4305 
 
 ♦4929 
 ♦4930 
 ♦4931 
 ♦4932 
 
780 
 
 CAUSE— CHALLENGE. 
 
 Insulted by Protestants. •4933 
 
 against Liberty-Magna Charta.*4934 
 " " " *4935 
 
 Oppression of R.-the Poor. 
 Patronized by James II. 
 Relief in R.-S. Johnson, 
 and the State-Sixtus V. 
 
 -Boniface VHI. 
 
 -Innocent III. 
 
 vs. 
 
 -England. 
 -Assumption 
 ROMANISTS. 
 Allegiance of R.-Oath. 
 Denounced-Cromwell. 
 Plot of R. assassination. 
 
 See BISHOP, PRIKST and KE 
 LIGION in loo. 
 
 CAUSE. 
 
 and Effect-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ♦4936 
 ♦4937 
 ♦4938 
 ♦4939 
 ♦4940 
 ♦4941 
 ♦4942 
 ♦4943 
 ♦4944 
 ♦4945 
 
 ♦4946 
 
 ♦4947 
 ♦4948 
 
 ♦737 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Insignificant c. of war. 3005 
 
 Remote o.-Cotton gin. 3113 
 
 See AGENT in loo. 
 
 CAUTION. 
 
 Needed-Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 ♦738 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Excessive c.-Military science. 653 
 Necessary c.-Abraham Lincoln. 1046 
 Needless.-Macedonian soldiers. 654 
 Rejected-Braddocli's defeat. 97 
 Removed by compass. 3429 
 
 See DISCRETION. 
 Better than valor-Charles V. *1637 
 
 See PRUDENCE. 
 Longevity by p.-Locke. 3326 
 
 vs. Love-Agesilaus. 3346 
 
 Military p.-Felt, not seen. 1693 
 
 See "WARNING, 
 of Danger-Richard I. +5947 
 
 Ineffective w.- Caesar. ♦5948 
 
 Disregarded by mother of Nero. 196 
 Effective w. to officials. 3036 
 
 Felon's w.-Manufacturers. 512 
 
 Neglected-Diversion-Caesar. 1689 
 Timely w.-Wash. by Lydla D. 4079 
 Unmoved by w.-Alexander. 1048 
 
 See "WATCHFULNESS. 
 Safety by w.-Indians. *5950 
 
 CAVAIiR¥. 
 
 Formidable c.-Elephants. 
 
 CAVE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hiding-place of Mahomet. 
 
 ♦739 
 
 CAVIL. 
 
 Legislative c. -Answered. 
 
 1023 
 
 ♦740 
 
 Silenced by success-Cent. Ex. 743 
 See OBJECTIONS in he. 
 
 CEIiEBRATION. 
 
 Marriage c.-Sons of Timour. ^741 
 
 Municipal c.-Constantinople. ^742 
 
 National c.-Centennial. ♦743 
 
 See CHRISTMAS. 
 Celebration of c.-Revelry. 
 Changed by Puritans-Fast. 
 
 ♦650 
 ♦851 
 
 Beneficial celebration of c. 851 
 
 Cherished by the masses. 3915 
 
 Sad c.-Columbus dejected. 1881 
 
 See EASTER. 
 
 Bloody e.-Sicillan Vespers. 1340 
 
 See EUCHARIST. 
 
 Blessing in the e.-Spiritual. 5085 
 
 See JUBILEE. 
 
 National-British, year 1809. *3032 
 
 See PROCESSION. 
 
 Funeral p.-Alexander's. ^4474 
 
 Royal p.-Greek emperors. ^4475 
 
 Triumphant p.-Aurellan. ♦4476 
 
 Honors of triumph-Pompey. 5719 
 
 CELIBACV. 
 
 of Clergy-Britain-lOth century. ^744 
 See BACHELOR in loo. 
 
 CEIUETERV. 
 
 Saddest c.-London Tower. *745 
 
 Dismal-"Death an eternal sleep."840 
 See BURIAL in loo. 
 
 CENSOR. 
 
 Official c.-Rnman. ^746 
 
 " " *747 
 
 See CRITIC, 
 at Church-G. S. Germain. *1304 
 
 See PESSIMISTS. 
 Error of p.-Evils are old. 126 
 
 National p.-English bankruptcy.451 
 
 CENSURE. 
 
 Resented by Dionycius. ♦748 
 
 Unmoved by c. -Jackson. ^749 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 in Bereavement-July 4th. 
 
 968 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changed to pralse-Thebans. 2855 
 of the Dead refused-Bollngb'ke.777 
 vs. Insult-Lincoln. 534 
 
 Unmerited o.-Mary P. of O. 788 
 
 See ACCUSATION, 
 by Deception-Maximus Fabius. 701 
 Malicious a.-C. Wesley-"V. 702 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 " " for violence-R. III. 242 
 
 See BLAME. 
 Assumed by Epaminondas. 2855 
 
 " -Generously-Lee. 8380 
 Disowned-Church vs. King. 3617 
 Endurance of b.-Washington. 2342 
 
 See BLOT. 
 Shameful b.-'William Penn's. ^607 
 of the Times-Caesar's. ^608 
 
 See COMPLAINTS. 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 Croaker's c.-Bad times. 1315 
 
 Disregarded-Romans. 8143 
 
 Ill-tempered c.-Johnson. 1593 
 
 Inconsiderate c.-Pericles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Permission of c.-Denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against hie mother-A. 114 
 
 See CROAKING. 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. ^1315 
 Habit of c. about the weather. ♦ISie 
 
 See FAULTS, 
 
 of Friends seen quickly. 2231 
 
 Kindness conceals f .-Hervey. 2461 
 
 Overlooked in Burnet. 279* 
 
 " " friends. 2230 
 See GRUMBLING, 
 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. ^2490 
 
 CEREinONV. 
 
 Comedy of c.-Court. ^750 
 
 Dislike for c.-Napoleon I. ^751 
 
 Slaves of c.-Royalty. ♦752: 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discarded-Thomas Jefferson. 2770' 
 Humiliating c.-Papal. 266ft 
 
 " " -Henry II. 2669 
 
 Impressive c.-M. Theresa's cor. 890^ 
 Inauguration c. at founding c. 897" 
 in Jurisprudence-Roman. 3985 
 
 Mystical c.-Builders of R. 8785- 
 
 See CORONATION. 
 Ceremony of o.-King of P. ♦lige 
 Self-o. of Napoleon. H19T 
 
 Festival of c.-Edward I. 2127 
 
 See DECORUM, 
 in Debate-American Indians. ♦148» 
 Ministerial d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1484 
 
 See ETIQUETTE. 
 Burdensome e.-Edward IV. ♦1925. 
 Questions of e.-Wash.'s Ad. *1926 
 Restraints of e.-Anne. *1Q2T 
 
 Disgusting e.-James II. 2590 
 
 Important-Gen. Washington. 4634 
 Necessary-Washington-Howe. 1589' 
 Overdone-King upset. 1586 
 
 Quarrel over e. -Ludicrous. 750 
 
 See FORMALITY. 
 Recommended vs. Loyalty. 884S 
 Weakens the Church-Macaulay. 858 
 
 See INAUGURATION. 
 Joyful i.-Washlngton's. ♦2768 
 
 Mystic i.-Turkish Sultan. ♦2769 
 
 Simplicity of i.-T. Jefferson. ^2770 
 
 Ancient i.-Founding a city. 897 
 Ceremony of i.-Gothic kings. 119& 
 Parsimonious i.-James II. 4008 
 
 See LITURGY. 
 Opposed by Scots. ♦332* 
 
 6133 
 
 ♦4915 
 
 4685 
 
 Opposed by Scots. 
 
 See RITUALISM. 
 Rejected-Catholic r. in Eng. 
 
 Trifles vitiate service in r. 
 
 See COURTESY in loc. 
 
 CHAIiliENGE. 
 
 Dangerous c.-Rebel invasion. ^758 
 
 Offered-Revolutionary War. ^754 
 
 Political c.-Lincoln-Douglas. ^755 
 
 Royal o.-Austrian prince. ♦75ft 
 
 Unaccepted-Alexius. ^757 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ignored by Caesar. 4898 
 
 Naval c.-American-English. 2570 
 Unfortunate c.-H. II.-" Eye p." 28 
 
 See DUEL. 
 Combat by d.-Alexander. *174ft 
 
CHAMPION— CHANGES. 
 
 781 
 
 Murder by d.-Alex. Hamilton.*1747 
 Naval d.-Paul Jones. *1748 
 
 Proposed by monarchs. *1749 
 
 Eeligious d.-Wellington's. *1750 
 
 Challenge to fight a d. unaoc'p'd.891 
 Combat by d.-Generals. 1543 
 
 Trial by combat-Gauls. 3054 
 
 War ended by d.-Thebans. 8884 
 
 See DUELS. 
 Inequality in d.-J. Quinoy. *1751 
 See CHAMPION and DEFI- 
 ANCE in loo. 
 
 CHAMPION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Battle-William of Norm'ndy.5905 
 for Free institutions-Wm. of 0. 3633 
 Knights-God and the ladies. 1121 
 of Piety-Cromwell. 3921 
 
 Prowess of Belisarlus. 4561 
 
 for Keligion-John Milton. 4686 
 
 " " -Irreligious c. 4687 
 
 Kepresentative c.-Alexander. 1746 
 for the Truth-John Howard. 5721 
 
 " " Weak-Byron a c. 2242 
 
 See HERO. 
 
 Patriotic h.- William Wallace. •2560 
 
 Unsurpassed h.-Muley Molnc. *2561 
 
 Significant a.-Duke Wm., omen. ♦31 
 
 Utilized-Scalding broth. ♦32 
 
 " -Duke Wm. slipped. ♦33 
 
 Admired-Belisarius. 1686 
 
 Christian h.-Thomas Lee. 1571 
 
 Contempt for cowardice. 1251 
 
 Daring of h.-Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 Delfled-Claudius Britannicus. 2706 
 Described-Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Encouraged-Martin Luther. 1879 
 Terrifying h.-Richard the Lion. 3770 
 
 See HEROES. 
 Dead h.-Solyman invoked. ^2562 
 for Freedom-L'Ouverture. ^2563 
 
 See HEROISM. 
 Admirable h.-La Fayette. ^2564 
 " " -Prince Conde. ^2565 
 
 Patriotic h .-Chevalier Bayard. ♦2566 
 Persistent h.-Mohammedan. ^2567 
 in Sufifering-Lord Nelson. ♦2568 
 Tamished-Benedict Arnold. ^2569 
 Unfaltering h.-Jas. Lawrence. ^2570 
 
 of Birth-Napoleon. 592 
 
 Destiny by a.-Bajazet's gout. 611 
 Discovery of gravitation by a. 2295 
 Happy a.-Finding seal of G. B. 5788 
 Invention by a.-Spinning. 2968 
 
 Life directed by a.-Demost's. 3949 
 Ominous a.-Premonition. 4419 
 
 Outrage for a.-Mussulman. 1916 
 Profession chosen by a.-Csesar. 4484 
 
 ACCIDENTS. 
 Concurrence of a.-Adv'sity by. 3860 
 
 See COINCIDENCE. 
 Alarming o.-Death of Crom. ^965 
 Comforting c.-Biblical lesson. ^966 
 Repeated c.-Theseus and Rom.^967 
 Strange c.-Adams and Jeft. ♦968 
 " -H. M.'s apparition. ^969 
 
 Brave h. of Devereux. 651 
 
 " " " Grenville. 652 
 
 Christian h.-Jesuit missionaries. 3508 
 
 Invalid's h.-WUliam P. of O. 2529 
 
 Missionary h.-Jesuits. 3636 
 
 " -M. B. Cox. 3643 
 
 vs. Nobility-Nelson. 5915 
 
 Patriotic h.-Citizen. 4068 
 
 " " -Pomponius. 4069 
 
 of Soldier-Philip. 5945 
 
 Unappreciated by Continental C.176 
 
 See PUGILIST. 
 
 Amateur p.-Palmerston. 1311 
 
 CHANCES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Misjudged by Nap.-Waterloo. 1042 
 
 See ACCIDENT. 
 Destiny by a.-" Box on the ear."^27 
 Directs life. 4652 
 
 Distress by a.-H. II.-Lance in eye.^28 
 Revolution by a.-" Sicilian V." *29 
 Saved by a.-T. Paine from G. ♦SO 
 
 Marvellous c.-Martyr. 4130 
 
 in Names-Bacon. 3775 
 
 Remarkable c.-Mysterlous volce.256 
 Strange c.-Signals alike. 1164 
 
 See CONTINGENCIES. 
 Combination of o.-C. of N. O. ♦I 164 
 of Success-Columbus. ♦1165 
 
 See FORTUNE. 
 Change of f.-Columbus. ♦2206 
 
 Contrasts in f .-Alexander. ^2207 
 Favors of f .-Charles V. ^2208 
 
 Forsaken by f .-Louis XIV. ^2209 
 Eeversed-Duke of Exeter. ^2210 
 -Nlcetas. *2211 
 
 Reverses of f.-Banishment. ^2212 
 Sensitiveness of f.-Timotheu8.^2213 
 
 Cross-referenee. 
 in Food-England. 2175 
 
 CHANGES. 
 
 MUcellaneous cross-references. 
 Business c. successful. 3857 
 
 Favored by Radicals-England. 4012 
 Life's c.-Napoleon's son. 597 
 
 Opposed by conservatives-Eng.4012 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 Open a. of Romanus. ^251 
 
 Primitive a. by persecution. ^262 
 
 Change of f .-Countess of R. 2628 
 " " " sudden-Claudius. 3876 
 Forsakes the aged-Chas. V. 2208 
 " -Louis XrV. 2209 
 Good f. vs. Merit. 5393 
 
 in Hands-Omar. 2507 
 
 Irony of f.-Clan of Scott. 190 
 
 Remarkable good f . 5407 
 
 Reversed-Titus Gates. 5831 
 
 Reversal of f . In Sparta. 95 
 
 Sudden f.-Joy in. 4884 
 
 Unsatisfying to Emp. Severus. 206 
 
 See LOT. 
 Choice by l.-Turkmans. *3333 
 
 Decision by l.-Columbus. 5864 
 
 Selection by l.-Mahomet's father. 795 
 
 See LOTTERY. 
 Profitable l.-Experience-P. C ♦3334 
 
 See LUCK. 
 Days of l.-Anclent. *3361 
 
 1395 
 6021 
 
 Days of l.-Romans. 
 Encouragement for good 1 
 
 See VENTURE. 
 Instructive v. of Franks. ^5795 
 
 Heroic v.-March to the sea. 70 
 
 See GAMBLING in loc. 
 
 CHANGE. 
 
 Life c.-Loyola. ^768 
 
 of Sides-" Bobbing John." ♦759 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explalned-Inconsistency. 2774 
 
 Reaction of forced converts to a. 920 
 Required of ofBcer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Shameful a.-Justus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by primitive C. ♦253 
 
 Malice of a.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 
 " "-Julian's. 2549 
 See DISSUASION. 
 
 Imposslble-Cortez. +1685 
 
 See EXCHANGE. 
 
 Unequal e.-Romulus. ^5081 
 
 See FOGYISM. 
 Judicial f .-Learning needless. ^2164 
 
 an Obstacle-Manufacturers. ♦2166 
 
 Unveiled-Golden Age. ♦Siee 
 
 See IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 Opposed-Sewing-machines. ^2766 
 
 Repressed, social-England. ^2766 
 
 Agricultural I. opposed. 
 
 1129 
 
 " "In Germany. 
 
 1377 
 
 Forestalled-Conservatives. 
 
 1126 
 
 Period of architectural I. 
 
 286 
 
 Prevented by legislation. 
 
 8110 
 
 " " " 
 
 3111 
 
 Self-improvement-Mental. 
 
 1776 
 
 See INCREASE. 
 
 
 Ineffectlve-G. III. and Am. 
 
 C. ^2777 
 
 See PROGRESS. 
 
 
 Checked-Family. 
 
 ♦4491 
 
 by Competition-Isaac Newton. ^4493 
 
 " Development-Farmers. 
 
 ♦4493 
 
 Feeble-Syrians-Egyptians. 
 
 ♦4494 
 
 Hopeless-Polar Sea. 
 
 ♦4495 
 
 Human-Germany. 
 
 ♦4496 
 
 Ignored-Charles I. 
 
 ♦4497 
 
 Age of P.-1485 to 1514. 912 
 
 " " " -13th century. 142 
 
 " " " -Reformatlon-D.-Art. 143 
 
 of Civilization by experiments. 906 
 
 " " -Britons. 911 
 
 " " -European. 912 
 
 " " -Grecian. 910 
 
 Delayed-Social p. of Russians. 907 
 
 DifQcult in fine art. 345 
 
 Expectation exceeded. 6186 
 
 In Knowledge- Aristotle. 3093 
 
 " Longevity-One fourth-Eng. 3267 
 
 " Manufactures-Clocks. 8374 
 
 Moral p.-Slave-trade. 5203 
 
 by Observation-Crusades. 668C 
 
 Opposed-Gas-light. 3298 
 
782 
 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 
 
 
 Opposed-Pos t-oflQce. 
 
 4332 
 
 Moulded by theology-Crom.'s. 
 
 *773 
 
 Overlooked in marriage. 
 
 3468 
 
 " -Highways. 
 
 4414 
 
 Natural c.-Postered-Alexander.*774 
 
 Perfect female c.-Four. 
 
 6076 
 
 " -Manufacture of iron 
 
 4415 
 
 above OfSce-Theodosius. 
 
 *775 
 
 " " "-Queen Mary. 6077 
 
 " -Stage-coaches. 
 
 5684 
 
 Trifling c.-Greeks. 
 
 *776 
 
 Protected by c.-Trajan. 
 
 3873 
 
 Opposition to p. vain-London. 
 
 890 
 
 
 
 Proof of strength. 
 
 1563 
 
 " " " -Inventions. 
 
 2980 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 
 Purity of c.-Sir Isaac Newton 
 
 . 660 
 
 " " -Lights. 
 
 3932 
 
 Affected by vice. 
 
 2282 
 
 Race c.-American Indians. 
 
 3780 
 
 " " " -Railroad. 
 
 4610 
 
 Affection based on c. 
 
 2687 
 
 Religion exalts c.-True. 
 
 4731 
 
 by Religion-Colonization. 
 
 4739 
 
 Affects opinions of Heaven. 
 
 2545 
 
 Respect for c.-Howard. 
 
 4165 
 
 in " -"More truth." 
 
 4738 
 
 AflQnity in c.-William of Orange.2234 
 
 Responsibility develops o. 
 
 2845 
 
 " " -Mahomet. 
 
 4740 
 
 from Ancestry-Elizabeth. 
 
 762 
 
 Rule of c.-George Washington 
 
 I. 2836 
 
 Slow p.-Travel-Am. Colonies. 
 
 5688 
 
 " " -Americans. 
 
 771 
 
 Shameless moral c.-Elizabeth 
 
 1596 
 
 Social p.-Cities. 
 
 5354 
 
 -Pilgrim fathers.3173 
 
 Springs of c.-Knights vs. P. 
 
 4583 
 
 " "■ " 
 
 5355 
 
 Baseness of c.-Emp. Carinus. 
 
 2629 
 
 Training of c.-Spartans. 
 
 1817 
 
 Springs of human p. 
 
 4532 
 
 Biblical c.-Puritans. 
 
 4584 
 
 Transparent c. maligned. 
 
 4183 
 
 Sudden p. in fine art. 
 
 349 
 
 Blot-Ineffaceable on Nap.'s c. 
 
 2201 
 
 Triumph of c.-Puritans. 
 
 4890 
 
 in Travel expedited-Rome. 
 
 5684 
 
 Blotted by treachery-Brutus. 
 
 2853 
 
 Unbalanced c. of Burns. 
 
 246 
 
 " Vice-Commodus. 
 
 1354 
 
 " -Simony of Penn. 
 
 2775 
 
 Undisguised c.-Richard I. 
 
 1473 
 
 See REACTION. 
 
 
 Brutal-Jeffreys' c. described 
 
 1994 
 
 Uninjured by great success. 
 
 2285 
 
 from Excess-Persecution. 
 
 *4617 
 
 Change of national c.-Swift. 
 
 4618 
 
 Unlikeness in c.-Friendship. 
 
 2228 
 
 Moral r.-Restoration of C. II. 
 
 *4618 
 
 by Climate- Asiatics. 
 
 951 
 
 " " " -Harmony. 
 
 2231 
 
 " " -Puritanism to sin. 
 
 *4619 
 
 " " -Demoralizing. 
 
 953 
 
 " " " " 
 
 2237 
 
 
 
 " " -Johnson. 
 
 949 
 
 Unprincipled c.-Buckingham. 
 
 1524 
 
 
 of Anger-Peter the Great. 
 
 5091 
 
 " " -Laplanders. 
 
 952 
 
 Variation of c.-Alexander. 
 
 1673 
 
 " " -Alexander. 
 
 1744 
 
 " " -Northern. 
 
 950 
 
 Vice deteriorates c. 
 
 3412 
 
 " Cruelty-Nero's persecution 
 
 1358 
 
 Communion discloses c. 
 
 3364 
 
 Vindicated-Cromwell's c. 
 
 3921 
 
 " Excess-English revolution. 
 
 1969 
 
 Complete c. of Caesar. 
 
 2479 
 
 War develops c.-Englishmen. 
 
 5882 
 
 " Extravagance-example of C. 397 
 
 Contemptible c.-James I. 
 
 3628 
 
 Weakness of c.-Charles I. 
 
 1482 
 
 against Labor-Probus's soldiers.SlO 
 
 Contradictory c.-T. Cranmer. 
 
 1018 
 
 Worth of c.-Louis IX. 
 
 6170 
 
 Natural r. -Cleanliness- Watts. 
 
 917 
 
 " " -Steele. 
 
 1037 
 
 Wreck of c- Sarah Jennings. 
 
 6071 
 
 of Opposition-Religious. 
 
 3933 
 
 Contrasted-Athenians-L. 
 
 3790 
 
 See DISPOSITION. 
 
 
 " Oppression-Liberty. 
 
 3229 
 
 " -Cicero vs. Caesar. 
 
 1834 
 
 Alarming d. -Poet W'rdsw'th's 
 
 .*1668 
 
 Piety by r. of sins. 
 
 4180 
 
 Crisis of c.-Queen Mary. 
 
 1171 
 
 Evil d.-Charles the Bad. 
 
 *1669 
 
 Political r.-Van Buren's Admin. 51 
 
 Debased-National-Greeks. 
 
 1507 
 
 Gloomy d. of Dr. Young. 
 
 *1670 
 
 of Public opinion-Cavaliers-P 
 
 399 
 
 Decadence of c. -Alexander. 
 
 1673 
 
 Quarrelsome d.-Louis XIV. 
 
 *1671 
 
 Social r. against Puritans. 
 
 303 
 
 Deceptive c. described. 
 
 1470 
 
 Savage d. of Frederick Wm. 
 
 *1672 
 
 Unexpected r. -James II. 
 
 See REVOLUTION. 
 
 315 
 
 Decision of c. in youth. 
 
 1562 
 
 Variable d. of Alexander. 
 
 *1673 
 
 
 Deeds defend c.-Napoleon. 
 
 5170 
 
 
 
 by Contagion- Am. and Prance. *4873 
 
 Deficiency in c.-Cicero. 
 
 2886 
 
 Acquired- Avarice-Johnson. 
 
 425 
 
 Instantaneous r.-Puritans. 
 
 ♦4874 
 
 Deficient in c.-Philip. 
 
 4589 
 
 Changed by discord-James V. 
 
 306 
 
 
 
 Degraded-Hungarians. 
 
 1509 
 
 " " adversity. 
 
 1670 
 
 
 Conspiracy for r.-Cleomenes. 
 
 2445 
 
 Despicable c.-Philip II. of Spain.902 
 
 Distrusted-Frederick II. 
 
 2003 
 
 Contempt prepares for r. 
 
 3902 
 
 Destroyed by intemperance. 
 
 2916 
 
 " -James II. 
 
 8996 
 
 Literary r. -Thomas Paine's. 
 
 1027 
 
 Deteriorated by luxury. 
 
 4888 
 
 Embittered by wrongs. 
 
 4805 
 
 by Oppression of the poor-R. 
 
 2450 
 
 Detraction of c.-Canonization 
 
 1884 
 
 Helpful d.-Alex.'s education. 
 
 4796 
 
 Plot for r. -Vicious. 
 
 1140 
 
 Developed by education. 
 
 1354 
 
 by Heredity-Frederick II. 
 
 2551 
 
 Provoked by legislation. 
 
 980 
 
 Disgust for c. vs. Manners. 
 
 2687 
 
 " " -Melancholy. 
 
 3560 
 
 See REVOLUTIONS. 
 
 
 Evinced by conduct. 
 
 1326 
 
 " " -Nero. 
 
 5260 
 
 Injustice brings r. 
 
 *4875 
 
 Examined-Funeral honors. 
 
 2252 
 
 Inherited-Nero. 
 
 1347 
 
 Retrogradive r.-Rest'n of C.II. 
 
 *4876 
 
 Excessive virtues-c. of C. XII. 
 
 1970 
 
 See MORALITY. 
 
 
 See VICISSITUDES. 
 
 
 Good 0. awakens animosity. 
 
 1910 
 
 Conventional m. -Shelley's f. 
 
 ♦3704 
 
 In Life-Eng. nobility. 
 
 2210 
 
 Honored-St. Pierre. 
 
 4639 
 
 Denied-Roman C. In England. 
 
 *3705 
 
 " " -Columbus. 
 
 2473 
 
 Imperilled by bad associations 
 
 . 896 
 
 Philosophic m. of Socrates. 
 
 *3706 
 
 " *' -C. Jerome. liaai 
 See CONVERSION, REFORMA- 
 TION and SUBSTITUTE 
 in loc. 
 
 Importance of c.-Marriage. 
 Inconsistency of c.-Motassem. 
 Influence by c.-Epaminondas 
 
 3409 
 2773 
 2346 
 
 Preserves the State-Rome. 
 vs. Refinement-Rome. 
 
 ♦3709 
 *3710 
 ♦3707 
 
 
 
 Inherited-Charles I. 
 
 3628 
 
 Shallow m.-Clerical. 
 
 *370& 
 
 OHAR/iCTER. 
 
 
 Insincerity of c.-Charles I. 
 
 1676 
 
 
 
 Changeful c.-Boniface VIII. 
 
 *760 
 
 Judgment of c. diverse. 
 
 5162 
 
 in Army of Cromwell. 
 
 5251 
 
 Composite c.-Luther. 
 
 *761 
 
 Levity of c. contrasted. 
 
 3200 
 
 Decline in English m. 
 
 2994 
 
 Contradictory c.-James II. 
 
 *762 
 
 Life attests c.-Anastasius. 
 
 3253 
 
 Destruction of public m. 
 
 4618 
 
 " " -Elizabeth. 
 
 *763 
 
 Lovable c.-Charles Talbot. 
 
 2233 
 
 Deterioration of Roman m. 
 
 2065. 
 
 Discipline of o.-Cromwell. 
 
 *764 
 
 Misjudged-Southey'sCromwell.3916 
 
 Devotion without m. 
 
 2732 
 
 Disclosed-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 *765 
 
 Mixed-" Priest, atheist and g.' 
 
 '5225 
 
 Doubtful m. of slavery-Cortea 
 
 -. 1106 
 
 Elevation of c.-Aristides. 
 
 *766 
 
 Necessary in judges. 
 
 3038 
 
 Indifferent to m.-Elizabeth. 
 
 1596 
 
 Estimated-Cromwell's. 
 
 *767 
 
 Neutral c.-Mohammedans. 
 
 4581 
 
 in Motive-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 3734 
 
 Foundation of c.-Germans. 
 
 *768 
 
 Noble o.-John Winthrop. 
 
 3173 
 
 Needful for liberty. 
 
 3222 
 
 Greatness of c.-Luther. 
 
 *769 
 
 Nobility of c.-St. Pierre. 
 
 4639 
 
 Object of Persian religion. 
 
 4709 
 
 Grotesque c.-Poet Shelley. 
 
 *770 
 
 " " " -Regulus. 
 
 5081 
 
 Perfection of pagan m. 
 
 4730 
 
 Inherited- American Indians. 
 
 *771 
 
 " " "-Sthennis. 
 
 3819 
 
 Preserved in army-Gus. XII. 
 
 4174 
 
 Misinterpreted-Charles II. 
 
 ♦772 
 
 Opinions indicate c. -Sceptic. 
 
 3919 
 
 •• " convents. 
 
 lies' 
 
CHARITY— CHILD. 
 
 783 
 
 Promoted in benevolence. 4163 
 
 Reasonable m. of Christianity. 2830 
 Rejected by art-Debauched R. 103 
 vs. Religion of Artasires. 4724 
 
 Religion the fountain-B. 2370 
 
 Standard of political m. 4245 
 
 ■Training in m. -Persian youth. 1771 
 Undermined by false phirs'phy.1713 
 " " Jesuits. 1105 
 
 TJnmeritorious m.-Monks. 1169 
 
 See QUALITY. 
 More than quantity- War. •4590 
 ♦4591 
 Tested by swords. *4o92 
 
 More than numbers-War. 3831 
 
 3832 
 
 " " " -Cromwell. 311 
 
 Selected for q.-Magi. 3833 
 
 Wanting in q.-Men-War. 3843 
 
 See REPUTATION. 
 Blemished-Napoleon I. 
 Changeful r.-Robert Bums. 
 Deceptive r. -Charles XII. 
 Evil r. -Ireland. 
 False r.-Aristides. 
 Fictitious r.-Gen. Chas. Lee. 
 Field for r.-Washington. 
 Mixed r.-Alexander's. 
 Preserved-Lincoln's. 
 for Probity-Cato. 
 Stained r.-William Pitt's, 
 for Veracity-James II. 
 
 ♦4784 
 ♦4785 
 ♦4786 
 ♦4787 
 ♦4788 
 *4789 
 ♦4790 
 ♦4791 
 •4792 
 •4793 
 •4794 
 •4795 
 
 Accidental-Van Buren's Admin. 51 
 Blot on r., one-William Penn. 607 
 
 " " " -Caesar's captives. 608 
 Borrowed-" Wash." Irving. 3771 
 Buried with the person. 1397 
 
 vs. Character-Lycurgus. 3264 
 
 Confidence in r.-Cicero. 1025 
 
 Contempt for r., deceptive. 5162 
 Contradictory r.-Robert the d. 3766 
 Cost of social r.-Estimate. 3671 
 
 Deceptive r.-Commodus. 5743 
 
 Delayed-John Milton's. 2325 
 
 Destroyed by avarice-Demosth. 672 
 Destruction of r. necessary. 1950 
 Disregarded-Eflfr'nt'ry of "B. F.''37 
 Envied-Aristides. 1910 
 
 False r. given-Henry VIII. 2153 
 
 " "of wealth. 5979 
 
 Good r. at home-Lincoln. 1488 
 
 Guarded-Athenian judges. 3038 
 for Honesty. -G. Washington.1 261 1 
 Honorable r.-Emperor Titus. 4307 
 Indifferent to r.-Catiline. 392 
 
 Maligned-Charles Wesley. 702 
 
 Mixed r.-Washington Irving. 3771 
 Questioned-Honesty-K. John. 2618 
 vs. Reality-nJames I. 2154 
 
 Rescued by history-Cromwell. 2577 
 Restored-Cromwell's. 3075 
 
 Sacriflced-Tool of tyranny. 3548 
 " for money-Cbas. I. 3662 
 
 Shameful r.-Dick Talbot. 3202 
 
 Spur to valor. 6767 
 
 by Success- Washington. 5408 
 
 " " -Yorkshire. 5409 
 
 Time for srrowth-Milton. 3310 
 
 Unjust r. for avarice-Joseph II. 778 
 
 Wronged by rival. 1911 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 for the Dead-Bolingbroke. *777 
 
 Distrusted-Joseph II. *778 
 
 Nobility of c.-Aristotle. ^779 
 
 Wise c. of John Howard. ^780 
 
 Wonderful o.-Woman's. *781 
 
 Jliscellaneous cross-references, 
 Blessings-"Hand never grow o, 
 Confiscated to avarice, 
 in Conversation-Cato. 
 a Crime-English law. 
 " Dangerous c.-Roman. 
 vs. Hospitality of Britons. 
 Hurtful c.-Labor degraded. 
 Rule of c.-Mohammedan c. 
 Success by c.-Howard. 
 Wise c.-Count Rumford. 
 of Woman-Laeta. 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE in loc. 
 
 CHARM. 
 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and I. ♦782 
 
 " "-Agnus Dei. +783 
 
 See ENCHANTMENT. 
 
 BoyisTi e.-David Crockett. 634 
 
 " " in books-Irving. 626 
 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 2124 
 
 See INFATUATION. 
 
 Destructive i. of Nero. *2819 
 
 of Pride-James II. *2820 
 
 "515 
 
 2079 
 
 1170 
 
 3111 
 
 5218 
 
 2640 
 
 3099 
 
 544 
 
 513 
 
 503 
 
 6044 
 
 of Curiosity-Pliny. 5050 
 
 Inventor's i -Arkwright. 5168 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3342 
 
 Political i.- James II. 3388 
 Popular i.-Conquest of Florida. 75 
 
 of War-Charles XII. 1239 
 See MAGIC in loc. 
 
 CHASTISEOTENT. 
 
 of Children-Scourge. *784 
 
 Cross-references, 
 
 Ineffective c -Young W. 1668 
 
 Humiliating c.-Goldsmith's. 2664 
 Moral effect of c.-Salem witch. 845 
 
 Morality Improved by c. 3711 
 
 Passionate c. deplored. 4019 
 
 See FLOGGING. 
 
 Comfort under f.-Christian. ^2159 
 
 Excessive f.-Titus Gates. *2160 
 
 Brutality in f.-Jeffreys'. 2862 
 
 Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives. 2860 
 
 Triple f.-Real and false. 2754 
 
 See AFFLICTION in loc. 
 
 CHASTITY. 
 
 and Civilization-Opposed. •785 
 Invincible c.-R. Gen. Bellsarius.*786 
 
 Rare-Roman maidens. •787 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 by Coercion-Matilda. 5862 
 
 Ignored by Spartans-Ruin. 6187 
 
 See VIRGINITY. 
 Dedicated-Pulcheria. *6885 
 
 Faith in v.-Joan of Arc. •5887 
 
 Regard for v. -Superstitious. 
 See CELIBACY in loc. 
 
 4616 
 
 CHEERFULNESS. 
 
 Simulated-Queen Mary. *788 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Necessary in worship. 6160 
 
 Politic vs. Melancholy. 1670 
 
 See COMFORT. 
 
 by Affection of friends-Martyr. 3403 
 
 " Dream-Napoleon I. 1725 
 
 in Misfortune-Mohammedan c. 1568 
 
 Religious c. in distress. 2159 
 
 " " " trial. 2205 
 
 See CONSOLATION. 
 
 of Philosophy-Boethius. *1134 
 
 See ENCOURAGEMENT. 
 Timely e. for Luther. •1879 
 
 " "-Columbus. •1880 
 
 Visionary e.-Columbus. •1881 
 
 Helpful e. of a friend. 
 
 See EXHILARATION, 
 of Music vs. Drink. 
 
 See HUMOR. 
 Admlred-Abraham Lincoln. *2677 
 Fondnessforh.-A. Lincoln. *2678 
 
 5403 
 
 3753 
 
 vs. Earnestness-Lincoln. 1756 
 
 Subdued by h.-Amazon. 1933 
 
 See JOY. 
 
 of Discovery-Galileo. *302S 
 
 Fatal J. -Shock to explorers. *3029 
 
 Intoxicating j.-Welllngton's. •3030 
 
 Public j.-Acquittal of 7 Bps. *3031 
 
 of Benevolence-A. Lincoln. 536 
 
 " " -Faraday. 537 
 
 '* " -John Howard. 4192 
 
 " *' -Rev. J. Newton. 3077 
 
 " Business-Chauncey Jerome. 690 
 
 " DiscoTery-Spaniards. 2206 
 
 Domestic j. of Marcius. 112 
 
 Fatal j. -Lover's. 8848 
 
 Inconsiderate j. of peace. 4091 
 
 of Peace- War of 1812. 4091 
 
 Reaction of j.-Insanity. 8998 
 
 of Realization-Columbus. 4623 
 
 Religious j. in persecution. 584 
 
 Speechless j.-LajoIais. 8998 
 
 of Success-Columbus. 5398 
 
 in Wealth-Sudden. 484S 
 
 See LAUGHTER. 
 
 Power in l.-Palmerston. 1811 
 
 See SMILE. 
 
 Resented byTimour. ^5214 
 
 CHEERING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Effective-" Yelling regiment." *789 
 
 See APPLAUSE. 
 Ancient Germans' a.-Clashing 8.^270 
 Consequence of a.-Inspiration. *271 
 Indifference to a.-Napoleon. •272 
 
 Distrusted by Cromwell. 8739 
 
 Presumption from a. 2570 
 
 See ENCOURAGEMENT in loo. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Infatuated with c.-I. Newton. 814 
 
 CHIIiD. 
 
 Influence of a c- Sovereign. •79a 
 
 Passionate c.-Blaise Pascal. *791 
 
 Power of a o.-Ruler. •79* 
 
784 
 
 CHILDHOOD— CHILDREN. 
 
 Precocions c.-SamuelJohnson. *793 
 Ruined-Orlef for. *794 
 
 Value of a c.-lOO camels. *795 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affection of Webster for his c. 661 
 Expectations unrealized In c.-N. 597 
 Honored by Mahomet. 6201 
 
 Impressed by counsel. 2763 
 
 Maternal devotion to her c.-A. 196 
 Missing c. in burning house.-W. 119 
 Petitioner for Bavlng life. 4163 
 
 Pitiful- Wounded-Indlan war. 8731 
 Reproof of a c. 4780 
 
 Unruly c.-Frederick II. 5762 
 
 CHIIiDHOOD. 
 
 Impressible-Conversion. *796 
 
 Terrors of c.-WIlliam Cowper. *r97 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Apprehensions in c.-Sin. 5166 
 
 Education of c.-Results of. 3824 
 
 Forecast of manhood. 5914 
 
 Genius in o.-Qoldsmith. 2301 
 
 Undisciplined c.-Byron. 8722 
 
 CaiLDREIf. 
 
 Abused-Paupers-England. *798 
 
 " -Spinning. *799 
 
 Blessing-Mahomet. '800 
 
 Delight in c.-Mahomet. *801 
 
 Discipline of c.-Severlty. *802 
 
 Prightened-IUness-Death. *803 
 
 Labors of o.-Six years old. *804 
 
 Mistrained c.-John Milton's, *806 
 
 Overgovemment of o.-J. H. 'SOe 
 
 Protection of c.-Roman. ♦807 
 
 Save the State-Washington. *809 
 
 of the State-Spartans. *808 
 
 Surrender of o.-to Valens. *810 
 
 Surviving o.-SamuelJohnson. *811 
 
 Treasures-Poor man's. *812 
 
 Unfortunate o.-Tartars. ♦813 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reffirences. 
 Abuse of c.-Frederick Wm. I. 6741 
 Adaptation to c.-Luther. 2543 
 
 Bereavement of c- Wordsworth. 560 
 Bond of marriage-Indians. 1705 
 Chastisement of c.-Scourge. 784 
 " "-Whlpp'dtod.798 
 Condescension to c.-Parental. 2108 
 Conduct depends on mother. 3727 
 Cruelty to c.-Irish persecution. 1336 
 " *' "-Timour. 1.3.37 
 
 Degraded by punishment-ieth C.802 
 
 " or dead-which i 1646 
 
 Desire for c.-Mahomet. 4333 
 
 Desired or divorce. 1704 
 
 Destroyed by parents. 2065 
 
 Destruction of c.-Par«ntal. 4356 
 " " weak o.-Spart'ns. 1350 
 Devotion to o.-Iadian mother8.3529 
 Discipline of c.-Inconsiderate. 2714 
 Disobedience encouraged-Law.4119 
 Diversity of character in c. 227 
 
 Extortion-Unfortunate c. 607 
 
 like Fathers-Patricides. 1295 
 
 Government of c. by authority. 411 
 Governed by fear-Infant c. 2115 
 Hatred taught to Irish o. 1336 
 
 in Heaven-Swedenborg. 6207 
 
 Honesty exposes c.-to Burns. 1972 
 Imperilled by servants-Scott. 2882 
 Independent of oversight. 2781 
 
 Ingrate c. of Henry II. 2853 
 
 Manhood influenced by c. 3602 
 
 Mourning for d. c. prohibited. 3736 
 Numerous bastard o. in Flanders.65 
 Obedience of c.-Spartan. 5671 
 
 Patriotism taught to c. 4071 
 
 Personality denied-Romans. 4003 
 vs. Pet dogs-Caesar's reproof. 233 
 Physical development of c. 2530 
 of Poverty- Wesley's. 4289 
 
 " -Toils of. 4294 
 
 Prayer for c. answered. 1086 
 
 Prayers of c. asked. 1780 
 
 Preservation of c. from Indians. 117 
 Proof of marriage in c. 3483 
 
 Prosperity brought by c.-Arabs.4528 
 Punished for parent's sin. 4571 
 
 " " ancestor's sin. 6175 
 Punishment of c.-Parental. 4573 
 Rebellion of c. -Natural. 805 
 
 Scourging c.-Excessive. 1350 
 
 of the State-Soldiers' orphans. 4064 
 " " " -Spartans-8 years. 1817 
 " " " " 1822 
 
 Suffer by intemperance. 2921 
 
 Tender regard for c.-Impresslve 2351 
 Trained to obedience. 1822 
 
 " for citizenship. 2182 
 
 " In language. 3136 
 
 " early-J. Quincy. 3287 
 
 Truthful by training. 2043 
 
 Vain anxieties for prosperity of. 190 
 
 See ADOPTION. 
 Captives among Indians. ^57 
 
 by the State of soldiers' orphans. *58 
 
 Annulled by Qabrlel-M.'s son. 63 
 Pitiful a.-Foundllng. 781 
 
 Substitutes in families by a. 2074 
 
 See BABE. 
 
 Influence of b. -Pardon. 4001 
 
 King of Scots-James. 3079 
 
 " " Eng. and Fr.-HenryVI. 3080 
 
 Supposititious b.-Believed. 3913 
 
 See BOY. 
 Enchanted b.-David Crockett. *634 
 Precocious b.-Themistocles. *635 
 " " -Benj. Franklin. *636 
 Reformed b.-David Crockett. *637 
 Runaway b.-Benj. Franklin. *638 
 " Scientific " b.-R. Stephenson. *639 
 
 Enchanted by books-Irving. 626 
 Endangered by genlus.-Bums. 246 
 Fortitude of b.-Martyr. 4130 
 
 Hallucination corrected. 2734 
 
 Honorable-Abraham Lincoln. 4635 
 Hope in b. blasted-Howard. 4002 
 Independent b.-Caesar. 2788 
 
 Ingenious b.-Eli Whitney. 88 
 
 " " -Newton. 3543 
 
 Manly b. in adversity. -H. Davy. 86 
 Name of b. fortunate-Caesar. 3772 
 Observing b.-W.'Scott, "button." 19 
 Prodigy in figures-Colburn. 3532 
 Ungovernable b.-Hugh Miller. 2463 
 Unpromising b.-Bp. George. 264 
 
 See BOYHOOD. 
 
 Dull b.-Oliver Goldsmith. *640 
 
 Humble b.-Pizarro. *641 
 Ingenuity in b.-Isaac Newton. *64a 
 See BOYS. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Friendship of b.-Byron. 2243 
 
 Interest in b.-Luther. 497 
 
 Quarrels of b. useful. 179 
 
 See DAUGHTER. 
 
 Appreciative d.-Cromwell's. 1200 
 
 Expelled for piety. 1663 
 
 Obedient to p. in marriage. 123 
 
 Pleadings of d.-Pardon. 8998 
 
 Revenge of d. -Murderer. 6056 
 
 Unappreciated-China. 1035 
 
 See INFANTS, 
 
 in Heaven-Swedenborg. ♦2818 
 
 2410 
 
 Infanticide in oppression. 
 See PRECOCITY. 
 Remarkable p.-James Watt. ^4402 
 '* " -Alex. Pope. *4403 
 
 Educational p.-S. Johnson, 
 
 1815 
 
 of Genius-William C. Bryant. 
 
 2329 
 
 Juvenile p. of Themlstocles. 
 
 635 
 
 in Mathematics. 
 
 3539 
 
 " " -Colbum. 
 
 3533 
 
 Remarkable p.-S. Johnson-8 
 
 yrs.793 
 
 Youthful p. of B. Franklin. 
 
 636 
 
 See SON. 
 
 
 a Devoted s. -Confucius. 
 
 ♦525S 
 
 like Mother-Nero. 
 
 ♦5260 
 
 Reconciling s.-Themistocles. 
 
 ♦5261 
 
 Affectionate s.-Wm. Cowper. 110 
 
 " "-Walter Scott. Ill 
 
 " "-Caius Marcius. 112 
 
 " "-SertoriustheR.G.113 
 
 " "-Alexander. 114 
 
 " "-Napoleon I. 115 
 
 Antipathy of J. Howard's son. 122 
 
 Ashamed of his mother. 8722 
 
 Birth of s., Joy by. 4529 
 
 Destroyer of mother-Nero. 1347 
 
 Disinherited-Religion-Penn. 3970 
 
 Disobedience expiated. 1662 
 
 Dutiful s. in manhood. 8723 
 
 " "-Alexander the Greti, 3730 
 
 Grateful s.-Napoleon I. 3727 
 
 "-Nero. 3721 
 
 Illegitimate s. honored. 3470 
 
 Ingrate s.-Matricide-Nero. 8743 
 
 " "-Nero. 1110 
 
 " "-Infamous. 3713 
 
 Mother makes the son. 2066 
 
 Reformed by running away-C. 637 
 
 Rejected by father- Wm. Penn. 4745 
 
 Shameless s.-Prinee Ferdinand. 5125 
 
 Wayward s. reclaimed. 6214 
 
 See SONS. 
 Ingrate s. of Henry II. 1634 
 
 «' " " " " 4005 
 
 Pride in s.-Mother's-Comelia. 3728 
 
 See YOUTH. 
 Ardor of y.-Lafayette. ♦6188 
 
 Attractive y.-Mahomet. ^6189 
 
 Backwardness in y. ^6190 
 
 Capacity in y.-G.Washingtoij. ^6191 
 Corrected-Aristotle. ♦eigs 
 
CHIMERA— CHRIST. 
 
 785 
 
 Corrupted by Catiline. *6193 
 
 Enemies in y.-Wm. P. of 0. *6194 
 FoUy of y.-Edgar AUan Poe. *6195 
 Fountain of y.-Florida. *6196 
 
 Genius in y. -Isaac Newton. *6197 
 Hardships in y.-G. Washington.*6198 
 " " -C. Jerome. *6199 
 " " -A. Lincoln. *6200 
 Hope in y. -Mahomet. *6201 
 
 Humble y.-Komulus. *6202 
 
 an Index-Charles I. *6203 
 
 Manhood out of y.-P. Cooper. *6204 
 Mental basis in y.-Gibbon. *6203 
 Neglected-Peter the Great. *6206 
 Perfecting y.-Swedenborg. *6207 
 Preparation in y. -Washington. *6208 
 Presumption of y.-Louis XIV. *6209 
 Regard for y.-" Rising Sun." *6210 
 Studious y.-John Milton. *6211 
 
 Training of y.-Persians. ♦6212 
 
 Unpromising y.-Lincoln. *6213 
 
 Wildness in y.-George MuUer. *6214 
 
 Abilities shown in y. by Alex. 6 
 
 in y. of Scipio. 129 
 
 Ability in y. of Charles XII. 144 
 
 Affections of y.-Isaac Newton. 108 
 
 Adversity in y. overruled. 1785 
 
 " "-G. Washington. 1784 
 
 « « .. « .. J788 
 
 " "-A. Lincoln. 1787 
 Ambition in y.-Themistocles. 189 
 " " study-Jones. 1776 
 
 Blemished by gray hair. 8499 
 
 Brave in death-Covenanter. 656 
 " y. -Black Prince-15 years. 470 
 Choice in y. 3254 
 
 Conversation, Instructed by. 2182 
 Conversion changes evil y. 2351 
 Corrected in later lif e-MuUer. 878 
 Devotion to y.-Teacher's. 6150 
 
 Determination in y. 1562 
 
 Dissolute y.-Hernando Cortez. 78 
 Educated in patriotism-Spart. 894 
 Fearless y.-Benedict Arnold. 2122 
 Fidelity in y. rewarded-Drake. 5007 
 Folly of y. considered. 2062 
 
 Foreshadows the man. 3404 
 
 Foundation in y.-Good. 5389 
 
 Fountain of y. in free lnstit'ti'ns.213 
 " " not found. 1607 
 
 Friend of y. -Peter Cooper. 1785 
 Happy y.-School-days. 5034 
 
 Hypocritical y.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 Impressions In y.-Wm. P. of O. 2762 
 " "-Cruelty. 2774 
 
 Instructed in laws. 3164 
 
 Invention in y.-" Mule." 8986 
 
 Knowledge in y. -Thirst for. 3096 
 Labor in y.-Thurlow Weed. 3121 
 Life-plan made in y.-Mllton. 3250 
 Lover in y.-Napoleon. 3343 
 
 Mathematician in y.-Pascal. 2384 
 Mechanical taste in y. 3543 
 
 Ministry in y.-R. Watson. 3615 
 
 Misgovernment of y. -Ho ward's. 411 
 Neglected education of y. 1808 
 
 Dbjection to y. removed. 144 
 
 " " " " byvote8.189 
 
 Offences, Lingering regrets for.-S.19 
 Presumption of y,-Pompey. 6810 
 
 Promotion in y.-Alexander. 1813 
 Protected by good relatives-A. 382 
 Ruined-Undisciplined y. 1618 
 
 Sacrifices in y.-Knowledge. 3095 
 Sadness of y.-Melancholy. 3562 
 
 Scepticism of y. cured. 2824 
 
 Selected in a dream. 1722 
 
 Spirited y.-Alberic the Roman. 507 
 Study in y.-Isaac Newton. 2100 
 Teacher of y. imitated. 5037 
 
 Temptations in school. 5036 
 
 Tested-" Win his spurs. " 1560 
 
 Trained to cruelty. 1365 
 
 " " " 1366 
 
 Trials in y.-Napoleon. 5033 
 
 See EDUCATION, FAMILY, YOUNG 
 MAN, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG 
 PEOPLE, in loc. 
 
 CHIMERA. 
 
 Pursuit of c.-Isaac Newton. *814 
 
 See CRAZE, 
 for Gk)ld-Emigrants. 8388 
 
 See HALLUCINATION. 
 Realistic h -Luther and the d. *2506 
 
 Enthusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 2384 
 See DELUSION in loc. 
 
 CHIVAIiRT. 
 
 Baseness of c.-Edward I. *815 
 
 Modern c.-Union-Confederate. *816 
 Order of c.-Knightsof St, John.*817 
 Patriotic o.-Paul Jones. 'SIS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Battle-Brenneville-Bloodless. 461 
 " " -Prince Rupert. 464 
 
 Brutality of c.-Edward I. 815 
 
 Courtesy of c.-Black Prince. 1260 
 Demoralized by shameful c.-F- 269 
 Misdirected c.-De Soto-Am. 1986 
 vs. Property-Marriage. 3466 
 
 " Puritanism-England. 4583 
 
 See KNIGHTHOOD. 
 Ceremony of k.-Chivalry. *3086 
 
 See KNIGHTS. 
 
 Origin of Order of K. of St. John.817 
 
 See POLITENESS in loc. 
 
 CHOICE. 
 
 of Both-Ly Sander. *819 
 
 Manifested-Pizarro. ♦820 
 
 Necessary-My head or king's. ♦821 
 
 Painful c.-Death of Strafford. ♦822 
 
 See DILEMMA. 
 Decided by Marcia. 
 
 ♦1591 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Difflcult-Mr. Dustin's children. 117 
 Necessary c. -Charles I. 416 
 
 of Life made in youthtime. 3254 
 Painful c.-Charge or be charged. 71 
 " " -Clotilda. 1646 
 
 Paradise or perdition. 6141 
 
 Politician's c.-Ch. vs. Vote. 3874 
 Thirst vs. Royalty. 5952 
 
 Unhappy o.-Money or teeth. 2001 
 
 See DECISION. 
 Final d.-Caesar-Rubicon. ^1480 
 
 " " " " •1481 
 
 Lacking d.-Charles I.-Naseby. ^1482 
 
 Painful d.-Church vs. State. 4118 
 Ruin inevitable. 4955 
 
 Unavoidable d.-Extortion. 2003 
 
 See VOLUNTEER. 
 Welcome-Ali-Mahomet. 6201 
 
 See VOLUNTEERS. 
 Adventurous v. -Conquest of Fla. 75 
 Choice of v.-Soldiers. 5766 
 
 Daring-Blowing up the ram A. 73 
 for Self-sacrifice-Calais. 4639 
 
 See ELECTION in loc. 
 
 CHRIST. 
 
 Carlcatured-Terrifying. ♦823 
 Defence of C.-King of Franks. ^824 
 
 Honors for C.-Ulustrated. *825 
 
 Preaching C.-Erasmus. ♦826 
 
 Substituted by the Pope. ^827 
 
 Theory of C.-Mahomet's. *828 
 
 Hastened by action. 2221 
 
 Immediate d. -General Grant. 1891 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Allegiance to C. professed. 109* 
 Blood of C.-Atonement. 6034 
 
 Everything, all else nothing. 1486 
 Example of C. comforting. 8159 
 " " " imitated. 525 
 
 " " " sustain8-Johnson.584 
 Faith In C. alone-Peace. 4103 
 
 Fidelity to C.-Scotch maiden. 4U2 
 Fighting for C.-Fanatics. 2091 
 
 Image of C. on linen cloth. 2730 
 Light of C. in darkness. 4130 
 
 Longing to be with C.-Vane. 2039 
 Loyalty to C.-Supreme. 1663 
 
 for Others-Melancholy. 1192 
 
 Phantom C.-Mahomet's view. 828 
 Refuge for sinners-Clark. 1181 
 
 Salvation in His blood. 118» 
 
 Saves alone- Wesley. 1122 
 
 Scandalized-Redeemer incar. 2094 
 Supplanted by worship- Virgin. 412 
 Trust In blood of C.-Blsmarck. 4751 
 Views of C.-Imperfect-Indians.4413 
 Voting for C. -Roman Senate. 5859 
 Witnessing for C.-Chrlstlans. 603& 
 
 See ADVENT. 
 Seasonable a. -Needed-Ready. ^72 
 
 See CHRISTMAS. 
 Celebration of c. -Revelry. ♦850 
 
 Changed by Puritans-Fast. ^851 
 
 Beneficial celebration of c. 
 Celebration demanded. 
 Sad c.-Columbus dejected. 
 
 See CROSS. 
 Emblems of the Christian c. 
 Protection of the c. -Roman L- 
 Recovered-Holy relic from P. 
 Victory by thec-Constantlne, 
 
 Charmed c.-" Agnus DeL" 
 Fraudulent c.-Relics. 
 Peace by the blood of the c. 
 Precious relics of the c. 
 Relic of the c.-Nails-Spear. 
 Rival c.-" Indulgence Cross." 
 Saved by the c.-Whitefield. 
 True c. captured by Persians. 
 Victory by sign of c.-Con. 
 
 851 
 3915 
 1881 
 
 ♦1317 
 ♦1318 
 ♦1319 
 ♦1320 
 
 783 
 4678 
 1175 
 4672 
 1047 
 
 827 
 4770 
 
 324 
 1781 
 
?86 
 
 CHRISTIAN— CHURCH. 
 
 See CRUCIFIXION. 
 Modem c. In India. 
 
 *1831 
 
 Honored relic of c. 
 
 1321 
 
 See EUCHARIST. 
 
 
 Blessing in the e.-Spiritual. 
 
 5085 
 
 See JESUS. 
 
 
 no Comforter but J.-Mary S. 
 
 5067 
 
 Honored king-Godfrey. 
 
 2671 
 
 King, the only-Puritans. 
 
 1250 
 
 " of all nations. 
 
 2894 
 
 Kingdom of J.-Contrasted-N. 
 
 3347 
 
 Precious name-Martyr. 
 
 4137 
 
 Saints with J. 
 
 1453 
 
 See SAVIOUR. 
 
 
 False S.-Titus Gates. 
 
 *5018 
 
 In a Name-" Solon." 
 
 ♦5019 
 
 False S. of the world-Nero. 4325 
 
 See CHRISTIAN, GOSPEL and 
 
 RELIGION in loc. 
 
 CHRISTIAN. 
 
 by Bereavement-A. Lincoln. ♦829 
 
 Experience of A. Lincoln. *830 
 
 Spirit of the C.-Cromwell. ♦831 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Counselled to be a C.-Louis XIV.1219 
 Devoted C.-Missionary Shaw. 4554 
 Example of C. spirit. 4852 
 
 Martyrs-Taylor-Latimer. 1233 
 
 Sacrifices of C.-John Nelson. 4999 
 " «' "-Thomas Smith. 5000 
 
 Soldier-" Stonewall Jackson." 5228 
 Spirit of the C.-Cromwell. 1434 
 
 Unworldly C.-Mary Bos'nquet. 1663 
 
 CHRISTIANITY. 
 Absurd-Abyssinian. *832 
 
 Adyancement-Primary cause. *833 
 
 " -Secondary cause. ^834 
 
 Civilization by C.-Cruelty abol. *835 
 
 " " "-Barbarians. ^836 
 
 " " " ^837 
 
 Commended-Worth. ♦SSS 
 
 Compromised-Constantine. ^839 
 Discarded-France, year 1794. ^840 
 and Discovery-Columbus. ♦841 
 
 Diversity in C.-National. *842 
 
 Indestructible by persecution. ^843 
 Misunderstood by Gibbon. ^844 
 Muscular C. -Salem witches. ^845 
 Offence of C.-Amusements. ♦846 
 Qualified faith In C.-Shelley. ^847 
 Success of C- World- wide. *848 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 VS. Amusements-Romans. 846 
 
 Benevolence of C.-Bp. of A. 545 
 
 " " -Bishop Ken. 617 
 
 " " " -Bp. T. Coke. 1570 
 
 ** " " -C. Wilkinson. 531 
 
 ** " " to Captives. 522 
 
 " " "-Enf'ced bye. 4295 
 
 *• •' " -Enlarged. 550 
 
 •* " *' by Faith. 526 
 
 •* " 2035 
 
 •• " " -Huguenots. 638 
 
 •• " " -John Wesley. 518 
 
 ** " " " " 549 
 
 •• " " -Joyful. 8077 
 
 *• " " -Lady H. 520 
 
 Benevolence of C.-Lady H. 546 
 
 " " -M. Fletcher. 519 
 
 " " -Rule. 4335 
 
 " " Self-sac.-J. H. 548 
 
 -J. 8018 
 
 " " " shown. 2659 
 
 " " " -Sewing-girl. 625 
 
 « (• '• -Thomas Coke.539 
 
 " " " -Whitefield. 2029 
 
 Caricatured-Amerlcan Indians.4413 
 
 in Conflict with depravity. 124 
 
 Controversy beneficial to C. 3931 
 
 Corrects amusements. 835 
 
 Debased by clergy. 923 
 
 Evidence of C. convincing. 2823 
 
 " " " vs. Objections. 2827 
 
 Extended by woman-Clotilda. 6046 
 
 Humanizing effect of C. on Rom.835 
 
 Investigated-Prejudlce. 4412 
 
 Misconstrued by Julian. 4114 
 
 Morals of C.-Superior. 2830 
 
 Overthrown In Japan. 3640 
 
 Peril of C. by Mohammedanlsm.2187 
 
 Promoted by woman. 3726 
 
 Prosperity endangers C. 4530 
 
 Woman extends C.-Young. 6103 
 
 See BIBLE. 
 Adaptation of theB.-Col. Cong.*564 
 Bible- reading forbidden-Eng. *586 
 Comfort from the B.-Captive. ♦565 
 Diffusion of the B.-Tyndale. ^566 
 Discoveries in the B.-Luther. *567 
 Displaced-By gloves-H. VIII. *568 
 Doubted-J. Bunyan's struggles. ♦569 
 the First American B -Eliot's. ^570 
 Gift of B to Queen Elizabeth. *571 
 Imperilled by the B.-R. Hunne. *572 
 Incendiary B.-Bookseller's. ♦573 
 Indestructible-Persecution. ^574 
 Infiuence of the B.-Cromwell. ^575 
 Monopoly in the B.-Brit. pub's. ^576 
 Omitted-Coronation of J. H. ♦577 
 People's B.-Wycliffe. ♦578 
 
 Prohibition of the B.-England. ^579 
 «' »• " " -Necessary +580 
 
 Protected by the B.-J. Knox. ♦SSI 
 Reverence for the B.-Indians. ^585 
 Searching the B.-"Bible Moths"+582 
 Senses in the B. -Three senses. *583 
 Stimulation-Persecution of S.J.^584 
 
 Bound by the B.-Luther. 1092 
 
 Civil gov't by B. rule-Conn. 2454 
 
 Civilization advanced by the B. 836 
 
 Comfort for prisoners. 966 
 " from the B.-Cromwell. 555 
 
 Destitute of B.-Young Mtiller. 4712 
 
 Direction in duty by B. 3613 
 
 Divinity of B.-Denial a crime. 2556 
 
 Encouragement-Earthquake. 1087 
 
 Inspires courage-Covenanter. 656 
 
 Interpretation of B.-Strict. 3828 
 
 Interpreters of B.-False. 2493 
 
 Opposition to the B.-Tyndale. 566 
 
 " " "-Catholic. 568 
 
 •< .. I. .< a 572 
 
 " " " " " 577 
 
 Political abuse of B. 5118 
 
 Power of its historical books-L. 166 
 
 Reading of B.-Ostentatious. 4175 
 
 Revealed in new light. 1768 
 
 Rule in civil gov't-Conn. Col. 881 
 
 Strength from B.-Cromwell 1444 
 
 Surrender of B.-Painful. 3616 
 Tribute-" Is literature itself." 81 
 
 Unattractive-Condemnation. 5753 
 
 See GOSPEL. 
 
 a Heavenly message-Sailor. ♦2398 
 
 Triumph of B.-Paganism. ^2399 
 
 See MISSIONS. 
 
 by Conquest-a Failure. ♦3639 
 
 Destroyed in Japan. ♦3640 
 
 and Science-Columbus. *3641 
 
 Successful m. in Japan. ♦3642 
 
 to be Sustained-M. B. Cox. ♦3643 
 
 Zeal for m.-Thomas Coke. ^3644 
 
 See SCRIPTURE. 
 
 Misued against Columbus. ♦SOSS 
 
 See CHURCH and RELIGION 
 
 in Ifc. 
 
 CHRISTIANS. 
 
 Uncompromising-Idolatry. ^849 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Benevolence of C. 529 
 
 Better or worse than others. 868 
 
 vs. Christians-Crusaders. 4173 
 
 Expelled from Japan. 3640 
 
 Misjudged by Tacitus. 2584 
 
 Non-resistance of early C. 3822 
 
 Repentance of apostate C. [ 263 
 
 Resistance by fighting. 3823 
 
 Return of unfaithful C. 252 
 
 Rights of C. assumed-Pagans. 1050 
 
 Simplicity of primitive C. 4096 
 
 Sins of C. painful. 5165 
 
 Slandered-Enemies of God. 4143 
 
 -Primitive. 6179 
 
 United by burning creeds. 2087 
 
 Unity of primitive C. 5751 
 
 Unprotected by law-Roman. 1261 
 
 Virtuous C.-Roman. 787 
 See CHURCH and RELIGION 
 in loc. 
 
 CHRISTMAS. 
 
 Celebration of C.-R. of F. andL^850 
 
 Changed by Puritans-Fast. ^851 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Celebration demanded by m. 3915 
 Sad C.-Columbus dejected. 1881 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 Attendance at C.-Compulsory. ♦858 
 " "-Puritans. ♦SSS 
 Befrlended-Miles Standish. ♦854 
 Bloody C.-Huguenots per.-ria.^855 
 Caste in C.-Aaron Burr. ♦SSe 
 
 Conservative C.-Ch.of England. ^857 
 Corrupted by prosperity. ♦858 
 
 Costly C.-St. Sophia. ^859 
 
 Desecration-Horses in St. P.'s. ♦Seo 
 Destruction of C. attempted. ^861 
 Devotion to the C.-Laymen. ♦862 
 Erection-Enthusiastic. ♦Ses 
 
 " -Rewarded. ^864 
 
 -St. Sophia. ♦865 
 
 " -Vanity in. ^866 
 
 Episcopacy of the Anglican C. ^867 
 Exaction of dues. ♦seS 
 
 False head-James IL ^869 
 
 Love of C.-Engl'sh Tories. ^870 
 
CHURCHES— CLEANLINESS. 
 
 787 
 
 Ideditations after C.-J. Fitch. 
 Neglect of C. reproved. 
 Non-attendance at C.-Fine. 
 Purified by persecution. 
 ■Quarrel in the C.-Rev. Newton, 
 Rebuilding-Temple of Mecca, 
 or Self-sacrifice. 
 Sin in the C.-George MiiUer. 
 and State-Diyided. 
 
 " " -Conflicting. 
 
 " " -New Haven. 
 .State C.-English- Weakness. 
 Suffering for the C.-Bp. Mark. 
 Support- Voluntary-Saions. 
 
 *871 
 *872 
 *873 
 *874 
 *875 
 *876 
 ♦877 
 *878 
 ♦879 
 ♦882 
 ♦881 
 ♦880 
 ♦883 
 ♦884 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Allegiance to C. vs. State-J. 2887 
 Ambition in the C. in early ages. 181 
 -Attendance enforced-Puritans. 6163 
 
 591 
 -Va. Col. 4750 
 
 " for sleep ate. 5119 
 
 at C. demanded of B.318 
 
 " of infant-S.Johnson.793 
 
 Building by Indulgences. 2803 
 
 Criminals in C.-England. 1297 
 
 <:!rltic at C.-Chas. GrenvUle. 1304 
 Dedication-the True. 1486 
 
 Dependent C.-Anglican. 880 
 
 Drama introduced in the C. 1720 
 " prohibited in C. 1720 
 
 Government by members of C. 2454 
 Immunity of C. from civil power.882 
 Intrusive-" Property of God." 1077 
 vs. King-James 11. 8617 
 
 Legacies for the C. 3183 
 
 ' 554 
 
 Members privileged-Voters. 591 
 ■ys. Ofllcer-Rochester. 3874 
 
 8875 
 Oppressions of the C.-15th cent. 426 
 Power of C. -Humble Henry II. 4104 
 Property of C. confiscated. 2549 
 Eeadmission to m'b'ship in the C.253 
 Eespect for the C.-Hat lifted. 6169 
 «nd State-Separate. 1102 
 
 vs. State-Scotland. 4118 
 
 " " -English Jesuits. 2887 
 
 ■Sustained by intemperance. 2917 
 Theatricals in the C.-Religloua. 5591 
 Villainy protected by the C.-B. 882 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 Blended-Rom. Cath. and Prot. ♦885 
 •without Instruction-Elizabeth. ^886 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Decline of C. in Ireland. 948 
 
 Establishment ofC.-LadyH. 520 
 
 See SAKCTTJARY. 
 Refuge in the s.-15th century. 4659 
 See CHRISTIANITY and RELIG- 
 ION in loe. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCES. 
 
 Difference in c.-Alexander. ♦887 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 XJontrolled by o.-" Bobbing J." 759 
 
 See ENVIRONMENT. 
 Mind influenced by e. 3602 
 
 CIRCUS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Captivated by the c.-Woman. 216 
 Passion for the c.-Romans. 221 
 
 CITIES. 
 Importance of c.-Germany. ♦888 
 Poverty in c.-Rome. ^889 
 
 Ungovernable-London. ^890 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed by flre-London-Rome.693 
 Free government of c.-Origin. 2438 
 Growth of c. opposed-London. 682 
 Vice concentrated in o. 1299 
 
 CITIZENS. 
 Duty of c.-Patriotism. ^891 
 
 Naturalized c.-Roman. ^892 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destruction of non-combatants.1504 
 Sovereigns, American-Grant. 5275 
 Superior to soldiers. 2038 
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 
 Honor of c.-Bolivar. ♦893 
 
 Intelligent c.-Spartans. *894 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cosmopolitan o.-Elihu Yale. 1915 
 Introduction to c. -Early G. 3408 
 Prized-Roman-Sertorius. 4073 
 
 Suspended by debt. 1464 
 
 Trained for c.-Spartan youth. 2182 
 
 See NATIONALITY. 
 Precedence of n.-P. Henry. 4057 
 
 See NATURALIZATION, 
 of Citizens-Roman. 892 
 
 See NATION and PATRIOT- 
 ISM in loo. 
 
 CITY. 
 
 Blessings of the c.-Roman. ^895 
 
 Contaminating c.-Rome. ^896 
 Establishment of c.-Anclents. ^897 
 
 Populous c.-Rome. ^898 
 
 Sins of the c.-A. Lincoln. ^899 
 
 Vices of the c.-London. ^900 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advantage of c. life. 3255 
 
 Countryman in c.-Imposition. 1231 
 Depopulated by emigration-R. 4326 
 Desolate c.-London-Pestilence. 1540 
 Destroyed by fire- Washington. 716 
 Lost in c. of Edinburgh-G. 718 
 
 Metropolitan c. always-N. Y. 1863 
 in Mourning-Defeat-Shame. 2662 
 Mystery in c.-Crowds. 2521 
 
 Vice concentrated in c.-Acre. 2415 
 
 CIVIIi-SERVICE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Examination, unprepared for-B.2345 
 
 See GOVERNMENT in loo. 
 
 CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Dangers of c.-Romans. ^901 
 
 Demands of c.-Francis Drake. ^902 
 Effete c.-Greeks. ^903 
 
 Failure of c.-American Indians. ^904 
 Fleeing from c.-Sam. Houston. ^905 
 Growth of c.-Anclents. ^906 
 
 Late c.-RussIans. ^907 
 
 Misrepresented to Indians. ^908 
 Origin of o.-Moderu, ^909 
 
 Progress of c.-Greeks. 
 " " " -Britons. 
 Revival of c.-Period. 
 
 ♦91« 
 ♦9?1 
 
 ♦9ia 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned by S. Houston. 3251 
 Advance of o. in 13th century. 143 
 Advance of c.-England. 2166 
 
 Advanced by war, 30 years. 5891 
 " " ." -Romans. 3217 
 
 " " commerce. 976 
 
 " " religion. 4682 
 
 Benefits of o. to man. 3390 
 
 and Chastity-Opposed-Freedom.785 
 by Chrlstlanity-G.'s testimony. 835 
 " " " " 836 
 
 " " " " 837 
 
 Crime against o.-Library burnt. 3240 
 Cruelty of o.-American Indians. 1.338 
 Decadence of Roman c. 124 
 
 Degeneracy by c.-Physical-Ind. 616 
 Despised by savages. 3793 
 
 Diverse c.-Irish-English. 727 
 
 Early c. of Egyptians. 2189 
 
 by Education-Puritans. 1779 
 
 " " -Germans. 1781 
 
 Enemy of modern c.-Ph. II. of S.902 
 Lack of c.-American Indians. 3398 
 by Letters-Germans. 3197 
 
 Poor benefited by o. 4287 
 
 Precedence In c. by Arabs. 125 
 
 Progress of c. -Germans. 4496 
 
 " " by war. 5890 
 
 Rejected-Captive woman. 3288 
 
 See CULTURE. 
 Improvement by c.-Germany. ^1377 
 
 Age of o. lost-Arabians. 3783 
 
 Moral c.-Pity acquired. 1353 
 
 vs. Morality-Union impossible. 3707 
 Unrefined by c.-Milton's enemy. 23 
 
 See GENTILITY, 
 by Restraint-Samuel Johnson. ^2348 
 Vicious g.-Samuel Johnson. ^2349 
 
 4591 
 3417 
 2656 
 3418 
 2349 
 2348 
 
 vs. Character-Cromwell. 
 Effect of g.-Love-Hatred. 
 vs. Religion-Offence. 
 " Rudeness-Johnson. 
 Vice gilded by g. 
 of Woman by restraint. 
 
 See REFINEMENT. 
 Characteristic r. -Athenians. 
 Misjudged- American Indians. 
 Recommended-Bridal. 
 
 ♦4640 
 ♦4641 
 
 ♦4642 
 
 Absence of r.-Diogenes. 3415 
 
 Prejudices of r. -Greeks vs. R. 768 
 
 See INTELLIGENCE in loc. 
 
 CliEANIilNESS. 
 
 Mission for c.-Cath. Wilkinson. *531 
 
 6131 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Soap rebellion-Women. 
 
 See FILTH. 
 
 and Disease-England. •2133 
 
 Equality In f .-Daniel Webster. ♦2138 
 
 Homes of f. -English. 2599 
 
 Religion of f. -Austere monks. 408 
 
 Stench by f.-Scotch. 3863 
 
 Streets of f.-England. 5355 
 
788 
 
 CLEMENCY— CLIMATE. 
 
 CliEOTENCY. 
 
 Appeal to c. of Mahomet. ♦918 
 
 Vile c. of Jas. II. to informers. *919 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Artful c.-Diocletlan's. 2403 
 
 Beclined by Gelimer. 3743 
 
 Extended to the unworthy. 4837 
 
 See COMPASSION in loo. 
 
 CliERGY. 
 
 Arrogance of c.-Bps. inpolltlcs.*920 
 
 Deference to c. by Ferdinand II.*921 
 
 " " " -Mid. Ages-A.-P.*923 
 
 " " -KelgnofC.II. s.*924 
 
 Degraded-Reign of James II. *922 
 
 Dissipated-England-18th cent. *925 
 
 Economical c.-Support. *926 
 
 Heroic c.-George Walker. *927 
 
 Immoral c. -Reign of H. VIII. *928 
 
 Impoverished-Reign of Chas. I.*929 
 
 Interference of c.-War of C. +930 
 
 Labor of the c.-Needed.-B. *932 
 
 Marriage of c.-Obstacles to. *933 
 
 Militant c.-Pope Julius II. 
 
 " " -Prior John-Fr. N 
 Neglect of the c.-Sooial evlls-E.* 
 Patriotic c.-Siege of Paris. *937 
 Political c.-England, a.d. 1710. *938 
 Poverty of the c.-Reign of C. II.*939 
 " " "-15th century. *940 
 Profligate c.-18th century. *94l 
 
 Eejected-Protestant-Ireland. *942 
 Secular o.-India-Bramins. *943 
 
 Selfish c.-Papal appointments. *944 
 Sleepy-" Lay one another." *945 
 Taxation of 0. by Philip IV. ♦946 
 
 *934 
 *935 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advertisements of c.-England. 
 Ascendancy of c.-Europe. 
 Avaricious c.-15th century. 
 Belligerent c.-Coat of-mail. 
 Burdensome-Useless. 
 Corrupted by c.-15th century. 
 Criminals among c.-England. 
 Disdained by society. 
 Hurtful-Selfish c. 
 Idle c. admonished. 
 Imprisoned by Diocletian.-P. 
 Independence of c.-James II. 
 Perverting justice-Politics. 
 Political c.-Ireland. 
 Unfaithful c.-Divorce. 
 
 See BISHOP. 
 Corrupted-Theodoslus. 
 
 See BISHOPS. 
 Honored by Germans. 
 
 See EPISCOPACY. 
 Fictitious e.-Roman. 
 
 941 
 5735 
 
 426 
 1941 
 4684 
 
 426 
 1297 
 
 933 
 
 944 
 1672 
 
 843 
 
 300 
 3052 
 1814 
 3444 
 
 ♦598 
 
 ♦599 
 
 trnessentlal to the Church, 
 
 See MINISTER. 
 Conversion from vice. 
 DIsguised-John Bunyan. 
 Faithful m. commended. 
 
 " words of m. 
 Hospitality to m.-Heartless. 
 Illiterate m.-Eloquent. 
 Immoral-Swearing. 
 Invention of m.-Power-loom. 
 Marriages by m.-Cheap, 600a 
 
 ♦1914 
 867 
 
 2351 
 1660 
 2202 
 3437 
 2646 
 4389 
 3708 
 2971 
 3432 
 
 Obedience of m.-Hopeless. 3845 
 " " " -Dream-Bangs. 3846 
 
 Patience of m. tried. 4033 
 
 in Politics-Rev. John Ball. 4520 
 
 Poverty of m.-Luther. 4346 
 
 Reproof by m.-Anger. 2646 
 
 Unscrupulous m.-J. Swift. 4016 
 
 See MINISTERS, 
 
 Constrained-Mahomet. ^3607 
 
 Discreet m.-Pagans. *3608 
 
 Salaries of m.-£50 to £72. ♦3609 
 
 " " " -Tobacco. *3610 
 
 Wives of m.-Duties. *36ll 
 
 Work of m.-Lay. *3612 
 
 Bigoted m.-Country parsons. 2707 
 Discouragements of m.-M'hm't.l630 
 Fear of ridicule-England. 4416 
 
 Hardships of early m. 1149 
 
 of Idolatrous worship-Bramin. 2705 
 Poverty.Benevolence of m.with.4346 
 
 See MINISTRY. 
 
 Call to m.-By a text. ♦3613 
 
 " " " -Three tests. ^3614 
 
 Early m.-R. Watson. ♦3615 
 
 Expelled from-Rev. Johnson. ♦3616 
 
 Activity in the m.-Bp. Coke. 1570 
 Call to the m.-Mother"s-A. J. 3796 
 Discouragement at beginning. 264 
 " In the m. 4234 
 
 Education for m.-Benevolent. 1804 
 Embarrassed by caste.-A. Burr. 866 
 Faithful m.-" Hear meat home."872 
 Heavenly m.-Rev. John Tunnell 2398 
 Hindrance to m.-Dress. 1737 
 
 Independence of m.-M'th'd'sts.2787 
 
 against Intemperance. 
 Itinerant m.-Methodlst. 
 Laborious m.-John Wesley, 
 Open to all m.-Purltans. 
 Opposed by persecution. 
 Privations in the m. 
 
 2918 
 3001 
 3116 
 4390 
 4121 
 4472 
 
 " " " 5000 
 
 Rejected by unappreciatlve p. 875 
 
 Ridlculed-Puritan laymen. 4391 
 
 Salary of m.-400 sermons-S4. 5000 
 
 Secularized vs. Spiritual. 4391 
 
 Timidity embarrasses m. i860 
 
 " "-M'K. 2023 
 
 Travelling m.-WhItefleld. 2029 
 
 Uneducated m.-Bunyan. 1823 
 
 Zeal In m.-John Wesley. 6221 
 
 " " " -George Whitefield. 6216 
 
 See MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Discoveries by m.-Catholio. ♦3635 
 
 Heroism of Jesuit m. ^3636 
 
 Zealous m.-St. Patrick. ♦3637 
 
 Cosmopolitan m.- Jesuits, 
 of Cruelty-Spanish priests. 
 Heroism of Jesuits. 
 
 See MISSIONARY. 
 False m.-Cortez. 
 
 8012 
 
 2861 
 
 ♦3638 
 
 Intentional m.-Dr. Coke. 
 
 539 
 
 " " -Columbus. 
 
 841 
 
 
 6151 
 
 Revengeful m.-Mahomet. 
 
 1468 
 
 Unsuccessful m.-Wesley. 
 
 1122 
 
 See MISSIONS, 
 
 
 by Conquest a failure. 
 
 ♦3639 
 
 Destroyed in Japan, 
 and Science- Columbus, 
 Successful in Japan, 
 to be Sustained-M. B. Cox, 
 Zeal for m.-Thomas Coke. 
 
 ♦3640 
 ♦3641 
 ♦3642 
 ♦3643 
 ♦3644 
 
 Providence in m. in Africa. 4554 
 
 See POPE. 
 
 Superseded by Henry VIII. ^4301 
 
 Supremacy of p. beneficial, ♦4302. 
 
 Cruelty of p.-Gregory XII. 4541 
 Devotion to the p., Entire. 3016. 
 
 " -Gregory VIL 2889- 
 Insolent p.-Gregory XIII. 2887 
 
 Licentiousness of Clement VI. 3245 
 Simony of p.-Vlrgillus. 5152. 
 
 See PREACHER. 
 Remarkable p.-" Bl'k Harry." ♦4389 
 
 See PREACHERS. 
 
 Lay-p.-Puritans. ♦4390> 
 
 " " " ^4391 
 
 Monotonous English p. 
 Political p. rebuked by J. II. 
 Untrained p.-Quakers. 
 
 See PREACHING, 
 a Crime in Scotland. 
 " Duty-John Bunyan. 
 Genuine p.-Purltans. 
 to Please-Dangerous. 
 Profitless p.-"Hung in chains, 
 by Women-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Arrested for p.-Wm. Penn. 
 Awakening p.-B. Abbott. 
 " " -Asbury. 
 " " -John Bunyan. 
 " " -John Wesley. 
 Courage for p.-G. Ouseley. 
 Excitement by p.-Methodists 
 Imprisoned for p.-J. Bunyan. 
 Liberty of all In p. 
 Opportunity for p.-32,000. 
 Persistence in p.-Bunyan. 
 Personal p.-Seemlng. 
 " "-Resented. 
 Plain p.-Queen's dress. 
 Politics-Puritan p.-England. 
 " forbidden-England. 
 " -Puritans of Mass. 
 " " " Conn. 
 
 " commanded. 
 " -Reign of Charles II. 
 Sermons-42,500 by J. Wesley, 
 vs. Silence of monks, 
 by Women- Wesleyans. 
 
 See PRIEST, 
 VS. Christ-Pardon, 
 of Infidelity-Robespierre. 
 
 See PRIESTS, 
 Interference of p. -Meddling, 
 
 3954 
 423» 
 1908 
 
 ♦4392. 
 ♦4393 
 ♦4394 
 ♦4395 
 '*4896. 
 ♦4397- 
 
 3053. 
 108a 
 1179 
 1085 
 1089 
 1243 
 . 470a 
 2764 
 5639- 
 1066 
 1650 
 1189' 
 1234 
 173& 
 426» 
 4269 
 4270 
 4271 
 4273 
 4273 
 142 
 1169 
 6132. 
 
 4103 
 
 4482 
 
 ♦4458' 
 
 Banished from Ireland, 4117 
 
 High regard for p.-Ferdinand, 921 
 
 Tyranny of p., Infuriating, 1340 
 
 See SERMON in loc. 
 
 ClilOTATE. 
 
 Changes of c. in Europe. ♦948 
 
 " " " Italy. ^947 
 
 vs. Character-S. Johnson. ^949 
 
CLIMAX— COMBAT. 
 
 789 
 
 Character by c. -Laplanders. *952 
 " " "-North vs. S. *950 
 " " " -Revs, in Asia. *931 
 Demoralized by c.-Vandals. *953 
 Fear of c. -Portuguese exprr'rs.*954 
 Injurious-Samuel Johnson. *955 
 Protection of c.-Ethiopians. *956 
 Sickness from c.-N. E. Pilgrims. *957 
 
 Changes in c.-Discovery. 1988 
 
 Delightful o.-Land of summer. 5430 
 Favorable to art-Egypt. 342 
 
 See COLD. 
 Affects the mind-LapIandere. 952 
 Fearful of c.-Folly. 2025 
 
 See SPRING. 
 Period for poetry-Milton. 1014 
 
 See SUMMER. 
 Land of s.-North Carolina. ♦5430 
 
 See WEATHER. 
 Croaking against the w. 1316 
 
 History depends on w. 1863 
 
 Providential change In w. 4555 
 
 See WINTER. 
 
 Changed to autumn-Calendar. 696 
 
 Dreary-Famine-Mass. Colony. 2002 
 
 Terrible w.-N. E Pilgrims. 957 
 
 See STORM in loc. 
 
 ClilMAX. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Effect of c.-Dlsplay. 1666 
 
 Trickery in c.-Burke. 49 
 
 CliOCKS. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Devices for c.-Isaac Newton. 642 
 Success with c.-C Jerome. 690 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 Angelic c.-Swedenborg"s a. *958 
 Costly c.-Persian kings. *959 
 
 Exchanged-Man's-Emperor E. *960 
 Prohibited-Imported silks-Eng. *961 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Donation of c- rejected. 
 Example in c.-Johnson. 
 of Penitenoe-Hair-shirt. - 
 Sacrificed for health 
 Self-made c. of royalty. 
 Unstylish c -Mrs. A. Jackson. 
 Woman's c. restricted by law, 
 
 See DRESS 
 Criminal d.-Joan of Arc-Male. 
 Exchanged d.-Joan of Arc. 
 Extravagance in d.-Period of 
 " " -Middle A. 
 " " " -Loss by. 
 
 Impressed by d.-M. Luther. 
 Investment in d.-S. Johnson. 
 Legislation on d.-England. 
 
 an Obstacle-0. Goldsmith. 
 Preaching against d.-Eliz'b'th 
 Sinful d.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 4349 
 1966 
 2889 
 2250 
 6149 
 5999 
 4611 
 
 *1726 
 *1727 
 *1728 
 *1729 
 *1730 
 
 ♦irsi 
 
 *1732 
 *1733 
 ♦1734 
 ♦1735 
 ♦1736 
 ♦1737 
 ♦1738 
 ♦1739 
 
 Dislike for ceremonial d.-Nap. 751 
 Extravagance vs. Parsimony. 4008 
 " of Diocletian. 26 
 
 Fantastic d.-Constantine. 5772 
 
 Indifference to d. -Cromwell's 262 
 Keglect of d.-Dlssipation. 1684 
 
 Neglect of d.-Samuel Johnson. 2312 
 
 Neglected by absence of mind. 20 
 
 Ornamental d.-Am. Indians. 3961 
 
 Regulated by law-Romans. 3416 
 
 Unchanged-Visitor-Mrs. Wash. 2786 
 
 Vanity in d.-Constantine. 5772 
 
 " " " -Tiribazus. 5773 
 
 .< <> .. _.i -pinQ Coat." 5776 
 
 " " " -Goldsmith. 5777 
 
 See FASHION. 
 
 Depreciated by f.-Scienoe. ♦2102 
 
 Disregarded-Benj. Franklin. ♦2103 
 
 Struggle for French f. ^2104 
 
 Absurdity of popular f. 419 
 
 Discomfort in f. 2184 
 
 in Pleasure-Watering-place. 4205 
 Power of f. -Tobacco- James I. 5634 
 Unrestrained by law. 1734 
 
 See HATS 
 Diflaculty In getting h.-England.2104 
 
 See REGALIA. 
 
 Disljke for r.-Napolecm. 751 
 
 See JEWELRY in loc. 
 
 CI. UBS. 
 
 Ancient c.-" Inim. livers." ♦962 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Organization of old English o. 381 
 
 See ASSOCIATIONS in loc. 
 
 COERCION. 
 
 Patriotic c. of Tory Tim. Paine. ^963 
 
 2188 
 2404 
 3050 
 3048 
 1997 
 4485 
 4396 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 Fictitious c -Mary Q. of Scots, 
 of Government by finances. 
 
 " Juries-Star Chamber. 
 
 " Jury-by Jeffreys. 
 Morale, of Sunderland. 
 Profession In life by c. 
 Repentance by c. -Failure. 
 Signature by c.-Magna Charta. 3207 
 
 See EXTORTION. 
 Complete e.-England by L. ^2000 
 Cruel e.-Jew's tooth daily. *2001 
 " "-Mass. Colony. ^2002 
 
 Dilemma in e.-Henry VIIL ^2003 
 of Government-Charles I. *2004 
 Misnamed " Benevolence." ^2005 
 Outrageous e. -Romans in B. ^2006 
 Royal e.-Richard II. ^2007 
 
 Submission to e.-M. Crassus. ^2008 
 
 of Benevolence-(?) Henry VIIL 430 
 " •' "-James I. 523 
 
 Capitalist's e.-Jews. 712 
 
 Church e. of dues-England. 868 
 Disgraceful e.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 of Gifts for Maxentius. 376 
 
 " " " Charies L 3662 
 
 by Government-France. 3673 
 
 of Jailers for debt. 2125 
 
 " Merchants-Roman. 5658 
 
 5659 
 " " -England. 5660 
 
 " Offertory-Duke of Guise. 527 
 Permitted-Courtiers-James II. 607 
 of Prisoners by jailers. 4469 
 
 Religion opposed by e. 1190 
 
 Revenge of masses on Rufinius. 427 
 of Traders-England. B656 
 
 Universal e.-English judges. 1217 
 Unterrified by e.-H. Peter. 2205 
 
 See FORCE. 
 Distinguished by f .-" H'mm'r."*2187 
 Fictitious f .-Mary Queen of S. *2188 
 
 vs. Conscience-Subjugation. 2964 
 Divinity in f .-Themistocles. 2387 
 vs. Perseverance-Illustration. 4149 
 
 COFFIN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Concealment of Bohemond. 1024 
 Expensive c.-Attila's-Gold-S.-I. 688 
 
 COIN. 
 Clipped In England-Money d. +964 
 
 710 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Clipping of c punished-Ed. I. 
 See MONEY in loc. 
 
 COINCIDENCE. 
 
 Alarming c. -Gale- Earthquake. ^965 
 Comforting c.-BIblical lesson. ^966 
 Repeated-Theseus and Rom. *967 
 Strange c. -Death of Adams-J. ^968 
 " "-H. Miller's app'ritl'n.^969 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Marvellous c. -Martyr. 4130 
 
 In Names-Bacon. 3775 
 
 Remarkable c.-Mysterious volce.256 
 Strange c.-Signals alike. 1154 
 
 COLD. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affects mind-Laplanders. 9.52 
 
 Fearful of c.-FolIy. 2025 
 
 See CLIMATE in loc. 
 
 COLLEGE. 
 
 vs. Capital-Location of Yale. ^973 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Disgraced in President. 3177 
 
 Rebellion in o. justified. 248 
 
 Struggles in c.-S. Johnson. 261 
 
 See SCHOOL in loc. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 Caste of c.-Green-Blue-Earth. ^970 
 
 Prejudice of c. -Portuguese dis ^971 
 
 COLOR-LINE. 
 
 in Commerce-Columbus. ^972 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Factlon-Romans-Blue-Gr'n. 2019 
 
 COOTBAT. 
 
 Pleasure in c. -Roman shows. ^974 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amusement by brutal c.-Old E. 218 
 " " " "-Rom. 219 
 
 Farcical o.-Wellington. 
 Trial by c.-Gauls. 
 " " " -Romans. 
 
 See DUEL. 
 Combat by d.-Alexander. 
 Murder by d.-A. Hamilton. 
 Naval d.-Paul Jones. 
 Proposed by monarchs. 
 Religious d. -Wellington's. 
 
 Challenge unaccepted. 
 Combat by d.-Generals. 
 
 1750 
 3054 
 5703 
 
 ♦1746 
 
 ♦1747 
 ♦1748 
 ♦1749 
 ♦1750 
 
 757 
 1543 
 
90 
 
 co:medy— co:.i:.iERCJ 
 
 Trial by d.-Gauls. 3054 
 
 War ended by d.-Thebans. 3884 
 
 See DUELS. 
 
 Inequality in d.-Josiah Quinoy.*1761 
 
 Bee CONTEST in loc. 
 
 COMEDY. 
 
 Cross-reference, 
 
 Undignified trnployment. 3038 
 
 See DRAMA in loo. 
 
 COMFOUT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 In Afifection-Martyr. 3403 
 
 Bible gives c.-Colonial CoiDgress.564 
 
 " " "-Cromwell's b. 555 
 
 «' '• "-Eunice Williams. 565 
 
 by Dream-Napoleon T. 1725 
 
 In Misfortune-Mi^'hammedan, 1568 
 
 Religious c. in distress. 2159 
 
 " " " trial. 2205 
 
 See CONSOLATION, 
 
 of Philosophy-R.-8. Boethius. *1134 
 
 In Philosopby-Boethius. 
 
 1134 
 
 " Religion-Charles I. 
 
 4692 
 
 Strange c. in death. 
 
 1417 
 
 See SYMPATHY. 
 
 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. 
 
 *5493 
 
 Freaks of s. -Napoleon I. 
 
 *5494 
 
 for Friendless-Lincoln. 
 
 *5495 
 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦5496 
 
 for Poor-Lincoln. 
 
 *5497 
 
 Religious s.-Puritans. 
 
 ♦5498 
 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦5499 
 
 Beggars' arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. Wm. 3389 
 
 Female s.-Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 " "-Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 for Fugitives-Americans. 4060 
 
 Power of s. -Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martj r T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 
 COMFORTER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Qualified by experience-Luther. 93 
 
 See JOY in loo. 
 
 COMMAND. 
 
 Divlded-Argyle-Invasion of S. ^975 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Insulting c. of Attila. 321 
 
 See AUTHOKITT. 
 
 Absolute a. necessary in war. ♦406 
 
 " " -Early Romans. ^407 
 
 " " -Turks. ^408 
 Acknowledged-Franks In Gaul.^409 
 
 Assumed-Oliver Cromwell. ^410 
 
 Dependence on Parental a.-H. ^411 
 
 by Gentleness-Joan of Arc. ^412 
 
 Imprudence with a. *413 
 
 Necessary-Military a. ^414 
 
 Personal a.-Am. Indians. *415 
 Popular a.-Chas. I. humiliated. ♦416 
 
 Supreme a.-Joan of Arc. ^417 
 
 Arbitrary a.-Edward I. 710 
 
 Autocratic a. of Henry Vm. 424 
 
 " " " Pompey. 423 
 
 Beneflclal-Arrogated-Popes. 4302 
 
 Bought with money-Sylla. 8877 
 
 by Character-Aristldcs. 900 
 
 Command without a. 40:9 
 
 Common a.-Spai tan c.-Horses. 808 
 Conflicting a.-Capt.Wadsworth.8956 
 " -Inspiration- Alaiic. 2893 
 Confusion of-Gov"t of Acre. 2415 
 Delegated to the pope-Indulg. 827 
 Disregarded-Pope Innoce't III. 4934 
 Divided-Failure of Argyle. 975 
 
 Greatest act of personal a. 4741 
 Intolerable to Am. Indians. 3780 
 Investment of a.-Rom. censor, 746 
 Maintenance of a.-Pope's. 267 
 
 Parental a.-Perfect-Harmful-H. 806 
 Possession of a.-Cromwell. 821 
 
 Power gives a.-Joyce. 4362 
 
 Recognition of a. by sjrmbols 174 
 Representative of a.-H. VI. 790 
 
 Symbol of a. lost-Seal of Eng. 5060 
 Unrecognized by Charles I. 1500 
 Usurpation of a.-Pretext, 2855 
 
 See LAW. 
 Above ].-James II. ♦3138 
 
 Delay of l.-John Ham^den. ♦SISO 
 Ignorance of 1. -Romans. ^3140 
 
 Levels all-Emperor Julian. ♦3141 
 Majesty of l.-Protection of h ♦3142 
 Mockery of 1. -Romans. *3H3 
 
 Novice in l.-Patrick Henry. ♦3141 
 Overturned by Charles II. ♦3145 
 Partiality of l.-England. ♦3146 
 
 Sacredness of l.-Socratei. ^3147 
 Supremacy of 1. necessary. ♦3148 
 Suspended-Rome. ^3149 
 
 Technicalities of l.-Pilgrlms. ♦SISO 
 Unprotected by L-Prot. in I, ♦SlSl 
 Without l.-British Cabinet. ♦3152 
 
 Disobeyed by Bunyan-Imprison.318 
 vs. Duty-John Bunyan. 4303 
 
 Growth of 1. by experience of n. 906 
 Independence of l.-President J. 749 
 and Liberty-From Rom. and G. 9C9 
 Majesty of I.-Justice. 3CG2 
 
 Privileged violation of l.-15thC.426 
 Relaxed for revelry-Timour. 74 1 
 vs. Usage-I heft. 5754 
 
 See LAWS. 
 Broken by Emp. Tarquinius. ♦SloS 
 Disregarded by Am. Colonies. ^3154 
 Enforcement of l.-Good. ♦SISS 
 
 Obsolete 1. enforced. ^3156 
 
 Printed law-the First-Eng. *3157 
 Proposal of l.-Athenians. ♦3158 
 
 Severe I. repealed. ♦3159 
 
 " " -Egyptian. ^3160 
 
 Sumptuary l.-Romans. ♦Siei 
 
 " " ♦3162 
 
 Suspension of l.-Lac'd'm'ni'nB.^3163 
 Unwritten 1. of Spartans. ^3164 
 
 Civil vs. Divine l.-France. 4992 
 
 Contradictory l.-Persecution. 4126 
 
 Defiance of l.-Criminals. 1299 
 
 Defied-Pirate-Captain Nutt. 4000 
 
 Distorted by James IL 1843 
 
 Evasion of l.-Pericles. 1930 
 Government without 1. Indians.2430 
 
 Human vs. Divine l.-England. 5998 
 
 Impotent-against Bribery, 1208 
 
 Ineffective-Prohibition in Ga. 4600- 
 
 " -Abuses in Ireland. 4255 
 
 Lawyers enforce or break 1. 8170 
 
 Obsolete l.-Usury-Roman. 5757 
 
 Partiality in executing l.-Poor. 4297 
 
 " " execution of L 4009 
 
 " " enforcing L 1242 
 
 in Poetry-First 1. 422a 
 
 Respected, bad l.-Dissenter. 8148 
 
 Severe l.-Capital punishment, 4564 
 
 Strained by accusers, 1934 
 
 Sumptuary opposed. 3416 
 
 " -Dress. 961 
 
 Superseded by necessity. 2447 
 
 Surviving the L of England. 1010 
 
 Unexecuted-Corruption. 1254 
 
 " -Severe-Debts. 1465- 
 
 Uuwritten l.-Lycurgus. 5109 
 
 " -Assassins. 1135- 
 
 See OBEDIENCE. 
 
 Absolute o. of Carmathians. ♦3843 
 
 Angry o.-Black Prince. ^3844 
 
 Ministerial o.-Mahomet. ♦3845- 
 
 " " -Nathan Bangs. ♦3846 
 
 Monkish o.-Egypt. ♦3847 
 
 Outward o. to laws. ♦3848 
 
 Perfect Mohammedan o. ♦3849- 
 
 without Affection-J. H.'s son. 806 
 Conditional o.-Legality, 2890 
 
 Exaction of o.-Howard. 411 
 
 Exacting o. by Wesley. 2199 
 
 Lesson of o. important. 5671 
 
 Love secures o. 3-352 
 
 Obsequious o. of clergy to J. II. 922 
 Stimulated-Disgrace-Soldiers. 123& 
 Training in o. -Children. 1822 
 
 See GOVERNMENT and RULER 
 in loc. 
 
 COMMANDER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Dangerous c.-Tr'cherous Sextus, 42 
 
 See RULER in loc. 
 
 COMMERCE, 
 
 Benefits of c.-Reflexd'verpm't 
 " " " -English comp.-D 
 " " " -Enrichment of H 
 It <> <i _Qood governm't 
 Burdened-American Colonies. 
 Enterprise of c.-Am. discovery, 
 Importance of c.-Eng., a.d. 1685, 
 Neglect of c.-Egypt-no Timber, 
 Patriotism of c.-Am. Rev. 
 Pioneers of c.-Phcenicians. 
 Piracy of c.-England, a.d. 1755 
 Politics and c.-Controlling gov' 
 Precedence of c.-Savages. 
 Prohibited by Spartans, 
 Revenge of c.-Britlsh-Am, Col. 
 and Science-Discovery of Am. 
 Spirit of c.-Selfish. 
 
 " " " -Unwarlike. 
 Success by c.-the Dutch. 
 
 .♦976 
 ♦979 
 .♦978 
 ♦977 
 ♦980 
 .♦981 
 .♦982 
 .*9&3 
 ♦984 
 ♦985 
 ♦986 
 t.987 
 ♦988 
 ♦989 
 ♦990 
 ♦991 
 ♦992 
 ♦993 
 ♦904 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anticipation of c. realized. 4408 
 Color-line in c. 972 
 
 Conservatism of c.-Am. Rev. 4072 
 Unity of men by c. 2189 
 
 Wars of c.-English. 5949 
 
COMMISSIOX— COMPETITION. 
 
 7f!l 
 
 See MERCHANTS. 
 Enterprise of m.-John Cabot. 
 Patriotism of m.-Boston Rev. 
 
 See TRADE. 
 Contempt for t.-S. Johnson. 
 Illicit t. -American Colonies. 
 Inhuman t.-Slave-trade. 
 Laws fort.-Sumptuary. 
 Overreaching in t.-Egyptians. 
 Regulated-Emperor Julian. 
 
 " -England. 
 
 " -Fixed prices. 
 Tricks of t. -England. 
 
 981 
 69-2 
 
 *5653 
 *5654 
 *5655 
 *5656 
 *565~ 
 *56.59 
 *5660 
 *5658 
 *5661 
 
 Competition in t. denied. 
 
 3692 
 3693 
 Conscience in t.-Peter Cooper. 3694 
 Degraded by t.-Empress. 1583 
 
 Honesty in t.-Laws for. 2217 
 
 Profits in t.-Great-Firmus. 3987 
 
 See EXPORTS. 
 
 Opposed-Coal from England. 1181 
 
 Restricted-New England Col. 980 
 
 See BUSINESS and SHIPS in loo. 
 
 COMMISSION. 
 
 Aliscellaneous cross-reft rences. 
 
 General c. for discovery. 981 
 
 Missing c. substituted. 5383 
 
 COOTTIITTEE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Interference of c. in war. 406 
 
 " " " " 407 
 
 COMMUNION. 
 with God-Oliver Cromwell. *995 
 by Likeness-John Milton. *996 
 
 Unity by c. -Oliver Cromwell. *997 
 
 See BROTHERHOOD. 
 Acknowledged-Am. Indians. *677 
 
 Artificial b.-Old English Guilds. 381 
 Proclaimed- Penn to Indians. 4094 
 
 See FELLOWSHIP. 
 
 in Suffering-Napoleon. 5707 
 
 See FRIEND and UNION in loc. 
 
 COMMUNISM. 
 
 American c.-Colonists. *998 
 
 Eiuality by c.-Lycurgus. *999 
 
 " "-Spartans. *1000 
 
 Vicious c.-Reign of Kobad. *1001 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Families-Spartans. 808 
 
 in Food- American savages. 2649 
 
 " Land by early Romans. 152 
 
 Restoration of c.-Cleomenes. 2445 
 
 COMMUNISTS. 
 
 Conspicuous c.-" Levellers." *1002 
 
 Dangerous " " *1003 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Diet-Spartan tables. 2182 
 
 Pleasure-seeking c.-England. 8335 
 
 Power of c.-Paris. 1276 
 
 See EQUALITY. 
 
 Religious e.-Mohammedan. *1916 
 
 Sentimental e.-Napoleon I. *1917 
 
 Communistic e.-Lycurgus. 999 
 
 In Crimes-Stoics. 1294 
 
 COMPANIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bad c. condemn to prison. 3631 
 
 in Death- Amerisan Indians. 1411 
 Selected-Shameful c. 3708 
 
 See ASSOCIATES. 
 Dangerous a. -J. Howard's son. *378 
 Impure a.-Sir Isaac Newton. *379 
 Influence of a.-Peter the Great. *380 
 
 Burial of living a. -Barbarians. 684 
 Dangerous a.-Queen of Scots. 1171 
 Despicable a. -James II. 5177 
 
 Selection of a.-Johnson. 1157 
 
 Uncontaminated by evil a. 5036 
 
 See ASSOCIATION. 
 Changed by a.-Greeks. 1865 
 
 Contaminated by prison a. 5804 
 Controlled by a.-Alex. Pope. 2238 
 Dangerous a. with Theodora. 4533 
 Destructive-" Artemus Ward." 3283 
 Religious a. prized. 2603 
 
 Repelled by John Milton. 2701 
 
 Ruinous a.-Gamblers. 2273 
 
 to Nero. 2819 
 
 Unity by a.-Cromwell-Fox. 5749 
 
 See ASSOCIATIONS. 
 Beneficial a. -Marcus Aurelius. *382 
 Guild of a.-England, a.d. 1214. *381 
 Protective a.-Anglo-Saxons. *383 
 
 Contaminating a.-Lnther at R. 896 
 Dangers from a. in government. 408 
 Effect of early habits and a -N. 509 
 Horrifying a. of London Tower. 745 
 Unimproved by good a.-Indian8.904 
 
 See CLUBS. 
 
 Ancient c.-" Inimitable livers."*962 
 
 Organization of old English c. 381 
 
 See FRIENDS in loc. 
 
 COMPARISONS. 
 
 Invidious c.-"Feastd.vs.Fast."*1004 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Invidious c.-Results. 5716 
 
 Proof by c.-Poverty-Fat. 1933 
 
 See CONTRAST. 
 
 Greatness by o.-Charlemagne. 2472 
 
 Pity vs. Cruelty-Inconsistency. 2773 
 
 COMPASS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Distrusted by Columbus. 2849 
 
 COMPASSION. 
 Discreditable c.-James II. ♦lOOS 
 Female o.-Indian girl. ♦lOOe 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal to c.-Six burgesses. 4639 
 Destitute of c. -Indian women. 2074 
 for Failure in life-Bums. 2027 
 
 Woman's-Characteristio c. 6045 
 
 See CLEMENCY. 
 Appeal to o. of Mahomet. *918 
 
 Vile 0. of Jas. II. to informers. *919 
 
 Artful c. of Diocletian. 2402 
 
 Declined by Gelimer. 3748 
 
 Exhibited to the unworthy. 4837 
 
 See GENTLENESS. 
 
 Excessive g. in ruler. 2394 
 
 Failure of g.-Impiety. 3418 
 Power over s. by g.-Joan of A. 1559 
 
 of Rebuke-Caesar's. 4632 
 
 Success by g. -Missionaries. 5395 
 
 See KINDNESS. 
 Religion of k.-Rev. J. Newton.*3077 
 
 Conceals faults-Hervey. 2465 
 
 Crime of k. to criminal. 4466 
 
 Reprimand of k. -Johnson. 4775 
 
 of Savages to Columbus. 2649 
 
 Spirit of k.-Pope to Howard. 145 
 
 See MERCY. 
 
 Provision for m.-A. Lincoln. *3588 
 
 Affection without mercy. 3062 
 
 Despised by Jeffreys. 3068 
 
 Gratitude for sparing m. 119 
 
 Lack of m.-Old England. 2860 
 
 Odious m. of James II. 3997 
 
 Pleading for m.-Calais. 4639 
 
 See MILDNESS. 
 
 Ill-timed m.-New York mob. 3646 
 
 See PITY. 
 
 False p.-Oppressor's. 2692 
 
 Insensible to p.-Timour. 1337 
 
 Manifested-Abdallah. 2289 
 
 Moments of p.-Cruel caliph. 2773 
 
 Pleasure marred by p. 5320 
 Punishment for p.-Dr. Batement.540 
 
 Restrained by fear-Heretics. 2557 
 
 after Self- protection. 1161 
 
 Unnatural to man-Johnson. 1353 
 Victim of his own p.-Goldsmith.543 
 
 Withheld-Sufifering-Tyrant. 1357 
 
 " by Romans. 1355 
 
 Woman's p. for foundling. 781 
 
 See SYMPATHY, 
 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. *5493 
 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. ^5494 
 
 for the Friendless-Lincoln. *5495 
 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. *5496 
 
 for Poor-Lincoln. ^5497 
 
 Religious s.-Puritans. *5498 
 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. *5499 
 
 Beggars' arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. William. 3389 
 Female s.-Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 " " -Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 See BENEVOLENCE in loc, 
 
 COMPETITION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Fame byc.-DIscoverers. 2047 
 
 Progress by c. 4492 
 
 Unworthy c.-Poet vs. Puppets. 1835 
 
 See RIVALRY. 
 Business r. -Steamboat. *4918 
 
 an Obstacle-Politics. ^4919 
 
 Successful r.-Rizzio. *4916 
 
 of Talent vs. Money-Rome. *4920 
 Unsuspected r. -Brothers. *4917 
 
 of Physicians-Diverse systems. 5385 
 
 See RIVAL. 
 Authority in religion-H. VIII. 4301 
 Bitterne!"s toward r.-Clay. 4247 
 
 Dangerous r. to royalty. 4284 
 
 Dislike of r.-Cicero. 4454 
 
 Hateful r.-Wife*s. 6068 
 
792 
 
 COMPETITORS— CONCEIT. 
 
 Jealous of r.-Goldsmith. 4453 
 
 " " "-Johnson. 4450 
 
 Mortifying success of r. doctor.4l68 
 
 Threat of r.-Nero-Britannious. 4369 
 
 See RIVALS. 
 Combat of r.-Thebans. 3884 
 
 Defeat of r.by Jefferson-Lovers. 3356 
 Discord in gov't by r.-Acre. 2415 
 Female r.-Octavia vs.Cleopatra.6136 
 Jealous of r.-Brothers. 1626 
 
 " " " -Johnson. 4450 
 
 " " " -Robespierre. 4482 
 
 Wife vs. Concubine r. 6109 
 
 COMPETITORS. 
 
 ignoble c. of Emp. Gratian. *1007 
 
 See CONTEST in loo. 
 
 COOTPL.AINTS. 
 
 Disregarded-BilJeting act. +1008 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 Croaker's c.-Bad times. 1316 
 
 Disregarded-Romans. 3143 
 
 Ill-tempered c.-Johnson. 1593 
 
 Inconsiderate c.-Pericles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Permission of c.-Denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against his mother-A. 114 
 
 See BLAME. 
 
 Assumed by Epaminondas. 2855 
 
 " Generously-Lee. 3380 
 
 Disowned-Church vs. King. 3617 
 
 Endurance of b.-Washington. 2342 
 
 See CROAKING. 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. *1315 
 Habit of c about the weather. *1316 
 
 See GRIEVANCES. 
 Ignored by James II. 3853 
 
 See GRUMBLING, 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. *2490 
 
 COOT P Lira ENT. 
 
 False c.-Robert Burns's toast. *1009 
 Graceful c. of Wm. of Orange. *1010 
 Misappropriated-Cato. *1011 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burdensome-Ofiace-Cicero. 3864 
 by Confidence-CEesar. 1041 
 
 Contemptuous c.-"Smallest f." 741 
 for Hospitality-Gluttony. 2639 
 
 Public-Alexander-Napoleon. 2232 
 
 See ADULATION. 
 Official a. of Charles I. by Finch.*60 
 Rebuked of Jamesl.-subject8'm.*61 
 Ridiculous a. of H. Vlll.-r. b. g. "^62 
 
 for Money-Dedication of books. 498 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 Artful f. -Captive Zenobia. *2152 
 False f. of Henry VIII. *2153 
 
 Fulsome f. of James I. *2154 
 
 Irritating f. of Fred, the Great.*2155 
 Resented- Alexander. *2156 
 
 Rewarded-Excessive f. ♦2157 
 
 Deception by f.-Rochester. 1471 
 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 305 
 
 Embarrassment, by f.-Caesar. 2657 
 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Fulsome f. of Charles I. 60 
 
 Wealth by f . -Legacies. 5971 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 See PRAISE. 
 
 Demoralized by p.-Uicero. *4371 
 
 Extravagant p.-Cicero's. *4372 
 
 Offensive p.-John Howard. *4373 
 
 Servile p. of Nero. *4374 
 
 Undiscerning p. rebuked. *4375 
 
 Beneficial p.-A wakens ambition.195 
 Corrected by criticism. 2256 
 
 Discriminating p. in R. triumph. 150 
 Most valued-M.'s mother's p. 112 
 Song of p.-Battle-field. 3788 
 
 Traffic in p.-Dedication of books.498 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 Hasty c. of Samuel Johnson. *10I2 
 Labor of c. -Wordsworth. *1013 
 
 Method in c.-John Milton. *1014 
 Swift c.-Waverley Novels. *1015 
 and Toil-Robert Burns. *1016 
 
 1034 
 
 Polished by Virgil. 
 
 composure:. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 before Execution-Argyle. 5209 
 
 Remarkable c.-Alexander. 5356 
 
 See CALMNESS. 
 Christian c.-John Wesley-Mob. *698 
 of Discipline-Napoleon. *699 
 
 Exasperating c.-Socrates. *700 
 
 Conquered by c -Mob. 1234 
 
 in Death-Duke of Monmouth. 1412 
 " " -Lord Strafford. 1407 
 
 " " -Socrates. 1451 
 
 Faith produces c. -Storm. 2111 
 
 of Genius-Admiral Drake. 2525 
 
 Masterly c.-Napoleon I. 23.30 
 
 Power in c. -Cromwell. 1563 
 
 Religion secures c.-Earthquake.l087 
 Religious c.-Flogglng-Johnson.2159 
 in a Tumult-Thomas Lee. 1571 
 
 COMPRKHENSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Difficulty in c.-Dr. Johnson. 1664 
 
 COMPROMISE. 
 
 Failure of c.-Missouri. *1017 
 
 Qualifications forc.-Cranmer. *1018 
 Rejected by Aristides the Just.*1019 
 Settlement by c.-SIavery. *1020 
 on Slavery-Federal Gov't. *1021 
 Temporizing c.-Omnibus bill. *1022 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Failure of c. with James II. 248 
 
 Impossible-U. S. and France. 5710 
 
 in Legislation-Congress. 3186 
 
 of Principle justified. S875 
 
 " " by offering incen.«e. 849 
 
 " " a seeming success. 3022 
 
 See CONCESSION. 
 
 Dangerous c.-R. to Tribunes. *1029 
 
 Need of c. unappreciated. 3854 
 
 See TRIMMER. 
 Political t.-Halif ax. *5717 
 
 CONCEAIiMENT. 
 
 Guarded-Mah. from assassins. *1023 
 Unpleasant c.-Bohemoud. *1024 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Corruption-Blank clause. 1079 
 Dangerous o. of Athenasius. 4536 
 
 2871 
 237? 
 
 by Murder of witness. 
 Successful c. of Mahomet. 
 
 See DISGUISE. 
 
 Betrayed-Ex-Queen Mary. *1649 
 
 Clerical d.-John Bunyan. *1650 
 
 Dangerous d.-Longchamp. *1651 
 
 Detected-Clod ius Pulcher. *1652 
 
 Difficult-Flight of Charles L *1653 
 
 Successful d.-Emp. Majorian. *1654 
 
 Difficult-Richard I. 1473 
 
 for Evil deeds-Politics-Bribery. 662 
 Ineffective d.-Richard 11. 4614 
 
 " " -Jeffreys. 4843 
 
 in Masquerade-Deadly. 3512 
 
 of Patriots-Boston Tea Party. 3526 
 Penetrated by Joan of Arc. 2895 
 Perilous d. of martyrs. 3509 
 
 Personal-Successful-Charles 11.3911 
 Religious d. of Jesuits. 3012 
 
 Successful-Alfred the Great. 5826 
 Wife disguised in man's dress. 3483 
 
 See DISSEMBLING. 
 Successful d. of Faustina. *1675 
 Unsuccessful d. of Charles I. *1676 
 
 of Melancholy- Young. 
 
 1670 
 
 in Speech-Romans. 
 
 5292 
 
 See DISSIMULATION, 
 
 
 Dangers of d. -Charles I. 
 
 *1677 
 
 Politic d. of courtiers. 
 
 ♦1678 
 
 Political d.-Ne\vcastle. 
 
 *1679 
 
 " "-Turks. 
 
 *1688 
 
 Religious d.-Emperor Julian. 
 
 *1681 
 
 Royal d.-George III. 
 
 ♦1683 
 
 See PRIVACY. 
 
 
 of Conversation L. 
 
 ♦4471 
 
 Respected by Napoleon I. 2620 
 
 " " Caesar. 2865 
 
 Inspected-Crom well's p. 4177 
 See CONSPIRACY and DECEP- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 CONCEIT. 
 
 Changeless c.-Cicero's. ^1025 
 
 Foolish c.-Xerxes-Shackle. ♦1026 
 
 Literary c.-Thomas Paine. ^1027 
 
 of Silly c.-Xerxes-Mountain. ^1028 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Artistic c. of Nero. 327 
 
 Danger of c.-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 National c.-English-French. 4603 
 National c. of English. 3781 
 
 Personal c. of Jefferson Davis. 3920 
 Political c. of James If. 4958 
 
 Removed-" Invulnerables." 5242 
 
 See EGOTISM. 
 Caste e.-Young Byron. *]832 
 
 Characteristic e. of J. Adams. ♦1833 
 Contrast in e. -Caesar and Cio. ♦1834 
 of Genius-Oliver Goldsmith. ♦1835 
 Royal e.-James II. ♦1836 
 
 Outraged-Cicero's e. 2873 
 
 Rebuked by Plato. 5778 
 
 See SELF-CONCEIT, 
 Braggart's s.-c.-Royalist in N.Y. 613 
 
 Folly of s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 
 Personal majesty of Sapor, 441 
 
 See PRIDE. 
 
 Absence of p. in Ceesar. ^4447 
 
CONCESSION— CONDUCT. 
 
 793 
 
 Cbaracteristio p.-E. Seymour. *4448 
 C:oncealed by humility. *4449 
 
 Defensive p. -Samuel Johnson. *4450 
 Folly of p.-Destructive. *4451 
 
 Humiliated-Samuel Johnson. *4452 
 Mortified-Oliyer Goldsmith. *4453 
 of Rivalry-Cicero's. *4454 
 
 Sacrifices for p.-Goldsmith's. *4465 
 Subjugation of Luther's p. *4456 
 Vain glorious p. of Henry VIII.*4457 
 
 Boastful p.-Disabul the Turk. 384 
 vs. Charity-Newton. 4339 
 
 Competition of p.-Extra'e. 2013 
 Covering humllity-Beoket. 2674 
 
 Destructive p.-Palaces and e. 332 
 Dissipation removes p.-Poe. 1684 
 Downfall of p.-Julian. 3678 
 
 Endeavor spurred by p. 4492 
 
 Humiliated by promotion. 1587 
 
 Humiliation of p. -Penance. 4104 
 Industry sacrificed to p. 2810 
 
 Infatuation of p. -James II. 2820 
 Injured by sympathy-W. Scott's. 92 
 Money to gratify p. 3679 
 
 Mortification of p.-Goldsmith. 2263 
 Mortified by rival-S. Johnson. 4450 
 National p. aroused. 2448 
 
 •Offended-Portrait of Elizabeth. 4329 
 vs. Peace-National-Thebans. 4095 
 Poverty with p.-Johnson. 4349 
 
 Resentment of wounded p. 2012 
 " " criticism. 4217 
 
 Sorrowful p.-Johnson. 1662 
 
 ■of Vice-Gambling, 2272 
 
 War, cause of-England. 3005 
 
 "Wounded by Indifference. 1515 
 
 " " precedence. 1671 
 
 See VANITY. 
 Excessive v.-Dlocletian. *5772 
 
 Folly of V. -Madman. *5773 
 
 Foolish V. -Ferguson. *5774 
 
 with Greatness-Queen Eliz. *5775 
 Jtebuked-" Fine Coat." *5776 
 
 -Goldsmith's v. *5777 
 
 " -Artaxerxes' v. *5778 
 
 " -Menecrates' v. *5779 
 
 Ridiculous v. -Monumental. *5780 
 Victim of v.-Alexander. *5781 
 
 -of Ambition-Grant-Alfonso. 2621 
 
 Architectural v.-Pyramids. 2365 
 
 •' " 5647 
 
 in Benevolence-Johnson. 521 
 Clerical v. in erecting St. Sophia 864 
 
 Covered with rags. 5677 
 
 if Earthly possession. 2379 
 
 Flattered-Charles I. by Finch. 60 
 
 Hindrance of v. -John Adams. 3894 
 Homage to v. of Greek Emp'rors.59 
 
 " " " Diocletian. 26 
 
 •of Honors-Queen Mary. 2619 
 
 " Life-Captive king. 3292 
 
 In Old Age-Constantine. 5772 
 
 " " " -Queen Elizabeth. 5776 
 
 Perilous v.-Emperor Julian. 3678 
 
 of Popularity -Cromwell. 4324 
 
 Prevents success-Timotheus. 8213 
 
 Rebuked-Buckingham's. 3904 
 
 " -Demaratus. 3963 
 
 Sensitive v.-Voltalre's. 2155 
 
 "Victimized by Pompey. 6 
 
 CONCESSION. 
 
 Dangerous c.-Romans to T. *1089 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Need of c. unappreciated. 3854 
 
 See CONCILIATION in loo. 
 
 CONCILIATION. 
 
 by Favors-Anne of Austria. '1030 
 
 Policy of c -Caisar's. *1031 
 
 vs. Threatening-Caesar. ♦1032 
 
 One-sided c.-Lord Howe. 3995 
 
 " " " -Gen. Patterson. 3994 
 
 See LENITY. 
 
 Official l.-Robert Burns. 1552 
 
 Ungrateful for 1. -Innocence. 1242 
 
 See RECONCILIATION, 
 by Explanation-Wm. andMary.1924 
 Impossible-James II. and Pari. 3853 
 Independence better than r. 3912 
 One-aided T.-Viriplaca. 5361 
 
 Superficial r. -Orleans and B. 2695 
 " "-Dying Fred. IL 2202 
 
 CONCORD. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 VS. Conquered-Mistake. 1067 
 
 See AGREEMENT. 
 Forced a.-a Failure. 123 
 
 Necessary in Denunciation. 1653 
 Policy In a.-Cicero-Pompey. 3918 
 
 See HARMONY. 
 
 Fear of h.-Spartans-C'nt'ntion.*8522 
 
 See UNION in loo. 
 
 CONCUBINES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Power of Persian c. 959 
 
 Passion for c.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 CONDENSATION . 
 
 Literary c.-Caesar- Yeni, etc. *1033 
 
 " " -Virgil's writings. ^1034 
 
 CONDESCENSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Shameful c.-Maria Theresa. 4849 
 
 See AFFABILITY. 
 
 Falsehood in a. -Charles I. 1678 
 
 See HUMILITY in loo. 
 
 CONDITION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Concealed-Corruption. 1079 
 
 See CIRCUMSTANCES. 
 Difference in c.-Alexander. *887 
 
 Controlled by c.-" Bobbing J.' 
 See QUALITY in loo. 
 CONDOLENCE. 
 
 Unappreciated-Grant at Pekin, 
 
 See SYMPATHY, 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Friendless-Lincoln. 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Poor-Lincoln. 
 Religious s.-Puritans. 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. 
 
 893 
 
 *1035 
 
 *5493 
 ♦5494 
 ♦5495 
 ♦5496 
 *5497 
 *5498 
 ♦5499 
 
 Beggar's arts for s.-London. 1293 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. Wm. 3389 
 
 Female s.-Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 " " -Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 
 Suffering In s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of a. for W. Scott. 98 
 
 CONDUCT. 
 
 Absurd-Samuel Johnson. *1036 
 
 Contradictory c.-Steele. *1037 
 
 Dissolute c.-Sign of corrupt'n.*1038 
 Scandalous c. in high life. *1039 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Action deci8lve-"My sword . . b."*40 
 
 " speak-"Hurlingaspear."*41 
 
 " " -Cutting tallest p. *42 
 
 Authority to regulate c. -Censor. 746 
 
 " " " " " 747 
 
 Changed by conversion. 1109 
 
 " " convictions. 1537 
 
 Character evinced by c.-Nap. 1826 
 
 Condemned by c.-A. Herbert. 1119 
 
 Contemptible c.-Commodus. 1590 
 
 Controlled by Wm. P. of Orange. 121 
 
 Contradictory c.-James II. 1094 
 
 Inoonsistent-Jamea II. 5723 
 
 Propriety in ministerial c. 1484 
 
 Surprising c.-Mary Princess of 0.788 
 
 Unexpected c. in politics. 4241 
 
 See CONSISTENCY. 
 Disregard for c.-James II. •1133 
 
 4255 
 4461 
 
 Noble c.-William Penn. 
 Overrated by James II. 
 
 See COURTESY. 
 Denied to Speaker J. K. Polk. *1257 
 Forfeited by Bp. of Winoh'st'r.*1268 
 Marked c.-Peculiarity of Eng. *126S 
 to Unfortunates-Black Prince.*126« 
 
 and Cruelty of Black Prince. 
 Devotion to c.-Knights. 
 Embarrassing c.-Goldsmith. 
 Heartless Roman c. 
 Infidels denied c. 
 Insensible to claims of c. 
 Scant c. remembered. 
 
 See DECENCY. 
 Regard for d.-Young Newton. 
 
 See DECORUM, 
 in Debate-American Indians. 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. 
 
 See GENTILITY, 
 by Restraint-Samuel Johnson, 
 Vicious g.-Samuei Johnson. 
 
 vs. Character-Cromwell. 
 Effect of g.-Love-Hatred. 
 vs. Religion-Offence. 
 " Rudeness-Johnson. 
 Vice gilded by g. 
 of Woman by restraint. 
 
 See MANNERS. 
 Blunt m. -Diogenes. 
 Changed-Romans. 
 Effects of m.-Well-IU-bred. 
 
 " " " -S. Johnson. 
 Neglected-Samuel Johnson's. 
 Plain m.-G. Fox, Quaker. 
 Unrefined m.-S. Johnson's. 
 Urbane m. of Charles II. 
 
 779 
 1121 
 4335 
 2643 
 2831 
 2644 
 4083 
 
 *1472 
 
 *1483 
 ♦1484 
 
 *2348 
 ♦2349 
 
 4591 
 3417 
 2656 
 3418 
 2349 
 2348 
 
 ♦3415 
 ♦3416 
 ♦3417 
 ♦3418 
 ♦3419 
 ♦3420 
 ♦3421 
 ♦3422 
 
 Affected by language. 3132 
 
 Awkward and agile-Shelley. 443 
 
 Blunt m. of William III. 4229 
 
 Brutal m. -Frederick II. 2551 
 
 Chivalrous m.-Black Prince. 2336 
 
 Contrasted-Athenians vs.L. 3790 
 
794 
 
 CONFESSION— CONQUEST. 
 
 Corrupted m. destroy Rome. 3709 
 
 Deceptive m.-Sunderland. 2967 
 Demoralized by bad philos'phy. 4194 
 
 Eccentric m.-S. Johnson. 2310 
 
 " " " 2311 
 
 Endangered by wealth. 3654 
 
 too Familiar m.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 
 Imitation of m.-J. Hogg. 20C1 
 
 Plain ra.-Mrs. Pres't Jackson. 5215 
 
 Simplicity of m.-Mother of W. 2786 
 
 Training in m.-Effective. 5670 
 
 Unrefined m. of Cromwell. 262 
 
 Unrestrained m.-Perilous. 2062 
 
 See POLITENESS. 
 
 Burdensome p.-Hand-shaking. 2509 
 
 Characteristic p. of Mahomet. 801 
 
 Death-bed p. of Charles II. 3422 
 
 with Destitution. 2650 
 
 Disagreeable p. -Caesar's. 3400 
 
 Distinguished for p.-JEmiliiis. 1902 
 
 Ignored by politicians. 8864 
 Intentional p.-Regent of China.1035 
 
 Kind p.-Sailor's. 6021 
 
 Mark of p.-Gluttony. 2639 
 
 Rule of p.-Johnson. 1592 
 
 Trespass on p. -Criticism. 1312 
 
 to Women-Sabines. 6116 
 
 See PROPRIETY. 
 
 Ignored-Ministerial p. 1737 
 
 See REFINEMENT. 
 Characteristic r. -Athenians. *4640 
 Mis judged- American Indians. *464t 
 Recommended-Bridal r. *4642 
 
 Absence of r. -Diogenes. 3415 
 
 Preiudices of r.-Greeks vs. R. 769 
 gee BRAVERY, CRUELTY, DISSI- 
 PATION, HABIT, INDUSTRY, 
 LICENTIOUSNESS, LIFE, MOD- 
 ESTY, NOBILITY, PRU- 
 DENCE, PIETY, WICK- 
 EDNESS in loc. 
 CONFESSION. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Death- bed c.-Shameful. 1081 
 
 Governmental c. of weakness. 2462 
 Honorable c. Forgiveness by. 3819 
 " " of wrong. 4643 
 
 Humble c.-Bishop Cranmer. 1249 
 Manly c. of inability. 2C26 
 
 Misused-Criminals. 5883 
 
 Q,uasi-c. refused-Huss. 1918 
 
 Shameful c.-Bribery-Bacon. 1213 
 Threat of c.-Terrifving-Nero. 1347 
 
 See RECANTATION. 
 Impossible-Martin Luther. *4633 
 
 Formal r. -Unreal-Galileo. 5627 
 
 Refused-Luther. 1092 
 
 " by Hooper. 1233 
 
 Repeated 6 times-Bp. Cranmer. 1249 
 
 See REPENTANCE in loo. 
 
 CONFESSIONAIi. 
 
 Secrets of the c. undisclosed. *1040 
 
 CONFIDENCE. 
 Compliment of c.-Caesar. *1041 
 
 Erroneous c. -Bonaparte's. *1042 
 Excess in c.-Major Andr6. *1043 
 Perilous c.-Harold II. *1044 
 
 Power of c.-Queen Margaret. *1045 
 Premature c.-A. Lincoln. *1046 
 
 Superstitious c.-Otho the Gr't.*1047 
 Tested-Alexander's. *1048 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Betrayed-Emp. Theodosius. 1878 
 Dangerous over-o.-Ney. 3957 
 
 Forfeited-Demosthenes bribed. 672 
 Misplaced c.-Howard's servant. 378 
 Over-confidence, Defeated by. 471 
 Restored- William and Mary. 5998 
 Reward of c.-Frederick the G. .1247 
 Success by c.-Cassar. 5161 
 
 Weakened by suspicion. S528 
 
 Withheld by Napoleon I. 5063 
 
 See CREDULITY, 
 of Philosopihers-Seven. *1281 
 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. *1282 
 
 of the Siek-Lord Audley. *1283 
 
 Superstitious c.-Romans. *1284 
 
 " -Persians. *1285 
 See HOPE. 
 Happiness in h.-S. Johnson. *2631 
 a Treasure-Perdiccas. *2632 
 
 4002 
 4154 
 3481 
 3261 
 3234 
 4005 
 1629 
 5699 
 1609 
 
 1605 
 
 *4443 
 
 *4444 
 
 Delusion of parental h. 
 Enchantment of h.-Goodyear. 
 vs. Experience-Marriage, 
 in the Grave-Indian burial, 
 of Liberty-a Crime. 
 Sorrow in loss of parental h. 
 Strengthened by h.-S. Adams, 
 a Treasure-Alexander. 
 " Virtue-Varro despaired not. 
 
 See HOPES. 
 False h.-" Land ! Land 1" 
 
 See PRESUMPTION. 
 Foolish p.-Emperor Petrarch. 
 Reward of p.-Indignity. 
 
 Papal p. resented. 
 Ridiculed by Parthians. 
 of Success-Capt. Lawrence. 
 Successful p. of three men. 
 of Youth-Nasica. 
 " " -Pompey. 
 " -Louis XIV. 
 See SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
 Coronation of f elf-Napoleon. 
 
 See TRUST. 
 In Providence-Wm. P. of O. 
 " " -A. Lincoln. 
 
 See FAITH in loc. 
 
 1712 
 2570 
 1076 
 2814 
 6210 
 6209 
 
 1321 
 1326 
 
 4558 
 4559 
 
 CONFISCATION. 
 
 Avaricious c.-Emp. Maximin. *1049 
 Religious o.-A. d' Albuquerque. *1050 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Property of cowards-Rom. 1275 
 
 CONFIiAGRATION. 
 
 Defensive c.-Columbia, S. C. *1051 
 
 Destructive c. -Moscow. *1055 
 
 " -Boston. *1052 
 
 " -Chicago. *1053 
 
 " " -London. *1054 
 
 " " -Moscow. *1056 
 
 " "-New York. *1057 
 
 " -Rome. *1058 
 
 In War-Carthage. *1059 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destructive c. of London. 693 
 
 Patriotic c.-B. of Jamestown. 4043 
 
 Utilized in War-Paul Jones. 646' 
 " by avarice-M. Crassus. 68S 
 See FIRE in loc. 
 CONFIilCT. 
 
 Bootless c.-Bunker Hill. *1060 
 
 Land of c.-Kentucky. *1061 
 
 Rule of c.-Wm. P. of Orange. *1062 
 
 Self-sustaining c.-Spoils. *1063 
 
 Unnatural c.-Wm. T. the N. *1064 
 
 Unprepared for c.-Greeks. *1065 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Inglorious c.-Commodus. 5823 
 
 Sentimental c.-Earth and sea. 970 
 
 Sham c.-Battle of Brenneville. 461 
 
 the Spiritual vs. Animal-Man. 4690 
 
 Unequal c.-Pizarro-Assassins. 1068 
 
 " personal c. 4838 
 
 CONFIilCTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Mental c. in religious duty-Joan. 417 
 
 See CONTEST in loc. 
 
 CONFUSION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Defeated by c. -Persian host. 466- 
 
 Govemmental c.-New Jersey. 2408 
 
 See ANARCHY. 
 Authorized by Innocent III. 4948 
 Night of a.-Flight of James II. 4913 
 CONGREGATION. 
 Cross-reffrenoes. 
 Abandoned by c.-Clergy. 922 
 
 Indignant c.-Depart're-Traitor.2795 
 
 CONGREGATIONS. 
 Large c. of John Wesley. *1066 
 
 See ASSEMBLIES. 
 Interdicted-Re]igious-England.*375 
 
 See ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Immense-Centennial year, 1876. 4084 
 
 " -80,000 p.-Colosseum. 681 
 
 Popular a. opposed. 2452 
 
 Unwieldy-80,000 priests. 3833 
 
 See AUDIENCE. 
 Necessary for great oratory. 3952 
 Speaker impressed by a. 4822 
 
 See HEARERS. 
 Unappreciative h. -Johnson's. *2532 
 
 See HEARING. 
 Released from h.-C'ngr'gation.*2523 
 
 257 
 2C6 
 
 Determined on a h.-Luther. 
 Prevented by appetlte-Cato. 
 
 See MOB. 
 Audacity of Paris m.-Revolutinn.eSS 
 Calmness amid the m.-Wesley. 69S- 
 of Fanatics controlled by dem. 40' 
 Mlstaken-Cinna put to death. 372 
 Terrifying m.-New York draft. 3646 
 
 CONQUERED. 
 vs. Concord-Mistake. 
 Conquerors c.-Pizarro. 
 
 See DEFEAT in loc. 
 
 CONQUERORS. 
 
 by Resolution-Fremont-Cal. 
 
 CONQUEST. 
 by Destruction-d'Alb'qu'rque.*1070 
 Ends of c.-Pyrrhus-Pleasure. *1071 
 Fruitless o.-Ancient Persians. *1072' 
 Impossible c.-Darius. *1073- 
 
 Necessary c.-Cortez-Mexico. *1074 
 Period of c.-Reign of Ed. in. *1076 
 Presumptuous c.-Three men. *1076- 1 
 Surrendered-Crusaders-J. *1077" i 
 
 *1067 
 ♦1068 
 
 ♦1069- 
 
CONQUESTS— CONSECRATION. 
 
 795 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Art-Roman siegre-towers. 326 
 Career of c.-Pizarro. 641 
 
 Completed by conciliation-C. 1031 
 Consecrated for c. -Youth. 6179 
 
 Extensive c. of Timour. 309 
 
 Genius for o.-Wm. fell-Eng. is m. 33 
 by Money vs. Arms. 4885 
 
 Numerous o. -Caesar's. 5898 
 
 Possible American c.-Prediction.212 
 Robbery-War. 2476 
 
 Successful C.-1500 citic?-Pom'y.2285 
 by Treachery-Gabians by Sextus. 42 
 Visionary c.-De Soto. 1986 
 
 See CRUSADERS. 
 Numerous c.-Six millions. *1375 
 Origin of c.-Peter the Hermit. *1376 
 
 See CRUSADES. 
 Craze for c.-Sacrifices. 3411 
 
 Credulity in c. 5850 
 
 Loss of life in c.-Two million. 3258 
 
 See SUBMISSION. 
 Humiliating s.-Richard II. *5381 
 of Soul-Penitential s. ♦5882 
 
 Exacting s.-James II. 248 
 
 Humiliating s. -Captive Emp. 2197 
 
 Prayer of s. -Socrates. 4557 
 
 Soul's s. to God. 5382 
 
 See SUBJUGATION. 
 
 Intolerable s. by Irish troops. '•'5378 
 
 Oppressive s. by Mahomet II. ♦5379 
 
 Resented by Bishop Mark. 883 
 
 See SURRENDER, 
 
 to Death-Boges. *5468 
 
 Demanded-Ethan Allen. *5469 
 
 Disgraceful s.-Manchester. *5470 
 
 Final s.-Civil War. *5471 
 
 Impossible s.-The Old Guard. *5472 
 
 Indignant s.-P. Stuyvesant. *5473 
 
 Prevented-Charter Oak. *5474 
 
 Infamous s.-10,000 Scots to 500 E.306 
 of Life, Cheerful s. 1430 
 
 " " " "-Defeat. 1494 
 
 " " Noble s. 3820 
 
 Refusal to s., Determined-G. 1372 
 Unconditional s. Ft. Donelson. 1891 
 See DEFEAT, TRIUMPH, and 
 VICTORY in loo. 
 
 CONdUESTS, 
 
 of Peace-Purchase of L. 
 
 ♦1078 
 
 CONSCIENCE. 
 
 Abdication of c.-Pope Clem.V.^1079 
 
 an Accuser-Murderer's. *1080 
 
 " " -Death-bed confess. ^1081 
 
 Authorized-Jesuits' Gunp'der. +1082 
 
 Awakened-Peter Cartwright. ♦1083 
 
 " -John Bunyan. ♦lO&l 
 
 " -Earthquake. ♦lOSe 
 
 " -by Mother's prayer.*1087 
 
 " -Rev. W. Gassaway.+1088 
 
 " Rev. John Wesley. +1089 
 
 •' ♦John Bunyan. ^1085 
 
 vs. Conscience-Intolerance. ♦1090 
 
 Conquers conquerors-Wm. II. +1091 
 
 Defence of c.-Martln Luther. ^1092 
 
 Education of c.-Rev. Newton. ♦lOgs 
 
 Erratic c.-James n. ♦10O4 
 
 Explained- " " *10» 
 
 Guilty c.-Caracalla's. *1096 
 
 Honored-King Wm. Rufus. *1097 
 
 Imperfect-A. d'Albuquerque. *1098 
 
 Indiscreet c.-Marcellus. *1099 
 
 Interpreted-Sacrilege. ♦IIOO 
 
 Liberty of c.-Roger Williams. *1101 
 
 " " "-Oliver Cromwell.*1102 
 
 " " "-Cromwell's tlme.^1103 
 
 " "-Cromwell. ^1104 
 
 Perverted by Jesuits. ♦IIOS 
 
 " -Hernando Cortez. ♦11C6 
 
 " -Jacques Clement. *1107 
 
 Phantom of c.-Constans II. *1108 
 
 Power of c.-Benj. Abbott. *1109 
 
 Quickened-Reaction of crime.*1110 
 
 " -Reign of James II.*1111 
 
 Reminder-King Philip. ^1112 
 
 Sale of c.-ReIgn of James IL ^1113 
 
 Scruples of o.-Puritans. ♦IIU 
 
 Terrors of c.-Emp.Theodoric. ♦lllS 
 
 Uneducated-Eng. slave-trade. ♦1116 
 
 Victory of c.-Sir Thos. More. ♦111? 
 
 Warning of c.-Charles I. ♦1118 
 
 Worthless c. of James IL ^1119 
 
 Wronged-an Evil Genius. ^1120 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Agitation of untaught c. 2374 
 
 Approval of c.-Death of Vane. 3224 
 In Benevolence-John Wesley. 518 
 549 
 
 " -Mary Fletcher. 519 
 
 " -LadyH'nt'ngd'n.520 
 
 •« " •' 546 
 
 " -Bishop Coke. 539 
 
 1570 
 
 Compromised-Luther's. 4658 
 
 Convictions of c.-Painful. 1180 
 
 " " " 1181 
 
 Deceived c.-Assassins of C. 1478 
 Dishonored-Regretted. 1336 
 
 by Education-Relics-Oath. 3840 
 
 " " -HeadofEmperor.3842 
 
 Eccentric c. of Penn. 2775 
 
 Erratic c.-Suicide of Donatists. 3506 
 Force to s-ubdue tender c. 2964 
 
 Freedom of c. in Maryland. 1166 
 Hatred stimulated by c. 3389 
 
 Ill-trained c. toward pagans. 1050 
 " " " -Pizarro. 10C8 
 
 Inconsistency of c.-Wm. Penn. 607 
 License of c.by Gabriel-M'h'm't's.63 
 Majorities cannot rule. 2431 
 
 Misdirected c.-Bloody Mary. 6073 
 " -Joan-Dress. 1739 
 
 Misfortune interpreted by c. 1100 
 Mixed-Self illusion-Fraud. 1468 
 a Pretext-Sunderland. 1186 
 
 Quiet c.-George Washington. 5211 
 Restless c.-Hindoo pilgrimages.2538 
 Satisfaction for c.-Penance. 1662 
 Stings-Guilty c.-Caracalla. 1096 
 Troublesome c.-Quakers. 8502 
 
 " "-John Knox. 3604 
 
 Uncompromised-John Bunyan. 2764 
 Uneducated c.-Slave-trade. 5221 
 
 See AWAKENING. 
 
 Spiritual a.-Bunyan. 1180 
 
 " " " 569 
 
 •' " -Terrible-Bunyan. 5166 
 
 " ♦• -Martin Luther. 1178 
 
 
 
 " " -Bunyan. 1191 
 
 
 
 " -A. Clark. 
 
 1181 
 
 
 
 " -Bartley Campbell. 
 
 4103 
 
 
 
 " -H. D. Gough. 
 
 1179 
 
 
 
 " -Misery in. 
 
 1193 
 
 
 
 " -Melancholy-Fox. 
 
 3564 
 
 
 
 " by Prayer. 
 
 1188 
 
 " 
 
 " -Unhappiness by. 
 
 1192 
 
 
 See CASUISTRY. 
 
 
 Difficult 
 
 o.-American Indian. 
 
 ♦730 
 
 Question 
 
 in c.-Galileo. 
 
 B727 
 
 
 ' 
 
 of c.-Falsehood. 
 
 2045 
 
 See REMORSE, 
 of Persecutors-Charles IX. ♦4762 
 Royal r.-Edward IV. ♦4761 
 
 for Porgery-Dlvion. 
 
 2192 
 
 Sudden r. for murder- Alex. 
 
 1744 
 
 " " " " " 
 
 4021 
 
 " "-Ex'n of Joan of Arc. 4137 
 
 See RIGHT. 
 
 
 of Might-English earls. 
 
 ♦4902 
 
 " -William m. 
 
 ♦4903 
 
 " " -Sword. 
 
 ♦4904 
 
 by Precedent-Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦4905 
 
 and Wrong-Boundaries. 
 
 ♦4906 
 
 of Might-Conquest. 1098 
 
 vs. " -Am. Revolution. 5924 
 
 of Reprisal-Arab robbers. 4926 
 
 Unquestioned, yet false. 5747 
 
 See SCRUPLES. 
 
 Affected s. of Richard I IL 3742 
 
 Hypocritical s-James II. 1133 
 
 Sacramental-Enemies. 2697 
 
 Temple robbed-Misfortune. 1100 
 
 See WRONG. 
 
 Neither give nor take w. 2872 
 
 Suffering w. vs. Doing w. 4188 
 
 See CONVICTION, GUILT, MO- 
 RALITY, PERSECUTION and 
 RELIGION <nioc. 
 
 CONSECKATION. 
 
 for Conflict-Knights. ^1121 
 
 without Faith-John Wesley. ^1122 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ceremony of c.-Knights. 3086 
 
 for Conquest-Grecian Youth. 6179 
 
 of Spoils, Pious c.-Aurelian. 5316 
 
 " " to Benevolence. 529 
 
 for War-Janizaries. 5255 
 
 See DEDICATION. 
 
 Changed-Biblia Polyglotta. *1485 
 
 True religious d.-Church. *1486 
 
 to God-Knights. 
 " " -John Wesley. 
 Indifferent d. of temple. 
 
 See DEVOTION. 
 Absolute Mohammedan d. 
 Commendable d. of St. Amb. 
 Entire d. of Bp Thomas Coke, 
 Ministerial d. of Thomas Lee. 
 Self-sacrificing d.-Belisarius. 
 
 Absolute d. of life, 
 to Amusement-Angelus. 
 " Banner-Mohammedan. 
 Blind d. of Persian assassins. 
 
 1121 
 1122 
 6159 
 
 ♦1568 
 ♦156» 
 ♦1570 
 ♦1571 
 ♦1572- 
 
 3843 
 389ft 
 2567 
 
 374 
 
796 
 
 CONSENT— CONTEMPT. 
 
 External d. to the pope. 2675 
 
 Filial d.-Seeking pardon. 3998 
 
 Reward of d.-Garibaldi's. 4042 
 
 Secret of d. -Money. 2705 
 
 Servant's d. to mistress. 5180 
 
 of Soldiers-Swedes to Chas.XII.1239 
 Soldier's d. to standards. 3838 
 
 to Study- Young Napoleon. 5375 
 Terrible oath of d. by gladiators.102 
 of Wife-Lafayette's. 4318 
 
 " Woman-H. Wentworth. 2516 
 " " -Mrs. Unwin. 2883 
 
 to Women-Knights. 2866 
 
 CONSENT. 
 Enforced-Senate to Caracalla. *1128 
 
 See AGREEMENT. 
 Forced a. a failure. 123 
 
 Necessary in denunciation. 1653 
 Policy in a.-Cicero-Pompey. 3918 
 
 CONSERVATISOT. 
 Cured-Peter the Great. *1124 
 
 Dangers of o.-Dr. Arnold. *1125 
 Described-Robert Cecil. ♦1126 
 
 Excessive c. -Reign of Chas.II.*1127 
 Foolish c. -Anti-progressive. *1128 
 Non-Progressive c.-Duke of N.*1129 
 " " -Mines-Eng*1131 
 
 Opposition of c. to police. *1130 
 Political c.-Lord Halifax. *1132 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Capital-Romans. 709 
 
 Characteristic c.-Halifax. 5717 
 
 of the Church-Presumed-J. II. 857 
 Impossible-Man or mouse. 3396 
 Opposition of c.-Light. 3932 
 
 of Property-owners. 4516 
 
 " Pulpit-Political c. 4562 
 
 Ruinous c.-Monmouth. 1222 
 
 See FOGYISM. 
 Judicial f. -Learning needless. *2164 
 an Obstacle-Manufacturers. *2165 
 Unvelled-no Golden Age. *2166 
 
 See PESSIMISTS. 
 Error of p.-Evils are old. 126 
 
 National p.-English bankruptcy.451 
 
 See TRIMMER. 
 Political t.-Lord Halifax. *5717 
 
 CONSISTENCY. 
 Disregard for c.-James II. *1133 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Noble c.-William Penn. 4255 
 
 Overrated by James II. 4461 
 
 CONSOLATION. 
 of Philosophy-Sen. Boethius. *1134 
 
 Cross-refe rences. 
 1n Religion-Charles I. 
 Strange c. in death. 
 
 See SYMPATHY. 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. 
 ifor Friendless-Lincoln. 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Poor-Lincoln. 
 Religious s.-Puritans. 
 Unmanned by s. -Columbus. 
 
 4692 
 1417 
 
 *5493 
 *5494 
 ♦5495 
 *5496 
 *5497 
 *5498 
 *5499 
 
 Beggar's arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Bcoentrlcity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. William. 3389 
 Female s.-Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 " "-Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 
 CONSPIRACY. 
 Alarming c.-Reign of Wm. I. *1135 
 Infamous c.-Royalists, a.d.1776*1139 
 Political c.-Reign of Chas. II. *1137 
 Unpopular c.-Catiline's. *1138 
 
 Unproven c.-Sir W. Raleigh. *1136 
 of Vice-Catiline's. *1140 
 
 See DERISION. 
 Public d. at theatre-Walker. *1539 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Ambition-Triumviri. 192 
 
 " Assassins-British Cabinet. 363 
 " " -Irish Catholics. 367 
 
 " " -Caesar's. 371 
 
 " -Lincoln's. 373 
 
 " " -Napoleon-Thirty. 699 
 
 Dangerous c. against C'lumbus.3758 
 Defeated by a woman-FulvIa. 6097 
 Detected-Catiline's. 1654 
 
 of Discontent-G. Washington. 2308 
 Disclosure of c. refused. 3234 
 
 " "-Japan. 3640 
 
 Escape from c. by fllght-M. 1023 
 Failure of c.-Mallet. 2195 
 
 Self-deception in c.-Caesar's. 1478 
 Sucoeasful c.-Pelopidas. 4477 
 
 " " -Sicilian Vespers. 1340 
 Suspicion of a c, Needless. 165 
 
 Warning of c. Ineffective. 5948 
 
 CONSPIRATORS. 
 Ingrate c.-Cffisar's. *1141 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Honesty toward c.-Bribe. 1207 
 
 See VOTERS. 
 Bribe for v. disguised. 662 
 
 Bribed-£5000 for one-Ireland. 663 
 " by public money-N. 667 
 
 Church-members, the only v. 881 
 Coerced-English v. 662 
 
 Dlsf ranchised-Catholics in Md. 732 
 See ELECTION in loc. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 vs. Destruction-Cromwell's. *1142 
 CONTEMPT. 
 
 Expressed-Timour's. *1143 
 
 for Pretension-Pirates. *1144 
 
 " " -Alario. *1145 
 
 Protected by c.-Maximus. ^1146 
 
 Religious c.-Puritans. *1147 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Anger-Unmerited c.-J. Hogg.2150 
 for Bribers-Isaac Newton. 660 
 
 Cured by adver8ity-Braddock'8d.97 
 Expressed for George II. 9 
 
 Familiarity breeds c.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 Foolish c.-Pope-Luther. 1535 
 
 Folly breeds c.-Fanatics. 3528 
 
 of Genius-Fulton's c. 2306 
 
 Mistaken c. of Cajetan for L. 257 
 Public c. expressed. ' 4077 
 
 Social c. Imperilled by. 3540 
 
 See CONTUMACY. 
 False charge of c.-Bp. Cranmer.3065 
 
 Conquered by perseverance. 
 See DETESTATION. 
 Courage under d.-Cromwell's 
 Public d. of Eutropius. 
 
 See INSULT. 
 more than Injury- Arabs, 
 to Jealousy-Flogging. 
 Last i.-a Knight's. 
 Political i. to William Pitt. 
 Rebellion from i. -Persians. 
 Remembrance of i.-Cyrus. 
 Stinging i.-Col. Tarleton. 
 Unconscious i.-James II. 
 
 Abusive i. -Ambassadors. 
 Added to injury-Barbarians, 
 of Arrogance- Attlla-Romans. 
 
 Fancied i.-Xerxes. 
 Humiliation for i.-Pope. 
 Oversensitive to i.-Tyrant. 
 Resented by Bismarck. 
 Stinging i.-Woman's. 
 Unresented-Fear- Alexius. 
 
 See INSULTS. 
 Argument by i.-Johnson. 
 with Misfortune-James II. 
 
 4154 
 
 ♦1563 
 *1564 
 
 ♦2896 
 ♦2897 
 *2898 
 '*2899 
 *2900 
 ♦2901 
 ♦2902 
 *2903 
 
 4444 
 
 250 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 320 
 
 S49 
 
 2527 
 
 3359 
 
 3489 
 
 757 
 
 *3904 
 ♦3905 
 
 Authorized for cowards. 1280 
 
 Cruelty provoked by i.-Ind's. 2074 
 Public i.-Cromwell to Parllam't. 410 
 
 Reparation for i., cheap. 2868 
 
 Women's i. to cowards. 6128 
 
 See MOCKERY. 
 
 of Agony of martyrs. 1358 
 
 " Extortloner-Rufinius. 427 
 
 " Religion-Emperor Michael. 4723 
 Taunt of Women-Influence of. 2504 
 
 See RIDICULE. 
 
 Changed by merit-Puritans. *4890 
 
 Conquered by Napoleon I. *4891 
 
 Cures cowardice-Arab. *4893 
 
 Defended by r. -Caesar. *4892 
 
 of Greatness-Julian's. *4894 
 
 Public r. of Irish agents. *4895 
 
 Punished-Religion. "^4896 
 
 Reformation by r.-Laws. *4897 
 
 Revolution by r. -Wales. *4898 
 
 Unconscious of r.-George III. *4899 
 
 Unfelt-Diogenes. '^4900 
 
 Warning in r.-Whitefleld. *4901 
 
 Butt of r.-D'Argens. 2237 
 
 " " " -Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 of Dignity-King upset. 1586 
 
 " Enemy-Tlgranes. 3829 
 
 Exposure to r. -Columbus. 2587 
 
 Fear of poets' r.-Bums. 4216 
 
 " " r. -Clergy. 4416 
 
 Failure of r. -Burke. 49 
 
 of Humiliation-Painful r. 3719 
 
 Improvement under r.-Plato. 1314 
 
 better than Indignation. 5773 
 Ineffective r.-Eng. Methodists. 4656 
 Mutual-Fred. II. and Voltaire. 3 
 
 oeace of r.-Shame-Error. 3246 
 
 Opposed by r.-Demosthenes. 2021 
 
 of Poverty-Scots-Johnson. 4352 
 
 " Reform-Calendar changed. 696 
 
CONTENTION— CONVERSATION. 
 
 797 
 
 Eeform by r.-Peter the Great. 1184 
 of Religion of Catholics. 4742 
 
 " Sanctimony in ad vertisements.96 
 Unexpected r.-B.'s dagger 8cene.49 
 Victim of r.-Goldsmith. 2664 
 
 Weapon against infidelity. 2830 
 
 See SNEER. 
 Sarcastic s. at Demosthenes. 672 
 Sneer for s.-Colonel Tarleton. 2902 
 CONTENTION. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benefit of c.-Lycurgus. 2522 
 
 Exciting political c.-England. 4242 
 
 CONTENTMENT. 
 in Gardening-Diocletian. *1148 
 
 under Hardships-John Wesley.*1149 
 Inferior c.-Samuel Johnson. *1150 
 with Poverty-Diogenes. *1151 
 
 Price of c.-Napoleon I. *1152 
 
 Miscellaueous cross-references. 
 Possession of 7 acres-Romans. 152 
 Postponed-" What then ?" 1071 
 with Poverty-Abdolonymus. 5635 
 without Riches-Phocion. 4882 
 
 See HAPPINESS in loc 
 
 CONTEST. 
 
 Unequal c.-Greeks vs. Rus'ns. ♦IISS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ignoble c.-War of Roses. 5227 
 
 Shameful c. In drinking- Alex. 2912 
 
 Trifles cause c.-Revolution. 506 
 
 Unequal-Civilization-Barb'rism.901 
 
 " naval c.-Greeks and P. 6110 
 
 " c.-Fred. n.-VIctories. 5808 
 
 " "-Eng.-U. S. Colonies. 5924 
 
 " " " " » " 5946 
 
 See ANTAGONISM. 
 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 248 
 
 In Personal character-M.Luther. 761 
 
 " -Q. Eliz. 763 
 
 Unnatural a.-Father and Son. 1064 
 
 See COMBAT. 
 Pleasure In c.-Roman shows. *974 
 
 Amusement by brutal c-Old E. 218 
 
 " " " "-Rom. 219 
 
 Farcical c.-Wellington. 1750 
 
 Trial by c-Gauls. 3054 
 
 " " "-Romans. 5703 
 
 See CONFLICT. 
 
 Bootless c.-Bunker Hill. *1060 
 
 Land of o.-Kentucky. *1061 
 
 Rule of c.-Wm. of Orange. *1062 
 
 Self-sustaining c-Spoils. *1063 
 
 Unnatural c.-Wm. I. the N. *1064 
 
 Unprepared for c.-Greeks. *1065 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Inglorious c.-Commodus. 5823 
 
 Sentimental o.-Earth and sea. 970 
 Sham c.-Battle of Brenneville. 461 
 Spiritual vs. Animal-Man. 4690 
 
 Unequal o.-PIzarro-Assassins. 1068 
 " personal c. 4838 
 
 See DISSENSION. 
 Religious d. in Reformation. 146 
 
 See DUEL. 
 Combat by d.-Alexander. *1746 
 
 Murder by d.-Alex. Hamilton.*1747 
 
 Naval d.-Paul Jones. *1748 
 
 Proposed by monarchs. *1749 
 
 Religious d.-Wellington's. *1750 
 
 Challenge to fight a d.un'ac'pt' 
 Combat by d.-Generals. 
 Trial by combat-Gauls. 
 War ended by d.-Thebans. 
 
 See DUELS. 
 Inequality In d.-J. Quinoy. 
 
 See FIGHTING. 
 In Death-Persians. 
 Desperate f. -Three out of 600. 
 and Praying-Admiral Blake. 
 
 d.75l 
 1543 
 3054 
 3884 
 
 ♦1751 
 
 ♦2129 
 ♦2130 
 *2131 
 
 Boys f. at school-I. Newton. 179 
 Ineffective f. at "Island No.lO." 483 
 
 See LITIGATION. 
 Period of l.-15th century. ♦3321 
 
 for Principle, not for money. 3139 
 
 See STRIFE. 
 
 Choice in s.-Louis XIV. *5360 
 
 Conjugal s. -Reconciliation. ^5361 
 
 Family s. -Abominable. ^5368 
 
 Premature s.-Bishop Burnet. *5363 
 Responsibility for s.-James II.+5364 
 
 Love of s.-English ancestors. 5878 
 Music In s.-Charles XII. 3752 
 
 Provoking s. by young knights. 191 
 Needless s.-BattleofN. Orleans.487 
 Reign of s.-English barons. 2456 
 See CONTROVERSY and WAR 
 in loc. 
 
 CONTINGENCIES. 
 
 Combination of c.-C. of N. O. *1154 
 
 of Success-Columbus. *U55 
 
 See CHANCE in loc. 
 
 CONTRACT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Corrupt o. rejected-Newton. 660 
 
 CONTRACTS. 
 
 Suspension of c.-M. Caelius. ♦1156 
 
 See BARGAIN. 
 Foolish b.-Indians. ^457 
 
 Aversion to making a b.-J. Watt.689 
 Confirmed by alms. 4300 
 
 by Distress of owners-M. C. 683 
 Satisfactory b.-Trinkets. 5771 
 
 See TREATY, 
 an Observed t.-Wm. P. and I. ^5700 
 
 Obscurity desired in t.-Nap. 3850 
 CONTRADICTION. 
 
 Proneness to c.-S. Johnson. +1157 
 CONTRAST. 
 
 Miscellaneois cross-references. 
 
 Affinity by c.-Anne-Churchill. 2228 
 
 " " "-Burnet-Halifax. 2231 
 
 " " " -Wm. P. of O. 2834 
 
 Greatness by c. -Charlemagne. 2478 
 
 CONTRIBUTION. 
 Unconscious c. -Siege of Acre. ^1158 
 
 CONTRIB UTIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Education-Peck of com. 1773 
 
 -Yale CoUege. 1783 
 
 " " -Harvard. 1791 
 
 of Regard-Caesar's funeral. 8251 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE in loc. 
 
 CONTROVERSY. 
 
 Abusive c.-Luther. 
 Afraid of c.-George Fox. 
 Angry o.-Samuel Johnson. 
 Bitterness in c.-Luther. 
 Christian c.-Luther. 
 Dread of c.-Isaac Newton. 
 Personal c.-Milton vs. Morns. 
 Prevented-Maryland . 
 Ridiculous c.-Milton. 
 Spirit of c.-Constantinople. 
 
 ♦1159 
 ♦1160 
 ♦1161 
 ♦1162 
 ♦1163 
 ♦1164 
 ♦1165 
 ♦1166 
 ♦1167 
 ♦1168 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abusive-Milton vs. Salmasius. 23 
 Advantage to truth. 3931 
 
 Dread of c.-Newton. 3648 
 
 Prohibited religious c.-J. II. 4563 
 Reflection corrects c. 4643 
 
 Repressed by Government. 573 
 
 on the Scaffold-Religious. 2093 
 
 Unequal-Dryden vs. Stillingfleet. 7 
 
 See ARGUMENT. 
 Possible-Stealing defended-^I. ^298 
 Reserved a.-Violence-Johnson.^299 
 Useless-James II. to clergy. ^300 
 
 Abandoned for resentment, 
 by Abuse-Samuel Johnson. 
 Deceptive a.-Sophists. 
 Declined by obstinacy-Juror. 
 Possible against art. 
 Powerless with bigots. 
 Readiness in a.-Sophists. 
 Trained in use of a.-Romans. 
 Useless-John son. 
 " with James II. 
 See DEBATE. 
 Personality in d.-S. Johnson. 
 
 2610 
 2904 
 2283 
 3049 
 3793 
 2721 
 5733 
 1857 
 3825 
 3853 
 
 ♦1457 
 
 Decorum In d.-Indians. 1483 
 
 Defeat in d. concealed. 1490 
 
 Suppressed by Cromwell-Parl. 417 
 
 See CONTENTION in loc 
 
 CONTUMACY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 False charge of c.-Bp. Cranmer.3065 
 
 CONVENTS. 
 
 Refuge in c.-Pear of vice. *1169 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Nun by coercion-Matilda. 
 
 5862 
 
 CONVERSATION. 
 
 Care in c.-Cato. +1170 
 
 Corrupting c.-Mary Stuart. *1171 
 Gifts for c.-Samuel Johnson. ^1172 
 Limit of 0.-" Bendleather." ♦inS 
 vs. Talk-Samuel Johnson. ♦1174. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Charity in c.-Cato. 1170 
 
 in Eating-Spartans. 2182 
 
 " " desired. 3600 
 
 Evaded by coughing. 3719 
 
 Inability in o. deplored. 5965 
 
 Inaccuracy with words in c. 708 
 Indecent c. resented-Newton. 1472 
 Perilous to youth-Henry VI. 1620 
 Privacy of o.-Lacedaemonians. 4471 
 Reserve in c. characteristic. 4806 
 Unequal to S. Johnson's c. 2532 
 
798 
 
 CONVERSION— CORRUPTION. 
 
 CONVERSION. 
 
 Clear c. of John Bunyan. 
 Demanded of Peruvians-P. 
 Intellectual c.-Constantine. 
 Peculiar c. of Martin Luther. 
 Remarkable c. of H. D. Gough 
 
 " " " J. Bunyan. 
 
 " " " Adam Clark, 
 
 Results of c. of Constantine. 
 Sudden c.-M©thodists. 
 
 ♦1175 
 *1176 
 *1177 
 *1178 
 *1179 
 *1180 
 ♦1181 
 *1182 
 ♦1183 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anxiety for c. of Indians. 5909 
 
 Change by c.-BenJamin Abbott.1109 
 Changes enemy to friend. 2646 
 
 Conduct changed by c. 1109 
 
 by Cruelty-Spanish priests. 2861 
 Evidenced-" Strangely warm."1122 
 Ignored in Church-membership. 878 
 by Marriage-Pocahontas. 4743 
 
 Means of c.-A. Lincoln. 5708 
 
 " " " Humble-Tract. 5652 
 Necessary to the State. 1807 
 
 Proof of c.-Indlan. 3518 
 
 Published by newsmonger. 2400 
 Sudden c. of brigands-Joan. 1559 
 from Vice-Ministry. 2351 
 
 Woman's work in c. 6094 
 
 CONVERSIONS. 
 Slow c. of Mahomet. 
 by Sword of Charlemagne. 
 
 CONVERT. 
 Renegade c.-Lord Sunderland.*1186 
 
 *1184 
 *1185 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Vicious c.-Dryden a Catholic. 3244 
 Zealous Mohammedan c. 1184 
 
 CONVERTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Cruelty-Huguenots. 4119 
 
 Executed-Incas by Spaniards. 1175 
 False c. by compromise. 3022 
 
 Saved by murdering-Irish. 1336 
 Seeking c. a duty. 1663 
 
 Spurious c. -Worldly. 453 
 
 Tested by persecution. 4124 
 
 Unholy zeal fore-Baptized or d.l99 
 See CHRISTLA^NS and RELIGION 
 in loe. 
 
 CONVICTION. 
 
 Popular c.-Joan of Arc. *1187 
 
 Prayer for c.-George MuUer. *1188 
 
 of Sin-John Nelson. ' *1189 
 
 of Sin-Distressing c.-Bunyan. 5166 
 CONVICTIONS. 
 
 IWaintained-Mass. Colony. *1190 
 
 Jtealistic c.-John Bunyan. *1191 
 
 Strong c. of John Bunyan. *1192 
 
 " " -dear conversion. *1193 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Honesty in c.-William Penn. 2603 
 Painful c. of conscience. 1180 
 
 " " " " 1181 
 
 Power of religious c.-Puritans. 5249 
 Realistic religious c.-Bunyan. 1180 
 See CONSCIENCE in loc. 
 
 COOK. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Vexations of Antony's c. 265 
 
 CO-OPERATION. 
 
 Impossible against religion. *1194 
 in Manufactures-17th century.*1195 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discoverers-Accumulative. 1631 
 vs. Independence-Labor. 3107 
 
 Liberty by c. -Magna Charta. 3207 
 Mutual-Pomp'y's s. and Caesar's. 177 
 Pretended c.-Treachery. 1752 
 
 Progress by c.-Inventions. 2981 
 
 See ALLIANCE. 
 Demanded by France-U. S. *170 
 Just a.-American Indians. *171 
 
 of Self-interest-Romans. *172 
 
 Deceptive a. with Fred, the G. £08 
 
 See ALLIES. 
 Invisible a.-Mahomet's angels. *175 
 Rejected by Am. Congress. *176 
 
 Abandoned by a. in adversity. 95 
 Neglected by Thebans. 465 
 
 Personal a. by fear. • 1542 
 
 Union with a. inseparable. 3835 
 
 See ALLY. 
 Supernatural a.-Theseus. *254 
 
 Incorruptible Indian a. 4361 
 
 Pretended a.-English. 1752 
 
 Unaided a.-Pyrrhus. 4195 
 
 Valuable a.-Amr. 2507 
 
 See HELP. 
 Fictitious h.-Julian the apost. *2649 
 
 in Adversity. 5420 
 
 Delayed till needless. 4083 
 
 Divine h. needed-Lincoln. 4380 
 
 from God, the best-Joan. 1559 
 
 Necessary-Briton's appeal. 2016 
 
 Withheld makes manhood. 1560 
 
 See HELPERS. 
 Dependence on h.-Auxiliaries.*8550 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Acknowledged by I. Newton. 1631 
 Repelled by insincerity. 2041 
 
 Sustained by Lincoln. 52 
 
 Valuable- Aids of Napoleon. 2834 
 
 CORONATION. 
 Ceremony of c.-Kings of Fr'ks.*1196 
 a Personal act-Napoleon. *1197 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Festival of o. of Edward I. 2127 
 
 See CROWN in loo. 
 
 CORPSES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Exposure of c, Horrifying. 4630 
 
 See BURIAL in loc. 
 
 CORPUI.ENCE. 
 
 Distinguished for c.-Louis VI.*1198 
 Inactive-Charles the Fat. *1199 
 
 CORRESPONDENT. 
 
 Burdensome c.-C.'s son-in-law. *1200 
 
 See LETTER. 
 Decoy l.-Am. Revolution. *3195 
 from Heaven-Pope's letter. *319Q 
 
 Annoying l.-Warning-Alex. 1048 
 Interrupted-Bombshell. 1240 
 
 Mystery to American Indians. 5468 
 
 CORRUPTION. 
 
 Audacious c. of Catiline. *1201 
 
 Denied moral c. -Pelagians. *1202 
 
 Ecclesiastical c.-Papal throne.*1203 
 
 " " -Tolerable-P. *1204 
 
 Governmental c.-Eutropius. *1205 
 
 "-Eng.A.D.1616.*1206 
 
 " " -by Ministry. *1207 
 
 Judicial c.-Romans. *1S08 
 
 OfQcial c.-Roman. *1209 
 
 " " -R. Senator Verres. *1210 
 
 Political c.-Caesar and Pompey*1211 
 
 " -Eng. -Whig and T. *1212 
 
 Shameful c.-Francis Bacon. *1213 
 
 of Statesmen-Eng. a.d. 1695. *1214 
 
 Unabashed-Lord Sunderland. *1215 
 
 Universal c.-Reign of James I.*1216 
 
 Unrestrainable by law-Eng. *1217 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Art-Romans. 327 
 
 of " -Reign of Nero. 327 
 
 by Associate-Queen Mary. 1171 
 
 " Association-Catiline. 6193 
 
 " Avarice-Clergy-15th century. 426 
 " " -Ruflnius. 427 
 
 " " -Romans. 428 
 
 Church c. by prosperity. 858 
 
 Clerical c.-Bishop Theodosius. 598 
 Defeated-"Oracle Philippized. "3945 
 Destroys the State- Arabs. 3783 
 
 " •' " -England. 3784 
 Elections for Parliament. 1852 
 
 Governmental c.-Kidnapping. 2403 
 '* " -English Pari. 2461 
 
 " " -Sale of office. 3886 
 
 " " -Piracy. 4186 
 
 Irresistible c. of the age. 666 
 
 in Legislation-Parliament. 3187 
 Legislative-" Credit Mobilier." 2996 
 of Manners destroyed-Rome. 3709 
 " Navy-Reign of Charles II. 5122 
 Overlooked-Promotion. 1610 
 
 In Politics-Romans. 4243 
 
 " " -English. 4244 
 
 4245 
 Reformation of religion by c. 4655 
 Religious c. of Charles II. 4688 
 
 of Religion by money. 4707 
 
 Social c. of Romans-Chastity. 787 
 Stimulated by poor pay. 669 
 
 Universal c. of Grecian society. 910 
 Wealth by c.-Clarendon. 5963 
 
 Worse than crime-Censors. 747 
 
 See BRIBE. 
 
 Rejected by Nap.-$800,000. 2357 
 
 " " patriot-Reed. 4075 
 
 See BRIBERY. 
 
 Condemned by Isaac Newton. *660 
 
 in Court-Eng.-for a hearing. *661 
 
 Disguised by purchase-Eng. *662 
 
 Legislative b.-$5000 for a vote. *663 
 
 " " -Commons. *664 
 
 " "-Scotch P. *665 
 
 " " -Necessary-Eng. "^666 
 
 " " -Duke of N. *667 
 
 Needy princes-German electors*668 
 
 Occasion for b.-Small pay. "'669 
 
 Papal b.-Alexander VI. *670 
 
 Perilous b.-Athenians. *671 
 
 Rejected by Samuel Adams. "'676 
 
 i 
 
COSMOS— COURAGE. 
 
 799 
 
 Heproach of b.-Demosthenes. *672 
 Resented-Stephen A. Douglas. *673 
 Eoyal b.-Charles II. *674 
 
 Seeming b.-Russell. *675 
 
 Blot of b.-Francis Bacon. 1213, 1216 
 Brand of b.-" Dunkirk House." 5963 
 Competition Inb.-Irish P'rlia'nt.663 
 " " -Three kings. 668 
 Condemned for b.-Demos'nes. 1477 
 of Death-Beaufort. 1408 
 
 Disguised-Bonus-I. Newton. 660 
 Failure of b. -Andre. 1043 
 
 Fear of b. by Mahomet II. 202 
 
 Habitual b. of Verres. 1210 
 
 of Judges-Oatiline. 2201 
 
 " " -Public-Romans. 1208 
 -Official-Sunderland-Secretary. 2266 
 of Offtcials by Goths. 1209 
 
 Proof against b.-Pompey. 2606 
 
 Universal b.-England. 1212 
 
 Unsuccessful- Andrew Marvell. 1207 
 Wealth by b.-Sunderland. 1215 
 
 See DEPRAVITY, 
 by Descent-Nero. *1532 
 
 Evidence of d.-S. Johnson. *1530 
 
 Age of excessive d.-Romans. 124 
 
 " " d. -Introduction of C. 124 
 
 Destructive d. of Nero. 329 
 
 •with Intellectual power. 1669 
 
 Inclination of d.-Eating. 4203 
 
 Locality of d. concentrated. 1293 
 
 " " " 1299 
 Parental d. confessed-Chas. IV.2066 
 
 See DISHONESTY. 
 General d.-Reign of James n. *1655 
 
 See FRAUD. 
 
 •Gigantic f.-S. Sea scheme. *2214 
 
 Governmental f.-Charles II. *2215 
 
 Suspicions of f.-First cable. *2216 
 
 In Trade-" Honest Leather." *2217 
 
 Alarming f. -Forgery. 
 
 1542 
 
 ■"Departed spirit." 
 
 2353 
 
 Exposed-Antony's. 
 
 2149 
 
 Fishermen's f -Antony. 
 
 2149 
 
 Living by f .-Beggars. 
 
 5763 
 
 JReligious f.-Images. 
 
 1282 
 
 " " -Weeping virgin. 
 
 3620 
 
 " " -Grecian oracle. 
 
 3946 
 
 " *' -Holy Lance. 
 
 4667 
 
 " -Relics. 
 
 4668 
 
 *' " " 
 
 4669 
 
 *' " " 
 
 4670 
 
 -« •■ <t 
 
 4671 
 
 4( <( K 
 
 4672 
 
 " " " 
 
 4673 
 
 " '* '♦ 
 
 4674 
 
 tl iC <l 
 
 4675 
 
 " " '• 
 
 4676 
 
 Spiritualistic f .-" Knock." 
 
 3555 
 
 See VICE in loo. 
 COSMOS. 
 
 Philosophy of the c.-D'soart's.*1318 
 COUNSEL. 
 
 of the Dying-Louis XIV. *1219 
 
 Inopportune c.-Deputies of N.*1220 
 Safety In o.-Leaders in battle.*1221 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Honest c. punished. 
 
 2609 
 
 *97 
 
 See ADVICE. 
 Disdained-Braddock's defeat. 
 Ignored-Clarendon's, by J. II. *98 
 Ill-timed a. to Lincoln. *99 
 
 Legacy of a.-by Augustus to R. *100 
 
 See "WARNING, 
 of Danger-Richard I. *5947 
 
 Ineffective w.-Cfesar. "'5948 
 
 Accepted, Girl's, by Lincoln. 6102 
 Admonition disregarded. 56 
 
 Disregarded by Nero's mother. 196 
 Disdained, A woman's. 6110 
 
 Effective w. to ofiflcials. 3036 
 
 Felon's w.-Manufacturers. 512 
 
 by Interference of novice. 3546 
 
 Neglected w.-Diversion-CaBsar.l689 
 Timely- Washington-Woman. 4079 
 Unexpected w.-Scripture. 4901 
 
 Unmoved by w.-Alexander. 1048 
 
 COUNSELS. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Rashly discarded-Charlea XII. 1239 
 Wise c. of wife Theodora. 5996 
 
 COUNSELLOR. 
 Evil c.-Rob't Ferguson-" e. a."*1222 
 
 COUNSELLORS. 
 Dangerous c. of James II. *1223 
 Whimsical c.-" Wise woman."*1224 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Obstructive c.-Scots. 
 
 975 
 
 COUNTENANCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Disfigured by scrofula. 2017 
 
 Distorted by the flute. 3755 
 
 Unexpressive-Am. Indians. 1870 
 
 COUNTERFEIT. 
 Preserved by a c.-"Sacred b."*1225 
 Relics-Manufactured by an A.*1226 
 Signature-Consul Antony. *1227 
 
 2601 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Imposed upon Goldsmith. 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Contemptible c.-Scotland-S.J.'*1228 
 Deserted c.-Approach of e. *1229 
 Preservation of one's'c.-S.'s 1. ♦1230 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advantage of c.in early life-A. 2530 
 Common c. -Rome-Mixed e. 3785 
 Farewell to c.-NapoIeon. 2096 
 
 Forsaken for wine-Gauls. 6010 
 
 Home in c. beautified-Scott's. 2592 
 Love of native c.-William II. 2762 
 Saviour of c.-Self-styled-C. 2873 
 Service to own c.-Ep'min'ndas. 2346 
 
 See AMERICA, 
 for Americans-"MonroeDoct."*209 
 Future of Am.-L.'s prediction. *210 
 Mission of Am.-John Adams. *211 
 Prophecy of Am.-Stormont. *212 
 Transformation in A.-"F.ofY."*213 
 
 Obnoxious foreigners in a. 167 
 
 Rescued from Philip II. 902 
 
 See AMERICANS. 
 
 Despised by Samuel Johnson. "'214 
 
 Hated by Samuel Johnson. ^215 
 
 Various ancestry of A. 771 
 
 See PATRIOTISM in toe. 
 
 COUNTRYMEN. 
 
 Abused-Reign of Charles II. *1231 
 
 COURAGE. 
 
 in Battle-Marcius. *1232 
 
 Christian c.-Taylor the m. *1233 
 
 "-J. Wesley at S. *1234 
 
 of Despair-R. Gladiator's r. *1235 
 
 or Disgrace-Fred, the Great. *1236 
 
 Intrepid c.-Edward P. of W. '*1237 
 
 Loss of c. by one man. "'1238 
 
 of Madness-Charles XII. *1239 
 
 Masterly c. of Chas.XII.-Cool.*1240 
 
 Moral 0. of M. Luther-Worms. *ia41 
 
 " " " Rev. S. Johnson. *1242 
 
 " " -Ministerial-G. O. *1243 
 
 " " -Execution of W. R. *1244 
 
 " " of Bert, de Gurdum. *1245 
 
 Noble c.-Execution of R. *]246 
 
 Opportunity for c.-Fred. the G.*1247 
 
 only Physical c.-Duke of M. '1248 
 
 Recovered-Bishop Cranmer. *1249 
 
 Religious c.-Eng. Puritans. '^1250 
 
 Safety inc.-OttomanBajazet.*1251 
 
 Unfaltering c.-Pelopidas. *1252 
 
 Unshaken-Lieut. L.-Tripoli. *1253 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Admirable c.-Belisarius. 4561 
 
 Adversities met with c. by W. S. 94 
 
 in Adversity-Scott a bankrupt. 92 
 
 Christian c.-Martyrs. 3603 
 
 " -J. Knox. 3504 
 
 " " -Thomas Becket. 3505 
 
 Considerate c.-General Nash. 1608 
 
 Consolation in c.-Wounds in f. 6173 
 
 of Despair-Persians. 1543 
 
 under Detestation-Cromwell. 1563 
 
 facing Execution-Hale. 1430 
 
 " " -Montrose. 1448 
 
 " " -Socrates. 1451 
 
 Female c.-Theodora. 6057 
 
 with Gentleuess-Brk Prince. 1260 
 
 Heart inspires c.-Colonna. 2537 
 
 Heroic c.-General Wolfe. 1458 
 
 Honored-Woman's c. -Rupert. 6043 
 
 " by Alex -Female. 6096 
 
 Impressive c. -Dutch. 4048 
 
 Intimidated by siege-towers. 326 
 
 Language of c.-Pelopidas. 2113 
 
 Manly c. of Spartans. 3401 
 
 Martyr's c.-Bishop Latimer. 6147 
 
 Moral c. -Cromwell-Parliament. 416 
 
 " "of Martin Luther. 505 
 
 " " " President Jackson. 749 
 
 " " lacking-Marlborough.4440 
 
 " " of John Adams. 3861 
 
 " " " J. Q. Adams. 2046 
 
 " " " Martin Luther. 4633 
 
 " " " Regulus. 5081 
 
 " " " Henry Vane. 3379 
 
 Mutiny met with c.-Caesar. ,3756 
 
 in Old Age-Bishop Latimer. 1233 
 
 Patriotic c.-John Hampden. 4038 
 
 " " -Cont. Congress. 2783 
 
 Persevering c. in battle. 2227 
 
 Protest of c.-Soldier's. 1556 
 
 by Religion-Martyrs. 4694 
 
 " " -Puritans. 4701 
 
 Reputation for c. by conflict. 191 
 
 Reward of c. sure-Nelson. 4830 
 
 Tested-Alexander's. 2148 
 
800 
 
 COURT— COURTESY. 
 
 Time for o.-" Win his spurs." 1560 
 Verbal o.-Bold words-Timorous. 617 
 
 Sec BOLDNESS. 
 Verbal b.-Goldsmith's. *617 
 
 Christian b.-Telemachus. 835 
 
 for Rights.-Capt. Wadsworth. 4907 
 
 " the Truth.-John Howard. 5721 
 
 Unequalled b.-Cromwell. 4874 
 
 See BRAVERY. 
 
 In Battle-Persians. *643 
 
 '* " -Crusaders. *644 
 
 Brilliant b.-Paul Jones. *645 
 
 in Death.-Col. F. McCuUough. *646 
 
 Example of b.-Napoleon. *647 
 
 "Exploit of b.-Napoleon. *648 
 
 Fearless b.-William II. *649 
 
 " "-Colonel Moultrie. *650 
 
 Heroic b.-Robert Devereux. *651 
 
 " '•-Richard Grenville. *652 
 
 Pre-eminence by b.-Joan of A. ♦esS 
 
 Query of b.-Laced£emonians. *654 
 
 Rewarded-Paradise-Moh'dan. *655 
 
 Youthful b.-Covenanter. *656 
 
 Answer of b.-Tigranes. 3829 
 
 of Barbaric warriors. 901 
 
 in Battle.-Wm. Prince of O. 3410 
 Decision of b.-Pizarro. 820 
 
 In Defending life. 1499 
 
 Enterprise of b.-Nap's return. 74 
 Escape by b.-Normans. 1922 
 
 Example-" Kings never drown" 1390 
 In Facing death-Strafford. 1407 
 Famous for-Richard the Lion. 3770 
 Honored-" Little Corporal." 4508 
 
 " -Colonel Mulligan. 816 
 Impressive b.-Le Fort. 5091 
 
 Patriotic b.-Am. Revolution. 4059 
 Qualified for immortality. 1416 
 
 Sailor's b.-Farragut-Maln-top. 486 
 Soldier's b.-Lieut. Cushing-A. 73 
 
 " -Blind John of Bohemia.297 
 
 " -Thebans-Sacred band. 465 
 Stlmulated-no Escape. 1274 
 
 Woman's b.-Montfort. 6042 
 
 •' " -Purefoy. 6043 
 
 See CHAMPION. 
 
 In Battle- William of Norm'ndy.5905 
 
 for Free institutions- Wm. of 0. 3683 
 
 " Knlghts-God and the ladles.1121 
 
 of Piety-Oliver Cromwell. 3921 
 
 Prowess of Bellsarlus. 4561 
 
 for Religion-John MUton. 4686 
 
 " " -Irreligious c. 4687 
 
 Representative c.-Alexander. 1746 
 
 for the Truth-John Howard. 5721 
 
 " " Weak-Byron a c. 2242 
 
 See FEARLESSNESS 
 
 Astounding f. of Romans. *2121 
 
 Boyish f. of Benedict Arnold. *2122 
 
 Official f . of President Jackson. 749 
 
 See FORTITUDE. 
 Esteem for f.-Muclus. *2204 
 
 Puritanic f .-Hugh Peters. *2205 
 
 Amputation of own arm. 1250 
 
 Applauded-Indian gauntlet. 2667 
 Contest In f.- Am. Indians. 2074 
 in Death-Execution Rumbold. 1246 
 Snoouragement to f.-Mezicans. 714 
 
 In Flames-Bishop Cranmer. 1233 
 Invalids f.-Wm. Prince of O. 1897 
 Noble f . in death-Muley Moluc.2561 
 in Old Age-Puritan. 1250 
 
 by Philosophy-Dionysius. 4166 
 
 in Tortures- American Indians. 1426 
 Training in f. -Spartans. 1817 
 
 Unexpected f.-Bp. Cranmer. 1249 
 of Women-Scotch martyrs. 4142 
 
 See HERO. 
 Patriotic h.- William Wallace. *2560 
 Unsurpassed h.-Muley Moluc. ♦2561 
 
 Admired-Belisarlua. 1686 
 
 Christian h.-Thomas Lee. 1571 
 
 Contempt for cowardice. 1251 
 
 Daring of h.-Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 
 Delfled-Claudius Britannlcus. 2706 
 
 Described-Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Encouraged-Martln Luther. 1879 
 Terrifying h.-Rlchard the Lion.8770 
 
 See HEROES. 
 Dead h.-Solyman Invoked, 
 for Freedom-L'Ouverture. 
 
 See HEROISM. 
 Admirable h.-Lafayette. 
 
 " " -Prince Conde. 
 
 Patriotic h.-Chevalier Bayard 
 Persistent h.-Mohammedan. 
 In Sufifering-Lord Nelson. 
 Tarnished-Benedict Arnold. 
 Unfaltering h.-Jas. Lawrence, 
 
 *2562 
 *2563 
 
 ♦2564 
 ♦2565 
 ♦2566 
 ♦2567 
 *2568 
 *2569 
 *2570 
 
 Brave h. of Devereux. 651 
 
 " " " Grenville. 652 
 
 Christian h.-Jesult ml3si'naries.3508 
 
 Invalid's h.-WiUiam P. of O. 2529 
 
 Missionary h.-Jesuits. 3636 
 
 " -M. B. Cox. 3643 
 
 vs. Noblllty-Nelson. 5915 
 
 Patriotic h. -Citizen. 4068 
 
 " "-Pomponius. 4069 
 
 of Soldier's h.-Phlllp. 5945 
 
 Unappreciated by Continental C.176 
 
 See MANLINESS. 
 in Abstinence-Alexander. 5095 
 
 Admiration of m.-Pompey. 3819 
 " " -Louis IX. 3821 
 " for " -Pomponius. 4069 
 by Adversity-Humphry Davy. 86 
 Christian m.-Gustavus XII. 4174 
 Destitute of m.-Clcero. 4370 
 
 " " -"Dick"Talbot6032 
 Disparaged by persecutors. 4144 
 Encouragement to m.-Latlmer. 12.33 
 Exhibited-Ministerlal m. 1243 
 
 Ideal m.-Indlan fortitude. 1425 
 Lack of m.-Disgraceful. 1272 
 
 " " " -Nero. 1418 
 
 Ministerial m.-Rev. S. Johnson.1242 
 in Poverty-S. Johnson. 4357 
 
 of Pride-S. Johnson. 4349 
 
 by Self-reliance-Black Prince. 1560 
 Stimulated by ridicule . 4892 
 
 Wanting m.-Marlborough. 1248 
 Youthful m.-Prlnce of Wales. 1237 
 
 See PROWESS. 
 Military p. of Bellsarlus. *4561 
 
 See PUGILIST. 
 Amateur p.-Palmerston. 1811 
 
 See VALOR. 
 Military v.-Derar the Saracen. *5764 
 Mutual v.-Anclent Germans. *5765 
 Proof of v.-Tlconderoga. *5766 
 Spur to v.-Reputation. *5767 
 
 Wonderful v.-Constantine. *5768 
 
 Badge of v.-Wounds. 617* 
 
 " " " " 6171 
 
 Banner rescued by v. at Cadiz. 651 
 
 Discretion better than v.-C. V. 1637 
 
 COURT. 
 Infamous c.-Trial of Clodius. *1254 
 Terrible o.-Star Chamber. *1255> 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bloody 0. -Hung in scarlet. 306& 
 Haste of unjust c.-Jeffreys. 5175 
 Insulted by a woman. 5294 
 
 Intemperance In c. 2919 
 
 See COURTS in loc. 
 COURTESAN. 
 Influential c.-Aspasla- Athens. *1255 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Reformed c.-Theodora. 5995 
 
 Tyranny of c.-Milo the athlete. 5960' 
 
 See ADULTERESS. 
 Approved by royal husband. 4490^ 
 Arts of the a.-Cath. Sedley. 5054 
 Bondage to a. -James II. 5054 
 
 Distinguished a.-Pompadour. 3247 
 Influential a.-Aspasia. 1256 
 
 Patriotic a.-Fulvia. 6097 
 
 Respected a.-Aspasia. 6082^^ 
 
 by Restralnts-Honorla. 343& 
 
 Self-confessed a.-Queen of Sp. 512S 
 Strange charm of a.-Sedley. 2842 
 Successful a.-Antonlna. 4858 
 
 Victim of a. -James II. 6085 
 
 See PROSTITUTE. 
 Distinguished p.-Theodora. *4533 
 
 Expensive p.-Charles IT. 6083: 
 
 Honored p.-Empress Theodora.3191 
 
 " " -Goddess of Reason.4624 
 Power of p.-Politlcal-Louis X V.6079 
 
 ii » "-Pompadour. 6080' 
 
 Rule of p.-Poppaea. 4373. 
 
 See PROSTITUTES. 
 Dress of p.-Luxurlous. 4611 
 
 Rule of p.-Papal chair. 3985 
 
 Wives made p.-Gothlc. 1209 
 
 COURTESY* 
 Denied to Speaker.-J. K. Polk.*125r 
 Forfeited by Bp. of Wlnch"st'r.*1258 
 Marked c.-Peculiarity of Eng. *1259 
 to Unfortunates-Black Prince. *1SC0^ 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 and Cruelty of Black Prince. 
 Devotion to c.-Knights. 
 Embarrassing c.-Goldsmlth. 
 Heartless-Roman c. 
 Infidels denied c. 
 Insensible to claims of c. 
 Scant c. remembered. 
 
 See AFFABILITY. 
 Falsehood in a. -Charles II. 
 
 See POLITENESS. 
 Burdensome p. -Hand-shaking. 
 
 779> 
 1121 
 4335. 
 2643^ 
 2831 
 2644 
 4083 
 
 167S 
 
COURTS— COVETOUSNESS. 
 
 801 
 
 Characteristic p. of Maiiomet. 801 
 J)eatii-bed p. of Charles II. 3422 
 with Destitution. 8650 
 
 Disagreeable p.-Caesar'B. 3400 
 
 Distinguished for p.-iEmilius. 1902 
 Ignored by politicians. 3864 
 
 Intentional p.-Regent of China.1035 
 Kind p.-SaUor's. 6021 
 
 Marli of p. -Gluttony. 2639 
 
 Rule of p.-Johnson. 1592 
 
 Trespass on p.-Criticiam. 1312 
 
 to Women-Sabines. 6116 
 
 COURTS. 
 Injustice of c.-Pers'c'tion of C.*1261 
 Packed c.-Reign of James II. *1262 
 Scandalous c.-Reign of C. I. *1263 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bribery necessary in c.-13th cent.661 
 Corrupted by money-Commodns.438 
 Ineffective through b ribery . -E. 669 
 Purity of o.-Safety by. 4875 
 
 Terrifying c.-Jeffreys-Children. 803 
 Uncertain action of c. 1603 
 
 Se6 ACCUSATION. 
 
 •by Deception-Maxlmus Fabius. 701 
 
 Malicious a.-Wesley a vagabond.70a 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 
 for violence-R. III. 242 
 
 See ACCUSER. 
 
 Accused-Buccaneer Nutt. 2434 
 
 Blemish of a.-James II. 1119 
 
 Concealed from accused. 2877 
 
 Conscience an a.-Abbott. 1080 
 
 See ADVOCATE. 
 Personal, not proxy. ♦lOl 
 
 Destitute of a.-Henry Vane. 3379 
 
 Generous a.-Aristldes. 8055 
 
 See ARREST. 
 
 Undeserved a. of J. Bunyan. *318 
 
 Defeated-Chas. I.-Commons. 413 
 Escape from a. by emigration. 4660 
 Sudden a. of all Jews in Eng. 710 
 
 See FINE. 
 NulUaed by Eliot. *2138 
 
 Limited-Magna Charta. 8232 
 
 Self-imposed f.-Emp. Julian. 3141 
 
 See JUDGE. 
 
 Dishonorable j.-R. Wright. *3033 
 
 Distempered j. -Jeffreys. 
 Infamous j.- Jeffreys. 
 Inhumanity of j. -Jeffreys. 
 Savage j. -Jeffreys. 
 Shameful j.-Appius. 
 
 See JUDGES. 
 Despised j .-Athenian. 
 Impartial j. -Early Greeks. 
 Justice by j. -Ancient Persians. 
 Partisan j.-Reign of Jas. II. 
 Reputable j. -Athenian. 
 
 Abuse of j. -Frederick II. 
 Appointed for verdict. 
 Corrupted by bribery. 
 
 Obsequious J. -Charles I. 
 See JURIES. 
 Coerced by Jeffreys. 
 
 2906 
 6031 
 2862 
 3048 
 3973 
 
 *3034 
 *3035 
 *3036 
 *3087 
 *3038 
 
 3041 
 1262 
 1201 
 1217 
 1263 
 
 *3048 
 
 Determined j. -Trial of 7 Bps. *3049 
 Imprisoned for verdict. *3050 
 
 Limited-" Three days." *3051 
 
 Perverted by clergy. *3052 
 
 Unterrified j. -Trial of Penn. *3053 
 
 Corrupted with money-Eng. 669 
 
 See JURISPRUDENCE. 
 Origin of j. -Roman. *3047 
 
 Monumental work of Julian. 4 
 
 Signs in Roman j. 8986 
 
 See LAWYER. 
 
 Ignorant l.-Publius Cotta. *3165 
 
 Changed by sermon. 
 Criminal l.-Jeffreys. 
 Impudent l.-Useful-Jeffreys. 
 Odium of client given to 1. 
 Preparatory to political life. 
 
 See LAWYERS. 
 Arts of Roman 1. 
 Hatred of 1. by Germans. 
 Imprisoned for deceit. 
 Patriotic 1. of N. Y., yr. 1765. 
 Special l.-Reign of James II. 
 
 See LITIGATION. 
 Period of l.-15th century. 
 
 See PROSECUTION. 
 Malicious p.-Unsuccessful. 
 
 See PENALTY. 
 Excessive p.-Death. 
 Partisan p.-Devonshire. 
 
 1089 
 1994 
 
 3861 
 
 *3166 
 ♦3167 
 *3168 
 ♦3169 
 *3170 
 
 ♦3321 
 
 3203 
 
 ♦4101 
 ♦4102 
 
 Death p. for all-French Rev 
 Excessive p.-Debt -England. 
 
 See PERJURY. 
 Punishment of p., JudioiaL ^4112 
 
 5739 
 4351 
 
 Punished with death. 5219 
 
 Shameful p.-" Dick " Talbot. 6032 
 
 See SENTENCE. 
 Suspended fifteen years. 1139 
 
 See SUMMONS. 
 Exasperating s.-Black Prince. ^5431 
 See CRIME, CRLMINAL EXECU- 
 TION, JUSTICE and LAW 
 in loc. 
 
 COVENANT. 
 
 See CONTRACT. 
 Corrupt 0. rejected-I. Newton. 660 
 Obscurity desired in c.-Nap. 3850 
 
 See ENGAGEMENT. 
 Heart broken by broken e. 2534 
 
 See PLEDGE. 
 Temperance p.-Father Math'w^4212 
 
 Infamously broken-Proctor. 2817 
 
 Sacred p.-Embalmed b. 1462 
 
 See PROMISE. 
 
 Forced p. of Galileo. 5727 
 
 See PROMISES. 
 
 Broken p.-Queen Mary's. ^4504 
 
 Deceptive p. to heretics. +4505 
 
 Regard for p.-Romans. *4506 
 
 Refused by candidate-Jefferson.704 
 
 See VOW. 
 of Gratitude-Lincoln. ^5860 
 
 Sudden v. -Martin Luther. ♦5861 
 
 of Gratitude-Lincoln's. 
 " " -Unjust V. 
 
 5860 
 5866 
 
 Manifested-Beard uncut. 
 Religious v.-Columbus. 
 
 Remembered fifteen years. 
 Wicked v. -Mahomet's father. 
 
 See VOWS. 
 Forced v.-Convent. 
 Religious v. in sickness. 
 " " -Columbus. 
 
 Unjust v. are null. 
 
 490 
 1881 
 3641 
 3495 
 
 795 
 
 *5862 
 ♦5863 
 *5864 
 *5865 
 ♦5866 
 
 Religious v. of Jesuits. 3960 
 
 COVETOUSNESS. 
 
 Contemptible c. of Henry III. *1264 
 Punished-Melted gold down t. *1265 
 Royal c.-Henry III. ♦1266 
 
 See AVARICE. 
 Acquired habit-S. Johnson. *425 
 of Clergy-15th century. *426 
 
 Contempt for a. of Ruflnus. *427 
 Corrupted by a. -Romans. +428 
 
 Criminal-London tailors. +429 
 
 Deception of a.-Henry VII. +430 
 Demands of a.-Henry VII. +431 
 Glory in a.-Cato the Censor. *432 
 Official a.-John of Cappadocia. *433 
 Punished a. of Crassus. *434 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIII. *435 
 
 " " -Wm. the Conqueror. ♦436 
 " "-George II. +437 
 
 Ruled by a.-Commodus. ^438 
 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of J. II. ^439 
 Supremacy of a.-Confederate8.^440 
 
 Appeal to a. of James I. 4478 
 
 " " " successful. 3680 
 
 Confiscations to a.-Calignla. 1352 
 vs. Contempt-Romans. 5757 
 
 Craze of a.-Gold-seekers. 2388 
 
 Crimes of a. suppressed. 3655 
 
 Degraded by a.-Theodora. 1583 
 Endangers the State-England. 1615 
 Enthusiasm of a.-Gold-seekerB.2389 
 Forgotten-Rebuilding temple. 863 
 Heartless a. -Rome-Famine. 2079 
 Incapable of a.-Alexander. 1673 
 Reputation lost by a.-Demos. 672 
 Royal a.-Maximin. 1049 
 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of J. II. 607 
 of Slavery-English Prisoners. 5183 
 Victims of a.-Gold-seekers. 2390 
 " " -Ofacial. 2403 
 
 War by a. -East India. 5879 
 
 with Wealth-Pythius. 4881 
 
 Woman's a.-Court of James II. 6041 
 
 See EXTORTION. 
 Complete e.-Ensland by L. *2000 
 Cruel e.-Jew's tooth dally. *2001 
 " " -Mass. Colony. *2002 
 
 Dilemma in e.-Henry VIIl. *2003 
 of Government-Charles I. *2004 
 Misnamed-" Benevolence." *2005 
 Outrageous e.-Romans in B. +2006 
 Royal e.-Riohard II. +2007 
 
 Submission to e.-M. Crassus. ^2008 
 
 of Benevolence-English law. 523 
 
 " " -Henry VIIL 430 
 
 " " -James I. 523 
 
 Capitalist's e.-Jews. 712 
 
802 
 
 COWARD-CREEDS. 
 
 Church e. of dues-England. 
 Disgraceful e.-Joan of Arc. 
 of Gifts for Maxentius. 
 
 " " " Charles I. 
 by Government-France, 
 of Jailers for debt. 
 
 " Merchants-Eoman. 
 
 " " -England. 
 
 " Offertory-Duke of Guise. 
 Permitted-Courtiers-James II, 
 of Prisoners by jailers. 
 Religion opposed by e. 
 Revenge of masses on Ruflnns, 
 Royal e.-James I. 
 of Traders-England. 
 Universal e. -English judges. 
 Unterrified by e.-H. Peter. 
 
 See MISER. 
 Changed by prayer. 
 Misery of m. by S. Johnson. 
 
 See PARSIMONY. 
 Costly p. of James II. 
 
 1736 
 
 376 
 
 3662 
 
 3673 
 
 2125 
 
 5658 
 
 5659 
 
 5660 
 
 527 
 
 607 
 
 4469 
 
 1190 
 
 427 
 
 523 
 
 5656 
 
 1217 
 
 2205 
 
 4386 
 425 
 
 *4008 
 
 Degrading p. of Federlck II. 4597 
 
 Reputation for p., False. 1764 
 
 See RAPACITY. 
 
 Royal r. of Henry III. *4615 
 
 COIFARD. 
 
 Deserted-King Perseus. *1267 
 
 Professions of the c.-Gelimer. *1268 
 
 COTTARDICE. 
 
 Appearance of c.-Abdallah. 
 of the Cruel-Nero's death. 
 Despised-"Gen. Whitef eather' ' 
 
 " -"Little king." 
 Disgrace of c.-Daniel Scott. 
 Prevented-R.Guiscard bum v. 
 Punished by Romans-Slavery. 
 
 " " retribution of h. 
 
 Eeproved-Marius-Face backs. 
 Shameful c.-Am. Gen. HuU-D. 
 Unpardonable c -Ancient Ger. 
 
 *1269 
 ♦1270 
 *1271 
 ♦1272 
 *1273 
 *1274 
 *1275 
 *1276 
 ♦1277 
 ♦1278 
 ♦1279 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Blemish of c.-Demosthenes. 5959 
 
 Contagious c.-Roman army. 8112 
 
 in Death-Nero. 1418 
 
 Despised-Houston's mother. 3725 
 
 Device of c.-Behind camels. 1251 
 
 Hinted-Colonel Tarleton. 2902 
 
 Moral c. of Marlborough. 4440 
 
 " " overcome-Cranmer. 1249 
 
 Prevented-Fred. the Great. 1247 
 
 " by Caesar. 5161 
 
 Proof of c.-Self-mutilatlon. 5240 
 
 Punished by death-Romans. 1446 
 
 " -Beards half shaven. 1280 
 
 " with insults. 1280 
 
 " " " 6128 
 
 Eebuked-Go to the rear. 1645 
 Reproved by insults of women.6128 
 
 Resented-Amompharetus. 1556 
 
 Ridiculed-Battle of Spurs. 4839 
 
 Ridicule conquers o. 4892 
 
 Royal o.-Honorius-Flight. 1867 
 
 Scomed-Indian gauntlet. 2667 
 
 Severity for c, Brother's. 1278 
 
 Sting of c.-James II. 2905 
 
 4n Suicide-American Indians. 5422 
 
 of Superstition-Mexicans. 
 Surprising c.-Heraclian. 
 
 5446 
 2158 
 
 COWARDS. 
 
 Punlshed-Infamous to marry. ♦1280 
 
 See EFFEMINACY. 
 Royal e. of Elagabalus. ^1829 
 
 Age of e.-English. 3784 
 
 Charged falsely-Jealousy. 2900 
 
 Honored for e.-Buckingham. 3871 
 
 in Claudius. 3876 
 See INTIMIDATION. 
 
 Successful i. of Indians by S. *2961 
 
 Attempted 1. of clergy-J. II. 877 
 Cry for i.-" Rebel yell. " 789 
 
 Election by i. of Charles XII. 144 
 by Example of Caesar-Aug. 3891 
 of Government by Cromwell. 410 
 by Imaginary angels. 175 
 
 Message of i.-Attila to Romans. 321 
 by Punishment-Rebels. 4630 
 
 Reaction of i.-James II. 315 
 
 Remembrance of i -Turks. 3770 
 of Ruler-Tory Gov. of N. T. 4077 
 Success by i.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 
 " "" -Gen. Jackson. 3773 
 by Violence-Bismarck. 3359 
 
 See TIMIDITY, 
 in Government-Constantine. +5621 
 
 in Business-James Watt. 689 
 Childish t.-Persecuted Cowper. 797 
 Embarrassed by t.-M'Kendree. 2023 
 
 Excuse of t -Blackmail. 2008 
 
 Indecision of t.-Conspirators. 2778 
 
 in Literature-Cowper. 1307 
 
 Loss by t.-Justiniai. 1238 
 
 Overcome by t. at first. 2024 
 
 " " earnestness. 2894 
 
 Rebuked by example. 1243 
 
 Reproved-Demosthenes. 2021 
 
 Tyrant's t.-Dionysius. 4411 
 See FEAR in loo. 
 
 CRAZE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 for Gold-Emigrants. 2388 
 
 See INFATUATION in loo. 
 
 CREATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Theory of c.-West Indians. 2709 
 
 CREDITOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Merciless c. exposed. 1855 
 
 CREDITORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Oppression of c.-Infanticide. 2410 
 Restrained by law-LucuUus. 5759 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY. 
 Predicted-National-British. ^451 
 
 Courage In b.-SIr Walter Scott. 92 
 
 See DEBT. 
 Imprisonment for d. In Eng. ^1459 
 Security for d.-Sir W. Scott. *1460 
 by War of American Rev. ♦wei 
 
 Imprisonment for d.-England. 4289> 
 
 " " " 4299' 
 
 " " " 2126- 
 
 Increase of d. by extortion of J. 712 
 
 Overwhelmed by d.-SIr W. Scott.91 
 
 Relieved by marriage-Cicero. 3464 
 
 -Byron. 3465- 
 
 Son pawned for d. 4354 
 
 See DEBTS. 
 Discouraged-Laws of Amasis. ♦1462 
 Dishonest d. -Precedence of. ♦1463- 
 Prevented-Solon's law. ^1464 
 
 Punishment for d. insolvent. ♦1465' 
 Sealed- Virginia Colony. ^1466 
 
 Small d.-Samuel Johnson. +1467 
 
 Due in future life, 
 of Honor-Gambler's. 
 Require economy-Penn. 
 Suspension of all. 
 Trivial d. unpaid-Johnson. 
 
 See LOAN. 
 Hopeless L to S. Johnson. 
 
 Refused by professed friend, 
 of Wife to friends-Spartans. 
 
 2258- 
 2614 
 1767' 
 1156 
 3324 
 
 ♦3324 
 
 2224 
 6137 
 
 CREDUIilTY. 
 
 of Phllosophers-Strange-S. ♦1281 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. ♦1282; 
 
 of the Sick-16th century. ^1283 
 
 Superstitious c. -Romans. ^1284 
 " " -Persian Magi.+1285- 
 
 Miicellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Excess of o.-Mohammedans. 3622" 
 
 of Fanatics-Crusaders. 6860 
 
 Gold-seekers c.-SIgns-SpIders. 5141 
 
 of Hatred-Origin of Huns. 1528 
 
 ' Superstition -Mystery. 5447 
 
 ' " -Am. Indians. 5448 
 
 ' " -First Crusade. 5451 
 
 • " -N. E. Colonies. 5453 
 
 ' TImidlty-Negro plot. 4214 
 
 brings Unbelief-Miracles. 3626 
 
 Victim of c.-Cotton Mather. 1567 
 
 See PRESUMPTION in loo. 
 
 CREEDS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed o. bring union. 2089 
 
 Valued according to effects. 4731 
 
 See DOCTRINE. 
 Zeal for d.-Wm. P. of Orange. 4404 
 
 See DOCTRINES. 
 Confusion In d.-Unlon of all. 1937 
 Erratic d. of Milton. 3922 
 
 Mixed d.-Gnostlcs-Christians. 1937 
 Perverted-Early Christians. 1982 
 vs. Preferments-Armlnians. 4308 
 Tested by fire- Sectaries. 2087 
 
 See HERESY. 
 Fined for h.-Donatlsts by Cath.^2553'. 
 Hunting h.-Roger Williams. ^2554 
 Madness at h.-Philip II. ♦2555 
 
 Suppression of h. by law. ♦2556^ 
 
 Arrested for d.-Charles IV. 4353 
 Cancelled by murder-Jews. 4178 
 Division by- American States. 1987 
 
 Champions against h. -Jesuits. 3960- 
 Far-fetched h.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 vs. Malignancy-Parental. 8389 
 
 Punished for h. -William Penn 3970 
 Reading the Bible a h.-R.Hunne.57* 
 
CREMATION— CEIMES. 
 
 803 
 
 Scientific h. of Galileo. 5727 
 
 Toleration of h.-Heresy-R W. 5638 
 
 See HERETICS. 
 Terrlfied-Branded-Naked ness . *2557 
 "Vengeance against h. -Corpse. ♦2558 
 
 Pretext for persecuting h. 6073 
 
 See ORTHODOXY. 
 Disavowed for office. 3500 
 
 Intense o.-" Blue and Green." 970 
 
 See SECTARIAN. 
 The wind a " popish " s. *5066 
 
 See SECTARIANISM. 
 in Death-Mary Queen of Scots. *5067 
 Narrow s. of Scots. *5068 
 
 Military s. of James II 
 
 312 
 317 
 6222 
 
 Zeal of James II. 
 
 See SECTS. 
 Aversion among s. *5069 
 
 Differences in s. Turk-Persian. *5070 
 " " " magnified. *5071 
 
 Allegory of religious s.,Dryden's.231 
 
 See THEOLOGY. 
 Difficulties In t.-Infinite deity. ♦5593 
 Effects of t.-Cromwell. ^5599 
 
 Philosopher's t.-Anaxagora8. ♦5600 
 "-Plato. ♦5601 
 
 " "-Stoics. ♦5602 
 
 Ridiculous t.-Egyptian. ♦5603 
 
 Character moulded by t.-C.'8. 773 
 Imagination in t.-Gnostics. 5100 
 Maintained by law. 4729 
 
 Subtleties in t. vs. Person of C. 826 
 See APOSTASY, FAITH and 
 PERSECUTION in loo. 
 
 CREMATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Kindness in c.-Pompey. 2253 
 
 Opposed-Bodies preserved. 2252 
 Popular 0. of Caesar's body. 2251 
 
 CRIME. 
 Epidemic of c.-Eng., a.d. 1692. ♦ 1286 
 Evidence of c.-Circumstantial.^l287 
 Expiation of c.-Burning of R. ^1288 
 of Imagining-Duke of B. ^1289 
 
 Memorial of c.-" Labrador." ^1290 
 Organization for c.-E.a.d.1752.^1291 
 Reaction of c.-Rosamond. ^1292 
 Taught-Eng.-" Devil's Acre." ♦lagS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of c.-Plymouth Col'y. 5224 
 Avarice causes c. 3655 
 
 Blundering c.-Execution of C.I.6218 
 Career of c.-Fulk the Black. 106 
 Colonies represent crimes of E.2403 
 Confession extorted by torture.2878 
 Encouraged by papal absolution. 11 
 Excuse for c.-Julian's. 2549 
 
 Expiated by penance. 2800 
 
 4105 
 Forced to c.-Rosamond. 67 
 
 Grades in c. overlooked.-Solon.3159 
 Hope for liberty a c. 3234 
 
 Indulgence in c, Price of. 2800 
 
 Information of c. bravely given. 1242 
 Integrity punished as a c. 3969 
 
 by Intemperance-England. 2920 
 
 Intoxication no excuse for c. 2965 
 Leads to c.-Adultery to murder. 67 
 Light prevents c.-London. 3298 
 Monstrous c. -Library burnt. 3240 
 Natural recompense of o. 2072 
 
 Poverty punished as a c. 4336 
 
 Preaching a c.-Scotland. 4392 
 
 Prevention vs. Punishment. 6212 
 Profanity puni shed-Puritans. 4481 
 Protection in c. by corruption. 438 
 Reading the Bible a c.-R.Hunne.572 
 Self-punished-Poison. 4225 
 
 Shortens life-Murder of John XII.66 
 Sinless c. -Jesuits. 1105 
 
 Society wronged by c. 3072 
 
 Unconsciousness of c.-Peredeus. 67 
 
 CRIMES. 
 
 Equality of c.-Stoics' doctrIne.*1297 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Ambition-Napoleon. 3395 
 
 Applauded-False casuistry. 3705 
 Degrees in c. overlooked. 3057 
 
 Inconsiderate of c.-Napoleon. 3395 
 of Intemperance- Workers. 2921 
 
 See ADULTERER. 
 Advances of a.-P. of M. Stuart.3342 
 Blot of a.-Mahomet. 3242 
 
 Confirmed a.-James II. 6222 
 
 Devices of a.-Emp.Valentlnlan.2276 
 Merciless punishment of a. 3063 
 Papal a.-Pope John XII. 4305 
 
 Reparation by marriage. 3458 
 
 Royal a. -Edward IV.-Wives of L 47 
 Self-confessed a.-False. 5177 
 
 Wife wronged by husband. 6068 
 
 See ADULTERESS. 
 Approved by husband. 4490 
 
 Arts of the a.-Catherine Sedley.5054 
 in Bondage to a.-James II. 5054 
 Distinguished a.-Pompadour. 3247 
 Influential a.-Aspaeia. 1256 
 
 Patriotic a.-Fulvia. 6097 
 
 by Restraints-Honoria. 3436 
 
 Respected a.-Aspasla. 6084 
 
 Self-confessed a.-Q. of Spain. 5125 
 Strange charm of a.-C. Sedley. 2842 
 Successful a.-Antonina. 4858 
 
 Victim of a.-James II. 6085 
 
 See ADULTERY. 
 Excused by Gabriel-Mahomet's.^63 
 Punishment for a.-Exiled by J. *64 
 Shameless a.-by nobility-15 cent.^65 
 Vengeance for a.-Pope Jno. XII.^66 
 Victim of a.-Peredeus. ^67 
 
 Common among the Romans. 
 Confessed for divorce. 
 Diverted evidence of a. 
 Emasculation or death for a. 
 Evidence of a.-Difficult. 
 In High life-Charles II. 
 Oppressive a.-Tyrant Gildo. 
 Prerogative in a.-Mahomet. 
 Shameless-Common-Europe. 
 
 See ARSON. 
 Destruction by a.-Chosroes. 
 
 Suspected of a.-Nero. 
 
 See ASSASSIN. 
 Honored-Emp. Caracalla. 
 
 1295 
 2188 
 1949 
 3160 
 1931 
 3470 
 5745 
 4210 
 3243 
 
 ♦324 
 
 1287 
 
 1123 
 
 Honored-Bothwell. 
 Married by wife of victim. 
 Motive- History-Names. 
 Religious a. of Henry III. 
 Victim, Mistake of. 
 
 See ASSASSINATION. 
 Attempted a.-Louis Philippe. 
 " " -Victoria. 
 
 Conspiracy for a.-British Cab. 
 Deliverance by a.-Henry III. 
 Escape from a.-Lincoln. 
 Fear of a.-Cromwell. 
 General a. in Ireland. 
 Justifled-Philip of Greece. 
 Patriotic a. of Caesar. 
 Peril of a -Cromwell. 
 Remarkable a.-Cae8ar's. 
 
 2188 
 3437 
 2052 
 1107 
 2204 
 
 ♦360 
 ♦361 
 *362 
 ♦36» 
 *364 
 ♦365 
 *36e 
 ♦367 
 ♦368 
 ♦369 
 ♦370 
 ♦371 
 
 Ambition provoked a. of Caesar. 184 
 Attempted a. by Jesuits. 3009 
 
 " " " 301» 
 
 Common-Reign of William I. 1135- 
 Denounced a.-of Caesar. 2255' 
 
 Disgrace of a.-James II. 462& 
 
 Failure of a.-Commodus. 300$ 
 
 by Government-Richard III. 3742 
 Horrified by Caesar's a. 1138 
 
 Plot for a. of Elizabeth. 4948 
 
 See ASSASSINS. 
 Hatred of a.-Caesar's. ^372 
 
 Infamous a.-Lincoln's. ^373 
 
 Political a.-Duke of Gloucester.2162 
 Reaction of a. on Henry II. 6145 
 Religious a.-Persia. ^374 
 
 Resort to a.-Nero and mother. 1347 
 Responsibility for a -Henry II. 2669 
 Revenge by a.-J. Hamilton. 4861 
 Scheme of wholesale a. 1140 
 
 " " a.-Rosamond's. 67 
 
 " " " -Catherine deM.'s.6066 
 Shocking a. of Rizzio. 2687 
 
 Terror of a.-Emp. Augustus. 3891 
 
 Deceived by Mahomet. 2495 
 
 Justifled-H. Dustln-Indian's. 3729 
 Partisan a. -Blue and green. 970 
 Rebuked by f. honors-Caesar's. 2251 
 " " " " -Lincoln's2254 
 Struggle with a.-Plzarro. 1068 
 
 Terror of a.-Nat'l panic-Eng. 3982 
 
 See ASSAULT. 
 of Jealousy-Romans. 2897 
 
 Reparation for a.. Cheap. 2868 
 
 Severe penalty for a.-£30,000. 4102 
 
 See BLACKMAIL. 
 Contribution of b. justified. 2008 
 
 See BRIBE. 
 
 Rejected by Nap.-$800,000. 2357 
 
 " " patriot-Reed. 4075 
 
 See BRIBERY. 
 
 Condemned by Isaac Newton. ♦660 
 
 in Court-Eng.-for a Hearing. ^661 
 
 Disguised by purchase-Eng. ^668 
 
 Legislative b.-£5000 for a vote.^663 
 
 " "-Commons. ^664 
 
 " "-Scotch P'rl'm'nt. ♦665 
 
 " " -Necessary-Eng. ♦666 
 
 " -Duke of N. ♦667 
 
 Needy princes-German elector8^668 
 
 Occasion for b. -Small pay. ♦eeo 
 
804 
 
 CRIMES. 
 
 Papal b.-Alexander VI. *670 
 
 Perilous b.-Athenians. *671 
 
 Rejected by Samuel Adams. *676 
 
 Reproach of b.-Demosthenes. *672 
 
 Resented-Stephen A. Douglas. *673 
 
 Royal b.-Charles II. *674 
 
 Seeming b. -Russell. ♦675 
 
 Blot of b.-Fraucis Bacon. 1213, 1216 
 Brand of b.-"Dunkirk House." 5963 
 Competition in b. -Irish P. 663 
 
 " "" -Three kings 668 
 
 Condemned for b.-Demos'nes. 1477 
 of Death-Beaufort. 1406 
 
 Disguised as Bonus-I. Newton. 660 
 Failure of b.-Andre. 1043 
 
 Fear of b. by Mahomet II. 202 
 
 Habitual b. of Verres. 1210 
 
 of Judges by Catiline. 1201 
 
 " Public-Romans. 1208 
 Official-Sunderland-Secretary. 2266 
 of Officials by Goths. 1209 
 
 Proof against b.-Pompey. 2606 
 
 Universal b.-England. 1212 
 
 Unsuccessful-Andrew Marvell.1207 
 Wealth by b.-Sunderland. 1215 
 
 See BUCCANKER. 
 Excused-Sir Francis Drake. 902 
 
 See CALUMNY. 
 Instigated-Maximus Fabius. *701 
 Opposition by c.-Chas. Wesley.*702 
 
 Religious d.-Welllngton's. *1750 
 
 Bid for c.-Scotch insurgents. 1947 
 Punished-Injuries in kind. 3i60 
 Shameful c. of physician. 1048 
 
 Victims of c.-Knights Templars.1939 
 
 See CONSPIRACY. 
 Alarming c.-Reign of Wm. I. *1135 
 Infamous c. Royalists, a.d.1776*1136 
 Political c.-Reign of Chas. II. *1137 
 Unpopular c.-Catiline's. *1138 
 
 Unproven c.-Sir W. Raleigh. *1139 
 of Vice-Catiline's. *1140 
 
 of Ambition-Triumviri. 
 
 " Assassins-British Cabinet. 
 
 " " -Irish Catholics. 
 
 " " -Caesar's. 
 
 " " -Lincoln's. 
 
 " " -Napoleon-Thirty. 699 
 Dangerous c. against C'lumbus.3758 
 Defeated by a woman-Fulvia. 6097 
 Deteuted-Catiline's. 1554 
 
 of Discontent-G. Washington. 2308 
 Disclosure of c. refused. 
 
 " *' "-Japan. 
 
 Escape from c. by flight-M. 
 Failure of c. -Mallet. 
 Self-deception in c.-Caesar's. 
 Successful c.-Pelopidas. 
 
 " " -Sicilian Vespers 
 Suspicion of a c. Needless. 
 Warning of c, Ineffective. 
 See CONSPIRATORS. 
 Ingrate c.-Csesar's. 
 
 See DEFAMATION. 
 Punlshed-Titus Gates. 
 See DUEL. 
 Combat by d. -Alexander. 
 Murder by d.-Alex. Hamilton. *1747 
 Naval d.-Paul Jones. *1748 
 
 Proposed by monarchs. *1749 
 
 3234 
 3640 
 1023 
 2195 
 
 1477 
 4477 
 1340 
 165 
 6948 
 
 *1141 
 
 1487 
 
 *1746 
 
 Challenge to fight a d.imaco'pt'd.891 
 Combat by d.-Generals. 1543 
 
 Trial by combat-Gauls. 3054 
 
 War ended by d.-Thebans. 3884 
 
 See DUELS. 
 Inequality in d.-J. Quincy. ♦1751 
 
 See FORGERY. 
 Confessed-Deed. ^2192 
 
 Convenient f. -Emperor C. ♦2193 
 Delusive f .-Wm. P. of Orange. *2194 
 Perilous f.-French officer. ^2195 
 
 Hands cut off. for Egypt. 
 
 3160 
 
 Preservation by f .-Assassin. 
 
 1542 
 
 Shameful f. -An tony. 
 
 1227 
 
 See FRAUD. 
 
 
 Gigantic f.-Soulh Sea scheme. *2214 
 
 Governmental f.-Charles II. 
 
 ♦2215 
 
 Suspicions of f -First cable. 
 
 ♦2216 
 
 in Trade- 
 Alarming 
 
 ' Honest Leather." 
 
 ♦2217 
 
 f. -Forgery. 
 
 1542 
 
 " Departed Spirit." 
 
 2363 
 
 Exposed- Antony's. 
 
 2149 
 
 Fishermen's f.-Antony. 
 
 2149 
 
 Living by f.-Beggars. 
 
 5763 
 
 Religious f. -Images. 
 
 1282 
 
 " 
 
 " -Weeping virgin. 
 
 3620 
 
 " 
 
 ' -Grecian oracle. 
 
 3946 
 
 II 
 
 ' -Holy Lance. 
 
 4667 
 
 " 
 
 • -Relics. 
 
 4668 
 
 11 
 
 
 4669 
 4670 
 
 " 
 
 
 4671 
 
 " 
 
 
 4672 
 
 " 
 
 
 4673 
 4674 
 4675 
 
 " " *' 
 
 4676 
 
 Spiritualistic f.-" Knock." 
 
 3555 
 
 See GAMBLING. 
 
 
 Degraded by g.-Charles Fox. 
 
 ♦2265 
 
 " " "-Sunderland. 
 
 ♦2266 
 
 " " "-Coffee Houses. *2267 
 
 Escape from g.-Wilberforoe. 
 
 ♦2268 
 
 Fashionable g. -Folly. 
 
 ♦2269 
 
 Losses by g.-GIbbon. 
 
 ♦2270 
 
 Passion for g -Eng. gentry. 
 
 ♦2271 
 
 Pride in g.-High life. 
 
 ♦2272 
 
 Ruinous g. -Oliver Goldsmith 
 
 ♦2273 
 
 " " -English gentry. 
 
 ♦2274 
 
 Universal g.-Crutaders. 
 
 ♦2275 
 
 Vice of g.- 
 Memorial 
 
 -Prolific. 
 
 ♦2276 
 
 of g.-" Sandwich." 
 
 ♦6146 
 
 Ruinous g.-Edgar Allan Poe. 
 
 ♦6195 
 
 See IMPOSITION. 
 
 
 Artful i. of Alexander. 
 
 ♦2753 
 
 Official i.-Punishment of c. 
 
 ♦2754 
 
 See IMPOSTOR. 
 
 
 Contemptible i.-Lambert S. 
 
 ♦275S 
 
 Deceived by i. Perkin W'rb'ck.^2756 
 
 " " "-Monmouth. 
 
 ♦2757 
 
 Punished-Duke of Monmouth. ♦2758 
 
 Reproved by General Grant. 
 
 ♦2759 
 
 See IMPOSTURE. 
 
 
 Political i.-Voice in the wall.^2761 
 
 Rewarded 
 
 -Titus Gates. 
 
 ♦2760 
 
 Duplioated-Titus Gates. 
 
 8051 
 
 and Enthusiasm-Mahomet. 1468 
 Exposed-Weeping virgin. 3620 
 
 by Oracles-Grecian. 3946 
 
 " -Delphic. 3947 
 
 Supposed i. -Child of James II. 3913 
 
 See INCENDIARY. 
 Punished by fiames-Romans. ^2772 
 
 See INCEST. 
 by Marriage of relatives. 3454 
 
 See INFANTICIDE. 
 Common i. by misgovemment. 2410 
 
 See INSULT. 
 more than Injury-Arabs. ♦2896 
 
 to Jealousy-Flogging. ^2897 
 
 Last i.-a Knight's. *2898 
 
 Political i. to William Pitt. *2899 
 Rebellion from i.-Persians. ^2900 
 Remembrance of i.-Cyrus. ^2901 
 Stinging i.-Colonel Tarleton. ^2903 
 Unconscious i.-James II. ^2903 
 
 Abusive i.-Ambassadors. 
 Added to injury-Barbarians, 
 of Arrogance-Attila-Romans. 
 
 Fancied l.-Xerxes. 
 Humiliation for i.-Pope. 
 Oversensitive to i.-Tyrant. 
 Resented by Bismarck. 
 Stinging i.-Woman's. 
 Unresented-Fear-Alexius. 
 
 See INSULTS. 
 Argument by i.-Johnson. 
 with Misfortune-James II. 
 
 4444 
 
 250 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 320 
 
 249 
 
 2527 
 
 3359 
 
 3489 
 
 757 
 
 ♦8904 
 ♦3905 
 
 Authorized for cowards. 1280 
 
 Cruelty provoked by i.-Ind's. 2074 
 Public l.-Cromwell to Parliam't.410 
 Reparation for i.. Cheap. 2868 
 
 Women's i. to cowards. 6128 
 
 See KIDNAPPING, 
 by Gtovemment of England. ♦3076 
 
 Common crime-Eng. Colonies. 2403 
 
 See LIBEL. 
 Trials for l.-William Hone. +3203 
 
 Anonymous l.-Milton. 
 False accusation of 1. 
 Indifferent to l.-Frederick II. 
 Press prosecuted for 1. 
 
 See MATRICIDE. 
 Infamous m. by Nero. 
 
 See MURDER. 
 Atrocious m.-Parmenio. 
 of Innocents-Richard III. 
 
 1165 
 3049 
 5299 
 4436 
 4438 
 
 8743 
 1110 
 
 ♦3741 
 ♦3742 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Atonement for m.-Money. 3278 
 Diabolical m. of A. Lincoln. 373 
 Duellist's m.-A. Hamilton. 1747 
 Excusable-Persecution. 4122 
 
 Government provide funeral-E 8160 
 Indignation at m. of Becket. 3505 
 Intentional m.-Frederick Wm. 3389 
 Justifiable m. by Capt. J. Smith. 80 
 Legal m.-Execution of J.of Arc.1726 
 Licensed by legislation. 3273 
 
 Mania for m.-King Cambyses. 2881 
 " " " -Scott's nurse. 2888 
 

 
 CRIMES. 
 
 
 
 805 
 
 Murder for m.-Rosamond. 
 
 1292 
 
 See PROSTITUTES. 
 
 
 Deterred-Benjamin Abbott. 
 
 *5423 
 
 Passionate m.-Insanity-^sop 
 
 . 40:v>2 
 
 Dress of p.-Luxurious. 
 
 4611 
 
 Dyspeptic's escape by s. 
 
 *5424 
 
 Reaction against m. -Caesar's. 
 
 4316 
 
 Rule of p.-Papal chair. 
 
 3986 
 
 Escape by s.-Demosthenes. 
 
 *5425 
 
 Remorse for passionate m. 
 
 4021 
 
 Wives made p. -Gothic. 
 
 1209 
 
 Glorification of s.-Stoics. 
 
 *5420 
 
 Revenged by daughter. 
 
 6056 
 
 See RAPE. 
 
 
 Mania for s.-William Cowper 
 
 ♦5427 
 
 Reward for m.-Necklace. 
 
 1343 
 
 Attempted r.- Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦4616 
 
 Philosophic s. -Marcus. 
 
 •5438 
 
 Shocked by Lincoln's m.-So'ty.3»iu 
 
 
 
 Remorseful s.-Mrs. Shelley. 
 
 *5429 
 
 Slow m. of T. Overbury. 
 
 4226 
 
 by Stratagem- Valentinian. 
 
 2276 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vengeance for m.-Mary Stuart.5784 
 
 Vengeance for r.-Catherine. 
 
 5786 
 
 Attempted by Cowper. 2691 
 
 , 2883 
 
 See MURDERCER. 
 
 
 Victim of r. by soldiers. 
 
 6113 
 
 at Command of ruler. 
 
 3843 
 
 Painful hospitality to a m. 
 
 2645 
 
 War caused by r. 
 
 5910 
 
 by " -forty Wives. 
 
 1410 
 
 Remorse of m. -Alexander. 
 
 1744 
 
 See REBELLION. 
 
 
 of the Defeated Cimbrians. 
 
 1550 
 
 Self-exposed m.-Abbott. 
 
 1080 
 
 Constructive r.-Maximilian. 
 
 *4625 
 
 for Disgrace- Lucre tia. 
 
 5786 
 
 Smitten of God-Godwin. 
 
 2496 
 
 Prevented r.-Scotland. 
 
 *4626 
 
 Fanatic's s.-Religious. 
 
 3506 
 
 Wholesale m.-Caracalla. 
 
 1096 
 
 Small r.-Rhode Island. 
 
 *4627 
 
 Intentional s.-Youthful W. 
 
 1668 
 
 See MURDERESS. 
 
 
 Soap r.-England. 
 
 *4628 
 
 Intimidated-Nero. 
 
 1270 
 
 Murdered-Agrippina. 
 
 See MUTILATION. 
 
 *3743 
 
 Whiskey r.-Pennsylvania. 
 
 *4629 
 
 Paradise gained by s. 
 
 1416 
 
 
 
 
 Preparation for s.-Shelley. 
 
 3345 
 
 of Agriculturists by Theodorlc. 164 
 
 of Army against bad food. 
 
 1963 
 
 ' -Fred.IL 
 
 3632 
 
 by Cowards-Romans. 
 
 5240 
 
 Catholic r. in Maryland. 
 
 5642 
 
 Prevented s.-Alexander's. 
 
 4021 
 
 Punishment by m. -Scots. 
 
 5791 
 
 Causes of r.-Confederacy. 
 
 5888 
 
 Refuge from famine in s. 
 
 2015 
 
 Revenge by m. -Coventry. 
 
 4857 
 
 Disgrace from r. -Clarendon. 
 
 1537 
 
 " " adversity in s. 
 
 5420 
 
 Self-m. for deception. 
 
 5348 
 
 Forced to r.-Parl. by James II. 3853 
 
 Required-ex-Officer-Turk. 
 
 3866 
 
 Soldiers supported by State. 
 
 5243 
 
 V Forfeiture of p. by rebellion. 
 
 439 
 
 Soldier's s.-Roman. 
 
 1404 
 
 See MUTINY. 
 
 
 Hostility to r.-Pompey. 
 
 377 
 
 " " -Antony. 
 
 1405 
 
 Courage against m.-Caesar. 
 
 ■►3756 
 
 Incipient r.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 3525 
 
 Temptation to s.-Melancholy 
 
 1179 
 
 Cruel m. -Henry Hudson. 
 
 *3757 
 
 " " Boston Tea Party 
 
 3526 
 
 S«e SWINDLER. 
 
 
 by Disappointment-Columbus. ""STSS 
 
 from Insult-Persians. 
 
 2900 
 
 Royal s. Henry VI. 
 
 •5487 
 
 Reform by m.-Britlsh navy. 
 
 *3759 
 
 Sin of r. taught. 
 
 3824 
 
 " " " VIII. 
 
 *5488 
 
 of Sailors-British navy. 
 
 *3760 
 
 of Slaves-Romans. 
 Soap rebellion- Women. 
 
 5200 
 6131 
 
 " " Richard I. 
 
 *5489 
 
 
 
 See TRAITOR. 
 
 
 Quelled by General Jackson. 
 
 1963 
 
 against Tyranny-Jacquerie. 
 
 5737 
 
 Political t.-Mr. Huske. 
 
 •5674 
 
 Sailors' m.-Columbus'. 
 
 1940 
 
 Vengeance after r. -Peter. 
 
 2875 
 
 Punished by mother. 
 
 ♦5675 
 
 Unparalleled m.-Scottish s'ld 
 
 rs.306 
 
 See REBELS. 
 
 
 Shameless t.-Sunderland. 
 
 ♦5676 
 
 See NUISANCE. 
 
 
 Punished with Monmouth. 
 
 *4630 
 
 
 
 Perpetuated n. in London filth.*3824 
 
 " " Temugin. 
 
 *4631 
 
 Indignation toward t.-Am. Rev.2795 
 
 See PARRICIDE. 
 
 
 
 
 Infamy of t.-Name changed. 
 
 
 
 
 3764 
 
 Crime of p. " impossible." 
 
 '*4006 
 
 Denounced as r., Falsely-Ind 
 
 8.4331 
 
 for Revenge-Coriolanus. 
 
 6101 
 
 Punishment of p. 
 
 ♦4007 
 
 See SEDUCTION. 
 Avenged on Cariuus. 
 
 *5073 
 
 See TREACHERY. 
 
 
 
 
 Base t. -Philip VI. 
 
 ♦5690 
 
 Youthful p.-Boys 10 years old 
 
 . 1295 
 
 by Promises-Henry VIII. 
 
 *5074 
 
 Consummate t.-Charles IL 
 
 •5691 
 
 See PECULATION. 
 
 
 Punishment of s.-Constantlne.'''5075 
 
 Gold for t.-Benedict Arnold. 
 
 ♦5692 
 
 OfiQcial p.-Small pay. 
 
 669 
 
 
 
 Message of t.-Emp. Alexander 
 
 *t- nnn 
 
 
 
 .•5693 
 
 See PERJURY. 
 
 
 Punished severely-Aurelian. 
 
 4578 
 
 
 
 Punishment of p.-Judicial. 
 
 ♦4112 
 
 Ruinous scheme of s. of P. 
 
 67 
 
 Conquest by t.-Sextus over Q 
 
 . 42 
 
 Punished with death. 5219 
 Shameful p. of "Dick" Talbot.6032 
 
 See SLANDER. 
 Defence from s. -Napoleon I. 
 from Envy-John Bunyan. 
 
 *5170 
 *5171 
 
 in Court-Criminal. 
 Diplomatic t. English. 
 Disguised-Caesar's assassins. 
 
 5833 
 1752 
 1478 
 
 See PIRACY. 
 
 
 Fine for 8.-8500,000. 
 
 ♦5172 
 
 " -Friendship. 
 
 2243 
 
 Ancient English p. 
 
 *4185 
 
 Opposition by s.-J. Wesley. 
 
 *5173 
 
 of Friend-Brutus vs. Caesar. 
 
 2852 
 
 
 
 Persecutors s.-Constantine. 
 
 *5174 
 
 " " -Francis Bacon. 
 
 
 
 2857 
 
 National p.-Eng. and Prance. 
 
 986 
 
 of Piety-Richard Baxter's. 
 
 "►5175 
 
 Friendship's t.-Dick Talbot. 
 
 3202 
 
 See PIRATES. 
 
 
 Punished by James I. 
 
 *5176 
 
 Infamous t.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 1136 
 
 Connivance with p. -Gov't. 
 
 '*4186 
 
 Rewarded-Dick Talbot. 
 
 *5177 
 
 " "-Pausanias. 
 
 8724 
 
 Period of p.-Romans. 
 
 ♦4187 
 
 Victim of s. -Columbus. 
 
 *5178 
 
 Ingrate's t.-Burton. 
 Massacre by t. 
 
 2850 
 
 
 
 3520 
 
 Conniving with p.-Romans. 
 
 1298 
 
 Abusive s. of Nap. by Britons 
 
 24 
 
 National t.-England to France. 986 
 
 " " " -English. 
 
 2434 
 
 of Americans by Sam. Johnson. 214 
 
 Office by t.-Eteocles. 
 
 3884 
 
 Contempt of p.-Roman. 
 
 1144 
 
 Inconsistency of s.-Nap. I. by E. 24 
 
 Official t. to Columbus. 
 
 3900 
 
 Government Indifferent to p.- 
 
 E.2440 
 
 Victim of s.-Cromwell " King 
 
 "3893 
 
 Proof against t.-Belisarius. 
 
 2128 
 
 Impunity of p.-Bribery. 
 
 1210 
 
 " " "-Bolivar. 
 
 4044 
 
 " " -Patriot. 
 
 4068 
 
 Tribute to p. -Algerine. 
 
 5711 
 
 See SLANDERS. 
 
 
 Proposal of t. rebuked. 
 
 4075 
 
 See PROSTITUTE. 
 
 
 Vile s. against primitive ch. 
 
 ♦5179 
 
 Proverbial -" Word of a king 
 
 "2041 
 
 Distinguished p.-Theodora. 
 
 '*4.533 
 
 See SMUGGLING. 
 
 
 Shameful t.-Agathocles. 
 
 1538 
 
 
 
 Fined In England. 
 
 *5216 
 
 Twarted by exposure. 
 
 351& 
 
 Expensive p.-Charles IL 
 
 6083 
 
 
 Umpire's t.-Edward I. 
 
 5746- 
 
 
 
 Honored p.-Empress Theodora.3191 
 
 Prevention of s., Ineffective. 
 
 1558 
 
 See TREASON. 
 
 
 " " Goddess of Reason. 4624 
 
 See SUICIDE. 
 
 
 Cry of t.-Patriok Henry. 
 
 •5694 
 
 Power of p.-Political-Louis X V.6079 
 
 Averted s.-Napoleon I. 
 
 •6420 
 
 Defined-England . 
 
 •5695 
 
 " " " -Pompadour. 
 
 6080 
 
 Cause of s.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ■^5421 
 
 Incipient t.-War of 1812. 
 
 *569d 
 
 Rule of p.-Poppsea. 
 
 4373 
 
 Cowardice of s.-Am. Indians 
 
 •5422 
 
 Punishment of t.-Romans. 
 
 •5697 
 
806 
 
 CRIMINAL— CRUELTY. 
 
 Retribution of t.-Romans. *5698 
 
 Atrocious crime of t. 4576 
 
 False charge of t.-French Caths.448 
 Official t.-Ctias. II. bribed by F. 674 
 2007 
 4109 
 6101 
 2569 
 
 a Pretext for extortion. 
 by Resentment-Bourbon. 
 " " -C. Marcius. 
 
 Tarnished by t.-B. Arnold. 
 
 See TRESPASS. 
 Revenue for t., Severe. 
 
 See SLAVERY in loo. 
 
 CRIITIINAIi. 
 
 Monster c. -Catiline. 
 
 3067 
 
 *1295 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Controlling gov't by money. 2434 
 
 Enthroned-executed. 3678 
 
 Honored c.-Claude Duval. 4983 
 
 Monster c.-Emp. Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Royal c.-Nero. 4965 
 
 Unarrested through fear-C. 2462 
 
 Warning of c.-Scaffold. 512 
 
 CRIMINALS. 
 
 Branded-Clerical c.branded M.*1296 
 Cleri(;al c favored -England. *1297 
 Conniving with c.-Gov't with. *1298 
 Haunts of c.-London-Frlar's h.*1299 
 Honored-Highlander's pay r. *]300 
 Protection from c.-Police, 1780. *1301 
 Rule of c. over o.-Bridewell p.*1302 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Cruelty to c.-England. 1339 
 
 Emigrant c.-New France. 1864 
 
 Escape of c. by exile. 4659 
 
 Fictitious c.-Christians. 4140 
 
 by Heredity-Caesar's family. 2072 
 
 Indulgence to c, Stain of. 4824 
 
 Leniency to c.-Burns. 1552 
 
 Partiality to c. inf ormers-J. 919 
 
 Power over c.-John Howard. 541 
 
 Sanctuary refuge for c. 4659 
 
 State endangered by c. 5324 
 
 Torture of c.-France. 5648 
 See PRISON and PRISONER in loo. 
 
 CRIPPLE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Distinguished c.-Timour. 615 
 
 See LAMENESS. 
 
 Fever brings 1. to W. Scott. 2882 
 
 Wounds bring l.-Timour. 6171 
 
 CRISIS. 
 
 Equal to the c.-Cromwell. 
 
 •1303 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Resolution at the c.-Devereux. 651 
 
 See EMERGENCY. 
 Deliverance in e.-Wm. P. of 0.*1862 
 
 See EXTREMITY. 
 Desperate e.-Siege of Rome. *2015 
 Miserable e.-Britons-Romans. *2016 
 
 CRITIC. 
 
 at Church-Lord Geo. Sackville.*1304 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Honest c.-Philoxenus. 4217 
 
 Inconsiderate c.-J. Adams. 2342 
 Negative c.-Carlyle. 4654 
 
 Rebuked by time-Johnson. 2322 
 
 Specialty-Snobs-Thackeray. 
 Uninformed c. of princes. 
 CRITICISM. 
 
 Aroused by c.-Lord Byron. 
 Directed- Alcibiades. 
 Feared- William Cowper. 
 Good c. -Samuel Johnson. 
 Ignored by Abraham Lincoln. 
 Mania for c.-Snobbism-T. 
 Opposition by o.-Palmerston. 
 Requests for c.-S. Johnson. 
 Silenced by tyranny-Dionysius, 
 Undisturbed by c.-Plato. 
 
 3534 
 3634 
 
 ♦1305 
 *1306 
 ♦1307 
 ♦1308 
 *1309 
 ♦1310 
 *1311 
 *1312 
 *1313 
 ♦1314 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bitterness of political c. 4235 
 
 Compliment of c. -Johnson. 3937 
 Corrected by the masses-P. P. 168 
 Expected by authors-Johnson. 406 
 vs. Fame in the future. 2056 
 
 Imperilled by small c. -Lincoln. 99 
 Mania for c. -Thackeray. 3534 
 
 Modesty in c. -Socrates. 3563 
 
 Post-mortem c.-Egyptians. 2252 
 Praise corrected by c.-Post-m. 2256 
 Preferred to indifference-A. 405 
 Resented by Commodus. 1591 
 
 Rules Inapplicable to Sh'k'sp're.3309 
 -avage c. of Johnson. 3593 
 
 Stimulated by suppression. 2554 
 Stinging c. of Voltaire-F.'sp'try.403 
 Unaffected by c.-Cicero. 1025 
 
 CROAKING. 
 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. *1315 
 Habit of c. about the weather.*1316 
 
 See GRUMBLING, 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. *2490 
 
 CROSS. 
 Emblems of the Christian o. *1317 
 Protection of the c. -Roman L.*1318 
 Recovered-Holy relic from P. *1319 
 Victory by the c.-Constantine.*1320 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Charmed c.-" Agnus Del." 783 
 
 Fraudulent c. -Relics. 4672 
 
 Peace by the blood of the c. 1175 
 Precious relics of the c. 4672 
 
 Relic of the c. -Nails-Spear. 1047 
 Rival c.-" Indulgence Cross." 827 
 Saved by the c.-Whitefield. 4770 
 True 0. captured by Persians. 324 
 Victory by sign of c.-Con. 1721 
 
 CROWN. 
 Composite c. of Napoleon I. ♦1321 
 Declined by Cromwell. *1322 
 
 " " Caesar. *1323 
 
 of Honor-Roman civic c. *1324 
 
 " Merit-Roman poet. *1325 
 
 Self-imposed c. by Napoleon. *1326 
 Theft of c. of Eng. by Col. B. *1327 
 Transferred-Romans. *1328 
 
 Troublesome c. of D.-Envy. *1329 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Carelessness endangers c.-F. V.4201 
 Corruptible-Incorruptible. 4692 
 Declined by Amurath II. 3869 
 
 " Belisarius. 2128 
 
 Desired-Vanlty-Peril. 3963 
 
 Dishonored c- Kicked off. 2663 
 
 for Labor-Abdolonymous. 3122 
 
 Precious c.-Holy c. of thorns. 4673 
 
 Sorrowful heart, Covers. 6063 
 
 Tarnished by crime. 3742 
 
 of Thorns-Sacred relic. 4676 
 
 Unworn c.-Godfrey. 3556 
 
 OROYFNS. 
 
 Iron and gold-Charles rv. *1330 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Multiplied-27 for Timour. 6184 
 
 CRUCIFIXION. 
 
 Modem c. In India. *1331 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Agony of c, Great. 
 Honored after c. -Jesus. 
 
 148 
 1321 
 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 Aristocratic c. of Norman G. *133jr 
 Atrocious c. of Roman Emp.C.*1333 
 Barbarian c.-Thurlngians- *1334 
 Bloodless c. of Michael P. *1335 
 Catholic c. to Protestants in I.*1336 
 of Civilization to Am. Indians. *1338 
 to Children by Timour the T. *1337 
 " Criminals in Eng. a.d. 1531. *1339 
 for c. -Sicilian Vespers' m. *1340 
 EnjojTuent of o. by Romans. *1341 
 Exquisite c. of Emp. Basil. *1342 
 Female c. of Constantina. *]343 
 " " " Theodora. *1344 
 
 of Govemment.-Henry VIII. *1345 
 " " to prisoners. *1346 
 
 Inherited c. of Nero. *1347 
 
 Inhuman c. of Phocas the t. ♦1348 
 Love of c. by Scythians. *1349 
 
 Maternal c. of Spartans. *1350 
 
 Merciless c. of Napoleon. *1351 
 
 Monster of c.-R.Emp. Caligula. *1352 
 Natural c.-Samuel Johnson. *1353 
 Passion of c.-Emp. Commodus. *1354 
 Pleasure In c. -Lucius Qumtius.*1355 
 to Prisoners-Black Hole of C. *1356 
 in Punishment-Andronicus. *1357 
 Reaction of c. -Nero's. *1358 
 
 Refined c.-Sylvanus mass'cr'd.*13o9 
 Religious c. -Crusaders. •1360 
 
 Remorse from c.-Clotaire. *1361 
 Royal 0. of Constantino V. *1362 
 Sectarian c. of G. toward L. *1363 
 Shameful c. of Jas. II. to rebs.*1364 
 of Slavery-Lacedaem'n'nsto H.*1365 
 Taught to Spartan youth. *1366 
 Terrible c. of Timour the T. •1367 
 " " *1368 
 Undetested by Roman S. *1369 
 
 Victor's c.-Emp. Gallknus. *1370 
 in War-Timour-4000 buried a. *1371 
 " " to non combatants-C. *13~2 
 to Woman-Queen Brunehaut. *1373 
 in Worship of Ancient Druids.*1374 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Ambition -Roman Triumviri. 198 
 " " -Fred.-7 Years' War.208 
 " " -Irene to Leo. 180 
 
 " " -Mahomet III. 4967 
 
 Amusement by c. to animals. 223 
 Animals appeal to gods from c. 219 
 

 
 CRUELTY. 
 
 
 
 
 807 
 
 /to Animals-Norman G. 
 
 1332 
 
 of Good principles. 
 
 1121 
 
 to Prisoners-London. 
 
 4467 
 
 " " -Marksmen. 
 
 3430 
 
 Growth of a.-Star-Chamber. 
 
 1255 
 
 -"The Fleet." 
 
 4469 
 
 by " -Cats. 
 
 4803 
 
 Judicial a.-Jeffreys. 
 
 1842 
 
 " " -England. 
 
 5183 
 
 of Avarice-Rebels. 
 
 439 
 
 Political a. for effect. 
 
 4233 
 
 Religious i. of persecutors. 
 
 2557 
 
 Barbarian c.-Slaughter. 
 
 5180 
 
 Reformation of a.-Hopeless. 
 
 4253 
 
 of Superstition-Lepers bumed.4418 
 
 Beggars treated with o.-Soots 
 
 5893 
 
 Self-applied in preaching. 
 
 1234 
 
 -Sylla. 
 
 5452 
 
 Brutal m. of agriculturists by T.164 
 
 vs. Use-Money. 
 
 6755 
 
 in War-Romans. 
 
 59ia 
 
 •of Chivalry-Black Prince. 
 
 1260 
 
 See AGONY. 
 
 
 See MASSACRE. 
 
 
 Christianity corrects c.-Komans.835 
 
 Crucifixion-" Highest lUus." 
 
 *148 
 
 Evidence-m. of Crusaders. 
 
 *3513 
 
 .and Counesy-Chivalry. 
 
 5229 
 
 Delight in gladiator's a. 
 
 108 
 
 General m. in war. 
 
 *351f, 
 
 Cowardice of c.-Nero. 
 
 1270 
 
 Indifference to a. -Inhuman. 
 
 1362 
 
 Immense m. -70,000 Romans. 
 
 *351S 
 
 Disclaimed, yet practical. 
 
 4543 
 
 Pleasure In a. of dying. 
 
 1368 
 
 by Mob in Paris. 
 
 i'3514 
 
 Exhibited in mercy-James II. 
 
 3997 
 
 Mental a.-Josephine's divorce 
 
 . 1699 
 
 of Patriots-Boston. 
 
 *3517 
 
 Jlxterminating c.-Csesar's. 
 
 5181 
 
 Mocked-Martyrs. 
 
 1358 
 
 Prevented-Jamestown, Va. 
 
 *3518 
 
 Failure of c -Persecution. 
 
 4617 
 
 See BRUTALITY. 
 
 
 Punished by m.-War. 
 
 ♦3615 
 
 Female c.-Fredegonda. 
 
 6109 
 
 of Persecutors to Rev. R. Hill 
 
 *679 
 
 by Treachery-Thessalonica. 
 
 *352« 
 
 " " -Parysatis. 
 
 6048 
 
 
 
 Wholesale m.-300,000 people. 
 
 *3521 
 
 
 " "-" Bloody" Mary, 
 of Govemment^Floyd. 
 
 6073 
 4568 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 
 
 ^sthetlcal b. of Romans. 102, 103 
 
 Brutal m.-Caracalla. 
 
 1333 
 
 " " -Aurelian. 
 
 1543 
 
 in Amusements in old England. 218 
 
 of Captives by Franks. 
 
 133H 
 
 fleathen gods-Odin. 
 
 2380 
 
 " " of Romans. 
 
 219 
 
 " Christlans-90,000. 
 
 82i 
 
 i»y Heredity-Nero. 
 
 1347 
 
 " " -Normans. 
 
 1332 
 
 Depopulated by m.-Bagdad. 
 
 1367 
 
 .< .i .< 
 
 2072 
 
 " ' " -R. Gladiators 
 
 204 
 
 Drink causes m.-Indians. 
 
 2940 
 
 of Indifference-Caesar. 
 
 2793 
 
 -R. Circus. 
 
 223 
 
 Immense m. -Timour. 
 
 58m 
 
 Ineffective c.-Persecution. 
 
 4129 
 
 of Ancestors overlooked. 
 
 1334 
 
 " " by Caesar. 
 
 5181 
 
 " " to Bishop Mark. 
 
 883 
 
 Barbaric b.-American Indians 
 
 .3508 
 
 Inconsiderate m. by Scythians. 1349 
 
 to the Innocent- Alexander. 
 
 6175 
 
 Barbarous b. of Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 Indignation expressed at m. 
 
 4539 
 
 " " inoffensive Arcadians. 
 
 448 
 
 of Chivalry-Edward I. 
 
 815 
 
 Inhuman m. of workmen-B. 
 
 687 
 
 with Misfortune-Am. Indians 
 
 8629 
 
 Common b.-Old England. 
 
 2860 
 
 " " '« " 
 
 688 
 
 Mob c. -Draft riot, New York. 
 
 3646 
 
 in Court-Jeffreys. 
 
 3048 
 
 by Law-Lacedaemonian slaves. 1365 
 
 Monster in c.-Mahomet III. 
 
 4967 
 
 to Criminals-Shocking. 
 
 2205 
 
 " Persecutors-Catholic. 
 
 4123 
 
 Monument of c.-90,000 heads. 
 
 5920 
 
 Diet of flesh-Attila. 
 
 2174 
 
 " " -Ireland. 
 
 4132 
 
 I^ational c.-Spaniards. 
 
 3789 
 
 Executioner's b.-Monmouth. 
 
 1979 
 
 Prevented by informer. 
 
 1006 
 
 Opposition of Puritans to bear 
 
 C.222 
 
 Execution of rebels. 
 
 1980 
 
 of Protestants-Duke of Guise-V.508 
 
 Persecutor's c.-100,000 victims 
 
 4120 
 
 by Famine-Athenians. 
 
 2076 
 
 " " -Com. by Pius V. 588 
 
 " "toJews, R. I. 
 
 4122 
 
 Indignation at b.-Popular. 
 
 3048 
 
 Religious m. by Crusaders. 
 
 4705 
 
 " savage-Cath. 
 
 4123 
 
 Lawless b. of Cambyses. 
 
 2881 
 
 " " of prisoners. 
 
 ViiJO 
 
 " c.-England. 
 
 8557 
 
 to Martyrs-Nero. 
 
 3509 
 
 " " -Latins by Greeks. 1363 
 
 Pleasure obtained by c. 
 
 3943 
 
 Parental b.-Fred. William I. 
 
 3389 
 
 Small beginning of m.-" S. V 
 
 " 29 
 
 iPunishment by c. to Garibaldi 
 
 . 230 
 
 " " '* '* *' 
 
 5741 
 
 Terrible m.-" Sicilian "Vespers 
 
 ."1340 
 
 lieaction of c.-English. 
 
 3972 
 
 Professional b.-Jeffreya. 
 
 1994 
 
 Unprovoked m -Jews by ApoU. 6166 
 
 " " "-Guises. 
 
 4617 
 
 Vengeance in b.-" Roses." 
 
 5794 
 
 in War-Walienstein. 
 
 6884 
 
 " " "-Jeffreys. 
 
 4843 
 
 in War-Magdeburg. 
 
 5884 
 
 " " -Paris, A.D. 1418. 
 
 5885 
 
 " " "-Commodus. 
 
 5743 
 
 " " -Indiscriminate. 
 
 5885 
 
 See MASSACRES. 
 
 
 Record of c.-Emp. Augustus's e.220 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 
 
 Religious-French Revolution. 
 
 ♦3522 
 
 in Religious persecution. 
 
 2555 
 4705 
 
 War of e.-Queen Anne's. 
 
 *1999 
 4123 
 
 See MONSTER. 
 Moral m.-Alexander. 
 
 
 iReligious c. -Crusaders. 
 
 by Persecution-Albigenses. 
 
 1456 
 
 Remembrance of c.-Jeffreys. 
 
 3767 
 
 of Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 
 
 8130 
 
 
 -tjanguia. 
 
 1352 
 
 Reputation for c -Nero's father. 1532 
 
 See GLADIATORS. 
 
 
 
 ' " -Caracalla. 
 
 1383 
 
 •of Resentment-Alexander. 
 
 4798 
 
 Courage of despair. 
 
 1835 
 
 
 ' " -Catiline. 
 
 189S 
 
 " Sailors' mutiny-Hudson. 
 
 3757 
 
 Instruction of g. in brutality-R. 102 
 
 
 ' " -Constanthie V. 
 
 1362 
 
 Sanctified by religion-Turks. 
 
 1 
 
 Introduction of g. to Rome. 
 
 974 
 
 
 ' " -Napoleon. 
 
 152& 
 
 "Shameful c. of Spaniards. 
 
 2861 
 
 Suppression of exhib. of g.-M 
 
 835 
 
 
 ' " -Nero. 
 
 1887 
 
 Tyrannical c. to aged. 
 
 5734 
 
 See INHUMANITY. 
 
 
 
 
 1847 
 
 'Wanton c. of Cambysea. 
 
 8881 
 
 Commercial i.-Old slaves. 
 
 *2859 
 
 
 
 1359 
 
 In War-Alexander at Tyre. 
 
 4798 
 
 of Man to man.-England. 
 
 ♦2860 
 
 
 * " -Timour. 
 
 1387 
 
 of War-Scotland. 
 
 " " -Timour. 
 
 " " -Turks, 
 •to Women-Jeffreys. 
 
 5893 
 6894 
 5895 
 2862 
 
 " " " " -Spain. 
 Professional i.-Jeffreys. 
 Revenge for l.-Pestilence. 
 
 *2861 
 *2862 
 *8863 
 
 See SLAUGHTER. 
 Barbarous 8.-58,000 Carth'g'n's 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. 
 
 1368 
 
 .*5180 
 *5181 
 
 " Woman's revenge-Parysatl8.4855 
 
 Age of 1. to criminals. 
 
 2656 
 
 
 
 See ABUSE. 
 
 
 Avarice causes i.-15th century 
 
 . 426 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 
 
 1082 
 
 Absence of a -Savage's. 
 
 •22 
 
 to Beggars-Punishment. 
 
 2703 
 
 in Battle- Asians. 
 
 308 
 
 Personal a. of Milton. 
 
 *23 
 
 " Children-Jeffreys' court- 
 
 803 
 
 " -100,000 at Fontenay. 
 
 920 
 
 Glanderous a.-Napoleon L 
 
 ♦24 
 
 Christian 1. to pagans. 
 
 1050 
 
 See TORTURB. 
 
 
 Success by a. -Political. 
 
 ♦25 
 
 of Commerce-Famine. 
 
 2002 
 
 of Criminals in Franc* 
 
 ♦5648 
 
 
 
 " " -Slave-trade. 
 Excnsed-Publio safety. 
 
 1116 
 
 Punishment by t.-Boot. 
 Terrible t. -Garibaldi. 
 
 •5649 
 ♦5650 
 
 Ts. Arguments-Johnson. 
 
 2904 
 
 5008 
 
 K>f the Blind-Milton. 
 
 23 
 
 of Government-Bateman. 
 
 540 
 
 Testimony by t.-J. Howard. 
 
 ♦5661 
 
 " Countrymen-London. 
 
 1231 
 
 to Indians-Explorers. 
 
 908 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Exposure of a.-Applti8, 
 
 1865 
 
 of Persecutors-Convenantera. 
 
 658 
 
 Ba 
 
 rbarous t. by Indiana. 
 
 8508 
 
808 
 
 CRUSADERS— DANGER. 
 
 of Captives by Thuringians. 1334 
 Confessions by t. -Inquisition. 2877 
 Defiant of t.-Martyrs. 3502 
 
 3503 
 Deserved by Titus Gates. 4565 
 
 Devices of t.-Englisli barons. 2456 
 by Executioners-Parysatis. 6048 
 Fortitude in t.-Am Indians. 1426 
 of Martyrs by Nero. 3509 
 
 •• Arians. 4113 
 
 Medical t.-Deatii of Clias. II. 4171 
 Overcome by religion. 2098 
 
 by Persecutors-to Irish P. 1386 
 
 of Prisoners-Buried to neck. 1368 
 Prolonged t. of martyrs 4133 
 
 Testimony by t -Mexican Emp. 714 
 
 CRUSADERS. 
 Numerous o.-Six millions. *1375 
 Origin of c.-Peter the Hermlt.*1376 
 
 Sinners for c.-First Crusade. *6163 
 CRCJSADES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Craze of c.-Sacriflces. 3411 
 
 Credulity of c. 5850 
 
 Loss of life-Two million. 3238 
 
 CUIiTURE. 
 
 Improvement by c.-Germany.*1877 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Age of c. lost-Arabians. 3783 
 
 Moral c.-Pity acquired. 1353 
 
 VB. Morality-Union Impossible. 3707 
 
 Unrefined by c.-Milton's enemy. 23 
 
 See CIVILIZATION, KDUCATION, 
 
 AND INTELLIGENCE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 CURE. 
 
 Imaginary c.-Mohammedans. *1378 
 Superstitious c.-King's evil. *1379 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Falth-Bunyan's wife. 2032 
 
 " " -Pascal's niece. 3625 
 
 " " -Monks-False. 3626 
 
 See MEDICINE. 
 
 Advance In m.-England. *3550 
 
 Aversion to m.-Washlngton. ^3551 
 
 Discarded m. by Napoleon I. *3552 
 
 School of m.-Flrst-Salerno. *3553 
 
 Confidence in m.-Alexander. 1048 
 Dangerous m.-Alexander. 5449 
 
 See PHYSICIAN. 
 Empirical p.-Successful. ♦4168 
 
 Mythological p.-.iEsculapius. *4169 
 
 Bombastic p.-Menecrates. 
 Intimidated by danger. 
 Invention by p.-Pit-lron. 
 Neglected by Gibbon. 
 Practice lost by religion. 
 Quack p. -Charles II. 
 Sacrifices of p. -Benevolence. 
 Studious p.-Dr. Harvey. 
 Vanity rebuked-Menecrates. 
 
 See PHYSICIANS. 
 Commlngllng-Death of C. II. 
 Disagreement of p.-Charles 11. 
 
 Predictions of p.-Fallure. 
 Quackery punlshed-Cato's. 
 
 618 
 1048 
 2985 
 3260 
 1036 
 4588 
 540 
 628 
 5779 
 
 *4170 
 ♦4171 
 
 3599 
 
 4587 
 
 See REMEDIES. 
 Nature's r.-Alr, sunshine, etc. 2691 
 Quack r.-Superstltlon. 1283 
 
 See REMEDY, 
 by Force-Chinese. *4758 
 
 Strange r. -Walling. *4759 
 
 for the Demonlzed. 1566 
 
 Superstitious r.-Pestllence. 5443 
 
 " "-Religious. 5455 
 CURES. 
 
 Fanciful c. -Queen Anne. ♦ISSO 
 
 Fraudulent c. -Queen Anne. *1381 
 
 See DISEASE in loc. 
 
 CURIOSITIES. 
 
 Indifference to c.-Gen. Grant. *1382 
 CURIOSITY. 
 
 Destructive c.-Empedocles. *1383 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of c.-Dr. Harvey. 628 
 
 Awakens the intellect-Disc' v'r'g.912 
 Dangerous c.-Vice. 1171 
 
 Dangers of c.-Flood-Legend. 3545 
 Infatuation of curiosity. 6050 
 
 Knowledge by c.-Peter the G. 6206 
 Morbid c.-Executlon-Wm. P. 2885 
 Solemn c.-Llncoln's remains. 2254 
 
 CURRENCY. 
 
 In Salt-Abyssinlans. *1384 
 
 See MONEY in loc. 
 
 CUSTOM. 
 
 Reign of c.-Ducklng female p.*1385 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Eating-English. 1761 
 
 " " -Roman. 1762 
 
 Law of c.-Hospltallty. 2648 
 
 Nauseating c.-Use of tobacco. 3368 
 Power of c.-Irlsh kings. 719 
 
 " "" -Civilization of Inds.904 
 See FASHION. 
 Depreciated by f.-Sclence. *2102 
 Dlsregarded-BenJ. Franklhi. *2103 
 Struggle for French f. *2104 
 
 Absurdity of popular f . 419 
 
 Discomfort in f. 2184 
 
 in Pleasure- Watering-place. 4205 
 Power of f.-Tobacco-James I. 5634 
 
 Uurestrained by law. 1734 
 
 See HABIT. 
 
 Power of h., Civilization by. *2497 
 
 Acquired h. of avarice. 425 
 Confirmed, Licentious h.-J. II. 6222 
 
 Disgusting h. -Eating. 2183 
 
 Hardened by h.-Tlmour. 1337 
 
 Nervous h.-Parlng nails. 3807 
 
 Prevarication by h.-Chas. II. 5729 
 
 See HABITS. 
 
 Bondage of h.-Vlce. 6085 
 
 " " " -James II. 5054 
 
 Healthful h. of J. Wesley. :i38 
 
 Necessitate amusement. 3295 
 
 See MANNERS. 
 
 Blunt m.-Dlogenes. ♦3415 
 
 Changed-Romans. ^3416 
 
 Effects of m.-Well-Ill-bred. ♦3417 
 
 '• " " -Sam'l Johnson. ♦ailS 
 
 Neglected-Samuel Johnson's. ♦3419 
 Plain m.-G. Fox, Quaker. *342(> 
 Unrefined m.-S Johnson's. ♦S421 
 Urbane m. of Charles II. ^3422 
 
 Affected by language. 3132^ 
 
 Awkward and aglle-Shelley. 443- 
 Blunt m. of William III. 4229 
 
 Brutal m.-Frederick II. 2551 
 
 Chivalrous m. -Black Prince. 2336 
 Contrasted-Athenlans vs. L. 3790 
 Corrupted m. -destroy Rome. 370^ 
 Deceptive m.-Suuderland. 2967 
 Demoralized by bad phllos'phy.4194 
 Eccentric m.-Samuel Johnson. 2310 
 2311 
 Endangered by wealth. 3654 
 
 too Familiar m.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 
 Imitation of m.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 
 Plain m.-Mrs. Pres't Jackson. 5215 
 Simplicity of ra.-Mother of W. 2786 
 Training In m.-Effectlve. S670 
 
 Unrefined m. of Cromwell. 262 
 
 Unrestrained m. -Perilous. 2062 
 
 See USAGE. 
 not Law, Ecclesiastical. ^5754 
 
 DAMAGES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Excessive d. for defam't'n-J.II.148T 
 Scale of d.-Personal. 286r 
 
 See INJURIES. 
 Forgetful of I. -Caesar. ♦2865 
 
 Redressing l.-Knights. ♦2866 
 
 Reparation for i.-Laws. ♦2867 
 
 " " " -Romans. ♦2868 
 
 Sensitiveness to I. -Voltaire. ^2869 
 
 Reparation for official l.-S. H. 41 
 Unresented by Bishop Ken. 517 
 
 See INJURY. 
 Mutual l.-Chas. I. and Rupert.+287a 
 
 Insult added to i.-Arabs. 2896 
 
 " " ""-Barbarians. 250 
 
 Unreyenged-Lycurgus. 3204 
 See WRONG in loc. 
 
 DANCING. 
 
 Ceremonious d.-Am. Indians. ^1380 
 
 Delight In d.-Eng.-16th cent. ♦ISS? 
 
 Mystic d. of West Indians. ♦1388 
 
 Opposed to d.-Eng. Puritans. ♦1389; 
 
 Lascivious d. of Idolaters-R. 2085 
 See AMUSEMENTS in loc 
 
 DANGER. 
 
 Contempt for d.-Wm. theRed.^1390 
 Needless-Nelson's medals. ^1391 
 Unconsciousness of d.-Chas. 1.^1392 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Avoided-Shame of general. 1269 
 Courting d.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 Cross protects from d.-Lab'r'm.l318 
 Defiant of d.-Wm. II.-Kings, etc.649 
 Disregarded In amusement. 3520 
 Enthusiasm amid d. 1247 
 
 Fear of d. overcome by love. 115' 
 Indifferent to d.-Wellington. 3030 
 Insensibility to d.-Charles XII. 1240- 
 
DARKNESS— DEATH. 
 
 809 
 
 Magnifled by fear-Army. 2113 
 
 X^eedless exposure to d. 5082 
 
 Overcome by union. 1274 
 
 Patriotism aroused by d.-Eng. 4060 
 Protection from d.-Columbus. 1853 
 Providence protects Wash. 3274 
 Undeterred by d.-Lutherto W. 1241 
 Unintimidated by d.-Socrates. 700 
 Unity, d. brings-Sects. 4262 
 
 Warning of d. -Richard I. 5947 
 
 See ALARM. 
 Neediess-Pertinax made emp. *165 
 Religious a. of Luther. *166 
 
 of Oonscience-B. Abbott. 1109 
 
 Messenger of a. -Paul Revere. 5881 
 Nations in a. of Napoleon. 4199 
 Quieted by Scripture. 1087 
 
 Religion promoted by a.-Luther5861 
 Superstitious a.-Europeans. 5439 
 Unexpected a. -Rome-Geese. 1961 
 by Vision-Brutus. 5846 
 
 See PERIL. 
 Familiar p. forgotten. ^4110 
 
 Pleasure in p.-Wm. P. of O. *4111 
 
 Alarming p. -Spanish Armada. 3801 
 Escape from p. by boldness. 5817 
 Fearless of p.-Wm. P. of O. 3633 
 Fictitious p.-Popish plot. 4213 
 
 Pleasure in p., Boyish. 2122 
 
 Unconscious p.-Captain Cook. 1519 
 Unity by common p. 5750 
 
 See PERILS, 
 in Primitive life-George Wash. 76 
 Personal p. of Capt. J. Smith. 80 
 Unexpeqted p.-Bombardm't-S. 462 
 
 See RISK. 
 Assumed by Alex's physician. 1048 
 
 See VENTURE. 
 Instructive v. of Franks. *5795 
 
 Heroic-Sherman's march to the s.70 
 
 DARKNESS. 
 
 a Convenience-Columbus. *1393 
 Feared-London d. in daytime. '1394 
 
 See ECLIPSE. 
 
 Alarm from e., Superstitious. 5445 
 
 " " " 5459 
 
 See NIGHT. 
 
 Activity at n.-Africans. *3816 
 
 Desire for n. at Waterloo. *3817 
 
 False alarm at disturbance-P. 165 
 of Terror-London panic. 3983 
 
 Work -Johnson writes all n. 404 
 
 DAUGHTER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appreciative d.-Cromwell's. 1200 
 
 Expelled for piety-Bosanquet. 1663 
 
 Obedient to p. in marriage. 123 
 
 Pleadings of d. for Pardon. 3998 
 
 Revenge of d.-Murderer. 6056 
 
 "Unappreciated in China. 1035 
 See CHILD in loc. 
 
 DAYS. 
 
 Inauspicious d.-Black day-R. *1395 
 Observed by Samuel Johnson. ♦1396 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Laoky d., Belief in. 
 
 3361 
 
 THE DEAD. 
 
 Charity for the d.-Agesllaus. *1397 
 Consciousness of the d.-Am. I.*1398 
 Respected in speech-Solon's l.*1399 
 Unburied-Parsees in India. *1400 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Apparition of the d.-H. Miller. 969 
 Charity for the d., Bolingbroke'8.777 
 Consciousness of the d.-Ind's. 1398 
 Denounced-Commodus. 2816 
 
 Fear of the d. in Slam. 2355 
 
 " " " "-Tyrant. 2840 
 
 Forgiveness for the d.-Nap. 2198 
 Honored- Webster by Stevens. 703 
 " -Undeserving-Andr6. 2616 
 Honors for the d.-Constantine. 2838 
 Intimidated by the d.-Nap. 2839 
 Rampart of d. bodies by Caesar. 606 
 Remembrance of dead mother-C.llO 
 Respected-Sepulture. 4832 
 
 Services of the d. forgotten. 2851 
 Vengeance on the d. bodies. 2558 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 Admirable d.-Mahomet's. *1401 
 Apprehension of d . by Caesar. *1402 
 by Attrition-Samuel Johnson. *1403 
 Banquet of d.-Ceesar in Africa. *1404 
 " " " -Antony-Suicide. *1405 
 Bravado toward d.-Dukeof G.*1406 
 Bravery in d.-Lord Strafford. *1407 
 Bribery of d. by rlches-Card.B.*1408 
 Choice in d.-Sudden by Caesar.* 1409 
 Companions in d.-Chinese E. *1410 
 
 " " "-Am. Indlans*1411 
 
 Composure In d.-Duke of M. *14]2 
 Conquered by persuasion of I. *1413 
 
 " " Sir H Vane. *1414 
 Conquers Wm. the Conqueror.*1415 
 Contempt of d. by Sc'ndin'v'ns*14I6 
 
 " *1417 
 
 Cowardly d. of Nero. *1418 
 
 Deceived In d. by frlends-H.V.*1419 
 
 Deception In d.-Chas. II.andP.*1420 
 
 Defiant In d. -Charles XII. *1421 
 
 Encouragement in d.-"God l."*1422 
 
 Fear of d.-Samuel Johnson's. *1423 
 
 " " "-The Druids. *1424 
 
 Feast of d.-American Indians. *1425 
 
 Fortitude in d.-Am. Indians. *1426 
 
 Honorable d.-Buuyan's. *1427 
 
 Impassionedatd. of friend. A.*1428 
 
 Information of d.-S. Johnson.*1429 
 
 Patriotic d. of Capt. N. Hale. *1430 
 
 Permitted by Mahomet. *1431 
 
 Prayer in d.-Mahomet's. *1432 
 
 '• " -Luther's. *1433 
 
 u » "-Cromwell's. *1434 
 
 Preparation for d.-German b. *1435 
 
 " " -Mahomet's. *1436 
 
 " " " -Johnson's. *1437 
 
 " " -Capt. of C. *1438 
 Reflections in d.-Card.Wol8ey.*1439 
 Results of d. to Christlans-A. *1440 
 Sayings In d.-Sir Henry Vane. ♦1441 
 a Seeming-Swedenborg's com.*1442 
 Self-evoked-Marlus. ♦1443 
 
 Strength for d.-Cromwell. *1444 
 Study in d.-Explorer B. *1445 
 
 Substitutional d.-Milltary p. ^1446 
 Sudden d. of Geo. Washington. ♦ 1447 
 
 Testimony In d.-Lord M'ntr'se, 
 Thoughts in d.-" France, a. J.'' 
 
 " of " -S. Johnson. 
 Tranquillity in d.^Socrates. 
 
 " "-"S.J." 
 Triumph in d.-Gen.Wolfe-Q. 
 by Violence-Roman emperors 
 Welcomed in defeat-Gen. M. 
 of the Wicked-A.'s "carcass." 
 
 ♦1448 
 ♦1449 
 *145(> 
 ♦1451 
 ♦145S 
 ♦1452 
 ♦1454 
 ♦1455' 
 ♦1456- 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accidental escape-Thos. Paine. 30' 
 -iEsthetical d. of Roman glad'rs. 102 
 Amusement unchecked by d. 5083 
 Anticipation of d.-8outhey. 556 
 Apprehended brings a throne. 165 
 Apprehension of d. by Gen. A. J. 105 
 Associations In d.-London T. 745' 
 Bloody d. deserved-Richard I. 1245 
 Bravery in d. 64S 
 
 " " -Col. McCulIough. 646 
 Bribery of d.-Beaufort. 140& 
 
 Cares of office hasten d. 2624 
 
 Caused by love of Johnson. 3349' 
 Choice in d.-Gladiators. 1835^ 
 
 Coincidence in d.-Adams-Jeff. 968 
 Comfort in d.-Reflections. 4765- 
 
 " " " -Martyr. 4130 
 
 Companions in d. by burial of L 684^ 
 Confession of crime In d. 1081 
 
 Concealed from friends. 2561 
 
 Conquered-Fear of d. 2111 
 
 Conversion at d.-Sudden. 4772 
 
 Counsel in d.-Louis XIV. 1219 
 
 Day of d., Fit- Adams and Jeff. 968 
 by Debauchery-Dionysius. 4411 
 Desired-Christian hope. 20.39 
 
 Disappointment causes d. 1603- 
 
 Disgrace in d.-Tyrant's. 1357 
 
 vs. Disgrace, Choice of d. 6057" 
 
 Dishonorable d.-Bonlface VIII. 760- 
 of Enemy, Satisfaction in d. 4809 
 Equality in d.-Egyptian rites. 2252^ 
 Escape from d. by arrest. 3631 
 
 Exposes character-Charles II. 90& 
 Family changes by d.-H. Davy. 86 
 Fear of d.-Profligate. 3210 
 
 " " " overcome-Huss. 1964 
 " " "-Johnson. 3046 
 
 " " " -Recantation. 1249 
 
 " " " Unmanned by-Nero.l270 
 Fearless in d.-Young Cov'n'nter.656 
 " of "-Canonchet. 5301 
 
 by Fight or flight-Normans. 1922 
 Fighting In d. -Persians. 2129 
 
 Gratification in d.-Blake. 4341 
 
 Heroic d.-General Bayard. 2566 
 Honesty In d.-Chas. II. a CathoUo.13 
 Honorable d.-Wounds in front. 6173 
 Hopeless-"Death an eternal 8." 840 
 Impending d.-Charles II. 4989 
 
 Influence survives d.-C. 2838 
 
 Instrument of d., Remote. 3810 
 
 Invited by disregard for health. 429 
 Jesus sought in d.-Joan of Arc.4137 
 Last words in d.-J. Q. Adams. 3259 
 " prayer in d.-Ode on Death. 3342 
 from Miasma of lU-drainage. 1641 
 by Necromancy-Superstition. 3804 
 Noble endeavors in d.-Moluc. 2561 
 Obedience unto d.-Fanatics. 884S 
 
?ilO 
 
 DEBATE— DEBT. 
 
 Obduracy in d -Infidel Ferrers. 2539 
 Overwhelmed by d.-60,000-6 iniu.731 
 Parental anxiety in d.-Burns's f.246 
 Patriotism in d.-Pitt. 4010 
 
 '• " " -Hampden. 4041 
 Power departs at d. 4451 
 
 Prayer in d.. Brief. 4375 
 
 " " " -SamuelJohnson. 4377 
 Preparation for d.-Reparation. 3045 
 Reflections in d.-Card.Wolsey. 4644 
 " " Comforting. 2395 
 Kspentance in d.-William II. 1091 
 Rushing into d.-King Jphn. 1544 
 Satisfaction in d.-Soldier's. 652 
 by Self-destruction-Chinese. 1960 
 Self -exposure to d. -Ho ward. 4430 
 " " " -Napoleon. 647 
 
 Submission to d.-CaJsar. 371 
 
 Sudden d. of mocker. 4896 
 
 " " by pestilence. 4158 
 
 Superstition at d. by lightning. 3299 
 " Survival of the fittest "-S. J. 811 
 In a Tempest-Cromwell 965 
 
 Testimony for religion in d. 4744 
 Toiling till d.-Baeda. 6150 
 
 vs. Treasures-Incas of Peru. 1176 
 Trifle brings d.-Touch-Pariah. 3537 
 Triumphant d.-Martyr"s. 2098 
 
 Unintimidated by d.-Martyr. 4142 
 Unmanned by fear of d. 2119 
 
 of Unprepared men, Sad d. 5925 
 Unterrifled-Lord Raleigh. 1244 
 
 Untimely d.-Keats-Byron-S. 2323 
 Vengeance in d. of tyrant. 1357 
 
 or Victory, Devoted to d. 1543 
 
 See BEREAVEMENT. 
 Comfort in b. -Cromwell's. *555 
 
 Depression by b.-Southey. *556 
 
 Distress of b.-A. Lincoln. *557 
 
 Piotltlous b.-Queen Anne. ^558 
 
 Porgettlng b. -Johnson's r. *559 
 Memory of b.-Wordsworth. *560 
 Tears of b.-Daniel Webster. *561 
 Weakness in b.-James Watt. '562 
 
 Anguish of b -Self destroying-R.678 
 of Children better than ruin of c. 794 
 ■Comfort in b. -Johnson. 5312 
 
 •Consolation in b.-" God lives." 1422 
 " " " Mohammedan. 1568 
 
 with Financial ruin of W. Scott. 94 
 •Grief in b. of a mother-Sertorius.113 
 " punished with death. 2881 
 " of Jefferson, Conjugal. 2486 
 Husband's b.-Gen. Jackson. 6086 
 vs. Living sorrow. 5267 
 
 Madness by b. -Alexander. 1428 
 
 Melancholy from b.-Cowper. 2691 
 of Mother-Grlef-Solltude. 5859 
 
 Mourning in b.-Graded. 3736 
 
 Hellgion by b.-A. Lincoln. 829 
 
 Repeated-Washington Irving. 8351 
 Shook of b.-William III. 6077 
 
 ■Sorrow of b.-F^esldent Jackson.105 
 Sorrows of b.-Frederick II. 3632 
 Treasures in b.-Walter Scott's. Ill 
 
 See CORPSE. 
 
 Dangerous c.-Napoleon's. 2839 
 
 Hevenge on c. of Conoini. 4850 
 
 " " " Ignoble. 4851 
 
 Sleeping in room with c. 6807 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 War of e.-Queen Anne's. ^1999 
 
 by Persecution-Albigenses. 
 of Soldiers-Nervil-Maubeugo. 
 
 See MASSACRE. 
 Brutal m. by Timour. 
 Evidence-m. of Crusaders. 
 General m. in war. 
 Immense m.-70,000 Romans, 
 by Mob in Paris, 
 of Patriots at Boston. 
 Prevented at Jamestown, Va. 
 Punished by m.-War. 
 by Treachery-Thessalonica. 
 Wholesale m.-300,000 people. 
 
 4123 
 2130 
 
 *5214 
 *3513 
 *3514 
 *3515 
 *3516 
 *3517 
 *3518 
 *3519 
 *3520 
 *3521 
 
 Brutal m. of Caracalla. 1333 
 
 of Captives by Franks. 1334 
 
 '• Christians-90,000 by Chosroes.324 
 Depopulated by m. -Bagdad. 1367 
 Drink causes m.-Indians. 2940 
 
 Immense m. by Timour. 5894 
 
 Immense m. by Cassar. 5181 
 
 Inconsiderate m. by Scythians. 1349 
 Indignation expressed-Crom 4539 
 Inhuman m. of workmen- Alaric. 687 
 
 " -Attila. 688 
 
 by Law-Lacedasmonian slaves. 1365 
 
 " Persecutors-Catholics vs. P. 4123 
 
 -Ireland-C. vs. P. 4132 
 
 Prevented by informer. lOOC 
 
 of Protestants-Duke of Guise. 508 
 
 " " -Com. by Pius V. 588 
 
 Religious m. by Crusaders. 4705 
 
 " " of prisoners. 1360 
 
 " -Latins by Greeks.1363 
 
 Small beginning of-"S. Vespers." 29 
 
 Terrible m.-"Slclllan Vespers." 1340 
 
 Unprovoked-Jews by A. 6166 
 
 in War-Wallensteln. 5884 
 
 " *' -Paris, A.D. 1418. 5885 
 
 See MASSACRES. 
 Religious-French Revolution. *3522 
 
 See ORPHAN. 
 Successful o.-A. Hamilton. 185 
 
 See ORPHANS. 
 Adopted by the State-Soldiers'. 58 
 Hardships of o. apprentices. 798 
 
 See POISON. 
 Slow p.-Thomas O verbury. ♦4226 
 Well applied-Caesar Borgia. *4225 
 
 for Poison-Rosamond. 
 Prepared for suicide. 
 Warning of p.-Alexander. 
 See POISONING. 
 Protected by p. -Nero. 
 Punished by boiling. 
 Unprotected from p.-Antony. 
 
 See POISONS. 
 Study of p. -Cleopatra. 
 
 See SLAUGHTER. 
 Barbarous s.-58,000 Carthag's. 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. 
 
 1292 
 3632 
 1048 
 
 1347 
 1339 
 
 4515 
 
 *4227 
 
 *5180 
 *5181 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 1082 
 
 in Battle-Asians. 308 
 
 " " -100,000 at Fontenay. 920 
 
 See "WIDOW. 
 
 Benevolent w. punished. 656 
 
 Noble son of a w.-G. Wash. 6198 
 
 See WIDOWER. 
 Foolish third marriage-Milton. 3732 
 Hasty marriage of w. 3481 
 
 Many times-Twenty-two w. 6038 
 Marriage of young wife by w. 3441 
 " w.-111-mated. 3451 
 
 Second marriage approved. 3482 
 
 See WIDOWHOOD. 
 
 Consolation offered in w.-N. *5992 
 
 See EXECUTION, MURDER and 
 
 SUICIDE in loo. 
 
 i>e:bat£. 
 
 Personality In d -S. Johnson. *1457 
 
 See DISCUSSION. 
 Agreement In d. nec'y-Chas. 11.3911 
 Candor In d.-Eccleslastlcal. 705 
 Importance of d.-Stamp Act. 3194 
 Repressed by Gov't-Rellglous. 573 
 Suppressed-Authnrs punished. 2040 
 
 See DISCUSSIONS. 
 Foolish d. -Pericles-" Dead h." 2170 
 Unprofitable, Verbal d.-Stolcs. 1294 
 
 See REASONING. 
 
 Abandoned for action. 1480 
 
 See CONTROVERSY in loc 
 
 DEBAUCHERY. 
 
 Royal d. of Catheiine II. of R.*1458 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Concealed, Wife's d. 6064 
 
 " -Faustina. 1675 
 
 Death by d.-Dionyslus. 4411 
 
 Devoted to d. -Bacchus-Rome. 1038 
 Period of general d.-.Alexander.4196 
 Prolonged d.-Dlonysius. 2942 
 
 Unmanned by d. -Alexander. 1428 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in loc 
 
 DEBT. 
 
 Imprisonment for d. in Eng. ^1459 
 
 Security for d.-Slr W. Scott. *1460 
 
 by War of American Rev. *1461 
 
 Arrested for d.-Charles IV. 4353 
 
 Cancelled by murder of Jews. 4178 
 
 Division by d. -American States.1987 
 
 Imprisonment for d.-England. 4289 
 
 " " " 4299 
 
 " " " " 2125 
 
 Increase of d. by extortion of J. 712 
 
 Overwhelmed by d.-Slr W. Scott.91 
 
 Relieved by marriage-Cicero. 3464 
 
 " " -Byron. 3465 
 
 Son pawned for d. 4354 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY. 
 Predicted-National-British. *451 
 
 Courage in b.-Sir Walter Scott. 92 
 
 See CREDITORS. 
 Merciless c. exposed. 1855 
 
 Oppression of c.-Infantlcide. 2410 
 Restrained by law. 5759 
 
 See DEBTS. 
 Dlsoouraged-Laws of Amasis.*1462 
 Dishonest d.-Precedence of. *1463 
 Prevented-Solon's law. *1464 
 
 Punishment for d.-Insolvent. •1465 
 Scaled by the Virginia Colony. *1466 
 Small d.-Samuel Johnson. ♦1467 
 
 Due in future life, 
 of Honor-Gambler's d. 
 
 2258 
 8614 
 
 I 
 
DEBUT— DECEPTION. 
 
 811 
 
 Jleqaire economy-Wm. Penn. 1767 
 Suspension of all d. 1156 
 
 Trivial d unpaid-S. Johnson. 3324 
 
 See INSOLVENCY. 
 -Governmental i.-Chas. II. ♦2893 
 Refuge in i.-London. 1299 
 
 See LOAN. 
 Hopeless 1. to SamuelJohn8on.*3324 
 
 Refused by friend. 2234 
 
 See USURY. 
 
 Jnevitable-Rome. *5757 
 
 Law of u.-Romans. *5758 
 
 " " "-Luoullus. *5759 
 
 Laws against u. in England. ♦5760 
 
 DEBUT. 
 
 Cross-reference . 
 
 Unsuccessful d. -Disraeli. 4551 
 
 See BEGINNING. 
 
 Discouragement at the b. *504 
 
 Tious b. -Great Reformation. ♦SOS 
 
 Small b.-Am. Revolution. *506 
 
 " " -Roman Revolution. *507 
 
 " " -" Massacre of Vassy." *508 
 
 ©ad b -Success after. 2023 
 
 Ceremony at b -a City- Ancients. 897 
 Defeat at b. -Success after. 2024 
 ^Failure at the b. -Demosthenes. 2021 
 Hesitation at the b -Mahomet. 876 
 Humble b.-Yale College. 1783 
 
 Unpromising b. in the ministry. 1860 
 
 DECEIT. 
 Temptation to d -Mahomet's. ♦1468 
 Timely d.-Perslan prince. ♦1469 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Lawyers imprisoned for d. 3168 
 
 vs. Deceit-Harold II. 3840 
 
 dn Diplomacy-English. 1752 
 
 " " -Napoleon. 3850 
 
 DECEITFUIiNESS. 
 
 Described-Lord Breadalbane. ^1470 
 
 DECEIVER. 
 
 Deceired-Lord Rochester. ^1471 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Deoelyed-Lord Sunderland. 
 
 2967 
 
 DECENCY. 
 
 flegard for d.-Young Newton.^1472 
 
 See MODESTY. 
 
 Conspicuous-Ben j. Franklin. ♦3647 
 
 of Genius- Isaac Newton. ♦3648 
 
 Hero's m.-Garibaldi. ♦3649 
 
 Unopposed-John Howard. *3650 
 
 einshing y. m. hated. 6178 
 
 of Genius-Socrates. 3563 
 
 Heroic m. of Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Importance of m.-Cato and M. 107 
 Noble m. of Isaac Newton. 1631 
 
 DECEPTION. 
 
 Betrays itself-Guise of Rich. I.*1473 
 Day of d.-" Dupe's-day." ♦1474 
 Justified by Jesuits. *1475 
 
 Pleasing d.-" Sugar-coated." ^1476 
 Punished-Dem'sth'nes bribed. ^1477 
 of Self-Roman senators and o.^l478 
 Superstitious d.-" Sacred F." +1479 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Appearances-Phllopoemen's. 258 
 " " -O. Cromwell's. 260 
 
 " " -Indians to C'rnists.36 
 
 " " -in Bereavement. 558 
 
 Aroused by d.-Anger. 1587 
 
 Artful d. of Cotton Mather. 1567 
 by Audacity-Napoleon. 393 
 
 in Avarice-Henry VII. 430 
 
 by Brief acquaintance-Savages. 36 
 of Conscience-Assassins. 1478 
 
 Contagious d. Shelley's friends. 2738 
 Death bed d.-Charles II. 1420 
 
 by Equivocation-James II. 1919 
 " Evasion-Johnson. 1929 
 
 In Finance-Louis XIV. 620 
 
 by Flattery-Rochester. 1471 
 
 " Hoax-William Irvlng's d. 2586 
 Huge d.-Titus Gates. 4213 
 
 by Imagination. 2737 
 
 in Intemperance. 2938 
 
 Justifiable d. of assassins. 1023 
 
 Net^essary d. by Columbus. 5353 
 Painful-" Land I Land 1" 1605 
 
 by Physicians of Henry V. 1419 
 
 " Prejudice-Steam-engine. 4410 
 Preserved by d.-Pagan temple. 3621 
 of Senses-Donatist's doctrine. 5100 
 *' " -Eleatics. 5101 
 
 by Self-mutilatiou-'War. 5348 
 
 Spirits of the departed. 2353 
 
 Successful d.- Spies. 5304 
 
 by Vastness-Discovery. 1921 
 
 in War-Decoy letter. 3195 
 
 " Wine-Samuel Johnson. 6012 
 
 Woman's d.-Antonina. 4858 
 
 See APPARITION. 
 Belief In a.-8amuel Johnson. ^256 
 False a.-" Three knights." ♦254 
 Fancied a. of Theseus. ^255 
 
 1120 
 
 Cross-references. 
 of the Dead-H. Miller. 
 Startling a.-" Evil genius." 
 
 See BETRAYAL. 
 Unintentional b.-Missionary. 3381 
 
 See CHARM. 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and 1. ^782 
 " -Agnus Del. ^783 
 
 See COUNTERFEIT. 
 Preserved by a c.-"Sacred b."^1225 
 Relics-Manufactured by an A.*1226 
 Signature-Consul Antony. *1227 
 
 Imposed upon Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 See DELUSION. 
 
 Disastrous d. of Crusaders. ^1520 
 
 Optical d.-Island seen by C. ^1521 
 
 Political d.-Stamp tax. ^1522 
 
 of Ambition-" What then ?" 1071 
 " " -Maximus. 183 
 
 by Depreciation-Reformation. 1535 
 Financial d.-John Law. 2134 
 
 by Forgery-Wm. P. of Orange. 2194 
 of Gtenius-Newton an alchemist.814 
 " Qold-seekers-Califomia. 2392 
 " " " -Jamestown. 2388 
 » •• '« " 2807 
 
 " » •• -Londoners. 2389 
 «' " " -Spaniards. 2390 
 " » »• « 2735 
 
 Liberty a d.-Romans. 
 
 Popular d.-Civil War. 
 " " -Crusaders. 
 " " -De Soto's exp'diti 
 " " -Joan of Arc. 
 
 by Trifles-Indians-Trinkets. 
 
 Visionary d. of gold seekers. 
 See DEMAGOGUE. 
 
 Changeful d.-Buckingham. 
 
 Class-Rome- Votes. 
 
 First d.-Menestheus. 
 
 Marks of the d. 
 
 3215 
 
 1985 
 2095 
 n.l986 
 1187 
 5771 
 1984 
 
 ♦1524 
 ♦1525 
 ♦1526 
 ♦1527 
 
 Business with d.-Politics a. d. 4244 
 Dangerous d.-R. Ferguson. 4259 
 Guided by sagacity .-England. 4274 
 Rule of a d.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 Shameless d.-Catiline. 392 
 
 Subdued by threatenlngs-G. G. 40 
 
 See DISGUISE. 
 Betrayed d. -ex-Queen Mary. *1649 
 Clerical d.-John Bunyan. *1650 
 
 Dangerous d.-Longchamp. *1651 
 Detected-Claudius Pulcher. ♦1652 
 DifBcult d.-Flight of Charles I.+1653 
 Successful d.-Emp. Majorian. *1654 
 
 Difficult d.-Richard I. 1473 
 
 for Evil deeds-Politics-Bribery. 662 
 Ineffective d.-Richard II. 4614 
 
 " Jeffreys. 4843 
 
 in Masquerade-Deadly. 3512 
 
 of Patriots-Boston Tea Party. 3526 
 Penetrated by Joan of Arc. 2895 
 Perilous d. of martyrs. 3509 
 
 Personal-Successful-Charles 11.3911 
 Religious d. of Jesuits. 3012 
 
 Successful-Alfred the Great. 5820 
 Wife disguised in man's dress. 3483 
 
 See DISSEMBLING. 
 Successful d. of Faustina. ^1675 
 Unsuccessful d. of Charles I. ^1676 
 
 of Melancholy-Young, 
 in Speech-Romans. 
 
 See DISSIMULATION. 
 Dangers of d.-Charles I. 
 Politic d. of courtiers. 
 Political d.-Newcastle. 
 
 " " -Turks. 
 Religious d.-Emperor Julian. 
 Royal d. -George III. 
 
 See DUPES. 
 Day of d. -France. 
 Undeceived-Ruined. 
 
 See DUPLICITY. 
 National d.-Queen Anne. 
 
 Religious d.-Sclater. 
 Shameful d. -North. 
 Shameless in d.-Leo X. 
 Success by d. -Louis XI. 
 
 See ENCHANTMENT. 
 Boyish e.-David Crockett. 
 " " in books-Irving. 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 
 See EVASION. 
 Deceitful e.-Samuel Johnson. 
 Legal e.-Reversing the tablet. 
 
 by Absence-Cicero. 
 Clerical-Conscience act. 
 
 1670 
 5292 
 
 ♦1677 
 ♦1678 
 ♦1679 
 ♦1680 
 ♦1681 
 ♦1682 
 
 1474 
 2214 
 
 ♦1752 
 
 4700 
 3040 
 4250 
 5391 
 
 634 
 
 626 
 
 2124 
 
 ♦1929 
 ♦1930 
 
 2058 
 253S 
 
812 
 
 DECISION. 
 
 Confession by construction. 
 
 4118 
 
 See MAGIC. 
 
 
 of Genius-Columbus. 
 
 2344 
 
 Dishonorable e.-Charles II. 
 
 5729 
 
 Belief in m.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦3378 
 
 " God-American Indians. 
 
 238a 
 
 See FALSEHOOD. 
 Confirmed in f .-Charles I. 
 
 
 
 
 Illusive v.-Blaise Pascal, 
 by Imaglnatlon-Bunyan. 
 
 2741 
 2733 
 
 *2041 
 
 Printing a work of m. 
 
 4465 
 
 Governmental f. -Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦2042 
 
 of Science working wonders. 
 
 5051 
 
 Instructed by v.-Constantine 
 
 5440 
 
 Growth of f. by carelessness. 
 
 *2043 
 
 See MISTAKE. 
 
 
 of Invisible guide-C'nstantine 
 
 S.2492 
 
 Justified by Jesuits. 
 
 " " Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ♦2044 
 *2045 
 
 Encouraging m.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦3645 
 
 Prompted by v. -P. Cooper's f 
 Remarkable v. verified-S. 
 
 4407 
 
 
 
 915 
 
 
 
 Alarming m. -Omen-Duke Wm. 31 
 
 of Saints- Joan of Arc. 
 
 2384 
 
 
 Diplomacy of f. -Elizabeth. 
 
 1596 
 
 Blundering m.-Goldsmith. 
 
 609 
 
 Startling v.-Poet Shelley. 
 
 2736 
 
 by Lying spirits-Swedenborg. 
 
 5311 
 
 in Religion-" Take blessing b. 
 
 ' 601 
 
 " " " " 
 
 2738 
 
 Pious f . of loyalty. 
 
 1348 
 
 Ridiculous m.-Cato's. 
 
 1011 
 
 Timely v. of Mahomet. 
 
 655 
 
 vs. Truth-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 5722 
 
 by Magnitude-Columbus. 
 
 3645 
 
 of Wealth, Deceptive. 
 
 5985 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 
 
 Ridiculous m. of Aristotle. 
 
 6016 
 
 Woman transformed in v. 
 
 6106 
 
 Artful f . of captive Zenobia. 
 
 ♦2152 
 
 See PHANTOM. 
 
 
 See WITCH. 
 
 
 False f. of Henry VIII. 
 
 *2153 
 
 Alarmed by p.-Theodoric. 
 
 1115 
 
 a Suspected w.-Esqulmo. 
 
 ♦6023 
 
 Fulsome f . of James I. 
 
 ♦2154 
 
 Pursued by p.-Murderer. 
 
 1108 
 
 
 
 Irritating f. of Frederick the G.*2155 
 
 See SHAMS. 
 
 
 Burned as a w.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 1726 
 
 Resented by Alexander. 
 
 *2156 
 
 Military s.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 ♦5126 
 
 Cured by flogging-Salem. 
 
 845 
 
 
 ♦2157 
 
 
 
 Suspected w. -Duchess of Orl'n 
 
 S.3512 
 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. 
 
 
 
 
 1471 
 
 Rldiculed-Affectation. 
 
 See SORCERY. 
 
 1506 
 
 " w.-Quakers. 
 
 See IMPOSITION in loo. 
 
 4129 
 
 Deception by f. -Rochester. 
 
 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 
 
 305 
 
 Condemned-England, yr. 1440. ^5264 
 
 DECISION. 
 
 
 Embarrassment by f .-Cassar. 
 
 2657 
 
 Fear of s.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦5265 
 
 Final d.-Rubicon. 
 
 ♦1480 
 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 
 
 2825 
 
 Punished by Henry VI. 
 
 ♦5266 
 
 " •< K 
 
 ♦1481 
 
 Fulsome f . of Charles I. 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Lacking d.-Charles I. 
 
 ♦1482 
 
 Wealth by f.-Legacies. 
 
 5971 
 
 Belief in s.-Romans. 
 
 1284 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 vs. Discipline-Russians. 
 
 1493 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 See FRAUD. 
 
 
 Work of s.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 2894 
 
 Hastened d.-Peace or war. 
 
 5896 
 
 Gigantic f.-S. Sea scheme. 
 
 ♦2214 
 
 See SPECTRE. 
 
 
 Lacking d.-Charles II. 
 
 2751 
 
 Governmental f.-Charles II. 
 
 ♦2215 
 
 Terrifying s.-Brutus's vision. 
 
 5846 
 
 See CHOICE. 
 
 
 Suspicions of f. -First cable. 
 
 ♦2216 
 
 See TREACHERY. 
 
 
 of Both by Lysander. 
 
 ♦819 
 
 in Trade-" Honest Leather." 
 
 ♦2217 
 
 Base t.-Philip VI. 
 
 ♦5690 
 
 Manifested by Plzarro. 
 
 ♦820 
 
 
 
 Consummate t.-Charles II. 
 
 ♦5691 
 
 Necessary-My head or king's 
 Painful c-Death of Strafford 
 
 ♦821 
 
 Alarming f .-Forgery. 
 
 1542 
 
 Gold for t.-Benedict Arnold 
 
 ♦5692 
 
 ♦822 
 
 " Departed spirit." 
 
 2353 
 
 Message of t.-Emp. Alexander, ♦segs 
 
 
 
 
 
 Exposed- Antony's f. 
 
 2149 
 
 
 
 Difficult c.-which Child to save. 117 
 
 Fishermen's f.-Antony. 
 
 2149 
 
 Conquest by t.-Sextus over G 
 
 . 42 
 
 Necessary o.-Charles I. 
 
 416 
 
 Living by f .-Beggars. 
 
 5763 
 
 in Court-Criminal. 
 
 5833 
 
 of Life-Youthtlme. 
 
 3254 
 
 Religious f. -Images. 
 
 1282 
 
 Diplomatic t.-English. 
 
 1752 
 
 Painful c.-Charge or be charged. 71 
 
 " " -Weeping virgin. 
 
 3620 
 
 Disguised-Caesar's assassins. 
 
 1478 
 
 " "-Clotilda. 
 
 1646. 
 
 " " -Grecian oracle. 
 
 8946 
 
 -Friendship. 
 
 2243 
 
 of Paradise or Perdition. 
 
 6141 
 
 " " -Holy lance. 
 
 4667 
 
 of Friend-Brutus vs. Caesar. 
 
 2852 
 
 Politician's c.-Ch. vs. Vote. 
 
 3874 
 
 " -Relics. 
 
 4668 
 
 " " -Francis Bacon. 
 
 2857 
 
 Thirst vs. Royalty. 
 
 5952 
 
 
 4669 
 
 Friendship's t.-Dick Talbot. 
 
 3202 
 
 Unhappy c.-Money or teeth. 
 
 2001 
 
 » .< » 
 
 4670 
 
 Infamous t.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 1136 
 
 See DETERMINATION. 
 
 
 a .< u 
 
 4671 
 
 " " -Pausanias. 
 
 3724 
 
 Asserted-"Sword shall give It.' 
 
 '♦1555 
 
 .( X <i 
 
 4672 
 
 Ingrate's t.-Burton. 
 
 2850 
 
 Emphatic d. "Stone my bfill't. 
 
 '♦1556 
 
 u u 
 
 4673 
 
 Massacre by t. 
 
 ♦3520 
 
 Fixed-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦1557 
 
 u 
 
 4674 
 
 National t.-England to Prance. 986 
 
 Obstinate d. -Scotch Presb's. 
 
 ♦155f> 
 
 .4 i. « 
 
 4675 
 
 Ofllce by t.-Eteocles. 
 
 3884 
 
 Strange d.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦1559 
 
 l< 11 u 
 
 4676 
 
 Oflfioial t. to Columbus. 
 
 ♦3900 
 
 for Success-"Win his spurs." 
 
 ♦1560 
 
 Spiritualistic f .-" Knock." 
 
 3555 
 
 Proof against t.-Belisarius. 
 
 2128 
 
 Want of d.-Philip of France. 
 
 ♦1561 
 
 See GHOST. 
 
 
 " <■ " -Patriot. 
 
 4068 
 
 Youthful d.-Alciblades. 
 
 ♦1562 
 
 an Improvised g. 
 
 2353 
 
 Proposal of t. rebuked. 
 
 4075 
 
 
 
 
 
 See GHOSTS. 
 
 
 Proverbial-" Word of a king. 
 
 ' 2041 
 
 Bold d.-Napoleon at Lodl. 
 
 2752 
 
 Belief in g.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ♦2354 
 
 Shameful t.-Agathocles. 
 
 1538 
 
 Expressed by Juryman. 
 
 3049 
 
 Fear of g.-the Siamese. 
 
 ♦2355 
 
 Thwarted by exposnre. 
 
 3518 
 
 Inventor's d.-John Fitch. 
 
 2990 
 
 See HALLUCINATION. 
 
 
 Umpire's t.-Edward I. 
 
 5746 
 
 Success of young A. Hamilton. 185 
 
 Realistic h.-Luther-Devil. 
 
 ♦2506 
 
 See VISION. 
 
 
 See DILEMMA. 
 
 
 
 
 Fanciful v. -Phantom city. 
 
 ♦5845 
 
 Decided by Marcia. 
 
 ♦1591 
 
 Enthusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 2384 
 
 Horrible v.-Marcus Brutus. 
 
 ♦5846 
 
 
 
 
 See INFATUATION. 
 
 
 Spiritual v.-Swedenborg. 
 
 ♦5847 
 
 Painful d.-Church vs. State. 
 
 4118 
 
 Destructive i. of Nero. 
 
 ♦2819 
 
 of War-Hannibal. 
 
 ♦5848 
 
 Ruin inevitable. 
 
 4955 
 
 of Pride-James II. 
 
 ♦2820 
 
 
 
 Unavoidable d. -Extortion. 
 
 2oa? 
 
 
 
 Auspicious V.-" Holy Lance.' 
 
 4667 
 
 See RESOLUTION. 
 
 
 
 
 of Curiosity-Pliny. 
 
 5050 
 
 Child's V. of f uture-Cromwel 
 
 . 2474 
 
 Success by r.-Am. patriots. 
 
 ♦4816 
 
 Inventor's l.-Arkwright. 
 
 M6A 
 
 of Conqueror-Solyman. 
 " the Cross by Constantino. 
 
 2562 
 
 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3342 
 
 1320 
 
 Moral r. of Luther. 
 
 1092 
 
 Political i.-James II. 
 
 3388 
 
 Delusive optical v.-Canaries. 
 
 1521 
 
 Success by r.-Fremont. 
 
 1069 
 
 Popular l.-Conquest of Florida. 75 
 
 Fanatics v.-" Plough the e." 
 
 1003 
 
 Unsurpassed in r.-Plzarro. 
 
 106? 
 
 of War-Charles XII. 
 
 1239 
 
 Faith's V. of the cross. 
 
 1175 
 
 Weakness In r., Moral. 
 
 5054= 
 
DECORUM— DEFIANCE. 
 
 813 
 
 See VACILLATION. 
 
 Political V.-" Bobbing John." 769 
 
 See FICKLENESS in loo. 
 
 DEcoRumr. 
 
 In Debate- American Indians. *1483 
 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. *t484 
 
 See DECENCY and DIGNITY 
 
 in loe. 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 Changed-Blblia Polyglotta. *1485 
 True d.-Religious-Church. *1486 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 
 to God-Knights. 1121 
 
 " " -John Wesley. 1122 
 
 Indifferent d. of temple. 6159 
 
 See CONSECRATION, 
 
 for Conflict-Knights. •IISI 
 
 without Faith-John Wesley. *1122 
 
 'Ceremony of c. -Knights, 
 for Conquest-Grecian Youth, 
 of Spoils, Pious c.-Aurellan. 
 " " to benevolence, 
 for War- Janizaries 
 
 See DEFAMATION. 
 Punlshed-Titus Gates. 
 
 See DEVOTION. 
 Absolute Mohammedan d. 
 Commendable d. of St. Amb. 
 Entire d. of Bp.Thomas Coke. 
 Ministerial d. of Thomas Lee. 
 Self-sacrificing d.-Belisarius. 
 
 6179 
 
 5316 
 
 529 
 
 5255 
 
 *1487 
 
 ♦1568 
 *1569 
 *1570 
 *1571 
 ♦1572 
 
 Absolute d. of life. 8848 
 
 to Amusement- Angelas. 8896 
 
 " Banner-Mohammedan. 8667 
 
 Blind d. of Persian assassins. 374 
 
 Conjugal d.-Jefiferson. 2486 
 
 Entire d.-Soldier*s-Peyton. 2109 
 
 External d. to the pope. 2676 
 
 Filial d. -Seeking pardon. 3998 
 
 Friendship's d. to Wm. P. of O. 2223 
 
 " " In Battle. 2227 
 
 " "at St. Helena. 2230 
 
 " " -Serg. Hubert. 2839 
 
 "to God's work-Luther. 2229 
 
 " Liberty-Lafayette. 2225 
 
 of Life-Fanatics. 8843 
 
 " " to others-Spartans. 4045 
 
 Misapplied-Wolsey. 1439 
 
 Reward of d.-Garibaldi's. 4042 
 
 Secret of d.-Money. 2705 
 
 Servant's d. to mistress. 6120 
 of Soldiers-Swedes to Chas.XTI. 1239 
 
 Soldiers' d. to standards. 3838 
 
 to Study- Young Napoleon. 5375 
 Terrible oath of d. by gladiators. 102 
 
 •of Wife-Lafayette's. 4318 
 
 •** Woman-H. Wentworth. 2516 
 
 " " -Mrs. Unwin. 2883 
 
 to Women-Knights. 2866 
 
 See SLANDER in loo. 
 
 DEFEAT. 
 
 Beginning with d.-Lincoln. ♦1488 
 Brilliant d.-Napoleon-W. +1489 
 
 Concealed d.-Samuel Johnson^l490 
 DiflBcult d.-Caesar. ^1491 
 
 Inspiring d. -Bunker Hill. +1492 
 
 Instruction by d.-Peter the G. *1493 
 
 Mortification of d.-Montcalm.+1494 
 Overwhelming d.-Moscow. „ ^1495 
 Service of d.-BuU Kun. ^1496 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beginning with d.-Am. Eev. 5881 
 Despair by d.- American Rev. 1541 
 Embittered by d.-John Adams. 4234 
 Exempt from d.-CromwelL 311 
 Fatal d.-Horace Greeley. 4281 
 
 Honor in d.-Perslans at Petra. 643 
 Humiliation by d.-Romans. 2662 
 Impossible d.-Col. Moultrie's. 650 
 Mortifying d.-Henry Clay. 4247 
 
 " " of Charles L 3523 
 
 Stinging d.-Persians by B. 614 
 
 See GRUMBLING, 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. ^2490 
 
 See SURRENDER, 
 to Death-Boges. ♦5468 
 
 Demanded-Ethan Allen. ♦5469 
 
 Disgraceful s.-Manchester. *5470 
 Final s.-CIvil War. ♦5471 
 
 Impossible s.-" The Old G." +5472 
 Indignant s.-P. Stuy vesant. ♦5473 
 Prevented-Charter Oak. ^5474 
 
 Infamous-10,000 Scots to 600 E. 306 
 of Life, Cheerful s. 1430 
 
 " " " "-Defeat. 1494 
 
 " " Noble s. 3820 
 
 Refusal to s., Determined-G. 1372 
 Unconditional s. -Ft. Donelson. 1891 
 See DISAPPOINTMENT in loo. 
 
 DEFECTS. 
 
 Covered, Personal d.~Pericle8.*1497 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Forgotten, Deformity of face. 
 Sensitive to d. 
 
 See BLOT. 
 Shameful b.-William Penn's. 
 of the Tlme-Cassar's. 
 
 See CENSOR. 
 Official c.-Roman. 
 
 See CENSURE. 
 Resented-Dlonyslus. 
 Unmoved by c.-Jackson. 
 
 1506 
 5104 
 
 ♦607 
 ♦608 
 
 ♦746 
 
 ♦747 
 
 ♦748 
 ♦749 
 
 Changed to pralse-Thebans. 2855 
 of the Dead refused-Bolingb'ke.911 
 vs. Insult-Lincoln. 534 
 
 Unmerited c.-Mary P. of O. 788 
 
 See COMPLAINTS. 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 Croaker's c.-Bad times. 1315 
 
 Disregarded-Romans. 3143 
 
 Ill-tempered c.-Sam'l Johnson. 1593 
 Inconsiderate c. -Pericles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Presentation of c.-denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against mother-Alex. 114 
 
 See CROAKING, 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. ♦ISIS 
 Habit of c. about the weather. ♦ISlC 
 
 See FAULTS. 
 
 of Friends seen quickly. 2231 
 
 Kindness conceals f.-Hervey. 2465 
 
 Overlooked in Burnet. 2798 
 
 " " friends. 2230 
 
 See PESSIMISTS. 
 
 Error of p.-Evlls are old. 126 
 National p.-English bankruptcy.451 
 
 See CRITIC in loo. 
 
 DEFENCE. 
 
 a Bondage-Pall of Verona. ^1498 
 
 Brave d. of Count Gerontius. ^1499 
 
 Declined by Charles I. *1500 
 
 Frail d. at Waterloo. ♦ISOl 
 
 Heroic d. of La Roohelle. *1502 
 
 Patriotic d. of Holland. *1503 
 
 Savage d.-Babylonians. ^1504 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delay needful for d. 5175 
 
 Exhibitions of self defence-Eng.218 
 Impossible-trial of Dr. Bateman.540 
 Negleoted-Constantinople. 605 
 
 Noble d.-Siege of Metz. 2208 
 
 Omitted on Sabbath-Jews. 4985 
 Self-defence at Londonderry. 927 
 " " In argument. 1857 
 
 See ARMOR. 
 Protected by a.-Battle of B. 461 
 
 See BLOCKADE, 
 by Chains-Constantin'ple by M.^605 
 of Death-Corpses-Caesar. ♦eoe 
 
 See PROTECTION, 
 of Industry-Clashing. ♦4534 
 
 " Manufacturers-England. ♦4535 
 by Secrecy-Athanaslus. ♦4536 
 
 for the Weak-Georgia. ^4537 
 
 by Armor-Battle of Brenneville.461 
 Bible p.-John Knox-Queen M. 581 
 by Charms-Numa. 782 
 
 " " -"Agnus Del." 783 
 
 " Climate-Ethiopians. 956 
 
 Costly and futile-Chinese wall. 295 
 Divine p. of Geo. Washington. 3274 
 " " sought. 3718 
 
 Feeble p.-Miles Standish-6 men. 313 
 Hurtful p. of property by H. 701 
 Impartial p. of children-Dustin. 117 
 Ineffective- Arrows at Hastings. 391 
 National p. made necessary-C. 172 
 of Peace-Am. Ind's peace plpe.4092 
 " Provldence-Wm. P. of O. 4555 
 
 See SAFETY. 
 Public s. by Gothic hostages. ♦5005 
 Selfish s.-Darlus. ♦5004 
 
 Ashamed of s.-Gen. in battle. 1269 
 
 by Boldness-Cortez. 2653 
 
 In Counsel-Battle. 1221 
 
 Dishonorable s.-Maximln. 2060 
 
 Indifference to personal s. 1391 
 
 Neglect of personal s.-Caesar. 1402 
 
 DEFIANCE. 
 
 Challenge of d.-Wm. P. of O. 
 
 •■1505 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Angry d.-Black Prince. 5431 
 
 Coronation of Napoleon I. 1321 
 
 in Death-Sword grasped. 1421 
 
 Emblem of d.-Rattlesnake. 3939 
 
 See CHALLENGE. 
 
 Dangerous c.-Rebel invasion. ^753 
 
 Offered-Revolutionary War. ^754 
 
 Political c.-Lincoln-Douglas. ^755 
 
814 
 
 DEFINITION— DELICACY. 
 
 Royal c.-Austrian prince. 
 Unaccepted c. -Alexius. 
 
 *756 
 
 *757 
 
 Ignored by Caesar. 4893 
 
 Naval o.-American-English. 2570 
 Unfortunate c. -Henry II. 28 
 
 DEFINITION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Partial d.-Plato's man. S391 
 
 DEFORMITY. 
 
 Forgotten-Thackeray. ♦1506 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Absence of bodily d.-Am. Ind's. 616 
 
 in Art-Chinese paintings. 838 
 
 See DEFECT in loo. 
 
 DEGENERACIT. 
 
 Athenian d.-despised. *1507 
 
 National d.-England a.d. 1775.*1508 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Civilization-Physical-Am. I. 616 
 " Luxury-Alex's soldiers. 3366 
 Luxury marks Eoman d. 3369 
 
 National d.-pleasure-loving G. 901 
 See DEPRAVITY in loc. 
 
 DEGRADATION. 
 
 National d. of Hungarians. *1509 
 and Poverty-Ireland. *1510 
 
 Social d.-Ireland. *1511 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Amusements-Romans. 220 
 
 " Avarice-Theodora. 1583 
 
 " Drink-Dionysius. 2942 
 
 in Employment-Clergy. 924 
 
 of Genius-Gratian. 1007 
 
 Irresponsible-Irish people. 3944 
 
 Legal d. of women. 6118 
 
 Love amid d.-Soldiers. 3344 
 
 Moral d. of English clergy. 925 
 National d. of aboriginal Irish. 727 
 
 Shameful self-d.-Vitellius. 3879 
 
 Social d.-Roman masses. 3256 
 
 by Superstition-Egyptians. 5457 
 
 Voluntary d.-Monkery. 3684 
 
 See BONDAGE, 
 
 to Vice-James II. 6085 
 
 " Wealth-Peruvians. 4527 
 
 of "Wife to h.-Romans. 1707 
 
 See BRANDING, 
 
 of Criminals in London. 1296 
 
 See DISPARAGEMENT. 
 
 Intellectual d.-O. Goldsmith. *1664 
 
 See PROFLIGATE. 
 
 Royal p.-Queen of Spain. *4490 
 
 Clerical p.-Pope John XII. 4305 
 
 Marriage of p. -Byron. 3465 
 
 See SERFAGE. 
 
 Burdens of s.-Eng.-13th cent. •5116 
 
 See SERVILITY. 
 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ♦5123 
 
 Genius for s.-Bagge. 5123 
 
 of Flatterers-Romans. 305 
 
 Required by tyrant-Sapor. 2527 
 
 Shameful s.-Roman Senate. 4373 
 
 Shameless s. of husband of Z. 63 
 
 See SHAME. 
 Consummate s. -Ferdinand. 
 
 *5125 
 
 Burdens life-Martyr Huss. 1964 
 
 by Drink-OfBoials. 2947 
 
 Hereditry of s.-Ferdinand. 2066 
 Indifference to s.-Common vioe.3243 
 
 Indifferent to s.-Charles II. 3470 
 
 for Ingratitude-Thebans. 2855 
 
 Insensible to s. -Henry VIII. 458 
 
 " " " Feversham. 4602 
 
 Life of 8. overlooked. 3177 
 National s.-Eng.-Reign of Ed. III.87 
 Overwhelming s.-Roman army.2662 
 
 "-Traitor. 2795 
 
 Punishment by s.-Alexander. 2148 
 
 Vice without s.-Nobility. 65 
 
 of Women overlooked. 8712 
 
 See SLAVERY. 
 
 Antiquity of s.-Gieat. *5182 
 
 Avarice of s.-English. *5183 
 
 Beginnings of s.-Georgia. +5184 
 
 of Captives-Romans. ♦5185 
 
 in England, a.b. 1215. ♦5186 
 
 Introduced in Virginia. ^5187 
 
 Mitigated-Athenian. *5188 
 
 " -Roman. ♦5189 
 
 Natural-Turks. ^5190 
 
 Opposed by friends. ♦5191 
 
 Prevalence of s.-Rome. ^5192 
 
 of Prisoners-England. ^5193 
 
 Punished by s.-England. ^5194 
 
 Repulsive s.-England. ^5195 
 
 Unchristian s.-British. *5196 
 
 Abolition of s.-Struggle for. 4160 
 Affection in s.-Pompey. 2253 
 
 Captives sold into s.-Caesar. 608 
 Cowards punished by s.-R. 1275 
 Cruelty of s. -Helots. 1365 
 
 Death preferred to s.-Chlnese. 1960 
 " of American s.-Lincoln. 3227 
 Debtors sold into s.-Romans. 1465 
 Desperate defence of s. 4159 
 
 Doubt respecting morality of s.1106 
 Escape from s. by murder. 83 
 
 Galling s. of Peruvians. 4527 
 
 Hatred to s.-Rash-J. Brown. 3688 
 Imperilled by s.-American C. 3806 
 Indian s.-Victims from L. 1290 
 
 Labor degraded by s. 3536 
 
 Opposition to s. by Abolitionists. 147 
 Poor sold into s.-England. 502 
 
 Sold into s.-Plato. 748 
 
 Suppressed s.-Boston, year 1701.1859 
 to Wealth, Peruvians-Hlus. 5983 
 Wretched s. of Helots. 1366 
 
 See SLAVES. 
 Angelic s.-the English. ^5197 
 
 of Disbelievers-Virginia. ^5198 
 
 Docility of s.-Civil War. ^5199 
 
 Rebellion of s.-Roman. ^5200 
 
 White s. in Virginia. ^5201 
 
 of Ceremony-Constantine. 752 
 
 " " -Ambassadors. 750 
 
 Condition of Anglo-Saxon s. 720 
 Fidelity of s. of Cornutus. 5351 
 
 Imperilled by s.-Rome. 4366 
 
 Sale of aged s.-Inhumanity. 2859 
 See DEGENERACY, DEPRAVITY, 
 DISGRACE fcutt VlCJii in loc. 
 
 DEIFICATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Caesar-Romans. 2657 
 
 " Heroes- Ancient Greeks. 3511 
 " Self-Alexander in India. 2753; 
 
 DEITIT. 
 Belief in d.-Grecians. ♦1512 
 
 Concealed-Ancient Italians. ♦1513 
 Subjugated by chains-Apollo. *1514 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolence of d.-Socrates. 4550 
 by Hallucination-Menecrates. 5779 
 Personified-Minerva. 5438 
 
 Presence of d.-Thales. 6157 
 
 Unchaste d.-Faustina. 1675 
 
 Vicious d.-Pagans. 3974 
 
 See DIVINITY. 
 Proof of d. required. ♦1691 
 
 of the Soul-Pythagoras. 5269' 
 
 See CHRIST and GOD in loc. 
 
 DEJECTION. 
 
 Mental d. of William Pitt. 
 
 ♦1516. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 by Bereavement-Southey. 556- 
 
 the Weathar brings d., Bad. 949 
 
 See DESPONDENCY in loc. 
 
 DEIiAlT. 
 
 Dangerous-Business to-m'rr'w.^l*16- 
 Providential-Settlement of T. ♦1617 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anguish of d.-Nap.-Blucher. 
 of Appreciation-Paradise Lost, 
 Co-operation by d. 
 for Defence refused-Jeffreys. 
 Excusable d. in dying. 
 Failure by d.-Invasion of Ca. 
 Impatient of d.-Washington. 
 Loss by d. -Waterloo. 
 Opportunity lost by d. 
 
 " " " "-Lee. 
 
 " " " "-Help. 
 
 Success by d.-Mflller. 
 
 See DETENTION. 
 Overruled-Goldsmith's. 
 Providential d.-Cromwell. 
 See HESITATION. 
 Beginning with h.-Mahomet. 
 
 See HINDRANCE, 
 of Criticism-A. Lincoln. 
 Ofiacial h.-Fonseca-Columbus. 
 
 See PROCRASTINATION. 
 Fatal p. of Archias. 
 
 3817 
 422' 
 6115 
 5175 
 8422 
 2025 
 2748 
 3957 
 5400' 
 392? 
 4083 
 1604 
 
 3631 
 4547 
 
 99 
 
 3900 
 
 ♦4477' 
 
 Dangerous-Business to-m'rr'w.l516 
 
 See TARDINESS. 
 Punished with death. 5247 
 
 See WAITING. 
 
 Weariness in w.-Etiquette. 1925 
 
 DELIBERATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Hastened-" We march." 2281 
 
 See CARE in loo. 
 
 DELICACT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Essential to pleasure- Vice. 3320 
 of Feeling-Goldsmith. 5102^ 
 
 See SENSITIVENESS. 
 to Criticism-Newton. 1164 
 
 " " -Voltaire. 
 
DELIVERANCE— DEPARTURE. 
 
 815. 
 
 to Insult, Excessive, Tyrant. 2527 
 Natural s.-Excessive-Koberts. 1860 
 of Vanity- Voltaire. 2155 
 
 See EFFEMINACY and REFINE- 
 MENT in loc. 
 
 delivsrance:. 
 
 from God-Orleans-Attila. *1518 
 Strange d.-Captain Cook. *1519 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Emergency- Wm. of Orange. 1862 
 by God-Attila-Orleans. 1518 
 
 Great d. of England. 2187 
 
 See EMANCIPATION. 
 Advocated in Mass. year 1701. ♦ISSO 
 
 Proclaimed by A. Lincoln. 3227 
 
 See ESCAPE. 
 by Bravery-Battle of Hastings. *1922 
 Difficult e.-Martin Luther. *1923 
 
 from Assassins-Lincoln's. 365 
 
 Declined-Death of Socrates. 3147 
 Extraordinary e. of Louis P. 360 
 Impossible-Roman Empire. 1710 
 Mortifying e. of Napoleon L 393 
 " to pride. 3203 
 
 Narrow-Thos. Paine from death. 30 
 " -John Wesley from fire. 119 
 Peril of all from e. of some. 1274 
 Shameful e.-Agathocles. 1538 
 
 See PRESERVATION. 
 Remarkable p. of Mahomet. 1023 
 Requirement for p.-C'mm'n'sts.l003 
 Strange p. of Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 See RANSOM. 
 Paternal r.-£5000. ^4613 
 
 Willmg r. -Richard II. *4614 
 
 Immense r. of Darius for queen. 186 
 for a Life-Alaric. 1145 
 
 Price of r.-Louis IX. 1520 
 
 Prodigal r. explained. 2705 
 
 See REDEMPTION. 
 Price of r. of Calais. *4639 
 
 See REFUGE. 
 Sanctuary for r.-15th century. *4659 
 Secured-In America. *4660 
 
 Failure of r.-Earthquake-Li8bon.731 
 
 in Prayer from adver8ity-G.W.4382 
 
 -A. J.4387 
 
 Temple of r. -Founding of Rome.387 
 
 See RELIEF. 
 
 Vain desire for r.-Napoleon-"W.3817 
 
 See DEFENCE, FREEDOM, 
 
 LIBERTY, PROTECTION, 
 
 and VICTORY in loo. 
 
 deluge:. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Tidal d.-Mediterranean. 
 
 1758 
 
 DEIiUSION. 
 
 Disastrous d. of Crusaders. +1520 
 
 Optical d. -Island-Columbus. *1.521 
 
 Political d.-Stamp tax. *1522 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Ambition for ofBce-Maximus.183 
 
 -"What then f" 1071 
 
 by Depreciation-Reformation. 1535 
 
 Financial d.-John Law. 2134 
 
 by Forgery- Wm. of Orange. 2194 
 
 of Genius-Newton an Alch'm'st.814 
 
 " Gold-seekers-Jamestown. 2388 
 
 " " -Londoners. 2:89 
 
 " " -Spaniards. 2390 
 
 in Gold-California. 2392 
 
 of Gold-seekers-Spaniards. 2735 
 
 " " -Jamestown. 2807 
 
 Liberty a d.-Romans. 3215 
 
 Popular d.-Civil War. 1985 
 
 " "-Crusaders. 2095 
 
 " "-De Soto's Exp'd't'n.l986 
 
 " " -Joan of Arc. 1187 
 
 by Trifles-Indians-Trinkets. 5771 
 
 Visionary d. of gold-seekers. 1984 
 
 DEIiUSIONS. 
 
 Popular d.-Ferdinand de Soto.*1523 
 
 See HALLUCINATION. 
 Realistic h.-M. Luther-Devil. *2506 
 
 Enthusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 2384 
 
 See INFATUATION. 
 
 Destructive i. of Nero. *2819 
 
 of Pride in James II. *2820 
 
 of Curiosity in Pliny. 5050 
 
 Inventor's i.-Arkwright. 5168 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3342 
 Political i.-James II. 3388 
 
 Popular i.-Conquest of Florida. 75 
 of War-Charles XII. 1239 
 
 See MAGIC. 
 Belief in m.-Columbus. ♦3378 
 
 Printing a work of m. 4465 
 
 of Science working wonders. 5051 
 
 See SORCERY. 
 Condemned-Eng., year 1440. *5264 
 Fear of s.-Joan of Arc. *5265 
 
 Punished by Henry VI. *5266 
 
 Belief in s. by Romans. 
 vs. Discipline-Russians. 
 Work of s.-Joan of Arc. 
 See WITCH. 
 Suspected w.-Esquimau. 
 
 1284 
 1493 
 2894 
 
 *6023 
 
 Burned as a w.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 
 Cured by flogging-Salem. 845 
 
 a Suspected w. -Duchess of 0. 3512 
 
 " -Quaker in N. E.4129 
 
 See WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 Alleged w.-Salem. *6024 
 
 Epidemic of w.-Salem. *6025 
 
 Malice in w.-Salem. *6026 
 
 Punished w.-England. *6027 
 
 " -Salem. *6028 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 demagogue;. 
 
 Changeful d.-Duke of B. *1524 
 
 Class-Rome- Votes. *1525 
 
 First d.-Menestheus. *1526 
 
 Marks of the d. *1527 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dangerous d.-R. Ferguson. 4259 
 Guided by sagacity-England. 4274 
 Rule of d.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 Shameless d.-Catlline. 392 
 
 Subdued by threatening-G. G'o. 40 
 
 DEMAGOGUES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Business, Politics a d. 4244 
 
 Dangerous d.-Socialistic. 5218 
 
 Disgraceful work of d.-d'th of S.700 
 Legislation of d.-Rome. 115& 
 
 Rule of d.-French Republic. 352^ 
 See POLITICS in loc. 
 
 DEMAND. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Offensive d. of France on U. S. 170 
 
 See COERCION in loc. 
 
 DEMONS. 
 
 Origin of semi-d.-Huns. *1528" 
 
 See DEVIL in loc. 
 
 DENTISTS. 
 
 Barbers the dentists in 6th cent. 456. 
 
 DENUNCIATION. 
 
 Terrible d. of Napoleon I. *1529 
 
 Safety by d.-Charles I. 1663- 
 
 See THREATENING in loc. 
 
 DEPARTURE. 
 
 Mysterious d.-Cleomedes. ♦1530' 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Beneficial d.-Hernando Cortez. 78 
 
 See ABANDONMENT. 
 Inhuman a.-Moslems. *1 
 
 Mortifying a.-Tlmothy Hall. ^2 
 
 of All for safety-Rome. 2117 
 
 " Army by General Agathocles.1538 
 
 " Civilization-S. Houston. 905 
 
 Deserved a.-Catlline. 392 
 
 Forsaken justly-James II. *2203 
 
 Heartless a. by sailors-Hudson.3757 
 
 Humiliating a. of Nero. 1270 
 
 Just a. by children-James II. 220* 
 
 Outcast for religion- W. Penn.*3970- 
 
 Painful a. of wife-Dustin. 117 
 
 Sudden a. of Richmond. 6167 
 
 " " Wife-Shelley. 599* 
 
 See ADJOURNMENT. 
 
 Forced a. of Pari, by Cromwell. 410 
 
 See DESERTION. 
 Imita ted-to Wm. of Orange. ♦1534 
 Shameful d. by Agathocles. ♦ISSS 
 
 Constructive d.-Fred. II. 3389' 
 
 See DISCHARGE. 
 Honored d. -Lord Rochester. *1610 
 
 Pretence for d. of Protestants. 312 
 Sectarian d. of soldiers-Jas. II. 317 
 
 See DISMISSAL. 
 Humiliating d. of Castlemaine.*1661 
 
 Humiliating d.-Luther by C. 257 
 Shameful d. of Parl.-Cromwell. 410 
 
 See EXILE. 
 
 Happily ended- Cicero. 1658 
 
 Honored e.-Lafayette. 4318 
 
 Long e.-" The Pretender." 622» 
 
 Provision in e.-Generous. 2641 
 
 See EXPULSION, 
 
 of Scholars-Fellows of M. C. ♦1994 
 
 of Aliens from U. S. i67 
 
 Deserved e.-Bribery-Sir J. N. 860 
 Humiliating e. from Lincoln. 534. 
 
816 
 
 DEPENDENCE— DESPAIR. 
 
 from Mial8try-Sam"l Johnson. 3616 
 Vigorous e.-Bribery re8ented-D.673 
 Wronged by e.-Minister. 1081 
 
 See FAREWELL, 
 to Country-Nap. I. to France. ♦2096 
 i^nal f . desired-James II. *2097 
 Xast f. -Dying Christian's. *2098 
 Touching f. -Washington's. *2099 
 
 Sad f. of Josephine and Nap. 104 
 
 See FLIGHT. 
 Cowardly f.-Heraclian. 2158 
 
 Famous for f.-Maximin. 2060 
 
 for Safety-Eoman panic. 2117 
 
 Sec FUGITIVE. 
 Hopeless of escape-Marcellus. 1710 
 JRoyal f.-James II. 5788 
 
 Sympathy for f.-Americans. 4660 
 Welcomed in France-James n.5990 
 
 See FUGITIVES. 
 Generosity to royal f . 2641 
 
 if*unished by slavery. 502 
 
 Refuge of f.-Asylum-Rome. 387 
 fianotuary of f.-N. Carolina. 2489 
 
 See RUNAWAY, 
 if rom Abuse-Frederick II. 3389 
 
 Arrested r.-David Crockett. 634 
 Distinguished r.-Pizarro. *4984 
 
 aieformed-David Crockett. 637 
 
 ^Successful r.-B. Franklin. 638 
 
 " " -Samuel Houston. 905 
 See DESERTION, EMIGRA- 
 TION and SECESSION 
 in loo. 
 
 DEPENDENCE. 
 
 Needless d.-Colonists in Va. *1531 
 
 Grots-reference. 
 ^Filial d.conrected-" Win spurs. "2630 
 
 See TRUST in loo. 
 
 DEPRAVITY. 
 
 *y Descent.-Nero's. ♦1532 
 
 Evidence of d.-S. Johnson. ♦1533 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Age of excessive d--Romans. 124 
 
 " " d.-Introduction of C. 124 
 
 Destructive d. of Nero. 329 
 
 with Intellectual power. 1669 
 
 Inclination of d.-Eating. 4203 
 
 Xooality of d. concentrated. 1293 
 
 " " " 1299 
 
 Tarental d. confessed-C. IV. 2066 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 
 Open a. of Romanus. ^251 
 
 Primitive a. by persecution. ^252 
 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconslstency. 2774 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Reaction of forced converts to a.920 
 Hequired of ofBcer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Shameful a.-Justus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by Primitive Church. ♦253 
 
 :Malice of a.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 
 " " " -Julian's. 2546 
 
 «ee CORRUPTION, DEGRADATION 
 
 and SIN in loo. 
 
 DEPRECIATION. 
 
 Financial d.-Plymouth Col. ♦1534 
 Foolish d. of Martin Luther. ♦1535 
 
 See CAVIL. 
 Answered-Legislation. *740 
 
 Silenced by success.-Cent. Ex. 743 
 
 See CROAKING. 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. ^1315 
 Habit of 0. about the weather. ♦ 1316 
 
 See DISPARAGEMENT. 
 Intellectual d.-O. Goldsmith. ♦1664 
 
 See GRUMBLING. 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. ^2490 
 See COMPLAINTS and CRITI- 
 CISM in loc. 
 
 DEPRESSION. 
 
 Cross-reference, 
 by Bereavement-Southey, 
 
 556 
 
 Weather causes d.-Bad. 949 
 
 See DESPONDENCY in loo. 
 
 DERISION. 
 
 Public d. at theatre- Walker. ^1536 
 See RIDICULE in loc. 
 
 DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Degeneracy of modem Greeks.1507 
 Sufferings and ruin of Csesar'sd.2075 
 
 See POSTERITY. 
 Denied to Mahomet. ^4333 
 
 Reproach of p. feared by Ch. I. 1500 
 " " " " -Strafford. 120 
 See CHILDREN in loc. 
 
 DESECRATION. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Horses stabled in St. Paul's-C. 860 
 
 See SABBATH-BREAKING. 
 by Amusements-Eng. games. 224 
 -Lond.,yr. 1141.4987 
 Denouncement of s.-b.pun'sh'd.2040 
 Law requiring s.-b. 4988 
 
 by Nobility. 4986 
 
 See SACRILEGE. 
 Infamous s.-Hakem the Turk.^6001 
 Sectarian s.-Cathollcs. ^5002 
 
 Grave opened-Death. 2471 
 
 Holy places of Jerusalem-C. 324 
 
 See PROFANITY in loc. 
 
 DESERTION. 
 
 Imitated d.-to Wm. of Orange. ^1537 
 Shameful d. by Agathocles. ♦ISSS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Constructive d. -Frederick II. 3389 
 of Friends of Washington. 2308 
 " " " Caesar. 371 
 
 Pardoned after intercession. 536 
 for Plunder-Soldiers. 2417 
 
 of Wife by Shakespeare. 3496 
 
 See ABANDONMENT in loc. 
 DESIRES. 
 Potential d.-Swedenborg's ^1539 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Contracted bring happiness. 2517 
 
 See REQUEST. 
 Waiting for a r.- Alexander. ^4796 
 
 See WISHES. 
 
 Kind w.-" Better luck." ♦6021 
 
 Ruinous w.-Covetousness. ^6022 
 
 See COVETOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 DESOLATION. 
 
 by Pestilence-London. ♦1540 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 War of e. -Queen Anne's. ^1999 
 
 by Persecution- Albigenses. 4123 
 of Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 2130 
 See CALAMITY and DESTRUC- 
 TION in loo. 
 
 DESPAIR. 
 
 of the Defeated- Am. Rev. ^1541 
 Determination of d.-Aurelian.+1548 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal of d. rejected. 2015 
 
 Confidence succeeds d.-Col. 1880 
 Courage of d. -Gladiators. 1235 
 
 Spiritual d.-Seeker. 1193 
 
 Suicide in d.-of defeat. 1438 
 
 " of persecuted Jews. 4122 
 " suggested in d. 5423 
 
 Weakness of d. -Chinese. 1410 
 
 See DESPONDENCY. 
 by DiflQculties relieved. 3846 
 
 See MELANCHOLY. 
 Characteristic m. -Aborigines. +3557 
 Depressed by m.-Charles V. ♦3558 
 Excusable m.-John Milton. ^3559 
 Inherited m.-Samuel Johnson. ♦3560 
 ♦3561 
 Natural " " " ♦3562 
 
 Philosophy of m.-Unf 'th'm'ble. ♦3563 
 Religious m.-George Fox. +3564 
 " " -Puritans. ♦3565 
 
 Resisted by Samuel Johnson. ♦SSee 
 Royal m.-Queen Elizabeth. ♦3567 
 
 Adversity produces m.-Young. 1670 
 of Bereavement-Jefferson. 
 Death desired in m. 
 Hallucination of m.-Luther. 
 Marriage relieves m. 
 Misfortune brings m. 
 
 In Old Age-Elizabeth. 
 Religious m.-H. D. Gough. 
 
 " " -Nelson. 
 
 " " of Cromwell. 
 
 " " -Anabaptists. 
 
 See REMORSE. 
 Persecutor's r. -Charles IX. 
 Royal r.-Edward IV. 
 
 Assassins r.-Nero. 
 of Conscience-Charles I. 
 of Ingrate son-Richard. 
 Murderer's r.-Constans U. 
 Renegade's r.-Argyle. 
 Victim of r.-Clotalre. 
 
 See SUICIDE. 
 Averted s.-Napoleon I. 
 Cause of s. -Samuel Johnson. 
 Cowardice of s.-Am. Indians. 
 Deterred-Benjamin Abbott. 
 Dyspeptic's escape by s. 
 Escape by s. -Demosthenes. 
 Glorification of s.-Stoics. 
 Mania for s -William Cowper. 
 Philosophic s.-Marcus. 
 Remorseful s.-Mrs. Shelley. 
 
 2486 
 2619 
 
 2506 
 8480 
 3633 
 3559 
 3567 
 1179 
 1189 
 4718 
 4719 
 
 ♦476fl 
 ♦4761 
 
 1110 
 
 1118 
 1634 
 1108 
 6209 
 1361 
 
 ♦542(f 
 ♦5421 
 ♦5423 
 ♦5423 
 ♦5424 
 ♦5423 
 ♦5426 
 ♦5427 
 ♦5428 
 ♦5429 
 
 Attempted by Cowper. 2691, 2883 
 
DESPERATION— DETECTIVE. 
 
 Sir 
 
 at Command of ruler. 3843 
 
 by " -Forty wives. 1410 
 of the Defeated Cambrians. 1550 
 for Disgrace-Lucretia. 5786 
 
 Fanatic's s.-Keligious. 3506 
 
 Intentional s.-Youthful W. 1668 
 Intimidated-Nero. 1270 
 
 Paradise gained by s. 1416 
 
 Preparation for s.-Shelley. 3345 
 " "-Fred. II. 3632 
 Prevented s.-Alexander's. 4021 
 Refuge from famine in s. 2015 
 
 " " adversity in s. 5420 
 
 Eequlred-ex-OfBcer-Turk. 3866 
 
 Soldier's s.-Roman. 1404 
 
 " " -Antony. 1405 
 
 Temptation to s.-Melancholy. 1179 
 
 See DISAPPOINTMENT and DIS- 
 COURAGEMENT in loc. 
 
 DESPERATION. 
 
 In Battle-Persians. "'1543 
 
 Final d. -Blind King John. *1544 
 
 Scheme of d.-Stra£Eord's. *1545 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Audacity of d.-Florida Indians. 394 
 Defence of d.-Desolatlon. 5968 
 
 of Hunger-Cannibals. 706 
 
 " " -Sailors. 1893 
 
 Rashness of d.-Joseph. 4451 
 
 Self-destructive d.-Cimbrians. 1550 
 Success of d.-Cortez. 3830 
 
 Vice brings to d.-Catiline. 1140 
 
 See DESPAIR in loo. 
 
 DBSPONDENCY. 
 
 Miscenaneous cross-references. 
 Days for d.-Valley Forge. 2308 
 
 Rebuked-Columbus. 1881 
 
 Removed by dissipation. 5449 
 
 See DEPRESSION. 
 Bad weather brings d. 949 
 
 Bereavement-Southey. 556 
 
 See HYPOCHONDRIA. 
 
 Constitutional h.-Wm. Cowper.2691 
 
 See DISCOURAGEMENT and 
 
 DOUBT in loc. 
 
 DESPOTISM. 
 
 Revival of d.-CardinalWolsey.*1546 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Colonial d.-Massachusetts. 3208 
 Social d.-Landlord. 724 
 
 See TYRANNY. 
 Cruelty of t.-Xerxes. *5734 
 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Cathollc. *5735 
 
 Emblem of t.-Bastile. *5736 
 
 Insurrection against t.-P. *5737 
 
 Legislative t.-Long Parli'm'nt.'*5738 
 of Liberty-French Revolution.*5739 
 
 -Rev. Tribunal. '^5740 
 Parental t.-Frederick Wm. I. *5741 
 Recompense for t.-France. *5742 
 Self-destructive t.-Roman. '►5743 
 Shameful t.-Spaniards. '^5744 
 
 Terrible t.-Glldo. *5745 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Amusements-Spaniards. 5744 
 of Caste, Social t. 3491 
 
 Displaced by t. -Virginia. 2443 
 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Exc'mm'nic'n.4944 
 
 Exasperated by t.-Sicilians. 1340 
 Household t. of elder brother. 2331 
 
 ' " " 638 
 
 or in Excommunication. 4944 
 
 Legislative t.-B. Parliament. 3154 
 Non-resistance to t. 3824 
 
 Oppression of t.-Hope-Crime. 3234 
 Reaction against t.-Rufinus. 427 
 Resented-New. Eng. Colonists. 990 
 See GOVERNMENT and RULER 
 in loc. 
 
 DESTINT. 
 
 Unavoidable-Napoleon I. *1547 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Belief in fixed d.-Scandinavians.4405 
 Depending on one, National d. 5857 
 Impending d.-Nelson. 4830 
 
 Providence in national d. 5883 
 
 Sign of d.-Mahomet. 5132 
 
 Turning-point of d.-Manklnd. 1501 
 
 See FATE. 
 Belief in f.-Mohammedans. *2106 
 
 Belief in f. -Napoleon I. 1547 
 
 " " " -Wm. P. of Orange. 3633 
 See PREDESTINATION. 
 
 Belief in p.-Wm. P. of Orange. *4404 
 " " "-Scandinavians. *4405 
 
 Extreme view of p. 4384 
 
 Timely p.-Before birth. 1845 
 
 See IMMORTALITY in loc. 
 
 DBSTRVCTION. 
 
 Difficult d.-Temple of Jupiter.*1548 
 of Empire-Fall of Rome. *]549 
 
 Terrible self-d.-Clmbrians. ♦1550 
 
 of Art by Nero. 
 
 327,329 
 
 " " In ruin of Paganism. 
 
 331 
 
 " " by Puritans. 
 
 330 
 
 vs. Construction-Mouse. 
 
 3106 
 
 followed by d. -Hannibal. 
 
 5848 
 
 of Life by architecture. 
 
 332 
 
 " " in Crusades. 
 
 8258 
 
 " " " war-Attlla. 
 
 5899 
 
 " " " " -Prance. 
 
 5900 
 
 " Politics challenged-D. by L. 889 
 
 " Self by infatuation-Pride. 
 
 2820 
 
 by Strife-Blue and Green. 
 
 5072 
 
 " War-Csesar's. 
 
 5898 
 
 " " -Provence. 
 
 5943 
 
 See ANNIHILATION. 
 
 
 Death an a. -John Milton. 
 
 8922 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 
 
 War of e.-Queen Anne's. 
 
 ♦1999 
 
 by Persecution-Albigenses. 
 
 4123 
 
 of Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge 
 
 . 2130 
 
 See MASSACRE. 
 
 
 Evidence of m.-Crusaders. 
 
 *3513 
 
 General m. in war. 
 
 ♦3514 
 
 Immense m -70,000 Romans. 
 
 *3515 
 
 by Mob in Paris. 
 
 *3516 
 
 of Patriots-Boston. 
 
 *3517 
 
 Prevented-Jamestown, Va. 
 
 *3518 
 
 Punished by m.-War. 
 
 ♦3519 
 
 by Treachery-Thessalonica. 
 
 ♦3520 
 
 Wholesale m. -300,000 people. 
 
 ♦3581 
 
 Brutal m. by Caracalla. 
 
 1383 
 
 of Captives by Franks. 133* 
 
 " ChrIstians-90,000 by Cho8roes.324 
 Depopulated by m.-Bagdad. 1867 
 Drink causes m.-Indians. 294*- 
 
 Immense m.-Timour. 5894 
 
 " " by Caesar. 5181 
 
 Inconsiderate m. by Scythians. 1349' 
 Indignation expressed-C. 4539 
 
 Inhuman m. of workmen- Alaric. 687 
 " " " -Attlla.688 
 by Law-Lacedaemonian slaves. 1365 
 " Persecutors-Catholic vs. P. 4123- 
 " " -Ireland C. vs. P.4132- 
 
 Prevented by informer. 1006 
 
 of Protestants-Duke of Guise-V.508 
 " " -Com. by Pius V. 58» 
 
 Religious m. by Crusaders. 470&^ 
 " " of prisoners. 1360^ 
 
 " " -Latins by Greeks. 1363 
 
 Small beginning of m.-" S. V." 29' 
 Terrible m -" Sicilian Vespers.'' 1340* 
 Unprovoked-Jews by ApoU's. 6165 
 in War-Wallenstein. 5884 
 
 " " -Paris, A.D. 1418. 5885 
 
 See MASSACRES. 
 Religious-French Revolution. 3522' 
 
 See SLAUGHTER. 
 Barbarous s.-58,000 Carth'g'n's. *5180^ 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. *5181 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 1082" 
 
 in Battle-Asians 30S 
 
 " " -100,000 at Fontenay. 920 
 
 See VANDALISM. 
 
 of Beggars-England. 502 
 
 Clerical v. of Theodosius. 598 
 
 Depraved v. of Nero. 829' 
 
 Fanatical v. of Puritans. 83a' 
 See CALAMITY in loc. 
 
 DETAILS. 
 
 Importance of d.-Military. ^1551^ 
 
 See TECHNICALITIES. 
 
 Strenuous for t.-Lincoln. ♦5541- 
 
 Invalidating t.-Plymouth pat. 315a' 
 
 " "-Jurisprudence. 3985- 
 
 See TRIFLES. 
 
 Effect of t.-Battle. ♦5715. 
 
 Power of t.-Social life. ♦5716- 
 
 Contentment with t.-Men. 1150" 
 
 Contests from t.-Stamp act. 506- 
 
 " " " -Roman Rev. 507 
 
 Discussion of t.-Useless. 1800f 
 
 Importance of seeming t. 1501 
 
 Magnified In government. 2459- 
 
 Preserved by t.-Spider's web. 8377 
 
 DETECTIVE. 
 
 Harmless d.-Robert Bums. -^1552 
 Stupid d.-Col.Jam"8'n-Andr6. *1553 
 Useful d.-Clcero's. ^1554 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Conniving d.-Robert Bums. ♦1972 
 
 See INFORMER. 
 Dastardly i.-James Burton. 285a 
 Massacre prevented by I. 100& 
 
 See INFORMERS. 
 Rejected by Vespasian. ♦2845- 
 
 Blackmail paid to 1. 
 
 SQO» 
 
818 
 
 DETENTION— DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 Criminals for i.-Jeffrey's court. 919 
 
 Detested-Am. Revolution. 2257 
 
 Heartless i.-Jeffrey's court. 2850 
 
 Infamous i.-Titus Gates. 6033 
 
 Tools of tyranny. 1953 
 
 See SPY. 
 
 an Infamous s.-Tempter. *5321 
 
 Arrested-Major Andre. 1043 
 
 Honored-Andre "s memorial. 2616 
 Suspicion created by s., False. 5350 
 
 Unsuspected s.-Alfred the G. 5826 
 
 See SPIES. 
 
 Ensnared by s.-Ostragoths. ♦5304 
 
 Shameless s.-John Locke. *5305 
 
 Victims of s.-Theodora's. 
 DETENTION. 
 
 See HIKDRA>'CE in loc. 
 DETERMINATION 
 
 Asserted-'Sword shall give it." 
 Emphatic d.-Stone-My ballot. 
 Fixed d.-Joan of Arc. 
 Obstinate d.-Scotch Presb's. 
 Strange d.-Joan of Arc. 
 for Success-" Win his spurs." 
 Want of d.-Philip of France. 
 Youthful d.-Alcibiades. 
 
 1344 
 
 *1555 
 ♦1556 
 *1557 
 *1558 
 *1559 
 *1560 
 *1561 
 *1562 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ambitious d. of Alex. Hamilton.185 
 Resolute d.-Luther to Worms. 1241 
 Success by d.-Wadsworth. 3956 
 
 See DECISION. 
 Final d.-Eubioon. *1480 
 
 " " " *1481 
 
 Lacking d.-Charles I. *1483 
 
 Hastening d.-Peace or war. 
 Lacking d.-Charles II. 
 
 See FIRMNESS. 
 Call to f . by William HI. 
 Effect of f .-Alex. Severus. 
 
 See OBSTINACY. 
 Depraved o.-App. of H. VIII. 
 Extraordinary o. of James II. 
 Immovable o. of James II. 
 Political o. of James II. 
 
 6896 
 2751 
 
 •2147 
 *2148 
 
 *3852 
 ♦3853 
 ♦3854 
 •3855 
 
 Argument declined by o. 3049 
 
 Assumed o.-Dead bodies. 2568 
 
 against Counsel-Charles XII. 1239 
 Creditable o. of Samuel Adams. 676 
 Defect of o.-Milton. 2923 
 
 Eoollsh o.-Hasty words. 2748 
 
 Plea of o.-William Penn-J. II. 8548 
 Refuge in o.-Amb. of Wm. III. 750 
 Religious o. against p'rs'cut'rs. 1558 
 Subdued by magnanimity. 2199 
 
 See RESOLUTION. 
 Success by r.-Am. patriots. *4816 
 
 Moral r. of Luther. 1092 
 
 Success by r.-Gen. Fremont. 1069 
 
 Unsurpassed in r.-Pizarro. 1068 
 
 Weakness of r.. Moral. 5054 
 See HERO in loc. 
 
 DETESTATION. 
 
 Courage under d. -Cromwell. *1563 
 
 Public d. of Eutropius. •1664 
 
 See HATRED in loc. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Social d.-Lombards. *1565 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 of Genius-Periods. 2297 
 
 Inventions by d.-Steam-engine.5732 
 Perfection by d.-Paradise Lost.4108 
 
 See ATHLETE. 
 Remarkable a.-Thracian. *388 
 
 Royal a.-Henry II. *389 
 
 Moral weakness of Mllo. 
 Strong a.-Father of Jefferson. 
 " " -George Washington. 
 See ATHLETES. 
 Early training of a.-Persian. 
 
 " " " " -Spartans. 
 
 Education of a.-Roman. 
 Military a.-Roman. 
 Trained a.-Roman soldiers. 
 
 See PRECOCITY. 
 Remarkable p.-James Watt. 
 " " -Alex. Pope. 
 
 5960 
 5358 
 5359 
 
 1770 
 1817 
 1778 
 1827 
 5672 
 
 •4402 
 •4403 
 
 Educational p.-S. Johnson. 1815 
 
 of Genius-William C. Bryant. 2329 
 
 Juvenile p. of Themistocles. 635 
 
 in Mathematics. 3532 
 
 " " -Colburn. 3533 
 Remarkable p.-S. Johnson-3yrs.793 
 
 Youthful p. of B. Franklin. 636 
 
 See TRAINING, 
 
 for Greatness- Alexander. ♦5668 
 
 Lack of t.-Military. •5669 
 
 Lasting t.-Walter Scott. •5670 
 
 by Obedience-Spartans. •5671 
 
 Physical t.-Romans. *5672 
 
 Success without t.-Wm. of 0. *5673 
 
 for Manhood-Themistocles. 635 
 
 Military t.-Importance of. 1981 
 
 Misapplied-Emp. Gallienus. 1830 
 
 Success without special t. 136 
 
 of Voice-Demosthenes. 6853 
 See EDUCATION in loc. 
 
 DEVIIi. 
 
 Casting out the d.-J. Bunyan. ^1566 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disturbance from d. resisted. 2506 
 Evidence of d.-Bunyan's heart.1084 
 Learned in Latin, Greek and H.1567 
 Possessed of d.-Fanatio. 2084 
 
 Realistic belief In d.-Bunyan. 1180 
 1191 
 Virginity debars the d. 5837 
 
 DEVIIiS. 
 
 Tested-Boston damsel. ^1567 
 
 See DEMONS. 
 Ancestry by d.-Huns. ^1524 
 
 DEVOTION. 
 
 Absolute Mohammedan d. *1568 
 Commendable d. of St. Amb. ^1569 
 Entire d. of Bp. Thomas Coke.*1570 
 Ministerial d. of Thomas Lee. ^1571 
 Self-sacrificing d.-Belisarius. ^1572 
 
 Absolute d. of life, 
 to Amusement-Angelus. 
 " Banner-Mohammedan. 
 
 3843 
 
 2567 
 
 Blind d. of Persian assassins. 374 
 
 External d. to the pope. 2675 
 
 Filial d.-Seeking pardon. 3998 
 
 Reward of d. -Garibaldi's. 4042 
 
 Secret of d.-Money. 2705 
 
 Servant's d. to mistress. 5120 
 of Soldiers-Swedes to Chas.XII.1239 
 
 Soldier's d. to standards. 3838 
 
 to Study-Young Napoleon. 5375 
 Terrible oath of d. by gladiators. 102 
 
 of Wife-Lafayette's. 4318 
 
 " Woman-H. Wentworth. 2516 
 
 " " -Mrs. Unwin. 2883 
 
 to Women-Knights. 2866 
 
 See DEDICATION. 
 
 Changed-Biblia Polyglotta. *1485 
 
 True religious d.-Church. *1486 
 
 to God-Knights. 1121 
 
 " " -John Wesley. 1122 
 
 Indifferent d. of temple. 6159 
 
 See RELIGION in loc. 
 
 DEVOTIONS. 
 
 Morning d.-Ancient Britons. *1573 
 See WORSHIP in loc. 
 
 DIARY. 
 
 Artful use of d. ^1574 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Honest Quaker's d. 
 
 2604 
 
 DICTATION. 
 
 Simultaneous d.-Napoleon. *1575 
 See COMMAND in loc. 
 
 DIET. 
 
 Simplicity In d.-John Howard. •1576 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Frugal soldier's d.-Emp. Cams. 447 
 Importance of plain d.-Youth. 6212 
 Life prolonged by d. 2176 
 
 an Obstacle-Young Irving. 2734 
 See FOOD in loc. 
 
 DIFFERENCES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Sectarian d.-Persian vs. Turk. 5070 
 
 " " magnified. 5071 
 
 See CONTRAST. 
 
 Affinity by c.-Anne-Churchill. 2228 
 
 " " "-Burnet-Halifax. 2231 
 
 " " _win. p. of O. 2234 
 
 Greatness by c.-Charlemagne. 2472 
 
 See DIVERSITY. 
 
 of Interests in society. *1690 
 
 See DISAGREEMENT in loc. 
 
 DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 Firmness amid d.-Claudius. ^1577 
 Mechanical d.-Goodyear. *1578 
 Overcome-Timour in India. *1579 
 " -Napoleon I.-Alps. *1580 
 Removed-Gordium knot. *1581 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discouragement relieved. 3846 
 
 Ingenuity superior to d. 2846 
 
 Perseverance amid d.-Mah't. 3845 
 " " " -Columb.4146 
 
 Stimulate Invention-Clocks. 2969 
 
 See DILEMMA. 
 Decided by Marcla. *1519 
 
DIGNITARIES— DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 819 
 
 See HINDRANCE, 
 of Criticism-A. Lincoln. 99 
 
 OfScial h.-Fonseca-Columbus. 3900 
 
 See IMPOSSIBILITIES. 
 Accomplished at bridge of L. *2752 
 
 See OBSTACLES. 
 Overcome by perseverance-D. 3949 
 See DESPONDENCY, DETERMINA- 
 TION, DISCOURAGEMENT, 
 STRIFE and TRIALS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 DIGNITARIES. 
 
 Multiplied-Virginia Colony. *1582 
 
 See ARISTOCRACY, 
 in Battle-Roman. *301 
 
 Expense of a.-Romans. *302 
 
 Ruction for a.-Puritans. *303 
 
 Ruin of a.-Greeks. *304 
 
 Brutal pleasures of a.-Normans 1322 
 
 Rule of a.-Burdensome-Va. 2443 
 
 See RULERS in loc. 
 
 DIGNITY. 
 
 Compromised-Theodora. 
 ■Cruel d.-Death to smile. 
 Exhibited-Samuel Johnson. 
 Ludicrous d.-Chas. the Simple, 
 Offended d.-Rodolph-Ott'c'r's. 
 Preserved d.-Captive Porus. 
 Regard for d.-Washington. 
 " " " -LucuUus. 
 
 *1583 
 *1584 
 *1585 
 ♦1586 
 *1587 
 *1588 
 *1589 
 ♦1590 
 
 Miscellaneous crosa-references. 
 Affected d. ridiculed. 1506 
 
 Foolish d. of Xerxes "Insulted."320 
 •by Humiliation of enemy. 2527 
 
 Husband's d.-Wm. of Orange. 2681 
 % Inflexible d.-Constantius. 2468 
 
 •Judges' d.-Athenian. 3038 
 
 Lack of d.-Commodus. 1591 
 
 Maintained by refusal-C. 2623 
 
 Offended-House of Peers. 3868 
 
 -Clarendon. 3899 
 
 4n Politics-Thomas Jefferson. 704 
 
 See ARROGANCE. 
 
 Answered-Charles V. *319 
 
 •Childish a.-Xerxes Fetters-Sea. *320 
 
 Insulting a.-Attila. *321 
 
 " -Charles V. *322 
 
 Boastful a.-Disabul the Turk. 384 
 ■Clerical a. in politics. 920 
 
 " " " 4929 
 
 Lofty a. of Attila. 322 
 
 National a.-English. 323 
 
 Peril in a.-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 
 See DECORUM. 
 In Debate-Am. Indians. ♦1483 
 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. *1484 
 
 See HAUGHTINESS. 
 Lordly h. of Sapor. *2527 
 
 Humbled-Klngly-Cromwell. 2623 
 
 See MANLINESS. 
 in Abstinence-Alexander. 5095 
 
 Admiration of m.-Pompey. 3819 
 
 -Louis IX. 3821 
 
 " for " -Pompouius. 4069 
 
 ■by Adversity-Humphry Davy. 86 
 
 Christian m.-Gustavus XII. 4174 
 
 Destitute of m.-Cicero. 4370 
 
 .. •> "_«'Dick"Talbot.6032 
 
 Disparaged by persecutors. 4144 
 Encouragement to m.-Latimer.l233 
 Exhibited-Ministerial m. 1243 
 
 Ideal m.-Indian fortitude. 1425 
 Lack of m.-Disgraceful. 1272 
 
 " " "-Nero. 1418 
 
 Ministerial m.-Rev. S. Johnson. 1242 
 in Poverty-Samuel Johnson. 4357 
 of Pride-Samuel Johnson. 4349 
 
 by Self-reliance-Black Prince. 1560 
 Stimulated by ridicule. 4892 
 
 Wanting m.-Marlborough. 1248 
 Youthful m.-Prince of Wales. 1237 
 
 See NOBILITY. 
 of Appearanoe-Numitor. *3818 
 
 Honored-Sthenis-Pompey. *3819 
 Patriotic n.-Sylla. *3820 
 
 Recognized-Louis IX. *3821 
 
 In Abstinence- Alexander. 5095 
 
 of Ancestry despised-Nap. 3592 
 
 See HONORS in loc. 
 
 DILEmitlA. 
 
 Decided by Marcia. *1591 
 
 DINNER. 
 
 Bad d. brings Ul-humor-S. J. *1592 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Forgotten d.-Isaac Newton. 20 
 
 Waiting d.-Samuel Johnson. *1593 
 
 See FEAST and FOOD in loc. 
 
 DIPLOMACY. 
 
 Effect of d.-Corrupting. *1594 
 
 Expensive d.-British d. *1595 
 
 of Falsehood-Elizabeth. *1596 
 
 Game of d.-Concealment. *1597 
 
 Inscrutable d.-Bismarck. *1598 
 
 Revengeful d.-French. *1599 
 
 Trained to d.-J. Q. Adams. *1600 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Art of d. -Consummate-Nap. 2693 
 Deceit in d.-Napoleon. 3850 
 
 " of " -Wm. Pitt. 4794 
 
 Deception of d.-Henry VIII. 430 
 Degrading d. of Charles II. 169 
 Dexterous d. -Philip. 1887 
 
 Distinguished in d. 1594 
 
 Double-dealing in d.-Chas. II. 5729 
 Energetic d.-Successful. 5714 
 
 Treachery of d.-English. 1752 
 
 Unfitness for d.-J. Adams. 8894 
 
 See STATESMAN. 
 Dangerous s.-Chas. Townsend.*5331 
 Degeneracy of English s. *5332 
 
 Intriguer, not a s.-Sunderland. 2967 
 Unsuccessful s.-Talented-B. 2343 
 
 See STATESMANSHIP. 
 Contemptible s.-Napoleon III.*5333 
 Foolish 8. -James II. *5334 
 
 National s.-Wm.the Conqu'r'r.*5335 
 Ruinous s.-Spaniards. ♦5336 
 
 Blunder of s.-Taxing Colonies. 2406 
 
 Imagination addressed in s. 2740 
 
 Masterly s.-Cromwell. 2313 
 
 Results of s.-Cromwell. 2327 
 
 Scandalous s.-British. 5061 
 
 Wise s. of Jefferson. 3929 
 
 Woman's s.-Queen Caroline. 2683 
 
 DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Disregarded by Gen. Jackson. 3773 
 
 DIRECTNESS. 
 
 Commanded-Russian R. R. ^1601 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 In Attack-" Go at them.' 
 
 See BREVITY. 
 Famous b.-Cassar. 
 
 3399 
 
 ♦659 
 
 DISAGREEMENT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Physicians of Charles II. 4171 
 
 See ANTAGONISM. 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 243 
 in Personal character-M. L. 761 
 " " " -Queen E. 763 
 
 Unnatural a.-Father-Son. 1064 
 
 See ANTIPATHY. 
 Race a. of Irish in Ireland. ^248 
 
 See DIFFERENCES. 
 
 Sectarian d.-Persian-Turk. 6070 
 
 " " magnified. 5071 
 
 See DISUNION. 
 
 Weakness of d.-Johnson. ^1688 
 
 See DIVERSITY. 
 of Interests in society. ^1690 
 
 in Social life-Nap. and peasant. 187 
 
 See DIVISION, OPPOSITION and 
 
 STRIFE in loc. 
 
 DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 Bitter d.-Inventor's-R. Fulton.^1602 
 Fatal d.-Cicero. *1603 
 
 in Life-Fountain of youth. ^1607 
 Overruled-George Mliller. +1604 
 Trial by d.-Columbus. ♦1605 
 
 with Yictory-Richard I. ♦leoe 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delight in oflace-Emperor Max. 183 
 Expectations in religion-L'th'r'8.53 
 In Life.-Cicero. 1603 
 
 " Love-Blighted-Isaac Newton.108 
 " " -Miss Perronet. 2534 
 
 Lover's d.-Exile-Kosciusko. 3341 
 " "-David Crockett. 3438 
 Mutiny from d.-Columbus. 3758 
 of Parental affection-Henry II. 4005 
 Revenged foolishly by Xerxes. 320 
 Violence from d.-Eng. Monks. 217 
 
 See DEFEAT. 
 Beginning with d -Lincoln. ♦1488 
 BriUiant d.-Napoleon-W. ^1489 
 Concealed d.-Samuel Johnson.^1490 
 Difficult d.-Csesar. ^1491 
 
 Inspiring d.-Bunker Hill. ^1492 
 
 Instruction by d.-Peter the G.^1493 
 Mortification of d.-Montcalm. ^1494 
 Overwhelming d.-Moscow. ^1495 
 Service of d.-Bull Run. ^1496 
 
 Beginning with d.-Am. Rev. 5881 
 Despair by d.-Am. Revolution. 1541 
 Embittered by d.-John Adams.42.S4 
 Exempt from d.-Cromwell. 311 
 Fatal d. -Horace Greeley. 4281 
 
 Honor in d.-Perslans at Petra. 643 
 Humiliation by d.-Romans. 2662 
 Impossible d.-Col. Moultrie's. 650 
 Mortifying d.-Henry Clay. 4247 
 
 " of Charles I. 3.583 
 
 Stinging d.-Persians by B. 614 
 
820 
 
 DISASTER— DISCOVERY. 
 
 See FAILURE. 
 Beginning with f. -Demos. *2021 
 Cause of f.-Pirst Cable. *2022 
 
 Discouragement by f.-Bp.McK*2023 
 at First-Frederick the Great. *2024 
 by Incompetence-Inv's'n of C. *2025 
 Lesson of f.-Ignorance. *2026 
 
 in Life-Robert Bums. *2027 
 
 Signal f. -Spanish Armada. *2028 
 
 Beginning with f. -Shelley. 2314 
 Business f.-Misdirection. 2321 
 
 Discouragement from f .-Demos.2021 
 -Bishop McK. 2023 
 Mortification of f. -James 11. 3719 
 Mortifying f. -Crusaders. 1606 
 
 in Oratory- Washington Irving. 3950 
 Reputation for f.-Bibulus. 2771 
 Retrieved-Burke's speech. 49 
 
 Success a f.. Apparent. 5402 
 
 after f -Grant. 5414 
 
 Vanity causes f .-Timotheus. 2213 
 in War-Eight Years'. 5906 
 
 " " -Seven Years*. 5907 
 
 See FAILURES. 
 Misunderstood-Providential. *2029 
 in Professions-Goldsmith's. *2030 
 Surmounted- Atlantic cable. ^2031 
 
 in Life-Oliver Goldsmith's. *2030 
 
 See DISCOURAGEMENT in loc. 
 
 DISASTER. 
 
 Concealed d.-General Nash. *1608 
 Energy by d.-Romans. *1609 
 
 Distressing national d.-St. Clair. 56 
 
 See MISFORTUNE, 
 Born to m.-Charles I. *3628 
 
 Cruelty with m.-Am. Indians. *3629 
 Fellowship inm.-L. Bon'p'rte.*3630 
 Overruled-Qliver Goldsmith. *3631 
 
 Business m. overruled. 2969 
 
 Comfort in m.-Mahomet lives. 1568 
 Courted-Battle of Fr'd'cksb'rg.5366 
 Exasperation in m. feared. 1267 
 Greatness in m. -Cornelia. 6072 
 
 " shown in m.-Caesar. 1491 
 Heedlessness brings m. 2546 
 
 Insulted in m.- James II. 2905 
 
 Interpreted by conscience. 1100 
 Mitigated by courtesy. 1260 
 
 Multiplied-Melancholy by m. 3559 
 National m.-Armada fails. 2028 
 Overwhelmed, Suddenly-A. 3106 
 Reversed by tact-Slave. 32 
 
 Solace in m.. Music a. 3748 
 
 Wealth by others' m.-Crassus. 683 
 
 See MISFORTUNES. 
 
 Effect of m.-Fred. the Great. *3632 
 
 See ADVERSITY, CALAMITY and 
 
 DEFEAT in loc. 
 
 DISC BARGE. 
 
 Honored d.-Lord Rochester. *1610 
 
 mSCIPIilNARIAN. 
 
 Valued-Baron Steuben-Rev. *1618 
 
 BlSCIFIilNE. 
 
 Failure of d.-Romans. *1613 
 
 " " "-0'nst'ntin'sarmy.*1614 
 
 Impossible-Reign of Chas. II. *1615 
 
 Military d-Belisarius. *1616 
 
 " " -Aurelian. *1617 
 
 Resented by Goths-Athalaric. ^1618 
 
 Severe d. in Roman army. *1619 
 
 " " of boy-Henry VI. *1620 
 
 " " -Oliver Cromwell, '►lesi 
 
 Value of d.-Unterrified. *1622 
 
 Want of d.-Soldiers. *1623 
 
 MlscellaneoTiB cross-references. 
 Abandoned-Retreat of Nap. 1495 
 Calmness by d.-Napoleon. 699 
 
 Destructive d. of J. Howard. 411 
 Difficult-Child-Frederick II. 5752 
 Effectiveness of Christian d.-G. 834 
 Enforcement of d.-Alexander. 2148 
 Precise d. of child. 4978 
 
 Preserved by promptness. 4567 
 by Religious training-Cromwell.898 
 Religious d. relaxed-C'nst'nt'ne.839 
 In School diminished. 5029 
 
 Self-d.-Charies XII. 1240 
 
 Severe d. of monks. 3847 
 
 " " " soldiers-G. XII. 4174 
 Severity in School d.-Luther. 1793 
 Severity of military d. 5124 
 
 Success by d.-Greek navy-P. 6110 
 
 See CHASTISEMENT, 
 of Children-Scourge. *784 
 
 Ineffective c. -Wordsworth. 1668 
 
 Humiliating o.-Goldsmith's. 2664 
 
 Morality improved by c. 3711 
 
 Passionate c. deplored. 4019 
 
 Moral effect of c.-Salem witch. 845 
 
 See CALMNESS. 
 
 Christian c.-J. Wesley-Mob. *698 
 
 of Discipline-Napoleon. *699 
 
 Exasperating c.-Socrates. *700 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Pretence for d. of Protestants. 318 
 Sectarian d. of soldiers-Jas. II. 317 
 
 See DISMISSAL. 
 Humiliating d. of Ca8tlemalne.*1661 
 
 DISCIPIiKSHIP. 
 Honor of d.-Constantlne. *1611 
 
 Conquered by c.-Mob. 
 in Death-Monmouth. 
 
 " " -Strafford. 
 
 " " -Socrates. 
 Faith produces c.-Storm. 
 of Genius-Admiral Drake. 
 Masterly c.-Napoleon I. 
 Power in c.-Cromwell. 
 
 1234 
 1412 
 1407 
 1451 
 2111 
 2525 
 2330 
 1563 
 
 Religion secures c. -Earthquake. 1087 
 
 Religious c-Flogging. 2159 
 
 in a Tumult-Thomas Lee. 1571 
 
 See COMPOSURE, 
 
 before Execution- Argyle. 5209 
 
 Remarkable c.-Alexander. 5356 
 
 See FLOGGING. 
 
 Comfort under f.-Christian. *2159 
 
 Excessive f. -Titus Gates. *2160 
 
 Brutality in f .-Jeffreys's. 2862 
 
 Common-Servants-Ch.-WIves. 2860 
 Triple f.-Real and false. 2754 
 
 See SELF-COMMAND. 
 against Fear- William III. *5082 
 
 See SELF-CONTROL. 
 Remarkable 8.-c.-Duke Fred. *5083 
 
 Abandoned-C. J. Fox. 5806S 
 in Excitement-G. Washington. 3406 
 
 Power over others by s.-c. 3695 
 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 5205 
 
 in Suppressing indignation. 5693 
 
 " " resentment. 4804 
 
 Weakness in s.-c. confessed. 5091 
 
 See SELF-POSSESSION. 
 
 Brave-Admiral Le Fort. *5091 
 
 See EDUCATION in loc. 
 
 DISCONTENT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Discouragement- Am p'tr'ts.l628 
 
 DISCORD. 
 Dangers of d.-State. *1624 
 
 Perverted by d.-Crusaders. *1625 
 Shameful d.-Roman Emperors. *1626 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Popular factions-Blue-Green. 970^ 
 
 Religious d. of pagans. 4697 
 
 from Want-Famine. 2076 
 
 See DISAGREEMENT and STRIFE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 DISCOURAGEMENT. 
 
 Difftcult-Pilgrim fathers. *1627 
 
 " -Discontent of d. *1628 
 
 Superior to d.-S. Adams. *16a9 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 at Beginnlng-PUgrims. 504 
 
 by Disappointment-Henry n. 4005 
 
 " Discord of Scottish nobles. 306 
 
 " Failure-Demosthenes. 2021 
 
 '* " -Bp. McKendree. £023 
 
 " Friends-Luther's. 2229 
 
 Inventor's d.-James Watts. 2975 
 
 "-Ellas Howe. 4344 
 
 Overcome by d. -Cable. 2031 
 
 " " genius. 331* 
 
 Perseverance in d.-Mahomet. 3845 
 
 Removed by dream-N. Bangs. 3845 
 
 by Sickness and death-Pilgrims. 95T 
 
 Son of Napoleon-Birth-Death. 597 
 
 Superior to d.-Timour the T. 89 
 
 " " " -Sir Walter Scott. 91 
 
 Undeterred by d.-Lafayette. 6188 
 
 See DEJECTION. 
 Mental d. of Wm. Pitt. *1515 
 
 Bad weather brings d. 949 
 
 by Bereavement-Southey. 556 
 
 See DESPONDENCY and DISAP- 
 POINTMENT in loc. 
 
 DISCOTJRAGEniENTS. 
 
 Ministerial d.-Mahomet's. *1630 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 Accumulative d.-I. Newton. *1631 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Arts, in Useful-Davy. 3290 
 
 in Astronomy by Galileo. 2721 
 
 by Missionaries-Catholics. 3635 
 
 Periods of d. 3580 
 
 " " "-Portuguese. 2862 
 
 DISCOVERT. 
 Age of d .-Galileo. * 1 632 
 
 Ambition ford.-PrinceHenry.*1633 
 Heart-breaking d.-Ingrate s. *1634 
 Simple d.-Goodyear-Rubber. ♦1635 
 Unappreciated d.-Potato. *163& 
 
DISCRETION— DISGRACE. 
 
 821 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Age of d.-A.D. 1485-1514. 912 
 
 Alarming d. -Fighting his fath'r.l064 
 Brilliant d.-Agitation by. 1871 
 
 "Christianity prompts d.-Col'b's. 841 
 Co-operation in d.-Newton. 2304 
 Excitement from d.-Gold-C. 1974 
 of Gravitation, Law-Newton. 2295 
 Greatest d. made by mind-B. 697 
 Joy of d. -Galileo. 3028 
 
 Passion for d.-Sir Wm. Parry. 77 
 Eight by d. -Treasure. 5755 
 
 Title by d. lost. 3787 
 
 not Utilized-Chinese-Compass.2978 
 Vexation the r' w'rd of d.-Dr.M:.2334 
 
 See INVENTION, 
 lay Accident-Spinning jenny. *2968 
 " " -Chauncey Jerome*2969 
 Aid of i.-Caesar's sickles. *2970 
 
 Appreciated-Power loom. *2971 
 "Benefit of i.-Karthenware. *2973 
 Crisis of i.-Elias Howe. *2974 
 
 Discouragement in i.-J. Watt.*2975 
 Failure of i.-Geo. Washington. *2976 
 •Genius for i.-A. Lincoln. *2977 
 
 " " "-Chinese. *2978 
 
 " "-James Watt. *2979 
 ■Great l.-Spinning machine. *2980 
 ■Growth of i.-Many minds. *2981 
 Preservation by i.-Greek fire. *2982 
 Saved by i.-the State. *2983 
 
 Useful i.-Chauncey Jerome. *2984 
 
 " " -Pit-iron. *2985 
 
 an Youth-Crompton's "mule."*2986 
 
 Architectural i.-Llmited. 282 
 
 "Genius for i.-Greeks. 283 
 
 lUiscredited-Telescopes by R. B.697 
 Protection by i. -Archimedes. 343 
 TJnapplied-Chlnese-Magnetic n. 273 
 Victory by i. of cannon. 350 
 
 Want spurs i.- Weapons-Tools. 337 
 
 See INGENUITY. 
 VS. Diflaculties-Augustus. *2846 
 Practical i.-Benj. Franklin. *2847 
 -of Savages-Hatchets. *2848 
 
 Success by l.-Columbus. *2849 
 
 Boyish i. -Isaac Newton. 
 Female i.-Silk- weaving. 
 Genius shown by i.-Newton. 
 Knowledge increased by i. 
 Printing mezzotints. 
 Progress by i.-Telescope. 
 Rewarded by Power-loom. 
 15tlmulated-New sauce. 
 Unrewarded-Spinning-jenny. 
 
 See INVENTIONS. 
 Co-operative I.-Arkwright-W. 
 And Politics-Cotton-gin. 
 See INVENTOR, 
 by Accident-S. F. B. Morse. 
 Trials of i.-John Fitch. 
 "Wronged-Eli Whitney. 
 " -John Kay. 
 
 642 
 6070 
 2303 
 3028 
 1898 
 1632 
 2971 
 2185 
 
 ♦2987 
 *2988 
 
 *2989 
 *2990 
 *2991 
 *2992 
 
 DISCRETION. 
 
 Better than valor-Charles V. *1637 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 ■Ruler without d.-Cbarles II. 2432 
 
 "Wife's d. rules husband. 3352 
 
 See PRUDENCE in loo. 
 
 DISCRIMIN ATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hurtful d.-Hannibal-M'x'mus F.701 
 
 DISCUSSION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Agreement in d. nec'ss'ry-C. 11.3911 
 Candor in d.-Ecclesiastical. 705 
 Importance of d.-Stamp Act. 3194 
 Repressed by Gov't, Religious d. 573 
 Suppressed- Authors punished. 2040 
 
 DISCUSSIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Foolish d.-Perioles-"Dead h." 2170 
 Unprofitable, Verbal d.-Stoio"s.l294 
 
 See DEBATE. 
 Personality In d.-S. Johnson. *1457 
 
 See REASONING. 
 
 Abandoned for action. 1480 
 
 See CONTROVERSY in loo. 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 Destructive d.-One thlrd-A. *1638 
 
 " Literary "-Leigh Hunt. *1639 
 
 Peculiarities of d.-W. Scott. *1640 
 
 Preventable-Cromwell. *1641 
 
 Protection from d.-Indians. *1642 
 
 in Religion-Mahomet. *1643 
 
 Survival of d.-Walter Scott. •1644 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Blemished by d.-Scrofula. 2017 
 
 Civilization diminishes d. 2166 
 
 Cleanliness prevents d.-W. 531 
 
 Contagious d.-Death of Howard.548 
 Contracted from nurse. 1379 
 
 Corrective-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 
 Delusion from fever. 1520 
 
 Destructive, contagious d. 471 
 
 Folly of knowledge-Aristotle. 2020 
 Filth causes d.-Kngland. 2132 
 
 Fits of Mahomet. 1944 
 
 Fraudulent use of d. -Mahomet. 1643 
 Health follows d.-Cholera. 2132 
 Impediment of d.-Wm. Pitt. 2835 
 Investigation of d.-Dangerous.4430 
 Invited by bad air. 429 
 
 " " food. 433 
 
 Miraculously cured-Fistula. 3625 
 Neglected-Dropsy-Gibbon. 3260 
 Overcome by mind-Wm.P.of 0. 5274 
 Prevalence of d. -Plymouth Col. 504 
 Quickens thought.-J. Fitch. 1876 
 Retribution of d.-Jail fever. 4845 
 " " " " 4860 
 
 Revenge by d.-Inhumanity. 2863 
 Struggle with d.-Life-long. 3599 
 Superior to d.-Muley Moluc. 2561 
 
 See EPIDEMIC. 
 Destructive e. in India. ♦1912 
 
 See ILL-HEALTH. 
 Loss by i.-h.-Peter Cooper. 1785 
 Superior to i.-h.-Wm. of Or'nge.l897 
 
 See INFECTION. 
 Feared-London pest-field. *2821 
 
 See PESTILENCE. 
 Devastating p.-England. ♦4157 
 
 Rapid p.-Rome. ♦4158 
 
 Benevolence during p.-C. 3018 
 
 Desolating p. -London. 1540 
 
 Destructive p.-N. E. Pilgrims. 957 
 
 Infection of p.-Plague. 2821 
 
 Prevented p.-Sanitary laws. 3550 
 
 Sea PLAGUE. 
 
 Desolating p.-Widespread. *4190 
 
 Destructive p.-Romans. ♦4191 
 
 See THE SICK. 
 
 Charity for the s.-Tetzel. 1888 
 
 Credulity of the s.-Audley. 1283 
 
 See SICKNESS. 
 
 Cured by gifts-England. ^5128 
 
 Friends in s.-S. Johnson. ^5129 
 
 Information in s.-Aristotle. ^5130 
 
 Saintly s.-J. W. Fletcher. ♦5131 
 
 an Apology for weakness. 1244 
 
 Benevolence in time of s.-H. 548 
 
 " " s.-Perilous-C. 655 
 
 Blessing In s.-Pascal. 4335 
 
 by Disappointment. 3106 
 
 Feigned by Demosthenes-B. 672 
 
 Friend in s.-Samuel Johnson. 5129 
 
 Gifts cure s. 5128 
 
 Helpful friend In s.-Wm. III. 2223 
 
 Improvement by s.-Luther's. 166 
 
 Invited-English prisons. 4164 
 
 Labor In s.-Baeda. 6150 
 
 Love-s. fatal. 8349 
 
 " "-Shelley. 3350 
 
 " developed In marriage. 3445 
 
 Recovery by resolution. 1977 
 Reformation in s.-Abstin'ce of w. 16 
 
 Resolution made In s. 1576 
 
 Saved by apoplexy-Rev. K. 1093 
 
 Vow In s.-Rellglous. 5863 
 
 See TUMOR. 
 
 Sacred t.-Mahomet's. 1878 
 
 See DEATH, MEDICINE, REMEDY, 
 
 and PHYSICIAN in loc. 
 
 DISGRACE. 
 
 Humiliating d.-Lee at M. ♦164$ 
 
 Insupportable d.-Clotilda. *1646 
 Punishment by d. In Denmark. ♦ 1647 
 Unmerited d.-Columbus. *1648 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Anger of d., Terrifying. 1267 
 
 Augmented by perseverance. 2777 
 
 Branded on the cheek-Women.5791 
 
 Breaking caste-India. 3537 
 
 of Cowardice-' 'White feather."1271 
 
 -" Little King." 1272 
 
 " " -Daniel Scott. 1273 
 
 Fear of d.-Controlled by. 4608 
 
 Humiliating d.-Foot on neck. 2527 
 
 Indifference to d.-Bothwell. 2188 
 
 Removed-Persecution. 2040 
 
 Self-d.-Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 Shameful d.-English gent. 4616 
 
 Solitude in d.-Coward king. 1267 
 
 Terror of d.-Soldlers. 1236 
 
 Unmerited d.-Religious joy In. 2159 
 
 " "from ancestry. 225 
 
 " "-Mlnlster-Theft. 1081 
 
 of Woman, Adultery the great.3436 
 
 See DEGRADATION. 
 National d of Hungarians. ♦1509 
 and Poverty-Ireland. ^1510 
 
 Social d.-Ireland. ^1511 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Amusements-Romans. 220 
 
 " Avarice-Theodora. 1583 
 
 " Drink-Dlonysius. 2942 
 
 in Employment-Clergy. 924 
 
822 
 
 DISGUISE— DISLOYALTY. 
 
 of Geniu8-Gratian. 1007 
 
 Irresponsible-Irish people. 3944 
 Legal d. of Women. 6118 
 
 Love amid d. -Soldiers. 3344 
 
 Moral d. of English clergy. 925 
 
 National d. of aboriginal Irish. 727 
 Shameful selfd.-Vitelllus. 3879 
 Social d.-Roman masses. 3256 
 
 by Superstition-Egyptians. 5457 
 Voluntary d.-Monkery. 3684 
 
 See INDIGNITY. 
 Deserved 1. by Juba-in Court. ♦2796 
 
 Base i. to dust of Ad. Blake. 1657 
 Humiliating i.-Captive Bajazet.2661 
 the Reward of presumption. 4444 
 
 See INFAMY. 
 Posthumous i.-Emperor C. *2816 
 Stain of i., Massacre-Gen. P. *2817 
 
 by Assassination-Booth. 373 
 Conspicuous for i.-Commodus. 5743 
 
 Deserved i.-Titus Gates. 4565 
 
 Exposed-Spartan bachelors. 446 
 
 Immortal i. of Jeffreys. 2862 
 
 for Money-Charles II. 4688 
 
 Overlooked-Pompadour. 3712 
 
 Renown of i.-Erostratus. 4763 
 Remembrance of i.-"BoIlman."1364 
 
 Reward of i.-Assassin. 2052 
 
 See MORTIFICATION, 
 
 by Pailure-Castlemaine. *3719 
 
 Hateful m.-James II. *3720 
 
 of Defeat-Montcalm. 
 by " -Horace Greeley, 
 in Disappointment-Henry III. 
 of Pride-Oliver Goldsmith's. 
 
 See ODIUM. 
 Accidental o.-Earl of Str'fford 
 Braved by J. Adams. 
 
 See SHAME. 
 Consummate s.-Ferdinand. 
 
 1494 
 4281 
 1911 
 2263 
 4453 
 4455 
 
 ♦3860 
 ♦3861 
 
 ♦5125 
 
 Burdens life-Martyr Huss. 1964 
 
 by Drink-Officials. 2947 
 
 HerediDy of s.-Perdinand, 2066 
 
 Indifference to h.-C'mmon vice.3243 
 
 Indifferent to p. -Charles IL 3470 
 
 for Ingiatitude-Thebans. 2855 
 
 Insensible to s.-Henry VIII. 458 
 
 " " "-Feversham. 4602 
 
 Life of s. overlooked. 3177 
 
 National s.-Eng.-Reign of E. III. 87 
 
 Overwhelming s.-Roman army.2662 
 
 " " -Traitor. 2795 
 
 Punishment by s.-Alexander. 2148 
 
 Vice without s.-Nobility. 65 
 
 of Woman overlooked. 3712 
 
 See DISHONOR and SLANDER 
 
 in loc. 
 
 BISOI7ISE. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Betrayed-ex-Queen Mary. ^1649 
 
 Clerical d.-John Bunyan. ♦1650 
 
 Dangerous d.-Longchamp. ♦leSl 
 
 Detected-Clodius Pulcher. ♦1652 
 
 Difficult-Flight of Charles L ^1653 
 Successful d.-Emp. Majorian. ♦1654 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adversity a blessing in d. 4334 
 
 Difficult-Richard I. 1473 
 
 for Evil deeds-Politics-Bribery. 662 
 Ineffective d.-Richard IL 4614 
 
 " "-Jeffreys. 4843 
 
 in Masquerade-Deadly. 3512 
 
 of Patriots-Boston Tea Party. 3526 
 Penetrated by Joan of Arc. 2895 
 Perilous d. of martyrs. 3509 
 
 Per8onal-Successful-Charle8lI.8911 
 Pride in d.-Rags. 5677 
 
 Religious d. of Jesuits. 3012 
 
 Successful- Alfred the Great. 5826 
 Wife d. in male dress-Spartan. 3483 
 
 See DISSEMBLING. 
 Successful d. of Faustina. ^1675 
 Unsuccessful d. of Charles I. ♦1676 
 
 of Melancholy- Young. 1670 
 
 in Speech-Romans. 5292 
 
 See DISSIMULATION. 
 Dangers of d.-Charles I. *1677 
 
 Politic d. of courtiers. *1678 
 
 Political d. -Newcastle. ^1679 
 
 " "-Turks. ♦1680 
 
 Religious d. -Emperor Julian. ♦leSl 
 Royal d.-George HI. ♦1682 
 
 See AFFECTATION and IMPOS- 
 TOR in loc. 
 
 BISOTJST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Popular d.-"Rump'' P'rl'm'nt. 2442 
 
 DISHONESTY. 
 
 General d.-Reign of James II.^1655 
 
 See INSINCERITY. 
 Blemish of i.-Csesar. +2886 
 
 of Jesuits-Dissembling. ♦2887 
 
 in Politics-Newcastle. 
 Political i.-James II. 
 Reaction of i.-Charles I. 
 
 Repels assistance. 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 DISHONOR. 
 
 Insensible to d. -Princes of Sp, 
 Posthumous d.-Ad. Blake. 
 Recompensed-Cicero's return, 
 
 1679 
 4258 
 1676 
 1677 
 2041 
 
 ♦1656 
 ♦1657 
 ♦1658 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disguised in politics. 662 
 
 Posthumous d.-Cr'mwell's body.685 
 Reward of d.-Bp. Hall aband'ned.2 
 Vices bring d.-Emp. Elagabalus.960 
 
 See DEFAMATION. 
 Punlshed-Titus Gates. ^1487 
 
 See DISPARAGEMENT. 
 Intellectual d.-O. Goldsmith. ^1664 
 
 See DEPRECIATION. 
 Financial d.-Plymouth Col. ^1534 
 Foolish d. of Martin Luther. ^1535 
 
 See DISTRUST. 
 Prudential d. of Pertinax. 165 
 
 See INSOLENCE. 
 Consummate i.-Jeffreys. *2888 
 
 Ecclesiastical i.-Gregory VH. ^2889 
 Official I. of James II. ♦2890 
 
 Resented i. of Darius. ^2891 
 
 Aggravating 1 -A. Lincoln. 534 
 
 In Defeat-Roman Emperor. 2197 
 
 Papal i. to Henry VI. 2663- 
 
 Patriotic i.-Am. Revolution. 4953 
 
 Unresented by Philip. 5297 
 
 " " Anytus. 4804 
 
 " -Patriots. 4813 
 
 Victim of i.-Columbu8. 1648 
 
 War occasioned by i. 1624 
 
 See REPROACH. 
 
 Escape from r. -Napoleon I. ^4777 
 
 Gtentle r.-Anaxagoras. ^4778^^ 
 
 Aroused by r.-Brutus. 369' 
 
 Bribery of Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Desperation from r.-Valens. 913 
 
 Irritating r.-Johnson by Miss S. 215 
 
 Life saved in r. 1238 
 
 Mutual r.-James II. 1119 
 
 Nobly received- Alexander. 4031 
 
 for Pusillanimity-Justinian. 123& 
 
 See CONTEMPT, DISGRACE and 
 mSULT in loc. 
 
 DISIilKE. 
 
 Natural d.-Queen Mary. ♦165» 
 
 See ANTIPATHY. 
 
 Race a. of Irish in Ireland. ^243^ 
 
 See ANIMOSITY. 
 
 Fraternal a -Caracalla and G. ♦239' 
 
 of Ignorance-National. ^240 
 
 Unreasonable, Anti-Cathollo a. ^241 
 
 See ANGER and HATRED 
 
 in loc. 
 
 DlSIiO¥AI.Tir. 
 
 Detested-Revolutlonary War. ♦1660 
 
 4767 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Reparation for d.-Am. Rev. 
 See INSURRECTION. 
 Suppressed l.-Am. Revolution. 1136 
 
 See MUTINY. 
 Courage against m.-Caesar. ♦3756^ 
 Cruel m.-Henry Hudson. ^3757 
 
 by Disappolntment-Columbus.^3758 
 Reform by m.-British navy. ^3759 
 of Sailors-British navy. ♦3760 
 
 Quelled by General Jackson. 
 Sailors' m.-Columbus. 
 Unparalleled m.-Scottish s'ld 
 
 See REBELLION. 
 Constructive r. -Maximilian. 
 Prevented r.-Scotland. 
 Small r.-Rhode Island. 
 Soap r.-England. 
 Whiskey r.-Pennsylvania. 
 
 1963 
 
 1940 
 
 rs.30& 
 
 ♦4625 
 *462& 
 ♦4627 
 ♦4628 
 ♦4629 
 
 of Army against bad food. 1963 
 
 Catholic r. in Maryland. 5642 
 
 Causes of r.-Conf ederacy. 5888 
 
 Disgrace from r.-Clarendon. 1537 
 Forced to r.-Parl. by James II. 3853 
 
 Forfeiture of p. by r. 439 
 
 Hostility to r.-Pompey. 377 
 
 Incipient r.-Am. Revolution. 3525 
 " -Boston Tea Party. 352& 
 
 from Insult-Persians. 2900 
 
 sm of r. taught. 8824 
 
 of Slaves-Romans. 520© 
 
 Soap r.-Women. 6181 
 
 against Tyranny-Jacquerie. 5737 
 
 Vengeance after r.-Peter- 2876 
 
DISMISSAL— DISTINCTION. 
 
 823 
 
 See REBELS. 
 Punished with Monmouth. 
 •' " Temugin. 
 
 ♦4630 
 ♦4631 
 
 Denounced as r. falsely-Ind's. 4331 
 
 See TRAITOR. 
 Political t.-Mr. Huske. *5674 
 
 Punished by mother. *5675 
 
 Shameless t.-Sunderland. *5676 
 
 Indignation toward t.-Am. Rev.2795 
 Infamy of t.-Name changed. 3764 
 for Revenge-Coriolanus. 6101 
 
 See TREACHERY. 
 Base t.-Philip VI. *5690 
 
 Consummate t.-Charles II. *5691 
 Gold for t.-Benedict Arnold. *5692 
 Message of t.-Emp. Alexander. *5693 
 
 Conquest by t.-Sextus over G. 42 
 
 in Court-Criminal. 5833 
 
 Diplomatic t.-English. 1752 
 
 Disguised-Csesar's assassins. 1478 
 
 " -Friendship. 2243 
 
 of Friend-Brutus vs. Caesar. 2852 
 
 " " -Francis Bacon. 2857 
 
 Friendship's t.-Dick Talbot. 3202 
 
 Infamous t.-Am. Revolution. 1136 
 
 " " -Pausanias. 3724 
 
 Ingrate'st. -Burton. 2850 
 
 Massacre by t. *3520 
 National t.-England to France. 986 
 
 Office by t.-Eteocles. 3884 
 
 Official t. to Columbus. *3900 
 
 Proof against t.-Belisarius. 2128 
 
 " "-Patriot. 4068 
 
 Proposal of t. rebuked. 4075 
 Proverbial-" Word of a king." 2041 
 
 Shameful t.-Agathocles. 1538 
 
 Thwarted by exposure. 3518 
 
 Umpire's t.-Ed ward I. 5746 
 
 See TREASON. 
 
 Cry of t.-Patrick Henry. *5694 
 
 Deflned-England. ♦5695 
 
 Incipient t.-War of 1812. ♦5696 
 
 Punishment of t.-Romans. ^5697 
 
 Retribution of t.-Romans. ^5698 
 
 Atrocious crime of t. 4576 
 
 a Pretext for extortion. 2007 
 
 by Resentment-Burbon. 4109 
 
 " " -C Marcius. 6101 
 
 Tarnished by t.-B. Arnold. 2569 
 See APOSTASY in loo. 
 
 DISMISS A L. 
 
 Humiliating d.-Castlemaine. ^1661 
 
 See DISCHARGE. 
 
 Honored d.-Lord Rochester. ♦leiO 
 
 Pretence for d. of Prot. soldier8.312 
 Sectarian cause ford, of soldiers.317 
 
 DISOBlilDIENCX:. 
 
 Atoned by disgrace-Johnson. *1662 
 Necessary in religion-Mary B. ♦1663 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Excuse for d.-Nelson. 1904 
 
 Honorable d. of Lafayette. 210 
 
 Punished severely-Parent. 51;34 
 See DISLOYALTY and REBEL- 
 LION in too. 
 
 DISPA R A GEMENT. 
 
 Intellectual d.-O. Goldsmith. ^1664 
 See DEPRECIATION in loo. 
 
 DISPARITY. 
 
 in Battle- Arbela. 466 
 
 of Losses in battle-N. O. 3331 
 
 See NUMBERS in loo. 
 
 DISPATCH. 
 
 Demanded by Napoleon I. *1665 
 
 See HASTE in loo. 
 
 DISPIiAY. 
 
 Confusing d. -Ceremonious. ♦1666 
 Distasteful to Julian. ♦1667 
 
 Cross-ref:rence. 
 Deception in d.-Banquet. 3768 
 
 See EXHIBITION. 
 Immense e.-Am. Centennial. ♦igSS 
 
 of Beauty-Cleopatra-Antony. 5278 
 Brutal e.-iEsthetical- Romans. 102 
 Dishonorable e.-Commodus. 3430 
 Impressive e. of bloody garments.46 
 Realistic e. of Romans. 103 
 
 See MAGNIFICENCE. 
 VS. Happiness- Abdalrahmans. ♦3382 
 Oriental m.-Constantinople. ♦3383 
 Royal m.-Arcadius. ^3384 
 
 Display of m-Funeral of A. 4474 
 
 " " " -Aurelian. 4476 
 
 " " -Cleopatra. 6050 
 
 <• <• " -Wedding-Tlmour.5987 
 
 Excessive m.-Constantine. 3903 
 
 See OSTENTATION. 
 
 Meritless o.-Demaratus. ^3963 
 
 Oriental o.-Chosroes'. ^3964 
 
 Rebuked by Parmenio. ^3965 
 
 Ruinous o.-Anthemius. ^3966 
 
 Vain o. of Romans. ^3967 
 
 Eagerness of o. 3967 
 
 Deceptive o.-Feast. 3768 
 
 of Greatness-Napoleon I. 2480 
 
 Military o. of Darius. 433* 
 
 Oriental o.-Emp. Angelus. 3896 
 
 Rebuked-Barber. 1667 
 
 Royal o.-Constantine. 3903 
 See ORNAMENT and VANITY 
 in loc. 
 
 DISPOSITIOIV. 
 
 Alarming d. -Wordsworth's. ^1668 
 
 Evil d.-Charles the Bad. ^1669 
 
 Gloomy d. of Dr. Young. ^1670 
 
 Quarrelsome d.-Louis XIV. ^1671 
 
 Savage d. of Frederick Wm. +1672 
 
 Variable d. of Alexander. ^1673 
 
 Acquired- Avarice-Johnson. 
 Changed by discord-James V. 
 
 " " adversity. 
 Distrusted-Frederick II. 
 
 " -James II. 
 
 Embittered by wrongs. 
 Helpful d. -Alex's education, 
 by Heredity-Frederick II. 
 " " -Melancholy. 
 " " -Nero. 
 Inherited by Nero. 
 
 See HEART in loo. 
 
 425 
 306 
 1670 
 2202 
 3996 
 4805 
 4796 
 2551 
 8660 
 6260 
 1347 
 
 DISPUTATION. 
 
 Rewarded-Oliver Goldsncith. ♦1674 
 See DEBATE in loc. 
 
 DISSEMBIilNG. 
 
 Successful d. of Faustina. *1675 
 Unsuccessful d. of Charles I. ♦16Te 
 
 Miscellaneous cross- references. 
 
 Artful d. of Faustina. 1675 
 
 of Melancholy-Young. 1670 
 
 in Speech-Romans. 529» 
 
 See DECEPTION in loo. 
 
 DISSENSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Religious d. in Reformation. 146 
 
 DISSIMUIiATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affable d. of politician. 1679 
 
 " " " Turks-Proverb. 1680 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 DISSIPATION. 
 
 Philosopher's d.-S. Johnson. ♦1683 
 Youthlul d.-E. A. Poe. ^1684 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clerical d.-Old England. 925 
 
 " " -Eighteenth century. 941 
 Despondency removed by d. 5449 
 Reaction of d.-Cartwright. 1083 
 Shortens life-" Artemus Ward."3883 
 See AMUSEMENT, INTEMPER- 
 ANCE and VICE in loc. 
 
 DISSUASION. 
 
 Impossible -Cortez. ♦1685 
 
 DISTINCTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Military d.-Belisarius. 1686 
 
 See DIGNITARIES. 
 Multiplied- Virginia Colony. ♦1582 
 
 See EMINENCE, 
 by Adversity- Abraham Lincoln. 83 
 in Allegory-John Bunyan. 168 
 
 " Art, Superior e. 347 
 
 " " " " -Raphael. 348 
 
 " Self-sacriflce-Bishop Coke. 1570 
 
 See EXCELLENCE. 
 Testofe., Time the. *1968 
 
 without Credit-Emp. Gratian. 
 Imitation proves e. 
 
 See FAME. 
 Belated-J. Q. Adams, 
 by Competition-Wm. Parry. 
 Costly f.-Sir Walter Scott, 
 by Discovery-N. W. passage. 
 Distant f.-Lincoln-Italy. 
 Impostor's f.-Titus Gates, 
 by Infamy- Assassin of Nap. 
 Locality for f.-Napoleon in E. 
 Perverted-Memory of C. 
 Posthumous f. -Columbus. 
 Regarded-" What will h. say?'' 
 Sudden f . of Byron. 
 
 " " -Bemer's St. Hoax. 
 Trials of f .-Walter Scott. 
 Undesired-Emp. Maximus. 
 
 1107 
 284 
 
 ♦2046 
 ♦2047 
 ♦2048 
 ♦2049 
 ♦2050 
 ♦2051 
 ♦2052 
 ♦2053 
 ♦2054 
 ♦2055 
 ♦2056 
 ♦2057 
 ♦2058 
 ♦2059 
 ♦2060 
 
 Ambition for f .-Themistocles. 189 
 Ambitious for f. -Trajan. 2367 
 
«24 
 
 DISTRESS— DIVISION. 
 
 •Coutradiction-Great vs. M. a485 
 Delayed, Milton's. 2325 
 
 Desired next to power. 195 
 
 diminution of f . 2476 
 
 Diminishing f.-Thirty authors. 3304 
 Increasing posthumous— Burns.2481 
 .Literature necessary to f. 3311 
 
 Merited-Frederick II. 5808 
 
 JUisappropriated f .-Charles Lee.4789 
 Monuments of f.-Pyramids. 2365 
 Neglect followed by f . 3270 
 
 •Omission of f .-T. Cromwell. 2580 
 Passion for f.-Themistocles. 189 
 
 " " -Fred, the Great. 208 
 ■without Popularity-H. Clay. 4310 
 Toll for f.-VirgU. 2341 
 
 Undesirable f. -Shame. 6063 
 
 Wide-extended f . of Wash. 3081 
 
 See GREATNESS. 
 JBlot on Dryden's g. *2469 
 
 JBurdensome g.-O. Cromwell. *2470 
 iBuried g.-Alexander. *2471 
 
 4by Contrast-Charlemagne. *2472 
 J)ownfall of g.-Columbus. *2473 
 JDream of g.-Cromwell. *2474 
 
 End of g.-Saladin. *2475 
 
 Fictitious g.-D'Albuquerque. *2476 
 of Goodness-Cosmo de Medici. *2477 
 Impossible-Fr. under Chas. IX.*2478 
 Multiplex g.-Caesar's. *2479 
 
 Patriotic g.-Cromwell's. *2480 
 
 .Proof of g.-Eobert Burns. *2481 
 Eecognized-Richelieu. *2482 
 
 ■Threefold g. of Francis I. *2483 
 
 -with Vice-Hannibal's. *2484 
 
 "iyy Wisdom-Alexander. "■2485 
 
 in Adversity-Cornelia. 6072 
 
 Art vs. War, Fine Art of Qreece.4200 
 Assumed g.-Despised-Nero. 4325 
 " -Unworthily. 4457 
 
 .Blemished by vice. 2484 
 
 Blot on g. of Alexander. 3741 
 
 Detested-Restraints of g. 3436 
 
 Disappearance of Pompey's g. 5719 
 Evinced in architecture. 2487 
 
 Field required for g. -Milton. 2335 
 -of Goodness-Perioles. 2395 
 
 " " -National-Eng. 2396 
 ■by Great deeds-Themistocles. 34 
 Incompleted g. -Cicero. 2886 
 
 Natural g. of Luther by Carlyle. 769 
 Overpraise of g.-Pompey's. 4370 
 Pei-sonal g. of Oliver Cromwell.1322 
 Respected g.-G. Washington. 3738 
 Ridiculed-Emperor Julian. 4894 
 of Soul-Muley Moluc. 2661 
 
 True g. -Alfred the Great. 4962 
 
 " " -Charles Martel. 4963 
 
 " " -Canute. 4964 
 
 Unsurpassed military g.-C8esar.4312 
 Vanity with g. -Elizabeth. 5775 
 
 See INFAMY. 
 Posthumous i. of Emperor C. *2816 
 Stain of i.-Massacre-Gen. P. '*2817 
 
 "by Assassination-J. W. Booth. 373 
 •Conspicuous for i.-Commodus. 5743 
 Deserved by Titus Gates. 4565 
 
 Exposed to i.-Spartan bachelors.446 
 Immortal i. of Jeffreys. 2862 
 
 for Money-Charles II. 4688 
 
 Overlooked-Pompadour. 3712 
 Remembrance of !.-" Boilman."1364 
 
 Renown of i.-Erostratus. 4763 
 
 Reward of i.-Assassins. 2052 
 
 See MERIT. 
 
 Evidence of m.-Promotion. *3589 
 
 Force of m.-Poet Terence. *3590 
 
 Ignorance of m. -Saracens. *3591 
 
 Nobility by m.-Napoleon I. *3592 
 
 Partial m.-Samuel Johnson. *3593 
 
 Promotion by m.-Anglo-Sax. *3594 
 
 Supremacy of m.-Napoleon I. *3595 
 
 vs. Adulation-Athenians. 5337 
 
 Borrowed m. charged-Raphael 445 
 Combined m. of Raphael. 446 
 
 Crown of m.-Romans. 1325 
 
 Encouragement to m.-Crown. 1324 
 Honors without m. 3963 
 
 " for m.-" Win spurs." 2630 
 Less than money. 3671 
 
 Mediocre m. despised by Shelley. 197 
 vs. Merit-Moez. 3674 
 
 Nobility of m. -Sentimental. 1917 
 Overlooked-John Adams. 4314 
 
 Persecuted by inferiors. 2055 
 
 Precedence of m., Small. 4398 
 
 Promotion by m.-Cromwell. 4512 
 •' " -Spartans. 1822 
 Recognition of m. by Timour. 1367 
 Respect for m.-School. 4891 
 
 Rewarded vs. Rank. 5033 
 
 Royalty of m.-Cromwell. 2320 
 
 of Saints-Transferred by pope. 711 
 Success by m.-" Win his spurs. "1560 
 5416 
 
 6076 
 
 " " " -A. Johnson. 
 Test of m.-Flght-Cerberus. 
 Women, Four perfect. 
 
 See PRECEDENCE. 
 
 Infinitesimal p.-S. Johnson. "■4398 
 
 Quarrels for p.-Ambassadors. "^4399 
 
 " " "-Greeks. "■4400 
 
 Valued-Caesar. *4401 
 
 Declined by wounded Nelson. 2568 
 Guarded-Napoleon vs. Pope. 1326 
 Ludicrous regard for p.-Court. 750 
 Quarrel for p.-Louis XIV. 1671 
 
 See PRE-EMINENCE. 
 Surpassing p.-Geo. Washington. 1928 
 
 See PROMOTION. 
 Earned- General Grant. "■4507 
 
 Jocose p.-Napoleon. *4508 
 
 Loss by p.-Saturninus. ♦4509 
 
 Offensive p.-Senators. ♦4510 
 
 Providential p.-Queen Eliz. "■4511 
 Remarkable p.-Cromwell. *4512 
 Unexpected p. -Cromwell's. ♦4513 
 
 Alarmlng-Pertinax-not death. 165 
 Changed by p.-Archbp. Becket. 882 
 Deserved p.-Lannes at Lodl. 648 
 Failure by p.-Soldiers. 5669 
 
 Peculiar p.-Cook chief engin'er.l239 
 Ruined by p.-Young Carlnus. 1701 
 Shameful p. by disgrace. 1111 
 
 Undeserved p. of an adv'nt'r'r-V.494 
 
 See RENOWN, 
 for Honesty- Aristides. ♦4762 
 
 of Infamy-Eroetratus. ""4763 
 
 Literary r. -Samuel Johnaon. *4764 
 
 Noble r.-Pericles. 
 
 ♦4765 
 
 by Architecture-Pericles. 1769 
 
 See ARISTOCRACY and HONORS 
 in toe. 
 DISTRESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abstinence in d. 3063 
 
 Amusement followed by d. 28 
 
 Public d. utilized for gain. 683 
 
 See ANGUISH. PAIN and TOR- 
 TURE in loc. 
 
 DISTRUST. 
 
 Concealed-Roman?. *1687 
 
 See SUSPICION in loc. 
 
 DISUNION. 
 
 Weakness of d -Johnson. "■1688 
 
 See DISCORD. 
 
 Dangers of d. to the State. "■1624 
 
 Perverted by d.-Crusaders. *1625 
 
 Shameful d.-R. Emperors. "■1626 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Popular factions' d.-Blue-Green.970 
 
 Religious d. of Pagans. 4697 
 
 from Want-Famine. 2076 
 
 See DIVISION and DIVORCE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 DIVERSION. 
 
 Mental d. dangerous-Caesar. *1689 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Mental d.-Logarithms by Nap. 3826 
 
 of Thought-Policy in. 3627 
 
 See AMUSEMENT i7i loc. 
 
 DIVERSITY. 
 
 of Interests-Society. "-legO 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 in Social life-Napoleon -Peasant. 187 
 
 See CHANGE in loc. 
 
 DIVINITY. 
 
 Proof of d. required. •1691 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of the Soul-Pythagoras. 
 
 See DEITY in loc. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 Helpless by d.-Aurellan. 
 Necessary d.-Bar Allies. 
 Partisan policy of d. 
 Ruinous d. -Roman Empire, 
 by War-Roundheads-Cav'll'rs, 
 Weakness by d. -Germans. 
 
 526S 
 
 ♦1698 
 "■1693 
 "■1694 
 *1695 
 "■1696 
 •1697 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Caste d. in India. 3537 
 
 " " «' " 943 
 
 Conquered by d.-Armada. 1885 
 
 " " 2218 
 
 Fomented by lawyers. 3166 
 
 by Food-Scots-English. 1913 
 
 Needless conjugal d.-W. and M.5998 
 Result of d., Dnexpected-Rom. 678 
 Weakness by d.-P. of R. t'w'rd G.79 
 
 See ANTAGONISM. 
 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 243 
 
 in Personal character-M. L. 761 
 
 -Queen E. 763 
 
 Unnatural a.-Father-Son. 1064 
 
 See ANIMOSITY. 
 Fraternal a.-Caracalla and G. "■239 
 of Ignorance-National a. *240 
 
 Unreasonable, Anti-Catholic a. *2il 
 
DIVORCE— DRAMA. 
 
 825 
 
 See ANTIPATHY. 
 Race a. of Irish in Ireland. 243 
 
 See DISAGREEMENT, 
 ©f Physicians of Charles II. 4171 
 
 See DIVERSITY, 
 of Interests in society. *1690 
 
 in Social life-Nap. and peasant 187 
 
 See DIFFERENCES. 
 
 Sectarian d.-Persian vs. Turk. 5070 
 
 " " -Magnified. 5071 
 
 See DISUNION. 
 
 Weakness of d.-Johnson. *1688 
 
 • See ESTRANGEMENT. 
 
 Connubial e.-Wm. and Mary. *1924 
 
 See OPPOSITION. 
 
 Benefits of o.-Christianity. ♦2931 
 
 of Folly-" Street Lights." *2932 
 
 Help by o.-Persecution. *2933 
 
 Impolitic o.-Taxation. *2934 
 
 Political o.-President Tyler. *2935 
 
 Prepared o.-Politics. *2936 
 
 Proof by o.-Reaction. *2937 
 
 Useless o. of Goths. *2938 
 
 Conciliation by bribery-Adams. 676 
 Courted-Quakers in New Eng. 3502 
 
 Female o. to liturgy-Scots. 6133 
 
 Foolish o. to cotton goods. 513 
 
 Mutual o.-Cato-Scipio. 1899 
 
 Obstructive o.-Scots. 975 
 
 Perseverance in o. of slavery. 147 
 
 of Prejudice to highways. 4414 
 
 Provoked-Donatists. 3506 
 
 by Slander of Bunyan. 5171 
 
 " Wesley. 5173 
 
 " " " Constantine. 5174 
 
 Vice in o. to vice. 3002 
 
 of Wife, Violent o. 5168 
 
 See PARTIES. 
 
 Difiference in English p. '4010 
 
 Independence of English p. *4011 
 
 Natural in politics-Two p. *4013 
 
 Opposite p. among Romans. ♦4013 
 
 Passion of p. -Romans. *4014 
 
 Value of English p. *4015 
 
 In Politics needed for liberty. 4263 
 
 See PARTISAN. 
 
 by Contagion-Parliamentary. *4017 
 
 Effective p.-Rev. J. Swift. *4016 
 
 vs. Mediator-James II. 3547 
 
 in Politics-Right or wrong. 4264 
 
 See PARTISANS. 
 Appointment of p. -Pres't Polk. 276 
 
 Bitterness of p.-Politics. 4235 
 
 Hurtful influence of p. 1694 
 
 Judges-Jeffreys' court. 4102 
 
 Overruled-Mexican War. 276 
 
 Protected by p.-Sylla. 3882 
 
 Reign of p.-Blue-Green. 970 
 
 See PARTY. 
 Changed, Honorably-Falkrnd.*4018 
 
 Confessed injudiciously-Andr6. 1043 
 Controlled by p. 4162 
 
 See SEPARATION. 
 
 Necessary- Army of James 11. 315 
 
 Punishment by s.-Adulterers. 64 
 
 Safety by s.-Early Germans. 3000 
 
 See CASTE, DISCORD, HATRED 
 
 and STRIFE in loc. 
 
 DIVORCE. 
 
 Advocated-John Milton. 
 Agonizing d.-Nap.-Josephine 
 Causes of d. -Confucius. 
 Convenient d.-Carinus. 
 Demoralized by d.-Romans. 
 Disallowed-N. E. Puritans. 
 First Roman d.-Carvilius. 
 of Mothers- American Indians 
 One-sided d.-Roman. 
 Permissible-Roman law. 
 Regulated- Emperor Augustus, 
 Views of d.-Reformers. 
 
 *1698 
 ♦1699 
 *1700 
 *1701 
 ♦1702 
 *1703 
 ♦1704 
 .♦1705 
 *1706 
 *1707 
 *1708 
 *1709 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Adultery confessed for d. 2188 
 
 Anguish by d. of Josephine. 104 
 
 Chosen by both, permissible. 3490 
 
 Commanded-Decllned. 2788 
 
 Common-Roman Empire. 3439 
 by Corruption of pope-Alex.VI. 670 
 
 from False union-Henry VIII. 3444 
 
 Fear of a d. by Josephine. 178 
 
 of Innocent one-Mahomet. 3242 
 
 Looseness in d.-Romans. 3460 
 Marriage before d.-A. Jack8on.3453 
 
 Misdirection of d.-Mahomet. 63 
 
 Pretext for d.-Henry VIII. 6069 
 
 " " " -Peter IIL 6009 
 
 Required without cause. 5107 
 
 " by superstition. 5155 
 
 Rival applications ford. 6009 
 
 Suspicion requires d. -Caesar. 1*42 
 
 Unknown for 520 years. 3439 
 
 See DISCOVERY. 
 
 DOCTRINES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Zeal for d.-Wm. P. of Orange. 4404 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Confusion in d. -Union of all. 1937 
 Erratic d. of Milton. 3922 
 
 Mixed d.-Gnostics-Chrlstians. 1937 
 Perverted-Early Christians. 1932 
 vs. Preferments-Arminians. 4308 
 Tested by fire-Sectaries d. 2087 
 
 See ORTHODOXY. 
 Blue o.-" Blue " and " Green." 970 
 Denied for Office. 3500 
 
 See CREEDS. HERETICS, PER- 
 SECUTION and THEOL- 
 OGY in loc. 
 
 Doe. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Combat with d. Cerberus. 3338 
 
 Fidelity of soldier's d. 3578 
 
 Misused d., Alcibiades'. 1306 
 
 DOOS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Martyred by d.-Nero's-per't'n. 1358 
 Provision for d.-Cyrus. 4285 
 
 Serviceable-Shepherd's d. 238 
 
 DO n A IN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Purchase of d. -Louisiana. 1078 
 
 DOMINION. 
 
 Boundless d.-Roman. *1710 
 
 Proofs of d.-Perslans. *1711 
 
 See GOVERNMENT in loc. 
 
 DONATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 National d. of Capuans to R. 172 
 
 See GENEROSITY in loc. 
 
 DOURT. 
 
 Expressed-Marcius Crassus. *1712 
 Philosophic d.-Academles. *1713 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dishonors God-Bunyan. 2032 
 
 Temptation to d. -Bunyan. 569 
 
 Wavering betrays doubt. 4155 
 
 DOURTS. 
 Overcome by inner voice. *1714 
 
 See DISTRUST. 
 Concealed d.-Romans. *1687 
 
 See INCREDULITY, 
 of Friends-Mahomet's family. 6201 
 Popular i.-Robert Fulton. 8306 
 
 See SUSPICION. 
 Above s.-Caesar's wife. *5476 
 
 Clamorous s.-Free Masons. *5477 
 
 Appeal to Alexander's s. 
 from a Dream- Antigonus. 
 Exposed to s.-Philotas. 
 Overconfidence begets s. 
 Sectarian s.-Jesuits. 
 Slender men-s. of Caesar. 
 Victim of s.-"The Pretender. 
 
 See UNBELIEF, 
 by Intercourse-Christians. 
 " Peril-Reign of James II. 
 Primitive u. -Christian. 
 Vicious u.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 1048 
 2523 
 3741 
 3528 
 1475 
 263 
 ' 6223 
 
 ♦5749 
 ♦5750 
 ♦5751 
 
 ♦5748 
 
 VS. Fanaticism. 2083 
 
 " Faith-Contras'ed. 2229 
 
 See INFIDELITY in loc. 
 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 Scheme of d. -Charles I. +1715 
 
 Success by d.-Romans. ♦1716 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Agriculture improved by d. 1715 
 Death by lack of d. 4158 
 
 Health by d.-John Howard. 4165 
 Opposition to d.-Sportsmen. 1128 
 
 DRAMA. 
 
 Indecent d.-Twelfth century. ^1717 
 Literature of the d.-Greece. ^1718 
 Origin of d.-Rome. ♦1719 
 
 Religious d. In churches. ^1720 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Degraded by scenic machinery. 220 
 
 See ACTORS, 
 and Actresses-Origin of a. ^43 
 
 Dishonored by Roman law. ^44 
 Respect for a. by S. Johnson. ^45 
 
 Infamous a.-Success of Roman. 220 
 Punished at whipping-posts byP.222 
 
 See COMEDY. 
 Undignified employment in c. 3038 
 
 See GESTICULATION. 
 Oratorical g. opposed. 1854 
 
 Specialty in g. -Actors. 2352 
 
 See PANTOMIME. 
 In Jurisprudence-Romans. 3985 
 Scandalized-Marozia. 3966 
 
826 
 
 DREAM— EARNESTNESS. 
 
 See THEATRE. 
 
 eorrupted-English t. *5582 
 
 Dangers of t.-S. Johnson. *5583 
 
 Licentiousness and t. *5584 
 
 Opposition to t.-Dr. Dawson. *5585 
 
 " " " punished. *5586 
 
 Kestored-Eng. Restoration. *5587 
 
 and Sensuality-Roman t. *5588 
 
 Vicious t.-English. *5589 
 
 " *5590 
 
 Degenerated-Religious orlgiii 
 
 . 43 
 
 Immoral and destruotive-R. 
 
 103 
 
 Pleasure In t. 
 
 341 
 
 Political power of t. 
 
 1536 
 
 Shameful exhibitions. 
 
 4533 
 
 See THEATRICALS. 
 
 
 in Churches-Biblical. 
 
 ♦5591 
 
 Condemned by Solon. 
 
 ♦5592 
 
 DREAm. 
 
 
 Directed by d.-Constantine. 
 
 •1721 
 
 Realized-Cicero's. 
 
 *1722 
 
 Regard for d.-Am. Indians. 
 
 *1723 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discoyery by d.-Relics. 4671 
 
 Encouraged by d.-Minlster. 3846 
 Encouragement by a d. 3765 
 
 of Heaven-Mahomet's visit. 2544 
 Influential d. -Edmund Rich. 3180 
 Instruction by a d.-Alexander. 1514 
 Punished for a d. -Death. 2881 
 
 Reproof in d.-Friar. 3364 
 
 Suspicion awakened by a d. 2523 
 
 DRSJiMS. 
 Verified d.-Rich'd Boardman. ♦1724 
 Visionary d.-Napoleon I. *1725 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deceptive d. in bereavement-L. 891 
 Direction by d.-Savages. 2261 
 
 Horrible d. of Bunyan. 2733 
 
 Revelation in d. -Temple Ino. 5213 
 
 See ABSTRACTION. 
 Art of a-" Waistcoat button." *19 
 Blunders by a.-Newton. *20 
 
 Dangerous a.-Archimedes. *21 
 
 Absence of mind-0. Goldsmith. 609 
 
 Aroused from a.-S. Johnson. 2310 
 
 Philosopner's a.-Archimedes. 1905 
 
 Youthful a. by study-Newton. 2100 
 
 " -Study of Pascal. 2324 
 
 See REVERIE. 
 
 Discovery by r. -Gravitation. 2295 
 
 Lost In r.-Samuel Johnson. 2310 
 
 See VISION in loo. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 Criminal d.-Joan of Arc-Male. ♦1726 
 
 Exchanged d.-Joan of Arc. *1727 
 
 Extravagance in d.. Period of ^1728 
 
 " "-Mid. Ages*1729 
 
 •' " " Loss by. ^1730 
 
 Impressed by d.-M. Luther. *1731 
 
 Investment in d.-S. Johnson. *1732 
 
 Legislation on d.-England. ^1733 
 .. .. » #^734 
 
 ♦1735 
 
 •« " " " *1736 
 
 an Obstacle-O. Goldsmith. ^1737 
 
 Preaching against d.-Ellz'b'th.^l738 
 
 Sinful d.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦1739 
 
 Dislike for ceremonial d.-Nap. 751 
 
 Extravagance vs. Parsimony. 4008 
 
 " of Diocletian. 26 
 
 Fantastic d.-Constantine. 5772 
 
 Indifference to d.-Cromwell's. 262 
 
 Neglect of d.-Dissipation. 1684 
 
 " " " -Samuel Johnson. 2312 
 
 Neglected by absence of mind. 20 
 
 Ornamental d.-Am. Indians. 3961 
 
 Regulated by law- Romans. 3416 
 
 Unchanged- Visitor-Mrs. Wa8h.2786 
 
 Vanity in d.-Constantine. 5772 
 
 » " "-Tiribazus. 5773 
 
 •' " " -" Fine Coat." 5776 
 
 " " "-Goldsmith. 5777 
 
 See JEWELRY. 
 
 Passion for j .-Henry VII. ^3023 
 
 Extravagance in j. -Charles I. 2011 
 
 Treason for j.-Woman. 5698 
 
 See CLOTHING in loc. 
 
 DRINKING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ancient English d. ^1740 
 
 Art in d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1741 
 
 Effects of d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1742 
 
 *1743 
 
 See DRUNKENNESS in loc. 
 
 DRUGOIST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Eminent d.-Sir Humphry Davy. 86 
 
 DRUNKARD. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Converted d.-Irishman. 1183 
 
 Habitual and constant d. 1741 
 
 Happiness of d. -Present. 2631 
 
 Unconscious appeal of d. 1741 
 
 See INTEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 DRUNKENNESS. 
 
 Melancholy by d.-Alex's fury. *1744 
 Punished-Drunkard's cloak. ^1745 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Folly ot d.-Dangerous-Alboin. 3971 
 Judicious clerical d. 3708 
 
 Paradise of d.-Anc'nt Germans.3988 
 Punished-Death-Officlal. 3790 
 
 DUEIi. 
 
 Combat by d.-Alexander. ♦1746 
 Murder by d.-Alex. Hamilton. ^1747 
 Naval d.-Paul Jones. *1748 
 
 Proposed by monarchs. ^1749 
 
 Religious d. -Wellington's. ♦17(50 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Challenge to fight a d. unacc'p'd.891 
 Combat by d. -Generals. 1543 
 
 Inglorious d.-Commodus. 5823 
 
 Needless d. -Decatur-Barron. 4595 
 Trial by combat-Gauls. 3054 
 
 War ended by d.-Thebans. 3884 
 
 See DUELS. 
 Inequality in d.- Josiah Quincy.^1751 
 
 DUIiNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Intellectual d. rebuked. 
 
 740 
 
 See STUPIDITY. 
 Hopeless s. of James II. 
 
 ♦5376 
 
 Improvident s.-Gold-seekers. 2807 
 
 Insult of s.-James II. 2903 
 
 Mistake of s.-Bag vs. Pearls. 2723 
 
 Official s.-Newcastle. 2716 
 
 " " " " 2717 
 
 " " -Traitor-Arnold. 1553 
 
 Traveller's s.-Crusaders. 2724 
 
 See DUPES in loc. 
 
 DUMB. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Delivered-Son of Croesus. 5295 
 
 DUPES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Day of d.-France. 1474 
 
 Undeceived-Ruined. 2214 
 
 See FOLLY and STUPIDITY 
 in loc. 
 
 DUPIilCITY. 
 
 National d.-Queen Anne. *1752 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Religious d.-Sclater. 4700 
 
 Shameful d.-F. North. 3040 
 
 Shameless in d.-Leo X. 4250 
 
 Success by d.-Louis XI. 5391 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 DUTIES. 
 
 High d.-Relgn of Wm. III. ♦1753 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Reciprocal d.-Wm. and Mary. 2690 
 
 DUTY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discouragement in d.-Honesty.l615 
 Faithfulne:- s to d.-Bunyan. 4393 
 Fidelity to d. expected. 404ft 
 
 Joy in duty done-M. Luther. 1092 
 Life less than d. 2788 
 
 Mistaken d.-Crusaders. 1520 
 
 Obedience necessary-Joan. 1557 
 
 " to d.-John Milton. 604 
 Protection in d. -William III. 508* 
 Supremacy of d.-Mahomet. 360T 
 
 DW^ARFS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Lunar beings-Sweden borg's v. 2658 
 
 Dll^EIililNOS. 
 
 Plainness in d.-Lycurgus. ^1754 
 
 See ARCHITECTURE and HOME 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EARI.Y RISING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Sleepiness from e.-r. 6806 
 
 EARS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amputated e.-Punishment. 204» 
 Importance of e.-War. 5887 
 
 Insult by boxing e. 27 
 
 Trophy in amputated e. 593* 
 
 EARNESTNESS. 
 Eloquence of e.-Peter-Hermit.^lTS 
 vs. Humor-A. Lincoln. ♦I? 
 
 Success by e -Wooden sword. *175t 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accepted-Lord Nelson. 39 
 
 Convincing e.-Mahomet 
 Evidence of e.-Soldiers. 
 
EARTHQUAKE— EATING. 
 
 827 
 
 Impressive e. of Brutus. 6181 
 
 Lack of clerical e. 945 
 
 Patriotic e.-Robert Morris. 4053 
 Power of one man-Hermit. 1376 
 Ridicule overcome by e. 4656 
 
 Savage e. of Cassar-Rampart of. 606 
 Success rewards e.-Cable. 2031 
 
 Victory by e -Marathon-Charge.467 
 
 See ACTIVITY. 
 Military a.-Romans. *39 
 
 Determined-" Close action." 
 Success by unexpected a. 
 
 See ARDOR. 
 Soldiers a.-B)ind John-Crecy. 
 
 See DETERMINATION. 
 Asserted-'Sword shall give it.' 
 Emphatic d.-Stone-My ballot. 
 Fixed d.-Joan of Arc. 
 Obstinate d.-Scotch Presb's. 
 Strange d.-Joan of Arc. 
 for Success-" Win his spurs." 
 Want of d.-Philip of France. 
 Youthful d.-Alcibiades. 
 
 1904 
 1491 
 
 *297 
 
 *1555 
 *1556 
 ♦1557 
 *1558 
 *1559 
 ♦1560 
 ♦1561 
 ♦1562 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ambitious d. of Alex. Hamilton.185 
 Resolute d.-Luther to Worms. 1241 
 Success by d.-Wadsworth. 3956 
 
 See ENERGY. 
 Complimented-Napoleon I. *1890 
 Expression of e.-Gen. Grant. *1891 
 Individual e.-Rienzi. *1892 
 
 Military e.-Emp. Trajan. *1893 
 
 of Patriotism-I. Putnam. *]894 
 
 Success by e.-C'rd'nal Wolsey.*1895 
 Surpassing e.-Mahomet II. *1896 
 
 by Climate-Hungarians. 
 
 In Disaster-Romans. 
 
 Expressed-Caesar. 
 
 Lack of e. brings disaster. 
 
 Navy created in 60 days by R. 
 
 Personal e.-" Chas.the H'mer. 
 
 See ENTHUSIASM. 
 Patriotic e. "Indepe'd'nce H." 
 Persistent e.-Lord Nelson. 
 for Philosophy-Archimedes. 
 Remarkable e.-Joan of Arc. 
 Soldier's e. -Manassas. 
 
 952 
 
 1609 
 
 1033 
 
 2025 
 
 39 
 
 "2187 
 
 *1903 
 *1904 
 *1905 
 ♦1906 
 ♦1907 
 
 Affecting e. for M. Theresa. 4035 
 
 of Affection for Ceesar. 2851 
 
 Aroused by Scipio Africanus. 5702 
 
 In Battle-Philip. 5945 
 
 for Battle-Charles XII. 3752 
 
 Beginning of e., Remarkable. 2090 
 Church-builders-Jewish temple.863 
 
 Despair followed by e. 1906 
 
 Eloquence of e.-Peter the H. 1755 
 
 Evil e. for Tetzel. 4309 
 
 by Example-Joan of Arc. 653 
 
 of Fanaticism-Joan of Arc. 2086 
 
 Inventor's e.-John Fitch. 2990 
 
 Lack of e.-General Lee. 1645 
 
 for Liberty-Lafayette. 3220 
 
 Literary e.-Samuel Johnson. 404 
 
 Maiden martyr's e.-Scot. 4142 
 
 Missionary e. of Irish. 8637 
 
 " " " -Spanish. 3638 
 
 " " " -Columbus. 3641 
 
 " " " -Thos. Coke. 3644 
 
 in Old Age-Thomas Coke. 3644 
 
 Partisan e. -Lincoln's rails. 3104 
 Patriotic e.-Am. Revolution. 4036 
 
 " "-Bunker Hill. 1894 
 
 Popular e.-Patriotic Paris. 3211 
 
 " welcome of Nap's son.597 
 
 e. cultivated. 4323 
 
 Religious e.-Crusades. 1375, 1376 
 
 " " -Pilgrimages. 5981 
 
 " " -Woman's-Isabella.4182 
 Soldier's e.-Benedict Arnold. 4049 
 of Soldiers-Confederates. 1907 
 
 Springs of e.-Religion-War-G. 817 
 Stimulated by courting danger. 647 
 " at crisis-Banner. 651 
 
 Strange e.-Prolonged-Crus'des.4150 
 Successful religious e. 3636 
 
 Success by e.-Crusaders. 4705 
 
 .4 .. "-Cromwell's sold'rs.311 
 of Superstition-Joan of Arc. 226 
 Victory by e.-Saratoga. 5814 
 
 of Victory-W. at Waterloo. 3030 
 Youthful-Ali. 6201 
 
 " -Lafayette. 6188 
 
 See HASTE. 
 Defects of h. in Fine Arts. *2524 
 Needless h.-Ad. Drake. *2525 
 
 Imperils justice. 
 Patriotic h. -Israel Putnam. 
 Perilous h. -Crusaders. 
 In Writing-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See ZEAL, 
 in Arl^Protogenes. 
 Christian z.-G. Whitefield. 
 Encouraged-Lincoln. 
 Imprudent z.-Puritans. 
 Ineffective z.-John Milton's. 
 Misdirected z.-Religious. 
 Punished z.-Charles Wesley. 
 Sectarian z.-James II. 
 Unrewarded-Pretender. 
 
 3051 
 
 4036 
 
 5701 
 
 404 
 
 *6215 
 *6216 
 *6217 
 ♦6218 
 '*6219 
 *6220 
 *6221 
 *6222 
 *6223 
 
 of Affection-Jobn Howard's. 122 
 in Benevolence-John Howard . 541 
 of Christians-Primitive Church. 834 
 Church-b'ilding.z.-J'wish t'mple.863 
 " " -St. Sophia. 865 
 Convert's z.-Ali-Mohammedan.ll84 
 Excessive z. for religious pros. 199 
 Intolerant z. of Bishop Mark. 883 
 Ministerial z. of Dr. Coke. 539 
 
 Pretended z.-Charles II. 2215 
 
 Religious z. of women-Q,uakers.4129 
 Woman's z. in religion. 6133 
 
 " " " reform. 6124 
 
 " " politics. 6114 
 
 in Worship-England. 4733 
 
 EARTHaUAKE:. 
 
 Destructive e. -Ancient. *1758 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarmed by e. at London. 1087 
 Appalling e. at Lisbon. 731 
 
 E A RTHQUAKES. 
 
 Periods of ancient e. "■1759 
 
 EASE. 
 Irreligious e -Samuel Johnson. *1760 
 See INDIFFERENCE and INDUL- 
 GENCE in he. 
 
 EASTER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bloody e.-Sicilian Vespers. 
 EATING. 
 
 Custom in e.-English. 
 " " " -Roman. 
 
 1340 
 
 *1761 
 *1762 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Club-" Inimitable Livers." 966 
 
 Conversation in e.-Spartans. 2182 
 
 " " " desired. 3600 
 
 Gluttony-Hospitality. 2639 
 
 See ABSTINENCE. 
 Certainty by a.-S. Johnson. *14 
 Limit of a. in fasting. *15 
 
 Prudential a. by experience. *16 
 Twofold a.-Wine and water. *17 
 Unconscious a. from f .-Sbelley. *18 
 
 in Distress of mind. 
 
 " Excitement-Gamblers'. 
 
 " Grief-Wife of James II. 
 Necessary-" One glass." 
 Nobility in a.-Alexander. 
 Self -conquest by a.-Mahomet. 
 
 See APPETITE. 
 Fastidious a. of Antony. 
 Indulgence of a.-Shameless. 
 Perils of a.-Cato the Censor. 
 Protest of a.-Monks. 
 Ruled by a -Epicure. 
 
 3063 
 6146 
 6068 
 2955 
 5095 
 5077 
 
 *265 
 *269 
 *266 
 *267 
 *268 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degraded by indulgence of a.-P.368 
 Surrender to a.-Henry VIII. 3852 
 Voracious a.-Samuel Johnson. 2183 
 
 See BOARD. 
 Prayers exchanged for b. *610 
 
 See CANNIBALISM. 
 Christian c.-Crusaders. 706 
 
 2077 
 2679 
 
 in Famine-France. 
 " " -California. 
 
 See DINNER. 
 Bad d., Ill-humor by-Johnson *1592 
 Waiting d.-Samuel Johnson. *1593 
 
 See EPICURES. 
 Reputed e.-English by Scots. *1913 
 
 See GLUTTONY. 
 Hospitality complimented by g.2639 
 
 See GOURMAND. 
 Characteristic g.-Johnson. 2183 
 " " 2927 
 
 Indigestion of g.-Soliman. 2926 
 
 See HOSPITALITY. 
 Appreciated-Roman. 2639 
 
 without Charity-English. 
 Courtly h.-Louis XIV. 
 Duty of h.-Arab's tradition 
 False h.-Exposed-Roman. 
 Forgotten by Benedict Arnold. *2644 
 Painful h.-Son's murderer. *2645 
 Reluctance in h.-" I hate to." *2646 
 Sacred h.-S'p'rst't'n of Arabs.'*2647 
 " "-" Salt "-Orientals. *2648 
 of Savages to Columbus. *2649 
 
 Spirit of h.-Derrick. ♦2650 
 
 Universal h.-Amerlcan Indian8.2()51 
 
 ♦2640 
 *2641 
 ♦2642 
 ♦2648 
 
 Complimented by gluttony. 2689 
 Delay by h. of Mary Lindley. 6115 
 Drunkenness by h. 2936 
 
 HI 
 
828 
 
 ECCENTRICITY— EDUCATION. 
 
 Obligation follows h.-Sylla. 3820 
 Poor welcomed to Cimon's h. 529 
 Refused by mistake.-Eng. M'nkF.217 
 Remunerated by prayers. 610 
 
 Rewarded with cruelty. 2850 
 
 Unexpected results of h-Whitney.88 
 Violated-Adulterer. 2276 
 
 See HUNGER. 
 Insatiable h. of gold-seekers. *2679 
 
 Address to h. difficult. 2014 
 
 Desperation of h.-Cannibals. 706 
 Perishing from h.-Siege. 1502 
 
 Pressure of h.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 See VEGETARIAN. 
 Health sought by v.-Howard. 1576 
 Successful v.-B. Franklin. 3095 
 
 Trials of a v.-Ritson. *5783 
 
 See VEGETARIANS. 
 
 by Necessity-English. 2181 
 
 Eellgious v.- Austere Priscirists. 401 
 
 " " -Persians. 1001 
 
 See FAMINE, FEAST and FOOD 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ECCENTRICirY. . 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Conscience-William Penn. 3775 
 " " -Suicide. 3506 
 
 Crankish e.-Ferguson. 5774 
 
 of Genius-Samuel Johnson. 2309 
 2310 
 of Sympathy-Napoleon. 8578 
 
 See PECULIARITIES. 
 Religious p. of Puritans. 4732 
 
 ECL.IPSE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarm from e., Supei'stitious a. 5441 
 " " " " 5459 
 
 ECONOMY. 
 
 Habit of e. a treasure. *1763 
 
 Misrepresented-Meanness. *1764 
 
 National e.-Fred. the Great. *1765 
 
 and Thrift-Imperial. *1766 
 
 Wise e. of William Penn. *1767 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Benevolence-Mrs. Fletcher. 519 
 " " -Emp. Trajan. 547 
 
 " " -John Wesley. 549 
 
 In Burial- Athenian law. 5113 
 
 Criticised-Funeral of Chas. II. 2247 
 vs. Display-LucuUus. 1590 
 
 in Government-Excessive. 2420 
 
 Honorable e.-S. Adams. 3660 
 
 Noble e.-Benjamin Franklin. 3095 
 Patriotic e -Romans. 3416 
 
 Remarkable e.-Wesley'e. 4289 
 
 vs. Renown- Architecture. 1769 
 
 Taxed by Henry VII. 2003 
 
 See FRUGALITY. 
 Misapplied f .-Charles II. *2245 
 
 Plan of f .-Irish painter. *2246 
 
 Example of f.-Caesar. 3162 
 
 111 timed f .-James II. 4008 
 
 Patriotic f. -Virginia Colony. 4833 
 
 ECSTASY. 
 
 Religious-John Bunyan. 
 See JOY in loc. 
 
 ♦1768 
 
 EDIFICE. 
 
 Monumental e. -Pericles. *1769 
 
 See ARCHITECTURE in loc. 
 
 EDITOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Patriotic e.-American Rev. 4438 
 
 EDITORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Predictions of e. -Civil War. 4406 
 Punished for false news. 4442 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 Ancient e. of Persians. ♦1770 
 
 " " -Popular. *1771 
 
 Anti-classical e.-Frederick II. *1772 
 Apportionment for e.-Mass. C.*1773 
 Appreciated by ancient R. ^1774 
 -R. Arkwright. *1775 
 " -William Jones. *1776 
 
 -Rob't St'ph'ns'n. *1777 
 Athletic e. of Romans. *1778 
 
 Beginning in e.-Col. Mass. *1779 
 Christian e.-England. *1780 
 
 Civilization bye.-Ancient Ger.*1781 
 Collegiate e. detested-Southey ^1782 
 Contributions for e.-Yale. *1783 
 Deficiency in e.-Washington. *1784 
 Deprived of e.-Peter Cooper. *1785 
 Devoted to e.-Confucius. *1786 
 
 Difficult-Abraham Lincoln. *1787 
 " -Geo. Washington. *1788 
 Disparaged by friends- Lincoln.*1789 
 Distinction by e., Relative. *1790 
 Donations to e.-Harvard C. *1791 
 End of e.-Cooper Institute. *1792 
 Errors in e.-Luther's. *1793 
 
 General e. in New England. *1794 
 Guarded-Prince of Wales. *1795 
 Helps to e.-Robert Burns. *1796 
 Higher life by e.-Aristotle. *1797 
 Imperfect e.-Washington. *1798 
 ImperlUed-Bad teacher. *1799 
 
 Indecision in e.-S. Johnson. *1800 
 Independent e.-Gibbon. *1801 
 
 vs. Legislation-Lycurgus. *1802 
 
 " Licentiousness-R. of C. II. *1803 
 Ministerial e.Lady H'nt'ngd'n.*1804 
 Misdirected-Accomplishm'nts.*1805 
 Necessary-Alfred the Great. *1806 
 Neglected-Ireland. *1807 
 
 " -Reign of Chas. II. *1808 
 " -Sam Houston. *1809 
 
 Opposed Governor of Virginia.*1810 
 Patron of e.-Luther's. *1811 
 
 Philanthropic-Smithsonian I. *18]2 
 Political e. of Alexander. *1813 
 
 Power of e.-Pulpit. *1814 
 
 Precocity in e.-S. Johnson. *1815 
 Prohibited in Ireland. *1816 
 
 Public e.-Spartans. *1817 
 
 Religious e.-Napoleon I. *1818 
 
 " -Wesley's. *1819 
 
 Sacrifices for e. -Mother's. ♦1820 
 and State-Alexander. ^1821 
 
 " " -Spartans. *1822 
 
 Substituted by experience. 1823 
 Suspected- Jesuits in Eng. ^1824 
 Tax for e.-Harvard University. ♦1825 
 Trials in e.-Samuel Johnson. ^1826 
 Varied military e.-Roman. ^1827 
 Wealth for e.-Cooper Institute^l828 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appreciation of e.-Puritans. 4106 
 
 Backwardness in e.-W. Irving. 6190 
 
 Beginning in e.-A. Lincoln. 6213 
 
 Caution in e.-Parental-Pascal. 2324 
 
 for Citizenship-Spartan youth. 894 
 
 Compensation of e. for humble b.594 
 
 of Conscience-John Newton. 1093 
 
 " " -Relics. 3840 
 
 " " -Head of Emp. 3842 
 
 Deficient e.-Lincoln one year. 6200 
 
 " "-Geo. Washington. 6198 
 
 Discouragement in e . -G'ldsm'th .640 
 
 in Doing good-Persians. 2393 
 
 Earned by labor-D. Crockett. 637 
 
 Encouraged by the State.-C. 354 
 
 Female e.-Q,ueen Elizabeth. 6098 
 
 Importance of e. -Persians. 6212 
 
 Impossible-English clergy. 939 
 
 Interest in e.-Napoleon I. 2330 
 
 Late start in e. 5416 
 
 Legal e. of Romans. 3140 
 
 Life enlarged by e. 1781 
 
 " transformed by e. 1797 
 
 Need of e.-Eng. country gent. 240 
 
 Negleoted-Peter the Great. 6206 
 
 " e. of Milton's d. 805 
 
 " -Emp. Honorius. 1877 
 
 " -Eng.-17th century. 624 
 
 by Observation-Fine Arts. 333 
 
 Opportunity denied-P. C. 3277 
 
 Origin of ancient e.-Egyptians. 338 
 
 Patriotic e. by mothers. 4047 
 
 Patron of e. rewarded-Nap. 2358 
 
 Prejudice against e.-Barbar'ns.3303 
 
 by the Press-Unqualified. 44.34 
 
 Prohibited-Scientific. 2034 
 
 Qualifies for life-Alexander. 3278 
 
 Religious e., Power of. 1111 
 
 Restricted in year 1509. 928 
 
 Revival of e. in Europe. 912 
 
 Sacrifices for e.-J. Sparks. 3094 
 
 " " "-B. Franklin. 3095 
 
 " "-John Fitch. 3096 
 
 without School-Mr.«. Adams. 3497 
 
 State protected by e. 5327 
 
 5328 
 
 " requires female e. 8727 
 
 Strife for institutions of e. 973 
 
 Success without e.-Pizarro. 641 
 
 Sunday school e. 5435 
 
 of Talent-Alexander. 5505 
 
 Wise investment-Wm. Penn. 1767 
 
 by Woman-Hypatia. 6078 
 
 of Women opposed-Swift. 6117 
 
 See COLLEGE. 
 VS. Capital-Location of Yale. ^973 
 
 Disgraaed in President. 3177 
 
 Rebellion in c. justified. 248 
 
 Struggles in c.-S. Johnson. 261 
 
 See INSTRUCTION. 
 Dangerous 1. of enemy. 3729 
 
 by Defeat-Peter the Great. 1493 
 " Example-Siege of Rome. 1961 
 " " -Divinity of the Son. 825 
 " Failure-Minucius. 2026 
 
 Need of i.-Petrarch. 621 
 
 Needed with authority. -How'rd.411 
 Popular i. by architecture. 287 
 
EFFEMINACY— EGOTISM. 
 
 829 
 
 See KNOWLEDGE. 
 Desired-Samuel Johnson. *3087 
 Eagerness for k.-Poet Shelley. *3088 
 Happiness by k.-Socrates. *3089 
 Humility for k.-Divine. *3090 
 
 without Learning-P. Cooper. *3091 
 Limitations of k.-Aristotle. *3092 
 Progress of k.-Aristotle. *3093 
 
 Promotion by k.-Jared Sparks.*3094 
 Sacrifices for k.-B. Franklin. *3095 
 " "-John Fitch. *3096 
 Theft of k.-Stilpo. *3097 
 
 Cost of k.-Lottery-P. Cooper. 3334 
 Criminal k.-Persecution. 4118 
 
 Dangerous k. of law. 3321 
 
 Experimental method in k. 3775 
 False k. of Aristotle. 2020 
 
 Love of k. -Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 Opposition to k.-Catholicism-E. 735 
 Perilous pride of k.-B.'s defeat. 97 
 Pursuit of k.-Peter the Great. 2328 
 ■Responsibility comes with k. 4825 
 of k.-"Gunp. p."2089 
 Self-k. by adversity-Fred. V. 84 
 Unapplied-Chinese-Compass. 2978 
 Valueless k. when unapplied-C. 273 
 
 See LEARNING. 
 Dishonored-James II. *3177 
 
 Esteemed by Puritans. *3178 
 
 Honored by Timour. *3179 
 
 Secular 1. rejected. *3180 
 
 Superficial 1. diffused. *3181 
 
 Wide 1. of Samuel Johnson. *3182 
 
 Influence of l.-Courtesan. 1256 
 
 Misapplied-Discussion. 2170 
 
 Needless-Plead in Latin. 2164 
 
 Proficiency in l.-Egypt-Astron. 3530 
 Progress in biblical l.-Tyndale. 566 
 See ORTHOGRAPHY. * 
 
 Excused-Napoleon I. *3962 
 
 See SCHOLAR. 
 Comparative s.-17th century. 624 
 Eminent s.-Petrarch. 621 
 
 See SCHOLARS. 
 Expulsion of s. by James II. 1998 
 Independence of s.-James II. 2890 
 Misjudgmentofs.-Pilg's Prog. 168 
 Rivalry of s.-Isaac Newton. 179 
 " "-W. Scott. "Button."19 
 See SCHOLARSHIP. 
 Defective s. of Robt. Fulton. *5024 
 by Emulation-Charles XII. *5025 
 Revised s. of Arabs. *5026 
 
 See SCHOOL. 
 Aversion toward s.-Garibaldl.*5027 
 Caste in s.-Harvard. *5028 
 
 Discipline in s.-S. Johnson. *5029 
 Everywhere-Socrates. *5030 
 
 of Observation-H. Miller. *5031 
 Perils of s.-E. A. Poe. *5032 
 
 Trials at s. -Napoleon I. *5033 
 
 Discipline-Inconsiderate. 2714 
 
 Examination of s.- Napoleon 1.3596 
 Humiliation at s.-Byron. 3722 
 
 Medical s., The first. 3553 
 
 See SCHOOL-DAYS. 
 Happy s.-d.of Samuel Jobnson.*5034 
 
 See SCHOOL-LIFE. 
 Tedious s.-l.-Shakespeare. *5035 
 
 Temptations of s.-l.-W. *5036 
 
 See SCHOOLMASTER. 
 
 Imitated-William Cowper. *5037 
 
 vs. Soldier-Wellington. *5038 
 
 See SCHOOLS. 
 
 Appreciated-Mass. Colony. ♦5039 
 Beginning of s.-N. E. Colonies.*5040 
 
 Christianized-Roman. *5041 
 
 Excellence in Athenian s. *5042 
 
 Perverted to Romanism. *5043 
 
 Ragged s -London. *5044 
 
 "-Portsmouth. *5045 
 
 Struggle for s.-James II. *5046 
 
 of Art established by C'n8t'nt'ne.354 
 " " Three s. 346 
 
 Dangers at s.-Isaac Newton. 379 
 of Painting-Florence, etc. 344 
 
 " Vice-Saloons. £803 
 
 " " -Prisons. 5804 
 
 See SPELLING. 
 Bad s., George Washington's. *5302 
 Diverse s.-Shakespeare. *5303 
 
 Error-Conquered vs. Concord. 1067 
 
 See STUDENT. 
 Belated -Charlemagne. *5367 
 
 Folly of s.-Oliver Goldsmith. *5369 
 Royal s.-Charlemagne. *5368 
 
 Close s.-John Milton. 6211 
 
 Precocious s.-Alexander Pope. 4403 
 Pride stimulates s. -Newton. 4492 
 Pugilistic s.-H. Miller. 2463 
 
 Royal s.-Queen Elizabeth. 6098 
 Rules Ignored by s. 2664 
 
 See STUDENTS. 
 Patriotism of s.-Am.Rev'lution.4072 
 
 See STUDIES. 
 Ancient s.-Italy. ♦5370 
 
 See STUDY. 
 
 Devoted to s.-T. Jefferson. +5371 
 
 " '« "-Prest. Madison. *5372 
 
 Preparation by s.-J. Milton. ^5373 
 
 " " " " *5374 
 
 " •• -Napoleon L^5375 
 
 in Death-Sea chart. 
 Devotion to s. -Young Nap. 
 Dislike for s.-Robert Fulton. 
 Humble s. of Burns. 
 Incentive to s. -Emulation. 
 Passion for s.-Blaise Pascal. 
 Perseverance in s.-Caesar. 
 Plan of s. vs. Plan of Battle. 
 Prolonged s.-All night-Milton, 
 Success by continued s. 
 
 See TEACHER. 
 Punished by scholars 
 Relation of t.-Aristotle. 
 Responsibility of t.-Alex. 
 Value of t. to Alexander. 
 
 Crime to be a Catholic t. 
 Devoted to youth-Basda. 
 Honored-Aristotle. 
 Ingenious t.-Ell Whitney. 
 Maternal t.-Lincoln's mother. 
 Remarkable t.-Hypatia. 
 Severe t.-Wrongheaded. 
 Valuable t.-Aristotle to Alex. 
 
 1445 
 4891 
 5024 
 1016 
 5025 
 2324 
 1491 
 2330 
 1014 
 4032 
 
 ♦5536 
 ♦5537 
 ♦5538 
 ♦5539 
 
 2963 
 6150 
 3278 
 88 
 1789 
 6078 
 2714 
 1813 
 
 See TEACHERS. 
 Pay of t.- Athenians. 
 
 Parental t. of Mrs. Adams. 
 Tyrannical t., Martin Luther's 
 
 See TRAINING, 
 for Greatness -Alexander. 
 Lack of military t. 
 Lasting effect-Walter Scott, 
 by Obedience of Spartans. 
 Physical t. of Romans. 
 Success without t.-Wm.P.of O. 
 
 ♦5540 
 
 3497 
 . 1793 
 
 ♦5668 
 ♦5669 
 ♦5670 
 ♦5671 
 ♦5672 
 .♦5673 
 
 for Manhood-Themlstocles. 635 
 
 Military t., Importance of. 1981 
 
 Misapplied-Gallienus. 1830 
 
 Success without special t. 136 
 
 of Voice by Demosthenes. 5853 
 
 See CULTURE, DISCIPLINE, 
 
 INTELLIGENCE and 
 
 INTELLECT 
 
 in loo. 
 
 EFFEMINACY. 
 
 Royal 0. of Elagabalus. ^1829 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Age of e.-English. 3784 
 
 Charged falsely-Jealousy. 2900 
 
 Honored for e.-Buckingham. 3871 
 
 " in Claudius. 3876 
 
 See DELICACY. 
 
 Essential to pleasure- Vice. 3320 
 
 of Feeling-0. Goldsmith's. 5102 
 
 See COWARDICE and WEAKNESS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EFFORT. 
 
 Misdirected-Useless sciences. ♦1830 
 Useless e.-Fred. II.-Battle. ♦1831 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Perseverance in e.-D'm'sth'n"s.5403 
 
 Personal e.-John Howard. 516 
 
 " -Humble Cath. W. 531 
 
 Stupendous e. misapplied. 295 
 
 See FATIGUE. 
 Insensible to f.-Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 See WEARINESS. 
 
 in Bereavement-James Watt. 562 
 
 " Pleasure seeking-Charles II. 4206 
 
 Unconscious of w.from labor-W.142 
 
 See WORK in loc. 
 
 EFFKONTERY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bold e.-Prince Albion. 2645 
 
 in Literature-Bet Flint to S. J. 37 
 
 See AUDACITY in loc. 
 
 EGOTISM. 
 
 Caste e.-Young Byron. ♦1832 
 
 Characteristic e. of J. Adams. ♦ISSS 
 Contrast in e.-Ctesar and Cic. *1834 
 of Genius-Oliver Goldsmith. ♦1835 
 Royal e.-James II. *1836 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Outraged-Cicero's e. 2873 
 
 Rebuked by Plato. 5778 
 
 See BOASTING, 
 of Pride-Bajazet. *611 
 
 Rldiculous-"Great T walmley. ' '♦612 
 Senseless b.-American Tory. ^613 
 Vain b.-Persian immortals. ^614 
 
 Boasting of Power-Pompey. 4365 
 
830 
 
 ELECTION— EMIGRANTS. 
 
 1896 
 
 *618 
 ♦619 
 
 Intimidating b.-Tarks. 
 
 See BOMBAST. 
 Rebuked- " Jupiter " M. 
 Ridiculous b. of James II 
 
 See CONCEIT. 
 Changeless c.-Cioero's. *1025 
 
 Foolisti c.-Xerxes-Shackle. *1026 
 Literary c.-Thomas Paine. ♦1027 
 of Silly c.-Xerxes-Mountain. ♦lOSS 
 
 National c. of English. 3781 
 
 Political c. of James II. 4958 
 
 Removed-" Invulnerables." 5242 
 
 See SELF-CONCEIT. 
 Braggart's s.-c. -Royalist in N. Y.613 
 Polly of s.c.-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 Personal majesty of Sapor. 441 
 
 ELECTION. 
 Close e. of John Adams. ♦1837 
 
 Coercion in e. -S. Adams. ^1838 
 
 Expenses-Treating in Eng. ♦ISSQ 
 Frustrated-John Howard. *1840 
 of Grace-Cromwell. *1841 
 
 Resented-Pres. of M'gd'l'neC.^1842 
 Scandalous e. -Intimidation. ^1843 
 Tie e.-Jefferson-A. Burr. *1844 
 
 Timely e. of grace-R. Newton.^1845 
 Unanimous e. of Washington. ♦1846 
 Unique e. of Spartans. ^1847 
 
 " " Capt. J. Smith. *1848 
 Vociferous e.-Emp. Pompey. ^1849 
 
 Defeat at e. consoled. 4062 
 
 " Mortifying-J. Adams. 4314 
 
 Impoverished by e.-Chas. IV. 4353 
 
 See CANDIDATE. 
 Dead c.-Daniel Webster. ♦703 
 
 Dignified c.-Thomas Jefferson. ^704 
 
 See VOTE. 
 Only one V. -Cromwell. ^5855 
 
 Power of one v. -Sparta. ♦5856 
 
 " " " "-Marathon. ^5857 
 
 Basely given-Rochester. 3875 
 
 Complimentary v.-Lincoln's. 1488 
 Declining always to v.-A. J. 3192 
 Emphatic v.-Stone ballot. 1556 
 
 Minority v. elects Lincoln. 3870 
 One decisive v.-Impeachment. 2750 
 Ostracism by v.-Athenians. 3968 
 Unanimous v. forlnd'pend'nce.2790 
 
 See VOTES. 
 Soliciting v.-Grenville. ^5858 
 
 by Bribery of German princes. 668 
 Character controls v.-Wash. 2836 
 Coerced by Communists. 1276 
 
 Controlled by force-Cromwell.3189 
 Corrupt-' ' Cred it Mobilier. ' ' 2996 
 for Dead candidate-Webster. 703 
 Excluded by Cromwell. 2422 
 
 Independent English v. 4011 
 
 Influencing v.-Women. 3416 
 
 Majority to rule-United 9tates.3387 
 Perseverance in seeking v. 4153 
 Resentment at v. -James II. 2890 
 
 See VOTING. 
 for Christ-Roman Senate. ^5859 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 Parcioal-Reign of James II. ^1850 
 Free e.-Wm.Prince of Orange.^1851 
 
 Venal e.-Parliament, a.d. 1768.^1852 
 
 See POLITICS in loc. 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Light of e.-Columbus, 2d v. ^1853 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Discovery in e.-Strange-C. 2849 
 
 Experiments in e.-Franklin. 2847 
 
 " " -Young S. 639 
 
 See LIGHTNING. 
 
 Fear of 1. , Superstitious. ^3299 
 
 " " "-W'sh'ngfn's mother. ^3300 
 
 Death by l.-JEsculapius. 4169 
 
 Significant l.-Sacrifices. 4994 
 
 See TELEGRAPH. 
 
 Valuable to the state. ♦5542 
 
 Cable, P. Cooper's Atlantic. 5984 
 
 Failure of t. by neglect. 2022 
 
 Invention of electric t. 4030 
 
 S jepticism overcome. 2216 
 
 ELEMENTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Warfare with the e -Philip II. 2028 
 
 See ATMOSPHERE. 
 Convulsions of a. by oracle. 3947 
 
 See WATER. 
 Need of w.-Kingdom for. ^5952 
 Overflow of w.-Alban lake. ^5953 
 
 See WIND. 
 
 Dependence on w.-Wm P.of 0.1862 
 
 Experiment with w.-Newton. 1993 
 
 Sectarian w.-Wm. P. of Orange.5066 
 
 See STORM in loc. 
 
 ELOPEMENT. 
 
 Royal e.-Philip of France. 
 
 ♦1858 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Proposed to Shelley. 3350 
 
 ELOQUENCE. 
 
 of Action-Samuel Johnson. ^1854 
 
 " Facts-Story of misery. ^1856 
 
 Fear of e.-Demosthenes. ^1856 
 
 Necessary-Romans. ^1857 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Artificial e., Burke's. 49 
 
 and Drlnk-Sheridan. 2952 
 
 of Earnestness-Peter the H. 1755 
 Employed-Funeral of Caesar. 2255 
 Money stimulates e.-Athenians. 672 
 Persuasion of e.-Pericles. 4156 
 
 See ORATOR, 
 the Great-Demosthenes. ^3949 
 
 Unsuccessful o.-W. Irving. ^3950 
 
 See ORATORS. 
 Audience for o.-William Pitt. ♦3952 
 Dangerous in Parliament. ♦3951 
 Despised by Samuel Johnson. *3953 
 Disregarded in pulpit. ^3954 
 
 Taste in o.-Samuel Johnson. ^3955 
 
 See ORATORY. 
 Difficulties in o.-Demosthenes. 2021 
 Illiterate-" Black Harry." 4389 
 
 Perseverance in o. -Disraeli. 4151 
 Preparation for o.-D'mosth'n's.4424 
 Self-abnegation in o.-Demos. 5080 
 See SPEAKING in loc. 
 
 EMANCIPATION. 
 
 Advocated-A.u. 1701 in Mass. ^1859 
 
 Proclaimed-Abraham Lincoln. 3227 
 EMBARRASSMENT. 
 
 in Public speaking-Bp.Roberts.*1860 
 
 See AWKWARDNESS. 
 and Agility-Poet Shelley. *443 
 
 Exhibited in etiquette. 
 EMBLEM. 
 
 Significant e.-Turk- Wolfe. 
 
 1586 
 
 •■1861 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Character-Wolfe-Turk. 1861 
 
 " Defiance-Rattlesnake. , 3939 
 False e.-" Paschal Lamb." 5245 
 of Industry-"Leathern apron. "2811 
 " Inferiority-Jackai. 2167 
 
 " War-Rattlesnake. 5901 
 
 " Wisdom-Physician-Serpent. 4169 
 
 See BANNER. 
 Devotion to b. -Mohammedan. 2567 
 Inappropriate b. -Paschal Lamb.5245 
 of Industry-" Leathern apron."2811 
 Influence of b.-Mexican. 4( 
 
 Rescued by valor-Cadiz. 651 
 
 Shocking b.-Mary Stuart. 5110 
 
 Slgnificant-"Don't tr'd on me. "3939 
 
 See FLAG. 
 Despised-U. S., year 1812. +2150 
 Devotion to f .-Serg'nt Jasper. *2151 
 
 Dangerous display of f. 
 
 See SIGN. 
 of Destiny-Mahomet's s. 
 
 753 
 
 ♦5132 
 
 of Talent, Mathematics a s. 5506 
 
 See SIGNS. 
 
 ]to,ith in s.-Gold-seekers. ♦SWl 
 
 Need of s. by ignorance. ♦5143 
 
 Significant s. of the times. *5143 
 
 Welcomed by Columbus. *5144 
 
 in Jurisprudence, L'ngu'ge of s.3985 
 
 See OMEN. 
 
 Accidental o.-Duke William. 31 
 
 " felL 33 
 See OMENS. 
 
 Ancient o.-Romans. +3905 
 
 Annoyed by o.-Charles I. ♦3906 
 
 Presage of o.-Romans. ♦3907 
 
 Terrorized by o.-Sailors. ♦3908 
 
 Regard for o.. Superstitious. 2237 
 " " " by Romans. 385 
 
 EMERGENCY. 
 
 Deliverance in e.-Wm. P. of 0.^1862 
 
 1848 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Justified by e. 
 
 See CRISIS. 
 Equal to the c.-Cromwell. ^1303 
 
 Resolution at the c.-Devereux. 661 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 City of e.-New York. ♦1863 
 
 Dangerous e.-Criminals. ^1864 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Army of e.-Gotha. 1866 
 
EMIGRATION— EMPLOYMENTS. 
 
 831 
 
 Corruption by e.-National. 2191 
 Dangerous e.-Virglnia Colony. 4666 
 Incousiderate e.-Mass. Colony. 2002 
 Trials of e.-Plymouth Colony. 2081 
 
 ElIIORATION. 
 
 Benefits of e.-Greeks. *1865 
 
 Military e.-Goths. *1866 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dangers to the State from e.-T. 173 
 P,.pula ion increased by e. 4327 
 " " 4328 
 
 Prosperity by e.-Scots. 1228 
 
 Stimulated-Constantine. 4326 
 
 Ex^INENCE. 
 Cowardly e.-Emp. Honorius. *1867 
 by Worth-Henry Wilson . *1868 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Adversity-Abraham Lincoln. 83 
 
 in Allegory of John Bunyan. 168 
 
 " Art, Superior. 347 
 
 " " " -Raphael. 348 
 
 " Self-sacrifice-Bishop Coke. 1570 
 
 See DISriNCTION in loc. 
 
 EMOTION. 
 
 Orerp )wcred by e. *1869 
 
 EMOTIONS. 
 
 Hidden e.-American Indians. *1870 
 from Succeps-Isaac Newton. *1871 
 
 ^,, Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 ' Irrepre-sible e.- Washington's f .2099 
 Moved by distant bells-Nap's e. 509 
 " -10,000 men wept. 4137 
 
 Overpowering-Josephine's f. 104 
 " e. -Swoon. 1699 
 
 " "-bereavement. 557 
 
 Overwhelming e. -M. Theresa. 4035 
 " -Lino'ln's Cab.4379 
 Tatriotic e., Andrew Johnson's.4387 
 Privacy of e.-Wm. P. of Orange. 121 
 Religious e.-W'sh'gt'n's prayer. 4382 
 Violent e. of Wm. P. of Orange. 121 
 
 See EMBARRASSMENT. 
 in Public speaking-Bishop R. *186ff 
 
 See FEELINGS. 
 Suppressed for duty. 2116 
 
 See IMPULSE. 
 Success by i.-Sylla. *2767 
 
 vs. Reasoning-Caesar. 
 "Victim of i.-O. Goldsmith. 
 
 " " "-David Crockett. 
 See HEART. 
 Broken-Miss Perronet. 
 
 " -Story-W. Irving's. 
 Hardened-James II. -Rebels. 
 Homest ha" fortress "-S. C. 
 Longing for God-Hindoo. 
 Obdurate h.-Murderer Ferrers 
 
 Religion of the h.-M. Luther. 1486 
 Sin of the h., Offensive. 2656 
 
 Supremacy of the h. needed. 263 
 Way to the h.-Love of mother-N.115 
 Wounds unhealed. 2903 
 
 See AFFECTION, ANGER, FEAR 
 and DISTRESS in loc. 
 
 EMPIRE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Downfall of Roman e. 913 
 
 Failure of e. in North Carolina. 2436 
 Gift of e.-Papal bull. 2287 
 
 EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 Agreeable e.-Audubon-Nature *1872 
 Humble e.-Breeding mules-W.*1873 
 Opportune e.-S. A. Douglas. *1874 
 Refused-Oliver Goldsmith. *1875 
 Seeking e . -John Fitch. *1876 
 
 Unworthy e.-Emp. Honorius. *1877 
 " " -Emp. Th'dosius. *1878 
 
 1480 
 
 2466 
 
 634 
 
 ♦2534 
 *2535 
 ♦2536 
 *2537 
 *2538 
 .♦2539 
 
 Better than genius. 2535 
 
 Broken by grief- Artaxerxes. 2487 
 
 " " " -Henry n. 4005 
 
 Enigma of the human h. 3344 
 : Bvilh. concealed-Chas.theBad.1669 
 
 Pallure of h., Executioner's. 1979 
 
 Hardened by spilling blood. 1337 
 
 t»oetry without h.-Gray's. 4218 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degrading clerical e. 924 
 
 Dignified Indian e.-War, 5908 
 
 " e. in war. 5932 
 
 Irksome e.-Young H. a clerk. 905 
 
 " "-Milton's daughters. 805 
 Luxuries give e.-Poor. 3362 
 
 Search for e-Benj. Franklin. 638 
 
 See INDUSTRY. 
 Education in i.-S. Johnson. *2804 
 Exposition of i.-Timour's. *2805 
 Happiness by i.-Eng. people. *2806 
 Misapplied i.-Jamestown Col. ^2807 
 Proof of i.-CaUoused hands. *2808 
 Report of i. '^2809 
 
 Sacrificed to prlde-Chas. I. *2810 
 Standard of i.-Leathem apron.*2811 
 Virtue by i.-Hannibal's army. ♦2812 
 
 for Drink-Tartars. 2950 
 
 Encouragement of i.-Year 1754.3423 
 Incited by money. 3677 
 
 Protection of i.-Unequal. 4534 
 
 4535 
 Required by Athenian law. 2704 
 Success by i.-Benj. Franklin. 5389 
 
 See MISSION, 
 in Llfe-Wm. Prince of Orange.*3633 
 Misjudged-Louis Philippe. *3634 
 
 Laws for t.-Sumptuary. *5656 
 
 Overreaching in t.-Egyptians. '►5657 
 Regulated-Fixed prices. '*5658 
 
 " -Emperor Julian. "'5659 
 " -England. *5660 
 
 Tricks of t.-England. *5661 
 
 Divine m.-Evidence in fits. 1944 
 Ignored-Queen Christina. 3928 
 
 in Life-Columbus's. 6151 
 
 Life am.-"StonewaH" Jackson.5228 
 Shameful m.-Mahomet's angel. 63 
 
 See OCCUPATION.^ 
 Changes in o.-Peter Cooper. *3857 
 One o. only-Weavers. ''3858 
 
 Caste in o.-Egypt I486 
 
 Chosen o. of Grant-Farmer. 5880 
 -' " " noblest Romans-F. 159 
 Delightful o.of Wash.-Farming.1873 
 Honest o. required-Egyptian. 2809 
 Ignoble o.-Emperor Gratian. 1007 
 
 See TRADE. 
 Contempt for t.-S. Johnson. *5653 
 Illicit t.-American Colonies. '^5654 
 Inhuman t.-Slave-trade. i'5656 
 
 Competition in t. denied. 3689 
 
 3692 
 " " " 3693 
 
 Conscience in t.-Peter Cooper. 3694 
 Degraded by t.-Empress. 1583 
 
 Honesty in t., Laws for. 2217 
 
 Profits in t. great-Firmus. 3987 
 
 See USEFULNESS. 
 Survival of u. -Monks. *5756 
 
 Rewarded by dinner. 2393 
 
 See LABOR, WAGES and WORK 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EMPLOYMENTS. 
 
 See ARTISANS. 
 Capture of a.-Silk- weavers. '*351 
 Wages of a.-England, 1680. *352 
 
 See AUTHOR. 
 Humiliated-Frederick the G. *403 
 Rapid-Samuel Johnson. ^404 
 
 Unnoticed a.-Humiliated-S. J. *405 
 
 Fame-Sudden-Byron. 8057 
 
 Rebuked for adulation. 2156 
 
 Shameful a. -Patrons. 1485 
 
 Successful-Exceptional. 3286 
 
 See AUTHORS. 
 
 Importunity of a.-Patrons. 498 
 Unappreciated-Milton-C, etc. 630 
 
 See AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 Anxieties of a.-S. Johnson. '»418 
 
 Imputed a.-'* Margaret N." *419 
 
 Originality in a.-Thomas J. *420 
 
 Qualified a.-The Stamp Act. *421 
 
 Reward of a. -Financial- J. M. ♦422 
 
 Certified-Youthful-Bryant. 2329 
 
 Confusion in reputed a. 8771 
 
 Inferred-Libellous. 1167 
 
 Prohibited judges-Comedy. 3038 
 
 Responsibility for a.-Regrets. 1249 
 
 Rewarded liberaUy-Pope. 8317 
 
 Supposititious-Libellous. 1165 
 
 See BANKERS. 
 Prejudice against b.-Lombards.+450 
 
 Plundered-Jewish-England. *449 
 
 Injustice to b. -Charles II. 2892 
 
 Patriotic b.-Robert Morris. 3659 
 
 Prejudice against Jewish. 449 
 
 See BARBER. 
 
 Ostentatious b. rebuked. 1667 
 
 Superlative-lOOO-Constantine. 3903 
 
 See BARBERS. 
 Surgical b.-Eng.-16th century. ^456 
 
 Carelessness of b. punlshed-L. 738 
 
 See CAPITALISTS. 
 
 Extortionate c -Jews. *71Si 
 
 Nation of c.-Jews. *713 
 
 See COOK. 
 
 Vexation of Antony's c. 265 
 
 See DETECTIVE. 
 
 Harmless d.-Robert Burns. ^1552 
 
EMPLOYMENTS. 
 
 Stupid d.-Col. Jam's'n-Andr6. *1553 
 Useful d., Cicero's. *1554 
 
 Conniving d.-Robert Bums. ♦1972 
 
 See DENTISTS. 
 Barbers the dentists in 6th cent. 456 
 
 See ENGINEERS. 
 Service of e. to Wm. P. of O. ♦1897 
 
 343 
 
 Distinguished e.-Archimedes. 
 
 See ENGRAVING. 
 Invented-Mezzotint. ^1898 
 
 See FARMER. 
 Unsuccessfu) f. -Isaac Nev^ton.^2100 
 " -Edmund Burke. ♦2101 
 
 Chosen occupation-Gen.Grant.5880 
 Extensive-Catacuzene. 5969 
 
 Occupation changed-Crom. 2327 
 Son of a f. -Geo. Washington. 6053 
 
 See GAMBLING. 
 
 Degraded by g.-Charles Fox. *2265 
 
 '• " "-Sunderland. *2266 
 
 " " " -Coffee Houses*2267 
 
 Escape from g.-Wilberforce. *2268 
 
 Fashionable g.-Folly. *2269 
 
 Losses by g.-Gibbon. *2270 
 
 Passion for g.-Eng. gentry. *2271 
 
 Pride in g.-Hlgh Life. +2272 
 
 Ruinous g.-Oliver Goldsmith. *2273 
 
 ** " -English gentry. *2274 
 
 Universal g.-Crusaders. *2275 
 
 Vice of g. -Prolific. *2276 
 
 Memorial of g.-" Sandwich." *6146 
 Eulnous g.-Edgar Allan Poe. *6195 
 
 See GARDENING. 
 Contentment in g., Emperor's. 1148 
 Pleasure In g.-Cyrus. 5636 
 
 See HORTICULTURE. 
 Pleasures of h.-Theodoric. *2637 
 " "-Napoleon. *2638 
 
 947 
 
 Climate affects h. 
 
 See HOTEL-KEEPERS. 
 Indulgences sold by h. 
 
 See LAWYER. 
 Ignorant l.-Publius Cotta. *3165 
 
 2803 
 
 Changed by sermon. 
 Criminal l.-Jeff reys. 
 Impudent l.-Useful-Jeffreys. 
 Odium of client given to 1. 
 Preparatory to political life. 
 
 See LAWYERS. 
 Arts of Roman 1. 
 Hatred of 1. by Germans. 
 Imprisoned for deceit. 
 Patriotic 1. of N. Y. year 1765. 
 Special l.-Reign of James II. 
 
 See MERCHANTS. 
 Enterprise of m.-.Tohn Cabot. 
 Patriotism of m -Boston Rev. 
 
 See MUSICIAN. 
 Illustrious m.-Homer. 
 Neglected-Starving-Evans. 
 
 See PAINTER. 
 Celebrated Eng.p.-J.Reynolds. 
 
 1089 
 1994 
 2888 
 3861 
 83 
 
 ♦3166 
 ♦3167 
 ♦3168 
 ♦3169 
 ♦3170 
 
 981 
 692 
 
 2317 
 4338 
 
 ♦3976 
 
 Invention of telegraphy by p. 2989 
 
 See PAINTING, 
 niustrates only-no Inf 'rmat'n.^3977 
 
 Defects In Chinese-Deformity. 328 
 
 Imitation in p.-Servile, 15th cent.345 
 Schools of p.-Florence, etc. 344 
 Supremacy in p.-Raphael. 346 
 
 See PHYSICIAN. 
 Empirical p., Successful. ^4168 
 
 Mythological p.-.(Esculapius. ^4169 
 
 Bombastic p.-Menecrates. 
 Intimidated by danger. 
 Invention by p.-Plt-iron. 
 Neglected by Gibbon. 
 Practice lost by religion. 
 Quack p.-Charles II. 
 Sacrifices of p.-Benevolence 
 Studious p.-Dr. Harvey. 
 Vanity rebuked, Menecratei 
 
 See PHYSICIANS. 
 Commingling-Death of C. II. 
 Disagreement of p.-Charles II. 
 
 618 
 1048 
 2985 
 3260 
 1036 
 4588 
 640 
 628 
 6779 
 
 ♦4170 
 ♦4171 
 
 Predictions of p.-Failure. 3599 
 
 Quackery punished, Cato's. 4587 
 
 See POET. 
 Respected-Pindar. ^4215 
 
 Terrorizing p.-Robert Burns. ^4216 
 
 3305 
 
 3307 
 
 Criticised-Taseo. 
 
 " -Ariosto. 
 
 -MUton. 
 
 " -Dry den. 3308 
 
 " savagely-Byron. 1305 
 
 Despised-Churchill by J. 3593 
 
 Honored-Coronal ion of p. 1325 
 
 Impracticable- Voltaire an amb. 3 
 
 Incensed-Voltaire. 3002 
 
 Late in life-Cowper. 2300 
 
 Misjudged-Gray by Johnson. 2322 
 
 Patient p. -Seven years- Virgil. 2341 
 
 Popularity, Sudden-Terence. 3590 
 
 Precocious p.-Alexander Pope. 4403 
 
 Preparation of p.-Milton. 5373 
 
 u .. u g374 
 
 Prophetic p.-Virgil. 4524 
 
 Sensitive p.-Dionysius. 1313 
 
 Unwelcome-"Bet Flint seeks J." 37 
 Youthful p.-Precocious-Bryant.2329 
 
 See PRINTING. 
 Beginning of p.-Almanac. ^4463 
 Restricted-Punishment for. ^4464 
 Suspicion of magic. ^4465 
 
 Genius developed In p.-ofBce. 2331 
 Opposition to p.-Va. Colony. 1810 
 Prohibited in Virginia by C. II. 3941 
 
 See SAILOR. 
 Great s.-Cabot. ♦5006 
 
 Youthful s.-Sir Francis Drake.^5007 
 
 Brave s.-Fairagut at main-top. 486 
 
 Intentional s.-Young Irving. 2734 
 
 "-Wash. Irvhig. 626 
 
 Renowned s.-Admiral Blake. 2345 
 
 See SAILORS. 
 
 Destitution of Eng.-Chas. II. ^5008 
 
 Patriotic s.-English s. ^5009 
 
 Avoided by Egyptians. 983 
 
 Deliverance of suffering s. 3029 
 
 Destitute of s.-Russia. 3802 
 
 the First s.-Phoenicians. 985 
 
 Impromptu s.-English navy. 1615 
 
 Mutiny of s.-Cruel-Hudson. 3757 
 
 Mutiny of s.-English navy. 375» 
 
 " " " " " 3760 
 
 Patriotic s.-American. 1660 
 
 Peril of s. -Captain Cook. 1519- 
 
 Superstition of s.-Columbus'. 3908 
 
 " '--St. Elmo. 1853 
 
 See SCHOLAR. 
 
 Comparative s.-17th century. 624 
 
 Eminent s.-Petrarch. 621 
 
 See SCHOLARS. 
 
 Expulsion of s. by James II. 1998- 
 
 Independence of s. -James II. 2890 
 Misjudgment of s.-Pilg's Prog. 168 
 
 Rivalry of s.-Isaac Newton. 179 
 " " " -W. Scott-" Button."19 
 
 See SCIENTIST. 
 
 Deranged by curiosity. 1383 
 
 Failure of s. in experiment. 1992 
 
 Youthful s.-Newton-Wind. 1993 
 
 See SCULPTOR. 
 
 Mental s.-Socrates. ♦SOSe 
 Nobility In s.-" Eternal fame." ^5057 
 
 See SHOEMAKER. 
 
 Dlustrious s.-Henry Wilson. 1868 
 
 See SERVANT. 
 
 Devotion of s.-Marla. ♦5120' 
 
 Useful 8.-Godolphin. ^5121 
 
 Devoted s. of John Howard. 4430 
 Mistaken for a s.-Philopcemen. 258 
 
 See SERVANTS. 
 Absolute powerover s.-T.prince.408 
 
 See STUDENT. 
 Belated-Charlemagne. *5367 
 
 Folly of s.-Oliver Goldsmith. *5369 
 Royal s.-Charlemagne. ♦5368 
 
 Close s.-John Milton. 6211 
 
 Precocious s.-Alexander Pope. 4403 
 Pride stimulates s.-Newton. 4492 
 Pugilistic s.-H. Miller. 2463 
 
 Royal s.-Queen Elizabeth. 6098 
 
 Rules Ignored by s. 2664 
 
 See STUDENTS. 
 Patriotism of s.-Am. Rev'lutlon.4072 
 
 See SURGEONS. 
 Barbers the s.-16th century. 456 
 Insensibility to sufferings. 193 
 
 See SURGERY. 
 Brave s.-Duke Leopold. ♦5464 
 
 Skill In s.-Dr. V. Mott. ^5465 
 
 See SURVEYOR. 
 Illustrious s.-Geo. Washlngton.6198 
 Unsuccessful s.-A. Lincoln. 83 
 
 See TAILORS. 
 Oppression of t. by man'f 'ct'r'rs.429 
 " " " " 1839' 
 
 See TEACHER. 
 Punished by scholars. ♦5536 
 
 Relation of t.-Aristotle. *5537 
 
 Responsibility of t.-Alexander.^5538 
 Value of t. to Alexander. ♦SSSO 
 
 2963 
 6150 
 3278 
 
 Crime to be a Catholic t. 
 Devoted to youth-Baada. 
 Honored- Aristotle. 
 Ingenious t.-Eli Whitney. 88 
 
 Maternal t. -Lincoln's mother. 1789 
 Remarkable t -Hypatia. 6078 
 
 Severe t.-Wrongheaded. 2714 
 
 Valuable t.-Aristotle to Alex. 1813 
 
 See TEACHERS. 
 Pay of t.^Athenians. ♦5540> 
 
ENCHANTMENT— ENTERPRISE. 
 
 833 
 
 Parental t. of Mrs. Adams. 3497 
 Tyrannical t., Martin Luther's. 1793 
 
 See WEAVERS. 
 
 Importance of w. of silk. 351 
 
 See ARCHITECTURE, BEGGAR, 
 
 INVENTOR, MECHANICS, 
 
 MINISTRY, OFFICER, 
 
 POLITICIAN and 
 
 SOLDIER 
 
 , in loo. 
 
 ENCHANTMENT. 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 Boyish e.-David Crockett. 
 
 634 
 
 " " in books-Irving. 
 
 626 
 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 
 
 2124 
 
 See CHARM. 
 
 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and 1. 
 
 ♦782 
 
 " -Agnus Del. 
 
 ♦783 
 
 See FASCINATION. 
 
 
 of Beauty-Mary Stuart. 
 
 6089 
 
 " " -Zenobia. 
 
 6055 
 
 " " -Heartless woman. 
 
 109 
 
 " Books-Dr. Harvey. 
 
 628 
 
 lover's f.-Wm. the Conqueror. 2583 
 
 " "-Robert Burns. 
 
 4219 
 
 '* "-Garibaldi. 
 
 3480 
 
 of Mistress-James H. 
 
 1133 
 
 " Vice-Mary Stuart. 
 
 1171 
 
 " Woipan. 
 
 2819 
 
 " " -Catherine Sedley. 
 
 2842 
 
 " " -Mary Stuart. 
 
 3342 
 
 " " -Courtesan of Milo 
 
 5960 
 
 " Women-King John. 
 
 2618 
 
 See HALLUCINATION. 
 
 
 Realistic h.-Luther-Devil. 
 
 *2506 
 
 Jkithusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 2384 
 
 See INFATUATION. 
 
 Destructive i. of Nero. *2819 
 
 of Pride-James II. *2820 
 
 of Curiosity-Pliny. 5050 
 
 Inventor's i.-Arkwright. 5168 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3342 
 Political i.-James II. 3388 
 
 Popular i.-Conqaest of Florida. 75 
 of War-Charles XII. 1239 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT. 
 Timely e. for Luther. *1879 
 
 " " -Columbus. *1880 
 
 Visionary e.-Columbus. *1881 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Defeat-American patriots. 1492 
 by Dream-Rev. Bangs. 3846 
 
 of Effort-Alms for strugglers. 90 
 Helpful e. of a friend. 5403 
 
 Needless e.-Why fear? 2120 
 
 See COMFORT. 
 
 hy Affection of friends.-Martyr.3403 
 
 *■ Dream-Napoleon I. 1725 
 
 in Misfortune-Mohammedan o. 1568 
 
 Religious c. in distress. 2159 
 
 " " " trial. 2205 
 
 See CONSOLATION. 
 
 of Philosophy-Boethius. *1134 
 
 in Religion-Charles I. 4692 
 
 Strange c. in death. 1417 
 
 See SYMPATHY, 
 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. •5493 
 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. ♦5494 
 
 for the Friendless-A. Lincoln. *5495 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. *5496 
 
 for Poor- A. Lincoln. *5497 
 
 Religious s.-Puritans. *5498 
 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. *5499 
 
 Beggars' arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England.2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon I. 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. WiUiam. 3389 
 Female s.-Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 " " -Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 END. 
 
 Recorded-Finis-Charter oak. *1882 
 See DESTINY in loc. 
 
 ENDURANCE. 
 
 German e.-Am. Rev.-Soldier8.*1883 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Trained to e.-Spartans. 1822 
 
 See FORTITUDE and SUFFERING 
 
 in loo. 
 
 ENEMIES. 
 Detraction of e.-Advocatus d. *1884 
 Divided-Spanish Armada. *1885 
 Neglected-Turkmans. *1886 
 
 Partiality to e -Philip of M. *1887 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references- 
 Adopted as friends-Indians. 2074 
 Beset by e.-Britons. 2016 
 
 Changed to friends. 2833 
 
 Combined against Chas. XII. 4514 
 Confederacy of e.-Napoleon's. 4367 
 Contempt for e.-Romans. 2121 
 
 Counsels of e.-Inopportune. 1220 
 Destroyed-Turkish rulers. 3866 
 
 Fierce e.-English ancestors. 4185 
 Generosity to e.-Cromwell. 3924 
 Ignored-Abraham Lincoln. 1309 
 Instructed by example of e. 1493 
 Joy of e.-Death of Cromwell. 3075 
 Kindness to captive e. 6105 
 
 " " e.-Bishop Ken. 517 
 
 Knowledge of e. undesired. 5828 
 of Mankind- Assassins of Persia. 374 
 Needless e.-Duellists. 4595 
 
 Prejudice against e. 4417 
 
 at Sacrament, Hypocrisy. 2697 
 
 Superior to combined e.-R. 2424 
 Worse e. than death to Jews. 4122 
 Youth imperilled by e.-Wm.of 0.6194 
 
 ENEMY. 
 Generous e., Luther a. *1888 
 
 Weapons from the e. ♦1889 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Apologizing to national e. 1978 
 
 Changed to friend. 4957 
 
 of Civilization-Philip II. 902 
 
 Common e.-Strafford. 3860 
 
 Contempt of e.-Fanatics. 3843 
 
 Contributions from e.-War. 1158 
 
 Despised-Romans by Attila. 322 
 
 Favor to e.-Pericles. 4027 
 
 Fictitious e. in politics. 4233 
 
 Generosity to e.-Luther-Tetzel.l888 
 
 of Mankind-Caracalla. 1333 
 
 " " -Napoleon. 1529 
 
 Mistaken for e.-Jackson. 2226 
 
 Prayer disarms e.-Christian. 2350 
 
 " for Eliz. by Puritans. 3360 
 
 Protected e. of Columbus. 3900 
 
 Recruits from the e.-Cortez. 3830 
 
 Satisfaction in death of e. 1245 
 
 Self an e. of self-James II. 3858 
 
 Spared-Hospitality. 2647 
 Unapproachable e.-Scythlans. 1073 
 
 Worst e.-Bad mother. 3728 
 See ENMITY in loc. 
 
 ENERGY. 
 
 Complimented-Napoleon I. ^1890 
 
 Expression of e.-Gen. Grant. ^1891 
 
 Individual e.-Rienzi. ♦1892 
 
 Military e.-Emperor Trajan. *1893 
 
 of Patriotism- Israel Putnam. ♦1894 
 Success by e.-Cardinal Wolsey.^1895 
 
 Surpassing e. of Mahomet II. ♦1896 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Climate-Hungarians. 952 
 
 in Disaster-Romans. 1609 
 
 Expressed by C£esar. 1083 
 
 Lack of e. brings disaster. 2025 
 Personal e.-Chas. the Hammer. 2187 
 
 See MIGHT. 
 
 makes Right-Indians robbed. 4331 
 
 " "-Pedestrians. 5355 
 
 See PROMPTNESS. 
 
 Success by p.-Charles XII. ^4514 
 
 See RESOLUTION. 
 
 Success by r.-Am. patriots. *4816 
 
 Moral r. of Luther. 1092 
 
 Success by r. -Fremont. 1069 
 
 Unsurpassed in r.-Pizarro. 1068 
 
 Weakness in r.. Moral. 5054 
 
 See VIGOR, 
 in Age-Ma«inissa. 187 
 
 " " -J'ohn Wesley. 138 
 
 " " » " » 5854 
 " " -Cato the Censor. 139 
 
 " " -Palmerston. 140 
 
 See EARNESTNESS and ENTER- 
 PRISE in loc. 
 
 ENGAGEMENT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Broken-Heart-broken. 2534 
 
 See COVENANT in loo. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 Service of e. to Wm. P. of. O. ♦1897 
 
 ENGRAVING. 
 Invented-Mezzotint. ^1898 
 
 ENMITY. 
 Persistent e.-Cato. ♦1899 
 
 Race e. of Normans. *1900 
 
 MiBcellaneous cross-refsrences. 
 Avowed, Bravely-Pomponius. 4069 
 Causeless e. to Aristides. 1910 
 
 Eternal e. of Athenians. 1019 
 
 Natural e.-Wife for concubine. 1659 
 
 See MALIGNITY. 
 
 Parental m. of Fred. William. ♦3889 
 
 See HATRED in loc. 
 
 ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Vast e.-Paclflo Railroad. ♦1901 
 
834 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT— EPITAPH. 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Religious e-Crusades. 1375, 1376 
 
 Belief In i. personal-Mahomet 
 
 . 1401 
 
 Grand e.-Centennial Exhibition. 743 
 
 " " -Pilgrimages. 
 
 5981 
 
 " " personal i.-Joan. 
 
 1906 
 
 Memorable maritime e., Most 
 
 3428 
 
 " " -Woman'8-Isabella.4184 
 
 Claimed for the Zendave8:;a. 
 
 625 
 
 National e., Fruits of. 
 
 2368 
 
 Soldier's e.-Benedict Arnold. 
 
 4049 
 
 for Conflict-" God is with us ! 
 
 ' 464 
 
 Valuable to the State-Cabots. 
 
 981 
 
 of Soldiers'-Confederates. 
 
 1907 
 
 Divine Impulse-Excuse. 
 
 2428 
 
 Visionary e.-De Soto's. 
 
 1523 
 
 Springs of e.-Religion-War-G 
 
 . 817 
 
 False l.-Delphlc priestess. 
 
 3947 
 
 " " -Columbus. 
 
 1881 
 
 Stimulated by courting danger. 647 
 
 In Hatred-Wm. P. of Orange. 
 
 2654 
 
 See ADVENTURE. 
 
 
 " at crisis-Banner. 
 
 651 
 
 Language produced by i. 
 
 3134 
 
 Courageous a.-Lieut. Cushing 
 
 *73 
 
 Strange e.-Prolonged-Cru8'des.4150 
 
 in Love-Robert Bums. 
 
 481» 
 
 Daring a.-Napoleon I. 
 
 *74 
 
 Successful religious e. 
 
 3636 
 
 in Music-Wesley-Mobs. 
 
 698 
 
 Passion for a.-Conquest. 
 
 *7.5 
 
 Success by e.-Crusaders. 
 
 4705 
 
 Poetic i. Intermlttent-Mllton. 
 
 1014 
 
 PrimitiTe a.-Geo. Washington 
 
 's.*76 
 
 " " "-Cromwell's sold 
 
 rs.311 
 
 of Religious faith-Battle. 
 
 203S 
 
 Spirit of a.-William Parry. 
 
 ♦77 
 
 of Superstition-P'ple for Joar 
 Victory by e. -Saratoga. 
 
 1. 228 
 B814 
 
 See EARNESTNESS in loc 
 
 
 
 
 ENTHUSIASTS. 
 
 
 Love of a.-Young Lincoln. 
 
 8272 
 
 of Viotory-W. at Waterloo. 
 
 8030 
 
 Gospel e.-Quakers. 
 
 ♦1908 
 
 Youthful-Romantic-Cortez. 
 
 3353 
 
 Youthful- All. 
 
 6201 
 
 ENTREATY. 
 
 
 See ADVENTURER. 
 
 
 " -Lafayette. 
 
 6188 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Bom-Hemando Cortez. 
 
 *78 
 
 See FANATIC. 
 
 
 Ineffective e. of Romulus. 
 
 5081 
 
 
 
 Insane f.-Puritan Muggleton. 
 
 *2083 
 
 See DISSUASION. 
 
 
 
 
 Dream of an a.-Count de B. 
 
 188 
 
 See FANATICISM. 
 
 
 Impossible d. of Cortez. 
 
 ♦1685 
 
 Honored-Geo. Villiers by Jas. 
 
 L494 
 
 Dangers of f. -Reformation. 
 
 *2084 
 
 See IMPORTUNITY. 
 
 
 " Disgraceful a. 
 
 2416 
 
 Idolatrous f.-Emp. Antoninus. 
 
 *2085 
 
 Victim of i. -Charles II. 
 
 2751 
 
 See ADVENTURERS. 
 
 
 Inflamed by f.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 *2086 
 
 See INTERCESSION. 
 
 
 Disappointed-Theodorio and G. *79 
 
 Miracles, Test by. 
 
 *2087 
 
 of Innocents-Tlmour rejects. 
 
 1337 
 
 Numerous with Capt. J. Smith 
 
 . *80 
 
 Religioixs f.-Ref. " prophets." 
 
 *2088 
 
 Life saved by l.-Deserters. 
 
 536 
 
 
 
 " " -Gunpowder plot. 
 
 *2089 
 
 Woman's l.-Queen Phlllppa. 
 
 463» 
 
 Remarkable a.-De Soto's exp'n.l98(5 
 
 " " -Peter the Hermit. *2090 
 
 See PERSUASION. 
 
 
 Successful a.-Three men. 
 
 1076 
 
 " " -Fifth Monarchy. 
 
 *2091 
 
 Eloquence in p.-Pericles. 
 
 *4156 
 
 See ENERGY in loo. 
 
 
 ♦2092 
 " " -Prots. in Scotland.*2093 
 
 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT 
 
 Divinity In p.-Themlstocles. 
 
 2387 
 
 Genius for e.-.(Emillus. 
 
 ♦1902 
 
 Scandalous f .-Quakers. 
 Visions of f.- Crusaders. 
 
 ♦2094 
 *2095 
 
 Effective-Joan of Arc. 
 
 1557 
 
 
 
 See PETITION in loc. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 
 
 ENVIRONMENT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rewarded with contempt. 1333 
 See FEAST and HOSPITALITY in loo. 
 
 Assassinator's f .-Henry III. of F.364 
 Bloody massacre by f.-Florida. 855 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mind influenced by e. 
 
 3602 
 
 ENTHUSIASM. 
 
 
 Courage of f .-Crusaders. 
 
 390 
 
 ENVY. 
 
 
 Patriotic e.-Independence H. 
 
 *1903 
 
 Curse of f . on Luther. 
 
 600 
 
 Rebuked-Oliver Goldsmith. 
 
 *1909 
 
 Persistent e.-Lord Nelson. 
 
 *1904 
 
 Quietists in Asia. -Monks. 
 
 357 
 
 of Reputation- Arlstldes. 
 
 ♦1910 
 
 for Philosophy- Archimedes. 
 
 *1905 
 
 See EXCITEMENT. 
 
 
 Unhapplness of e.-Henry III. 
 
 *1911 
 
 Remarkable e.-Joan of Arc. 
 Soldier's e. -Manassas. 
 
 *1906 
 *1907 
 
 Delusive e.-Wm. P. of Orange *1Q'7-1 
 
 
 
 of Discovery-California gold. 
 Popular e. -Assassination of C. 
 
 *1974 
 *1975 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 of Attentions-Goldsmith. 
 
 i. 
 
 1835 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 
 
 Cruelty and folly of e.-Emp. 
 Opportunity for e.-Ostraeism 
 
 2797 
 
 Affecting e. for M. Theresa. 
 
 4035 
 
 Abstinence in e.-Gamblers. 
 
 6146 
 
 3969 
 
 ot Affection for Caesar. 
 
 2851 
 
 of Adventure-Conquest of Fla 
 
 I. 75 
 
 Opposition from e.-Bunyan. 
 
 5171 
 
 Aroused by Scipio Africanus. 
 
 5702 
 
 Collapse after e -Columbus. 
 
 3598 
 
 Slanders of e.-Raphael. 
 
 347 
 
 in Battle-Philip. 
 
 5945 
 
 Fatal in old age-Prest. Harrison. 131 
 
 Sleepless e. of Themlstocles. 
 
 189 
 
 for Battle-Charles XII. 
 
 3758 
 
 Labor in e., Tireless. 
 
 1602 
 
 See COVETOUSNESS. 
 
 
 B^sinning of e. -Remarkable. 
 
 2090 
 
 Love of perilous e.-Wm. P.of 0.4111 
 
 Contemptible c. of Henry III. 
 
 *1264 
 
 rhurch-builders-Jewish temple. 863 
 
 by Novel-reading-" Pamela." 
 
 3827 
 
 Punlshed-Melted gold down t 
 
 .*1865 
 
 Despair followed by e. 
 
 1906 
 
 Pleasure in e. -Roman circus. 
 
 221 
 
 Royal c.-Henry III. 
 
 *1266 
 
 Eloquence of e.-Peter the H. 
 
 1755 
 
 Popular e.-Boston massacre. 
 
 3517 
 
 EPICURES. 
 
 
 Evil e. for Tetzel. 
 
 4309 
 
 " " against Charles I. 
 
 3523 
 
 Reputed e.-The English. 
 
 *1913 
 
 by Example-Joan of Arc. 
 
 653 
 
 " " by Stamp Act. 
 
 3525 
 
 See EATING in loc. 
 
 
 of Fanaticism-Joan of Arc. 
 
 8086 
 
 " " against Catholics. 
 
 241 
 
 EPIDEMIC. 
 
 
 Inventor's e.-John Fitch. 
 
 8990 
 
 " -Stamp Aot-N. Y. 
 
 4077 
 
 Destructive e. in India. 
 
 *1912 
 
 Lack of e.-General Lee. 
 
 1645 
 
 Public e. -Acquittal of Bishops 
 
 .3031 
 
 See PLAGUE. 
 
 
 for Liberty-Lafayette. 
 
 3280 
 
 Religious e. -Methodists. 
 
 4703 
 
 Desolating p.-Widespread. 
 
 ♦4190 
 
 Literary e.-Writes all night. 
 
 404 
 
 Unmanned by e.-Wealth. 
 
 4884 
 
 Destructive p.-Romans. 
 
 ♦4191 
 
 Maiden martyr's e.-Scot. 
 
 4142 
 
 See HOBBYIST. 
 
 
 See DISEASE in loc. 
 
 
 Missionary e. of Irish. 
 
 3637 
 
 Rldlculed-Columbus a h. 
 
 •2587 
 
 
 
 '* " " Spanish. 
 « .i 11 Columbus. 
 
 3638 
 8641 
 3644 
 
 
 2910 
 1899 
 
 EPISCOPACY. 
 
 Fictitious e.-Roman. 
 
 
 Poor h.-One Idea, that wrong 
 Speakers-Cato-Sclplo. 
 
 *1914 
 
 " " " Thos. Coke. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 In Old Age-Thomas Coke. 
 
 3644 
 
 See INSPIRATION. 
 
 
 Unessential to the Church. 
 
 867 
 
 Partisan e.-Lincoln's rails. 
 
 3104 
 
 Claim of l.-Alarlc. 
 
 ♦2893 
 
 See BISHOP in loc. 
 
 
 Patriotic e.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 4036 
 
 Professed i.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦2894 
 
 EPITAPH. 
 
 Unique e.-Ellhu Yale. 
 
 
 " "-Bunker Hill. 
 Popular e.-Patriotic Paris. 
 
 1894 
 
 3211 
 
 n.597 
 
 Proof of i.-Joan of Arc. 
 In Art>-Romans. 
 
 ♦2895 
 833 
 
 *1915 
 
 " welcome of Nap's so 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 " e. cultivated. 
 
 4323 
 
 " " -Italians. 
 
 836 
 
 Hypocrite's e.-Emp. Alexius. 
 
 8700 
 
EPITHETS— EVIDENCE. 
 
 835 
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Abnslre e., Luther's. 
 
 1159 
 
 EQUALITY. 
 
 Sellgious e.-Mohammedan. *1916 
 Sentimental e.-Napoleon L •1917 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Communistic e.-Lycurgua. 999 
 
 in Crimes-Stoics. 1294 
 
 " Filth-Daniel Webster. 8133 
 
 with the King. 2787 
 
 Legal e.-Romans. 3141 
 
 Natural e. doubted. 3413 
 
 With Officers of State. 3228 
 
 Eeligion favors e. 2656 
 
 Social 0. hindered. 4606 
 
 " " tested. 5217 
 
 of Women in religion. 6124 
 
 See IMPARTIALITY. 
 
 In Judprment-Alexander. 3064 
 
 of Justice-Roman. 3062 
 
 in Parental affeotion-Mr. Dustln.117 
 
 See COMMUNISM in loc. 
 
 EiiUIPAGE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Display of e.-Extravagance. 2012 
 
 EQUIVOCATION. 
 
 Declined by John Huss. ♦1918 
 
 Ingenious e., Bp. Compton's. ♦1919 
 
 Oracular e.-Sibylllne books. ^1920 
 
 2044 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 ■Jnstifled-Jesnits. 
 
 See DISSEMBLING. 
 Successful d. of Faustina. *1675 
 TTnsaccessful d. of Charles I. ♦1676 
 
 Artful d. of Faustina. 1675 
 
 of Melancholy-Young. 1670 
 
 in Speech-Romans. 5292 
 
 See DECEPTION in loo. 
 
 ERROR. 
 
 from Vastness-Explorer. 
 
 ♦1921 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Acknowledgment of e.-Chas. I. 413 
 
 ERRORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Blindness to personal e. 3855 
 
 Conviction of e. impossible. 3854 
 
 Obstinate adherence to e. 3853 
 
 TJnabjured-Martyr Huss. 1918 
 
 Useful for instruction. 2026 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 
 Open a. of Romanus ^251 
 
 Primitive a. by persecution. ^262 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconsistency. 2774 
 
 Reaction of forced converts to a.920 
 Bequired of officer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 8177 
 
 Shameful a.-Jnstus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by primitive C. ^253 
 
 See HERESY. 
 Fined forh.-Donatists by Cath.*2553 
 Hunting h.-Roger Williams. ^2554 
 Madness at h.-PhUip II. +2555 
 
 Suppression of h. by law. ♦2566 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Champions against h.-Jesuits. 3960 
 Far-fetched h.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 vs. Malignancy-Parental. 8389 
 
 Punished for h.-William Penn. 3970 
 Reading the Bible a h.-R. Hunne.572 
 Scientific h. of Galileo. 5727 
 
 Toleration of h.-Roger W. 5638 
 
 See HERETICS. 
 Terrified-Branded-Nakedness.*2557 
 Vengeance against h.-Corpse. ^2558 
 
 Pretext for persecuting h. 6073 
 
 See MISTAKE. 
 
 Encouraging m.-Columbus. ♦3645 
 
 See DELUSION and IGNORANCE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ESCAPE. 
 
 by Bravery-Battle of Hastings. ^1922 
 Difficult e.-Martin Luther. ♦1923 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 from Assassins-Lincoln's. 365 
 
 Declined-Death of Socrates. 3147 
 Entraordinary e. of Louis P. 360 
 Impossible-Roman Empire. 1710 
 Mortifying e. of Napoleon I. 393 
 "' to pride. 3203 
 
 Narrow-Thos. Paine from death. 30 
 " -John Wesley from fire. 119 
 Peril from possibility of e. 1274 
 
 Shameful e.-Agathocles. 1588 
 
 See FLIGHT. 
 Hasty f. of Fred. V. " Left his c."84 
 
 See SURVIVOR. 
 Solitary soldier-English. 5935 
 
 ESCORT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Burlesque e. 4895 
 
 ESTRANGEMENT. 
 
 Connubial e.-Wm. and Mary. ^1924 
 See DIVISION in loc. 
 
 ETHICS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Boundaries in e. 4906 
 
 See RIGHT, 
 
 of Might-English earls. ^4902 
 
 " " -William in. ^4903 
 
 " " -Sword. ^4904 
 
 by Precedent-Napoleon I. ^4905 
 
 and Wrong-Boundaries. ♦4906 
 
 of Might-Conquest. 
 vs. " -Am. Revolution, 
 of Reprisal- Arab robbers. 
 Unquestioned, yet false. 
 
 1098 
 5924 
 4926 
 5747 
 
 Malice of a.-Enights Templars. 1939 
 •* " " -Julian's. 2549 
 
 See CONSCIENCE and MORALITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ETIQUETTE. 
 
 Burdensome e.-Edward IV. ^1925 
 
 Question of e.-Wash. 's Ad. ♦1926 
 
 Restraints of e.-Anne. ♦1927 
 
 Disgusting e.-James II. 
 Important-Gen. Washington. 
 Necessary- Washington-Howe. 
 Overdone-King upset. 
 Quarrel over e.-Ludicrous. 
 See COURTESY. 
 Denied to Speaker, J. K. Polk. 
 Forfeited by Bp. of Winch'st'r. 
 Marked c.-Peculiarity of Eng. 
 to Unfortimates-Black Prince. 
 
 2590 
 
 4634 
 
 1589 
 
 1586 
 
 750 
 
 ♦1257 
 ♦1268 
 ♦1259 
 ♦1260 
 
 and Cruelty of Black Prince. 779 
 
 Devotion to c.-Knights. 1121 
 
 Embarrassing c.-Goldsmith. 4335 
 
 Heartless-Roman c. 2643 
 
 Infidels denied c. 2831 
 
 Insensible to claims of c. 2644 
 
 Scant c. remembered. 4083 
 
 See POLITENESS. 
 Burdensome p.-Hand-shaking. 2509 
 
 Characteristic p. of Mahomet. 801 
 
 Death-bed p. of Charles II. 3422 
 
 with Destitution. 2650 
 
 Disagreeable p., Caesar's. 3400 
 
 Distinguished for p., .^Emilius. 1902 
 
 Ignored by politicians. 3864 
 Intentional p.-Regent of China. 1035 
 
 Kind p., Sailor's. 6021 
 
 Mark of p.-Gluttony. 2639 
 
 Rule of p.-Johnson. 1592 
 
 Trespass on p.-Criticism. 1312 
 
 to Women-Sabines. 6116 
 
 EUCHARIST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Blessing in e., Spiritual. 5085 
 
 EUIiOGIUm. 
 
 Sublime e. of Washington. ^1928 
 See PRAISE in loc. 
 
 EVASION. 
 
 Deceptive e.-Samuel Johnson.^1929 
 Legal e.-Reversing the tablet. ♦1930 
 
 See EQUIVOCATION. 
 Declined by John Huss. ^1918 
 
 Ingenious e. by Bp. Compton. ♦1919 
 Oracular e.-Sibylllne books. ^1920 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Awkwardness of e, J686 
 
 Justified by Jesuits. 
 
 EVIDENCE. 
 
 Abundant e. impossible. 
 Circumstantial e.-Nero's p. 
 Confiioting e -Napoleon I. 
 Constructive e.-Trial of S. 
 Convincing e.-S. Johnson. 
 Discredited by suspicion. 
 External e., Gnostic's. 
 Fame, E. of common. 
 Forced e.-Knights Templars. 
 Impossible-Mutlny-Columbus. 
 Indisputable e.-Coat-of-mail. 
 Inferential e. -Caesar's wife. 
 Manufactured o.-Blackmail. 
 Perverted-Mahomet's fits. 
 of Prejudice-Gunpowder plot, 
 Presumptive e.-R. of Chas. II. 
 Purchase of e. by pardon. 
 Refuted by e., Peculation. 
 Rejected-Wife of Belisarlus. 
 Religious e.-Joan of Arc. 
 Secondary e.-Christian-J. 
 
 2044 
 
 ♦1931 
 ♦1932 
 ♦1933 
 ♦1934 
 ♦1935 
 ♦1936 
 ♦1937 
 ♦1938 
 ♦1939 
 *1940 
 *1941 
 ♦1942 
 ♦1943 
 ♦1944 
 ♦1945 
 ♦1946 
 ♦1947 
 ♦1948 
 ♦1949 
 ♦1950 
 
 ♦rsi 
 
836 
 
 EVIL— EVOLUTION. 
 
 Slender e.-Trial of Strafford. *1952 
 
 " " sufficient. *1953 
 
 by Symbols-Barbarians. *1954 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference-t. 
 Assumed-English. 1135 
 
 by Astrology of crime. 1953 
 
 Blindness to e.-James II. 3855 
 
 Circumstantial e., False. 1081 
 
 Conclusive e.-Letter of Chas. 1.1677 
 Concocted e.-Priest and king. 2386 
 Constructive e. misleading. 2742 
 Contradictory e. -Shoes. 3364 
 
 Convincing e.-False religions. 2731 
 
 " " -Prejudice. 2760 
 
 " " -False-Adultery. 2276 
 
 for Credulity-Negro plot. 4214 
 
 by Cruelty-Cut open. 3056 
 
 Deceptive e.-Hannibal's f. 701 
 
 " " -Sacred Fawn. 1479 
 
 " "-Bunyan's disguise. 1650 
 
 Denied successfully. 5676 
 
 DifBcult e.-Adultery. 1931 
 
 Encouraging e.-Columbus. 4155 
 Ex-party e. doubted. 3913 
 
 Expert e.-Blacksmith-C. n. 3851 
 by False witnesses-Henry VII. 3156 
 Flimsy e.-Imagination. 1289 
 
 Forged documents. 2192 
 
 by Imposture-Voice In walL 2761 
 Inferential e.-Alexander. 2822 
 
 by Informers-Criminals-Jas. II. 919 
 Infuriating e.-Caesar's bloody g. 46 
 Manufactured e.-Conspirators. 1137 
 "Negative vs. Positive e. 2874 
 
 Outrages on e. of spies. 1344 
 
 Positive e. necessary. 3058 
 
 of Prejudice-Lepers burned. 4418 
 Preparation of e.-Cicero. 1554 
 
 Presumptive e.-Nero burns E. 1287 
 Eefused-Trial of Scipio. 5702 
 
 Rejected unheard-Cicero. 2873 
 
 Satisfying e.-Discovery of Am. 1880 
 Self-convincing e. of Christi'nity.833 
 Smitten of God, Murderer. 2496 
 Unconscious e.-Mary's white h.l649 
 TJndesired-Perfidy-James II. 4038 
 Venal e.-Pardon for e. 3067 
 
 See ACCUSATION. 
 be Deception-Maximus Fabius. 701 
 Malicious a.-C. Wesley-V. 702 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 " *' for violence-R. III. 242 
 
 See CREDULITY. 
 of Philosophers-Strange-S. *1281 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. *1282 
 
 of the Sick-16th century. *1283 
 
 Superstitious c.-Romans. *1284 
 
 " " -Persian Magi. *1285 
 
 Excess of o.-Mohammedans. 3622 
 of Fanatics-Crusaders. 5850 
 
 Gold-seekers c.-Signs-Spiders. 5141 
 of Hatred-Origin of Huns. 1528 
 
 ' Superstition-Mystery. 5447 
 
 ' " -Am. Indians. 5448 
 
 * " -First Crusade. 5451 
 -N. E. Colonies. 5453 
 
 • Timidity-Negro plot. 4214 
 brings Unbelief-Miracles. 3626 
 VlcMm of c.-Cotton Mather. 1567 
 
 See DETECTIVE. 
 Harmless d.-Robert Burns. *1552 
 Stupid d.-Col. Jam's'n-Andr6.*1553 
 Useful d., Cicero's. *1554 
 
 Conniving d.-Robert Burns. *1972 
 
 See EXAMINATION. 
 Needless-End of web shows. *1959 
 
 Fearless of e.-Methodists 
 
 See FACTS. 
 Assumed by Aristotle. 
 
 705 
 
 *2020 
 
 Eloquence of f .-Appius. 1855 
 
 Nature's f. evince her laws. 3799 
 
 ■ See INFORMER. 
 
 Dastardly i. -James Burton. 2850 
 
 Massacre prevented by i. 1006 
 
 See INFORMERS. 
 
 Rejected by Vespasian. *2845 
 
 Blackmail paid to i. 2008 
 Criminals for i.-Jeffreys' court. 919 
 
 Detested-Am. Revolution. 2257 
 
 Heartless i.-Jeffreys' court. 439 
 
 Infamous i.-Titus Gates. 6033 
 
 Tools of tyranny. 1953 
 
 See INQUISITION. 
 
 Abominable in Spain. *2877 
 
 Romish in France. *2878 
 
 Ignorance directing i. 2721 
 
 Truth outraged by i. 5727 
 
 See INVESTIGATION. 
 
 Opposed-Financial-England. *2994 
 
 Resented by Clarendon. *2995 
 
 Startling i.-Credit Mobilier. *2996 
 
 Personal i.-Royal-Majorian. 1654 
 
 See MIRACLE. 
 Fraudulent m. -Weeping V. *3620 
 
 Apparent m.-Walls fall. 5824 
 
 Constructive m.-Wm. P. of O. 4555 
 Contempt for false m. 3528 
 
 Failure of expected m. 2087 
 
 Popular m.-Coincidence. 965 
 
 by Saints only. 5704 
 
 of Superstition-Persian. 1285 
 
 " " -" King's Evil." 1380 
 
 Supposed m.-Joan of Arc. 2895 
 
 See MIRACLES. 
 False m.-Delphic priests. *3621 
 
 " "-Mahomet's. *3622 
 
 *3623 
 by Martyrs-Catholic. *3624 
 
 Modern m.-Pascal's. *3625 
 
 Monkish m. -Legendary. 3626 
 
 See OMEN. 
 Accidental o.-Duke William. 31 
 " " " fell. 33 
 
 See OMENS. 
 Ancient o.-Romans. *3905 
 
 Annoyed by o.-Charles I. ♦3906 
 
 Presage of o.-Romans. *3907 
 
 Terrorized by o.-Sailors. ♦3908 
 
 Regard for o.. Superstitious. 2237 
 " " " by Romans. 385 
 
 See PROOF, 
 of Good intentions-Cleopatra.^4515 
 
 Demanded of divinity. 
 
 1691 
 
 of Religlon-Constantine's. 4534 
 
 Sophistical p.-Either side. 5733 
 
 See SIGN. 
 
 of Destiny-Mahomet's. ♦5132 
 
 of Talent, Mathematics a s. 5506 
 
 See SIGNS. 
 
 Faith in s.-Gold. *5141 
 
 Need of s.-Ignorance. *5142 
 
 Significant s. of the times. *5143 
 
 Welcomed s.-Columbus. ^5144 
 
 in Jurisprudence, Language of.3985 
 
 See SPIES. 
 
 Ensnared by s.-Ostragoths. *5304 
 
 Shameless s.-John Locke. ♦5305 
 
 Victims of s.-Theodora's. 1344 
 
 See SPY. 
 
 an Infamous s.-Tempter. ♦5381 
 
 Arrested-Major Andre. 1043 
 
 Honored-Andr6's memorial. 2616 
 Suspicion created by s., False. 5350 
 Unsuspected s.-Alfred the G. 5826 
 
 See TEST, 
 for Office, Religious t. *5574 
 
 Benevolence a t. of religion. 550 
 
 of Bigotry in benevolence. 528 
 
 " Confidence-Alexander. 1048 
 
 " Demonized damsel. 1567 
 " Parental affection-Maurice. 1348 
 
 Religious t. for civil office. 3841 
 
 See TESTIMONY. 
 
 Christian t.-John Bunyan. ^5575 
 
 Imaginative t.-Columbus. *5576 
 
 Trial of t.-Middle Ages. ^5577 
 
 in Death-Montrose. 
 Disreputable t. -Titus Gates 
 by Torture-England. 
 
 See TRADITION. 
 Worthless t. -Cromwell. ^5667 
 
 1448 
 4213 
 5651 
 
 Supreme faith in t.-Jews 2036 
 
 See "WITNESS. 
 
 Abuse of w., Jeffreys'. ^6031 
 
 False w.-Dick Talbot. *C038 
 
 " "-Titus Gates. *6033 
 
 of the Spirit-J. Wesley. ^6034 
 
 Discreditable w.-Trial of B. 540 
 False w., Confusion of. 2192 
 
 Murder of w. by Callias. 2871 
 
 Shameless w. ingrate-Burton. 2850 
 
 See WITNESSING. 
 
 for Christ-Early Christians. ♦6035 
 
 See CONFESSION, FAME and 
 
 TRIAL in loc. 
 
 EVIIi. 
 
 Overruled-Passlonsof H.vm. ♦ISSS 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Hatred of doers of e. 8831 
 
 Overcome by good-Lycurgus. 8264 
 
 See ADVERSITY and SIN 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EVOIiUTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Traces-Animal like men. 1470 
 

 EXAGGERATION-EXCITEMENT. 
 
 837 
 
 See DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 
 Light of e.-English martyrs. 
 
 1233 
 
 Persecuted by inferiors. 
 
 2055 
 
 Social d.-Lombards. 
 
 *1565 
 
 Profiting by e. of fools, 
 in Public life- Washington. 
 
 6020 
 2013 
 
 Precedence of m., Small. 
 Promotion by m.-Cromwell. 
 
 4398 
 
 
 
 4512 
 
 of Genius in periods. 
 
 S297 
 
 Significant e.-Pausanias. 
 
 3724 
 
 " " " -Spartans. 
 
 1822 
 
 Inventions by d. -Steam engine.5732 
 
 Sustained by e. -Torture. 
 
 714 
 
 Recognition of m. by Timour. 
 
 130. 
 
 Perfection by d. -Paradise Lost.4108 
 
 Teaching children by e. 
 
 2928 
 
 Respect for m -School. 
 
 4891 
 
 See HEREDITY. 
 
 
 Terrifying e. for heretics. 
 
 2557 
 
 Rewarded vs. Rank. 
 
 5033 
 
 of Disposition-Fredericli II. 
 
 *2551 
 
 " " -Rebels. 
 
 2875 
 
 Royalty of m.-Cromwell. 
 
 2320 
 
 Failure of h.-Howard's father. *2552 
 
 See IMITATION. 
 
 
 of Saints-Transferred by pope 
 
 711 
 
 
 
 Fameless i.-Fenimore Cooper. *2743 
 
 Success by m.-" Win his spurs. 
 
 
 
 "1560 
 
 of Character-Charles I. 
 
 3628 
 
 Unappreciated in art. 
 
 *2744 
 
 " " " -A. Johnson. 
 
 5416 
 
 Contradicted-Orleans princes 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 Test of m.-Fight-Cerberus. 
 
 3338 
 
 
 of Crime-Caesar"s family. 
 
 2072 
 
 of Genius-Columbus' egg. 
 
 2316 
 
 Women, Four perfect. 
 
 6076 
 
 Cruelty by h.-Nero. 
 
 1347 
 
 vs. Invention-Red Man. 
 
 2909 
 
 See WORTH. 
 
 
 " " " " 
 
 2072 
 
 of Manners -J. Hogg. 
 
 2061 
 
 Moral w.-Louis IX. 
 
 ♦6170 
 
 of Dlsposition-Fredericls II. 
 
 2551 
 
 in Painting, Servile-15tb century.345 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " -Melancholy. 
 
 3560 
 
 Skill by i. in Fine Arts-Angelc 
 
 ». 345 
 
 Eminence by w.-H. Wilson. 
 
 1868 
 
 " " -Nero. 
 
 5260 
 
 " " " " " " -Italy. 
 
 349 
 
 Work brings w.-Oxen. 
 
 6154 
 
 Failure of h.-Cromwell's son. 
 
 5957 
 
 See PRECEDENT. 
 
 
 See EXPERT, SKILL and VIRTUE 
 
 of Genius- Watts. 
 
 2315 
 
 Establishing p.-Napoleon I. 
 
 4905 
 
 in loc. 
 
 
 " " -Blaise Pascal. 
 
 2324 
 
 Right by p.-Napoleon I. 
 
 4905 
 
 EXCESS. 
 
 
 in Government-Monarchy. 
 
 2451 
 
 
 
 Reaction of e.-Ex. of Chas. I. 
 
 ♦1969 
 
 " " -Female line-I 
 
 2458 
 h.4342 
 
 EXASPERATION. 
 
 Rashness of e.-Ethan Allen 
 
 ♦1967 
 
 
 
 Incompetence by h.-Goldsmit 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 in Mechanics-East Indian. 
 
 3537 
 
 
 
 in Recreation-" Gentlemen." 
 
 4637 
 
 of Profession In Egypt. 
 
 4486 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Tendency of wine-Johnson 
 
 16 
 
 " Shamelessness-Ferdinand. 
 
 2066 
 
 Calmness provokes e. -Socrates. 700 
 
 See FANATICISM in loc. 
 
 
 
 
 by Inhumanity-Sepoys. 
 
 4847 
 
 
 
 EXAGGERATION. 
 
 
 in Misfortune feared. 
 
 1267 
 
 EXCESSES. 
 
 
 Barbarian e. -Personal awe. 
 
 *1956 
 
 See ANGER and PROVOCATION 
 
 Ruinous e. -Charles XII. 
 
 ♦1970 
 
 Detected-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 *1957 
 
 in loc. 
 
 
 See EXTREMISTS. 
 
 
 Impious e.-Politioal. 
 
 ♦1958 
 
 EXCELLENCE. 
 
 
 Exaggeration of e.-Non-resist. 
 Judgment of e.. Religious. 
 
 3824 
 1125 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 
 
 Cost of e.-Time. 
 
 ♦1968 
 
 See DISSIPATION, EXTRAVA- 
 GANCE, EXTREMES and 
 
 Needless e. rebuked. 
 
 2156 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 
 GLUTTONY in loc. 
 
 
 See BURLESQUE. 
 
 
 without Credit-Emp. Gratian. 
 
 1007 
 
 
 Christmas festivities in Italy. 
 
 850 
 
 Imitation proves e. 
 
 284 
 
 EXCHANGE. 
 
 
 See CARICATURE. 
 
 
 See GOOD. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Religious c.-Pope-Eugland. 
 
 4933 
 
 Doing g. daily. 
 
 ♦2393 
 
 Unequal e.-Romulus. 
 
 See SUBSTITUTE in loc. 
 
 5081 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMINATION. 
 
 
 for Evil, Returning g. 
 
 4027 
 
 EXCISE. 
 
 
 Needless e.-End of a web s. 
 
 ♦1959 
 
 See GOODNESS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 False g -Charilaus. 
 Greatness of g. -Pericles. 
 
 ♦2394 
 ♦2395 
 
 Laws-First English. 
 
 ♦1971 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Unexecuted-Robert Burns. 
 
 ♦1972 
 
 Fearless of e.-Methodists. 
 
 705 
 
 " " " -Puritans. 
 
 ♦2396 
 
 EXCITEMENT. 
 
 
 See DISCUSSION and EVIDENCE 
 
 Terrified by g.-Henry III. 
 
 ♦2397 
 
 Delusive e.-Wm. P. of Orange 
 
 ♦1973 
 
 in loc. 
 
 
 
 
 of Discovery-California gold. 
 
 ♦1974 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 
 of God, Infinite g. 
 
 1423 
 
 Popular e.-Assassination of C.^1975 
 
 Polio wed-Self-destruction. 
 Instruction by e. -Gauls. 
 
 ♦1960 
 *1961 
 
 Greatness of g.-C. de' Medici. 
 Lasting glory of Agesllaus. 
 
 2477 
 2363 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 Power of e.-Patriotism. 
 
 *1962 
 
 Respected-John the Good. 
 
 2618 
 
 Abstinence in e.-Gamblers. 
 
 6146 
 
 " " "-Gen. Jackson. 
 
 *1963 
 
 See MERIT. 
 
 
 of Adventure-Conquest of Fla 
 
 . 75 
 
 " " "-John Huss. 
 
 *1964 
 
 Evidence of m.-Promotion. 
 
 ♦3589 
 
 Collapse after e.-Columbus. 
 
 3598 
 
 " " "-Peter the Great. 
 
 *1965 
 
 Force by m.-Poet Terence. 
 
 ♦3590 
 
 Fatal in old age-Prest. Harrison. 131 
 
 Quoted-Johnson by G. 
 
 *1966 
 
 Ignorance by m.-Saracens. 
 
 ♦3591 
 
 Labor in e.. Tireless. 
 
 1602 
 
 
 
 Nobility by m. -Napoleon I. 
 Partial m. -Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ♦3592 
 
 Love of Perilous e.-Wm. P. of 0.4111 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 
 i. 
 
 ♦3593 
 
 by Novel-reading-" Pamela." 
 
 3827 
 
 of Benevolence-Mahomet. 
 
 524 
 
 Promotion by m.-Anglo-Sax. 
 
 ♦3594 
 
 Pleasure in e.-Roman circus. 
 
 221 
 
 Encouragement by e.-Napoleon.647 
 
 Supremacy of m -Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦3595 
 
 Popular e.-Boston massacre. 
 
 3517 
 
 Enthusiasm by e.-Joan. 
 
 653 
 
 
 
 " " against Charles I. 
 
 3523 
 
 
 
 Following e. of others. 
 
 3740 
 
 vs. Adulation-Athenians. 
 
 5337 
 
 " " by Stamp Act. 
 
 3525 
 
 " "-Benevolence. 
 
 4163 
 
 Borrowed m. charged-Raphael. 445 
 
 " " against Catholics. 
 
 241 
 
 " "-Desertion. 
 
 1537 
 
 Combined m. of Raphael. 
 
 446 
 
 " " -Stamp Act-N Y. 
 
 4077 
 
 of Frugality-Caesar. 
 
 ^162 
 
 Crown of m.-Romans. 
 
 1325 
 
 Public e.-Acquittal of Bishops 
 
 3031 
 
 " Generosity-J. Harvard. 
 
 2288 
 
 Encouragement to m.-Crown 
 
 1324 
 
 Religious e.-Methodists. 
 
 4703 
 
 Gift-the Better. 
 
 2288 
 
 Honors without m. 
 
 3963 
 
 Unmanned by e.-Wealth. 
 
 4884 
 
 Imitated-Government. 
 
 4873 
 
 " for m.-" Win spurs." 
 
 2630 
 
 See AGITATION. 
 
 
 Inspiration by e.-Columbus. 
 
 981 
 
 Less than money. 
 
 3671 
 
 Perils of a.-Reformatlon. 
 
 ♦14« 
 
 Instructed by e.-Peter the G. 
 
 1493 
 
 Mediocre m. despised by Shelley. 197 
 
 Perseverance In a.-Antl-Slav. 
 
 ♦147 
 
 Instruction by e.-Paul. 
 
 3824 
 
 vs. Merit-Moez. 
 
 3674 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " " -Cato. 
 
 397 
 
 Nobility of m.-Sentimental 
 
 1917 
 
 Clairvoyant a -Swedenborg. 
 
 914 
 
 " " " -P. Henry. 
 
 5694 
 
 Overlooked-Johu AdfiQis. 
 
 4314 
 
 " " " 
 
 915 
 
838 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATION— EXPEDITION. 
 
 Embarrassment-J. A. b. G. III. 274 
 
 Needless a.-London panic. 3983 
 
 Patriotism inflamed by a. 3525 
 
 " aroused by a. 4071 
 
 Political a.-England. 4242 
 
 " " opposed-Whigs. 4912 
 
 Power of a.-Peter the Hermit. 1376 
 
 Unseasonable a.-Cato. 1899 
 
 See ALARM. 
 
 Needless-Pertinax made emp. *165 
 
 Religious a. of Luther. *166 
 
 of Conscience-B. Abbott. 1109 
 
 Messenger of a. -P. Revere. 5881 
 Nations in a. of Napoleon. 4199 
 Quieted by Scripture. 1087 
 
 Religion promoted by a.-Luther.5861 
 Superstitious a.-Europeans. 5439 
 Unexpected a.-Rome-Geese. 1961 
 by Vision-Brutus. 5846 
 
 See ANXIETY. 
 Consuming a. of Marlborough. *245 
 Maternal a. for infant-Indians. 118 
 Parental a. of R. Burns' father. *246 
 of Responsibility-A. Lincoln. *247 
 
 Common to humanity. 
 
 3604 
 
 Parental a. of Emp. Severus. 
 
 239 
 
 Relief from a. -God. 
 
 4558 
 
 Relieved by humor-L. 
 
 1756 
 
 See AWAKENING. 
 
 
 Spiritual-Bunyan. 
 
 1180 
 
 " " 
 
 569 
 
 " -Terrible-Bunyan. 
 
 5166 
 
 " -Martin Luther. 
 
 1178 
 
 " -Terrifying-Nelson. 
 
 1189 
 
 " " -Bunyan. 
 
 1191 
 
 " -A. Clark. 
 
 1181 
 
 " -Bartley Campbell. 
 
 4103 
 
 " -H. D. Gough. 
 
 1179 
 
 *' -Misery in. 
 
 1193 
 
 " -Melancholy-Fox. 
 
 3564 
 
 " -by Prayer. 
 
 1188 
 
 " -Unhappiness by. 
 
 1192 
 
 See CRAZE. 
 
 
 for Gold-Emigrants. 
 
 2388 
 
 See ENCHANTMENT. 
 
 
 Boyish e.-David Crockett. 
 
 634 
 
 " " in books-Irving. 
 
 626 
 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 
 
 2124 
 
 See EXASPERATION. 
 
 
 Rashness by e.-Ethan Allen. 
 
 *1967 
 
 Calmness provokes e.-Socrates. 700 
 by Inhumanity-Sepoys. 4847 
 
 Intended-mad Cambyses. 2881 
 
 in Misfortune feared. 1267 
 
 Rashness of e.-Boston m'ssacre.3517 
 Uncontrollable e. of ■W'shingt'n.4480 
 
 See EXHILARATION. 
 Music vs. Drink. 3753 
 
 See MOB. 
 Audacity of Paris m.-Revolatlon.658 
 Calmness amid the m.-Wesley. 698 
 of Fanatics controlled by dem. 40 
 Mistaken-Cinna put to death. 372 
 Terrifying m.-New York draft. 3646 
 
 See NERVOUSNESS. 
 Evinced by Samuel Johnson. *8807 
 
 See PANIC, 
 by Contraction of finances. *3979 
 Flnancial-U. S., 1873. ♦3980 
 
 Financial-England, 1847. *3981 
 
 Needless p.-" Popish plot." *3982 
 Night of p.-Anarchy in Lond. *3983 
 Unexpected p.-England 1825. *3984 
 
 Artificial cause of p. 2195 
 
 Citizens p.-Paul Jones at W. 645 
 
 Civil War-Rome-Rubicon. 2117 
 
 Defeated by p.-Agincourt. 3834 
 
 " " Nap., Financial p. 5287 
 
 Financial p.-France. 2214 
 
 " -Eng.-Chas. II. 2892 
 
 " " -France. 5286 
 
 See ENTHUSIASM, FANATICISM 
 
 and PASSION in loc. 
 
 EXCOOTOTUNICATION. 
 
 or Money-Papal. *1976 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Terrors of e. -Greek Church. 
 See EXPULSION in loc. 
 
 EXCUSE. 
 Abandoned by Ligarius. 
 
 12 
 
 *1977 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Convenient e.-Disobedience. 1904 
 Feeble e.-Divorce of H. VIII. 3444 
 for Shameful conduct-Penn. 607 
 
 EXCUSES. 
 Ignominious e. of James II. *1978 
 
 See APOLOGY. 
 Degrading a.demanded by J.II.*248 
 
 Assassin's a.-Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Doubtful a.-Marriage of H. VIII.458 
 Weak a. for ingratitude. 2857 
 
 See PRETEXT. 
 
 for Banishment of French Caths.448 
 
 Commercial p.-Lysander. 819 
 
 Conscience a p.-Sunderland. 1186 
 
 for Divorce-Henry VIII. 6069 
 
 -Peter III. 6009 
 
 Flimsy p. for war-Romans. 428 
 
 " Extortion-Henry VIII. 430 
 
 Religion a p.-Bibulus. 3856 
 
 Religious p. for vlce.-Mahomet. 63 
 
 " " of James II. 577 
 
 See VINDICATION. 
 
 Audacious v. by Bothwell. *5832 
 
 See EXPLANATION in loc. 
 
 EXECUTION. 
 
 Brutal e.-Duke of Monmouth. *1979 
 Inhuman-Monmouth's rebels. *1980 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bravery at e.-Du Chatelard. 3342 
 
 Brutality in e. of Monmouth. 1979 
 
 " " " rebels. 1980 
 
 Composure at e. 1407, 1412 
 
 Coveted e.-Donatist martyrs. 3506 
 
 Disgraceful e. merited. 1357 
 
 Escape from e.-Swedenborg. 5681 
 
 First American e. on gallows. 4063 
 
 of Friend by a friend. 1364 
 
 Horrifying e. of rebels. 4630 
 
 " "-Boiling water. 4631 
 
 Ineffective, Public e. 4569 
 
 Infamous e. of Raleigh. 1139 
 
 of Innocent men-Negro plot. 4214 
 
 Pleasure in witnessing e. 1355 
 
 Prevented-Capt. John Smith. 6087 
 Ransomed by e. of friends. 1364 
 Shameful e., Henry Vane's. 1441 
 Triumph in e. by fortitude. 1246 
 
 See CRUCIFIXION. 
 Modern c. in India. *ia31 
 
 Agony of c. Great. 148 
 
 Honored after c-Jesus. 1321 
 
 See HANGING, 
 Forecast of h.-Am. patriots. *2510 
 Public h.-S. Johnson's views. *2511 
 a Remedy-Cromwell's. *2512 
 
 or Marriage-Wm. Wat's choice. 3434 
 
 EXERCISET. 
 
 Important e.-Military. *1981 
 
 See ACTIVITY. 
 Military a.-Romans. *39 
 
 Determined a.-" Close action." 1904 
 
 Success by unexpected a. 1491 
 
 See "WALKING in loc. 
 
 EXERTION. 
 
 Absorbed in e.-Napoleon I. *1982 
 See ENERGY in loc. 
 
 EXHIBITION. 
 
 Immense e.-Am. Centennial. *1983 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Beauty-Cleopatra-Antony. 5278 
 Brutal-.^sthetical e. of Romans. 102 
 Dishonorable-Commodus. 3430 
 
 Impressive e. of bloody g'rm'nts.46 
 Realistic e. of Romans. 103 
 
 See CIRCUS. 
 Passion for c. -Romans. 221 
 
 See EXPOSITION. 
 of Industry-Timour. 2805 
 
 See TOURNAMENT. 
 
 of Chivalry-Edward I. 815 
 
 Splendid t. by Henry II. of F. 28 
 
 See DISPLAY and THEATRE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EXHILARATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Music vs. Drink. 3753 
 
 See CHEERFULNESS and IN- 
 TEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 EXILE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Happily ended-Cicero. 1658 
 
 Honored e.-Lafayette. 4318 
 
 Long e.-" The Pretender." 6223 
 Provision in e., Generous. 2641 
 
 EXISTENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Memorials of e.-Few Indians. 3568 
 
 EXPECTATION. 
 
 Delusive e. of Columbus. *1984 
 
 EXPECTATIONS. 
 
 Popular e.-Oivil War. *1985 
 
 See CONFIDENCE ai.d HOPE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EXPEDITION. 
 
 Remarkable e., De Soto's. *1986 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Remarkable e.-Hannibal-Alps. 5234 
 
EXPENSE— EXTORTION. 
 
 839 
 
 See ADVENTURER. 
 Bom a. -Hernando Cortez. 
 
 *r8 
 
 Dream of an a.-Count de B. 188 
 Honored-Geo. Villiers by Jas. 1. 494 
 -Disgraceful a. 2416 
 
 See ADVENTURERS. 
 Disappointed-Theodoric and G. *79 
 Numerous a. with Capt J. Smith.*80 
 
 Eemarkable a. -De Soto's ex. 1986 
 
 Successful a.-Three men. 1076 
 
 See EXPLORERS. 
 
 Inliumanity of e. to Indians. 908 
 
 Eeligious e. -Catholics in Am. 736 
 
 See CRUSADES in loc. 
 
 EXPENSE. 
 
 Division by e.-13 States. *1987 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Inconsiderate of e. -Goldsmith. 2263 
 
 See ECONOMY, EXTRAVAGANCE, 
 
 FRUGALITY and PRICE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Guidance of e.-Disc. of S. A. *1988 
 Needless-Corn. Perry-Am. R. *1989 
 Personal e. for reformation. ^1990 
 Test of human e.-S. Johnson. *1991 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Benevolence prompted by e. 4355 
 
 Gained by loss-Spaniards. 2815 
 
 Judgment from e. -Father. 2108 
 
 Lesson of e.-" Adversity." 3277 
 
 " " " -Napoleon I. 4621 
 
 Xessons of e.-Peter Cooper. 1785 
 
 *' " -Soldiers. 2814 
 
 » " " -Wm. P. of O. 6194 
 
 of Poverty-Lessons-Johnson. 4365 
 
 Sympathy from e.-S. Johnson. 5493 
 
 Untaught by e.-James II. 4085 
 
 " " "-Crusaders. 4150 
 
 EXPERIMENT. 
 
 Incomplete e.-Prof. Silliman. *1992 
 
 Scientific e.- Youthful- Newton. *1993 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 in Diet of Sailors-Irving. 2734 
 
 Proof by e. of matter. 1935 
 
 Science by e.-Bacon. 5049 
 
 Success by e.-Dr. Morton. 5410 
 
 EXPERimiENTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Knowledge by e.-R. Stevenson. 639 
 Progress of society by e. 906 
 
 EXPERT. 
 by Practice-Jeffreys. *1994 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Physical e.-Henry II. 889 
 
 EXPERTS. 
 
 TTnappreciated-Prederick n. 3041 
 
 See ABILITIES. 
 
 Misapplied-Pred. II. -Voltaire. *3 
 Numerous a -R. Emp. Justinian. *4 
 
 Overrated-Pompey. *5 
 
 Shown in youth.-Alexander. ♦B 
 
 TJseless-J. Dryden-Debate. *7 
 
 Balanced-George Washington. 3406 
 
 Conversational a.-S. Johnson. 1172 
 Dangerous a.-Uninstructed. 1507 
 Diplomatic a. -Corrupted. 1594 
 
 " -Remarkable. 1600 
 Field for a., Appropriate. 4224 
 
 Impractical a.-Milton in p'litics.4257 
 Manifold a. -Queen Elizabeth. 3605 
 Misapplied-Failure-Newton. 2100 
 " -Golds'h. 2030 
 " -"Magn't brute." 1068 
 
 Misplaced-Gibbon in Parrment.4054 
 Multiplex a., Csesar's. 2479 
 
 Numerous a.-Gallienus. 1830 
 
 Practical a.-M. Van Buren. 4251 
 Presumable a.-Elevation. 3589 
 
 Prostituted a.-Emp. Gratian. 1007 
 Restricted field for a. of Caesar. 275 
 Triumph of a.-Wm. Pitt. 3586 
 
 Wrecked, Splendid a.-Burns. 2027 
 
 See SAGACITY. 
 Political s.-Henry Clay. 4275 
 
 " " -Professional polit'n.4274 
 
 See SKILL. 
 Misapplied s.-Perp'l motion. *5168 
 Proof of s.-Rothschild. *5169 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 3430 
 " "-Crockett. 4322 
 
 See SPECIALITY. 
 Success by s.-Emp. Maximian. *5277 
 
 EXPIATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sin of youthful pride. 1662 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 Belief of American Indians. 5158 
 of Vengeance.-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 EXPIiANATION. 
 
 Relief by e.-Louis Philippe. ♦1995 
 
 411 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Neglect of e. in family gov't. 
 
 See APOLOGY. 
 Degrading a. demanded by J.II.*248 
 
 Assassin's a.-Caracalla. 1123 
 Doubtful a. -Marriage of H. VIII.458 
 
 Weak a. for ingratitude. 2857 
 
 See DEFINITION. 
 
 Partial d.-Plato's man. 3391 
 
 See EXCUSE. 
 
 Abandoned by Ligarius. *1977 
 
 Convenient e. for disobedience. 1904 
 Feeble e.-DIvorce of H. VIII. 3444 
 for Shameful conduct -W. Penn.607 
 
 See EXCUSES. 
 Ignominious e. of James II. *1978 
 
 See INTERPRETATION. 
 Unrestricted i. of mythology. *2959 
 
 three Senses in the Bible-S. 583 
 See INSTRUCTION in loc. 
 
 EXPIiORERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referencea. 
 Inhumanity of e. to Indians. 908 
 Religious e.-Catholics In Am. 736 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Opposed-Coal from England. 1131 
 Restricted e.-New England Col. 880 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Immense e.-Centennial. 1983 
 
 of Industry by Timour. 2805 
 
 EXPOSURE. 
 
 of Purpose-Catholic plans. *1996 
 Threat of e., Oflace by. *1997 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Cruelty of Appius Claudius. 1855 
 " Hypocrisy-Pleasing. 2694 
 
 " Vices of M. Parliament. 4874 
 " Vice, Woman's revenge for. 4858 
 
 See INFORMER. 
 Dastardly i.-James Burton. 2850 
 Massacre prevented by i. 1006 
 
 See INFORMERS. 
 Rejected by Vespasian. *2846 
 
 Blackmail paid to I. 2008 
 
 EXPUL.SION. 
 
 of Scholars-Fellows of M. C. *1994 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Aliens from U. S. 167 
 
 Deserved e.-Brlbery-Sir J. N. 660 
 Humiliating e. from Lincoln. 534 
 from Ministry-S. Johnson. 3616 
 Vigorous e.-Bribery resented-D.673 
 Wronged by e.-Minister. 1081 
 
 See EXILE. 
 Happily ended-Cicero. 1658 
 
 Honored e.-Lafayette. 4318 
 
 Long e.-"The Pretender." 6223 
 Provision in e., Generous. 2641 
 
 EXTE R MIN ATION. 
 
 War of e.. Queen Anne's. *1999 
 
 See DESOLATION and DESTRUC- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 EXTORTION. 
 
 Complete e.-England by L, 
 Cruel e.-Jew's tooth daily. 
 
 " " -Mass. Colony. 
 Dilemma in e.-Henry VIII. 
 of Government-Charles I. 
 Misnamed " Benevolence." 
 Outrageous e.-Romans in B. 
 Royal e. -Richard II. 
 Submission to e.-M. Crassus. 
 
 of Benevolence-Henry VIII. 
 
 " " -James I. 
 
 Capitalist's e.-Jews. 
 Church e. of dues-England. 
 Disgraceful e.-Joan of Arc. 
 of Gifts for Maxentius. 
 
 " " " Charles I. 
 by Government-France, 
 of Jailers for debt. 
 
 " Merchants-Roman. 
 
 ♦2000 
 *2001 
 *2002 
 *200S 
 *2004 
 ■►2005 
 *2006 
 *2007 
 *2008 
 
 430 
 523 
 712 
 868 
 1726 
 376 
 
 " " -England. 
 
 " Offertory-Dnke of Guise. 
 Permitted-Courtiers-James II, 
 of Prisoners by jailers. 
 Religion opposed by e. 
 Revenge of masses on Rufinius. 427 
 of Traders-England. 5656 
 
 Universal e.-English judges. 1217 
 Unterrified by e.-H. Peter aaOP 
 
 2125 
 565S 
 5659 
 5660 
 627 
 607 
 4469 
 1190 
 
840 
 
 EXTRAVAGANCE— FAITH. 
 
 See BLACKMAIL. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Contribution justified. 
 
 See RAPACITY. 
 Royal r. of Henry III. 
 
 EXTRAVAGANCE. 
 Domestic e.-R. 11.-10,000 p. 
 in Food-"Coflfee and Tea." 
 Oppression by e. -Charles I. 
 Pride, of Wounded- Wm. Pitt. 
 Rebuked by Washington. 
 Buinous e. of Romans. 
 
 2008 
 *4615 
 
 ♦2009 
 *2010 
 *2011 
 *2012 
 *2013 
 *2014 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Banquet-Court of Rome. 452 
 Crimes proceed from e.-Arnold.2569 
 
 Cruel e. of Wm. de C. 3943 
 in Dress encouraged-H. VIII. 1728 
 
 " " -Period of e. 1729 
 
 *' Feasts-Romans. 3371 
 
 •' Female dress-Romans. 1730 
 
 *' Food-Singing-birds. 2178 
 
 Limited by law-England. 1733 
 
 vs. Poverty-Castlemaine. 4338 
 Prevention of e.-Plain dw'lllngs.l754 
 Rebuked-Oslentatious barber. 1667 
 
 in Recreation-Bajazet. 4638 
 
 Ruinous e.-Gov't-F. 3673 
 
 In Sport-Ottoman. 5318 
 
 See LUXURIES. 
 
 Comparative l.-Scots-Eng. 1913 
 
 Demoralizing 1. -Alexander. 5668 
 
 Heaven's 1. -Mohammedan. 2540 
 
 Rejected by Mahomet. 2672 
 
 Repressed by sumptuary 1. 3161 
 
 Warfare against 1., Caesar's. 3162 
 
 See LUXURY. 
 
 Dangers of l.-Puritans. *3363 
 
 Denied-Oxford friars. *3364 
 
 Employment of the poor. *3362 
 
 Evil of l.-Spartans. *3365 
 
 Excess in 1 -Alexander. *3366 
 
 Misplaced in Roman camp. *S367 
 
 Nauseous l.-Tobacco. *3368 
 
 vs. Poverty-Romans. *3369 
 
 Repudiated-Primitive C. *3370 
 
 Senseless 1 -Roman feast. *3371 
 
 ■Unsatisfying l.-Baian. *3372 
 
 Abolished-Vices gone. 3655 
 
 Character deteriorated by 1. 4888 
 
 Condemned, Roman. 3384 
 Corruption by l.-Roman families.407 
 
 Debased by l.-Vandals. 953 
 
 Enervated by I.-Romans. 901 
 
 Exhibition of 1. 3383 
 Increased by R. aqueducts. 459, 460 
 
 "National enervation by 1. 4200 
 
 Perilous to the State-Cato. 266 
 
 State endangered by 1. 5856 
 
 Suppressed by disgrace. 4611 
 
 See PRODIGALITY. 
 
 Checked by instruction. ♦4478 
 
 Enoouraged-Ruinous. *4479 
 
 See EXCESS in loc. 
 
 EXTREinES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Climatic e. bring rev's. 951 
 
 Corrected by e.-Napoleon. 3552 
 
 in Religion-Puritans. 4704 
 
 ** " -Crusaders. 4705 
 
 EXTREMITY. 
 
 Deliverance in e.-Wm. P. of 0.*1862 
 
 See CRISIS. 
 Equal to the c.-Cromwell. *1303 
 
 Resolution at the c.-Devereux. 651 
 EYE. 
 
 Disflgured-Samuel Johns^on. *2017 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accident kills Henry II. of France. 28 
 Blind. Conveniently-Nelson. 1904 
 Defioient^Samnel Johnson. 3262 
 Destroyed in anger. 3264 
 
 Wounded in the e.-IIarold. 391 
 
 EYES. 
 Useless e.-Siamese junks. *2018 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deceived-Mirage. 1521 
 
 Destroyed by tyrant. 1335 
 
 " -Captives-Basil. 1342 
 
 Moral protection of e.-Monks. 402 
 Soldiers vanquished by e. 1622 
 
 See BLINDNESS. 
 Disqualified by b., Kings. *603 
 
 by Study-John Milton. *604 
 
 Bravery of King-Blind John. 297 
 
 See APPEARANCES and VANITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FACE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Winsome f. of Edward IV. 47 
 
 FACTIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conspiracy of f .-Columbus. 3758 
 Dangerous-" Blue and Green." 2019 
 Growth of f.-Caracalla and Geta.239 
 
 See DISUNION and PARTY 
 in loc. 
 
 FACTS. 
 
 Assumed by Aristotle. *2020 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Eloquence of f.-Appius. 1855 
 
 Nature's f . evince her laws. 3799 
 
 See EVIDENCE and TRUTH 
 in loc. 
 
 FACUL.TIES. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 in Age, Brilliant f.-Adams. 2046 
 
 Well-preserved f. of Wesley. 138 
 
 " " " 5854 
 
 See ABILITIES and GENIUS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FAILURE. 
 
 Beginning with f .-Demos. *2C21 
 Cause of f. -First Cable. *2022 
 
 Discouragement by f.-Bp. McK*2023 
 at First-Frederick the Great. *2024 
 by Incompetence-Inv"s'on of C.*2025 
 Lesson of f. -Ignorance. *2026 
 
 in Life-Robert Burns. ♦2027 
 
 Signal f. -Spanish Armada. ^2028 
 
 Mortification of f. -James II. 3719 
 Mortifying f. -Crusaders. 1606 
 
 in Oratory- Washington Irving. 8050 
 Reputation for f .-Bibulus. 2771 
 
 Retrieved-Burke's speech . 49 
 
 Success of f.. Apparent. 5402 
 
 " after f.-Grant. 5414 
 
 Vanity causes f.-Timotheus. 2213 
 in War-Eight Years'. 5906 
 
 " " -Seven Years'. 5907 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY. 
 Courage in b.-Sir Walter Scott. 92 
 Predicted-National-British. ^451 
 
 See DEFEAT. 
 Beginning with d.-Lineoln. ♦148S 
 Brilliant d.-Napoleon-W. *1489 
 
 Concealed d.-Samuel Johnson.^l49(> 
 Difficult d.-C£esar. *1491 
 
 Inspiring d.-Bunker Hiil. *l4Si 
 
 Instruction by d.-Peter the G. *1493 
 Mortification of d.-Montcalm.^l494 
 Overwhelming d.-Moscow. *1495 
 Service of d.-BuU Run. ♦149& 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Beginning with f. -Shelley. 2314 
 
 Business f.-Misdirection. 2321 
 
 Discouragement from f. -Demos. 2021 
 
 , " -Bishop McK. 2023 
 
 Beginning with d.-Am. Rev. 5881 
 Despair by d. -American Rev. 1541 
 Embittered by d.-John Adams. 4234 
 Exempt from d.-Cromwell. 311 
 Fatal d.-Horace Greeley. 4281 
 
 Impossible d.-Col. Moultrie's. 650 
 Honor in d.-Persians at Petra. 643 
 Humiliation bv d.-Romaas. 2662 
 Mortifying d.-Henry Clay. 4247 
 
 " " of Charles L 3523 
 
 Stinging d.-Persians by B. 614 
 
 See INSOLVENCY. 
 
 Governmental i.-Charles. II. *2892 
 
 See DISAPPOINTMENT and DIS- 
 
 COURAGEMENT in loc. 
 
 FAITH. 
 
 Conditioned-John Bunyan. *20.3^ 
 Defenders of the f. -Henry VIII.*2033 
 Despised-Julian's " Science." *20.34 
 Fed by f.-Miiller's orphans. *2035 
 Invigorated by difficulties. *9036 
 Living by f. -George Muller. *2037 
 Power of f.-English Puritans. *2038 
 Victory by f. -Henry Vane. *203» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolence by f.-G. Muller. 528 
 <i .. <4 .. .. 2035 
 
 Business f .-Cable. 2031 
 
 Compulsory f.-Cortez-Inca. 1176 
 
 vs. Doubt-George Fox. 1714 
 
 Encouragement of f .-Luther. 2229 
 Fanatical f .-Crusader's assault. 390 
 
 Fear conquered by f. 2111 
 
 in God, Helpful f. 4387 
 
 Inspiration of religion. 3921 
 
 Life of f. for temporalities. 2035 
 
 " " "-George Muller's. 2037 
 
 Little f. rebuked-Columbus. 1881 
 
 Loss of f. in mankind. 3412 
 
 vs. Penitence-Luther. 1178 
 
 Protection of f. needless. 2713 
 
 " " -Harmful. 2721 
 Qualified Christian f . of Shelley. 847 
 
 Shaken in the compass". 2849 
 
 «<>£uperstition- Persian. 1280 
 
FAITHFULNESS— FAME. 
 
 841 
 
 Sustained by f. -Luther to Augs. 8 
 
 " " " in bereavement. 556 
 
 " " " -N. E. Pilgrims. 957 
 
 "Victory by f.-Bajazet. 1251 
 
 " of f.-Grave. 1440 
 
 •• " "-Conversion. 1175 
 
 See CREDULITY. 
 
 of Philosophers-Strange-S. *t281 
 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. *1282 
 
 of the Sick-16th century. *1283 
 
 Superstitious c. -Romans. *1284 
 
 " "-Persian Magi. *1285 
 
 Excess of c.-Mohammedans. 
 of Fanatics-Crusaders. 
 Gold-seekers' c. -Signs. 
 of Hatred-Huns. 
 
 " Superstition-Mystery. 
 
 •' " -Am. Indians. 
 
 " " -First Crusade. 
 
 *' " -N. E. Colonies. 
 
 " Timidity-Negro plot, 
 brings Unbelief-Miracles. 
 Victim of c.-Cotton Mather. 
 
 See CREEDS. 
 Destroyed c. bring union. 
 Valued according to effects. 
 
 S^e DOCTRINE. 
 Zeal for d.-Wm. P. of Orange. 
 
 See DOCTRINES. 
 Confusion in d.-Unlon of all. 
 Erratic d. of Milton. 
 Mixed d.-Gnostics-Christians. 
 Perverted-Early Christians. 
 vs. Preferments- Arminians. 
 Tested by fire-Sectaries. 
 
 See PRESUMPTION. 
 Foolish p.-Emperor Rienzl. 
 Reward of p.-Indignity. 
 
 8622 
 6850 
 5141 
 1528 
 5447 
 5448 
 5451 
 5453 
 4214 
 3626 
 1567 
 
 2089 
 4731 
 
 4404 
 
 1937 
 3922 
 1937 
 1932 
 4308 
 2087 
 
 *4443 
 
 ♦4444 
 
 Ridiculed by Parthians. 1712 
 by Success-Captain Lawrence. 2570 
 
 Successful p. of three men. 1076 
 
 of Youth-Nasica. 2814 
 
 " *• -Pompey. 6210 
 
 " " -Louis XIV. 6209 
 
 FAITHFUIiNESS. 
 
 Rewarded by the people. *2040 
 
 ■Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Rewarded-" It is thine own." 4879 
 
 See FIDELITY. 
 Tested-Crown rejected. *2128 
 
 3578 
 1247 
 2253 
 3835 
 
 of Animal-Soldier's dog. 
 Confidence in f. -Frederick. 
 Humble f. -Pompey 's slave. 
 Oath of f . to Mahomet. 
 
 " " "-Roman soldier. 
 Political f. ill-rewarded. 
 Remarkable f.-Indians-Penn, 
 
 " " -Slaves. 
 
 Rewarded with treachery, 
 of Slaves of Comutus. 
 to Truth rewarded. 
 Unfailing f. -Napoleon's grave. 2239 
 
 See LOYALTY. 
 Esteemed-Oliver Cromwell. ♦3357 
 Unreserved-Widow Windham.*3358 
 Vigorous 1. of Bismarck. *3359 
 
 Zealous 1. of Puritans. fSSSa 
 
 2854 
 5700 
 5199 
 2850 
 5351 
 2040 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disqualified by l.-James II. 3549 
 Distrusted-Romanists. 4946 
 
 vs. Liberty-Revolution. 1696 
 
 Loving 1. to Adrian. 4969 
 
 Outward 1. recommended. 3848 
 
 Proof of l.-Severe. 1364 
 
 Sacrifice of l.-Woman. 1348 
 
 See DUTY and OBEDIENCE 
 in loc. 
 
 FAIiSEHOOD. 
 
 Confirmed in f.-Charles I. *2041 
 Governmental f .-Napoleon I. *2042 
 Growth of f. by carelessness. *2043 
 Justified by Jesuits. +2044 
 
 " " Samuel Johnson. *2045 
 
 Diplomacy of Elizabeth. 
 
 by Lying spirits-Swedenborg. 
 
 Pious f. of loyalty. 
 
 vs. Truth-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 Artful f. -Captive Zenobia. 
 False f. of Henry VIII. 
 Fulsome f . of James I. 
 Irritating f.-Fred. the Great. 
 Resented-Alexander. 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. 
 
 1596 
 5311 
 1348 
 5722 
 
 *2152 
 *2153 
 ♦2154 
 *2155 
 *2156 
 ♦2157 
 
 Deception by f. -Rochester. 1471 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 305 
 Embarrassment by f.-Cassar. 2657 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Fulsome f. of Chas. I. by Finch. 60 
 of Royalty-Charles I. by Finch. 60 
 Wealth by f. -Legacies. 5971 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 See LIAR. 
 Proverbial l.-Dick Talbot. *3202 
 
 See LIBEL. 
 Trials for l.-William Hone. *3203 
 
 Anonymous I.-Milton. 1165 
 
 False accusation of 1. 3049 
 
 Indifferent to l.-Frederick II. 5299 
 Press prosecuted for 1. 4436 
 
 4438 
 See PERJURY. 
 Punishment of p., Judicial. *4112 
 
 Punished with death. 
 Shameful p.-" Dick " Talbot. 
 
 See SLANDER. 
 Defence from s.-Napoleon I. 
 from Envy-John Bunyan. 
 Fine for s.-$500,000. 
 Opposition by s.-J. Wesley. 
 Persecutor's s -Constantine. 
 of Piety-Richard Baxter's. 
 Punished by James I. 
 Rewarded-Dick Talbot. 
 Victim of s. -Columbus. 
 
 5219 
 6032 
 
 *6170 
 *5171 
 *5172 
 ♦5173 
 ♦5174 
 *5175 
 ♦5176 
 *5177 
 *5178 
 
 Abusive s. of Nap. by Britons. 24 
 of Americans by Sam. Johnson. 214 
 Inconsistency of s-Nap. I. by E. 24 
 Shameful s. of woman. 6034 
 
 Victim of s.-Cromwell-"Klng."3893 
 " " "-Bolivar. 4044 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 FAOTE. 
 
 Belated-J. Q Adams. 
 
 by Competition-Wm. Parry. 
 
 Costly-Sir W. Scott. 
 
 by Discovery-N. W. passage. 
 
 Distant-Lincoln-Italy. 
 
 Impostor's- Titus Gates. 
 
 by Infamy-Assassin of Nap. 
 
 Locality for-Napoleon in E. 
 
 Perverted-Memory of C. 
 
 Posthumous-Columbus. 
 
 Regarded-" What will h. say?' 
 
 Sudden f . of Byron. 
 
 " " -Berner's St. Hoax. 
 Trials of f.-W. Scott. 
 Undesired-Emp . Maximus. 
 
 *2046 
 ♦2047 
 *2048 
 *2049 
 *2050 
 *2051 
 *2052 
 *2053 
 *20.54 
 *2055 
 '*2056 
 *2057 
 *2058 
 *2059 
 *2060 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ambition for f.-Themistocles. 189 
 Ambitious for f. -Trajan. 2367 
 
 Contingencies of f. -Mules. 3322 
 Contradiction-Great vs. M. 2485 
 Delayed-Milton's f. 2325 
 
 Desired next to power. 195 
 
 Diminution of f. 2476 
 
 Diminishing-Thirty authors. 3304 
 Increasing posthumous-Burns. 2481 
 
 Literature necessary to f. 
 Merited-Frederick II. 
 Mlsappropriated-Chas. Lee. 
 Monuments of-Pyramid. 
 Neglect followed by f . 
 Omission of f.-T. Cromwell. 
 Passion for f.-Themistocles. 
 
 " " •' -Fred, the Great 
 without Popularity-H. Clay. 
 Toil for f. -Virgil. 
 Undesirable f.-Shame. 
 Wide extended f . of Wash. 
 See GREAT MEN. 
 Courting g. m. 
 Periods of g. m. 
 Providential. 
 
 3311 
 5808 
 4789 
 2305 
 3270 
 2580 
 189 
 208 
 4310 
 2341 
 60C3 
 3081 
 
 *357!^ 
 ♦3580 
 ♦3581 
 ♦358? 
 
 coincidence-Romulus and T. 967 
 Dishonored-Columbus. 164* 
 
 -Ad. Blake. 1657 
 
 Example of g.m.-Conversation.ll70 
 Overpraised-Pompey. 4370 
 
 Weakness of g.m.-D'mosth'n's.595* 
 
 See HONORS. 
 Burdensome-Grant-Alfonso. *2621 
 Compulsory-Saturninus. ♦2622 
 
 Demanded by Cromwell. ^2623 
 
 Mis-erable-Aged Titus. ^2624 
 
 Premature h. of Bolivar. *2625 
 
 Resianed-Emp. Diocletian. ♦2626 
 -Charles V. ^2627 
 
 Unexpected-Sallie Thompson.^2628 
 Unmerited-Emp. Carlnus. ♦2629 
 Won by Merit-" Win his s." ♦2630 
 
 from Abroad-Lombards. 2645 
 
 Bestowed on animals, E. 2172 
 
 " " goose. 5451 
 
 Burdensome-Lincoln. 247 
 
 for Criminals-Scots. 1300 
 
 Dangerous- Violent death. 1454 
 Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W. 1322 
 
 " " -Caesar. 132.? 
 
84^ 
 
 FAMILIARITY— FAMINE. 
 
 Divine to Demetrius. 2157 
 
 Endangered by h.-Cromwell. 366 
 
 " » » 370 
 
 Envied-Demosthenes. 1329 
 
 Exchanged, Pitt vs. Cliatliam. 5632 
 
 for Faithfulness to truth. 2040 
 
 Funeral-Caesar's. 2251 
 
 -Egyptians. 2252 
 
 " -Lincoln's. 8254 
 
 111 proportioned-Martel. 2187 
 
 Literary degrees undeserved. 5633 
 
 Lost by delay-Spartans. 467 
 
 for Merit-Coronation. 1325 
 
 Misapplied-Pocahontas. 5097 
 
 Misplaced-Olympic games. 2280 
 
 " -Emperor Claudius. 3876 
 
 Music brings f.-Rizzio. 3751 
 
 Opportunity of-Black Prince. 470 
 Received reluctantly-Pertinax's.l65 
 
 Restored to Cicero. 1658 
 
 Sale of h. invented. 5629 
 
 Self imposed-Napoleon. 1326 
 
 Selfishness in seeking. 5078 
 
 Surrender for virtue. 686 
 
 of Triumph-Magnificent. 5719 
 
 Troublesome-Golden crown. 1329 
 
 Unappreciated-Cromwell's. 5957 
 
 Undeserved-A farmer. 3177 
 
 Unenjoyed-Milton's. 3310 
 
 Unsatisfactory h.-High offlce. 183 
 
 Vexatious h.-Napoleon. 751 
 
 Viciously bestowed on Nero. 4325 
 
 Wearisome-Cromwell's. 2470 
 
 Withdrawn-Cromwell's. 4851 
 
 Withheld-John Cabot. 991 
 See DISTINCTION in loc. 
 
 FAMILIARITir. 
 
 Ill mannered-James Hogg. *2061 
 
 Mistake of f.-Du Chatelard. ^2062 
 
 See FELLOWSHIP in loc. 
 
 FAmililES. 
 
 Old American f.-.\dams. 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Benefits of the f .-M. Luther. 
 Deteriorated-Rome. 
 Discord-Charles IV. of Spain. 
 Interest-Theodoric. 
 Kinship lines-Indians. 
 Prestige of Irish f .-Celtic-Nor. 
 Religion in the f.-Mahomet. 
 Responsibility to f .-14 reasons. 
 Sanguinary f., Caesar's. 
 Sorrowful f.-Dr. R. Taylor's. 
 Substitution in f.-Am.Indians, 
 Sufferings-House of theCaes'rs. 
 
 *2063 
 
 •2064 
 ♦2065 
 ♦2066 
 ♦2067 
 ♦2068 
 ♦2069 
 ♦2070 
 *2071 
 ♦2072 
 ♦2073 
 *2074 
 ♦2075 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affectionate f. -Charlemagne. 4970 
 Ambition for the future of the f .206 
 Artificial f.-English Guilds. 381 
 Authority in f .-Absorte-R'm'ns.407 
 Contentions in Milton's f. 3732 
 
 Degraded in poverty. 1510 
 
 " by corruption. 1702 
 
 Deserted for coffee-house. 2594 
 
 Desire for a f. -Wicked vow. 795 
 Discipline in f., Severe-Old E. 2860 
 Disgraceful f .-Charles VI. 5125 
 
 Diversity of character In f. 227 
 
 Economy in rearing f . 926 
 
 Encouragement for large f .-S. 446 
 Enemy of the f . 5362 
 
 Extinction of Caesar's f. 3478 
 
 Factions in f., Folly of. 2019 
 
 Fame of f . endangered by ad'ltry. 64 
 Immense f.-10,000-Richard II. 2009 
 Importance of f. to character. 444 
 Miserable f .-Stuarts. 4951 
 
 Need of a f. "Continuation of h."800 
 Protected-Anti-divorce. 1703 
 
 Protection of f., first-Charles I. 822 
 Shameless f. of adulterers. 65 
 
 Substitutes for the dead-Indians. 57 
 Trained in industry. 3101 
 
 Treasures by legacy, Old Eng. 2858 
 Unhappy-Discordant-King. 3389 
 
 f. of Fred. Wm. I 
 Unprogressive-Purkess. 
 Vice destroys the f. 
 " ruins peace of f. 
 
 See ANCESTORS. 
 Brutality of a. overlooked 
 Offencesof a. punished inch'd'n.6175 
 Regard for a.-Russians. 1124 
 
 See ANCESTRY. 
 Humble a. of poet Horace. *225 
 Ineffective a.-Prince Rupert. *226 
 Unlike a.-Orleans princes. *227 
 
 5741 
 4491 
 4373 
 6068 
 
 1334 
 
 Barbarous a. of Europeans. 2719 
 Base a.-Witches and demons. 1528 
 Character from a.-Q. Elizabeth. 763 
 " " " -Americans. 771 
 
 Depraved a., Nero's. 1532 
 
 " a. confessed. 2066 
 
 Disreputable a.-John XII. 4305 
 
 Divine-Spurious-Silenus. 2386 
 
 Genius by a.-John Milton. 2298 
 
 Happiness affected by a. 3560 
 
 Humble a.-N. R. Gabrinl. 594 
 
 " "-Diocletian. 595 
 
 Nobility of a. desplsed-Nap. 3592 
 Pride in honest a.-Napoleon. 3592 
 Savage a. of Europeans. 2719 
 
 Selected a.-Pilgrim Fathers. 3173 
 Unfortunate a. -Charles I. 3628 
 
 See BROTHER. 
 Bloody b.-Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Rejected for cowardice. 1273 
 
 Tyranny of Franklin's elder b. 2331 
 " " 638 
 
 See HEREDITY. 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. ♦2551 
 Failure of h.-Howard's father. *2552 
 
 of Character-Charles I. 
 Contradicted-Orleans princes, 
 of Crime-C£esar"s family. 
 Cruelty by h.-Nero. 
 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. 
 
 " " -Melancholy. 
 
 " " -Nero. 
 
 Failure of h.-Cromwell's son, 
 of Genius- Watts. 
 
 " " -Blaise Pascal, 
 in Government-Monarchy. 
 
 -Female line-I. 2458 
 Incompetence by h.-Goldsmith.4342 
 in Mechanics-East Indian. 3537 
 of Profession in Egyot. 4486 
 
 " Shamelessness-Ferdlnand. 2060 
 
 227 
 2072 
 1347 
 2072 
 2551 
 3560 
 5260 
 5957 
 2315 
 2324 
 2451 
 
 See HOME. 
 
 Beautified-Walter Scott's. *2592 
 Common Roman h. described. *2593 
 
 Deserted-Londoner's h. *2594 
 
 Palatial h.-Roman. *2595 
 
 Shaded-Puritan's h. *2596 
 
 Thoughtful of h.-A. Lincoln. *2597 
 
 Bloody h.-Palaceof the Caesars. 2072 
 a Castle, Poor man's h. 3142 
 
 Courtesy at h.-Ancients. 4869 
 
 Desolated by death-J. Watt. 562 
 Expelled from h. for piety. 1663 
 Inferior to English inn. 2876 
 
 Invention benefits h. dishes. 2973 
 Mistaken-Oliver Goldsmith. 609 
 Protected, Poor woman's. 3057 
 
 Religious training at h.-W. 1819 
 " h.-Puritan-Cromwell.3919 
 Remembrance of h.-Gen. Fraser.182 
 Ruined by war-Nicetas' h. 2211 
 vs. the State-Josephine's d. 178 
 Transformed-Garibaldi's h. 4042 
 Wasted by death-Sir W. Scott. 190 
 
 See HOMES. 
 Banishment from h.-Arcadians. 448 
 Building of h.-Plymouth. .504 
 
 Destitute h.-English laborers. 3123 
 Destitution of h.-Old England. 2858 
 Discord in palatial h. 1626 
 
 Filthy h. of Irish poor. 1510, 1511 
 Humble h.-Tartars. 3978 
 
 of the Poor degraded-England. 4293 
 Unattractive h.-Spartan. 1754 
 
 See HOME LIFE. 
 of Savages- Am. Indians. *2598 
 
 See KINDRED. 
 Confidence of k. withheld. 6201 
 
 See KINSHIP. 
 Lines of k. reversed-Indians. 2068 
 
 See KINSMAN. 
 Obligation of k.-Kindness of M. 918 
 
 See MATRICIDE. 
 Infamous m. by Nero. 
 
 See PARRICIDE. 
 Crime of p. " impossible." 
 Punishment of p. 
 
 3743 
 1110 
 
 ♦4006 
 ♦4007 
 
 by Boys ten years old. 1295 
 
 See SISTER. 
 Comforting s., John Bunyan's.*5167 
 See CHILDREN and PARENTS 
 in loc. 
 
 FAMINE. 
 
 Brutalized by f.-Athenians. *2076 
 Cannibals in f. -France. *2077 
 
 Depopulated by f. -Bengal. *2078 
 Distress of f.-Rome, a.d. 546. ♦2079 
 Resource in f. Horses-Moscow.*2080 
 Trials of f.-Plymouth Colony. ^2081 
 by War-Canada, ad. 1758. ♦2082 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Brutality in f.-Athenians. 2076 
 
 Death by f .-20,000 Moslems robbed.l 
 Depopulated by f.-Italy. 5822 
 
 Endurance in f.-Sixty days. 15 
 
 Extortion during f .-Mass. 2008 
 
 Life destroyed by f.-One-third. 2078 
 by Mou'^polists-Roman. 3698 
 
FANATIC— FAULTS. 
 
 843 
 
 Subdued by f. -Calais. 4639 
 
 by War-Siege of Rouen. 5904 
 
 " " -England. 5933 
 
 Winter of f .-Virginia Colony. 2435 
 
 See HUNGER. 
 
 Insatiable h. of gold-seekers. *2679 
 
 Address to h. difficult. 2014 
 
 Desperation of h.-Cannibals. 706 
 
 Perishing from h. -Siege. 1502 
 
 Pressure of h.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 Subjugated by h.-Pride. 4455 
 
 See STARVATION. 
 
 Depopulated by s.-Italy. ♦5322 
 
 Contradicted-Fat. 
 
 1933 
 
 *2084 
 *2085 
 
 FANATIC. 
 
 Insane f. -Puritan Muggleton. *2083 
 
 FANATICISOT. 
 
 Dangers of f.-Reformation. 
 Idolatrous f.-Emp. Antoninus, 
 Inflamed by f .-Joan of Arc. 
 Miracles, Test by. 
 Religious f.- Ref. " prophets." 
 
 " " -Gunpowder plot. 
 
 " " -Peter the Hermit. 
 
 " " -Fifth Monarchy. 
 
 *2087 
 
 " " -Prots. in Scotland 
 {Scandalous f.-Quakers. 
 Visions of f.-Crusaders. 
 
 *2089 
 *2090 
 ♦2091 
 *2092 
 *2093 
 *2094 
 ♦2095 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Assassinator's f .-Henry III. of F.364 
 Bloody massacre by f.-Florida. 855 
 Courage of f.-Crusaders. 390 
 
 Curse of f. on Luther. 600 
 
 Greatness by so-called t. 2578 
 
 Popular f.-Monkery. 3683 
 
 <Juietists in Asia-Monks. 357 
 
 Reaction of f.-Rom. Catholics. 3528 
 Sagacious f.- John Wildman. 4821 
 Shameful f. of Qujfkers. 3502 
 
 Trances of nun of Kent. 5679 
 
 FANATICS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 De»^otionof f.-War. 3843 
 
 Environment and f. 3602 
 
 King of f.-Jack of Leyden. 3078 
 Obedience of f .-Monks. 3847 
 
 Power of f.-James Otis. 3377 
 
 Reformation by f.-Muncer. 5834 
 Rule of f.-" Barebones P." 3188 
 Suicide of f.-Donatist. 3506 
 
 See ENTHUSIASM and SUPER- 
 STITION in loc. 
 
 FARCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Viotim of pirates' f. 1144 
 
 See DRAMA in loo. 
 
 FARE:i¥EIiI<. 
 
 to Country-Nap. I. to France. *2096 
 Final f. desired-James II. *2097 
 Last f ., Dying Christian's. *2098 
 Touching f. -Washington's. *2099 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Sad f . of Josephine and Nap. 
 See DEPARTURE in loc. 
 
 104 
 
 FARMER. 
 
 Unsuccessful f. -Isaac Newton. *2100 
 " " -E. Burke. *2101 
 
 Chosen occupation-Grant. 5880 
 Extensive f.-Catacuzene. 5969 
 
 Famous f. -Horace. 153 
 
 Occupation changed-Cromwell.2327 
 Son of a f. -Washington. 6053 
 
 See AGRICULTURE inloc. 
 
 FASHION. 
 
 Depreciated by f., Science. *8102 
 
 Disregarded-Benj. Franklin. *2103 
 
 Struggle for French f. *2104 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absurdity of popular f. 419 
 
 Discomfort in f . 2184 
 
 in Pleasure- Watering- place. 4205 
 Power of f .-Tobacco-James I. 5634 
 Unrestrained by law. 1734 
 
 See CUSTOM in loo. 
 
 FAST. 
 
 Religious-Early Methodist. 
 
 *2105 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Christmas changed to a f .-P. 851 
 Health by f. -Napoleon. 3552 
 
 Preparation by f.-Knighthood. 3086 
 Vision of God by f .-Am. Ind. 2383 
 Voice of God by f .-Joan. 2384 
 
 FASTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Religious f . of Abysslnians. 882 
 
 See ABSTINENCE in loo. 
 
 FATE. 
 Belief in f .-Mohammedans. 
 
 ♦2106 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Belief in f.-Napoleon I 1547 
 
 " ""-Wm. P of Orange. 3633 
 See DESTINY. 
 Unavoidable-Napoleon I. ♦1547 
 
 Belief in fixed d.-Scandlnavians.4405 
 Depending on one national d. 5857 
 Impending d.-Nelson. 4830 
 
 Providence in national d. 5883 
 
 Sign of d.-Mahomet. 5132 
 
 Turning-point of d.-Mankind. 1501 
 
 See PREDESTINATION. 
 Belief in p.-Wm. P. of Orange. *4404 
 " " " -Scandinavians. ^4405 
 
 Extreme view of p. 
 Timely p. before birth. 
 
 FATHER. 
 
 Confiding f.-John Milton's. 
 
 4384 
 1845 
 
 ♦2107 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Assistance declined wisely. 8630 
 Blessed In daughter-Cromwell. 1200 
 Brutal f.-Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 Deserted by his f. -Henry II. 2853 
 Disappointed in son-W. Penn's 4745 
 Disobedience to f. -Pious. 1663 
 
 Dying father's blessing. 1219 
 
 God a Heavenly f . 1453 
 
 " the F. of men-Alexander. 2371 
 
 Grief of f.-Rowland Taylor. 3403 
 Hated by misgoverned children. 805 
 Heart-broken f .-Henry 11. 4005 
 
 16.34 
 Help of f. refused. 1560 
 
 Humane f.-Mr. Dustin and Inds.ll? 
 Justice vs. Affection. 3062 
 
 Life of f., Petition for-Chas. I. 4162 
 Loss of a f. recompense of H. D. 86 
 Malignant f .-Fred. William. 3389 
 Misgovernment of son-Howard. 411 
 Murder of f. by Ostius. 4006 
 
 Murderer of son-Catiline. 1295 
 
 Pride of f. in son-Pascal. 2324 
 
 Punished for crime of son. 3741 
 Remorse of cruel f .-Clotaire. 1361 
 Sacrifices of f. for son. 4613 
 
 Self-sacrificing-Poverty. 1777 
 
 Sin against f. expiated. 1662 
 
 vs. Son in battle-William I. 1064 
 Trials of f . by son. 6214 
 
 ' " cruelty. 1348 
 
 Unhappy f. of quarrelling sons. 239 
 See PARENT in loc. 
 
 FATHERHOOD. 
 
 Experience of f.-Agesllaus. *2108 
 Suppressed-S. Rebellion. *2109 
 
 FATHER-IN-IiAW. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disregarded, cause for divorce. 2642 
 Hasty f.-Hugh, f. of Alberic. 507 
 
 FATIGUE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Insensible to f.-Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 See WEARINESS, 
 of Pleasure seeking-Chas II. 4206 
 
 FAUIiTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Friends seen quickly. 2231 
 
 Kindness conceals f.-Hervey. 2465 
 
 Overlooked in Burnet. 2798 
 
 " " friends. 2230 
 
 See ACCUSATION. 
 
 by Deception-Max imus Fabius. 701 
 
 Malicious a.-C. Wesley-V. 702 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1048 
 
 a Pretext-Plundering the Jews. 710 
 
 " for violence-R. in. 242 
 
 See BLAME. 
 
 Assumed-Epaminondas. 2855 
 
 " -Generously-Lee. 3380 
 
 DIsowned-Church vs. King. 3617 
 
 Endurance of b.-Washington. 2342 
 
 See BLOT. 
 
 Shameful b., William Penn's. ♦eOT 
 
 of the Times-Caesar's. ♦608 
 
 See CENSOR. 
 
 Oflaciar c.-Roman. *746 
 
 " " " ^747 
 See CENSURE. 
 
 Resented-Dionysius. *748 
 
 Unmoved by c.-Jaokson. ^749 
 
 Changed to praise-Thebans. 2855 
 oftheDeadrefused-Bolingbr'ke.777 
 
 vs. Insult-Lincoln. 534 
 
 Unmerited c.-Mary P. of O. 988 
 
 See COMPLAINTS. 
 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 
 Croaker's c.-Bad times. 1315 
 
844 
 
 FAVOR— FEAR. 
 
 Disreffarded-Romans. 3143 
 
 Ill-tempered c.-Johnson. 1593 
 
 Inconsiderate c.-Pericles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Permission of c. denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against his mother-A.114 
 
 See CRITIC, 
 at Church-G. S. Germain. *1304 
 
 See CROAKING, 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. *1315 
 Habit of c. about tlie weather. *1316 
 
 See DEFECTS. 
 Covered, Personal-Pericles. *1497 
 
 Forgotten, Deformity of face. 1506 
 Sensitive to d. 5104 
 
 See PESSI-HISTS. 
 Error of p. -Evils are old. 126 
 
 National p.-English bankruptcy.451 
 
 See REPRIMAND. 
 Fictitious r.-Lafayette. *4774 
 
 of Kindness-Johnson. *4775 
 
 See REPROOF. 
 Meekness in r.-Dr. Taylor. *4779 
 Undeserved-Dr. Arnold. *4780 
 
 Undisturbed by r.-G. Wash. *4781 
 
 Death by r.-Tetzel's. 1888 
 
 Desired-Good Emp. Julian. 5296 
 
 Sagacious r.- Wife's. 4881 
 
 See ERROR in loo. 
 
 FAVOR. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Flattery for f. -Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Ingenious request of f. 4663 
 
 Rejected-Responsibility. 1258 
 
 Seductive f.-Golden rose. 2161 
 
 FAVORITISOT. 
 
 Scandalous f. of Chas. II. ^2110 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 OflSce by f.-Buckingham. 3871 
 
 Royal f.-Geo. Villiers-James I. 494 
 Success by f.-Charies II. 4487 
 
 See PARTIALITY. 
 Application of law. 3146 
 
 Evinced by James II. 4009 
 
 to Friends, Judge's p. 3069 
 
 of Public opInion-Sackvllle. 3043 
 in Punishment-Romans. 4574 
 
 Religious p.-Royal proselyte-C. 839 
 Resented-Speaker Polk's p. 1257 
 Ruler's p. for friends. 3070 
 
 FAVORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Independent of f. -Diogenes. 3415 
 Rejected-Tyrants-Sylla. 3820 
 
 Solicited, To be-Alexander. 4796 
 Transient effect of f.-Anne. 1030 
 
 See PATRON. 
 Abandoned shamefully. 1485 
 
 Dependence on p. 1004 
 
 Helpful to young Luther. 1811 
 
 Noble p.-Isabella-Columbus. 4182 
 
 See PATRONAGE. 
 Age of p.-Anglo-Saxon. *4080 
 
 Division of p.-James II. *4081 
 
 Governmental p.-Am. Col's. *4082 
 Ill-timed p. of Chesterfield. *4083 
 Immense p.-U. S. Centennial. *4084 
 Partiality in p . -James II. *4085 
 
 Proselytes by political p. 3388 
 
 FEAR. 
 
 Conquered by faith. 
 Contagious f. -Roman army, 
 and Courage- Version of. 
 Government by f. -English. 
 " " -School. 
 Overcome-Joan of Arc. 
 Panic of f.-Cassar-Rubicon. 
 of Retribution-Politicians. 
 Shameless f.-Duke of M. 
 Stranger to f. -Cherokee Ind. 
 
 ♦2111 
 *2112 
 *2113 
 *2114 
 *2115 
 *2ll6 
 *2117 
 *2118 
 *2119 
 *2120 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 Alliance of f. 
 Appeal to f.-Columbus. 
 of Assassins-Cromwell's. 
 Conspicuous by f.-Honorius. 
 Counteracted by f. 
 of Darkness-London. 
 " Death, Oppressive. 
 
 Death without f. -Scaffold. 
 Discarded amid perils. 
 Faith conquers f. 
 of Ghosts in Siam. 
 " God, Painful f.-Cromwell. 
 " Goodness-Henry III. 
 Government by f.-Army. 
 
 " '"-Despotisms. 
 " " " -Cromwell's. 
 
 Ignorance begets f. 
 from Ignorance-" Be Negroes. 
 of Insanity-Samuel Johnson. 
 " Lightning- Wash's mother. 
 Natural to all men. 
 Panic of f. -English nation. 
 Religion of f. -Druids. 
 
 " stimulated by f. 
 Reverential f . of Mohammedan 
 Superior to f.-William IIL 
 Sappresf«ion of f. necessary. 
 
 See ALARM. 
 Needless-Pertinax made Emp. 
 Religious a. of Luther. 
 
 1542 
 5445 
 366 
 1867 
 6767 
 1394 
 1423 
 1450 
 8342 
 1402 
 2111 
 2355 
 1841 
 2397 
 1619 
 2455 
 2459 
 5459 
 "954 
 2880 
 3300 
 2828 
 3982 
 6162 
 4938 
 iS.876 
 5082 
 5745 
 
 *165 
 *166 
 
 of Conscience-Ben j. Abbott. 1109 
 Messenger of a.-Paul Revere. 5881 
 Nations in a. of Napoleon. 4199 
 Quieted by Scripture. 1087 
 
 Religionpromoted by a.«Luther.5861 
 Superstitious a.-Europeans. 5439 
 Unexpected-Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 by Vision-Brutus. 5846 
 
 See DANGER. 
 Contempt for d.-Wm. the Red *1390 
 Needless-Nelson's medals. *1391 
 Unconsciousness of d.-Chas I. ♦1392 
 
 Avoided-Shame of General. 1269 
 Courting d.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 Cross protects from d.-Lab"r'm. 1318 
 Defiant of d-Wm. IL -Kings, etc.649 
 Disregarded in amusement. 3520 
 Enthusiasm amid d. 1247 
 
 Fear of d. overcome by love. 115 
 Indifferent to d.-Wellington. 3030 
 Insensibility to d. -Charles XIL 1240 
 Magnified by fear-Army. 2112 
 
 Needless exposure to d. 5082 
 
 Overcome by union. 1274 
 
 Patriotism aroused by d.-Eng. 4060 
 
 Protection from d.-Columbus. 1853 
 Providence protects Wash. 3274 
 Undeterred by d. -Luther to W. 1241 
 Unintimidated by d.-Socrates. 700 
 Unity, Brings-Sects. 426^ 
 
 Warning of d.-Rlchard I. 594r 
 
 See DESPAIR. 
 of the Defeated-Am. Rev. *1541 
 Determination of d.-Aurellan. *1542 
 
 Appeal of d. rejected. 
 Confidence succeeds d.-Col. 
 Courage of d.-Gladiators. 
 Spiritual d.-Seeker. 
 Suicide in d. 
 
 " of persecuted Jews. 
 " suggested In d. 
 Weakness of d.-Chinese. 
 
 See DESPONDENCY, 
 by Difficulties relieved. 
 
 See FRIGHT. 
 Death by f. -Child In court. 
 
 See INTIMIDATION. 
 Successful 1. by Capt. J. Smith, 
 
 2015- 
 1880 
 1235 
 119a 
 1438 
 4122: 
 5423 
 14ia 
 
 3846. 
 
 80» 
 
 ♦2961 
 
 Art of i. in war. 162* 
 
 Attempted i. of clergy-J. II. 877 
 Consent by i.-Caracalla. 112$ 
 
 Cry for i.-" Rebel yell." 789 
 
 by Dead man-Napoleon. 283» 
 
 " " " -Noureddin. 284(V 
 
 Election by 1. of Charles XII. 144 
 by Example of Caesar-Aug. 3891 
 Failure of i.- Prince of Wales. 1237 
 " " " -Mortifying. 3548' 
 
 of Government by Cromwell. 410 
 by Imaginary angels. 175 
 
 Message of i.-Attila to Romans. 321 
 by Punishment-Rebels. 4630 
 
 Reaction of i.-James II. 315 
 
 Remembrance of i. -Turks. 3770 
 of Ruler-Tory Gov. of N. Y. 4077 
 Success byl.-Capt. Wadsworth. 395ft 
 " " " -Gefteral Jackson. 3773 
 by Violence-Bismarck. 335* 
 
 See TERROR. 
 VS. Happiness-Damocles. *5572 
 
 Reign of t.-France. *557a 
 
 of Assassins-Emp. Augustus. 
 
 3891 
 
 " Conscience-Constans. 
 
 llOS 
 
 -Benj. Abbott. 
 
 1109 
 
 " " -Nero. 
 
 1110 
 
 " " -Theodoric. 
 
 1115- 
 
 by Earthquake-London. 
 
 108r 
 
 Government by t.-Henry VIII 
 
 1345. 
 
 Needless t. of superstition. 
 
 3908 
 
 by Storm-London. 
 
 5345 
 
 See TIMIDITY. 
 
 
 In Government-Constantine. 
 
 *5621 
 
 in Business-James Watt. 689 
 
 Childish t.-Persecuted-Cowper. 797 
 Embarrassed by t.-M'Kendree. 2023 
 Excuse of t.-Blackmail. 2008 
 
 Indecision of t.-Conspirators. 2778 
 in Literature-Cowper. 1307 
 
 Loss by t.-Justiniani. 1238 
 
 Overcome by t. at first. 2024 
 
 " " earnestness. 2894 
 
 Rebuked by example. 124.^ 
 
FEARLESSNESS— FINANCES. 
 
 845 
 
 Reproved-Demosthenes. 2021 
 
 Tyrant's t.-Dionysius. 4411 
 
 See COWARDICE, FEARS and 
 
 SUPERSTITION in loc. 
 
 FEARIiESSNESS. 
 Astounding f. of Komans. *2121 
 Boyish f . of Benedict Arnold. *2122 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Official f. of President Jackson. 749 
 
 See COURAGE in loc. 
 
 FEARS. 
 
 Imaginary f.-Battle in the rear.*2123 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Disdained-Assassination. 1406 
 
 Eflfeminate f.-D'Argens. 2237 
 
 Groundless f.-Coal mines. 1131 
 
 Ignorance produces f . Compass.2849 
 
 Needless f.-Suez Canal-Drown.2713 
 
 " " -Columbus' oppo's. 2712 
 
 " "-Invention-Sew.-m. 2765 
 
 See FEAR in loc. 
 
 FEAST. 
 
 Intellectual f . of Mahomet. 
 
 *2124 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ale-feast of old England. 1740 
 
 Banquet of death. 1404 
 
 " " " -Indians. 1423 
 Deception in display. 3768 
 
 Drunkenness usual. 2922 
 
 2923 
 Extravagant f.-Roman. 3371 
 
 of Fools and asses-C.-I.-P. 850 
 
 Humiliation at a f .-Goldsmith. 2664 
 Painful thoughts at a f. 2645 
 
 Wedding f.-Grandsons of T. 741 
 
 See BANQUET. 
 Extravagant b.-Court of R. *452 
 
 Prevented by death-Mrs. J. 105 
 
 See CAROUSAL. 
 Fatal to Alexander the Great. 2931 
 
 See FESTIVAL. 
 
 Coronation f. of Edward I. *2127 
 
 See EATING in loc. 
 
 FEE. 
 
 Extortionate f. of jailers-P. *2125 
 
 See WAGES in loc. 
 
 FEEIilNGS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Suppressed for duty. 2116 
 
 See INSENSIBILITY. 
 Professional i.-Sui gery. 193 
 
 to Suffering of others. 2079 
 
 See OBDURACY. 
 
 Criminal o.-Earl of Ferrers. 2539 
 
 Immovable o. of James II. 2536 
 
 See CRUELTY, EMOTIONS and 
 
 PASSIONS in loc. 
 
 FEIiIi01¥SHIP. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 In Misfortune-Napoleon I. 3630 
 
 " Suffering-Napoleon I. 5707 
 
 See ASSOCIATION and FRIEND 
 
 in toe. 
 
 See FEMALES. 
 
 Imitation of f. -Theseus. *2126 
 
 See WOMAN in loo. 
 
 FEKTIIilTY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Commended-'' Many crabs." 3593 
 
 See AGRICULTURE in loc. 
 
 FESTIVAIi. 
 
 Coronation f. of Edward I. *2127 
 See FEAST m Ion. 
 
 FICKIiENESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Affection-Countess of C. 109 
 
 " -Davi 1 Crockett. 3438 
 
 Characteristic f.-Queen C. 3928 
 
 Lover's f.-Robert Burns. 3354 
 
 See VACILLATION. 
 Political V.-" Bobbing John." 759 
 
 FICTION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ecclesiastical f.-Bishop. 1914 
 
 Historical f.-Ancient Britons. 2573 
 
 " "-Pocahontas. 2574 
 
 5097 
 
 " " -I. Newton. 2575 
 
 vs. Truth-Tames II. 5723 
 
 See ALLEGORIST. 
 Best a.-Bunyan. *168 
 
 , See ALLEGORY. 
 Animals representing religions. 231 
 Bible misused in a. 5118 
 
 Sec NOVELS. 
 Contempt for n.-Napoleon I. *3826 
 Reading n.-Excitement. *3827 
 
 FIDELITY. 
 
 Tested-Crown rejected. ♦2128 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Animal-Soldier's dog._ 
 Confidence in f.-Frederick. 
 Humble f.-Pompey's slave. 
 Oath of f. to Mahomet. 
 
 " "" -Roman soldier. 
 Political f. ill-rewarded. 
 Remarkable-Slaves. 
 Rewarded with treachery, 
 of Slaves of Cornutus. 
 to Truth rewarded. 
 Unfailing f. -Napoleon's grave. 
 
 See FAITHFULNESS. 
 Rewarded by the people. 
 
 3578 
 1247 
 2253 
 3835 
 3838 
 2854 
 5199 
 2850 
 5351 
 2040 
 2239 
 
 ♦2040 
 
 Discouraged by government. 1605 
 
 Rewarded-" It is thine own." 4879 
 
 See INTEGRITY. 
 
 Recognized-Samuel Adams. 676 
 
 Reputation for i.-Aristides. 4788 
 
 " " "-Cato. 4793 
 
 " "-Lincoln. 4792 
 
 See LOYALTY m loc. 
 
 FIGHTING. 
 
 in Death-Persians. *2129 
 
 Desperate f. -Three out of 600.*2130 
 and Praying- Admiral Blake. *2131 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Boys f. at school-I. Newton. 179 
 Ineffective f. at " Island No.l0."'483 
 
 See CONFLICT. 
 Bootless c.-Bunker Hill. ♦1060 
 
 Land of c.-Kentucky. *1061 
 
 Rule of c.-Wm. P. of Orange. ^1062 
 
 Self-susfaining c.-Spoils. *1063 
 
 Unnatural c.-Wm. I. the N. *1064 
 Unprepared for c.-Qreeks. *1065 
 
 Inglorious c.-Commodus. 6823 
 
 Sentimental c.-Earth and sea. 970 
 
 Sham c.-Battle of Brenneville. 461 
 
 the Spiritual vs. Animal-Man. 4690 
 
 Unequal c.-Pizarro- Assassins. 1068 
 
 *' personal c. 4838 
 
 See CONTEST and WAR 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FIIiTH. 
 
 and Disease-England. ♦2123 
 
 Equality in f. -Daniel Webster. ♦2ia^ 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Beard, Populous-Julian. 2501 
 
 Garbage or Park. 3828 
 
 Homes of f.-English. 2599 
 
 Religion of f. -Austere monks. 402 
 
 Stench by f. -Scotch. 3868 
 
 Streets of f.-England. 5355 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 Delusions in f.-John Law. ^2134 
 Fraudulent f.-Rome, year 544.*2135 
 Patriotism in f.-Wm. P. of O. ^2136 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adventurer in f.-John Law. 3665 
 Coercive f. of James II. 3682 
 
 Desperation in f. -France. 3673 
 
 Patriotism and f.-Am. Rev. 4053 
 Prejudice in f. -National Bank. 4400 
 
 FINANCES. 
 
 Unsoundness in-Restoration. *2137 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Controlled by gambler-Law. 3665 
 
 Deficiency in f -Treasury. 2994 
 
 Exigency in f. -Sales. 3681 
 
 Inflation of f. -Louis XIV. 620 
 
 Panic by contraction of f. 3979 
 
 " " deranged f. 3981 
 
 " " distrust of f.-England.3984 
 
 " " " " "-U. 8. 3980 
 
 Uncertain basis-Gifts. 3206 
 
 See CAPITAL. 
 
 Conservative c. -Cicero. ^709 
 
 a Crime-Jews. *710 
 
 Spiritual c.-Indulgences. ^711 
 
 vs. Labor-English weavers. 
 See CAPITALISTS. 
 Extortionate c.-Jews. 
 Nation of c.-Jews. 
 
 See EXPENSE. 
 Division by e.-13 States. 
 
 3098 
 
 ♦718 
 ♦713 
 
 ♦1987 
 
 Inconsiderate of e.-Goldsmith. 2263 
 
 See INVESTMENT. 
 Timely i.-Manhattan Island. ^2997 
 
 See REVENUE. 
 Ancient Roman r. ^4864 
 
 from Injustice.-Turks r. ♦4865 
 
 Mismanaged-Am. Colonies. 
 
 from Drink, State r. 2946 
 
 See BUSINESS and MONKT 
 
 in loc. 
 
846 
 
 FINANCIER— FOLLY. 
 
 FINANCIER. 
 
 Inconsiderate f.-O. Goldsmith. 2263 
 Self -ruinous f .-Charles I. 3662 
 
 Successful f. -Hamilton. 1461 
 
 FINE. 
 
 Nullified by Eliot. *2138 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Llmited-Magna Charta. 3232 
 
 Self-imposed f.-Emp. Julian. 3141 
 
 See CONFISCATION. 
 Avaricious c.-Emp. Maximin. *1049 
 Religious c.-A.d'Albuquerque.*1050 
 
 of Property of cowards-Rom. 1275 
 FIRE. 
 
 Ancient f .-Religion of Pers'ns. 
 Calamity by f .-Rome. 
 
 Destruction by f .-G.-L. XIV. 
 Destructive f. -Greek fire. 
 Helpful f.-London rebuilt. 
 Holy f .-Altar of Jupiter. 
 Ignorance of f.-Pacifio I. 
 
 *2139 
 ♦2140 
 *2141 
 *2142 
 *2143 
 *2144 
 *2145 
 *2146 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Escape from f. -Wesley family. 119 
 Fatal f . by amusement. 3512 
 
 Fearless of f.-Boy martyr. 4130 
 Fighting with f .-Archimedes. 343 
 Fortitude in f.-Bp. Cranmer. 1233 
 " "-Suffering. 2204 
 
 by Incendiaries-Rome. 1058 
 
 Information by signal f. 4089 
 
 Preservation by Greek f . 2982 
 
 Sacred f. -Virgin's taper. 1282 
 
 " " extinguished. 1428 
 
 Survival of f.-Ch. of St. Sophia. 865 
 Trial by f.-Romans. 5704 
 
 Unquenchable f. -Engines gone. 1056 
 
 See ARSON. 
 Destruction by a.-Chosroes. *324 
 
 Suspected of a.-Nero. 1287 
 See CONFLAGRATION. 
 
 Defensive c.-Columbia, S. C. *1051 
 
 Destructive c.-Boston. *1052 
 
 " "-Chicago. *1053 
 
 " " -London. *1054 
 
 " " -Moscow. *1055 
 
 " " " *1056 
 
 " -New York. *1057 
 
 " " -Rome. *1058 
 
 In War-Cartbage. *1059 
 
 a Blessing-Health of L. 3451 
 
 Destructive c. of London. 694 
 Patriotic c.-B. of Jamestown. 4043 
 
 Utilized in war.-Paul Jones. 645 
 " by avarice-M. Crassus. 683 
 See CREMATION. 
 
 Kindness in c.-Pompey's. 2253 
 
 Opposed-Bodies preserved. 2252 
 
 Popular c. of Caesar's body. 2251 
 
 See INCENDIARY. 
 
 Punished by fiames-Romans. *2772 
 
 FIRMNESS. 
 
 Call to f . by William III. *2147 
 
 Effect of f.-Alex. Severus. *2148 
 
 See PERSISTENCE. 
 Underrated-Columbus. *4155 
 
 See DETERMINATION, FORTI- 
 TUDE and PERSEVER- 
 ANCE in loc. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 Extravagant price-Wa8hington.2013 
 Remarkable-Legend. 3545 
 
 Terrifying f.-Conscienoe. 1115 
 
 FISHING. 
 
 Fraud In f .-Antony. *2149 
 
 FliAG. 
 
 Despised-U.S., year 1812. *2150 
 
 Devotion to f .-Serg'nt Jasper. *2151 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Dangerous display of f. 753 
 
 See BANNER in loc. 
 
 Fli A^TTERT. 
 
 Arful f.-Captive Zenobia. *2152 
 
 False f. of Henry VIII. *2153 
 
 Fulsome f . of James I. *2154 
 
 Irritating f. of Fred, the G. *2155 
 
 Resented by Alexander. *2156 
 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. *2157 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deception by f.-Rochester. 1471 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 305 
 Embarrassment by f.-Caesar. 2657 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Fulsome f. of Charles I. 60 
 
 Wealth by f.-Legacies. 5971 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 Sfee ADULATION. 
 Official a. of Chas. I. by Finch. *60 
 Rebuked of James I.-s. m. *61 
 
 Ridiculous a. of H. Vlll.-r. b. g. *62 
 
 for Money-Dedication of books.498 
 See COMPLIMENT and PRAISE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FliEET. 
 
 Immense-Powerless-H'raoran*2158 
 
 See SHIPS in loo. 
 
 FI^IGHT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cowardly f.-Heraclian. 2158 
 
 Famous for f. -Maximin. 2060 
 
 for Safety-Roman panic. 2117 
 
 See ABANDONMENT in loc. 
 
 FLIRTATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Dangerous f.with Caesar's wife.1652 
 
 FliOGGING. 
 
 Comfort under f .-Christian. *2159 
 Excessive f.-Titus Gates. ♦2160 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Brutality in f.. Jeffreys'. 2862 
 
 Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives. 2860 
 Triple f.-Real and false. 2754 
 
 See CHASTISEMENT in loc. 
 
 FLOUR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Honesty in manufacture of f. 2611 
 
 FIi01¥ERS. 
 
 in Blood- War of Roses. *2162 
 
 Influence of f.-Wordsworth. *2163 
 Mysterious f.-Golden rose-P. *2161 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bloody f.-War of the Roses. 5930 
 Language in f .-" Cutting p'ppies,"4? 
 Mania for tulips. 2466' 
 
 FOE. 
 
 or Friend-Agesilaus. 2221 
 
 Friend changed to f .-H. VIII. 2033 
 
 FOGYISIW. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Judicial f.-Learning needless. *2164 
 an Obstacle-Manufacturers. *2165 
 Unveiled-No Golden Age. *216& 
 
 See CONSERVATISM in loc. 
 
 FOLIiOT^ER. 
 
 Inferior f. of greater men. *2167 
 
 See DISCIPLESHIP. 
 Honor of d.-Constantine. *1611 
 
 FOLLY. 
 
 Delight in f.-Diogenes. *2168 
 
 Incurable f. of James II. *2169 
 
 Learned f.-Disputations. *2170 
 
 Rebuked by Joan of Arc. *8171 
 
 Religious f. of Egyptians. *2172 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Age-Fountain of youth. 6196 
 Alchemist's f.-Sir I. Newton. 814 
 of Anger-John Milton. 1167 
 
 " " -John Adams. 4234 
 
 in Benevolence -" Jenny's w." 552 
 City built in memory of a dog. 235 
 Consummation of f.-Diogenes. 3249 
 of Court etiquette-Edward IV. 1925 
 Crusaders following a goose. 237 
 Educated-" Wisest fool." 2154 
 
 of Extravagance. 3871 
 
 Honoring geese by Romans. 234 
 Official f.-Sir H. Walker. 2025 
 
 in Old Age-Lovers. 2684 
 
 Opposition to progress-Lights. 3932 
 Overruled-King John. 4553 
 
 Presumptuous f .-Legate. 930 
 
 of Pride-Sapor-Presence-Awe. 441 
 Rebuked- William III. 1380 
 
 " by Joan of Arc. 1559 
 
 Religious f. -Pillar saints. 4706 
 
 by Self-conceit-Xerxes. 1026 
 
 1028 
 
 Self-injury, Folly of. 2797 
 
 Shameful f.-Byron's mother. 3722 
 
 Superstitious f.-"King's Evil." 1379 
 
 "-Mahomet's t. 1378 
 
 with Wisdom-Aristotle. 2020 
 
 Wise f .-" Fulton's Folly." 2306 
 
 of Youth-Edgar Allan Poe. 6195 
 
 See DUPES. 
 
 Day of d. -France. 1474 
 
 Undeceived-Ruined. 2214 
 
 See FOOLS. 
 
 Teach wise men by example. 6020 
 
 See IMBECILITY. 
 
 Intemperance produces 1. 2916 
 
 Official i.-Invasion of Canada. 2025 
 
 Ridicule of natural i. 1566 
 
FOOD— FORETHOUGHT. 
 
 847 
 
 See INDISCRETION. 
 Destructive l.-Passion of V. *2797 
 Pre-eminent i. of Bp. Burnet. *2798 
 
 See NONSENSE. 
 against Nonsense. *3825 
 
 Preferred to wisdom. 2166 
 
 Unperceived-Slielley'sburrsque.419 
 
 See STUPIDITY. 
 Hopeless s. of James II. *5376 
 
 Improvident s.-Gold- seekers. 2807 
 
 Insult of s.-James II. 2903 
 
 Mistake of s.-Bag vs. Pearls. 2723 
 
 Official s.-Newcastle. 2716 
 
 " '• " 2717 
 
 " "-Traitor- Arnold. 1553 
 
 Traveller's s.-Crusaders. 2724 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 Abominable-Horse- flesh. 
 Animal-King of Huns. 
 Changes in f .-England. 
 Chosen f. of Palmerston. 
 Dangerous-Poison f.-Yuca. 
 Extravagance in f.-S. birds. 
 Figure by f.-Spartans. 
 Mind affected by f. -Mahomet. 
 Poor f. -England. 
 Public-Spartan tables. 
 Regard for f.-S. Johnson. 
 Suspicious-" Watering-place." 
 Variety in f.-Invention. 
 Wonder in f. -London. 
 
 *2173 
 *2174 
 *2175 
 •2176 
 ♦2177 
 ♦2178 
 *2179 
 *2180 
 *2181 
 •2182 
 •2183 
 ♦2184 
 ♦2185 
 •2186 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Animal f. rejected-Phirsoph'rs.4709 
 Aversion to salt pork-W. I. 626 
 
 Cannibals by necessity, 706 
 
 Caste in f . resented. 724 
 
 Communism in f.-Savages. 2649 
 Dangerous f.- Soldiers. 433 
 
 Degrading f. of Irish kings. 719 
 Division by f.-Scots. 1913 
 
 Extravagant f .-Tea. 2010 
 
 " " rebuked. 2013 
 
 " "-1,000 cooks-C. 3903 
 
 Fierceness by flesh diet. 2174 
 
 First question-French Rev. 658 
 Inequality in f.-Mind. 4606 
 
 Intemperance in f . 2926 
 
 Mistake-Camphor vs. Salt. 3591 
 Neglected in study-Newton. 3794 
 Offensive manners with f. 3421 
 
 Orders for f., Unexpected. 2759 
 Pleasure in f. rejected-Pascal. 4681 
 
 •' •' "-Dyspeptics'. 5424 
 
 of the Poor-Ireland. 1510 
 
 Prayer brings f .-Mtiller. 2035 
 
 Present of f. rewarded. 4431 
 
 " " "-Ada to Alexander. 5876 
 Public provision-Romans. 657 
 
 Rebellion against f.-Army. 1963 
 Reward of usefulness 2893 
 
 Strange theory of f.-Artist. 6015 
 Unappreciated-Discovery of f. 1636 
 Unsubstantial f.-Perfume. 5779 
 
 See BREAD. 
 Public provision of b.-Romans.*657 
 Question of b.-Mob of Paris. *658 
 
 See COOK. 
 Taxations of Antony's c. 265 
 
 See DIET. 
 Simplicity ind.-John Howard.*1576 
 
 Frugal d., Soldiers'-Emp. Caru8.447 
 Importance of plain d.-Youth. 6212 
 Life prolonged by d. 2176 
 
 an Obstacle- Young Irving. 2734 
 
 See FEAST. 
 Ale-feast of old England. 1740 
 
 Banquet of death. 1404 
 
 " " " -Indians. 1425 
 Deception in display. 3768 
 
 Drunkenness usual. 2922 
 
 2923 
 Extravagant-Roman. 3371 
 
 of Fools and asses-C.-I.-F. 850 
 
 Humiliation at f.-O. Goldsmith. 266 4 
 Painful thoughts at f. 2645 
 
 Wedding f.-Grandsons of T. 741 
 
 See FRUIT. 
 
 Costly f .-Russian Court supper. 452 
 
 Small f. commended much. 3593 
 
 Suggestive-Apple-Newton. 6185 
 
 See EATING, EXTRAVAGANCE, 
 
 FAST, FAMINE and LUXURY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FOOIiS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Teach wise men by example. 6020 
 
 See FOLLY in loc. 
 
 FORCE. 
 
 Distinguished by f .-"H'mm'r."*2187 
 Fictitious f.-Mary Queen of S.*2188 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Conscience-Subjugation. 2964 
 Divinity in f.-Themistocles. 2387 
 vs. Perseverance-Illustration. 4149 
 
 See ENERGY. 
 Compllmented-Napoleon I. *1890 
 Expression of e.-Gen. Grant. *1891 
 Individual e.-Rienzi. *1892 
 
 Military e.-Emperor Trajan. *1893 
 of Patriotism- Israel Putnam. *1894 
 Success by e.-Caidinal Wolsey.*1895 
 Surpassing e. of Mahomet II. *1896 
 
 by Climate-Hungarians. 952 
 
 in Disaster-Romans. 1609 
 
 Expressed by Caesar. 1033 
 
 Lack of e. brings disaster. 2025 
 Personal e.-Chas. the Hammer. 2187 
 
 See POWER. 
 
 Authority by p.-Charles H. ^4362 
 
 Balance of p.-Origin. *4363 
 
 " " "-Europe. *4364 
 
 Boast of p.-Pompey. ^4365 
 
 Humbled-Roman. *4366 
 
 Personal p.-Napoleon. *4367 
 ♦4368 
 
 Threat of p., Agrippina's. *4369 
 
 Use of p. for freedom. *4370 
 
 beyond Capacity-Geo. III. 2879 
 
 by Combination-the Poor. 1688 
 
 Dangerous to liberty. 3819 
 
 by Good and evil mixed. 3015 
 
 Love of p. by Irene. 180 
 
 Might makes right-Wm. III. 4903 
 
 " " " -Cromwell. 4904 
 
 " " " -Earls. 4902 
 
 Monarch of the world- Timour. 195 
 
 Moral p. in conscience. 1109 
 
 Official p.-Roman Censor. 74G 
 
 Personal p. of Bothwell. 1171 
 
 "-Cromwell-Moral. 1322 
 
 Resigned-General Bolivar. 4044 
 
 in Rldicule-Publlc. 4895 
 
 " " -Reformation. 4897 
 
 " " -Revolution. 4898 
 
 " Wealth-Philip. 4886 
 
 See STRENGTH. 
 
 Consciousness of s.-Alex. *5356 
 
 Physical s.-Peter Jefferson. *535a 
 
 " "-Washington. *5359 
 
 by Piety-Cromwell. *5357 
 
 See VIOLENCE. 
 
 Error of v.-Christlans. *5884 
 
 Argumentative v. from w'kness.299 
 Paternal v. -Frederick II. 338» 
 
 Reaction of v.-Becket-H. II. 6145 
 Savage v. of Fred. Wm. 1672 
 
 for Violence-Agrlpplna. 2072 
 
 See COERCION in loc. 
 
 FOREIGNER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Generous-James Smithson. 1812 
 Insulting Government-Genet. 2429 
 Odious-Concini 2526 
 
 Prejudice against f.-Columbus.2055 
 in reports of f. 2573 
 
 FOREIGN ERS. 
 Antipathy to f. -Egyptians. *2189 
 Dishonored-Athens. *2190 
 
 Feared at Sparta. *2191 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Government depending on f. 3658 
 
 Hated-Aboriginal Irish. 727 
 
 Hatred of English in Ireland. 3151 
 
 Intermarriage saves state. 304 
 Language of f.. Contempt for. 3131 
 
 Legislation against f.-U. S. 167 
 
 Marriage with f. opposed. 349& 
 
 Prejudice against f. 240 
 
 Services-Fame of state. 89a 
 
 See ALIENS. 
 
 Expulsion of a.-U. S. *167 
 
 Cross-reference, 
 
 Rule of a. -Rome. 1208; 
 
 See EMIGRANTS. 
 
 City of e.-New York. *186a 
 
 Dangerous e.-Criminals. *1864 
 
 Army of e.-Goths. 1866' 
 
 Corruption by e.-National. 2191 
 
 Dangerous e.-Va. Colony. 4666 
 Inconsiderate e.-Mass. Colony. 2002 
 
 Trials of e.-Plymouth Colony. 2081 
 
 See NATURALIZATION. 
 
 of Citizens-Roman. 892 
 
 FORESTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Charm of the f.-Home. 388& 
 
 Life in the f. -Audubon. 310& 
 
 Protection of f .-Manufacturers.216& 
 
 See TREES in loc. 
 
 FORETHOUGHT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Impulse more reliable. 276f 
 
 See PREPARATION in loo. 
 
848 
 
 FORGERY— FRAUD. 
 
 FORiGERY. 
 
 Confessed-Deed. *2]92 
 
 Convenient f. -Emperor C. *2193 
 Delusive f.-Wm. P. of Orange. *2194 
 Perilous f.-French ofBcer. *2195 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Hands cut off for Egypt. 3160 
 
 Xilfe saved by f. 5713 
 
 Preservation by f.-Assassln. 1542 
 Shameful f.-Antony. 12S7 
 
 FORGETF UliNESS. 
 
 Desired-Themistocles. *2196 
 
 411 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Parental f. of son-Howard, 
 See ABSTRACTION. 
 Art of a.-" Waistcoat button." *19 
 Blunders by a. -Newton. *20 
 
 Dangerous a.-Archimedes. *21 
 
 Absence of mind-0. Goldsmith. 609 
 Aroused from a.-Johnson. 2310 
 Philosopher's a.-Archimedes. 1905 
 Youthful a. by study-Newton. 2100 
 " study of Pascal. 2824 
 
 See HEEDLESSNESS. 
 JLoss by h.-O. Goldsmith's. ♦2546 
 
 Alarming h. -Political. 
 
 See MEMORY in loc. 
 
 FORGIVENESS. 
 
 Christian f.-the Turk, 
 for the Dead-Napoleon I. 
 ■Generous f.-John Wesley. 
 
 " "-Louis XII. 
 Impossible to mankind. 
 Prospective f.-Frederick Wm. 
 
 3786 
 
 *2197 
 *2198 
 *2199 
 *2200 
 *2201 
 ♦2202 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Assumed by Raleigh. 1139 
 
 Confession brings f. 3819 
 
 Despised by King James II. 2169 
 
 " Am. Indians. 5928 
 
 Ill-timed f. -Duellists. 4595 
 
 by the Injured not the gov't. 4499 
 
 of Injuries-Matthew Hale. 4852 
 
 for Money-Jeffreys. 3067 
 
 by Penance-Henry II. 4104 
 
 Political f. -Napoleon. 4254 
 
 Severe condition of p. 1359 
 
 of Sin-Papal power of. 827 
 
 " by Christ alone. 4103 
 
 Solicited-Peter the Great. 5091 
 
 Undeserved-Murderers. 4826 
 
 See ABSOLUTION, 
 
 m Advance by Pope Julius II. *Il 
 
 Costly a. of Palaeologus. *12 
 Desired in death by Charles II. *13 
 
 Penance for pope's a. 2889 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 
 Belief of American Indians. 5158 
 
 of Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See PARDON. 
 Declined-American patriots. *3994 
 
 by the innocent. +3995 
 
 Hopeless of p.-James II. *3996 
 
 Odious by considerations. *3997 
 
 Plea for p.-Napoleon I. *3998 
 
 Purchase of p. of sins. *3999 
 
 without Reformation. *4000 
 
 from Sympathy- A. Lincoln. +4001 
 
 FOROTAIilTY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Weakens the Church-Macaulay. 858 
 
 FORSAKEN. 
 
 Justly f.-James 11. ♦2203 
 
 See ABANDONMENT in loc. 
 
 FORTITUDE. 
 
 Esteem for f.-Mucius. ^2204 
 
 Puritanic f .-Hugh Peters. ^2205 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amputation of own arm. 1250 
 
 Applauded-Indian gauntlet. 2667 
 Contest in f.-Am. Indians. 2074 
 
 in Death-Execution-Rumbold. 1246 
 Encouragement to f. -Mexicans. 714 
 in Flames-Bishop Cranmer. 1233 
 Invalid's f.-Wm. Prince of 0. 1897 
 Noble f. in death-Muley Moluc.2561 
 in Old Age-Puritan. 1250 
 
 by Philosophy-Dionysius. 4166 
 
 in Tortures-American Indians. 1426 
 Training in f.-Spartans. 1817 
 
 Unexpected f. -Bishop Cranmer.1249 
 of Women-Scotch Martyrs. 4142 
 
 See ENDURANCE. 
 German e.-Am. Rev.-Soldiers.^l883 
 
 Trained to e.-Spartans. 1822 
 
 See COURAGE and MARTYR 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FORTUNE. 
 
 Change of f.-Columbus. 
 Contrasts in f. -Alexander. 
 Favors of f.-Cbarles V. 
 Forsaken by f.-Louis XIV. 
 Reversed-Duke of Exeter. 
 
 " -Nicetas. 
 Reverses of f.-Banishment. 
 Sensitiveness of f.-TImotheus, 
 
 ♦2206 
 ♦2207 
 ♦2208 
 ♦2209 
 ♦2210 
 ♦2211 
 ♦2212 
 
 ^2213 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Change of f -Countess of R. 2628 
 " " "-Sudden-Claudius. 3876 
 Good f. vs. Merit. 5393 
 
 in Hands-Omar. 2507 
 
 Irony of f.-CIan of Scott. 190 
 
 Remarkable good f. 5407 
 
 Reversal of f. in Sparta. 95 
 
 Reversed-Titus Gates. 6831 
 
 Sudden f., Joy in. 4884 
 
 Unsatisfying to Emp. Severus. 206 
 
 See BEQUESTS, 
 for Spiritual benefits. ♦sai 
 
 of Wife-by Athenians. 5995 
 
 See LEGACY, 
 for Churches-15th century. 554 
 
 of Political advice-Augustus. 100 
 
 See LEGACIES. 
 Christian 1. to Church. *3183 
 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. ^3184 
 Enriched by l.-Cicero. ^3185 
 
 See INHERITANCE, 
 of Household goods-England. ^2858 
 
 Inferior i.-Riches vs. Spirit. 2908 
 
 Transferred by religion. 2963 
 
 See CHANCE and WEALTH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 FORTUNE-TEL, I.INO. 
 
 See ASTROLOGY. 
 Regard for a.-Roman omens. ♦38f 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Crime proven by a. 1953 
 
 Faith in a.-Charles II. 5442 
 
 See AUGURY. 
 Book of a.-Chinese. ♦395 
 
 Building by a.-City of Rome. ♦396 
 
 See NECROMANCY. 
 Proof of n.-"FamiIiar spirit." ♦3804 
 
 Impostors In n.-Barbarians. 2261 
 
 See OMENS in loc. 
 
 FOUNDI^INGS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Protection of f.-Emp. Paulus. 807 
 
 FOUNTAIN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Fabulous f. of jouth. 6196 
 
 FRANKNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Brave ministerial f. 1243 
 
 Noble f. -Confession. 3819 
 
 Straightforward f., Luther's. 1098 
 
 See SINCERITY in loc. 
 
 FR ATER^ ITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Fictitious f.-Louis and Crom. 2628 
 
 See BROTHERHOOD in loo. 
 
 FRAUD. 
 
 Gigantic f.-S tea scheme. ^2214 
 
 Governmental f.-Charles II. +2215 
 
 Suspicions of f.-First cable. ^2216 
 
 In Trade-"Honest Leather." ^2217 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Alarming f.-Forgery. 1542 
 
 " Departed Spirit." 2353 
 
 Fishermen's f.-Antony. 2149 
 
 Literary f.-Shelley and Hogg. 419 
 
 Living by f. -Beggars. 5763 
 
 Religious f. -Images. 1282 
 
 " "-Weeping virgin. 3620 
 
 " " -Grecian oracle. 3946 
 
 " "-Holy Lance. 4667 
 
 " " -Relics, 4668 
 
 4669 
 
 4670 
 
 " " 4671 
 
 467S 
 4674 
 467S 
 4676 
 3555 
 
 SpirituaUstic f -" Knock." 
 
 See COUNTERFEIT. 
 Preserved by ac.-"Sacredb." 
 Relics-Manufactured by an A, 
 Signature-Consul Antony. 
 
 ♦1225 
 ♦1226 
 ♦1227 
 
 2601 
 
 Imposed upon Goldsmith. 
 
 See DECEIT. 
 Temptation to d., Mahomet's. ^1468 
 
 Timely d.-Persian prince. ^1469 
 
 Lawyers imprisoned for d. 3168 
 
 vs. Deceit-Harold II. 3840 
 
 In Diplomacy-English. 1758 
 
 " " -Napoleon. 3850 
 
FREEDOM— FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 849 
 
 See DUPES. 
 Day of d.-France. 
 Undeceived-Ruined. 
 
 See SHAMS. 
 Military s.-Am. Revolution. 
 
 1474 
 2S14 
 
 *5126 
 
 Ridiculed-Afifectation. 1506 
 
 See SWINDLER. 
 
 Royal 8.-Henry VI. *5487 
 
 " •' " VIII. *5488 
 
 " "-Richard I. *5489 
 See CORRUPTION and DECEP- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 FRESDom;. 
 
 Determination for f.-WaUace. *2218 
 of Speech in Parliament. ♦2219 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 by Assassination in Ireland. 
 of Conscience in Md. 
 Gratitude prompts f. -Lincoln. 
 Knowledge brings f . 
 Nominal f. of Romans. 
 Origin of political freedom. 
 by Protestantism-England. 
 Public spirit by f . 
 Untimely f.-Pirates. 
 
 See EMANCIPATION. 
 Advocated in Mass., a.d. 1701.*1859 
 
 367 
 
 1166 
 
 5860 
 
 5735 
 
 85 
 
 142 
 
 735 
 
 4106 
 
 4186 
 
 Proclaimed by A. Lincoln. 
 
 See INDEPENDENCE. 
 American i.-Samuel Adams. 
 Childish i., Samnel Johnson's. 
 Declaration of l.-America. 
 
 Defeated, Canadian i. 
 Determined-Algernon Sidney. 
 Domestic i.-Wash's mother. 
 Ministerial i.-Methodist Conf. 
 Natural i. -Young Caesar. 
 Necessary i.-ArchBp. Anselm. 
 Proclaimed-American i. 
 Profitless-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Better than wealth. 
 Changed to conservatism. 
 Declaration of i., First-N. C. 
 " -Work of genius. 
 
 Df Fashion-Charming. 
 
 *' Governmental restraints. 
 
 *' Gov't-N. Carolina. 
 Love of i.-Mother of Wash. 
 Manly i.-Somerset-James II. 
 Noble i.-English jury-Penn. 
 OflQcial 1. necessary- Wm. III. 
 Preferred to money-Pope. 
 Proof of i.-"Make me come." 
 Spirit of I.-Alex. Murray. 
 Unrestrained by law. 
 without Wealth-S. Adams. 
 See LIBERTY in loc. 
 
 FREE-IiOVERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Religious-Sensual-English. 
 FREE SPEECH. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Punished severely-Floyd. 
 
 FREE TRADE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Forbidden to colonies. 
 
 3227 
 
 *2T80 
 *2781 
 ♦2782 
 ♦2783 
 ♦2784 
 *2785 
 *2786 
 *2787 
 *2788 
 *2789 
 *2790 
 *2791 
 
 3548 
 1492 
 2305 
 2103 
 2414 
 2439 
 6054 
 3138 
 3053 
 3892 
 3656 
 3930 
 3085 
 1121 
 3660 
 
 3335 
 
 4568 
 
 980 
 
 frie:nd. 
 
 Chosen f., Alexander's. *2220 
 
 or Foe-Agesilaus. *2221 
 
 Obsequious f., Caesar's. *2222 
 
 in Sickness-Prince of Orange. *2223 
 
 Sordid f.. Goldsmith's. *2224 
 
 Welcome f. -Lafayette. *2225 
 
 Wounded f.-"Stonewall J." *2286 
 
 1428 
 2915 
 2033 
 1864 
 5495 
 5408 
 5420 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Bereaved of f .-Alexander. 
 Bui'densome f.-Drinking. 
 Changed to foe-Henry VIII. 
 Executed by f. 
 of the Friendless-Lincoln. 
 Helpful f. of Demosthenes. 
 
 " " in adversity. 
 Irritating f.-Fred. Il.-Voltaire. 2155 
 Neglected-Anaxagoras. 4778 
 
 Polluting f. rejected. 1472 
 
 Ruinous f.-Ferguson. 1222 
 
 in Sickness-Samuel Johnson. 5129 
 Treacherous f.-Francis Bacon. 8857 
 
 FRIENDS. 
 in Battle-Locked shields. 
 Complemental f.-Ladies. 
 Discouraging f., Luther's. 
 Faults of f .-Napoleon I. 
 Unlike-Halifax-Burnet. 
 
 *2227 
 ♦2228 
 ♦2229 
 *2230 
 ♦2231 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abuse of f. by jokes. 3025 
 
 Daugerous f.-Assassinators. 165 
 Dead f.. Recognition of. 1398 
 
 Desertion of f. -Washington. 2308 
 Destitute of f. -Emperor. 3672 
 
 Enemies changed to f. 2833 
 
 Forsaken by f.-Csesar. 371 
 
 " of f.-Nero. 1270 
 
 Impatience divides f. 2748 
 
 in Misfortune-Diverse f. 92 
 
 Partiality to f.-Judge. 3069 
 
 -Ruler. 3070 
 
 Ruinous f. -Mutually. 2870 
 
 Sacrificed to ambition. 192 
 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 Applanded-Nap.-Alexander. 
 Commanding-K. of Hearts. 
 Complemental-Wm. III.-B. 
 Confidential-Wm. III.-B. 
 Confirmed by money, 
 by Contrast-Fred-D'Argens. 
 Controlling-Alex. Pope. 
 Insepardble-Hubert for Nap. 
 Perilous to Robert Burns. 
 Repaired-Samuel Johnson. 
 Sohool-boys-Lord Byron. 
 Treacherous f. of James I. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Aflfecting-Lincoln-Stanton. 
 Affectionate- Wash's farewell. 
 Apparent-False-Romans. 
 Communion necessary, 
 by Common purpose. 
 Complemental-Dlocletlan. 
 
 " -Cowper. 
 
 Disagreeable-Coward. 
 Disgraceful-Pompadour. 
 Disreputable-Hannibal. 
 Distrusted-Cleopatra's. 
 
 *2233 
 *2233 
 *2234 
 *2235 
 *2236 
 *2237 
 ♦2238 
 *2239 
 ♦2240 
 *2241 
 ♦2242 
 *2243 
 
 116 
 2099 
 2643 
 2957 
 3216 
 2402 
 4834 
 1267 
 8712 
 
 701 
 4515 
 
 Forgotten-Benedict Arnold. 
 Hypocrisy in f. -Orleans and B. 
 Incorruptible-Indian. 
 Needed-Edgar Allan Poe. 
 Perilous f . for Geta. 
 
 " "-Turks. 
 Proof of f. in exile with Nap. 
 beyond Suspicion. 
 Traitors to f.-Conspirators. 
 Treacherous-Dick Talbot. 
 " f. of savages. 
 
 Tribute of f.,Melanchthon's. 
 Unworthy of f. -Epicure. 
 
 See ACQUAINTANCE. 
 Brief a., Deceived by. 
 Unwelcome a., S. Johnson's. 
 
 See AFFABILITY. 
 Falsehood in a.-Charles II. 
 
 See AFFINITY. 
 by Complement-Wm. P. of O. 
 " Contrast-Anne-Churchill. 
 " '• -Burnet-Halifax. 
 
 See ASSOCIATES. 
 Dangerous a.-J. Howard's son. 
 Impure a.-Sir Isaac Newton. 
 Influence of a.-1'eter the Great, 
 
 Burial of living a.-Barbarians. 
 Dangerous a.-Queen of Scots. 
 Despicable a.-James II. 
 Selection of a.-S. Johnson. 
 Uncontaminated by evil. 
 
 See ASSOCIATION. 
 Changed by a.-G reeks. 
 Contaminated by prison. 
 Controlled by a. -Alex. Pope. 
 Dangerous a. with Theodora 
 Destructive-" Artemus Ward." 
 Religious a. prized. 
 Repelled-John Milton. 
 Ruinous-Gamblers. 
 
 " to Nero. 
 Unity by a.-Cromwell-Fox. 
 
 See ASSOCIATIONS. 
 Beneficial a.-Marcus Aurelius. 
 Guild of a.-Eng., a.d. 1214. 
 Protective a.-Anglo- Saxons. 
 
 2644 
 2695 
 4361 
 5032 
 1096 
 
 173 
 
 715 
 3381 
 
 371 
 3202' 
 3518 
 570». 
 
 26& 
 
 *3ft 
 ♦37 
 
 1679 
 
 2234 
 2228 
 2231 
 
 *378 
 *379' 
 
 ,*38a 
 
 684 
 1171 
 6177 
 1157 
 503ff 
 
 1865 
 5804 
 2238 
 4533 
 3283 
 260S 
 2701 
 227S 
 281» 
 5749- 
 
 *382 
 *381 
 *383. 
 
 Contaminating a.-Luther at R. 896' 
 Dangers from a. in government. 408 
 Effect of early habits and a.-N. 509 
 Horrifying a. of London Tower. 745 
 Unimproved by good a -Indians.904 
 
 See BROTHERHOOD. 
 Acknowledged- Am. Indians. *677 
 
 Artificial b.-Old English Guilds. 38l 
 
 Proclaimed- Penn to Indians. 4094 
 
 See CLUBS. 
 Ancient c.-"Inimitable livers. "*962^ 
 
 Organization of old English c. 381 
 
 See COMMUNION, 
 
 with God-Oliver Cromwell. *995 
 
 by Likeness-John Milton. *996 
 
 Unity by c.-Oliver Cromwell. *99r 
 
 See COMPANIONS. 
 
 Bad c. condemn to prison. 3631 
 
 in Death-American Indians. 1411 
 
 Selected, Shameful c. 3708 
 
 See FAVOR. 
 
 Flattery for f.-Voltaire. 2625 
 
850 
 
 FRIGHT— GALLANTRY. 
 
 Ingenious request for f. 4663 
 
 Rejected-Responsibility. 1258 
 
 Seductive f.-Golden rose. 2161 
 
 See FAVORITISM. 
 
 Scandalous f. of Charles II. *2iio 
 
 Oflftce by f.-Buckingham. 3871 
 
 Royal f. of Jas. I.-Geo. Villiers. 494 
 
 See FAVORS. 
 Independent of f .-Diogenes. 3415 
 Rejected, Tyrant's f.-Sylia. 3820 
 Solicited, to be- Alexander. 4796 
 
 See FELLOWSHIP. 
 In Misfortune-Napoleon I. 3630 
 " Sufifering-Napoleon I. 5707 
 
 See KINDI!fESS. 
 Religion of k.-Rev.J.Newton. *3077 
 
 Conceals faults-Hervey. 
 Crime of k. to criminal. 
 Reprimand of k.-S. Johnson, 
 of Savages to Columbus. 
 Spirit of k.-Pope to Howard. 
 
 See LOVER. 
 Fallen l.-Hernando Cortez. 
 Fickle l.-Robert Burns. 
 Youthful l.-Lord Byron. 
 
 2465 
 4466 
 4775 
 2649 
 145 
 
 *a353 
 *3354 
 *3355 
 
 Artful-Cleopatra. 6136 
 
 Blind 1. of Catherine Sedley. 2342 
 
 Blinded-Marcus. 1675 
 Ensnared- Antony by Cleopatra. 6136 
 
 Fascinated-Wm. the Conq. 2583 
 
 " -Robert Burns. 4219 
 
 Female 1., Mahomet's. 3472 
 
 "-Honoria. 3476 
 
 Preservation of l.-Ariadne. 6051 
 
 Royal 1. of Lucy Waters. 3470 
 
 Unsuccessful-Isaac Newton. 5992 
 
 Visits of 1., Dangerous. 6049 
 
 See LOVERS. 
 
 Rival-Jefferson-others. *33t)6 
 
 3335 
 853 
 
 Religious-Sensual-England 
 Restrained-Church service. 
 
 See PETS. 
 
 Singular-Scott's pig and hen. 232 
 
 Women's dogs condemned by C. 233 
 
 See AFFECTION and SYMPATHY 
 
 in loo. 
 
 FRIGHT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Insanity from f. -Ghost. 2353 
 
 See FEAR in loc. 
 
 FRIVOIilTY. 
 
 Shameful f. of Charles IL *2244 
 
 See NONSENSE in loc. 
 
 FRUGALITY, 
 
 Misapplied f.-Charles II. *2245 
 
 Plan of f .-Irish painter. *2246 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Example of f.-Cassar. 3162 
 
 til-timed f. -James II. 4008 
 
 Patriotic f.-Virginia Colony. 4833 
 See COVETOUSNESS and ECONOMY 
 in loc. 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 Costly f.-Russian Court supper. 452 
 Small f. commended much. 3593 
 Suggestive Apple-Newton. 6185 
 
 FUGITIVE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Hopeless of escape. 1710 
 
 Royal f. -James II. 5788 
 
 Sympathy for f.-America. 4660 
 
 Welcomed-James II. 5990 
 
 FUGITIVES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Generosity to royal f. 2641 
 
 Punished by slavery. 502 
 
 Refuge of f.-Asylum-Rome. 387 
 Sanctuary of f .-N. Carolina. 2439 
 
 See ELOPEMENT. 
 Royal e.-Philip of France. *1858 
 
 3350 
 
 Proposed to Shelley. 
 
 See FLIGHT. 
 
 Cowardly f.-Heraclian. 2158 
 
 Famous for f.-Maximin. 2060 
 
 for Safety-Roman panic. 2117 
 
 See ABANDONMENT in loc. 
 
 FUNERAL. 
 
 Criticised-Charles II. 
 Customs from Romans. 
 Expensive f.-Queen Mary's. 
 Fatal exposure at f . 
 Honor of f.-Cassar's. 
 
 " " "-Egyptians. 
 Humble f.-Pompey's. 
 Immense-Abraham Lincoln'] 
 Impressive f -Caesar's. 
 Panegyrics criticised. 
 Patriotic f. -Boston. 
 
 *2247 
 *2248 
 *2249 
 *2250 
 *2251 
 *2252 
 *2253 
 i.*2254 
 ♦2255 
 *2256 
 *2257 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Carousal after f .-Alexander. 2912 
 Impressive f. -Caesar's. 1975 
 
 " " -Caesar's bloody g. 372 
 
 Passions aroused at f. 241 
 
 Pompous f. of Alexander. 4474 
 
 Unworthy f. -Sacred cats. 2172 
 
 See BURIAL in loc. 
 
 FURY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Anger-Byron"s mother. 3722 
 
 " " -Frederick Wm. I. 5741 
 
 " Indignation a disguise. 1652 
 
 See PASSION in loc. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Future life-Gauls' belief. *2258 
 
 " " -Persian's belief. *2259 
 
 Overlooked-Improvident Ind. *2260 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Happiness in the f. 2631 
 
 Hints of f. -Augury. 3907 
 
 Predictions of American f. 210 
 
 See AUGURY. 
 Book of a.-Chinese. *395 
 
 Building by a .-City of Rome. *396 
 
 See PREDICTIONS. 
 Editorial p.-Civil War. *4406 
 
 Parental p. for Peter Cooper. *4407 
 Realized-New York. '4408 
 
 Augury-Birds-Building-Rome. 396 
 of Bankruptcy-National. 451 
 
 Equivocal p.-Delphic oracle. 3948 
 Foolish p.-J. Dryden. 5049 
 
 Fttlfilled-J. Fitch-Steamboats. 2306 
 
 Oracular-Nero to kill his mother.196 
 " -Sylla-Reins of gov't. 495 
 Political p.-Am. Revolution. 1599 
 Popular political p.-False. 1985 
 
 Realized-Diflfusion of the Bible. 578 
 
 See PREMONITION. 
 Accidental p.-Charles I. *4419 
 
 of Death-Charles V. *4420 
 
 " " -Lincoln's. *4421 
 
 ♦4422 
 See PROPHECY. 
 False p.-Empires. *4523 
 
 Unconscious p. -Virgil. *4524 
 
 of America's future-Lafayette. 210 
 " -Stormont. 212 
 
 Fictitious p.-Contucius of C. 395 
 See OMENS in loc. 
 
 FUTURITY. 
 
 Disclosed by impostors. •2261 
 
 See HEAVEN. 
 
 Carnal h.-Mahomet's. *2,540 
 
 Division of h.-Swedenborg. *2541 
 
 Materialistic h.-Boswell's. *2542 
 
 Views of h.-Adaptation. *2543 
 
 Visited by Mahomet. *2544 
 
 Warrior's h.-Scandinavians. *2545 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Approaching near to h.-Taylor.3403 
 Children in h.-Swedenborg. 6207 
 or Hell-John Bunyan. 1085 
 
 Infants in h.-Swedenborg. 2818 
 Letter from St. Paul to Pepin. 3196 
 Nearness to h. in sickness. 5131 
 Visited by Mahomet. 3623 
 
 Women in h.-Mahomet. 8992 
 
 See HELL. 
 Necessary-Prest. A. Jackson. *2547 
 Temporary h.-Mohammedan. *2548 
 
 1423 
 
 Fear of h.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See PARADISE. 
 Drunkard's p.-Ancient Germ's. *3988 
 
 Earthly p. in Damascus. *3989 
 
 Language of p.-Persian. *3990 
 
 Mussulman's p.-Five. *3991 
 
 Sensual p. of Mahomet. *3992 
 
 Strange p.-Mahomet. *3993 
 
 Admission to p. by epilepsy-M. 1643 
 Belief in p.-Persians. 2259 
 
 Brave men go to p. 1416, 1435 
 
 Heroes' bloody p.-Pagans. 1417 
 
 Letters sent to p.-Gauls. 2258 
 
 vs. Perdition, Which ? 6141 
 
 Qualifications for p.-"Goodfore.'"33 
 Visionary p. of Crusaders. 2095 
 
 See PURGATORY. 
 Compensations of p.-Moham. *4580 
 Mohammedan p.-Punishment.*4581 
 
 Belief in p.-Ancient Persians. 2259 
 Mohammedan p.-Seven hells. 2549 
 
 GAIN. 
 
 or Lose-Timour's demand. *2262 
 
 See GAMBLING and PROFIT 
 
 in loc. 
 
 GALLANTRY. 
 
 Inconsiderate g. -Goldsmith. *2263 
 Proof of g.-Female rulers. *2264 
 
GAMBLERS— GENIUS. 
 
 851 
 
 See CHIVALRY. 
 Baseness of o.-Edward I. *815 
 
 Modem c. -Union-Confederate. *816 
 Order of o.-Knights of St. John.*817 
 Patriotic o.-Paul Jones. *818 
 
 In Battle-Brennville-Bloodless. 461 
 
 " " -Prince Rupert. 464 
 
 Brutality of c.-Edward I. 815 
 
 Courtesy of c.-Black Prince. 1260 
 
 Demoralized by shameful c.-F. 269 
 
 Misdirected c.-De Soto-Am. 1986 
 
 ▼s. Property-Marriage. 8466 
 
 " Puritanism- England. 4583 
 
 See POLITENESS in loc. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Association with g. dangerous.2273 
 Debts of g. honored. 2614 
 
 " "" Precedence in. 1463 
 
 OAIflBIilNQ. 
 
 Degraded by g.-Charles Fox. *2265 
 
 " " "-Sunderland. *2266 
 
 " "-Coffee Houses*2267 
 
 Escape from g.-Wilberforce. *2268 
 
 fashionable g.-FoUy. *2269 
 
 Losses by g.-Gibbon. *2270 
 
 Passion for g.-Eng. gentry. *2271 
 
 Pride in g.-High life. *2272 
 
 Ruinous g. -Oliver Goldsmith. *2273 
 
 " "-English gentry. *2274 
 
 Universal g.-Crusaders. *2275 
 
 Vice of g. -Prolific. *2276 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Memorial of g.-" Sandwich." *6146 
 
 Ruinous g.-Edgar Allan Poe. *6195 
 
 See SPECULATION in loc. 
 
 game:. 
 
 Preservation of g.-Justinian. *2277 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Fondness for hunting g. 4638 
 
 Laws preserving g.-Burden. 155 
 
 Monopoly of g.-Wm. the C. 3943 
 
 Passion for g.-Andronicus. 4204 
 
 " " " -Malek-Sultan. 4197 
 
 Pleasure-Perilous g. 4111 
 
 Skill in shooting g.-Crockett. 4322 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Beneficial g.-Ancient. *2278 
 
 Employment in military g. *2279 
 Passion for g.-Greeks. *2280 
 
 Use of g.-Samuel Johnson. *2281 
 See AMUSEMENT in loc. 
 
 GAMIiVG. 
 
 Ck>ndemned by Napoleon I. *2282 
 
 GARDEN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Famous-Waterloo. 1501 
 
 GARDENING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Contentment in g.-Emperor. 1148 
 
 Pleasure in g.-Cyrus. 5636 
 
 See AGRICULTURE in loc. 
 
 GENEALOGY. 
 
 Misfortune a satire on iU'str's g.226 
 
 See ANCESTOR in loc. 
 
 GENERALIZATION. 
 
 Vicious g. of Sophists. 2283 
 
 GENERALS. 
 
 Too many g.-Macedonians. *2284 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Overrated-Pompey-Accident. 5 
 
 GENERAIiSHIP. 
 
 Successful g.-Pompey. *2285 
 
 Miscellaueous cross-references. 
 
 Success by g.-Cortez. 3830 
 
 Want of g.-Agincourt. 3834 
 
 See WAR in loc. 
 
 GENEROSITY. 
 
 Artful g.-Emperor Tacitus. *2286 
 Easy g.-Pope Alexander VI. *2287 
 Example of g.-John Howard. *2288 
 Indiscreet g.-Mahomet. *2289 
 
 Noble g.-Benjamin Franklin. *2290 
 " " -Peter Cooper. *2291 
 
 Patriotic g.-Am. Revolution. *2292 
 " " " *2293 
 
 Sincerity in g.-Cromwell. *2294 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bountiful g. of Alexander. 5699 
 
 Characteristic g.-S. Johnson. 2659 
 
 Conceals vices-Sackville. 3043 
 
 Destitute of g.-James II. 1005 
 
 Embarrassment from cost. 2263 
 
 Enemy's g.-Luther-Tetzel. 1888 
 
 Example of g.-J. Harvard. 2288 
 
 Extraordinary g.-Youthful. 2915 
 
 False religious g. 4707 
 
 Liberty of Am.-Lafayette. 3216 
 
 Noble g. -William Penn. 4255 
 
 Offensive g.-Humiliating. 2356 
 Overwhelmed by g.-Napoleon. 1152 
 
 of the Poor-Plymouth Colony. 2081 
 
 Suspicious g.-Tacitus. 2286 
 
 Wife's g. to husband-Mary. 5998 
 
 See BENEFACTOR. 
 
 Praise of b.-A. Lincoln. *511 
 
 Exiled-John Kay. 
 
 2992 
 
 Wronged-Eli Whitney. 
 
 2691 
 
 See BENEFACTORS. 
 
 
 Opposed-James Hargreaves. 
 
 *512 
 
 See BENEFICENCE. 
 
 
 False f.-Charles II. 
 
 2751 
 
 See CONTRIBUTIONS. 
 
 
 for Education-Peck of com. 
 
 1773 
 
 -Yale College. 
 
 1783 
 
 " " -Harvard. 
 
 1791 
 
 of Regard-Caesar's funeral. 
 
 2251 
 
 See MAGNANIMITY. 
 
 
 Admirable m. of H. Vane. 
 
 ♦3379 
 
 Noble m.-General Lee. 
 
 *3380 
 
 of Savages-Onondagas. 
 
 *3381 
 
 of Affection-Josephine. 2201 
 
 Appeal to m., Alexander's. 1588 
 
 in Forgiveness- Wesley. 2199 
 
 " Misfortune-Philip II. 2028 
 
 Sagacious m.-Csesar. 5828 
 
 in Self- sacrifice- Alexander. 5095 
 
 See LIBERALITY. 
 
 Cloak of l.-Commodus. *3204 
 
 in Opinions-John Wesley. *3205 
 
 Uncertain 1. of Charles I. *3206 
 
 See TREATS. 
 
 Election t.-Costly-England. 1839 
 
 Exacted-Engllsh prieous. 5804 
 
 Prisoners' t.-Bridewell. 1302 
 
 Temptation in t.-Builders. 2933 
 See BENEVOLENCE and HOSPI- 
 TALITY in loc. 
 
 GENIUS. 
 
 Advance of g.-Isaac Newton. *2295 
 Age of g.-Athenians. *2296 
 
 Ages of g.-Peculiarity. *2297 
 
 by Ancestry-John Milton. *2298 
 Ascendency of g.-Wm. Pitt. *2299 
 Belated-William Cowper's. *2300 
 in Childhood-0. Goldsmiths. *2301 
 Constructive g.-Caesar's. *2302 
 
 " -I. Newton's. *2303 
 Co-operative g.-I. Newton. *2304 
 Creation of g.-Robert Fulton. *2305 
 Disdained-Robert Fulton. *2306 
 -John Fitch. *2307 
 
 Disparaged-Geo. Washington. *2308 
 Eccentricity of g.-S. Johnson. *2309 
 i. .. c. .. *23io 
 
 " " " " *2311 
 " " " " *2312 
 Enterprise of g.-Cromwell. *2313 
 Failures of g.-Youthful poets. *2314 
 Hereditary g.-James Watt. *2315 
 Imitation of g.-Columbus. *2316 
 Impoverished-Homer. *2317 
 
 Late evidence of g.-W. Scott. *2318 
 Manifold g. of Napoleon I. *2319 
 Merit of g.-Cromwell. *2320 
 
 Misdirected-Audubon's. *2321 
 
 Misjudged-Gray's. *2322 
 
 Mortality of g.-Early deaths. *2323 
 Originating g.-Blalse Pascal. *2324 
 Overlooked-John Milton. *2325 
 
 Perils of g. -Swift's ambition. *2326 
 Power of g.-Cromwell's. *2327 
 
 Practical g.-Peter the Great. *2328 
 Precocious g.-Wm. C. Bryant. *2329 
 Prodigious g.-Napoleon I. ♦2330 
 Proof of g.-Benj. Franklin. *2331 
 Remarkable g.-Benj. Franklin. *2332 
 Resources in g. -Caesar. *2333 
 
 Rewards of g.-Dr. Morton. *2334 
 Subjects for g.-John Milton. *2335 
 Success by g.-Black Prince. *2336 
 Successful g.-Turk. *2337 
 
 Superstition of g.-S. Johnson. ♦2338 
 Time for g.-Revival of letters. *2339 
 Timely g.-Isaac Newton. ♦2340 
 
 Toils of g.-Virgil. +2341 
 
 Unappreciated-Washington. ^2343 
 Uncontrolled-Ed. Burke. ♦2343 
 
 Undiscovered-Columbus. ^2344 
 -Ad. Blake. *2345 
 Work of g.-Epaminondas. ♦2346 
 " "-Lycurgus. ♦2847 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Absence of mind-Newton. 20 
 
 Age of g.-Golden age of Art. 325 
 
 " " " -Athenian. 2296 
 
 " " "-LeoX. 2297 
 
 Ambition of g.-Alex. Hamilton. 185 
 
 " " "-Power-Fame. 193 
 
 by Ancestry-John Milton. 2298 
 
 Ascendency over others-N. 2838 
 
853 
 
 GENTILITY— GENTLENESS. 
 
 In Boyhood-Themistocles. 635 
 
 Combination of g.-Cromwell. 2792 
 Contempt the reward of g. 2307 
 Dangers of g.-Robert Burns. 246 
 for Conquest-Duke Wm. of Eng. 33 
 Defects of g. -Milton's f. gov't. 805 
 Delusion of g.-Newton an a. 814 
 Effective g. of Chas. Martel. 2187 
 Egotism of g.-Clcero. 1834 
 
 " "-Goldsmith. 1835 
 
 In Entertainment-^ milius. 1902 
 Evil g. of Brutus. 1120 
 
 Extraordinary g.-Eoger Bacon.3775 
 Field for g. in agriculture. 158 
 
 " " " necessary. 2053 
 
 for Government- Alfred the G. 2423 
 " . " -Eichelieu. 2484 
 
 Heart more than g. 2535 
 
 by Heredity-Watts. 2315 
 
 " -Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 Horse managed by g. -Alexander. 6 
 Humble origin of g.-Bunyan. 3959 
 Impediments to g. overcome-B. 596 
 Influence of g.-Posthumous. 3270 
 for Intrigue, Aptness. 2966 
 
 Labor of g.-Demosthenes. 4424 
 
 Limited to great purposes. 34 
 
 in Literature-Tasso. 3305 
 
 " " -Ariosto. 3306 
 
 " " -Milton. 3307 
 
 " " -J. Dryden. 3308 
 
 " " -Shakespeare. 3309 
 
 " " -Pope. 3312 
 
 not Manifested. 4512 
 
 Mark of g.-Wolsey. 1895 
 
 for Mathematics-Egyptians. 3530 
 -Colburn. 3532 
 
 35.33 
 Military g. of Caesar. 4484 
 
 Misplaced-Gibbon in Pari. 4249 
 
 Modesty of g.-Franklin. 3647 
 
 " "-Newton. 3648 
 
 Multiplex g. of Gallienus. 1830 
 
 in Old age-Cowper. 2300 
 
 Overlooked by critics. 168 
 
 Patience of g.-Discovery. 4032 
 
 Periods of g.-Discoverers. 3580 
 
 for Politics-Corrupt-Newcastle. 667 
 Poverty with g.-Isaac Newton. 4339 
 vs. Presumption-C. and Pom. 5828 
 Resources of g. 343 
 
 " " "-Napoleon 393 
 
 Reward of g.-S. Crompton-I. 535 
 
 " " "-Faraday-Sclentl8t.537 
 
 " " -Eli Whitney. 2991 
 
 Rewarded by exile-Kay. 2992 
 
 Savage g. of Fred. William. 1672 
 
 Solitary g. of Wren in England. 280 
 
 State protected by g.-A. 343 
 
 for Sucoess-Pizarro. 1068 
 
 " " -Frederick the G. 5394 
 
 Success of g.-Caesar. 136 
 
 " " " -Fred. II.-Leuthen. 474 
 
 " " " " " -Rosbach. 477 
 Sudden display of g.-Cromwell.5231 
 3581 I 
 
 Victories of g. -Napoleon I. 5809 
 
 Victory by g.-Washington. 5817 
 
 " "-Cromwell. 5818 
 
 " " " -Cassar. 5819 
 
 Weakness of g.-Frederick II. 4224 
 
 " "-Shelley. 18 
 
 for Wealth-Marcus Crassus. 5972 
 
 Woman's great g.-Zenobla. 6055 
 
 " g.-Aspasia. 6082 
 
 Work of g. -Jefferson's D. of Ind.420 
 
 Youthful evidence of g.-Milton. 194 
 
 " g.-Isaac Newton. 6185 
 
 See ABILITIES. 
 
 Misapplied-Fred. Il.-Voltaire. *3 
 
 Numerous-Rom. Emp. Justinian. *4 
 
 Overrated-Pompey. *5 
 
 Shown in youth. -Alexander. *6 
 
 Useless-J. Dryden-Debate. *7 
 
 Balanced-George Washington. 3406 
 Conversational a.-Johnson. 1172 
 Dangerous-Uninstructed. 1507 
 
 Diplomatic a.-Corrupted. 1594 
 
 " " -Remarkable. 1600 
 Field for-Appropriate. 4224 
 
 Impractical-Milton-Politics. 4257 
 Manifold-Queen Elizabeth. 3605 
 Misplaced-Gibbon in Pari. 4054 
 
 Misapplied-Failure-Newton. 2100 
 " Goldsmith. 2030 
 " -"Magn'fic'ntbrute."1068 
 Multiplex-Csesar's. 2479 
 
 Numerous-Gallienus. , 1830 
 
 Practical-M. Van Buren. 4251 
 
 Presumable-Elevation. 3589 
 
 Prostituted-Emperor Gratlan. 1007 
 Restricted field for a. of Caesar. 275 
 Triumph of William Pitt. 3586 
 
 Wrecked-Splendid-Burns. 2027 
 
 See GREATNESS. 
 Blot on Drydens g. *2469 
 
 Burdensome g.-O. Cromwell. *2470 
 Buried g.-Alexander. *2471 
 
 by Contrast-Charlemagne. *2472 
 Downfall of g.-Columbus. *2473 
 Dream of g.-Cromwell. *2474 
 
 End of g.-Saladin. *2475 
 
 Fictitious g.-D' Albuquerque. *2476 
 of Goodness-Cosmo de Medici. *2477 
 Impossible-Fr. under Chas. IX.*2478 
 Multiplex g., Caesar's. 2479 
 
 Patriotic g., Cromwell's. 2480 
 
 Proof of g.-Robert Bums. *2481 
 Recognized-Richelieu. *2482 
 
 Threefold g. of Francis I. *2483 
 
 with Vice-Hannibal's. *5484 
 
 by Wisdom-Alexander. *2485 
 
 Sway of g.-Cromwell. 
 
 " " " -Charlemagne. 3582 
 
 Triumph of g.-Willlam Pitt. 2835 
 
 Universality of Grecian g. 339 
 
 Versatility of g.-Queen Eliz. 3605 
 
 Victories of g.-Frederick n. 5808 
 
 in Adversity-Cornelia. 6072 
 
 Art vs. War, Fine Art of 6. 4200 
 
 Assumed g.-Desplsed-Nero. 4325 
 
 " " -Unworthily. 4457 
 
 Blemished by vice. 2484 
 
 Blot on g. of Alexander. 3741 
 
 Detested-Restraints of g. 3436 
 
 Disappearance of Pompey's g. 5719 
 
 Evinced in architecture. 2487 
 
 Field required for g.-Mllton. 2335 
 
 of Goodness-Pericles. 2395 
 
 " " -National-Eng. .2396 
 
 by Great deeds-Themistocles. 34 
 
 Incompleted g. -Cicero. 2886 
 
 Natural g. of Luther by Carlyle. 769 
 Overpraiseofg., Pompey's. 4370 
 Personal g. of Oliver Cromwell.1322 
 Respected g.-G. Washington. 3738- 
 Ridiculed-Emperor Julian. 4894 
 of Soul-Muley Moluc. 2561 
 
 True g.-Alfred the Great. 496* 
 
 " " -Charles Martel. -^ges 
 
 " " -Canute. 4964 
 
 Unsurpassed military g.-Caesar. 4312 
 Vanity with g.-Elizabeth. 5775 
 
 See TAPT. 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. *5501 
 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. *5502 
 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 
 Superstition overcome by t. 
 
 32 
 31 
 
 See SKILL. 
 Misapplied-Perpetual motion. *5168 
 Proof of s.-Rothschild. *5169 
 
 3430 
 4382 
 
 *5503 
 *5504 
 *5505 
 *5506 
 ♦5507 
 *5508 
 *5509 
 
 2057 
 1305 
 4509 
 4920 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 
 " -Crockett. 
 See TALENT. 
 without Character-Fred. II. 
 Discovery of t. -Napoleon I. 
 Education of t.-Alexander. 
 Indications of t.-Mathematics. 
 Lack of t.-Confederate Gen's. 
 Overestimated-Napoleon I. 
 Untaught- Zerah Colburn. 
 
 vs. Character-Byron. 
 Developed by criticism. 
 Misapplied-Ruler. 
 Money rivals t.-Crassus. 
 Without success-Goldsmith. 2030 
 See DISCOVERY and MIND 
 in loc. 
 
 OENTIIilTT. 
 
 by Restraint-Samuel Johnson.*2348 
 Vicious g.-Samuel Johnson. *234^ 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Character-Cromwell. 4591 
 
 Effect of g.-Love-Hatred. 3417 
 
 V8. Religion-Offence. 2656 
 
 " Rudeness-Johnson. 3418 
 
 Vice gilded by g. 2349 
 
 of Woman by restraint. 2348 
 
 See FASHION and POLITENESS 
 in loc. 
 
 GENTIiElTEEN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Respect for g. shown. 
 
 3146 
 
 GENTIiENESS. 
 Power of g.. Christian. *2350 
 
 " " exhibited. 
 
 *2351 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Excessive g. in ruler. 2394 
 
 Failure of g.-Impiety. 3418 
 
 Power over s. by g.-Joan of A. 1559' 
 " of g.-Joan of Arc. 412 
 
 of Rebuke-Caesar's. 4632 
 
 Success by g.-Missionaries. 5395 
 See COMPASSION in loc. 
 
GESTICULATION— GOD. 
 
 853 
 
 GESTICULATION. 
 
 Speciality in g.-Actors. *2352 
 
 Cross-reference, 
 Oratorical g. opposed. 
 
 1854 
 
 GESTURES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 the Language of animals. 1854 
 
 Kidiculed by Samuel Johnson. 48 
 
 See PANTOMIME. 
 
 in Jurisprudence-Romans. *3984 
 
 See ORATORY in loo. 
 
 GHOST. 
 
 Improvised g. -Goldsmith. *2353 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Apparent g.-Rev. Tunnell. 8398 
 
 GHOSTS. 
 
 Belief in g.-Samuel Johnson. 
 Fear of g., Siamese. 
 
 See SPIRITS. 
 Communication with 8.-S. 
 
 Intercourse with s.-Platonist8, 
 Ljring s.-Swedenborg. 
 Ministering-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 ♦2354 
 *2355 
 
 •5308 
 *5309 
 ♦5310 
 *5311 
 ♦5312 
 
 Communion-Swedenborg. 1442 
 
 " with conditioned. 3554 
 
 " " 8.-Swedenb'rg.914 
 
 Manifestations, Fraudulent. 3555 
 
 of s.-John Dee.8804 
 
 Possessing horses. 5460 
 
 "Visit from an evil s.-Luther. 2506 
 
 See SPECTRE. 
 Terrifying s.-Brutus's vision. 
 
 See PHANTOM. 
 Alarmed by p.-Theodoric. 
 Pursued by p.-Murderer. 
 See VISION in loo. 
 
 5846 
 
 1115 
 1108 
 
 GIANT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Work of a g.-Cleomedes. 
 
 1530 
 
 GIANTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Soldiers of Frederick William. 3584 
 
 See BEQUESTS. 
 for Spiritual benefits. 
 
 *554 
 
 GIFT. 
 
 Dangerous g.-S. Johnson. 
 Eejected-Obllgation-Nap. I. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Worthless g. -Curiosities. 
 
 GIFTS. 
 
 of Affection-Napoleon. 
 Bridal g. of Placidia. 
 Fictitious-Belisarius. 
 Bare g. for royalty. 
 
 ♦2356 
 ♦2357 
 
 1382 
 
 ♦2358 
 ♦2359 
 ♦2360 
 ♦2361 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referenees. 
 
 of Bible to Queen Elizabeth. 571 
 
 Boldness in bringing g.-Jews. 4122 
 
 Books-Valuable-Scarce. 632 
 
 Corrupting-Roman treats. 4243 
 
 Disdained by Saracens. 4662 
 
 Forced g. for Maxentlus. 376 
 
 " " to Charles I. 3662 
 
 Generous bestowment-Alex. 5699 
 
 Sickness cured by g. 5128 
 
 of Wlfe-by Athenians. 5995 
 
 See BONUS. 
 for Bribery rejected-I. Newton. 660 
 
 See CONTRIBUTIONS. 
 
 for Education-Peck of corn. 1773 
 
 '♦ " -Yale College. 1783 
 
 " " -Harvard. 1791 
 
 of Regard-Caesar's funeral. 2251 
 
 See LEGACY, 
 
 for Churches-15th century. 554 
 
 of Political advice- Augustus. 100 
 
 See LEGACIES. 
 
 Christian 1. to Church. ^3183 
 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. ^3184 
 
 Enriched by l.-Cicero. ^3185 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE and BRIBERY 
 
 in loo. 
 
 GIRIi. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Advice of g. accepted-Lincoln. 61C2 
 Courage of g.-Joan of Arc. 2894 
 Remarkable g.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 Wildness of Frances Jennings. 6062 
 
 See SCHOOL-GIRLS. 
 Captured by s.-g.-Napoleon. 2358 
 
 GLADIATORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Courage of despair. 1235 
 
 Instruction of g. in brutality-R. 102 
 Introduction of g. to Rome. 974 
 Suppression of exhib. of g.-M. 835 
 
 GLORT. 
 
 Departed g. of Portuguese. ^2362 
 
 Enduring g. of goodness. ♦2363 
 
 False g.-Edward IIL ♦2364 
 
 Forgotten-Pyramid builders. ^2365 
 
 to God only-Cromwell. ♦2366 
 
 Military g. -Emperor Trajan. ^2367 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Acquiring wealth-Cato. 432 
 
 Age of g.-Saracens. 3782 
 
 Departure of national-England. 87 
 to God alone-Cromwell. 2366 
 
 of Goodness, Lasting g.-A. 2363 
 " John the Good."2618 
 Love of g.-Woman*s-Dustin. 3729 
 See HONORS in loo. 
 
 GLUTTONY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hospitality complimented by g.2639 
 
 See GOURMAND. 
 Characteristic g.-Johnson. 2183 
 2927 
 Indigestion of g.-Soliman. 2926 
 
 GOD. 
 
 Conception of G.-Am. Indians. ♦2368 
 " "-Gen. La Hire. ♦2369 
 Existence of G. rejeoted-F. ^2370 
 our Father-Egyptians. ^2371 
 
 First for G.-Thomas Moore. ^2372 
 Ideas of G., Philosophers'. ^2373 
 Ignorance of G., Philosophers'. ^2374 
 Invisible-Revealed-Arabs. ^2375 
 Political G.-East Indian. ^2376 
 
 Presence of G.-Mahomet. ♦2378 
 " " " -Huron chief. *2377 
 
 Required by the soul. ^2379 
 
 Severity of G.-Scandinavians.*2380 
 
 Sons of G. -Christians. 
 Views of G., Comforting. 
 Vision of G.-Am. Indians. 
 Voice of G.-Joan of Arc. 
 Will of G.-Crusaders. 
 
 *2381 
 *2382 
 ♦2383 
 *2384 
 ♦2385 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned of G.,Not 
 Belief in G.-Natural-Indians. 
 Blood-thirsty G. -Druids. 
 Commissioned of G. 
 Communion with G.-Cromwell 
 Dedication to G.-Knights. 
 
 " " " -Wesley. 
 
 Defiant of G.-Claverhouse. 
 by Deification of Caesar. 
 Deliverance by G. -Orleans. 
 Displeasure of G., Sense of. 
 Elevating thought of G. 
 Existence denled-Reason. 
 Faith In G., Helpful. 
 False Arlew of G.-Bunyan. 
 Father, A heavenly. 
 Fear of G., Painful-Cromwell. 
 
 Glory to G. alone-Cromwell. 
 
 Goodness of G., Infinite. 
 
 Help from G. the best-Joan. 
 
 Holy Spirit reveals G. 
 
 Human-Claudius Britannlcus. 
 
 Ideal G. -Chinese-Greek. 
 
 Ignorance of G.-Drulds. 
 
 Impotence of false 6. 
 
 Kneeling to G. alone. 
 
 Liveth-Servants die. 
 
 Longing for G. -Heart-Hindoo. 
 
 Obedience to G. first-Socrates 
 
 Omnipresence of G.-Mahomet. 
 
 Personated by young man. 
 
 Praise to G.-Victory. 
 
 Revealed In meditation. 
 
 Seeking G.-Cromwell. 
 
 Service of G., Benefits of. 
 
 Submission to G., Soul's. 
 
 Treasure in G., Choice of. 
 
 Trust in G., not omens. 
 
 Unsearchable-Simonides. 
 
 Withdrawal of G.-f rom Pari. 
 See DEIFICATION. 
 
 of Caesar-Romans. 
 " Heroes-Ancient Greeks. 
 " Self-Alexander in India. 
 See DEITY. 
 
 Belief In d.-Grecians. 
 
 Concealed-Ancient Italians. 
 
 Subjugated by chains-Apollo. 
 
 Benevolence of d.-Socrates. 
 by Halluclnation-Menecrates. 
 Personified-Minerva. 
 Presence of d.-Thales. 
 Unchaste d.-Faustina. 
 Vicious d.-Pagans. 
 
 See DIVINITY. 
 Proof of d. required. 
 
 108i 
 
 2826 
 
 1374 
 
 5848 
 
 . 995 
 
 1121 
 
 1122 
 
 4141 
 
 2657 
 
 1518 
 
 1181 
 
 292 
 
 4624 
 
 4387 
 
 5753 
 
 1453 
 
 1841 
 
 2366 
 
 1423 
 
 1559 
 
 5307 
 
 2706 
 
 328 
 
 6163 
 
 2703 
 
 3085 
 
 1422 
 
 2538 
 
 , 6158 
 
 1023 
 
 2376 
 
 3788 
 
 1714 
 
 5076 
 
 4181 
 
 5382 
 
 3254 
 
 31 
 
 4599 
 
 2657 
 3511 
 3753 
 
 ♦1512 
 ♦1513 
 ♦1514 
 
 4550 
 5779 
 5438 
 6157 
 1675 
 8974 
 
 ♦1691 
 5269 
 
 of the Soul-Pythagoras. 
 
 See LORD. 
 Absent from House of Com. ♦3328 
 
 See THEOCRACY. 
 American t.-Jews-Puritans. *5597 
 
854 
 
 GODS— GOVERNMENT. 
 
 See THEOLOGY. 
 Difficulties in t.-Infinite Deity. *5598 
 
 Effects of t.-Cromwell. *5599 
 
 Philosopher's t.-Anaxagoras. *5600 
 
 "-Plato. *5601 
 
 " " -Stoics. *5602 
 
 Ridiculous t.-Egyptian. *5603 
 
 Character moulded by t.-C.'s. 773 
 Imagination in t.-Gnostics. 5100 
 Maintained by law. 4729 
 
 Subtleties in t. vs. Person of C. 826 
 See CHRIST in loo. 
 
 CODS. 
 
 Descent from g.. Spurious. *2386 
 Great g.-Persuasi'n and Force. ♦2387 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolence of g.-Gifts. 4550 
 
 Descent from g.-Alexander. 2753 
 Devotion to the g.-L. Albinus. 4184 
 Regarded-a Pretext-Bibulus. 3856 
 Terrifjingg. of Druids. 6162 
 
 See IDOLATRY, 
 of Heroism-Emp. Claudius. *2706 
 
 Degradation of i., Egyptian. 
 Fanaticism of i., Roman. 
 Inferential i.-George Fox. 
 Lascivious dances in R. i. 
 Minute i -" Few grains of 1." 
 of Nature- Ancient Germans. 
 Religion of vices. 
 Weakness of i. exposed. 
 
 OOIiD. 
 Craze for g.-Emigrants to Am. 
 Delusion of g.-Londoners. 
 " *' " -Spaniards, 
 vs. Labor-Cortez. 
 Ruined by g.-J. A. Sutter. 
 
 2172 
 2085 
 2083 
 2085 
 849 
 6164 
 3974 
 5456 
 
 *2388 
 *2389 
 *2390 
 ♦3391 
 *2392 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Captivated by g. -Demosthenes. 672 
 Corrupted by g.-Spartans. 5856 
 
 Crop of g. -Dream. 2523 
 
 Delusion of g.-Jamestown. 2807 
 Delusive hopes of g. 1984 
 
 Exciting discovery-Ca. 1974 
 
 Punishment-Melted g.-Crassus. 431 
 Sought by I. Newton- Alchemist.814 
 Value of g.-Indian's estimate. 457 
 
 See JEWELRY. 
 Passion for j. -Henry VII. *3023 
 
 Extravagance in j. -Charles I 8011 
 
 Treason for j.-Woman. 5698 
 
 See AVARICE, MONEY and 
 
 RICHES in loc. 
 
 GOIiD-S EEKERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Delusion of g.-s. at Jamestown.2807 
 .. .. » .< 23gg 
 
 " " " -Londoners. 2389 
 
 " " " -Spaniards. 2390 
 
 " " " •' 2735 
 
 " " " -California. 2392 
 
 » " » -Visionary. 1984 
 CM>OI>. 
 
 Doing g. dally. *2393 
 
 for Evll-Pericles. 
 
 See EXCELLENCE in toe 
 
 4027 
 
 GOODNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of God, Infinite g. 1423 
 
 Greatness of g.-C. de' Medici. 2477 
 Lasting glory of Agesilaus. 2363 
 Respected-John the Good. 2618 
 
 GOSPEIi. 
 
 a Heavenly message-Sailor. *2398 
 Triumph of g. over Paganism. *2399 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 or War-Mass. Colony. 5909 
 
 See CHRISTIANITY in loc. 
 
 GOSSIP. 
 
 Serviceable for publication-O.*2400 
 
 See TALEBEARERS. 
 Mischievous- Voltaire's crit'ism.3002 
 
 GOURjniAND. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Characteristic g.-S. Johnson. 2183 
 " •' " 2927 
 
 Indigestion of g.-Soliman. 2926 
 See BENEVOLENCE and SYM- 
 PATHY in loc. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Arbitrary g. causes Am. Rev. *2401 
 Art of g.-Diocletian. *2402 
 
 Atrocious g -Kidnapping. *2403 
 Coerced-Charles I. -Finance. *2404 
 Complex g.-W. P. of Orange. *2405 
 Concentrated. *2406 
 
 " "The state is myself."*2407 
 Confused-Counter-claims. *2408 
 Dangerous-Rome-Decemvirs. ^2409 
 Demoralizing society-Bad g. *2410 
 Destitute of g.-New Jersey. *2411 
 Detested-Chas. Il.-Weakness. *24]2 
 Dictatorial g.-Gustavus III. ♦2413 
 Difficult-Scottish people. ^2414 
 
 Discordant g.-Many s'ver'gns. ^2415 
 Disgraced by follies. ^2416 
 
 Disordered Reign of C'mm'd's.^2417 
 Divine form-Monarchical-Eng.^2418 
 Earliest g. -Limited monarchy. *2419 
 Economical g. of Washington. *2420 
 Farcical g.-Constantine. ^2421 
 
 Fraudulent g.-Commons. ^2422 
 
 Genius for g.-Alfred the G. ^2423 
 " " "-Richelieu. ^2424 
 
 Growth of g., Necessary. ^2425 
 
 Imperfections of British g. +2426 
 Impracticable g.-James II. *2427 
 Indiscreet g.-Unmanly-Jas. I. ^2428 
 lusulted-U.S. by Fr. citizen. ^2429 
 without Law-Am. Indians. *2480 
 Moral g.-" Optimism "-M. *2437 
 Spirit of g.-Honor-Fear-V. *2455 
 Strife in g.-English Barons. ^2456 
 Strong g., Cromwell's. ^2457 
 
 Succession in g.-Am. Indians. ^2458 
 Trifles in g. -Revolution. ^2459 
 
 Unfitted for g. -Richard I. ^2460 
 Venal g. -Fourteenth Par. ^2461 
 Weakness of g. -Roman. ♦2462 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Absolute g. by Cromwell. 1142 
 
 " " -Scheme of-Eng. 1545 
 
 " " Louis Xrv. 6209 
 
 Authority over jf. -Cromwell. 821 
 
 Autocratic g.-J. II. in Scotland.3865 
 
 Avarice of g.-Charles I. 1715 
 
 Betrayed by gambler. 2266 
 
 Bigotry in g., Destructive-F. 4126 
 
 Bloody g.-Robespierre. 573» 
 
 Bribed by pirates-Rome. 4086 
 
 Bribes of g., Ministerial. 1207 
 
 Burden of g.-Death of Harrison. 131 
 
 Burdens of misgovernment. 155 
 
 Business prostrated by g. 3979 
 
 Censure of g.resented-Dionysiu8.748 
 
 Change in g., Sudden-Sweden. 2413 
 
 Choice vs. Force. 1332 
 
 by Christian monarchy. 2091 
 
 Coerced by faction-Rome. 2019 
 
 Commerce promotes good g. 977 
 
 Conciliation in g. -Caesar. 1031 
 
 Conservatism in g. 1126 
 
 Conservatives, Excessive. 1127 
 
 Controlled by Commerce-Eng. 987 
 
 " '• Wealth-England. 3676 
 
 Corrupted and prodigal g.-Eng.l508 
 
 " by avarice. 1280 
 
 .< » » 1210 
 
 '• " " -Roman. 438 
 
 " " bribery-Bacon. 1216 
 
 " " " -England.1214 
 
 " " " -Sun'land.1215 
 
 " " Eutropius. 1205 
 
 " " foreign M. 3653 
 
 " " sale of office. 1206 
 
 " -Endangers. 1211 
 
 " in g.-James II. 1655 
 
 " of g.-Sale of office. 3886 
 
 Corruptly administered. 2995 
 
 Criticism of g. in time of peril. 99 
 
 Cruelty of g.-Henry VIII. 1345 
 
 Deceit ofg.-CharlesII. 2215 
 
 Degraded by diplomacy of C.II. 169 
 
 Delusive g.-Plato's- Persian. 1281 
 
 Demoralizing g.-Charles II. 1615 
 
 Despair of g.-Corruption-Eng. 4253 
 
 Despotism of g.-Mails. 3386 
 
 Difficult iu large cities-London. 890 
 
 by Dignitaries-Colony of Va. 1582 
 
 Discord in divided g. 1626 
 
 Disgusting g.-Louis XIV. 4051 
 
 Dishonored by c. 2137 
 
 Division of g.. Ruinous. 1695 
 
 "Drunken Parliament." 2935 
 
 Education by g.-Persians. 6212 
 
 Effective by self-control. 3595 
 
 Endangered by assassins-Booth. 373 
 
 Energetic g., Cromwell's. 4776 
 
 Extortion of g.-Morton's fork. 2003 
 
 " "-Richard II. 2007 
 
 Extortions of France. 3673 
 
 Falsehood in g.-Napoleon II. 2042 
 
 Family g. by t.-16th century. 802 
 
 " " overdone-J. Howard. 806 
 
 " " " " 411 
 
 Favoritism in g.-Charles II. 2110 
 
 by Fear-England. 2114 
 
 " " -Roman army. 1619 
 
 Finances of g.-Sacrifices. 1987 
 
 by Foreigners-Eng. by French. 726 
 
 Free speech suppressed by g. 3940 
 
 Frugality in g.-Misapplied. 2245 
 
 Headless g.-Roman Empire. 2613 
 
 by Humiliation of subjects. 248 
 
 Ignored by g.. Official. 98 
 
 '-Agent. 3899 
 
GRACE— GRATITUDE. 
 
 855 
 
 Imbecile g. of Van Buren. 51 
 
 Imbecility of Roman g. 2016 
 
 Imperilled by factions-Roman. 970 
 Imprudence in g.-Charles I. 413 
 Ineffective g.-13 States. 1987 
 
 Insolvent g.-Charles II. 2892 
 
 Irritation of masses by narrow g.851 
 Liberal g., Growth of-Romans. 304 
 Men misplaced in g. 3583 
 
 Morals necessary to g. 8716 
 
 Neglect of g.-George II. 2717 
 
 Neglected by Emp. Honorius. 1877 
 Obedience to illegal g. 5088 
 
 Oppression of g.-Idsh people. 3944 
 " '• women by g. 6122 
 
 Oppressive g. resisted-France. 3200 
 Partiality in g.-Caths.vs. Prots.3214 
 Patriotic g. by Cromwell. 204 
 
 Petition to g. rejected. 4159 
 
 Right of. 4161 
 
 Plundering subjects. 2005 
 
 Popular g.-Sacred cause. 1246 
 
 Prosperity by good g. 4531 
 
 Pu-illanimous g.-by authority. 920 
 Reform g.-Civil service- Alfred.4647 
 " "-Roman Empire. 4649 
 Revolutionized-Cromwell. 4874 
 Right of self-g.-"Squatters." 4909 
 Scheme of g., Noble-Puritans. 4549 
 Service demoralized-England. 5122 
 Shameful conduct of g. 4487 
 
 Spleen in g.-Senators. 275 
 
 Strong g by personal force. 1322 
 Supported by agriculture. 154 
 
 Sustained by vice. 2409 
 
 Terrifying g.-Caracalla. 1333 
 
 Terrorized-New York mob. 3646 
 by Terror-Henry VIII. 1546 
 
 Trifles magnified by g. 399 
 
 Tyrannical g. re^ented-Consp. 1340 
 Vassalage of Eng. to France. 5782 
 Women overturn g.-Rome. 6121 
 
 See ADMINISTRATION. 
 Responsibility of a. -Cabinet. *50 
 Unfortunate a. of Van Buren. *51 
 United a. of A. Lincoln. *52 
 
 Revolutionized by Cromwell. 410 
 
 See AMBASSADOR. 
 Ridiculous- Voltaire to Fred. IL 4 
 Strange a.-Joan of Arc. 2893 
 
 See AMBASSADORS. 
 Bribed by Philip of Macedon. 671 
 
 See AUTHORITY. 
 Absolute a. necessary in war. *406 
 " "-Early Romans. *407 
 "-Turks. *408 
 
 Acknowledged-Franks in G. *409 
 Assumed-Oliver Cromwell. *410 
 Dependence on parental a.-H. ^411 
 by Gentleness-Joan of Arc. *412 
 Imprudence with a. *413 
 
 Necessary-Military. *414 
 
 Personal a.-Am. Indians. *415 
 
 Popular a.-Chas. I. humiliated. ♦416 
 Supreme a.-Joan of Arc. *417 
 
 Bought with money-Sylla. 3877 
 by Character- Aristides. 766 
 
 Command without a. 4049 
 
 Common a.-Spartan c. -Horses. 808 
 Conflicting a.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 
 " " -Inspiration. 2893 
 
 Confusion of a. -Gov't of Acre. 2415 
 Delegated to the pope-Indulg. 827 
 Disregarded-Pope Innocent III.4934 
 Divided-Failure. 975 
 
 Greatest act of personal a. 4741 
 Intolerable to Am. Indians. 3780 
 Investment of a.-R. censor. 746 
 Parental a.-Perfect-Harmful-H.806 
 Possession of a.-Cromwell. 821 
 Power gives a.-Joyce. 4362 
 
 Recognition of a. by symbols. 173 
 Representative of a.-I. H. VI. 790 
 Symbol of a. lost-Seal. 5060 
 
 Unrecognized by Charles I. 1500 
 Usurpation of a.-Pretext. 2855 
 
 See AUTOCRAT. 
 Military a.-Pompey. *423 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIII. *424 
 
 See CIVIL SERVICE. 
 Examination, unprepared for. 2345 
 
 See DESPOTISM. 
 Revival of d.-Cardinal Wolsey.*1546 
 
 724 
 
 Arbitrary a.-Edward I. 710 
 
 Autocratic a. of Henry VIII. 424 
 
 " " " Pompey. 423 
 
 Beneficial-Arrogated-Popes. 4302 
 
 Colonial d.-Massachusetts. 
 Social d.-Landlord. 
 
 See REBELLION. 
 Constructive r. -Maximilian. *4625 
 Prevented r.-Scotland. *4626 
 
 Small r.-Rhode Island. ^4627 
 
 Soap r -England. *4628 
 
 Whiskey r. -Pennsylvania. *4629 
 
 of Army against bad food. 1963 
 
 Catholic r. in Maryland. 5642 
 
 Causes of r.-Confederacy. 5888 
 
 Disgrace from r.-Clarendon. 1537 
 Forced to r.-Parl. by James II. 3853 
 
 Forfeiture of p. by rebellion. 439 
 
 Hostility to r. -Pompey. 377 
 
 Incipient r.-Am. Revolution. 3526 
 " "-Boston Tea Party. 3526 
 
 from Insult-Persians. 2900 
 
 Sin of r. taught. 3824 
 
 of Slaves-Romans. 5200 
 
 Soap r. -Women. 6131 
 
 against Tyranny-Jacquerie. 5737 
 
 Vengeance after r.-Peter. 2875 
 
 See REPUBLIC, 
 
 in Decay-Roman. *4782 
 
 Presaged-John Cabot. *4783 
 
 Ruled by one will. 2444 
 
 <. .4 .< » _Washington.2836 
 
 Virtue necessary to r. 2455 
 
 See RESTRAINT. 
 Difficult-Martin Luther. *4829 
 
 of Etiquette-Distasteful. 1927 
 Gentility favored by r.- Johnson.2348 
 
 Hateful to wild men. 4503 
 
 by Rudeness of rebukes. 3418 
 
 See SELF-COMMAND, 
 
 against Fear- William III. *5082 
 
 See SELF-CONTROL. 
 
 Remarkable s.-c.-Duke Fred. ♦5083 
 
 in Excitement-G. Washington. 3406 
 
 Power over others by s.-c. 3595 
 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 5205 
 
 in Suppressing indignation. 5693 
 
 " " resentment. 4804 
 
 Weakness in s.-c. confessed. 5091 
 
 See SELF-POSSESSION. 
 
 Brave s.-p.-Admiral Le Fort. ♦5091 
 
 in Danger-Charles XII. 1240 
 
 See SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 Basis of-Virtue-Intelligence. *5087 
 Capacity for s. g.-Mass. *5088 
 
 Faculty of s.-g.-Romans-Eng. *5089 
 Withheld-Colony of Virginia. ^5090 
 
 See TYRANNY. 
 Cruelty of t.-Xerxes. *5734 
 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Catholic. ♦5735 
 Emblem of t.-Bastile. *5736 
 
 Insurrection against t.-P. ♦5737 
 Legislative t.-Long Parli'm'nt.*5738 
 of Liberty-French Revolution. *5739 
 " " -Rev. Tribunal. ^5740 
 Parental t.-Frederlck Wm. I. *6741 
 Recompense for t. -France. *5742 
 Self-destructive t.-Roman. *5743 
 Shameful t.- Spaniards. *5744 
 
 Terrible t.-Gildo. *5745 
 
 in Amusement-Spaniards. 5744 
 
 of Caste, Social t. 3491 
 
 Displaced by t. -Virginia. 9443 
 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Exc'mm'nic'n. 4944 
 Exasperated by t.-Sicilians. 1340 
 Household t. of elder brother. 2331 
 " " " " " 638 
 
 in Excommunication. 4944 
 
 Legislative t.-B. Parliament. 3154 
 Non-resistance to t. 3824 
 
 Oppression of t.-Hope-Crime. 32.34 
 Reaction against t.-Rufinus. 427 
 Resented-New Eng. Colonies. 990 
 See DIPLOMACY, POLITICS arid 
 RULERS i?i loo. 
 
 grace:. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Election of divine g.-Crom. 1841 
 Restraints of g.-Anger. 4033 
 
 Revelation of God's g.-Bunyan.l768 
 for Suffering-Unexpected. 1249 
 See RELIGION in loo. 
 
 GRADUATION. 
 
 Dishonorable g. of H. Miller. ♦2463 
 See PROMOTION in loo. 
 
 gratitude;. 
 
 Expressed-Charles II. ^2464 
 
 " -S. Johnson. *2465 
 
 Improvident g. of Goldsmith. ^2466 
 
 Abandoned-G, J. Fox. 
 
 5806 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Begets love-J. Howard. 3445 
 
 Christian g.-Benevolence. 525 
 
 Genuine g. to Lincoln. 514 
 
 Inappropriate-Princes of Spain.1656 
 Prayer of g., Silent. 4379 
 
 Reward of g.-General Grant. 4878 
 for Sparing mercy of God-S. W. 119 
 Speechless-Peasant-Nap. 1152 
 
 Unexpected g. of Darius. 5272 
 
 Unpleasant consequences of G. 54 
 
«56 
 
 GRATUITY— GUILT. 
 
 Vow of g., Lincoln's. 5860 
 
 " " " An unjust. 5866 
 See THANKS. 
 
 Expressed-Samuel Johnson. *5578 
 
 1257 
 
 Eefused, Customary t.-Polk. 
 See THANKSGIVING. 
 Duty of t.-Neglected. *5579 
 
 Threefold-Thales. *5580 
 
 (or Victory-Spanish Armada. *5581 
 
 Heartless t. for food. 924 
 
 Parental t.-Escape fromb'rn'ng.812 
 Psalm of t.-Victory of Dunbar. 5821 
 
 GRATUITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Lafayette's noble g. of services.176 
 GRAVE. 
 
 Possession of g.-William of N.*3467 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Charity at the g. 1397 
 
 Guarding Napoleon's g. 2239 
 
 Interesting g.-Holy Sepulchre. 1881 
 Possession, The only-Cyrus. 2471 
 Unknown g -John Cabot. 991 
 
 Vengeance-Robbing the g. 1657 
 
 GRAVES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Decorated-Soldiers-Greeks. 5241 
 See BURIAL in loo. 
 
 GRAVITY. 
 
 by Discipline-Constantius. *2468 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Characteristic g. of Am. Inds. 4641 
 
 Greatness. 
 
 Blot on Dryden"s g. 
 Burdensome g.-O. Cromwell. 
 Buried g.-Alexander. 
 by Contrast-Charlemagne. 
 Downfall of g.-Columbus. 
 Dream of g.-Cromwell. 
 End of g.-Saladin. 
 Fictitious g.-D'Albuquerque. 
 of Goodness-Cosmo de Medici 
 Impossible-Fr, under Chas. IX, 
 Multiplex g., CaBsar's. 
 Patriotic g., Cromwell's. 
 Proof of g.-Robert Bums. 
 Recognized-Richelieu. 
 Threefold g. of Francis I. 
 with Vice-Hannibal's. 
 by Wisdom-Alexander. 
 
 *2469 
 *2470 
 ♦2471 
 ♦2472 
 *2473 
 *2474 
 ♦2475 
 ♦2476 
 *2477 
 .♦2478 
 *2479 
 *2480 
 *2481 
 *2482 
 *2483 
 *2484 
 *2485 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Adversity-Cornelia. 6072 
 
 Age of g.-Moors. 125 
 
 Art vs. War, Fine Art of Greece.4200 
 Assumed g -Desplsed-Nero. 4325 
 " " -Unworthily. 4457 
 
 Blemished by vice. 2484 
 
 Blot on g. of Alexander. 3741 
 
 Detested-Restraints of g. 3486 
 
 Disappearance of Pompey'sg. 5719 
 Evinced in architecture. 2487 
 
 Field required for g. -Milton. 2335 
 of Goodness-Pericles. 2395 
 
 " " -National-Eng. 2396 
 
 34 
 
 by Great deeds-Themistocles 
 
 Incompleted g. -Cicero. 2886 
 
 Natural g. of Luther by Carlyle. 769 
 
 Overpraise of g., Pompey's. 4370 
 
 Personal g. of Oliver Cromwell. 1322 
 
 Respected g.-G. Washington. 3738 
 
 Ridiculed-Emperor Julian. 4894 
 
 of Soul-Muley Moluo. 2561 
 
 True g. -Alfred the Great. 4962 
 
 " " -Charles Martel. 4963 
 
 " " -Canute. 4964 
 
 Unsurpassed military g.-Caesar.4312 
 
 Vanity with g. -Elizabeth. 5775 
 
 See EMINENCE, GENIUS and 
 
 FAME in loe. 
 
 GRIEF. 
 
 Conjugal g.-Thoe. Jefferson. *2486 
 
 Fatal g.-Artaxerxes. •2487 
 
 Public g.-Fall of Jerusalem. *2488 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abstinence in g.-Wife of James.6068 
 
 of Affection.-Daniel Webster. 561 
 
 Aged by g.-Andrew Jackson. 105 
 
 Angered by g.-Caracalla. 1096 
 
 at g.-Cambyses- 2881 
 
 False oure for g.- Promotion. 2903 
 
 Fatal g. of James V. of Scotrnd.306 
 
 " "-Dying for love. a349 
 
 " Sudden g.-Dr. Mott. 3810 
 
 Heart broken by g.-Henry II. 4005 
 
 " "-Perronet. 2534 
 
 Madness of g.-Alexander. 1428 
 
 Overcome by g.-Josephine. 1869 
 
 of Separation.-Nap's friends. 715 
 
 Silence of g. -Napoleon I. 5146 
 
 Solitude for g -Confucius. 5259 
 
 See BEREAVEMENT and SORROW 
 
 in loo. 
 
 GRIEVANCES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Ignored by James II. 3853 
 
 GROVES. 
 
 Worship in g. -Ancients. *2489 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Dreadful g. of Druids. (5162 
 
 See TREE in loc. 
 
 GRUMBIilNG. 
 
 over Failures of Ad. Nelson. *2490 
 
 See COMPLAINTS. 
 Disregarded-Billeting act. *1008 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Characteristic c.-Palmerston. 1311 
 Croaker's c.-Bad times. 1315 
 
 Dlsregarded-Romans. 3143 
 
 111 tempered c-Johnson. 1593 
 
 Inconsiderate o.-Perlcles. 1769 
 
 Perilous c. of captives-Indians. 565 
 Permission of c. denied. 1261 
 
 Useless c. against his mother- A. 114 
 
 See GRIEVANCES. 
 Ignored by James II. 3853 
 
 See CROAKING, 
 of Degeneracy-Eng. Puritans. *1315 
 Habit of c. about the weather. *1316 
 
 GUARD. 
 
 InsufQcient g.-Cortez. *2491 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Splendid g.-7000 horsemen. 1686 
 
 Treacherous g., Washington's. 1136 
 
 See ESCORT in loo. 
 
 GUEST. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Entertainment of g.-England. 3600 
 Fortunate g.-Host poisoned. 4225 
 Gratitude of g.-Sylla. 3820 
 
 Politeness of g.-Csesar. 3400 
 
 Treacherous g. -James Burton. 2850 
 Ungrateful g.-Benedlct Arnold.2644 
 Welcomed g. -American Indian .2651 
 
 GUESTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Misjudged -Princes of France. 3634 
 
 See FEAST and HOSPITALITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 GUIDANCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Dream-Cicero. 1722 
 
 " " -Deliverers. 1724 
 
 " Good genius-Good men. 3706 
 
 See LEADER. 
 
 Matchless l.-Henry Clay. *3172 
 
 Noble l.-John Winthrop. ♦3173 
 
 Unnatural 1.-" The tall." ^3174 
 
 Deserted-Geo. Washington. 2308 
 
 Duty of 1. on the field. 1269 
 
 Natural 1. -J. Smith. 4877 
 
 Timid 1. unsuccessful. 1228 
 
 See LEADERS. 
 
 Change of 1. ruinous. ^3175 
 
 Strange l.-Crusaders-Goose. 
 
 See LEADERSHIP, 
 without Authority-Ind. Chief. 
 Blindly foUowed-Sheep. 
 Destitute of l.-Charles I. 
 Impaired by large views. 
 Merit required for 1. 
 Natural l.-Henry Clay. 
 
 " "-William Wallace. 
 Omen of l.-Tarquin. 
 of Public opinlon-Greeley. 
 Resignation nobly offered. 
 Resigned after failure. 
 
 5451 
 
 3740 
 1482 
 4311 
 5765 
 4277 
 4310 
 2560 
 3176 
 4281 
 1274 
 2026 
 
 GUIDE. 
 
 Invisible g., Constantino's. *2493 
 Unseen g., Constantino's. *2493 
 
 GUIIiDS. 
 
 Establishment of g.-12th cent.^2494 
 
 See CLUBS. 
 Ancient c.-" Inimitable llvers."^962 
 
 Organization of old English c. 381 
 See BROTHERHOOD in loc. 
 
 GUIIiT. 
 
 Division of g.-Assassins. ♦2495 
 
 Evidence of g.-Sudden death. ^2496 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Confessed, Honorably. 3819 
 
 Degrees In g. overlooked. 3056 
 
 Division of g.-Agsasslns. 1023 
 
 See CRIME dnd SIN in loc. 
 
HABIT HARANGUE. 
 
 857 
 
 HABIT. 
 
 Power of h., Civilization by. *2497 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Acqui-ed h. of avarice. 425 
 
 Confirmed, Licentious h.-J. II. 6222 
 Disgusting hi.-Eating. 2183 
 
 Hardened by h.-Timour. 1337 
 
 Nervous h.-Paring nails. 3807 
 
 Prevarication by h.-Chas. 11. 5729 
 
 HABITS. 
 
 Personal h.-John Milton. 
 
 *2498 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bondage of h.-Vice. 6085 
 
 " " -James II. 5054 
 
 Careless h.-O. Goldsmith. 71& 
 
 Fixedness of h.-Am. Indians. 904 
 Healthful h. of John Wesley. 138 
 Modify religious expressIon-N. 843 
 Necessitate amusement. 3295 
 
 See PRACTICE. 
 Expert by p.-Jeffreys. 1994 
 
 Expertnesa by p -Horsemen. 2634 
 See GAMBLIIfG and INTEMPER- 
 ANCE in loo. 
 
 HAIR. 
 
 Changed in early life. 
 Manly h.-First cutting. 
 Pride in h.-Emperor Julian. 
 Princely style of h.-Franks. 
 Eldiculed-'* Roundhead." 
 Uncombed-Harald II. 
 Use of-Grace-Terror-Sp'rt'ns. 
 
 *2499 
 ♦2500 
 *2501 
 ♦2502 
 ♦2503 
 *2504 
 ♦2505 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beauty in h.-Sylla-Gold. 495 
 
 Memento of vengeance. 4847 
 
 See BEARD. 
 Significant b.-Walter Scott. *490 
 
 Changed by b.-Lincoln advlsed.6102 
 of Cowards-Half -shaven. 1280 
 
 Golden (Red) b. of Henry VIII. 62 
 Indignity to b.-Cassar. 2796 
 
 Vow to leave uncut-Scott's f . 490 
 
 See BEARDS. 
 Characteristic b.-Lombards. *491 
 
 Legislation to shave. 1735 
 
 Limited use of b.-Franks. 2502 
 
 Long-Lombards. 1565 
 
 Pride in populom-Jul[&n. 2501 
 
 Shaven-" lie against faces." 3370 
 Trimmed for battle-Alexander.2500 
 
 See BARBER. 
 
 Ostentatious b.-rebuked. 1667 
 
 Superlatlve-lOOO-Constantine. 3903 
 
 H.4IiLUCINATION. 
 
 Realistic h.-Luther and the d. *2506 
 
 2384 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Enthusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 See CHARM. 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and 1. *782 
 "-Agnus Dei. *783 
 
 See CHIMERA. 
 
 Pursuit of c.-Isaac Newton. *814 
 
 See CRAZE. 
 for Gold-Emigrants. 2888 
 
 See ENCHANTMENT. 
 
 Boyish e. -David Crockett. 634 
 
 " " in books-Irving. 626 
 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 2124 
 
 See INFATUATION. 
 
 Destructive 1. of Nero. *2819 
 
 of Pride-James II. *2820 
 
 of Curiosity-Pliny. 5050 
 
 Inventor's i.-Arkwright. 5168 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3342 
 Political I. -James II. 3388 
 
 Popular i.-Conqaest of Florida. 75 
 of War-Charles XII. 1239 
 
 See FASCINATION. 
 
 of Beauty-Mary Stuart. 6089 
 
 " " -Zenobia. 6055 
 
 " " -Heartless woman. 109 
 
 " Books-Dr. Harvey. 628 
 
 Lover's f .-Wm. the Conqueror. 2583 
 
 " "-Robert Bums. 4219 
 
 "-Garibaldi. 3480 
 
 of Mistress-James II. 1133 
 
 " Vice-Mary Stuart. 1171 
 
 " Woman. 2819 
 
 " " -Catherine Sedley. 2842 
 
 " " -Mary Stuart. 3342 
 
 •' " -Courtesan of Milo. 5960 
 
 " Women-King John. 2618 
 
 See DECEPTION and INSANITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HAND. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Punished-Bishop Cranmer. 
 
 1249 
 
 HANDS. 
 
 Fortune in h.-Amr the Arab. *2507 
 Hundred h.-.iEg8son the giant. *2508 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Calloused prove honesty. 2808 
 
 Concealing h., Safety by. 1649 
 
 HAND-SHAKING. 
 
 Weariness of-General Grant. *2509 
 HANGING. 
 
 Forecast of-Am. Patriots. *2510 
 Public-S. Johnson's views. ^2511 
 a Remedy-Cromweirs. *2512 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 or Marriage- Wm. Wat's choice. 3434 
 
 See EXECUTION in loc. 
 
 HAPPINESS. 
 
 vs. Amusement-Geo. Story. *2513 
 Compared-Samuel Johnson. *2514 
 Constructive h.-S. Johnson. *2515 
 Domestic h.-Duke of M'nm'th.*2516 
 Receipt for h. -Plato's. *2517 
 
 Simplicity in h.-Quakers. *2518 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Always in the future. 2631 
 
 Benevolence brings h. -Lincoln. 536 
 Destroyed by marriage-M. 3490 
 
 -Shak. 3493 
 
 Fictitious h. of young-Johnson. 261 
 Heavenly h. -Mohammedan's. 2540 
 Impossible-Marriage of M. S. 3496 
 Industry favors h. 2806 
 
 Ingredients of h., Three. 3717 
 
 in Life by benefactions. 2358 
 
 in Life without wealth. 4886 
 
 " " disparaged-Johnson. 3289 
 Lost by ambition for office-M. 183 
 vs. Magnificence-14 days. 3382 
 
 two Months of h.-Timour. 205 
 
 with Pttverty-Gen. Grant. 4340 
 
 in Piison-John Nelson. 4999 
 
 Quiet h. vs. Power. 1148 
 
 Sin prevents h.-H. D. Gtough. 1179 
 Substituted for ambition. 2516 
 
 Surrender of public-Josephine. 1869 
 Surrendered to ambition-Nap. 1699 
 Unattained by successful a. 206 
 Virtue brings h. \ 1134 
 
 See CHEERFULNESS. 
 Simulated-Queen Mary. *788 
 
 Necessary in worship. 6160 
 
 Policy of c. vs. Melancholy. 1670 
 
 See COMFORT, 
 by Affection of friends.-Martyr.3403 
 
 " Dream-Napoleon I. 1725 
 in Misfortune-Mohammedan c. 1568 
 
 Religious c. in distress. 2159 
 
 " " trial. 2205 
 See CONTENTMENT. 
 
 In Gardening-Diocletian. *1148 
 
 under Hardships- J. Wesley. *1149 
 
 Inferior c.-Samuel Johnson. *1150 
 
 with Poverty-Diogenes. *115l 
 
 Price of c.-Napoleon I. *1152 
 
 Possession of 7 acres-Romans. 152 
 Postponed-" What then ?" 1071 
 with Poverty-Abdolonymus. 5635 
 without Riches-Phocion. 4882 
 
 See ECSTASY. 
 Religious e.-John Bunyan. *1768 
 
 See JOY. 
 of Discovery-Galileo. *3028 
 
 Fatal j.-Shock to explorers. *3029 
 Intoxicating j.. Wellington's. *3030 
 Public j.-Acquittal of 7 Bps. *3031 
 
 of Benevolence-A. Lincoln. 536 
 " " -Faraday. 537 
 
 " " -John Howard. 4192 
 
 " " -Rev.J.Newton.3077 
 
 " Buslness-Chauncey Jerome. 690 
 " Discovery-Spaniards. 2206 
 
 Domestic j. of Marcius. 112 
 
 Fatal j. -Lover's. 3348 
 
 Inconsiderate j. of peace. 4091 
 
 of Peace-War of 1812. 4091 
 
 Reaction of j. -Insanity. 3998 
 
 of Realization-Columbus. 4623 
 
 Religious j. in persecution. 684 
 
 Speechless j.-Lajolais. 3998 
 
 of Success-Columbus. 5398 
 
 in Wealth-Sudden. 4848 
 
 See RAPTURE. 
 of Martyrs-Scots-Iron boots. 2098 
 
 See REJOICING. 
 
 Premature r. -Fatal. 1603 
 
 "-" Land 1 Land ! " 1605 
 
 See AMUSEMENT, ENJOYMENT, 
 
 HEAVEN and PLEASURE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HARANGUE. 
 
 Incessant b., Napoleon's. 
 See SPEECH iw loc. 
 
 ♦2519 
 
858 
 
 HARDSHIPS— HEARING. 
 
 HARDSHIPS. 
 
 Military h.-Roman legionaries. •2520 
 Success by h.-C. Jerome. *2521 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ministerial h.-John Wesley. 1149 
 touthful h.-A. Lincoln. 6213 
 
 " " " 6200 
 
 " " -C. Jerome. 6199 
 
 " "-Geo. Washington. 6198 
 See ADVERSITY and TRIALS 
 in loo. 
 
 HARMONY. 
 
 Fear of h.-Spartan9-C'nt'nt'n.*2522 
 
 See CONCORD. 
 VS. Conquered-Mistake. 1067 
 
 See AGREEMENT. 
 
 Forced a. a Failure. 123 
 
 Necessary in denunciation. 1653 
 
 Policy in a.-Cloero-Pompey. 8918 
 
 See MUSIC in loc 
 
 HARVEST. 
 
 Lost-Gold-fillngs sown. *2523 
 
 See FRUIT in loc. 
 
 HASTE. 
 
 Defects of h -Fine Art. ♦2524 
 
 Needless h.-Admiral Drake. ♦2525 
 
 See IMPATIENCE. 
 Disagreement by i.-Hamilton. ^2748 
 Folly of i.-O. Goldsmith. ^2749 
 
 Foolish i. of Xerxes-Fetter. 320 
 HATRED. 
 
 Savage h.-French vs. Italians.^2526 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned at the grave. 1399 
 
 Credulity of h.-Goths. 1528 
 
 Deserved-Name of Jeffreys. 3767 
 Expressed, Popular h. 1357 
 
 Expression of h. -Controversy. 1165 
 Insurer's h. toward the injured. 215 
 Inspiration of h.-Wm. P. of O. 2654 
 of Mankind deserved-B )rgia. 4225 
 Maternal h. -Sarah Jennings. 6071 
 Political h.of American- Johnson.215 
 Popular h.-Joan by England. 1950 
 Race h. inflamed by ruler. 3549 
 
 Returned for affection. 2883 
 
 Stimulated by conscience. 3389 
 Universal h. of Commodus. 5743 
 Victims of h. of J. Il.-Jefifreys c. 919 
 
 See ANGER. 
 Symptom of a -Napoleon. ^229 
 
 Anti-religious a. 4741 
 
 Brutal a.-Prederick Wm. I. 5741 
 
 Controlled by a.-Peter the G. 5091 
 
 Costly-£30,000. 4102 
 
 Folly of a.-Milton. 1167 
 
 Foolish a. -John Adams. 4234 
 
 Furious a. -Byron's mother. 3722 
 
 of Jealousy- Voltaire. 3002 
 
 Overpowering a. -Washington. 56 
 
 Quenched by reading Koran. 32 
 
 " " good-humor. 1933 
 
 Reaction of a.-Alexander. 1744 
 
 Savage a.-Frederlck William. 1672 
 
 Undeserved a. of Washington. 2748 
 
 Weakness-Philip. 5104 
 
 See ANIMOSITY. 
 Fraternal a.-Caracalla and G. *239 
 of Ignorance-National. *240 
 
 Unreasonable. Anti-Catholic a. ^241 
 
 See CONTEMPT. 
 Expressed, Timour's c. ^1143 
 
 for Pretension-Pirates. ^1144 
 
 -Alaric. ^1145 
 
 Protected by c.-Maximus. *\\AQ 
 Religious c.-Puritans. ^1147 
 
 of Anger-Unmerited c. 8150 
 
 for Bribers-Isaac Newton. 660 
 
 Cured by adversity-Braddock's. 97 
 Expressed for George II. 9 
 
 Familiarity breeds c.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 Foolish c.-Pope-Luther. 1535 
 
 Folly breeds c.-Fanatics. 3528 
 
 of Genius -Fulton's c. 2306 
 
 Mistaken c. of Cajetan for L. 257 
 Public c. expressed. 4077 
 
 Social c, Imperilled by. 3540 
 
 See DETESTATION. 
 Courage under d.-Cromwell. ♦1563 
 Public d. of Eutropius. *1564 
 
 See HOSTILITY. 
 Supreme h. -Enmity to France. ^2654 
 
 Implacable h.-Ro man's oath. 3842 
 
 See INDIGNATION. 
 
 Affected i.-Napoleon I. 393 
 
 Aroused by deception. 1587 
 
 at Bribery-Isaac Newton. 660 
 
 " -S. A. Douglas. 673 
 
 Expressed by absence. 2 
 
 " -Patriotic i. *2795 
 
 Farious-Disguised man. 1652 
 
 of Gods expected-Pagans-Nile. 694 
 
 Ill-timed i.-Tnvestigation. 2995 
 
 Irrepressible-Geo. Washington. 56 
 
 Popular i. at Brutality. 3048 
 
 " " " assassinators of C. 46 
 
 " " " Clarendon. 3898 
 
 " " " murder of Becket.3505 
 
 " " " Stamp Act. 3525 
 
 of Pride-Samuel Johnson's. 434^ 
 
 Public i. at absentee-George II. 9 
 
 " " -Bribery of Demofl. 67jJ 
 
 at Threatening of Gates. 2795 
 
 Unuttered l.-Napoleon I. 5693 
 
 See WRATH. 
 
 Victim of w.-Jews-AntiochuB. «4136 
 
 See STRIFE and VENftiSAVrCfl 
 
 in loc. 
 
 H.4TS 
 
 Cross-refere-n''.e 
 DifSculty in getting v...-iingJaud,2I04 
 
 HAUGHTINESS. 
 
 Lordly h. of Sapor. ♦2537 
 
 Miscellaneous cruss-reference. 
 
 Humbled-Kingly-Cromwell. 2623 
 
 See ARROGANCE. 
 
 Answered-Charles V. ♦319 
 
 Childish a. of Xerxes-Fetters. ^320 
 
 Insulting a.-Attila. ^321 
 
 " -Charles V. ♦322 
 
 Boastful a.-Disabul the Turk. 384 
 
 Clerical a. in politics. 920 
 
 " " " '« 4929 
 
 Lofty a.-Attila. 322 
 
 National a.-English. 323 
 
 Peril in a.-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 
 See ASSUMPTION. 
 
 Boastful a. of Disabul the T. *2SA 
 
 Rebuked-Bishop Coke. 
 
 278? 
 
 See CONTUMACY. 
 
 
 False charge of c.-Bp.Cranmer.306& 
 
 See CONTEMPT and PRIDE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 
 HEAD. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Elongated-Pericles. 
 
 1497 
 
 See SKULL. 
 
 
 Ominous discovery of s. 
 
 3176 
 
 HEAIiTH. 
 
 Following disease-Cholera. *2528 
 Heroism without h.-Wm. IIL ♦252& 
 Prized by Arabs. *2530 
 
 by Travel- William Irving. *2531 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bath restores h. -Napoleon. 3552 
 Cure for h.-Longevity. 3282 
 
 Dejection from bad h.-Pitt. 1515 
 Disordered by excitement. 1180 
 Disregarded by employers. 429 
 
 Exposed at funerals. 2250 
 
 Impaired by over-study. 3794 
 
 Imperilled by bath-Alexander. 1048 
 " " garbage. 3828 
 
 Improved-Public-Sanitary. 3550 
 Longevity with feeble h. 3386 
 
 In Old Age-Samuel Johnson. 123 
 " " '" -"Tower undermined. "132 
 Preferred to dignity-Charles V.2627 
 " " " -Diocletian. 2626 
 Public h. impaired 52 years. 4191 
 Restoi-inK h.-'"Fountain of Y." 619S 
 SaCMfltoes fee h.-Clothes. 2254 
 
 See DIET. 
 WcipUcity in d.-John Howard. *157ft 
 
 Frugal soldier's d.-Emp. Carus. 447 
 Importance of plain d. -Youtfe, ep^ 
 Life prolonged by u. Hlfi 
 
 an Obstacle- Young Irving. 2734 
 
 See DRAINAGE 
 Scheme of d.-Charles. ♦I?!? 
 
 Success by d.-Romans. ♦171i 
 
 Agriculture Improved by d. 171| 
 
 Death by lack of d. 4158 
 
 Health by d.-John Howard. 4164 
 
 Opposition to d.-Sportsmen. 112t. 
 
 See WATERING-PLACES. 
 
 Rustic w.-p.-England. ♦595< 
 
 Uninviting w.-p.-England. ♦595,* 
 
 Pleasures of w. p.-Old Eng. i205 
 
 Suspicious diet-Dog-Englaii(r 2184 
 
 See BATH and PHYSICIAN ..t loc. 
 
 HEARERS. 
 
 Uuappreciative h., Johnson's. *2532 
 
 See AUDIENCE. 
 Necessary for great oratory. 3958 
 Speaker impressed by a. 4822 
 
 HEARING. 
 
 Released from h.-C'ngr'g'tlon.^2523 
 
HEART— HERESY. 
 
 859 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Determined on a h.-Luther. 257 
 
 Prevented by appetite-Cato. 266 
 
 See EARS. 
 
 Amputated e.-Punishment. 204C 
 
 Importance of e.-War. 5887 
 
 Insult by boxing e. 27 
 
 Trophy in amputated e. 5939 
 
 HEART. 
 
 Broken-Miss Perronet. *2534 
 
 " -Story- Wm. Irving's. *2535 
 
 Hardened-James II.-Eebels. ♦2536 
 
 Honest h. a " fortress"-S. C. *2537 
 
 Longing for God-Hindoo. *2638 
 Obdurate h.-Murderer Ferrers.*2539 
 
 Miscellaneou.s cross-references. 
 Better tiian genius. 2535 
 
 Broken by grief- Artaxerxes. 2487 
 *' " " -Henry II. 4005 
 
 Enigma of the human h. 3344 
 
 Evil h. concealed-Chas.theBad.1669 
 Failure of h., Executioner's. 1979 
 Hard' ned by spilling blood. 1337 
 Poetry without h., Gray's. 4218 
 Religion of the h.-M. Luther. 1486 
 Sin of the h., Offensive. 2656 
 
 Supremacy of the h. needed. 268 
 Way to the h.-Love of mother-N.115 
 Wounds unhealed. 2903 
 
 See EMOTION and DISPOSITION 
 in loc. 
 
 HEARTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 King of h.-Charles Talbot. 
 
 2233 
 
 HEATHEIV. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ctonscience unsatisfied. 2538 
 
 Rights of h. ignored. 2476 
 
 See PAGANISM. 
 Tnjurious by vice. *3974 
 
 Overthrow of p. -Alaric. *3975 
 
 Overthrow of p.-Theodosius. 2399 
 See IDOLATRY and MISSIONARY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HEAVEN, 
 
 Carnal h -Mahomet's. ♦2540 
 
 Division of h.-Swedenborg. +2541 
 
 Materialistic h., Bos well's. ^2542 
 
 Views of h.-Adaptation. +2543 
 
 Visited by Mahomet. ^2544 
 
 Warrior's h.-Scandinavians. ^2545 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Approaching near to h.-TayIor.3403 
 Children In h.-Swedenborg. 6207 
 or Hell-John Bunyan. 1085 
 
 Infants in h.-Swedenborg. 2818 
 Letter from St. Paul to Pepin. 3196 
 Nearness to h. In sickness. 5131 
 Visited by Mahomet. 3623 
 
 Women In h.-Mahomet. 3992 
 
 See PARADISE. 
 Drunkard'sp.-AncientGerm's.^3988 
 Earthly p. in Damascus. *3989 
 
 Language of p.-PersIan. ^3990 
 
 Mussulman's p.-Five. ^3991 
 
 Sensual p. of Mahomet. ^3992 
 
 Strange p.-Mahomet. 
 
 *3993 
 
 Admission to p. by epilepsy-M.1643 
 Belief In p. -Persians. 2259 
 
 Brave men go to p. 1416, 1435 
 
 Heroes' bloody p.-Pagans. 1417 
 
 Letters sent to p.-Gauls. 2258 
 
 vs. Perdition, Which ? 6141 
 
 Qualifications for p.-"Good fore. "32 
 Visionary p. of Crusaders. 2095 
 
 HEEDLESSNESS. 
 
 Loss by h., Goldsmith's. ^2546 
 
 See CARELESSNESS in loc. 
 
 HEIR. 
 
 Cross-referenoe. 
 
 Suspicious h. of James II. 3528 
 
 See PRIMOGENITURE. 
 Disregarded in Old Testament. ♦4459 
 
 See LEGACY, 
 for Churches-15th century. 554 
 
 of Political advice-Augustus. 100 
 
 See LEGACIES. 
 Christian I. to Church. *3ia3 
 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. *3184 
 Enriched by l.-Cicero. ♦3185 
 
 See INHERITANCE in loc. 
 HEIili. 
 Necessary-Prest. A. Jackson. ^2547 
 Temporary h.-Mohammedan. ^2548 
 
 1423 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Fear of h.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See PURGATORY. 
 Compensations of p.-Moham. *4580 
 Mohammedan p.-Punishment.^4581 
 
 Belief in p.-Ancient Persians. 2259 
 
 Mohammedan p.-Seven hells. 2548 
 
 HELP. 
 
 Fictitious h. -Julian the apost. *2549 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Adversity. 5420 
 
 Delayed till needless. 4083 
 
 Divine h. needed-Lincoln. 4380 
 
 from God, the best-Joan. 1559 
 
 Necessary-Briton's appeal. 2016 
 
 Withheld makes manhood. 1560 
 
 HELPERS. 
 
 Dependence on h.- Auxiliaries. ^2550 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Acknowledged by I. Newton. 1631 
 
 Repelled by insincerity. 2041 
 
 Sustained by Lincoln. 52 
 
 Valuable-Aids of Napoleon. 2834 
 
 See ASSISTANCE. 
 
 Energetic a. of Pompey. ♦377 
 
 Refused wisely to son. 2630 
 
 Response to Mahomet's call. 173 
 
 See REINFORCEMENTS. 
 
 Dangerous r. -Emigrants to Va.^4666 
 
 See ALLIANCE, CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 and PATRONAGE in loc. 
 
 HEREDITT. 
 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. *2551 
 Failure of h.-Ho ward's father. +2552 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referencea. 
 of Character-Charles I. 3628 
 
 Contradlcted-Orleans princes. 227 
 
 of Crime-Caesars family. 2072 
 
 Cruelty by h.-Nero . 1347 
 
 " " " 2072 
 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. 2551 
 
 " -Melancholy. 3560 
 
 " -Nero. 5260 
 
 Failure of h.-Cromwell's son. 5957 
 
 of Genius- Watts. 2315 
 
 -Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 In Government-Monarchy. 2451 
 
 -Female line-I. 2458 
 
 Incompetence by h.-Goldsmith.4342 
 
 in Mechanics-East Indian. 3537 
 
 of Profession in Egypt. 4486 
 
 " Shamelessness-Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 See ANCESTORS. 
 
 Brutality of a. overlooked. 1334 
 Offences punished in children. 6175 
 
 Regard for a.-Russians. 1124 
 
 See ANCESTRY. 
 
 Humble a. of poet Horace. *225 
 
 Ineffective a.-Prince Rupert. *226 
 
 Unlike a.-Orleans princes. *227 
 
 Barbarous a. of Europeans. 2719 
 
 Base a.-WItches and demons. 1528 
 Character from a.-Q. Elizabeth. 763 
 " " -Americans 771 
 
 Depraved a., Nero's. 1533 
 
 " a. confessed. 2066 
 
 Disreputable a.-John XII. 4305 
 
 Divine-Spurious-Silenus. 2386 
 
 Genius by a.-John Milton. 2298 
 
 Happiness affected by a. 3560 
 
 Humble a.-N. R. Gabrini. 594 
 
 " "-Diocletian. 595 
 
 Nobility of a. despised-Nap. 3592 
 
 Pride in honest a.-Napoleon. 3592 
 
 Savage a. of Europeans. 2719 
 
 Selected a.-Pilgrim Fathers. 3173 
 
 Unfortunate a. -Charles I. 3628 
 
 See BIRTH. 
 
 Accident of b.-Napoleon. *592 
 
 Concealed-Mohammedan's. ^593 
 
 Humble b., Gabrini's. +594 
 
 " " -Diocletian's. *595 
 
 Superior to b.-Robert Burns. *596 
 
 Welcome b.-Napoleon's son. *597 
 
 Abilities more than b. 2725 
 
 Caste of b.-Italians. 722 
 
 Celebrated shamefully. 1266 
 
 Illustrious b. Inefifective-Rupert.226 
 
 " " " -SonofN.597 
 
 Meanness of b.-PIzarro. 641 
 
 Misfortune by b. -Charles I. 3628 
 
 " " "-"Pretender." 6223 
 
 See PATERNITY. 
 
 Inferred by conduct. ^4026 
 
 See PARENT in loc. 
 
 HERESY. 
 
 Pined for h.-Donatists by Cath.^2553 
 
 Hunting h.-Roger Williams. *2554 
 
 Madness at h.-Phillp II. *2555 
 
 Suppression of h. by law. *2556 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Champions against h.-Jesults. 3960 
 Far-fetched h.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 vs. Mallgnancy-Parentai. 3389 
 
 Punished for h.-William Penn. 3970 
 
860 
 
 HERETICS— HOME. 
 
 Reading the Bible a h.-R. Hunne.572 
 Scientific h. of Galileo. 5727 
 
 Toleration of h.-R. Williams. 5638 
 
 See HETERODOXY. 
 Evidence of h. in trifles. *2571 
 
 HERETICS. 
 
 Terrified-Branded-Nakedness.*2557 
 Vengeance against h.-Corpse. *2558 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-refereno*. 
 Pretext for persecuting h. 6073 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 Open a. of Romanus. *251 
 
 Primitive a. by persecution. *252 
 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconslstency. 2774 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Reaction of forced converts to a. 920 
 Required of officer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Shameful a.-Justus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by Primitive C. ♦253 
 
 Malice of a.-Knights Templars.1939 
 " " " -Julian's. 2549 
 
 See PERSECUTION in loo. 
 
 HERiniT. 
 
 Mysterious h. of Niagara Falls. *2559 
 
 HERO. 
 
 Patriotic h.-William Wallace. *2560 
 Unsurpassed h.-Muley Moluc. *2561 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Admired-Belisarius. 1686 
 
 Christian h.-Thomas Lee. 1571 
 
 Contempt for cowardice. 1251 
 
 Daring of h. -Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 Deifled-Claudius Britannicus. 2706 
 Described-Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Encouraged-Martin Luther. 1879 
 Terrifying h.-Richard the Lion 3770 
 
 HEROES. 
 Dead h.-Solyman invoked. *2562 
 for Freedom-L'Ouverture. *2563 
 
 See HEROISM. 
 Admirable h.-Lafayette. *2664 
 
 " " -Prince Conde. *2565 
 
 Patriotic h.-Chevalier Bayard.*2566 
 Persistent h.-Mohammedan. *2567 
 in Suffering-Lord Nelson. ♦Sses 
 Tarnlshed-Benedict Arnold. *2569 
 Unfaltering h.-Jas. Lawrence.*2570 
 
 Brave h. of Devereux. 651 
 
 " " " Grenville. 652 
 
 Christian h.-Jesuit mi8sionaries.3508 
 
 Invalid's h.-Wm. P. of Orange. 2529 
 
 Missionary h.-Jesuits. 3636 
 
 " -M. B. Cox. 3643 
 
 vs. Nobility-Nelson. 6915 
 
 Patriotic h.-Cltizen. 4068 
 
 " " -Pomponius. 4069 
 
 of Soldier's h.-Phillp 5945 
 
 Unappreciated by Continental C.176 
 
 HEROINE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Revenge of h.-Hannah Dustin. 3729 
 
 Revenge of h.-"Capt. Molly." 4078 
 
 See COURAGE and MARTYRS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HETER01>0X¥. 
 
 Evidence of h. in trifles. *2571 
 
 See HERESY in loc. 
 
 HINDRANCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Criticism- Abraham Lincoln. 99 
 Official h.-Fonseca-Columbus. 3900 
 
 See BLOCKADE. 
 by Chalns-Constantin'ple by M.*605 
 of Death-Corpses-Caesar. *606 
 
 See OBSTACLES. 
 Overcome by perseverance-D. 3949 
 
 See OBSTRUCTION. 
 Legislative o.-Romans. *3856 
 
 Misguided o.-Scots. 975 
 
 See DIFFICULTIES and OPPOSI- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Divisions of h.-Ancient and m. 
 Fictitious h.-Ancient Britain. 
 
 " "-Pocahontas. 
 
 " " -Newton's apple. 
 Influence of h.-N. Rienzl. 
 Misinterpreted, Cromwell's h. 
 Mistakes of h. -Cromwell. 
 Overlooked-Senator Yulee. 
 Partiality of h.-T. Cromwell. 
 Providence in h. -Battle. 
 Rewritten h., O. Cromwell's. 
 Romance of h.-Battle of H. 
 Slandered by h., Christians. 
 Voluminous h. about S. 
 
 *2572 
 *2573 
 *2574 
 *2575 
 *2576 
 *2577 
 ♦2578 
 *2579 
 ♦2580 
 *2581 
 *2582 
 *2583 
 ♦2584 
 ♦2586 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Attraction of h. to Gibbon. 6205 
 
 Coincidence in h.-R'm'lus and T.967 
 
 Contradictions of h.-Cromwell.2921 
 
 Corrected-Cromwell's h. 3921 
 
 Crisis in h. -Mahomet vs. Christ. 2187 
 
 Exaggerations of h.-Adulation.2156 
 
 Fiction of h. -Romulus. 2425 
 
 Foreshadowed-American h. 4783 
 
 Greatest event-Fall of Rome. 1549 
 
 Omissions of h.-Mrs. Adams. 6058 
 
 " " " -Com. people. 3524 
 
 Parallels in h.-Julian-James 11.2727 
 
 Prejudice in h.-Dionysius. 4411 
 
 Providence in American h. 902 
 
 " " h.-James II. 4551 
 
 .. .» 14 _jq^ j; Pilgrims.4552 
 
 " " «' -"New Fr'nce. "3787 
 
 Turning-point in English h. 6133 
 
 Unwritten h.-Forgotten-Attila.331 1 
 
 HOAX. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Successful h., T. Hood's. 2058 
 
 Victim of h.-O. Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 HOAXES. 
 
 Success by h.-W. Irving. *2586 
 
 See TRICK in loc. 
 
 HOBBITIST. 
 
 Ridiculed-Columbus. ♦2587 
 
 See ENTHUSIASM in loc. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Poor h.-One idea, that wrong. 2910 
 Speakers-Cato-Scipio. 1899 
 
 HOLIDAY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Perverted-Chi isi mas a fast-day. 4704 
 
 See RECREATION in loc. 
 
 HOLINESS. 
 
 Fictitious h. of Mahomet. 
 
 ♦2588 
 
 HOLY SPIRIT. 
 
 Professed-Mahomet. *2589 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dishonored by Crusaders. 237 
 
 Reveals God-Qnaker.s. 5307 
 
 Witness of the H. S.- Wesley. 6034 
 
 See SPIRIT. 
 
 Impelling S.-George Fox. ♦5306 
 
 Teachings of the S.-Quakers. *5307 
 
 See INSPIRATION in loc. 
 
 HOMAGE. 
 
 Disgusting h. of James II. 
 Unsurpassed-S. Johnson's. 
 
 ♦2590 
 ♦2591 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Refused by Crusader 891 
 
 to Vanity of Diocletian. 26 
 
 " " " Greek emperors. 59 
 
 See KNEELING, 
 to God only-Alex. Murray. *3085 
 
 2590 
 
 ♦4817 
 
 Disgusted by king's k. 
 
 See RESPECT. 
 Beneficial-Samnel Johnson. 
 
 See REVERENCE. 
 Excessive r.-Wm. Pitt. ♦4867 
 
 Filial r.-Alexander. +4868 
 
 for Parents-Ancients. ♦4869 
 
 Religious r.-Pagans. ^4870 
 
 for Animals-Egyptians. 2171 
 
 " Clergy excessive-Ferd. II. 921 
 Excessive religious r.-Pagans. 4870 
 Foolish r.-Sacred goose-Goat. 5451 
 for Relics-Religious. 4676 
 
 4678 
 Restraint of r.-Repairing temple.876 
 Superstitious r. for the Bible. 585 
 
 HOME. 
 
 Beautified-Walter Scott's. ^2592 
 Common Roman h. described. ^2593 
 
 Deserted-Londoner's h. ^2594 
 
 Palatial h.-Roman. ^2595 
 
 Shaded-Puritan's h. ^2596 
 
 Thoughtful of h.-A. Lincoln. ^2597 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bloody h.-Palaoe of the Caesar8.2072 
 a Castle, Poor man's h. 3142 
 
 Courtesy at h.-Ancients. 4869 
 
 Desolated by death-J. Watt. 562 
 Expelled from h. for piety. 1663 
 Inferior to English inn. 2876 
 
 Invention benefits h. dishes. .2973 
 Mistaken-Oliver Goldsmith. 609 
 Protected, Poor woman's. 3057 
 
 Religious training at h.-W. 1819 
 " h.-Puritan-Cromwell.3919 
 Remembrance of h.-Gen. rraser.188 
 
HOME-LIFE— HONORS. 
 
 861 
 
 Buined by war-Nicetas's h. 2211 
 vs. the state-Josephine's d. 178 
 Transformed-Garibaldi's h. 4042 
 Wasted by death-Sir W. Scott. 190 
 
 HOME-IilFC:. 
 
 of Savages-Am. Indians. *2598 
 
 HOMES. 
 
 Filthy-England, year 1509. 
 Robbed of h.-Cheroliees. 
 
 *2599 
 ♦2600 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Banishment from h.-Arcadians. 448 
 Building of h.-Plymouth. 504 
 
 Destitute h.-English laborers. 3123 
 Destitution of h.-Old England. 2858 
 Discord in palatial h. 1626 
 
 Filthy h. of Irish poor. 1510, 1511 
 Humble h.-Tartars. 3978 
 
 of the Poor degraded-England. 4293 
 Unattractive h.-Spartan. 1754 
 
 See RESIDENCE. ' 
 Intolerable r.-London. ♦4807 
 
 See FAMILY in loo. 
 
 HOME-SICKNESS. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Sorrows of h.s.-Chinese women. 5712 
 Victims of h.-s.-Pizarro's men. 820 
 
 HONESTY. 
 
 Assumed-C'chman-Goldsmith. 
 Confessed- Sir C. Shovel, 
 of Convictions-Wm. Penn. 
 Ludicrous h. -Diary. 
 Official h.-Abubeker. 
 Promotion by h.-Pompey. 
 Public h. in Italy, 
 in Public life-0. Cromwell. 
 Punished-Lascaris II. 
 Scarcity of h.-Plato. 
 Unquestioned- Washington. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Aversive to h.-Politlcians. 
 Childish h. to Robert Burns. 
 Conspicuous h.-Portland. 
 Contentment favors h. 
 Poverty a proof of h.-Scipio. 
 Renown for h.-Aristides. 
 Uncorrupted-Opportunity. 
 Unpopular- Aristides. 
 
 See CANDOR. 
 Christian c. in discussion. 
 See FIDELITY. 
 Tested-Crown rejected. 
 
 ♦2601 
 ♦2602 
 *2603 
 ♦2604 
 *2605 
 *2606 
 *2607 
 *2608 
 *2609 
 *2610 
 *2611 
 
 1840 
 1972 
 1214 
 1207 
 1948 
 4762 
 2285 
 4374 
 
 *705 
 
 *2128 
 
 of Animal-Soldier's dog. 3578 
 
 Confidence in f.-Frederick. 1247 
 
 Humble f.-Pompey's slave. 2253 
 
 Oath of f . to Mahomet. 3835 
 
 " " "-Roman soldier. 3838 
 
 Political f. ill rewarded. 2854 
 
 Remarkable f.-Slaves. 5199 
 
 " "-India ns-Penn. 5700 
 
 Rewarded with treachery. 2850 
 
 of Slaves of Cornutus. 5351 
 
 to Truth rewarded. 2040 
 Unfailing f. -Napoleon's grave. 2239 
 
 See INTEGRITY and SINCERITY 
 in loo. 
 
 HONOR. 
 
 Appeal to h. of Claudius. 
 Dangeruus h.-Emp. of Rome. 
 Debts of h. -Gamblers. 
 Humility with h.-Young B. 
 Misplaced h.-Major Andr6. 
 National h. of Romans. 
 Test of h.-John II., the Good. 
 Vanity of h.-Queen Mary, 
 in War-Napoleon. 
 
 *2612 
 *2613 
 *2614 
 ♦2615 
 ♦2616 
 ♦2617 
 ♦2618 
 ♦2619 
 ♦2620 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal to soldier's h. -Banner. 
 
 " " h., Successful. 
 Crown of h.-Roman. 
 Defence of h.-Insult. 
 Defended by combat-Gauls, 
 by Destruction of others' h. 
 Disgraceful h.-Aristides. 
 Distrust of personal h. 
 for Goodness-Medici. 
 Gov't by h. -Monarchies. 
 Honor for honor-Pomponius. 
 Increased-Iron-Gold crown. 
 Misapplied h.-T. Gates. 
 Misplaced h.-Claude Duval. 
 Motive of h. vs. Money. 
 Noble sense of h.-Socrates. 
 Obligation of h.-Promises. 
 Office, Complimentary. 
 Posthumous h. of Webster. 
 Restraints of h., Arab's. 
 
 " " " -Am. Savage. 
 
 " " "-Robber. 
 
 Revenged dishonorably. 
 
 Seductive h.-Golden rose. 
 
 a Snare-Caesar's crown. 
 
 Stolen h. -Crown of England. 
 
 for Strangers-Am. Indians. 
 
 above Strategy-Persians. 
 
 Supremacy of h.-Regulus. 
 
 Tarnished h. declined. 
 
 Terrifying h.-Emp Julianus. 
 
 Transferred to Jupiter. 
 
 in Victory-Alexander. 
 
 War for h.-Trojan. 
 
 in Warfare-Mohammedans. 
 
 Won in early life-Napoleon. 
 
 Wounded h.-Women-Beards. 
 
 HONORS. 
 
 Burdensome-G rant- Alfonso. 
 Compulsory-Satuminus. 
 Demanded by Cromwell. 
 Miserable-Aged Titus. 
 Premature h. of Bolivar. 
 Resigned-Emp. Diocletian. 
 
 " -Charles V. 
 Unexpected-Sallie Thompson, 
 Unmerited-Emp. Carlnus. 
 Won by merit-" Win his s." 
 
 651 
 
 2612 
 1324 
 2900 
 3054 
 5780 
 4374 
 3412 
 2477 
 2455 
 4069 
 1330 
 2760 
 4923 
 4887 
 3147 
 4505 
 3872 
 703 
 2647 
 2649 
 2648 
 4799 
 2161 
 1323 
 1327 
 2651 
 5352 
 5081 
 3469 
 3672 
 1328 
 5820 
 5910 
 5937 
 6180 
 2896 
 
 ♦2621 
 ♦2622 
 ♦2623 
 ♦2624 
 ♦2625 
 ♦2626 
 ♦3627 
 ,♦2628 
 •2629 
 ♦2630 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 from Abroad-Lombards. 2645 
 
 in Agriculture-Anglo-Saxons. 720 
 Bestowed on animals-E. 2172 
 
 " " goose. 5451 
 
 •• " the vicious-A. 1256 
 
 Burdensome-Lincoln. 247 
 
 for Criminals-Scots. 1300 
 
 Dangerous-Violent death. 1454 
 
 Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W. 1322 
 
 Decllned-Crown-Caesar. 
 Divine to Demetrius. 
 Endangered by h.-Cromwell. 
 
 1323 
 2157 
 366 
 370 
 1329 
 6632 
 2040 
 2251 
 2252 
 2254 
 2187 
 5633 
 467 
 1325 
 3650 
 2416 
 5097 
 2280 
 3876 
 3751 
 
 Envied-Demosthenes. 
 
 Exchanged, Pitt vs. Chatham. 
 
 for Faithfulness to truth. 
 
 Funeral-Caesar's. 
 " -Egyptians. 
 " -Lincoln's. 
 
 Ill-proportioned-Martel. 
 
 Literary degrees undeserved. 
 
 Lost by delay-Spartans. 
 
 for Merit-Coronation. 
 
 Merited by benevolence-J. H. 
 
 Misapplied-George Villiers. 
 " -Pocahontas. 
 
 Misplaced-Olympic games. 
 
 " -Emperor Claudius. 
 Music brings f.-Rizzio. 
 Opportunity of h.-Black Prince. 470 
 
 Received reluctantly-Pertinax's. 165 
 Restored to Cicero. 1658 
 
 Sale of h. invented. 5629 
 
 Self imposed-Napoleon. 1326 
 
 Selfishness in seeking h. 5078 
 
 Surrender for virtue. 686 
 
 of Triumph-Magnificent. 5719 
 
 Troublesome-Golden crown. 1329 
 Unappreciated-Cromwell's s. 5957 
 Undeserved-a Farmer. 3177 
 
 Unenjoyed-Milton's. 3310 
 
 Unsatisfactory h.-High office. 183 
 Vanity of h.-Queen Mary. 2619 
 
 Vexatious h.-Napoleon. 751 
 
 Vice receiving h.-Emp.Carinus.2629 
 Viciously bestowed on Nero. 4325 
 Wearisome-Cromwell's. 2470 
 
 Withdrawn-Cromwell's. 4851 
 
 WIthheld-John Cabot. 991 
 
 See CORONATION. 
 Ceremony of c.-Kings of Fr'ks.^1196 
 a Personal act-Napoleon. ^1197 
 
 2127 
 
 Festival of c. of Edward I. 
 See DIGNITARIES. 
 Multiplied in Virginia Colony. ♦ISSa 
 
 See EMINENCE. 
 Cowardly e.-Emp. Honorius. *1867 
 by Worth-Henry Wilson. ^1868 
 
 by Adversity- Abraham Lincoln. 83 
 in Allegory of John Bunyan. 168 
 " Art, Superior e. 347 
 
 " " " " -Raphael. 348 
 
 " Self-sacrifice-Bishop Coke. 1570 
 
 See FAME. 
 Belated-J. Q Adams. ^2046 
 
 by Competition-Wm. Parry. ^2047 
 Costly-Sir W. Scott. *2048 
 
 by Discovery-N. W. passage. *2049 
 Distant f .-Lincoln in Italy. *2050 
 Impostor's- Titus Oates. ^2051 
 
 by Infamy- Assassin of Nap. *2052 
 Locality for f .-Napoleon In E. ^2053 
 Perverted-Memory of C. *20,54 
 
 Posthumous-Columbus. ^2055 
 
 Regarded-" What will h. say?"*2056 
 Sudden f . of Byron. ^2057 
 
 ■• -Bemer's St. Hoax. ♦2058 
 Trials of f.-W. Scott. ^2059 
 
862 
 
 HOPE— HUMANITY. 
 
 Undesired-Emp . Maximus. *2060 
 
 Ambition for f -Themistoclea. 189 
 
 Ambitious for f. -Trajan. 2367 
 
 Contradiction-Great vs. M. 2485 
 
 Delayed-Milton's f. 2325 
 
 Desired next to power. 195 
 
 Diminishing-Thirty authors. 3304 
 
 Diminution of f. 2476 
 Increasing posthumous-Burns. 2481 
 
 Literature necessary to f. 3311 
 
 Merited-Frederick II. 5808 
 
 Misappropriated-Chas. Lee. 4789 
 
 Monuments of f. -Pyramids. 2365 
 
 Neglect followed by f . 3270 
 
 Omission of f.-T. Cromwell. 2580 
 
 Passion for f.-Themistocles. 189 
 " " " -Fred, the Great. 208 
 
 without Popularity-H. Clay. 4310 
 
 Toil for f.-Virgil. 2341 
 
 Undesirable f.-Shame. 6063 
 
 Wide-extended f. of Wash. 3081 
 
 See GLORY. 
 
 Departed g. of Portuguese. *2362 
 
 Enduring g. of goodness. *2363 
 
 False g.-EJward III. *2364 
 
 Forgotten-Pyramid builders. *2365 
 
 to God only-Cromwell. *2366 
 
 Military g.-Emperor Trajan. *2367 
 
 in Acquiring wealth-Cato. 
 
 432 
 
 Age of g.-Saracens. 
 
 3782 
 
 Departure of national g.-Eng 
 
 87 
 
 to God alone-Cromwell. 
 
 2366 
 
 of Goodness, Lasting g.-A. 
 
 2363 
 
 " " "John the Good 
 
 "2618 
 
 Love of g., Woman's-Dustin. 
 
 3729 
 
 See GREAT MEN. 
 
 
 Courting g. m. 
 
 *3579 
 
 Periods of g. m. 
 
 *3580 
 
 Providential. 
 
 ♦3581 
 
 " 
 
 *3582 
 
 Coincidence-Romulus and T. 967 
 Dishonored-Columbus. 1648 
 
 -Ad. Blake. 1657 
 
 Example of g.m.-Conversation.ll70 
 Overpraised-Pompey. 4370 
 
 Weakness of g.m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 
 
 See RANK. 
 Plea for social r. by Johnson. *4612 
 
 See RENOWN. 
 for Honesty- Aristldes. ^4762 
 
 of Infamy-Erostratus. *4763 
 
 Literary r. -Samuel Johnson. *4764 
 Noble r.-Pericles. *4765 
 
 by Architecture-Pericles. 1769 
 
 See SERENADE. 
 Response to s.-A. Lincoln. *5115 
 See AMBITION. CROWN, DISTINC- 
 TION, FAME, GREATNESS 
 and HOMAGE in loo. 
 
 HOPE. 
 
 Happiness in h.-S. Johnson. *2631 
 a Treasure-Perdiccas. *2632 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delusion of Parental h. 4002 
 
 Enchantment of h.-Goodyear. 4154 
 vs. Experience-Marriage. 3481 
 
 in the Grave-Indian burial. 3261 
 
 of Liberty-a Crime. 32.34 
 
 Sorrow in loss of parental h. 4005 
 
 Strengthened by h.-S. Adams. 1629 
 
 a Treasure-Alexander. 5699 
 
 Virtue- Varro despaired not. 1609 
 
 HOPES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 False h.-" Land 1 land 1" 1605 
 
 See EXPECTATION. 
 Delusive e. of Columbus. ♦1984 
 
 See EXPECTATIONS. 
 Popular e.-Civil War. ♦igSS 
 
 See OPTIMISM. 
 
 Disconcerted by earthquake. 2437 
 
 See CONFIDENCE and TRUST 
 
 in loo. 
 
 HORROR. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Death from h.-Cruelty. 1342 
 
 Overcome by h.-Executioner. 1979 
 Public h.-Executions. 4630 
 
 Unmanned by h.-Nero. 1418 
 
 See DETESTATION in loc. 
 
 house:. 
 
 an Honored-G. Washington's. ^2633 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abused-Drawing by the tail. 455 
 
 Affection for h. -Inseparable. 2785 
 
 Better than rider. 1088 
 
 Children trained to use of h. 1771 
 
 Endurance of h.-lOO miles-P. 1894 
 
 Food for man-Tartars. 2173 
 
 Knowing- Vicious-Caesar's h. 3400 
 
 Managed by genius of Alex. 6 
 
 vs. Philosopher-Newton. 20 
 
 Pretence of knowledge of h. 2020 
 
 Terrified by Columbus's h. 3463 
 
 Won in battle-Lannes. 648 
 
 HORSEMEISr. 
 
 Expert h.-Scythians. ♦2634 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 Care of h., G. Washington's. ^2635 
 in War-Capture of Troy. ^2636 
 
 See CIRCUS. 
 Captivated by the c.-Woman. 216 
 Passion for the c.-Romans. 221 
 
 HORTICUIiTURE. 
 
 Pleasures of h.-Theodoric. ^2637 
 '« '♦ " -Napoleon. ^2638 
 
 947 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Climate affects h. 
 
 See FRUIT. 
 
 Costly f. -Russian Court supper. 452 
 
 Small f. commended much. 3593 
 
 Suggestive-Apple-Newton. 6185 
 
 See AGRICULTURE in loc. 
 
 HOSPITAIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Patients massacred-Timour. 1388 
 
 HOSPITAIilTY. 
 
 Appreciated-Roman. ^2639 
 
 without Charity-English. ♦2640 
 
 Courtly h.-Louis XIV. ^2641 
 
 Duty of h.-Arab's tradition. ^2642 
 
 False h.-Exposed Roman. +2643 
 
 Forgotten by Benedict Arnold. 
 Painful h.-Son's murderer. 
 Reluctance in h.-"I hate to." 
 Sacred h.-S'p'rst't'n of Arabs. 
 
 " "-"Salt "-Orientals. 
 of Savages to Columbus. 
 Spirit of h.-Derrick. 
 Universal h.-Am. Indians. 
 
 ♦2644 
 ♦2645 
 *264e 
 *2647 
 ♦2648 
 ♦2649 
 ♦2650 
 ♦2651 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Complimented by gluttony. 2639 
 Delay by h. of Mary Lindley. 6115 
 Drunkenness by h. 2936 
 
 Obligation follows h.-Sylla. 3820 
 Poor welcomed to Cimon s h. 529 
 Refused by mistake-Eng. M'nks.217 
 Remunerated by prayers. 610 
 
 Rewarded with cruelty. 2850 
 
 Unexpected res Its of h.- Whitney .28 
 Viglated-Adulterer. 2276 
 
 See GUEST in loc. 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 Mohammedan h.-Imarets. ^2652 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mohammedan h. 
 
 524 
 
 HOSTAGE. 
 
 Safety by h.-Mon* ezuma-C. *2653 
 
 HOSTAGES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Children for h. -Captive Goths. 810 
 
 HOSTIIilTV. 
 
 Supreme h.-Enmity to France.^2654 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Implacable h.-Roman's oath. 3842 
 
 See HATRED and STRIFE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 First established h.-England. ♦2655 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Perilous h.-Cannibals-France. 2077 
 
 See INNS. 
 Attractive i.-01d English. ♦2876 
 
 Despotic landlord-L. Philippe. 724 
 
 Indulgences sold at i. 2803 
 
 HUOTANITY. 
 
 Common h.-Sinfu). ^2656 
 
 Deifled-Person of Caesar. ^2657 
 
 Dwarfs of h.-Lunarians. ♦2658 
 
 Generous h.-S. Johnson. ^2659 
 
 Miscellaneoui cross-references. 
 
 Degraded by idolatry. 2172 
 
 Devotion of self to h. 4430 
 
 Disdain for wretched h. 2656 
 
 Enemy of h.-Phlllp II. of S. 902 
 
 Oneness of h.-Babes. 3587 
 
 Trained to h., Children. 2393 
 
 Unexpected h. of Cortez. 1106 
 
 Uniformity of dispositions. 1281 
 
 of Women-War. 6105 
 
 See MANKIND. 
 
 Distrusted by Charles II. ^3412 
 
 Inequality of m.-S. Johnson. ^3413 
 
 Prosperity of m.-Period. ♦3414 
 
 Benefactors of m.-R. Bacon. llOi 
 
HUMILIATION— HUMOR. 
 
 863 
 
 Detested by m.-Caesar Borgia. 4225 
 Enthusiasm for welfare of m.-L.2]0 
 Hatred toward m.-False charge. 1358 
 Regard for m.-Aristotle's alms. 779 
 See COMPASSION and MAN 
 in loc. 
 HUmtllilATION. 
 Abject h. of Clarendon. 
 Barbarous h.-Timour. 
 by Defeat-Romans by S'mn't's 
 with Insult-Henry VI. 
 Insupportable h.-Goldsmith. 
 National h. by James II. 
 Painful h. of Attains. 
 Proof of h.-Indian gauntlet. 
 Royal h. of Barbarossa. 
 " " " -Henry II. 
 
 *2660 
 *2661 
 .*2662 
 ♦2663 
 *2664 
 *2665 
 ♦2666 
 *2667 
 ♦2668 
 ♦2669 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abject h.-Burgesses oi Calais. 4639 
 in Adversity-Poverty. 2210 
 
 Apostate Christians Pers'cution.253 
 Appointment for h. of Caesar. 275 
 an Author's h.-Fred. the Great. 403 
 " " " -S. Johnson. 405 
 
 Before Diocletian by subjects. 26 
 " Greek emperors. 59 
 
 of Cowards-Beards half sh'v'n. 1280 
 Degrading h.-Emp. of Rome. 2197 
 Demoralized by h. -Cicero. 4370 
 
 Deplored by Charles of Anjou. 82 
 Difficult-Louis XIV. 2623 
 
 by Discourtesy-Coughing. 3719 
 
 Disgraceful to Chas. I., by Finch.60 
 Dread of h.-Soldier-Montcalm. 1455 
 Exposed-Ottocarus II. 1587 
 
 by Failure- Minister. 2023 
 
 Fatal h.-Tetzel reproved. 1888 
 
 Filial h. to Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 by Generosity-Offensive. 2356 
 
 Lesson of h. improved. 2024 
 
 Memorial of h. at Rome. 249 
 
 National h. by ruler. 1978 
 
 "-Scots. 5746 
 
 for Office-Disgraceful. 1248 
 
 Official h.-Lord (. larendon. 3899 
 Painful h. of Oliver Goldsmith. 2664 
 
 " " -Speaker Trevor. 1214 
 Penitential h.-Henry II. 4104 
 
 " "-Emp. Theodosius. 4105 
 
 Preserved by daily blows. 1366 
 
 toy Rebuke-" Be less." 3965 
 
 Required for absolution. 2889 
 
 Resented-Fellows of M'gdal'n C.248 
 
 " -James II. to Pope. 2590 
 
 Scandalous h. -Picture. 1661 
 
 Shameful h.-Neck of emperor. 2527 
 
 " -Emp. Vitellius. 3879 
 
 " " of subjects to r'l'ty. 751 
 
 •Shameless h. for life. 2119 
 
 by Subordination to wife. 3892 
 Substitute in h. 1586 
 
 Unresented-Orleans princes. 2833 
 
 See CROSS. 
 Emblems of the Christian c. *1317 
 Protection of the c.-Roman L.*1318 
 Recovered-Holy relic from P. *1319 
 Victory by the c.-Constautine.*1320 
 
 Peace by the blood of the c. 
 Precious relics of the c. 
 Relics of the c.-Nails-Spear. 
 Rival c.-" Indulgence Cross." 
 Saved by the c.-Whitefield. 
 True c. captured by Persians. 
 Victory by sign of c.-Con. 
 See DISGRACE. 
 Humiliating d.-Lee at M. 
 Insupportable d.-Clotilda. 
 Punishment by d. in Denmark 
 Unmerited d.-Columbus. 
 
 1175 
 4672 
 1047 
 
 827 
 4770 
 
 324 
 1721 
 
 *1645 
 *1646 
 *1647 
 ♦1648 
 
 Anger of d., Terrifying. 1267 
 
 Augmented by perseverance. 2777 
 Branded on the cheek- Women. 5791 
 in Breaking caste-India. 3537 
 
 of Cowardice-" White feather."1271 
 -" Little King." 1272 
 " " -Daniel Scott. 1273 
 
 Fear of d.-ControUed by. 4611 
 
 Humiliating d.-Foot on neck. 2527 
 Indifference to d.-Bothwell. 2188 
 Removed-Perseeution. 2040 
 
 Self-d. of Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 Shameful d .-English gent. 461 6 
 
 Solitude In d.-Coward king. 1267 
 Terror of d.-Soldiers. 1236 
 
 Unmerited d.-Religious joy in. 2159 
 " "-from ancestry. 225 
 "-Minister-Theft. 1081 
 of Woman, Adultery the great. 3436 
 
 See DISHONOR. 
 Insensible to d.-Princes of Sp. *1656 
 Posthumous d.-Ad. Blake. *1657 
 Recompensed-Cicero's return. *1658 
 
 Charmed c.-" Agnus Dei." 783 
 
 Fraudulent c.-Relics. 4672 
 
 Disguised in politics. 662 
 
 Posthumous d.-Cr"m well's body. 685 
 Reward of d.-Bp. Hall aband'ned. 2 
 Vices bring d.-Emp. Elagabalus.960 
 
 See DISPARAGEMENT. 
 Intellectual d.-O. Goldsmith. *1664 
 
 See MORTIFICATION, 
 by Failure-Castlemaine. *3719 
 
 Hateful m.^ames II. *3720 
 
 of Defeat-Montcalm. 1494 
 
 " " -Horace Greeley. 4281 
 In DIsappoIntment-Henry HI. 1911 
 of Pride-Oliver Goldsmith's. 2263 
 4453 
 " " " " 4455 
 
 See INDIGNITY. 
 Deserved i. by Juba in court. *2796 
 
 Base 1. to dust of Ad. Blake. 1657 
 Humiliating i.-Captlve Bajazet.2661 
 the Reward of presumption. 4444 
 
 See SHAME. 
 Consummate s.-Ferdinand. *5125 
 
 Burdens life-Martyr Huss. 1964 
 
 by Drink-Officials. 2947 
 
 Heredity of s.-Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 Indifference to s.-Common Tlce.3243 
 Indifferent to s.-Charles II. 3470 
 for Ingratitude-Thebans. 2855 
 
 Insensible to s. -Henry VIII. 458 
 " " "-Feversham. 4602 
 Life of s. overlooked. 3177 
 
 National s.-Eng.-Reign of Ed.III.87 
 
 Overwhelming s.-Roman army.2663 
 '•-Traitor. 2795 
 
 Punishment by s.-Alexander. 2148 
 Vice without s.-Nobillty. 65 
 
 of Women overlooked. 3712 
 
 See DEFEAT, INSULT and RE- 
 PROACH in loc. 
 
 HUmililTlT. 
 
 Christian h.-St. Bernard. *2670 
 
 •' -Godfrey. *2671 
 
 Mohammedan h.-Mahomet. *2672 
 
 " " " *2673 
 
 and Pride united.-Becket. *2674 
 
 Victor's h.-Charles VIII. *2675 
 
 Wisdom by h.-Am. pioneers. *2676 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Apparent h.-Agesilaus. 4449 
 
 Characteristic h.-J. Howard. 4372 
 Exhibition of h.-Mahomet. 3045 
 Farcical h. of pirates. 1144 
 
 Fictitious h.-Resignation of A. 3880 
 
 " " 3881 
 
 of Genius-Caesar. 4447 
 
 Honor received with h.-Byron. 2615 
 Incapable of h. -Alexander. 1673 
 Knowledge by h. 5368 
 
 " "-Dr. Coke. 3090 
 Pious h.-JupIter crowned. 1328 
 
 " " -Cromwell's prayer. 1434 
 Surprising h. of Philopcemen. 258 
 Vow of h.-Constantine. 1611 
 
 See MEEKNESS. 
 Christian m.-Godfrey de B. *3666 
 
 Christian m. In reproof. 
 Husband's m.-Rumford. 
 Martyr's m.-Taylor at stake. 
 Philosophic m.-Plato. 
 Power of Christian m. 
 in Reproof-Dr. Taylor. 
 Victory by m.-Lycurgus. 
 See MODESTY. 
 Conspicuous-Ben j. Franklin, 
 of Genius-Isaac Newton. 
 Hero's m.-Garlbaldl. 
 Unopposed- John Howard. 
 
 2787 
 3462 
 679 
 1314 
 2850 
 4779 
 3264 
 
 ♦3647 
 ♦3648 
 ♦3649 
 ♦3650 
 
 Blushing young man hated. 6178 
 
 of Genius-Socrates. 3563 
 
 Heroic m. of Charles XII. 1970 
 Importance of m.-Cato and M. 107 
 
 Noble m. of Isaac Newton. 1631 
 
 See RESERVE. 
 
 Social r.-S. Johnson. *4806 
 
 See UNWORTHINESS. 
 
 Oppressed by sense of u.-B. ♦5753 
 
 Sense of sinner's u. 1088 
 
 See REPENTANCE and REVER- 
 ENCE in loc. 
 
 HXimOR. 
 
 Admlred-Abraham Lincoln. ♦2677 
 Fondness for h.-A. Lincoln. ^2678 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Earnestness-Lincoln. 1756 
 
 Subdued by h.-Amazon. 1983 
 
 See HOAX. 
 Successful h.-Thomas Hood's. 2058 
 Victim of h.-Oliver Goldsmith. 2601 
 
864 
 
 HUNGER— IDOLATRY. 
 
 See HOAXES. 
 Success by h.-W. Irving. *2586 
 
 See JOKE. 
 Accepted-" Worthy to bear." *3084 
 
 Practical j . on Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 See JOKES. 
 Practical j. -Frederick the G. *3025 
 
 ♦3025 
 
 1311 
 
 Ahuse of friends by j. 
 
 See LAUGHTER. 
 
 Power in l.-Palmerston. 
 
 See LEVITY. 
 
 Characteristic l.-French. *3199 
 
 Contrasted-Eng. and French. •3200 
 
 Fictitious l.-Mary wife of Wm. 788 
 
 See MIRTH, 
 m-timed m. of O. Cromwell. ♦3627 
 
 See SMILE. 
 Besented by Timour. *5214 
 
 See WIT. 
 Dangerous w.-Claudian. *6029 
 
 Quick w., Woman's-Charles I.*6030 
 
 Failure in w.-Goldsmith. 3670 
 
 Ready w.-John Wesley. 4768 
 
 Saved by Intercessor's w. 4663 
 See AMUSEMENT AND CHEER- 
 FULNESS in loc. 
 
 BUNGER. 
 
 Insatiable h. of gold-seekers, *2679 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Address to h. difficult. 2014 
 
 Desperation of h.-Cannibals. 706 
 Perishing from h. -Siege. 1503 
 
 Pressure of h.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 See STARVATION. 
 
 Depopulated by s.-Italy. *5322 
 
 See APPETITE, FAMINE and FAST 
 
 in loc. 
 
 HURRICANE. 
 
 Ominous h.-Death of Crom. *2680 
 See STORM in loc. 
 
 HUSBAND. 
 
 Dignity of the h.-Willlam 11. 
 Good h.-Cato's view. 
 Governed by wife.-George n. 
 vs. Lover-Queen Elizabeth. 
 Precedence of h.-William of O, 
 Servitude of h.-Belisarius. 
 "Vicious h. of Mary Queen of 8, 
 
 *2681 
 *2682 
 *2683 
 *2684 
 ♦2685 
 ♦2686 
 ♦2687 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Acceptance-Scandalous. 2188 
 
 Adultery of h. forgiven. 3242 
 
 Affectionate h.-Napoleon. 3340 
 " " punished. 107 
 
 "-0. Washington. 6001 
 Agonized-Mr. Dustln and Inds. 117 
 Anger appeased-Kisses. 3084 
 
 Avenged-Seducer. 5073 
 
 Avenging death of wife. 4861 
 
 Bereavement, Keflections in. 6002 
 Brutal h.-Henry VIII. 6004 
 
 " " -Nero. 4965 
 
 Brutalized- Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 Converted by wife. 6046 
 
 Counselled by wife-Justinian. 6057 
 Credulons-Belisarius. 4858 
 
 Deserted-Montfort. 1858 
 
 Disgraced by shameless wife. 6063 
 
 Disgusting to Cath. II. 3450 
 
 Distressed-Mart J r-Taylor. 2073 
 
 Gentle h.-G. Washington. 4781 
 
 Grief of bereaved h.-Jefferson.2486 
 
 Humiliated- Wm. P. of Orange.1924 
 
 Infamous h. -Byron. 3465 
 
 Inferiority of Peter of Russia. 3450 
 
 Insulted in his wife. 3489 
 
 Jealous of Andrew Jackson. 3453 
 
 Lord of the house. 1706 
 
 Moneyless h. preferred. 3467 
 
 Negligent h. won-Wm. Ill 6007 
 
 Noble h.-General Jackson 699S 
 
 Reproached unjustly. 2276 
 
 Revenged by murder of J. xn. 66 
 
 Ruled by affection. 3352 
 
 " " wife-Bellsarius. 2686 
 
 " . " " and child-Themis. 792 
 
 " " " -Garriok. 1683 
 
 " " " -George IL 2683 
 
 " " *' -Marlborough. 6052 
 
 Shameful h. 5177 
 
 "-Charles IV. 4490 
 
 Spiritless h.-King of Spain. 5125 
 
 Spurred to ambition by his wife.203 
 
 Unfaithful h.-Antony. 6136 
 
 Unsuspicious h.-Belisarius. 1949 
 
 Unworthy h.-Napol'n's divorce. 104 
 
 Virtuous h.-Belisarius. 786 
 
 Wife given to shame by h. 8242 
 
 " subordinate-Wm. III. 3892 
 
 See FAMILY, MARRIAGE and 
 
 WIDOWER in loc. 
 
 HUSBANDRir. 
 
 Changes by h.-Egypt. ♦2688 
 
 See AGRICULTURE in loc. 
 
 HUSBANDS. 
 
 Good h. detended-Sabines. ^2689 
 
 to Love-Mary to Wm. P. of O.*2690 
 
 See HUSBAND in loc. 
 
 HYPERCRITICIS]!!. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Rhetorical gestures-Johnson. 48 
 
 See CAVIL and CRITIC in loc. 
 
 HYPOCHONDRIA. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Constitutional h.-Cowper. ♦2691 
 
 See MELANCHOLY in loc. 
 
 HYPOCRISY. 
 
 Brazen h.-Pope Adrian VI. ^2692 
 
 Diplomatic h.-Napoleon I. ^2693 
 Exposed-Religious-Charles II.^2694 
 
 in Friendship-Rival dukes. ♦2695 
 
 Invited-Puritan Parliament. ^2696 
 
 Religious h.-Rival dukes. ♦2697 
 
 " -Roman philos. ^2698 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Political h.-Augustus. 4856 
 
 Religious h.-Charles II, 4711 
 
 See CANT. 
 
 Political c. -Samuel Johnson. ^708 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 HYPOCRITB. 
 
 Accomplished h.-"Dick" T. ^2699 
 Epitaph of the h.-Alexius. ^2700 
 
 See INSINCERITY. 
 Blemish of i.-Csesar. 
 of Jesuits-Dissembling. 
 
 ♦2886 
 ♦2887 
 
 in Politics-Newcastle. 
 Political i.-James II. 
 Reaction of i.-Charles I. 
 
 1679 
 
 4258 
 
 1676 
 
 1677 
 
 Repels assistance. 2041 
 
 See DECEPTION, FRAUD and 
 
 IMPOSTOR in loc. 
 
 IDEAIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 God of Plato an i. 2373 
 
 IDEAIilST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Political i.-John Milton. 4257 
 
 IDEAIilSTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 vs. Practical life-Philosophers. 4167 
 
 See THEORY. 
 False t. -Aristotle. 6015 
 
 vs. Practice-Philosophy. 4370 
 
 " " -Seneca. 4657 
 
 See THEORETICAL. 
 VS. Practical- Webster vs. Clay. ♦5604 
 See IMAGINATION and IMITA- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 IDEAS. 
 
 Penalty for i.-John Milton. ♦2701 
 See INTELLIGENCE in loc. 
 
 IDIOT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Supposed an i.-S. Johnson. 2309 
 
 See FOOLS in loc. 
 
 IDIiENESS. 
 
 Burden of i.-Spartans. ♦2702 
 
 Punished-Beggars-England. ♦2703 
 
 " -Athenians. ^2704 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amusement necessitated by i. 3295 
 Dangers of i.-Hannibal's sold"rs.310 
 Habitual i.-Boswell. 2804 
 
 Manly i.-Amerlcan Indians. 2598 
 Misjudged-French princes. 3634 
 Opposed-Other people's i. 3120 
 
 Pride cures i. -Isaac Newton. 4492 
 Prohibited-Athens. 4359 
 
 " -Count Rumford. 503 
 Punished with death. 3159 
 
 Punishment of i.-Whlpped. 501 
 " " "-Ineffectual. 502 
 
 See INDOLENCE. 
 Fruit of i.-Roraan masses. 3856 
 Philosopher's i.-Dr. Johnson. 2799 
 
 See LEISURE. 
 Art requires 1. 2524 
 
 Importance of 1. to J. Bunyan. 81 
 
 See TRAMPS. 
 
 Philosophic t. -Cynics. ♦seT? 
 
 See VAGRANT in loc. 
 
 IDOIi. 
 
 Helpless i. destroyed by M. ^2705 
 
 IDOLATRY. 
 
 of Heroism-Emp. Claudius. ^2706 
 
 See DEIFICATION. 
 of Cssar-Romans. 2657 
 
IGNORANCE— IMAGINATION. 
 
 865 
 
 3511 
 2753 
 
 of Heroes-Ancient Greeks. 
 " Self- Alexander in India. 
 
 See IMAGE. 
 Supernatural I. of Christ. *2730 
 
 See IMAGES, 
 in Churches-Introduction of. ♦2731 
 Worship of i.-Year 842. *2732 
 
 Sacred 1. -Mysteries. 1282 
 
 Worship of l.-Origin of. 6165 
 
 See HEATHEN in loc- 
 
 IGNORANCE. 
 
 of Bigotry-Country parson. *2707 
 Confessed by S. Johnson. *2708 
 ■PoIIy of i.-West Indians. *2709 
 
 General i.-Reign of Charles II.*2710 
 Geographical i.-Capt. J.Smith. *2711 
 an Impediment-Columbus. *2712 
 Loss by i.-Egyptians. *2713 
 
 vs. Negligence-S. Johnson. *2714 
 Night of i.-England. *2715 
 
 Official i.-Duke of Newcastle. *2716 
 " " " " *2717 
 
 Professional i.-Navy. *2718 
 
 Removed-Europeans. *2719 
 
 Royal i.-Emperor Justin. ♦2720 
 
 Stubborn i.-Inquisitors. ♦2721 
 
 Superstition of i.-Ancients. +2722 
 Unappreciative of pearls. ^2723 
 Zeal of i.-Crusader's g'gr'phy.^2724 
 
 See STUPIDITY. 
 Hopeless s. of James II. 
 
 *5376 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abounding i.-12th century. 1204 
 Animosity of i.-English. 840 
 
 Barbarian's i. of value of coin. 278 
 Barrier to interview. 2960 
 
 of Clergy-Middle Ages. 923 
 
 " Common things. 1651 
 
 Costly, National i.-Iron. 4415 
 
 Dangers of i.-Bible prohibited. 580 
 of Enemies preferred. 5828 
 
 Evil proceeds from i. 5327 
 
 Expensive i. in architecture. 283 
 Fears from i.-Compass. 2849 
 
 " " "-Portuguese 8ailors.954 
 of Geography-Crusaders. 3411 
 
 " God-Druids. 6162 
 
 Heedless i.-O. Goldsmith lost. 718 
 of Inexperience. 1653 
 
 Information by signs. 5142 
 
 Intentional i.-Sailors. 1393 
 
 Loss by i. of use of mag. needle.273 
 Mistakes of i.-English sailors. 1067 
 Oppression requires i. 8941 
 
 Promotion in i.-Navy. 4487 
 
 Religious i. confessed. 2382 
 
 Ridiculed-P. Cotta. 3165 
 
 of Self was Pompey's ruin. 5 
 
 Signature of i.-Tbeodoric. 5136 
 Superstition by I. 5450 
 
 Unacknowledged-Aristotle. 6015 
 Uncommon i. of fire. 8146 
 
 United with wisdom- Aristotle. 6016 
 Victim of i. -Countrymen. 1231 
 
 Worship in honest 1. 2374 
 
 " " 8378 
 
 See ILLITERACY. 
 Compensated-Col. Wm.Wash. ♦2726 
 
 Improvident s.-Gold-seekers. 2807 
 Insult of s.-James II. 2903 
 
 Mistake of s.-Bag vs. Pearls. 2723 
 Official s.-Newcastle. 2716 
 
 '• " " 2717 
 
 " "-Traitor-Arnold. 1553 
 
 Traveller's s. -Crusaders. 2724 
 
 See ERRORS, INEXPERIENCE, 
 MISTAKES and SUPERSTI- 
 TION in loo. 
 
 IliliEOITIMAClT. 
 
 Respected- William the Conq. ♦2726 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Shameful i. confessed. 
 
 2066 
 
 Ilili-HSAIiTH. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Loss by i.h.-Peter Cooper. 1785 
 
 Superior to i.-h.-Wm. P. of O. 1897 
 
 See DISEASE in loc. 
 
 IlililTERACY. 
 
 Compensated-Col. Wm. Wa8h.^2726 
 
 See ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 Bad o. excused-Napoleon I. ^3962 
 
 See SPELLING. 
 Bad s., George Washington's. ♦5302 
 Diverse s.-Shakespeare. ^5303 
 
 Error-Conquered vs. Concord. 1007 
 See IGNORANCE in loc. 
 
 llil^VSTRATION. 
 
 by Analogy-Rev. S. Johnson. ^2727 
 Information by i.-Paintings. ^2728 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Baldness-Emperor Carus. 447 
 Office of palnting-S. Johnson. 3977 
 
 See ALLEGORIST. 
 Best a.-Bunyan. ^168 
 
 See ALLEGORY. 
 Animals representing r. sects. 231 
 Bible misused in a. 5118 
 
 ILIiUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Use of 1.- Abraham Lincoln. ^2729 
 
 ♦2730 
 
 imagje:. 
 
 Supernatural i. of Christ. 
 
 imAGES. 
 
 in Churches-Introduction. ^2731 
 Worship of i., year 842. ^2732 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Sacred l.-Mysterles. 1282 
 
 Worship of i.-Oriein. 6165 
 
 See STATUARY. 
 
 Destroyed-Ruln of paganism. 831 
 
 Mutilated by Romans. 327 
 
 Unappreciated-S. Johnson. 334 
 
 See IDOL and PORTRAIT in loc. 
 
 lOTAGIIVATION. 
 
 Active i., John Bunyan's. ♦2733 
 
 Corrected- Washington Irving. ^2734 
 Delusions of i.-Spanish in Am. ♦2735 
 Diseased-Poet Shelley. ♦2736 
 
 Misled by i.. Historians. +2737 
 
 Overwrought i.-Poet Shelley. ♦2738 
 
 Ruled by i.-the World-Nap. ^2739 
 
 in Statesmanship-Napoleon. *2740 
 
 Suffering by i. -Blaise Pascal. ♦2741 
 
 Victim of i.-Columbus. ^2742 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 a Crime-Buckingham's trial. 1889 
 
 Cured by i.-Mohammedans. 1378 
 
 Deluded by i.-Crusaders. 2095 
 
 Distressed by i.-Insanity. 2860 
 
 Exaggeration by i.-Invasion. 1»73 
 Greatness in i. -Pompey's ruin. 5 
 
 Helpful to Columbus-Voice. 1881 
 
 Imperilled by 1. -Roman army. 2123 
 
 Inflamed by austerity. 2090 
 Intimidated by i.-Mah's angels. 175 
 
 Misunderstood-Dulness-G. 640 
 
 Music-Imagination-Harp. 3746 
 
 Need of 1. in fine art. 349 
 
 Rule of i.-Wrongs-War. 6175 
 
 Sailor's i.-Junk's eyes to see. 2018 
 
 Superior to fact-Raphael. 346 
 
 Traveller's tales. 3583 
 
 Vivid religious i.-J. Bunyan. 1085 
 
 " " " 1180 
 
 See ALLEGORIST. 
 
 Best a.-John Bunyan. ^168 
 
 See ALLEGORY. 
 
 Animals representing r. sects. 231 
 
 Bible misused, in a. 5118 
 
 See APPARITION. 
 
 Belief in a. -Samuel Johnson. ♦256 
 
 False a.-" Three knights." ^254 
 
 Fancied a. of Theseus. *255 
 
 1120 
 
 of the Dead-Hugh Miller. 
 Startling-" Evil genius." 
 See DREAMS. 
 Directed by d.-Constantine. ^1721 
 Realized-Cksero's. ^1722 
 
 Regard for d -Am. Indians. ♦1723 
 
 Discovery by d.-Relics. 4671 
 
 Encouraged by d.-Mlnister. 3846 
 Encouragement by a d. 3765 
 
 of Heaven-Mahomet's visit. 8544 
 Influential d. -Edmund Rich. 3180 
 Instruction by a d.-Alexander. 1514 
 Punished for a d.-Death. 2881 
 
 Reproof in d.-Friar. 8364 
 
 Suspicion awakened by a d. 8523 
 
 See DREAMS. 
 Verifled d.-Rioh'd Boardman. ^1784 
 Visionary d.-Napoleon I. ^1785 
 
 Deceptive d. in bereavement-L. 891 
 Direction by d.-Savages. 2261 
 
 Horrible d. of John Bunyan. 3783 
 Revelation in d. -Temple Ino. 5213 
 
 See REVERIE. 
 Discovery by r.-Gravitation. 2895 
 Lost in r. -Samuel Johnson. 2810 
 
 See ROMANCE. 
 Origin of the word r. ♦4988 
 
 in History-Pocahontas. 
 
 " " -Pretty feet, 
 of Love-Dropped dead. 
 
 " " for JohnsoB. 
 Perils of r.-Cortez a lover. 
 Power in r.-Jane MacCrea. 
 
 2574 
 2583 
 3348 
 3349 
 3358 
 5108 
 
866 
 
 IMBECILITY— IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 In Religion-Pocahontas. 
 
 Spirit of r.-Eichard I. 
 
 In War-"Por God and Her." 
 
 See TRANCE. 
 Conttnuous-Swedenborg. 
 
 See TRANCES. 
 Punished for t.-EIlz. Barton. 
 
 See VISION. 
 Fanciful v.-Phantom city. 
 Horrible v.-Marcus Bmtos. 
 Spiritual v.-Swedenborg, 
 of War-Hannibal. 
 
 4743 
 2460 
 5929 
 
 *6678 
 
 *5679 
 
 *5845 
 *5846 
 *5847 
 *5848 
 
 Auspicious V.-" Holy Lance." 4867 
 Child's V. of future-Cromwell. 8474 
 of Conqueror-Solyman. 2563 
 
 " the Cross by Constantine. 1320 
 Delusive optical v. -Canaries. 1521 
 Faith's V. of the cross. 1175 
 
 Fanatic's v.-" Plough the e." 1003 
 of Genius-Columbus. 2344 
 
 " God-American Indians. 2383 
 
 Illusive V. -Blaise Pascal. 2741 
 
 by Imagination. -Bunyan. 2733 
 
 Instructed by v.-Constantine. 5440 
 of Invisible guide-C'n8tantine's.2492 
 Prompted by v. -P. Cooper's f. 4407 
 Eemarliable v. verified-S. 915 
 
 of Saints-Joan of Arc. 23&4 
 
 Start;ling v.-Poet Shelley. 2736 
 
 2738 
 Timely v. of Mahomet. 655 
 
 of Wealth, Deceptive. 5985 
 
 Woman transformed in v. 6106 
 
 See FICTION, GHOSTS, NOVELS, 
 POETRY and SUPERSTITION in loc. 
 
 I]HBECII.IT¥. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Intemperance produces I. 2916 
 
 Official i.-Invasion of Canada. 2025 
 Ridicule of natural i. 1566 
 
 See IDIOT. 
 
 Supposed I.-Young Johnson. 2309 
 
 See FOOLS in loc. 
 
 I]niTATION. 
 
 Fameless i.-Fenimore Cooper. *2743 
 Unappreciated in art. *2744 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Genius-Columbus' egg. 2316 
 
 vs. Invention-Red Man. 2909 
 
 of Manners-J. Hogg. 2061 
 
 in Painting, Servile-15th century.345 
 Skill by I. in Fine Arts-Angelo. 345 
 " " " " " " -Italy. 349 
 See COUNTERFEIT. 
 Preserved by a c.-" Sacred b."*1225 
 Relics Manufactured by an A.*1226 
 Signature-Consul Antony. *1227 
 
 Imposed upon Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 See PARODT. 
 
 Libellous p. on Lord's Prayer. 2303 
 
 See DISGUISE, EXAMPLE, IDEAL 
 
 and PRECEDENT in loc. 
 
 i]n[]noR.4.i.iTT. 
 
 strange infatuation-C. Sedley.*2842 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clerical I.-Eng. 18th century. 
 " " -Inebriety. 
 
 941 
 923 
 
 Clerical I.-Inebriety. 925 
 
 " incontinence. 928 
 
 Common-Eng.-Reign of Jas. 11.1655 
 
 with Intolerance-Charlemagne.2962 
 
 Necessary i.-Age of bribery. 666 
 
 and Religion-Churchill. 1111 
 
 See CRIME, MORALS and VICE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 mmoRTAiiiTir. 
 
 Belief In i. by Poet Shelley. *2745 
 Faith in i., Arab's. *2746 
 
 Hope of i.-Walter Raleigh. *2747 
 
 ICiseeUaneooB anm rofereaceuL 
 Belief In i.-8oorates. 870e 
 
 " " " strengthens. 1413 
 
 of Brutes doubted-S. Johnson. 680 
 Burial for i.-Am. Indians. 1425 
 
 Confident of i.-Bunyan. 1192 
 
 Effective Christian doctrine-G. 834 
 Preparation for i. by bravery. 1416 
 Soul's i.-Socrates. 5270 
 
 Stimulates courage. Belief in i. 1424 
 in Work-Church building-Mah. 864 
 
 See DESTINY. 
 Unavoidable-Napoleon I. *1547 
 
 Belief in fixed d.-Scandinavians.4405 
 Depending on one national d. 5857 
 Impending d.-Nelson. 4830 
 
 Providence la national d. 5883 
 
 Signof d.-Mahomet. 5132 
 
 Turning-point of d.-Mankind. 1501 
 
 See RESURRECTION. 
 Hinted by ancients. *4832 
 
 Belief in r.-American Indians. 2259 
 See FUTURITY and SOUL in loc. 
 
 lOTPARTIAIilTlT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Judgment-Alexander. 3064 
 
 of Justice-Roman. 3062 
 
 In Parental affection-Mr. Dustin.117 
 
 See ARBITRATION. 
 Rejected by Eng. -Napoleon. *279 
 
 Confidence in a.-Barbarians. 2617 
 
 Peace by U. S. va. Eng. 1595 
 
 Settlement by-Alabama clalms.4825 
 
 See EQUALITY and JUSTICE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 IMPATIENCE. 
 
 Disagreement by i.-Hamilton. *2748 
 Folly of i.-O. Goldsmith. *2749 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Foolish I. of Xerxes-Fetters. 320 
 
 See DISCONTENT, 
 by DIscouragement-Amp'tr'ts. 1628 
 
 See HASTE. 
 
 Defects of h.-Plne art. *2524 
 
 Needless h.-Admiral Drake. *2525 
 
 See ANGER and IRRITABILITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 imPE A C HMENT. 
 
 Escape from-Pres't Johnson. ♦2750 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Constitutional i. of blshops-M.P.413 
 
 See ACCUSATION in loc. 
 
 IMPERTINENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Counsellor's I. rebuked. 2284 
 
 See INSOLENCE in loc. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Prohlblted-England. 
 
 IMPORTUNITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Victim of i.-Charles II. 
 
 See ENTREATY in loo. 
 
 IMPOSITION. 
 
 Artful I. of Alexander. *2758 
 
 Official L-Punlshment of c. *2754 
 
 979 
 
 2751 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 and Enthusiasm-Mahomet. 1468 
 Exposed- Weeping virgin. 3680 
 
 " Oracles-Grecian. 3946 
 
 " " -Delphic. 3947 
 
 by Postage expense-Scott. 2048 
 Supposed 1. -Child of James II. 3913 
 on Verdant countryman. 1281 
 
 IMPOSSIBILITIES. 
 
 Accomplished at hridge of L. *2752 
 
 See DIFFICULTIES iti loc. 
 
 IMPOSTOR. 
 
 Contemptible i.-Lambert S. *2755 
 Deceived by1l.-Perkin W'rb'ck.*2756 
 " "-Monmouth. *2757 
 Punished-Duke of Monmouth. *2758 
 Reproved by General Grant. *2759 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Blasphemous i. -Titus Gates. 5018 
 
 IMPOSTORS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Power of i.-Barbarians. 2261 
 
 IMPOSTURE. 
 
 Political i.-Voice in the wall. *2761 
 Rewarded-Tltus Gates. *2760 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Duplicated-Titus Dates. 2051 
 
 See DUPES. 
 
 Day of d. -France. 1474 
 
 Undecelved-Ruined. 2214 
 
 See DECEPTION, DISGUISE and 
 
 FORTUNE-TELLING in loc. 
 
 IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 Early I.-Wm. III. for Holland.*2762 
 Tragical i.-Son of Chas I.-Ex. *2763 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Early maternal i.upon Cowper. 1 10 
 
 Power of early l.-Cromwell. 5643 
 
 Swayed by i.-Cromwell. 4383 
 
 See FEELINGS and INFLUENCE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT. 
 
 Long i.-John Bunyan. *2764 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Honorable-Diocletian's pers'c'n. 84S 
 
 Shameful i. of innocent children.808 
 
 See PRISON in loc. 
 
 IMPROVEM ENT. 
 
 Opposed-Sewing machines. *2765 
 Repressed, Social i.-England. *27e6 
 
IMPROVIDENCE— INDIFFERENCE. 
 
 867 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 Agricultural i. opposed. 
 
 1129 
 
 " "in Germany. 
 
 1377 
 
 Forestalled-Conservatlves. 
 
 1126 
 
 Period of architectural i. 
 
 286 
 
 Prevented by legislation. 
 
 3110 
 
 " " " 
 
 3111 
 
 Self-improvement-Mental. 
 
 1776 
 
 See DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 
 Social d.-Lombards. 
 
 *1565 
 2297 
 
 of Genius-Periods. 
 
 Inventions by d.-Steam-engine.5732 
 
 Perfection by d. -Paradise Los 
 
 ^,.4108 
 
 See SELF-IMPROVEMENT 
 
 
 Belated- Arkwright-50 years. 
 
 1775 
 
 Difficulties in s.-i.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 1787 
 
 Suceessf ul-G. Washington. 
 
 1788 
 
 See PROGRESS and STUDY | 
 
 in loc. 
 
 
 lOTPROVIOENCE. 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 Characteristic i.-Goldsmith's. 
 
 2466 
 
 by Heredity-O. Goldsmith. 
 
 4342 
 
 Spending unearned money-Poet. 94 1 
 
 UnPRUDENCE. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Characteristic i. -Goldsmith. 
 
 4455 
 
 See RASHNESS in loc. 
 
 
 lOTPUDENCB. 
 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 
 Fictitious i.-Jeffrey's charge. 
 
 1842 
 
 Friendship's i.-O. Goldsmith. 
 
 2224 
 
 See ARROGANCE. 
 
 
 Answered-Charles V. 
 
 *319 
 
 Childish-Xerxes-Fetters. 
 
 *320 
 
 Insulting a.-Attila. 
 
 *321 
 
 " " -Charles V. 
 
 ♦322 
 384 
 
 Boastful a.-Disabul the Turk. 
 
 Clerical a. in politics. 
 
 920 
 
 " " " " 
 
 4929 
 
 Lof ry a. of Attila. 
 
 320 
 
 National a. -English. 
 
 323 
 
 Peril in a.-Braddock's defeat. 
 
 97 
 
 See EFFRONTERY. 
 
 
 Bold e.-Prince Albion. 
 
 2645 
 
 In Literature-Bet Flint to S. J 
 
 37 
 
 IMPCJIiSE. 
 
 
 Success by i.-Sy 11a. 
 
 ♦2767 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 VS. Reasoning-Caesar. 
 
 1480 
 
 Victim of i.-O. Goldsmith. 
 
 2466 
 
 " " "-David Crockett. 
 
 634 
 
 See RASHNESS. 
 
 
 Apparentr.-Young Alex, rides B. 6 | 
 
 Childish r.-Frederick II. 
 
 5752 
 
 in Generalship-Hood. 
 
 3175 
 
 " Love for woman. 
 
 8476 
 
 Perilous r.-Boethius. 
 
 3234 
 
 Provoked to r.-Valens. 
 
 913 
 
 See FEELINGS in loc. 
 
 
 INAUGURATION. 
 
 
 Joyful i.-G. Washington's. 
 
 ♦2768 
 
 Mystic i.-Turkish Sultan. 
 
 *2769 
 
 Simplicity of i.-T. Jefferson. 
 
 ♦2770 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 Ancient i.-Founding a city. 
 
 897 
 
 Ceremony of i.-Gothic kings. 1196 
 Parsimonious i.-James II. 4008 
 
 See INITIATION. 
 Terrific i.-Mysteries of Eleusls.*2864 
 
 Absurd i. of women prisoners. 1385 
 
 INCAPACITY. 
 
 Official i.-Roman Bibulus. *2771 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Trust in enemies' i.-Caesar. 2771 
 
 See IMBECILITY. 
 Intemperance produces i. 2916 
 
 Official i. -Invasion of Canada. 2025 
 Ridicule of natural i. 1566 
 
 See IMPROVIDENCE and STUPID- 
 ITY in loc. 
 
 INCENDIARY. 
 
 Punished by flames-Roman. *2772 
 
 INCEST. 
 
 by Marriage of relatives. 3454 
 
 INCOMPETENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Official I.-Slr H. Walker. 5390 
 
 See INCAPACITY in loc. 
 
 INCONSISTENCY. 
 
 of Character-Motassem-Pity. *2773 
 Christian i.- Slavery andrelig'n.*2774 
 Disgraceful i. of Wm. Penn. *2775 
 by Self-interest-S. Johnson. *2776 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Conduct-James II. 1094 
 
 5723 
 
 " -Steele. 1037 
 
 Disgraceful i.-William Penn. 3548 
 
 Example of i. -Clarendon. 1537 
 
 Indifference to i.-James II. 1133 
 
 of Intolerance-Puritans. 1104 
 
 Moral i. of James II. 1094 
 
 " " -A. Herbert. 1119 
 
 " " -Christians. 1098 
 
 by Perversion of conscience. 1105 
 
 « 1106 
 
 1107 
 
 Religious 1. of Abyssinians. 832 
 
 " " -Sacrament. 4993 
 
 Saving life-Battle vs. Ice. 3332 
 
 Undiscovered-Churchill. 1111 
 
 See HYPOCRISY and INSINCERITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 INCONTINENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Palliated-Mahomefs i. 
 
 63 
 
 INCREASE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Ineffective-G. III. and Am. C. *2777 
 
 INCREDUIilTY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Friends-Mahomet's family. 6201 
 Popular i.-Robert Fulton. 2306 
 
 See DOUBT and SUSPICION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 INDECISION. 
 
 of Timidity-Conspirators. ♦2778 
 in Wrong-doing-James II. ^2779 
 
 See VACILLATION. 
 Political V.-" Bobbing John. ' ' 759 
 
 INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 American i. -Samuel Adams. 
 Childish i., Samuel Johnson's. 
 Declaration of i.-America. 
 
 Defeated, Canadian i. 
 Determined-Algernon Sidney, 
 Domestic i.-Wash's mother. 
 Ministerial i.-Methodist Conf. 
 Natural i. -Young Caesar. 
 Necessary i.-Arch Bp. Anselm 
 Proclaimcd-American i. 
 Profitless-Samuel Johnson 
 
 *2T8« 
 ♦2781 
 ♦2783 
 ♦2783 
 ♦2784 
 *2785 
 *2786 
 *2787 
 *2788 
 .*2789 
 *2790 
 *2791 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Better than wealth. 4882 
 
 Celebration of Am.i.-Centennial.743 
 Changed to conservatism. 3548 
 
 Clerical i.-Samuel Wesley. 922 
 
 Declaration of i., First-N. C. 1492 
 " -Work of genius. 2305 
 
 of Fashion-Charming. 2103 
 
 " " -Cato's dress. 397 
 
 " Gtovernmental restraints. 2414 
 " Government of N. Carolina. 2439 
 in " -State. 946 
 
 Love of i.-Mother of Wash. 6054 
 Manly i.-Somerset-James II. 3138 
 Necessary for military success. 406 
 
 Noble i.-English jury-Penn. 3053 
 
 Official i. necessary-Wm. III. 3892 
 
 in Politics-T. Jefferson. 704 
 
 Preferred to money-Pope. 3656 
 
 Proof of i.-"Make me come." 3930 
 
 Spirit of i.-Alex. Murray. 3085 
 
 Unrestrained by law. 1121 
 
 without Wealth-S. Adams. 3660 
 
 See UNRULINESS. 
 
 Childish u.-Frederick II. *5752 
 
 See LIBERTY in loc. 
 
 INDEPENDENTS. 
 
 Religious i.-Crom well's time. ♦2798 
 
 INDIANS (American.) 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Deluded by-' Most gentle and I "36 
 
 Embraced by painted I.-G. 54 
 
 Plea for protection of I. 4537 
 
 INDIFFERENCE. 
 
 Cruel i. of Caesar. ♦2793 
 
 Religious i. of Charles II. *2794 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affected I. to misfortune-Scott. 92 
 Answer of-Romans. 2015 
 
 to Applause of the masses-Nap. 272 
 " Human life- War. 1070 
 
 " Suffering of others-Surgeon. 193 
 Vice overlooked by woman. 3718 
 " shamefully overlooked. 3177 
 4849 
 Women's i. to vices of men. 3468 
 
 See ABSTRACTION. 
 Art of a -" Waistcoat button." ^19 
 Blunders by a.-Isaac Newton. ^20 
 Dangerous a.-Archimedes. *21 
 
 Absence of mind-Goldsmith. 609 
 Aroused from a.-S. Johnson. 2310 
 Philosopher's a. -Archimedes. 1905 
 
868 
 
 INDIGNATION— INFAMY. 
 
 Youthful a. by study-Newton. 2100 
 
 " study of Pascal. 2324 
 See APATHY, 
 
 by Overconfldence. 5839 
 
 See CARELESSNESS. 
 
 Censure of c.-S. Johnson. *717 
 
 Habitual c.-O. Goldsmith. ♦TIS 
 
 of Personal safety-Nelson. 1391 
 Self-punished c.-Barber-Lincoln.738 
 Unpunished c.-Koran quoted. 32 
 
 See FORGETFULNESS. 
 Deslred-Thetnistocles. ♦2196 
 
 Parental f. of son-Howard. 
 See HEEDLESSNESS. 
 Loss by h., Goldsmith's. 
 
 411 
 
 *2546 
 
 Alarming political h. 3786 
 
 See INSENSIBILITY, 
 of Ambition toothers' suffering. 193 
 Professional i. -Surgeon. 193 
 
 to Suffering of others-Famine. 2079 
 
 See NEGLECT. 
 Atonement for n.-Posth'mous. 8270 
 Explained-Alexander. 4432 
 
 Failure by n.-Cable. 2022 
 
 of Friend- Anaxagoras. 4778 
 
 " Helpers by Thebans. 465 
 
 Life lost by n.-Gibbon. 3260 
 
 Mortifying to Adams-"Postage."35 
 Responsibility for n.-Life. 3160 
 
 See NEUTRALITY. 
 Enforced-Louis XVI. *3808 
 
 Nominal n.-Alabama. *3809 
 
 Appreciated by Caesar. 1032 
 
 Dangerous n. -Religious. 1125 
 
 Evaded-Expensive-England. 1595 
 Firmly maintained-G"v'rnm'nt.2429 
 Offensive n. of U. S. 170 
 
 Political n.-Infamous-Solon. 1230 
 
 See PROCRASTINATION. 
 Fatal p. of Archias. ♦4477 
 
 See RECKLESSNESS. 
 of Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi. 648 
 Example of r.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 of Necessity- William XL 649 
 
 See STOICISM. 
 
 Admired-Southey. ^5341 
 
 See DELAY in loo. 
 
 INDIGNATION. 
 
 Patriotic i. expressed-Tories. ♦2795 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affected i.-Napoleon I. 893 
 
 Aroused by deception. 1587 
 
 at Bribery-Isaac Newton. 660 
 
 -S. A. Douglas. 673 
 
 Expressed by absence and negl'ct.2 
 
 of Gods expected-Pagans-Nile. 694 
 
 Furious-Disguised man. 1652 
 
 Ill-timed i.-Investigation. 2995 
 
 Irrepressible-Geo. Washington. 56 
 
 Popular i. at Brutality. SMS 
 
 " " " assassinators of C. 46 
 
 " " " Clarendon. 8898 
 
 " "" murder of Becket. 3505 
 
 " " " Stamp act. 3525 
 
 of Pride-Samuel Johnson's. 4349 
 
 Public i. at absentee, George II. 9 
 
 " " -Bribery of Demos. 672 
 
 Smothered-Shame. 
 
 3712 
 
 at Threatening of Gates. 
 
 2795 
 
 Unuttered i.-Napoleon I. 
 
 5693 
 
 See RESENTMENT. 
 
 
 Cruel-Alexander. 
 
 ♦4798 
 
 Infamous-Benedict Arnold. 
 
 ♦4799 
 
 Passlonate-Maximin. 
 
 ♦4800 
 
 of Patriots-Lord Chatham. 
 
 ♦4801 
 
 Public-Am. Colonists. 
 
 ♦4802 
 
 Savage-Theodore Lascaris. 
 
 ♦4803 
 
 Withheld-Robbery. 
 
 ♦4804 
 
 of Wrongs-Irishmen. 
 
 ♦4805 
 
 Dishonorable-Treason. 4109 
 
 Expressed forcibly. 2891 
 
 Infldels treated with r. 2831 
 
 Opportunity for r.-Clovis L 409 
 
 Patriotism sacrificed to r. 306 
 
 Premature-Bp. Burnet. 5363 
 
 Vain-Breaking the arrow. 391 
 See ANGER and CONTEMPT 
 in loc. 
 
 INDIONITY. 
 
 Deserved i. by Juba in court. ^2796 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Base i. to dust of Ad. Blake. 1657 
 Humiliating i.-Captive Bajazet.2661 
 the Reward of presumption. 4444 
 
 . See DISHONOR. 
 Insensible to d.-Princes of Sp.^1656 
 Posthumous d.-Ad. Blake. ♦1657 
 Recompensed-Cicero's retum.^1658 
 
 Disguised in politics. 662 
 
 Posthumous d.-Cr'mweir8body.685 
 Reward of d.-Bp. Hall abandoned.2 
 Vices bring d.-Emp. Elagabalus. 960 
 See DISGRACE and INSULT 
 in loc. 
 
 INDISCRETION. 
 
 Destructive i.-Passion of V. ^2797 
 Pre-eminent i. of Bp. Burnet. ♦2798 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Drunkards i.-Robert Bums. 1009 
 
 See FOLLY in loo. 
 
 INDOIiENCE. 
 
 Constitutional i. of Johnson. ^2799 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Fostered by charity of Constan. 533 
 
 *' " " -Roman. 657 
 
 Habitual i. of Samuel Johnson. 622 
 
 See IDLENESS in loc. 
 
 INDUI^GENCE. 
 
 Cross*eference. 
 to Sin by penance. 2800 
 
 INDITI,G£NCES. 
 
 Cargo of i.-Papal. ^2801 
 
 Papal 1. by Tetzel. ' ^2802 
 
 Sale of i.-Church- building. ^2803 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Appetite-Degraded by. 368 
 
 " " -Shameless. 260 
 
 " •* -Voraciou8-Johns'n.2183 
 Authority for papal i. 837 
 
 Sale of i., Tetzel's. 5164 
 
 .. .. « .. 4309 
 
 Spiritual i., Origin of. 711 
 
 to Sin-Pope Leo. 5156 
 
 See INCONTINENCE. 
 Palliated offence of Mahomet. 63 
 
 See LICENSE. 
 Legislative 1. for murder. 3278 
 
 See SELF-INDULGENCE. 
 
 Ruinous s.-i.-Fox. 5806 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS, LUXURY 
 
 and PARTIALITY in loc. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Education in i.-S. Johnson. 
 Exposition of i., Timours. 
 Happiness by l.-Eng. people. 
 Misapplied i.-Jamestown Col. 
 Proof of i.-Calloused hands. 
 Report of i. 
 
 Sacrificed to pride-Charles I. 
 Standard of i.-Leathern apron, 
 Virtue by i.-Hannibal's army. 
 
 ♦2804 
 ♦2805 
 ♦2806 
 ♦2807 
 ♦2808 
 ♦2809 
 ♦2810 
 ♦2811 
 ♦2812 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Drink-Tartars. 2950 
 
 Encouragement of i.-Year 1754. 3423 
 Incited by money. 3677 
 
 Protection of i.-Unequal. 4534 
 
 " " " 4535 
 
 Required by Athenian law. 2704 
 Success by i.-Benj. Franklin. 5389 
 See EMPLOYMENT, MANUFACT- 
 URES and "WORK 
 in loc. 
 INEdUAIilTY. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Conflict-Macedonian8-P'r8'n8.466 
 467 
 Matrimonial i. of Cato and bride. 139 
 
 See DISPARITY. 
 
 In Battle-Arbela. 466 
 
 of Losses in battle-N. Orleans. 3381 
 
 See CASTE, DISTINCTION and 
 
 FAVORITISM in loc. 
 
 INEXPERIENCi:. 
 
 Mistakes from i. -Skirmish. ^2813 
 Presumption of i.-Youth. ^2814 
 Removed by loss- Army. ^2816 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Climate-Discoverers. 1988 
 
 DifBculties from i. -Cannon. 707 
 Failure by i.-War. 930 
 
 Ignorance of i -Chas. I.-Cook. 1653 
 Timidity of i.-Frederick II. 2024 
 " "-Bp. M'Kendree. 2023 
 Victim of i.-Countryman. 1231 
 
 INFAMY. 
 Posthumous i.-Emperor C. ♦2816 
 Stain of i., Massacre-Gen. P. ^2817 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 by Assassination-Booth. 813 
 
 Conspicuous for i.-Commodus. 5743 
 Deserved i. -Titus Gates. 4565 
 
 Exposed-Spartan bachelors. 446 
 Immortal i. of Jefifrieys. 2862 
 
 for Money-Charles II. 4688 
 
 Overlooked-Pompadour. 8712 
 
 Remembrance of i.-"Boilman."1364 
 Renown of i.-Erostratus. 4763 
 
 Reward of i.-Assassin. 2053 
 
 See DISGRACE in loc. 
 
INFANT— INGENUITY. 
 
 869 
 
 INFANT, 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 King of England and Fr. H. VI.3080 
 *' " Scotland-James. 3079 
 
 INFANTICIDE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Common-Misgovernment. 
 
 2410 
 
 I^FANTS. 
 
 in Heaven-Swedenborg. *2818 
 
 See BABE. 
 Influence of b.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Supposititious b.-Believed. 3913 
 
 See FOUNDLINGS. 
 Protection of f.-Emp. Paulas. 807 
 
 INFATUATION. 
 
 Destructive i. of Nero. *2819 
 
 of Pride- James II. *2820 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Curiosity-Pliny. 5050 
 
 Inventor's i.-Arkwright. 5168 
 
 of Love-Page of Mary Stuart. 3343 
 Political i.-James II. 3388 
 
 Popular i.-Conquest of Florida. 75 
 of War-Charles XII. 1239 
 
 See CHARM. 
 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and 1. *782 
 
 "-Agnus Dei. *783 
 
 See CRAZE. 
 
 for Gold-Emigrants. 2388 
 
 See ENCHANTMENT. 
 Boyish e.-David Crockett. 634 
 
 " " in books-Irving. 626 
 
 Personal e. by Mahomet. 2124 
 
 See HALLUCINATION. 
 Realistic h.-LutLer-Devil. *2506 
 
 Enthusiast's h.-Joan of Arc. 2384 
 
 See DELUSION and INSANITY 
 
 in loo. 
 
 INFECTION. 
 
 Feared-London pest- field. *2821 
 See DISEASE in loc. 
 
 INFERENCE. 
 
 Mistakes by i.-Alexaader. *2822 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 False i.-Sensitive-James II. 
 See REASONING in loc. 
 
 INFIDEI<. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Monster-Obd urate. 
 Rebuked by Andrew Jackson. 
 
 INFIDEI.ITT. 
 
 Dishonest i -S. Johnson. 
 Escape from i.-Benj. Franklin. 
 Leader in i.-Voltaire. 
 Metaphysical i.-Unnatural. 
 Peril of l.-Samuel Johnson. 
 Secret of i.-S. Johnson, 
 and the State-Prance. 
 Weakness of i. -Napoleon. 
 
 3917 
 
 258C 
 2547 
 
 ♦2823 
 
 *2824 
 ♦2825 
 *2826 
 *2827 
 ♦2828 
 ♦2829 
 ♦2830 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Credulity of i.-Superstitious. 2237 
 
 Destructive, not constructive. 2829 
 
 Escape from i. -George Fox. 1714 
 
 " " " -Isaac Newton. 1951 
 
 from Spiritual ignorance-G's. 844 
 
 Virtue relaxed by 1. 3246 
 
 INFIDELS. 
 
 Treatment of i.-S. Johnson. *2831 
 
 2831 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Robbers of humanity. 
 
 See ATHEISM. 
 Concealed-Romans. 2668 
 
 Tried-Rejected-France. 2370 
 
 See ATHEISTS. 
 Nation of a.— No. 4737 
 
 See SCEPTICS. 
 Superstition of s.-Earl of S. *5023 
 
 See SCEPTICISM. 
 
 Prejudice charges s. 4413 
 
 Punished by fanatics. 3078 
 
 Unwarranted s. -Atlantic cable.2216 
 
 See UNBELIEF in loc. 
 
 INFIRMITIES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Age delayed till 86-Wesley. 1-38 
 
 'Ex'poseA-' Advocatus diaboli." 1884 
 
 See DEFECTS and SICKNESS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 INFLUENCE. 
 
 Personal i. of Chas. Edward. *2832 
 
 " "-Napoleon. ♦3833 
 
 " "-Napoleon's aides. *2834 
 
 "-William Pitt. *2835 
 
 " "-Washington. ♦sase 
 
 "-Caesar. ^2837 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Associates-Peter the Great. 380 
 Association, Changed by Gre'ks.1865 
 of Association in prison. 5804 
 
 Bad i. of women on James II. 6323 
 
 " " " ' 5054 
 
 " " " " -Mistresses. 4487 
 
 Child's i.-Henry VI.-5 yrs. old. 790 
 
 Controlling i. of associates. 2238 
 
 Destructive i. of a." A.W." 3383 
 
 " "gamblers. 2273 
 
 Far extended, Evil i 4823 
 
 Imperilled by evil associate. 4533 
 
 Indirect i.-Pizarro's pig. 4984 
 
 Ineffective i. of good examples. 904 
 
 Mysterious personal i.-Vicious. 2842 
 
 i. of Cromwell in P. 263 
 
 Perpetuated in works. 330 
 
 Personal i.-Rule of Indians. 415 
 
 " "-Strange-Nap. 1. 1656 
 
 " "-Napoleon-1000 1890 
 
 " "-Lycurgus a god. 2347 
 
 " "-Napoleon. 4367 
 
 4368 
 
 Posthumous i.-Personal-Nap. 22.39 
 
 " "-Stench-Alex. 1456 
 
 " "-Caesar's. 3772 
 
 " "-Illustration. 4671 
 
 Silent i. of banner-Mexicans. 4088 
 
 Strange i.-Joan of Arc. 1559 
 
 Undeserved i. -George Villiers. 494 
 
 See ENTREATY, INFATUATION 
 
 and INSPIRATION in loc. 
 
 INFORMATION. 
 
 Importance of i.-Black Hawk.^2843 
 Pleasing i.-A. Lincoln. ^2844 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Crime-Bravely given. 1842 
 
 Dangerous 1. of conspiracy. 3741 
 
 by Signal fires.-Eng. coast. 4089 
 
 Startling i.-Powder-mine. 1392 
 
 Suppressed by murder. 2871 
 
 Unimportant vs. Important. 3814 
 
 See NEWS. 
 
 Fatal n.-Dr. Mott-Lincoln d. ♦3810 
 Writer of n. devices of yr. 1709.+3811 
 
 Good n.-Haste-Gold. 1974 
 
 Manipulated-Sertorius. 1479 
 Shocking n.-Fatal-Unexpected. 1608 
 
 See NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Colonial Am. n., year 1740. ^3812 
 
 Deprecated by Addison. *3813 
 
 Primitive n.-English. ♦3814 
 
 Thought directed by n. ♦3815 
 
 Attacks of n. ignored-Lincoln. 1309 
 
 Fabulous accounts in n. 1973 
 
 Want of n.-Preserve liberty. 3237 
 
 See INTELLIGENCE, SCHOOL 
 
 and STUDY in loc. 
 
 INFORMER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dastardly i.-James Burton. 2850 
 Massacre prevented by 1. 1006 
 
 INFORMERS. 
 
 Rejected by Vespasian. ^2845 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Blackmail paid to I. 2008 
 
 Criminals for i.-Jeffreys' court. 919 
 Detested-Am. Revolution. 2257 
 Heartless i.-Jeffreys' court. 2850 
 Infamous l.-Titus Gates. 6033 
 
 Tools of tyranny. 1953 
 
 See- DETECTIVE m loc. 
 
 INGENUITY. 
 
 vs. Difficulties-Augustus. ♦2846 
 
 Practical-Benjamin Franklin. ^2847 
 of Savages-Hatchets. ^2848 
 
 Success by i.-Columbus. ^2849 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Boyish i.-I. Newton. 642 
 
 " » " " 3543 
 
 in Boyhood-Eli Whitney. 2410 
 
 Female i.-Silk-weaving. 607O 
 
 Genius shown by i.-Newton. 230» 
 
 Knowledge increased by i. 3028 
 
 in Printing mezzotints. 1898 
 
 Progress by l.-Telescope. 1632 
 
 Resources of i.-John Fitch. 1876 
 
 Rewarded by power-loom. 2971 
 
 Saved by i. of intercessor. 4663 
 
 Silmulated-New sauce. 2185 
 
 Unrewarded-Spinning. 2968 
 
 Woman's i.-Dr. Cole. 5383 
 
 See EXPERT, 
 
 by Practice-Jeffreys. ^1994 
 
 3041 
 
 Physical e.-Henry II. 
 
 See EXPERTS, 
 Unappreciated-Frpderick II. 
 
 See INVENTION. 
 by Acoident-Spinning-jenny. ♦2968 
 " " -Chauncey Jerome. ^2969 
 Aid of i.-Caesar's sickles. ♦8970 
 
 Appreclated-Power-loom. ♦2971 
 
870 
 
 INGRATE— INJURIES. 
 
 Benefit of i.-Earthenware. 
 Crisis of i.-Elias Howe. 
 Discouragement in i.-J. Watt. 
 Failure of i.-Geo. Washington 
 Genius for i.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 " " "-Chinese. 
 
 " " "-James Watt. 
 Great i.-Spinning-machlne. 
 Growth of i.-Many minds. 
 Preservation by i.-Greek fire. 
 Saved by i.-the State. 
 Useful i.-Chauncey Jerome. 
 
 " "-Pit-iron, 
 in Youth-Crompton's " mule.' 
 
 ♦2973 
 *2974 
 *29r5 
 .*29r6 
 *297r 
 *29r8 
 *2979 
 *2980 
 *2981 
 ♦2982 
 *2983 
 ♦2984 
 *2985 
 '*2986 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Architectural i. -Limited. 282 
 
 Genius for i.-Greeks. 283 
 
 Miscredited -Telescopes by R. B.697 
 Neglected-Mag. needle 100 yrs. 273 
 Protection by i.-Archimedes. 343 
 Victory by i. of cannon. 350 
 
 Want spurs i.-Weapons-Tools. 337 
 
 See INVENTOR. 
 
 by Accidents. F. B.Morse. *2989 
 
 Trials of i.-John Fitch. *2307 
 
 Wronged-Ell Whitney. *2991 
 
 " -John Kay. ^2992 
 
 Boy 1.-1. Newton. 
 Disappointment of i. 
 Discouragement of i. 
 Ingenious i.-EU Whitney. 
 Straggle of i.-Goodyear's. 
 
 " " "-Howe's. 
 Study of i.-John Fitch. 
 Vexations of S. C. " mule." 
 
 See INVENTORS. 
 Remunerated slowly. 
 
 See TACT. 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. 
 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 
 Superstition overcome by t. 
 
 See SKILL. 
 Misapplied-Perpetual motion. 
 Proof of s. -Rothschild. 
 
 642 
 
 5404 
 
 5388 
 
 88 
 
 4343 
 
 4344 
 
 871 
 
 535 
 
 *2993 
 
 *5501 
 ♦5502 
 
 *5168 
 *5169 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 3430 
 " "-Crockett. 4322 
 
 See ABILITIES and ARTS in loc. 
 
 INGRATE). 
 
 Cowardly i.-James Burton. ♦2850 
 
 INGRATITUDE. 
 
 Base i. of Louis XIII. *2851 
 
 " "-Brutus. ^2852 
 
 Filial i.-Sons of Henry 11. ♦2853 
 
 Official i. -James n. ^2854 
 Political i. -Grecian democracy. *2855 
 
 "-Athenians. ^2856 
 
 Shameful i -Francis Bacon. ^2857 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 
 to Animals reproved. 5866 
 
 Apology for i., Weak. 2857 
 
 Disgraceful 1. to Columbus. 1648 
 
 Filial i., Nero's. 1110 
 
 " "-Sons of Henry U. 1634 
 
 " " " " " " 4005 
 
 Infamous i. 
 National i. -Athenians. 
 Punishment for i., Severest. 
 Reproved by Mahomet. 
 Services rewarded by i. 
 Shameful i.-Assassins of C. 
 " of Henry VIII. 
 Shame of i.-Charles I. 
 
 INHERITANCE. 
 of Household goods-England. 
 
 3713 
 4664 
 6212 
 5866 
 4877 
 1141 
 435 
 1118 
 
 ♦2885 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Inferior i.-Riohes vs. Spirit. 2908 
 Transferred by religion. 2958 
 
 See BEQUESTS, 
 for Spiritual benefits. ♦554 
 
 of Wife-by Athenians. 
 See HEIR. 
 Suspicious h. of James II. 
 
 See LEGACY. 
 for Churches-15th century, 
 of Political advice-Augustus. 
 
 See LEGACIES. 
 Christian 1. to Church. 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. 
 Enriched by 1. -Cicero. 
 
 See PRIMOGENITURE. 
 Disregarded in Old Testament, 
 
 INHUMANITY. 
 Commercial i.-Sell old slaves, 
 of Man to man-England. 
 " " " " -Spaniards. 
 Professional i.-Jeffreys. 
 Revenge for i. -Pestilence. 
 
 5995 
 
 8528 
 
 554 
 100 
 
 ♦3183 
 ♦3184 
 ♦3185 
 
 ♦4459 
 
 ♦2859 
 ♦2860 
 ♦2861 
 ♦2862 
 ♦2863 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Age of i.-P'ment of criminals, 
 in Amusements-Agony. 
 
 by Avarice-15th 'century, 
 to Beggars-Punishment. 
 
 " Children-Jeffreys' court. 
 Christian i. to Pagans. 
 of Commerce-Slave trade. 
 
 " " -Famine. 
 
 In Conquests- Whole populat'n. 
 Excused-Public safety, 
 of Goverument-Dr. Bateman. 
 to Indians-Early explorers. 
 Indifference to agony, 
 of Persecutors~Cf)venanters. 
 to Prisoners-English convicts. 
 " " -London. 
 
 " " -" The Fleet." 
 
 Religious 1. of persecutors, 
 of Superstition-Sylla. 
 
 " " -Lepers burned, 
 
 in War-Romans. 
 
 See CANNIBALISM. 
 Christian c.-Crusaders. 
 
 2656 
 
 102 
 
 1368 
 
 426 
 
 2703 
 
 803 
 
 1050 
 
 1116 
 
 2002 
 
 1070 
 
 5003 
 
 540 
 
 908 
 
 1362 
 
 656 
 
 5183 
 
 4467 
 
 4469 
 
 2557 
 
 5452 
 
 4418 
 
 5912 
 
 ♦706 
 
 in Famine-France. 2077 
 
 " -California. 2679 
 
 See BRUTALITY and CRUELTY 
 in loc. 
 
 INITIATION. 
 
 Terrific I.-Mysteriesof Erusis.^2864 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Absurd i.-Women prisoners. 
 
 1385 
 
 See INAUGURATION. 
 
 Joyful i., Washington's. ^2768 
 
 Mystic i. -Turkish Sultan. *2769 
 
 Simplicity of i.-T. Jefferson. ^2770 
 
 Ancient i.-Founding a city. 
 Ceremony of i. -Gothic kings. 
 Parsimonious i.-James II. 
 INJURIES. 
 Forgetful of i.-Cassar. 
 Redressing i.-Knights. 
 Reparation for i.-Laws. 
 
 " " "-Romans. 
 
 Sensitiveness to i.-Voltaire. 
 
 897 
 
 119 
 
 4008 
 
 ♦2865 
 ♦2866 
 ♦2867 
 ♦2868 
 ♦2869 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Compensated in future life. 
 Overlooked-Louis XII. 
 Reparation for ofScial i.-S. H. 
 Unresented by Bishop Ken. 
 
 See ABUSE. 
 Absence of a., Savage's. 
 Personal a. of Milton. 
 Slanderous a. -Napoleon I. 
 Success by a.-Politlcal. 
 
 4580 
 
 2200 
 
 41 
 
 517 
 
 ♦22 
 ♦23 
 ♦24 
 ♦25 
 
 vs. Arguments-S. Johnson. 2904 
 
 of the Blind-Milton. 23 
 
 " Countrymen-London. 1231 
 
 Exposure to a.-AppIus. 1855 
 
 of Good principles. 1121 
 
 Growth of a. -S tar-Chamber. 1255 
 
 Judicial a.-Jeffreys. 1842 
 
 Political a. for effect. 4233 
 
 Reformation of a.-Hopeless. 4253 
 
 Self-applied a. in preaching. 1234 
 
 vs. Use-Money. 5755 
 
 See DAMAGES. 
 Excessive d. for defam't'n-J.II.1487 
 
 Scale of d.-PerPonal. 2867 
 
 See GRIEVANCES. 
 
 Ignored by James II. 8853 
 
 See LOSS. 
 
 Gain by l.-Hannibal. *«829 
 
 Irretrievable l.-Sedgemoor. ♦3330 
 
 Irreparable 1. of architectural m.329 
 
 See LOSSES. 
 
 Disparity In l.-New Orleans. ♦3331 
 
 Made good by courage. 1247 
 
 See OUTRAGE. 
 
 Horrible o. of Albion. ^3971 
 
 Reaction of o.-Joan of Arc. ^3972 
 
 Resented by parent. ♦3973 
 
 Shameful o.-Columbus. 
 
 i648 
 
 See TRESPASS. 
 
 
 Revenge for t., Severe. 
 
 8057 
 
 See WOUNDS. 
 
 
 Honorable w.-Timour. 
 
 ♦6171 
 
 " " -Sertorius. 
 
 ♦6172 
 
 " " -in Front. 
 
 ♦6173 
 'J. 2226 
 
 from Friends-" Stonewall ' 
 
 Honorable w.-Persians at Petra.643 | 
 
 Indifferent to w.-Phillp. 
 
 5945 1 
 
 See WRONG. 
 
 1 
 
 Neither give nor take w. 
 
 2872 1 
 
 Suffering w. vs. Doing w. 
 
 4188 1 
 
 See WRONGS. 
 
 1 
 
 Redressed, Imaginary w. 
 
 ♦6175 1 
 
 Excessive redress-Knights. 
 Resentment of w.-Irlshmen. 
 
 2866 J 
 4805 ■ 
 
INJURY— INSPIRATION. 
 
 871 
 
 INJURY. 
 
 Mutual i-Chas. I. and Rupert.*2870 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Insult added to i.-Arabs. 2896 
 
 " " " "-Barbarians. 250 
 
 Unrevenged-Lycurgus. 3264 
 
 See MUTILATION, 
 of Agriculturists by Theodoric. 164 
 by Cowards-Romans. 5240 
 
 Punishment by m.-Scots. 5791 
 
 Revenge by m.-Coventry. 4857 
 
 Self-m. for deception. 5348 
 
 Soldiers supported by State. 5243 
 See RESENTMENT and REVENGE 
 in loo. 
 
 INJUSTICE. 
 
 Covered by cruelty-Callias. *2871 
 
 Reproved by Puritans. *2872 
 
 Stigma of i.-Cicero. *2873 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abhorrence of i.-Prolonged. 1263 
 Costly i.-Eng. bankruptcy. 451 
 
 Exasperation of i.-Parent. 3973 
 
 Persecutors of Christians. 1261 
 
 Revenged by nature-Jail fever.4860 
 Revenue from i. 4865 
 
 Revolution by i.-Bngland. 4875 
 
 Submission to i. -Romans. 1210 
 
 to Women-Property. 6127 
 
 See CRIME, FAVORITISM and 
 PERSECUTION in loo. 
 
 INNOCENCE. 
 False i.-Bet Flint. 
 
 *2874 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Assumed by Richard I. 1245 
 
 " falsely-Demosthenes.1477 
 Eloquently pleaded by Str'ff'rd.l934 
 Intercession of i. rejected. 1337 
 
 Mediation of l.-Pardon. 3998 
 
 ■Naliedness of angels Sw'd'b'rg. 958 
 Profession of i., Faise-Timour. 4543 
 Unprotected by i.-Martyr. 4141 
 " " "-Jeffreys' ct. 803 
 
 Vindicated by death-bed conf . 1081 
 
 See PURITY. 
 Sentimental p.-Edward III. *4586 
 
 Bravery of p.-Joan of Arc. 
 Ueligion of p.-Perslan. 
 
 1727 
 4176 
 
 Romish i. in France. 
 
 *2878 
 
 INNOCENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Intercession of the 1. 5261 
 
 Punishment of i. children. 4571 
 
 " the i. 4570 
 
 INNOVATION. 
 
 Eesented-Subjects of Peter. ♦2875 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Opposed-Highways. 4414 
 
 " to i.-S. Johnson. 2511 
 
 See PROGRESS in loo. 
 
 INNS. 
 Attractive i.-Old English. *2876 
 
 See HOTEL-KEEPER. 
 Indulgences sold by h.-k. 2803 
 
 INQUISITION. 
 Abominable in Spain. *2877 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ignorance directing i. 2721 
 
 Truth outraged by i. 5727 
 
 INSANITY. 
 
 Capability with i.-George III. *2879 
 
 Feared by Samuel Johnson. *2880 
 
 Moral i. of Cambyses. ♦2881 
 
 Perils from i.-Walter Scott. *2882 
 
 Religious i.-Wm. Cowper. *2883 
 
 Royal i. of George III. ^2884 
 
 Emotional i.-^sop the actor. 4022 
 " "-Lajolais. 3998 
 
 Employment relieves i. 2300 
 
 by Fright-False ghost. 2353 
 
 Genius tinged with i. 3601 
 
 of Genius-John Fitch. 8307 
 
 Hopeless i.-J. Howard's son. 122 
 by Ill-health and bereavement. 2691 
 of Monomania-John Brown. 3688 
 Nature's cure for i.-Air, etc. 2691 
 Religious i.-Muggleton. 2083 
 
 Self-destructive i.-W. Cowper. 5427 
 by Vanity-Ferguson. 5774 
 
 " Witchcraft-Supposed. 3512 
 
 See MADNESS. 
 Effective m. of James Otis. *3377 
 
 Courage of m.-Charles XII. 
 
 See MANIA. 
 Popular m.-Crusades. 
 
 1239 
 
 ♦3411 
 
 for Criticism-Thackeray. 1310 
 
 Popular m.-Crusades. 1375 
 for Speculation-Eng., a.d. 1720. 5280 
 
 " " -France. 5281 
 
 " " -England. 5282 
 
 " " -France. 5283 
 
 " Suicide- Wm. Cowper. 5427 
 See INFATUATION in loc. 
 
 INSENSIBIIilTY. 
 
 to Suffering-Execution. +2885 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Professional i.-Surgery. 193 
 
 to Suffering of others. 2079 
 
 See INDIFFERENCE. 
 Cruel I. of Caesar. ♦2793 
 
 Religious i. of Charies II. *2794 
 
 Affected I. to misfortune-Scott. 92 
 to Applause of the masse8-Nap.272 
 " Human life- War. 1070 
 
 " Suffering of others-Surgeon. 193 
 
 See OBDURACY. 
 
 Criminal o.-Earl of Ferrers. 25.39 
 
 Immovable o. of James II. 2536 
 
 See BRUTALITY, CRUELTY ard 
 
 INGRATITUDE in loc. 
 
 INSINCERITY. 
 
 Blemish of i.-Caesar. 
 of Jesuits-Dissembling. 
 
 ♦2886 
 ♦2887 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Forced conversions. 1185 
 
 in Politics-Newcastle. 1679 
 
 Political I.-James II. 4258 
 
 Reaction of i.-Charles I. 1676 
 
 " 1677 
 
 Repels assistance. 2041 
 
 See AFFECTATION. 
 Ridiculed by Thackeray. 
 
 See CANT. 
 Political c. -Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See DISHONESTY. 
 General d.-Reign of James II. 
 
 See HYPOCRISY. 
 Brazen h.-Pope Adrian VI. 
 Diplomatic h.-Napoleon I. 
 Exposed-Religious-Charles II, 
 in Friendship-Rival dukes. 
 Invited-Puritan Parliament. 
 Religious h. -Rival dukes. 
 " "-Roman Philos. 
 
 1506 
 
 ♦708 
 
 ♦1655 
 
 ♦2692 
 ♦2693 
 ♦2694 
 ♦2695 
 ♦269S 
 ♦2697 
 
 Political h.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 ReUgious h.-Charies II. 4711 
 
 See HYPOCRITE. 
 
 Accomplished h.-"Dick" T. ♦2699 
 
 Epitaph of the h. -Alexius. ^2700 
 
 See DECEPTION in loc. 
 
 INSOIiENCE. 
 
 Consummate i.-Jeffreys. ♦2888 
 
 Ecclesiastical i.-Gregory VII. ♦2889 
 
 Official i. of James II. +2890 
 
 Resented i. of Darius. ♦2891 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Aggravating l.-A. Lincoln. 534 
 
 In Defeat-Roman Emperor. 2197 
 Papal i. to Henry VI. 2663 
 
 Patriotic i.-Am. Revolution. 4963 
 Unresented by Philip. 5297 
 
 " Anytus. 4804 
 
 -Patriots. 4813 
 
 Victim of i.-Columbus. 1648 
 
 War occasioned by I. 1624 
 
 See EFFRONTERY. 
 
 Bold e.-Prince Albion. 2645 
 
 in Literature-Bet Flint to S. J. 37 
 
 See CONTEMPT and RIDICULE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 INSOI.VENCY. 
 
 Governmental l.-Charles II. ♦2892 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Refuge in i.-London. 
 
 See DEBT in loo. 
 
 1299 
 
 INSPIRATION. 
 
 Claim of i.-Alarlc. ♦2893 
 
 Professed i.-Joan of Arc. ^2894 
 
 Proof of i.-Joan of Arc. ♦2895 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Art-Romans. 333 
 
 " " -Italians. 336 
 
 Belief in 1., Personal-Mahomet. 1401 
 
 " " personal i.-Joan of A. 1906 
 
 Claimed for the Zendavesta. 625 
 
 for Conflict-"God is with us 1" 464 
 
 Divine impulse-Excuse. 2422 
 
 False i.-Delphic priestess. 3947 
 
 in Hatred-Wm. P. of Orange. 2654 
 
 Language produced by i. 3134 
 
 in Love-Robert Burns. 4219 
 
 " Muslo-Wesley-Mobs. 698 
 
 Poetic 1. Intermittent-MIlton. 1014 
 
 of Religious faith-Battle. 2088 
 
 See ENTHUSIASM and FUTURE 
 
 in loc. 
 
872 
 
 INSTRUCTION— INTELLECT. 
 
 INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Dangerous i. of enemy. 3729 
 
 by Defeat-Peter the Great. 1493 
 " Example-Siege of Rome. 1961 
 " *' -Divinity of the Son. 825 
 " Failure-Mi Qucius. 2026 
 
 Need of i.-Petrarch. 621 
 
 Needed withauthority-Howard.411 
 Popular i. by architecture. 287 
 
 Religious i. neglected-Eogland. 886 
 
 See ADMONITION. 
 Disregarded-Gen. Braddook. *56 
 
 See ADVICE. 
 Disdained-Braddock's defeat. *97 
 Ignored, Clarendon's, by J. II. *98 
 Ill-timed a. to A. Lincoln. *99 
 
 Legacy of a. by Augustus to R.*100 
 
 See COUNSEL. 
 of the Dying-Louis XIV. ♦laiQ 
 
 Inopportune c, Deputies'. •1220 
 Safety in c.-Battle. *1221 
 
 Discarded rashly-Chas. XII. 1239 
 
 Honest c. punished. 8609 
 
 See COUNSELLOK. 
 
 Evil c.-"Evil angel." *1222 
 
 See COUNSELLORS. 
 
 Dangerous c. of James II. *1223 
 Whimsical c.-'Wise woman."*1224 
 
 Obstructive o. -Scots. 975 
 
 Various c. to G. Washington. 1926 
 Volunteer-too many generals. 2284 
 
 See REPROOF. 
 Meekness in r.-Dr. Taylor. *4779 
 Undeserved r.-Dr. Arnold. *4780 
 Undisturbed by r.-G. Wash. *4781 
 
 5896 
 
 4881 
 
 Death by r., Tetzel's. 
 Desired-Good Emp. Julian 
 Sagacious r., Wife's. 
 
 See WARNING, 
 of Danger- Richard I. *5947 
 
 Ineffective w. -Caesar. *5948 
 
 Acoepted-Girl's w., by Lincoln. 6102 
 Admonition disregarded. 56 
 
 Disdained-a Woman's w. 6110 
 
 Disregarded by Nero's mother. 196 
 Effective w. to officials. 3036 
 
 Felon's w. to manufacturers. 512 
 Interference of novice. 3546 
 
 Neglected-Diversion-Cassar. 1689 
 Timely w.-Wash. by woman. 4079 
 Unexpected w.-Scripture. 4901 
 
 Unmoved by w.-Alexander. 1048 
 See EDUCATION, INFORMATION 
 and SCHOOL in loo. 
 
 INSTRUMENT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hamad i. in divine hands-L. 
 
 611 
 
 2018 
 
 INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Useless-Eyes for junks. 
 
 See MACHINERY. 
 Benefits of m.-Clocks. *3374 
 
 a Means-Samuel Johnson. *3375 
 Triumph of m.-Brass clocks. ♦3876 
 
 Hallucination-Perpetual mofn.5168 
 
 Importance of ra.-Cotton gin. 2988 
 
 Intricate-Mechanical birds. 3383 
 
 Labor-saving m.-Clocks. 2984 
 
 Relieves labor-Changes. 3107 
 
 " " -Cotton-gin. 3115 
 
 " " -Miners. 3108 
 
 *2896 
 *2897 
 
 INSUIiT. 
 
 more than Injury- Arabs, 
 to Jealousy-Flogging. 
 Last i., a Knight's. 
 Political i. to William Pitt. *2899 
 Rebellion from i.-Persians. *2900 
 Remembrance of i.-Cyrus. *2901 
 Stinging i.-Col. Tarleton. *2902 
 
 Unconscious i.-James II. *2903 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abusive i.-Ambassadors. 4444 
 
 Added to injury-Barbarians. 250 
 
 of Arrogance-Attila-Romans. 321 
 322 
 
 Fancied i.-Xerxes. 320 
 
 Humiliating i. -Caesar-Beard. 2796 
 
 Humiliation for i.-Pope. 249 
 
 Oversensitive to i.-Tyrant. 8587 
 
 Resented by Bismarck. 3359 
 
 -Making love- Wife. 8416 
 
 Stinging i.-Woman's. 3489 
 
 Uni*esented-Fear-Alexius. 757 
 
 INSULTS. 
 
 Argument by i.-S. Johnson, 
 with Misfortune-James II. 
 
 *8904 
 *2905 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Adversity-James 11. 2908 
 
 Authorized for cowards. 1280 
 
 Cruelty provoked by i.-Ind's. 2074 
 Public i.-Cromwell to Parli'm'nt 410 
 Reparation for i.. Cheap. 2868 
 
 Women's'i. to cowards. 6128 
 
 See INSOLENCE. 
 Consummate i.-Jeffreys. *2888 
 
 Ecclesiastical i.-Gregory VII. *2889 
 Official i. of James II. *2890 
 
 Resented i. of Darius. *2891 
 
 Gentos tor m.-Eli Whitney. 3113 
 
 Aggravating i.-A. Lincoln. 534 
 
 in Defeat-Roman Emperor. 2197 
 
 Papal i. to Henry VI. 8663 
 
 Patriotic i.-Am. Revolution. 4953 
 
 Unresented by Philip. 5297 
 
 " " -Anytus. 4804 
 
 " -Patriots. 4813 
 
 Victim of i.-Columbus. 1648 
 
 War occasioned by i. 1684 
 
 See CONTEMPT and RIDICULE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 INSURRECTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Suppressed-Am. Revolution. 1136 
 
 See MUTINY. 
 
 Courage against m. -Caesar. *3756 
 
 Cruel m.-Henry Hudson. *3757 
 by Disappointment-Columbus. *3758 
 
 Reform by m. -British navy. *3759 
 
 of Sailors-British navy. *3760 
 
 Unparalleled m.-Scottish sld'rs. 306 
 See REBELLION in loc. 
 
 INTEGRITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Recognized-Samuel Adams. 676 
 Reputation for i.-Aristides. 4788 
 " "-Cato. 479a 
 
 " " "-Lincoln. 4792 
 
 See FIDELITY, HONOR and HON- 
 ESTY in loc. 
 
 INTELLECT. 
 
 Clouded-Jeffreys'. *890& 
 
 Dulness of i.-John Howard. *2907 
 Parsimonious i.-Later Greeks. *2908 
 Uncultivated-Am. Indians. *890» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deficiency in i.-S. Am. Indians.3531 
 Display of i. by Egyptians. 353a 
 " " " " Jesuits. 3008 
 
 Dull i. quickened-Goldsmith. 640 
 Freedom of i. -Quakers. 1908- 
 
 Moral depravity-Chas. the Bad. 1669 
 Originality-Newton's inventi'ns.642 
 
 See MIND. 
 VS. Body-Columbus. *3598 
 
 " " -Wm. P. of Orange. *3599 
 Entertainment of m. at meals.*360a 
 Infirmities of m.-Uni versa!. *3601 
 Surroundings of m.,Cr'mw'irs*3602 
 Undeveloped-Countrymen. *3<)03 
 Undisturbed by anxiety. *3604 
 
 Versatility of m.-Queen Eliz. *3605 
 
 Quelled by General Jackson. 1963 
 Sailor's m., Columbus'. 1940 
 
 Absence of m.-O. Goldsmith. 609' 
 Absorbed by study-Shelley. 18 
 
 Abstraction of m., Art in-W. S. 1* 
 " -Blunders by Newton. 80 
 " -Dangerous- A. 21 
 
 Achievement of m.. Brilliant. 1871 
 Activity of m. in old age. 1010' 
 
 Agitated by religion-Fox. 3564 
 
 Affects the body-Clark. 1181 
 
 Agony of m.-Josephine. 1699 
 
 Anguish of m.-Nap.at Wat'rloo.3817 
 Art of controlling m.-Sadness. 3561 
 Ascendency of m.-Civilization. 5735 
 Complex action of m.-Nap. 1575' 
 Confused by a trick-"Button." 19 
 Dejected-William Pitt. 1515 
 
 Diet affects m.-Mahomet. 2180- 
 
 Display of powers-Jefferson. 2305 
 Diversion of m. heals melanch. 3561 
 Diverted by amusement. 5138 
 
 Dulness overcome by study. 1776- 
 of m.-Fogies. 2165 
 
 " " " in boyhood. 64& 
 
 Employment of m., Noble-Nap.3826 
 Fed-Body unfed. 3794 
 
 Food makes inequality in m. 4606 
 Harmonious m., Milton's. 8340 
 
 vs. Morals-Aspasia. 1256 
 
 Morbid m. of Benj. Abbott. 1109 
 " " " Constans. 1108 
 
 Phenomena of m., Mysterious. 3761 
 " " " 3762 
 
 Polish vs. Morality. 3707 
 
 Preparation of m.-Milton. 1014 
 
 Presence of m. in battle. 1608 
 
 " " " -Margaret. 1045 
 
 Reaction of m. on body. 101? 
 
INTELLIGENCE— INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 873 
 
 Reviewed in a diary. 1574 
 
 Superior to surroundings-B'rns.1016 
 Superiority of m.-Sculptor. 5056 
 Supremacy of m.-Body-Nap. 1982 
 Triumph of m.-Roger Bacon. 697 
 
 See MINDS. 
 
 Narrow m.-Cliaracteristlc. *3606 
 
 See INTELLIGENCE in loo. 
 
 HVTEIililGENCE. 
 
 Poverty of i.-Samuel Johnson. *2910 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clothing represents i. 958 
 
 Eyes without i.-Junks. 3018 
 
 Hindered- Would not see, o'uld n.762 
 Lack of i.-Literature. 3771 
 
 Merit of i.-Timour. 1367 
 
 Mysterious i.-Swedenborg. 915 
 
 Mystery of letter-Indians. 5458 
 
 Respected by physician. 5130 
 
 See DISCRETION. 
 Better than valor-Charles V. *1637 
 
 Ruler without d.-Charles II. 
 Wife's d. rules husband. 
 See READING. 
 Effects of r.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 Absorbed in r. -Shelley. 
 Excitement in r. " Pamela." 
 Profitable r.-A. Lincoln. 
 Profitless vs. Profitable-Nap. 
 Swift r.-Poet Shelley. 
 
 See SCIENTIST. 
 Deranged by curiosity. 
 Failure of s. in experiment. 
 Youthful s.-Newton-Wind. 
 
 See TACT. 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. 
 
 Misfortune reversed by t. 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 
 Superstition overcome by t. 
 
 2432 
 3352 
 
 *4620 
 
 3827 
 3576 
 3826 
 3572 
 
 1383 
 1992 
 1993 
 
 *5501 
 *5502 
 
 32 
 32 
 81 
 83 
 8683 
 
 of Woman-Queen Caroline. 
 
 See THOUGHT. 
 
 Conditioned by respiration. *5606 
 
 Flexibility of t.-Julian. *5607 
 
 Food for t.-Observation. *5608 
 
 Suggested-Robert Peel. ♦5609 
 
 Carefulness in t.-S. Johnson. 708 
 Co-operative t., Inventor's. 2987 
 Development of t.-Gravitation.2295 
 
 Develops t.-Invention. 
 Growth of t.-Invention. 
 Seed-thought of telegraphy. 
 Walking quickens t.-Nap. I. 
 
 See WISDOM. 
 False w. of Aristotle, 
 with Ignorance- Aristotle. 
 Occasional w.-S. Johnson. 
 Practical W.-Socrates. 
 Ridiculed-Savans. 
 Source of w.-Folly. 
 
 by Adversity-Fred, the Great. 
 
 " " -Romans. 
 
 " " -Dionysius. 
 
 Best w.-Knowing self. 
 
 2975 
 2981 
 2989 
 1575 
 
 *6015 
 *6016 
 *6017 
 •6018 
 ♦6019 
 ♦6020 
 
 84 
 86 
 
 4889 
 
 Folly preferred to w.-Dlogenes 2168 
 
 by Humility-Statesmen. 2676 
 
 Tested by questions. 4598 
 
 See CIVILIZATION, EDUCATION, 
 
 INFORMATION, INTELLECT, 
 
 LITERATURE, TALENT, 
 
 and WIT in loc. 
 
 INTSmPER AN CE. 
 
 Ancient i.-" Norman gent." 
 " "-Alexander the G. 
 Art of i.-Fine-Cyrus' ability. 
 Blight of i.-Edgar Allan Poe. 
 Burdens of i.-B. Franklin. 
 Character destroyed by i. 
 Churchly i.-"Whitsun-ales." 
 Common i. -England, 1593. 
 in Court-Trial of Strafford. 
 Crime by i -England, 1750. 
 Crimes of i.-Working-cl. 
 Custom of i.-England, 1742. 
 
 Debased by i.-English society. 
 Disease by i.-Galerius. 
 in Eating-Soliman the Cal. 
 " " -S. Johnson's. 
 Example of i.-Warning to y. 
 Fatal i.-Louis X. 
 
 ' ' ' - Athalaric the Goth. 
 
 " "-Alexander the Great. 
 Females-Eng. nob., 1606. 
 Fostered-English mechanics, 
 and Genius-Addison. 
 Governmental i.-Parllament. 
 by Hospitality-" Treating." 
 Loss by i.-S. A. Douglas. 
 Manifested-Unconsciously. 
 Perils of i.-Retreat from M. 
 
 " "-American Indians. 
 Power of i -Barbarians. 
 Prolonged-Dionysius-90 d. 
 Property lost by i.-Cato. 
 Religion against i.-Puritans. 
 Renounced-Normans. 
 Revenue from i.-Eng. excise. 
 Shameful i -Justice Jeffreys. 
 Shameless I. — English. 
 State endangered by i. -Battle 
 Strange i. of Tartars. 
 Suppression of I. by legislation 
 Victim of i.-8heridan. 
 " " -Robert Burns. 
 
 " " Edgar Allan Poe. 
 Wages and l.-Eng.-17th cent. 
 
 ♦2911 
 ♦2912 
 ♦2913 
 ♦2914 
 ♦2915 
 ♦2916 
 ♦2917 
 ♦2918 
 ♦2919 
 ♦2920 
 ♦2921 
 ♦2922 
 ♦2923 
 ♦2924 
 ♦2925 
 ♦2926 
 ♦2927 
 ♦2928 
 ♦2929 
 ♦2930 
 ♦2931 
 ♦2932 
 ♦2933 
 ♦2934 
 ♦2935 
 ♦2936 
 ♦29.37 
 ♦2938 
 ♦2939 
 ♦2940 
 ♦2941 
 ♦2942 
 ♦2943 
 ♦2944 
 ♦2945 
 ♦2946 
 ♦2947 
 ♦2948 
 ♦2949 
 ♦2950 
 .♦2951 
 ♦2953 
 ♦3953 
 ♦2954 
 ♦2955 
 ♦3956 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Appetite for food. 2188 
 
 Destruction by i.-IUustrated. 5848 
 in Pood. 2926 
 
 " Heaven-Scandinavians. 2545 
 
 Imperilled by i.-Archias. 1516 
 
 Indiscretion vtrith l.-Burns. 1009 
 Infamy by l.-Jefifreys. 2906 
 
 Lawless tendency In 1.-R'belli'n.4629 
 Ministerial tippllng-Impr'prlety. 1484 
 Passion aroused by l.-Peter. 5091 
 Perilous to the State. 27 
 
 Refuge in i.-Walter Scott. 91 
 
 " " "-Oppressed tailors. 429 
 Responsibility for acts in 1. 2965 
 of Statesmen-S. A. Douglas. 207 
 
 Vices come with l.-Poe. 619S 
 
 Victim of i.-Alexander. 5449 
 
 Victims of i.-Charles VI. 5319 
 
 War occasioned by i. 1634 
 
 Woman suffers by man's i. 2914 
 Youthful victim of i.-Athalaric.l618 
 
 See ABSTINENCE. 
 Certainty by a.-S. Johnson. ♦U 
 Prudential a. by experience. ♦le 
 Twofold a.-WIne by confessor. ^17 
 
 Necessary a.-" One glass." 2955 
 
 Self -conquest by a.-Mahomet. 5077 
 
 See APPETITE. 
 
 Fastidious a. of Antony. ^265 
 
 Indulgence of a. -Shameless. ^269 
 
 Perils of a.-Cato the Censor. ^266 
 
 Protest of a. -Monks. ^267 
 
 Ruled by a.-EpIcure. ♦268 
 
 Degraded by Indulg. of a.-P. 
 Surrender to a.-Henry VIII. 
 Voracious a.-S. Johnson. 
 
 See BEER. 
 Antiquity of b.-Germans. 
 
 See DISSIPATION. 
 Philosopher's d.-S. Johnson. 
 Youthful d.-E. A. Poe. 
 
 3852 
 2183 
 
 496 
 
 ♦1683 
 ♦1684 
 
 Clerical d -Old England. 925 
 
 " "-Eighteenth century. 941 
 Despondency removed by d. 5449 
 Reaction of d.-Cartwrlght. 1083 
 Shortens life-" Artemus Ward."3283 
 
 See DRINKING. 
 Ancient English d. ^1740 
 
 Art In d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1741 
 Effects of d.-Samuel Johnson. ^1742 
 " " " " " ^1743 
 
 See DRUNKARD. 
 Converted d.-Irlshman. 
 Habitual and constant d. 
 Happiness of d., Present. 
 Unconscious appeal of d. 
 
 See DRUNKENNESS. 
 Melancholy by d.-Alex.'s fury.^1744 
 Punished-Drunkard's cloak. ^1745 
 
 1183 
 1741 
 2631 
 1741 
 
 Folly of d.-Dangerous-Alboln. 3971 
 Judicious clerical d. 3708 
 
 Paradise of d.-Anc'ntGermans.8988 
 Punished-Death-Ofiadal. 3790 
 
 See EXCISE. 
 Laws -First English. ♦1971 
 
 Unexecuted-Robert Burns. ♦1973 
 
 See GLUTTONY. 
 Hospitality comp'imented by g.2639 
 
 See GOURMAND. 
 Characteristic g.-Johnson. 2183 
 2927 
 Indigestion of g.-Soliman. 2926 
 
 See INTOXICATION. 
 Responsibility for crIme8-Mur.^2965 
 
 See PLEDGE. 
 Temperance p.-Father Math'w+4212 
 
 Infamously broken- Proctor. 
 Saored p.-Embalmed b. 
 See TREATS. 
 Election t.-Costly-England. 
 Exacted-Engllsh prisons. 
 Prisoner's t.-Brldewell. 
 Temptation in t.-BuUders. 
 
 2817 
 1462 
 
 1839 
 5804 
 1302 
 2C3" 
 
874 
 
 INTENTION— JEALOUSY. 
 
 See WINE. 
 
 Charm of w.-Gauls. *6010 
 
 Danger in w. -Ancients. *6011 
 
 Deception in w.-S. Johnson. *6012 
 
 Defended-Samuel Johnson. *6013 
 
 rorbidden-Samuel Johnson. *6014 
 
 Deception in w. -Samuel Johnson. 14 
 
 Pleasure in w., not happiness- J. 14 
 
 See TEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 INTENTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Evidence of good i. 4515 
 
 Guilt by i.-Betrayal. 3381 
 
 See MOTIVE in loc. 
 
 INTERCESSION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Innocents-Timour rejects. 1337 
 Life saved by i. -Deserters. 536 
 
 Woman's i.-Queen Philippa. 4639 
 
 INTERCESSOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Saved by wit of i. 4663 
 
 See MEDIATION. 
 Rejected-James II. ♦3547 
 
 of Innocence-Daughter. 3998 
 
 Eejected m. of Alex.-Eng. and F.279 
 
 See MEDIATOR. 
 Temporizing m.-Wm. Penn. *3548 
 Unfaithful m.-James 11. *3549 
 
 Slain-Montezuma. 2491 
 
 Successful m.-T. Cranmer. 1018 
 
 Unfaithful m.-James II. 2926 
 
 INTERCOURSE. 
 
 Unity by i.-North and South. *2957 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Union by i.-United States. 5888 
 
 See CONVERSATION and FEL- 
 LOWSHIP in loc. 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 Prohibited-Henry VIII. *2958 
 
 See USURY. 
 
 Inevitable-Rome. *5757 
 
 Law of u.-Romans. *5758 
 
 " " "-Lucullus. *5759 
 
 Laws against u. in England. *5760 
 
 INTERFERENCE. 
 
 Cross-references, 
 of Novice-Bp. Burnet. 3546 
 
 Political i. res"nted-"Mon. doct."209 
 
 See MEDDLING. 
 Destructive flood by m. *3545 
 
 Keproved-Bishop Burnet. *3546 
 
 In Families-England. 4458 
 
 Mischief by m. 5300 
 
 Well meant m. -Hurtful. 3041 
 
 See INTERCESSOR in loc. 
 INTERPRETATION. 
 Unrestricted i. of mythology. *2959 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 three Senses In the Bible-S. 583 
 
 See EXPLANATION in loc. 
 
 INTERVIEtr. 
 
 Formal i.-Grant and McMahon*2960 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abusive i. with Lincoln. 534 
 
 Embarrafising-Adams-Geo. III. 274 
 
 See CONVERSATION in loc. 
 
 INTIMIDATION. 
 
 Successful i. of Indians by S. *2961 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Attempted i. of clergy-Jas. n. 877 
 Cry for i.-" Rebel yell." 789 
 
 Election by i. of Charles XII. 144 
 by Example of Caesar- Aug. 3891 
 of Government by Cromwell. 410 
 by Imaginary angels. 175 
 
 Message of i.-Attila to Romans. 321 
 by Punishment-Rebels. 4630 
 
 Reaction of i. -James II. 315 
 
 Remembrance of i.-Turks. 3770 
 of Ruler-Tory Gov. of N. Y. 4077 
 Success by i.-Capt. Wadsworth.3956 
 " " " -General Jackson. 3773 
 by Violence-Bismarck. 3359 
 
 See FEAR in loc. 
 
 INTOI^ERANCE. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Conscientious i. -England. 1090 
 
 Unexpected i. of Pilgrims. 591 
 
 See BIGOTRY in loc. 
 
 INTOXICATION. 
 
 Responsibility for crimes-M. *2965 
 See INTEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 INTRIGUE. 
 
 Genius for i.-Beaumarchais. ^2966 
 
 INTRIGUER. 
 
 Successful i. -Sunderland. *2967 
 See PLOT in loc. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Eidiculous-S. Johnson. 612 
 
 INVASION. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Terrified by i.-Montezuma. 1685 
 Threatened -Span' sh Armada. 2028 
 
 INVENTION. 
 
 by Accldent-Spinning-jenny. 
 " *' -Chauncey Jerome. 
 Aid of i.-Caesar's sickles. 
 Appreciated-Power-loom. 
 Benefit of i. -Earthenware. 
 Crisis of i.-Elias Howe. 
 Discouragement in i.-J. Watt. 
 Failure of i.-G. Washington. 
 Genius for i.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 " '* " -Chinese. 
 
 " " " -James Watt. 
 Great i.-Spinning-machine. 
 Growth of i.-Many minds. 
 Preservation by i.-Greek fire! 
 Saved by i.-the State. 
 Useful i.-Chauncey Jerome. 
 
 " "-Pit-iron, 
 in Youth-Crompton's "mule.'' 
 
 *2968 
 *2969 
 *2970 
 *2971 
 *2973 
 *2974 
 *2975 
 *2976 
 *2977 
 *2978 
 *2979 
 ♦2980 
 *2981 
 *2982 
 ♦2983 
 ♦2984 
 ♦2985 
 '*2986 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Architectural i.-Limited. 282 
 
 Genius for i.-Greeks. 283 
 
 Miscredited-Telescopes by R. B.697 
 Protection by i -Archimedes. 343 
 
 Unapplied-Chinese- Magnetic n. 273 
 Victory by i. of cannon. 350 
 
 Want spurs i.-Weapoos-Tools. 337 
 
 INVENTIONS. 
 
 Co-operative i.-Arkwright-W.*2987 
 and Politics-Cotton-gin. *2988 
 
 INVENTOR. 
 
 by Accident-S. F. B. Morse. *2989 
 
 Trials of i.-John Fitch. *2990 
 
 Wronged-Eli Whitney. *2991 
 
 -John Kay. *2992 
 
 See DISCOVERY and INGENUITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 INVESTIGATION. 
 
 Opposed-Finaiicial-England. *2994 
 Resented by Clarendon. *2995 
 
 Startling i.-Credlt Mobilier. *2996 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Personal i -Royal-Majorian. 1654 
 
 See EXAMINATION. 
 Needless-End of web shows. *1959 
 
 Fearless of e.-Methodist. 705 
 
 See EVIDENCE in loo. 
 
 INVESTMENT, 
 
 Timely i.-Manhattan Island. *2997 
 See PURCHASE in loc. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Importance of i.-England. 
 Prized-Early Greeks. 
 
 ♦2998 
 *2999 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Honored metal-Crown. 1321 
 
 1330 
 
 Invention of pit-iron. 2985 
 
 Manufacture hindered. 3426 
 
 " of i. opposed. 4415 
 
 prohibited. 3425 
 
 Money debased with i. 3655 
 
 IRONV. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference*. 
 
 Apostate's hatred shown. 2549 
 
 Invader's apology to Caesar. 250 
 
 See RIDICULE in loc. 
 
 IRRITATION. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Flattery causes i.-F. the Great.2155 
 of Friend -Voltaire-Fred. II. 2155 
 
 ISOIiATION. 
 
 Safety by i.-German States. *3000 
 
 ITINERANCY. 
 
 Ministerial 1 -Methodist. *3001 
 
 JEAIiOUSV. 
 
 Appeal to j., Voltaire's. *3002 
 
 Cruelty of j.-Commodus. *3003 
 
 Extensive j.-Fatal-200Virgins.*3004 
 National j. -English-French. *3005 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anger of j. -Voltaire. 3002 
 
 Childish j. -Blaise Pascal. 791 
 
 Cruelty of j -Persian kings. 603 
 Defeated by j. -James V. of Scot.306 
 Discord of brothers by j. 1626 
 
 of Popularity-Politician's j. 4306 
 Provoked, Intentionally-H. . 701 
 
JESTING— JUDGMENT. 
 
 875 
 
 Revenge of j.-Assault. 2897 
 
 " " "-Darnley. 2687 
 
 Soldier's J.-Kuinous-Aghrim. 1221 
 of Sucoess-Hargreaves. 2968 
 
 Unaffected by j.-A. Lincoln. 6217 
 Victim of j.-A. Jackson. 3453 
 
 See RIVAL. 
 Authority In religion-H. VIII. 4301 
 Bitterness toward r.-Clay. 4247 
 Dangerous r. to royalty. 4284 
 
 Dislilie of r. -Cicero. 4454 
 
 Hateful r., Wife's. 6068 
 
 Jealous of r.-O. Goldsmith. 4453 
 " " " -S. Johnson. 4450 
 
 Mortifying success of r. doctor .4168 
 Threat of r.-Nero-Britannicus. 4369 
 
 See RIVALS. 
 
 Combat of r.-Thebans. 3884 
 
 Defeat of r.by Jeflferson-Lover8.3356 
 
 Discord in gov't by r.-Acre. 2415 
 
 Female r.-Octavia vs.Cleopatra.6136 
 
 Jealous of r.-Brothers. 1626 
 
 " " "-S. Johnson. 4450 
 
 " " " -Robespierre. 4482 
 
 Wife vs. Concubine r. 6109 
 
 See ENVY and SUSPICION in loc. 
 
 JESTING. 
 
 Danger of j.-D^imoralizing. ^3006 
 See JOKE in loc. 
 
 JESUIT. 
 
 Abollshed-Fr., Sp., Port.and S.*3007 
 Achievements of J.-Dlsting'd.*3008 
 Assassination by J.-Henry IV.*3009 
 " " -Wm. of O.*3010 
 Estranged from J.-Pope. *3011 
 Mission of J. -Cosmopolitan. *3012 
 Plotting of J. -Gunpowder plot.*3013 
 Popularity of J -18th century. +3014 
 Power of J.-18th century. *3015 
 Purpose of J.-18th century. *3016 
 Rescued by J.-Papacy. *3017 
 
 Self-sacriflce of J.-Ben'vol'nce.*3018 
 vs. the State-England. *3019 
 
 Suppressed by government. *3020 
 Vices of J.-Insincerity. *3021 
 
 Victories of J.-Fictitious. *3022 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Conscience perverted by J. 1105 
 
 Distrusted-Imposture. 3913 
 
 Equivocation of J.-Rules. 2044 
 
 Falsehoods concerning J. 4213 
 
 Heroism of J. missionaries. 3508 
 
 Prohibited in New York. 4716 
 See CATHOLICS in loo. 
 
 JESUS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 no Comforter but J.-Mary 6. 5067 
 
 Honored king-Godfrey. 2671 
 
 King, the only-Puritans. 1250 
 
 " of all nations. 2894 
 
 Kingdom of J.-Contrasted-N. 3347 
 
 Precious name-Martyr. 4137 
 
 Saints with J. 1453 
 
 See CHRIST in loo. 
 
 JElTEIiRY. 
 
 Passion for j. -Henry VII. *3023 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Extravagance in j.-Charles I. 2011 
 Treason for j.-Woman. 5698 
 
 JElVEIiS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sacrificed to religion. 
 
 4182 
 
 JE\rS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Capitalists, Nation of-Europe. 713 
 Extortions of J.-12th century. 712 
 Hatred toward J.-Crusaders. 3411 
 Opposition to J. justified. 4522 
 
 Oppression of J -Drawing tooth2001 
 " " J. by Moors. 3663 
 
 Persecution of J.-England. . 4122 
 " " "-France. 4128 
 
 Plundering J.-Edward I. 710 
 
 " " lawful for prlnces.449 
 
 Suppression of J. --Jerusalem. 4753 
 
 JOKE. 
 
 Accepted-" Worthy to bear." *3024 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Practical j. on Goldsmith. 
 
 2601 
 
 JOKES. 
 
 Practical j.-Fred the Great. *3025 
 
 3025 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Abuse of friends by j. 
 
 See HOAX. 
 
 Successful h., Thomas Hood's. 2058 
 
 Victim of h.-O. Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 See HOAXES. 
 Success by h.-W. Irving. *2586 
 
 JOURNEY. 
 
 Bridal j., Thos. Jefferson's. *3026 
 Tireless j.-" Soft litter." *3027 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delusive j. -Crusaders. 3411 
 
 Dreamer's j. to Heaven-M. 2544 
 Exhausted by j.-M. Luther. 1923 
 Expedited-Putnam to Boston. 1894 
 Extraordinary j., Wolsey's. 1895 
 Sad j.-Luther to Augsburg. 8 
 
 Sorrowful j. of captives-D'rfi'ld.565 
 
 See ADVENTURERS. 
 Disappointed-Theodorlc and G. *79 
 Numerous with Capt. J. Smith. ♦SO 
 
 Remarkable a.-De Soto's exp'n. 1986 
 
 Successful a.-Three men. 1076 
 
 See PILGRIMAGE. 
 
 Memorials-Old shoes. 3569 
 
 See VOYAGE. 
 
 Celebrated v. of Greeks. *5867 
 
 Preparation for v.-Church. *5868 
 
 Fatal V. -Youth to labyrinth. 6051 
 
 Prevented, Happily-Goldsmlth.3631 
 
 See EXPEDITION and TRAVEL 
 
 in loc. 
 
 JOY. 
 
 of Discovery-Galileo. *3028 
 
 Fatal j. -Shock to explorers. *3029 
 Intoxicating j., Wellington's. *3030 
 Public J.-Acqulttal of 7 Bps. *3031 
 
 MiscellaneouB cross-references. 
 of Benevolence-A. Lincoln. 536 
 " " -Faraday. 537 
 
 " " -John Howard. 4192 
 
 " " -Rev.J.Newton.3077 
 
 of Business-Chauncey Jerome. 690 
 
 " Discovery-Spaniards. 2206 
 
 Domestic j. of Marcius. 112 
 
 Fatal j, Lover's. 3348 
 
 Inconsiderate j. of peace. 4091 
 
 of Peace- War of 1812. 4091 
 
 Reaction of j. -Insanity. 3998 
 
 of Realization-Columbus. 4623 
 
 Religious j. in persecution. 584 
 
 Speechless j.-Lajolais. 3998 
 
 of Success-Columbus. 5398 
 
 in Wealth-Sudden. 4848 
 
 See CHEERFULNESS. 
 
 Simulated-Queen Mary. *788 
 
 Necessary in worship. 6160 
 
 Politic vs. Melancholy. 1670 
 
 See ECSTASY. 
 Religious e.-John Bunyan. *1768 
 
 See EXHILARATION. 
 
 of Music vs. Drink. 3753 
 
 See AMUSEMENT, HAPPINESS 
 
 and PLEASURE in loo. 
 
 JUBIIiEE. 
 
 National j., British, year 1809. *3032 
 
 See CELEBRATION. 
 Marriage-Grandsons of Timour.*741 
 Municipal c.-Constantinople. ♦742 
 National c.-Centennial. ♦743 
 
 in Bereavement-July 4th. 
 
 JUDGE. 
 
 Dishonorable j.-R. Wright. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Distempered j. -Jeffreys. 2906 
 
 Infamous J.-Jeffreys. 6031 
 
 Inhumanity of j. -Jeffreys. 2862 
 Savage j.-Jeffreys. 3048 
 
 Shameful J.-Appius. 3973 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 Despised j.-Athenian. ^3034 
 
 Impartial j. -Early Greeks. ♦3035 
 Justice by j.- Ancient Persians. ♦3036 
 Partisan j.-Reign of Jas. II. ♦3037 
 Reputable j.-Athenian. ^3038 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abuse of j. -Frederick II. 8041 
 
 Appointed for verdict. 1262 
 
 Corrupted by bribery. 1201 
 
 1217 
 Obsequious j.-Charles I. 1263 
 
 See UMPIRE. 
 
 Dangerous u.-Edward I. ^5746 
 
 See COURTS in loc. 
 
 judghient. 
 
 Dishonest j. sought. ^3039 
 
 Duplicity in j.-Francis North. +3040 
 by Experts-Fred, the Great. *3041 
 Mistake of j. -General Gage. ^3042 
 Partiality In j.-Chas.Sackville.+3043 
 Unfortunate j. -Louis XVI. ♦3044 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clouded by temper- Jeffreys. 2906 
 Commended-Falrfax too much s.lO 
 Defective j.-Spiritual lack. 844 
 
 Independence in j.-Grant. 5094 
 Perverted-Tax of Colonies. 5747 
 
876 
 
 JUDGMENT-DAY— KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Prohibited by Queen Elizabeth. 725 
 
 See CRITICISM and OPINIONS 
 
 in loe. 
 
 J UDGMENT-D A Y. 
 
 Anticipated-Mahomet. *3045 
 
 Fear of j.-d. by S. Johnson. *3046 
 
 JURIES. 
 Coerced by Jeffreys. *3048 
 
 JURISPRUDENCE. 
 Origin of j.-Roman. *3047 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Monumental work of Julian. 4 
 
 Signs in Roman j. 3985 
 
 See COURTS and LAW in loc. 
 
 JURY. 
 
 Determined j. -Trial of 7 Bps. *3049 
 
 Imprisoned for verdict. ♦3050 
 
 Limited-" Three days." *3051 
 
 Perverted by clergy. *3052 
 
 Unterrified j.-Trial of Penn. *3053 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Corrupted with money-Eng. 
 
 669 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 
 by Combat-Gauls. 
 
 ♦3054 
 
 Even j.-Aristides. 
 
 ♦3055 
 
 Exceeded-Baj azet. 
 
 •3056 
 
 -Theophilus. 
 
 ♦3057 
 
 " -Emp. Adrian. 
 
 ♦3058 
 
 by Force-Francis Drake. 
 
 ♦3059 
 
 Governmental j.-Roman. 
 
 ♦3060 
 
 Honored-Canute the Great. 
 
 ♦3061 
 
 Impartiality of j.-Roman. 
 
 ♦3062 
 
 " " "-Turks. 
 
 ♦3063 
 
 " " "-Alexander. 
 
 ♦3064 
 
 Mockery of j.-Papal. 
 
 ♦3065 
 
 for Money-Egyptians. 
 
 ♦3066 
 
 " " -Jeffreys. 
 
 ♦3068 
 
 Outraged-Jeffreys. 
 
 ♦3067 
 
 Partiality in j. professed. 
 
 ♦3069 
 
 " " '-Agesilaus. 
 
 ♦3070 
 
 Poetic j. -Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 ♦3071 
 
 Public j., Origin of. 
 
 ♦3072 
 
 Satisfaction of j. -Mahomet. 
 
 ♦3073 
 
 Systematized-Charlemagne. 
 
 ♦3074 
 
 Tardy j.-Rep. of Cromwell. 
 
 ♦3075 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affection surrendered to j. 3063 
 Appeal for j., Vain-H. VIII. 6069 
 Claims of j. met^Mahomet. 1436 
 Failure of j. in punishment. 2754 
 Granted-Demanded. 2872 
 
 Haste imperils j. 3051 
 
 Honored-Beneficial. 4531 
 
 Importance of j.-Trial. 5705 
 
 Outraged by treaty of peace. 4097 
 Partiality in j.-Romans. 1261 
 
 Poetic j. -Normans vs. English. 1064 
 Refused by courts-Persecution. 702 
 Regard for j. by Puritans. 171 
 
 .4 .» i. ^g Popularity. 3861 
 " " personal j.-G. Wash. 56 
 Regarded-Capt. John Smith. 3803 
 by Reprisal-Cromwell. 4776 
 
 Restored-Jeffreys' court. 5796 
 
 Retributive j.-Nap. at Moscow.1055 
 Sold for money-13th century. 661 
 Surrendered to Star Chamber. 1255 I 
 
 See ARBITRATION. 
 Rejected by Eng.-Napoleon. ^278 
 
 Confidence in a. -Barbarians. 2617 
 Peace by U. S. vs. Eng. 1595 
 
 Settlement by a. -Ala. claims. 4885 
 
 JUSTIFICATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Works-M. Luther. 6156 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 Belief of Am. Indians. 5158 
 
 or Vengeance- Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See VINDICATION. 
 
 Audacious v.-Bothwell. ^5832 
 
 See CONVERSION in loc. 
 
 KIDNAPPING. 
 
 by Governmeat-English. ^3076 
 
 KINDNESS. 
 
 Religion of k.-Rev. J. Newton.^3077 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Conceals faults-Hervey. 2465 
 
 Crime of k. to criminal. 4466 
 
 Reprimand of k.-Johnson. 4775 
 
 of Savages to Columbus. 2649 
 
 Spirit of k.-Pope to Howard. 145 
 
 See FAVOR. 
 
 Flattery for f.-Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Ingenious request of f . 4663 
 
 Rejected-Responsibility. 1258 
 
 Seductive f.-Golden rose. 2161 
 
 See TENDERNESS. 
 
 with Courage-Garibaldi. ^5569 
 
 " Resoluteness-Cromwell. ^5970 
 
 Lack of t.-Mary Stuart. 6041 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE in loc. 
 
 KINDRED. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Confidence of k. withheld. 6201 
 
 See KINSMAN. 
 Lines reversed of kinship-Inds. 2068 
 Obligation of k. to Mahomet. 918 
 
 See RELATIVES. 
 
 Responsibility for conduct of r.4570 
 
 See FAMILY in loo. 
 
 KING. 
 
 of Fanatics-John Baccold. ^3078 
 Infant k.-James of Scotland. ^3079 
 " " -Henry VI. ♦3080 
 
 Oddk.-G. Washington-Siam. ^3081 
 Unkingly k.-James IF. ^3082 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degraded-Musician or m'n'rch.2666 
 Distinguished from others. 2894 
 Do-nothing king of Siam. 3081 
 
 God the king of Romans. 1328 
 
 Jesus the honored k.-Godfrey. 2671 
 Lawless k. vs. Loyal man. 3357 
 
 Mistaken for the k. 1666 
 
 Nominal vs. Real k.-England. 2665 
 Oface of k. declined-Cromwell. 3868 
 " " " " " 3189 
 
 Sllghted-Louis P.-incog. in Am. 217 
 Young k. disciplined-Henry VI.1620 
 See RULER in loc. 
 
 KINGDOM. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Christ-Eternal k.-Napoleorv. 3347 
 
 KINGS. 
 
 Unhappy k.-William III. ♦308S 
 
 See KING and RULER in loc. 
 
 KINSMAN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Lines of kinship reversed-Ind's.2068 
 
 Obligation of k.-Kindness of M. 918 
 
 See FAMILY in loc. 
 
 KISS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Honored by A. Lincoln's k. 610& 
 Loss by a k., Manlius'. 107 
 
 in Public-Roman Consul. 107 
 
 Royal k. rewarded of Edward IV. 47 
 of Subjection-Popes feet. 288* 
 
 " Welcome-Raleigh- Axe. 1244 
 
 KISSES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sacred k.-Crusaders. 5118 
 
 KISSING. 
 
 Husbands-Origin of k. ♦3084 
 
 KNEELING. 
 
 to God only-Alex. Munay. ♦3085 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Exposed and Ind'gn'tion sh'wn.l587 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD. 
 
 Ceremony of k.-Chivalry. 
 
 ♦3086 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Origin of order of k.-St. John. 817 
 
 See CHIVALRY in loc. 
 
 KNO\rL.EDGE. 
 
 Desired-Samuel Johnson. 
 Eagerness for k.-Poet Shelley. 
 Happiness by k.-Socrates. 
 Humility for k. -Divine, 
 without Learning-P. Cooper. 
 Limitations of k. -Aristotle. 
 Progress of k.-Aristotle. 
 Promotion by k.-Jared Sparks. 
 Sacrifices for k.-B. Franklin. 
 
 " " "-John Fitch. 
 Theft of k.-Stilpo. 
 
 ♦3087 
 ♦3088 
 ♦3089 
 ♦3090 
 ♦3091 
 ♦3092 
 ♦3093 
 ♦3094 
 ♦3095 
 ♦3096 
 ♦3097 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cost of k.-Lottery-P. Cooper. 3334 
 Criminal k. -Persecution. 4118 
 
 Dangerous k. of law. 3321 
 
 Experimental method in k. 3775 
 False k. of Aristotle. 2020 
 
 Love of k.-Blalse Pascal. 2324 
 
 Opposition to k.-Catholicism-E. 735 
 Perilous pride of k.-B.'s defeat. 97 
 Pursuit of k.-Peter the Great. 2328 
 Responsibility comes with k. 4825 
 of k.-"Gunp. p."2089 
 Self-k. by adversity-Fred. V. 84 
 Unapplied-Chinese-Compass. 2978 
 Valueless k. when unapplied-C. 273 
 
 See EXPERIENCE. 
 Guidance of e.-Disc. of S. A. ^1988 
 Needless-Com. Perry-Am. R. *1989 
 Personal e. for reformation. ^1990 
 Test of human e -S. Johnson. ^1991 
 
 Benevolence prompted by e. 
 Gained by loss-Spaniards. 
 
 4355 
 2815 
 
LABOR— LAW. 
 
 877 
 
 Judgment fr m e.-Father. 2108 
 Lesson of e - ' Adversity," 3277 
 " " "-Napoleon I. 4621 
 
 Lessons of e.-Peter Cooper. 1785 
 " " "-Soldiers. 2814 
 
 " " -Wm. P. of O. 6194 
 of Poverty-Lessons-Johnson. 4355 
 Sympathy from e -S. Johnson. 5493 
 Untaught by e.-James II. 4085 
 
 " " " -Crusaders. 4150 
 
 See EDUCATION and INTELLI- 
 GENCE in loo. 
 
 L.ABOR. 
 
 vs. Capital-England. *3098 
 
 Degraded by charity. *3099 
 
 Deliverance by 1.-" Apron." *3100 
 Evening l.-English vs. Irish. *3101 
 Expensive l.-Geo. Washington. *3102 
 Forced-Defence-Invasion. *3103 
 Honored-A. Lincoln. *3104 
 
 by Impressment-England. *3105 
 Lost-Audubon-Mice. *3106 
 
 Machinery relieves l.-Changes.*3107 
 " "-Mining. *3108 
 Misapplied-Chinese wall. ♦3109 
 
 Oppressed by law-England. *3110 
 " " *3111 
 
 " -Fixed wages. *3112 
 
 Profitless-Hand-l.-Cotton. *3113 
 ProIonged-14 hours. *3114 
 
 Reduced by machinery. *3115 
 
 Remarkable l.-John Wesley. *3116 
 Respected-Napoleon. *3117 
 
 Success by l.-Jamestown Col. *3118 
 Wages of 1., SmaU. *3119 
 
 " " " Raising opposed. *3120 
 Youthful l.-Thurlow Weed. *3121 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abusive l.-Horses. 455 
 
 Agricultural 1. honorable for R. 151 
 
 " " " -Service.156 
 
 Appreciated-Oxen. 6154 
 
 Clerical 1., Need of. 931 
 
 Degraded by charity. 3099 
 
 Demoralized-Gold-seekers. 2388 
 Despised-Cortez. 2391 
 
 " -Lacedaemoniana. 2536 
 Hardships in l.-Miners. 4294 
 
 Honored-Mother of Wash. 2786 
 Little children's 1. in factories. 804 
 Memorial-Slave-Labrador. 1290 
 Misapplied-Newton an alch'mlst.814 
 Mu8ic relieves l.-Italy. 3753 
 
 Neglected-Colony of Virginia. 1531 
 In Old Age-Luther. las 
 
 " " " -Herschel. 134 
 
 Oppressed by avarice-London. 429 
 Perseverance in 1. -Minister. 3846 
 
 " " useless L 3847 
 
 Prodigious-Caesar's soldiers. 4484 
 Promotes thought-Bums. 1016 
 
 Refusal of 1., Patriotic. 8539 
 
 Regular royal-Louis XIV. 3393 
 
 Respected-Con. Congress. 3539 
 
 Revolt against L by Probus's s. 310 
 Reward of l.-Joyful-Lincoln. 3661 
 Ridiculed-Demosthenes. 4424 
 
 Value by l.-Sculpture. 3.34 
 
 Wealth by l.-Peter Cooper. 5975 
 Wronged by law- Wealth. 4290 
 
 See TOIL. • 
 Contentment in t.-Abd'rnym"s.*5635 
 
 Rewards of t.-Cyrus. *5636 
 
 See WORK. 
 
 Change in w.-Southey. *6148 
 
 Dignity in w. -Royalty. *6149 
 
 End of w.-Beda. *6150 
 
 Life-w. of Columbus. *6151 
 
 Silent w.-S. A. Douglas. *6152 
 
 Charity in the form of w.- J. H. 780 
 Noble w. of dull man. 2907 
 
 Overwork-Fatal-Fulton. 1602 
 
 Perfected is lasting- Virgil. 2341 
 Posterity considered in w. 3276 
 
 Relieves the mind in advei sity-S. 91 
 Rewards of pious w.-Mahomet. 862 
 Survives the worker-Shakesp. 2585 
 See EMPLOYMENT in loc. 
 
 LABORER. 
 
 Honored-Abdolonymus. *3122 
 
 Impoverished-English. •3123 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abused-Apprentices. 798 
 
 " " overworked. 799 
 
 Oppressed by legislation. 5665 
 
 5666 
 
 " *' Union Soc. 5663 
 
 Women the L-Savages. 2598 
 
 liABORERS. 
 
 Despised by Normans. *3124 
 
 Ignored-Magna Charta. ♦8125 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mutilated by Theodoric. 164 
 
 See APPRENTICES. 
 
 Abused by labor and whipping. 798 
 
 " " overwork. 799 
 
 See WORKERS. 
 
 Wanted-Colonlsts. ♦6153 
 
 Worth of w.-Oxen. +6154 
 
 See WORKMEN. 
 
 Intemperance injures w. 2921 
 
 Regard for w.-Church-building. 865 
 
 See EMPLOYMENT in loo. 
 
 liAlUENESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Fever brings 1. to W. Scott. 2882 
 Wounds bring l.-Timour. 6171 
 
 See CRIPPLE. 
 Distinguished c -Timour. 615 
 
 liAND. 
 
 Division of I.-Beneflcial. ♦3126 
 
 Ownership of l.-England. ^3127 
 
 Unimproved l.-England. ^3128 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Limited to seven acres for a. 152 
 
 Monopoly In 1. Imperils the state.152 
 
 " of 1. abolished. 3691 
 
 " -Plymouth Colony. 3697 
 
 Poverty with I.-U. S. 4343 
 
 Title to 1. disputed-Indlans. 4331 
 
 See LANDS in loc. 
 
 liANDLORD. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Despotic l.-Louls Philippe. 
 See HOTEL in loo. 
 
 724 
 
 I4AIVDS. 
 
 Hereditary l.-Roman. 
 
 See LAND in loo. 
 
 liANGUAGE. 
 
 Adaptation of l.-Greek andR. 
 Contempt for l.-Battle of H. 
 Importance of l.-Lycurgus. 
 and Manners-Romans. 
 
 " " -Early ages. 
 Origin of 1. by inspiration. 
 Paradlslac-Perslan-Mahomet. 
 Training In 1. -Romans. 
 
 ♦3129 
 
 ♦3130 
 ♦3131 
 *3137 
 ♦3132 
 *3133 
 ♦3134 
 *3135 
 ♦3136 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Actions speak-Hurllng a spear. 41 
 " " -"Cutting popples."'48 
 
 Beauty of 1. lost by translation. 659 
 Brevity in l.-"I came, I saw." 659 
 Degrading I. In controversy. 4594 
 German 1. " created" by Luther. 761 
 Memorials in l.-Names. 3568 
 
 of Paradise-Persian-Mahomet. 3990 
 " Piety vs. Profanity. 5802 
 
 Pompous 1., Dr. Johnson's. 4286 
 Precision in use of 1. 1476 
 
 Savages without words of abuse. 22 
 of Symbols-Barbarians. 1954 
 
 Unmeaning 1. of social interc'rse.708 
 Wordless 1. In music. 3751 
 
 See WORDS. 
 Backing for w.-Lysander. *6144 
 Hasty w.-Henry II. ♦6145 
 
 Origin of w.-" Sandwich." ♦6146 
 Thrilling w.-Bp. Latimer. ♦6147 
 
 Disease affects use of w. 1640 
 
 Hasty w.-Contrltlon for-H. II. 2669 
 Memorial in noble w. 6147 
 
 Verbiage of diplomacy. 1598 
 
 See SPEECH in loo. 
 
 liASCIVIOUSNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Pagan worship-Dances. 2085 
 
 Dances of 12th century. 1717 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in loc. 
 liAUGHTER. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Power In l.-Palmerston. 1311 
 
 See AMUSEMENT and HUMOR 
 in loc. 
 liAW. 
 Above l.-James II. 
 Delay of l.-John Hampden. 
 Ignorance of l.-Romans. 
 Levels all-Emperor Julian. 
 Majesty of J. -Protection of h. 
 Mockery of l.-Romans. 
 Novice In l.-Patrick Henry. 
 Overturned by Charles II. 
 Partiality of l.-England. 
 Sacrednesa of l.-Socrates. 
 Supremacy of l.necessary. 
 Suspended-Rome. 
 Technicalities of l.-Pllgrlms. 
 Unprotected by l.-Prots. in I. 
 Without l.-Britlsh Cabinet. 
 
 ♦31.38 
 ♦3139 
 ♦3140 
 ♦3141 
 *3142 
 ♦3143 
 ♦3144 
 ♦3145 
 ♦3146 
 ♦3147 
 ♦3148 
 ♦3149 
 ♦3150 
 ♦3151 
 ♦3152 
 
 Disobeyed by Bunyan-Imprlson.SlS 
 vs. Duty-John Bunyan. 4893 
 
 Growth of 1. by experience of n. 906 
 
878 
 
 LAWS— LETTER. 
 
 Independence of 1. -President J. 749 
 and Liberty from Rom'ns and G.909 
 Majesty of l.-Justice. 3062 
 
 Privileged violation of l.-15th c. 426 
 Relaxed for revelry-Timour. 741 
 vs. Usage-Theft. 5754 
 
 Broken by Emp. Tarquinius. 
 Disregarded by Am. Colonies. 
 Enforcement of l.-Good. 
 Obsolete l.-enforced. 
 Printed law-the First-Eng. 
 Proposal of l.-Athenians. 
 Severe 1. repealed. 
 " "-Egyptian. 
 Sumptuary l.-Romans. 
 
 *3153 
 *3154 
 *3155 
 *3156 
 *3157 
 *3158 
 ♦3159 
 ♦3160 
 ♦3161 
 *3162 
 •3163 
 ♦3164 
 
 Suspension of l.-Lac'd'm'ni'ns 
 Unwritten 1. of Spartans. 
 
 Civil vs. Divine l.-France. 4992 
 
 Contradictory l.-Persecution. 4126 
 Defiance of l.-Criminals. 1299 
 
 Defied-Pirate-Captain Nutt. 4000 
 Distorted by James II. 1843 
 
 Evasion of l.-Pericles. 1930 
 
 Government without 1.-Indians.2430 
 Human vs. Divine l.-England. 5998 
 Impotent-against Bribery. 1208 
 1216 
 Ineflfectlve-Prohibition in Ga. 4500 
 
 " -Abuses in Ireland. 4253 
 Lawyers enforce or break 1. 3170 
 Obsolete l.-Usury-Roman. 5757 
 Partiality in executing l.-Poor. 4297 
 " " execution of 1. 4009 
 
 •' " enforcing 1. 1242 
 
 In Poetry-First 1. 4223 
 
 Respected, bad l.-Dissenter. 3148 
 Severe l.-Capital punishment. 4564 
 Strained by accusers. 1934 
 
 Sumptuary 1. opposed. 3416 
 
 " -Dress. 961 
 
 Superseded by necessity. 2447 
 
 Surviving the 1. of England. 1010 
 Unexecuted-Corruption. 1254 
 
 " -Severe-Debts. 1465 
 Unwritten l.-Lycurgus. 5109 
 
 " " -Assassins. 1136 
 
 Bee GOVERNMENT and LEGISLA- 
 TION in loc. 
 
 IiAT¥YER. 
 
 Ignorant l.-Publius Cotta. *3165 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Changed by sermon. 1089 
 
 Criminal l.-Jeffreys. 1994 
 
 Impudent l.-Usef ul-Jeflfreys. 2888 
 
 Odium of client given to 1. 3861 
 
 Preparatory to politioal life. 83 
 
 liAHTTBRS. 
 
 Arts of Roman 1. *3166 
 
 Hatred of 1. by Germans. '3167 
 
 Imprisoned for deceit. *3168 
 
 Patriotic I. of N. Y., yr. 1765. *3169 
 
 Special l.-Reign of James 11. *3170 
 
 liAYMBN. 
 Ignored-9th century. *3171 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Preachers, Work of-Methodi8t.3612 
 Q%t-sacrifice of L-Methodist. 866 
 
 LEADER. 
 
 Matchless l.-Henry Clay. 
 Noble l.-John Winthrop. 
 Unnatural 1.-" The tail." 
 
 ♦3172 
 ♦3173 
 ♦3174 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Deserted-Geo. Washington. 2308 
 
 Duty of 1. on the field. 1269 
 
 Natural l.-J. Smith. 4877 
 
 Timid 1. unsuccessful. 1222 
 
 liEADfiRS. 
 
 Change of 1 ruinous. •3175 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Strange 1. -Crusaders-Goose. 
 
 6451 
 
 liEADERSHIP. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 without Auchority-Ind. Chief. 3780 
 
 Blindly folio wed-Sheep. 3740 
 
 Destitute o f 1. -Charles I. 1482 
 
 Impaired by large views. 4311 
 
 Merit required for 1. 5765 
 
 Natural l.-Henry Clay. 4277 
 
 " " " 4310 
 
 " "-William Wallace. 2560 
 
 Omen of l.-Tarquin. 3176 
 
 of Public opinion-Greeley. 4281 
 
 Resignation nobly offered. 1274 
 
 Resigned after failure. 2026 
 
 See GUIDE. 
 
 Invisible g., Constantine's. •2492 
 
 Unseen g., Constantine's. ^2493 
 
 See GUIDANCE. 
 
 by Dream-Cicero. 1722 
 
 " " -Deliverers. 1724 
 
 " Good genius-Good men. 3706 
 
 See GENERAL and GREAT MEN 
 
 in loc. 
 
 liGARNING. 
 
 Dishonored-James II. •SIT? 
 
 Esteemed by Puritans. ♦3178 
 
 Honored by Timour. ^3179 
 
 Secular 1. rejected. ♦3180 
 
 Superficial I. diffused. •SlSl 
 
 Wide I. of Samuel Johnson. ^3182 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Influence of l.-Courtesan. 1256 
 
 Misapplied-Discussion. 2170 
 
 Needless-Plead in Latin, 2164 
 
 Proficiency in l.-Egypt-Astron. 3530 
 Progress in biblical l.-Tyndale. 566 
 See EDUCATION and KNOWLEDGE 
 in loc. 
 
 liEGACIES. 
 
 Christian 1. to Church. •SISS 
 
 Eagerness for l.-Romans. ♦3184 
 
 Enriched by l.-Cicero. *3185 
 
 See INHERITANCE in loc. 
 
 liEGACY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Churches-15th century. 554 
 
 of Political advice-Augustus. 100 
 
 liEGISIiATION. 
 
 Complicated 1.-" Log-rolling."^3186 
 Corruption of 1. -Parliament. ^3187 
 Fanatical l.-"Barebones Par."^3188 
 by Packing-Oliver Cromwell. ^3189 
 Bidicoled'BmisbiaAm. Col. *3180 
 
 Special l.-Emp. Justinian. ^3191 
 Strange l.-A. Jackson in S"Date.^3192 
 Suspended 1.-" Eleven years." ♦Sigs 
 Unintelligent 1. -Stamp Act. ^3194 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Bribery-Hated-Practised-W.666 
 Caste 1. in England. 1734 
 
 Controlled by bribery of Chas. 11.674 
 Corruption In 1. -Seeming. 2996 
 
 Devices In l.-"Log-rolling." 4246 
 Discussion denied-England. 3233 
 Education required-Spartans. 1817 
 Educational 1., Lycurgus'. 1808 
 
 Illegal by exclusion of votes. 2422 
 Impractical 1. of sp'c'lative phil.4167 
 Intimidation of l.-Paris mob. 658 
 of Intolerance-Pilgrims-N. Eng.591 
 Obstructed by Bibulus. 3856 
 
 " " " 3926 
 
 Partiality in l.-Franks. 3273 
 
 » " "-Prots. and Caths.1816 
 
 Poor oppressed by l.-England. 4296 
 
 " " 4336 
 
 Poor wronged by l.-England. 4290 
 " " " 4292 
 
 against the Poor-Game law. 2277 
 without Prejudlce-SuccessfuL 2676 
 Prevented by usurpation. 1303 
 
 Prosperity by Solon's 1. 4359 
 
 Religion by l.-Emp. Gratlan. 4715 
 Responsibility in 1. 3158 
 
 to Restrain vice-Gaming. 2275 
 
 Retaliatory against Holland. 979 
 Revengeful l.-British-Boston. 990 
 Shameful l.-15th century. 426 
 
 Sumptuary l.-England. 1735, 1736 
 1733, 1734 
 Timidity in l.-Conservatives. 1131 
 Tyrannical l.-Eng.-Am. C'rnie8.4101 
 " " " Commons. 5738 
 Wise principle in l.-Solon. 3165 
 
 liEGISIiATORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Brlbed£5000 for one vote-Ir'l'nd.663 
 " -House of Commons-First. 664 
 " habitually-Scotch lords. 665 
 Corrupted by v.-M. P.-Crom. 410 
 Discharged by Cromwell-Rev. 410 
 Terrifying 1. by a demagogue's m.40 
 
 See LOBBYIST. 
 
 Successful l.-M. Crassus. *3SSi& 
 
 See GOVERNMENT, LAWS and 
 
 POLITICS in loo. 
 
 liEGISIi ATURE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Godless-Parliament. 3828 
 
 LEISURE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Art requires 1. 2524 
 
 Importance of 1. to J. Bunyan. 81 
 
 liENITY. 
 
 cellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Official l.-Robert Bums. 1552 
 
 Ungrateful for I. -Innocence. 12 ' 2 
 
 LETTER. 
 
 Decoy l.-Am. Revolution. *3i'^'» 
 (rom Heaven-Pope's letter. ♦3208 
 
LETTERS— LICENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 879 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 1048 
 1240 
 5458 
 
 77 
 
 Annoying l.-Warning-Alex. 
 loterrupted-Bombshell. 
 Mystery to American Indians 
 Postscript to 1., Impor'ant. 
 
 See CORRESPONDENT. 
 Burdensome c.-C.'s son-in-law.*1200 
 
 liETTERS. 
 Civilization by l.-Germans. *3197 
 Mystery of l.-Am. Indians. •3198 
 
 3921 
 4183 
 2058 
 4332 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Importance to history-Crom. 
 
 Imposition by I -Hoax. 
 Postal service opposed. 
 See MAILS. 
 Detained by Government. *3386 
 
 See WRITING. 
 Substitute for w.-Cords. ♦6174 
 
 Careless W.-336 words in 8'ntnce6219 
 Obscure style in diplomacy. 1598 
 " w.-Napoleon I. 3962 
 
 Offensive style-Greeks. 3302 
 
 Sublime w.-" Paradise Lost." 3307 
 See LITERATURE in toe. 
 
 Characteristic l.-French. *3199 
 
 Contrasted-Eng. and France. ♦3200 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Fictitious l.-Mary wife of Wm. 788 
 
 See HUMOR in loo. 
 
 Habitual 1. of Charles II. *3201 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in loo. 
 
 lilAR. 
 
 Proverbial l.-Dick Talbot. *3202 
 
 See LYING. 
 Polite 1. hurtful. *3373 
 
 See DECEPTION and FALSEHOOD 
 
 in lac. 
 
 lilBEL. 
 
 Trials for l.-Wil)iam Hone. 
 
 ♦3203 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anonymous l.-Milton. 1165 
 
 False accusation of 1. 3049 
 
 Indifferent to l.-Frederick 11. 5299 
 Press prosecuted for 1. 4436 
 
 4438 
 See CALUMNY. 
 Instigated-Maximus Fablus. ^701 
 Opposition by c.-Chas. Wesley.*702 
 
 1947 
 
 3160 
 
 1048 
 
 r8.1939 
 
 Bid for c.-Scotch insurgents. 
 Punished-Injuries In kind. 
 Shameful c. of physician. 
 Victims of o.-Knlghts Tempi' 
 
 See SLANDER. 
 Defence from s.-Napoleon I. 
 from Envy-John Bunyan. 
 Fine from 8.-$500,(K)0. 
 Opposition by s.-J. Wesley. 
 Persecutor's s.-Constantine. 
 of Piety-Richard Baxter's. 
 Punished by James I. 
 Eewarded-Dick Talbot. 
 Victim of s.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦5170 
 ♦5171 
 ♦5172 
 ♦5173 
 ♦5174 
 ♦5175 
 ♦5176 
 ♦5177 
 ♦5178 
 
 Abusive s. of Nap. by Britons. 24 
 
 of Americans by Sam. Johnson 214 
 Inconsistency of s.-Nap. I. by E. 24 
 Shameful s. of woman. 6034 
 
 Victim of s.-Cromwell "King." 3893 
 " " "-Bolivar. 4044 
 
 lilBERAIilTY. 
 
 Cloak of l.-Commodus. *3204 
 
 in Opinions-John Wesley. ^3205 
 Uncertain 1. of Charles I. ♦3206 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE and GENER- 
 OSITY in loo. 
 
 LIBERTIES. 
 
 Demanded-Magna Charta. ^3207 
 
 Lost-Mass. Colony. ^3208 
 
 Unprotected-Irish Prot'st'nts.^3209 
 
 See LIBERTY in toe. 
 
 lilBEBTINE. 
 
 Aged l.-Louis XV. 
 
 ♦3210 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Devices of l.-Appius. 8973 
 
 Paradise of the 1., Mahomet's. 3992 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in toe. 
 
 lilBERTY. 
 
 Celebration of l.-Paris. ^3211 
 
 Champion for 1. -Lafayette. ^3212 
 
 Cloak of 1., Criminal's. ♦3213 
 
 Defence of l.-Eng. in Ireland. +3214 
 
 Delusive l.-Romans. ♦3215 
 
 Devotion to 1. -Lafayette. ^3216 
 
 in Disguise-Civilization. ^3217 
 
 Emblem of 1,-Pole. ^3218 
 
 Endangered-Fugitlve Slave 1. *3219 
 
 Enthusiasm for 1. -Lafayette. *3220 
 
 Government for 1. -Roman. ♦3221 
 
 Lost by Athenians. ^3222 
 
 Love of 1., The Dutch. ♦3223 
 
 Martyr for l.-Henry Vane. ^3224 
 
 of Mountaineers-by Arms. *3225 
 
 Personal 1. -Habeas Corpus. ♦3226 
 Proclamation of l.-Em'nc'p't'n*3227 
 
 Protected by law-llth cent. ^3228 
 
 by Reaction-Wm. the Conq. ^3229 
 
 in Religion-James II. *3230 
 
 Religious l.-Colony of Md. ^3231 
 
 Secured-Magna Charta. ^3232 
 
 of Speech denied.-Commons. ♦3233 
 
 vs. Tyranny-Boethius. ^3234 
 
 Unexpected-American. ♦3235 
 
 and Union-Sources of 1. ^3236 
 
 by Vigilance, British 1. ^3237 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absolute l.-Am. Indians, 
 vs. Assassination-Caesar's. 
 Bestowed by slaves. 
 Bold endeavor for 1. 
 Caste in l.-Magna Charta. 
 of Conscience-R. Williams. 
 " '* -Cromwell. 
 
 3780 
 4316 
 6202 
 5790 
 3125 
 1101 
 1102 
 1103 
 1104 
 3522 
 
 Demagogue's license. 
 
 Devotion to l.-John Brown. 3688 
 
 " " "-Lafayette. 2225 
 
 " " " Lafayette's. 176 
 
 Difference in l.-Say-Do. 5299 
 
 Enthusiasm for 1. misjudged. 3042 
 
 Fearless champion of 1. 3379 
 
 Funeral of l.-Am. Colonies. 
 
 " " "-Stamp Act. 
 Joyous l.-six Burgesses. 
 Land of l.-Penn. Colony. 
 vs. Loyalty-England. 
 Martyr for l.-T. Hansford. 
 Modern 1. from Germans. 
 Opposed by Romanism. 
 
 Perseverance for 1.-N. Haven. 
 Plea for natural 1. 
 vs. Popery-History, 
 of Press denied. 
 " " defended. 
 " " -Safety by. 
 Restored-IU-tlmed. 
 Right of l.-Magna Charta. 
 Seeming martyr to 1. 
 Treachery to l.-New York. 
 Truth brings 1. 
 Tyranny called l.-France. 
 Vice undermines 1. 
 Watchful for l.-England. 
 
 See FREEDOM in loc. 
 
 4071 
 3525 
 4639 
 4087 
 1696 
 4063 
 768 
 4934 
 4935 
 494* 
 4943 
 4107 
 4520 
 4303 
 4464 
 4433 
 4435 
 1144 
 4911 
 6218 
 4072 
 5725 
 573» 
 3222 
 1130 
 
 lilBKARIES. 
 
 Ancient l.-Arabian. ♦383» 
 
 Subscription 1. by B. Franklin. ♦323» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed-Alexandrian-T. 
 Stolen l.-Yale College. 
 
 598 
 973 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 Destroyed at Alexandria. ^3240 
 " " Constantinople. ♦3241 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Founder of circulating l.-B. F. 2331 
 Gift of l.-John Harvard. 2288 
 
 Small l.-Archbp. of Canterbury.3180 
 
 LICENSE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Legislative 1. for murder. 
 
 327S 
 
 LICENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 Authorized by Mahomet. 
 Fashionable at Milan. 
 Literary 1. of John Dry den. 
 Pontifical 1. of Clement II. 
 Prevalent 1. of Cavaliers. 
 Regal 1. of Louis XV. 
 Ruinous 1. of Dagobert. 
 
 ♦3242 
 ♦3243 
 ♦3244 
 ♦3245 
 ♦3246 
 ♦3247 
 ♦3248 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned to 1.-Carlnus. 1701 
 
 Accusation of l.-Shameful. 2066 
 Allurements to l.-Napoleon I. 3595 
 Appeal to 1., Woman's-Cleopat.605O 
 with Austerity-Spartans. 6137 
 
 Blot of l.-Charles II. 346» 
 
 Cultivated-Sparta-Ruin. 6137 
 
 Degraded by l.-Charles II. 4973 
 Dispensation to 1., Mahomet's. 2588 
 vs. Education-England. 1803 
 
 Encouraged in high life. 3704 
 
 Famous for l.-Bucklngham. 2416 
 In Heaven, Mahomet's. 2540 
 
 Lewdness habitual-Charles II. 3201 
 in Llterature-Relgn of Chas. 11.3320 
 
880 
 
 LIFE. 
 
 Notoriety by l.-Catiline. 1295 
 
 in Old Age-Louis XV. 3210 
 
 Overruled-H. VIII.-Ref rm't'n. 1955 
 Papall -John XII. 4305 
 
 Perils of l.-Conspirators. 4477 
 
 Produces crime-Murder. 1292 
 
 Promoted by the drama. 1717 
 
 Public l.-Spartan baths. 6137 
 
 Rebuked, Associate's 1. 379 
 
 Eepulsed-Resentment. 4800 
 
 Ruin by 1. plotted. 2222 
 
 Ruined by l.-Palaeologus. 4972 
 
 Sanctified by marriage. 4714 
 
 Shameless l.-Louisa Maria. 4490 
 State endangered by 1. 6113 
 
 Theatrical l.-England. 55&4 
 
 " "-Romans. 5588 
 
 " "-Theodora. 4533 
 
 Victim of l.-Edward III. 4586 
 
 See ADULTERER. 
 Advances of a.-P. of M. Stuart.3342 
 Blot of a.-Mahomet. 3242 
 
 Confirmed a.-James II. 6222 
 
 Devices of a.-Emp.Valentinian.2276 
 Merciless punishment of a. 3063 
 Papal a. -John XII. 4305 
 
 Reparation by marriage. 3458 
 
 Royal-Edward IV.-Wives of L. 47 
 Self-confessed a.-False. 5177 
 
 Wife wronged by husband. 6068 
 
 See ADULTERESS. 
 Approved by husband. 4490 
 
 Arts of the a.-J.-C. Sedley. 5054 
 Bondage to a.-James II. 5054 
 
 Distinguished a.-Pompadour. 3247 
 Influential a.-AspasIa. 1256 
 
 Patriotic a.-Falvia. 6097 
 
 Respected a.-Aspasia. 6084 
 
 by Restraints-Honoria. 3436 
 
 Self-confessed a. -Queen of Sp. 5125 
 Strange charm of a.-Sedley. 2842 
 Successful a.-Antonina. 4858 
 
 Victim of a.-James II. 6085 
 
 See ADULTERY. 
 Excused by Gabriel-Mahomet's. *63 
 Punishment for a.-Exiled by J. *64 
 Shameless by nobility-15th cent.*65 
 Vengeance for a -Pope Jno.XII.*66 
 Victim of a.-Peredeus. *67 
 
 See LIBERTINE. 
 Aged l.-Louis XV. 
 
 ♦3210 
 
 Common a.-Roman. 1295 
 
 Confessed for divorce. 2188 
 
 Diverted evidence of a. 1949 
 
 Emasculation or death for a. 3160 
 
 Ilvidence of a.-Dlfficult. 1931 
 
 in High life-Charles II. 3470 
 
 Oppressive a. -Tyrant GUdo. 5745 
 
 Prerogative in a.-Mahomet. 4210 
 Shameless a.-Common-Europe.3243 
 
 See CONCUBINES. 
 
 Passion for c.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 Power of Persian e. 959 
 
 See COURTESAN. 
 Influential c.-A8pa8ia-Athens.*1256 
 
 Reformed c.-Theodora. 6996 
 
 Tyranny of c.-Milo the athlete.5960 
 
 See INCEST. 
 by Marriage of relatives. 3454 
 
 See LEWDNESS. 
 Habitual 1. of Charles XL ♦8201 
 
 Devices of l.-Appius. 3973 
 
 Paradise of l.-Mphammedan. 3992 
 
 See PROSTITUTE. 
 
 Distinguished p.-Theodora. *4533 
 
 Expensive p.-Charles II. 6083 
 
 Honored p.-Empress Theodora.3191 
 
 " "-Goddess of Rea8on.4624 
 
 Power of p.-Political-Louis XV.6079 
 
 " " "-Pompadour. 
 Rule of p.-Poppaea. 
 
 See PROSTITUTES. 
 Dress of p. -Luxurious. 
 Rules of p.-Papal chair. 
 Wives made p.-Gothic. 
 See RAPE. 
 Attempted r.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 6080 
 4373 
 
 4611 
 
 1209 
 
 *4616 
 
 by Stratagem- Valentinian. 
 
 2276 
 
 Vengeance for r.-Oath. 
 
 5786 
 
 Victim of r. by soldiers. 
 
 6113 
 
 War caused by r. 
 
 5910 
 
 See SEDUCTION. 
 
 
 Avenged on Carinus. 
 
 ♦5073 
 
 by Promises-Henry VIII. 
 
 *5074 
 
 Punishment of s.-Con8tantine.*5075 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Punished severely-Aurelian. 4578 
 Ruinous scheme of s. of P. 67 
 
 See SENSUALITY. 
 Imperial s.-Commodus. *5105 
 
 Religious s.-Pagans. *5106 
 
 Paradise of s.-Mohammedan. 3992 
 See MISTRESS and SEXES in loe. 
 
 lilFE. 
 
 Aim in 1., Diogenes'. *3249 
 
 Ambition of 1., J. Milton's. *3250 
 
 Changes in l.-S. Houston. *3251 
 
 " " "-Captain Cook. ^3252 
 
 Attests Character-Humble. *3^3 
 
 Choice in l.-Parable. ^3254 
 
 City 1., Love of. ^3255 
 
 Degraded-Romans. *3256 
 
 Delusive l.-Gibbon. *3257 
 
 Destruction of l.-Crusades. *3258 
 
 Farewell to l.-J. Q. Adams. *3259 
 
 Forfeited by neglect. *3260 
 
 Future l.-Am. Indians. *3261 
 Impediments in l.-S. Johnson.*3262 
 
 Indestructible-Am. Indians. *3263 
 
 Influence of a good 1. *3264 
 
 Inner 1.-" Inner voice." *3265 
 
 Insignificant l.-Bibulus. *3266 
 
 Lengthened one fourth. *3267 
 
 Measure of 1. -Charles XIL *3268 
 
 Miserable l.-Roman slaves. *3269 
 
 Neglected-Robert Burns. ^3270 
 
 Object in l.-Epicurus. *3271 
 
 Opening in l.-A. Lincoln. *3272 
 
 Price of human 1. *3273 
 Protected-Geo. Washington's.^3274 
 
 Public 1. for others. *3275 
 
 Purpose In l.-John Milton. ^3276 
 
 .. u "_peter Cooper. ♦8277 
 
 Qualification-Education. *3278 
 
 Rational-Roman Emp. Alex. ^3279 
 
 Regulated by Stoics. ♦3280 
 
 Rules of 1., Swedenborg's. ♦3281 
 
 Secret of l.-Joslah Quincy. ♦8282 
 
 Shortened-" Artemus Ward." 
 Simplicity of l.-Backwoods. 
 Start in l.-Alex. Stephens. 
 Successful l.-Wash. Irving. 
 Training for l.-Josiah Quincy. 
 Uncivilized l.-Am. Indians. 
 Unhappy 1. of S Johnson. 
 Useful l.-Sir H. Davy. 
 Value of l.-in Gold. 
 Vanity of l.-Belisarius. 
 Vision of l.-Strong and weak. 
 Wandering l.-Tartars. 
 Wasted l.-Charles II. 
 
 *3S28» 
 ♦3284 
 ♦3285 
 *3286 
 *3287 
 ♦328? 
 *328C 
 *3290 
 ■►3291 
 *329» 
 ♦329t 
 ♦3294 
 ♦329» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned to vice-Carinus. 1701 
 Absolute surrender of l.-Glad's. 103 
 Accident directs 1. 4652 
 
 Ambition of 1. rebuked. 2471 
 
 Amusement an aim in 1. 1524 
 
 Animal l.-Regard for Buddhlsts.236 
 Atrocious 1. of Nero. 4965 
 
 Barbarous l.-Am. Savages. 4641 
 Begging for l.-Monmouth. 5139 
 
 of Benevolence-Emp. Titus. 4307 
 Burdened by idleness. 2702 
 
 Changed by bereavement. A. J. 105 
 " 6086 
 
 " " sermon-Lawyer. 1089 
 
 Changes in l.-Prefect John. 2212 
 Charmed-Perils of Wm. P. of 0.3633 
 Comforts of 1. renounced. 5677 
 
 Consecrated to the gods. 2864 
 
 Contempt for l.-Martyr's. 3506 
 
 Cut off early-Genius. 2323 
 
 Defeated 1. of Burns. 2027 
 
 Defects seen in l.-Meditation. 1760 
 Destroyed by pe8tilence-London.692 
 " -Caesar's war. 5898 
 
 " -Attila's war. 5899 
 
 " -Napoleon I. 5900 
 
 " by famine-One third.2078 
 Destruction of 1. by earthquake.1759 
 " " "-Immense. 5180 
 
 " " '♦ " 5181 
 
 Devoted-Fanatics. 3843 
 
 " to others-Spartans. 4045 
 Devotion of l.-Soldier8-Roman.3838 
 Disappointments in 1. 1607 
 
 Diversity in l.-Nap.-Peasant. 187 
 Duty more than 1. 2788 
 
 Endangered by astrologers. 1953 
 Enlarged by education. 1781 
 
 Estimate of 1., Low. 4844 
 
 Estimated by accumulation of w.432 
 Examined after death. 2252 
 
 Exhibits character-Plato. 1314 
 
 Failure in l.-Emp. Honorius. 1877 
 Failures in practical 1. 2030 
 
 of Faith for temporal good. 2035 
 " "-G. Milller'8. 2037 
 
 Forest 1. of Audubon. 8106 
 
 Frivolous 1. of Grecians. 903 
 
 Happiness by benefactions. 2358 
 Happy 1. without wealth. 4886 
 
 Hardships in l.-Mortality. 811 
 
 Hidden inner l.-Wm. P. of O. 4024 
 Immoral l.-no Conscience. 1119 
 Imperilled by assassins. -L. Phll.360 
 " 4. "-Victoria. 861 
 
LIGHT— LOAN. 
 
 881 
 
 Imperilled by assassins-Cromw. 366 
 
 " 370 
 
 " Caesar's 1. 1402 
 
 Improyed security of 1. 4287 
 
 Incomplete-Raphael died at 37. 348 
 
 Indifference to human l.-War. 1070 
 
 Inner vs. Outer l.-Poet Young. 1670 
 
 for Life-Retribution. 4846 
 
 Loss of 1.-15 Years. 3106 
 
 Lost by exposure-Bunyan. 1427 
 
 " " " to wet-Wash. 1447 
 
 Love of 1. in old age. 1408 
 
 a Mission-Stonewall Jackson. 5228 
 
 Mission in l.-Wm. P. of O. 3633 
 
 " " " Sense of. 3641 
 
 Misspent l.-Pillar saints. 5012 
 
 Money for l.-£15,000,00C. 30€T 
 
 Monotonous 1. of monks. 217 
 
 Narrowed by poverty. 8123 
 
 Necessaries-Lyre-Sponge-Br'd.3748 
 
 Planless 1., Milton's. 2107 
 
 Pleasure-seeker's 1. 4637 
 
 Precarious support of 1. 1674 
 
 Preservation of own l.-Crom. 821 
 
 Preserved-Caesar's soldiers. 5822 
 
 Private vs. Public l.-Mahomet. 4210 
 
 Prolonged by virtue. 3714 
 
 " 137 Years-Legend. 5212 
 
 " by diet. 2176 
 
 Pablio vs. Private l.-Diverse. 788 
 
 .. .. « "-Wm. P. of 0.121 
 
 " " •• "-Queen Anne. 558 
 
 Purpose of a true l.-Lincoln. 1309 
 
 •♦ in l.-Great-Milton. 2107 
 
 Quiet 1., Preference for a. 3869 
 
 Eace for 1. 4602 
 
 Eansom for l.-Alaric. 1145 
 
 Kegrets in later l.-W. Scott. 19 
 
 Resolving vs. Doing-Johnson. 1396 
 
 Besult of l.-Winding-sheet. 2475 
 
 Reversal of expectations in l.-S. 190 
 
 Reverses in l.-Nicetas. 2211 
 
 Review of 1. in death-Grenville. 6.52 
 
 Ruined by wrong-Napoleon. 2201 
 
 Sacrifice of l.-Political. 5793 
 
 " to save l.-Shame. 3879 
 
 Sacrificed to avarice-Workmen. 429 
 
 " " -Soldiers. 433 
 
 " for l.-Moors. 5968 
 
 Sacrifices to save 1 . -Property. 664 
 
 Saved with reproach. 1238 
 
 Saving 1., Joy in-Lincoln. 536 
 
 " of l.-Precedence to. 3588 
 
 " 1., Efforts in-Arctio. 3332 
 
 Sensational overwrought-Rom. 103 
 
 Shame burdens l.-Huss. 1964 
 
 Shameful 1. overlooked. 3177 
 
 Shortened by drink-Alex. 2912 
 
 ♦* " -Galerius. 2925 
 
 •♦ " •» -Louis X. 2929 
 
 " •• " -Athalaric 2930 
 
 " •• " -Alexander.2931 
 
 •• •• " -Douglas. 2937 
 
 " •• ♦' -Army. 2939 
 
 M u .4 .. 2940 
 
 •* " " -Burns. 2954 
 
 " ♦• " -Poe. 2955 
 
 " by neglect-Gibbon. 8260 
 
 ▼8. Sincerity-Martyr Huss. 1918 
 
 Striking out in l.-Pranklin. 638 
 
 Success in l.-Boethlus. 891 
 
 Surrendered gladly-Defeat. 1494 
 
 " cheerfully. 1430 
 
 " nobly. 3820 
 
 Transformed by education. 1797 
 
 Turning-point in l.-Loyola. 758 
 
 Unappreciated by Emp. Severus.206 
 
 Unsatisfactory 1. of ambitious T.205 
 
 Useful sacrifice of 1.-Telemachus.835 
 
 Valued more than honor. 5952 
 
 Vanity of l.-Captive king. 3292 
 
 " " "-Testimony. 3382 
 
 Vice destroys 1. 4917 
 
 Vicissitude in l.-C. Jerome. 2521 
 
 " " "-Columbus. 2473 
 
 *• In L of Captain J. Smith.80 
 
 " " "-Columbus. 2206 
 
 " " "-Nobility. 2210 
 
 " of l.-Isaac Newton's. 108 
 
 Views of L, Diverse. 3316 
 
 Wasted In battle of Fontenoy. 69 
 
 Weary of l.-Marlborough. 245 
 
 See EXISTENCE. 
 Memorials of e.-Eew Indians. 3568 
 
 See IMMORTALITY. 
 Belief in i. by Poet Shelley. *2745 
 Faith in i., Arab's. *2746 
 
 Hope of i.-Walter Raleigh. *2747 
 
 Belief In i.-Socrates. 8707 
 
 '* " '• strengthens. 1412 
 
 of Brutes doubted-S. Johnson. 680 
 Burial for I.-Am. Indians. 1425 j 
 
 Confident of I.-J. Bunyan. 1192 
 
 Effective Christian doctrine-G. 834 
 Preparation for I. by bravery. 1416 
 Soul's i.-Socrates. 5270 
 
 Stimulates courage, Belief in 1. 1424 
 In Work-Church-building-Mah. 864 
 See AGE and FUTURITY in loc. 
 
 lilGHT. 
 
 Contribution of l.-"Hang out."*3296 
 Introduced-London streets. *3297 
 Opposed-Gas-London. ♦3298 
 
 Fame in l.-Limlted. 
 Genius in l.-Tasso. 
 
 " " "-Ariosto. 
 " "-Milton. 
 
 " " "-J. Dryden. 
 
 " '• "-Shakespeare. 
 Honors of l.-Milton. 
 Importance of l.-Fame. 
 Opportunity in l.-Alex. Pope. 
 Pleasures of l.-Chas. J. Fox. 
 and Poverty-Samuel Johnson, 
 Preservation of l.-Monkery. 
 Profligate l.-Eoglish. 
 Recompense of l.-Alex. Pope. 
 Restoration of 1. -Arabs. 
 Ridiculed-Crusaders. 
 Vicious English 1. 
 
 ♦3304 
 *3305 
 *3306 
 ♦3307 
 *3308 
 *3309 
 *3310 
 *3311 
 *8312 
 *3313 
 *3314 
 *3315 
 *3316 
 *3317 
 *3318 
 ♦3319 
 ♦3320 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Electric 1. -Columbus. 1853 
 
 Truth-Inextinguishable 1. 6147 
 
 See MOON. 
 Dwarfs inhabit the m. 2658 
 
 Influence of m. discarded. 1224 
 Testimony of m. for Mahomet. 3623 
 
 See SUN. 
 Worship of the s.-PersIans. ♦5432 
 
 Right of way to the s.-DIog'neB.3415 
 
 Utilized in war-Ancients. 353 
 
 " " -Archimedes. 843 
 
 lilGHTNING. 
 
 Fear of 1., Superstitious. ^3299 
 
 «' " "-W'sh'ngt'n's mother^3300 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Death by l.-^sculapius. 4169 
 
 Significant l.-Sacri flees. 4994 
 
 lilONS. 
 
 Cress-reference. 
 Perilous allies aeainst invaders. 174 
 
 literature:. 
 
 Conceit in l.-Later Greeks. ♦3302 
 Effects of l.-MUitary. ♦3303 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Age-John Milton. 135 
 
 Ambition In l.-John Milton. 194 
 Decadence In l.-Greeks. 2908 
 
 Decline in L-Constantinople. 3241 
 Dictator in l.-S. Johnson. 1307 
 
 Devotion to 1. In death-Basda. 6150 
 Earliest Roman l.-Drama. 1718 
 
 Early training in l.-B. Franklin. 636 
 Enduring reward of l.-Scott. 190 
 Enfeebled effort of age-Milton. 135 
 Feebleness in l.-Frederick II. 4224 
 Genius in l.-Roger Bacon. 3775 
 
 in Heaven-Shakespeare's. 254^ 
 
 Imitation in l.-Fametess. 274*} 
 
 Indecency In l.-Ariosto. 3306 
 
 Licentious 1. of J. Dryden. 3244 
 Low state of l.-Age of Ch'rrm'ne.632 
 Period of Arabic 1. 3238 
 
 Popular test of l.-Pilgrim's P. 168 
 Progress of civilization by 1. 2339 
 Sickness by devotion to 1. 1639 
 
 Style in l.-Ridlculous. 1167 
 
 Unappreciated-Danes. 2715 
 
 Warfare in l.-Bitterness for M. 2* 
 See AUTHORS, BOOKS and SCHOOL 
 in loc. 
 
 LITIGATION. 
 
 Period of l.-15th century. *3321 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Principle more than money. 3139 
 lilTTIiE THINGS. , 
 
 Importance of-Spanish War. ♦3322 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Trifles vitiate service. 4685 
 
 LITURGY. 
 
 Opposed by Scots. ♦3323 
 
 6133 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Opposition to l.-Scots. 
 
 See RITUALISM. 
 Rejected-CathoUc-England. ^4915 
 
 Trifles vitiate service. 4685 
 
 LOAN. 
 
 Hopeless 1. to S. Johnson. ♦3324 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Refused by professed friend. 2224 
 
 of Wife to friends-Spartans. 6137 
 
 See CREDITOR and DEBT in toe 
 
882 
 
 LOBBYIST— MADNESS, 
 
 IiOBB¥IST. 
 
 Successful l.-M. Crassus. *3325 
 
 liONGEVITY. 
 
 Causes of l.-John Locke. *3326 
 
 by Prudence-Peter Cooper's. *33a7 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Secret of l.-Josiah Quincy. 3282 
 
 See AGE in loo. 
 
 Absent L.-H.of Commons. 
 See GOD in loc. 
 
 *3328 
 
 liOSS. 
 
 Gain by l.-Hannibal. *3329 
 
 Irretrievable 1 -Sedgemoor. *3330 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Irreparable 1 of architectural m.329 
 Made good by courage. 1247 
 
 liOSSES. 
 
 Disparity in l.-New Orleans. *3331 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Made good by courage. 1247 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY and DAMAGE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 L.OST. 
 
 Seeking the l.-Sir J. Franklin. ?3332 
 
 liOT. 
 
 Choice by l.-Turkmans. *3333 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Decision by l.-Columbus. 5864 
 
 Selection by l.-Mahomet's father. 795 
 
 JLOTTKRY. 
 
 Profitable l.-Experlence-P. C. *3334 
 
 See LUCK. 
 Days of I.-Ancient. •3361 
 
 Courage under ill-luck. 
 Days of l.-Romans. 
 Encouragement for good L 
 I.OVE. 
 
 Abode of l.-"Agapemone." 
 Accidental l.-W. Scott's. 
 Active l.-Christian. 
 Battle of l.-Lovers. 
 Changed by l.-Another body. 
 Conjugal l.-Napoleon I. 
 Disappointment in l.-K. 
 Infatuation of J.-M. Stuart. 
 Juvenile l.-Napoleon I. 
 a Necessity-Cannoneers. 
 Passionate 1. of Shelley, 
 vs. Prudence-Agesilaus. 
 Religion of l.-Napoleon I. 
 Romantic l.-Geoffrey Rudel. 
 
 " " -S. Johnson. 
 
 " " -Shelley. 
 Shadow of l.-W. Irving. 
 Supremacy of 1. -Domestic. 
 
 92 
 1395 
 6021 
 
 ♦3*35 
 ♦3336 
 ♦3337 
 ♦8338 
 ♦3339 
 ♦3340 
 ♦3341 
 ♦3342 
 ♦3343 
 ♦3344 
 ♦3345 
 ♦S346 
 ♦3347 
 ♦3348 
 ♦3349 
 ♦3350 
 ♦3351 
 ♦3352 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Ambitlon-Napoleon-Jos. 104 
 " " " 1699 
 
 Controlled by Marlborough. 6052 
 Fictitious 1. of Queen Anne. 558 
 First 1. of Robert Burns. 4219 
 
 at First sight-Garibaldi. 3480 
 
 Gratitude begets 1. -Ho ward. 3445 
 
 Inspires endeavor-Bums. 4219 
 
 Lawless-Contagious example. 2240 
 
 Magnanimity of l.-Josephine. 2201 
 
 Mission of l.-Pardon. 3998 
 
 Respected-Humble life-Nap. 187 
 
 Sacrifices of l.-Wentworth. 2516 
 
 Survives abuse-Mrs. Byron. 3465 
 
 Transient-Sudden-Crockett. 3438 
 
 Universal l.-Ams. excepted. 215 
 
 Unreciprocated-Swedenborg. 123 
 
 liOVER. 
 
 Fallen l.-Hernando Cortez. ^3353 
 
 Fickle l.-Robert Bums. ^3354 
 
 Youthful l.-Lord Byron. ^3355 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Artful-Cleopatra. 6136 
 
 Blind 1. of Catherine Sedley. 2S42 
 Blinded-Marcus. 1675 
 
 Ensnared-Antony by Cleopatra. 6136 
 
 Pascinated-Wm. the Conq. 
 " -Robert Bums. 
 Female 1., Mahomet's. 
 
 " "-Honoria. 
 Preservation of l.-Ariadne. 
 Royal 1. of Lucy Waters. 
 Unsuccessful-Isaac Newton. 
 Visits of 1., Dangerous. 
 liOVEUS. 
 Rival l.-Je£ferson-Others. 
 
 2583 
 4219 
 3473 
 3476 
 6051 
 3470 
 5992 
 6049 
 
 ♦3356 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Religious-Sensual-England. 3335 
 Restrained-Church service. 853 
 
 See AFFINITY. 
 by Complement-Wm. P. of O. 2234 
 *' Contrast- Anne-Churchill. 2228 
 " " -Burnet-Halifax. 2231 
 
 See AMIABILITY. 
 Savages-no Words for abuse. 22 
 
 See FREE-LOVERS. 
 Religious-Sensual-English. 3335 
 
 See PHILANTHROPY. 
 Example of p.-J. Howard. ^4163 
 Experimental p.-J. Howard. ^4164 
 Practical p.-J. Howard. ^4165 
 
 Devotion to p.-Georgia. 4502 
 
 Gift of p.-Smithsonian. 1812 
 
 See AFFECTION and KISS in loc. 
 
 L.OYAIiTY. 
 
 Esteemed-Oliver Cromwell ^3357 
 Unreserved-Widow Windham.^3358 
 Vigorous 1. of Bismarck. ^3359 
 
 Zealous 1. of Puritans. ♦3360 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disqualified by l.-James II. 3549 
 Distrusted-Romanists. 4946 
 
 vs. Liberty-Revolution. 1696 
 
 Loving 1 . to Adrian. 4969 
 
 Outward 1. recommended. 3848 
 Proof of 1., Severe. 1364 
 
 Sacrifice of l.-Woman. 1348 
 
 See FIDELITY and PATRIOTISM 
 in loc. 
 
 I. TICK. 
 
 Days of 1., Ancient. 
 
 ♦3881 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Courage under ill-luck. 92 
 
 Days of l.-Romans. 1395 
 
 Encouragement for good 1. 6021 
 
 See CHANGES and LOT in loo. 
 
 liUSTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Licensed by Gabriel-Mahomet. 63 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 LiUXUBIES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross- references. 
 
 Comparative l.-Scots-Eng. 1913 
 
 Demoralizing I.-Alexander. 5668 
 
 Heaven's 1. -Mohammedan. 2540 
 
 Rejected by Mahomet. 2672 
 
 Repressed by sumptuary 1. 3161 
 
 Warfare against 1., Cassar's. 3162 
 
 liUXlTRY. 
 
 Dangers of l.-Purltans. 
 Denled-Oxford friars. 
 Employment of the poor. 
 Evil of l.-Spartans. 
 Excess in l.-Alexander. 
 Misplaced in Roman camp. 
 Nauseous l.-Tobacco. 
 vs. Poverty-Romans. 
 Repudiated- Primitive C. 
 Senseless l.-Roman feast. 
 Unsatisfying l.-Balan. 
 
 ♦3363 
 ♦3364 
 ♦3362 
 ♦3365 
 ♦.3366 
 ♦3367 
 ♦3368 
 ♦3369 
 ♦3370 
 ♦3371 
 ♦3372 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abollshed-Vices gone. 36.55 
 
 Character deteriorated by 1. 4888 
 Condemned, Roman. 3884 
 
 Corruption by l.-Rom'n famllles.407 
 Debased by l.-Vandals. 953 
 
 Enervated by l.-Romans. 901 
 
 Exhibition of 1. 3383 
 
 Increased by R. aqueducts. 459, 460 
 National enervation by 1. 4200 
 
 Perilous to the State-Cato. 266 
 
 State endangered by 1. 5856 
 
 Suppressed by disgrace. 4611 
 
 See EXTRAVAGANCE in loc. 
 
 L.YING. 
 
 Polite 1. hurtful. *3373 
 
 See LIAR. 
 Proverbial 1 -Dick Talbot. *3202 
 
 OTACHINERY. 
 
 Benefits of m.-Clocks. ♦3374 
 
 a Means-Samuel Johnson. ♦3375 
 
 Triumph of m.-Brass clocks. ♦3376 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Genius for m.-Eli Whitney. 3113 
 
 Hallucination-Perpetual mot'n.5168 
 
 Importance of m. -Cotton-gin. 2988 
 
 Intricate-Mechanical birds. 3383 
 
 Labor-saving m.-Clocks. 2984 
 
 Relieves labor-Changes. 8107 
 
 " " -Cotton-gin. 8115 
 
 " -Miners. 8108 
 
 See INVENTION in loe. 
 
 MADNESS. 
 
 Effective m. of James Otis. *8877 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 
 Courage of m. -Charles XII. 1289 
 
 See ANGER and INSANITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
I 
 
 MAGIC— MANNERS. 
 
 883 
 
 MAOIC. 
 
 Belief in m. -Columbus. 
 
 See ALCHEMY. 
 Books of a. destroyed. 
 Student of a.-Isaac Newton. 
 
 See ASTROLOGY. 
 Regard for a.-Roman omens. 
 
 *3378 
 
 5976 
 811 
 
 ♦385 
 
 Crime proven by a. 1953 
 
 Faith in a.-Charles II. 5442 
 
 See CHARM in loo. 
 
 MAGNANIMITY. 
 
 Admirable m of H. Vane. *3379 
 
 Noble m.-General Lee. *3380 
 
 of Savages-Onondagas. *3381 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Affection-Josephine 2201 
 
 Appeal to m., Alexander's. 1588 
 
 in Forgiveness-Wesley. 2199 
 
 " Misfortune-Philip II. 2028 
 
 Sagacious m.-Caesar. 5828 
 
 in Self-sacrifice-Alexander. 5095 
 See GENEROSITY in loc. 
 
 MAGNIFICENCE. 
 
 vs. Happiness- Abdalrahmans. *3382 
 Oriental m. -Constantinople. *3383 
 Royal m.-Arcadius. *3384 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Display of m.-Funeral of A. 4474 
 " " " -Aurelian. 4476 
 
 " " " -Cleopatra. 6050 
 
 " " "-Wedding-Timour5987 
 Excessive m.-Constantine. 3903 
 See DISPLAY and MAJESTY 
 in loc. 
 
 MAIDEN. 
 
 Military m.-Gregory's d'ghter.*3385 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bravery of martyr m. 4142 
 
 Choice of m.-State-Elizabeth. 3435 
 ^ Demonized m. -Boston. 1567 
 
 Influence of m.-Joan of Arc. 1559 
 Persistent-Strange- Joan of A. 1557 
 Pitied-Jane MacCrea. 5108 
 
 Urged by State to marry-Eliz. 3435 
 
 MAIDENS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Imported for marriage- Va. 3452 
 Jealousy of m. -Fatal- Anima. 3004 
 
 MAIIiS. 
 
 Detained by Government. *3386 
 
 MAJESTY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Exaggeration of barbarian m. 1956 
 
 Impressive by display. 2421 
 
 See KING and MAGNIFICENCE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MAJORITY. 
 
 Rule of m.-Condemned. *3387 
 
 Unconquerable m.-Pr't'8t'nts.*3388 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 not Bound by m.-( lergy. 300 
 
 Needless-Catiline's. 1201 
 
 Reaction of m -Eng. politics. 4011 
 
 Rule of m.-" Annexing Eng." 3619 
 
 " " " -Conscience exc'pfd. 2431 
 
 Subjugation of m.-Cromwell. 3618 
 
 MAI.IGNITY. 
 
 Parental m. of Frederick Wm.*8389 
 
 Gross-reference. 
 
 Unprovoked m. of Eng. beggars.499 
 
 See HATRED in loc. 
 
 MAN. 
 
 Civilized m., Changes in. 
 Defined by Plato. 
 Degenerated-Lost arts, 
 an Honest m.-four Kings. 
 Mission of m. -Stoics. 
 Monster m.-Napoleon I. 
 or a Mouse- Robert Morris. 
 Origin of m.-Indian's cavern. 
 Uncivilized m -Am. Indians. 
 
 *3390 
 *3391 
 *3392 
 *3393 
 ♦3394 
 *3395 
 *3396 
 *3397 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beasts preferred to m. 3563 
 
 Boy makes the m., The. 6208 
 
 Degraded by sin. 1088 
 
 Duality of m.. Conflicting. 4690 
 
 Handsome m.-Gen. R. E. Lee. 5282 
 Monster m.-Csesar Borgia. 4225 
 Moral m.-Monster-Alexander. 1456 
 -Caligula. 1352 
 -Caracalla. 13.33 
 -Catiline. 1295 
 -C'nst'tineV.1362 
 -Napoleon. 1529 
 -Nero. 1287 
 
 1347 
 " 1359 
 
 -Tlmour. 1337 
 1368 
 
 Only a m.-Menecrates. 5779 
 
 Power of one m.-Demosthenes.l856 
 I' " " " -Napoleon. 1890 
 Primitive m. a poet. 4222 
 
 Regretting his creation-Buny'n.ll92 
 3094 
 3095 
 3096 
 3252 
 5339 
 3407 
 
 Self-made m.-J. Sparks. 
 " " -B. Franklin. 
 
 " -J. Fitch. 
 " " -Capt. Cook. 
 Tall m.-Abraham Lincoln. 
 " " -Geo. Washington. 
 Terrified by one m.-Napoleon. 4199 
 Unique m.-O. Cromwell. 127 
 
 Weak point in great m. 4224 
 
 Worst m. in history-Ph.II.of Sp.902 
 
 See GIANT. 
 Work of a g.-Cleomedes. 1530 
 
 See GIANTS. 
 Soldiers of Frederick William. 3584 
 
 See GREAT MEN. 
 
 Courting g. m. *3579 
 
 Periods of g. m. *3580 
 
 Providential. *3581 
 
 *3582 
 
 Coincidence-Romulus and T. 967 
 
 Dishonored-Columbus. 1648 
 
 -Admiral Blake. 1657 
 
 Example of g.m.-Conversation.ll70 
 
 Overpraised-Pompey. 4370 
 
 Weakness of g.m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 
 
 See BODY, GENIUS, HUMANITY 
 
 and MIND in loc. 
 
 MAN<EIJVRES. 
 
 Ignored by Admiral Nelson. *3399 
 See STRATEGY it, loc. 
 
 MANHOOD. 
 
 Complete m., Cffisar's. 
 Deteriorated-Greeks. 
 Evinced in Goethe. 
 Exhibited-Taylor-Martyr. 
 Forecast of m.-S. Houston. 
 Honest m.-Cromwell. 
 Model m.-Geo. Washington. 
 Physical m.-Geo. Washington. 
 Recognized-Ancient Germans. 
 
 Tested-Wm. P. of Orange. 
 
 *340G 
 *3401 
 *3402 
 *3403 
 *3404 
 *3405 
 *3406 
 ♦3407 
 *3408 
 *3409 
 *3410 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 through Adverslty-H. Davy. 86 
 
 Attained, Celebration of m. 2500 
 
 Correction in m. -Poetry. 4108 
 
 Deficiency in m.-James II. 762 
 
 Insulted by gift of dress. 2900 
 
 Measures life-Bibulus. 3266 
 
 Renounced-Emp. Elagabalus. 960 
 
 Sample of m., Opposite. 4172 
 
 by Self-reliance-Black Prince. 1560 
 
 Virtue evinces m.-Napoleon. 3595 
 
 Weakness of m.-Vitellius. 3879 
 
 Youth determines m.-Cooper. 6204 
 
 MANIA. 
 
 Popular m.-Crusades. 
 
 *3411 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Criticism-Thackeray. 1310 
 
 Popular m.-Crusades. 1375 
 
 for Speculation-Eng., A.D. 1720. 5280 
 
 " " -France. 5281 
 
 -England. 5282 
 
 " -France. 5283 
 
 " Suicide-Wm. Cowper. 5427 
 
 MANKIND. 
 
 Distrusted by Charles II. *3412 
 
 Inequality of m.-S. Johnson. *3413 
 
 Prosperity of m.-Period. *3414 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benefactors of m.-R. Bacon. 1101 
 Detested by m.-Caesar Borgia. 4225 
 Enthusiasm for welfare of m.-L 210 
 Hatred toward m.-False charge. 1358 
 Regard for m.-Aristotle's alms. 779 
 
 MANIilNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appeal to m., Success by. 1247 
 
 Education vs. m.-Goths. 3303 
 
 ' -Greeks. 3319 
 
 Lacking m.-Effeminacy. 1829 
 
 "-"M'gn'fic'nt brate."1068 
 
 " "-D'Argens. 2237 
 
 "-Office-holder. 2660 
 
 Response of m.-De Soto. 1691 
 
 Tested-Failure of. 2119 
 
 See COURAGE in loo. 
 
 MANNERS. 
 
 Blunt m.-Diogenes. *3415 
 
 Changed-Romans. *3416 
 
 Effects of m.-Well-IU-bred. *3417 
 " " " -S. Johnson. *3418 
 
 Neglected, Samuel Johns^m's. *3419 
 
884 
 
 MANUFACTURERS— MARRIAGE. 
 
 Pla-n m.-G. Fox, Quaker. *3420 
 Unrefined m.-S. Johnson's. *3421 
 Urbane m. of Charles II. *3422 
 
 3132 
 443 
 4229 
 2551 
 2336 
 3790 
 3709 
 2967 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 Affected by language. 
 Awkward and agile-Shelley. 
 Blunt m. of William III. 
 Brutal m.-Frederick II. 
 Chivalrous m.-Black Prince. 
 Contrasted- Athenians vs. L. 
 Corrupted m. destroy Rome. 
 Deceptive m.-Sunderland. 
 Demoralized by bad philos'phy 4194 
 Eocentrio m.-S. Johnson. 2310 
 
 " " " 2311 
 
 Endangered by wealth. 3654 
 
 to Familiar m.-J. Hogg. 2061 
 
 Imitation of m.-James Hogg. 2061 
 Plain m.-Mrs. Pres't Jackson. 5215 
 Simpliciiy of m.-Mother of W. 2786 
 Training in m., Effective. 5670 
 
 Unrefined m. of Cromwell. 262 
 
 Unrestrained m.-Perilous. 2062 
 
 See ACTIOIS^S. 
 Speak-War-Hurling the spear. *41 
 " -Tarquin cutting tallest p. *42 
 See AFFABILITY. 
 Falsehood in a.-Charles II. 
 See AFFECTATION. 
 Ridiculed by Thackeray. 
 See AUDACITY. 
 Brazen a.-Catiline. 
 Deceived by a. of Napoleon, 
 Desperation of a.-Indians. 
 
 1678 
 
 1506 
 
 *392 
 *393 
 *394 
 
 Presumptuous-Catiline. 
 Success by-Joan's attack. 
 
 " " -Pompey. 
 Undaunted-Bothwell's. 
 Women of Paris-Revolution. 
 See AWKWARDNESS, 
 and Agility-Poet Shelley. 
 
 Exhibited-Etiquette. 
 
 See DECENCY. 
 Regard for d.-Young Newton, 
 
 See DECORUM. 
 in Debate- American Indians. 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. 
 See ETIQUETTE. 
 Burdensome e.-Edward IV. 
 Question of e.-Wash's Ad. 
 Restraints of e.-Anne. 
 
 1201 
 1906 
 6210 
 5832 
 658 
 
 *443 
 
 1586 
 
 *1472 
 
 ♦1483 
 ♦1484 
 
 ♦1925 
 ♦1926 
 ♦1927 
 
 Awkwardness of e. 1586 
 
 Disgusting e. -James II. 2590 
 
 Important-Gen. Washington. 4634 
 Necessary-Washington-Howe. 1589 
 Overdone-King upset. 1586 
 
 Quarrel over e.-Ludicrous. 750 
 
 See CUSTOM, FASHION and MOD- 
 ESTY in loc. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 Exhibition-Boston Common. ♦3423 
 Fostered, Flemish m. ^3424 
 
 Monopoly in m.-Hatters. ^3425 
 
 Restricted by government. •3426 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Avaricious m.-London, 1837. 429 
 Benefited by protection-Eng. 979 
 
 Co-operation in m.-Eng. 1195 
 
 Enterprise of m.-Spinner's mule. 535 
 
 Independence in-Am. Colonie8.3914 
 
 Monopolies in all m. 3689 
 
 Monopoly in m.-P. Cooper. 3694 
 
 " " " -Plymouth Col. 3698 
 
 " " " -N. E. Colonies.3699 
 
 " " "-N.Amsterdam.3700 
 
 Oppressed by legislation-N. Eng.980 
 
 Prohibited in Am. Col.-Iron. 3154 
 
 " " " -Trap. 3190 
 
 Protection of m. needed. 352 
 
 Silk m., Delicacy of. 2361 
 
 Unpopular-Iron-England. 2165 
 
 MARCHING. 
 
 Prodigious m -Spartans. ^3427 
 
 MARINER. 
 
 Famous m.-Columbus. 
 
 MARINERS. 
 
 Cautious m. -Portuguese. 
 
 See SAILORS in loc, 
 
 MARKSMAN. 
 
 Royal m.-Emp. Commodus. 
 
 ♦3428 
 
 ♦3429 
 
 ♦3430 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Accurate m.- Aster. 5104 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 Ceremony fr')m Romans. ^3431 
 
 Cheap-Rev. Alex. Keith. *3432 
 
 Choice in m. vs. Appointment. ♦3433 
 Coercion in m.-Wm. Wat. *3434 
 Declined-Queen Elizabeth. ^3435 
 Denial of m.-Honoria. ♦3436 
 
 Detested-Mary Stuart. *3437 
 
 Disappointment in m.-Cr"ck'tt.*3438 
 Dishonored-Roman Empire. ♦3439 
 Dowry in m.-Oxen. ^3440 
 
 Early m.-Isabella-8 Years old.^3441 
 " " -Ayesha-9 Years. ♦3442 
 Encouraged by laws. ^3443 
 
 Excused-Henry VIII. ♦3444 
 
 Extraordinary-John Howard. ^3445 
 Forced m.-Anne to Chas. of F.^3446 
 Fortunate m.-John Adams. ^3447 
 Happy m. -Peter Cooper's. *3448 
 in Heaven-Swedenborg. ^3449 
 
 Ill-chosen m.-Catherine of R. ^3450 
 ni-mated m.-Louis XII. of F. *3451 
 Imported for m. -Virginians. ♦34.52 
 Inauspicious m., A. Jackson's. ♦3453 
 Incestuous m.-Ancients. ♦3454 
 
 Indecent m.-Mary Stuart. ♦3455 
 to Industry-Sabines. ♦3456 
 
 Informal m.-D. of Monmouth. ♦aiS? 
 Irregular m.-Robert Bums. ♦3458 
 Kingdom for m.-Godwln. ^3459 
 Loose m.-Romans. ♦3460 
 
 Mediation in m.-I. Newton. ^3461 
 Meekness in m.-Rumford. ^3462 
 Modes of m.-Romans. ♦3463 
 
 for Money, Cicero's. ^3464 
 
 " " -Byron's. *3465 
 
 " •• -Chivalry. ^3466 
 
 without Money-Themistooles.^3467 
 Morals in m. disregarded. ^3468 
 " " " needful. ♦3469 
 
 Name by m.-Charles II. ♦3470 
 
 Promoted by Government. ^3471 
 Proposed by women. ^3472 
 
 by Proxy-Anne of B. 
 
 " " -Prince Arthur. 
 
 " " -Llewellyn. 
 Recklessness in m.-Honorla. 
 of Relatives-Middle Ages. 
 Repeated-Julius Caesar. 
 Repetition of m. condemned. 
 Romantic m.-Garibaldi. 
 Second m. criticised. 
 " " approved. 
 Secret m.-Spartans. 
 Secured by auction. 
 Selection in m.-Russians. 
 Sensational m. of M. Luther. 
 Splendid m. of Prince Rupert. 
 Surprise by m.-John Milton. 
 Uncertain-Madam or mistress. 
 Unendurable m.-John Milton. 
 Unequal m.. Treatment of. 
 Unfit for m. a reflection. 
 Unhappy m. of Shakespeare. 
 Unsafe m.-Mary Stuart. 
 Vow of m.-Capt. Cook-15 yrs. 
 Wicked m. of Mary Stuart. 
 Worthy m.-John Adams. 
 
 ♦3473 
 ♦3474 
 ♦3475 
 ♦3476 
 ♦3477 
 *3478 
 ♦3479 
 ♦3480 
 ♦3481 
 ♦3483 
 ♦3483 
 ♦3484 
 ♦3485 
 ♦3486 
 ♦3487 
 ♦348» 
 ,♦3489 
 ♦3490 
 ♦3491 
 ♦3492 
 ♦3493 
 ♦3494 
 ♦3495 
 ♦3496 
 ♦3497 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abstinence from m.-Ottoman. 2661 
 Baseness in m. -Henry VIII. 458 
 Blighted hopes of m.,Sw'deub'gs.l23 
 Broken engagement-Heart b. 2534 
 Caste in m. -England. 726 
 
 Celebrated in simplicity Jeff. 3026 
 Celebration of m.-Timour. 741 
 
 Competition in beauty for m. 3485 
 Compulsory m. -Early Romans. 445 
 Condemned by Priscillianists. 401 
 Consolation in m. -Widow. 5993 
 by Contrast- Wm. and Mary. 1924 
 Conversion by m. -Pocahontas. 4743 
 with Cowards prohibited. 1280 
 
 Degraded by divorces. 1702 
 
 " views of m.-Spartan8.6139 
 Degrading m.-Prostitute. 3191 
 
 Discreditable m. prohibited. 44 
 
 Disparaged-"an intolerable n.'' 2065 
 Disparity in m.-Rumford. 3462 
 
 Encouraged by legislation-S. 446 
 Ensnared by m.-Mary Stuart. .3455 
 Estrangement aft'r m-W.and M.1924 
 False promise of m. -Irene. 180 
 
 Forced m.-Wealthy heiress. 3127 
 for Fortune-Bolingbroke. 2274 
 
 Frequent m.-9 Wives-Carinus. 1701 
 Gifts to the bride-Placidia. 2359 
 Honored, Disgraceful m.-Nero.4373 
 Impeded, Clerical m. 933 
 
 Inequality in m. resented. 1917 
 
 Inter-m. saves the State. 304 
 
 Lovers with m.-Queen Eliz. 2684 
 Misery of jealousy In m. 3004 
 
 for Money-Assyrian's auction. 3484 
 " " -Vice ignored. 8468 
 
 Nuptials celebrated-Shadowed. 28 
 Octogenarian's prod'ctive m.-C.139 
 Offer of m.-Humane. 3349 
 
 Prevented by poverty-Newton's. 108 
 Promoted by auction of girls. 3484 
 Reflections on m., Cromwell's. 3293 
 Regard for m.-Athenians. 4640 
 
 Reparation by m.-R. Burns. 3458 
 
MARRIAGES— MEANS, 
 
 885 
 
 Repugnance after m.-J. Milton.6000 
 Resented by son-in-law-Alberic. 507 
 Sanctity of m. protected. 1703 
 
 Scandalous m. to Both well. 2188 
 Second m., Indecent. 6109 
 
 Secret m. necessary-R. Burns. 3458 
 Shadowed by assassination of P.368 
 Shameful m.-Henry VIII. 458 
 
 Sinful m.-Licemiousness. 4714 
 
 Song leads to m.-J. Quinoy. 5262 
 Sorrowful m., Death at. 5319 
 
 Strife, Conjugal- Viriplaca. 5361 
 True and false m -Monmouth. 3457 
 Unbiased by money-Spartans. 446 
 Unconsummated m.,Div'rce forl698 
 Unfortunate m.-Count R. 4593 
 
 " " -J.Fitch-Vixen.6005 
 
 Unhappy m.-Sam Houston. 3251 
 Vice disregarded in m. 3712 
 
 See BETROTHMENT, 
 Early b.-Sir Robert Peel. *563 
 
 See BRIDE. 
 Cold welcome to b., Seeming. 3026 
 Difficulty interposed-Cerberus. 3338 
 Gifts for b.-Gold-P. stones. 2359 
 Preparations of b.-Refinement.4642 
 Remembered b.-Josephine. 3340 
 & Reward of valor. 3385 
 
 Waiting fifteen years for-Cook.3495 
 
 See ELOPEMENT. 
 Royal e.-Philip of France. *1858 
 
 3350 
 
 Proposed to Shelley. 
 
 See POLyOAMY. 
 Fanaticism tends to p. 
 Justified by Milton. 
 Permitted by Luther. 
 Shameful p.-Bothwell. 
 Jnproductive of children. 
 
 See WEDDING. 
 Brilliant w.-Oriental. *5987 
 
 Present for a w.-Slaves. *5988 
 
 3078 
 3922 
 4658 
 2188 
 4333 
 
 Abandoned by intemperance. 2914 
 Feast-Grandsons of Timour. 741 
 Ridiculous w.-Ancient Rus8lan.ll24 
 
 See "WEDLOCK. 
 
 Golden w. -Mercenary-Sp'rt'ns. ♦sgSQ 
 
 See DIVORCE, HUSBAND and 
 
 WIFE in loc. 
 
 mARRIAOES. 
 
 Mixed m. of Romans. *3498 
 
 Roman customs in m. *3499 
 
 OTARTYR. 
 
 False m.-Lord Rochester. *3500 
 
 Sinful m.-Churchill. *3501 
 
 Miscellaneevis cross-references. 
 Courage of m.-Latimer. 6147 
 
 Honored-St. Peter's at Rome. 4560 
 to Liberty of the people-Vane. 3224 
 Political m.-Agis the Spartan. 1000 
 Sufferings prolonged. 4133 
 
 Tender distress of m.-Taylor. 2073 
 Tyrant changed to m.-Becket. 6145 
 Unterrified m.-Hugh Peters. 2205 
 Victory of m. in death. 4028 
 
 fs. Witch-Joan of Arc. 1950 
 
 mARTYRDOIVI. 
 
 Coveted by Mass. Quakers. *3502 
 " " early Christians. *3503 
 
 Devotion to m.-John Knox. 
 Eminence by m.-Thos.Becket, 
 MARTYRS. 
 
 Fanatical m.-Donatists. 
 First English m. 
 Missionary m.-Jesuits. 
 Tortured by Nero-Christian. 
 True m.-Syrian doctors. 
 
 *3504 
 *3505 
 
 *3506 
 ♦3507 
 *3508 
 *3509 
 ♦3510 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 English m.-Taylor-Latimer-C. 1233 
 Miracles of Catholic m. 3624 
 
 Seed of the Church-Scots. 4136 
 
 See PERSECUTION in loc. 
 
 mARVEIiS. 
 
 Age of m. -Greece. *3511 
 MASdUERADC:. 
 
 Deadly m.-Conflagration. *3512 
 
 MASSES. 
 
 Aroused-English Revolution. *3523 
 
 Overlooked by historians. *3524 
 
 Power of the m.-Stamp Act. *3525 
 
 « a " -Tea-party. *3526 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appeal to the m.-Antony. 1975 
 
 Courted by Caesar. 2798 
 
 Degraded-Roman. 8256 
 
 Enthusiasm of the m. 601 
 
 Fickleness of the m.-Napoleon. 272 
 
 " " m.-Death of Soc. 700 
 
 " " the m. 5991 
 
 Ignored in government-Gauls. 721 
 
 Jealousy respecting the m. 723 
 
 Patriotism of m.-Boston-Rev. 692 
 
 Power of m.-Ridicule. 4895 
 
 Rage of m.-Brutal-France. 2526 
 
 Revenge of oppressed m.-R. 427 
 
 Ruled by the m.-Valens. 913 
 
 Sorrow of m. -Lincoln's death. 2254 
 
 Unappreciated admiration of m.272 
 
 See PEOPLE and POPULARITY 
 
 in h'C. 
 
 MASSACRE. 
 
 Brutal m. by Timour. 
 
 Evidence-m. of Crusaders. 
 
 General m. in war. 
 
 Immense m.-70,000 Romans. 
 
 by Mob in Paris. 
 
 of Patriots at Boston. 
 
 Prevented at Jamestown, Va. 
 
 Punished by m.-War. 
 
 by Treachery-Thessalonica. 
 
 Wholesale m.-300,000. 
 
 *5214 
 *3513 
 ♦3514 
 *3515 
 *3516 
 *3517 
 *3518 
 *3519 
 ♦3520 
 ♦3521 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-refereneee. 
 
 Brutal m. of Caracalla. 1333 
 
 of Captives by Franks. 1334 
 
 *' Christlans-90,000 by Chosroes.324 
 
 Depopulated by m.-Bagdad. 1367 
 
 Drink causes m.-Indians. 2940 
 
 Immense m. by Caesar. 5181 
 
 " " " Timour. 5894 
 
 Inconsiderate m. by Scythians. 1349 
 
 Indignation expressed-Crom. 4.539 
 
 Inhuman m. of workmen-Alaric.687 
 
 " " " -Attila.688 
 
 by Law-Lacedaemonian slaves. 1365 
 
 ♦' Persecutors-Catholics vs. P. 4123 
 
 -Ireland-C. vs. P.4182 
 
 Prevented by informer. 1006 
 
 of Protestants-Duke of Guise. 508 
 
 " " -Com. by Pius V. 588 
 
 Religious m. by Crusaders. 4705 
 
 " " -Latins by Greeks.1363 
 
 " " of Hug'nots in Fla.855 
 
 " " " prisoners. 1360 
 
 Small beginning of-"S. Vesper8."29 
 
 Terrible m.-"8icilian Vespers. "1340 
 
 Unprovoked-Jews by A. 6166 
 
 in War-Wallenstein. 6884 
 
 " " -Paris, A.D. 1418. 5885 
 
 MASSACRES. 
 
 Religious-French Revolution. *3522 
 
 See EXTERMINATION. 
 War of e., Queen Anne's. ^1999 
 
 by Persecution-Albigenses. 4123 
 of Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 2130 
 
 See SLAUGHTER. 
 Barbarous s.-58,000 C'rtha'g'ns.*5180 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. ♦5181 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 1082 
 
 in Battle-Asians. 308 
 
 " " -100,000 at Fontenay. 920 
 
 MASTER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Absolute m. of gladiators. 103 
 
 See RULER in loc. 
 
 M ATERl A I.ISM. 
 
 Corrected, Benj. Franklin's. *3527 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Conscience subservient to m. 1116 
 
 MATERNITY. 
 
 Miraculous m.-Wife of Jas. II. 
 Passion of m. -Indian squaw. 
 See MOTHER in loc. 
 
 MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Accuracy in m.-Egyptlans. 
 Deficiency in m.-S.Americans. 
 Genius for m.-Z. Colburn. 
 Precocity in m.-Z. Colburn. 
 
 ♦3528 
 ♦3529 
 
 ♦3530 
 ♦3531 
 ♦3532 
 ♦3533 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Diversion of mind-Napoleon. 3826 
 
 Genius for m.-Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 " " "-Caesar. 5053 
 
 Precocity in m.-James Watt. 4402 
 
 MATRICIDE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Infamous m. by Nero. 3743 
 
 " " •' 1110 
 
 MATTER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Impurity of m.-Gnostlcs. 5100 
 
 and Motion, Universe from. 1218 
 
 MEANNESS. 
 Hatred of m.-Thackeray. ♦3534 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beggarly m. of Henry III. 3664 
 
 Governmental m.-James I. 1139 
 Rewarded by James II. 1005 
 
 MEANS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Unsanctlfied m.-Inquisltlon. 2878 
 
 Unscrupulous use of m. 3015 
 
 See INSTRUMENT in loc. 
 
886 
 
 MECHANIC— MEN. 
 
 MECHANIC. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Honored in child-Demosth'nes.3949 
 Patriotic blacksmith. 2811 
 
 in;ECB[/%Nics. 
 
 Despised by Plato. 
 Disparaged-Lacedaemonians. 
 Hereditary m.-East Indian. 
 Patriotism of m.-Boston, '74. 
 
 " " -Phila., '74. 
 
 " " -Civil War-E. 
 " " " -Apprentices. 
 
 Practical m.-James Watt. 
 Taste for m.-Isaao Newton. 
 Wages of m.-13th century. 
 
 *3535 
 *3536 
 *3537 
 *3538 
 *3539 
 ♦3540 
 *3541 
 *3542 
 ♦3543 
 ♦3544 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Dependence on m.-Cffisar. 1551 
 
 by Heredity-East Indians. 3537 
 Nation of m.-Dutch. 994 
 
 Practical knowledge of m.-P. 2328 
 
 Pretended m.-S. Johnson. 4452 
 Protected by legislation. 961 
 
 vs. Soldiers-Lacedaemonians. 5253 
 
 Temptations to drink. 2933 
 
 See ARTISANS. 
 
 Capture of a.-Silk-weavers. *351 
 
 Wages of a.-Enaland, 1680. *352 
 See EMPLOYMENT and MACHIN- 
 ERY in loc. 
 
 MEDDI^INQ. 
 
 Destruction by flood by m. 
 Reproved-Bishop Burnet. 
 
 *3545 
 *3546 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Families-England. 4458 
 
 Mischief by m. 5300 
 
 Well-meant m.-Hurtful. 3041 
 
 See INTERFERENCE, 
 of Novice-Bp. Burnet. 3546 
 
 Political i. res'nted-"Mon. doct."209 
 
 See TALE-BEARING in loc. 
 
 MEDIATION. 
 
 Peculiar m. of Swedenborg. *3554 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ascetical m. of monks. 357 
 
 God revealed in m.-G. Fox. 1714 
 Life of m.-Isaac Newton. 1164 
 
 Religious m.-Samuel Johnson. 1760 
 " " needful. 4707 
 
 Sabbath m.-John Fitch. 871 
 
 See INTERCESSOR, 
 of Innocence-Timour rejects. 1337 
 Life saved by i -Deserters. 536 
 
 Woman's I.-Queen Philippa. 4639 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Advance in m. -England. *3550 
 
 Aversion to m.-Washington. *3551 
 
 Discarded m. by Napoleon I. *3552 
 
 School of m.-First-Salemo. *3553 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Confidence in m.-Alexander. 1048 
 Dangerous m.-Alexander. 5449 
 
 See QUACKERY. 
 Experiment in q.-Cato. *4587 
 
 Superstitious q. -King's touch. *4588 
 
 See CURE in loo. 
 
 MEDITATION. 
 
 Peculiar m. of Swedenborg. 
 
 *3554 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ascetical m. of monks. 357 
 
 God revealed in m.-G. Fox. 1714 
 Life of m.-Isaac Newton. 1164 
 
 Preparation for usefulness by m. 81 
 Religious m.-Samuel Johnson. 1760 
 " " needfuL 4707 
 
 Reveals the real life. 1760 
 
 Sabbath m.-John Fitch. 871 
 
 See THOUGHTFULNESS. 
 
 Youthful t.-Isaao Newton. 6197 
 
 See CAUTION and REFLECTION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MEDIUM. 
 
 Fraudulent m.-Counterfelting.*3555 
 
 See AGENT. 
 Ignored-Clarendou, by James II. 98 
 
 MEEKNESS. 
 Christian m.-Godfrey de B. *3556 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Christian m. in reproof. 2787 
 
 Husband's m.-Rumford. 3462 
 
 Martyr's m.-Taylor at stake. 679 
 
 Philosophic m.-Plato. 1314 
 
 Power of Christian m. 2350 
 
 in Reproof-Dr. Taylor. 4779 
 
 Victory by m.-Lycurgus. 3264 
 
 See MILDNESS. 
 
 ni-timed m. to N. Y. mob. 3646 
 
 See NON-RESISTANCE. 
 
 Christian n.-r.-Primitive. *3822 
 
 Evasion of n.-r.-S. Johnson. *3823 
 
 Taught by Tories. *3824 
 
 Shameful-Chinese Emperor. 1410 
 
 See CALMNESS and HUMILITY 
 in loc. 
 
 MEIiANCHOIiY. 
 
 Characteristic m. -Aborigines. 
 Depressed by m.-Charles V. 
 Excusable m.-John Milton. 
 Inherited m.-Samuel Johnson 
 
 Natural " " " 
 
 Philosophy of m.-Unf 'th'm'ble 
 Religious m.-George Fox. 
 
 " " -Puritans. 
 Resisted by Samuel Johnson. 
 Royal m.-Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 *3557 
 *3558 
 ♦3559 
 ,*3560 
 *3561 
 ♦3562 
 *.3563 
 *3564 
 *3565 
 *3566 
 *3567 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Adversity produces m.-Young. 1670 
 
 of Bereavement-Jefferson. 2486 
 
 Death desired in m. 2619 
 
 Hallucination of m.-Luther. 2506 
 
 Marriage relieves m. 3480 
 
 Misfortune brings m. 3632 
 
 " " " 3559 
 
 in Old Age -Elizabeth. 3567 
 
 Religious m.-H. D. Gough. 1179 
 
 " "-Nelson. 1189 
 
 " " of CromweU. 4718 
 
 " " Anabaptists. 4719 
 
 See SORROW in "fcc 
 
 MEMENTO. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Exasperating m. of injury. 4861 
 
 MEMENTOES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affection nourished bym.-Scott.lll 
 in Bereavement-Precious m.-S. Ill 
 
 MEMORIAL. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Delayed till death. 2625 
 
 Epitaph-Mrs. Gen. Jackson. 6086 
 of Patriotism-Bunker Hill. 4056 
 Strange m.-" Sandwich." 6146 
 
 Unworthy of m.-Andre. 2616 
 
 of Wickedness-Medal. 4541 
 
 See EUCHARIST. 
 Blessing in the e.. Spiritual. 5085- 
 
 See RELIC. 
 Auspicious r.-Holy lance. *4667 
 
 See RELICS. 
 
 Bogus religious r. *4668 
 
 Fictitious-Magdalen's girdle. *4669 
 
 See MONUMENT in loc. 
 
 MEMORIALS. 
 
 Enduring m.-Language. *3568 
 
 Odd m.-" Old shoes." *3569 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed-Priceless-Rom. by N.329 
 Neglected m.-George II. 2717 
 
 MEMORY. 
 
 Blunders of m.-Goldsmith. *3570 
 Excellent m.-S. Johnson. *35ri 
 
 Extraordinary m.-Poet Shelley*3572 
 "-William III.*3573 
 Marvellous m.-Napoleon I. ♦3574 
 Patriotic m.-A. Lincoln. *35~5 
 
 Trained m.-A. Lincoln. •3576 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Age-Cato. 12S 
 
 of Bereavement-Wordsworth. 56ff 
 Improved m. of names-J'hnson.3778 
 of Names-Themistocles. 4315 
 
 Pleasing m. of mother. 2163 
 
 Unappreciated-Themi?tocles. 2196 
 
 See REMEMBRANCE. 
 Painful r. revived. 2645 
 
 See REMINISCENCE. 
 
 Frequent r.-A. Lincoln. ♦2678 
 
 See FORGETFULNESS in loc. 
 
 MEN. 
 Angelic m. -Swedenborg. 
 vs. Animals.-Napoleon I. 
 Great m., Courting. 
 
 " " Periods of. 
 
 " " Providential. 
 
 Imaginary m. of America. 
 Large m., Brigade of. 
 Misplaced-James II.-Raleigh, 
 Self-made m.-William Pllt. 
 Similarity in m.-Babes. 
 
 ♦3577 
 ♦3578 
 ♦3579 
 ♦3580 
 ♦3581 
 ♦3582 
 ♦3583 
 ♦3.584 
 ♦3585 
 ♦3686 
 ♦3587 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Born to rule-Englishmen. 198 
 
 Contemptible m. -Do-nothing k.2916 
 Diversity in m.-James II and K.2903 
 Equality of m.-Levellers. 1002,1003 
 " " -Gnostics. 1001 
 
 Interested in m.-Travellers. 6687 
 Misjudged-Indians by English. 585 
 Monster-Headless m .-African8.2792 
 
MEN— MIND. 
 
 887 
 
 Old m., Suicide of. 
 
 Quality of m. exhibited. 
 
 Self-deified m.-Greek princes. 
 
 Semi-demon m.-Huns. 
 
 of Small mind. 
 
 Zeal of m.-Bell-ringer. 
 
 See MONSTER. 
 Moral m.- Alexander, 
 
 " " -Caligula. 
 
 " " -Caracalla. 
 
 *' " -Catiline. 
 
 " " -Constantino V. 
 
 " " -Napoleon 
 
 " *' -Nero. 
 
 " " -Timour. 
 
 See MAN in loc. 
 
 OTEN (Gbkat). 
 Courting g. m. 
 I'eriods of g. m. 
 •rovidential. 
 
 1416 
 3843 
 3511 
 1528 
 1150 
 1903 
 
 1456 
 1352 
 1333 
 1295 
 1362 
 1529 
 1«87 
 1347 
 1359 
 1337 
 1368 
 
 ♦3579 
 ♦3580 
 *3581 
 ♦3582 
 
 Miscellaneous cross references. 
 Coincidence-Romulus and T. 967 
 Dishonored-Columbus. 1648 
 
 -Ad. Blake. 1657 
 
 Jii^mpleofg. m.-Conversation.ll70 
 Overpraised-Pompey. 4370 
 
 Weakness of g. m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 
 See AGE in loc. 
 
 iriERCHANTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Enterprise of m.-John Cabot. 981 
 
 Patriotism of m. -Boston Rev. 692 
 
 See BUSINESS, COMMERCE and 
 
 TRADE in loc. 
 
 OTERCY. 
 
 Provision for m.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦3588 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affection without mercy. 
 Despised by Jeffreys. 
 Lack of m.-Old England. 
 Odious m. of James II. 
 Pleading for m.-Calais. 
 
 See PITY in loc. 
 
 MERIT. 
 
 Evidence of m.-Promotion. 
 Force of m.-Poet Terence. 
 Ignorance of m.-Saracens. 
 Nobility by m.-Napoleon I. 
 Partial m.-8amuel Johnson. 
 Promotion by m. -Anglo-Sax. 
 Supremacy of m.-Napoleon I. 
 
 3068 
 2860 
 3997 
 4639 
 
 ♦3589 
 ♦3590 
 ♦3591 
 ♦3592 
 ♦3593 
 ♦3594 
 ♦3595 
 
 Miscellaneous cross references. 
 VS. Adulation-Athenians. 5337 
 
 Borrowed m. charged-Raphael. 445 
 Combined m. of Raphael. 446 
 
 Crown of m.-Romans. 1325 
 
 Encouragement to m.-Crown. 1324 
 Honors without m. 3963 
 
 " for m.-" Win spurs." 2630 
 Less than money. 3671 
 
 Mediocre m. despised by 8helley.l97 
 vs. Merit-Moez. 3674 
 
 Nobility of m.-Sentimental. 1917 
 
 Overlooked-John Adams. 
 Persecuted by inferiors. 
 Precedence of m., Small. 
 Promotion by m. -Cromwell. 
 " " " -Spartans. 
 Recognition of m. by Timour. 
 Respect for m. -School. 
 Rewarded vs. Rank. 
 Royalty of m.-Cromwell. 
 of Saints-Transferred by pope, 
 Success by m.-"Win his spurs. 
 
 " " " -A. Johnson. 
 Test of m. -Fight-Cerberus. 
 Women, Four perfect. 
 
 See GOODNESS, 
 of God, Infinite g. 
 Greatness of g.-C. de' Medici. 
 Lasting glory of Agesilaus. 
 Respected-John the Good. 
 
 See WORTH. 
 Moral w. -Louis IX. 
 
 4314 
 2055 
 4398 
 4512 
 1822 
 1367 
 4891 
 5033 
 2320 
 711 
 '1560 
 5416 
 3338 
 6076 
 
 1423 
 
 2477 
 2363 
 2618 
 
 ♦6170 
 
 Eminence by w.-H. Wilson. 1868 
 
 Work brings w.-Oxen. 6154 
 
 See DISTINCTION and GENIUS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MESSENGER. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Alarm-Paul Revere. 5881 
 
 " Peace respected-Peace pipe. 4092 
 Swift m.-Wolsey for Henry VIL1895 
 Uninstructed yet instructive. 42 
 
 See AMBASSADOR. 
 Ridioulous.a.-Voltaire to Fred. II. 4 
 Strange a.-Joan of Arc. 2893 
 
 See AMBASSADORS. 
 Bribed by Philip of Macedon. 671 
 
 METAPHYSICS. 
 Contempt for m.-Napoleon I. ^3596 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Bewildering m.-Infldelity. 2826 
 
 See MIND in loo. 
 
 METHOD. 
 
 Life regulated by m.-J. W'sley.^3597 
 
 See SYSTEM. 
 Living by s.-Alfred the Great. ♦5500 
 
 in Benevolence-J. Wesley. 549 
 
 " " -Old England. 4295 
 
 " " -John Howard. 3650 
 
 See PLAN. 
 Life without a p.-Milton. 2107 
 
 " with a grand p.-Milton. 194 
 
 METHODISM. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Persecution of m. in England. 698 
 
 " '* " " Ireland. 702 
 
 Freedom of discussi'n-C'nf 'r'nce.705 
 
 MIGHT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 makes Right-Indians robbed. 4331 
 
 " " -Pedestrians. 5355 
 
 MIIiDNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Ill-timed m.-New York mob. 3646 
 
 See GENTLENESS and LENITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MIND. 
 
 VS. Body-Columbus. ♦3598 
 
 " " -Wm. P. of Orange. *2&m 
 
 Entertainment of m. at meals. ^3600 
 Infirmities of m., Universal, ♦seoi 
 Surroundings of m.-Cr'mw'U. ^3602 
 Undeveloped-Countrymen. ♦SOOS 
 Undisturbed by anxiety. ♦3604 
 
 Versatility of m.-Queen Eliz. ♦3605 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of m.-O. Goldsmith. 609 
 Absorbed by study-Shelley. 18 
 
 Abstraction of m.. Art in-W. S. 19 
 " -Blunders by Newton.20 
 " -Dangerous-A. 21 
 
 Achievement of m.. Brilliant. 1871 
 Activity of m. in old age. 1010 
 
 Agitated by religion-Fox. 3564 
 
 Agony of m. -Josephine. 1699 
 
 Affects the body-Clark. 1181 
 
 Anguish of m.-Nap. at Wat'rloo.3817 
 Art of conti oiling m. -Sadness. 3561 
 Ascendency of m.-Civilization. 5735 
 Complex action of m.-Nap. 1575 
 Confused by a trlek-"Button." 19 
 Dejected-William Pitt. 1515 
 
 Diet affects m. -Mahomet. 2180 
 
 Display of powers-Jefferson. 2305 
 Diversion of m.-heals melanch. 3561 
 Diverted by amusement. 5138 
 
 Dulness overcome by study. 1776 
 " of m.-Fogies. 2165 
 
 " " " in boyhood. 640 
 
 Employment of m., Noble-Nap.3826 
 Fed-Body unfed. 3794 
 
 Food makes inequality in m. 4606 
 Harmonious m., Milton's. 2340 
 
 vs. Morals-Aspasia. 1256 
 
 Morbid m. of Benj. Abbott. 1109 
 " "Constans. 1108 
 
 Phenomena of m., Mysterious. 3761 
 " " " 3762 
 
 Polish vs. Morality. 3707 
 
 Preparation of m. -Milton. 1014 
 
 Pres«nce of m. in battle. 1608 
 
 " " "-Margaret. 1045 
 
 Reaction of m. on body. 1013 
 
 Reviewed in a diary. 1574 
 
 Superior to surroundings B'rns.lOlt^ 
 Superiority of m.-Sculptor. 5056 
 Supremacy of m.-Body-Nap. 198? 
 Triumph of m.- Roger Bacon. 697 
 
 See ABSTRACTION. 
 Art of a.-'' Waistcoat button." ^19 
 Blunders by a.-Newton. ^20 
 
 Dangerous a.-Archlmedes. ^21 
 
 Absence of mind-Goldsmith. 
 Aroused from a.-John&on. 
 Philosopher's a. -Archimedes. 
 Youthful a. by study-Newton. 
 " Study of-Pascal. 
 See IMBECILITY. 
 Intemperance produces I. 
 Official i.-Invasion of Canada, 
 Ridicule of natural i. 
 
 See METAPHYSICS. 
 Contempt for m.-Nap. 1. 
 
 609 
 2310 
 1905 
 2100 
 2324 
 
 2916 
 2025 
 1566 
 
 ♦3596 
 
 Bewildering effect of m.-Infidel.2826 
 
 See PRECOCITY, 
 Remarkable p.-James Watt. ^4402 
 " " -Alex. Pope. ^44' '3 
 
888 
 
 MINISTER— MISSIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Educational p.-S. Johnson. 1815 
 
 of Genius-William C. Bi-yant. 2329 
 
 Juvenile p. of Themistocles. 635 
 
 in Mathematics. 8632 
 
 -Colburn. 3533 
 
 Remai kable p.-Johnson-3 years. 793 
 
 Youthful p. of B. Franklin. 636 
 
 See GEIJIUS. IMAGINATION, 
 
 MEMORY and THOUGHT 
 
 in loo. 
 
 MINISTER. 
 
 Miscellaneous ' cross-references. 
 Conversion from vice. 2351 
 
 Disgulsed-John Bunyan. 1650 
 
 Faithful m. commended. 8202 
 
 " vfords of m. 3437 
 
 Hospitality to m.-Heartless. 2646 
 Illiterate m.-Eloquent. 4389 
 
 Immoral m. -Swearing. 3708 
 
 Invention of m. -Power-loom. 2971 
 Marriages by m.-Cheap, 6000 p. 3432 
 Obedience of m.-Hopeless. 3845 
 •« " -Dream-Bangs.3846 
 Patience of m. tried. 4033 
 
 in Politics-Rev. John BalL 4520 
 Povert y of m.-Luther. 4346 
 
 Eeproof by m.-Anger. 2646 
 
 Unscrupulous m.-J. Swift. 4016 
 
 milVISTJBRS. 
 Constrained-Mahomet. *3607 
 
 Discreet m.-Pagans. *3608 
 
 Salaries of m.-£50 to £72. *3609 
 
 '• " " -Tobacco. *3610 
 
 Wives of m.-Duties. *3611 
 
 Work of m., Lay. *3612 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bigoted m.-Country parsons. 2707 
 Discouragements of m.-M'hm't.l630 
 Fear of ridicule-England. 4416 
 
 Hardships of early m. 1149 
 
 of Idolatrous w'rship.-Brahmin.2705 
 Poverty,Benev'lence of m. with.4346 
 
 miNISTRT. 
 
 Call to m. by a text. *8618 
 
 .< •» a _Three tests. *3614 
 
 Early m.-Kichard Watson. *3615 
 
 Expelled from-Rev. S. J'hns'n.*3616 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Activity in the m.-Bp. Coke. 1570 
 Call to the m.-Mother's-A. J. 8796 
 Discouragement at beginning. 264 
 in the m. 4234 
 
 Education for m., Benevolent. 1804 
 Embarrassed by caste.-A. Burr. 856 
 Faithful m.-"Hearme athome."872 
 Heavenly m.-Rev. J. Tunnell. 2398 
 Hindrance to m.-Dress. 1737 
 
 Independence of m.-M'th'd'8ts.2787 
 against Intemperance. 2918 
 
 Itinerant m., Methodist. 3001 
 
 Laborious m.-John Wesley. 8116 
 Open to all m.-Puritans. 4390 
 
 Opposed by persecution. 4121 
 
 Privations in the m. 4472 
 
 " •' " '• 5000 
 
 Rejected by unappreciative p. 875 
 Ridiculed-Puritan laymen. 4391 
 Salary of m.-400 8ermons-t4. 5000 
 
 Secularized vs. Spiritual. 
 Timidity embarrasses m. 
 
 .. ;m,k. 
 
 Travelling m.-Whitefield. 
 Uneducated m.-Bunyan. 
 Zeal in m.-John Wesley. 
 '* " " -George Whitefleld. 
 See AUDIENCE. 
 Necessary for great oratory. 
 Speaker impressed by a. 
 
 See CONGREGATIONS. 
 Large o. of John Wesley. 
 See HEARERS, 
 Unappreciative h., Johnson's. 
 
 See HEARING. 
 Released from h.-C"ngr'gation, 
 
 4391 
 1860 
 2023 
 2029 
 1823 
 6221 
 6216 
 
 3952 
 4822 
 
 *1066 
 
 *2532 
 
 *2533 
 
 Determined on a h.-Luther. 257 
 
 Prevented by appetite-Cato. 266 
 
 See PULPIT. 
 
 Conservatism of p.-Politics. *4562 
 
 Controlled by James II. *4563 
 
 See CLERGY and SERMON in loo. 
 
 MINORITT. 
 
 Power of m. -James II. *3617 
 
 " " -Cromwell. ♦3618 
 
 Presumptuous m.-Politics. ♦3619 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Rule of m. attempted-Jas. II. 2487 
 
 miRACIiE. 
 
 Fraudulent m.-Weeping Virgin^3620 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Apparent m.- Walls fall. 5824 
 
 Constructive m.-Wm. P. of O. 4555 
 
 Contempt for false m. 3528 
 
 Failure of expected m. 2087 
 
 Popular m.-Coincidence. 965 
 
 by Saints only. 5704 
 
 of Superstition-Persian. 1285 
 
 " -" King's Evil." 1380 
 
 Supposed m.-Joan of Arc. 2695 
 
 miRACIiES. 
 
 False m.-Delphic priests. 
 " " Mahomet's 
 
 by Martyrs-Catholic. 
 Modem m.-Blaise Pascal's. 
 Monkish m.-Legendary. 
 
 See SUPERNATURAL. 
 Credulity concerning the s. 
 " of West Indians. 
 See INSPIRATION in loo. 
 
 ♦3621 
 ♦3622 
 ♦3623 
 ♦3624 
 ♦3625 
 ♦3626 
 
 8907 
 6143 
 
 MIRTH. 
 
 Ill-timed m. of O. CromwelL ♦3627 
 
 See HUMOR in loo. 
 
 MISANTHROPIST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Predictions of m., Gloomy. 5386 
 
 MISER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changed by prayer. 4386 
 
 Misery of m. by S Johnson. 425 
 
 See PARSIMONY. 
 Costly p. of James IL ^4008 
 
 MISERY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cro^s-references. 
 Delight in m. of others-Jeffreys.2862 
 Infliction of m.-Arcadia. 448 
 
 Reaction of m. on oppressors. 5737 
 Royal m.-Constantinople. 4949 
 
 " " -Stuarts. 4951 
 
 Splendid m.-Roman Emp. 2622 
 See SUFFERING in loo. 
 
 MISFORTUNE. 
 
 Born to m.-Charles I. ♦3628 
 
 Cruelty with m.-Am. Indians. ^3629 
 Fellowship in m.-L. Bon'p'rte.^3630 
 Overruled-Oliver Goldsmith. ♦3631 
 
 Degrading p. of Frederick II. 
 Reputation for p., False. 
 
 4597 
 1764 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Business m. overruled. 2969 
 
 Comfort in m. -Mahomet lives. 1568 
 Courted-Battle of Fr'd'cksb'rg.5366 
 Exasperation in m. feared. 1267 
 Greatness in m.-Comelia. 6072 
 
 " shown in m.-Caesar. 1491 
 Heedlessness brings m. 2546 
 
 Insulted in m.-James II. 2905 
 
 Interpreted by conscience. 1100 
 Mitigated by courtesy. 1260 
 
 Multiplied-Melancholy by m. 3556 
 National m. -Armada fails. 2028 
 Overwhelmed, Suddenly-A. 3106 
 Reversed by tact-Slave. 32 
 
 Solace in m.. Music a. 8748 
 
 Wealth by others' m.-Crassus. 683 
 
 MISFORTUNES. 
 
 Effect of m.-Fred. the Great. ♦3635* 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Multiplied m., Melancholy by. 855J> 
 See THE UNFORTUNATE. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Banishment for the u. 2218 
 
 See ACCIDENT, ADVERSITY, 
 BEREAVEMENT and CA- 
 LAMITY in loc. 
 
 MISSION. 
 
 in Life-Wm. P. of Orange. ♦SesS 
 Misjudged-Louis Philippe. ♦3634 
 
 MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Discoveries by m.-Catholic. ♦3635 
 
 Heroism of Jesuit m. ♦3686 
 
 Zealous m.-St. Patrick. ♦Sesr 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cosmopolitan m. -Jesuits. 8018 
 
 of Cruelty-Spanish priests. 2861 
 Heroism of Jesuits. 8608 
 
 MISSIONART. 
 
 False m.-Cortez. 
 
 ♦8688 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Intentional m.-Dr. Coke. 639 
 
 " " -Columbus. 841 
 
 6151 
 
 Revengeful m.-Mahomet. 1468 
 
 Unsuccessful m.-Wesley 1123 
 
 MISSIONS. 
 
 by Conquest a failure. ♦8639 
 
 Destroyed in Japan. ^8640 
 
 and Science-Columbus. ♦8641 
 
 Successful in Japan. ♦8643 
 
MISTAKE— MONEY. 
 
 889 
 
 to be 8u8tained-M. B. Cox, 
 Zeal for m.-Thomas Coke. 
 
 *3648 
 ♦3644 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Providence in m. in Africa. 4554 
 
 MISTAKE. 
 
 Encouraging m.-Colambus. *3645 
 See ERROR in loo. 
 
 mis TRESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Charms of m.-Klng John. 2618 
 
 " " Cath. Sedley.-Jas.II.2842 
 
 J'asolnating m.-C. Sedley-J.II. 5054 
 
 Heartless m.-Cleopatra. 4227 
 
 Infatuating charms of m.-P, 2819 
 
 m.-Mary Stuart. 3342 
 
 Tyranny over Milo the athlete. 5960 
 
 Wife wronged by m. 1133 
 
 See COURTESAN in loo. 
 
 inoB. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Audacity of Paris m.-Revolution.658 
 iCalmness amid the m.-Wesley. 698 
 of Fanatics controlled by dem. 40 
 Hostility of m.-Wesley. 702 
 
 JVIistaken-Cinna put to death. 372 
 Terrifying m.-New York draft. 3646 
 See RIOT in loo. 
 
 MOCKERY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 .1 Agony of martyrs. 1358 
 
 " Extortloner-Rufinus. 427 
 
 " Religion-Emperor Michael. 4723 
 
 Taunt of women-Influence of. 2504 
 
 See RIDICULE in loo. 
 
 MODERATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 in Victory-General Grant. 5825 
 
 See CONSERVATISM in loo. 
 
 MODESTT. 
 
 •Conspicuous-Ben j. Franklin. ♦3647 
 
 of Genius-Isaac Newton. *3648 
 
 iHero's m.-Garibaldl. *3649 
 
 TTnopposed-John Howard. ♦3650 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Blushing young man hated. 6178 
 of Genius-Socrates. 3563 
 
 Heroic m. of Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Importance of m.-Cato and M. 107 
 Noble m. of Isaac Newton. 1631 
 
 See PRUDERY. 
 
 Puritanic p.-Statuary. 830 
 
 See HUMILITY In loc. 
 
 MONEY, 
 
 Affection shown by m. ^3651 
 
 ■llhanged value of m. ^3652 
 •Corrupted by m.-Govemment *3653 
 
 Dangers of m.-Spartans. *3654 
 
 'Debased with iron. *3655 
 
 iDeclined by Pope-Pension. ♦sese 
 
 JDepreciated-Clipped. ♦3657 
 
 " " ♦3658 
 
 " -Continental m ♦3659 
 
 Dlsregarded-S. Adams. ♦3660 
 
 "Earning m., Lincoln's first. ^3661 
 
 ; Expensive m.-Obnoxious-C. 1.^3662 
 
 tove of m.-Jews. ♦3663 
 
 Meanness and money. ♦3664 
 
 Paper m., John Law's. ♦3665 
 
 " " -Assignats. ♦3666 
 
 " " -Bankruptcy. ^3667 
 
 " " -Am. Colonies. *3668 
 
 " " -Legal tenders. *3669 
 
 Power of m. in politics. +3670 
 
 " " " -SociaL *3671 
 
 " " " -Buys throne. *3672 
 
 Pressure for m.-Duo d' Orleans*3673 
 
 vs. Merlt-Moez. ^3674 
 
 " Religion-Dutch. ♦3675 
 
 Rule of the State. *3676 
 
 Serviceable-Incitement. ♦3677 
 
 Throne for m.-Roman. ♦3678 
 
 Use, Valuable by-S. Johnson. ^3679 
 
 " -Empire with m. ♦3680 
 
 Wanted for Crusade-Richard I. ♦3681 
 
 Worthless m. enforced-Brass. ♦3682 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adulation for m., Author's. 498 
 Affection, Proof of. 3651 
 
 Atonement in m.-Crimes. 8291 
 
 Blood m. by persecution. 4128 
 
 Burden of m. 3680 
 
 Captivated by sight of m. 4478 
 
 Condones crime of pirates. 2434 
 Corruption m. refused. 1097 
 
 Coveted by Henry III. 1264 
 
 Curse of m.-"Downhisthroat."1265 
 Declined by Gen. Washington. 4058 
 in Diplomacy-Louis XIV. 169 
 
 Empire bought-Roman. 3678 
 
 " " with m.-Roman.3876 
 
 Enjoyment in m.-Twofold-J. 425 
 or Excommunication. 1976 
 
 Friendship confirmed by m. 2236 
 Gift of m. declined. 4882 
 
 Gods controlled by m. 4706 
 
 Inferiority of m.-Fine Art. 347 
 
 Interest on m. legalized. 2958 
 
 Illegally obtalned-James L 61 
 
 Justice afforded for m. 3066 
 
 for Llfe-£15,000,000. 3067 
 
 Lost by hidlng-S. Johnson. 717 
 Love of m.-Engllsh politics. 3890 
 " " " tested. 2001 
 
 Lovers for m.-Spartan. 5989 
 
 Manliness better than m. 3467 
 
 Marriage for m. -Byron. 8465 
 
 " " " Cicero's. 3464 
 
 " " "-Common. 3466 
 
 " " " -Divorced wife.3460 
 Office bought with m.-England.3885 
 Oracle bought with m. 4707 
 
 Popularity by m.-Sylla. 3877 
 
 Power of m.-Substitutes repent. 711 
 " " " " 827 
 
 Powerless-Death. 1408 
 
 " to bribe-AndrS. 1043 
 
 Protection of criminal by m. 1210 
 Raising m.. Device for. 620 
 
 Relative power of m. 1152 
 
 Rivals talent-Rome. 4920 
 
 Sins pardoned for m. 4309 
 
 by Speculation-Fisk and 6onld.5279 
 Tainted-Field of blood. 3067 
 
 " -Rejected-Canute. 3061 
 Unappreciated by barbarians. 278 
 Use or abuse of m. 5755 
 
 Use of m.-Benevolence. 551 
 
 Wasted by maladministration. 2995 
 Wasteful of m.-Poet Shelley. 4211 
 Wisely used-Economy. 3095 
 
 See AVARICE. 
 Acquired hablt-S. Johnson. ^425 
 of Clergy-15th century. ^426 
 
 Contempt for a. of Rufinus. ^427 
 Corrupted by a. -Romans. ^428 
 
 Criminal-London tailors. *429 
 
 Deception of a.-Henry VII. ^430 
 Demands of a.-Henry VII. *431 
 Glory In a. Aged Cato the Censor *432 
 Official a.-John of Cappadocia.*433 
 Punished a. of Crassus. *43-l 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIIL *435 
 
 " "-Wm. the Conqueror. *436 
 "-George II. ♦437 
 
 Ruled by a.-Commodus. *438 
 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of J. II. *4.39 
 Supremacy of a.-Confederates.*440 
 
 Appeal to a. of James I. 4478 
 
 Confiscations to a.-Caligula. 1352 
 vs. Contempt-Romans. 5767 
 
 Craze of a.-Gold-seekers. 2388 
 
 Crimes of a. suppressed. 3655 
 
 Degraded by a.-Theodora. 1583 
 
 Endangers the State.-England. 1615 
 Enthusiasm of a.-Gold-seekers.2389 
 Forgotten-Rebuilding temple. 863 
 Heartless a.-Rome-Famine. 2079 
 Incapable of a.-Alexander. 1673 
 an Instrument, not an end. 3680 
 Reputation lost by a.-Demosth. 672 
 Royal a.-Maxlmin. 1049 
 
 Shameful a.-Courtiers of Jas. 11.607 
 of Slavery-English prisoners. 5183 
 Victims of a.-Gold-seekers. 2380 
 " "-Official. 2403 
 
 War by a.-East India. 5879 
 
 with Wealth-Pythius. 4881 
 
 Woman's a.-Court of James 11.6041 
 
 See BANK. 
 Prejudice against national b. 4409 
 
 See BANKERS. 
 Plundered-Jewish-England. ^449 
 Prejudice against b.-Lombards.*450 
 
 Injustice to b.-Charles II. 2892 
 
 Patriotic b.-R. Morris. 8659 
 
 Prejudice against Jewish. 449 
 
 See BLACKMAIL. 
 
 Contribution justified. 2008 
 
 See CAPITAL. 
 
 Conservative o.-Clcero. ^709 
 
 a Crime-Jews. ^710 
 
 Spiritual c. In indulgences. ^711 
 
 vs. Labor-English weavers. 309(r 
 
 See CAPITALISTS. 
 
 Extortionate c.-Jews. ^712 
 
 Nation of c.-Jews. ♦713 
 
 See COIN. 
 
 Clipped in England-Money d. ^964 
 
 710 
 
 Clipping of c. punished-Ed. I. 
 
 See CURRENCY, 
 in Salt-Abyssinlans. ♦1384 
 
 See MISER. 
 Changed by prayer. 4886 
 
 Misery of m. by S. Johnson, 429 
 
890 
 
 MONK— MOTHER. 
 
 See PARSIMONY. 
 Costly p. of James II. 
 
 *4008 
 
 Degrading p. of Frederick II. 4597 
 
 Eeputation for p., False. 1764 
 
 See SIMONY. 
 
 Disgraceful s. of Wm. Penn. 2775 
 
 Sale of popedom. 1203 
 
 See USURY. 
 
 Inevitable-Rome. *5757 
 
 Law of u.-Romans. *5758 
 
 " " " -LucuUus. *5759 
 
 Laws against u. in England. *5760 
 See BRIBE, ECONOMY, EXTOR- 
 TION, FINANCE, GOLD 
 and "WAGES in loc. 
 
 mONK. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bold deed of m.-Telemachus-G.835 
 
 MONKERY. 
 
 Early progress of m.-Popul»r.*8888 
 Origin of m.-Body subdued. *3684 
 Success of m.^th century. *3685 
 
 MONKS. 
 
 Artistic English m. 
 Wealthy m. of Italy. 
 
 *3686 
 
 *3687 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Austerity of Egyptian m. 397 
 
 Beggary promoted by m. 500 
 
 Fanaticism of m. 3762 
 
 Literature preserved by m. 3315 
 Military m.-Templars. 1623 
 
 Obedience of m. 3847 
 
 Popularity of m.-9th century. 3171 
 Remarkable fanaticism-Pillar S.5012 
 Surviving their usefulness. 5756 
 
 MONOMANIAC. 
 
 Rashness of m.-John Brown. *3688 
 
 See INFATUATION and INSANITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MONOPOLIES. 
 
 Encouraged-Charles I. *3689 
 
 Unpatriotic-Oliver Cromwell. *3690 
 
 MONOPOIiY. 
 
 Abolished-Land m. *3691 
 
 Commercial m. by Charles II. *3692 
 " " English Col. *3693 
 vs. Conscience-Peter Cooper. ^3694 
 Exasperating m.-Charles I. *3695 
 and Famine-Rome. *3696 
 
 Land m.-Plymouth Colony. *3697 
 of Manufactures-England. *.3698 
 *' " " *3699 
 
 •' •' -Dutch. *3700 
 
 Powers of m. in United States.*3701 
 Reslsted-Governmental. *3702 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 hi Bibles-England. 576 
 
 " Houses-Marcus Crassus. 683 
 
 '* Manufactures-English. 3425 
 
 Newspaper m.-Charles II. 3814 
 
 Ruinous m. -Roman Empire. 4956 
 
 Women again«t m -Soap. 6131 
 
 MONSTER (Moral.) 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Moral m.-Alexander. 1456 
 
 " "-Caligula. 1362 
 
 Moral m.-Caracalla. 
 
 1333 
 
 " "-Catiline. 
 
 1295 
 
 " "-Constantine V. 
 
 1362 
 
 " "-Napoleon. 
 
 1529 
 
 " "-Nero. 
 
 1287 
 
 t> « 4i 
 
 1347 
 
 « i. .4 
 
 1359 
 
 " "-Timour. 
 
 1337 
 
 .1 
 
 1368 
 
 MONUMENT. 
 
 Miscellaueous cross-references. 
 of Affection-Husband's m. 6061 
 Architectural m.-St. Peter's. 4660 
 in Architecture-Pericles. 1769 
 
 " Burial concealed-River-bed. 687 
 Declined by John Howard. 4372 
 in Deeds-Justinian-Juri8prud'nce.4 
 Deserved m.-John Cabot. 991 
 
 Ghastly m.-90,000 Heads. 5920 
 
 Bemoval of m. ingenious. 2846 
 
 Ridiculous m., Constantine's. 5780 
 of Vengeance-Nemesis. 5792 
 
 See MEMORIAL in loc. 
 
 MOODS. 
 
 Reaction of m.-\V m. Cowper. *3703 
 
 See DISPOSITION in loc. 
 
 MORAIilTV. 
 
 Conventional m. -Shelley's f. *3704 
 Denied-Roman C. in England. *3705 
 Philosophic m. of Socrates. *3706 
 Preserves the State-Rome. ♦3709 
 " •3710 
 
 vs. Refinement-Rome. *3707 
 
 Shallow m.-Clerical. *3708 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Army of Cromwell. 5251 
 
 Conspicuous m.of business men. 691 
 Decline in English m. 2994 
 
 Destruction of public m. 4618 
 
 Deterioration of Roman m. 2065 
 Devotion without m. 2732 
 
 Doubtful m. of slavery-Cortez 1106 
 Indifferent to m.-Elizabeth. 1596 
 Low standard of m. -Bribery. 669 
 in Motive-Samuel Johnson. 3734 
 Needful for liberty. 8222 
 
 " to the State-Censor. 747 
 
 " " " " -Romans. 428 
 Object of Persian religion. 4709 
 Perfection of pagan m. 4730 
 
 Preserved in army-Gus. XII. 4174 
 
 " " convents. 1169 
 
 Promoted in benevolence. 4163 
 Reasonable m. of Christianity. 2830 
 Rejected by art-Debauched R. 103 
 Religion the fountain-R. 2370 
 
 vs. Religion of Artasires. 4724 
 
 Standard of political m. 4245 
 
 Training in m.-Persian youth. 1771 
 Undermined by false phll'8'phy.l713 
 " ' Jesuits. 1105 
 
 Unmeritoriousm. -Monks. 1169 
 
 See VIRTUE. 
 False v.-Wlfe of Constantine. *5838 
 Political v.-Lord Rochester. *5839 
 Protection of v.-Romans. *5840 
 Public v.-Emperor Pertinax. *5841 
 Severity in v.-Stoics. *5848 
 
 Superior v.-Phocion. ♦5843 
 
 Uncertain, Natural v. ♦684* 
 
 Austerity in stoical v. 5842 
 
 in Conservatism-Halifax. 1132 
 
 Conspicuous v. -Canute. 3061 
 
 bj Contention-Spartans. 2522 
 
 Distrusted by the vicious. 3412 
 
 False V. of Messalina. 6064 
 
 " view of v.-Cynics. 5677 
 
 by Industry-Roman army. 2812 
 
 Influence of example. 3595 
 
 Life prolonged by v. 3714 
 
 Losl^Suicide of Lucretia. 5786 
 
 Needful for republican gov't. 2455 
 
 Overcome by strategem. 2276 
 
 Pleasure endangers v. 4198 
 
 Popularity lost by v.-Vane. 4313 
 
 Practical v. of T. Jefferson. 5371 
 
 Punished in Valeria. 4800 
 
 Restraint o f v.- War. 4004 
 
 Reward of v.-Self-applausp. 3249 
 
 Shocked, False V -Peter III. 600» 
 above Suspicion-Caesars wife. 1942 
 
 Vicious v.-Patrioiism-Scots. 4076 
 
 Woman's v.-Roman. 584ft 
 See VIRTUES. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Excess in heroic-Charles XII. 1970* 
 
 Imagimary v. of ancestors. 1334 
 
 Mixed with vices-Alexander. 1673 
 See CHARACTER and CON- 
 SCIENCE in loc. 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 by Chastisemeni-Ed. Rich. ^3711 
 
 Degraded-Aristocracy- Aust. ♦3712- 
 
 Examined-OfBcials-Athens. *3713 
 
 Exceptional-N. E. Colonies. ^3714 
 
 Ground of m., Diverse. ♦3715 
 
 Importance of m. inPolltics. *3716 
 
 Rule in m.-Thales'. ^3717 
 
 MORTALITY. 
 
 Remembered before battle. 
 
 ♦371& 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Religion basis of m. 574» 
 
 Reminded of m.-Philip. 111^ 
 
 See DEATH fn loc. 
 
 MORTIFICATION. 
 
 by Failure-Castlemaine. ♦3719- 
 
 Hateful m.-James II. ^3720 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Defeat-Montcalm. 1494 
 
 by " -Horace Greeley. 4281 
 in Disappointment-Henry III. 1911 
 of Pride-Oliver Goldsmith's. 2263 
 
 » u a a 4453 
 
 " '« " •• 4455 
 
 See DISGRACE and HUMILIATION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Honored, Nero's m. ♦3721 
 
 Humiliating m.-Byron's. ^3722 
 
 Influence of m on Francis I. ♦3723 
 
 Patriotic m.-Spartan. ♦8724 
 
 " " -8. Houston's. ♦3725 
 
 Power of m.-Napoleon's. ♦3726 
 
 " " » .' •3727 
 
 Pride of m.-Comelia. ♦3728 
 
 Revenged m.-Mrs. Dustin. ♦37S9' 
 
MOTHER-IN-LAW— MURDERER. 
 
 891 
 
 Baling m.-Emp. Alexander's. *3730 
 Sorrowful m.-Indian's c'ptive.*3731 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affection of ro. outr'ged bylnd's.118 
 
 Ambition of m. gratified-Nero. 3721 
 
 Ambitious m. of Nero. 196 
 
 Anxiety for son- Wordsworth's. 1668 
 
 Assassinated by Nero. 1110 
 
 Astounded-Matricide. 3743 
 
 Beloved after death-Mrs. C'wp'r.llO 
 
 " " -W. Scott's. Ill 
 
 Bereaved of a m.-Sertorius. 113 
 
 " m. consoled. 6072 
 
 Cares of m.-Sallie Ward. 2844 
 
 Claims of m., Superior. 1705 
 
 Cruel m.-Irene the mother of L. 180 
 
 Cruelty to m.-Caracalla. 1096 
 
 Devoted to children-Luther's. 1820 
 
 " chUd-Indian. 3529 
 
 Discerning m. -Goldsmith's. 2301 
 
 Dream of m.-Ed. Rich. 3180 
 
 Glad m. of Washington. 6208 
 
 Honored in children. 6059 
 
 I " by son-Theodoric. 2067 
 
 f •' -Confucius. 5259 
 
 ' Hopes defeated-Ministry. 3796 
 
 Independent m. of W. 6054 
 
 Longing to see his mother., P. 115 
 
 Love of m., Superior- W. P'nn's.3970 
 
 " " " -forgiving. 1273 
 
 Malies the son. 3066 
 
 " " man-J. Quincy. 3287 
 
 " " " -Nero's. 13^(7 
 
 Memory of m.-Pleasing. 2163 
 
 Neglectful m.-Nursing. 1193 
 
 Outraged by cruelty to infant. 118 
 
 Patriotic m. of Pausanius. 5675 
 
 Prayers of a m.-Cartwright's. 1083 
 
 " " " -Henry Boehm. 1086 
 
 Precedence of m.-NapoIeon I. 4950 
 
 Regard for m , Cromwell's. 2470 
 
 " tears of m. 4868 
 
 Reproach of m.-Little King. 1272 
 
 Restrained gently- Alexander's. 114 
 
 Shameless m.-Louisa Maria. 2066 
 
 I " " Agripplna. 4369 
 
 1 " " -Queen of Spain. 5125 
 
 Teacher of children. 1789 
 
 Tears of a m.-C. Marcius's m. 6101 
 
 " " " " -Alexander's. 114 
 
 Vengeance of m.-H. Dustin. 5790 
 
 Wise m. of J. Wesley. 358 
 
 See PARENTS in loo. 
 
 mOTHER-lN-IiAW. 
 
 Hostility to ni. in-1 -Milton's d.*3732 
 
 MOTHERS. 
 
 Cruelty of Spartan m. 
 State needs good m.-Nap. 
 See STEP-MOTHEE 
 Power of s.-m.-Murder. 
 See MATERNITY and MATRICIDE 
 in loc. 
 
 MOTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Perpetual m.-Arkwright. 5168 
 
 MOTIVE* 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disguised in gov't. 8145 
 
 Quality determined by m. 3510 
 
 1350 
 3727 
 
 4188 
 
 MOTIVES. 
 
 Higher m.-Religious. 
 Morality in m.-S. Johnson. 
 
 *3733 
 *3734 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conflicting m.-Piety-Reverence.876 
 Good m. defeated by bad th'ori's.904 
 Mixed m. inbenevolence-J'hns'n.521 
 
 MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Difficult passage of m.-Timour.l579 
 
 Rebuked by Xerxes. 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Benefit of m.-Africa. 
 
 1028 
 
 ♦3735 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Liberty among the m. 
 
 MOURNING. 
 
 in Bereavement, Graded. 
 National m.-Death of Lincoln. *3737 
 Respectful m.-Death of Wash.*3738 
 
 8235 
 
 *3736 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Excessive m.-Feasting B'rb'ri'ns.BSS 
 
 See GRIEF. 
 Conjugal g.-Thos. Jefferson. *2486 
 Fatal g.-Artaxerxes. *2487 
 
 Public g.-Fall of Jerusalem. *2488 
 
 Abstinence in g.-Wife of James.6068 
 
 of Affection-Daniel Webster. 561 
 
 Aged by g.-Andrew Jackson. 105 
 
 Angered by g.-Caracalla. 1096 
 
 " at g.-Cambyses. 2881 
 
 False cure for g.-Promotlon. 2903 
 
 Fatal g. of James V. of Scotland.306 
 " "-Dying for love. 3349 
 
 " "-Sudden g.-Dr. Mott. 8810 
 
 Heart broken by g.-Henry II. 4005 
 " " " " -Perronet. 
 
 Madness of g.-Alexander. 
 
 Overcome by g -Josephine. 
 
 of Separation-Nap's friends. 
 
 Silence of g.-Napoleon I. 
 
 Solitude for g -Confucius. 
 See REMORSE. 
 
 of Persecutors-Charles IX, 
 
 Royal r.-Edward IV. 
 
 2534 
 1428 
 1869 
 715 
 5146 
 5259 
 
 ♦4762 
 *4761 
 
 for Forgery-De Dlvion. 
 Sudden r. for murder- Alex. 
 
 " " Ex'n Joan of Arc. 
 See SORROW, 
 a Living s.-Bad son. 
 Sentimental s.-Xerxes. 
 
 2192 
 1744 
 4021 
 4137 
 
 ♦5267 
 ♦5268 
 
 of Ambition-Nap. and Josephine 104 
 " Bereavement- A. Jackson. 105 
 Crushed by parental s.-H'nry 11.4005 
 Mothers' s.-Indian war. 3731 
 
 Parental s.-Ruined child. 794 
 
 Touching s.-Martyr Taylor. 3073 
 of Women-Turks. 4356 
 
 See TEARS, 
 of Bereavement-Dan. Webster. 561 
 Fictitious t.-Weeplng virgin. 3620 
 Fountain of secret t. -Byron. 2535 
 Power of maternal t. on Alex. 114 
 Refuge of emotion in t.-LincoIn.557 1 
 
 3879 
 
 Shameful t.-Emp. Vitellius. 
 
 See WAILING. 
 
 Remedy for the sick Abyssin'ns.4759 
 
 See ADVERSITY, BEREAVEMENT 
 
 and SUFFERING in loc. 
 
 MULTITUDE. 
 
 Fickleness of m.-O. Cromwell.*3739 
 Unreasoning ID .-Sheep. *3740 
 
 See ASSEMBLIES. 
 Interdicted-Religious-Eng. *375 
 
 See ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Immense-Centennial year, 1876.4084 
 
 " -80,000 p.-Colosseum. 681 
 
 Popular a. opposed. 2452 
 
 Unwieldy-80.000 priests. 3833 
 
 See MASSES and NUMBERS in loc. 
 
 MURDER. 
 
 Atrocious m.-Parmenio. 
 of Innocents-Richard III. 
 
 *3741 
 *3742 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Atonement for m. -Money. 3273 
 
 Diabolical m. of A. Lincoln. 373 
 Duellist's m.-A. Hamilton. 1747 
 
 Excusable-Persecution. 4122 
 
 Government provide funeral-E.3160 
 Indignation at m. of Becket. 3505 
 Intentional m.-Frederick Wm. 3389 
 Justifiable m. by Capt. J. Smith. 80 
 Justified by Jesuits. 3013 
 
 Legal m.-Execution of J. of Arc. 1726 
 Licensed by legislation. 3273 
 
 Mania for m.-King Cambyses. 2881 
 " " " -Scott's nurse. 2882 
 Murder for m.-Rosamond. 1292 
 
 Passionate m.-Insanity-^sop. 4022 
 Preparation for m.-Religious. 1107 
 Reaction against m.-Caesar's. 4316 
 Remorse for passionate m. 4021 
 Revenged by daughter. 6056 
 
 Reward for m.-Necklace. 1343 
 
 Shocked by Lincoln's m.-So'ty.3810 
 Slow m. of Thos. Overbury. 4226 
 Vengeance for m.-Mary Stuart.5784 
 
 MURDERER. 
 
 Painful hospitality to a m. 
 Remor.-iC of m. -Alexander. 
 Self-exposed m.-Abbott. 
 Smitten of God-Godwin. 
 Wholesale m.-Caracalla. 
 See ASSASSIN. 
 Honored-Emp. Caracalla. 
 
 -Bothwell. 
 Married by wife of victim. 
 Motive history names. 
 Religious a. of Henry III. 
 Victim, Mistake of. 
 
 See ASSASSINS. 
 Hatred of a.-Caesar's. 
 Infamous a. -Lincoln's. 
 Religious a.-Persia. 
 
 2645 
 1744 
 1080 
 2496 
 1096 
 
 1123 
 
 2188 
 3437 
 2052 
 1107 
 9204 
 
 ♦372 
 *373 
 
 Deceived by Mahomet. 2495 
 
 Justifled-H. Dustin-Indian's. 3729 
 Partisan a.-Blue and green. 970 
 Rebuked by f. honors- Caesar's. 2251 
 " " " -Lincoln'8.2264 
 Straggle with a.-Plzarro. 1068 
 
 Terror of-National panlc-Kng. 3988 
 
892 
 
 MURDERESS— NATION. 
 
 See ASSASSINATION. 
 Attempted-Louis Philippe. 
 " -Victoria, 
 
 Conspiracy for a.-British Cab. 
 Deliverance by a. -Henry III. 
 Escape from a. -Lincoln. 
 Fear of a.-Cromwell. 
 General a. in Ireland. 
 Justified-Phillp of Greece. 
 Patriotic a. of Caesar. 
 Peril of a.-Cromwell. 
 Remarkable a.-Cassar's. 
 
 *360 
 *361 
 *362 
 *363 
 *364 
 *365 
 *366 
 *367 
 *368 
 *369 
 *370 
 *371 
 
 Ambition provoked a. of Ciesar. 184 
 Attempted a. by Jesuits. 3009 
 
 " " " 3010 
 
 1135 
 2255 
 4626 
 3003 
 3742 
 1138 
 4948 
 
 Common-Reign of Wm. I. 
 Denounced a. of Caesar. 
 Disgrace of a.-Jamea II. 
 Failure of a.-Commodus. 
 by Gov't-Richard III. 
 Horrified by Cassar's a. • 
 Plot for a. of Elizabeth. 
 Political a.-Duke of Gloucester.2162 
 Reaction of a. on Henry II. 6145 
 Responsibility for a.-Henry 11. 2669 
 Resort to a. -Nero-Mother. 1347 
 Revenge by a.-.T. Hamilton. 4861 
 Scheme of a. wholesale. 1140 
 
 " " " -Rosamond's. 67 
 
 " " " -Catherine deM.'s.6066 
 Shocking a. of Rizzio. 2687 
 
 Terror of a.-Emp. Augustus. 3891 
 
 See INFANTICIDE. 
 Common i. by mi^government. 2410 
 
 See MATRICIDE. 
 Infamous m. by Nero. 
 
 3743 
 1110 
 
 See PARRICIDE. 
 Crime of p. " impossible." 
 Punishment of p. 
 
 *4006 
 ♦4007 
 
 Youthful p.-Boys 10 years old. 1295 
 
 See EXECUTION, MASSACRE, 
 
 POISON and SLAUGHTER 
 
 in loc. 
 
 MURDERESS. 
 
 Murdered-Agrippina. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 Art In m.-Johnson. 
 Condemned-Spartans. 
 Imaginary-Dunstan. 
 Love of m.-16th century. 
 Necessity-Vandals. 
 Opposed to m.-Puritans. 
 Political power of m. 
 Power of m.-Mary Stuart, 
 in Strife-Charles XII. 
 Taste for m.-Italians. 
 Unappreciated-Gen. Grant. 
 Undignified- Alciblades. 
 
 *3743 
 
 *3744 
 ♦3745 
 *3746 
 ♦3747 
 ♦3748 
 ♦3749 
 ♦3750 
 ♦3751 
 *3752 
 ♦3753 
 ♦3754 
 ♦3755 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Charms of m.-Savages. 8816 
 
 Church m.-Critic of. 1304 
 
 Devotion to m.-T. Jefferson. 5371 
 
 Difficulty in m. met. 8979 
 
 Exhilaration by m. 3753 
 
 Fondness for m.-Cromwell's. 3178 
 
 2j;norance, Compensated. 34 
 
 Impressive m. of church-bells. 509 
 Inspiration In m.-Wesley-Mobs. 698 
 
 Laws sung to m. 4223 
 
 Passions corrected by m. 4709 
 
 Recreation In m.-Milton. 2498 
 
 Relief In m.-Martln Luther. 761 
 
 Solace In misfortune. 3748 
 
 Time, Skill requires. 1968 
 
 Unpleasant m. for rivals. 3356 
 
 Unappreclated-Phlllp. 1968 
 
 MUSICIAN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Illustrious m.-Homer. 
 Neglected m.-Starvation of E. 
 
 See SINGING. 
 Friends made by s.-Luther. 
 Ridlculed-Plato's. 
 
 See SONG. 
 on the Battlefield-Prussians. 
 
 MUTIIiATIOIV. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Agriculturists by Theodorlc. 164 
 by Cowards-Romans. 5240 
 
 Punishment by m.-Scots. 5791 
 
 Revenge by m.-Coventry. 4857 
 
 Selfm. for deception. 5348 
 
 Soldiers supported by State. 5243 
 
 MUTINY. 
 
 Courage against m.-Caesar. *3756 
 Cruel m.-Henry Hudson. *3757 
 
 by Disappointment-Columbus. *3758 
 Reform by m.-British Navy. *1759 
 of Sailors-British Navy. ^3760 
 
 2317 
 
 1811 
 1314 
 
 3788 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Quelled by General Jackson. 1963 
 Sailors' m. -Columbu«. 1940 
 
 Unparalleled m.-Scottish 8'ld'rs.306 
 
 See SEDITION. 
 
 Partisan s.-"Blues and greens."5072 
 
 See DISLOYALTY in loc. 
 
 MYSTERIES. 
 
 Inexplicable m.-S. Johnson. 3761 
 
 1530 
 5455 
 2186 
 5458 
 3198 
 1521 
 
 Miscellaneoiis cross-references. 
 of Credulity-Sacred Images. 1282 
 Initiation Into heathen m. 2864 
 
 MYSTERY. 
 Departure of Cleomedes. 
 False explanation of m. 
 In Food supplies for all. 
 Inexplicable m. to Indians 
 in Letters to savages. 
 Optical delusion-Canaries. 
 Perplexing m.- J. Smith's watoh.5441 
 Soul's m.-Mahomet. 5271 
 
 See AUGURY. 
 Book of a. -Chinese. ^395 
 
 Building by a.-Clty of Rome, ♦sge 
 
 See COINCIDENCE. 
 Alarming c.-Gale-Earthquake. *965 
 Comforting c.-Bibllcal lesson. *966 
 Repeated-Theseus and Rom. *967 
 Strange c.-Death of Adams-J. *968 
 
 " " -H. Miller's app'rltrn^969 
 
 Marvellous c.-Martyr. 4130 
 
 In Names-Bacon. 3775 
 
 Remarkable c.-Mysteriousvolce.256 
 Strange c.-Signals alike. 1154 
 
 See PREMONITION. 
 Accidental p.-Charles I. ♦4419 
 
 of Death-Charles V. *4420 
 
 " " -Lincoln's. ^4421 
 
 " " " *4422 
 
 See MAGIC and ORACLE in loc. 
 
 MYSTICISM. 
 
 Methods of m.-Monkery. 
 
 ♦3762 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Monkish m. -Asiatics. 357 
 
 Prevalent m.-Purltans. 2596 
 
 MYTHS. 
 Origin of m.-West Indies. *3763 
 
 NAKEDNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Philosopher's n. -Persian. 2393 
 
 Scandalous n.-Fanatlc. 2094 
 
 " " -Quakers. 3508 
 
 NAME. 
 Abandoned-Riddell. 
 Aid of a n.-Alexander. 
 Change of n.-Robert the Devil, 
 Detested-Jeffreys. 
 Difference in n. -Unimportant. 
 Falsified n.-Odious softened. 
 Fearful n.-Richard I. 
 Helpful n.-Wash. Irving. 
 Posthumous n.-CsBsar. 
 Terrible n.-Gen. Jackson. 
 
 ♦3764 
 ♦3765 
 ♦3766 
 ♦3767 
 ♦3768 
 ♦3769 
 ♦3770 
 ♦3771 
 ♦3772 
 ♦3773 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Exalted by merit-Horace. 225 
 
 Helpful n.-Call on Solyman. 2662 
 Power in a n.-Solon. 5019 
 
 Scorned-Adopted-Eng. 1900 
 
 Trust in a n.-Roman. 1144 
 
 Wronged In n.-Columbus. 2054 
 
 See NICKNAME. 
 
 Affectionate n. -"Little c'rp'ral.4508 
 
 Assumed-" Trimmer." 1132 
 
 See FAME in loc. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Burdened with n.-the Welsh. ^3774 
 
 Confidence In n.-R. Bacon. ^3775 
 
 High-sounding n.-Chinese. ♦3776 
 
 Influence of n .-" King. " ^3777 
 
 Memorizing n.-S. Johnson. ♦3778 
 
 Unimportant-British Navy. ^3779 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Concealed-Titular deities. 
 Opprobrious n. forbidden. 
 See SIGNATURE, 
 of Ignorance-"Rude mark." 
 Remarkable s.-Arabs. 
 
 Forced s.-Warrant signed. 
 Forged oflacial s.-Emperor. 
 Power of B.-Insanlty. 
 
 NATION. 
 
 Characterlzed-Am. Indians. 
 Conceited n.-Engllsh. 
 Degenerate n., Mohammedan. 
 
 " " -Moors. 
 
 " " -Eng.. yr. 1756. 
 
 Heterogeneous n.-Romans". 
 Inconsiderate n. endangered. 
 Prospective n.-New France. 
 
 1513 
 1166 
 
 ♦5130 
 ♦5137 
 
 3627 
 2193 
 2879 
 
 ♦3780 
 ♦3781 
 ♦3782 
 ♦3783 
 ♦3784 
 ♦3785 
 ♦3786 
 ♦3787 
 
NATIONS— NERVOUSNESS. 
 
 893 
 
 Rescued-Prussia at Leuthen. *3~88 
 Shameful n.- Spain. *3789 
 
 I Hiscellaneoua cross-references. 
 
 F Bankrupt n.-France. 8667 
 
 S " •' -U. S., yr. 1780. 3659 
 
 Boastful n.-Athenian. S44 
 
 Children the hope of the n.-W. 809 
 Composite character of Am's. 771 
 Deceived by one man-T. Oates.4213 
 Degeneracy-Proof of-Gruel. 2010 
 Degenerate n.-Eng. -Franklin. 1508 
 " "-English. 4979 
 
 I " • "-Hungarians. 1509 
 
 " "-Modern Greeks. 1507 
 
 Dependent on one man. 2299 
 
 Despondent- Valley Forge. 2308 
 Discouraged-Am. Eevolution. 1541 
 Disunited-Eng. -French rulers. 726 
 Divided by antipathy-Irish. 243 
 " caste-Engllsh-Irish. 727 
 Dominated by foreigner. 2665 
 
 " " one mind. 2424 
 
 Enlarged by conquests of C. 199 
 Glory of n.d3parted-P'rtuguese.2362 
 Honored by foreigners. 2617 
 
 Impoverished-United States. 4345 
 Indebted to merchants. 981 
 
 Inspired by one man. 2560 
 
 Lifted by one man-Pitt. 3586 
 
 Many misfortunes of Spartans. 95 
 Mourning, n. in-Lincoln's d. 3737 
 Obllterated-Phcenicians. 985 
 
 Prejudice-French vs. England. 4413 
 Prosperity by iron-England. 2998 
 Prosperous age of Roman n. 
 Providence in n., Lessons of. 
 Represented well-B. Franklin 
 Ruined by rulers-Spain. 
 Suffering by English barons. 
 Ungrateful n.-Thebans. 
 
 " for services. 2856 
 
 Voice of the n., False. 8742 
 
 NATIONS. 
 Contrasted-Athenians-L. ♦STW 
 Union of n.-Common wealth. *3791 
 Vanishing n.-Algonquins. *3792 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarm of n.-Napoleon. 4199 
 
 Changes in fortune of n.-E.-P. 198 
 Decline of European n.-Catholic.735 
 Enemies of all n.-Jesuits. 3007 
 
 Religion of n. affects the State. 735 
 
 See NATIONALITY. 
 Precedence of n.-P. Henry. 4057 
 
 See REPUBLIC. 
 inDecay-Romap. *4782 
 
 Presaged-John Cabot. *4783 
 
 Ruled by one will. 2444 
 
 " " " " -Washington.2836 
 Virtue necessary to r. 2^5 
 
 See AMERICA in loc. 
 
 NATUR 4 lilZATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Citizens -Roman. 892 
 
 NATURE (Human). 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Aroused by abuse-Christian. 4033 
 
 Ignored for principles. 4461 
 
 3414 
 4546 
 2332 
 5336 
 8456 
 2855 
 
 Inconsistency of n.-James n. 5723 
 Universal n.-Csesar first. 4401 
 
 NATURE (Physical). 
 vs. Art-Samuel Johnson. *3793 
 
 Demands of n.-Sleep-Newton.*3794 
 Depreciated-Samuel Johnson. *3795 
 Irrepressible- A. Jackson. *3796 
 Misinterpreted-Providenoe. *3797 
 Relief in u.-Edmund Burke. *3798 
 Secrets of n.-General laws. *3799 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adoration of n.-Heavens. 2375 
 
 Aid of n.-Indlan hatchets. 2848 
 Charmed by n.-Audubon. 1872 
 
 Fondness for n.-Aubudon. 2321 
 
 " " "-D. Boone. 5257 
 Interpreted by Heraclitus. 3563 
 Love of n., Mussulman's. 3991 
 
 Rights of n. enforced-Nap. I. 5210 
 Science conquers n. 3800 
 
 Subdued by austerity-Monks. 398 
 Suppressed by Priscillianists. 401 
 Suppression of n.-Monks. 3847 
 
 Unattracted by n.-Le Fleming. 341 
 Worshipped by ancient G'rm'ns.6164 
 
 See COLD. 
 Affects mind-Laplanders. 952 
 
 Fearful of c.-Folly. 2025 
 
 See EARTHQUAKE. 
 Destructive ancient e. '1758 
 
 Alarmed by e.-London. 1087 
 
 Appalling e.-Lisbon. 731 
 
 See EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 Periods of ancient e. *1759 
 
 Architecture perilous by e. 338 
 
 See ECLIPSE. 
 Alarm from e., Superstitious a. 5441 
 
 See ELECTRICITY. 
 Light of e.-Columbus, 2d v. ♦1853 
 
 Discovery in e.-Strange-C. 2849 
 
 Experiments in e.-B. Franklin. 2847 
 
 " "-Young S. 639 
 
 See MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Benefit of m.-Africa. *3735 
 
 Liberty among the m. 8225 
 
 See SEA. 
 Passion for the s.-Sir Joim F. *5058 
 
 Abandoned in the a. 1144 
 
 Attraction of s.-W. Irving. 2734 
 Attractions of the s.-Crockett. 634 
 Charmed by s.-Young Cook. 3252 
 Communication by the s. 988 
 
 Detested by Egyptians. 983 
 
 Distrust of s.. An. mariners'. 3429 
 Fearless of the s.-William II. 649 
 Health, Restorative of-Irving. 2531 
 Origin of s.-Legend. 3545 
 
 Overwhelming s.-Lisbon Earthq 731 
 Punished by Xerxes. 1026 
 
 " " " -300 lashes. 320 
 Surpassed by appetite. 2943 
 
 See SPRING, 
 the Period for poetry-Milton. 1014 
 
 See SUMMER. 
 
 Land of s.-North Carolina. *543e 
 
 See DARKNESS, ELEMENTS and 
 
 STORM in loc. 
 
 NAVIGATION. 
 
 Undeveloped-Romans. *3800 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 Formidable n.-Invincible A. *3801 
 Need of a n.-Peter the Great. *3808 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Battle, Fierce-Paul Jones. 5365 
 
 Demoralized by corruption. 1615 
 Ignorance commanding n. 2718 
 Immense-Roman n. 2158 
 
 Promoted in n., Favorites. 4487 
 Promotion in n.. Unmerited. 3895 
 Speedily constructed-Csesar's. 89 
 See SHIPS in loc. 
 
 NECESSITIES. 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Ltfe-Ljrre-Sponge-Bi ead. 
 
 3748 
 
 NECESSITY. 
 Law of n.-Capt. John Smith. *3803 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Development by n. 5795 
 
 False plea of n. 1123 
 
 Mother of invention-J. Fitch. 871 
 
 " " the useful arts. 337 
 
 Self-created n.-Tobacco. 2575 
 See WANT in loc. 
 
 NECROMANCY. 
 
 Proof of n.-"Familiar spirit." *8804 
 See MAGIC in loc. 
 
 NEGIiECT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Atonement for n.-Posth'mous. 3870 
 Explained-Alexander. 4432 
 
 Failure by n.-Cable. 2022 
 
 of Friend- Anaxagoras. 4778 
 
 " Helpers by Thebans. 465 
 
 Life lost by n.-Gibbon. 3260 
 
 Mortifying to Adams-"Postage."35 
 Responsibility for n.-Life. 3160 
 
 NEORO. 
 
 Blood of n.-Boston massacre. *3805 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Preacher.Remark'ble n.-"B.H."488a 
 
 NEGROES. 
 
 in War-Am. Colonies. *8806 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changing to n.. Fear of. 954 
 
 Hatred toward n.-N. Y. mob. 3646 
 Plot of n.-burn-N. Y., yr. 1741. 4214 
 Wealth among n.. Seeking. 97?. 
 
 NEIGHBOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Trespass of n.-Building. 8057 
 
 NEPOTISM. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Opposition to n. -Cromwell. 8893 
 
 NERVOUSNESS. 
 
 Erinced-Samuel Johnson. *380? 
 
894 
 
 NEUTRALITY— OATHS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Composing- Wordsworth. 1018 
 
 Controlled by Southey. 5103 
 
 Suffering from n.-B. Pascal. 2741 
 
 NEUTRAIilTlT. 
 
 Enforoed-Louis XVI. *3808 
 
 Nominal n.-Alabama. *3809 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appreciated by Caesar. 1032 
 
 Dangerous n.-Religiou8. 1125 
 
 Eraded-Expensive-England. 1595 
 Firmly maintained-G'v'mm'nt.2429 
 Offensive n. of U. S. 170 
 
 Political n.-Infamous-Solon. 1230 
 
 Fatal n.-Dr. Mott-Lincoln d. *3810 
 Writer of n.-devices, yr. 1709. *3811 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Distressed by bad n. -Lincoln. 247 
 Good n. -Haste-Gold. 1974 
 
 Manipulated-Sertorius. 1479 
 
 Shocking n.-Fatal-Unexpected.l603 
 
 NEl^SPAPSRS. 
 Colonial Am. n., year 1740. *3812 
 Deprecated by Addison. *3813 
 
 Primitive n. -English. ♦3814 
 
 Thought directed by n. *3815 
 
 Miscellaqeous cross-references. 
 
 Attacks of n.-ignored-Llncoln. 1309 
 
 Fabulous accounts in n. 1978 
 
 Want of n. -Preserve liberty. 8237 
 
 See PRESS in loc. 
 
 NEW YEAR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Eeflections, N. Y. -Johnson. 1896 
 
 NICKNAME. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affeotionate-"Little Corporal."4508 
 
 Assumed-Trimmer. 1132 
 
 NIGHT. 
 Activity at n.-Afrlcans. *3816 
 
 Desire for n at Waterloo. *3817 
 
 165 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 False alarm at disturbanoe-P. 
 
 of Terror-London panic. 8983 
 
 Work-Johnson writes all n. 404 
 
 See DARKNESS in loc. 
 
 NOBIIiIT¥. 
 
 of Appearance-Numltor. *3818 
 
 Honored-Sthenis-Pompey. *3819 
 
 Patriotic n.-SyUa. *3820 
 
 Eecognized-Louis IX. *3821 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 In Abstinence- Alexander. 5095 
 
 of Ancestry despised-Nap. 3592 
 
 See ARISTOCRACY. 
 
 In Battle-Roman. *301 
 
 Expense of a.-Bsmans. *302 
 
 Beaction for a. -Puritans. *303 
 
 Ruin of a.-Greeks. *304 
 
 Brutal pleasures-Normans. 
 Rule of a.-Burdensome-Va 
 
 See ROYALTY. 
 Atrocity of r.-Constantinople. •4949 
 
 1832 
 2448 
 
 Maternal r. -Napoleon I. *4950 
 
 Miseries of r.-Stuarts. *4951 
 
 Overthrown at Milan. *4952 
 
 Rejected-Statue of Geo. III. ♦4953 
 See DIGNITY and EMINENCE 
 in loc. 
 
 NON-RESISTANCE. 
 
 Christian n.-r.-Primltive Ch. ♦3828 
 Evasion of n.-r.-S. Johnson. ♦3823 
 Taught by Tories-England. ♦3824 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Shameful n.-r.-Chlnese. 
 
 NONSENSE. 
 against Nonsense. 
 
 1410 
 
 •3825 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Preferred to wisdom. 2166 
 
 See FOLLY and HUMOR in loc. 
 
 NOVELS. 
 
 Contempt for n.-Napoleon I. ♦3826 
 Reading n.-Excitement. ♦3827 
 
 See ROMANCE. 
 Origin of the word r. ^4928 
 
 in History-Pocahontas. 
 
 " " -Pretty feet, 
 of Love-Dropped dead. 
 
 " " for Johnson. 
 Perils of r.-Cortez a lover. 
 Power in r.-Jane MacCrea. 
 in Religion-Pocahontas. 
 Spirit of r.-Richard I. 
 in War-"For God and Her." 
 
 NOVEIiTY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Architectural n. -Composite. 
 
 See INNOVATION. 
 Resented-Subjects of Peter. 
 
 2674 
 2583 
 3348 
 3349 
 3353 
 6108 
 4743 
 2460 
 5929 
 
 282 
 
 ♦2876 
 
 Opposed-Highways. 4414 
 
 " to l.-S. Johnson. 2511 
 
 See ORIGINALITY. 
 
 In Authorship-Thomas Jefferson.420 
 
 " Literature-Cooper. 2743 
 
 See INGENiriTY and PROGRESS 
 in loc. 
 
 NUISANCE. 
 Perpetuated-London offal. ^3828 
 
 NUIililFICATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Failure of n.-United States. 5329 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Small n. ridiculed. ♦3829 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 Disparity of n.-Cortez in Mex.^3830 
 
 " "-Alex. -Xerxes. *8831 
 
 " "-Maxentius-C. *3832 
 
 an Obstacle-Persian Magi. *3833 
 
 without Victory- Agincourt. ♦3834 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appalled by n. of Darius's army.466 
 Confidence in n., Vain. 4380 
 
 Conquest by n.-Timour. 309 
 
 Deceptive-"A11 hog's flesh." 3768 
 Disdain for n.-Alaric. 1145 
 
 Disparity in n. 
 
 '• " "-Constantine. 
 
 " " " disregarded. 
 Fearless of n.-Crusaders at C. 
 Indifference to n.-Cromwell. 
 Less than position. 
 Quality more than n. 
 Weakness In n. -Agincourt. 
 
 See MINORITY. 
 Power of m.-James II. 
 " " " -Cromwell. 
 Presumption of m. -Politics. 
 
 460 
 
 467 
 5768 
 1247 
 
 645 
 
 311 
 2336 
 3843 
 
 471 
 
 ♦3617 
 ♦3618 
 ♦3619 
 
 Rule by m. attempted-Jas. II. 2427 
 
 See ONE. 
 Encouragement by o.-Battle. ^3909 
 Power of o.-Christian. *3910 
 
 Deliverance of England by o. 2187 
 
 Dependence on one man. 2346 
 
 Nation uplifted by one man. 2424 
 
 " " " " " 3586 
 
 See MAJORITY, MULTITUDE 
 
 and QUALITY in loc. 
 
 NUNS. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Virtue untested. 
 
 NURSES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Attachment of n., Nero's. 
 
 OATH. 
 
 of Allegiance to Mahomet. 
 
 Constrained o.-Harold II. 
 
 Evaded-Romans. 
 
 of Fidelity-Roman soldiers. 
 
 Horrible o., Conspirator's. 
 
 Sacred o.-Harold II. 
 
 Test o.-Protestant. 
 
 1169 
 
 6045 
 
 ♦3835 
 ♦3836 
 ♦3837 
 ♦3838 
 ♦3839 
 ♦3840 
 ♦3841 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absolved from o. by Gabriel-M. 63 
 
 Blind o.-a Secret condition. 1079 
 
 of Devotion to death. 102 
 
 False o., Result of. 1282 
 
 Honored by Regulus. 5081 
 
 Ofiftciai o., Impressive. 2768 
 
 OATHS. 
 
 Strange estimate of o. ♦3842 
 
 See BLASPHEMY, 
 
 by Comparison to Christ. 195& 
 Punishable by death-Maryland.4729 
 
 See PERJURY. 
 
 Punishment of p., Judicial. •411» 
 
 Punished with death. 6219 
 
 Shameful p.-"Dick" Talbot. 6082 
 
 See PROFANITY. 
 
 Irrepressible, Washington's. ^4480 
 
 Punished by Puritans. ^4481 
 
 Ruinous p.-French infidels. ^4482 
 
 Suppression of p.-C. Wren. ♦4483 
 
 Clerical p.-Wm. Grimshaw. 3T08 
 Female p.-Queen Elizabeth. 763 
 vs. Prayer-Andrew Johnson. 4387 
 Reproof of p. resented 4033 
 
 See SWEARING. 
 Admired-Gen. Charles Scott ♦6485 
 
OBDURACY— OFFICE. 
 
 895 
 
 Reproof for s.-John Bunyan. *5486 
 
 412 
 
 Substitute for profane s. 
 
 OBOURACT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Oriminal o.-Earl of Ferrers. 2539 
 
 Immovable o. of James II. 2536 
 
 obedience;. 
 
 Absolute o. of Carmathians. *3843 
 
 Angry o.-Blaek Prince. *3844 
 
 Ministerial o.-Mahomet, *3845 
 "-Nathan Bangs. *3846 
 
 Monkish a.-Egypt. *3847 
 
 Outward o. to laws. *3848 
 
 Perfect Mohammedan o. *3849 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 ^^thout Aflfection-J. H.'s son. 806 
 <3onditional o.-Legality. 2890 
 
 Exaction of o. -Howard. 411 
 
 Exacting o. by Wesley. 2199 
 
 Lesson of o. important. 5671 
 
 Love secures o. 3352 
 
 Obsequious o. of clergy to J. II. 922 
 fitimulated-Disgrace-Soldiers. 1236 
 Training in o.-Children. 1822 
 
 of Wife to husband. 5998 
 
 " " -Mary to Wm. HI. 2690 
 
 See SERVILITY. 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ♦5123 
 
 ^f Flatterers-Romans. 305 
 
 Oenius for s.-Bagge. 5123 
 
 Required by tyrant-Sapor. 2527 
 Shameful s.-Roman Senate. 4377 
 ■Shameless s. of husband of Z. 68 
 See FAITHFULNESS in loo. 
 
 OBJECTIONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ignorance-Columbus. 2712 
 
 Puerile o. against the Bible. 580 
 
 See COMPLAINTS and SCRUPLES 
 
 in loc. 
 
 OBSCURITY. 
 
 Desired for evasion. 'SSSO 
 
 OBSE<iUIOUSNICSS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Deceptive o. to Caesar. 2222 
 
 OBSERVATION. 
 
 Acute o.-BIacksmith and C. IL*8851 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Suggestions from o.-Rupert. 
 Truth by Luther at Rome. 
 
 1898 
 53 
 
 OBSTACIiES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Overcome by perseverance-D. 8949 
 See DIFFICULTIES and HIN- 
 DRANCES in loc. 
 
 OBSTINACY. 
 
 Depraved o.-App. of H. VIII. *3852 
 Extraordinary o. of James II. *3853 
 Immovable o. of James II. ♦3854 
 Political o. of James II. ^3855 
 
 MlBceKaneous cross-references. 
 Argument declined by o. 8049 
 
 Assumed o.-Dead bodies. 2558 
 
 against Counsel-Charles XII. 1239 
 Creditable o. of Samuel Adams. 676 
 Defect of o. -Milton. 2923 
 
 Foolish o.-Hasty words. 2748 
 
 Plea of o.- William Penn-J. II. 3548 
 Refuge in o.-Amb. of Wm. III. 750 
 Religious o. against p'rs'cut'rs.l558 
 Subdued by magnanimity. 2199 
 See DETERMINATION in loc. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION. 
 
 Legislative o.-Romans. 
 
 ♦3856 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 
 Misguided©. -Scots. 975 
 
 See HINDRANCE, OBSTACLES 
 
 and OPPOSITION in loc. 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 Changes in o. -Peter Cooper. ♦3857 
 One o. only-Weavers. *3858 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Caste in o.-Egypt. 1486 
 
 Chosen o. of Grant- Farmer. 5880 
 '* " "noblest Romans-F. 159 
 Delightful o.of Wash.-Farming.1873 
 Honest o. required-Egyptian. 2809 
 Ignoble o.-Emperor Gratian. 1007 
 See EMPLOYMENT in loo. 
 OCEAN. 
 Barrier of God.-Saracens. 
 Enchanted by Alexander. 
 
 ♦3858 
 •3859 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Dangers of the o.-Cartier. 6868 
 
 See SEA. 
 Passion for the s.-J. Franklin. ♦SOSS 
 
 ODDS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Defiant of o.-Crusaders. 645 
 
 See MAJORITY and NUMBERS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 odiuju. 
 
 Accidental o.-Earl of Str'fford.*3860 
 
 Braved by J. Adams. ♦3861 
 
 See DISGRACE in loc. 
 
 ODORS. 
 
 Cleansed-Scotch soldiers. ♦8862 
 Dangerous o.-Smell of camels. ♦3863 
 
 See PERFUME. 
 Delight in p.-Mahomet. 4210 
 
 OFFENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Trifling o. severely punished. 4568 
 
 See CRIMES, INJURIES and 
 
 INSULT in loc. 
 
 OFFICE. 
 
 Annoyance in o -Romans. ♦3864 
 Appointment to o.-Jamea 11. ♦3865 
 Changes in o.-Turks. ♦3866 
 
 Conditions foro.-CollegePres.*3867 
 Declined by Cromwell. ♦3868 
 
 Dislike for o.-Amurath. ♦3869 
 
 Embarrassments in o.-Lincoln. ♦3870 | 
 by Favoritism-Buckingham. ^3871 
 Honorary o.-John Howard. ^3872 | 
 Honored o.-Emperor Trajan. ^3873 | 
 Love of o.-Lord Rochester. ♦3874 
 
 Purchased-Emperor Claudius. ^8876 
 " Sylla. ♦8877 
 
 Qualifications for o.-Roman. 
 Resignation of o.-Shameful. 
 
 •< " "-Farcical. 
 
 *' " "-Policy. 
 
 " " "-Emp. Sylla. 
 
 Rich men for o.-Carth'g'n'ns. 
 Rotation in o.-Thebans. 
 
 " " "-"Bite deeper." 
 Sale of o.-Eng.prison wardens, 
 Seekers for o.-Llncoln. 
 
 Selection for o.-Greeks. 
 Spoils for magnificence. 
 Terror in o.-Emp. Augustus. 
 Unconditioned- Wm. P. of O. 
 Undesired-Cromwell. 
 Unfitted for o.-J. Adams. 
 Unmerited-English navy. 
 
 " -Greek Emperor. 
 Unsought- Abubeker. 
 
 ♦3878 
 ♦3879 
 ♦3880 
 ♦3881 
 ♦3882 
 ♦8883 
 ♦3884 
 ♦8885 
 ♦3886 
 ♦3887 
 
 ♦3889 
 ♦3890 
 ♦3891 
 ♦3892 
 ♦3893 
 ♦3894 
 ♦3895 
 ♦3896 
 ♦3897 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned, Presidential o. 4234 
 " -Coercion of p. o. 3525 
 Abilities command o.-Richelieu.2482 
 Accepted piously-Thos. More. 2372 
 Age for o. of senator. 129 
 
 Ambition for o.-Henry Clay. 4247 
 Attachment to o.-Clarendon. 8660 
 Bachelors excluded-France. 444 
 Bought by corruption-England. 669 
 Caste in o.-French in Eng. 726 
 
 Character more than o. -T. 775 
 
 Conciliating power of o.-Adams.676 
 Declined after injury. 2903 
 
 Dignity sustains o.-Wa8hingt'n.l589 
 Dismissal fron c, Significant. 3866 
 for Display-English sheriff. 3872 
 Ecclesiastical o. sold. 923 
 
 Endangered- Richelieu. 1474 
 
 Expense of o.-Roman Counts. 30i 
 Happiness in o. -Trajan. 3873 
 
 Honesty disqualifies for o. 3039 
 " in o. -Abubeker. 2605 
 
 Humiliation for o., Disgraceful. 1248 
 Intimidating o.-Wm. Pitt. 2299 
 
 Life in public o.-Adams. 2046 
 
 Love of eccles. o.-Chair of Peter.181 
 Neglected-G. II. absent from Eng.9 
 Perilous o.-Rom. Emperor. 2613 
 Piety a qualification for o. 8696 
 vs. Private life-Duties. 3275 
 
 Promotion in o., Unexpected. 1610 
 Proscribed from o.-Protestants.l996 
 Public o. for public wealStanton 116 
 Purchased-Fatal to Julianus. 3678 
 Recognition of o. required. 4634 
 Religious test for o.-Md. 732 
 
 '-Catholics. 734 
 
 Resignation of o.-Charles V. 2627 
 " " "-Diocletian. 2626 
 
 Resigned-Broken spirit. 3558 
 
 Sale of o.-Emp. Commodus. 438 
 Seeking the man-Claudius. 3676 
 vs. Soal-Choice of o. 1996 
 
 Support for o. coerced. 1997 
 
 Threatened loss of o.-Nero. 4369 
 Unexamined for o.-Ad. Blake. 2344 
 Undeserved-English navy. 1615 
 Undeslred VTith infamy. 3033 
 
 Unenjoyed-Bp. Hall abandoned. 2 
 
896 
 
 OFFICER— OPINIONS. 
 
 Unscrupulous ambition for o. 807 
 Unwortliy of o.-Chas. the Fat. 1199 
 Vexatious o.-Gov. Canfield. 4107 
 Wealth necessary in o. 3872 
 
 See APPOIIJTMENT. 
 Embarrassment by a. of A. *274 
 Humiliating a. of Caesar to W. *875 
 Partisan a. of Polk's Adm'n. *276 
 
 1914 
 
 Fictitious a. -Rom. Cath Bp. 
 See APPOINTMENTS. 
 Resented-Soldiers of James V. *306 
 
 See PRECEDENCE. 
 
 Infinitesimal p.-S. Johnson. *4398 
 
 Quarrels for p.-Ambassadors. •4899 
 
 " " "-Greeks. *4400 
 
 Valued-Caesar. *4401 
 
 Declined by wounded Nelson. 2568 
 Guarded-Napoleon vs. Pope. 1326 
 Ludicrous regard for p.-Court. 750 
 Quarrel for p.-Louis XIV. 1671 
 
 See PRE-EMINENCE. 
 Surpassing p.-Geo. Washington.1928 
 
 See PROMOTION. 
 Eamed-General Grant. *4507 
 
 Jocose p.-NapoIeon. *4508 
 
 Loss by p.-Saturninus. *4509 
 
 Offensive p.-Senators. *4510 
 
 Providential p.-Queen Eliz. ♦4511 
 Remarkable p.-Cromwell. *4512 
 Unexpected p., CromweU's. ♦4513 
 
 Alarming-Pertinax-not Death. 165 
 Changed by p.-Archbp. Becket. 882 
 Deserved p.-Lannes at Lodi. 648 
 Failure by p.-Soldlers. 5669 
 
 Peculiar p.-Cook chief engln'er.l289 
 Ruined by p.-Young Carinus. 1701 
 Shameful p. by disgrace. 1111 
 
 Undeserved p.of an adv'nt'r'r-V.494 
 See AMBITION, POLITICS and 
 RULERS in loo. 
 
 OFFICER. 
 
 Detested-Lord Clarendon. ♦S898 
 Dishonored -Lord Clarendon. ^3899 
 Perfidious o.-Juan Rodriguez.^3900 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Defeated by bribes. 2434 
 
 Example of public o. 2013 
 
 Ignorant o.-Newcastle. 2716 
 
 Stupid o.-Col. Jameson. 1553 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 Surplus of o.-Lincoln. ^3901 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Complaints of o., Useless. 3143 
 
 Contemptible o.-Am. Colonies. 4082 
 Corrupted because of small pay. 669 
 Incompetent o.-Seamen. 5007 
 
 Morals of o. examined. 3713 
 
 Multiplied- Colony of Va. 1582 
 
 Titles of o.. Pompous. 5628 
 
 " " " Significant. 5630 
 
 " " "-Strange-Army. 5631 
 
 OFFICIAIiS. 
 
 Contemptible o.-British Col's. ♦3902 
 
 Superlative o., Constantine's. *3903 
 
 See POLITICS and RULERS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 OFFICIOUSNESS. 
 
 Offensive o.-L'd Buckingham. ♦3904 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conspicuous o.-GrenvlUe. 1303 
 
 Ruined by o.-Charles I. 1483 
 
 See IMPERTINENCE. 
 Counsellor's I. rebuked. 2284 
 
 See MEDDLING. 
 Destruction by flood by m. ^3545 
 Reproved-Bishop Burnet. ^3546 
 
 4458 
 5300 
 8041 
 
 in Families-England. 
 Mischief by m. 
 Well-meant m.-HurtfuL 
 OliD AGE. 
 
 Criticised-S. Johnson. ♦ISO 
 
 Excitement in o. a.-Harrison. ♦ISl 
 
 Health in o. a.-Samuel John8on.^l32 
 
 Labor in o. a.-M. Luther. ♦ISS 
 
 " " " -Sir. W. Herschel.^134 
 
 Literature in o. a.-J. Milton. *135 
 
 Success in o. a.-Cjesar. ♦ise 
 
 Vigor in o. a.-Masinissa. ♦137 
 
 " " " -J. Wesley. ♦138 
 
 " " " -Cato the Censor. ^139 
 
 " " " -Palmerston. ♦HO 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned in o. a.-Tartars. 3294 
 " " " -Am.Indians.3629 
 
 Abused In o. a.-Creditor. 1855 
 
 Affection In o. a., Fillal-Cowper.llO 
 Avarice in o. a. -Cato. 432 
 
 Benevolence in o. a.-Wesley. 549 
 Brilliant record in o. a.-Adams.2046 
 Consideration for enemies' o.a.l712 
 Courage in o. a.-Bp. Latimer. 12a3 
 Cruelty to o. a.-Xerxes. 5734 
 
 Enthusiasm in o. a.-T. Coke. 3644 
 Folly in o. a.-Lovers-Elizabeth.2684 
 Fortitude in o. a.-Puritan. 1250 
 Fortune forsakes o. a.-Chas. V.2208 
 " " " -L. XIV. 2209 
 
 Genius in o. a.-Cowper. 2300 
 
 in Heaven-Youth. 6207 
 
 Libertine in o. a. -Louis XV. 3210 
 Life destroyed in o. a. 5956 
 
 Love of life in o. a. 1408 
 
 Manliness in o. a.-Bp. Latimer. 6147 
 Melancholy in o.a.-Q.Elizabeth.3567 
 Mental activity in o. a. 1010 
 
 Protected by o. a.-Solon. ♦Ml 
 
 Quietude necessary in o. a. 3451 
 Remedy for-Fountainof Youth.6196 
 Reproof of o. a.-Valuable. 2021 
 Strength in o.a.-Wesley's ser. 5854 
 Vanity in o. a.-Constantine. 5772 
 " " -Q. Elizabeth. 5775 
 Vice in o. a.-Antonlna. 1949 
 
 See AGED. 
 Blessing of the a.-Pope-J. H. ♦MS 
 
 See LONGEVITY. 
 Causes of l.-John Locke. ♦3236 
 
 by Prudence -Peter Cooper's. *33Z7 
 
 Secret of l.-Josiah Quincy. 3288 
 
 omEN. 
 
 Ancient o.-Romans. ^3905 
 
 Annoyed by o.-Charles I. *3906 
 
 Presage of o.-Romans. ^3907 
 
 Terrorized by o. -Sailors. ♦3908 
 
 Aliscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bad o.-Crom. and Charles I. 
 of Greatness-Mahomet. 
 Pleasing o.-SkuU found. 
 Regard for o., Superstitious. 
 
 " " " by Romans. 
 Superstitious o.-Meteor. 
 
 See ASTROLOGY. 
 Regard for a.-Roman omens. 
 
 620» 
 5132- 
 3176. 
 223r 
 385- 
 5454 
 
 ♦385 
 
 Crime proven by a. 1953 
 
 Faith in a. -Charles II. 5442- 
 
 See AUGURY. 
 
 Book of a., Chinese. *395r 
 
 Building by a.-Clty of Rome. *39&- 
 
 See EMBLEM and PREDICTION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 OMISSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Significant o.-Bible. STT 
 
 See NEGLECT in loc. 
 
 ONE. 
 
 Encouragement by o.-Battle. *3S0^ 
 Power of o.-Christlan. ♦39K 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Deliverance of England by o. 2187' 
 
 Dependence on one man. 2346- 
 
 Nation uplifted by one man. 2424 
 
 " " " " " 3586. 
 
 OPINION. 
 
 DIsgulsed-Fugitive-Charles II. 
 Growth of ©.-Independence. 
 Popular o.-erroneous. 
 
 " " powerful. 
 
 " " resisted. 
 Prejudice of o. in history. 
 Pride of o.-James II. 
 Subsidized, Cicero's o. 
 
 ♦3911 
 ♦391:i 
 ♦3913- 
 ♦8914 
 ♦3915 
 ♦3916. 
 ♦39ir 
 ♦3918. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Changed by observation-Luther 5* 
 
 Changes of o.-Rebelllon. 1537 
 
 Differs, Public o.-Duels. 1751 
 
 Exhibited-Unspoken. 4217" 
 
 Honestly expressed-Judge. 30S9i 
 
 Influenced by feeling. 5 1 4 
 
 Overriding public o.-James II. 1850^ 
 
 Perverted by self-interest. 2776 
 
 Popular o. expressed. 4812: 
 
 4813. 
 
 " misjudged. 113S 
 
 Public o. aroused-Feared. 2779 
 
 " " -Cato's Indep'nd'nce of.397 
 
 " " expressed-Felt. 2795 
 
 " " expressed. 922 
 
 " " mlsled-Mary P. of O. 788. 
 
 " " uneducated-Eng. 1116 
 
 Reaction of Rom. o.-TePrn'ohus. 835 
 
 Rule of public o.-Indians. 243* 
 
 Subsidized by pension. 2776- 
 
 Tested by practice-Bp. Neile. 61 
 
 OPINIONS. 
 Character in o.-Cromwell. ♦3919' 
 Conceited-Jeff. Davis. ♦3920- 
 
 Diverse o. of Cromwell. ♦SGai 
 
 Erratic o. of John Milton. ♦3922 
 Infallible o.-John Milton. *3923 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conduct affected by o. 5748 
 
OPPONENTS— ORATORY. 
 
 897 
 
 Diverse o. of life. 
 Divided-Naturally. 
 Liberality in o.-John Wesley. 
 4Self-rnterest affects o. 
 Suppressed expression of o. 
 
 See SENTIMENT. 
 Ignored-Komans. 
 Power of s.-Indians. 
 Public s. vs. Laws. 
 " "-Mary Stuart. 
 
 3316 
 4018 
 3205 
 3490 
 
 *5107 
 ♦5108 
 *5109 
 *5110 
 
 Beroic s.-Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 vs. Principle-Napoleon. 1917 
 
 -Edward IIL 4586 
 
 " " -Slavery. 4912 
 
 Public s. vicious-Scots. 1300 
 
 ilespect for public s. n.-A.Burr. 856 
 Suppressed. Sl'p'ng with corpse.5207 
 
 See SENTIMENTS. 
 
 Irrepressible s.-Napoleon I. *5111 
 
 See CENSURE, CRITICISM and 
 
 POLITICS in loo. 
 
 OPPONENTS. 
 
 fiegard for o., Cromwell's. *3924 
 See COMBAT, ENEMY and 
 OPPOSITION in ioe. 
 
 OPPORT UNITY. 
 
 Awaiting o.-Cromwell. ♦2925 
 
 Lost by James II. *2926 
 
 a Lost o.-Civil War. *2927 
 
 Overlooked-Christina. *2928 
 
 Providential o.-La. bought. *2929 
 Waiting for o.-"Make me come*2930 
 
 1069 
 289 
 2246 
 1277 
 1609 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 
 Appreciated-Fremont in Cal. 
 
 in Architecture-London fire. 
 
 lmproved-"Clean shirt day." 
 
 Lost through fear-Eomans. 
 
 " by deliberation. 
 
 " " diversion of attention. 1689 
 
 " " discord-Scots. 306 
 
 " " obstinacy-James II. 3549 
 
 Needful to genius-Oratory. 3952 
 
 trtilized-Sherman's m. to the 8ea.70 
 
 Wisely used-Purchase of La. 1078 
 
 OPPOSITION. 
 
 Benefits of o.-Christianity. 
 of Folly-" Street Lights." 
 Help by o.-Persecution. 
 Impolitic o.-Taxation. 
 Political o. -President Tyler. 
 Prepared o.-Politics. 
 Proof by o -Reaction. 
 Useless o. of Goths. 
 
 *8931 
 *2932 
 ♦2933 
 *2934 
 *2935 
 *2936 
 *2937 
 ♦2938 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conciliation by bribery-Adams. 676 
 Courted-Quakers in New Eng. 3502 
 Female o. to liturgy-Scots. 6133 
 Foolish o. to cotton goods. 512 
 Mutual o.-Cato-Sciplo. 1899 
 
 Obstructive o.-Scots. 975 
 
 Perseverance In o. of slavery. 147 
 of Prejudice to highways. 4414 
 
 Provoked-Donatists. 8506 
 
 by Slander of Bunyan. 5171 
 
 " " •* Wesley. 5173 
 
 *♦ " " Constantine. 5174 
 
 Vice in o. to vice. 3002 
 
 of Wife, Violent o. 5168 
 
 See ADVANCE, 
 
 by Battle-Scott in Mexico. ^68 
 
 Heroic-Fontenoy. *69 
 
 Opportunity for a. ^70 
 
 or Sufifer-Gettysburg. ♦?! 
 
 See AGGRESSION. 
 Success by a.-H. IV.-Agincourt.471 
 
 See AGITATION. 
 
 Perils of a.-Reformation. *146 
 
 Perseverance in a.-Antislav. ^147 
 
 Clairvoyant a.-Swedenborg. 814 
 
 915 
 
 Embarrassment-J. A. b. G.III. 274 
 
 Needless-London panic. 3983 
 
 Patriotism inflamed by a. 3525 
 
 " aroused by a. 4071 
 
 Political a.-England. 4242 
 
 " " -opposed- Whigs. 4912 
 
 Power of a.-Peter the Hermit. 1376 
 
 Unseasonable a.-Cato. 1899 
 
 See ANTAGONISM. 
 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 243 
 
 in Personal character-M. L. 761 
 
 -Queen E. 763 
 
 Unnatural a. -Father-Son. 1064 
 
 See ATTACK. 
 Inconsiderate a.-Crusaders. *390 
 Unexpected a. from above. ^391 
 
 in Rear- Alarming. 2123 
 
 Success by a.-Marathon. 467 
 
 See HINDRANCE, 
 of Criticism-A. Lincoln. 99 
 
 OfiQcial h.-Fonseca-Columbus. 3900 
 
 See OBSTRUCTIONIST in loc. 
 See RESISTANCE. 
 Popular r.-Protestants. 
 
 " " -Bostonians. 
 Provoked by legislation. 
 Wisdom in r.-Am. patriots. 
 
 ♦4812 
 ♦4813 
 ♦4814 
 ♦4815 
 
 Assurance of r.-"Daysof b'ttle."319 
 Presumptuously provoked. 4461 
 See CONTROVERSY, PERSECU- 
 TION, POLITICS and WAR 
 in loc. ■ 
 
 OPPRESSION. 
 
 Dangerous-"Don't tre'd o. m."*3939 
 Governmental o.-Speech. • *3940 
 by Ignorance-Keign of Jas. II. ♦3941 
 Eesisted-Tax of Henry VIIL *3942 
 Royal o.-Willlam the Conq. ^3943 
 Scandalous o.-Ireland. ^3944 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amusements conceal o.-Rom. 8215 
 Church o. in collecting dues. 868 
 of Creditor-Shocking. 1855 
 
 Extravagance brings o.-Chas. 1.2011 
 Limit of o.-James II. 857 
 
 by Long labor-England. 3114 
 
 Reaction of o. for liberty. 8229 
 
 See INTOLERANCE, 
 and Immorality-Charlemagne. ^2962 
 Protestant I. to Romanists. ^2963 
 Religious i.-" Tender C's." ^2964 
 
 Conscientious i.-England. 
 
 1090 
 
 Unexpected i. of Pilgrims. 
 
 See TYRANNY. 
 Cruelty of t.-Xerxes. 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Catholic. 
 Emblem of t.-Bastile. 
 Insurrection against t.-P. 
 Legislative t.-Long Parli'm'nt. 
 of Liberty-French Revolution. 
 " " -Rev. Tribunal. 
 Parental t.-Frederick Wm. I. 
 Recompense for t.-France. 
 Self-destructive t.-Romans. 
 Shameful t.-Spaniards. 
 Terrible t.-GUdo. 
 
 591 
 
 ♦5734 
 ♦5735 
 ♦5736 
 ♦5737 
 ♦5738 
 ♦5739 
 ♦5740 
 *5741 
 ♦574a 
 ♦5743 
 ♦5744 
 ♦5745 
 
 In Amusement-Spaniards. *5744 
 of Caste, Social t. 3491 
 
 Displaced by t.-Virginia. 2443 
 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Exc'mm'nic'n. 4944 
 Exasperated by t.-Slcllians. 1340 
 in Excommunication. 4944 
 
 Household t. of elder brother. 2a31 
 
 Legislative t.-B. Parliament. 3154 
 
 Non-resistance to t. 3824 
 
 Oppression of t.-Hope-Crime. 3234 
 
 Reaction against t.-Rufinus. 427 
 
 Resented-New Eng. Colonies. 990 
 See CRUELTY, PEHSEOUTION 
 and SLAVERY in loc. 
 
 OPTIMISM. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Disconcerted-Earthquake. 2437 
 
 See HOPE in loc. 
 
 OR4CIiE. 
 
 
 Corrupted- Athenian. 
 
 ♦3945 
 
 Deceptive o.-Grecian. 
 
 ♦3946 
 
 " -Delphic. 
 
 ♦.3947 
 
 Equivocal " -Delphic. 
 
 ♦3948 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bought with money. 4707 
 
 Deception by o.-Lysander. 2386 
 Disregarded by Romans. 3905 
 
 Valuable o.-Rarlty. 5022 
 
 ORATOR. 
 
 the Great-Demosthenes. ♦3949 
 
 Unsuccessful o.-W. Irving. ^3950 
 
 ORATORS. 
 
 Audience for o.-William Pitt. ♦3952 
 Dangerous in Parliament. ^3951 
 Despised by Samuel Johnson. ♦3953 
 Disregarded in pulpit. ^3954 
 
 Taste in o.-Samuel Johnson. *8966 
 
 ORATORY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Diflflcultles in o.-Demosthenes. 2021 
 Illiterate-" Black Harry." 4389 
 
 Perseverance in o.-Disraeli. 4151 
 Preparation for o.-D'mosth'n's.4424 
 Self-abnegation In o.-Demos. 5080 
 
 See ELOQUENCE, 
 of Action-Samuel Johnson. ♦1864 
 " Facts-Story of misery. *1855 
 
 Fear of e.-Demosthenes. *1856 
 
 Necessary-Romans. •1857 
 
 Artificial e., Burke's. 
 
898 
 
 ORDER— PANIC. 
 
 and Drink-Sheridan. 2952 
 
 of Earnestness-Peter the H. 1755 
 Employed-Funeral of Caesar. 2255 
 Money stimulates e.-Athenians. 672 
 Persuasion of e.-Pericles. 4156 
 
 ORDER. 
 
 Importance of o.-Battle. 3830 
 
 See DECORUM. 
 in Debate- American Indians. *1483 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. *1484 
 
 ORDERS. 
 
 Conflicting o.-C pt. W'dsw'rth.*3956 
 Neglected-Marshal Ney. *3957 
 
 Simple o.-Lord Nelson's. *8958 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Conflicting o.-Rulers. 4907 
 
 Disobedience to o., Wilful. 3773 
 
 Fictitious business o.-Hoax. 2058 
 
 Obedience to o.-Alarming. 3844 
 
 " required, Only. 3846 
 
 " to o.-Blind-Monks. 3847 
 
 See COMMAND in loo. 
 
 OROAIVIZATION. 
 
 Perfect o.-^Society of Jesus. *3960 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Effective o.-Jesuits. 
 
 8016 
 3017 
 
 See PLANS in loc. 
 
 ORIGIN. 
 
 Hamble o., John Bunyan's. *3959 
 
 See ANCESTRY and BIRTH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ORIGIN A lilTT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 In Authorship-Jefferson's D. of 1.420 
 
 See INGENUITY in loc. 
 
 ORNAinENT. 
 
 Love of o.-American Indians. *8961 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 ▼8. Charity-Bishop Acacius. 545 
 Extravagance in o.-Palace of C. 335 
 Love of o., Corrupted by. 6108 
 
 Sacrificed to piety-Roman. 6119 
 vs. Utility-S. Johnson. 334 
 
 Women's love of o.-Romans. 3416 
 
 See BEAUTY. 
 Common b. of Flemings. *492 
 
 Personal b.-Mahomet. *493 
 
 Promoted by b.-v^co. Villiers. *494 
 Self-asserted b.-Sylla. *495 
 
 Architectural b.-Ionic order. 281 
 
 Arttetic b. of Raphael's work. 346 
 
 of Benevolence-Lincoln. 514 
 Competition in b. for marriage.3485 
 
 Dangerous b.-Maiden. 4536 
 
 " "-Woman's-M.'t. 3242 
 
 Vs. Death-Garbage or park. 3828 
 
 Effective b. of Poppsea. 2819 
 
 Endangered by a.-Women. 2211 
 
 " "-Virginia. 3973 
 
 Fascinating b.-Mary Stuart. 6089 
 
 Female b.-Zenobia. 6055 
 
 Flattered- Aged Q. Elizabeth. 2684 
 Heartless b.-Countess of Carllsle.109 
 
 Helpful-Mediation. 3998 
 
 Highly estimated-Elizabeth. 4329 
 
 with Infamy-Nero. 196 
 
 Perils of b.-Montfort. 1858 
 
 Person vs. Character. 4624 
 
 Prostituted to shame. 4533 
 
 Simplicity requisite to a b. 281 
 
 vs. Utility-Architecture. 5761 
 
 See JEWELRY. 
 
 Passion for j .-Henry VII, *3023 
 
 Extravagance in j.-Charles I. 2011 
 
 Treason for j.- Woman. 5698 
 
 Bee P£<;^JSLS. 
 
 Worthless to tlie l^rnonw ITS! 
 
 ORPHAN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Successful o.-A. Hamilton. 185 
 
 ORPHANS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adopted by the State-Soldier's. 68 
 Hardships of o. apprentices. 798 
 
 ORTHODOXY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Blue o.-" Blue" and " Green." 970 
 
 Denied for office. 3500 
 
 See CREEDS and DOCTRINE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHT. 
 
 Excused-Napoleon I. *3963 
 
 See SPELLING. 
 Bad s., George Washington's. *5302 
 Diverse s.-Shakespeare. *5303 
 
 Error-Conquered vs. Concord. 1067 
 
 OSTENTATION. 
 
 Meritless o.-Demaratus. *3963 
 
 Oriental o.-Chosroes'. *3964 
 
 Rebuked by Parmenio. *3965 
 
 Ruinous o.-Athemius. *3966 
 
 Vain o. of Romans. •3967 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Deceptive o.-Feast. 3768 
 
 Eagerness of o. 3967 
 
 of Greatness-Napoleon I. 2480 
 
 Military o. of Darius. 4330 
 
 Oriental o.-Emp. Angelus. 3896 
 
 Rebuked-Barber. 1667 
 
 Royal o.-Constantine. 8903 
 
 See POMPOSITY. 
 
 Expression of p.-S. Johnson. *4286 
 
 in Titles-Romans. 5628 
 
 See DISPLAY in loc. 
 
 OSTRACISn. 
 
 by Ballot-Athenians. *3968 
 
 Evils of o.-Athenians. ♦3969 
 
 See CASTE in loc. 
 
 OUTCAST. 
 
 for Religion- William Penn. *3970 
 
 OUTRAGE. 
 
 Horrible o. of Albion. *3971 
 
 Reaction of o.-Joan of Arc. *3972 
 
 Resented by parent. *3973 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Shameful-Columbus. 
 
 1648 
 
 See EXASPERATION. 
 Rashness by e.-Ethan Allen. *19eT 
 
 Calmness provokes e.-Sccrates. 700' 
 by Inhumanity-Sepoys. 4847 
 
 Intended-Mad Cambyses, 2881 
 
 in Misfortune feared. 1267 
 
 Rashness of e.-Boston m'ssacre.3517 
 Uncontrollable e. of W'shingt'n.4480 
 See ABUSE and INJURIES in loc. 
 
 PAGANISH!. 
 
 Injurious by vice. ♦3974 
 
 Overthrow of p.-Alaric. ♦3975 
 
 PAGANS. 
 
 Inhumanity to p. by Christians. 105ft 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Overthrow of p.-TheodosiuS. 2399 
 
 See HEATHEN. 
 
 Conscience unsatisfied. 2538 
 
 Rights of h. ignored. 247& 
 
 PAIN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Inured to p.-Children. 185(7 
 
 See SUFFERING in loc. 
 
 PAINTER. 
 
 Celebrated Eng.-J. Reynolds. ♦897© 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Invention of telegraphy by p. 2989 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 niustrates-no Information. ♦3977 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Defects in Chinese p.-Deformity.32» 
 Imitation in p.-Servile, 15th cent.34& 
 Schools of p.-Plorence, etc. 344 
 Supremacy in p.-Raphael. 346 
 
 See PORTRAIT. 
 Prohibited-Q. Elizabeth's p. *432» 
 
 Forbidden by Agetilaus. 
 
 4449 
 
 PAIiACE:. 
 
 Soandalized-Marozia. ♦3986 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Humble p. of Tartars. 
 
 ♦897a 
 
 PANEGYRIC. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Corrected-Funeral of Julian. 2256 
 Impressive p.-Caesar's funeral. 2255 
 
 PANIC, 
 
 by Contraction of finances. ^3979 
 
 Financial-U. S., 1873. ♦398» 
 
 -England, 1847, *3981 
 
 Needless p.-" Popish plot." ♦3982 
 
 Night of p.-Anarchy in Lond. *3983 
 
 Unexpected p.-England, 1825. ♦3984 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Artificial cause of p. 2195 
 
 Citizens' p. -Paul Jones at W, 645. 
 
 Civil War-Rome-Rubicon, 2117 
 
 Defeated by p.-Agincourt. 3834 
 
 *' " Nap., Financial p. 5287 
 
 Financial p.-France. 2214' 
 
 " "-Eng.-Chas. II. 2892 
 
 " "-France. 528e 
 
PANTOMIME— PAKTING. 
 
 899 
 
 PANTOMiniE:. 
 
 In Jurisprudence-Romans. *3985 
 
 See GESTURES, 
 the Language of animals. 1854 
 
 Ridiculed by Samuel Johnson. 48 
 
 PAPACY. 
 
 Soandalized-Marozia. 
 
 •3986 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 against Liberty-Magna Charta. 3207 
 
 See CATHOLICISM in loo. 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 Wealth by p.-Egypt. *3987 
 
 PARADISE. 
 
 Drunkard's p.- Ancient Germ's. *3988 
 Earthly p. in Damascus. *3989 
 
 Language of p.-Perslan. *3990 
 
 Mussulman's p.-Five. *3991 
 
 Sensual p. of Mahomet. *3992 
 
 Strange p. of Mahomet. ♦3993 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Admission to p. by epilepsy-M. 1643 
 Belief in p -Persians. 2859 
 
 for the Brave-Mohammedans. 656 
 Brave men go to p. 1416 
 
 " " " " 1435 
 
 Heroes' bloody p.-Pagans. 1417 
 Letters sent to p.-Gauls. 2258 
 
 vs. Perdition, Which ? 6141 
 
 Qualifications for p.-"Good for e."32 
 Visionary p. of Crusaders. 2095 
 
 See HEAVEN in loo. 
 
 PARADISE liOST. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Compared with the Iliad, etc. 3307 
 Preparation for p.-Years. 4108 
 
 PARDON. 
 
 Declined-American patriots. *3994 
 
 " by the innocent. ♦3995 
 
 Hopeless of p.-James II. ^3996 
 
 Odious by considerations. ^3997 
 
 Plea for p.-Napoleon I. ♦3998 
 
 Purchase of p. of sins. ^3999 
 
 without Reformation. *4000 
 
 from Sympathy- A. Lincoln. ^4001 
 
 See ABSOLUTION, 
 in Advance by Pope Julius II. ♦ll 
 
 Costly a. of Palseologus. ^12 
 Desired in death by Charles II. ♦IS 
 
 Penance for pope's a. 2889 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 Belief of American Indians. 5158 
 of Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See RECONCILIATION. 
 
 by Explanation- Wm. and Mary.1924 
 
 Impossible-James II. and Pari. 3853 
 
 Independence better than r. 3912 
 
 One-sided r.-Firip^oca. 5361 
 
 Superficial r.-Orleans and B. 2695 
 
 "-Dying-Fred. II. 2202 
 
 See FORGIVENESS in loo. 
 
 PARENT. 
 
 Disappointed- John Howard. ^4002 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affection of p.-O. Cromwell. 995 
 
 Anxiety of p. for children. 120 
 
 Brutality of p.-Fred. Wm. 3389 
 .4 .i .. .« " 6741 
 
 Desperate by outrage of judge.3973 
 Disappointed in daughter-J.II. 4005 
 Disobedience to p. justified. 417 
 Distressed p.-John Howard. 122 
 Grateful for safety of children. 119 
 vs. Husband-Queen Mary. 2684 
 Impartial p.-Mr. Dustln andlnd.117 
 Instructions of p., Abiding. 795 
 
 Joy in success of children-Phil. 6 
 Passion of p.-Confession. 4019 
 
 Severity of Luther's p. 4573 
 
 Sacrifices of p.f or child.-Camel8.795 
 Tyrannical p.-Fred. Wra. I. 5741 
 
 PARENTAGE. 
 
 C ross-reference. 
 Fraudulent claim of p. 8973 
 
 See PATERNITY. 
 Inferred by conduct. *4026 
 
 PARENTS. 
 
 Power of p.-Roman. ^4003 
 
 Sacrifice of p.-Chinese. •4004 
 
 Sorrow of p.-Henry VIII. ^4005 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Contrasted-Alex.-Andronicus. 2207 
 Husband's precedence of p. 2685 
 Infanticide by p. -Poverty. 2410 
 Legacy of p. in character. 897 
 
 Reverence for p. -Ancients. 4869 
 " "-Filial-Alex. 4868 
 Severe government of p.-16th c. 802 
 Severity of Roman p. 5124 
 
 Visions of p.-Peter Cooper. 4407 
 
 See ANCESTRY. 
 Humble a. of poet Horace. ♦225 
 Ineffective a.-Prince Rupert. ^226 
 Unlike a.-Orleans princes. ^227 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Barbarous a. of Europeans. 2719 
 
 Base-Witches and demons. 1528 
 Character from a.-Q. Elizabeth. 763 
 
 " " "-Americans. 771 
 
 Depraved-Nero's. 1532 
 
 " a. confessed. 2066 
 
 Disreputable a.-John XII. 4305 
 
 Dlvine-Spurious-Silenus. 2386 
 
 Genius by a.-J. Milton. 2298 
 
 Happiness affected by a. 3560 
 
 Humble a.-N. R. Gabrini. 594 
 
 " "-Diocletian. 595 
 
 Nobility of a. despised-Nap. 3592 
 
 Pride in honest a.-Napoleon. 3592 
 
 Selected a.-Pilgrim Fathers. 3173 
 
 Unfortunate -Charles I. &628 
 
 See AFFECTION (Filial). 
 
 Enduring f. a. of I. Newton. *108 
 
 of William Cowper. ♦110 
 
 " W. Scott. ♦Ill 
 
 " Caius Marcius. ^112 
 
 " Sertorius the Roman Gen. ^113 
 
 " Alexander. ♦IW 
 
 " Prisoner. •US 
 
 Alexander the Great. 774 
 
 Force of a.-Son of Croesus. 5295 
 
 See AFFECTION (Paeental). 
 Destitute of a.-Fulk the Black. ^106 
 Impartial a.-Mr. Dustln. *U7 
 
 Maternal a. outraged by Ind's. ♦US 
 
 Parental a. of S. Wesley. ^119 
 
 " " L. Stafford at t. ♦120 
 
 Zeal of a.-John Howard. ^122 
 
 Country vs. Son-Spartan. 3724 
 
 Disappointed par'ntal-Henry 11.4005 
 Family vs. Religious a. 4184 
 
 Grief of a.-Webster's b. 561 
 
 Imperishable a. for the dead. 560 
 Misunderstood-James II. 290S 
 
 Nourished by mementoes-Scott.lll 
 Paternal a.-O. Cromwell. 995 
 
 without Pity-Roman. 1355 
 
 Subdued-Parental-Spartans. 1350 
 Surrendered to justice. 3063 
 
 Tested-Parental-Maurice. 1348 
 
 Tortured by murderers. 1348 
 
 Trial of a.-Bereavement. 4811 
 
 See CHILDREN, FATHER, HE- 
 REDITY and MOTHER in loc. 
 
 PARK. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Transformaiion-St. James Sq. 3828 
 
 PARRICIDE. 
 
 Crime of p. " impossible." ♦4006 
 Punishment of p. ^4007 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Boys ten years old. 
 
 See MATRICIDE. 
 Infamous m. by Nero. 
 
 •1295 
 
 3743 
 
 1110 
 
 PARSIMONY. 
 
 Costly p. of James II. ^4008 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degrading p. of Frederick 11. 4597 
 Reputation for p., False. 1764 
 
 See MISER. 
 Changed by prayer. 4386 
 
 Misery of m. by S. Johnson. 425 
 See COVETOUSNESS and ECON- 
 OMY in loc. 
 
 PARTIAIilTY. 
 
 MiscsUaueous cross-references. 
 
 Application of law. 3146 
 
 Evinced by James II. 4009 
 
 to Friends, Judge's p. 8069 
 
 of Public opinion-Sackville. 3043 
 
 in Punishment-Romans. 4574 
 Religious p.-Royal proselyte-C. 839 
 
 Resented-Speaker Polk's p. 1257 
 
 Ruler's p. for friends. 3070 
 
 See NEPOTISM. 
 
 Opposition to n.-Cromwell. 3893 
 
 PARTIES. 
 
 Difference In English p. *4010 
 
 Independence of English p. ^4011 
 
 Natural in politics-Two p. ^4012 
 
 Opposite p. among Romans. ♦4013 
 
 Passion of p.-Romans. ^4014 
 
 Value of English p. *4015 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 in Politics needed for liberty. 4268 
 
 See POLITICS in loo. 
 
 PARTING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Sad p.-Lincoln-Citizens. 4559 
 
 See DEPARTURE in loo. 
 
900 
 
 PARTISAK— PATRIOTISM. 
 
 PARTISAN. 
 
 by Contagion-Parliamentary. *4017 
 Kffective p.-Rev. J. Swift. *4016 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Mediator-James IL 8547 
 
 in Politics-Riglit or wrong. 4264 
 
 PARTISANS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appointment of p.-Pres't Polk. 276 
 Bitterness of p.-Politics. 4235 
 
 Hurtful influence of p. 1694 
 
 Judges-Jeffreys' court. 4102 
 
 Overruled-Mexican War. 276 
 
 Protected by p.-Sylla. 3882 
 
 Eeign of p.-Blue-Green. 970 
 
 See DEMAGOGUE and DIVISION 
 in loc. 
 
 PARTY. 
 
 Oianged, Honorably-Falkl'nd.*4018 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Confessed injudiciously-Andr6.1043 
 
 Controlled by p. 4162 
 
 See POLITICS in loo. 
 
 PASSION. 
 
 Parental p.-John Locke. ♦4019 
 
 Passion corrected by p.-Nap.I.*4020 
 Savage p., Alexander's. *4021 
 
 Simulated becomes real. *4022 
 Violent p. of S. Johnson. *4023 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 for Adventure-Conquest of Fla. 75 
 
 Ashamed of p.-Julian. 5296 
 
 for Books-Dr. Harvey. 628 
 
 " " -Washington Irving. 626 
 
 Constant p. against France. 2654 
 
 Contagion of political p. 4017 
 
 for Drink-Edgar Allan Poe. 2955 
 
 *' Hunting-Andronlcus. 4204 
 
 " " -Malek-Sultan. 4197 
 
 for Nature- Audubon. 2321 
 
 in Politics-Roman. 4014 
 
 "Eesentment-Maximin. 4800 
 
 for Sailor's life-W. Irving. 626 
 
 Victim of p.-Love of Shelley. 3345 
 
 PASSIONS. 
 
 Concealed- Wm. P. of Orange. *4024 
 Controlled by p. -Fred. Wm. *4025 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affected by civilization. 785 
 
 Childish p.-Blalse Pascal. 791 
 
 Controlled by lowest p. 960 
 
 " " Geo.Washlngton.3406 
 
 ** " p.-Henry VIII. 3852 
 
 Discipline of the p.-Persians. 1770 
 Indulgence of p. unrestrained. 269 
 Infatuated by p. -for queen. 2062 
 
 '• *' " -Antony. 6067 
 
 Music corrects the p. 4709 
 
 Ruined by p,-Antony. 6050 
 
 Susceptible to tender p. 3355 
 
 Tyranny of p.-Glldo. 5745 
 
 Vicious p.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 See ANGER, EMOTION and LI- 
 CENTIOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 PATENT. 
 
 Useless protection-Cotton-gin. 2991 
 
 PATERNITY. 
 
 Inferred by conduct. 
 
 See PARENTS in loc. 
 
 PATIENCE. 
 
 Abnsed-Pericl es' . 
 Christian p. of martyrs. 
 Endeavor of p.-Wm. P. of O. 
 of Genius-Mag. telegraph. 
 Nobility in p.-Alexander. 
 Success by p.-Study. 
 Tried-Christian's trials. 
 
 •4086 
 
 ♦4027 
 *4028 
 ♦4029 
 *4030 
 *4031 
 ♦4032 
 *4033 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Dinner-Philosopher. 1592 
 
 Victory of p.-Lycurgus. 3264 
 
 See ENDURANCE. 
 German e.-Am. Rev.-Soldiers.fl883 
 
 Trained to e.-Spartans. 1822 
 
 See CALMNESS and FORTITUDE 
 
 in toe. 
 
 See SUBMISSION. 
 
 Humiliating s.-Richard II. ♦5381 
 
 of Soul-Penitential s. ♦5382 
 
 Exacting s.-James IL 248 
 
 Humiliating s.-Captive Emp. 8197 
 Prayer of s.-Socrates. 4557 
 
 Soul's s. to God. 5382 
 
 See SELF-CONTROL. 
 Remarkable s.-c.-Duke Fred. ♦5083 
 
 Abandoned-C. J. Fox. 5806 
 
 in Exoitement-G. Washington. 3406 
 Power over others by s.-c. 3595 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 5205 
 
 in Suppressing indignation. 5693 
 " " resentment. 4804 
 
 Weakness in s.- c. confessed. 5091 
 See RESIGNATION and PERSE- 
 VERANCE in loc. 
 
 PATRIOT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Neglected in age-John Adams. 35 
 Patriot vs. Relative. 40 
 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
 Abandoned by James II. ♦4034 
 Affecting p. of Maria Theresa. ^4035 
 
 Aroused-Am. Revolution. *4036 
 
 Courage of p.-Scots. *4037 
 » " " -English people. *4038 
 
 Dead-Romans. '4039 
 
 in Death-Younger Pitt. ^4040 
 
 " " -John Hampden. *4041 
 
 Deeds of p.-Garibaldi. *4042 
 
 Determined p.-Virginia. ^4043 
 
 Disgusted-General Bolivar. ♦4044 
 
 a Duty-Lacedaemonians. ♦4045 
 
 " " -Lord Nelson. ♦4046 
 
 Educated p.-Romans. ^4047 
 
 Effect of p.-DutGh. ^4048 
 
 Enthusiasm of p.-B. Arnold. ^4049 
 
 Exasperated-Mass. Colony. ^4050 
 
 Extinguished in France. ^4051 
 
 Faith in p. of people. ^4052 
 
 Finance and p.-R. Morris. ♦4053 
 
 Indifferent p.. Gibbon's. ^4054 
 
 Longing of p.-Pilgrims. ^4055 
 
 Memorial of p.-Bunker HilL ^4056 
 
 National p. -Patrick Henry. ^4067 
 
 without Pay-G. Washington. *4058 
 Possibilities of p.-Am. Col's. *4059 
 Preservation of p.-Sp. Armada.*4060 
 Pretended p.hides 8coundrel8.*4061 
 Public p. of Spartans. *4062 
 
 Punished-Thomas Hansford. +4063 
 Remembered- Athenian. *4064 
 
 Response of p.-G.Wa3hington.*4065 
 Sacrifices of p.-Thos. Nelson. *4066 
 " "-Reb. inVa. *4067 
 Self-sacrificing p.-Italian. *4068 
 Steadfast p. of Pomponius. *4069 
 Stimulated-Queen Elizabeth. *4070 
 Stirred by Stamp Act. *407l 
 
 Surrender of p.-N. Y.M'rch'nts.*4072 
 Unseeming p. of Sertorius. ^4073 
 Unselfish p. of Bismarck. ^4074 
 
 " " General Reed. *4075 
 Vicious p. of Scotchmen. *4076 
 Violent p.-Stamp Act. ^4077 
 
 of Woman-" Capt. Molly." ^4078 
 " " -Lydia Darrah. ^4079 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Admired by Lafayette. 2564 
 
 Appeal to p.-Maria Theresa. 6075 
 
 Aroused-Govemment dete8ted.2412 
 
 by Stamp Act. 3525 
 
 Banker's p.-Robert Morris. 3659 
 
 of Capitalists-Robert Morris. 4872 
 
 Coercion of p.-Tories. 963 
 
 Commended by Wm. Pitt. 480t 
 
 Degraded by Charles II. 169 
 
 Determination of p.-Johnson. 4357 
 
 Development of p. by L. 2347 
 
 Distinguished- Wm. Wallace. 2560 
 
 Duty of p.-Solon's law. 1230 
 
 " " the citizen-Plato. 891 
 
 Energy of p.-Putnam. 1894 
 
 Enervated by pleasure. 4195 
 
 » " 4200 
 
 Enraged by corrupt ruler. 3678 
 
 " -Mexicans. 4088 
 
 Enthusiastic p.-" Ring ring." 1902 
 
 "-Romans. 1609 
 
 Example of p.-Boston-Rev. 1968 
 
 Exceptional-Earl of Angus. 5746 
 
 Excessive p.-Inhumanity. 1350 
 
 Exertions of p.-Bp. Gosselin. 937 
 
 Expressed by indignation. 2795 
 
 " -Benefits refused. 990 
 
 Extinguished-Roman p. 4252 
 
 False p.-Csesar's assassins. 1141 
 
 " " -Divorce of Josephine. 1699 
 
 Female p.-Am. Rev.-Boston. 6129 
 
 " " of Goths. 6128 
 
 " "-Mary Lindley. 6115 
 
 in Finance-City of L. 2136 
 
 Generosity manifests p. 2298 
 
 Heroic p.-General Bayard. 2566 
 
 '* " -Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 
 History perpetuates p. 3575 
 
 Humiliating surrender of p. 1978 
 
 Ignored in vengeance. 6101 
 
 Indignant p.-Mexlcans. 2491 
 
 Insensible to p.-Charles II. 2244 
 
 of Lawyers-Am. Revolution. 3169 
 
 Manifested at funeral. 2257 
 
 Mechanics' p.-Boston. 3538 
 
 •' ""-Civil War. 3540 
 
 " "-Eng. Revolution.3041 
 
PATRIOTS— PEOPLE. 
 
 901 
 
 Mechanics' p.-Phila. 363 
 
 of Merchants-Eev. War. 984 
 
 Morality needful for p. 1527 
 
 Morals preserve p. 3710 
 
 Motive to p. in home love. 113 
 
 Nobility of p.-Captain Hale. 1430 
 
 Overlooked in non-resistance. 3824 
 
 Political p. of O. Cromwell. 204 
 
 Popular p. expressed. 3915 
 
 Popularity sacrificed to p. 4319 
 
 Prompt p.-"Minute men." 4423 
 
 Religion inspires p. 4727 
 Reproached-"Thou art not B." 369 
 
 Resentment of p. 4802 
 
 " "-Chatham. 4801 
 Reward of p.-Wash.'s journey. 2099 
 
 Rewarded by a crown. 1329 
 
 Sacrifice to p. by Josephine. 1869 
 Sacrificed for profit-Capitalists. 709 
 
 " to jealousy-Scots. 306 
 
 " " resentment. 306 
 
 Sacrifices of p.-Holland. 1503 
 
 Sailors' p., American. 1660 
 
 of Sailors-English. 5009 
 
 Self-abnegation of p. 5081 
 
 Self-denial of p.-Am. Rev. 4816 
 
 Slandered-Conspiracy-Danby. 1137 
 
 Supremacy of p.-Bolivar. 893 
 
 Surrendered to bigotry. 3549 
 
 Tainted-Lord Russell. 675 
 
 Terrified by p.-Henry III. 2397 
 
 Tested-Samuel Adams. 676 
 
 Training in p.-Spartans. 1817 
 
 War arouses p., English. 5882 
 
 In War-England. 5923 
 
 " " -Am. Revolution. .5924 
 
 of Woman-Pausanias. 3724 
 
 " " -Houston's mother. 3725 
 
 Woman's p.-Mother of P. 3724 
 
 " Women-Am. Colonies. 3914 
 
 of Young men-P. Henry in Va. 6183 
 
 " " " -Rebellion. 6182 
 
 PA.TKIOTS. 
 
 Massacre of p.-Boston. 3517 
 See COUNTRY and LOYALTY 
 
 in loo, 
 
 PATRON. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned shamefully. 1485 
 
 Dependence on p. 1004 
 
 Helpful to young Luther. 1811 
 
 Noble p.-Isabella-Columbus. 4182 
 
 PATRONAGE. 
 
 Age of p.-Anglo-Saxon. 
 Division of p.-James II. 
 Governmental p.-Am. Col's. 
 Ill-timed p. of Chesterfield. 
 Immense p.-U. S. Centennial. 
 Partiality in p.-James II. 
 
 *4080 
 *4081 
 *4082 
 ♦4083 
 *4084 
 *4085 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Proselytes by political p. 
 See FAVORS. 
 Independent of f.-Diogenes. 
 Rejected-Tyrants-Sylla. 
 Solicited, To be-Alexander. 
 Transient effect of f.-Anne. 
 
 3415 
 
 4796 
 1030 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 Choice of p.-Roman Emperor. •4088 
 Commonwealth of p., Penn's. *4087 
 
 Disgraceful p.-Montezuma. 
 Evidence of p.-England. 
 Fear of p., Pompey's. 
 Joys of p.- War of 1812. 
 Messengers of p.-Am. Indians. 
 Perpetual p. by French treaty, 
 Pledges of p., Wm. Penn's. 
 vs. Pride-Thebans. 
 Principles of p., Christian's. 
 Provoking p. of Utrecht. 
 Signal for p.-Peace-pipe. 
 Truce for p.-" Truce of God." 
 Unusual p.-600 years. 
 
 ♦4088 
 ♦4089 
 ♦4090 
 ♦4091 
 ♦4092 
 ♦4093 
 ♦4094 
 ♦4095 
 ♦4096 
 ♦4097 
 ♦4098 
 ♦4099 
 ♦4100 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Arbitration-U.S. and Eng. 1595 
 Conquests of p., Cromwell's. 8480 
 " " " -Purchase of L. 1079 
 
 Devotion to p.-Theodoric. 201 
 
 Endangered by neglect. 4228 
 
 False mediation for p.-Penn. 3548 
 " messenger of p.-Julius II. 934 
 Impossible with Philip II. of Sp.902 
 Liberty the price of p. 2218 
 
 Mediation for p. declined by E. 279 
 National p. greatly desired. 87 
 
 Oath against p., Romans. 3842 
 
 Option of p. by Xerxes. 2221 
 
 Patriotism survives p. 4060 
 
 Promotes prosperity. 993 
 
 Religious p., Seeking-Wesley. 1122 
 by Temporizing-James TI. 3548 
 Treaty of p.-Absurd-Ghent. 5902 
 Triumphs of p.-Fine Arts-Greece.339 
 Unpatriotic p. -Capitalists of R. 709 
 Wise p. -Opposition vain. 3938 
 
 See ATONEMENT, 
 Belief of Am. Indians. 5158 
 
 of Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See RECONCILIATION. 
 by Explanation- Wm. and Mary.1924 
 Impossible-James II. and Pari. 3853 
 Independence better than r. 3912 
 One-sided r.- Viriplaca. 5361 
 
 Superficial r.-Orleans and B. 2695 
 "-Dying Fred. IL 2202 
 See CONTENTMENT in loo. 
 
 PE.%CE-MAKER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Successful p.-m.-W. and Mary. 5998 
 
 See ARBITRATION. 
 Rejected by Eng.-Napoleon. ♦279 
 
 Confidence in Barbarians. 8617 
 
 Peace by U. S. vs. England. 1595 
 Settlement by- Alabama claims.4825 
 
 PEARIiS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Worthless to the ignorant. 2783 
 
 PECUIiATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Official p.-Small pay. 669 
 
 PECUIilARITIES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Religious p.-Puritans. 4732 
 
 See SINGULARITY. 
 Motive for s.-DIogenes. ♦5162 
 
 by Contrast In luxurious times. 897 
 Sensation by s. . 6098 
 
 PEDESTRI A NS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Military p.-Spartan soldiers. 3427 
 
 See TRAMPS. 
 Philosophic t.-Cynics. ♦6677 
 
 See WALKING. 
 Benefit of w.-Alexander. ♦5876 
 
 33 
 
 Misstep retrieved by tact. 
 
 PENAIiTY. 
 
 Excessive p.-Death. •4101 
 
 Partisan p.-Devonshire. ♦4108 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Death p. for all-French Rev. 5739 
 Excessive p.-Debt-England. 4351 
 
 See CONFISCATION. 
 Avaricious c.-Emp. Maximin. ♦1049 
 Religious c.-A.d'Albuquerque.^l050 
 
 of Property of cowards-Rom. 1275 
 
 See FINE. 
 Nullified by Eliot. ♦2138 
 
 3232 
 3241 
 
 Limited -Magna Charta. 
 Self-imposed f.-Emp. Julian. 
 
 See FLOGGING. 
 Comfort under f. -Christian. ♦2159 
 Excessive f. -Titus Gates. ♦2160 
 
 Brutality in f., Jeffreys'. 2862 
 
 Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives. 2860 
 
 Triple f.-Real and false. 2754 
 
 See CRIME, EXECUTION and 
 
 PRISON in loo. 
 
 PENANCE. 
 Failure of p. experiment. ^4103 
 Royal p.-Henry II. ^4104 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 a Substitute for piety-Jas. XL 
 
 762 
 
 Cash basis for p.-Indulgence. 2800 
 
 Estimated in lashes. 2800 
 
 Rigorous p.-Monkery. 3684 
 
 Substitute In suffering p. 2800 
 
 Transient p.-James II. 1133 
 
 Voluntary p.-Johnson. 1662 
 
 PENITENCE. 
 Royal p.-Theodosius. 
 
 ♦4105 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Exhibited-Royal-Henry II. 2669 
 Expressed-Martin Luther. 1178 
 Hypocritical p.-Sunderland. 1186 
 True p.-F. Garretson. 6388 
 
 See REPENTANCE in loo. 
 
 PENITENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Rejeoted-PaJaeologus. 19 
 
 Superstitious p.-Fulk the Black. 106 
 
 PENSION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bribery by p.-Samuel Adams. 676 
 
 PEOPIiE. 
 
 Spirited p. of New England. ♦4106 
 "Unreasonable " p.-N. Hamp.^4107 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal to the p.-Citizen Genet.a433 
 
902 
 
 PERFECTION— PERSUASION. 
 
 Common p. distrusted-Bibl e. 579 
 
 " '• " " 580 
 
 Disfranchised by Puritans. 691 
 
 Distrust of the p.-Gov. of N. Y.5418 
 
 Faith in the p. -Am. Revolution.4052 
 
 •' " " "-Elizabeth. 4070 
 
 Indifference toward p.-GrOv't. 16©1 
 
 Misrepresented-'Not one tenth."10 
 
 Narrow p.-Bristol. 3606 
 
 See MASSES in loo. 
 
 See HUMANITY, MAN and RACE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PERFISCTION. 
 
 by Development- J. Milton. *4108 
 
 344 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Difficult-Schools of painting. 
 
 PERFIDY. 
 
 Eesented-Constable Bourbon.*4109 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Rewarded by government. 3673 
 
 See TREACHERY in loc. 
 
 perfume;. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Delight In p.-Mahomet. 4810 
 
 Substituted for food. 5779 
 
 FERIIi. 
 
 Familiar p. forgotten. 
 Pleasure in p.-Wm. P. of O. 
 
 *4110 
 *41H 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarming p. -Spanish Armada. 3801 
 Escape from p. by boldness. 5817 
 Fearless of p.-Wm. P. of O. 3633 
 Fictitious p.-Popish plot. 4213 
 
 Pleasure in p., Boyish. 2122 
 
 Unconscious p.-Captain Cook. 1519 
 Dnity by common p. 5750 
 
 PERILS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Personal p. of Capt. J. Smith. 80 
 in Primitive llfe-G. Washington. 76 
 Unexpected p.-Bombardm't-S. 462 
 
 See ADVENTURE. 
 Courageous-Lieut. Cushtng. *73 
 Daring a.-Napoleon I. *74 
 
 Passion for a.-Conquest. *75 
 
 Primitive a., Geo. Washington's.*76 
 Spirit of a.-Wm. Parry. *77 
 
 Love of a.-Young Lincoln. 3272 
 Youthful-Romantlc-Cortez. 3353 
 
 See ADVENTURERS. 
 Disappointed-Theodoric and G. *79 
 Numerous with Capt. J. Smith. *80 
 
 Eemarkable-De Soto's ex. 1986 
 
 Successful a.-three Men. 1076 
 
 See ADVENTURESS. 
 
 Remarkahle-Pope Juan. 6039 
 
 Successful-Lady Reves. 1171 
 
 See ALARM. 
 
 Needless-Pertinax made Emp. *165 
 
 Eellgious a. of Luther. ♦166 
 
 «f Conscience-Ben j. Abbott. 1109 
 
 Messenger of a.-Paul Revere. 5881 
 
 Nations in a. of Napoleon. 4199 
 
 Quieted by Scripture. 1087 
 
 Religion promoted by a.-Luther5861 
 Superstitious a. -Europeans. 5439 
 Unexpected a. -Rome-Geese. 1961 
 by Vision-Brutus. 5846 
 
 See DANGER and HERO in loc. 
 
 PERJURY. 
 
 Punishment of p.-Judicial. *4112 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Death for p.-Egyptians. 3160 
 
 Eminence in p.-Titus Gates. 4213 
 Flogging for p.-Titus Gates. 2160 
 Justified by necessity-Jesuits. 2044 
 Punished with death. 5219 
 
 Shameful p. of "Dick " Talbot.6032 
 Suspicion of p., Popular. 1938 
 
 PERSECUTION. 
 
 Arian p. of Catholics. 
 Artful p. by Julian. 
 Bloody p. in Ireland, 
 of Catholics in Md. 
 
 " " " Ireland. 
 
 " " " Scotland. 
 Catholic p. of Huguenots. 
 Compared-Mass. vs. Neth'l'ds, 
 of Covenanters-Meetings. 
 Cruel p. of Jews, year 1189 
 Exterminating p.of Albig'nses, 
 by Goths-Christians, 
 of Heretics-English. 
 Impolitic-Huguenots. 
 Ineffective p. of Wycllffe. 
 of Jews in France, 
 by the Persecuted-Quakers. 
 Powerless-English Martyrs. 
 by Protestants-English, 
 of Protestants-Ireland. 
 
 " " -France. 
 
 " " -Vaudois. 
 
 by Puritans in Mass. 
 Reaction of Mary's p. 
 " " p.-Joan of Arc. 
 " " "-Puritans. 
 Sectarian p. in Scotland. 
 Selfishness in p.-Nero. 
 Severe p.-Claverhouse in S. 
 Shameful p.-Scotland. 
 Superstition in p.-Pagans. 
 Terrible p.-Huguenots. 
 " "-Vaudois. 
 
 *4113 
 *4114 
 ♦4115 
 ♦4116 
 ♦4117 
 ♦4118 
 ♦4119 
 ♦4120 
 ♦4121 
 ♦4122 
 ♦4123 
 ♦4124 
 ♦4125 
 ♦4126 
 ♦4127 
 ♦4128 
 ♦4129 
 ♦4130 
 ♦4131 
 ♦4132 
 ♦4133 
 ♦4134 
 ♦4135 
 ♦4136 
 ♦4137 
 ♦4138 
 ♦4139 
 ♦4140 
 ♦4141 
 ♦4142 
 ♦4143 
 ♦4144 
 ♦4145 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Apostasy during p.-Christian. 252 
 from Bigotry-Pope Pius V. 588 
 
 Boy's p.-Terror of Cowper. 797 
 Catholic p. of Huguenots in Fla. 855 
 of Christians by Diocletian. 843 
 Cruelty to Protestants-Ireland. 1336 
 Defeated-Early Cbristians. 574 
 
 Encouraged by court-Ireland. 702 
 Failure of p. -Guises. 4617 
 
 Firmness in p.-John Bunyan. 318 
 for Hire-Dutch Protestants. 8675 
 Inhuman p. of Covenanters. 656 
 Loss to the persecutor. 2555 
 
 Opposition by p.-Methodists. 5020 
 by the Persecuted-New Eng. 1166 
 Pretext for p.-Queen Mary. 6073 
 for Profit-English Jews. 4178 
 
 Prosperity amid p.-Thos. Lee. 1671 
 
 Purifies the Church. 4394 
 
 " " 453C 
 
 " " " -Macaulay. 874 
 
 Relief from p. by conversion. 1179 
 
 Resisted-Scotch Presbyterians. 1558 
 
 Shameful joy in p.-Pope. 4541 
 
 " p.-Covenanters-A. 656 
 
 Suffering from p.-Martyr Taylor.679 
 
 See INQUISITION. 
 Abominable in Spain. *2877 
 
 Romish i. in France. *287i 
 
 Ignorance directing i. 2721 
 
 Truth outraged by i. 5727 
 
 See MARTYRS in loc. 
 
 PERSEVERANCE. 
 
 Admirable p. of Columbus. 
 Continued p.-A. Lincoln. 
 Earnest p. in battle, 
 vs. Force-Irresistible. 
 Obstinate p.-Crusaders. 
 in Oratory-Disraeli. 
 Rewarded -John Fitch. 
 Scotch p. -Samuel Johnson. 
 Success by p.-C. Goodyear. 
 
 ♦4146 
 ♦4147 
 ♦4148 
 ♦4149 
 ♦4150 
 ♦4151 
 ♦415& 
 ♦4152 
 ♦4154 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Adversity-G. Washington. 1788 
 " Discouragement-Mahomet. 3845 
 " Don't give up the ship." 2570 
 
 of Mahomet-three Years. 1184 
 
 Religious p.-Pillar Saints. 5018 
 
 Success by p.-Demosthenes. 5403 
 
 See OBSTINACY. 
 Depraved o.-App. of H. VIII. ♦3858 
 Extraordinary o. of James II.. ♦3853 
 Immovable o. of James II. ♦3854 
 Political o. of James IL ♦3855 
 
 Argument declined by o. 3049 
 
 Assumed o.-Dead bodies. 2558 
 
 against Coun?el-Charles XII. 1239 
 Creditable o. of Samuel Adams. 676 
 Defect of o.-John Milton. 2923 
 
 Foolish o.-Hasty words. 2748 
 
 Plea of o.-William Penn-J. II. 3548 
 Refuge in o.-Amb. of Wm. IIL 750 
 Religious o. against p'rs'eut'rs. 1558 
 Subdued by magnanimity. 2199 
 See FORTITUDE in loo. 
 
 PERSISTENCE. 
 
 Undeviating p.-Columbus. ^4155 
 
 1899 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 in Anlmosity-Cato. 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 Charm of p.-Chas. Edward. 2832 
 Magnetized by p.-Napoleon I. 2833 
 Manly p.-Caesar. 3400 
 
 Service by p. not by proxy. 101 
 
 Uncouth p.-Samuel Johnson. 3263 
 
 PERSONA lilTlT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Debate-Samuel Johnson. 1457 
 Women denied p.-Romans. 8499 
 
 PERSUASION. 
 
 Eloquence in p. -Pericles. ♦4156 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Divinity in p.-Themistocles. i 
 
PERTNESS— PIETY. 
 
 905 
 
 3ffective-Joan of Arc. 1557 
 
 Bee ENTREATY and PETITION 
 
 in loo. 
 
 PERTNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Offensive p. of woman. 3485 
 
 See IMPUDENCE in loc. 
 
 PERVERSITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 I^atural p.-Chas. the Bad. 
 Youthful p.- Wordsworth. 
 See OBSTINACY. 
 Depraved o.-App. of H. VHI. ♦3852 
 Jlxtraordinary o. of James II. *3853 
 Immovable o. of James II. *3854 
 Political o. of James II. *3855 
 
 1669 
 1668 
 
 Argument declined by o. 3049 
 
 Assumed o.-Dead bodies. S558 
 
 .against Counsel-Charles XII. 1239 
 •Creditable o. of Samuel Adams. 676 
 Defect of o.-Milton. 2923 
 
 Foolish o.-Hasty words. 2748 
 
 Plea of o.-Willlam Penn-J. II. 3648 
 Kefuge in o.-Amb. of Wm. III. 750 
 ileligious o. against p"rs'cufrs 1558 
 •Subdued by magnanimity. 2199 
 See DEPRAVITY in loc. 
 
 PESSIMISTS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Error of p. evils are old. 126 
 
 National English p.-Bankruptcy.451 
 
 PESTILENCE. 
 
 Devastating p.-England. *4157 
 
 Sapid p.-Rome. *4158 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolence during p.-C. 8018 
 
 Desolating p.-London. 1540 
 
 Destructive p.-N. E. Pilgrims. 957 
 Infection of p.-Plague. 2821 
 
 Prevented p.-Sanitary laws. 3550 
 
 See PLAQUE. 
 Desolating p.-Widespread. *4190 
 Destructive p.-Romans. *4191 
 
 PETITION. 
 
 Denied-Anti-slavery. *4159 
 
 Immense p.-5,706,000 sign't'res.*4160 
 Jlight of p.-Abolitlonists. *4161 
 
 Tender p for life. *4162 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Defence of right of p.-Adams. 2046 
 Earnest p.-Pardon by Nap. 3998 
 Misdirected-Mother of Darius. 2220 
 Rejected p. of college fellows. 2890 
 Useless to obdurate James II. 2536 
 
 PETITION ERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Determined-Successful. 1613 
 
 Female p.-Puritans. 6124 
 
 Terrorizing-Gord on's mob to P. 40 
 Welcome p.-A. Lincoln. 8588 
 
 PETITIONS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 filood of p.-Parliament. 8523 
 
 See ENTREATY in too. 
 
 PETS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Singular-Scott's pig and hen. 232 
 Women's dogs condemned by C.233 
 
 phantom:. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Alarmed by p.-Theodoric. 1115 
 
 Pursued by p. -Murderer. 1108 
 
 See GHOST in loc. 
 
 PHILANTHROPY. 
 
 Example of p.-J. Howard. *4163 
 Experimental p.-J. Howard. *4164 
 Practical p.-John Howard. *4165 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Devotion to p.-Georgia. 4502 
 
 Gift of p.-Smithsonian. 1818 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE and LOVE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Assumptions of p.-Aristotle. 2020 
 
 Demoralized by pride. 4370 
 
 Pioneer p.-Newton. 2295 
 
 Simplicity of p.-Diogenes, 1151 
 
 Weakness of p. -Johnson. 1592 
 
 PHILOSOPHERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Credulity of seven p. 1281 
 
 Doubts of p.-Academics. 1713 
 
 Ridiculed-" Savans and asses. "6019 
 
 PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Advantage of p.-Fortitude. *4166 
 Speculative p.-Impracticable. *4167 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Christianity-Epicurean. 4202 
 Dark p -Obscure-Heraolitus. 3563 
 Demoralizing manners-Rom. 4194 
 Enthusiasm for p.-Archimede8.1905 
 Experimental p. vs. Authority. 3775 
 Fascination of p.-Amurath II. 3869 
 Female devotion to p.-Hypatla. 6078 
 Impracticable p. rejected. 6018 
 
 Mental p.-Contempt for-Nap. 8596 
 Optimistic p. rebuked. 2437 
 
 Superficial p.-Sophists. 5733 
 
 Unappreciated-Cato. 1011 
 
 See ^STHETICISM. 
 Brutality of R. in exhibitions. *102 
 Realistic ae. " " " " *103 
 
 Contempt of se.-Greeks c. by R. 776 
 
 See STOICISM. 
 Admired-Southey. *5341 
 
 Seeming s. of Wm. P. of O. 
 
 121 
 
 PHYSICIAN. 
 
 Empirical p.. Successful *4168 
 
 Mythological p.-.(Esculapius. *4169 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bombastic p.-Menecratec 618 
 
 Intimidated by danger. 1048 
 
 Invention by p. -Pit iron. 2985 
 
 Neglected by Gibbon. 3260 
 
 Practice lost by religion. 1036 
 
 Quack p.-Charles II. 4588 
 
 Sacrifices of p.-Benevolenoe. 540 
 
 Studious p.-Dr. Harvey. 
 Vanity rebuked-Menecrates. 
 
 628 
 5779 
 
 PHYSICIANS. 
 
 Commlngling-Death of C. II. *4170 
 Disagreement of p.-Charles n.*4171 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Predictions of p.-Failure. 3599 
 
 Quackery punished-Cato's. 458? 
 
 Rivalry of p.-Systems. 5385 
 
 See SURGEONS. 
 
 Barbers the s.-16th century. 456 
 
 Insensibility to sufferings. 193 
 
 See SURGERY. 
 
 Brave s.-Duke Leopold. *5464 
 
 Skill in.s.-Dr. V. Mott. *5465 
 
 PHYSICIUE. 
 
 Proof by p. -Ambassador. *4172 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Feebleness of p. overcome. 8599 
 Perfect p. -American Indians. 811 
 
 See ATHLETE. 
 Remarkable a.-Thracian. *388 
 
 Royal a.-Henry II. *389 
 
 Moral weakness of Milo. 5960 
 
 Strong a.-Father of Jefferson. 5358 
 " " -George Washington. 5359 
 See BODY in loc. 
 
 PIETY. 
 
 Claims of p.-Crusaders. 
 Manly p.-Gustavus XII. 
 Ostentatious p.-Saladin. 
 Practical p. -Persians. 
 Private p.-Crom well's, 
 for Profit-Persecution, 
 in Public life- William Cecil, 
 by Reactlon-S. Johnson. 
 Reward of p. -Mohammedan. 
 Sacrifices of p.-Isabella. 
 Sincere p.-Cromwell. 
 Supremacy of p.-N'tural affec. 
 
 ♦4173 
 
 ♦4174 
 ♦4175 
 *4176 
 ♦4177 
 ♦4178 
 ♦4179 
 ♦4180 
 ♦4181 
 ♦4182 
 ♦4183 
 ♦4184 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Champion of p.-Cromwell. 3921 
 Claims of p. mistaken. 4173 
 
 Commended by parent. 5076 
 
 Complimented-Miracle. 5704 
 
 Conspicuous p.-Plllar Saints. 5012 
 Constant p. of Oswald. 515 
 
 Diplomatic p.-N. a M'h'mm'd'n.2693 
 Evinced by conduct-Pagan. 3608 
 Humane influences of p. 1317 
 
 Libertines-Louis XIV. 4144 
 
 Military p.-Cromwell's soldiers.4385 
 
 " " of English Puritans. 4390 
 Mistaken p.-Pilgrimages. 5981 
 
 by Natural powers. 1202 
 
 Offensive p.-Expulsion. 1663 
 
 Public p. enforced-New. Eng. 6163 
 Qualification for office. 2696 
 
 Reward of p.-Cardinal Wol8ey.4644 
 Ridlculed-Puritanic p. 4890 
 
 Slandered-John Wesley. 5173 
 
 *' -Richard Baxter. 5175 
 
 of Soldiers' p.-Crora well's. 5250 
 .. » I. 5251 
 
 " " "-Puritans 430O 
 
904 
 
 PILGRIMAGE— PLEASURES. 
 
 of Soldiers' p.-Puritans. 4378 
 
 Strange p.-Crusaders. 5163 
 
 So Truce for p.-Mahomet. 4381 
 
 Uniquelyexpressed by Johnson.6169 
 Unsatisfying p. in obs'rvanc€8-L.166 
 In War-Joan of Arc. 5925 
 
 of Woman-Pulcheria. 5835 
 
 " Women-Roman. 6119 
 
 Works of p.-Pulcheria. 5835 
 
 See CHRISTIANITY and RELIGION 
 in loc. 
 
 3569 
 
 PIIiGRIMAGE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Memorials-Old shoes. 
 
 See CRUSADERS. 
 Numerous C.-Six millions. *1375 
 Origin of C.-Peter the Hemlit. *1376 
 
 Sinners for C.-First Crusade. *5163 
 
 See CRUSADB8. 
 
 Craze of C.-Sacriflces. 9dll 
 
 Credulity of C. 5850 
 
 Loss of life-Two million. 3258 
 
 PILGRimiS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bigotry of p.-New England. 
 
 PIRACY. 
 
 Ancient English p. 
 
 591 
 
 ♦4185 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 National p.-Eng. and France. 
 
 PIRATES. 
 
 Connivance with p. -Gov't. 
 Period of p -Romans. 
 
 ♦4186 
 *4187 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Conniving with p.-Romans. 1298 
 " " " -English. 2434 
 
 Contempt of p.-Roman. 1144 
 
 Government indifferent to p.-E.2440 
 Impunity of p.-Bribery. 1210 
 
 Tribute to p.-Algerine. 5711 
 
 See BUCCANEER. 
 Excused-Sir Francis Dralte. 902 
 
 PITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 False p.. Oppressor's. 2692 
 
 Insensible to p.-Timour. 1337 
 
 Manifested-Abdallah. 2289 
 
 Moments of p. -Cruel caliph. 2773 
 Pleasure marred by p. 5320 
 
 Punishment for p.-Dr. Batement.540 
 Restrained by fear-Heretics. 2557 
 Reversed for injurer. 4188 
 
 after Self-protection. 1161 
 
 Unnatural to man- Johnson. 1353 
 Victim of his own p.-Goldsmith.543 
 Withheld-Suffering-Tyrant. 1357 
 " by Romans. 1355 
 
 Woman's p. for foundling. 781 
 
 See COMPASSION in loc. 
 
 PLAGIARISM. 
 
 a Felony-Hayward. *4189 
 
 PliAGVE. 
 
 Desolating p. -Wide-spread. *4190 
 Destructive p.-Romans. *4191 
 
 See PESTILENCE. 
 Devastating p.-England. *4157 
 
 Rapid p.-Rome. 
 
 ♦4158 
 
 Benevolence during p.-C. 3018 
 
 Desolating p.-London. 1540 
 
 Destructive p.-N. E. Pilgrims. 957 
 
 Infection of p.-Plague. 2821 
 
 Prevented p.-Sanitary laws. 3550 
 
 PliAN, 
 
 Life without a p.-Milton. 2107 
 
 " with a grand p.-Milton. 194 
 
 PL.ANS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Ambition-Robert Guiscard. 200 
 Interference with p., Meddler's. 3546 
 Largeness of p., Constan tine's. 2492 
 
 See METHOD. 
 Life regulated by m.-Wesley. *3597 
 
 See SCHEME. 
 of Assassination-Wholesale. 1140 
 Assassination, Rosamond's s. of. 67 
 -Catherine de M.6066 
 of Benevolence-Colony of Ga. 4299 
 " " -Woman's s. 4192 
 
 Visionary s.-Railways. 4610 
 
 See STRATAGEM, 
 of Loyalty- Woman. 1348 
 
 Oath by s.-Harold II. 3840 
 
 in Retreat- Washington. 4842 
 
 of Vengeance-Shipwreck. 1347 
 
 Virtue overcome by s.-Rape. 2276 
 
 See STRATEGY. 
 Despised-Persians. ♦5352 
 
 Needful s.-Columbus. *5353 
 
 vs. Numbers-H. Cortez. 3830 
 
 See SYSTEM. 
 Living by s.-Alf red the Great. *5500 
 
 in Benevolence-John Wesley. 549 
 
 " " -Old England. 4295 
 
 " " -John Howard. 3650 
 
 See ORGANIZATION and PLOT 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PliEA. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 for Mercy-Burgesses at Calais. 4639 
 
 See ENTREATY in loc. 
 
 plb:asure:. 
 
 in Benevolence-Howard's. *4192 
 
 before Business-Henry VIII. *4193 
 
 Demoralizing p.-Romans. *4194 
 
 Devotion to p.-Tarentines. *4195 
 
 " " " -Alexander. *4196 
 
 Extravagance in p.-Malek. *4197 
 
 Harmless p. -Johnson. *4198 
 Interruption of p.-Talleyrand.*4199 
 
 Passion for p. -Athenians. *4200 
 
 Perilous p.-Frederick V. *4201 
 
 Pursuit of p. -Epicurus. *4202 
 
 in Sinning-S. Johnson. *4203 
 
 Vitiated by p.-Andronicus. *4204 
 
 Watering-place p.-England. *4205 
 
 Wearisome to Charles II. *4206 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abstinence from p.-Religious. 5077 
 Agricultural p.-"N'ar'rHeaven."156 
 Attractions of p.-Nature-Art. 341 
 in Battle-Nelson. 5915 
 
 ' BIood-shedding-Romans. 1341 
 
 in Combats-Romans. 974 
 
 " Crueity-Flaminius. 1355 
 
 " " -Youth-Spartans. 1365 
 
 " united with p. 1701 
 
 " " -Criminals. 2860 
 
 Devoted to p., Communists. 8335 
 
 Duty vs. Pleasure-Senators. 5326 
 
 Expensive p.-Goldsmith. 2273 
 
 in Food f. rejected- Pascal. 4681 
 
 " " '• -Dyspeptics. 5424 
 
 not Happiness-S. Johnson. 14 
 
 Harmful devotion to p.-Greeks. 910 
 
 Life devoted to p.-Charles IL 3295 
 
 " for p.-Epicurus. 3271 
 
 in Literature-Charles Fox. 3313 
 
 Masquerade-Deadly p. in. 3512 
 
 in Misery of others-Jeffreys. 2862 
 
 Misjudged p. in wealth. 5970 
 
 in Music prohibited-Puritans. 3749 
 
 Object in life. 5646 
 
 Opposed pel' se, by Puritans. 222 
 
 Oppressive p. of Wm. the C. 3943 
 
 Pain follows vicious pleasure. 2268 
 
 Paradisaic p.-Mohammedan. 3992 
 
 Perilous p. pursued. 4110 
 
 " " Taste for-Wm. of 0.4111 
 
 Postponed-" What then ?" 1071 
 
 Rejected by austere monks. 402 
 
 " " Blaise Pascal. 4681 
 
 in Rural life-Poet Horace. 153 
 
 " " " -E. Burke. 3798 
 
 Rural p.-Cyrus. 5636 
 
 " "-Domestic-Scott. 2592 
 
 " " -Horticulture. 2637 
 
 " " -Napoleon I.-Exile. 2638 
 
 Sin in p.-Early Christians. 3370 
 
 Theatrical p. preferred. 341 
 
 Transient p., Sacrifices for. 22tO^ 
 
 Unlawful p., Shame after. 2C64 
 
 Unmarred by disappointment. 3438 
 
 in Vice-Epicureans. 5801 
 
 Vicious p.-Reaction of virtue. 3246 
 
 in War-Franks. 5916 
 
 " " -Alani. 5917 
 
 Watering-places-England. 595^1 
 
 5955 
 
 in Wine-Gauls. 6010 
 
 PliEASURES. 
 
 Condemned by Puritans. *4207 
 
 Expensive p.-Metropolitan R. *4208 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Sense-Mohammedan. *4209 
 
 u .» .. #4210 
 
 Wasteful p.-Shelley's. ♦423 1 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Sin bring shameful misery. 378 
 
 See DISSIPATION. 
 Philosopher's d.-S. Johnson. *1683 
 Youthful d.-Edgar Allan Poe. *1684 
 
 Clerical d.-OId England. 925 
 
 " *« -Eighteenth century. 941 
 Despondency removed by d. 5449 
 Reaction of d.-Cartwright. 1083 
 Shortens life-" ArtemusWard."3283 
 
 See ENTERTAINMENT. 
 Genius for e.-iEmilius. *1902 
 
 Rewarded with contempt. 1883 
 
PLEDGE— POLITICIANS. 
 
 905 
 
 See MUSIC. 
 Art In m.-Johnson. 
 Condemned by Spartans. 
 Imaginary m.-Dunstan. 
 Love of m.-16th century. 
 Necessity- Vandals. 
 Opposed to m.-Puritans. 
 Political power of m. 
 Power of m.-Mary Stuart, 
 in Strife for Charles XII. 
 Taste for m. by Italians. 
 Unappreciated by Gen. Grant. 
 Undignifled-Alcibiades. 
 
 *3744 
 *3745 
 *3746 
 *3747 
 ♦3748 
 ♦3749 
 *3750 
 *3751 
 *3752 
 *3753 
 *3754 
 *3755 
 
 3816 
 1304 
 5371 
 2979 
 3178 
 . 34 
 509 
 
 Charms of m.-Savages. 
 Church m., Critic of. 
 Devotion to m.-T. Jefferson. 
 DifiBculty in m. met. 
 Fondness for m., Cromwell's. 
 Ignorance of m. compensated. 
 Impressive m. of church bells. 
 Inspiration in m.-Wesley-Mobs. 698 
 Laws sung to m. 4223 
 
 Passions corrected by m. 4709 
 
 Recreation in m.-Milton. 2498 
 
 Relief in m.-Martin Luther. 761 
 Time, Skill in m. requires. 1968 
 
 Unpleasant m. for rivals. 3356 
 
 See PRODIGALITY. 
 Checked by instruction. ♦4478 
 
 Encouraged-Ruinous. *4479 
 
 See PROFLIGATE. 
 Royal p.-Queen of Spain. *4490 
 
 See REVELRY. 
 
 Christmas revelry-Italy-France.850 
 
 See AMUSEMENTS, HAPPINESS and 
 
 SPORT in loc. 
 
 PLEDGE. 
 
 Temperance p.-Father M'thew*4212 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 fnfamously broken-Proctor. 2817 
 Sacred p.- Embalmed b. 1462 
 
 PLOT. 
 
 Fictitious p.-" Popish." 
 Imaginary p.-" Negro." 
 
 *4213 
 ♦4214 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Assassin's p.-Q. Elizabeth. 4948 
 
 Exposure of p. -Massacre. 1006 
 
 Infamous p.-Gunpowder. 3013 
 
 See CONSPIRACY in too. 
 
 PLUNDER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Lawful p. of Jews. 
 Soldiers supported by p. 
 Wealth by p.-Francis Drake. 
 
 See BOOTY. 
 Division of b.-Trojan War. 
 
 See SPOILS. 
 Abundant s.-Romans. 
 
 " " -Constantinople 
 
 Dedication of s.-Pious. 
 Division of s.-Arabs. 
 
 449 
 
 633 
 
 3059 
 
 ♦633 
 
 ♦5314 
 ♦5315 
 ♦5316 
 ♦5317 
 
 A'^iindant s.-Blake-Spaniards. 2131 
 Corrupted by s.-Romans. 1298 
 
 Demoralized by s.-Scots. 5387 
 
 Sustained by s. -Confederates. 1063 
 
 POET. 
 
 Respected-Pindar. 
 Terrorizing p.-Robert Bums. 
 
 ♦4215 
 ♦4216 
 
 8307 
 3308 
 1305 
 3593 
 1325 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Critloised-Tasso. 
 
 " -Ariosto. 
 -Milton. 
 
 " -Dryden. 
 
 " savagely-Byron. 
 Despised-Churchill by J. 
 Honored-Coronation of p. 
 Impracticable- Voltaire an amb. 3 
 Incensed-Voltaire. 3002 
 
 Late in lif e-Cowper. 2300 
 
 MIsjudged-Qray by Johnson. 2322 
 Patient p.-Seven years-Virgil. 2341 
 Popularity, Sudden-Terence. 3590 
 Precocious p.-Alexander Pope.4403 
 Preparation of p.-Milton. 5373 
 
 " " " 5374 
 
 Prophetic p.- Virgil. 4524 
 
 Sensitive p.-Dionysius. 1313 
 
 Unwelcome-" Bet Flint seeks J."37 
 Youthful p. •Precocious-Bryant.2329 
 
 POETRT. 
 
 Bad p. criticised. 
 Heartless p.-Gray's. 
 Inspiration for p.-Bums. 
 Pathos in p.-Dante. 
 Power of p.-Welsh. 
 Primacy of p.-Creation. 
 Utility of p.-Ancients. 
 Weakness for p.-Frederiok U. 
 
 C ross -ref eren ces. 
 Ambition in p.-Milton. 
 
 Development in p.-Mllton. 
 Failure in p., Early-Shelley. 
 Father of p.-Homer. 
 Genius in p.-Mllton. 
 Moods for p.-Milton. 
 Reformation of abuses by p. 
 Punishment in song-Burns. 
 Variable quality of Milton's p. 
 
 POISON. 
 
 Slow p.-Thomas Overhury. 
 Well applled-CBBsar Borgia. 
 
 ♦4217 
 ♦4218 
 ♦4219 
 ♦4220 
 ♦4221 
 ♦4222 
 ♦4223 
 ♦4224 
 
 3250 
 3276 
 4108 
 2314 
 2317 
 3307 
 1014 
 3098 
 4216 
 2335 
 
 ♦4226 
 ♦4225 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Poison-Rosamond. 1292 
 
 Prepared for suicide. 3632 
 
 Warning of p.-Alexander. 1048 
 
 POISONING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Protected by p.-Nero. 1347 
 
 Punished by boiling. 1339 
 
 Unprotected from p.-Antony. 4515 
 
 POISONS. 
 
 Study of p.-Cleopatra. 
 
 POLICE. 
 
 Inefficient English p. 
 Use of p.-Wm. P. of O. 
 
 ♦4827 
 
 ♦4228 
 ♦4229 
 
 See DETECTIVE. 
 Harmless d.-Robert Burns. ^1552 
 Stupid d.-Col. Jam's'n-Andr6.^1553 
 Useful d., Cicero's. ♦1554 
 
 Conniving d.-Robert Bums. ^1972 
 
 POLICY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destructive military p. 317 
 
 vs. Principle-Religion. 4734 
 
 POLITENESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burdensome p.-Hand-shaking, 2509 
 Characteristic p. of Mahomet. 801 
 Death-bed p. of Charles n. 3422 
 with Destitution. 2650 
 
 Disagreeable p., Caesar's. 3400 
 
 Distinguished for p., ^mllius. 1902 
 Ignored by politicians. 3864 
 
 Intentional p.-Regent of China.1035 
 Kind p.. Sailor's. 6021 
 
 Mark of p.-Gluttony. 263» 
 
 Rule of p. -Johnson. 1592 
 
 Trespass on p.-Criticism. 1312 
 
 to Women -Sabines. 6116 
 
 See APOLOGY. 
 Degrading a. demanded by J.II.^248 
 
 Assassin's a.-Caracalla. 1123 
 
 Doubtful a.-Marriage of H.VIII.458 
 Weak a. for ingratitude. 2857 
 
 See COURTESY. 
 Denied to Speaker.-J. K. Polk.^1257 
 Forfeited byBp. of Winch'st'r.*1258 
 Marked o.-Peculiarity of Eng. *1259 
 to Unfortunates-Black Prince.^1260' 
 
 and Cruelty of Black Prince. 
 Devotion to c.-Knights. 
 Embarrassing c.-Goldsmith. 
 Heartless Roman c. 
 Infidels denied c. 
 Insensible to claims of c. 
 Scant c. remembered. 
 
 See ETIQUETTE. 
 Burdensome e.-Edward IV. 
 Question of e.-Wash.'s Ad. 
 Restraints of e.-Anne. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Opposition to p.-England. 1130 
 
 Original p.-England. 1301 
 
 Awkwardness of e. 
 Disgusting e.-James II. 
 Important-Gen. Washington. 
 Necessary- Washington-Howe, 
 Overdone-King upset. 
 Quarrel over e., Ludicrous. 
 See GALLANTRY. 
 Inconsiderate g. -Goldsmith. 
 Proof of g.-Female rulers. 
 
 See CHIVALRY in loc. 
 
 POLITICIAN. 
 
 Artful p.-Pompey. ♦4280 
 
 " -Cromwell. ♦4231 
 
 779 
 1121 
 4335 
 2643 
 2831 
 2644 
 4083 
 
 ♦1925 
 ♦1926 
 ♦1927 
 
 1586 
 2590 
 4634 
 1589 
 1586 
 750 
 
 ♦2263 
 ♦2264 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Masterly p.-Rlchelieu. 
 
 See POLITICS in loo. 
 
 POLITICIANS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Counsels of p.. Ruinous. 
 
■906 
 
 POLITICS. 
 
 POIilTICS. 
 
 Abuse in American p. ♦4232 
 
 Alliance in p.-William Pitt. *4233 
 Anger iu p.-J. Adams. *4234 
 
 bitterness in p.-Van Buren. *4235 
 Candidates in p.-Roman. *4236 
 
 Changes in p.-Eng.Revolution.*4237 
 " " "-Restoration. ♦4238 
 ■Clerical p.-James II. ^4239 
 
 Compromise in English p. ^4240 
 Contradiction in p.-Taylor. *424l 
 Controversial p. -England. *4242 
 jCorrapted-Roman " treats." ♦4243 
 " -Reign of Chas. II. ^4244 
 " " " " " +4245 
 
 "Devices in p.-" Log-rolling." *4246 
 Disappointments in p.-H. Clay.^4247 
 Dislike for p.-S. Johnson. ^4248 
 
 Disrelished.-Gibbon in Pari. ^4249 
 Duplicity in p.-Leo X. ♦4250 
 
 Eminence in p.-Van Buren. *4251 
 Eschewed-Romans. *4252 
 
 Failure of p.-Poor Ireland. *4253 
 Forgiveness in p. -Napoleon I. ^4254 
 <3enerou8 p.-William Penn. ♦4255 
 Hypocrisy in p.-Augustus. *4256 
 Idealist in p. -John Milton. ♦4257 
 Insincerity in p.-James II. ^4258 
 Judas in p.-R. Ferguson. ^4259 
 
 ^ismanaged-Wm. of Orange. ^4260 
 Misplaced-ln Camp. ♦4261 
 
 Modified-Reign of James II. ^4202 
 Parties in p. needed. ^4263 
 
 Partisan p.-S. Johnson. ^4264 
 
 Power in p.-" King-Maker." ^4265 
 " " -Charles J. Fox. ♦4266 
 Trayer in p.-S. Johnson. ^4267 
 
 Preaching p.-Puritans. ^4268 
 
 '* " under Cromwell.^4269 
 
 " " -J. Mayhew. ^4270 
 
 " "-Connecticut. ^4271 
 
 " "-Friars. ^4272 
 
 •♦ "-Reign of Chas. 11.^4273 
 
 without Principle-Pr'f essi'nal. ^4274 
 Reverses in p.-Tyler's Adm'n. ^4275 
 Revulsion toward p. ♦4276 
 
 Sagacity in p. -Henry Clay. *4277 
 in Saloons-Reign of Charles 11. ♦4278 
 Selfishness in p.-Romans. ^4279 
 Trifles in p.-Whigs and Tories.^4280 
 Vexation in p.-H. Greeley. ♦4281 
 ^V oman in p.-Charles II. ^4282 
 
 TToung men in p. disdained. *4283 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned for literature. 8313 
 
 Abuse brings success in p. 25 
 
 Alienation of friends in p. 3934 
 
 in the Army-Polk's Admini8tr't'n276 
 Arrogance in p.. Clerical. 920 
 
 " *♦ " " 4929 
 
 Asperity In p.-Polk. 1257 
 
 Assessments in p.-Maxentias. 376 
 Balance of power in p.-Europe.4363 
 Bravely maintained Rep. p. 1250 
 Bribery in p.-English. 662 
 
 " " " punished. 1214 
 
 ** -Universal-England. 1212 
 Cant in p.-Samuel Johnson. 708 
 •Capital in p.-Conservatlve-Rom.709 
 Caution In p.-Unooln-Barber. 788 
 
 Changes in p.-James II. 2118 
 
 Changing p.-" Bobbing John." 759 
 Children involved in p.-M. reb'n.803 
 Church in p.-James II. 3388 
 
 Clergy la p.-Preachlng. 
 
 " " Irish p. 
 Clerical zeal in p.-England. 
 Compromise in p.-Missoari 
 " " "-Slavery. 
 
 3051 
 1814 
 
 938 
 1017 
 1020 
 1021 
 1022 
 1126 
 4012 
 1127 
 1132 
 4013 
 1137 
 
 663 
 
 Conservatism in p.-CecU. 
 
 " '• '-England. 
 
 " " "-Excessive 
 
 *' " "-Trimmers 
 
 Conservatives-Romans. 
 
 Conspiracy in p., Ruinous. 
 
 Contested with money-Irish. 
 
 Corrupted by bribery-English. 669 
 
 " '• " -Athenlans.667 
 
 " English p. 5332 
 
 Corruption in p.-Catiline. 6193 
 
 " " "-Demosthenes. 672 
 
 " dominant in p. 3876 
 
 " of voters-Roman. 1211 
 
 Debate of p.-Challenge-L.-D. 755 
 
 Defeated in p.-Llncoln. 1488 
 
 Deficiency in p.-Charles XII. 1970 
 
 Delusion In p.-Stamp Act. 1522 
 
 Denunciation in p.-Jeflferson. 3929 
 
 Devices In p.-Generoslty. 4381 
 
 " "-Roman. 1156 
 
 ' 8936 
 
 Directed by newspapers. 8815 
 
 Disgrace In p.-J. Adams. 4314 
 
 Dissimulation in p.-Charles I. 1676 
 »• "-Newcastle. 1679 
 Education in p.-Spartan youth. 894 
 " •' " by newspapers.3813 
 
 Eschewed by first newspapers. 3812 
 Exposure of means-Nero. 1347 
 
 Freaks in p.-Orockett elected. 4322 
 Genius for corrupt p.-Lord N. 667 
 Habitual corruption of Scotch 1. 665 
 Heedlessness in p.-Alarming. 3786 
 Honesty in p. 1207 
 
 Immoral p. personified. 1594 
 
 Independence in p.-Trimmers. 1132 
 Ingratitude in p.-Gr.Democr'cy.2855 
 " " "-James II. 2854 
 
 Insincerity in p. dangerous. 4090 
 Insults in p.-Wm. Pitt. 2899 
 
 Invention affects p.-Cotton-gln.2988 
 Lobbyist in p.-M. Crassus. 3325 
 Ministers and p.-Rev. J. Ball. 4520 
 Mistake in p.-New England. 5696 
 Money in p.-Electioa of Sylla. 3877 
 " " " decllned-Douglas. 673 
 Morals necessary In p. 3716 
 
 Neutrality in p., lafamous. 12.30 
 OfiQce-seeking in p.-Lincoln. 3887 
 Opposition in p. removed. 676 
 
 Orators in p.bought with money .671 
 Partisan p.-Polk's Admlnlstr't'n.276 
 Politeness Ignored in p.-Cloero.3864 
 Popularity seeking In p. 4013 
 
 " in p., Vicious. 4374 
 
 and Poverty-Romans. 4348 
 
 Preparation for p. by study of 1. 83 
 Radicals In p.-England. 4012 
 
 Reaction in p.-Van Buren^s Adra.51 
 
 Reformation In p. impossible. 1001 
 
 Religion and p. 4735 
 
 Religious pretence In p. 1186 
 
 Resentment extinguishes p. 4109 
 
 Revenge In p.-Aarou Burr. 1747 
 Reward In p.-J. Adams' po8tage.35 
 
 Rivalry in p.-Halifax. 4919 
 
 Satires in p. popular. 3203 
 
 Science and p.-Caesar. 5053 
 Silence In p. by bribery-Demos. 672 
 Slander In p.-Bollvar. 
 Socialism in p., Roman. 
 Songs in p., Power of. 
 
 Success in p.-S. A. Douglas. 
 Surprise In p.-Sylla. 
 the Theatre a power In p. 
 Trick in p. -Statue crowned. 
 Vascillatlon in p. 
 Visitors by p., Burdensome. 
 Woman In p.-Henrietta. 
 Woman's influence in p. 
 
 4044 
 
 5218 
 
 5263 
 
 3750 
 
 207 
 
 3882 
 
 1536 
 
 1323 
 
 5331 
 
 3864 
 
 4282 
 
 6079 
 
 6080 
 
 " " " 6081 
 
 " " " 6084 
 
 Women in p.-CIcero's wife. 6130 
 
 " " " -Revolution by. 6121 
 
 Women's work In p.-Romans. 8416 
 
 Youthful Interest in p.-Bryant. 2329 
 
 See CANDIDATE. 
 Dead c.-Daniel Webster. ^703 
 
 Dignified c.-Thomas Jefferson. ^704 
 
 See CONSTITUENTS. 
 Honesty toward c.-Bribe. 1207 
 
 See DEMAGOGUE. 
 Changeful d.-Buckingham. ♦1524 
 Class-Rome-Votes. ♦1525 
 
 First d.-Menestheus. ^1526 
 
 Marks of the d. ♦1527 
 
 Dangerous d.-R. Ferguson. 
 Guided by sagacity-England. 
 Rule of d.-Augustus. 
 Shameless d.-Catiline. 
 Subdued by threatening-G. G. 
 
 See DEMAGOGUES. 
 Business, Politics a d. 
 Dangerous d. -Socialistic. 
 
 4259 
 
 4274 
 
 4256 
 
 «J92 
 
 40 
 
 4244 
 5218 
 
 Disgraceful work of d.-d'th of S.7C0 
 Legislation of d.-Rome. 1156 
 
 Rule of d.-French Republic. 3522 
 
 See ELECTION. 
 Close e. of John Adams. ♦ISS? 
 
 Coercion in e.-S. Adams. ♦ISSS 
 
 Expenses-Treating in Eng. ♦1839 
 Frustrated-John Howard. *184Q 
 of Grace-Cromwell. ♦1841 
 
 Resented-Pres. of Magd'l'n C. ♦1842 
 Scandalous e.-Intimidation. ♦1843 
 Tie e.-Jefferson-A. Burr. ^1844 
 
 Timely e. of grace-R. Newton ^1845 
 Unanimous e. of WasUngton. ♦1846 
 Unique e. of Spartans. ♦1847 
 
 " " Capt. J. Smith. ♦1848 
 Vociferous e.-Emp. Pompey. *18i9 
 
 Defeat at e. consoled. 4063 
 
 " mortifylng-J. Adams. 4314 
 
 Impoverished by e.-Cha>!. IV. 4353 
 
 See ELECTIONS. 
 Farcical-Reign of Jam^s II. *18o0 
 
POLYGAMY— POSITION. 
 
 907 
 
 *Tee e.-Wm.Prince ot Orange. *1851 
 Venal e.-Parliament, a.d. 1768.*1852 
 
 See VOTE. 
 'Only one v.-Cromwell. *5855 
 
 Power of one v.-Sparta. *5856 
 
 " " " "-Marathon. *5857 
 
 Basely given-Rochester. 3875 
 
 Complimentary v., Lincoln's. 1488 
 Declining always to v.-A. J. 3192 
 Emphatic v.-Stone ballot. 1556 
 
 Minority v. elects Lincoln. 3870 
 One decisive v.-Impeachment. 2750 
 Ostracism by v.-Athenians. 3968 
 Unanimous v. for lnd'pend'nce.2790 
 
 See VOTERS. 
 Bribe for v. disguised. 
 Bribed-£5000 for one-Ireland. 
 
 " by public money-N. 
 ■Church-members the only v. 
 Coerced-English v. 
 Disf ranchised-Catholics in Md 
 
 See VOTES. 
 Soliciting v.-Grenville. *5858 
 
 662 
 663 
 667 
 881 
 662 
 732 
 
 by Bribery of German princes. 668 
 Oharacter controls v.-Wash. 2836 
 Coerced by Communists. 1276 
 
 Controlled by force-Cromwell. 3189 
 Corrupt-" Credit Mobilier." 2996 
 ■for Dead candidate- Webster. 703 
 Excluded by Cromwell. 2422 
 
 Independent English v. 4011 
 
 Influencing v.-Women. 2416 
 
 Majority to rule-United States.3387 
 Perseverance in seeking v. 4153 
 Resentment at v. -James n. 2890 
 
 See VOTING. 
 •for Christ-Roman Senate. *5859 
 
 POIi¥GA]HY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 fanaticism tends to p. 
 
 3078 
 
 Justified by Milton. 
 
 3922 
 
 Permitted by M. Luther. 
 
 4658 
 
 ■Shameful p.-Bothwell. 
 
 2188 
 
 CTnproduotive of children. 
 
 4333 
 
 See CONCUBINES. 
 
 
 Passion for e.-Elagabalus. 
 
 960 
 
 Power of Persian c. 
 
 959 
 
 POMP. 
 
 
 Oriental p., Royal. 
 
 *4285 
 
 in Private life-Wallensteln. 
 
 ♦4284 
 
 741 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Asiatic p.-Wedding-Timour. 
 
 poMPOSinr. 
 
 Expression of p.-S. Johnson. *4286 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 In Titles-Romans. 5628 
 
 See DISPLAY and PRIDE in loc. 
 
 POOR. 
 
 Benefited by civilization. ♦4387 
 
 Burdened for the rich. ^4288 
 
 Children of the p. *4289 
 
 Conspiracy against the p.,Leg.^4290 
 Decrease of p.-England. *4291 
 
 Discrimination against the p. ^4292 
 Dwellings of the p.-Cellars. ^4293 
 I^st laws for the p. ^4295 
 
 Hardships of p.-Miners. 
 Oppressed by law. 
 Oppression of the p. 
 
 Refuge for the p.-Georgia. 
 Remembrance of the p. 
 
 ♦4294 
 *4296 
 *4297 
 *4298 
 *4299 
 *4300 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abuse of p. children- Apprentlces.798 
 
 " " " " " 799 
 
 Amusements denied to-Quolts.4296 
 
 Asylum for the p.-Colony of Ga.532 
 
 Bad food of the Irish p. 1510 
 
 Benevolence to the p.-Mrs. F. 519 
 
 " " "-LadyH. 520 
 
 Care for Mohammedan p. 2652 
 
 Charity of the p.-Foundling. 781 
 
 Cheap luxury for the p.-R.baths.460 
 
 Devotion to the p.-Huntingdon. 546 
 
 Discrimination against the p. 579 
 
 " " 586 
 
 Enslaved-England. 5194 
 
 Excluded from p.-Office. 3883 
 
 False friends of p.-Demagogue.l525 
 
 Food of English p. 2181 
 
 Generosity to the p.-Cimon. 529 
 
 " Guests of God "-Mahomet's p. 524 
 
 Laws applied to the p. 3155 
 
 Legislation against the p. 2277 
 
 Luxury of the r. benefit the p. 3362 
 
 Munificent benevolence to the p. 547 
 
 Oppressed by bigotry-Jas. II. 528 
 
 " *' capital-Tailors. 429 
 
 " " clergy. 4936 
 
 " " government. 
 
 3103 
 3105 
 3110 
 4253 
 S450 
 4528 
 4321 
 3074 
 2290 
 4298 
 193 
 
 " " laws. 
 
 " " nobility. 
 
 Oppression of p. resisted. 
 Overlooked-Arab's p. 
 Popularity with the p. 
 Precedence of p. in court 
 Remembered by the p. 
 Revolt of the p.-Rome. 
 Rights of the p. disregarded 
 
 " ignored-Magna Charta. 3125 
 Schools for p., Ragged. 5044 
 
 5045 
 Speculators oppress the p. 5284 
 Sympathy for the p.-Lincoln. 5497 
 Trespass of the rich on the p. 3057 
 Vengeance of p. on oppressors.5289 
 Wrongs of p.-Am. Indians. 4331 
 See POVERTY in loo. 
 
 POPE. 
 
 Superseded by Henry VIII. 
 Supremacy of p. beneficial. 
 
 ♦4301 
 ♦4302 
 
 Kiscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Cruelty of p.-Gregory XII. 4541 
 
 Devotion to the p., Entire. 3016 
 
 " Gregory VII. 2889 
 
 Insolent p -Gregory XIII. 2887 
 
 Licentiousness of Cement VI. 3245 
 
 Simony of p.-Virgilins. 5152 
 
 POPUIiARITY. 
 
 Dangers of p.-Pompey. ♦4306 
 
 Deserved-Emperor Titus. ^4307 
 
 Doctrinal p. -Armenian. ♦4308 
 
 Evil p.-Sale of indulgences. ♦4309 
 
 without Fame-H. Clay. 
 
 Hindered-Halifax. 
 
 Just p. of Caesar. 
 
 Loss of p.-Henry Vane. 
 
 Lost -John Adams. 
 
 Means of p.-Themistocles. 
 
 Misj ud ged-Caesar's. 
 
 Necessary-Henry I. 
 
 Reaction of p.-Lafayette's. 
 
 Sacrificed-Lafayette. 
 
 by Simplicity-Charles II. 
 
 Sought-Cimon. 
 
 Strange p -David Crockett. 
 
 Tide of p.-Monmouth. 
 
 Vanity of p., Cromwell's. 
 
 Vicious p., Nero's. 
 
 ♦4310 
 ♦4311 
 ♦4312 
 ♦4313 
 ♦4314 
 ♦4315 
 ♦4316 
 ♦4317 
 ♦4318 
 ♦4319 
 ♦4320 
 ♦4321 
 ♦4322 
 ♦4323 
 ♦4324 
 ♦4385 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abused-Citlzen Genet. 2429 
 
 Benevolence for p. 4321 
 
 Departing p.-G. Washington's. 2308 
 
 Depreciated by p.-Science. 2102 
 
 Endangered by great p. 3969 
 
 Exposed-John Adams. 3861 
 
 Fickle p. -Cromwell. 3739 
 
 Fickleness of p.-Cromwell. 5991 
 
 vs. Honesty-F. North. 3040 
 
 Loss of p.-Wllllam Pitt. 8952 
 
 " " " deplored-Cicero. 4370 
 
 Lost by a pension- Wm. Pitt. 1515 
 
 " -Restless-Pitt. 2012 
 
 MIsjudged-Caesar's. 1138 
 
 Money brings p.-Sylla. 3877 
 
 of Nonsense-Diogenes. 2168 
 
 by Opposition- William Hone. 3203 
 
 Patriotism Ignored for p. 4252 
 
 Peculiarity brings p. 3953 
 
 a Reproach-Claudius. 3876 
 
 Reward according to p. 5872 
 
 Sacrificed to vanity-Pitt. 5632 
 " " ambition- W. Penn.2841 
 
 " by vices-Byron. 2057 
 
 Temporary p. of Queen Anne. 1030 
 
 Trick for p.-Augustus. 3880 
 
 ' 3881 
 
 Vicious p., Treasurer's. 4374 
 
 Waning p.-Tyler's Adm'n. 4275 
 
 See REPUTATION in loc. 
 
 POPUIiATION. 
 
 Changes of p.-Constantinople.^4326 
 
 Extension of p. Westward. ^4327 
 
 " " " " ♦4328 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Criminal p. of Rome. 385 
 
 Decimated by pestilence. 4157 
 
 Exterminated by plague. 4190 
 
 " 4191 
 
 " " pestilence. 4548 
 
 Unmerited by Edward IV. gay k. 47 
 
 PORTRAIT. 
 Prohibited-Elizabeth's. ^4329 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Forbidden by Agesilaus. 
 POSITION. 
 Value of p.-Battle of Issus. 
 
 4449 
 
 ♦4330 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Better than numbers. 2336 
 
 Coveted-Post of peril. 1232 
 
908 
 
 POSSESSION— POWER. 
 
 See RANK. 
 Plea for social r. -S. Johnson. ♦4612 
 See DISTINCTION and PROMO- 
 TION in loo. 
 
 POSSESSION. 
 
 Right of p.-Indlans. 
 
 *4331 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Accidental omen of p.-Duke Wm.33 
 
 Final p. a grave. 2467 
 
 See PROPERTY in loo. 
 
 POSTAGE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burdensome p. -Scott. 2048 
 
 Complimentary p. to ex-Pres'ts. 35 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 Opposed-England. *4332 
 
 POSTERITY. 
 
 Denied to Mahomet. *4333 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Need of p.-"Continuation of h.''800 
 Reproach of p. feared by C. I. 1500 
 
 " " " " -Strafford.120 
 Vain labors for p. of W. Scott. 190 
 
 See DESCENDANTS. 
 Degeneracy of modern Greeks. 1507 
 Sufferings and ruin of Caesar's d.2075 
 
 See HEREDITY, 
 of Disposition-Frederick II. *2551 
 Failure of h. -Howard's father. *2552 
 
 of Character-Charles I. 3628 
 
 Contradicted-Orleans princes. 227 
 
 of Crime-Caesar's family. 2072 
 
 Cruelty by h.-Nero. 1347 
 
 " " " 2072 
 
 of Disposition-Frederick 11. 2551 
 
 *' " -Melancholy. 3560 
 
 " " -Nero. 5260 
 
 Failure of h.-Cromwell's son. 5957 
 
 of Genius- Watts. 2315 
 
 " -Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 in Government-Monarchy. 2451 
 " " -Female line-I. 2458 
 Incompetence by h.-Gold8mith.4342 
 
 in Mechanics-East Indian. 3537 
 
 of Profession in Egypt. 4486 
 
 *' Shameles-npss-Ferdinand. 2066 
 
 POVERTY. 
 
 a Blessing-Ministerial. *4334 
 
 Blessings of p.-Pasoal. *4335 
 
 Crime of p. in law. *4336 
 
 Devices in p.-Goldsmith. *4337 
 
 vs. Extravagance. *4338 
 
 Genius in p.-Isaac Newton. ♦4339 
 
 Happiness with p.-Grant. ^4340 
 
 Honorable p.-Ad. Blake. *4341 
 
 Inherited-Goldsmith. *4342 
 
 of Inventors-Goodyear. ♦4343 
 
 " " -Howe. ^4344 
 
 Land p.-United States. ^4345 
 
 Ministerial p.-Bp. Asbury. ^4346 
 
 Overestimated-S. Johnson. ^4347 
 
 and Politics-Romans. ^4348 
 
 with Prlde-S. Johnson. ^4349 
 
 Protected by p. -Caledonians. ^4350 
 
 Punishment of p.-England. *4351 
 
 Rldiculed-Scots-Johnson. ^4352 
 
 Royal p.-Emp. Charles rv. 
 
 ♦4353 
 
 " " -Baldwin II. 
 
 ♦4354 
 
 School of p.-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦4355 
 
 Sorrows of p., Woman's. 
 
 ♦4356 
 
 Spirit with p.-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦4357 
 
 a Tyrant-Workmen's. 
 
 ♦4358 
 
 Unknown in Athens. 
 
 ♦4359 
 
 and Vice-England. 
 
 ♦4360 
 
 Virtuous p.-Am. Indians. 
 
 ♦4361 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of p.-N. Eng. Colony. 3714 
 Badge of p.-Dlsgulsed-Gems. 3100 
 Benefactor rewarded with p. 2334 
 Benevolence with p.-Goldsmith.543 
 " " seamstress. 525 
 
 by Benevolence misapplied. 553 
 " " " 500 
 
 Children the treasures of p. 812 
 Choice of p.-Wesley. 5978 
 
 Cities exhibit p.-Rome. 889 
 
 Clerical p.-England. 924 
 
 " " " 929 
 
 " « " 939 
 
 " " " 940 
 
 Coercion of p.-Adrlans. 2387 
 
 Contented with p.-S. Adams. 3660 
 Contentment with p.-Diogenes.ll51 
 " " " 5635 
 
 Degraded p.-Roman masses. 3256 
 Degradation of p.-Ireland, 1510, 1511 
 Deprivations of p. -Geo. Wash. 1788 
 •' " -A.Lincoln. 1787 
 Desplsed-Napoleon. 5033 
 
 Disguised by show of wealth. 3966 
 False relief for p.-Public labor. 553 
 Genius in p.-Homer. 2317 
 
 " rising from p.-Franklin. 2331 
 Hardships of p.-Youth. 3121 
 
 " " " -Laborers. 3123 
 
 Honesty with p. a marvel. 1207 
 Humiliating p.-Beggars. 2210 
 
 Impatience with p.-Dryden. 2469 
 Impediment of p.-R. Burns. 596 
 Increased by unwise ben' vornce.533 
 Independence in p. 5942 
 
 " " "-Stilpon. 5982 
 
 Inventor's p.-John Fitch. 2990 
 
 Labor in p. by Cinclnnatus. 157 
 Life narrowed by p. 3123 
 
 beside Luxury-Romans. 3369 
 
 Marriage impeded by p. 5989 
 
 or Principle- Protestant clergy. 787 
 Proof of honesty-Solplo. 1948 
 
 Protected by p. from war. 1072 
 
 Reputation protected byp.-ATls.766 
 Struggle with p.-Johnson. 3314 
 
 " in p.-Lincoin. 6213 
 
 Trials of p. by Isaac Newton. 108 
 by Vice-England. 4360 
 
 Voluntary p. for 8cience-F'rad'y.537 
 
 " " " religion-Wesley.518 
 
 Vow of p.-J. Wesley. 518 
 
 " " " -Mahomet. 524 
 
 See ALMS. 
 
 for Stmgglers-Sir Walter Scott. 90 
 
 See BEGGAR. 
 Honorable b.-Martin Luther. ^497 
 Literary b.-English. ^498 
 
 Religious b.-M. Luther. 445ft 
 
 Royal b.-Henry III. 1264 
 
 1266 
 Ruler made a b.-John of C. 2212 
 Unknown among Am. Indians. 667 
 
 See BEGGARS. 
 Malicious b.-England 16th cent. ♦49& 
 Professional b.-Monks. ♦SOO 
 
 Punlshed-England-Whlpped. ^501 
 " -England-Slavery. ♦502 
 Scheme for b.-Count Rumford.+503 
 
 Cruelty toward Scotch b. 5893 
 
 Headquarters for b.-London. 1293 
 
 NobUlty reduced to b. 2210 
 Numerous-One-fifth-England. 4360 
 
 Prevented by law-Solon. 4359 
 
 Punishment of b.-England. 270a 
 
 See VAGRANTS. 
 
 Imposition of v.-England. ♦5763- 
 
 Branded-England. SOi 
 
 Professional v. -Bavaria. 503- 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE, CHARITY 
 
 and POOR in loo. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 
 Authority by p.-Charles II. 
 
 ♦4362- 
 
 Balance of p.-Origln. 
 
 ♦4363 
 
 " " " -Europe. 
 
 ♦4364 
 
 Boast of p.-Pompey. 
 
 ♦4365 
 
 Humble-Roman. 
 
 ♦4366- 
 
 Personal p. -Napoleon. 
 
 ♦4367 
 
 " " " 
 
 ♦4368 
 
 Threat of p., Agrippina's. 
 
 ♦4369 
 
 Use of p. for freedom. 
 
 ♦4370 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 beyond Capacity-George III. 2879^ 
 
 by Comblnatlon-the Poor. 1688 
 
 Dangerous to liberty. 3219 
 
 by Good and evil mixed. 3015 
 
 Love of p. by Irene. 180 
 
 Might makes right-Wm. III. 4903 
 
 " " -Cromwell. 4904 
 
 " " -Earls. 4902 
 
 Monarch of the world-Timour. 195 
 
 Moral p. in conscience. 1109- 
 
 Official p.-Roman Censor. 746 
 
 Personal p. of Bothwell. 1171 
 
 " *' -Cromwell-Moral. 132» 
 
 " " -Spanish Inqul8iti'n.2877 
 
 Resigned-General Bolivar. 4044 
 
 in Ridlcule-Publlc. 4895. 
 
 " -Reformation. 4897 
 
 " " -Revolution. 4898- 
 
 " Wealth-Philip. 4885 
 
 See COERCION. 
 Patriotic c. of Tory Tim. Paine. ^963 
 
 an Imprrssive b.-"An old S." 
 
 90 
 
 Fictitious c.-Mary Queen of S. 2188 
 of Government by finances. 2404 
 " Juries-Star Chamber. 3050- 
 
 " Jury by Jeffreys. 3048. 
 
 Moral c. of Sunderland. 1997 
 
 Profession in life by c. 4485 
 
 Repentance by c.-Failure. 4396 
 Signature by c.-Magna Charta.3207 
 
 See DOMINION. 
 Boundless d.-Roman. ♦I?!* 
 
 Proofs of d.-Persians. ♦I?!! 
 
 See FORCE. 
 Distinguished by f .-' H'mm'r."*218r 
 
PRACTICE— PREACHING. 
 
 909 
 
 Fictitious f.-Mary Queen of S. *2188 
 
 -vs. Conscience-Subjugation. 
 Divinity in f .-Ttiemistocles. 
 ys. Perseverance-Illustration. 
 
 See ENERGY. 
 •€omplimented-Napoleon I. 
 Expression of e.-Gen. Grant. 
 Individual e.-Rienzi. 
 Military e.-Emperor Trajan, 
 of Patriotism-Israel Putnam. 
 Success by e. -Cardinal Wolsey, 
 Surpassing e. of Mahomet II. 
 
 2964 
 2387 
 4149 
 
 *1890 
 ♦1891 
 *1893 
 *1893 
 *1894 
 ♦1895 
 *1896 
 
 952 
 
 1609 
 
 1033 
 
 2025 
 
 Personal e.-Chas. the Hammer.2187 
 
 See STRENGTH. 
 ■Consciousness of s.-Alex. 
 Physical s.-Peter Jefferson. 
 
 " "-Washington. 
 ■toy Piety-Cromwell. 
 
 See VIOLENCE. 
 Error of v. -Christians. 
 
 by Climate-Hungarians, 
 in Disaster-Romans. 
 Expressed by Caesar. 
 Lack of e. brings disaster. 
 
 ♦5356 
 *5358 
 ♦5359 
 ♦5357 
 
 *5884 
 
 Argumentative v. from w'kness.299 
 Paternal v.-Prederick II. 3389 
 
 Reaction of v.-Becket-H. TI. 6145 
 -Savage v. of Fred. William. 1672 
 for Violence- Agrippina. 2072 
 
 See AUTHORITY and BULER 
 in loc. 
 
 PRACTICE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Expert by p.-Jeffreys. 1994 
 
 Expertness by p.-Horsemen. 2634 
 
 See EXPERT. 
 4)y Practice-Jeffreys. *1994 
 
 Physical e.-Henry II. 389 
 
 See EXPERTS. 
 Unappreciated-Frederick II. 
 
 PRAISE. 
 
 Demoralized by p. -Cicero. 
 Extravagant p., Cicero's. 
 Offensive p.-John Howard. 
 Servile p. of Nero. 
 Undisceming p. rebuked. 
 
 3041 
 
 *4371 
 •4372 
 ♦4373 
 ♦4374 
 ♦4375 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beneficial p. awakens ambition. 195 
 Corrected by criticism. 2256 
 
 Discriminating p. in R. triumph.150 
 to God for victory. 8788 
 
 Most valued-M.'s mother's p. 112 
 «ong of p.-Battlefield. 3788 
 
 Traffic in p.-Dedication of books. 498 
 
 See ADULATION. 
 Official a. of Chas. I. by Finch. ^60 
 Rebuked of James I.-s. m. ♦ei 
 
 Ridiculous a. of H. VIIL-r. b. g. *62 
 
 for Money-Dedication of books.498 
 
 See APPLAUSE. 
 Ancient Germans' a. -Clashing. ^270 
 Consequence of a.-Inspiration. ^271 
 Indifference to a.-Napoleon. ♦272 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Distrusted by Cromwell. 8739 
 
 Presumption from a. ^70 
 
 See COMPLIMENT. 
 False c.-Robert Burns's toast. ♦lOOg 
 Graceful c. of Wm. P. of O. ♦1010 
 Misappropriated-Cato. ♦lOll 
 
 Burdensome-Office-Cicero. 3864 
 
 by Confidence-Caesar. 1041 
 Contemptuous c.-"Smallest f." 741 
 
 for Hospitality-Gluttony. 2639 
 
 Public-Alexander-Napoleon. 2232 
 
 See EULOGIUM. 
 
 Sublime e. of Washington. ^1928 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 
 Artful-Captive Zenobia. ^2152 
 
 False f. of Henry VIII. ♦2153 
 
 Fulsome f . of James I. *2154 
 Irritating f . of Fred, the Great.^2155 
 
 Resented- Alexander. ♦2156 
 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. ^2157 
 
 1471 
 305 
 2657 
 2825 
 60 
 5971 
 
 Deception by f.-Rochester. 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 
 Embarrassment by f.-Caesar. 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 
 Fulsome f. of Charles I. 
 Wealth by f. -Legacies, 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 See FAME, HONORS and WORSHIP 
 in loc. 
 
 PRATER. 
 
 Brief p., Busy man's, 
 at Death, Samuel Johnson's p, 
 before Fighting-Eng. Rev. 
 of Gratitude-A. Lincoln. 
 Helpful p.-A. Lincoln. 
 Necessity of p.-Mahomet. 
 Refuge in p.-G. Washington. 
 Refused, Cromwell's p. 
 
 " for James II. 
 Soldier's p., Cromwell's. 
 Subdued by p.-Samuel Hick, 
 and Swearing-A. Johnson. 
 
 ♦4376 
 
 ♦4.377 
 ♦4378 
 ♦4379 
 ♦4380 
 ♦4381 
 ♦4382 
 ♦4383 
 ♦4384 
 ♦4385 
 ♦4386 
 ♦4387 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Answered by Apoplexy. 1093 
 
 " for Cart Wright. 1083 
 " -Geo. Miiller-Money. 525 
 
 " " " " 526 
 " -Mother's p.-Boehm.l086 
 
 Answers to p.-Geo. MuUer. 1604 
 Appreciated-Colonial Congress. 564 
 
 Bigotry denies p. at burial. 590 
 
 " prevents union in p. 587 
 
 Brings food-Geo. MflUer. 2035 
 
 Call to p. -Mohammedan. 510 
 
 Childish pranks in time of p. 801 
 
 Comfort in Lord's p. 8403 
 
 for Conviction of sin. 1188 
 
 Credit of p. disputed. 875 
 
 in Death, Cromwell's p. 1434 
 
 " " Luther's p. 1433 
 
 " " Mahomet's p. 1432 
 
 Defective p., Soldier's. 2369 
 
 False p. of plunderers. 1559 
 
 of Gratitude, Silent p. 4379 
 
 " " -Eye restored. 2017 
 
 Hindered by temptation. 1181 
 
 Husbandman's p. 4710 
 
 Last p. of CromwelL 831 
 
 Listening for answers. 995 
 
 Market price of masses and p. 610 
 
 at Meals-Pagans. 4710 
 
 for Ministering spirit. 5312 
 
 New Year p.-Johnson. 6177 
 
 Pleasure In p., Mahomet's. 4209 
 Politician's p.-Johnson. 4267 
 
 Poor man's p.-M. Luther. 4346 
 
 Private p. contlnued-Cromwell.4177 
 Protection by p. -Miner. 4556 
 
 Refuge in p., Parental-S.Wesley. 119 
 
 Refused to martyr. 
 Refusing p.-Capital crime. 
 Ruinous p. for water, 
 of Rulers-William Cecil. 
 Salvation through p. 
 Sublime p. -Lord's p.-Nap. 
 of Submission-Socrates, 
 for War and misery. 
 
 PRATERS. 
 Attendance at p. -J. Quincy. 
 
 4130 
 4384 
 6022 
 4179 
 1193 
 2830 
 4557 
 5927 
 
 ♦4388 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Daily p. necessary-Napoleon. 1818 
 Divided in p.-Caths., Prots. 2093 
 Needless p.-D'liver'nce of pope.2692 
 Unanswered through c"mp'88'n.3249 
 vs. Usefulness-Agriculture. 6155 
 See WORSHIP in loc. 
 
 PREACHER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Remarkable p.-"B!ack Harry." 4389 
 
 PREACHERS. 
 
 Lay-p.-Puritans. +4390 
 
 '* " " ^4391 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Monotonous English p. 3954 
 
 Political p. rebuked by J. II. 4239 
 Untrained p.-Quakers. 
 
 1908 
 
 PREACHING. 
 
 a Crime in Scotland. ^4392 
 
 " Duty-John Bunyan. ♦4393 
 
 Genuine p.-Purltans. ^4394 
 
 to Please-Dangerous. ♦4395 
 Profitless p.-" Hung in chains."^4396 
 
 by Women-Samuel Johnson. ♦4397 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Arrested for p.-Wm. Penn. 
 Awakening p.-B. Abbott. 
 " " -Asbury. 
 " " -John Bunyan. 
 " " -John Wesley. 
 Courage for p.-G. Ouseley. 
 Excitement by p.-Methodists. 
 Imprisoned for p.-J. Bunyan. 
 Liberty of all in p. 
 Personal p.-Seeming. 
 " "-Resented. 
 Plain p.-Queen's dress. 
 Politics-Puritan p.-England. 
 *' forbidden-England. 
 " -Puritans of Mass. 
 " *' " Conn. 
 
 " commanded. 
 
 -Reign of Charles H. 
 Sermons-42,500 by J. Wesley, 
 vs. Silence of monks, 
 by Women- Wesleyans. 
 
 See SERMON. 
 Long s.-6i8hop Burnet. 
 
 3053 
 1080 
 1179 
 1085 
 1089 
 1243 
 4703 
 2764 
 5638 
 1189 
 1234 
 1738 
 4268 
 4269 
 4270 
 4271 
 4272 
 4278 
 142 
 1168 
 6138 
 
 ♦Bin 
 
910 
 
 PRECEDENCE— PRESS. 
 
 Queer s., Bishop Turner's. *5118 
 
 Impressive s.-2 Hours- Whitrid.6216 
 Infuriated by J. Knox's s. 4653 
 
 Life changed by a s. 1089 
 
 Mockery of s. arrested. 4901 
 
 See SERMONS. 
 Soporific s.-Bishop Latimer's. *5119 
 
 Many s.-Geo. Whltefield-18,000. 6216 
 See CLERGY in loo. 
 
 precedence;. 
 
 Infinitesimal p.-S. Johnson. *4398 
 
 Quarrels for p.-Ambassadors. *4399 
 
 " " "-Greeks. *4400 
 
 Valued-Caesar. *4401 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Declined by wounded Nelson. 2568 
 Guarded-Napoleon vs. Pope. 1326 
 Ludicrous regard for p.-Court. 750 
 Quarrel for p.-Louis XIV. 1671 
 
 See DISTINCTION in loc. 
 
 PRECEDENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Establishing p.-Napoleon I. 4905 
 
 Bight by p.-Napoleon I. 4905 
 
 See EXAMPLE in loc. 
 
 PRECIPICE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Cast down p., Perjurer. 4112 
 
 PRECOCITY. 
 
 Remarkable p.-James Watt. *4402 
 '• " -Alex. Pope. *4403 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Educational p.-S. Johnson. 1815 
 of Genius-William C. Bryant. 2329 
 Juvenile p. of Themlstocles. 635 
 in Mathematics. 3532 
 
 " " -Colbum. 3533 
 
 Remarkable p.-Johnson-3 Yrs. 793 
 Youthful p. of B. Franklin. 636 
 
 PREDESTINATION. 
 
 Belief in p.-Wm. P. of OiaQge.*4404 
 " " "-Scandinavians. *4405 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Extreme view of p. 4384 
 
 Timely p.-Bef ore birth. 1845 
 
 PREDICTION. 
 
 Editorial p.-Civll War. *4406 
 
 Parental p. for Peter Cooper. *4407 
 Realized-New York. *4408 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Augury-Birds-Building-Rome. 396 
 of Bankruptcy-National. 451 
 
 Equivocal p.-Delphic oracle. 3948 
 Foolish p.-J. Dryden. 5049 
 
 Fulfilled-J. Fitch-Steamboats. 2306 
 Oracular-Nero to kill his mother. 196 
 -Sylla-Reins of gov't. 495 
 Political p.-Am. Revolution. 1.599 
 Popular political p.-False. 1985 
 
 Reallzed-Diffusion of the Bible. 578 
 See PREMONITION and PROPHECY 
 in loc. 
 
 PRE-EMIN ENCE. 
 
 Surpassing p. -Gto. Washington. 1928 
 See DISTINCTION and EMINENCE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PREGNANCY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disgraceful p. of Honoria. 3436 
 Miraculous p., Contempt for. 8528 
 
 PREJUDICE. 
 
 Commercial p.-NationalBank.*4409 
 Deluded by p., Public. *4410 
 
 in History-DionysLus. *4411 
 
 Investigation with p.-Julian. *4412 
 National p.-France and Bug. *4413 
 Opposition of p.-Roads. *4414 
 
 against Progress-Iron. "'4415 
 
 Reaction of p.-Methodism. *4416 
 Sectional p.-North and South.*4417 
 and Superstition-Lepers. *4418 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Appeal to p., Vain. 4332 
 
 against Bankers-Jews. 449 
 
 " " -Lombards. 450 
 
 of Caste-Parliament. 729 
 
 Evidence of p.-James II. 1945 
 
 " required, Slender. 4214 
 against Foreigners-Columbus. 2055 
 
 " " -Egyptians. 2189 
 
 " " -Language. 3131 
 
 in Food-Scots-England. 1913 
 
 of Ignorance-Ministry. 875 
 
 vs. Invention-Se wing-machine.2765 
 Judgments of p.-Nap. I. by Eng. 24 
 against Newspapers-Addison. 3813 
 Opinion affected by p. 3916 
 
 Popularity by gratifying p. 4233 
 Utilized-Jesuit missionaries. 395 
 Warps judgment-Reput't'nof 0.767 
 
 See BIGOTRY. 
 Disclalmed-Cont. Congress. "=587 
 Papal b.-Plus V. *588 
 
 Protestant b.-Scotland. *589 
 
 Puritanic b.-English Puritans. *590 
 Strange b.-American Puritans. *591 
 
 in Benevolence-James II. 528 
 
 Blinded by b.-James II. 4085 
 
 Clerical b.-Country parson. 2707 
 
 Display of b.-James II. 1996 
 
 Foolish b. of James II. 317 
 
 Harmonious b.-Bristol. 3606 
 
 Mortified by benevolence. 3720 
 Protestant b.-C. disfranchised. 732 
 
 Rebuked-Dr. Arnold's plea. 733 
 Religious b.-Turk vs. Persian. 5070 
 
 Rule of b.-James II. 3549 
 
 PREMONITION. 
 
 Accidental p.-Charles I. *4419 
 
 of Death-Charles V. *4420 
 
 " " -Lincoln's. *4421 
 
 " " " *4422 
 
 See PRESENTIMENT. 
 
 True p.-John Howard. *4430 
 
 See OMENS in loc. 
 
 PREPARATION. 
 
 Constant p.-"Mlnute-men." *4423 
 for Oratory-Demosthenes. *4424 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Literary p.-Mllton for Par'dlse L.194 
 
 Long p. for Paradise Lost. 4108> 
 Neglect of p.-Edmund Burke. 49 
 
 See FORETHOUGHT. 
 
 Impulse more reliable. 2767" 
 
 See ORGANIZATION, PLAN and 
 
 PREMEDITATION in loc. 
 
 PREROGATIVE. 
 
 Royal p.-Etup. Severus. *442&^ 
 
 " "-James n. *4426 
 
 See PRIVILEGE in loc. 
 
 PRESRYTERIAMSM. 
 
 Despised by Charles II. *442r 
 
 PRESBYTERIANS. 
 
 C ross-reference. 
 Dislike for p., Milton's. 1103 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Declined by William Pitt. *4428- 
 Perplexlng-Mazarln. *442a 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Delightful p.-Portralt of the k. 404* 
 
 of Food rewarded. 4431 
 
 " " -Ada to Alexander. 6876 
 
 See PRESENTS in loc. 
 
 PRESENTIJnENT. 
 
 True p.-John Howard. *4430 
 
 See PREMONITION and OMENS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PRESENTS. 
 
 Bring presents.-"Pudding." ♦4431' 
 Solicitation of p.-Alex. *443a 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed-Tyrant-Sapor. 2527 
 
 Misapplied-Montezuma. 1685 
 
 Solicited by royal beggar. 1266r 
 
 See GIFTS in loc. 
 
 PRESERVATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Remarkable p. of Mahomet. 1023 
 Requirement forp.-C'mm'n'sts.lOOS 
 Strange p. of Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 See DELIVERANCE in loc. 
 
 PRESS. 
 
 Defended, Liberty of p. *443a 
 
 Education by the p.-E. A. Poe.*4434 
 
 Freedom of p., Safety by. *4435 
 
 " " " -Liberties. *4436 
 
 « " " -Fred. II. '►4437 
 
 " " " -N. Y., yr. 1734. "-4438 
 
 Political p. feared-England. *4439 
 
 Power of p. feared-England. *4440 
 
 Progress of American p. *4441 
 
 Responsibility of p. *444a 
 
 See NEWS. 
 Fatal n.-Dr. Molt-Llncoln d. *3810 
 Writer of n. devices of yr. 1790. '►3811 
 
 Good n.-Haste-Gold. 1974- 
 
 Manlpulated-Sertorius. 1479 
 Shocking n.-Fatal-Unexpected.l60a 
 
 See NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Colonial Am. n., year 1740. •3812 
 
 Deprecated by Addison. *3813' 
 
 Primitive n.-English. '►3814 
 
 Thought directed by n. '"3815 
 
 Attacks of n. ignored-Linooln. 130ft 
 
PRESTIGE— PRIDE. 
 
 911 
 
 Fabulou* accounts in n. 1973 
 
 Wane of n.-Preserve liberty. 3237 
 
 PRESTIGE. 
 
 C ross-reference . 
 Disregard for family p. 2069 
 
 PBF.SUOTPTION. 
 
 Foolish p.-fimperor Petrarch. *4443 
 Reward of p.. Indignity. *4444 
 
 Mlscellaneou'* cross-references. 
 
 Papal p. resented. 946 
 
 Ridiculed by Purthians. 1712 
 
 of Success-Capt. Lawrence. 2570 
 
 Successful p. of tbi'«e men. 1076 
 
 of Youth-Nasica. 2814 
 
 " " -Pompey. 6310 
 
 " -Louis Xn?". 6209 
 
 See ARROGANCE. 
 
 Answered-Charles V. 
 
 Childish-Xerxes-Fetiers-Sea. 
 
 Insulting a.-Attila. 
 
 " " -Charles V, 
 
 Boastful a.-Disabul the Turk. 
 Clerical a. ia politics. 
 
 Lofty a. of Attila. 
 
 National a.-English. 
 
 Peril in a.-Braddoct's defeat. 
 
 See CREDULITY. 
 of Philo8ophers-Strange-S. 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. 
 of the Sick-16th century. 
 Superstitious c.-Romans. 
 
 '* " -Persian Magi. 
 
 Excess of c.-Mohammedans. 
 of Fanatics-Crusaders. 
 Gold-seekers c.-Signs-Spiders. 
 of Hatred-Origin of Huns. 
 
 " Superstition-Mystery. 
 
 " " -Am. Indians. 
 
 " " -First Crusade. 
 
 " " -N. E. Colonies. 
 
 " Timidity-Negro plot, 
 brings Unbelief-Miracles. 
 Victim of o.-Cotton Mather. 
 
 See SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
 Coronation of self-Napoleon. 
 
 See RISK. 
 Assumed by Alex.'s physician. 
 
 See VENTURE. 
 Instructive v. of Franks. 
 
 ♦319 
 *320 
 *321 
 •319 
 
 384 
 920 
 4929 
 322 
 323 
 97 
 
 *1281 
 ♦1282 
 *12a3 
 ♦1284 
 *1285 
 
 8622 
 5850 
 5141 
 1528 
 5447 
 5448 
 5451 
 5453 
 4214 
 3626 
 1567 
 
 1321 
 1326 
 
 1048 
 
 *5795 
 
 Heroic-Sherman's march to the 8.70 
 
 See CONFIDENCE and PRETEND- 
 ER in loc. 
 
 PRETENDER. 
 
 Honored-Michael the Greek. *4445 
 
 6223 
 
 ♦4446 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Birth of p.-J. F. E. Stuart. 
 
 PRETENDERS. 
 
 Numerous p.-Turkish. 
 
 PRETENSION. 
 
 Mlicellaneous cross-references. 
 Contempt for p.-Pirates. 1144 
 
 " " '• -Alario. 1145 
 
 See IMPOSITION. 
 Artful i. of Alexander. 
 Ofloial i.-Punishment of c. 
 
 *2753 
 
 *2754 
 
 and Enthusiasm-Mahomet. 
 Exposed-Weeping virgin. 
 
 " Oracles-Grecian. 
 
 " " -Delphic, 
 by Postage expense-Scott. 
 Supposed i.-Child of James II 
 on "Verdant countryman. 
 See IMPOSTOR. 
 Contemptible i.-Lambert S. 
 Deceived by i.-Perkin W'rb'ck, 
 
 " " "-Monmouth. 
 Punished-Duke of Monmouth. 
 Reproved by General Grant. 
 
 1468 
 3620 
 3946 
 3947 
 2048 
 3913 
 1231 
 
 *2755 
 *2756 
 *2757 
 *2758 
 *2759 
 
 Blasphemous i.-Titus Gates. 5018 
 
 See IMPOSTORS. 
 
 Power of i.-Barbarlans. 2261 
 
 See IMPOSTURE. 
 
 Political i.-Voice in the wall. *2761 
 
 Rewarded-Titus Gates. *2760 
 
 Duplioated-Titus Gates. 
 
 See HYPOCRISY. 
 Brazen h.-Pope Adrian VI. 
 Diplomatic h.-Napoleon I. 
 Exposed-Religious-Charles II 
 in Friendship-Rival dukes. 
 Invited-Puritan Parliament. 
 Religious h.-Rival dukes. 
 " " -Roman philos. 
 
 *2051 
 
 *2692 
 ♦2693 
 *2694 
 ♦2695 
 ♦2696 
 ♦2697 
 ♦2698 
 
 Political h.-Augustus. 4256 
 
 Religious h.-Charles II. 4711 
 
 See HYPOCRITE. 
 
 Accomplished h.-" Dick" T. ^2699 
 
 Epitaph of the h.-Alexius. 2700 
 
 See QUACKERY. 
 
 Experiment in q.-Cato. ♦4587 
 Superstitious q.-King's touch. *4588 
 
 See SHAMS. 
 
 Military s.-Am. Revolution. ^5126 
 
 Ridiculed-Affectation. 1506 
 
 See DECEPTION in loo. 
 
 PRETEXT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Banishment of French Caths.448 
 
 819 
 
 1186 
 
 6069 
 
 6009 
 
 428 
 
 430 
 
 Commercial p.-Lysander 
 Conscience a p.-Sunderland. 
 for Divorce-Henry VIII. 
 " " -Peter m. 
 
 Flimsy p. for war.-Romans. 
 " Extortion-Henry VIII 
 Religion a p.-Bibulus. 3856 
 
 Religious p. for vice-Mahomet. 63 
 " " of James II. 577 
 
 See EXCUSE in loc. 
 
 PRICE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Change in p.-Manhattan Island.2997 
 
 See PURCHASE in loc. 
 
 PRIDE. 
 
 Absence of p. in Caesar. ^4447 
 
 Characteristic p.-E. Seymour.^4448 
 Concealed by humility. +4449 
 
 Defensive p.-Samuel Johnson.^4450 
 
 Folly of p., Destructive. ^4451 
 
 Humiliated-Samuel Johnson. ♦4453 
 Mortified-Oliver Goldsmith. ♦4453 
 of Rivalry-Cicero's. ♦4454 
 
 Sacrifices for p., Goldsmith's. ♦4455- 
 Subjugation of Luther's p. *445& 
 Vainglorious p. of Henry VIII.^4457 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Boastful p.-Disabul the Turk. 384 
 vs. Charity-Newton. 4339 
 
 Competition of p.-Extr'v'g'nce.201» 
 
 2674 
 332: 
 1684 
 
 4492^ 
 1587 
 4104 
 28ia 
 2820 
 
 Covering humility-Becket. 
 Destructive p.-Palaces and e, 
 Dissipation removes p.-Poe. 
 Downfall of p.-Julian. 
 Endeavor spurred by p. 
 Humiliated by promotion. 
 Humiliation of p.-Penance. 
 Industry sacrificed to p. 
 Infatuation of p.-James II. 
 Injured by sympathy-W. Scott's. 92 
 Money to gratify p. 3679 
 
 Mortification of p.-Goldsmith. 226a 
 Mortified by rival-S. Johnson. 4450 
 National p. aroused. 244* 
 
 Ofifended-Portrait of Elizabeth.4329' 
 vs. Peace-National-Thebans. 4095 
 Poverty with p.-Johnson. 
 Resentment of wounded p. 
 
 " " criticism. 
 
 Sorrowful p.-Johnson. 
 of Vice-Gambling. 
 War, Cause of-England. 
 Wounded by indifference. 
 " " precedence. 
 
 See CONCEIT. 
 Changeless c.-Cicero's. 
 Foolish c.-Xerxes-Shackle. 
 Literary o.-Thomas Paine. 
 Silly c.-Xerxes- Mountain. 
 
 4349* 
 2012 
 4217 
 1662 
 2272- 
 3005. 
 1515- 
 1671 
 
 ♦1025. 
 ♦1026- 
 ♦1027 
 ♦102& 
 
 Artistic 0. of Nero. 827 
 
 Danger of c.-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 National c.-English-French. 4603 
 " of English. 3781 
 
 Personal c. of Jefferson Davis. 3930- 
 Political 0. of James II. 4958 
 
 Removed-" Invulnerables." 5242" 
 
 See EGOTISM. 
 Caste e.-Young Byron. ♦1832 
 
 Characteristic e. of J. Adams. ♦1833 
 Contrast in e.-Caesar and Cio. ♦1834 
 of Genius-Oliver Goldsmith. ♦1835 
 Royal e.-James II. ♦1836. 
 
 Outraged-Cicero's e. 
 
 2873 
 
 Rebuked by Plato. 
 
 5778 
 
 See OSTENTATION. 
 
 
 Meritless o.-Demaratus. 
 
 ♦3963 
 
 Oriental o.-Chosroes'. 
 
 ♦3964 
 
 Rebuked by Parmenio. 
 
 ♦3965 
 
 Ruinous o.-Anthemius. 
 
 ♦3966 
 
 Vain o. of Romans. 
 
 ♦3967 
 
 — 
 
 
 Deceptive o.-Feast. 8768 
 
 Eagerness of o. 3967 
 
 of Greatness-Napoleon 1. 8480 
 
 Military o. of Darius. 4830 
 
 Oriental o.-Emp. Angelas. 3896 
 
 Rebuked-Barber. 1667 
 
 Royal o.-Constantine. !)M06 
 
913 
 
 PRIEST— PROCRASTINATION. 
 
 See SELF-CONCEIT. 
 Braggart's s.-c.-Royalist in N. 
 Folly of s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout. 
 Personal majesty of Sapor. 
 
 See VANITY. 
 Excessive v.-Diocletian. 
 Folly of v.-Madman. 
 Foolish v.-Ferguson. 
 -with Greatness-Queen Eliz. 
 Eebuked-' Fine Coat." 
 
 " -Goldsmiths. 
 
 " -Artaxerxes'. 
 
 " -Menecrates'. 
 Eidiouloas v. -Monumental. 
 Victim of V. -Alexander. 
 
 Y. 613 
 
 611 
 441 
 
 *5772 
 *5773 
 *5774 
 *5775 
 *5776 
 *b777 
 *5778 
 *5779 
 *5780 
 *5781 
 
 ■of Ambition-Grant-Alfonso. 2621 
 Architectural v.-Pyramids. 2365 
 5647 
 in Benevolence-Johnson. 521 
 
 ■Clerical v. in erecting St. Sophia.864 
 Covered with rags. 5677 
 
 of Earthly possession. 2379 
 
 Flattered-Charles I. by Finch. 60 
 Hindrance of v. -John Adams. 3894 
 Homage to v. of Greek emperors,59 
 " " " " Diocletian. 26 
 
 of Honors-Queen Mary. 2619 
 
 " Life-Captive king. 3292 
 
 In Old Age-Constantine. 5772 
 
 " " " -Queen Elizabeth. 5775 
 Perilous v. -Emperor Julian. ■ 3678 
 of Popularity-Cromwell. 4324 
 
 Prevents success-Timotheus. 2213 
 Eebuked-Buckingham's. 3904 
 
 " -Demaratus. 3963 
 
 Sensitive v.-Voltaire's. 2155 
 
 Victimized by Pompey. 5 
 
 See DiaNITT in loc 
 
 PRIEST. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 vs. Christ-Pardon. 4103 
 
 of Infidelity-Robespierre. 4482 
 
 See PRIESTS. 
 Interference of p.-Meddling. *4468 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Banished from Ireland. 4117 
 
 High regard for p.-Ferdinand. 921 
 
 Tyranny of p., Infuriating. 1340 
 
 See CATHOLICISM and CLERGY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 primogeniture;. 
 
 Disregarded in Old Testament. *4459 
 See INHERITANCE in loc. 
 
 PRINCIPI^X:. 
 
 ■Importance of p.-Tax on tea. *4460 
 
 PRINCIPIiES. 
 
 Limited p.-James II. ♦4461 
 
 Weight of independence. *4462 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destitute of p.-T. Cranmer. 1018 
 Expressed by action. 6169 
 
 without Restraining-C. J. Fox. 5806 
 ▼s. Sentiments-Puritans. 2038 
 
 See MOTIVE, OPINIONS and SIN- 
 CERITY in loc. 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 Beginning of p.-Almanac. *4463 
 
 Restricted-Punishment for. *4464 
 
 Suspicion of magic. *4465 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Genius developed in p.-oflQce. 2331 
 Opposition to p.-Va. Colony. 1810 
 Prohibited in Virginia by C. II. 3941 
 
 See BOOKS. 
 Burned by hangman. *623 
 
 Dearth of b.-England. *624 
 
 Divine b.-Zendavesta. *625 
 
 Enchanted by b.-W. Irving. *626 
 Forbidden b.-England. *627 
 
 Passion for b.-Dr. Harvey. *628 
 Publication of b. restricted. *629 
 Rejected-Mllton's-C's., etc. *630 
 Religious b.-Samuel Johnson. *631 
 Scarcity of b.-Europe. *632 
 
 Ambition aroused by b. 
 Boys Influenced by b. 
 Burned-Alchemist's b. 
 Condemned-Rule for b. 
 
 3268 
 2734 
 5976 
 3240 
 
 Dedication of b. to patrons. 498 
 Destruction of all b.-T. Paine. 1027 
 Devil tested by b.-C. Mather. 1567 
 Helpful b. -Wesley-Luther. 1122 
 Thorough study of b.-Bunyan. 81 
 Valuable when scarce. 632 
 
 See NEWSPAPERS. 
 Colonial Am. n., year 1740. *3813 
 Deprecated by Addison. ♦3813 
 
 Primitive n.-English. ♦3814 
 
 Thought directed by n. ♦3815 
 
 Attacks of n. ignored-Lincoln. 1309 
 
 Fabulous accounts in n. 1973 
 
 Want of n.-Preserve liberty. 3237 
 
 See PRESS in loc. 
 
 PRISON. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bible in the p.-7 Bishops. 966 
 
 Blessing to J. Bunyan-Study. 81 
 Labor in p.-Raleigh. 1139 
 
 Mismanagement in p.-England.2125 
 Unhealthy English p.-Howard. 4164 
 
 PRISONER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Associates make p., Bad. 3631 
 
 Cruelty to p.-Garibaldi in S. Am.230 
 Happy p.-John Nelson. 4999 
 
 Home-sick p.venturesome-Nap. 115 
 Innocent p. outraged-Cormb's.l646 
 Noble p.-Columbus. 2473 
 
 Political champion p.-L'f y'tte. 3212 
 Self-surrendered p.-Honest. 2618 
 
 PRISONERS. 
 
 Cruelty to p.-England. ♦4466 
 
 " "_" The Fleet." ♦4467 
 
 Enslaved-Indian. ♦4468 
 
 Extortion from p.-" Fleet." ^4469 
 
 Miscellaneous cros8-reference». 
 
 Abuse of p. -Bridewell. 1302 
 
 " " " -Lesson of. 1990 
 
 " " " -Disease. 2863 
 
 Abused-" Ducking." 1385 
 
 Benevolence to p.-Hpward. 516 
 
 Benevolence to p.-Debts paid. 1459 
 
 Capture of 40,000 p. by Nap. 469 
 
 Contaminate each other. 5804 
 
 Cruelty to p.-Crucified. 1331 
 
 " " "-England. 1346 
 
 " "-Black Hole. 1356 
 
 for Debt-England. 1459 
 
 Enslaved-English rebels. 5193 
 
 " -English criminals. 5194 
 
 Extortion of fees-England. 2125 
 
 Honored by Black Prince. 1260 
 
 Inhumanity to p. 4845 
 
 4860 
 
 " " _" The Fleet." 4469 
 
 " "-England. 5183 
 
 Protection of p.-Habeas Corpus.S226 
 
 Rebellion of p.-Howard. 541 
 
 Slaughter of p.-Barbarians. 5180 
 
 Slavery of p. by Romans. 5185 
 
 Voluntary p.-Nap.'s friends 715 
 
 PRISONS. 
 
 of Tyranny-France. 
 
 See IMPRISONMENT. 
 Long i.- John Bunyan. ♦2764 
 
 ♦4470 
 
 Honorable i.-Diocletian's per. 843 
 
 Shameful 1. of innocent children.803 
 
 See CAPTIVITY and CRIMINALS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PRIVACY. 
 
 of Conversation-Lac'daemn'ns. 4471 
 
 See ISOLATION. 
 
 Safety by i.-German States. ♦3000 
 
 See SOLITUDE in loc. 
 
 PRIVATEER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Suooessful-Sir Francis Drake. 8069 
 
 PRIVATEERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Successful p.-Am. Revolution. 2150 
 
 See PIRATES in loc. 
 
 PRIVATIONS. 
 
 Ministerial p.-J. Wesley. 
 
 *447« 
 
 See ADVERSITY, FAMINE and 
 POVERTY in loc. 
 
 PRIVILEGES. 
 
 Pre-eminent p.-Scotland. ♦4478 
 See OPPORTUNITY in loc. 
 
 PROBI.E1I. 
 
 Cro?s-reference. 
 
 Difficult mathematical p. 85S2 
 
 See MATHEMATICS in loc. 
 
 PROCESSION. 
 
 Funeral p.-Alexander's. ^4474 
 
 Royal p.-Greek emperors. ^4475 
 
 Triumphant p.-Aurelian. ♦4^76 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Honors of triumph-Pompey. 
 
 5719 
 
 PROCIiAlTIATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Memorable p.-Emancipation. 822T 
 
 PROCRASTINATION. 
 
 Fatal p. of Archias. •4477 
 
 See DELAY in loc. 
 
PRODIGALITY— PROMPTNESS. 
 
 91» 
 
 PRODIG A IiIT¥. 
 
 Checked by instruction. *4478 
 
 Encouraged-Kulnous. *4479 
 
 See DISSIPATION. 
 
 Philosopher's d.-S. Johnson. *1683 
 
 Youthful d.-E. A. Poe. *1684 
 
 Clerical d.-Old England. 925 
 
 " "Eighteenth century. 941 
 Despondency rerfioved by d. 5449 
 Reaction of d.-Cartwright. 1083 
 Shortens life-"Artemus Ward."3283 
 
 See PROFLIGATE. 
 Royal p.-Queen of Spain. *4490 
 
 Clerical p.-Pope John XII. 4305 
 
 Marriage of p.-Byron. 8465 
 
 See EXTRA VA6ANCE in loe. 
 
 PROFANITY. 
 
 Irrepressible- Washington's. ♦4480 
 
 Punished by Puritans. *4481 
 
 Ruinous p.-French infidels. *4483 
 
 Suppression of p.-C Wren. *4483 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clerical p.-Wm. Qrimshaw. 8708 
 Female p.-Queen Elizabeth. 763 
 vs. Prayer-Andrew Johnson. 4387 
 Reproof of p. resented. 4033 
 
 See BLASPHEMY. 
 by Comparison to Christ. 1958 
 
 Punishable by death-Maryland.4729 
 
 See SWEARING. 
 Admired-Gen. Charles Scott. *5485 
 Reproof for s.-John Bunyan. *5486 
 
 412 
 
 Substitute for profane s. 
 
 See DESECRATION in loc. 
 
 PROFESSION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Heredity of p. in Egypt. 4486 
 
 Indiscreet religious p. 1099 
 
 Vain p., Cowards-Gelimer. 1268 
 
 See PRETENSION in loo. 
 
 PROFESSIONS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Failure in p.-Goldsmith. 2030 
 
 See EMPLOYMENTS in loc. 
 
 PROFITS. 
 
 Eagerness for p.-Tobacco. *4489 
 
 See GAIN. 
 or Lose-Tlmour's demand. *2262 
 
 See BUSINESS in loo. 
 
 PROFIilGAClT. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Abandoned to p.-Emp. Car'nus.1701 
 Reaction of p.-Puritans. 899 
 
 PROFIilGATE. 
 
 Royal p.-Queen of Spain. *4490 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Clerical p.-Pope John XII. 4305 
 
 Deed of the p. surpasses the sea.266 
 
 Marriage of p.-Byron. 3465 
 
 See PRODIGALITY in loo. 
 
 PROGRESS. 
 
 Checked-Family. *4491 
 
 by Competition-Isaac Newton.*4492 
 
 " Development-Farmers. *4493 
 
 Feeble-Syrians-Egyptians. ^4494 
 
 Hopeless-Polar Sea. *4495 
 
 Human-Germany. *4496 
 
 Ignored-Charies I. *4497 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Age of P.-1485 to 1514. 912 
 
 " " " -13th century. 142 
 
 " " " -Reform ation-D.- Art. 143 
 
 of Civilization by experiments. 906 
 
 " " -Britons. 911 
 
 " " -European. 912 
 
 " " -Grecian. 910 
 
 " " -England. 4287 
 
 Delayed-Soclal p. of Russians. 907 
 
 Difficult in fine art. 345 
 
 Discouraging p.-Plymouth Col. 1534 
 
 Expectation exceeded. 6186 
 
 in Knowledge- Aristotle. 3093 
 
 Limited by ignorance. 1204 
 
 in Longevity-One fourth-Eng. 8267 
 
 " Manufactures-Clocks. 3374 
 
 Moral p.-Slave-trade. 5203 
 
 by Observation-Crusades. 5680 
 
 Opposed-Gas-light. 8298 
 
 " -Post-office. 4332 
 
 " -Highways. 4414 
 
 " -Manufacture of Iron. 4415 
 
 " -Stage-coaches. 6684 
 
 Opposition to p. vain-London. 890 
 
 " " " -Postal service.4332 
 
 " " " -Inventions. 2980 
 
 " " " -Lights. 3932 
 
 " " " -Railroad. 4610 
 
 in Philosophy-Baconian. 5049 
 
 Prejudice against p.-Sewing-m.2765 
 
 by Religion-Colonization. 4789 
 
 In " -" More truth." 4738 
 
 " " -Mahomet. 4740 
 
 Slow p.-Travel-Am. Colonies. 5688 
 
 Social p.-Barbarians-Swift. 1565 
 
 " " -Cities. 5354 
 
 " " " 5355 
 
 Springs of human p. 4532 
 
 Sudden p. in fine art. 349 
 
 in Travel expedited-Rome. 5684 
 
 " Vice-Commodus. 1364 
 
 See DEVELOPMENT. 
 Social d.-Lombards. *1565 
 
 of Genius-Periods. 2297 
 
 Inventions by d.-Steam-engine.6732 
 Perfection by d.-Paradise Lost.4108 
 
 See IMPROVEMENT. 
 Opposed-Sewing-machines. ♦2765 
 Repressed, Social i.-England. ^2766 
 
 Agricultural i. opposed. 1129 
 
 " "in Germany. 1377 
 
 Forestalled-Conservatives. 1126 
 
 Period of architectural I. 286 
 
 Prevented by legislation. 3110 
 8111 
 
 Self-Improvement, Mental. 1776 
 
 See INNOVATION. 
 
 Resented-Subjects of Peter. ♦2875 
 
 Opposed-Highways. 4414 
 
 " to i.-S. Johnson. 2511 
 
 See SELF-IMPROVEMENT. 
 Related- Arkwright-50 Years. 1775 
 
 Difficulties in s.-i.-A. Lincoln. 1787 
 
 Successful-G. Washington. 1788- 
 
 See REFORM and REVIVAL in loc. 
 
 PROHIBITION. 
 
 Colonial p. in Va. ♦4498- 
 
 Incipient p. in N. J. ♦4499' 
 
 Ineffective p. in Ga. +4500 
 
 Plea for p.-Am. Indians. ^4501 
 Protection by p. -Colony of Ga.^4502: 
 
 Resisted-Am. Indians. ♦4503 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Amusements-Eng. Puritans. 222" 
 " Begging by Solon. 4359- 
 
 " Commerce-Spartans. 989 
 
 Legal p. of silks and cottons. 961 
 of Rum-Am. Ind's. 4976- 
 
 " Wine-Women-Locrian law. 6011 
 '* " -Roman women. 6014 
 
 See LAWS (Sumptuabt). 
 Sumptuary l.-Romans. +8161 
 ♦3162 
 
 Simiptuary 1. opposed. 
 " " -Dress. 
 
 PROMISE. 
 
 Cross-refereace. 
 Forced p. of Galileo. 
 
 PROMISES. 
 
 Broken p.-Queen Mary's. ^4604 
 
 Deceptive p. to heretics. ♦4505- 
 
 Regard for p.-Romans. ♦4606 
 
 3416 
 961. 
 
 678r 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Refused bycandidate-Jeffer8on.704 
 
 See COVENANT in loc. 
 
 ♦4507 
 ♦4508- 
 ♦4609 
 ♦4510 
 ♦4511 
 ♦4612 
 ♦4513 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 Eamed-General Grant. 
 Jocose p. -Napoleon. 
 Loss by p.-Saturnlnus. 
 Offensive p.-Senators. 
 Providential p.-Queen Eliz. 
 Remarkable p.-Cromwell. 
 Unexpected p., Cromwell's. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Alarming-Pertinax-not Death. 165 
 
 Changed by p.-Arohbp. Becket. 882 
 
 Deserved p.-Lannes at Lodi. 648 
 
 Disgraceful p., Jeffreys'. 2888 
 
 Failure by p.-Soldiers. 5669 
 
 by Honesty-Pompey. 2606 
 
 " Knowledge-J. Sparks. 3094 
 
 " Merit-not ancestry. 3592 
 
 " " -Saxon chiefs. 3594 
 
 without Merit-Justinian n. 4961 
 
 Neglected-Resented. 4799 
 
 Peculiar p.-Cook chief engine'r.l239 
 
 Resented by hissing. 1564 
 
 Ruined by p.-Young Carinus. 1701 
 
 Shameful p. by disgrace. Ill 1 
 
 Undeserved p. of an adv'nt'r'rV.494 
 
 " " " favorites. 2110 
 
 See PRE-EMINENCE and OFFICE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PROMPTNESS. 
 
 Success by p.-Charles XIL ^4514 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Necessary -Evil-doers. 188& 
 
 Preparation forp.-Minute-men.5881 
 
914 
 
 PROOF— PROTECTOR. 
 
 See PUNCTUALITY. 
 Characteristic p.-J. Q. Adams. 4388 
 
 See ENERGY in loc. 
 
 PROOF. 
 
 ■of Good inteutions-Cleopatra. *4515 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Demanded of divinity. 1691 
 
 of Relision-Constantlne's. 4524 
 
 Sophistical p. -Either side. 5733 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 Conservatism of p. *4516 
 
 Hereditary p. -Romans. *4517 
 
 ■Ownership of p.-Production. *4518 
 
 Titles to p. reversed. *4519 
 
 Tyranny of p.-Communism. *4520 
 
 Wrongs of p.-English law. *4521 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Distributed by luxury. 3362 
 
 Distribution of p.-Beneflts. 3126 
 ■Government for p.-England. 4351 
 Hoarded and squandered-O. p. 227 
 Insecurity of p.-Loans. 2011 
 
 Loss of p. by Sir Walter Scott. 91 
 " " " vs. Children-S. We8ley.ll9 
 Lost by drink. 2943 
 
 Quarrels for p., Family. 3732 
 
 Sacrifice of p.. Patriotic. 4066 
 
 " " " 4067 
 
 Taluechanged-New York. 5769 
 Wife bequeathed as p. 5995 
 
 of Wife for her husband. 3465 
 
 Wronged of p.. Widow. 4521 
 
 See COMMUNISM. 
 
 American c.-Colonists. *998 
 
 Eqality by c.-Lycurgus. *999 
 
 " " -Spartans. *1000 
 
 Vicious c.-Reign of Kobad. *1001 
 
 of Families-Spartans. 808 
 
 in Food-American savages. 2649 
 
 " Land by early Romans. 152 
 
 Restoration of c.-Cleomenes. 2445 
 
 See COMMUNISTS. 
 
 Conspicuous c.-" Levellers." *1002 
 
 Dangerous " " *1003 
 
 In Diet-Spartan tables. 2182 
 Pleasure-seeking c.-England. 3335 
 
 Power of c.-Paris. 1276 
 
 See LAND. 
 
 Division of 1., Beneficial. *3126 
 
 Ownership of l.-England. *3127 
 
 Unimproved l.-England. ♦3128 
 
 Limited to seven acres for a. 152 
 Monopoly in 1. imperils the state.152 
 " of I. abolished. 3691 
 
 -Plymouth Colony. 3697 
 Poverty with l.-United States. 4345 
 Title of 1., Disputed-Indians. 4331 
 
 See LANDS. 
 
 Hereditary l.-Roman. *3129 
 
 See MONEY and WEALTH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PROPHECIES. 
 
 •Sustained, Scripture p.-Jews. *4522 
 
 PROPKECT. 
 
 False p.-Empires. *4523 
 
 fJnconsclous p.-Vlrgil. ^4524 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of America's future-Lafayette. 210 
 " " " -Stormont. 212 
 
 Fictitious p.-Confucius of C. 395 
 
 See PREMONITION. 
 
 Accidental p.-Charles L *4419 
 
 of Death-Charles V. *4420 
 
 " " -Lincoln's. *4421 
 
 ♦4423 
 
 PROPHET. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 False p.-Peter the Hermit. 2090 
 
 PROPHETS. 
 
 Great p., The Four. 
 
 *4525 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 False p.-Levellers. 1003 
 
 " " -Reformation. 2088 
 See PREDICTIONS. 
 
 Editorial p. -Civil War. *4406 
 
 Parental p. for Peter Cooper. *4407 
 
 Realized-New York. *4408 
 
 Augury-Birds-Building-Rome. 396 
 of Bankruptcy-National. 451 
 
 Equivocal p.-Delphic oracle. 3948 
 Foolish p.-J. Dryden. 5049 
 
 Fulfilled-J. Fitch-Steamboats. 2306 
 Oracular-Nero to kill his mother. 196 
 " -Sylla-Reins of gov't. 495 
 Political p.-Am. Revolution. 1599 
 Popular political p., False. 1985 
 
 Realized -Diffusion of the Bible. 578 
 
 PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Nominal p.-George I. ^4526 
 
 PROPRIETORS. 
 
 Bondage of p.-Peruvians. ♦4527 
 See PROPERTY in loc. 
 
 PROPRIETY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Ignored-Minlsterial. 1737 
 
 See DECORUM. 
 
 in Debate-American Indians. ^1483 
 
 Ministerial d.-S. Johnson. *1484 
 
 See DIGNITY and MODESTY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 PROSECUTION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Malicious p.-Unsuccessful. 8203 
 
 PROSEIilTTE. 
 
 Cross-reerence. 
 Conciliated by relaxation of d. 839 
 
 PROSE liYTES. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Zeal for p., Monks'. 8683 
 
 See CONVERT in loe. 
 
 PROSPECTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Enjoyable p.-Scotland. 1228 
 
 See FUTURE in loc. 
 
 PROSPERITY. 
 
 Children bring p.-Arabs. ♦4528 
 
 Dangers of p.-Phlllp. ^4529 
 
 Destructive to Christianity. ^4530 
 
 by Government-Rlenzi. ^^531 
 
 Springs of p.-Desire. *4533 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Age of national p.-Roman. 3414 
 
 Changed, National p. suddenly.3984 
 
 Deceptive p.-" All Is well." 5951 
 
 Endangers the Church-England. 858 
 
 National p. by commerce. 978 
 
 " " iron-England. 2998 
 
 Spoiled by p.-Pizzaro. 1068 
 
 Stimulated by necessity-Dutch. 994 
 
 See POPULARITY, RICHES and 
 
 SUCCESS in loe. 
 
 PROSTITUTE. 
 
 Distinguished p.-Theodora. ♦4533 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Expensive p.-Charles II. 6083 
 
 Honored p.- Empress Theodora.3191 
 
 " " -Goddess of Reason. 4624 
 
 Power of p., Political-Louis XV. 6079 
 
 *' " -Pompadour. 6080 
 
 Rule of p.-Poppaea. 4373 
 
 PROSTITUTES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Drees of p., Luxurious. 4611 
 
 Rule of p.-Papal chair. 3986 
 
 Wives made p., Gothic. 1209 
 
 See COURTESAN and LICEN- 
 
 TIOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 PROTECTION. 
 
 of Industry-Clashing. ♦4534 
 
 " Manufacturers-England. *4535 
 
 by Secrecy- Athanasius. ♦4536 
 
 for the Weak-Georgia. *4537 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Armor-Battle of Brenneville.461 
 Bible p.-John Knox-Queen M. 581 
 by Charms-Numa. 782 
 
 " " -"Agnus Dei." 783 
 
 " Climate-Ethiopians. 956 
 
 Costly and futile-Chinese wall. 295 
 Divine p. of Geo. Washington. 3274 
 " " sought. .3718 
 
 Feeble p.-Mlles Standlsh-6 Men. 313 
 Hurtful p. of property by H. 701 
 Impartial p. of children-Dustin. 117 
 Ineffective- Arrows at Hastings. 391 
 National p. made necessary-C. 172 
 of Peace-Am. Ind.'s peace pipe.4092 
 " Providence- Wm. P. of O. 4555 
 
 See PRESERVATION. 
 Remarkable p. of Mahomet. 1023 
 Requirement for p.-C'mm'n'sts.l003 
 Strange p. of Rome-Grcese. 1^1 
 
 See REFUGE. 
 Sanctuary for r.-15th century. ^4659 
 Secured in America. ♦4660 
 
 Failure of r.-Earthquake-D.sbon.731 
 in Prayer from adversity-G. W. 4382 
 " " " " -A.J. 4387 
 
 Temple of r.-Founding of Romc.387 
 See DEFENCE m loc. 
 
 PROTECTOR. 
 
 Needed-Protestants. ♦4538 
 
 Strong p.-Cromweli. ^4539 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Motto of p.-" I will maintain." 1506 
 Safety by p.-Anglo-Saxons. 4080 
 of Protestants-Cromwell. 4542 
 
PROTECTORS— PUNISHMENT. 
 
 915 
 
 PROTECTORS. 
 
 false p.-Unchained lions. 174 
 
 PROTEST. 
 
 Rebuked for p. -Coustantine. 1896 
 
 PROTEST ANTISM. 
 
 Advance of P. -France. *4540 
 
 Overthrow of P.-Huguenots. *4541 
 -Protectors of P. -English-S. *4542 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beneficial to Eng. vs. Cath'llcism.735 
 Champion of P.-Cromwell. 3921 
 Champions against P.-Jesuits. 3960 
 Checked by Jesuits. 3017 
 
 Expulsion for P. 3616 
 
 Rejected in death by Charles n. 13 
 Suppression of P. in Ireland. 312 
 
 PROT EST A NTS. 
 
 Bigotryof P.-Ex'c"tion of Mary S.589 
 
 Blemished by persecutors. 1166 
 
 Champion of P.-Wm. P. of O. 1505 
 
 Deceived by Charles II. 906 
 
 Defender of P.-Cromwell. 4539 
 
 Intolerance of P.-Eng. 2963 
 
 Persecuted by Caths. in Ireland. 1336 
 
 " " Albigenses. 4123 
 
 " " Callis-Ireland. 4115 
 
 t. i. 41 » 4J32 
 
 " " France. 4119 
 
 " " " 4126 
 
 " " " 4133 
 
 4134 
 
 Persecution of P. in Scotland. 4136 
 
 " " " " France. 4144 
 
 " " " " 4145 
 
 3675 
 
 3209 
 
 3151 
 
 vs. Protestants-Dutch. 
 Terrified-Defenceless-Ireland. 
 XTnprotected by law-Ireland. 
 
 PROTESTATION. 
 
 Absurd-Timour. *4543 
 
 PROTESTATIONS. 
 
 Characteristic-Celts. *4544 
 
 PROVIDENCE. 
 
 Deliverance by p. -Columbus. *4545 
 Delivering p. -National. *4546 
 
 Detention of p.-Cromwell. *4547 
 Directing p.-Pilgrims to N. E. *4548 
 Disposed of p.-Pilgrims. *4549 
 
 •Crifts of p. -Socrates. *4550 
 
 In History-Wm. P. of Orange. *4551 
 " " -Plymouth Colony. *4553 
 H^atlonal p.-England. *4553 
 
 Overruling p.-Misslons. *4554 
 
 Protecting p.-Wm. P. of O. *4555 
 Special p.-Miner saved. *4556 
 
 Submission to p.-Socrates. *4557 
 Trust in p.-Wm. P. of Orange.*4558 
 " " " -A. Lincoln's. *4559 
 
 Vindication of p.-Persecution.*4560 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Angry p.-Death by lightning. 3299 
 Deliverance by p.-Dream. 1724 
 
 Delivering p.-Wesley from fire. 119 
 Dependence upon p.-Lincoln. 4380 
 Facilities of p.-Gout of Bajazet.611 
 Faith in p.-Latimer. 6147 
 
 •Great men come by p. 8581 
 
 In History of America. 
 " " " James II. 
 
 902 
 4551 
 4553 
 3787 
 3929 
 
 902 
 
 " " " New England. 
 
 " " " " New France.' 
 
 " " " Purchase of La. 
 
 " " " Spanish wars. 
 Impressive p. in opening of Am.211 
 Intimations of p.-Am.Republic.4783 
 in Inventions- Watt and A. 2987 
 Misjudged-Calamity-Sin. 3797 
 
 National p.-Domain of Texas. 1517 
 Obedience to p.-Cromwell. 4383 
 Orderings of p.-S. Houston. 3251 
 Recognized by Elizabeth. 4511 
 
 See DESTINY, FATE and GOD 
 in Iric. 
 
 PROVOCATION. 
 
 Dangerous p.-Rebellion. 753 
 
 See EXASPERATION. 
 Rashness of e.-Ethan Allen. *1967 
 
 Calmness provokes e.-Socrates. 700 
 
 by Inhumanity-Sepoys. 4847 
 
 in Misfortune feared. 1267 
 
 See RESENTMENT in loc. 
 
 PROIVESS. 
 
 Military p.-Belisarius. ♦4561 
 
 See BRAVERY in loc. 
 
 ^ROXT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Insuflcient-Augustus. 101 
 
 See REPRESENTATIVE. 
 Punished in r.-King of Eng. *4773 
 
 Efficiency by means of r. 8833 
 
 Personality lost in r. 416 
 
 Silent r.-A. Jackson-Congress. 3193 
 
 See SUBSTITUTE in loo. 
 
 PRUDENCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Longevity by p.-Locke. 3326 
 
 vs. Love-Agesilaus. 
 Military p. felt, not seen. 
 
 See CONSERVATISM 
 Cured-Peter the Great. 
 Dangers of c.-Dr. Arnold. 
 Described-Robert Cecil. 
 Excessive c.-Reign of Chas.II.*1127 
 Foolish c.-Anti-progressive. *1128 
 Non-progressive c.-Duke of N.*1129 
 " "-Mines-Eng*1131 
 
 Opposition of c. to police. *1130 
 Political c.-Lord Halifax. *1132 
 
 3346 
 1693 
 
 *1124 
 *1125 
 *1126 
 
 of Capital-Romans. 709 
 
 Characteristic c.-Halifax. 5717 
 
 of the Church-Presumed-Jas. 11.857 
 
 Impossible-Man or mouse. 
 Opposition of c. Light, 
 of Property-owners. 
 " Pulpit, Political c. 
 Ruinous c.-Monmouth. 
 
 See CARE in loc. 
 
 PRUDERV. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Puritanic p.-Statuary. 
 
 See MODESTY in loo. 
 
 PUBIilSHERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Mistakes of p. -Books rejected. 
 Restrained by English law. 
 See BOOKS and PRESS in loo. 
 
 3396 
 3932 
 4516 
 4562 
 1222 
 
 830 
 
 629 
 
 PUGILIST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Amateur p.-Palmerston. 
 
 131} 
 
 PUNCTUAIilTY, 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Long characteristic p.-Quincy. 4388 
 
 See PROMPTNESS in loc. 
 
 PUNISHMENT. 
 
 Capital p.-English code. 
 Deserved-Titus Oates. 
 " -Mourzoufie. 
 Effective p. -Prompt. 
 Excessive p.-Ed. Floyd. 
 Ineffective p.-Capital-Eng. 
 of Innocent-China. 
 " " -Children, 
 in Kind-Theseus. 
 Parental p. -Luther. 
 Partiality in p.-Romans. 
 Retaliation in p. -Visigoths. 
 Rule of p.-Romans. 
 Severe p. necessary. 
 Severity in p.-Aurelius. 
 Terrible p. by vipers. 
 
 *4564 
 ♦4565 
 ♦4566 
 ♦4567 
 ♦4568 
 ♦4569 
 *4570 
 ♦4571 
 ♦4572 
 ♦4573 
 ♦4574 
 ♦4575 
 ♦4576 
 ♦4577 
 ♦4578 
 ♦4579 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Adulterer-Exile. 
 
 " Adultery, Severe p. 
 
 " Avarice-Crassus. 
 for Begging-England, 
 by Boiling to death-Poison. 
 Brutal p.-Prance. 
 by Cats-Torture. 
 
 " Contempt-Impostor, 
 of Cowards-Lacedsemonians. 
 by Crucifixion,Modem p.-India. 
 Cruelty in p. of Andronicus. 
 Daily p. of slaves. 
 Delight in p.-Old England. 
 Deserved but misapplied. 
 
 " p.-Hand in flames, 
 by Disgrace-Barrel. 
 
 Disgraceful p. bravely met. 
 Excessive p.-Laws of Draco. 
 Fictitious p.-Deception. 
 Freaks for p.-Caligula. 
 Hastened by omitting trial. 
 Horrifying execution-Rebels. 
 
 111 proportioned p.-Quakers. 
 Ineffectual p. for idleness. 
 In Kind-" Gold down throat." 
 
 " " -Rosamond. 
 Merciless p. of adulterer, 
 by Mutilation-Scots, 
 of Parricide-Romans. 
 
 " Perjury-Romans-Death. 
 Petulant p.-Romans. 
 Pitiless p.-England. 
 Posthumous p.-Body burned. 
 Post-mortem p.-Corpse. 
 
 of Poverty-England. 
 
 " Rebels-Quartered. 
 Reformatory p.-Lycurgus. 
 of Representatives-King, 
 by Retaliation- Arson. 
 Satisfaction in p.-" Hand." 
 
 64 
 8160 
 
 434 
 2703 
 1339 
 6648 
 4803 
 2755 
 1280 
 ,1331 
 1357 
 1366 
 2860 
 2212 
 1233 
 1647 
 1745 
 1242 
 3159 
 2754 
 1352 
 3820 
 4630 
 4631 
 3502 
 
 502 
 1265 
 1292 
 3063 
 5791 
 4007 
 4112 
 5096 
 1346 
 
 572 
 4850 
 4851 
 4C36 
 4351 
 1345 
 8264 
 4773 
 2772 
 1249 
 
916 
 
 PURCHASE— RANK. 
 
 of Seducer, Terrible p. 
 Severe p. of beggars. 
 
 " " -Laws of Egypt. 
 In Substitutes-Pirates. 
 by Torture-English in Scot. 
 " " -Garibaldi. 
 Unmerciful p.-Burning. 
 Vengeance in p.-Janaes II. 
 by Vipers, 
 for Witchcraft-Salem. 
 
 " " -England. 
 
 Withheld by gentleness. 
 
 See CHASTISEMENT. 
 of Children-Scourge. 
 
 5075 
 2703 
 3160 
 1210 
 5649 
 5650 
 1950 
 1364 
 4579 
 6025 
 6026 
 6028 
 6027 
 2394 
 
 ♦784 
 
 Humiliating c. Goldsmith's. 2664 
 Ineffective c.-Young W. 1668 
 
 Moral effect of c. -Salem witch. 845 
 Morality improved by c. 3711 
 
 Passionate c. deplored. 4019 
 
 See HELL. 
 Necessary-Prest. A. Jackson. *2547 
 Temporary h.-Mohammedan. *2548 
 
 Fear of h.-Samuel Johnson. 1423 
 
 See PURGATORY. 
 Compensations of p.-Moham. *4580 
 Mohammedan p.-Punishment.*4581 
 
 Belief in p.-Ancient Persians. 2259 
 Mohammedan p.-Seven hells. 2548 
 
 See REPROACH. 
 Escape from r. -Napoleon I. ♦4777 
 Gentle r.-Anaxagoras. *4778 
 
 Aroused by r.-Brutus. 369 
 
 Bribery of Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Desperation from r.-Valens. 913 
 
 Irritating r. -Johnson by Miss S. 215 
 
 Life saved in r. 1238 
 
 Mutual r.-James 11. 1119 
 
 Nobly received-Alexander. 4031 
 
 for Pusillanimity-Justinian. 1238 
 
 See DISGRACE, EXECUTION, 
 
 PENALTY, PRISON and 
 
 REVENGE in loo. 
 
 PFRCHASX;. 
 
 Aggravating p. of own com. 2006 
 
 Defeated- Arbitrary-Louis XrV.2785 
 
 See BUSINESS in loo. 
 
 PURGATORY. 
 
 Compensations of p.-Moham. *4580 
 Mohammedan p.-Punishment.*4581 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Belief in p.-Ancient Persians. 2259 
 Mohammedan p.-Seven hells. 2548 
 
 See HELL. 
 Necessary-Prest. A. Jackson. *2547 
 Temporary h.-Mohammedan. ^2548 
 
 Fear of h.-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 1423 
 
 PURITAN. 
 
 Description of the p.-England.*4582 
 
 PURITANISM. 
 
 VS. Chivalry-New England. *4583 
 Peculiarities of p.-England. *4584 
 
 PURITANS. 
 
 Despised by inferiors. *4585 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Antipathy to fine arts. 330 
 
 vs. Aristocracy-England. 303 
 
 Character of the P., Grand. 4731 
 Christmas festivities changed. 851 
 Church attendance req'ir'd by P.853 
 Peculiarities of the P. 4732 
 
 Preachers, Lay-English. 4390 
 
 Reaction against P. 5802 
 
 Ridicule of P.-England. 1147 
 
 Representative P.-O. Cromwell. 907 
 Scruples of P.-Arts. 1114 
 
 PURITY. 
 
 Sentimental p.-Edward III. *4586 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Bravery of p. -Joan of Arc. 1727 
 Religion of p., Persian. 4176 
 
 See CHASTITY, 
 and Civilization opposed. *785 
 
 Invincible c.-R. Gen. Belisarius.*786 
 Rare-Roman maidens. *787 
 
 by Coercion-Matilda. 5862 
 
 Ignored by Spartans-Ruin, 6137 
 
 See CLEANLINESS. 
 Mission for c-Cath. Wilkinson. 531 
 
 Soap rebellion- Women. 6131 
 
 See CONSECRATION in loo. 
 
 quacks:ry. 
 
 Experiment in q.-Cato. *4587 
 
 Superstitious q.-King's touch. *4588 
 
 QUAKERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Benevolence of English Q. 5191 
 
 Excellence of Q.-G. Pox. 5749 
 
 Honesty of Q. diary. 2604 
 
 Non-resistance of Q. 3823 
 
 Persecution of Q.-Mass. 4129 
 
 " " " 4135 
 
 Society of Q. preferred. 2603 
 
 Unity of Q. in sentiments. 5730 
 
 CtUAIilFICATION. 
 
 Deficient q.-Philip. *4589 
 
 See ABILITIES in loc. 
 
 QUALITY. 
 
 More than quantity-War. *4590 
 
 " " " " *4591 
 
 Tested by swords. *4592 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 More than numbers-War. 3831 
 
 " .. » « 3832 
 
 " " " -Cromwell. 311 
 
 Selected for q.-Magi. 3833 
 
 Wanting in q.-Men-War. 3843 
 
 See CHARACTER in loc. 
 
 QUARREIi. 
 
 Conjugal q.-Count Rumford. *4593 
 
 Degrading q., John Milton's. *4594 
 
 Needless q.-Duel. *4595 
 
 Provoked-Samuel Johnson. *4596 
 
 Shameful q. -Frederick II. *4597 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Brawl, Destiny by. 27 
 
 Magnanimity settles q. 219ff> 
 
 Pretext for q. -Romans. 428 
 
 Shameful q.-Queen of Spain. 5125 
 
 QUARREI^S. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Amusements bring q. 2019 
 
 Characteristic q.-Germans. 1697 
 
 Fraternal q., Disgraceful. 239 
 
 for Precedence -Ambassadors. 4399 
 
 " " -Greeks. 4400 
 
 Useful boyish q. 179 
 
 See CONTENTION and STRIFE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Test q., Alexander's. *4598 
 
 Unanswered-Simonides. *4599 
 
 See PROBLEM. 
 
 Difficult mathematical p. 3532 
 
 RACE. 
 
 Antipathy of r. -Irish. *4600 
 
 Dislike of r.-Scotch. *4601 
 
 for Life-Prisoner. *4602- 
 
 Pride in r.-S. Johnson. *4603 
 
 Ridiouled-Scots by Johnson. *4604 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Antipathy of Irish in Ireland. 24$^ 
 Despised-Irish by British. 727 
 
 Effeminate r.-Egyptian. 4494 
 
 Hatred of r. , Irish. 2069 
 
 RACE (Contest). 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Life, A r. 4602 
 
 Roman-Blue and Green. 970 
 
 RACES. 
 
 Amalgamation of r.-England *4605 
 Inequality of r.-Celts-Saxons.*460& 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Diversity of r.-Eng. vs. Dutch. 4106 
 
 Enmity of r.-Old England. 1900 
 
 Jealousy of r. -French-Irish. 1221 
 
 See ANCESTRY and MAN in loc. 
 
 RAID. 
 
 Successful r.-Stoneman's. 
 
 RAIIiWAY. 
 
 First English r. 
 Stow r.-First English. 
 
 *460r 
 
 *4608 
 *4609 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Direct r. -Russian. 1601 
 
 Great Pacific R. R. 1901 
 
 Politics harmonized by r. 295T 
 
 RAIIiWAYS. 
 
 Underestimated by P'rliam'nt.*4610 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Important to the State. 5888 
 
 Need of r. illustrated. 982 
 
 RAIMENT. 
 
 Restricted by Zaleucus. *4611 
 
 See CLOTHES in loc. 
 
 RANK. 
 
 Plea for social r. by Johnson. *46ia 
 
 See CASTE and DISTINCTION 
 
 in loc. 
 
RANSOM— RECANTATION. 
 
 917 
 
 RANSOM. 
 
 eatemal r.-£5000. 
 Willing r.~Richard II. 
 
 *4613 
 *4614 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Immense r. of Darius for queen. 186 
 for a Life-Alaric. 1145 
 
 Price of r. -Louis IX. 1520 
 
 Prodigal r. explained. 2705 
 
 See DELIVERANCE in loo. 
 
 RAPACITY. 
 
 Royal r. of Henry III. *4615 
 
 See COVETOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 RAPE. 
 
 Attempted r.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 *4616 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 •by Stratagem- Valeutlnian. 2276 
 Vengeance for r.-Catherine. 5786 
 Victim of r. by soldiers. 6113 
 
 War caused by r. 5910 
 
 RAPTURE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Martyrs-Scots-Iron boots. 2098 
 
 See ECSTASY. 
 Religious e.-John Bunyan. *1768 
 
 RASCAIilTV. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 •Genlas for r.-Sir James Bagge. 5123 
 See VILLAINY. 
 
 Heward of v.-Titus Gates. *6831 
 See DISHONESTY and IMPU- 
 DENCE in loc. 
 
 RASHNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Apparent r.-Young Alex.ride8 B. 6 
 'Childish r.-Frederick II. 5752 
 
 of Exasperation-E. Allen. 1967 
 
 in Generalship-Hood. 3175 
 
 " Love for woman. 8476 
 
 Perilous r.-Boethius. 3234 
 
 Provoked to r.-Valens. 913 
 
 See HEEDLESSNESS. 
 Xioss by h., Goldsmith's. *2546 
 
 3786 
 
 4455 
 
 Alarming political h. 
 
 See IMPRUDENCE. 
 Characteristic i.-Goldsmlth. 
 
 See RECKLESSNESS. 
 of Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi. 648 
 Example of r. -Napoleon. 647 
 
 -of Necessity- William II. 649 
 
 See RISK. 
 Assumed by Alex 's physician. 1048 
 
 See VENTURE. 
 Instructive v. of Franks. *5795 
 
 ilerolo-Sherman's march to the s.70 
 See DANGER in loc. 
 
 REACTION. 
 
 from Excess-Persecution. ♦4617 
 
 Moral r. -Restoration of C. II. ^4618 
 
 " " -Puritanism to sin. ♦4619 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Anger-Peter the Great. 5091 
 " " -Alexander. 1744 
 
 " Assassination-Caesar's. 4316 
 
 " Cruel legislation-Ireland. 4118 
 ■" Cruelty-Nero's persecution. 1.358 
 
 of Excess-English revolution. 1969 
 " Extravagance-Example of C. 397 
 Governmental r.-" Stamp Act. "2448 
 of Injustiee-Becket vs. H. II. 6145 
 " Insult-Rebellion. 2900 
 
 against Labor-Probus's soldiers.310 
 Natural r. -Cleanliness- Watts. 917 
 of Opposition-Religious. 3933 
 
 " Oppression-Liberty. 3229 
 
 " Persecution-Queen Mary's. 4136 
 " " -Joan's death. 4137 
 
 " " -Puritan's. 4138 
 
 Piety by r. of sins. 4180 
 
 Political r.-Van Buren's Admin. 51 
 "-Harmful. 3547 
 
 of Popularity-Lafayette. 4318 
 
 " Prejudice-Eng. Meth. 4416 
 
 " Public opinion-Cavaliers-P. 399 
 Religion by r. -James II. 6222 
 
 Social r. against Puritans. 303 
 
 Unexpected r.-James II. 315 
 
 Vice by r. of discipline. 5802 
 
 See RESENTMENT and REVENGE 
 in loc, 
 
 READING. 
 
 Effects of r.-Lincoln. ^4620 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Fascination of Dr. Harvey, 628 
 
 See BOOKS in loo. 
 
 RE ADI NO- Rooms. 
 
 Necessary-Nap. I. ^4621 
 
 REAIilTlT. 
 
 Power in r.-Cromwell. *4622 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 VS. Shams-O. Cromwell. 
 
 See TRUTH in loc. 
 
 izr 
 
 REALIZATION. 
 
 Joys of r.-Columbus. ^4623 
 
 REASON. 
 
 Worship of r.-Fr. Rev. 
 
 ♦4624 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Experience-Stealing. 298 
 
 Goddess of r. vs. Faith. 2370 
 
 and Religion-All ages. 1512 
 
 RE.4SOIVING. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Abandoned for action. 1480 
 
 by Analogy-8. Johnson. 680 
 
 See ARGUMENT. 
 Possible-Stealing defended-J. *298 
 Reserved a. -Vlolence-Johnscn.^299 
 Useless a. of James II. to c. *300 
 
 Abandoned for resentment, 
 by Abuse-S. Johnson. 
 Deceptive-Sophists. 
 Declined by obstinacy. 
 Possible against art. 
 Powerless with bigots. 
 Readiness in a.-Sophists. 
 Trained in use of a.-Romans. 
 Useless-Johnson . 
 
 " with James II. 
 See DEBATE. 
 Personality In d.-8. Johnson. 
 
 2610 
 2904 
 2283 
 8049 
 3793 
 2721 
 5733 
 1857 
 3825 
 8863 
 
 ♦1457 
 
 See DISCUSSION. 
 Agreement in d. neo'ss'ry-C. 11.3911 
 Candor in d., Ecclesiastical. 705 
 Importance of d. -Stamp Act. 3194 
 Repressed by gov't-Religious. 573 
 Suppressed- Authors punished. 2040 
 
 See DISCUSSIONS. 
 Foolish d.-Perlcles-"Dead h." 2170 
 Unprofltable,Verbal d.-Stoics. 1294 
 
 REBEIililON. 
 
 Constructive r. -Maximilian. ♦4625 
 
 Prevented r. -Scotland. ♦4626 
 
 Small r.-Rhode Island. +4627 
 
 Soap r.-England. *4628 
 
 Whiskey r.-Pennsylvania. *4629 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Army against bad food. 1963 
 Catholic r. in Maryland. 5642 
 
 Causes of r.-Confederacy. 5888 
 
 Disgrace from r.-Clarendon. 1537 
 Forced to r.-Parl. by James II. 3853 
 Forfeiture of p. by rebellion. 439 
 Hostility to r.-Pompey. 377 
 
 Incipient r.-Am. Revolution. 3525 
 " " -Boston Tea Party. 3526 
 from Insult-Persians. 2900 
 
 Sin of r. taught. 3824 
 
 of Slaves-Romans. 5200 
 
 Soap r.-Women. 6131 
 
 against Tyranny-Jacquerie. 5737 
 Vengeance after r. -Peter. 2875 
 
 See DISLOYALTY in loc. 
 
 REBELS. 
 
 Punished with Monmouth. ♦4630 
 " " Temugin. ♦4631 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Denounced as r., Falsely-Ind's. 4331 
 Punishment of r.-Henry VIII. 1345 
 
 REBUKE. 
 
 Gentle r. by Caesar. ♦4632 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Adulation by James I. 61 
 
 " Assumption-Bp. Coke. 2787 
 " " -Buckingham's. 3904 
 
 " " -Demaratus. 3963 
 
 Honest r.-Aristides. 4374 
 
 of Ostentation-Barber. 1667 
 
 Patriotic r.-John Eliot. 3904 
 
 Savage r.-Fred. the Great. 1772 
 
 of Vanity-" Fine Coat." 5776 
 
 " -Goldsmith's. 5777 
 
 " *' -Dlouyslus. 5778 
 
 " " -Menecrates. 5779 
 
 Withdrawn-Reward. 1895 
 
 See REPRIMAND. 
 
 Fictitious r.-Lafayette. ^4774 
 
 of Kindness-Johnson. ^4776 
 
 See REPROOF, 
 
 Meekness in r.-Dr. Taylor. ^4779 
 
 Undeserved r.-Dr. Arnold. ^4780 
 
 Undisturbed by r.-G. Wash. ♦4781 
 
 Death by r., Tetzel's. 
 Desired-Good Emp. Julian. 
 Sagacious r., Wife's. 
 
 RECANTATION. 
 
 Impossible-Martin Luther. ♦4638 
 
 5296 
 
 4881 
 
918 
 
 RECKLESSNESS— RELATIVES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Formal r. -Unreal-Galileo. 5627 
 
 Eefused-Luther. 1092 
 
 " by Hooper. 1233 
 
 Eepeated 6 times-Bp. Cranmer.1249 
 
 See RETRACTION in loc. 
 
 REC K li ESSNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi. 648 
 
 Example of r.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 of Necessity- Wm. II. 649 
 
 See RASHNESS in loc. 
 
 RECOGNITION. 
 
 Eequired,Offlcialr.-Wshi'gt'n.*4634 
 
 Cross-reference, 
 of Deceased friends. 1398 
 
 RECOMPENSE. 
 
 Honorable r. for loss-Lincoln. ♦4635 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Personal r., not by proxy. 101 
 
 See REPRISAL and REWARD in loc. 
 
 RECONCIIilATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Explanation-Wm. and Mary.1924 
 Impossible-James II. and Pari. 3853 
 Independence better than r. 3912 
 One-sided r.-F?npiaca. 5361 
 
 Opportunity for r. lost-J. II. 3926 
 Sacrifice for r.-Life. 1427 
 
 Superficial r. -Orleans and B. 2695 
 
 " " -Dying Fred. II. 2202 
 
 See CONCILIATION. 
 
 by Favors-Anne of Austria. *1030 
 
 Policy of c, Caesar's. *1031 
 
 vs. Threatening-Caesar. *1032 
 
 One-sided c.-Lord Howe. 3995 
 
 " " "-Gen. Patterson. 3994 
 
 See PEACE in loc. 
 
 RECORD. 
 
 Mutilated r.- Parliament. 
 
 See HISTORY in loc. 
 
 4636 
 
 RECOVERT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Triumph denied to mere r. 150 
 
 See RESTITUTION. 
 
 Conscientious r.-Cromwell. *4828 
 
 See CURE in loc. 
 
 RECREATION. 
 
 Excessive-" Gentlemen." *4637 
 Extravagant-Bajazet. ♦4638 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degraded by r.-Romans. 220 
 
 Discomfort in r.-Fashion. 2184 
 
 in Music-Milton. 8498 
 
 " *' -M. Luther. 761 
 
 Simple r. of Puritans. 2596 
 
 See HOLIDAY. 
 Perverted-Christmas a fast-day .4704 
 
 See RELAXATION. 
 
 In Humor-A. Lincoln. 2678 
 
 Laughter, Importance of. 8137 
 
 See AMUSEMENT and HUMOR 
 
 in loc. 
 
 REDEMPTION. 
 
 Price of r. of Calais. ^4639 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 Belief of Am . Indians. 51 58 
 
 or Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See RANSOM. 
 
 Paternal r.-£5000. ♦4613 
 
 Willing r.-Richard II. ^4614 
 
 Immense r. of Darius for queen. 186 
 for a Life-Alaric. 1145 
 
 Price of r. -Louis IX. 1520 
 
 Prodigal r. explained. 2705 
 
 REDRESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Excessive r.-Knights. 2866 
 
 See REVENGE in loc. 
 
 REFINEMENT. 
 
 Characteristic r.-Athenians. ^4640 
 Mis judged- American Indians. ♦4641 
 Eecommended-Bridal. *4642 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absence of r.-Diogenes. 3415 
 
 Prejudices of r. -Greeks vs. R. 768 
 See CIVILIZATION and POLITE- 
 NESS in loc. 
 
 REFIiECTION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Change of feeling by r. 2199 
 
 Wisdom by r.-Goldsmith. 6017 
 
 See MEDITATION in loc. 
 
 REFORM. 
 
 Civil-Service r. -Alfred. 
 Needed-Rom. society. 
 
 ♦4647 
 ♦4648 
 
 531 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Humble r.-Cath. Wilkinson. 
 Rldlculed-Calendar changed. 696 
 
 REFORMATION. 
 
 Political r.-Romans. *4649 
 
 Silent social r. *4660 
 
 Violent religious r. ^4651 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Beginning of r. -Martyrs. 1233 
 
 Difficult Social r.-Irish. 719 
 
 Fanaticism endangers r. 2084 
 
 Governmental need of r.-Eng. 127 
 
 Hopeless of r.-James II. 3853 
 
 " " " -Poor Ireland. 4253 
 
 Impossible by Anglican Ch. 880 
 
 " Political r.-Sparta. 1000 
 
 in Manhood-Aristotle. 6192 
 
 by Mutiny-English Navy. 3759 
 
 Opposed by ?elf-interest-L. 267 
 
 Pardon without r.-Cap't Nutt. 4000 
 
 Perseverance in r.by Ab rti'nistsl47 
 
 by Ridicule-Peter. 1124 
 
 Sudden r.-Romans-RIenzI. 1892 
 
 Transient r. of James II. 6084 
 
 Vile origin of Eng. Refonnati'n.l955 
 
 of Wayward son. 637 
 
 " " 6214 
 
 Wisdom in speedy r. 3702 
 
 Women aid in r.-Scots. 6133 
 
 Youthful r.-D. Crockett. 637 
 
 See REPENTANCE and REVIVAL 
 
 in loc. 
 
 REFORMER. 
 
 by Accldent-Tho". Clarkson. ^4652 
 
 Impetuous r.-John Knox. ^4653 
 
 Impracticable r.-Carlyle. ♦4654 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discouraged-Peter the Great. 5091 
 Forsaken by the people-Arnold. 879^ 
 Raillery at r., Drinkers'. 2944. 
 
 REFORMERS. 
 
 Corrupted religious r. ♦4655 
 
 English r.-18th century. ♦4656 
 
 False r. -Seneca. ♦4657 
 
 Self-condemned r.-Polygamy. ^4658 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Age of English r. 5221 
 
 Partiality of r. -England. 5226 
 
 REFUGE. 
 
 Sanctuary for r.-15th century. ♦4659 
 Secured In America. ♦4660 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Failure of r.-Earthquake-Lisbon.73I 
 
 In Prayer from adversity-G. W.4.3821 
 
 -A. J.4387 
 
 Temple of r.-Founding of Rome.387 
 
 See ASYLUM, 
 of Refuge-Rome. *38r 
 
 Poor man's-Colony of Georgia. 532 
 
 See SAFETY in loc. 
 
 REFUSAIi. 
 
 Contemptuous r.-Claudius. ♦4661 
 
 Disdainful r.-Caled. ♦4662 
 
 Happy r., Alexander's. ♦4663 
 
 Insincere r.-Themistocles. ♦4664 
 
 REGAIilA. 
 
 Dislike for r.-Napoleon. 751 
 
 REGRETS. 
 
 Death-bed r.-Wolsey. 4644 
 
 " awakens r. 2198' 
 
 See SORROW in loo. 
 
 REIGN. 
 
 Longest r.-72 Yrs.-Louls XIV. ♦466& 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Infamous r.. Short, fatal. 8678 
 
 See GOVERNMENT and RULER 
 
 in loc. 
 
 REINFORCEMENT. 
 
 Dangerous r.-Em;grants to Va.^4666; 
 
 See ALLIES in loc. 
 
 REJOICING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Dellverance-Montfort. 6042" 
 
 Premature r.-Fatal. 1603 
 
 "-" Land 1 Land.! " 1605 
 
 See ECSTASY. 
 Religious e.-John Bunyan. 1768 
 
 See JUBILEE. 
 National-British, year 1809. ♦8032- 
 
 See RAPTURE, 
 of Martyrs-Scots-Iron boots. 2098 
 
 See JOY in loc. 
 
 RELAPSE. 
 
 Religious r. prevented-Death. 1336 
 
 Spiritual r. impossible. 1841 
 
 See APOSTASY in loc. 
 
 RELATIVES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benefit of good r.-Emp. Aurellns.SS* 
 Responsibility for conduct of r.4570 
 Sacrificed to ambition of T. 198 
 
RELAXATION— RELIGION. 
 
 919 
 
 See KINDRED. 
 Confidence of k. withheld. 6801 
 
 See KINSMAN. 
 
 Lines reversed of kinship-Inds. 2068 
 
 Obligation of k. to Mahomet. 918 
 
 See FAMILY in loo. 
 
 REIiAXATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 in Humor-A. Lincoln. 2678 
 
 Laughter, Importance of. 3137 
 
 See RECREATION. 
 Excessive r.-" Gentlemen." *4687 
 Extravagant r.-Bajazet. *4638 
 
 Degraded by r.-Romans. 220 
 
 Discomfort in r.-Fashion. 2184 
 
 Simple r. of Puritans. 2596 
 
 See AMUSEMENT and HUMOR 
 
 in loo. 
 
 REJLIO. 
 
 Auspicious r.-Holy lance. 
 R£IiICS. 
 
 Bogus religious r. 
 Pictitious-Magdalen's girdle. 
 Factitious r. -Profitable. 
 " " -Religious. 
 
 Honored-Religious r. 
 Sacred r. -Numerous. 
 Superstitious regard for r. 
 "Virtue of Christian. 
 
 *4667 
 
 *4668 
 *4669 
 *4670 
 *4671 
 *4672 
 *4673 
 ♦4674 
 ♦4675 
 *4676 
 ♦4677 
 ♦4678 
 ♦4679 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Blood of Christ-Sweat. 1282 
 
 Confidence of safety by r. 1047 
 
 Cross recovered-Heraolius. 1319 
 
 Cure of r.-Sacred thorn. 3625 
 
 Destruction of priceless r. 329 
 
 Honored-Spike-Crown. 1321 
 
 Manufacture of r. 1226 
 
 Misleading-Alex. 2753 
 
 Oath on r., Sacred. 8840 
 
 REIilEF. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Desire for r., Vain-Napoleon. 8817 
 
 RGIilGION. 
 
 Ambition in r.-False. ♦4680 
 
 Austerity in r.-Blaise Pascal. ♦46«1 
 
 Benefits of r.-Civilization. ♦4683 
 
 Bond of r.-Scotch Covenant. ♦4683 
 
 Burdened by r. in Ireland. ♦4684 
 
 Burdensome r.-Trifies. *4685 
 
 Champion for r.-J. Milton. ♦4686 
 
 " " "-Irreligious. ♦4687 
 
 Changed for money-Chas. II. ^4688 
 
 and Commerce-Codfish. ^4689 
 
 Conflict-Duality of man. *4690 
 
 Confusion in r. -James II. ^4691 
 
 Consolation of r. -Charles I. ^4692 
 Contradicted by inconsistency ^4693 
 
 Courage by r.-James II. *4694 
 
 Decline of r.-S. Johnson. ♦4695 
 
 Devotion to r.-Columbus. ♦4696 
 
 Discord in r.-Egyptlans. ♦4697 
 
 Disguised -Pagan, ^4698 
 
 Diverse views of r.-Romans. ^4699 
 
 Duplioitv in I .-Jam°s IL ^4700 
 
 Effects of r.-Puritanism vs. E.*4701 
 Effort in r.-M. Luther. ♦4~02 
 
 Excitement in r.-Early Meth. ^4703 
 Extremes in r.-Puritans. ♦4704 
 
 '« " " -2d Crusade. ^4705 
 Folly in r.-Pillar Saints. ♦4706 
 
 Qenerosity in r., False. ^4707 
 
 and Gold-Pagan. ^4708 
 
 Graded-Pagan. ^4709 
 
 Husbandman's r. ^4710 
 
 Hypocrisy in r.-Charles 11. ^4711 
 Impediments to r.-Geo.Mflller.^4712 
 Insulted by Emp. Henry IV. *4713 
 -Louis XV. *4714 
 
 by Legislation-Romans. *4715 
 
 Legislation against r. -Jesuits. ♦4716 
 Licensed in Eng.by King John. ♦471 7 
 Melancholy r.-Cromwell. ♦4718 
 
 " "-Anabaptists. ^4719 
 
 Misplaced-Military. ♦4720 
 
 Misunderstood-Puritan's r. +4721 
 " by Pope's legate.^4722 
 
 Mockery of r.-Emp. Michael. *4723 
 vs. Morality-Armenian. ^4724 
 
 Motives in r.. Heathen. ^4725 
 
 Natural r. of Pagans. ^4730 
 
 Needful to the State, Morality. *4726 
 
 " " " " *4727 
 
 Occasion of r.. Mystery. ^4728 
 
 Oppressive r.-Colony of Md. ♦4729 
 Paradoxical r.of Puritans-N.E.^4731 
 Peculiarities in r.-Puritans. ^4732 
 Persecution of r. -Reign of J.II.^4733 
 of Policy, Changeful r. ♦4'^34 
 
 and Politics-Ancient Romans.^4735 
 Power of r.-Druids in Britain. ^4736 
 Preparatory r.-West Indies. ^4737 
 Progress in r.-More truth. ♦4738 
 
 " by r.-Colonization. ^4739 
 Progressive r., Mahomet's. ^4740 
 Revolution in r.-Britain. ^4741 
 
 Ridiculed-England-Catholic. ^4742 
 Romance in r. -Pocahontas. ^4743 
 Ruled by r., Darius. ^4744 
 
 Sacrifices for r.-Wm. Penn. ^4745 
 Savages' r.-West Indies. ^4746 
 
 Secularized-Henry IV. ^4747 
 
 Signs of r.-Mahomet. ^4748 
 
 Simple r.-Scandinavians. ^4749 
 
 State r.-Colony of Va. ^4750 
 
 Statesman's r.-Bismarck. ^4751 
 a Successful r., Mahomet's. ^4752 
 Suppression of r.-Jews. ♦4753 
 
 Thoughtless r.-S. Johnson. ^4754 
 Toleration in r.-S. Johnson. ^4755 
 Vacillation in r.-Charles IL ^4756 
 Value of r. to the State. ^4757 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abjured in fear-Regrets. 1336 
 
 Advancement by strange means.586 
 in Agriculture-Persians. 160 
 
 6155 
 Ambition corrupts r. 3642 
 
 Animals respected In r.-B. 236 
 
 Antagonisms in r. of sects. 231 
 
 in Architecture. 292 
 
 Art favored by r. 8686 
 
 Assassins' r.-Persia. 874 
 
 Austerity in r.-St. Francis. 3364 
 " " "-Pascal. 4681 
 
 Austerity in r.-Pillar Saints. 470« 
 
 " '• " " 5012 
 
 " " "-Ineffective. 4770 
 
 " " "-Rev. Bramwell. 5085 
 
 •• •• "-Wesley. 1123 
 
 " " "-Puritans-Eng. 4207 
 
 " " " Reaction from. 4618 
 
 " .. .. .. 4319. 
 
 " "-Hair shirt. 2373 
 
 " of Pascal. 4a3& 
 
 Awakening to duty of r. 4834 
 
 Blessing, a Corrupt r. 1204 
 
 Bloody r. of Pope Pius V. 588 
 
 Books promote r.-S. Johnson. 631 
 Brutal r. of Gauls. 4996- 
 
 Brutality sanctioned by Rom. r. 10* 
 in Camp-Cromwell's army. 89& 
 
 Caricatured by fanatics. 855 
 
 Caste in r.-Pythagoras. 4709 
 
 41 .. i> -Persian vs. Turk. 5070 
 of Ceremony, Knights' r. 2866 
 
 Change of r. derided. 1,536 
 
 " " '• distrusted. 1036> 
 
 Changed for a pension. 2469' 
 
 Changeful r.-James IL 1133 
 
 Civilization promoted by r.-M. 736 
 Claims of r. vs. Family. 2071 
 
 Classes in r.-" Vulgar," "Asc'tic"359 
 Cloak of tyranny. 1196 
 
 Comfort in bereavement by r. 1453 
 Compromise in r.-Jesuits. 3014 
 
 no Compromise in r.-Mahomet.4381 
 Compromised by politics. 3640 
 
 -Sinner. 3712 
 
 Concealed by false profess.-C. II. 13 
 " " " " " 772 
 
 Confidence in r , Sinner's. 4387 
 
 Conquests by peace. 3639 
 
 Conservatism in r. 1125 
 
 " " " 4394 
 
 4395 
 Conspicuous r., "Stonewall" J. 's5228 
 Contempt for r. of Lady H. 546 
 
 Controversy in r.-Romans. 1168 
 prohibited-Jas. II. 4563 
 Corrupted by vice- Pope. 3245 
 
 " " pleasure. 3335 
 
 '* " gambling. 2275 
 
 Corruption in r.-Pope Alex. VI. 670 
 Courage inspired by r. 1440 
 
 Craze in r.-Crusaders. 3411 
 
 Credulity in r.-Relics. 1282 
 
 Crimes covered with r. 1106 
 
 Cruelty aiding r.-Persecution. 2555 
 " In r.-Cru?aders. 1360 
 
 " " " -Sects. 1363 
 
 of Cruelty-Scandinavians. 1417 
 
 Deception in r.breeds contempt.362G 
 " " " Pagan. 3621 
 
 Decline of r.-R'st 'ration of C.II.4618 
 " " " " «' " 461S 
 
 Degraded by controversy. 1168 
 Development In r.-Methodism. 705 
 Devotion to r., Entire-Jesuits. 3960 
 '• " " " 8565 
 
 " " "-Sinners. 5738 
 
 " " " and chivalry. 3086 
 Ditacultles vs. Comfort in r. 2382 
 Discussion restrained in r.-J.II.3230 
 Disease affecting r.-Mahomet. 1643 
 Disgrace of r.-Extreraisls. 208^ 
 
•920 
 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 
 
 
 Dlsgraced-"Kirke's Lambs " 
 
 5245 
 
 Inhumanity, R. a pretext for. 
 
 2861 
 
 Reform by r., Silent. 
 
 4650 
 
 ** by fanaticism. 
 
 3502 
 
 Injured by hypocrites. 
 
 2696 
 
 Reformation by r.. Violent. 
 
 4651 
 
 Dishonored by credulity. 
 
 3626 
 
 Insanity by r.-Wm. Cowper. 
 
 2883 
 
 Reformers of r.. Corrupted. 
 
 4655 
 
 Dissembled by apostate Julian. 1681 
 
 Inspiration from r.-Battle-N. 
 
 464 
 
 Rejected- Amusement welc'med.216 
 
 Diversity in r., National. 
 
 842 
 
 " of r.-Cromwell's men.311 
 
 Renunciation of Christian r. 
 
 251 
 
 Duel In defence of r. 
 
 1750 
 
 Inspires enterprise-Columbus 
 
 1881 
 
 Restored to France. 
 
 3726 
 
 Duties supreme-Joan of Arc. 
 
 1557 
 
 vs. Intemperance. 
 
 2944 
 
 of Revelry- Abyssinlans. 
 
 832 
 
 Ecstasy in r.-Bunyan. 
 
 1768 
 
 Intolerance in r.n.-Protestants.2963 
 
 '• Revenge-Clovis for Christ. 
 
 824 
 
 " -Martyr in "boots." 
 
 8098 
 
 " to sects. 
 
 2964 
 
 Ridicule of r. punished. 
 
 4896 
 
 Education in r. necessary. 
 
 1807 
 
 Intolerant r. of John Knox. 
 
 4959 
 
 " " "-Lawyer. 
 
 1089 
 
 <> .. "-Napoleon. 
 
 1818 
 
 of Kindness-John Newton. 
 
 3077 
 
 Ridiculed-Catholic r.-Scots. 
 
 4136 
 
 Emotions moved by r. 
 
 4882 
 
 Liberality in r.-Cromwell. 
 
 3924 
 
 Sacrifices for r. -Women. 
 
 6119 
 
 Enthusiasm for r.-Cruaades. 
 
 1375 
 
 " of opinions In r. 
 
 8205 
 
 " " " -Wm. Penn. 
 
 8970 
 
 >• it <i -Pilgrimage. 
 
 5981 
 
 Licentiousness cloaked by r. 
 
 1088 
 
 Scandalized by adultery. 
 
 4305 
 
 " " -^oan of A. 
 
 1906 
 
 of Love-Gospel of C.-Nap. 
 
 3347 
 
 " " Tetzel. 
 
 4309 
 
 " " "-Quakers. 
 
 1908 
 
 Maintained by law-England. 
 
 2556 
 
 " " prostitutes. 
 
 3986 
 
 Equality in r.-Crom well's s'ld'rs. 764 
 
 Materialism rejected for r. 
 
 3527 
 
 " " Simony. 
 
 1203 
 
 " of men in r. 
 
 1916 
 
 Means-Abominable-Inqulsiti'i 
 
 1.2878 
 
 of Self-denial-American Inds. 
 
 5084 
 
 Erratic views in r. 
 
 3922 
 
 Melancholy in r.-G. Fox. 
 
 3564 
 
 " Self -worship-Caligula. 
 
 1353 
 
 Evidence of r. -Benevolence. 
 
 545 
 
 Mixed r. of Roman pirates. 
 
 4186 
 
 Sensual r. of Mahomet. 
 
 4210 
 
 «i i> <i _j)angerou3. 
 
 1950 
 
 vs. Money-Dutch. 
 
 3675 
 
 " "-Mohammedan. 
 
 3992 
 
 *' " " -Secondary-J. 
 
 1951 
 
 Money power In r. 
 
 1097 
 
 Sensuality of Pagan r. 
 
 5106 
 
 " " " in signs. 
 
 1320 
 
 Morality proceeds from r. 
 
 8706 
 
 Sinners love for r. 
 
 3501 
 
 Evidences of r.-Puritans. 
 
 2696 
 
 belittled r.-Monk. 
 
 2732 
 
 " r., A-JamesIL 
 
 6222 
 
 Exemplified in army life. 
 
 5232 
 
 without Morals-Churchill. 
 
 1111 
 
 Slavery abolished by r. 
 
 5196 
 
 Experience of r.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 830 
 
 Motive Important-Johnson. 
 
 3784 
 
 Soldier's r. in camp-Hastings. 
 
 484 
 
 Expressed in architecture. 
 
 292 
 
 Murder sanctioned by r. 
 
 1107 
 
 " " makes superior. 
 
 2038 
 
 Extremes in r.-Purltans. 
 
 1114 
 
 Necessary-Failure of ath'ism-F.2370 
 
 of Solitude-Monks. 
 
 357 
 
 False love for r. 
 
 870 
 
 Needed by the people-Napoleon. 509 
 
 " " -J. Wesley's escape 
 
 . 858 
 
 " spirit in r.- Vengeance. 
 
 5927 
 
 Needful for good soldiers. 
 
 4591 
 
 State benefited by r. 
 
 4656 
 
 Family refuge in r.-Sorrow. 
 
 2073 
 
 " to the State-Fr. 
 
 5087 
 
 " protected by r. 
 
 5328 
 
 " r., Impressions of. 
 
 796 
 
 Negative r. of Thos. Carlyle. 
 
 4654 
 
 " r. in Virginia-Episcopal. 
 
 2443 
 
 " r.-Mahomet's. 
 
 2070 
 
 Neglect of r. rebuked. 
 
 6158 
 
 " needs r.-Germans. 
 
 1697 
 
 Fanatical r.-Mohammedan. 
 
 3993 
 
 Nommal r.-Cor'ez-Inea. 
 
 1176 
 
 by Statecraf t-Cath. to Calvinlst. 27 
 
 " " of Quietists-A. 
 
 357 
 
 *' '■ -Constantlne. 
 
 1177 
 
 Strange conception of r. 
 
 5436 
 
 Fanaticism in r.-Monkery. 
 
 3683 
 
 Oath on relics, Sacred. 
 
 3840 
 
 Strength by r.-Cromwell. 
 
 5857 
 
 tt it tt It 
 
 3684 
 
 Offensive r. of austere monks. 
 
 402 
 
 Strife respecting r. -Great ref. 
 
 146 
 
 " " " " 
 
 8685 
 
 Offtce lets than r. 
 
 3867 
 
 " about r.. Public. 
 
 1536 
 
 " " "-Joan of Arc. 
 
 2086 
 
 Opposition to r., Thoughtless-J. 681 
 
 Stylish r. for gentlemen. 
 
 4427 
 
 of Fear-M. Luther's training. 
 
 823 
 
 Oppressed by laws-Catholic. 
 
 2968 
 
 Success by compromise-Show 
 
 3022 
 
 '* " -John Bunyan. 
 
 1084 
 
 Outward vs. Inward r.-Pagan 
 
 2085 
 
 Sufferings for r.-Persecution. 
 
 2557 
 
 Folly of Pagan r.-" Cats." 
 
 2172 
 
 ♦' " *'-Erasmu8.826 
 
 Superior to passion-Wesley-M 
 
 . 698 
 
 Forced converts to r. 
 
 1185 
 
 Patient suffering for r. -Martyr. 4028 
 
 Superstitious confidence in r. 
 
 1047 
 
 " r.-Protestant. 
 
 942 
 
 Persecuted-Earnest r. 
 
 4999 
 
 Supremacy of r.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 417 
 
 " -Emp. Adr'nic's made a m.l7 
 
 " but unsubdued. 
 
 1558 
 
 Sympathy in r.-Puritans. 
 
 5498 
 
 Formality an obstacle to r. 
 
 858 
 
 Personal effort in r.-Lincoln. 
 
 830 
 
 Taught by women-Goths. 
 
 6103 
 
 Frauds in r. -Grecian oracle. 
 
 3946 
 
 Political r. -Great Lama. 
 
 2376 
 
 Test for oflQce-James IL 
 
 8867 
 
 Freedom in r. -Colony of Md. 
 
 231 
 
 in Politics-Md. Colony. 
 
 732 
 
 Tested by benevolence-Cripple. 550 
 
 " of conscience in r. 
 
 1166 
 
 " -Catholic Relief Bill. 
 
 734 
 
 Theatres originating in r. 
 
 43 
 
 'VS. Gentility-Offence. 
 
 2656 
 
 Popular r.-Jesuits. 
 
 3014 
 
 Theoretical and destructive. 
 
 1050 
 
 Government str'ngth'n'd by r.- 
 
 P.399 
 
 Popularized-NInth century. 
 
 8171 
 
 Traitor to r. dishonored-Bp. Hall. 2 
 
 Hateful r. of bigots. 
 
 5068 
 
 Power of r. in army-Puritans. 
 
 5249 
 
 Trals test r.-Rev. J. Nelson. 
 
 4033 
 
 it it ti ti 
 
 5069 
 
 tt it it » tt ti 
 
 5250 
 
 Trifling in Luther's observations. 53 
 
 of the Heart-M. Luther. 
 
 1486 
 
 It it tt it it it 
 
 5251 
 
 True ambition is in r. 
 
 2879 
 
 Heroism by r.-Roundheads. 
 
 3540 
 
 " " " " " " 
 
 5254 
 
 Truths essential to r.-Iincoln. 
 
 830 
 
 Home training in r. 
 
 1819 
 
 " " "-Joan over captains 
 
 . 412 
 
 Tyranny in forced r. 
 
 1190 
 
 " r. of Cromwell. 
 
 3919 
 
 Pretence in r.-Crasade. 
 
 2803 
 
 Unchaste r. of Pagans, 
 
 1675 
 
 Honored on the scaffold. 
 
 1441 
 
 Pretext of r.-Bibulus. 
 
 8856 
 
 of Vice-Paganism. 
 
 3974 
 
 Hostility of Turks to Moslems 
 
 1 
 
 Profession of r., Unworthy. 
 
 1132 
 
 Violence in reforming r. 
 
 6133 
 
 Humane influence of r. 
 
 5195 
 
 Profligate head-Alex. IIL 
 
 5010 
 
 In War-Scots-Puritans. 
 
 5821 
 
 Humility needful to r.-Cross. 
 
 1319 
 
 and Progress-Columbus. , 
 
 6151 
 
 Wealth sacrificed to r.-We8ley.5978 
 
 Ilypocriay in r.-James IL 
 
 869 
 
 Promotes morality-Chastity. 
 
 787 
 
 " endangers r. 
 
 5966 
 
 " " -Chas. IL 
 
 5691 
 
 Promotion of r. by assassination.367 
 
 Zeal for r.. Misdirected. 
 
 6220 
 
 vs. Immorality. 
 
 1119 
 
 Proofs of r., Strange. 
 
 4524 
 
 " " " punished. 
 
 221 
 
 Inconsistency in r.-Fulk the B 
 
 . 106 
 
 Prophets of r., Four great. 
 
 4525 
 
 " " " -False-Partisans. 
 
 4017 
 
 " " " -Crusaders. 
 
 3411 
 
 Protestant vs. Catholio-Benefits.735 
 
 See ADORATION. 
 
 
 Independence in r. -Puritans. 
 
 2792 
 
 Proved true by prayer. 
 
 2032 
 
 Human a.-Greek Emperor's. 
 
 *59 
 
 Independent in r.-B. Franklin 
 
 2824 
 
 Public profession intended.-L 
 
 8-29 
 
 
 
 ludifference In r. -Charles II. 
 
 2794 
 
 Radicalism in r.-Knox. 
 
 4653 
 
 
 
 Indiffereat which r. 
 
 6159 
 
 Reaction of sin-James II. 
 
 6222 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Influence of r. -Force of oh'ract 
 
 'r.575 
 
 ' against Puritan r. 
 
 2994 
 
 Human a. of Diocletian. 
 
 fH 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 Open a. of Romanus. 
 Primitive a. by persecution. 
 
 *2ol 
 *252 
 
 Discreditable-Protestant, 1936 
 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 Explained-Inconsistency. 2774 
 
 Reaction of forced converts to a.920 
 Required of oflSoer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Siiameful-Justus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 Forgiven by primitive C. *253 
 
 Malice of a.-Knlghts Templars. 1939 
 
 44 44 44 -Julian's. 254g 
 
 See APOSTLE. 
 
 Last a.-Mahomet. 2589 
 
 See ATHEISM. 
 
 -Concealed-Romans. 2668 
 
 Tried-Rejected-France. 2370 
 
 See ATHEISTS. 
 
 Nation of a. -No. 4737 
 
 See ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 Convulsions by a.-Oracle. 3947 
 
 See ATONEMENT. 
 
 Belief of Am. Indians. 5158 
 
 or Vengeance-Am. Indians. 4848 
 
 See AUSTERITY. 
 
 Example of a.-Younger Cato. *397 
 
 Monkish a. in Egypt *398 
 vs. Profligacy-Stuarts restored. *399 
 Religious a.-Rev. JohnNewton.*400 
 
 " "-Priscllliantsts. *401 
 
 " "-Monks, A. D. 370. *402 
 
 Amusements suppressed by P. 222 
 Hurtful a.-Unnecessary. 1169 
 
 Imagination inflamed by a. 2090 
 with Licentiousness-Spartans. 6137 
 Reaction against a.-Puritans. 303 
 Refuge in a., Melancholy. 3563 
 
 Religious a.-St. Francis. 3364 
 
 " " -Puritans. 4207 
 
 " -Pascal. 4681 
 
 " -Pillar Saints. 4706 
 
 5012 
 
 *' ineffective. 4770 
 
 " -Rev. Bramwell. 5085 
 fa Virtue-Stoical. 5342 
 
 See AWAKENING. 
 
 I "Spiritual a.-Bunyan. II80 
 
 <> 44 14 
 
 569 
 *• " -Terrible-Bunyan. 6166 
 " " -Martin Luther. 1178 
 
 •'-Terrifying- Nelson. 1189 
 ** " -Bunyan.ligi 
 
 ** -A. Clark. 1181 
 
 " -Bartley Campbell. 4103 
 "-H. D. Gough. 1179 
 
 ** Misery In. 1193 
 
 " -Melancholy-Fox. 3564 
 " by Prayer. 1188 
 
 " Unhapplness by. 1192 
 S«e BAPTISM. 
 Proorastinated-Christlan pros. 453 
 
 Second b.-Roger Williams. 454 
 
 Trust in b.- Vices. 4724 
 
 See BAPTISTS. 
 
 Pioneer of B.-Roger Williams. *454 
 
 I „ 
 
 921 
 
 See BIBLE. 
 Adaptation of the B.-Col. Cong.*564 
 Comfort from the B.-Captive. *565 
 Diffusion of the B.-Tyndale. *566 
 Discoveries in the B.-Luther. *567 
 Dlsplaced-By gloves-H. VIIL *568 
 Doubted-J. Bunyan's struggles. *569 
 the First American B. -Eliot's. *570 
 Gift of B. to Queen Elizabeth. *571 
 Imperilled by the B.-R. Hunne.*572 
 Incendiary B.-Bookseller"s. *573 
 Indestructible-Persecution. *574 
 Influence of the B.-Cromwell. *575 
 Monopoly In the B.-Brlt. pub's. *576 
 Omitted-Coronatlon of J. II. *577 
 People's B.-Wycliffe. *578 
 
 Prohibition of the B.-England. *579 
 '* " " " -Necessary.580 
 Protected by the B.-J. Knox. *581 
 Reverence for the B.-Indians. *585 
 Searching the B.-"Bible Moths."*583 
 Senses in the B.-Three senses. *583 
 Stimulates- Persecution of S. J. *584 
 
 Bound by the B.-Luther. 1092 
 
 Civil gov't by B. rule.-Conn. 2454 
 Civilization advanced by the B. 836 
 Comfort for prisoners. 966 
 
 " from the B.-Cromwell. 555 
 Destitute of B.-Young Miiller. 4712 
 Direction in duty by B. 3613 
 
 Divinity of B.-Denial a crime. 2.556 
 Encouragement-Earthquake. 1087 
 Inspires courage-Covenanter. 656 
 Interpretation of B., Strict. 3823 
 Interpreters of B , False. 2493 
 
 Opposition to the B -Tyndale. 566 
 " " " "-Catholic. 568 
 
 .4 » .4 44 5.3 
 
 " " " " " 577 
 
 Political abuse of B. 5118 
 
 Power of its historical books-L. 166 
 Reading of B., Ostentatious. 4175 
 " " " forbidden. *586 
 
 Revealed in new light. 1768 
 
 Rule in civil gov"t-Conn. Col. 881 
 Strength from B.-Cromwell. 1444 
 Surrender of B., Painful. 3616 
 
 Tribute-" Is literature itself." 81 
 Unattractive-Condemnation. 5753 
 
 See BIGOTRY. 
 Disclaimed- Cont. Congress. *587 
 Papal b.-Pius V. *588 
 
 Protestant b.-Scotland. *589 
 
 Puritanic b.-Engllsh Puritans. *590 
 Strange b.-Amerlcan Puritans. *591 
 
 in Benevolence-James II. 528 
 
 Blinded by b.-James II. 4085 
 
 Clerical b.-Country paraoB> 2707 
 Display of b.-James II. 1996 
 
 Foolish b. of James IL 317 
 
 Harmonious b.-Bristol. 3606 
 
 Mortified by benevolence. 3720 
 
 Protestant b.-C. disfranchised. 732 
 Rebuked-Dr. Arnold's plea. 733 
 Religious b.-Turk vs. Persian. 5070 
 Rule of b.-James IL 3549 
 
 See BLASPHEMY, 
 by Comparison to Christ. 1958 
 
 Punishable by death-Maryland.4729 
 
 See CONSECRATION, 
 for Conflict-Knights. *1181 
 
 without Faith- John Wesley. *1128 
 
 Ceremony of c.-Knights. 3086 
 
 for Conquest-Grecian youth. 6179 
 of Spoils, Pious c.-Aurelian. 5316 
 to benevolence. 529 
 
 for War-Janizarles. 5255 
 
 See CONVERSION. 
 Clear 0. of John Bunyan. *1175 
 
 Demanded of Peruvians-P. •1176 
 Intellectual c.-Constantlne. *1177 
 Peculiar c. of Martin Luther. *1178 
 Remarkable c. of H. D. Gough.*1179 
 " *' "John Bunyan. *1180 
 
 " " " Adam Clark. *1181 
 
 Results of c. of Constantlne. *H82 
 Sudden o.-Methodlsts. *1183 
 
 Anxiety of c. for Indians. 5909 
 
 Change by c.-Benjamln Abbott.1109 
 Changes enemy to friend. 2646 
 
 Conduct changed by c. 1109 
 
 by Cruelty-Spanish priests. S861 
 Evidenced-" Strangely warm." 1122 
 Ignored In Church-membership. 878 
 by Marriage-Pocahontas. 4743 
 
 Means of c.-A. Lincoln. 5708 
 
 " " " -Humble-Tract. 5652 
 Necessary to the State. 1807 
 
 Proof of c.-Indlan. 3518 
 
 Published by newsmonger. 2400 
 Sudden c. of brigands-Joan. 1559 
 from Vice-Ministry. 2351 
 
 Woman's work in c. 6094 
 
 See CONVERSIONS. 
 Slow 0. of Mahomet. *1184 
 
 by Sword of Charlemagne. *1185 
 
 See CONVERT. 
 Renegade c.-Lord Sunderland.*1186 
 
 Vicious c.-Dryden a Catholic. 3244 
 Zealous Mohammedan o. 1184 
 
 See CONVERTS. 
 by Cruelty-Huguenots. 4119 
 
 Executed-lncas by Spaniards. 1175 
 False c by compromise. 3023 
 
 Saved by murderlng-Irlsh. 1336 
 Seeking c. a duty. 1663 
 
 Spurious c.-Worldly. 453 
 
 Tested by persecution. 4124 
 
 Unholy zeal for c.-Baptized or d.l99 
 
 See CONVICTION. 
 Popular c.-Joan of Arc. ♦1187 
 
 Prayer for c.-George MflUer. *1188 
 of Sin-John Nelson. *1189 
 
 of Sin-Distressing c.-Bunyan. 6166 
 
 See CONVICTIONo. 
 
 Maintalned-Mass. Colony. *1I90 
 
 Realistic c.-John Bunyan. ♦ligi 
 
 Strong c. of John Bunyan. *119^ 
 
 " • -Clear conversion, ♦ligs 
 
 Honesty in c.-Willlam Penn. 2603 
 Painful c. of conscience. 1180 
 
 " " " " 1181 
 
 Power of religious c.-Puritans. 5249 
 Realistic religious c.-Bunyan. 1180 
 
 See DEDICATION. 
 Changed-Blblia Polyglotta. *1485 
 True religious d.-Chnrch. ♦I486 
 
 to God-Knights. 
 
 llTl 
 
922 
 
 REMEDIES— REMEMBRANCE. 
 
 to God-John Wesley. 1122 
 
 Indifferent d. of temple. 6159 
 
 See DEVOTION. 
 Absolute Mohammedan d. *1568 
 Commendable d. of St. Amb. *1569 
 Entire d. of Bp. Thomas Coke.*1570 
 Ministerial d. of Thomas Lee. *1571 
 Self-sacrificiDg d.-Belisarius. *1572 
 
 Absolute d. of life. 3843 
 
 to Amusement-Angelus. 3896 
 
 " Banner-Mohammedan. 2567 
 
 Blind d. of Persian assassins. 374 
 
 External d. to the pope. 2675 
 
 Filial d.-Seeking pardon. 3998 
 
 Reward of d.-Qaribaldi's. 4042 
 
 Secret of d.-Money. 2705 
 
 Servant's d. to mistress. 5120 
 of Soldiers-Swedes to Chas. XII. 1239 
 
 Soldier's d. to standard. 3838 
 
 to Study-Young Napoleon. 6876 
 Terrible oath of d. bygladlators.lOS 
 
 of Wife -Lafayette's. 4318 
 
 " Woman-H. Wentworth. 2516 
 
 " " -Mrs. Unwin. 2883 
 
 to Women-Knights. 2866 
 
 See FAST. 
 
 Religious-Early Methodiots. ♦2105 
 
 Christmas changed to a f.-P. 
 
 851 
 
 Health by f.-Napoleon. 
 
 3552 
 
 Preparation by f.-Knighthoo( 
 
 .3086 
 
 Vision of God by f.-Am. Ind. 
 
 2383 
 
 Voice of God by f.-Joan. 
 
 23&1 
 
 See FASTS. 
 
 
 Religious f. of Abyssinians. 
 
 832 
 
 See FRAUD (Rklioious). 
 
 
 " Departed spirit." 
 
 2353 
 
 Religious f .-Images. 
 
 1282 
 
 " "-Weeping virgin. 
 
 3620 
 
 " "-Grecian oracle. 
 
 3946 
 
 ** "-Holy Lance. 
 
 4667 
 
 " "-Relics. 
 
 4668 
 
 M •> >t 
 
 4669 
 
 U «t (» 
 
 4670 
 
 •• 4t 4< 
 
 4671 
 
 M W li 
 
 4072 
 
 <t tt <t 
 
 4673 
 
 it l( t» 
 
 4674 
 
 «i U l« 
 
 4675 
 
 %l tl «• 
 
 4676 
 
 Spiritualistic f.-" Knock." 
 
 3555 
 
 See HEAVEN. 
 
 
 Carnal h., Mahomet's. 
 
 *2540 
 
 Division of h.-Swedenborg. 
 
 ♦2541 
 
 Materialistic h., Boswell's. 
 
 ♦2542 
 
 Views of h.-Adaptation. 
 
 ♦2544 
 
 Visited by Mahomet. 
 
 ♦2544 
 
 Warrior's h. -Scandinavians. 
 
 *2545 
 
 Approaching near to h.-Taylor.3403 
 Children In h.-Swedenborg. 6207 
 or Hell-John Bunyan. 1085 
 
 Infants in h.-Swedenborg. 2818 
 Letter from St. Paul to Pepin. 3196 
 Nearness to h. in sickness. 6131 
 Visited by Mahomet. 3623 
 
 Women in h. -Mahomet. 8992 
 
 See HELL. 
 Necessary-Prest. A. Jackson. •2547 
 Temporary h.-Mohammedan. *2648 
 
 Fear of h.-Samuel Johnson. 1423 
 
 See HYPOCRIST. 
 
 Brazen h.-Pope Adrian VL *2692 
 
 Diplomatic h.-Napoleon I. *2693 
 Exposed-Religious-Charles II. *2694 
 
 in Friendship-Rival dukes. +2695 
 
 Invited-Puritan Parliament. ^2696 
 
 Religious h.-Rival dukes. *2697 
 
 " " -Roman philos. *2698 
 
 Political h.-Augustus. 
 Religious h.-Charles II. 
 
 See IMMORTALITY. 
 Belief in i. by poet Shelley. 
 Faith in }., Arab's. 
 Hope of l.-Walter Raleigh. 
 
 4256 
 4711 
 
 ♦2745 
 ♦2746 
 *2747 
 
 8706 
 1413 
 
 1425 
 1192 
 834 
 1416 
 5270 
 
 Belief in l.-Socrates. 
 
 " " " strengthens, 
 of Brutes doubted-S. Johnson. 
 Burial for i.-Am. Indians. 
 Confident of i.-Bunyan. 
 Effective Christian doctrine-G. 
 Preparation for i. by bravery. 
 Soul's i.-Socrates. 
 Stimulates courage, Belief in i. 1424 
 in Work-Church-building-Mah. 864 
 
 See INDULGENCE, 
 to Sin by penance. 2800 
 
 See INDULGENCES. 
 Cargo of i.-Papal. •2801 
 
 Papal, by Tetzel. *2802 
 
 Sale of i.-Church-bullding. *2803 
 
 of Appetite, Degraded by. 386 
 
 " '* -Shameless. 260 
 " " -Voraciou8-Johns'n.2183 
 
 Sale of i., Tetzel's. 5164 
 
 to Sin-Pope Leo. 5156 
 
 See INQUISITION. 
 
 Abominable in Spain. *2877 
 
 Romish i. in France. *2878 
 
 Ignorance directing 1. 
 Truth outraged by i. 
 
 See MIRACLE. 
 Fraudulent m.-Weeping V. 
 
 Apparent m.- Walls fall. 
 Constructive m.-Wm. P. of 0. 
 Contempt for false m. 
 Failure of expected m. 
 Popular m.-Coincldence. 
 by Saints only, 
 of Superstition-Persian. 
 " " -"King's evil.' 
 
 Supposed m.-Joan of Arc. 
 See MIRACLES. 
 False m.-Delphic priests. 
 " " Mahomet's. 
 
 by Martyrs-Catholic. 
 Modem m. -Pascal's. 
 Monkish m.- Legendary. 
 
 8721 
 5727 
 
 •3620 
 
 5824 
 4555 
 3528 
 2087 
 965 
 5704 
 1285 
 1380 
 2895 
 
 ♦3621 
 •3622 
 •3633 
 •3624 
 •3625 
 •3626 
 
 Unconscious p.-VIrgil. 
 
 *4624 
 
 See PREDESTINATION. 
 Belief in p.-Wm. P. of Orange.*4404 
 " " " -Scandinavians. *4405 
 
 Extreme view of p. 
 Timely p. before birth. 
 
 See PROPHECY. 
 False p.-Emplrea. 
 
 4384 
 1845 
 
 *4623 
 
 of America's future-Lafayette. 210 
 " " " -Stormont. 218 
 
 Fictitious p.-Confucius of C. 395 
 
 See PURGATORY. 
 Compensations of p.-Moham. *4580 
 Mohammedan p.-Punlshment*4581 
 
 Belief in p.-AncIent Persians. 2250 
 Mohammedan p.-Seven hells. 2548 
 
 See REDEMPTION. 
 Price of r. of Calais. •4639 
 
 See RESURRECTION. 
 Hinted by ancients. 483a 
 
 Belief in r.- American Indians. 2659 
 
 See REVERENCE (Religious). 
 Religious r.-Pagans. ^4870 
 
 for Animals-Egyptians. 2171 
 
 " Clergy excessive-Ferd. H 921 
 Excessive religious r.-Pagans. 4870 
 Foolish r.-Sacred goose-Goat. 5451 
 for Relics-Religious. 4678 
 
 4678 
 Restraint of r.-Repairing temple.876 
 Superstitious r. for the Bible. 685 
 
 See RITUALISM. 
 Rejected-Catholic r. in Eng. •4915 
 
 Trifles vitiate service in r. 
 
 4686 
 
 See SAINT. 
 
 
 Austere s.-Francis. 
 
 8364 
 
 Bioody s.-SIglsmond. 
 
 4188 
 
 Fanatical s.-Simeon Stylltes. 
 
 4706 
 
 " " «• " 
 
 60ia 
 
 vs. Heretic-Joan of Arc. 
 
 1726 
 
 Useful s., Zoroaster's. 
 
 6155 
 
 See SAINTS. 
 
 
 Canonized by pope. 
 
 •5010 
 
 Marks of s.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 •5011 
 
 Pillar s.-Slmeon Stylltes. 
 
 •5012 
 
 Worship of s. introduced. 
 
 •5013 
 
 by Austeritv-Monks. 4oa 
 
 Fanaticism of s. -Monkery. 3683 
 Pillar s.. Folly of. 4706 
 
 Reign of s.-Fanatics. 2092 
 
 See CATHOLIC, CHRIST, CHRISTI- 
 ANITY, CHURCH, CLERGY, 
 CREEDS, DEPRAVITY, 
 IDOLATRY, MARTYRS, METHOD- 
 ISTS, MYSTERIES, NUN, ORACLE, 
 PERSECUTION, SECTS, SIN and 
 "WORSHIP in toe 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Nature's r.-Air, sunshine, etc. 3691 
 Quack r.-Superstitlon. 1283 
 
 REMEDT. 
 
 by Force-Chinese. 
 Strange r.-Wailing. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference*. 
 for the Demonized. 
 Superstitious r.-Pestilence. 
 " " -Religious. 
 
 reheitibraivce. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 of Insult by Cyrus. 
 Painful r. revived. 
 
 See MEMORY in Ue. 
 
 •4758 
 •4759 3 
 
 156» 
 6448 
 5455 
 
 2901 
 864» 
 
REMINISCENCE— RESEMBLANCE. 
 
 923 
 
 SEISINISCENCS:. 
 Frf quent, A. Lincoln's. 2678 
 
 kejuorse:. 
 
 Pepseoator'8 r.-Charles IX. *4760 
 Royal r.-Bdward IV. *4761 
 
 Miscellaneous erosa-references. 
 
 Assassin's r.-Nero. 1110 
 
 of Conscience-Charles I. 1118 
 
 of Ingrate son-Richard. 1634 
 
 Murderer's r.-Constans II. 1108 
 
 Benegade's r.-Argyle. 5209 
 
 "Victim of r.-CIotaire. 1361 
 
 RENEGADC:. 
 
 Shameful religious r. 1186 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 
 RE>01¥]V. 
 
 for Honesty-Aristides. *4762 
 
 of Infamy-Erostratus. *4763 
 
 Literary r.-Samuel Johnson. *4764 
 
 Noble r.-Perlcles. ♦4765 
 
 Miscellaneoui cross-reference. 
 
 by Architecture-Pericles. 1768 
 
 See HONORS in too. 
 
 RENT. 
 
 Refused by anti -renters. *4766 
 
 REPARATION. 
 
 for Disloyalty-Atonement. *4767 
 
 Cross- references. 
 
 
 Death-bed r. of Mahomet. 
 
 1401 
 
 ti 11 >t It 
 
 1436 
 
 Enforced-Jews wronged. 
 
 3060 
 
 InsuflScient r. for insults. 
 
 2868 
 
 Sacred heralds to demand r. 
 
 41 
 
 REPARTEE. 
 
 
 Apt r. of J. Wesley. 
 
 *4768 
 
 REPENTANCE. 
 
 
 Attractlve-M. Luther. 
 
 ♦4769 
 
 Ineffective r., Whltefield's. 
 
 ♦4770 
 
 Publio r.-John UnderhilL 
 
 ♦4771 
 
 Sudden r.-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦4772 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Apostate Christians. 253 
 
 by Coercion, Failure of r. 4396 
 
 Death-bed r. of Wolsey. 4644 
 
 " " -Wm. the Conq. 1415 
 
 on Death-bed- William II. 1091 
 
 Kctltious r.-Caracalla. 1096 
 
 " "-Pirates. 1144 
 
 by Flagellation-James 11. 1133 
 
 •without Restitutlon-PalsBologus. 12 
 Substituted by money-Indulg. 711 
 
 fiuperfloial r.-James II. 
 Transient r. of Antony. 
 
 See AWAKENING. 
 ¥pirltual a.-John Bunyan. 
 
 1133 
 4646 
 
 1180 
 569 
 5166 
 1178 
 
 "-Terrlble-Bunyan 
 "-Martin Luther. 
 "-Terrifying-Nelson. 1189 
 " " -Bunyan.1191 
 
 •'-A. Clark. 1181 
 
 "-Bartley Campbell. 4103 
 "-H. D. Gough. 1179 
 
 "-Misery in. 1193 
 
 Spiritual a.-Melancholy-Fox. 35e4 
 " " by prayer. 1188 
 
 " " Unhappiness by. 1192 
 See CONVERSION, PENANCE and 
 PENITENCE in loc. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE. 
 
 Punished in r.-King of Eng. ^4773 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Efficiency by means of r. 3833 
 
 Personality lost in r. 416 
 
 Silent r.-A. Jackson-Congress. 3192 
 
 See AGENT. 
 
 Ignored-Clarendon by James II. 98 
 
 See SUBSTITUTE in loo. 
 
 REPRIMAND. 
 
 Fictitious r.-Lafayette. ^4774 
 
 of Kindness-Johnson. •4775 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Public r. of Roman censor. 747 
 
 REPRISAIi. 
 
 Honest-Cromwell. *4T76 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Precedent for r. 4905 
 
 Right of r.-Arabs. 4926 
 
 REPROACH. 
 
 Escape from r.-Napoleon I. ♦4777 
 
 Gentle r.-Anaxagoras. ♦4778 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Aroused by r.-Brutus. 369 
 
 Bribery of Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Desperation from r.-Valens. 913 
 Irritating r.-Johnson by Miss S.215 
 
 Life saved in r. 1238 
 
 Mutual r.-James II. 1119 
 
 Nobly received- Alexander. 4031 
 
 for Pusillanimity-Justinian. 1238 
 
 See DISGRACE, DISHONOR and 
 SLANDER in loc. 
 
 REPROOF. 
 
 Meekness in r.-Dr. Taylor. ^4779 
 
 Undeserved-Dr. Arnold. ^4780 
 
 Undisturbed by r.-G. Wash. ^4781 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Age, Valuable r. 2021 
 
 Apt r. for effect. 6030 
 
 Death by r., Tetzel's. 1888 
 
 Desired-Good Emp. Julian. 6896 
 of Meddler, Delicate r. 3546 
 
 Sagacious r.. Wife's. 4881 
 
 by Satire-S. Johnson. 622 
 
 of Wife-Mrs. Geo.Washington. 4781 
 See CENSURE and REBUKE 
 in loc. 
 
 REPURIilC. 
 
 in Decay-Roman. ^4782 
 
 Presaged-John Cabot. ♦4783 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Providential intimation of r. 4783 
 Ruled by one will. <iMA 
 
 " ' -Wa8hington.2836 
 
 Virtue the basis of r. 2455 
 
 REPUTATION. 
 
 Blemished-Napoleoa I. 
 Changeful r., Robert Burns. 
 Deceptive r.-Charles XII. 
 Evil r.-Ireland. 
 False r.-Aristides. 
 Fictitious r -Gen. Chas. Lee. 
 Field for r.-Washington. 
 Mixed r., Alexander's. 
 Preserved, Lincoln's, 
 for Probity-Cato. 
 Stained r., William Pitt's, 
 for Veracity-James II. 
 
 ♦4784 
 ♦4785 
 ♦4786 
 ♦4787 
 ♦4788 
 ♦47S3 
 ♦479.) 
 ♦47S1 
 ♦4792 
 ♦4793 
 ♦4794 
 ♦4795 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Accidental-Van Buren's Admin. 51 
 
 Blot on r., One-William Penn. 607 
 
 " " " Caesar's captives. 608 
 
 Borrowed-Washington Irvicg. 8771 
 
 Buried with the person. 1397 
 
 vs. Character-Lycurgus. 32C4 
 
 Confidence in r.-Cicero. 1025 
 
 Contempt for r.. Deceptive. 5162 
 
 Contradictory r.-Robert the D. 3766 
 
 Cost of social r.-Estimate. 3671 
 
 Deceptive r.-Commodus. 5743 
 
 Delayed, John Milton's. 2325 
 
 Destroyed by avarice-Demosth. 673 
 
 Destruction of r. necessary. 1950 
 
 Disregarded-Effr'nt'ry of "B. F."37 
 
 Envied-Aristldes. 1910 
 
 False r. given-Henry VIII. 2153 
 
 " " of wealth. 5979 
 
 Good r. at home-Lincoln. 1488 
 
 Guarded-Athenian judges. 30;^ 
 
 for Honesty-G. Washington. 2611 
 
 Honorable r.-Emperor Titus. 4307 
 
 Indifferent to r.-Catlline. 392 
 
 Lost by avarice-Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Maligned-Charles We&ley. 702 
 
 Mixed r.-Washington Irving. 3771 
 
 Overestimated-Napoleon. 5503 
 
 " -Pompey. 5 
 
 " -Gen. Chas. Lee. 4789 
 
 Questioned-Honesty-King J. 2618 
 
 vs. Reality-James I. 2154 
 
 Rescued by history-Cromwell. 2577 
 
 Restored, Cromwell's. 3075 
 
 Sacrificed-Tool of tyranny. 3548 
 
 " for money-Chas. I. 3662 
 
 Shameful r.-Dick Talbot. 3202 
 
 Spur to valor. 5767 
 
 by Success- Washington. 5408 
 
 •' " -Yorkshire. 5409 
 
 Time for growth-J. Milton. 3310 
 
 Unjust r. for avarice-Joseph II. 778 
 
 Wronged by rival. 1911 
 
 See DISTINCTION in loc. 
 
 RECIUEST. 
 
 Waiting for a r.-Alexander. 
 See ENTREATY in loc. 
 
 •4T9Q 
 
 RESEMBLiANCE. 
 
 Startling r.-i hri>^t-Ca;sar. ♦479T 
 
 See IMITATION. 
 Fameless i.-Fenimore Cooper. ^2743 
 Unappreciated in art. ^2744 
 
 of Genius-Columbus's egg. 
 vs. Invention-Red Man. 
 of Manners- J. Hogg. 
 
 2316 
 2909 
 
 mi 
 
«34 
 
 RESENTMENT— RESTRAINT. 
 
 tn PaintlDg, Servile-lStli cent. 343 
 Skill by i. ia fine arts-Angelo. 345 
 " " " " " " -Italy. 349 
 See COUNTERFEIT. 
 Preserved by a c.-' Sacred b."*1225 
 Relics manufactured by an A.*1226 
 Signature-Consul Antony. *1227 
 
 Imposed upon Goldsmith. 
 See DISGUISE in loc. 
 
 RESENTMENT. 
 
 Cruel Alexander. 
 Infamous-Benedict Arnold. 
 Passionate-Maximin. 
 of Patriots-Lord Ciiatham. 
 Public-Am. Colonists. 
 Savage-Theodore Lascaris. 
 Withhfcld-Eobbery. 
 of Wrongs-Irishmen. 
 
 2601 
 
 ♦4798 
 *4799 
 
 *4800 
 *4801 
 ♦4802 
 *4803 
 *4804 
 ♦4805 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Appeased with kisses. 3084 
 
 Disdained-Louis XII. 2200 
 
 Dishonorable-Treason. 4109 
 
 Diverted by amusement. 8204 
 
 Expressed forcibly. 2891 
 
 of Flattery-Alexander. 2156 
 
 Foolish r. of Xerxes. 1026 
 
 Infidels treated with r. 2831 
 
 of Insult by Bismarck. 3359 
 
 Opportunity for r.-Clovis I. 409 
 
 Patriotism sacrificed to r. 306 
 
 Premature-Bishop Burnet. 5363 
 
 Vain-Breaking the arrow. 391 
 
 Withheld by fear-Alexius. 757 
 See REVENGE in loc. 
 
 RESERVE. 
 
 Social r -S. Johnson. *4806 
 
 See HUMILITY and MODESTY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 RESIDENCE. 
 
 fctolerable r.-London. *4807 
 
 See DWELLINGS. 
 
 Plainness in d.-Lycnrgus. ♦1754 
 
 See FAMILY and HOME in loc. 
 
 RESIGNATION. 
 
 Coercion by r. of oflce. ♦4808 
 
 Easy r.-A. Lincoln. ^4809 
 
 Serene r.-Oriental. ^4810 
 
 Strength for r. -Bereavement. *4811 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Commission ignored. 4049 
 
 ■" Offloe-Parclcal-Augustus. 3880 
 *' " forced-Tory. 963 
 
 ** " -Sylla. 3882 
 
 *<■ » -Tyler's Cabinet. 3935 
 
 Official r. rejected by Lincoln, S.116 
 " " -Honorable-Bolivar. 893 
 Policy in r.-Augustus. 3881 
 
 Shameful r.-Emp. Vitellius. 3879 
 
 See SUBMISSION. 
 Humiliating s.-Rlchard II. ♦5381 
 •of Soul-Penitential s. *5388 
 
 S)xacting s.-James II. 248 
 
 eumillating s.-Captive Emp. 2197 
 
 Prayer of s.-Socrates. 4557 
 
 Soul's 8. to God. 5382 
 See PATIENCE in loc. 
 
 RESISTANCE. 
 
 Popular r. -Protestants. *4812 
 
 " " -Bostonians. *4813 
 
 Provoked by legislation. ^4814 
 
 Wisdom in r.-Am. patriots. ♦4815 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Assurance of r.-"Daysof b'ttle.''319 
 Provoked, presumptuously. 4461 
 
 See DEFENCE, 
 a Bondage-Fall of Verona. *1498 
 Brave d. of Count Gerontins. ^1499 
 Declined by Charles L ^1500 
 
 Frail d. at Waterloo. ♦ISOl 
 
 Heroic d. of La Rochelle. ♦loOS 
 Patriotic d. of Holland. ^1503 
 
 Savage d.-Babylonians. ♦1504 
 
 Delay needful for d. 5175 
 
 Exhibitions of self-defence-Eng.218 
 Impossible-Trial of Dr.Bateman.540 
 Neglected-Constantinople. 605 
 
 Noble d.-Slege of Metz. 2208 
 
 Omitted on Sabbath-Jews. 4985 
 Self-defence at Londonderry. 927 
 " in argument. 1857 
 
 See OPPOSITION in loc. 
 
 RESOLUTION. 
 
 Success by r.-Am. patriots. 
 
 •4816 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Moral r. of M. Luther. 1092 
 
 Success by r.-Gen. Fremont. 1069 
 Unsurpassed in r.-Pizarro. 1068 
 Weakness of r.. Moral. 5054 
 
 See DETERMINATION. 
 Asserted-"Sword shall give it.^1555 
 Emphatic d.-Stone-My ballot. ^1556 
 Fixed d.-Joan of Arc. ^1557 
 
 Obstinate d -Scotch Presb.'s. ♦ISSS 
 Strange d.-Joan of Arc. ^1559 
 
 for Success-" Win his spurs." ♦1560 
 Want of d.-Philip of France. +1561 
 Youthful d.-Alcibiades. ^1562 
 
 Ambitious d. of Alex. Hamllton.185 
 
 Resolute d.-Luther to Worms. 1241 
 
 Success by d.-Wadsworth. 3956 
 
 See ENERGY in loc. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of Qenius-CsBsar's. 
 
 2383 
 
 RESPECT. 
 
 Beneficial-Samuel Johnson. *4817 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Withheld from Bishop Hall. 2 
 
 See HOMAGE. 
 Disgusting h. of James II. *2590 
 Unsurpassed, S. Johnson's. *2591 
 
 Refused by Crusader. 891 
 
 to Vanity of Diocletian. 26 
 
 " " " Greek emperors. 59 
 
 See KNEELING, 
 to God only-Alex. Murray. ♦3085 
 
 Disgusted by king's k. 2590 
 
 S«e COURTESY and REVERENCE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 RESPONSIRIL.ITY. 
 
 Accepted-Bishop Sancroft. ♦4818 
 Assumed by Jefferson. ^4819 
 
 Awed by r.-Cont. Congress. *4820 
 Evaded-J. Wildman. ♦4821 
 
 Impressed by r.-Pericles. ^4822 
 
 Individual r.-Frederick II. ♦4823 
 by Indulgence-Wm. P. of 0. ♦4824 
 Knowledge gives r.-Ala.crms.*4825 
 Official r.-Julian. ♦4826 
 
 of Po wer- A nti slavery. ^4827 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Anxiety of »• -A. Lincoln. 247 
 
 Author's r.-Regrets. 1249 
 
 Changes character- Vespasian. 2845 
 Confession of r.-Sthennis. 3819 
 
 of Demagogue- Vengeance on G. 40 
 Denied, Vainly-Monmouth. 5139 
 Division of r. -Charles I. 1118 
 
 " " "-Dead horse. 2170 
 
 in Government-Clarendon's C. 50 
 Impressed by r.-Lincoln. 4559 
 
 " *' sense of r.-Lincoln. 511 
 
 Insensible to r.-Judges. 5138 
 
 Misplaced-Children punished. 803 
 on One man-Justinian. 1238 
 
 of Position-Arrest of Bunyan. 318 
 Prayer prompted by r. 5298 
 
 Remote r.-Booth-Dr. Mott. .3810 
 Sense of r. wanting-Nero. 1347 
 
 " " "-Rubicon. 1480 
 
 See FIDELITY in loo. 
 
 REST. 
 
 by Change of occupation-Nap. 2330 
 " " " work-Southey. 6148 
 in Country-life-Burke. 3798 
 
 Denied to ambitious Mah'm't.II.202 
 Soul longing for r. 2538 
 
 See CONTENTMENT, 
 in Gardening-Dloclfetian. ^1148 
 
 under Hardships-John We8ley.^ll49 
 Inferior c.-Samuel Johnson. ♦IISO 
 with Poverty-Diogenes. ♦1151 
 
 Price of c.-Napoleon I. ♦1152 
 
 Possession of 7 acres-Romans. 152 
 Postponed-" What then ?" 1071 
 
 with Poverty-Abdolonymus. 5685 
 without Riche«-Phoeion. 4882 
 
 See IDLENESS, RELAXATION 
 and SLEEP in loc. 
 
 RESTITUTION. 
 
 Conscientious r.-Cromwell. ♦4828 
 
 See RECOVERY. 
 Triumph denied to mere r. 150 
 
 RESTRAINT. 
 
 Difficult-Martin Luther. ♦4829 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 of Etiquette-Distasteful. 1927 
 
 Gentility favored by r.- Johnson.2348 
 Hateful to wild men. 4503 
 
 by Rudeness of rebukes. 8418 
 
 See SELF-COMMAND, 
 against Fear-William III. *50S2 
 
 See ^*ELF-CONTROL. 
 Remarkable s.-c.-Duke Fred. ^5083 
 
 Abandoned-C. J. Fox. 5806 
 
 In Excitement-G. Washington. 340G 
 
RESULTS— REVERSES. 
 
 925- 
 
 Power over others by s.-c. 3595 
 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 6205 
 
 In Suppressing indignation. 5693 
 
 " " resentment. 4804 
 
 Weakness in s.- c. confessed. 5091 
 
 See SELF-POSSESSION. 
 
 Brave s.-p-Admiral Le Fort. *5091 
 
 in Danger-Charles XII. 1840 
 
 See SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 Basis of-Virtue-Intelligence. *5087 
 Capacity for s.-g.-Mass. *5088 
 
 Faculty of s.-g.-Romans-Eng. *5089 
 Withheld-Colony of Virginia. *5090 
 See SELF-DENIAL and HIN- 
 DRANCE in loo. 
 
 RKSUIiTS. 
 
 Decisive r.-Ad. Nelson. *4830 
 
 Far reaching r. -Nationality. *4831 
 
 5811 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Dlsproportloned to cause. 
 
 RESURRECTIOIV. 
 
 Hinted by ancients. *4833 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Belief in r.-Amerlcan Indians. 8259 
 
 RETAIilATION. 
 
 Popular r.-Va. Colonists. ♦4833 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Penalty of r. -Mussulman. 1916 
 
 In Punishment- Visigoths. 4575 
 
 " War.-Burnlng of Washingt'n. 716 
 Withheld by Moh'mmedan m'st'r.38 
 See REVENGE in loc. 
 
 RETIREMENT. 
 
 Beliglous r. of Wm. Cowper. *4834 
 
 See PRIVACY. 
 of Conversation-Greeks. *4471 
 
 Inspected-Cromwell's p. 
 
 Respected by Napoleon I. 
 
 " " Caesar. 
 
 See RETREAT in loc. 
 
 4177 
 8680 
 2865 
 
 RETORT. 
 
 Crushing r.-8. Johnson. *4835 
 
 Sarcastic r.-King Richard. *4836 
 
 See REPARTEE in loc. 
 
 RETRACTION. 
 
 Decllned-Bajazet 
 Refused-Alex. H. Stephens. 
 See RECANTATION. 
 Impossible-Martin Luther. *4633 
 
 *4837 
 
 Formal r.-TJnreal-Galileo. 5627 
 
 Refused-Luther. 1092 
 
 " by Hooper. 1233 
 
 Repeated 6 times -Bp Cranmer.1249 
 
 RETREAT. 
 
 Hasty r.-Battle of spurs. *4839 
 
 ' " " ♦4840 
 
 Impossible at Xeres. ♦4841 
 
 Masterly r.-Battle of Brooklyn. ^4842 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Hasty-Santa Anna- Wooden leg. 68 
 Impossible-Rotundity of earth. 2712 
 
 Impossible-Boats burned. 1074 
 
 " -French Revolution. 5401 
 " -Chained. 1543 
 
 Misjudged by Pompey. 5828 
 
 Necessary-Fred, the Great. 1831 
 Reconsidered-Henry IV.- A. 4'''1 
 Sorrowful r. of Washington. 1541 
 Success by r.-Scythians. 1073 
 
 Unavoidable-Holland flooded. 1503 
 Unexpected and dangerous r. 1645 
 
 RETRIBUTION. 
 
 Begun-Jusiice Jeffreys. ^4843 
 
 OverlookeJ-Napoleon L ^4844 
 
 Sanitary r.-"Black Assize." ^4845 
 
 Sense of r.-Chas. II. ♦4846 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Fear of r. -James IL 2118 
 
 Legal r.-Wolsey. 3071 
 
 Life for life. 4846 
 
 See REVENGE in loo. 
 
 REVELATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Dream to Cicer.>. 1722 
 
 " Dreams to Indians. 1723 
 
 Fahe r.-Persian religion. 1285 
 
 Sin permitted by r.-Mahomet. 8242 
 See BIBLE and INSPIRATION 
 in loc. 
 
 REVELRY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Christmas r. -Italy-France. 850 
 
 See PLEASURE in loc. 
 
 REVENGE. 
 
 Bloody r. -Sepoy Rebellion. ^4847 
 Characteristic r.-Am. Indians. ^4848 
 Condescension of r. -Maria T. ^4849 
 on the Dead-Concini. ^4850 
 
 " " " -Cromwell. ^4851 
 
 Declined-Mathew Hale. ^4852 
 
 Determined-Mary Stuart's. ♦4853 
 Dishonorable r., Alexander's. ^4854 
 Female r.-Parysatis. ♦4855 
 
 Honored-Ancient Germans. ♦4856 
 Ignoble r. -Mutilation. ^4857 
 
 Implacable r.-Antonina. ^4858 
 
 Ingenious r.-Picture. ^4859 
 
 of Injustice-Jail-fever. ^4860 
 
 Personal r.-James Hamilton. ♦ 4861 
 " "-Napoleon L ♦486<J 
 
 Savage r., Husband's. ^4863 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Assassination-Hamilton. 4861 
 Base r., of Chas. II. 1657 
 
 Beneath r. -Impostor. 2755 
 
 Challenged by Gurdun. 1245 
 
 by Confessing crime. 1347 
 
 Dedicated to r., Knights. 2898 
 
 on Descendants-Jeffreys. 3767 
 
 Eagerness for r. on Jeffreys. 4843 
 Excessive r.-Honor-Arabs. 2896 
 Foolish r.-Chas.II.-CromweU's b.685 
 " " -Self- injuring. 2749 
 
 Husband's r. on the a. John XII. 66 
 Ignored by Caesar. 8865 
 
 for Injustice-Philip as8as9inated.368 
 Mother's r.-Hannah Dnstin. 3789 
 Nature's r. for Inhumanity. 2863 
 Passion for r.-"Cap'tn Molly." 4078 
 
 Savage r.-Judge Cone. 4838 
 
 Wars of r. Am. Ind.'s. 5928 
 
 Wife's r.-Rumford's. 4593 
 
 of Woman outraged. 6096 
 
 for Wrong unrighted. 305& 
 See RETALIATION, RETRIBU- 
 TION and VENGEANCE. 
 in loc. 
 
 REVENUE, 
 
 Ancient r.-Romans. ♦4864 
 
 from In jusi ice-Turks. ♦«65 
 
 Mismanaged-George III. ♦4860 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 from Drink, State r. 
 
 See FINANCES in loc. 
 
 2940 
 
 REVERENCE. 
 
 Excessive r.-Wm. Pitt. ^4867 
 
 Filial r. -Alexander. *4868 
 
 for Parents-Ancients. ♦4869' 
 
 Religious r.-Pagans. ♦4870 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Animals-Egyptians. 2171 > 
 
 " Clergy excessive-Ferd. II. 921 ■ 
 Excessive religious r.-Pagans. 4870, 
 Foolish r.-Sacred goose r.-Goat.5451 
 for Relics-Religious r. 4676.< 
 
 " " " 4678 
 
 Restraint of r.-Repairing temple.876 , 
 Superstitious r. for the Bible. 585 
 
 See AWE. 
 Effect of a.-Persian king. *441 
 
 Silence of a.-Battle of the Nile.^44a ! 
 
 See HOMAGE. 
 Disgusting h. of James II. ♦2590 
 Unsurpassed-S. Johnson's. ♦2591' 
 
 Refused by Crusader. 891 
 
 to Vanity of Diocletian. 26' 
 
 " " " Greek emperors. 5d, 
 
 See KNEELING, 
 
 to God only- Alex. Murray. ♦.3085 
 
 Disgusted by king's k. 
 
 See WORSHIP in loc. 
 
 REVERSES. 
 
 Benefits of r.-English. 
 
 2590' 
 
 ♦487» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 in Llfe-Nicetas. 2211/ 
 
 See REACTION, 
 from Excess-Persecution. ^4617 
 Moral r.-Restoration of C. n. ♦4618 
 " " -Puritanism to sin. ♦4619 
 
 of Anger-Peter the Great. 5091 
 
 " " -Alexander. 1744 
 
 " Cruelty-Nero's persecution. 1358 
 " Excess-English revolution. 196ft 
 " Extravagance-Example of C. 397 
 against Labor-Probus's soldiers.310 
 Natural r.-Cleanllness- Watts. 917 
 of Opposition-Religious. 393» 
 
 " Oppression-Liberty. 322* 
 
 Piety by r. of sins. 418ft 
 
 Political r.-Van Buren's Admin. 51 
 of Public opinion -Cavaliers-P. 89» 
 Social r. aeainst Puritans. 803 
 
 Unexpected r.-James II. 81S 
 
-926 
 
 REVERIE— RING. 
 
 See VICISSITUDES. 
 
 InLlfe-Eng. nobility. 2210 
 
 " " -Columbus. 2473 
 
 •* " -C. Jerome. 2521 
 
 See ADVERSITY and DEFEAT 
 
 in loo. 
 
 REVBRIE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Discovery by r.-Gravitatlon. 2295 
 
 Lost in r.-Samuel Johnson. 2310 
 
 See IMAGINATION in loo. 
 
 REVIVAL. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Of Art in Italy. 344 
 
 •• " •* 15th century. 845 
 
 •• " " Italy. ?48 
 
 •♦ Civilization in E.,A.D.1485-1514.912 
 •* Education in Europe. 912 
 
 See CONVERSION in loo. 
 
 REVOIiT. 
 
 Suppression of r.-Soldiers. 
 
 See INSURRECTION. 
 Suppressed-Am. Revolution. 
 
 See MUTINY. 
 Courage, against m.-Ca6sar. 
 Cruel m.-Henry Hudson, 
 by Disappointment-Columbus. 
 Reform by m.-British navy, 
 of Sailors-British navy. 
 
 ♦4872 
 
 1136 
 
 ♦3756 
 *3757 
 *3758 
 *3759 
 *3760 
 
 Quelled by General Jackson. 1963 
 Sailors' m., Columbus'. 1940 
 
 tTnparalleled m.-Scottish 8'ld'rs.306 
 See REBELLION in loe. 
 RGVOIiUTION. 
 by Contagion-Am. and France. *4873 
 Instantaneous r.-Puritans. *4874 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Accident-Maiden insulted. 29 
 
 Climate promotes r. 951 
 
 Conspiracy for r.-Cleomenea. 2445 
 
 Contempt prepares for r. 8902 
 
 Diplomatic r.-Nap.-Spain. 1656 
 
 Inaugurated by Cromwell-P. 410 
 
 Literary r. -Thomas Palne's. 1027 
 
 Liturgy brings r. -Scots. 3323 
 
 by Oppression of the poor-R. 2450 
 
 Plot for r. -Vicious. 1140 
 
 Provoked by legislation. 980 
 
 " " imprudenceof C.I. 413 
 
 tlnrecognized by Louis XVI. 277 
 See REBELLION in loc. 
 
 REVOLUTIONS. 
 
 Injustice brings r. *4875 
 
 Eetrogradive r.-Rest'n of C.II. *4876 
 
 REWARD. 
 
 Destitute of r.-J. Smith. *4877 
 
 of Gratitude-Gen. Grant. *4878 
 
 Unexpected r.-Alexander. *4879 
 
 RICH (The). 
 Duty of the r.-Epaminondas. *4880 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Declined for patriotic effort. 4042 
 In Future life- Mahomet's. 3733 
 Genius without r.-Milton. 422 
 
 Inadequate r. for war. 1072 
 
 Ridiculous r. for tidings of Geo.II.9 
 Wronged in r.-E Whitney. 2991 
 See RETRIBUTION and TVAGES 
 in loc. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Government favors the r. 
 
 RICHES. 
 
 Avarice with r.-Pythius. 
 In Contentment-Phocion. 
 Despised-Ottomans. 
 Joy in r., Sudden. 
 Power with r.-Philip. 
 Slighted-Solon. 
 Superseded-Greclans. 
 Tendency of r., Degrading. 
 Uncertainty of r.-Dionysius. 
 
 3103 
 
 *4881 
 ♦4882 
 ♦4883 
 ♦4884 
 ♦4885 
 ♦4886 
 ♦4887 
 ♦4888 
 ♦4889 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Glorified by Cato the Censor. 432 
 Use of r., True-Pythius. 4881 
 
 Vanity of r.-God needed. 2379 
 
 See GOLD. 
 Craze for g.-Emigrants to Am.^2388 
 Delusion of g. -Londoners. ^2389 
 
 " " " -Spaniards. ^2390 
 vs. Labor-Cortez. ♦2391 
 
 Rubied by g.-J. A. Sutter. ^2392 
 
 Captivated by g.-Demosthenes. 672 
 Corrupted by g.-Spartans. 5856 
 Crop of g.-Dream. 2523 
 
 Delusion of g.-Jamestovra. 2807 
 Delusive hopes of g. 1984 
 
 Exciting discovery-Ca. 1974 
 
 Punishment-Melted g.-Crassus. 434 
 Sought by I. Newton-Alchemist.814 
 Value of g.-Indian's estimate. 457 
 See GOLD-SEEKERS. 
 
 Delusion of g.-s at Jamestown. 2807 
 i» u I. u i< 8388 
 
 ♦• " " -Londoners. 2389 
 
 " •' " -Spaniards. 2390 
 
 it ti .. ii 2735 
 
 «• " " -California. 2392 
 
 .< t< <i -Visionary. 1984 
 See WEALTH in loo. 
 
 RIDE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hard r.-90 Miles-Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 RIDICULE. 
 
 Changed by merit-Puritans. 
 Conquered by Napoleon I. 
 Cures cowardice- Arab. 
 Defended by r.-Caesar. 
 of Greatness-Julian's. 
 Public r. of Irish agents. 
 Punished-Religion. 
 Reformation by r.-Laws. 
 Revolution by r.-Wales. 
 Unconscious of r.-George III. 
 Unfelt-Dlogenes. 
 Warning in r.-Whitefield. 
 
 ♦4890 
 ♦4891 
 ♦4892 
 ♦4893 
 ♦4894 
 ♦4895 
 ♦4896 
 ♦4897 
 ♦4898 
 ♦4899 
 ♦4900 
 ♦4901 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Butt of r.-D'Argens. 2237 
 
 " " "-Goldsmith. 2601 
 
 of Dignity-Kiag upset. 1586 
 
 " Enemy-Tigranes. 3829 
 
 Exposure to r.-Columbus. 2587 
 
 Failure of r.-Burke. 49 
 
 Fear of poets' r.-Bums. 4216 
 
 Fear of r. -Clergy. 4416 
 
 of Humiliation-Painful r. 3719 
 
 Improvement under r.-Plato. 1314 
 better than Indignation. 5773 
 
 Ineffective r.-Eng. Methodists. 4666 
 Mutual-Fred. II. and Voltaire. 3 
 Office of r.-Shame-Error. 3246 
 
 Opposed by r. -Demosthenes. 2021 
 of Poverty-Scots-Johnson. 4352 
 " Reform-Calendar changed. 696 
 Reform by r. -Peter the Great. 1124 
 of Religion of Catholics. 4742 
 
 " Sanctimony in advertisements.96 
 Unexpected r.-B.'s dagger scene. 49 
 Victim of r.-Goldsmlth. 2664 
 
 Weapon against infidelity. 2830 
 
 See DERISION. 
 Public d. at theatre- Walker. ♦1536 
 
 Conquered by perseverance. 4154 
 
 See MOCKERY. 
 
 of Agony of martyrs. 1358 
 
 " Extortloner-Rufinus. 427 
 
 " Religion-Emperor Michael. 4723 
 Taunt of Women-Influence of. 2504 
 
 See SNEER. 
 
 Sarcastic s. at Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Sneer for s.-Colonel Tarleton. 2908 
 
 See CONTEMPT in loc. 
 
 RIGHT. 
 
 of Might-English earls. ^4908 
 
 " " -William III. ^4903 
 
 " " -Sword. ^4904 
 
 by Precedent-Napoleon I. +4905 
 
 and Wrong-Boundaries. ^4906 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Might-Conquest. 1098 
 
 vs. " -Am. Revolution. 5924 
 
 of Reprisal- Arab robbers. 4926 
 
 Unquestioned, yet false. 5747 
 
 See ETHICS. 
 
 Boundaries In e. 4906 
 
 See CONSCIENCE in loc. 
 
 RIOHTS. 
 
 Asserted-Wm. Wadsworth. ^4907 
 Ignored-Chas. II. ^4908 
 
 Importance of r.-Squatter S. ^4909 
 Maintenance of r. by exercise. ^4910 
 Petition of r.-Parliament. *4911 
 Sentimental r.-Political. *4912 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Asserted-Am. Indians. 4331 
 
 Character by maintaining r. 768 
 
 Compromised, Legal r. 248 
 
 Defence of r.-Don't tr'd on me. 3939 
 
 " " Imperial r.-Cer'mony.756 
 
 Demanded, Legal r.-Penn. 3053 
 
 Denled-Subjugated Irish. 3944 
 
 Determination to maintain r. 2785 
 
 " " have r. 3235 
 
 Natural r. of man. 4520 
 
 Unequal r.-Purltans-Indlans. 1859 
 
 Women's r. demanded. 6093 
 
 See JUSTICE and LIBERTY in loc. 
 
 RING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Gift of r., Joy by-Napoleon. 2358 
 Stratagem by r. -Adulterer. 8276 
 
EIOT— RULER. 
 
 92'J 
 
 RIOT. 
 
 Night of r.-Fllght of Jamea IL*4913 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Condemned by Washington. 
 
 4953 
 
 RIOTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Christmas r.-Puritans. 8915 
 
 See MOB. 
 Audacity of Paris m.-Revolution.658 
 Calmness amid the m.-Wesley. 698 
 of Fanatics controlled by dem. 40 
 Mistakon-Cinna put to death. 372 
 Terrifying m.-New York draft. 3646 
 See msUKRECTlON in loo. 
 
 RISING. 
 
 Early r. of Washington. •4914 
 
 See EARLY-RISINO. 
 Sleepiness from e.-r. 5206 
 
 RISK. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Assumed by Alex.'s physician. 1048 
 
 See ADVENTURE. 
 Courageous a.-Lieut. Gushing. *7S 
 Daring a. -Napoleon I. *74 
 
 Passion for a.-Conquest. ^75 
 
 Primitive a., Geo. Washington's. *76 
 Spirit of a.-Wm. Parry. *77 
 
 Outwitted-" Button"-W. Scott. 19 
 Threat of r.-Nero-Britannicus. 4369 
 
 Love of a.-Young Lincoln. 8272 
 Youthful a.-Romantic-Cortez. 3353 
 
 See ADVENTURER, 
 Bom a.-Uernando Cortez. *78 
 
 Dream of an a.-Count de B, 188 
 Honored-Geo. Villiers by Jas. 1. 494 
 " -Disgraceful a. 2416 
 
 See ADVENTURERS. 
 Disappointed-Theodoric and Q ♦79 
 Numerous a. with Capt. J. Smith.*80 
 
 HemarkaUe a.-De Soto's ex. 
 Successful a.-Three men. 
 See VENTURE. 
 Instructive v. of Franks. •5795 
 
 1076 
 
 Heroio-Sherman's march to the s.70 
 See DANGER and GAMBLINQ 
 
 * in loc. 
 
 RlTUAIilSM. 
 
 Eejeoted-Catholio-England. •4915 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Trifles vitiate service. 4685 
 
 RIVAI^. 
 
 Successful r.-Mary Q. of Scots. *4916 
 Unsuspected r.-a Brother. *4917 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abuse of r. in politics. 25 
 
 Ambitious r. against Wash. 188 
 
 Authority in religlon-H. VIII. 4301 
 Bitterness toward r.-Clay. 4247 
 Dangerous r. to royalty. 4284 
 
 Dislike of r.-Cicero. 4454 
 
 Hateful r.. Wife's. 6068 
 
 Jealous of r.-O. Goldsmith. 4453 
 " " " -S. Johnson. 4450 
 
 Mortifjring success of r. doctor.4168 
 
 RIVAIiRT. 
 
 Business r.-Steamboat. 
 an Obstacle-Politics. 
 Successful r.-Rlzzio. 
 of Talent vs. Money-Rome. 
 Unsuspected r.-Brothers. 
 
 •4918 
 *4919 
 •4916 
 *4920 
 ♦4917 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 of Physicians-Diverse systems. 5385 
 
 See COMPETITION. 
 Fame by o.-Discoverers. 2047 
 
 Progress by c. 4492 
 
 Unworthy c.-Poet vs. Puppets. 1835 
 
 RIVAIiS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Combat of r.-Thebans. 8884 
 
 Defeat of r. by Jefferson-Lover8.3356 
 
 Discord in gov't by r.-Acre. 2415 
 
 Female r.-Ootavia vs. crop'tra.6136 
 
 Jealous of r. -Brothers. 1626 
 
 '* " "-S. Johnson. 4450 
 
 " " "-Robespierre. 4482 
 
 Wife vs. Concubine r. 6109 
 
 See JEALOUSY in loo. 
 
 ROADS. 
 
 Improvement of r.-England. •4921 
 
 ROBBER. 
 
 Honored-Jermack. ^4922 
 
 ROBBERS. 
 
 Honored-Claude Duval. *4923 
 
 Hunting r.-Bloodhounds. *4924 
 
 Success of r.-Reign of Chas. 11. •4925 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Confidence in r. rewarded. 1045 
 State plundered by r. 2417 
 
 ROBBERY. 
 Excused by Arabs. ^4926 
 
 Royal r.-Henry III. ^4927 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Inhuman r. of Moslems by Turks. 1 
 
 Legalized r.. Speculators. 
 Partial r. unresented. 
 
 See BUCCANEER. 
 Excused-Sir Francis Drake. 
 See PIRACY. 
 
 Ancient English p. 
 
 6279 
 4804 
 
 902 
 
 •4185 
 
 National p.-Eng. and France. 986 
 
 See PIRATES. 
 Connivance with p.-Gov't. *4186 
 Period of p.-Romans. ^4187 
 
 Conniving with p.-Romans. 1298 
 
 " " " -English. 2434 
 
 Contempt of p.-Roman. 1144 
 
 Government indifferent to p.-E.2440 
 
 Impunity of p.-Brlbery. 
 Tribute to p.-Algerine. 
 
 See THEFT in loo. 
 
 ROMANCE. 
 
 Origin of the word r. 
 
 1210 
 6711 
 
 •4928 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In History-Pocahontas. 2574 
 
 " " -Pretty feet. 2583 
 
 of Love-Dropped dead. 
 " " for Johnson. 
 Perils of r.-Cortez a lover. 
 Power in r.-Jane MacCr«a. 
 In Religion-Pocahontas. 
 Spirit of r.-Richard I. 
 in War-" For God and Her." 
 
 ROMAN ISm. 
 
 Civil assumptions of R. 
 Deliverance from R.-Prayer. 
 Display of r.-Priests. 
 Hatred of R.-Protestants. 
 Insulted by Protestants, 
 against Liberty-Magna Charta. 
 
 Oppression of R.-the Poor. 
 
 Patronized by James II. 
 
 Relief in R.-S. Johnson. 
 
 and the State-Sixtus V. 
 " " •» -Boniface VIIL 
 " " » -Innocent IIL 
 
 VS. ' " 
 
 " *' " -England. 
 •4 t< «i -Assumption. 
 
 ROMANISTS. 
 
 Allegiance of R.-Oath. 
 Denounced-Cromwell. 
 Plot of R. assassination. 
 
 See CATHOLICS in loo. 
 
 RO¥AL.TY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Atrocity of r.-Constantinople. 
 Maternal r.-Napoleonl. 
 Miseries of r.-Stuarts. 
 Overthrown at Milan. 
 Rejected-Statue of Geo. III. 
 See KING in loc. 
 
 834k 
 8349 
 8353 
 5108 
 4743 
 2460 
 5989 
 
 •4929 
 •4930 
 ♦4931 
 *4932 
 *4933 
 ♦4934 
 *4935 
 •4936 
 ♦4937 
 •4938 
 •4939 
 ♦4940 
 ♦4941 
 *■ 2 
 •4943 
 •4944 
 •4945 
 
 •4946 
 •4947 
 •4948 
 
 •4949 
 •4950 
 •4951 
 •4952 
 •4968 
 
 RUDENESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referenced. 
 OfiBce of r.-Restrain vice. 8417 
 
 Superficial r.-Johnson. 3418 
 
 with Wisdom-Diogenes. 3415 
 
 See AWKWARDNESS, 
 and Agllity-Poet Shelley. ^443 
 
 Exhibited-Etiquette, 
 
 See INSULT in loo. 
 
 RUIN. 
 
 Impressive r.-Rome. 
 Inevitable r.-Dllemma. 
 National r. by expansion. 
 
 1580 
 
 ♦4954 
 •4958 
 •4958 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 
 by Extravagance-Cato. 2014 
 
 See CALAMITY m loo. 
 
 RUIiER. 
 
 Capable r.-Kildare. ^4957 
 
 Conceited r.-James II. •4958 
 
 Embarrassed r -Prince of W. *4959 
 
 Excellent r.-Saladln. ^4960 
 
 Foolish r.-Justlnian. *4961 
 
 Great r.-Alfred the Great. ♦4962 
 
 " " -Charles MarteL ♦4963 
 
 " " -Canute. •4964 
 
 Horrible r.-Nero. *4965 
 
 Independent r.-James I. •4966 
 
 Monster r. -Mahomet III. ^4967 
 
 Natural r.-General Grant. ♦4968 
 
928 
 
 RULERS— SACRIFICES. 
 
 Popular r.-Emperor Adrian. *4969 
 
 " "-Charlemagne. *4970 
 
 Righteous r.-Danlsh king. *4971 
 
 Ruinous r.-PalaeoIogus. *4972 
 
 Shameless r.-Charles II. *4973 
 
 Spirited r.-Charies XII. *4974 
 
 Superior r.-Henry VIL *4975 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Acknowledged, Artfully. 2152 
 
 of All-Child-Themistocles. 792 
 
 Arbitrary r.-Terrifying-F. Wm.ie?? 
 Arrogant r.-Timour. 1143 
 
 Atrocious r.-Emp. Caracalla. 1333 
 Araricious meanness of r. 8664 
 
 " r. -Prefect Rufinus. 427 
 
 Careless r.-Frederick V. 4201 
 
 Character security for r. 8253 
 
 Chosen by lot-Turkman's. 8333 
 
 Coerced by captors-Mexican. 4088 
 Contempt for r.-Charles I. 3523 
 
 Contemptible r.-Emp. Angelus.3896 
 ** "-James I. 2428 
 
 •• "-Charles I. 3628 
 
 •• "-Charles IV. Sp.4490 . 
 
 Corpse of Constantine. 2838 
 
 Demoralizing r.-Nero. 4.373 
 
 Despicable-Philip II. of Spain. 902 
 Disgraceful r.-Henry III.-B'gg'r 1266 
 " '*-E. IV., Voluptuous.47 
 " "-Pres't College. 3177 
 Effeminate r.-Claudius. 3876 
 
 Energetic r.-Emp. Trajan. 1893 
 Equality of peep e with r. 3238 
 
 Exasperating r. denounced. 3523 
 Feeble r.-Cromwell's son. 5957 
 
 Folly of r. overruled. 4553 
 
 6entleness-Excessi7e-Ch'rIlaus.2394 
 Government without a r.-Rom.2613 
 Pereditary r. -Ridiculous. 2451 
 
 fgnominious r -James II. 3653 
 
 Illiterate r.-Elder Justin. 2730 
 
 Imagination the r. of men. 2739 
 Impartial r.-Son-Turk. 3063 
 
 " "-Emp. Julian. 3141 
 
 Independent by degradation. 1 69 
 Incompetent r.-James 11. 762 
 
 Inconsiderate r.-James II. 3853 
 lafantile r.-Henry VI. 790 
 
 Insane r.-Cambyses-Persian. 2881 
 *' "-George III.-Nine yrs. 2884 
 " " " " -St'mp Act.2879 
 •• "-Changeful-Ch'ries VI.3513 
 Insolent r.-James II. 2890 
 
 jfast purpose of r.-Canute. 3061 
 Naturi.1 1. -Cromwell. 3921 
 
 " "-Indian chief. 415 
 
 Neglectful r.-Emp. Theodoslus.1878 
 Obnoxious r.-Tory-N. Y. 4077 
 
 Obtuse r.-Self-destructive. 2427 
 Outrageous r.-Wm. the Conq. 3943 
 Partiality of r.-Religlous-J. n. 4009 
 Partisan r.-James II. 3926 
 
 Popularity of r. diminished. 4044 
 Prepared r. -Peter the Great. 2328 
 Pusillanimous r. slain. 2491 
 
 Bash r.-Drunken-War. 1624 
 
 Reflections in death, C'mrrting.2395 
 Remarkable r.-Cromwell. 2327 
 
 Responsibility of r. 4826 
 
 Eidiculed-Offended-Hadrian. 6029 
 
 Ruinous r.-Obstinate James II. 3549 
 Safety of virtuous r. 8873 
 
 Self-disgraced r.-Montezuma. 4088 
 
 " -government of r.-Nap. I. 8595 
 Shameless r.-Mary Stuart. 4916 
 " "-CommodusL B105 
 
 Skilful r. -Richelieu. 2424 
 
 Spiritless r.-Unworthy-Rlch. n.5381 
 Support of r., Enthusiastic. 4035 
 Unhappy r.-Maximus. 183 
 
 Unqualified r.-Honorius. 1877 
 
 Unrighteous r.-Charles II. 4908 
 
 Vicious r.-Emp. Carinus. 2629 
 
 Virtuous r.-Pertinax. 5841 
 
 Wife r. of husband-Belisarlus. 2686 
 
 I. » X u -Garrick. 1683 
 
 Woman rules the r.-James II. 2842 
 
 " " " -Nero. 4373 
 
 " the ruler-Lady Fairfax. 5994 
 
 RULERS. 
 
 Change of r.-"Pontiac's War."*4976 
 
 Many r.-six Emperors. *4977 
 
 Precise parental-Howard. *4978 
 
 Responsibility of r.-Charles II.*4979 
 
 " " "-British. ♦4980 
 
 Terrifying r.-Roman. *4981 
 
 Uneducated-"Crowned ass." *4982 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Age of evil r.-Roman Empire. 124 
 Anomalous female r.-England.2264 
 Antagonistic r. multiplied. 2415 
 Atrocious r. -Successive. 4949 
 
 Dangerous r. -Decemvirs. 2409 
 
 Deception of Roman r. 3837 
 
 Destroyed by subjects-Scots. 2414 
 Duplicated-N. J. -Ten years. 2408 
 Female r. opposed-Knox. 6074 
 
 God-honoring r. -Lincoln's c. 4379 
 Piety of r. needful. 4179 
 
 Responsibility of r.-Roman. 4086 
 Ruinous to Spain. .5336 
 
 Too many r.-Napoleon I. 4808 
 
 Unhappiness of r.-Caesar. 5413 
 
 Women r. of men-Cato. 6138 
 
 See AUTOCRAT. 
 Military a.-Pompey. *423 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIIL *424 
 
 See KING, 
 of Fanatics-John Baccold. *3078 
 Infant k.-James of Scotland. *3079 
 " " -Henry VI. ♦3080 
 
 Odd k.-G. Washington-Siam. ^3081 
 Unkingly k.-James II. ^3082 
 
 Degraded-Musician or m'n'rch.2666 
 Distinguished from others. 2894 
 Do-nothing k. of Slam. 3081 
 
 God the k. of Romans. 1328 
 
 Jesus the honored k.-Godfrey. 2671 
 Lawless k. vs. Loyal man. 3357 
 
 Mistaken for the k. 1666 
 
 Nominal vs. Real k.-England. 2665 
 Office of k. declined-Cromwell.3868 
 
 " " " " " 3189 
 
 Slighted-Louis P.-Incog. in Am. 21 7 
 Young k. disclpllned-Henry VI.1620 
 
 See AUTHORITY, GOVERNMENT 
 and OFFICER in loo. 
 
 RUIiES. 
 
 Cross-reference. . 
 Independence of r.-Success. 1247 
 
 RUMORS. 
 
 Welcomed r.-Death of Cha8.II.*4983 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Panic produced by r. 8982 
 
 Bee REPORT in loo. 
 
 RUN A \r AY. 
 
 Distinguished r.-Pizarro. ^4984 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 
 from Abuse of parent. 8-389 
 
 Arrested-David Crockett. 634 
 
 Reformed-David Crockett. 637 
 
 from School-Garibaldi. 5027 
 
 Successful-B. Franklin. 638 
 
 " -Samuel Houston. 905 
 See FUGITIVE in loo. 
 
 SARRATH. 
 
 Defenceless on the S., Jews. 
 Desecrated by nobility. 
 
 " -London. 
 Desecration by law. 
 Misspent, Last S.-Charles II. 
 Observance enforced. 
 Privacy on the S.-Wash. 
 Rejected in France. 
 
 ♦4985 
 *4986 
 ♦4987 
 *4988 
 *498» 
 *4990 
 ♦4991 
 ♦499* 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Amusements on the S.-E.in 1593.224 
 
 See SUNDAY. 
 Burdensome to S. Johnson. *5SS^ 
 
 SARRATH-RREAKING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Amusements-Eng. games. 224 
 -Lond.,yr. 1141. 4987 
 Denouncement of S.-b.p'nish'd.204O 
 Law requiring S.-b. 4988 
 
 by Nobility. 4986 
 
 SACRAMENT. 
 
 Inconsistency with s.-Joan. ^4993 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Sacrilegious s. of hypocrites. 2697 
 
 Test for civil office. 3841 
 
 " of s. -Beneficiaries. 628 
 
 See EUCHARIST. 
 
 Blessing in e.. Spiritual. 5085 
 
 See BAPTISM in loo. it 
 
 Consumed by lightning. 
 
 ♦4994 
 
 Human s.-Arabs. 
 
 ♦4995 
 
 " " -Gauls. 
 
 ♦4996 
 
 " " -Swedes. 
 
 ♦4997 
 
 " " -Romans. 
 
 ♦4998 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Human s., Oath with. 883f 
 
 tor Life, Moor's s, 5968 
 
 of Life. Political s. 6793 
 
 Religious s. of natural pleasure. 40* 
 to Save life, Shameful s. 3879. 
 
 of Wealth, Religious s.-We8ley.5978 
 
 SACRIFICES. 
 
 Christian s.-John Newton. 
 Ministerial s.-Thos. Smith. 
 
 ♦4999 
 ♦5000 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Education at fifty years. 1775 
 *♦ " -Colonists. 177» 
 
SACRILEGE— SCHOLAR. 
 
 929 
 
 for Education-Harvard. 1791 
 
 " of Luther. 1820 
 
 " -Wm. Penn. 1767 
 
 " -Yale College. 1783 
 
 Human s.-Ancient Germans. 6164 
 
 " "-Druids. 1374 
 
 '• " of Druids. 6162 
 
 of Love, Wentworth's s. 2516 
 
 Parental s. for education. 1777 
 
 of Piety-Queen Isabella. 4182 
 
 for Pride, Goldsmith's. 4455 
 
 " Keligiou, Wm. Penn's. 4745 
 See SELF-DENIAL and SELF- 
 SACRIFICE in loc. 
 
 SACRIIiBlGE!. 
 
 Infamous a.-Hakem the Turk. 'SOOl 
 
 Sectarian s.-Catholics. *5002 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Grave opened-Death. 2471 
 
 Holy places of Jerusalem-C. 824 
 
 See DESECRATION. 
 Horses stabled In St. Paul's-C. 860 
 
 8«e SABBATH-BREAKING. 
 by Amusementa-Eng. games. 224 
 ' " -Lond.,yr. 1141.4987 
 
 Denoancement of S.-b.p'nish'd.9040 
 Law requiring S.-b. 4988 
 
 by Nobility. 4986 
 
 SAFETY. 
 
 Public 8. by Gothic hostages. *5005 
 Selfish 8. -Darius . *5004 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ashamed of s.-Gen. in battle. 1269 
 
 by Boidness-Cortez. 2653 
 
 in Counsel-Battle. 1221 
 
 Dishonorable s.-Mazimln. 2060 
 
 Indifference to personal s. 1391 
 
 Neglect of personal s.-CsBsar. 1402 
 
 Sea ASYLUM. 
 
 of Refuge-Rome. ♦387 
 
 Poor man's-Colony of Georgia. 532 
 
 See REFUGE. 
 Sanctuary for r.-15th century. ♦4659 
 Secured In America. ^4660 
 
 Failure of r.-Earthquake-Lisbon.731 
 In Prayer from Adversity-G. W.4382 
 " " " " -A. J. 4387 
 
 Temple of r.-Pounding of Rome.387 
 
 SAGACITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Political 8.-Henry Clay. 4275 
 
 " "-Prof essional polifn.4274 
 
 See SKILL. 
 
 Misapplied s.-Perpetual m'tl'n.^5168 
 
 Proof of s.-Rothsohild. ^5169 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 8430 
 " " -Crockett. 4322 
 
 See EXPERT in loc. 
 
 SAIIiOR. 
 
 Great s.-Cabot. ♦5006 
 
 Youthful s.-Sir Francis Drake. ♦SOO? 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Brave s.-Farragut at maintop. 486 
 Intentional s.-Young Irving. 2784 
 
 Intentional s.-Wash. Irving. 626 
 Renowned s.-Admlral Blake. 2345 
 
 SAILORS. 
 
 Destitution of Eng. s.-Chas. II. +5008 
 Patriotic s.-English. *5009 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Avoided by Egyptians. 
 Deliverance of sufferings. 
 Destitute of s.-Russia. 
 the First s.-Phoenicians. 
 Impromptu s.-English navy. 
 Mutiny of s.-Cruel-Hudson. 
 " «' "-English navy. 
 
 3029 
 3802 
 985 
 1615 
 3757 
 3759 
 3760 
 1660 
 1519 
 3908 
 1853 
 
 Patriotic s.-American. 
 Peril of s.-Captain Cook. 
 Superstition of s., Columbus'. 
 " " " -St. Elmo. 
 
 See NAVIGATION. 
 Undeveloped-Romans. ♦3800 
 
 See NAVY. 
 Formidable n.-Invincible A. ♦3801 
 Need of a n.-Peter the Great. ^3802 
 
 Battle, Fierce-Paul Jones. 
 Demoralized by corruption. 
 Ignorance commanding n. 
 Immense-Roman n. 
 Promoted in n., Favorites. 
 Promotion in n.. Unmerited. 
 Speedily constructed-Caesar's 
 
 See VOYAGE. 
 Celebrated v. of Greeks. 
 Preparation for v.-Church. 
 
 5365 
 1615 
 2718 
 2158 
 4487 
 8895 
 
 ♦5867 
 ♦6868 
 
 Fatal V. -Youth to labyrinth, 6051 
 
 Prevented, Happily-Goldsmith.3681 
 
 See PIRATES, SEA and SHIPS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SAINT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Austere s.-St. Francis. 8364 
 
 Bloody s.-Sigismond. 4188 
 
 Changed to a s.-Loyola. 758 
 
 Fanatical-Simeon Stylites. 4706 
 
 " 5012 
 
 vs. Heretic-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 
 Useful s.-Zoroaster's s. 6155 
 
 SAINTS. 
 
 Canonized by pope. ♦SOlO 
 
 Marks of s.-Joan of Arc. ♦SOU 
 
 Pillar s.-Simeon Stylites. ♦5012 
 
 Worship of s.-Introductlon. ♦SOW 
 
 402 
 
 Cross-references. 
 by Austerity-Monks. 
 Fanaticism of s.-Monkery. 8683 
 Pillar 8., Folly of. 4706 
 
 Reign of s.-Fanatics. 2092 
 
 See CHRISTIANS and RELIGION 
 in loc. 
 
 SAIiARY. 
 
 Supplementary-Eng. offtcials ^5014 
 See "WAGES in loo. 
 
 SAI,T. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Currency In s.- Abyssinia. 
 
 1964 
 
 SANCTUARY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Refuge in s.-15th century. 
 See CHURCH in loc. 
 
 SARCASm. 
 
 Merited-Leave the Thames. 
 
 4669 
 
 ♦6015 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Retort of 8.-Rlchard I. 483« 
 
 See IRONY. 
 Apostate's hatred shown. 2549 
 
 Invader's apology to Caesar, 250 
 
 See MOCKERY, 
 of Agony of martyrs. 1368 
 
 " Extortioner-Rufinus. 427 
 
 " Religion-Emperor Michael. 4728 
 Taunt of Women-Influence of. 2504 
 See INSULT and RIDICULE 
 in loc. 
 
 SATIRE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Stinging s.-Beneficial. 1305 
 
 See BURLESQUE. 
 
 by Caricature-Pope-England, 4933 
 
 Christmas festivities-Italy-F. 860 
 
 See RIDICULE in loc. 
 
 SAVAGES. 
 
 Ancient s. of Germany. ♦SOie 
 
 Gentle s.-Natlves of St. Thos. ♦5017 
 
 See INDIANS (Amzbioan). 
 Deluded by-"Most gentle and l."36 
 Embraced by painted I.-G. 54 
 
 Plea for protection of L 4537 
 
 SAVIOUR. 
 
 False s.-Tltus Gates. ♦SOlS 
 
 In a Name-" Solon." ♦6019 
 
 See CHRIST in loe. 
 
 SCANDAL. 
 
 Victim of s.-Charles Wesley, ♦eiae 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Opportunity for s.-A. Jackson. 8453 
 Religious s.-Prostitutes, 3988 
 
 Unsusceptible to s. 2588 
 
 SCANDALS. 
 
 Ecclesiastical s.-Romans. ♦6021 
 See CALUMNY, DISGRACE, LICEN- 
 TIOUSNESS and SHAME 
 in loc. 
 
 SCARCITY. 
 
 Value by s.-Sibyliine books. ♦5028 
 
 SCEPTICS. 
 
 Superstitious s.-Earl of S. ♦5023 
 
 SCEPTICISM. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Prejudice charges s. 4418 
 
 Punished by fanatics. 8078 
 
 Unwarranted s.-Atlantlc cable.2210 
 
 See INFIDELITY in loo. 
 
 SCHEME. 
 
 of Assassination-Wholesale. 1140 
 Assassination, Rosamond's s. of 67 
 " -Catherine de M.6066 
 
 of Benevolence-Colony of Ga. 4299 
 " " Woman's 8, 4192 
 
 Visionary s.-Railroads. 4610 
 
 SCHOLAR. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Comparative s.-17th century. 624 
 Eminent s.-Petrarch. 621 
 
030 
 
 SCHOLARS— SCIENTIST. 
 
 SCHOIiARS. 
 
 Mlsoellaneous cross-references. 
 Expulsion of s. by James II. 1998 
 tadependence of s.-James II. 2890 
 Misjudgment of s.-Pilg.'sProg. 168 
 Bivalry of s.-Isaao Newton. 179 
 " " "-W. Soott-"Button."19 
 See STUDENT. 
 Belated-Charlemagne. *SS67 
 
 Jolly of 8.-01iver Goldsmith. *5369 
 Koyal 8.-Charlemagne. *5368 
 
 Close s.-John Milton. 6211 
 
 Precocious s.-Alexander Pope. 4403 
 Pride stimulates s.-Newton. 4493 
 Pugilistic s.-Hugh Miller. 2468 
 
 Royal 8.-Queen Elizabeth. 6098 
 Eules Ignored by s. 2664 
 
 See STUDENTS. 
 Patriotisai of s.-Am.Rev'lution.40r2 
 
 See STUDIES. 
 Ancient s.-Italy. *5370 
 
 See STUDY. 
 Devoted to 3.-T. Jefferson. *5371 
 t. .. "-prest. Madison. *5372 
 
 Preparation by s.-J. Milton. *5373 
 it « 41 .« " •5374 
 
 «» » "-Napoleon I.*5375 
 
 In Death-Sea-chart. 1445 
 
 Devotion to s.-Young Nap. 4891 
 
 Dislilie for s.-Robert Fulton. 5024 
 
 Humble s. of Burns. 1016 
 
 Incentive to s.-Emalation. 5023 
 
 Passion for s.-Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 Perseverance in s.-Caesar. 1491 
 
 Plan of 8. vs. Plan of Battle. 2330 
 
 Prolonged s.-AU night-Milton. 1014 
 
 Success by continued 4. 4032 
 
 SCHOIiARSHIP. 
 
 Defective s. of Robt. Falton. *5034 
 
 by Emulation-Charles XII. *5025 
 
 Revised s. of Arabs. *5026 
 
 See EDUCATION, KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 SCHOOL and STUDEilT 
 
 in loo. 
 
 SCXEOOIi. 
 
 Aversion toward s.-GaribaUi. 
 Caste in s.-Harvard. 
 Discipline ia s.-S. Johnson. 
 Everywhere-Socrates. 
 of Observation-H. Miller. 
 Perils of s.-Edgar A. Poe. 
 Trials at s.-Napoleon I. 
 
 *6027 
 *5028 
 •5029 
 ♦5030 
 *5031 
 *6032 
 •5033 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discipline-Inconsiderate. 2714 
 
 Examination of s.-Napoleon I. 3596 
 Humiliation at s.-Byron. 3722 
 
 Medical s., The first. 3553 
 
 See COLLEGE. 
 VS. Capital-Location of Yale. *973 
 
 Disgraced in President. 3177 
 
 Rebellion in c. justified. 248 
 
 •Struggles in c.-S. Johnson. 261 
 
 See INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Dangerous 1. of enemy. 3729 
 
 by Defeat-Peter the Great. 1493 
 
 " Example-Siege of Rome. 1961 
 
 " " -Divinity of the Son.825 
 
 by Failure-Mlnucius. 2026 
 
 Need of i.-Petrarch. 621 
 
 Needed with authorlty.-How'rd.411 
 Popular i. by architecture. 287 
 
 See KNOWLEDGE. 
 Desired-Samuel Johnson. *3087 
 Eagerness for k.-Poet Shelley. *3088 
 Happiness by k.-Socrates. *3089 
 Humility for k.-Divine. *3090 
 
 without Learning-P. Cooper. *3091 
 Limitations of k.-Arlstotle. *3092 
 Progress of k.-Arlstotle. *3093 
 
 Promotion by k.-Jared Sparks. *3094 
 Sacrlfioea for k.-B. Frankliis. *3095 
 ** •' "-JohnFitck. *309€ 
 
 Theft of k.-8tllpo. *3097 
 
 Cost of k.-Lottery-P. Cooper. 3334 
 Criminal k.-Persecution. 4118 
 
 Dangerous k. of law. 3321 
 
 Experimental method in k. 3775 
 False k. of Aristotle. 2020 
 
 Love of k.-Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 
 Opposition to k.-Catholicism-E. 735 
 Perilous pride of k.-B.'s defeat. 97 
 Pursuit of k.-Peter the Great. 2328 
 Responsibility comes with k. 4825 
 of k.-"Gunp.p."2089 
 Self-k. by adversity-Fred. V. 84 
 Unapplied-Chinese-Compass. 2978 
 Valueless k. when unapplied-C. 273 
 
 See LEARNING. 
 Dishonored-James II. *3177 
 
 Esteemed by Puritans. *3178 
 
 Honored by Tlmour. *3179 
 
 Secular 1. rejected. *3180 
 
 Superficial 1. diffused. *3181 
 
 Wide 1. of Samuel Johnson. *3182 
 
 Influence of l.-Courtesan. 1256 
 
 Misapplied-Dlscusslon. 2170 
 
 Needless-Plead in Latin. 2164 
 
 Proficiency in 1.-Egypt-Astron.3530 
 Progress in biblical l.-Tyndale. 566 
 
 See TEACHER. 
 Punished by scholars. *5536 
 
 Relation of t.-Arlstotle. *5537 
 
 Responsibility of t.-Alex. *5538 
 
 Value of t. to Alexander. *5539 
 
 Crime to be a Catholic t. 2963 
 
 Devoted to youth-Baeda. 6150 
 
 Honored-Aristotle. 3278 
 
 Ingenious t.-Ell Whitney. 88 
 
 Maternal t.-Llncoln's mother. 1789 
 
 Remarkable t.-Hypatla. 6078 
 
 Severe t.-Wrongheaded. 2714 
 
 Valuable t.-Arlstotle to Alex. 1813 
 
 See TEACHERS. 
 
 Pay of t.-Athenians. *5540 
 
 Parental t. of Mrs. Adams. 3497 
 Tyrannical t., Martin Luther's. 1793 
 
 See TRAINING, 
 for Greatness-Alexander. *5668 
 Lack of military t. *5669 
 
 Lasting effect-Walter Scott. *5670 
 by Obedience of Spartans. *5671 
 Physical t. of Romans. *5672 
 
 Success without t.-Wm. of O. *5673 
 
 for Manhood-Themiatocles. 
 
 635 
 
 Military t., Importance of. 1981 
 Misapplled-Galllenus. 1830 
 
 Success without special t. 138 
 
 of Voice by Demosthenes. 5853 
 
 See EDUCATION and SCHOLAR 
 in loc. 
 
 SCHOOIi-DAlTS. 
 
 Happy s.-d. of S. Johnson. *5034 
 
 SCHOOIi-GIR LS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Captured by s. g.-Napoleon I. 2358 
 
 SCHOOL-IiIFE. 
 
 Tedious s.-l.-Shakespeare. 
 Temptations of s.-l.-W. 
 
 SCHOOLMASTER. 
 
 Imitated-Willlam Cowper. 
 vs. Soldier-Wellington. 
 
 See TEACHER in loc. 
 
 SCHOOIiS. 
 
 Appreciated-Mass. Colony. 
 Beginning of s.-N.E.Colonles. 
 Chrlstlanlzed-Roman. 
 Excellence in Athenian s. 
 Perverted to Romanism. 
 Ragged s.-London. 
 
 " "-Portsmouth. 
 Struggle for s.-James II. 
 
 ♦5035 
 *5035 
 
 ♦5037 
 ♦5038 
 
 ♦."iOSg 
 *504(> 
 *5041 
 *5042 
 ♦5043 
 *5044 
 ♦5045 
 ♦5046 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Art established by C'nst'nt'ne.354 
 
 " " Three s. 346 
 
 Dangers at s.-Isaac Newton. 379 
 
 of Painting-Florence, etc. 344 
 
 *' Vice-Saloons. 5803 
 
 " " -Prisons. 5804 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 an Ally in war. *5047 
 
 Contributory to art. *5048 
 
 Experimental s.-Baconian. *5049 
 
 Infatuated by 8.-Pllny. *5050 
 
 Magic-like- Ad. Drake. *5051 
 
 Patron of art-Navigation. *5052 
 
 and Politics-Caesar. *5053 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Advanced by commerce. OT 
 
 Allied to art. 3530 
 
 vs. Blble-Columbus. 5055 
 
 in Boyhood-Robt. Stephenson. 639 
 
 Contempt of pretentious s. 2034 
 
 Defect of s.-Mllitary caution. 653 
 
 Devotion to s.-Faraday. 537 
 
 False 8., Aristotle's. 6015 
 
 Fashionable s.-Charles II. 2102 
 
 Ignorance of s.-Columbus. 2712 
 
 Madman's s.-Sun 4 miles d. 2083 
 
 Nature surmounted by s. 3800 
 
 Need of teachings of s. 2713 
 
 Progress, Age of-Gallleo. 1632 
 
 Religion advances s. 3641 
 
 Respect for s.-Demetrius. 6215 
 
 Uncertainties of s., Medical. 3599 
 
 Worship of s.-Tlmour. 6178 
 
 Youthful experiments in s.-S. 639 
 
 SCIENTIST. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Deranged by curiosity. 1383 
 
 Failure of s. In experiment. 1992 
 
 Youthful s.-Newton-Wind. 1993 
 
SCOFFER— SELF-DESTRUCTION. 
 
 931 
 
 SCOFFER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 VacUlating 8.-Charles 11. 4756 
 
 See RIDICULE in loo. 
 
 SCOURGING. 
 
 Ineffective-James II. *5054 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Self-inflicted s.-James II. 
 
 1133 
 
 SCRIPTURE. 
 
 Misused against Columbus. *5055 
 
 1087 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Qnieted by s., Mind. 
 
 See BIBLE in loc. 
 
 SCRUPI^ES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affected s. of Richard III. 3742 
 
 Hypocritical s.-James II. 1133 
 
 Sacramental-Enemies. 2697 
 
 Temple robbed-Misfortune. 1100 
 
 SCUIiPTOR. 
 
 Mental s.-Socrates. 
 NobOity in-"Eternalize fame.' 
 
 See STATUARY. 
 De«(t?oyed-Ruin of Paganism. 
 Mutilated by Romans 
 Unappreciated-S. Johnson. 
 
 See STATUE. 
 Honored by s.-Cato. 
 Immense s.-Apollo. 
 
 *5056 
 '*5057 
 
 331 
 327 
 334 
 
 *5337 
 ♦5338 
 
 SEA. 
 Passion for the s.-J. Franklin. *5058 
 
 See OCEAN. 
 Barrier of God-Saracens. ♦3858 
 
 Enchanted by Alexander. *3859 
 
 Dangers of the o.-Cartier. 
 
 5868 
 
 SEA-BATHING. 
 
 Unappreciated in England. *5059 
 
 SEAIi. 
 
 Importance of s.-British. *5060 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Lost and found-Great Britain. 5788 
 
 SECESSION. 
 
 Planned in New England. 
 
 *5061 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Mistaken plea-Yulee of ria. 2579 
 
 See SEPARATION in loc. 
 
 SECRECY. 
 
 Deception ia s.-Hutchinson. *5062 
 Impenetrable s.-Napoleon I. *5063 
 
 SECRET. 
 
 Burdensome s.-Josephine. *5065 
 in Woman's care-Cato. *5064 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Impossible to preserve s.-Iny't'n.535 
 Inviolable s. of confessional. 2089 
 Preservation of s. by murder-B. 687 
 
 SECTARIAN. 
 
 The wind a " popish " s. ♦5066 
 
 SECTARIANISM. 
 
 in Death-Mary Queen of Scots.^5067 
 Narrow s. of Scots. ♦5068 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Military s. of James II. 812 
 
 " " " •' ♦* 317 
 
 Zeal of James II. 6222 
 
 SECTS. 
 Aversion among s. ^5069 
 
 Differences in s.-Turk-Persian. ^5070 
 
 " " magnified. ^5071 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Animal8repre8eiitings.-Airg'ry.231 
 
 See CREEDS in loc. 
 
 SECURITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Debt-Invisible-Poem. 1460 
 
 " " -Embalmed body. 1462 
 
 See SAFETY. 
 
 Public 8. by Gothic hostages. ♦SOOS 
 
 Selfish s.-Darius. +5004 
 
 Ashamed of s.-Gen. in battle. 1269 
 
 by Boldness-Cortez. 2653 
 
 in Counsel-Battle. 1231 
 
 Dishonorable s.-Maximin. 2060 
 
 Indifference to personal s. 1391 
 
 Neglect of personal s.-Caesar. 1402 
 
 See PRESERVATION. 
 
 Remarkable p. of Mahomet. 1023 
 
 Requirement for p.-C'mm'n'8ts.l003 
 
 Strange p. of Rome-Geese. 1961 
 
 See PROTECTION in loc. 
 
 SEDITION. 
 
 Partisan 8.-"Blues and G." +5072 
 See RIOT in loc. 
 
 SEDUCTION. 
 
 Avenged on Carinus. ♦SOTS 
 
 by Promises-Henry VIII. ^5074 
 
 Punishment of s.-Constantine.^5075 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Punished severely- Aurellan. 4578 
 Ruinous scheme of s. of P. 67 
 
 SEEKING. 
 
 for God-Cromwell. 
 
 ♦5076 
 
 SEIiF. 
 
 Conquest of s.-Mahomet. ^5077 
 
 First-Honors. ^5078 
 
 Mastery of s.-Alfred the G. *5079 
 
 SEIiF-ABNEGATION. 
 
 in Oratory-Demosthenes. *5080 
 
 Patriotic s.-a.-Regulus. *5081 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Patriotic s.-a.-Spartans. 4062 
 
 Religious s.-a.-Islamism. 3849 
 
 " -J. Wesley. 1122 
 
 See ABNEGATION. 
 
 Self -a. of M. Luther. ♦S 
 
 See SELF-SACRIFICE in loo. 
 
 SELF-COMMAND. 
 
 against Fear- William III. ♦SOSa 
 
 SEIiF-CONCErr. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Braggart's s.-c.-Royallst in N. Y. 613 
 
 Folly of s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 
 Personal majesty of Sapor. 441 
 
 See CONCEIT in loo. 
 
 SEIiF-CONFIDENCE. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Coronation of self-Napoleon. 1321 
 
 " " " " 1320 
 
 See CONCEIT and PRESUMPTION 
 
 in loo. 
 
 SEIiF'CONQUEST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Abstinence-Mahomet. 5077 
 
 SELF-CONTROIi. 
 
 Remarkable s.-c.-Duke Fred. ♦5083 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Abandoned-C. J. Fox. 5806 
 
 in Excitement.-G. Washington. 3406 
 Power over others by s.-c. 3595 
 Sleep at will-Napoleon I. 5205 
 
 in Suppressing indignation. 5693 
 " " resentment. 4804 
 
 Weakness in s.-c. confessed. 5091 
 
 See SELF-POSSESSION. 
 Brave s.-p.-Admiral Le Fort. ♦SOgi 
 
 in' Danger-Charles XII. 1240 
 
 See SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 Basis of-Virtue-Intelligence. *5087 
 Capacity for s.-g.-Mass. *5088 
 
 Faculty of s.-g.-Romans-Eng. *5089 
 Withheld-Colony of Virginia. *509O 
 See CALMNESS in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-DENIAIi. 
 
 Conception of s.-d.-Am.Ind.'s.*5084 
 Unavailing-Rev. Bramwell. *5085 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolent s.-d.-J. Wesley. 518 
 " -Mrs.J.Fletcher.519 
 " " -O. Goldsmith. 543 
 
 Christian s.-d.-Primitive. 3370 
 
 Preserves religion-Macaulay. 858 
 Religious 8.-d.-Ascetics. 359 
 
 See SELF-ABNEGATION and SELF- 
 SACRIFICE in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-DESTRUCTION . 
 
 Working for-Making arms. ^5086 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Science-Crater of Etna. 1383 
 Terrible s.-d. of Cimbrians. 1550 
 
 See SUICIDE. 
 Averted s.-Napoleon I. *5420 
 
 Cause of s.-Samuel Johnson. *5421 
 Cowardice of s.-Am. Indians. *5422 
 Deterred-Benjamin Abbott. ^5423 
 Dyspeptic's escape by s. ^5424 
 
 Escape by s.-Demosthenes. ♦5435 
 Glorification of s.-StoIos. ^5426 
 
 Mania for s.-William Cowper. ^5427 
 Philosophic s.-Marcus. ♦5428 
 
 Remorseful s.-Mrs. Shelley. ^5429 
 
 Attempted by Cowper. 2691, 2883 
 
 at Command of ruler. 3843 
 
 by " -forty Wives. 1410 
 
 of the Defeated Cimbrians. 1550 
 
 for Disgrace-Lucretia. 5786 
 
 Fanatic's s.-Religious. 3506 
 
 Intentional s.-Youthful W. 1668 
 
 Intimidated-Nero. 1270 
 
 Paradise gained by s. 1416 
 
'«32 
 
 SELF-ESTEEM— SERENADE. 
 
 Preparation for s.-Shelley. 3345 
 
 " "-Fred. IL 3632 
 
 Prevented s., Alexander's. 4021 
 
 Ref age from famine in s. 2015 
 
 " " adversity In s. 5420 
 
 Eequired-ex-Officer-Turk. 3866 
 
 Soldier's s.-Roman. 1404 
 
 »' "-Antony. 1405 
 
 Temptation to s.-Melancholy. 1179 
 
 SEIiF-ESTEKin. 
 
 Unhappy by s.-e.-Cicero. 4454 
 
 See CONCEIT in toe. 
 
 SEI^ F-EX AmiN ATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Call tos.-e.-Crier-Alex.'8p'rce.3279 
 
 SEIiF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Basis of- Virtue-Intelligence. *5087 
 Cs^acity for s.-g.-Mass. ♦5088 
 
 Faculty of s.-g.-Romans-Eng. *5089 
 Withheld-Colony of Virginia. *5090 
 See CALMNESS and SELF-DENIAL 
 in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-imPROVEMENT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Belated-Arkwright-50 Years. 1775 
 
 Difficulties in 8.-i.-A. Lincoln. 1787 
 
 Suocessful-G. Washington. 1788 
 
 See STUDENT in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-INDULGENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Buinous s.-i.-Fox. 6806 
 
 1 See INTEMPEKANCE, LICKN- 
 
 TIOUSNESS and LUXURY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SEIiFISHNESS. 
 
 Petulant s.-Roman nobles. *5096 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Counsels of s. rejected. 6004 
 
 Developed by commerce. 992 
 
 Greedy clerical s. 944 
 
 In Politics-Romans. 4279 
 
 " •• •• 4252 
 
 *• " -S. A. Douglas. 107 
 
 Beign of s. in Ireland. 4253 
 
 " '• "-War of Roses. 6227 
 
 See RAPACITY. 
 
 Royal r. of Henry III. *4615 
 
 See AVARICE, COVETOUSNESS 
 
 and ENVY in loc. 
 
 SELF-POSSESSION. 
 
 Brave s.-p.-Admiral Le Fort. *5091 
 
 1340 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 In Danger-Charles XII. 
 
 See CALMNESS in loc. 
 
 SEIi F-PRESERV ATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 fcy Assassination-Marcia. 1591 
 
 an Excuse- Assassin's. 1123 
 
 First, pity afterward. 1161 
 
 4)y Forgery and fraud. 1542 
 
 SEIiF-PROTECTION. 
 
 First in War. ♦6093 
 
 See DEFENCE and PROTECTION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-RELIANCE. 
 
 Ilxcellence in-De Liancourt. ♦5093 
 tliiooess by s.-r.-Cien. Grant. •5094 
 
 See SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
 Coronation of self-Napoleon. 1321 
 " » » 13JJ6 
 
 See INDEPENDENCE in loc. 
 
 SEIiF-REPROACH. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Ingratitude-Charles I. 1118 
 
 See REMORSE and REPROACH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SELF-SAC KIFICE. 
 
 Magnanimity of s.-s.-Alex. ♦5095 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 of Affection-Soldiers. 1578 
 
 in Benevolence-J. Howard. 548 
 " " -J. Wesley. 549 
 
 Benevolent s.-s. of Jesuits. 3018 
 Needless s.-s.-Lord Nelson. 1391 
 Nobility of s.-s.-Burgesses of C.4639 
 Patriotic 8.-s.-Am. Revolution. 4066 
 " " -Bismarck. 4074 
 
 " " -Italian citizen. 4068 
 See SACRIFICE, SELF-ABNEGA- 
 TION and SELF-DENIAL 
 in loc. 
 
 SENSATION. 
 
 Public s.-Captain J. Smith. *5097 
 See EXCITEMENT in loo. 
 
 SENSATION A LISTS. 
 
 by Singularity-Johnson. *5098 
 
 See FANATICS in loc. 
 
 SENSATIONS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Thirst for new s.-Nero. 1287 
 
 SENSE. 
 Effect of good B.-Joan of Arc. ^5099 
 
 See TACT. 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. ♦5501 
 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. ♦5502 
 
 Bewarded-Careless slave. 
 Superstition overcome by t. 
 
 32 
 31 
 33 
 
 See DISCRETION and PRUDENCE 
 in loc. 
 
 SENSIBILITIT. 
 
 to Defect-Philip. ^5104 
 
 Exquisite s.-O. Goldsmith. ♦5102 
 
 Nervous s.-Southey. ♦SIOS 
 
 See DELICACY. 
 
 Essential to pleasure-Vice. 8320 
 
 of Feehng-0. Goldsmith. 5102 
 
 SENSITIVENESS. 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 to Criticism-Newton. 1164 
 
 " " -Voltaire. 2869 
 
 " Insult, Excessive, Tyrant. 2527 
 Natural s., Excessive-Roberts. 1860 
 of Vanity-Voltaire. 2155 
 
 See SENSIBILITY in loc. 
 
 SENSUALITY, 
 
 Imperial s.-Commodus. ♦eiOS 
 
 Religious s., Pagan's. ♦5106 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disguised by sentimentality. 785 
 Paradise of s.-Mohammedan. 3992 
 Victim of 8. and indulgence-J.IL763 
 
 SENTENCE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Suspended fifteen years. 1139 
 
 See PENALTY in loc. 
 
 SENTIMENT. 
 
 Ignored-Romans. ♦5107 
 
 Power of s.-Indians. ♦5108 
 
 Public s. vs. Laws. •5109 
 
 " "-Mary Stuart. ♦5110 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Heroic s.-Sergeant Jasper. 2151 
 vs. Principle-Napoleon. 1917 
 
 " " -Edward in. 4586 
 
 " " -Slavery. 4913 
 
 Public 8., Vicious-Scots. 1300 
 
 Respect for public s. n.-A. Burr. 856 
 Suppressed-Sl'p'ng with corpse.5207 
 
 SEPARATION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Necessary- Army of James II. 815 
 Punishment by s. -Adulterers. 64 
 Safety by s.-Early Germans. 3000 
 
 See EXCOMMUNICATION. 
 or Money-Papal. ♦197ft 
 
 Terrors of e.-Greek Church. i* 
 
 See EXILE. 
 
 Happily ended-Cicero. 1658 
 
 Honored e.-Lafayette. 4318 
 
 Long e.-" The Pretender." 6223 
 
 Provision in e.. Generous. 8641 
 
 See EXPULSION. 
 
 of Scholars-Fellows of M. C. *100-i 
 
 of Aliens from United States. 167 
 Deserved e.-Bribery-Sir J. N. 660 
 Humiliating e. from Lincoln. B34 
 from Mlnistry-S. Johnson. 8616 
 Vigorous e.-Bribery resented-D.fl73 
 Wronged by e., Minister. 1061 
 
 See ISOLATION. 
 Safety by i.-German States. *3000 
 
 See PRIVACY. 
 of Conversation. ^4471 
 
 4177 
 2620 
 
 Inspected, Cromwell's p. 
 Respected by Napoleon L 
 
 " " Caesar. 8865 
 
 See SECESSION. 
 Planned in New England. ♦SOei 
 
 Mistaken plea-Yulee of Fla. 2579 
 
 See ABANDONMENT. CASTE 
 
 and DIVISION in loc. 
 
 SEPULCHRE. 
 
 Kissing the Holy Sepulchre. 
 
 ♦5112 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Interesting s. of Jesus-C'mb's. 6151 
 Magnificent-Empress of India. 6061 
 
 SEPULCHRES. 
 
 Economy in s.-Athenians. ♦SllS 
 
 SEPULTURE. 
 
 Preparation for s.-Spartans. ^5114 
 
 See BURIAL and CRUSADES 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SERENADE. 
 
 Response to s.-Lincoln. *5115 
 
SERFAGE— SICKNESS. 
 
 933^ 
 
 serfagb:. 
 
 Burdens of s.-Eng.-13th cent. *5116 
 See SLAVERY in loc. 
 
 SERMON. 
 
 Long s.-Bishop Burnet. *5117 
 
 Queer s., Bishop Turner's. *5118 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Impressive s.-2 Hours-WhitTld.6216 
 Infuriated by J. Knox's s. 4653 
 
 Life changed by a s. 1089 
 
 Mockery of s. arrested. 4901 
 
 SERMONS. 
 
 Soporific s.-Bishop Latimer's. *5119 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Many s.-Geo.Whitefield 18,000. 6216 
 
 See CLERGY in loc. 
 
 SERVANT. 
 
 Devotion of s.-Maria. ♦5120 
 
 Useful s.-Godolphin. *5121 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Devoted s. of John Howard. 4430 
 Mistaken for a s.-Philopcemen. 258 
 
 SERVANTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Absolute power over 8.-T.prince.408 
 
 See EMPLOYMENTS in toe. 
 
 SERVICE. 
 
 Demorallzed-Eng. naval. 
 
 ♦5122 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Per8onal,not by proxy- A'gustus. 101 
 
 SERVICES. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Gratuitous s.-Gen.Washington.4038 
 of Lafayette and Kalb declined. 176 
 Rewarded with ingratitude. 4877 
 
 See USE. 
 or Abuse of money. ^5755 
 
 See USEFULNESS. 
 Survival of u.-Monks. ♦5756 
 
 Rewarded by dinner. 2393 
 
 See UTILITY, 
 
 vs. Beauty- Walter Scott. *5761 
 
 Value by u.-Bag vs. Pearls. 2723 
 
 SERVIIilTV. 
 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ^5123 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Flatterers-Romans. 805 
 
 Genius for s.-Bagge. 6123 
 
 Required by tyrant-Sapor. 2527 
 Shameful s. of Roman Senate. 4373 
 Shameless s. of husband of Z. 63 
 See DEGRADATION and SYCO- 
 PHANCY in loo. 
 
 SEVERITY. 
 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ^5123 
 Parental s.-Roman. ♦5134 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 for Cowardice-Brother's. 1273 
 
 Cruel s.-Aurelian. 4578 
 
 Governmental-Edward Floyd. 4568 
 
 Merciful s., Cromwell's. 4577 
 
 Parental s.-Luther's father. 4573 
 
 Reaction of s.-Aurellan. 1542 
 
 " '♦ "-Commodus. 1591 
 
 Success by s.-Peter the Great. 2875 
 See CRUELTY in loc. 
 
 SEX. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Architectural- lonic-Female-D. 281 
 Deplored by Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 Disgrace to both sexes. 1651 
 
 Dishonored by vice. 960 
 
 in Heaven-Swedenborg. 3449 
 
 SEXES. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Commingling of s., Ruinous. 6137 
 
 Equality of s., Religious. 6124 
 
 Intercourse of s. prohibited. 593 
 
 See FLIRTATION. 
 Dangerous f. with Caesar's wife.1652 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS and MAR- 
 RIAGE in loc. 
 
 SHADOW. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Terrified by a s.-Bucephalus. 6 
 
 SHAME. 
 
 Consummate s.-Ferdinand. ^6125 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burdens life-Martyr Hubs. 1964 
 by Drlnk-Ofiacials. 2947 
 
 Heredity of l.-Ferdlnand. 2066 
 
 Immortal s. of Jeffreys. 2862 
 
 Indifference to s.-Common vlce.3243 
 Indifferent to s.-Charles II. 3470 
 for Ingratltude-Thebans. 2855 
 
 Insensible to s.-Henry VIII. 458 
 " " " -Feversham. 4602 
 
 Life of s. overlooked. 3177 
 
 National s.-Eng.-Relgnof Ed. III.87 
 Overwhelming s.-Roman army.2662 
 •• " -Traitor. 2795 
 
 Punishment by s.-Alexander. 2148 
 Vice without s.-Nobility. 65 
 
 See INFAMY. 
 Posthumous l.-Emperor C. ^2816 
 Stain of p., Massacre-Gen. P. ^2817 
 
 by Assassination-J. W. Booth. 873 
 Conspicuous for i.-Commodus. 5743 
 Deserved i.-Titus Gates. 4565 
 
 Exposed-Spartan bachelors. 446 
 for Money-Charles 11. 4688 
 
 Overlooked-Pompadour. 8712 
 
 Renown of l.-Erostratus. 4763 
 
 Remembrance of l.-"Boilman."]364 
 Reward of i., Assassin's. 2052 
 
 See MORTIFICATION, 
 by Fallure-Castlemaine. ♦STig 
 
 Hateful m.-James II. ^3720 
 
 of Defeat-Montcalm. 1494 
 
 by " -Horace Greeley. 4281 
 in Disappointment-Henry in. 1911 
 of Pride-Oliver Goldsmith's. 2263 
 '« " «' " 4453 
 
 " " " •' 4455 
 
 See DISGRACE. LICENTIOUS- 
 NESS and SCANDAL in loc. 
 
 SHIELD. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Preservation of s. 
 
 5093 
 
 SHIPS. 
 
 Nation without s.-Egyptlan. 983 
 
 See BOATS. 
 Extemporized b. of skins. 2383 
 
 See FLEET. 
 
 Immense-Powerless-H'racl'an. *2158 
 
 See SAILORS in loc. 
 
 SHIPWRECK. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Planned by Nero. 1347 
 
 " " " 2819 
 
 SHOEMAKER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Illustrious s.-Henry Wilson. 1868 
 
 SHOCTINO. 
 
 V8. Sllence-Trojans-Greeks. *5127 
 
 APPLAUSE. 
 Ancient German's a.-Clashlng. *270 
 Consequence of a -Inspiration. *271 
 Indifference to a.-Napoleon. *272 
 
 Distrusted by Cromwell. 
 Presumption from a. 
 
 See CHEERING. 
 Effective-" Yelling regiment." ♦789 
 
 SHREW^DNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Saved by-Harmozan. 1469 
 
 See SAGACITY. 
 
 Political s.-Henry Clay. 4275 
 
 " "-Professional politrn.4274 
 
 See TACT. 
 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. ♦5501 
 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. ♦SSOa 
 
 3739 
 2570 
 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 32 
 
 Superstition overcome by t. 31 
 
 sa 
 
 SICK (The). 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Charity for the s.-Tetzel. 1888 
 
 Credulity of the s.-Audley. 1283 
 
 SICKNESS. 
 
 Cured by gifts-England. ♦5128 
 
 Friends in s.-S. Johnson. ^5189 
 
 Information In s.-Arlstotle. ♦5130 
 
 Saintly s.-J. W. Fletcher. ♦5131 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-ro f^' rcnces. 
 
 an Apology for weakness. 12441 
 
 Benevolence In time of s.-H. 54ft 
 
 " " s.-Perllou8-C. 65JW 
 
 Blessing In s.-Pascal. -433* 
 
 by Climate-N. E. Pilgrims. 9Sr 
 
 " Disappointment. 310ft 
 
 Feigned by Demosthenes-B. C7a 
 
 Friend in s.-Samuel Johnson. SIS* 
 
 Gifts cure s. 6128- 
 
 Helpful friend In s.-Wm. III. 822* 
 
 Improvement by s., Luther's. 16G 
 
 Invited-English prisons. 4164 
 
 Labor In s.-Baeda. 6150 
 
 Love-8. fatal. a349 
 
 " "-Shelley. 8350 
 
 ** developed In marriage. 3445. 
 
934 
 
 SIGN— SINCERITY. 
 
 Recovery by resolution. 1977 
 Reformation in s.-Abstin'ce of w.l6 
 
 Resolution made in s. 1576 
 
 Saved by apoplexy-Rev. N. 1093 
 
 Vow in s., Religious. 5863 
 See DEATH, DISEASE, MEDI- 
 CINE and PHYSICIAN 
 in loo. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 of Destiny-Mahomet's s. *5132 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 of Talent, Mathematics a s. 6506 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 Faith in s.-Gold-seekers. *5141 
 
 Need of s. by ignorance. *5142 
 
 Significant s. of the times. *5143 
 
 Welcomed by Columbus. *5144 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 in Jurisprduence, L'ngu'ge of s.3985 
 
 See AUGURY. 
 Book of a., Chinese. *395 
 
 Building by a.-City of Rome. *396 
 
 See BANNER. 
 Devotion to b.-Mohammedan. 2567 
 Inappropriate b. -Paschal Lamb.5245 
 of Industry-" Leathern apron. "2811 
 Influence of b. -Mexican. 4088 
 
 Rescued by valor-Cadiz. 651 
 
 Shocking b.-Mary Stuart. &110 
 
 Significant-"Don't tr'd on me."3939 
 
 See BRANDING, 
 of Criminals-London. 1296 
 
 See EMBLEM. 
 Significant e.-Turk- Wolfe. •1861 
 
 of Character-Wolfe-Turk 
 
 " Defiance-Rattlesnake. 
 False e.-" Paschal Lamb.' 
 of Industry-" Leathern apron. 
 
 " Inferiority-Jackal. 
 
 " War-Rattlesnake, 
 
 *• Wisdom-Physician-Serpent 
 
 See FLAG. 
 Desplsed-U. S., year 1812. 
 Devotion to f.-Serg'nt Jasper. 
 
 1861 
 3939 
 6245 
 
 "2811 
 2167 
 5901 
 
 . 4109 
 
 *2150 
 *2151 
 
 753 
 
 Dangerous display of f. 
 
 See OMEN. 
 
 Accidental o.-Duke William. 31 
 
 " fell. 33 
 
 See OMENS. 
 
 Ancient o.-Romans. *3905 
 
 Annoyed by o.-Charles L *3906 
 
 Presage of o.-Romans. *3907 
 
 Terrorized by o.-Sailors. *3908 
 
 Regard for o., Superstitious. 2237 
 
 " " " by Romans. 385 
 
 SIONAI<. 
 
 for Action-Alexander. *5133 
 
 Mistaken s.-Guido. *5134 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 for Action- Alexander's s. 5133 
 
 Disregarded by Nelson. 1904 
 
 Waiting the s. of Freedom. 1903 
 
 SIGNALS. 
 
 Ancient s.-G reeks. 
 
 ♦5135 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Communication by s.-Lights. 4089 
 Remarkable coincidence in s. 1147 
 
 SIGNATURE. 
 
 of Ignorance-" Rude mark." *5136 
 
 Remarkable s.-Arabs. ♦5137 
 
 Responsible s.-Judges. *5138 
 
 '* "-Monmouth's. *5139 
 
 Symbolic s.-Am. Indians. *5140 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Forced s.-Warrant signed. 3627 
 Forged official s.-Emperor. 2193 
 Power of s.-Insanity, 2879 
 
 SIIiENCE. 
 
 
 Enjoined-Alexander. 
 
 *5145 
 
 of Grief-Napoleon I. 
 
 *5146 
 
 in Misfortune-Pompey. 
 
 *5147 
 
 Necessary-Plunderers. 
 
 *5148 
 
 Public S.-S. Johnson. 
 
 *5149 
 
 Treasonable s.-England. 
 
 *5150 
 
 Miscellaneous cross references. 
 
 in Adversity-Pompey. 5147 
 
 Alienation by moody s. 1924 
 of Awe-Explosion of the l'Ori'nt.442 
 
 " " -Battle of the Nile. 442 
 
 " " -Continental Congress. 4820 
 
 Capable of s.-" No tongue." 2966 
 
 vs. Criticism-Johnson. 1312 
 
 Excused -Conversational. 1172 
 
 Expressive s.-Philoxenus. 1313 
 
 Forbidden by duty-Mahomet. 3tj07 
 
 of Humiliation-Romans. 2662 
 
 " Ignorance-" Bendleather." 1173 
 
 Impossible-George Fox. 5306 
 
 Impressive prayer in s. 4379 
 
 Rebuked by s.-Luther. 257 
 
 in Religion-Pythagoras. 4609 
 
 in Season of peril -A. Lincoln. 99 
 
 vs. Shouting-Soldiers. 5127 
 
 in Sickness imposed. 1644 
 
 Speechless s. of gratitude-P. 1152 
 
 Success by s.-Theodora. 3485 
 
 Successful s.-John Lock. 5305 
 
 of Vexatlon-Sancroft. 2694 
 
 Working in s.-S. A. Douglas. 6152 
 
 See DUMB. 
 
 Delivered-Son of Croesus. 6295 
 
 SIMONY. 
 
 Debauchee's s.-King Philip. *5151 
 Papal s.-Virgilius. *5153 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 Sale of popedom. 1203 
 
 SIOTPLICITY. 
 
 Difflcult-S. Johnson. *5153 
 
 Preserved by Joan of Arc. *5154 
 
 Royal S. of Julian. *5155 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Architecture-Doric. 294 
 
 Happiness by s.-Quakers. 2518 
 
 Life of s., Private-Mahomet. 2672 
 " " " " " 2673 
 
 Popularity by manners. 4320 
 
 " " s.-Adrian. 4969 
 
 Republican s.-Thos. Jefferson. 2770 
 Requisite in architectural l)e'ty. 281 
 
 SIN. 
 
 Indulgence for money. *5154 
 
 Overlooked-S. Johnson. ♦5157 
 
 Remedy for s.-Am. Indians'. ♦5158 
 Unpardonable s.-Wm. Cowper.+515» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Burden of 8.-Geo. Fox. 3564 
 
 " " " -Cromwell. 3565 
 
 " ♦' " -Penance. 4103 
 
 in Cities-Lincoln. 899 
 
 Conviction of s.-J. Nelson. 1189 
 
 Detested by Wm. Gassaway. 1088 
 
 of Disobedience-Monks. 3847 
 
 Dramatized, Adam's s. 1717 
 
 Melancholy sense of s. 1179 
 
 Painful sense of s.-Bunyan. 1084 
 
 " " "-Clark. 1181 
 
 Pardon of s.. Evidence of. 3999 
 
 Permission to s.-Jesuits. 1105 
 
 Permitted by revelation. 3242 
 
 Pleasure of s.-Johnson. 4203 
 
 Pleasures of s.-Bunyan's. 1085 
 
 Prayer for conviction of s. 1188 
 
 Remorse for s.-James II. 1133 
 
 " " "-Bunyan. 1180 
 
 Statement of s., Offensive. 2656 
 
 Struggle with s.-M. Luther. 6156 
 
 Uncorrupted by s.-Pelagians. 1202 
 
 Unhappiness by s.-Bunyan. 1191 
 Unpardonable s.-Fancied by C. 2883 
 
 Youthful sin atoned. 1663 
 See SINNER in loo. 
 
 SINCERITY. 
 
 Attractions of s.-Wm. and A. ^5160 
 
 Power in s.-Caesar. ♦5161 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Distrusted, Augustus's s. 1687 
 
 Impossible-Habit of Chas. I. 2041 
 
 vs. Life-Martyr Huss. 1918 
 
 Proof of s.-Mahomet. 3607 
 Self-depreciating s. of Bunyan. 1192 
 
 Simplicity of s.-Cromwell. 4183 
 
 Unequivocating s. of Huss. 1918 
 
 See CANDOR. 
 
 Christian c. in discussion, *705 
 
 See FRANKNESS. 
 
 Brave ministerial f. 1243 
 
 Noble f. -Confession. 3819 
 
 Straightforward f., Lather's. 1092 
 
 See INTEGRITY. 
 
 Recognized-Samuel Adams. 676 
 
 Reputation for i.-Aristides. 4788 
 
 " " "-Cato. 4793 
 
 " " "-Lincoln. 4792 
 
 See INTENTION. 
 
 Evidence of good i. 4515 
 
 Guilt by i.-Betrayal. 8381 
 
 See MOTIVE. 
 
 Disguised in gov't. 8145 
 
 Quality determined by m. 8510 
 
 See MOTIVES. 
 
 Higher m.-Religious. ^3733 
 
 Morality in m.-S. Johnson. *3734 
 
 Conflicting m.-Piety-Reverence. 876 
 
 Good m. defeated by bad th'ori'8.904 
 
 Mixed m.in benevolence-J'hns'n.521 
 
 See CONSCIENCE and HONESTY 
 
 in loG. 
 
SINGING— SLEEP. 
 
 935 
 
 SINGING. 
 
 Friends made by s.-Luther. 1811 
 
 Ridiculed, Plato's s. 1314 
 
 See MUSICIAN. 
 
 Illustrious m.-Homer. 2317 
 Neglected m.-Star\ration of E. 4338 
 
 See SONG. 
 
 Enamoured by s.-J. Quincy. *5263 
 
 Political s.-England. *5263 
 
 on the Battlefield-Prussians. 3788 
 
 SINGULARITY. 
 
 Motive for s. -Diogenes. *5163 
 
 See PECULIARITIES. 
 Keligious p.-Puritans. 4733 
 
 SINNER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Despised s.-Aaron Burr. 856 
 
 SINNERS. 
 
 Crusade of s.-lst Crusade. *5163 
 
 SINS. 
 
 Deliverance by indulgences. *5164 
 
 of Otliers-J. Bunyan. *5165 
 
 Tormenting s.-J. Bunyan. ♦5166 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Financial equlvalent-Tetzel. 
 
 See CONFESSION. 
 Death-bed c.-Shameful. 
 ■Governmental c. of weakness 
 Honorable c, Forgiveness by. 
 
 " "of wrong. 
 Humble c.-Bishop Cranmer. 
 Manly c. of inability. 
 Misused-Criminals. 
 •Quasi-c. refused-Huss. 
 Shameful c.-Bribery-Bacon. 
 Threat of c, Terrifying-Nero. 
 
 See DEPRAVITY. 
 hy Descent-Nero's. 
 Evidence of d.-S. Johnson. 
 
 Age of excessive d.-Romans. 
 " " d.-Introduction of C. 
 Destructive d. of Nero. 
 Inclination of d.-Eating. 
 with Intellectual power, 
 liocality of d. concentrated. 
 
 Parental d. confessed-C. IV. 
 
 See INDULGENCE. 
 •to Sin by penance. 
 
 See INDULGENCES. 
 Cargo of i., Papal. 
 Papal i. by Tetzel. 
 rSale of i.-Church-building. 
 
 4309 
 
 1081 
 2463 
 , 3819 
 4643 
 1349 
 2026 
 5833 
 1918 
 1213 
 1.347 
 
 ♦1538 
 *1533 
 
 124 
 124 
 329 
 4203 
 1669 
 1293 
 1299 
 2066 
 
 2800 
 
 *2801 
 *2802 
 *2803 
 
 of Appetite-Degraded by. 368 
 
 " " -Shameless. 260 
 
 " " -"Voracious-Johns'n.2183 
 
 Authority for papal i. 827 
 
 Saleofi., Tetzel's. 5164 
 
 u ».. .4 4309 
 
 to Sin-Pope Leo. 6156 
 
 •Spiritual i.. Origin of. 711 
 
 See CONVERSION, CRIME, RE- 
 PENTANCE and WICKED- 
 NESS in loc. 
 
 SISTER. 
 
 Comforting s., John Bunyan's. *5167 
 
 SKILIi. 
 
 Misapplied-Perpetual motion. ^5168 
 Proof of s.-Rothschild. *5169 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 3430 
 
 '* «' -Crockett. 4322 
 
 See ABILITIES and INGENUITY 
 
 in loo. 
 
 SKULIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Ominous discovery of s. 
 
 SliANDER. 
 
 Defence from s.-Napoleon I. 
 from Eovy-John Bunyan. 
 Pine from s.-$500,000. 
 Opposition by s.-J. Wesley. 
 Persecutor's s.-Constantine. 
 of Piety-Richard Baxter's. 
 Punished by James I. 
 Rewarded-Dick Talbot. 
 Victim of 8. -Columbus. 
 
 3176 
 
 *5170 
 *5171 
 *5172 
 *5173 
 ♦5174 
 ♦5175 
 ♦5176 
 ♦5177 
 ♦5178 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abusive s. of Nap. by Britons. 84 
 of Americans by Sam. Johnson. 214 
 Inconsistency of s.-Nap. I. by E. 24 
 Shameful s. of woman. 6034 
 
 Victim of s.-Cromwell "King."3893 
 " " "-Bolivar. 4044 
 
 See CALUMNY. 
 Instigated-Maximus Fabius. ^701 
 Opposition by c.-Chas. Wesley.^703 
 
 Bid for c.-Scotch insurgents. 1947 
 
 Punished-Injuries in kind. 3160 
 
 Shameful c. of physician. 1048 
 Victims of c.-Knights Templars.1939 
 
 See DEFAMATION. 
 
 Punished-Titus Oates. *1487 
 
 See LIBEL. 
 
 Trials for l.-William Hone. ♦3203 
 
 Anonymous l.-Milton. 1165 
 
 False accusation of 1. 3049 
 
 Indifferent to i.-Frederick II. 5299 
 
 Press prosecuted for I. 4436 
 
 " " " » 4438 
 
 SLANDERS. 
 
 Vile s. against primitive Ch. 
 
 ♦5179 
 
 SliANG. 
 
 Familiarity with s.-Palmerston.l311 
 
 SliAVGHTER. 
 
 Barbarous s.-58,000 C'rth'g'n's.^5180 
 Exterminating s. of Germans. ^5181 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Authorized by Jesuits. 1082 
 
 in Battle-Asians. 308 
 
 " " -100,000 at Pontenay. 920 
 
 See MASSACRE in loo. 
 
 SLAVERY. 
 
 Antiquity of s. ♦5182 
 
 Avarice of s.-English. ♦5183 
 
 Begianings of s. -Georgia. ♦5184 
 
 of Captives-Romans. ^5185 
 
 in England-A.D. 1215. ^5186 
 
 Introduced in Virginia. ^5187 
 
 Mitigated-Athenian. ♦5188 
 
 '* -Romans. ^5189 
 
 Natural to Turks. ^5190 
 
 Opposed by Friends. ^5191 
 
 Prevalence of s.-Rome. ♦5192 
 
 of Prisoners-England. *5i93 
 
 Punished by s.-England. ^5194 
 
 Repulsive s.-England. ^5195 
 
 Unchristian s. in England. ♦5196 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abolition of s.. Struggle for. 4161 
 
 Affection in s.-Pompey. 2253 
 
 Captives sold into s. -Caesar. 608 
 
 Cowards punished by s.-R. 1275 
 
 Cruelty of s.-Helots. 1365 
 Death preferred to s.-Chinese. 1960 
 " of American s.-Llncoln. 3227 
 
 Debtors sold into s.-Romans. 1465 
 
 Desperate defence of s. 4159 
 Doubt respecting morality of s.1106 
 
 Escape from s. by murder. 80 
 
 Galling s. of Peruvians. 4527 
 
 Hatred to s.-Rash-J. Brown. 8688 
 
 Imperilled by s.-American C. 3806 
 
 Indian s.-Labrador. 1290 
 
 Labor degraded by s. 3536 
 Opposition to s. by Abolitionists. 147 
 
 Poor sold into s.-England. 509 
 
 Sold into s.-Plato. 748 
 Suppressed s.-Boston,year 1701 1S59 
 
 to Wealth-Peruvians-Illus. 5983 
 
 Wretched s. of Helots. 1366 
 See CAPTIVITY in loc. 
 
 SLAVES. 
 
 Angelic s.-the English. 
 of Disbelievers- Virginia. 
 Docility of s. -Civil War. 
 Rebellion of s.-Roman. 
 White s. in Virginia. 
 
 of Ceremony-Constantlne. 
 " " -Ambassadors. 
 Condition of Anglo-Saxon s. 
 Fidelity of s. of Cornutus. 
 Imperilled by s.-Rome. 
 Sale of aged s.-Inhumauity. 
 
 SLAVE-TRADE. 
 
 Opposed-Continental Coag. ^5202 
 Respected-New York, yr. 1661.^5203 
 
 ♦5197 
 ♦5198 
 ♦5199 
 ♦5200 
 ♦5201 
 
 752 
 
 750 
 
 720 
 
 6351 
 
 4366 
 
 S85» 
 
 Conscienceless conduct-Eng. 
 by Pirates-Romans. 
 
 SLEEP. 
 
 Benefit of s. -Disposition, 
 at Command of Napoleon I. 
 Deficient in s.-Josiah Quincy. 
 Exceptional s. of Sir W. Scott. 
 Perilous s. of Columbus. 
 Surprising s. of Argyle. 
 Transient s. of Napoleon I. 
 Undisturbed- Washington. 
 
 1116 
 
 4187 
 
 ♦5204 
 ♦5205 
 ♦5206 
 ♦5207 
 ♦5208 
 ♦5209 
 ♦5210 
 ♦5211 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Afraid to sleep- War. 645 
 
 Awakening prevents s., R'rg'us.4103 
 Command of s. by J. Wesley. 138 
 Denied to ambitious Mahomet 11.203 
 Diminished by study. 5372 
 
 Disturbed by envy-Themistooles^89 
 
936 
 
 SLEEPERS— SOLDIERS. 
 
 Disturbed by fear-Cromwell's s. 366 
 
 Expelled by anxiety-Lincoln. 247 
 
 Painful s.-Wesley. 1149 
 
 In Sanctuary, Good s. 6119 
 
 Supernatural results of-False. 1285 
 
 Undisturbed by care. 5356 
 See DREAM in loc. 
 
 SliEEPERS. 
 
 the Seven s.-Legend. 
 In the Temple Inc. 
 
 Besented by Timour. 
 
 *5212 
 *5213 
 
 •5214 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Punished with death-Bejoces. 1584 
 
 SniOKER. 
 
 Female s.-Mrs. Jackson. *5215 
 
 SItlUGGIilNe. 
 
 Fined in England. 
 
 •"6816 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Preyention of s., Ineffective. 1552 
 
 SNEER. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Sarcastic s. at Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Sneer for s.-Colonel Tarleton. 2902 
 
 See CONTEMPT in loc. 
 
 SNOBS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Hatred for s.-Thackeray. 8534 
 
 See PRETENSION in loc. 
 
 SOCIABII^ITY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 iTant of s.-English people. 4806 
 
 See AFFABILITY. 
 Falsehood in a.-Charles II. 1678 
 
 See AMIABILITY. 
 
 Savage-no Word^ fur abuse. 22 
 
 See COMPANIONS, FRIENDS and 
 
 SOCIETY in loc. 
 
 soci^iiiism. 
 
 Dlustrated-S. Johnson. *5217 
 
 Political s.-Caius Gracchus. *5218 
 
 See COMMUNISM. 
 
 American c.-Colonists. *998 
 
 Equality by c.-Lycurgus. *999 
 
 " " " -Spartans. *1000 
 
 Vicious c-Reign of Kobad. *1001 
 
 of Families-Spartans. 808 
 
 in Food-American savages. 2649 
 
 *' Land by early Romans. 152 
 
 Restoration of c.-Cleomenes. 2445 
 
 See COMMUNISTS. 
 
 Conspicuous 0.-" Levellers." •1002 
 
 Dangerous " " *1003 
 
 In Diet-Spartan tables. 2182 
 
 Pleasure-seeking o.-England. 3336 
 Power of c.-Paris. 1276 
 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 Bond of s.-Egyptians. *5219 
 
 Degraded s.-Cowper'8 time. *5220 
 Deliverance of s.-Reformers. ♦5221 
 an Effective 8.-Knights of St. J.*5222 
 Opposition to s.-Shelley. *5223 
 
 Orderly s.-Plymouth Colony. *52a4 
 Beaction of s.-Rome. *6285 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abandoned-Incorrigible vice. 3563 
 Advance of s.-Eugland. 4291 
 
 Ambition in s.-Goldsmith. 1172 
 
 Benefactors of Eng.-Reform'rs.4656 
 Benefit of s.- William Cowper. 4834 
 Brutalized by art-Romans. 103 
 
 Caste in English s. 933 
 
 in Cities-three Blessings of s. 893 
 Compassionless 8.-01d England.2860 
 
 " '* " " 2863 
 
 Confusion in s.-Clvil War. 1696 
 
 Crime committed against s. 3072 
 Degeneracy of Roman s. 4648 
 
 Degraded Roman s. 3256 
 
 " by poverty-Irish. 1510 
 1511 
 Demoralized by low passions. 269 
 
 " in ^^pain. 2877 
 
 Discord in s.-Litigations. 3321 
 
 Disparaged by grand architect. 460 
 Diverse interests of s. 1690 
 
 Endangered by antagonisms. 243 
 
 " by its wrongs. 3269 
 
 Enemies of s.-Tramps. 499 
 
 Enemy of human s. -Napoleon. 1529 
 Governed without law-Indians.2430 
 Imperilled by demagogues. 1525 
 
 " " " 1526 
 
 " " vices-London. 1299 
 Inhumanity of s -Foundlings. 807 
 Interests inter wo ven-Art'xer'es. 154 
 Modem better than formerly. 126 
 Moral changes in s. 2994 
 
 Outcasts in s.-Pariah. 3537 
 
 Overthrown by vicious faotions.970 
 Punished for injustice. 2863 
 
 Reformation of neglected s. 936 
 Regulation of s.-Censors. 747 
 
 Religion binds s. -Catholicism. 735 
 Repressed-England. 2766 
 
 Respects money vs. merit. 3671 
 Restraints in s. necessary. 2449 
 
 Revenge on s., Gladiator's. 1235 
 Revolutionized-Ireland. 3151 
 
 Transformation of s. byfreedom.213 
 Unbeliever in s. -Dangerous. 3412 
 Union of s.-IUustration. 4298 
 
 Unity of American Indians. 677 
 Vices of 8. in high life-Nap. 3243 
 " " " " " " -Pomp. 3247 
 " " " •• " " -Dgob'rt.3248 
 " " " " " " -England.1039 
 Vicious s.-High Romans. 1295 
 
 " "-Bacchanalians. 5798 
 
 See ARISTOCRACY, COMPANIONS 
 and FAMILY in loc. 
 
 SOIiDIER. 
 
 Christian s.-" Stonewall J. 
 Cruelty and courtesy of s. 
 Ignorant s.-James II. 
 Natural s.-Cromwell. 
 Remarkable s.-R. E. Lee. 
 Spirited s.-Puritan. 
 Wonderful s.-Hannibal. 
 
 ♦5228 
 •5229 
 •5230 
 •5231 
 •5232 
 •5233 
 •5234 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Clerical s. -Prior John. 835 
 
 " " -Pope Julius IL 934 
 
 " " -Bp. Gosselln. 937 
 
 Doubtful s.-First battle. SO02 
 
 Greatest Roman s.-Caesar. 4312 
 
 Honored-Fallen s. 4064 
 
 Indignity to s.-Jealousy. 2900 
 
 Moral estimate of s.-Drake. 90a 
 Overrated-General Chas. Lee. 4789 
 Persistent s.-Mohammedan. 2567 
 Poor 8. described. 6178 
 
 Prayer of s.-J. Astley. 4376 
 
 vs. Schoolmaster. 5038 
 
 Success of s.-Remarkable-C. 4512 
 Terrifying s.-Nap. leaves Elba. 4199 
 Virtuous s.-Rom. Gen. B'lisarius.78& 
 Volunteer when needed-W. 406& 
 " "-Capt. M."407& 
 
 SOIiDIERS. 
 Choice s.-Riflemen. *5235. 
 
 Colonial s.-New England. *52S6. 
 Dauntless s.-Franks. *5237 
 
 Defensive s.-Greek Empire. *5238- 
 Disobedient s.-English. *5239 
 
 Fearful s.-Romans. *5240' 
 
 Graves of s. decorated. *5241 
 
 Invulnerable s.-Asiatics. *5242 
 
 Maimed-Supported by gov't. *5243: 
 Marked-Hand-Face. *5244 
 
 Misnamed-" Kirke's Lambs."* 5245' 
 Model 8., Cromwell's. *5246 
 
 Nation of s.-Gauls. ♦524r 
 
 Notorious- Wilson's Zouaves. *5248 
 Odd 8., Cromwell's. *2249 
 
 Piety of s.-Cromweirs. *5J50 
 
 " " " " *5251 
 
 Poor s. described. *5252 
 
 Professional-Lacedasmonians. *5253 
 Quality of s.-Cromwell's. *5254 
 Terrible s.-Janizaries. *5255 
 
 Unqualified s. of Charles II. *5256, 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Athletic s.-Roman. 1827 
 
 Burdened s.-Roman. 2520 
 
 Cheering of s.-" Rebel yell." 789> 
 Controlled by gentleness. 1559' 
 
 Courage or disgrace. 1236- 
 
 Degraded to citizens- Caesar's. 3755^ 
 Desertion of s.-Plunder. 2417 
 
 Devotion-Swedes to Chas. XII. 1239- 
 Discipline of s.-Severe-G. XII. 4174 
 Enthusiasm of Confederate s. 1907 
 Exasperated by s.-Patriots. 3517 
 Female s. of Crusade. 6142- 
 
 " "-Mussulmans. 6141 
 
 " "-Dahomey. 6140- 
 
 vs. Followers-Persians-G. 3831 
 
 Inexperienced s. -Mistakes. 2813 
 Inferior s.-Irish-James II. 317 
 
 Irritated by precedence. 440O 
 
 Marching of s. -Remarkable. 8427 
 Misplaced s. in navy. 271S 
 
 Orphans of s.-Ed. by State. 4064 
 
 " " " adopted by S. 5& 
 
 Piety of Eng. s.-Puritans. 4390 
 
 Poor impressed as s., The. 4298 
 
 Praying s.-Engllsh Revolution. 437& 
 
 " " -of Cromwell's. 4385. 
 
 Provision for veteran s.-R. 177 
 
 Quality better than quantity. 4690 
 4591 
 Religious s.-Cromwell's. 764 
 
 Remarkable s.-Caesar's. 4484 
 
SOLITUDE— SPECTRE. 
 
 937 
 
 Revolt of s.-Am. Rev.-Dlet. 4872 
 Eule of s.-Cromwell. 2433 
 
 »• " " " 4874 
 
 Saocessful in early life. 6187 
 
 Suffering of s.-Valley Forge. 2308 
 Superstition of English s. 5460 
 
 Supported by booty-Trajan W. 633 
 Valuable s.-Napoleon's aides. 2834 
 See ARMY and WAR in loo. 
 
 SOIilTVDB. 
 
 Delight in s.-Daoiel Boone. *5257 
 Moroseness by s.-Chrysostom.*5258 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abuse of s.-Quietist8-Asiatic8. 357 
 Attractions of s.-J. Wesley. 358 
 for Grief-Napoleon. 1489 
 
 Love of s.-Mahomet. 1643 
 
 Melancholy from s., Indian. 3557 
 
 See ISOLATION. 
 Safety by i.-German States. *3000 
 
 SON. 
 
 a Devoted s.-Confuclus. *5259 
 
 like Mother-Nero. •5260 
 
 Reconciling s.-Themistocles. ♦5261 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affectionate s.-Wm. Cowper. 110 
 
 " "-Walter Scott. Ill 
 
 '* •' -Calus Marcius. 112 
 
 •' "-SertorlustheR.G.113 
 
 *• " -Alexander. 114 
 
 *• *' -Alexander the G.774 
 
 ** " -Napoleon I. 115 
 
 ** " -Crassus'. 5295 
 
 Antipathy of s.-J. Howard's. 122 
 
 Ashamed of his mother. 3722 
 
 Birth of s., Joy by. 4529 
 
 vs. Country-Spartan. 3724 
 
 Destroyer of mother-Nero. 1347 
 
 Disinherlted-Religion-Penn. 3970 
 
 Disobedience expiated. 1562 
 
 Dutiful s. in manhood. 3723 
 
 " "-Alexander the Great.8730 
 
 Filial ambition of Caius. 112 
 
 Grateful s.-Napoleon I. 3727 
 
 " " -Nero. 3721 
 
 Illegitimate s. honored. 8470 
 
 Ingrate 8.-Matricide-Nero. 3743 
 
 " "-Nero. 1110 
 
 " "-Infamous. 3713 
 
 Mother makes the son. 2066 
 
 Reformed by running away-C. 637 
 
 Rejected by father-Wm. Penn. 4745 
 
 Shameless s.-Prince Ferdinand.5125 
 
 Wayward s. reclaimed. 6214 
 
 SONG. 
 
 Enamoured by s.-J. Quincy. *5262 
 Political s.-England. ♦5263 
 
 on the Battlefield. 8788 
 
 See MUSIC in loo. 
 
 SONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Ingrate s. of Henry II. 1634 
 
 ' 4005 
 
 Pride In s., Mother's-Comelia. 8728 
 See CHILDREN in loo. 
 
 SOPHISTRY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Answers of s.-Alexander. 4598 
 
 See ARGUMENT and DEBATE 
 
 in loo. 
 
 SORCERT. 
 
 Condemned-Eng., year 1440. ♦5264 
 
 Pear of s.-Joan of Arc. ♦5265 
 
 Punished by Henry VL ^5266 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Belief in s. by Romans. 1284 
 
 vs. Discipline-Russians, 1493 
 
 Work of s.-Joan of Arc. 2894 
 
 See DELUSIONS in loo. 
 
 SORROTir. 
 
 a Living s.-Bad son. ♦5267 
 
 Sentimental s.-Xerxes. ♦5268 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Ambition -Nap. and Josephine.104 
 " Bereavement-A. Jackson. 105 
 Crushed by parental s.-Henry 11.4005 
 Mothers' s.-Indian war. 3731 
 
 Parental s.-Ruined child. 794 
 
 Touching s.-Martyr Taylor. 2073 
 of Women-Turks. 4856 
 
 See ANGUISH. 
 Prolonged a.-Garibaldi. ♦230 
 
 Conjugal a. of Josephine. 104 
 
 Mental a. -Napoleon- Waterloo. 8817 
 Murderer's a.-Alexander. 1744 
 
 See DISTRESS. 
 Abstinence in d. 3063 
 
 Amusement followed by d. 28 
 
 Public d. utilized for gain. 683 
 
 See HOME-SICKNESS. 
 
 Sorrows of h.-s.-Chin'se women.5712 
 
 Victims of h. s.-Pizarro's men. 820 
 
 See ADVERSITY, MELANCHOLY 
 
 and MOURNING in loo. 
 
 SOUIi. 
 
 Divinity of s.-Pythagoras. +5269 
 
 Immortality of s.-Socrates. ♦5270 
 
 Mystery of the s.-Mahomet. ^5271 
 
 NobUlty of s.-Darius. ^5272 
 
 Seat of the s.-Pineal gland. ^5273 
 
 Superiority of s.-William HL ^5274 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Alarm for 8.-H. D. Gough. 1179 
 
 " " "-Bunyan. 1191 
 
 Liberated by conversion. 1175 
 
 " " " -Luther. 1178 
 
 » " " -Gough. 1179 
 
 " « " -Bunyan. 1180 
 
 •• *♦ " -Clark. 1181 
 
 i< .4 4» 1193 
 
 Neglected for the world. 6158 
 
 " -Care for others. 6222 
 
 Unrest of longing s. 2538 
 
 Unsatisfied with works. 6156 
 
 SOULS. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Indifiference to needs of s. 9<4 
 
 Lost clerical s. 932 
 
 Love of s.-Sacrifices. 1663 
 
 See IMMORTALITY. 
 Belief in i. by Poet Shelley. ♦2746 
 
 Faith in I., Arab's. 
 
 Hope of l.-Walter Raleigh. 
 
 ♦2746 
 
 ♦2747 
 
 Belief in l.-Socrates. 8706 
 
 " " " strengthens. 1413 
 
 of Brutes doubted-S. Johnson. 680 
 Burial for l.-Am. Indians. 1425 
 
 Confident of i.-Bunyan. 1192 
 
 Effective Christian doctrine-G. 834 
 Preparation for I. by bravery. 1416 
 Soul's l.-Socrates. 5270 
 
 Stimulates courage, Belief In 1. 1424 
 In Work-Church- building-Mah. 864 
 
 See SPIRITS. 
 Communication with s.-S. ♦5308 
 
 " ♦5.309 
 
 Intercourse with 8.-PlatonIsts.^5310 
 Lying s.-Swedenborg. ♦5311 
 
 MInistering-Samuel Johnson. ♦SSlg 
 
 Communion-Swedenborg. 1442 
 
 " with conditioned. 3554 
 
 " " s.-Swedenb'rg.914 
 
 Manifestations, Fraudulent. 3555 
 
 " of s.-John Dee. 3804 
 
 Possessing horses. 5460 
 
 Visit from an evil s. -Luther. 2506 
 
 See GHOST in loo. 
 
 SOVEREIGN. 
 
 American s.-Gen. Grant. ♦5276 
 
 Claims of s.-S word of Mars. ♦5276 
 
 See AUTOCRAT. 
 
 Military a.-Pompey. ^428 
 
 Royal a.-Henry VIII. *424 
 
 See RULERS in loo. 
 
 SPEAKERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Hobbies of s.-Cato-Scipio. 1899 
 
 See ELOQUENCE in loo. 
 
 SPECIAIiT¥. 
 
 Success by s.-Emp. Maximlan.^5277 
 
 See EXPERT, 
 by Practice-Jeffreys. ^1994 
 
 8041 
 
 Physical e.-Henry II. 
 
 See EXPERTS. 
 Unappreciated-Frederick EL 
 
 See SKILL. 
 Misapplied s.-Perp'l motion. *6168 
 Proof of 8. -Rothschild. ♦eieQ 
 
 Marksman's s.-Commodus. 8430 
 " " -Crockett. 4822 
 
 See ABILITIES and PRE-EM- 
 INENCE in loo. 
 
 SPECTACIiE. 
 
 Magnificent s.-Cleopatra. 
 
 ♦5278 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Contemptuous s.-Bachelors-Sp. 446 
 Humiliating s.-Catillne deserted. 392 
 Influence of s.-Cotton. 512 
 
 Shocking s.-Caesar's robe. 1975 
 
 See DISPLAY in loo. 
 
 SPECTRE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Terrifying s.-Brutuss vision. 5846 
 
 See APPARITION. 
 Belief in a.-Samuel Johnson. *256 
 False a.-"Three knights." *2&4 
 
938 
 
 SPECULATION— STATE. 
 
 Paneled a. of Theseus. 
 
 of the Dead-Hugh Miller. 
 Startling-"Evil genius." 
 
 SPECUIiATION. 
 
 Endangered by s.-"Black F." 
 Epidemic of s.-Eng., yr. 1720. 
 Imperilled by s.-Rascality. 
 Mania of 8.-rranoe. 
 
 " ♦' " -England. 
 Oppression by s.- France. 
 Prevention of s.-Legislation. 
 Euinous s.-" Mississippi S." 
 
 *255 
 
 1120 
 
 *5279 
 *5280 
 *5281 
 *5282 
 *5283 
 *5284 
 *5285 
 *5286 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Era of s.- John Law. 2134 
 
 Heartless s. of confederates. 440 
 
 Period of s.-Van Buren's Ad. 3979 
 
 Euined by s.-France. 2214 
 
 Ruinous s.-Panic of 1873. 8980 
 
 See LUCK. 
 
 Days of L-Ancient. *3361 
 
 Days of 1. -Romans. 
 Encouragement for good 1. 
 
 1395 
 6021 
 
 SPECUIiATORS. 
 
 Defeat of s.-Napoleon I. *5287 
 
 Pernicious s. -Virginia. *5288 
 
 Eevenge on s. by poor. *5289 
 
 spsEca. 
 
 Brevity in s.-Gen. Grant. *5290 
 
 " " " " *5291 
 
 Dissembling s. of Chosroes. *5292 
 Earnest s. of John Milton. ♦5293 
 Irrepressible s.-Lady Fairfax. *5294 
 •' " -Son of Croesus*5295 
 
 Passionate s.-Emp. Julian. *5296 
 Plainness in s.-Athenians. *5297 
 Ettsponsibility for public s. ^5298 
 Toleration of s.-Frederick 11. * 5299 
 TJnrestrainable s.-Meddllng. *5300 
 Worthy s.-Canonchet. *5301 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Abusive s. of Luther. 1159 
 
 Complacently regarded-Ad'ms.l833 
 Confused by ridicule-Demos. 2021 
 Freedom of s. in Parliament. 2219 
 Imprudent a. of consuls. 1029 
 
 Inopportune s.-Icasla. 3485 
 
 Liberty of s. denied-England. 3223 
 Miraculous s.-Cath. martyrs. 3624 
 Produced from abdomen. 2658 
 
 Eidiculed-First s.-Dlsraeli. 4151 
 Short s. of A. Lincoln. 5115 
 
 Suppressed, Free s.-England. 3940 
 " Dying man's B. 1441 
 
 See LANGUAGE. 
 Adaptation of l.-Greek andR.*3130 
 Contempt for 1. -Battle of H. *3131 
 Importance of l.-Lycurgus. *3137 
 and Manners-Romans. *3132 
 
 " " -Early ages. *3133 
 
 Origin of 1. by inspiration. *3134 
 Paradisaic-Persian-Mahomet. *3135 
 Training in l.-Romans. *3136 
 
 Actions speak-Hurling a spear. 41 
 
 " " -^"Cuttingpoppie8."42 
 
 Beauty of 1. lost by translation. 659 
 
 Brevity in L-" I came, I saw." 659 
 Degrading 1. in controversy. 4594 
 German L " created" by Luther. 761 
 Memorials in l.-Names. 3568 
 
 of Paradise-Persian-Mahomet. 3990 
 " Piety vs. Profanitv, 5802 
 
 Pompous 1., Dr. Johnson's. 4286 
 Precision in use of 1. 1476 
 
 Savages without words of abuse. 22 
 of Symbols-Barbarians. 1954 
 
 Unmeaning 1. of social interc'rse.708 
 Wordless 1. in music. 3751 
 
 See WORDS. 
 Backing for w.-Ly Sander. *6144 
 Hasty w.-Henry 11. *6145 
 
 Origin of w.-" Sandwich." *6146 
 Thrilling w.-Bp. Latimer. ^6147 
 
 Disease affects use of w. 1640 
 
 Hasty w.-Contritlon for-H. IL 2669 
 Memorial in noble w. 6147 
 
 Verbiage of diplomacy. 1598 
 
 See CONVERSATION, ELO- 
 QUENCE and PREACH- 
 ING in loc. 
 
 SPELLING. 
 
 Bad s., George Washington's. *5302 
 Diverse s.-Shakespeare. *5303 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Error-Conquered vs. Concord. 1067 
 
 See ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 Bad o. excused-Napoleon I. *3962 
 
 SPIES. 
 
 Ensnared by s.-Ostragoths. ^5304 
 Shameless s.-John Locke. ^5305 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Victims of s.-Theodora's. 
 
 1344 
 
 SPIRIT. 
 
 Impelling S.-George Fox. ♦5.306 
 
 Teachings of the S.-Quakers. ^5307 
 
 See HOLY SPIRIT in loc. 
 
 SPIRITS. 
 
 Communication with s.-S. *5308 
 
 " " " ♦ssog 
 
 Intercourse with B.-Platonists.^5310 
 Lying s.-Swedenborg. ♦SSll 
 
 Ministering-Samuel Johnson. ♦5312 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Communion-Swedenborg. 1442 
 
 *♦ with conditioned. 3554 
 
 ♦' " s.-Swedenb'rg.914 
 
 Manifestations, Fraudulent. 3555 
 
 " of s.-John Dee. 3804 
 
 Possessing horses. 5460 
 
 Visit from an evil s.-Luther. 2506 
 
 See APPARITION. 
 Belief in a.-S. Johnson. ♦256 
 
 False a.-" Three knights." ^254 
 Fancied a. of Theseus. ^255 
 
 1120 
 
 of the Dead-Hugh Miller. 
 Startling a.-" Evil genius. 
 
 See GHOST. 
 Improvised g.-Goldsmith. ♦2353 
 
 Apparent g.-Eev. Tunnell. 2398 
 
 See GHOSTS. 
 Belief in g.-Samuel Johnson *2354 
 Fear of g., Siamese. ♦2351 
 
 See PHANTOM. 
 Alarmed by p.-Theodorlc. 1115 
 
 Pursued by p.-Murderer. 1108 
 
 See SPECTRE. 
 Terrifying s.-Brutus's vision. 5848 
 
 SPLENDOR. 
 
 
 Palatial s.-Timour. 
 
 ♦5313 
 
 See DISPLAY in loc. 
 
 
 SPORT. 
 
 
 Magnificent Orientals. 
 
 ♦5318 
 
 Thoughtless s.-Marriage. 
 
 ♦5319 
 
 Unenjoyed s.-M. Luther. 
 
 ♦5320 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Agricultural progress. 1128 
 
 Devotion to s ~Emp. Gratlan. 1007 
 " huutlng-Wm. the C.3943 
 Hunting slaves by youth. 1365 
 
 Marksman-David Crockett a. 4322 
 
 See MARKSMAN. 
 Eoyal m.-Emp. Commodus. ♦3430 
 
 Accurate m.-Aster. 5104 
 
 See AMUSEMENT and PLEASURE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SPRING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Period for poetry-Milton. 
 
 SPY. 
 
 an Infamous s.-Tempter. 
 
 1014 
 
 ♦5381 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 Arrested-Major Andr6. 1043 
 
 Honored-Andre's memorial. 2616 
 Suspicion created by s., False. 5350 
 Unsuspected s.-Altred the G. 6826 
 See DETECTIVE in loc. 
 
 STAGNATION. 
 
 Intellectual s. of m'dern Greeks.2908 
 
 STARVATION. 
 
 Depopulated by s.-Italy. 
 
 See FAMINE in loc. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Bereavement of s.-Ep'm'n'd' 
 Endangered by criminals, 
 an Honored s.- Virginia. 
 Neglected by citizens. 
 Protection of s.-Education. 
 Security of s.-Educatlon. 
 Rights of s.-Nullificatlon. 
 " " " -Taxation '76. 
 
 ♦5322 
 
 s.^5323 
 ♦5324 
 ♦5325 
 ♦5326 
 ♦5327 
 ♦5328 
 ♦5329 
 ♦5330 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Authority over s.-Pope. 2887 
 
 " of Church over the s. 920 
 
 Autocracy in s.-"The 8. Is mys'lf. 2407 
 Burdened by Cathollclsm-E"r'pe.735 
 Children of the s.-S'ldiers orph'ns.58 
 
 " for the s.-Spartans. 808 
 or Churcb-Choice-Ireland. 4118 
 Corruption destructive to the s.3783 
 Education needful to the s. 6087 
 Endangered by Jesuits. 8019 
 
 " •« " 8020 
 
 u « •« 8021 
 
STATESMAN— STRIFE. 
 
 939 
 
 Endangered by communists. 1003 
 
 »• " vice. 1140 
 
 Generosity to s., Suspicious. 2286 
 
 Humbled before the Church. 2889 
 
 Imperilled by avarice-Romans. 428 
 
 " " corraption-Athen.671 
 
 » " vice-Gaul. 2417 
 
 " " " -London. 2449 
 
 Infidelity imperils the s. 2829 
 
 Intemperance endangers s. 2949 
 
 Inventors serve the b. 2991 
 
 Morality preserves the s. 3709 
 
 " " " " 3710 
 
 Preserved by education. 1821 
 
 Eeligion needful to the s. 4726 
 
 " '♦ " " " 4727 
 
 " " " " " 4757 
 
 " preserves the s. 5087 
 
 " serves the s.-Cr'mwell.2381 
 
 Romanism to rule the s. 4929 
 
 " " «« " " 4934 
 
 w 4i a 4. .. 4935 
 
 M <i <l »4 44 4939 
 
 M 44 44 4< 4> 4940 
 
 •» 44 44 44 .4 494^ 
 
 M 44 44 44 44 4942 
 
 •♦ *♦ " " » 4943 
 
 4i 44 44 44 44 4944 
 
 41 44 « 44 44 4945 
 
 Saved by inventors. 2983 
 
 State endangered by avarice. 1615 
 
 Supremacy of the s.-Becket. 882 
 
 Trained for service of s. 1600 
 
 Vice endangers the s.-Catiline. 6193 
 
 " " s.-Va. Colony. 4666 
 
 Woman saves the s.-Fulvia. 1140 
 See PATRIOTISM in loc. 
 
 STATESMAN. 
 Dangerous 8.-Chas.Town8end.*5.331 
 Degeneracy of English s. ♦5332 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Intriguer, not a 8.-Sunderland.2967 
 "Unsuccessful s.-Talented-B. 2343 
 
 STATESinEANSIIlP. 
 
 Contemptible s. -Napoleon III.*5333 
 Foolish s.-James II. *5334 
 
 National s.-Wm.the Couqu'r'r.*5335 
 Ruinous s.-Spaniards. *5336 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Blunder of s. -Taxing Colonies. 2406 
 Imagination addressed in s. 2740 
 Masterly 8. -Cromwell. 2313 
 
 Results of 8.-Cromwell. 2327 
 
 Scandalous s.-British. 5061 
 
 Wise s. of Jefferson. 3929 
 
 Woman's s.-Queen Caroline. 2683 
 See DIPLOMACY in loc 
 
 STATUAKY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Destroyed-Ruin of Paganism. 331 
 Mutilated by Romans. 327 
 
 Unappreciated-S. Johnson. 334 
 
 See SCULPTOR. 
 Mental 8.-Socrates. *5056 
 
 Nobility in-' 'E ern alize f ame ." *5057 
 
 STATUE. 
 Honored by s.-Cato. *5337 
 
 Immense s.-Apollo. 
 Lofty s.-Linooln. 
 
 *5338 
 *5339 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Representative of character. 934 
 
 See LAW and LEGISLATION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 STEAMBOAT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Experiment with first s. 1602 
 
 Incredulity respecting the s. 2306 
 Prediction-Successful s. 2307 
 
 STEAMBOATS. 
 
 First s- in England. *5340 
 
 STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Prejudice opposed the s.-e. 4410 
 
 STEP-MOTHER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Power of s.-m.-Murder. 4188 
 
 STIGMA. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Injustice of s. on Cicero. 2873 
 
 Shameful s. of bribery. 5963 
 
 See DISGRACE and REPROACH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 STOICISM. 
 
 Admired-Southey. 
 
 *5341 
 
 Seeming s. of Wm. P. of Orange.121 
 
 See INDIFFERENCE in loc. 
 
 STONE. 
 Sacred s. at Emesa. 
 44 44 44 jiecca. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sacred s.-Elagabalus-Rome. 
 
 *5342 
 ♦5343 
 
 2085 
 
 STORM. 
 
 Destructive s. in England. *5344 
 
 Terrible s. -Reign of Chas. L *5345 
 
 Unequalled s.-Robert Bums. ♦5346 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Calmness in s.-Moravians. 2111 
 Disregard ed-Celebrat ion of lib.3211 
 Lesson of s.-" Steadyl" 2147 
 
 Loss by s.-A. Lincoln. 4635 
 
 Memorable s.-Death of Crom. 965 
 Terrific s.-Columbus. 1155 
 
 Terrifying s.-Awakening-L. 5661 
 Vows made in s.-Columbus. 5864 
 
 See HURRICANE. 
 Ominous h.-Death of Crom. ^2680 
 
 See LIGHTNING. 
 Pear of 1., Superstitious. ^3299 
 
 44 4. ".w'shingt'n's mother. ♦3300 
 
 Death by l.-^sculapius. 4169 
 
 Significant 1. -Sacrifices. 4994 
 
 See WIND. 
 Dependence on w.-Wm.P. of 0.1862 
 Experiment with w.-Newton. 1993 
 Sectarian w.-Wm. P. of Orange.5066 
 
 STRANGERS. 
 
 Chilled by s. at St. Kilda. ^5347 
 See FOREIGNERS in loc. 
 
 STRATAGEM. 
 
 Credible s. of Persians. *5348 
 
 Dishonorable s.-Spaniards. ^5349 
 
 Success by s. -Georgia. *5350 
 
 44 44 "-cornutus. ♦^SSl 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 of Loyalty- Woman. 1348 
 
 Oath by s.-Harold II. 3840 
 
 in Retreat-Washington. 4842 
 
 of Vengeance-Shipwreck. 1347 
 
 Virtue overcome by s.-Rape. 2276 
 
 See AMBUSCADE. 
 
 Perils of a.-Braddock's defeat 97 
 
 See CONSPIRACY in loc. 
 
 STRATEGY. 
 
 Despised-Persians. ^5352 
 
 Needful s.-Columbus. *5353 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 VS. Numbers-H. Cortez. 3830 
 Victory by S.-W. Scott-"Button."19 
 
 STREETS. 
 
 Darkness of s. of London. ^5354 
 
 Filthy s. of London. *5355 
 
 STRENGTH. 
 
 Consciousness of s.-Alex. ♦5356 
 
 Physical s.-Peter Jefferson. ♦SSSS 
 
 " "-Washington. +5359 
 
 by Piety-Cromwell. ♦58S7 
 
 See ATHLETE. 
 
 Remarkable a.-Thraclan. *388 
 
 Royal a. -Henry 11. ♦389 
 
 Moral weakness of Milo. 5P60 
 
 Strong a.-Pather of Jefferson. 5358 
 
 " '* -George Washington. 53.59 
 
 See ATHLETES. 
 
 Early training of a.-Persian. 1770 
 
 " " " " -Spartans. 1817 
 
 Education of a.-Roman. 1778 
 
 Military a.-Roman. 1827 
 
 Trained a -Roman soldiers. 5672 
 
 See FORCE in loc. 
 
 STRIFE. 
 
 Choice in s. -Louis XIV. ♦5360 
 
 Conjugal s.-Reconciliation. ♦53361 
 Family s.-Abominable. *5362 
 
 Premature s.-Bishop Burnet. ♦5363 
 Responsibility for s.-James II. ♦5364 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Love of s.-English ancestors. 5878 
 Music in s.-Charles XII. 3752 
 
 Needless s.-Battle of N. Orleans.487 
 Provoking s. by young knights. 191 
 Reign of s.-English barons. 2456 
 
 See ANTAGONISM. 
 
 Natural a.-Protestant and C. I. 243 
 
 in Personal character-M. L. 761 
 
 " -Q. Eliz. 763 
 
 Unnatural a.-Father-8on. 1064 
 
 See CONFLICT. 
 Bootle.es c.-Bunker Hill. +1060 
 
 Land of c. -Kentucky. *1061 
 
 Rule of c.-Wm. P. of Orange, ♦loea 
 Self-sustaining c. -Spoils. ^1063 
 
 Unnatural c.-Wm. I. the N. ♦1064 
 Unprepared for c.-Greeks. *1065 
 
 Inglorious c.-Commodus. 5828 
 
940 
 
 STRUGGLE— SUCCESS. 
 
 Sentimental c. -Earth and sea. 970 
 Sham c.-Battle of Brenneville. 461 
 the Spiritual vs. Animal-Man. 4690 
 Unequal c -Pizarro-Assassins. 1068 
 " personal c. 4838 
 
 See CONFLICTS. 
 Mental c. in religious dnty-Joan.417 
 
 See FIGHTING. 
 in Death-Persians. *2129 
 
 Desperate f. -Three out of 600. *2130 
 and Pra> ing- Admiral Blake. •2131 
 
 Boys f. at school-I. Newton. 179 
 Ineffective f. at " Island No.l0."483 
 
 See SEDITION. 
 
 Partisan 8.-"Bluesand green8.'"5072 
 
 See BATTLE, CONTEST. HATRED 
 
 and OPPOSITION in toe. 
 
 STRUGGIiE. 
 
 Pierce B.-Paul Jones. *5365 
 
 Hopeless s.-Battle of Fred. *5366 
 
 See CONTEST in loo. 
 
 STUDENT. 
 
 Belated-Charlemagne. *5367 
 
 Folly of s. -Oliver Goldsmith. *5869 
 
 Boyal s.-Charlemagne. *5368 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Close s.-John Milton. 6211 
 
 Impecunious s.-M. Luther. 497 
 
 Precocious s.-Alexander Pope. 4403 
 Pride stimulates s.-Newton. 4492 
 Pugilistic s.-Hugh Miller. 2468 
 
 Eidiculed-"Blble Moths." 583 
 
 Royal s.-Queen Elizabeth. 6098 
 
 Roles ignored by s. 2664 
 
 STUDENTS. 
 
 Cro88-reference. 
 Patriotism of 8.-Am.Rev'lution.4072 
 
 STUDIES. 
 
 Ancient s.-Italy. *5370 
 
 STUDY. 
 
 Devoted to s.-T. Jefferson. ♦5371 
 
 .. K .'_pre8t. Madison. *5372 
 
 Preparation by s.-J. Milton. *5373 
 
 a .< i. » .. #5374 
 
 " " "-Napoleon I.*5375 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Absorbed in s.-Newton. 3794 
 
 Blindness by s.-J. Milton. 604 
 
 In Death-Sea-chart. 1445 
 
 Devotion to s.-Young Nap. 4891 
 Dislike for s.-Robert Fulton. 5024 
 Humble s. of Bums. 1016 
 
 Incentive to s.-Emulatlon. 5025 
 Neglected s. by young Newton. 179 
 Passion for s.-Blaise Pascal. 2324 
 Perseverance in s.-Caesar. 1491 
 
 Plan of s. vs. Plan of battle. 23.30 
 Private s.-Early and late-Davy. 86 
 Prolonged s.-AU night-Milton. 1014 
 Success by continued s. 4032 
 
 Thorough-Bunyan In prison. 81 
 See EDUCATION and SCHOOL 
 in loc. 
 
 STUPIDITY. 
 
 Hopeless s. of James I'. •5376 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Improvident s.-Gold-seekers. 2807 
 
 Insult of s.-Jamcs II. 2903 
 
 Mistake of s.-Bag vs. Pearls. 2723 
 
 Official s.-Newcastle. 2716 
 
 " " " 2717 
 
 " "-Traitor-Arnold. 1553 
 
 Traveller's s. -Crusaders. 2724 
 
 STYIiE. 
 
 Adaptation of s.-M. Luther. *5377 
 See FASHION in loc. 
 
 SUBJUGATION. 
 
 Intolerable s. by Irish troops. *5378 
 Oppressive s. by Mahomet II. *5379 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Resented by Bishop Mark. 883 
 
 See SUPPRESSION. 
 Failure of religious s. 2554 
 
 of Heresy by law-England. 2556 
 " Indignation by Napoleon. 5693 
 " Resentment to robbery. 4808 
 See CONQUEST in loo. 
 
 SXTBLimiTY. 
 
 Influence of s.-Pyramids. 
 
 ♦5380 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Essentials of s. in architecture. 294 
 " " " Gothic a. 296 
 
 SUBMISSION. 
 
 Humiliating s.-Richard II. ^5381 
 of Soul-Penitential s. ^5382 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Exacting s.-James II. 248 
 
 Humiliating s.-Captive Emp. 2197 
 Prayer of s.-Socrates. 4557 
 
 Soul's 8. to God. 5382 
 
 SUBORDINATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Example of s.-Peter the Great. 1965 
 
 SUBSISTENCE. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Indicated-" Spoon in cap." 
 
 SUBSTITUTE. 
 
 Happy s.-Persecution. 
 
 5631 
 
 ♦5383 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Declined, Advocate's s. 101 
 
 for Husband, Wife a s. 4078 
 
 SUBSTITUTES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Punished in s.-Pirates. 1210 
 
 " " "-Cowards. 1446 
 
 in Suffering penance. 2800 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 Changes by s.-Columbus. ♦5384 
 Dangerous s.-Rivalry. ^5385 
 
 "-Alcibiades. ♦5386 
 
 Dangers of s. -Demoralization. ♦5387 
 Delusive s.-Charles Goodyear.^5388 
 Deserved-Ben j. Franklin. ♦5389 
 a Disaster-Queen Anne's war.^5390 
 by Dupllclty-Louis XI. ♦5391 
 
 Encouraging s.-Battle of T. ^5393 
 Fortunate s.-Emp. Honorius. ♦5393 
 Genius for s.-Frederick II. ^5394 
 
 by Gentleness-Missionaries. ♦539S 
 vs. Happiness-Cyrus. ♦5396. 
 
 Jealousy of s.-Columbus. *5S^ 
 Joys of s.-Columbus. ♦SSg* 
 
 Lines of s.-General Grant. ^5399 
 Misunderstood-Hannibal. ♦5400 
 a Necessity -French Rev'rtion.*.5401 
 Overruled-Alexander. +5402 
 
 by Perseverance-D"m'sth'nes.^540S 
 Premature s.-Chas. Goodyear.^5404 
 Proof of s.-Elias Howe. ^5405 
 
 Remarkable 8.- Civil War. ♦5406 
 "-Goethe. ^5407 
 
 Reputation by 8.-Washington.^5408 
 " " "-E. Yankees. ♦5409 
 
 Steps to s.-Dr. Morton. ^5410 
 
 Surprising s.-Romans. ^5411 
 
 vs. Tactics-Napoleon I. ♦5412 
 
 Unenjoyed by Caesar. ♦5413 
 
 Want of s.-General Grant. ^5414 
 by Weakness-British. ^5415 
 
 Well-earned s.-A. Jackson. ♦5416. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Adversity precedes 8. 8& 
 
 by Advertising-John Law, 2134 
 
 Afraid of s.-Engllsh ministry. 1752: 
 
 in Age, Caesar's s. 1-36 
 
 by Aggression-Marathon: 467 
 
 " " -Joan of Arc. 65S 
 
 " Audacity-Pompey. 6210 
 Boldness brings s.-Joan of Arc. 1906 
 
 Caution with s.-Llncoln. 1046 
 
 by Changes of business. 3857 
 
 " Charity-John Howard. 513 
 
 Christianity a remarkable s. 848 
 
 Conditionally desired-Burns. 1009 
 
 Confident of s.-Napoleon. 1042 
 
 Contingencies of s. 1155 
 
 by Courage-Fred, the Great. 1247 
 
 '• Deception in politics. 1596 
 
 after Defeat. 2023 
 
 Delighted by business s. 690 
 
 Depreciated, Tailor's s. 5777 
 
 Diplomacy of s.-Napoleon. 2693 
 
 in Early life-Chinese Gordon. 6187 
 
 " " " -^lohn Newton. 6185 
 
 " " " -Timour. 6184 
 
 Easy and great s.-Pompey. 5816 
 
 Emotions by s.-Newton. 1871 
 
 Energy brings s.-Wolsey. 1895 
 
 Evil-doers s. uninferrupted-F. 106 
 
 Expensive s.-Bunker Hill. 1060 
 
 Failure of s.-Reproach. 2321 
 
 after Failure-Demosthenes. 2021 
 
 or Failure-Nelson. 4830 
 
 False presumption of s. 1603 
 
 by Genius-William Pitt. 8586 
 
 God-given s.-A. Lincoln. 4569 
 
 Hurtful s.-Asiatics-Romans. 3416 
 
 Imperilled by s.-Athenians. 465 
 
 Impressive s.-Caesar. 2302 
 
 by Impulse-Sylla. 2767 
 
 Jealousy poisons s. 1911 
 
 Joys of s.-Columbus. 4623 
 
 by Labor-Jamestown. 3118 
 
 Little things necessary to s. 3322 
 Measured by aggresslon-R'mans.150 
 
 Necessary-Boats burned. 1074 
 
 Perilous s.-Lottery. 3334 
 
 by Perseverance-Goodyear. 4154 
 
SUFFERING— SUPERSTITION. 
 
 941 
 
 Presumption begets s.-Three in.l076 
 
 Ijegets Presumption. 2370 
 
 without Principles-Cranmer. 1018 
 
 Remarkable s.-Conquest of C. 1069 
 
 of Right- Am. Revolution. 5924 
 
 or Ruin-" Bring a head." 2262 
 
 by Sacrlfioe-Mental-Jones. 1776 
 
 •' Severity-Peter the Great. 2875 
 
 Silences unbelievers. 2306 
 
 Soldier's remarliable s.-P. 2285 
 
 by Speoialty-Maximian. 5277 
 
 Spoiled by talking. 5148 
 
 Stimulation of s.-A. Lincoln. 3661 
 
 brings Success-Rothschild. 5169 
 
 Talent without s.-Goldsmith. 2030 
 
 Unappreciated-Gold-seekers. 1636 
 
 Unenjoyed by Napoleon L 5827 
 
 iby Unexpected activity, 1491 
 
 "Vanity prevents s. 2213 
 
 by Wickedness, False s. 4541 
 
 an " -Fredegonda. 6109 
 
 See POPULARITY, PROSPERITY 
 and VICTORY in loo. 
 
 SUFFERING. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Brotherhood in s.-Nelson. S568 
 
 from Brutality of enemies. 679 
 
 of Explorers-Spaniards. 2390 
 
 Extremity of 8.-"Black Hole." 1356 
 
 'by Plogging-Titus Gates. 2160 
 
 Fortitude in s.-Mexicans. 714 
 
 Indifference to s. of others-S. 193 
 
 Lesson of s. -Sympathy. 1990 
 
 of Patriots at Valley Forge. 8308 
 
 Spiritual s.-Bunyan. 1180 
 
 " "-Adam Clark. 1181 
 
 " "-Bunyan. 1192 
 
 Superior to s.-Philip. 5945 
 
 Victory in s.-Martyr. 4028 
 
 In War-Famine. 5933 
 
 " " -Fredricksburg. 5918 
 
 " " -Siege of Rouen. 5904 
 
 SUFFERINGS. 
 
 Unspeakable a.-Dr. Mott. 
 
 See AGONY. 
 Crucifixion-" Higheet lUus." *148 
 
 ♦5417 
 
 Delight in gladiators' a. 102 
 
 Indifference to a., Inhuman. 1362 
 
 Pleasure In a. of dying. 1368 
 Mental a.-Josephine's divorce. 1699 
 
 Mocked-Martyrs. 1358 
 
 See ANGUISH. 
 
 Prolonged-Garibaldi. *230 
 
 •Conjugal a. of Josephine. 104 
 
 Mental a.-Napoleon- Waterloo. 8817 
 Murderer's a. -Alexander. 1744 
 
 See CROSS. 
 Emblems of the Christian c. *1317 
 Protection of the c.-Roman L. *1318 
 Recovered-Holy relic from P. ♦ISig 
 Victory by the c.-Constantlae.*1320 
 
 •Charmed o.-" Agnus Dei." 783 
 
 Fraudulent c.-Relics. 4672 
 
 Peace by the blood of ■ he c. 1175 
 
 Precious relics of the c. 4672 
 
 Relic of the c.-Nails-Spear. 1047 
 
 Rival c.-" Indulgence Cross." 827 
 
 Saved by the c.-Whitefield. 4770 
 True c. captured by Persians. 324 
 Victory by sign of c.-Con. 1721 
 
 See CRUCIFIXION. 
 Modem c. in India. ♦ISSl 
 
 Agony of c, Great. 
 Honored after c.-Jesus. 
 
 148 
 1321 
 
 See MISERY. 
 Delight in m.of others-Jeffreys.2862 
 Infliction of m.-Arcadia. 448 
 
 Reaction of m. on oppressors. 5737 
 Royal m.-Constantinople. 4949 
 
 " " -Stuarts. 4951 
 
 Splendid m.-Roman Emperor. 2622 
 See ADVERSITY, CALAMITY, 
 CRUELTY, PERSECU- 
 TION and TORT- 
 URE in loo. 
 
 SUFFRAGE. 
 
 Perils of universal s. 
 Universal s.-Virginia. 
 
 ♦5418 
 ♦5419 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Restricted to church members. 691 
 
 See ELECTION in loc. 
 
 SUICIDE. 
 
 Averted s.-Napoleon I. ♦6420 
 
 Cause of s.-Samuel Johnson. ^5421 
 Cowardice of s.-Am. Indians. *5422 
 Deterred-Benjamin Abbott. *5423 
 Dyspeptic's escape by s. *5424 
 
 Escape by s.-Demosthenes. ^5425 
 Glorification of 8.-Stolc3. *5426 
 
 Mania for s.-WUliam Cowper. ♦5427 
 Philosophic 8.-Marcu8. *5428 
 
 Remorseful s.-Mrs. Shelley. ^5429 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Attempted by Cowper. 2691,2883 
 
 at Command of ruler. 3843 
 
 by " -Forty wives. 1410 
 
 of the Defeated Cimbrians. 1550 
 
 for Disgrace-Lucretia. 5786 
 
 Fanatic's s. -Religious. 3506 
 
 Intentional s.-Youthful W. 1668 
 
 Intlmidated-Nero. 1270 
 
 Paradise gained by s. 1416 
 
 Preparation for s.-Shelley. 3345 
 
 •' " -Fred. XL 3632 
 
 Prevented s.-Alexander's. 4021 
 
 Refuge from famine in s. 2015 
 
 " " adversity in s. 5420 
 
 RequIred-ex-Offlcer-Turk. 3866 
 
 Soldiers' 8.-Roman. 1404 
 
 " " -Antony. 1405 
 
 Temptation to s. -Melancholy. 1179 
 
 SUMMER. 
 
 Land of s.-N. Carolina. ♦6430 
 
 SUOTOTONS. 
 
 Exasperating s. -Black Prince. ♦6431 
 
 SUN. 
 Worship of the s.-Perslans. ♦5432 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Right of way to the s.-Diogene8.3415 
 Utilized in War-Ancients. 353 
 
 " " " -Archimedes. 843 
 
 SUN DAT. 
 
 Burdensome s.-S. Johnson. *5433 
 See SABBATH in loo. 
 
 SUNDAY- SCHOOIiS. 
 
 Farmer's s.-s. -England. ♦5434 
 
 Fruit of s.-s.-England. ♦6435 
 
 SUPERIORITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Contrasted-Greeks vs. Romans. 903 
 
 Manifold s.-Genlus of Nap. 2319 
 
 See DISTINCTION in loc. 
 
 SUPERN ATUR Ali. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Credulity concerning the s. 3907 
 " of West Indians. 6143 
 
 SUPERSTITION. 
 
 Absurdity of s.-Papal. ^5436 
 
 Aid of s.-Charles II. ♦5437 
 
 " " "-Athenians. ^5438 
 
 Alarm of s. -Europe. ♦5439 
 
 Appeal to s.-Constantlofl. ^5440 
 
 " " " -J. Smith. ^5441 
 
 and Astrology-Chas. II. ♦5443 
 
 Beneficial s.-Pestilence. ^5443 
 
 Common s.-England, 1642. ^5444 
 Controlled by s.-West Indian8.*5445 
 
 Cowardice of s.-Mexlcans. ♦5446 
 
 Credulity of s.-Genius. ^5447 
 
 " " "-Am. Indians. ♦5448 
 
 Depressed by s.-Alexander. ^5449 
 
 from Ignorance-Germans. ♦5450 
 
 Incredible s.-First Crusade. ♦5451 
 
 Inhumanity of s.-Sylla- ^5452 
 
 Inventions of s.-Eclipee. ♦5453 
 
 Omens of s.-Meteor. ^5454 
 
 Religious s.-Cures. ♦5455 
 
 Removed-Egyptians. ^5456 
 
 Ridiculous 8.-Epyptlans. ^5457 
 
 Safety by s.-John Smith. ♦5458 
 
 of Scholars- Year 1653. ♦6459 
 
 " Soldiers-Spirits. ♦5460 
 
 vs. Wisdom- Julian. ♦6461 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Alarm of s.-Europeans. 6439 
 
 Ancient s.-Beglnning a city. 897 
 Animal's vision-Angel. 1250 
 
 Burden of s.-Pagan worship. 4870 
 Confidence by religious s. 1047 
 
 " of s.-Gordian knot. 1581 
 
 Conviction of s.-Luther. 1178 
 
 Corrected-" Black day." 1395 
 
 Credulity of s.-Augury. 2907 
 
 Cures of s.-" King's evil," 1379, 1380 
 Death by lightning. 8299 
 
 Deceived by s.-" Sacred fawn."1479 
 Degrading s.-Romans-Omens. 385 
 Delayed by s.-Spartans. 467 
 
 in Dreams- American Indians. 1723 
 Fears of Romans. 1284 
 
 Folly of s.-" Squeaking rat." 4685 
 " " "-Demonized. 1566 
 
 Foolish s.-" Friday." 2237 
 
 of GenIu?-Signs-Johnson. 2338 
 
 Growth of s.-Worship of Im'g"8.6165 
 of Idolaters-Image broken. 693 
 Ignorance feeds s.-Savages. 8198 
 of Ignorance-Spaniards- Ang'Is.6143 
 Inhumanity of s. -Lepers. 4418 
 
 " " " -Sylla. 5463 
 
942 
 
 SUPPER— SYMBOLS. 
 
 Marvel of s.-Voice. 3909 
 
 Medical s.-Death of Chas. II. 4171 
 Overcaution against a. 1114 
 
 Overcome by tact. 31 
 
 " " '• -DukeWm. 33 
 Overthrown with Paganism. 2399 
 Perilous s. of Pagans. 4143 
 
 Power over brutal s.-Fulk. 106 
 
 " of s.-Joan of Arc. 1559 
 
 and Prejudice- Lepers. 4418 
 
 Religious s. of Persians. 1285 
 
 Remedy of s.-Am. Indians. 1642 
 Remedies of s.-Quackery. 1283 
 
 vs. Reverence-Indians-Bible. 585 
 Sailors' s. -Electric lights. 1853 
 
 of Sceptics-Restlessness. 5023 
 
 Sinner's s.-James II. 762 
 
 of Soldiers-English. 5460 
 
 Spirit communications. 3803 
 
 Strength of s.-Mohammedans. 1378 
 Victim to folly of s.-Salem. 845 
 
 See CREDULITY, 
 of Philosophers-Strange c. ♦1281 
 Religious c.-Priestcraft. •1282 
 
 of the Sick-16th century. *1283 
 
 Superstitious c. -Romans. *1284 
 
 " " -Persian Magl.*1285 
 
 Excess of c. -Mohammedans. *3622 
 
 of Fanatics-Crusaders. 5850 
 
 Gold-seekers c.-Signs-SpIders. 5141 
 
 of Hatred-Origin of Huns. 1528 
 
 ' Superstition-Mystery. 5447 
 
 ' " -Am. Indians. 5448 
 
 ' " -First Crusade. 5451 
 
 ' " -N. E. Colonies. 5453 
 
 ' Tlmldlty-Negro plot. 4214 
 
 brings Unbelief-Miracles. 3626 
 
 Victim of c.-Cotton Mather. 1567 
 
 See BIGOTRY and FANATIC 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SUPPER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Preparation for Antony's s. 265 
 
 See EATING and FEAST in loc. 
 
 SUPPIilANT. 
 
 Abject s.-Lord Rochester. *5462 
 See PETITION in loc. 
 
 SUPPORT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Needed-Battle of Fontenoy. 69 
 
 SUPPRESSION. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Failure of s.-Rellglous opinion8.2554 
 of Heresy by law-England. 2556 
 " Indignation by Napoleon. 5693 
 " Resentment at robbery. 4804 
 
 See SUBJUGATION. 
 Intolerable s. by Irish troops. *5378 
 Oppressive s. by Mahomet II. *5379 
 
 Resented by Bishop Mark. 883 
 
 See CONQUEST in loc. 
 
 SUPREMACY. 
 
 Meritorious f«.-17th cntury. ^5463 
 See PRE-EMINENCE in loc. 
 
 SURGEONS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 Barbers the 8.-16th century. 456 
 
 Insensibility to sufferings. 193 
 
 SURGERY. 
 
 Brave s.-Duke Leopold. *5464 
 
 Skill In s.-Dr. V. Mott. *5465 
 
 See PHYSICIAN in loc. 
 
 SURPRISE. 
 
 Mutual-American Revolution. *5466 
 Success by s.-Col. Barton. *5467 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Bold s.-Paul Jones at Whit'h'v'n.644 
 
 Deceiver's s.-Rellcs disclosed. 3840 
 
 Destructive-St. Clair by Indians. 56 
 
 " -British privateers. 323 
 
 Happy s.. Garibaldi's. 4042 
 
 " "-Lucanlan. 6049 
 
 at Marriage of Milton. 3488 
 
 Prevented by warning-Wash. 4079 
 
 Success by 8.-Hannah Bustln. 3729 
 
 II it "_caesar. 2771 
 
 " " "-Cortez. 3830 
 
 Successful s.-Tlconderoga. 5766 
 
 " " at Fort King. 394 
 
 See AMBUSCADE. 
 
 Perils of-Braddock's defeat. 97 
 
 SURRENDER. 
 
 to Death-Boges. 
 Demanded-Ethan Allen. 
 Disgraceful s.-Manchester. 
 Final s.-Civil War. 
 Impossible s.-The Old Guard. 
 Indignant s.-P. Stuy vesant. 
 Prevented-Charter Oak. 
 
 ♦5468 
 *5469 
 *5470 
 ♦5471 
 *5472 
 ♦5473 
 ♦5474 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Infamous 8.-10,000 Scots to 509 E.306 
 of Life, Cheerful s. 1430 
 
 " " " "-Defeat. 1494 
 
 " •' -Nobles. 3820 
 
 Refusal to s., Determlned-G. 1372 
 Unconditional s.-Ft. Donelson. 1891 
 
 See SUBMISSION. 
 Humiliating s.-Rlchard II. *5S81 
 of Soul-Penitential s. ^5382 
 
 Exacting s. -James II. 248 
 
 Humiliating s.-Emp. of Russia. 2197 
 Prayer of s.-Socrates. 4557 
 
 Soul'ss. toGod. 5382 
 
 See CONQUEST and DEFEAT 
 in loc. 
 
 SURVEYOR. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Illustrious s.-Geo. Washington. 6198 
 Unsuccessful s.-A. Lincoln. 83 
 
 SURVIVOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Solitary soldier-English. 5935 
 
 SUSPENSION. 
 
 Financial-Bank of England. ^5475 
 
 See BANKRUPTCY and FAILURE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 SUSPICION. 
 
 Above s.-Caesar's wife. ♦5476 
 
 Clamorous s.-Free Masons. ^5477 
 
 of Consplracy-Constantlne. ♦5478 
 
 Dlverted-Emperor Nero. ^5479 
 
 -King of Portugal. ^5480 
 
 Effect of s.-Emp. Commodus. ♦5481 
 Perilous s.-Emperor Nero. ♦5488 
 Sown in war. ♦5483 
 
 Weakness of s.-Diony8lu8. ^5484 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Apfteal to Alexander's s. 1048 
 
 from a Dream-Antigonus. 2523 
 Exposed to s.-Philotas. 3741 
 
 Overconfidence begets s. 3528 
 
 Sectarian s.- Jesuits. 1475 
 
 Slender men-s. of Caesar. 263 
 
 Victim of s.-" The Pretender." 6223 
 See JEALOUSY in loo. 
 
 S\¥EARING. 
 
 Admired-Gen. Charles Scott. *5485 
 Reproof for s.-John Bunyan. *548d 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Substitute for profane s. 418 
 
 See OATH in loc. 
 
 StVimCMING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Saved by s., Columbus. 4545 
 
 Sl¥INDIiER. 
 
 Royal s.-Henry VI. ♦5487 
 
 " " " VIIL ♦5488 
 
 " "-Richard I. ♦548» 
 
 See FRAUD in loo. 
 
 SIVORD. 
 
 VS. Banner-Joan of Arc. ^5490 
 
 in Religion-Mahomet. ^5491 
 
 Worship of the s.-Scythians. ♦5492 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Challenged by the s.-Cor'natlon.890 
 Decided by s.-Gordium Knot. 1581 
 Government by the s.-Crom. 4904 
 of Mars discovered. 527ff 
 
 Mightier than pen-Fred. II. 4324 
 Power by s., Caesar's. 1555 
 
 " of s.-Cromwell. 3618 
 
 Title by the s. 4902 
 
 Wooden s.-Eamest hand. 1767 
 
 SIVORDS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Changed into fetters. 
 
 1499 
 
 SYCOPHANCY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Clerical s.-Dlvlne right. 3052 
 
 Commended-Johnson. 3579 
 
 of Courtiers to James II. 3528 
 
 Influence lost by s.-Penn. 2841 
 
 See SERVILITY. 
 Disgraceful s.-James Bagge. ♦5123 
 
 of Flatterers-Romans. 305 
 
 Genius for s.-James Bagge. 5123 
 
 Required by tyrant-Sapor. 2527 
 
 Shameful s.-Roman Senate. 4373 
 
 Shameless s. of husband of Z. 65 
 See FLATTERY in Ico. 
 
 SYMBOLS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Dominion denied. 2891 
 
 Far-fetched s.-Pagan. 2959 
 
 Inauguration by s. 2769 
 
 See SIGNS in loc. 
 
SYMPATHY— TEACHERS . 
 
 943 
 
 SYMPATHY. 
 
 by Experience-S. Johnson. 
 Freaks of s.-Napoleon I. 
 for the Friendless-A. Lincoln. 
 Mutual s.-Napoleon I. 
 for Poor-A. Lincoln. 
 Religious s.-Puritans. 
 Unmanned by s.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦5493 
 *5494 
 *5493 
 ♦5496 
 *5497 
 ♦5498 
 ♦5499 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beggars arts-London. 1293 
 
 Denied offenders-Old England. 2860 
 Eccentricity of s.-Napoleon L 3578 
 Enraged by s.-Fred. William. 3389 
 Female s.-Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 " "-Lucy Hutchinson. 6105 
 Power of s.-Pardon. 4001 
 
 Prayerful s.-Wife of Martyr T. 679 
 Suffering in s.-Dr. Mott. 5417 
 
 Various forms of s. for W. Scott. 92 
 
 See COMPASSION. 
 Discreditable c.-James IL *1005 
 Female c.-Indian girl. *1006 
 
 Appeal to o.-Six burgesses. 4639 
 Destitute of c.-Indian women. 2074 
 for Failure in life-Burns. 2027 
 
 Woman's characteristic c. 6045 
 
 See KINDNESS. 
 Religion of k.-Rev. J.Newton. *3077 
 
 Conceals faults -Hervey. 2465 
 
 Crime of k. to criminal. 4466 
 
 Reprimand of k. -Johnson. 4775 
 
 of Savages to Columbus. 2649 
 
 Spirit of k.-Pope to Howard. 145 
 
 See MERCY. 
 
 Provision for m.-A. Lincoln. *3588 
 
 3062 
 
 Affection without m. 
 
 Despised by Jeffreys. 3068 
 
 Gratitude for sparing m. 1 19 
 
 Lack of m.-Old England. 2860 
 
 Odious m. of James IL 3997 
 
 Pleading for m.-Calais. 4639 
 
 See PITY. 
 
 False p., Oppressor's. 2692 
 
 Insensible to p.-Timour. 1337 
 
 Manifested-Abdallah. 2289 
 
 Moments of p.-Cruel caliph. 2773 
 
 Pleasure marred by p. 5320 
 Punishment forp.-Dr.Batement.540 
 
 Restrained by fear-Heretics. 2557 
 
 after Self-protection. 1161 
 
 Unnatural to man-Johnson. 1353 
 Victim of his own p.-Goldsmith.543 
 
 Withheld-Suffering-Tyrant. 1357 
 
 " by Romans. 1355 
 
 Woman's p. for foundling. 781 
 
 See BENEVOLENCE in loc. 
 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 Living by s.-Alfred the Great. *5500 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Benevolence-John Wesley. 549 
 " " -Old England. 4295 
 
 '* " -John Howard. 3650 
 
 TACT. 
 Lack of t.-John Adams. ♦5501 
 
 Natural t.-Henry Sidney. *5502 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Rewarded-Careless slave. 32 
 
 Superstition overcome by t. 31 
 
 33 
 See SKILL in loc. 
 
 TACTICS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 VS. Success-Napoleon I. 
 
 See STRATEGY in loo. 
 
 5412 
 
 TAILORS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Oppression of t. by man'f'ct'r'r8.429 
 " " " " " 1839 
 
 TAIiEBEARERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Mischievous- Volt'ire'scriti'ism.3002 
 
 See GOSSIP, 
 
 Serviceable for publication. *2400 
 
 See INFORMERS in loo. 
 
 TAIiENT. 
 
 without Character-Fred. II. 
 Discovery of t.-Napoleon I. 
 Education of t.-Alexander. 
 Indications of t.-Mathematlcs, 
 Lack of t.-Confederate gens. 
 Overestlmated-Napoleon I. 
 Untaught t. of Z. Colburn. 
 
 ♦5503 
 ♦5504 
 ♦5505 
 .*5506 
 ♦5507 
 ♦5508 
 ♦5509 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 VS. Character-Lord Byron. 2057 
 Developed by criticism. 1305 
 
 Misapplied-Ruler. 4509 
 
 Money rivals t.-Crassus. 4920 
 
 without Success-Goldsmith. 2030 
 
 TAIiENTS. 
 
 Misjudged-Charles XII. ^5510 
 
 See ABILITIES and GENIUS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 TALISOTAN. 
 
 Belief in t.-W. Indians. ^5511 
 
 See CHARM. 
 Protecting c.-Thunder and 1. ^782 
 " "-Agnus Dei. ^783 
 
 TARDINESS. 
 
 Punished with death. 5247 
 
 See DELAY in loo. 
 
 TARIFF. 
 
 Protection by t.-First Cong. ^5512 
 
 TASTE. 
 Conditioned-Climate. ^5513 
 
 for Literature-Alexander. +5514 
 
 TASTES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Architectural t. differ. 281 
 
 Differ-Nature-Art-Johnson. 341 
 
 Opposite t. in art-Chinese-G. 328 
 
 Overcoming t.-Young Irving. 626 
 
 Peculiarity in t.-S. Johnson. 834 
 
 See OPINIONS and SENTIMENTS 
 
 in loc. 
 
 TAX. 
 
 on Consumption-Eng. Col. ♦5515 
 
 Enormous t.-Henry VIII. ♦5.'il6 
 
 Excise t., Disturbance by. ^5517 
 
 Extortionate t.-One third. 4358 
 
 Principle represented by t. 4460 
 
 Resisted by litigation. 3139 
 
 Significant of dominion. 4910 
 
 TAXATION. 
 
 Exemption from t.-Clergy. ♦SSIS 
 
 Inevitable t.-Romans. ^5519 
 
 Odious t.-Stamp Act. ^5520 
 by Representatives-Am. Rev. ^5521 
 
 Resisted-Ulegal t.-N. H. ^5522 
 
 Ruinous t. in France. ^5523 
 
 by Stamps-Am. Colonies. ^5524 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burdensome t.-Army. 5986 
 
 Entitles suffrage-Virginia. 5419 
 Right of t. unchallenged. 5747 
 
 TAXES. 
 Destructive t., Constantino's. 
 
 " to agriculture. 
 
 Disturbances from-France. 
 Legislated, British t. 
 Merciless to agriculture. 
 Multiplied-Romans. 
 Odious t. on "chimneys." 
 Oppressive t.-Roman. 
 
 " "-New York. 
 
 Rebellion against t.-Duties. 
 Ruinous t.-France. 
 
 ♦5525 
 ♦5526 
 ♦5527 
 *5528 
 ♦5529 
 ♦5530 
 ♦5531 
 ♦5532 
 ♦5533 
 ♦5534 
 ♦5535 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Educational t. -Harvard. 1825 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Agriculture burdened by t. 154 
 
 " " 155 
 
 Burdensome ecclesiastical t. 4684 
 Clerical t. imposed. 946 
 
 Costly t.-Stamp Act for £60,000. 506 
 Exemption of parent of four c. 446 
 Exhausted by t.-England. 2000 
 
 Gov'rnm'nt restrained in t.-U.C 5330 
 Natives exempt from t.-Itali'n8.722 
 Oppressive t. of Henry VIII. 3942 
 Poor bear the t. of rich. 4288 
 
 Rebellion against t.-France. 3200 
 " " whiskey t. 4629 
 
 War burdens with t. 5886 
 
 See EXCISE. 
 
 Laws, First English. ^1971 
 
 Unexecuted-Robert Burns. ♦1972 
 
 See TRIBUTE in loc. 
 
 TEACHER. 
 
 Punished by scholars. ♦5536 
 
 Relation of t.-Arlstotle. ^5537 
 
 Responsibility of t.-Alex. ♦5538 
 
 Value of t. to Alexander. ♦5539 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Crime to be a Catholic t. 2963 
 
 Devoted to youth-Baeda. 6150 
 
 Honored-Aristotle. 8278 
 
 Ingenious t.-Eli Whitney. 88 
 
 Maternal t.-Lincoln's mother. 1789 
 Remarkable t.-Hypatia. 6078 
 
 Severe t.-Wrongheaded. 2714 
 
 Valuable t. -Aristotle to Alex. 181S 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 Pay of t.-Athenians. ♦5540 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Parental t. of Mrs. Adams. 3497 
 Tyrannical t., Martin Luther's. 1793 
 
944 
 
 TEARS— THEATRE. 
 
 See SCHOOLMASTER. 
 
 Imltated-Willlam Cowper. *5037 
 
 vs. Soldier- Wellington. *5038 
 
 See INSTRUCTION in he. 
 
 TEARS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Bereavement-Dan. Webster. 561 
 Fictitious t.-Weeping virgin. 3620 
 Fountain of secret t.-Byron. 2535 
 Power of maternal t. on Alex. 114 
 Refuge of emotion in t.-Lincoln.557 
 Shameful t.-Emp. Vitellius. 3879 
 
 See WAILING. 
 Remedy for the sick- Abyssin'ns. 4759 
 
 See WEEPING. 
 
 for Joy-Citizens of London. 3031 
 
 See MOURNING in loc. 
 
 TECHNICAIilTIES. 
 
 Strenuous for t.-Lincoln. ^5541 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 iBTalldating t.-Plymouth pat. 3150 
 " "-Jurisprudence. 8985 
 
 TBETH. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Coercion by drawing t. 2001 
 
 Kaowledge of t. imperfect. 2020 
 
 TEIiEORAPH. 
 
 Valuable to the state. 
 
 *5543 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cable, P. Cooper's Atlantic. 5984 
 Failure of t. by neglect. 2022 
 
 Invention of electric t. 4030 
 
 Scepticism overcome. 2216 
 
 TEMPER. 
 
 Command of t.-Themi8toclea. ^5543 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Aroused by bad dinner. 1592 
 
 Obstacle of t. -Jeffreys. 2906 
 
 Violent t.-Martin Luther. 4829 
 
 TEmPERAMENT. 
 
 Changeful t.-Henry II. *6544 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Sanguine t. of J. Wesley. 138 
 
 Weather affects t. 949 
 
 See DISPOSITION in loc. 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 Allies of t.-Tea and coffee. *5545 
 
 of Athletes-Grecian. *5546 
 
 Beginning in t.-First org. "^5547 
 
 German t.-Respected by C. •5548 
 
 and Justice-Philip. *5549 
 
 by Legislation-Spartans. ♦SSSO 
 
 Legislation against t.-C'ngr'8S.*5551 
 
 " fort-England. ♦5552 
 
 *' " "-Protect the p.*5553 
 
 Mechanical t.-" Pegs in cup." ♦5554 
 
 and Politics-" Drink his s." ^5555 
 
 Possible-English prohibition. ^5556 
 
 Practical t. of Napoleon I. ^5557 
 
 by Prohibition-London. ♦5558 
 
 " Reaction-Examples. ♦5559 
 
 " " -Cyrus. ♦5560 
 
 Reformation-Father Mathew. ♦5561 
 
 Religious t., Mahomet's. ♦5562 
 
 Standard of T.-G. Washington. ^5563 
 Strict t. of Mohammedans. ♦5564 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Commended and practlsed-C. 8400 
 In Diet-John Howard. 1576 
 
 by Legislation-England. 2951 
 
 Prolongs life-John Locke. 3326 
 
 " " -Joslah Qulncy. 8282 
 
 Religious t. of Mohammedans. 5077 
 
 See ABSTINENCE. 
 Certainty by a.-S. Johnson. '14 
 Prudential by experience. *16 
 
 Twofold-Wine and water. ^17 
 
 Necessary-" One glass." 2955 
 
 Nobility in a.-Alexander. 6095 
 
 Self-conquest by a.-Mahomet. 5077 
 
 See PLEDGE. 
 Temperance p.-Father Math'w^4212 
 
 Infamously broken-Proctor. 2817 
 
 Sacred p.-Embalmed b. 1462 
 
 See INTEMPERANCE in loo. 
 
 TEMPIiARS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Origin of t.-Monks-Jerusalem. 1625 
 
 See KNIGHTHOOD. 
 Ceremony of K.-Chivalry. 'aoSC 
 
 See KNIGHTS. 
 
 Origin of Order of K. of St. John.817 
 
 See CHIVALRY in loo. 
 
 TEMPLE. 
 
 Furniture of Jewish t. *5566 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Protected by miracle. 3621 
 
 TEMPTATION. 
 
 Dlsmlssed-Martyr Hooper. ^5566 
 Intentional-Samuel Johnson. ^5567 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Avolded-Groves of Daphne. 5106 
 Courting t.-Bribery of Demosth.672 
 Depressed by t.-Bunyan. 4753 
 
 Enticement of vicious women. 8243 
 Eyes-t. avoided-Monks. 402 
 
 Oppressed by t.-J. Bunyan. 569 
 Overcome, Revenge-J. Nelson. 4033 
 la School-llfe-Wllberforce. 6036 
 by Spy, Infamous t. 5321 
 
 Superior to t.- Virtuous Bellsar's.786 
 
 TEMPTATIONS. 
 Morbid t.-John Bunyan. ♦5568 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference. 
 
 Enticement of t.-Vlce. 8248 
 
 See DEVIL in loc. 
 
 TENANTS. 
 Regard for t.-J. Howard. 
 
 ♦5571 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Regard for t.-John Howard. 780 
 
 TENDERNESS. 
 
 with Courage-Garibaldi. ♦5569 
 
 " Resoluteness-Cromwell. ♦5570 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Bereavement punished. 1352 
 
 Lack of t.-Mary Stuart. 6041 
 
 See SYMPATHY in loc. 
 
 TERROR. 
 
 vs. Happiness-Damocles. *557a 
 
 Reign of t. -France. *5573 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Assasslns-Emp. Augustus. 8891 
 
 " Consclence-Constans. 1108 
 
 " " -Benj. Abbott. 1109 
 
 " " -Nero. 1110 
 
 " " -Theodoric. 1115 
 
 by Earthquake-London. 1087 
 Government by t.-Henry VIII. 1345 
 
 Needless t. of superstition. 3908 
 
 by Storm-London. 6845 
 
 TEST, 
 
 for OfBce, Religious t. ♦6574 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Benevolence a t. of religion. 650 
 of Bigotry In benevolence. 528 
 
 " Confidence-Alexander. 1048 
 
 " Demonized damsel. 1567 
 
 " Parental affection-Maurice. 1348 
 Religious t. for civil ofBce. 3841 
 See EXPERIMENT and TRIAL 
 in loo. 
 
 TESTIMONY. 
 
 Christian t.-John Bunyan. ^5575 
 
 Imaginative t. -Columbus. ♦6678 
 
 Trial of t.-Mlddle Ages. ♦6577 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Death-Montrose. 1448 
 
 Disreputable t. -Titus Oates. 4213 
 by Torture-England. 5651 
 
 See TRADITION. 
 Worthless t.-Cromwell. *56(i7 
 
 Supreme faith In t.-Jews. 
 
 2036 
 
 See WITNESS. 
 
 
 Abuse of w., Jeffreys'. 
 
 ♦6081 
 
 False w.-Dlck Talbot. 
 
 ♦6083 
 
 " " -Titus Oates. 
 
 ♦6083 
 
 of the Spirit-J. Wesley. 
 
 ♦6084 
 
 Discreditable w.-Trlal of B. 540 
 
 False w.. Confusion of. 2198 
 
 Murder of w. by Calllas. 2871 
 Shameless ingrate w.-Burton. 2850 
 
 See WITNESSING. 
 
 for Christ-Early Christians. ^6035 
 
 See EVIDENCE i?i loc. 
 
 THANKS. 
 
 Expressed-Samuel Johnson. ♦5678 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Refused, Customary t.-Polk. 1257 
 
 THANKSGIVINO. 
 
 Duty of t. -Neglected. ♦5579 
 
 Threefold-Thales. +5580 
 
 for Victory-Spanish Armada. ♦5581 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Heartless t. for food. 924 
 
 Parental t. -Escape from b'm'ng.812 
 
 Psalm of t.-Victory of Dunbar. 5821 
 
 See GRATITUDE and PRAISE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 THEATRE. 
 
 Corrupted-English t. *658« 
 
 Dangers of t.-S. Johnson. •6688 
 
THEATRICALS— TITLE. 
 
 945 
 
 Licentiousness and t. *5584 
 
 Opposition to t.-Dr. Dawson. *5585 
 
 " " " punished. *5586 
 
 Restored-Eng. Restoration. *5587 
 
 and Sensuality-Roman t. ♦5588 
 
 Vicious t.-Engllsh. *5689 
 
 " " " *5590 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Degenerated-Reliffious origin. 43 
 Immoral and destructive-R. 103 
 Pleasure In t. 341 
 
 Political power of t. 1536 
 
 Shameful exhibitions. 4533 
 
 THEATRICAIiS. 
 
 la Churches-Biblical. *5591 
 
 Condemned by Solon. *5592 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Impressive religious t.-Milton. 195 
 Preparation for t.-Colosseum. 681 
 
 See FARCE. 
 
 Victim of pirates' f. 1144 
 
 See DRAMA in loo. 
 
 THEFT, 
 
 Adroit t.-Gylippus. *5593 
 
 Cautious t.-Spartans. *5594 
 
 Educated for t.-Spartans. *5595 
 
 Punishment for t.-Prince. ♦5596 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Accusation of t.-Malicious. 1081 
 Arguments to defend t.-J. 298 
 
 Brotherly t. of marriage agr'm't.l23 
 of Crown of England. 1327 
 
 no Disgrace among Scots. 1300 
 
 Ownership by unconvicted t. 2874 
 Punishment by "barrel." 1647 
 
 School of t.-" Devil's acre." 1293 
 Supposititious t.-Stoics' theory. 1294 
 Training in t.-London. 1291 
 
 See ROBBERS and THIEVES 
 in loc. 
 
 THEOCRACY. 
 
 American t.-Jews-Puritans. ♦5597 
 
 THEOL.OGY. 
 
 Difficulties in t.-Infinite Deity.^5598 
 Effects of t.-Cromwell. ^5599 
 
 Philosopher's t.-Anaxagora8. ♦5600 
 " " -Plato. ^5601 
 
 " " -Stoics. •5602 
 
 Bidlcalous t-Egyptian. ^5603 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Character moulded by t.-C.'s. 778 
 Imagination in t.-Gnostics. 5100 
 Maintained by law. 4729 
 
 Subtleties in t. vs. Person of C. 826 
 
 THEORETICAIi. 
 
 ▼8. Practical- Webster VS. Clay. *5604 
 See IDEAL in loc. 
 
 THEORY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 False t -Aristotle. 6015 
 
 TB. Practice-Philosophy. 4370 
 
 " " -Seneca. 4657 
 
 See IDEAL in loc. 
 
 THIEVES. 
 
 Protection by law-England. 
 
 ♦5605 
 
 THIRST. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 VS. Royalty-Choice. 
 
 5952 
 
 THOUGHT. 
 
 Conditioned by respiration, ^5606 
 
 Flexibility of t.-Julian. ♦5607 
 
 Food for t.-Observation, ♦5608 
 
 Suggested-Robert Peel. ^5609 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Carefulness in t.-S. Johnson. 708 
 Co-operative t., Inventor's. 2987 
 Development of t.-Gravitation.2295 
 Develops t., Invention. 2975 
 
 Growth of t.-Invention. 2981 
 
 Seed-thought of telegraphy, 2989 
 Walking quickens t -Nap. I, 1575 
 
 See INTELLIGENCE in loc. 
 
 THOUGHTS. 
 
 Serious t.-S. Johnson. •5610 
 
 See MEDITATION, 
 Peculiar m. of Swedenborg, ♦3554 
 
 Ascetical m. of monks. 
 
 357 
 
 God revealed in m.-G. Pox. 
 
 1714 
 
 Life of m. -Isaac Newton. 
 
 1164 
 
 Preparation for usefulness by 
 
 m. 81 
 
 Religious m. -Samuel Johnson 
 
 . 1760 
 
 " " needful. 
 
 4707 
 
 Reveals real life. 
 
 1760 
 
 Sabbath m.-John Fitch, 
 
 871 
 
 See MEMORY. 
 
 
 Blunders of m.-Goldsmith. 
 
 ♦3570 
 
 Excellent m.-S. Johnson. 
 
 ♦3571 
 
 Extraordinary m.-Poet Shell'y 
 
 .♦3572 
 
 " -William III. ♦3573 
 
 Marvellous m.-Napoleon I. 
 
 ♦3574 
 
 Patriotic m.-A Lincoln. 
 
 ♦3575 
 
 Trained m.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦3576 
 
 In Age-Cato. 128 
 
 of Bereavement-Wordsworth. 560 
 Improved m. of names-J'hnson.3778 
 of Names-Themistocles. 4315 
 
 Pleasing m. of mother. 2163 
 
 Unappreciated-Themlstocles. 2196 
 
 See REFLECTION, 
 Corrected by r.-S. Johnson. ^4643 
 Death-bed r., Wolsey's. ^4644 
 
 Delicate r. -Irish. ^4645 
 
 2199 
 
 •4646 
 
 Change of feeling by r. 
 
 See REFLECTIONS. 
 Melancholy r. -Antony. 
 
 See REMEMBRANCE. 
 Painful r. revived. 2645 
 
 See REMINISCENCE. 
 Frequent r.-A. Lincoln. ♦2678 
 
 See IMAGINATION an« INTELLI- 
 GENCE in loc. 
 
 THOUGHTFUIiNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Youthful t.-Isaac Newton. 6197 
 
 See THOUGHTS in loo. 
 
 THREAT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 for Threat-Ethan Allen. 
 
 1967 
 
 THREATS. 
 
 Governmental t.-Wolsey. •5611 
 Ridiculed-Napoleon I. 5612 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 VS. Conciliation-Cassar. 1033 
 
 Humiliating t., Timour's. 1143 
 
 Ill-timed t.-of James II. 3855 
 
 Indignation at t.-Patriots. 2795 
 
 Ridiculed by Alario. 1145 
 
 Unexecuted-Bajazet-Gout. 611 
 
 THRONE. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 by Bribery-Emperor Chas. V. 668 
 Magnificent golden t.-Persia. 959 
 
 THUNDER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Affection produced by t. 107 
 
 Charm for t.-"Onions, hair, p." 782 
 Religious alarm from t, 166 
 
 TIME. 
 
 Changes by t.-S. Johnson. ♦5613 
 
 Detention of t. desired-Nap. ♦5614 
 
 Estimate of t.-Napoleon I. ♦5015 
 
 Investment of t.-Napoleon I. *5616 
 
 Purchase of t., Valuable, *5617 
 
 Saved-Washington. *b618 
 
 Systematized-Petronius, ♦5619 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changes of t.-J. Adams to Eng. 274 
 Haste of t. desired-Napoleon. 3818 
 Lost-73 Days in calendar, 6176 
 
 " by caution. 342!> 
 
 Methodically used by Wesley. 3597 
 Misspent by "Pillar Saints." 5012 
 Unchanged by t.-Art in Egypt. 342 
 Value of t.-Napoleon. 1665 
 
 Valued by Cromwell. 1200 
 
 See CALENDAR. 
 
 Corrected by Julius Csesar. ♦696 
 
 " " Roger Bacon. ^697 
 
 See NEW YEAR. 
 
 Reflections, N. Y.-Johnson. 1396 
 
 TIMES. 
 
 Unfavorable t.-18th century, ♦5620 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference*. 
 Deteriorated-Croaking. 1315 
 
 Disparaged-Croaking. 1316 
 
 Favorable for the Advent 72 
 
 Unpropitious t -Van Buren's Ad. 51 
 See AGE in loc. 
 
 TIMIDITY. 
 
 in Qovemment-ConstaBtine. *5621 
 See FEAR in loc. 
 
 TITHES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Enforced collection of t.-Eng. 868 
 Voluntary t. of Saxons. 884 
 
 TITLE. 
 
 Authorized-Temugin. ♦5623 
 
 Indifference to t.-Napoleon I, ^5623 
 Nominal t.-I>ance in Am. ^5624 
 Papal t.-Africa to Portuguese. ♦5626 
 Pompous t.-Romans. ♦5628 
 
 Sale of t.-James IL ♦5629 
 
 Significant t.-State. ♦6630 
 
 Strange t.-Army. ♦5631 
 
 Superfluous t.-William Pitt. ♦5638 
 by Sword-Scottish barons. ^5627 
 Terrible t.-"Scourge of God." ^5626 
 Undeserved t.-Degrees. ♦5633 
 
946 
 
 
 TOAST— TREACHERY. 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Defiant of t.-Martyrs. 
 
 3502 
 
 Lasting effect-Walter Scott. 
 
 ♦5670 
 
 Boa8tful-"Lord of the seven c.'"384 
 
 " " " " 
 
 3503 
 
 by Obedience of Spartans. 
 
 ♦5671 
 
 Demanded by Cromwell. 
 
 2623 
 
 Deserved by Titus Gates. 
 
 4665 
 
 Physical t. oi Romans. 
 
 ♦5672 
 
 Far-fetched t.-Cortez. 
 
 1176 
 
 Devices of t. -English barons. 
 
 2456 
 
 Success without t.- Wm. P.of 0.^5673 
 
 Necessary- Washington-Howe. 1589 
 
 by Executioners-Parysatis. 
 
 6048 
 
 
 
 
 
 Only a t.-Klng of Jerusalem. 
 
 1077 
 
 Fortitude in t.-Am. Indians. 
 
 1426 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Production-Property. 
 
 4518 
 
 of Martyrs by Nero. 
 
 3509 
 
 for Manhood-Themlstocles. 
 
 635 
 
 " possession-Property. 
 
 4519 
 
 " " " Arians. 
 
 4113 
 
 Military t.. Importance of. 
 
 1981 
 
 Ridfculous t. -Papal bull. 
 
 2287 
 
 Medical t.-Death of Chas. II. 
 
 4171 
 
 Misapplied-Galllenus. 
 
 1830 
 
 by Siword of Mars-Attila. 
 
 5276 
 
 Overcome by religion. 
 
 2098 
 
 Success without special t 
 
 136 
 
 Vanity inflated by t.-Menecrates.618 
 
 by Persecutors-to Irish P. 
 
 1336 
 
 of Voice by Demosthenes. 
 
 6S53 
 
 See HONORS in loc. 
 
 
 of Prisoners-Buried to neck. 
 
 1368 
 
 See DISCIPLINE in loo. 
 
 
 TOAST. 
 
 
 Prolonged t. of martyrs. 
 
 4133 
 
 TRAITOR. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Testimony by t.-Mexican Emp. 714 
 
 Political t.-Mr. Huske. 
 
 ♦5674 
 
 H»bltual-"God bT'ss Gen. Wa8h."65 
 
 See CRUELTY in loo. 
 
 
 Punished by mother. 
 
 ♦5675 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 *5634 
 
 TOURISTS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Irrepressible t. -American. 
 
 TOURNAMENT. 
 
 8059 
 
 Shameless t.-Sunderland. 
 
 ♦5676 
 
 Opposed by James I. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 Indignation toward t.-Am. Re 
 
 s. 
 
 Miscellaneous croas-referencc 
 
 V.2795 
 
 Enthusiasm for t.-Va. 
 
 4489 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Infamy of t.-Name changed. 
 
 3764 
 
 Ministers paid in t.-Va. 
 Wives for t.-Jamestovim, Va. 
 
 8610 
 6036 
 
 of Chivalry-Edward I. 
 Splendid t. by Henry II. of F. 
 
 815 
 28 
 
 for Revenge-Corlolanus. 
 
 See TREACHERY in tec. 
 
 6101 
 
 " secured with t.-Va. 
 
 3452 
 
 TRACT. 
 
 
 TRAMPS. 
 
 
 TOIIi. 
 
 Contentment in t.-Abd'l'nym' 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Philosophic t. -Cynics. 
 
 ♦5677 
 
 i.*5635 
 
 Power of religious t. 
 
 5652 
 
 See IDLENESS in loc. 
 
 
 Ke wards of t.- Cyrus. 
 
 ♦5636 
 
 TRACTS. 
 
 
 TRANCE. 
 
 
 See LABOR in loc. 
 
 
 Effective religious t.-Coke. 
 
 ♦5652 
 
 Continuous-Swedenborg. 
 
 ♦5678 
 
 TOIiERANCE. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 TRANCES. 
 
 
 Impracticable, Religious. 
 
 ♦5687 
 
 Punishment for dlss'minatingt.1242 
 
 Punished for t.-Ellz. Barton. 
 
 ♦5679 
 
 TOLERATION. 
 
 
 TRADE. 
 
 
 TRANSFORMATION. 
 
 Apostle of t.-Roger Williams. 
 
 *5638 
 
 Contempt for t.-S. Johnson. 
 
 *5653 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Commended by Cromwell. 
 
 *5639 
 
 Illicit t.-American Colonies. 
 
 *5654 
 
 of Society-"Fountaln of Youth. "214 
 
 Condemned by Puritans. 
 
 *5640 
 
 Inhuman t.-Slave-trade. 
 
 ♦5655 
 
 TRAVEL.. 
 
 
 Edict of t.-First in France. 
 
 *5641 
 
 Laws for t., Sumptuary. 
 
 ♦5656 
 
 Benefits of t. -Crusaders. 
 
 ♦5680 
 
 Forgiitten by Puritans. 
 
 ♦5642 
 
 Over-reaching in t. -Egyptians. *5657 
 
 Dangers of t.-Swedenborg. 
 
 ♦5681 
 
 Partiality in t.-CromwelL 
 
 *5643 
 
 Regulated-Fixed prices. 
 
 ♦5658 
 
 Difficulties of t.-England. 
 
 ♦5682 
 
 Popular t.-Cromwell. 
 
 ♦5644 
 
 " -Emperor Julian. 
 
 ♦5659 
 
 Effects of t.-Emulatlon. 
 
 ♦5683 
 
 Remarkable t.-Tamerlane. 
 
 *5645 
 
 " -England. 
 Tricks of t.-England. 
 
 ♦5660 
 
 Expedlted-Romans. 
 
 ♦5684 
 
 
 
 ♦5661 
 
 " -Stage-coach. 
 
 ♦5685 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Defended by Cromwell. 1103 
 by Indifference, Religious t. 4699 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Competition in t.-Denied. 3689 
 4. .. li « 3g92 
 
 Indifference to t. -Antoninus. 
 Objects In t.-to see Men. 
 Slow t.-Stage-coach. 
 
 ♦6686 
 ♦5687 
 ♦5688 
 
 TOMB. 
 
 of Pleasure-seeker-Sardanap. 
 
 ♦5646 
 
 
 8693 
 
 Suppression of t.-Coaches. 
 
 ♦5689 
 
 Conscience in t.-Peter Cooper. 3694 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 Degraded by t.. Empress. 
 
 1583 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 . 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Honesty in t., Laws for. 
 
 2217 
 
 Benefits of t.-Luther to Rome 
 
 5S 
 
 Character expressed in t. 
 
 1905 
 
 Profits in t., Great-Flrmus. 
 
 3987 
 
 Difficulties in t.-Old England. 
 
 4921 
 
 TOMBS. 
 
 
 See MERCHANT in loo. 
 
 
 Health by t.-Wash. Irving, 
 
 2531 
 
 
 
 
 Heedlessness in t,-Goldsmlth 
 
 8546 
 
 Empty t.-Pyramids. 
 
 ♦5647 
 
 TRADES. 
 
 
 Honors by t,-Anglo-Saxon, 
 
 720 
 
 See'BURIAL in loo. 
 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Impeded by bad roads. 
 
 982 
 
 TOOLS. 
 
 
 Hereditary t.-India. 
 
 3537 
 
 Need of t. for education. 
 
 240 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 See EMPLOYMENT in loc 
 
 
 In Old Age-J. Wesley. 
 
 138 
 
 Good t., Importance of. 
 
 1551 
 
 TRADES-UNION. 
 
 
 Outfit for t., Improvident. 
 
 2476 
 
 TORMENT. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 , 
 
 Pleasure of t.-Good inns. 
 
 2876 
 
 
 Objection to t.-u.-Caste. 
 
 ♦5662 
 
 by Water-Uncivilized mode. 
 
 988 
 
 jBinner's t.-Bunyan. 
 
 5166 
 
 Opposition o#t.-u.-JamesWatt.*5663 | 
 
 In Wilderness-Washington. 
 
 76 
 
 See SUFFERING in loc. 
 
 
 Oppressive t.-u.-James Watt. 
 Prohibited-England. 
 
 ♦5664 
 ♦5665 
 
 See JOURNEY in loo. 
 
 
 TORTURE. 
 
 
 
 ♦5666 
 
 TREACHERY. 
 
 
 of Criminals in France. 
 
 *5648 
 
 TRADITION. 
 
 Worthless t.-Cromwell. 
 
 
 Base t.-Phllip VI. 
 
 ♦6690 
 
 punishment by t.-Boot. 
 Terrible t.-Garibaldi. 
 
 *5649 
 *5650 
 
 *5667 
 
 Consummate t.-Charles II. 
 Gold for t.-Benedlct Arnold. 
 
 ♦5691 
 ♦6692 
 
 Testimony by t.-J. Howard, 
 
 *5651 
 
 3. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Supreme faith In t.-Jews. 
 
 2036 
 
 Message of t.-Emp. Alexander. ♦5693 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 . 
 
 Barbarous t. by Indians. 
 
 3508 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 
 Conquest by t.-Sextus over G. 
 
 42 
 
 of Captives by Thuringians. 
 
 1334 
 
 for Greatness- Alexander. 
 
 ♦5668 
 
 in Court-Criminal. 
 
 8833 
 
 Confessions by t.-Inquisltlon. 
 
 2877 
 
 Lack of military t. 
 
 ♦5669 
 
 Diplomatic t.-Engllsh. 
 
 1752 
 
TREASON— TRUTH. 
 
 947 
 
 Disguised-Caesar's assassins. 1478 
 
 " -Friendship. 2343 
 
 of Friend-Brutus vs. Caesar. 2852 
 
 " " -Francis Bacon. 2857 
 
 Friendship's t.-Dick Talbot. 3202 
 
 Infamous t.-Am. Revolution. 1136 
 
 " "-Pausanias. 3724 
 
 Ingrate's t.-Burton. 2850 
 
 Massacre by t. 3520 
 
 National t.-England to France. 986 
 
 Office by t.-Eteocles. 3884 
 
 Official t. to Columbus. 3900 
 
 Proof against t.-Belisarius. 2128 
 
 *' "-Patriot. 4068 
 
 Proposal of t. rebuked. 4075 
 
 Proverbial-" Word of a king." 2041 
 
 Shameful t.-Agathocles. 1538 
 
 Thwarted by exposure. 3518 
 
 Umpire's t.-Edward I. 5746 
 
 See APOSTASY. 
 
 Open a. of Romanus. *261 
 
 PrimitiTe a. by persecution. *252 
 
 Discreditable a.-Protestant. 1936 
 Encouraged by law-Maryland. 4116 
 
 Explained-Inconslstenoy. 2774 
 Reaction of forced converts to a.920 
 
 Required of officer. 1471 
 
 See APOSTATE. 
 
 Honored unwisely. 3177 
 
 Shameful a. -Justus. 1359 
 
 See APOSTATES. 
 
 Forgiven by primitive C. ♦853 
 
 Malice of a.-Knights Templars. 1939 
 
 " " " -Julian's. 2549 
 See BETRAYAL. 
 
 Cfnintentional b.-Missionary. 8381 
 
 TREASON. 
 
 Cry of t.-Patrick Henry. *5694 
 
 Defiued-England. *5695 
 
 Incipient t.-War of 1812. *5696 
 
 Punishment of t. -Romans. *5697 
 
 Retribution of t. -Romans. *5698 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Atrocious crime of t. 4576 
 
 a Pretext for extortion. 2007 
 
 by Resentment-Bourbon. 4109 
 
 " " -C. Marcius. 6101 
 
 Tarnished by t.-B. Arnold. 2569 
 See DISLOYALTY in loo. 
 
 TREASURE. 
 
 Hope a t.-Alexander. ♦5699 
 
 TREASURER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Complaints rebuked- Aristldes. 4374 
 
 TREASURES. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Affection's-Mera^nt'es of m'th'r.lll 
 
 Children the poor man's t. 119 
 
 Enduring t. in fine arts-Nap. 349 
 
 TREATS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Election t. -Costly-England. 1839 
 Exacted-English prisons. 5804 
 
 Prisoner's t.-Bridewell. 1302 
 
 Temptation In t.-Builders. 2933 
 
 TREATY. 
 an Observed t -Wm. P. and I. ^5700 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Obscurity desired in t.-Nap. 
 
 TREE. 
 
 Dellvering-Louls VII. 
 
 3860 
 
 ♦5701 
 
 Cross-referenee. 
 Famous t.-Charter-oak. 1882 
 
 See FOREST. 
 Attractions of the f.-S. Houston.905 
 Charm of the f .-Home. 3288 
 
 Life in the f.-Audubon. 3106 
 
 Protection of f .-Manufactur6rs.2165 
 
 TRESPASS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Revenge for t., Severe. 3057 
 
 See OFFENCE in loo. 
 
 TRIAI<. 
 
 Abandoned-S.-Africanus. +5702 
 by Combat- Assize of J*r'8'lem.*5703 
 Fellowship in t.-Napoleon. ^5707 
 Improvement under-Lincoln. *5708 
 by Ordeal-Flre. ♦5704 
 
 Right of t. disregarded. ^5705 
 
 Severe t.-John Bunyan. ♦5706 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Affection-Bereavement. 4811 
 Attorney, Accused his own. 3203 
 by Combat-Gauls. 3054 
 
 of the Dead for heresy-Hunne. 572 
 Defence unheard in t. 3071 
 
 " -Unpopular-Attomey.3861 
 Equity in t.-Aristldes. 3055 
 
 Explained-" Win his spurs." 1560 
 Faith tested by t.-Muller. 20-37 
 
 Hastened-In justice. 3051 
 
 Impartiality in t. -Alexander. 3064 
 Injustice-Trial of Bateman. 540 
 Mockery of t.-Cranmer. 3065 
 
 " " "-Niclas. 8070 
 
 " " "-William Penn. 3053 
 Outrageous t.-Rumbold. 1246 
 
 Protracted t. for 20s.-H'mpden 3139 
 Sham t.-Pr. Rev. tribunal. 5739 
 Unjust t.-Inquisltors. 2877 
 
 See COURT and TEST in loo. 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of;Childhood-Cowperp'rs'cuted.796 
 Inventor's t.-John Fitch. 2990 
 
 Manhood evinced by t. 3410 
 
 Omitted, Hastily-Sylla. 3820 
 
 Three remarkable t.-Wm. Hone.3203 
 See ADVERSITY and HARDSHIPS 
 in lac. 
 
 TRIRUTE. 
 
 of Friend shlp-Melanohthon'8. ^5709 
 Scorned-U. S. to France. ^5710 
 
 Shameful t. to pirates. ^5711 
 
 in Women-Tartars. ^5712 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 in Children of Tartars to Huns. 813 
 
 Welcome to t.-" Ditch." 4444 
 
 in Women-Chinese t. to Hans. 5712 
 
 See TAX in loc. 
 
 5661 
 
 TRICK. 
 
 Miscarried-Perslan t. 
 
 ♦6718 
 
 TRICKS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 in Trade-England. 
 
 See IMPOSTOR i7i loe. 
 
 TRIFIiES. 
 
 Effect of t.-Battle. ♦5715 
 
 Power of t.-Social life. ♦5716 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-referenoet. 
 
 Contentment with t.-Men. 1150 
 
 Contests from t.-Stamp Act. 606 
 
 " " "-Roman Rev. 507 
 
 Discussion of t., Useless. 1800 
 
 Importance of seeming t. 1501 
 
 Magnified in government. 2459 
 
 Preserved by t.-Spider's web. 2377 
 
 TRirtlMER. 
 
 Political t.-Halif ax. ♦en? 
 
 See CONSERVATISM m loe. 
 
 TRIUiUPH. 
 
 Fleeting t.-Napoleon. 
 Honors of t.-Pompey. 
 
 ♦6718 
 ♦6719 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 over Death- Wolfe. ♦1468 
 
 Joyful t.-Washington*8 j'umey.2099 
 Joys of t. unappreciated-Nap. 278 
 Procession of t.-Belisarius. 8292 
 See CONQUEST and VICTORY 
 in loc. 
 
 TROPHY. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Valueless-Santa Anna's wooden 1.68 
 
 TRUCE. 
 
 the Holy t.-Mohammedan. 
 
 ♦5780 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Oratorical t. of Edmund Burke. 49 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 of God in France. 
 
 4099 
 
 TRUST. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-refereaces. 
 
 in Providence-Wm. P. of O. 4658 
 
 " -A. Lincoln. 4559 
 See FAITH in l«c. 
 
 TRUTH. 
 
 Boldness in t.-J. Howard. ♦5781 
 
 vs. Falsehood-S. Johnson. ♦5728 
 
 " Fiction-James II. ♦5723 
 
 Honored-Frederick II. ♦ST^ 
 
 Liberty by the t.-Luther. *67^ 
 
 Moral t. from within. ♦5786 
 
 Outraged by inquisition. ^5727 
 
 Perilous t.-Romans. ♦5728 
 
 Perversion of t.-Hablt. ^5729 
 
 Power of t. -Speculative. ♦5780 
 
 Vitality of t.-Polltlcal. ♦5781 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Antagonism of t. 4827 
 
 Carelessness-Falsehood. 2043 
 
 Conquests of t. by agitation. 146 
 
 Conscience for t. -Authorship. 1249 
 
 Demanded in sickness. 1429 
 
 Fidelity to t.-Eng. martyrs. 1233 
 
 Figurative t.-Luther's son. 2543 
 
 vs. Patriotism-Soots. 4076 
 
 Power of t.-Clarkson. 4652 
 
 Sacrifice for the t.-Father. 1348 
 
 Self-devotion to the t. 1946 
 
 Standards vary. 1125 
 
948 
 
 TRUTHS— VALUES. 
 
 Strict regard for t. 3373 
 
 Successful in conflict. 4435 
 Supports itself without oratory.3954 
 
 Weakened by jesting. 3006 
 
 See VERACITY. 
 
 Questioned-False inference. 3917 
 
 Reputation for v.-James II. 4795 
 
 TRUTHS. 
 
 Preparatory t.-Inventions. *5738 
 Uncertain t. -Sophists. ♦5733 
 
 TUMOR. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sacred t. -Mahomet's. 
 
 TYRANNY. 
 
 CTaelty of t.-Xerxes. 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Catholic. 
 Emblem of t. -Bastile. 
 Insurrection against t.-P. 
 Legislative t.-Long Parli'm'nt. 
 of Liberty-French Revolution. 
 *' " -Rev. Tribunal. 
 Parental t.-Frederick Wm. I. 
 Recompense for t.-France. 
 Self-destructive t.-Romans. 
 Shameful t.-Spaniards. 
 Terrible t.-Gildo. 
 
 1378 
 
 *5734 
 *5735 
 *5736 
 *5737 
 *o738 
 *5739 
 *5740 
 *5741 
 *5742 
 *5743 
 *5744 
 *5745 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 In Amusement-Spaniards. 5744 
 
 of Caste, Social t. 3491 
 
 Displaced by t.-Virginia. 2443 
 Ecclesiastical t.-Exc'mm'nic'n. 4944 
 
 Exast)erated by t.-Sicilians. 1340 
 
 In Excommunication. 4944 
 
 Household t. of elder brother. 2a31 
 
 " " " " 638 
 
 Legislative t.-B. Parliament. 3154 
 
 Non-resistance to t. 3834 
 
 Oppression of t. -Hope-Crime. 3834 
 
 Reaction against t.-Rufinus. 427 
 
 Resented-New Eng. Colonies. 990 
 
 uripire:. 
 
 Dangerons-Edward I. *5746 
 
 UNANIMITY. 
 
 In Wrong-doing-Am.ColonIes.*5747 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Evidence of collusion. 1262 
 
 Political u.-Waah.-Every vote. 1846 
 
 See AGREEMENT in loc. 
 
 UNBGIilEF. 
 
 by Intercourse-Christians. *5749 
 
 " Peril-Reign of James II. ♦5750 
 
 Primitive u.-Christian. ♦5751 
 
 Vicious u.-Samuel Johnson. *5748 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 vs. Faith-Contrasted. 2229 
 
 " Fanaticism. 2083 
 
 See INCREDULITY. 
 
 of Friends-Mahomet's family. 6201 
 
 Popular I.-Robert Fulton. 2306 
 
 See DOUBT and INFIDELITY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 UNBEIilEVERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Silenced by success. 2306 
 
 See INFIDELITY in loe. 
 
 UNCIiE. 
 Cross-reference. 
 Cruelty of u.-Richard IIL 
 
 3742 
 
 UNFORTUNATE (Thb). 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Banishment for the u. 2313 
 
 UNION. 
 
 by Intercourse, Christian u. ^5749 
 
 " Peril, National u. ^5750 
 
 Primitive Christian u. ♦5751 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Battle-Blind John-Crecy. 297 
 " " -Locked shields. 2237 
 
 by Commonwealth of nations. 3791 
 Dangerous u.-Vice. 1140 
 
 or Death-American Colonies. 3535 
 In Distress- Worship. 2144 
 
 with Diversity -Di'd'tian and M.2402 
 Encouragement by u.-Pilgrims.l627 
 False u. with wife. 3434 
 
 Federal u.-Origin of Am. 3236 
 
 Imperfect of u.-13 States. 1987 
 
 Incongruous u.-Marriage. 3490 
 
 by Intercourse-U. States. 5888 
 
 of Love-"Two souls one body. "3339 
 National u. difficult-Irish and B.727 
 Necessary u. of patriots. 2510 
 
 by Oppression of rulers. 3289 
 
 Peril brings u.-Invasion. 4060 
 
 Promoted by assemblies. 2278 
 
 Unite or flght-Eng. vs. Holland. 979 
 
 See COMMUNION. 
 
 with God-Oliver Cromwell. ^995 
 
 by Likeness-John Milton. ^996 
 
 Unity by c.-Oliver Cromwell. ^997 
 
 See AGREEMENT. ALLIANCE 
 
 and BROTHERHOOD 
 
 in loc. 
 
 UNITY. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 by Association-Fox-Cromwell. 5749 
 
 " Intercourse-Europe. 4302 
 
 " -United States. 2957 
 
 National-Founders of Rome. 3785 
 
 See ALLIANCE in loc. 
 
 UNRUIilNESS. 
 
 Childish u.-Frederiek II. *5752 
 
 See INDEPENDENCE in loc. 
 
 UNSEIiFISHNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Heroic u.-Wounded Nelson. 2568 
 
 See GENEROSITY in loc. 
 
 UN\¥ORTIIINESS. 
 
 Oppressed by sense of u.-B. ♦5753 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Sense of sinner's u. 1088 
 
 USAGE. 
 
 not Law-Ecclesiastical. ♦5754 
 
 See CUSTOM in loc. 
 
 USE. 
 or Abuse of money. *5755 
 
 USEFULNESS. 
 
 Survival of u.-Monks. ^5756 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Rewarded by dinner. 2393 
 
 See EMPLOYMENT and SERVICES 
 
 in loc. 
 
 USURPATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 VS. Usurpation-Cromwell. 
 
 130S 
 
 USURY. 
 
 Inevitable-Rome. ♦5757 
 
 Law of u.-Romans. *5758> 
 
 " " "-Lucullus. *5759 
 
 Laws against u. in England. ♦5760 
 
 UTILITY. 
 
 vs. Beauty-W. Scott. ♦5761 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Value by u.-Bag vs. Pearls. 
 
 See USE in loc. 
 
 272» 
 
 VACATION. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Prolonged v. resented-G. II. In G. 9 
 
 See RECREATION in loc. 
 
 VACC1NA1 ION. 
 
 Discovery of v.-Jenn*^ •. ♦576» 
 
 VACIIiliATjON. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Political v.-"Bobbing John." 759- 
 
 See INDECISION. 
 of Timidity-Conspirators. ♦2778 
 in Wrong-doing-James II. ♦2779 
 
 See FICKLENESS. 
 of Affection-Countess of C. 109' 
 
 " " -D. Crockett. 3438 
 
 Characteristic f. -Queen C. 3928. 
 
 Lover's f. -Robert Burns. 3354 
 
 VAGABOND. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 False accusation-C. Wesley. 702: 
 
 See BEGGAR in loc. 
 
 VAGRANTS. 
 
 Imposition of v.-England. ♦576» 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Branded-English beggars. 50* 
 
 Professional v. in Bavaria. 50* 
 
 See BEGGAR in loc. 
 
 VAIiOR. 
 
 Military v.-Derar the Saracen.^5764 
 Mutual V. -Ancient Germans. ♦5765 
 Proof of v.-Ticonderoga. - ♦576& 
 Spur to v.-Reputatlon. ^5767 
 
 Wonderful v.-Constantine. ^5768 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Badge of v.-Wounds. 6172 
 
 " " " " 6171 
 
 Banner rescued by v. at Cadiz. 651 
 
 Discretion better than v.-C. V. 163T 
 
 See COURAGE in loc. 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 Change In v.-New York. ♦5769' 
 
 " " "-T. purple. ^5770 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. ( 
 
 Depreciated v.-Clipped coin. 964 
 Fictitious V. -Mississippi sch'me.5286 
 by Scarcity-Iron. 2999 
 
 VALUES. 
 
 Conventlonal-Weit Indians. 
 
 See WORTH. 
 Moral w.-Louis IX. 
 
 Eminence by w.-H. Wilson. 
 Work brings w.-Oxen. 
 
 5771 
 
 ♦6170 
 
 186S 
 6154 
 
VANDALISM— VICES. 
 
 949 
 
 VANDAIilSM. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of Beggars-England. 502 
 
 ■Clerical v. of Theodosius. 598 
 
 Deprared v. of Nero. 329 
 
 Panatical v. of Puritans. 330 
 
 VANITY, 
 
 Excessive v.-Diocletian. 
 J"olly of v.-Madman. 
 Foolish v.-Ferguson. 
 •with Greatness-Queen Eliz. 
 Eebuked-" Fine Coat." 
 
 " -Goldsmith's v. 
 
 " -Artaxerxes' v. 
 
 " -Menecrates' v. 
 Hldiculous v.-Monumental. 
 Victim of v.-Alexander. 
 
 *5772 
 ♦5773 
 ♦5774 
 *5775 
 *5776 
 *5777 
 *5778 
 *5779 
 *5780 
 *5781 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 •of Ambition-Grant- Alfonso. 2621 
 
 Architectural v.-Pyramids. 2365 
 
 5647 
 
 In Benevolence-Johnson. 521 
 
 Clerical v. in erecting St. Sophia.859 
 
 Covered with rags. 5677 
 
 of Earthly possession. 2379 
 
 Flattered-Charles I. by Finch. 60 
 
 Hindrance of v.-John Adams. 3894 
 
 Homage to v. of Greek emperors.59 
 
 " " " " Diocletian. 26 
 
 •of Honors-Queen Mary. 2619 
 
 " Life-Captive king. 3292 
 
 In Old Age-Constantine. 5772 
 
 " " " -Queen Elizabeth. 5775 
 
 Perilous v.-Emperor Julian. 3678 
 
 of Popularity-Cromwell. 4324 
 
 Prevents success-Timotheus. 2213 
 
 Eebuked-Buckingham's. 3904 
 
 " -Demaratus. 3963 
 
 Sensitive v.-Voltalre's. 2155 
 
 Victimized by Pompey. 5 
 
 See BOMBAST. 
 
 Rebuked-" Jupiter " M. *618 
 
 Eidiculous b. of James II. *619 
 
 See CONCEIT, EGOTISM and 
 
 PRIDE in loo. 
 
 VASSALAGE. 
 
 Humiliating v. of Charles II. *5782 
 See SLAVERY in loo. 
 
 VEGETARIAN. 
 
 Trials of v.-RItson. 
 
 *5783 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Health sought by v. -Howard. 1576 
 Successful v.-B. Franklin. 3095 
 
 VEGETARIANS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Necessity-English. 3181 
 
 Religious v.- Austere Prisclirists 401 
 
 " " -Persians. 1001 
 
 VENGEANCE. 
 
 Cry for v. -Mary Stuart. *5784 
 
 " " " -Murderers. *5785 
 
 Demanded-Sextup. *5786 
 
 Diabolical v. -J. W. Booth. *5787 
 
 Foolish v.-Jamcs II. *5788 
 
 of God, Appeal to the v. *5789 
 Maternal v. of Hannah Du9tin.*5790 
 
 Merciless r. of James II. *5791 
 
 Monument for v.-Athenians. *5792 
 Passionate v.-Berkeley. *5793 
 
 for Vengeance-" Roses." *5794 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references, 
 on Adulterer-Pope John XII. 66 
 Appeal to v.-CaBsar's robe. 1975 
 or Atonement- Am. Indian. 4848 
 Contemptible v. of James I. 3628 
 Cruel V. of Parysatis. 6048 
 
 Eagerness for v. on Caesar's m. 378 
 Exquisite cruel v.-Basil. 1342 
 
 Ferocious female v.-Hlnd. 6056 
 of Government on rebels. 4630 
 
 Husband's v. on seducer. 5073 
 
 Personal v.-Savage-Gallienus. 1370 
 Posthumous V. on a corpse. 2558 
 Pretext for v -Mary Stuart. 6073 
 for Rape, Oath of v. 5786 
 
 Remembrance of v.-Darlus. 2901 
 Sacrifice to v.-Straflford-Chas.1. 822 
 Swift V. for insult to betrothed. 29 
 Terrible v. on enemies-Sicily. 1340 
 " "-Tlmour-Bagdad. 1367 
 
 " -Siwas. 1368 
 by Treachery to country. 6101 
 
 Unreasoning popular v. -G.-p. p.l945 
 See RETALIATION and REVENGE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 VENTURE. 
 
 Instructive-Franks. ♦5795 
 
 See RASHNESS. 
 Apparent r.- Young Alex, rides B. 6 
 Childish r.-Frederick II. 5752 
 
 in Generalship-Hood. 3175 
 
 " Love for woman. 3476 
 
 Perilous r.-Boethius. 3234 
 
 Provoked to r.-Valens. 913 
 
 See RECKLESSNESS. 
 
 of Desperatlon-Napoleon-Lodl. 648 
 
 Example of r.-Napoleon. 647 
 
 of Necessity-William II. 649 
 
 See CHANCE, DANGER and 
 
 GAMBLING in loc. 
 
 VERACITY. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Questloned-False inference, 
 Reputation for v.-James II. 
 
 See PERJURY. 
 Punishment of p., Judicial. ^41 12 
 
 3917 
 4795 
 
 Punished with death. 5219 
 
 Shameful p.-" Dick " Talbot. 6032 
 
 See FALSEHOOD and TRUTH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 VERJDICT. 
 
 Welcome v., Delamere's. *5796 
 
 See SENTENCE. 
 Suspended fifteen years. 1189 
 
 See PENALTY. 
 Excessive p.-Death. ♦4101 
 
 Partisan p. -Devonshire. +4102 
 
 Death p. for all-French Rev. 5739 
 Excessive p.-Debt-England. 4351 
 
 VERmiN. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 in Beard-" Populous "-Julian. 2501 
 
 VESPERS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Bloody v. -Maiden insulted-S. 29 
 
 VETO. 
 
 Power of v.-Romans. 
 
 VICE. 
 
 Concealed-Bacchanalians. 
 Disqualified for v.-English. 
 Patron of v.-Henry III. 
 Pleasure in v.-Epicureans. 
 by Reaction from Puritanism 
 Schools of v.-Drinking-places 
 " " " -Prisons. 
 
 *5797 
 
 ♦5798 
 ♦5799 
 ♦5800 
 ♦5801 
 ♦5802 
 .♦5803 
 ♦5804 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned to v.-Army. 4196 
 
 Absence of visible v. 3714 
 
 Advantage of v.-Corruption. 2434 
 
 in Age-Antonlna. 1919 
 
 Attraction of v.-Mary Stuart. 1171 
 
 Bondage to v.-James II. 6084 
 
 Concealed by vice. 2699 
 
 Concentration of v.-London. 1299 
 
 Conversion from v.-Ministry. 2357 
 
 Covered by baptism. 4724 
 
 Desperation by v.-Catiline. 1140 
 Destructlve-Caracalla and Geta.239 
 
 of life. 4917 
 
 Deteriorates character. 3412 
 
 Disadvantage of v.-Colonlsts. 2435 
 
 Endangers the State. 1140 
 Exposure of v. of M. P. byCrom.410 
 
 Family destroyed by v. 4373 
 
 Fear of v.-Nuns. 1169 
 
 Gilded by gentility. 2349 
 
 Government sustained by v. 2409 
 
 Greatness blemished by v. 2484 
 
 in High life-Napoleon. 3243 
 
 »• " " -Pompadour. 3247 
 
 " " " -Dagobert. 8248 
 
 " " " -England. 1039 
 
 Honored by v.-Emp. Carinus. 2629 
 
 " "-Nero. 4325 
 
 " in Aspasia. 1256 
 
 Led into v.-Howard's son. 378 
 
 Levels caste-Gamblers. 2267 
 Life abandoned to v.-Carinus. 1701 
 
 Overlooked by woman. 3712 
 " " Maria Theresa. 4849 
 
 " shamefully. 8177 
 
 Poverty by v.-England. 4360 
 
 Private v. vs. Public virtue 1347 
 
 Progression in v.-Commodus. 1354 
 
 the Religion of Pagans. 3974 
 
 Restraints of v.-Legislation. 2275 
 
 Reward of v.-Death. 1292 
 
 " *' " -Infamous disease. 378 
 
 Shameless v. of nobility. 65 
 
 State endangered by v.-C. 6193 
 
 Undermines civil liberty. 8222 
 
 Vice opposing v. 8008 
 
 Views of v., Conduct like. 5748 
 
 VICES. 
 
 Dishonored for v.-Eiagabalus.^5805 
 Victim of v.-Chas. J. Fox. ♦SSOO 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned because of v. 3563 
 
 Aggregation of v.-London. 766 
 
 Beneficial to the public. 4476 
 
 Combination of v. -Cleopatra. 6065 
 
 Condoned by generosity-S. 8043 
 
 Destroy life. 4917 
 
950 
 
 VICTIM— VIRTUE. 
 
 Eschewed by Gen. Lee, Small v.5232 
 Exposed-Members of Par. 4874 
 
 Freedom from v.-Jefferson. 5371 
 Euined by v.-Palaeologus. 4972 
 
 See GAMBLERS. 
 
 Association with g. dangerous. 2273 
 
 Debts of g. honored. 2614 
 
 CI >• "-Precedence in. 1463 
 
 See GAMBLING. 
 
 Degraded by g.-Charles Fox. 
 
 " " " -Sunderland. 
 
 " " " -Coffee-house8.*2267 
 
 Escape from g.-Wilberforce. *2268 
 Fashionable g. -Folly. 
 Losses by g.-Gibbon. 
 Passion for g.-Eng. gentry. 
 Pride In g.-High life. 
 Ruinous g.-Oliver Goldsmith. *2273 
 
 " " -English gentry. *2274 
 ■Universal g.-Crusaders. *2275 
 
 Vice of g.-Prolific. *2276 
 
 *2265 
 ♦2266 
 
 *2369 
 *2270 
 *2271 
 *2272 
 
 Memorial of g.-"Sandwich." 
 Ruinous g.-Edgar Allan Poe. 
 
 See FALSEHOOD. 
 Confirmed in f .-Charles I. 
 Governmental f. -Napoleon I. 
 Growth of f. by carelessness. 
 Justified by Jesuits. 
 
 " " SamuelJohnson. 
 
 Diplomacy of Elizabeth. 
 
 by Lying spirits-Swedenborg. 
 
 Pious f. of loyalty. 
 
 vs. Truth-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See FLATTERY. 
 Artful f. -Captive Zenobia. 
 False f. of Henry VIII. 
 Fulsome f . of James I. 
 Irritating f.-Fred. the Great. 
 Resented- Alexander. 
 Rewarded, Excessive f. 
 
 *6146 
 *6195 
 
 *8041 
 *2042 
 *2043 
 *2044 
 ♦2045 
 
 1596 
 5311 
 1348 
 5722 
 
 ♦2152 
 *2153 
 ♦2154 
 *2155 
 ♦2156 
 *2157 
 
 Deception by f. -Rochester. 1471 
 Develops servitude-Romans. 305 
 Embarrassment by f.-Cassar. 2657 
 for Favor- Voltaire. 2825 
 
 Fulsome f. of Chas. T. by Finch. 60 
 of Royalty-Charles I. by Finch. 60 
 Wealth by f .-Legacies. 5971 
 
 of Woman's beauty-Elizabeth. 2684 
 
 See PROFLIGATE. 
 Royal p. -Queen of Spain. *4490 
 
 Clerical p.-Pope John XII. 4305 
 Marriage of p.-Byron. 3465 
 
 See INTEMPERANCE and LICEN- 
 TIOUSNESS in loc. 
 
 VICTIOT. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Adultery-Peredeus. 67 
 
 Mistake of v. -Assassin's. 2204 
 
 of Rape by soldiers. 6113 
 
 VICTIOTS. 
 
 Miecellaneous cross-references. 
 of Avarice-Gold-seekers. 2389 
 
 " " -Official. 2403 
 
 VICTORIES. 
 
 Endangered-Federal v. 
 
 *5807 
 
 of Genius-Frederick II. 
 Succession of v.-Napoleon. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 End of Roman v.-Goths. 
 
 VICTORY. 
 
 Bloodless V. of Pizarro. 
 Costless v.-Roman. 
 Costly v.-Constantlus. 
 Decisive v. -Saratoga, 
 by Enthusiasm-Saratoga. 
 Expensive v.-Pyrrhus. 
 by Fortune-Pompey. 
 " Generalship-Princeton. 
 Genius for v.-Cromwell. 
 
 " " " Caesar. 
 Honorable-Alexander. 
 Inexpensive v. -Dunbar. 
 " "-Caesar's. 
 
 Inglorious-Commodus. 
 Miraculous v., Apparently. 
 Moderation in v.-Grant. 
 Opportunity for v.-Alfred. 
 Preparation for v. -Napoleon 
 Presumed v., Pompey's. 
 Unfortunate v. -Manassas. 
 Victims of v. -Indians. 
 
 ♦5808 
 *5809 
 
 4366 
 
 *5810 
 ♦5811 
 *5812 
 *5813 
 ♦5814 
 ♦5815 
 *5816 
 *5817 
 *5818 
 ♦5819 
 *5820 
 *5821 
 *5822 
 ♦5823 
 ♦5824 
 ♦5825 
 *5826 
 I.*5827 
 *5828 
 ♦5829 
 *5830 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Accident-Mascezel. 5134 
 
 Announcement of v. -Brevity. 659 
 a <. "-Perry. 1989 
 
 Anticipated, Defeat. 3367 
 
 "Awful thing in the world." .5809 
 of Christian's faith- Vane. 2039 
 
 Complete v.-Frederick II.-R. 477 
 Costly v.-Death of Ep'minondas.468 
 or Death-Fred at Leuthen. 1236 
 " " " vs. Austrians. 1247 
 
 " " Tarik. 4841 
 
 Depreciated unless aggressive. 150 
 Determination for v.-noEscape.l264 
 " "-Col. M. 650 
 by Determination-Nelson. 1904 
 Disappointment with v. 1606 
 
 Flank movement secures v. 5821 
 Fool's v.-Drinking most. 2912 
 
 Inexpensive v.-Henry IV.-A. 471 
 Lost by folly. 930 
 
 a Necessity-Normans. 1922 
 
 Peril from v.-Overconfidence. 1044 
 Period of v.-English-Ed. III. 1075 
 Remarkable succession. 2285 
 
 Unexpected v.-Henry IV.-A. 471 
 not Utilized by Hannibal. 5400 
 
 See CONQUEST and TRIUMPH 
 in loo. 
 
 VICIIiA^NCE!. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Needful for liberty. 3237 
 
 See WATCHFULNESS. 
 Safety by w.-Indians. *5950 
 
 Need of w. -Columbus. 
 
 5208 
 
 VIQOR. 
 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 in Age-Mas!nissa. 
 
 137 
 
 " " -John Wesley. 
 
 138 
 
 " " " " 
 
 5854 
 
 " " -Cato the Censor. 
 
 139 
 
 " " -Palmerston. 
 
 140 
 
 VIIiIiAlMV. 
 
 Reward of v.-Titus Gates. *5831 
 See RASCALITY in loc. 
 
 VINDICATION. 
 
 Audacious v.-Bothwell. "'583^ 
 
 See ACQUITTAL. 
 Joyful a. of seven Bishops. 3081 
 
 VINDICTIVENESS. 
 
 Prelatical-Archbishop Sharpe.*5833 
 
 See HATRED and REVENGE 
 
 in loc. 
 
 VIOIiENCE. 
 
 Error of v.-Christians. 
 
 *5884 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Argumentative v. from w'kness.299- 
 Paternal v.-Frederick IT. 3389 
 
 Reaction of v.- Becket-H.IL 6145 
 Savage v. of Frederick Wm. 1672 
 for Violence- Agrippina. 30721 
 
 See FORCE in loc. 
 
 VIRGINITY. 
 
 Dedicated-Pulcheria. 
 Faith in v.-Joan of Arc. 
 Sacred-Joan of Arc. 
 
 ♦58.35. 
 *583'> 
 *583r 
 
 461* 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Regard for v.-Superstitlous. 
 
 See CHASTITY, 
 and Civilization-Opposed. *785 
 
 Invincible c.-R. Gen. Beli8arius.*786 
 Rare-Roman maidens. *787 
 
 by Coercion-Matilda. 5862; 
 
 Ignored by Spartans-Ruin. 6137 
 
 See GIRLS and MAIDEN in loc. 
 
 VIRTUE. 
 
 False v.-Wife of Constantine. 
 Political v.-Lord Rochester. 
 Protection of v.-Romans. 
 Public v.-Emperor Pertinax. 
 Severity in v.-Stoics. 
 Superior v.-Phocion. 
 Uncertain, Natural v. 
 
 *5838 
 *5839 
 ♦5840 
 ♦5841 
 ♦5842 
 ♦5843 
 ♦5844 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Austerity in stoical v. 5842 
 
 in Conservatism-Halifax. 1132 
 
 Conspicuous v.-Canute. 3061 
 
 by Contention-Spartans. 2522 
 
 Distrusted by the vicious. 3412 
 
 False V. of Messalina. 6064 
 
 " view of V. -Cynics. 5677 
 
 by Industry-Roman army. 2812 
 
 Infiuence of example. 3595 
 
 Life prolonged by v. 3714 
 
 Lost-Suicide of Lucretia. 5786 
 
 Needful for republican gov't. 2455 
 
 Overcome by stratagem. 2276 
 
 Pleasure endangers v. 4198 
 
 Popularity lost by v.-Vane. 4313 
 
 Practical v. of T. Jefferson. 5371 
 
 Punished in Valeria. 4800 
 
 Restraint of v.-War. 4004 
 
 Reward of v.-Self-applause. 3249 
 
 Shocked, False v.-Peterin. 6009 
 
 above Suspicion-Caesar's wife. 1942 
 
 Vicious v.-Patriotism-Scots. 4076 
 
 Woman's v.-Roman. 5840 
 
VIRTUES— WAR. 
 
 951 
 
 VIRTUES. 
 
 MUcellaneous cross-references. 
 Bxcess in heroic-Charles XII. 1970 
 Imaginary v. of ancestors. 1334 
 Mixed with vices- Alexander. 1673 
 
 See CHASTITY, 
 and Civilization-Opposed. *785 
 
 Invincible c.-R.Gen.Belisarius. *786 
 Eare-Roman maidens. *787 
 
 by Coercion-Matilda. 5862 
 
 Ignored by Spartans-Euin. 6137 
 
 See COURAOE, FIDELITY, MO- 
 RALITY »'»d TEMPERANCE 
 in loc. 
 
 VISION. 
 
 Fanciful v.-Phantom city. *5845 
 
 Horrible v.- Marcus Brutus. *5846 
 
 Spiritual v.-Swedenborg. *5847 
 
 of War-Btnnibal. *5848 
 
 Miwellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Auspicious V.-" Holy Lance." 4667 
 
 Child' i V. of future-Cromwell. 2474 
 
 of CcnQueror-Solyman. 2562 
 
 " the Cross by Constantine. 1320 
 
 Delusive optical v.-Canaries. 1521 
 
 Fnith's V. of the cross. 1175 
 
 Tanatic's v.-" Plough the e." 1003 
 
 >f Genius-Columbus. 2344 
 
 " God-American Indians. 2383 
 
 Illusive v.-Blaise Pascal. 2741 
 
 by Imagination-J. Bunyan. 2733 
 
 Instructed by v.-Constantine. 5440 
 of Invisible guide-C'nst'ntine's.2492 
 
 Prompted by v.-P. Cooper's f. 4407 
 
 Remarkable v. verifled-S. 915 
 
 of Saints-Joan of Arc. 2384 
 
 Startling v. -Poet Shelley. 2736 
 
 " " " 2738 
 
 Timely v. of Mahomet. 665 
 
 of Wealth, Deceptive. 5985 
 
 Woman transformed In v. 6106 
 
 VISIONS. 
 
 Eflfective-Joan of Arc. *5849 
 
 Fictitious-Amurath. *5850 
 
 See APPARITION. 
 
 Belief in a.-Samuel Johnson. *256 
 
 False a.-" Three knights." *254 
 
 Fancied a. of Theseus. *255 
 
 of the Dead-H. Miller. 
 Startling a.-" Evil genius." 
 
 See GHOST. 
 Improvised g.-Goldsmith. *2353 
 
 1120 
 
 Apparent g.-Rev. Tunnell. 2398 
 
 See GHOSTS. 
 
 Belief in g.-Samuel Johnson. +2354 
 
 Fear of g., Siamese. *2855 
 
 See TRANCE. 
 
 Continuous-Swedenborg. ♦5678 
 
 See TRANCES. 
 
 Punished for t.-Eliz. Barton. *5679 
 
 See DREAMS and SPIRITS in loc. 
 
 VISITOR. 
 
 Welcome-Lafayette. 
 
 VISITORS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Irrepressible v.- Tourists. 
 
 *5851 
 
 2059 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 Powerful v.-General Knox. *5852 
 Training of v.-Demosthenes. *5853 
 Well-preserved v.-J. Wesley. *5854 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 of God in the soul. 995 
 
 Inner v. -Benjamin Abbott. 5423 
 
 " "-Disdained. 3265 
 
 " " Luther's. 1178 
 
 " "-Message by Quakers. 5730 
 
 " " Rule of-Fox. 5726 
 
 Lost by bribery-Demosthenes. 672 
 
 Mysterious v.-Columbus. 1881 
 
 " in wall. 2761 
 
 " " to Romans. 3909 
 
 Obedience to the inner v. 3845 
 
 Within, The v.-Geo. Fox. 5306 
 
 See ELOQUENCE and SPEECH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 VOLUNTEER. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Welcome-Ali-Mahomet. 
 
 6201 
 
 VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adventurous v.-Conquest of Fla. 75 
 Choice of v.-Soldiers. 5766 
 
 Daring-Blowing up the ram A. 73 
 for Self -sacrifice-Calais. 4639 
 
 VOTE. 
 
 Only one v.-Cromwell. *5855 
 
 Power of one v.-Sparta. *5856 
 
 " " " "-Marathon. *5857 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Basely given-Rochester. 3875 
 
 Complimentary v., Lincoln's. 1488 
 Declining always to v.-A. J. 3192 
 Emphatic v. -Stone ballot. 1556 
 
 Minority v. elects Lincoln. 3870 
 One decisive v.-Impeachment. 2750 
 Ostracism by v. -Athenians. 3968 
 Unanimous v. for Ind'pend'nce.2790 
 
 VOTES. 
 
 Soliciting v.-Grenville. 
 
 *5858 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Bribery of German princes. 668 
 Character controls v.-Wash. 2836 
 Coerced by Communists. 1276 
 
 Controlled by force-Cromwell. 3189 
 Corrupt-" Credit Mobilier." 2996 
 for Dead candidate- Webster. 703 
 Excluded by Cromwell. 2422 
 
 Independent English v. 4011 
 
 Influencing y. -Women. 3416 
 
 Majority to rule-United States.3387 
 Perseverance in seeking v. 4153 
 Resentment at v.-James II. 2890 
 
 VOTING. 
 
 for Christ-Roman Senate. *5859 
 See ELECTION in loc. 
 
 VOW. 
 
 of Gratitude-Lincoln. *5860 
 
 Sudden v. -Martin Luther. ♦5861 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 of Gratitude-Lincoln's. 5860 
 
 " -Unjust V. 5866 
 
 Manifested-Beard uncut. 
 
 490 
 
 Religious v.-Columbus. 
 
 1881 
 
 " " 
 
 3641 
 
 Remembered fifteen years. 
 
 3499 
 
 Wicked v.-Mahomet's father 
 
 795 
 
 VOWS. 
 
 
 Forced v.-Convent. 
 
 ♦5862 
 
 Religious v. in sickness. 
 
 ♦5863 
 
 " "-Columbus. 
 
 ♦5864 
 
 " " " 
 
 ♦5865 
 
 Unjust V. are null. 
 
 ♦5866 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Religious v. of Jesuits. 3960 
 
 See DEDICATION in loc. 
 
 VOYAGE, 
 
 Celebrated v. of Greeks. ♦5867 
 
 Preparation for v.-Church. ♦5868 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Fatal v.-Youth to labyrinth. 6051 
 Prevented, Happily-Goldsmith.3631 
 
 See SHIPWRECK. 
 
 Planned by Nero. 1347 
 
 " " " 2819 
 
 W^AGES. 
 
 Advanced in England. ♦5869 
 
 Exorbitant w.. So-called. *5870 
 
 Legal w. -England. *5871 
 
 by Popularity-Charioteers. ♦5872 
 
 Small w.-15th century. *5873 
 
 " " -England. ^5874 
 
 " " -13th century. ♦5875 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Artisan's w. in England, yr. 1680.352 
 
 Clerical w., Low. 924 
 
 Compulsory w. of laborers. 3111 
 
 of Dishonor-" You eat me." 2350 
 
 in Drink-English farmer. 2956 
 
 Fixed by law-England. 3112 
 
 Increase of w. opposed. 3120 
 
 Small w.-18th century. 3119 
 
 " " -13th century. 3544 
 
 See FEE. 
 
 Extortionate f. of jailers-P. ^2125 
 
 See REWARD in loc. 
 
 W^AITING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Weariness in w. -Etiquette. 1925 
 
 See DELAY in loc. 
 
 W^AIiKING. 
 
 Benefit of w.-Alexander. ♦5876 
 
 See PEDESTRIAN in loo. 
 
 W^ALIi. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Stupendous Chinese w. 295 
 
 W^ANDERING. 
 
 Cross-references. 
 
 Life of w.-Tartars. 8294 
 
 Lost by w.-Labyrinth. 6051 
 
 See EXILE and FUGITIVE in loc. 
 
 W^ANTS. 
 
 Fewness of w.-Diogenes. ♦6877 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Few w.-Diogenes to Alex. 1161 
 
 See POOR and POVERTY in loo. 
 
 W^AR. 
 
 Ancestor's love for w.~Eng. ♦5878 
 by Avarice-East Indian. ♦5879 
 
952 
 
 
 WARFARE— WATER. 
 
 
 
 Aversion to w.-Gen. Grant. 
 
 *5880 
 
 Authority necessary in w. 
 
 406 
 
 Interference of novice. 
 
 3548 
 
 Bs^inning of w.-Am. Rev. 
 
 *5881 
 
 " " " " 
 
 414 
 
 Neglected-Diversion-Caesar. 
 
 1689 
 
 Beneficial to ctiaracter. 
 
 *5882 
 
 Avarice causes w.-East India. 
 
 5879 
 
 Timely w.-Wash. by woman. 
 
 4079 
 
 Blessings of w. -Progress. 
 
 ♦5883 
 
 Beginnings in w. -Great cannon. 707 
 
 Unexpected w.-Scripture. 
 
 4901 
 
 Brutality in w.-Pillage. 
 
 *5884 
 
 Bootless w. with Russians. 
 
 1153 
 
 Unmoved by w. -Alexander. 
 
 1048 
 
 " " -30 Years' War.*5885 
 
 Burdens of w.-Fred. the Great 
 
 .1765 
 
 See ADMONITION. 
 
 
 Burden of w., Continuous. 
 
 *5886 
 
 Cause of w., Insignificant. 
 
 3005 
 
 Disregarded-Gen. Braddock. 
 
 ♦56 
 
 Cause of w., Small. 
 
 ♦5887 
 
 " " " Remote-Mrs.Green.3113 
 
 See CAUTION. 
 
 
 Causes of w.-Rebelllon. 
 Civil w.-Greek Empire. 
 
 ♦5888 
 ♦5889 
 
 " " " " -Cotton-gin.2988 
 
 Needed-Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 ♦738 
 
 Chivalry in w. 
 
 OiO 
 
 
 
 Civilization by w.-Britain. 
 
 *5890 
 
 It li (t 
 
 818 
 
 Excessive c.-Military science. 
 
 653 
 
 Compensations of w.-30 Years.*5891 
 
 Civil War-Social confusion. 
 
 1696 
 
 Necessary c.-Abraham Lincoln.1046 
 
 Contempt of w.-"Hangman.' 
 
 ♦5892 
 
 Climate produces w. 
 
 952 
 
 Needless-Macedonian soldiers 
 
 . 654 
 
 Cruelties of w. -Scotland. 
 
 *5893 
 
 Constant W.-500 Years. 
 
 4100 
 
 Rejected-Braddock's defeat. 
 
 97 
 
 Cruelty in w.-Timour. 
 
 *5894 
 
 Cruelties of ancient. 
 
 1334 
 
 Removed by compass. 
 
 3429 
 
 " " " -Antioch. 
 
 ♦5895 
 
 Cruelty in w. -Babylonians. 
 
 1504 
 
 WARS. 
 
 
 Declaration of w.-Romans. 
 
 *5896 
 
 " " " -Cffisar. 
 
 1372 
 
 Occasion of w.-Religion and C.^5949 
 
 Degraded-a Trade. 
 
 *5897 
 
 " " " " 
 
 1224 
 
 See BATTLE-CRT. 
 
 
 Destructive w., Caesar's. 
 
 ♦5898 
 
 " " "-Napoleon. 
 
 1351 
 
 of Ciusaders-"God wills it." 
 
 2385 
 
 " " -Attila. 
 
 ♦5899 
 
 •« " "-Tlmour. 1867 
 
 1368 
 
 " Puritans-" God is with us." 
 
 464 
 
 " " -Napoleon. 
 
 *5900 
 
 Debt by w., National-U. States. 1461 
 
 See BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 
 Emblem of w., Indian. 
 
 ♦5901 
 
 Declaration by hurling spear. 
 
 41 
 
 Fruitful b.-Blood-fattened. 
 
 ♦488 
 
 Ended absurdly-U. S.-Eng. 
 
 *5902 
 
 Destruction of Carthage. 
 
 1059 
 
 See BATTLES. 
 
 
 Enemies in w. -Hunger. 
 
 *5903 
 
 " " property. 
 
 1051 
 
 Decisive b.-Fif teen. 
 
 ♦489 
 
 Famine by w.-Innocent. 
 
 *5904 
 
 Devices in w.-Napoleon. 
 
 1158 
 
 See ARMY, BATTLE, HEROISM, 
 
 Famous in w.-Wm. of N. 
 
 *5905 
 
 Engineers in w., Help of. 
 
 1897 
 
 MASSACRE and WEAPONS 
 
 Futile w.-England and Spain 
 
 *5906 
 
 Famine by w.-Athens. 
 
 2076 
 
 in loo. 
 
 
 " " -Seven years. 
 
 *5907 
 
 " " " -Canada. 
 
 2082 
 
 W^ATCHFUIiNKSS 
 
 
 Glory in w.-Am. Indians. 
 
 *5908 
 
 *' " " -Rome. 
 
 2079 
 
 Safety by w.-Indians. 
 
 ♦5950 
 
 vs. Gospel-Massachusetts. 
 
 *5909 
 
 Fire applied in w.-Louis XIV. 
 
 2142 
 
 
 
 
 
 for Honor-Trojan W. 
 
 *5910 
 
 in Heaven-Scandinavians. 
 
 2545 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Incapacity for w.-Loudoun. 
 
 *5911 
 
 Increases crime-England. 
 
 1286 
 
 Need of w.-Columbus. 
 
 ♦5208 
 
 Inhumanity in w.-Romans. 
 
 *5912 
 
 Inevitable-Arbitration rejected. 279 
 
 See VIGILANCE. 
 
 
 Injury by Civil w. 
 
 ♦,5913 
 
 Intemperance causes w. 
 
 2941 
 
 Needful for liberty. 
 
 8237 
 
 Instinct for w.-Napoleon. 
 
 ♦5914 
 
 Jealousy in w., Ruinous. 
 
 1221 
 
 W^ATCHMAN. 
 
 
 Love of w.-Lord Nelson. 
 
 *5915 
 
 Justifiable w. for civilization. 
 
 902 
 
 Mistaken- Am. Revolution. 
 
 ♦5951 
 
 " " " -Franks. 
 
 *5916 
 
 Justified-Freedom-Religion. 
 
 2131 
 
 See POLICE. 
 
 
 " " " -The Alani. 
 
 *5917 
 
 Opposed by commerce. 
 
 993 
 
 Ineflficient English p. 
 
 ♦4228 
 
 Miseries of w.-Rebelllon. 
 
 *5918 
 
 Patriotism vs. Munitions. 
 
 4052 
 
 Use of p.-Wm. P. of Orange. 
 
 ♦4229 
 
 " " "-Desolation. 
 
 *5919 
 
 for Plunder-Corrupted Romans.428 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monument of w.-SkuUs. 
 
 *5920 
 
 Position in w.. Value of. 
 
 4330 
 
 Opposition to p.-England. 
 
 1130 
 
 Murderous w.-Towton. 
 
 *5921 
 
 Pretence for w.-Agincourt. 
 
 471 
 
 Original p.-England. 
 
 1301 
 
 Partisan w.-Caesar and P. 
 
 ♦5922 
 
 Pretext for w.-Darius. 
 
 1073 
 
 See DETECTIVE in loe. 
 
 
 Patriotism in w., Defensive. 
 
 *5923 
 
 " " " -Romans. 
 
 428 
 
 WATCH- W^ORDS. 
 
 
 " " *' -Am. Rev. 
 
 ♦5924 
 
 Progress of civilization. 
 
 912 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 
 Piety in w.-Joan of Arc. 
 
 *5925 
 
 Prolonged 500 years. 
 
 1549 
 
 Contrast in-Puritan cavalier. 
 
 5818 
 
 Politicians in w -Romans. 
 
 *59-26 
 
 Provocation for w. -Privateers 
 
 . 323 
 
 See BATTLE-CRY. 
 
 
 Prayed for, Miseries of w. 
 
 *5927 
 
 Quality better than numbers. 
 
 3831 
 
 of Crusaders-" God wills it." 
 
 2385 
 
 Propensity for w.-Am. Ind. 
 
 *5928 
 
 Religion in w.-Admiral Blake. 
 
 2131 
 
 " Puritans-" God is with us." 
 
 464 
 
 Romance in w -30 Years. 
 
 ♦5929 
 
 Robbery of the weak. 
 
 2476 
 
 WATER. 
 
 
 of the Roses-England. 
 
 *5930 
 
 Science an ally in w. 
 
 5047 
 
 Need of w. -Kingdom for. 
 
 ♦5953 
 
 Solitary survivors of w. 
 
 *59.35 
 
 Settled by combat. 
 
 3884 
 
 Overflow of w.-Alban Lake. 
 
 ♦5953 
 
 for Spoils-Athenians. 
 Study of w., Honorable. 
 
 *5931 
 
 Stench of camels useful. 
 
 3863 
 
 
 
 *5932 
 
 Trifles bring w.-Am. Rev. 
 
 506 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references 
 
 
 Sufferers by w.. The innocent. *5933 
 
 Uncertainties in w. 
 
 4406 
 
 Emblem of dominion-Persians 
 
 .1711 
 
 Supplies in w.-2d Crusade. 
 
 *5934 
 
 Watfihwords in w. contrasted 
 
 2038 
 
 Introduction of w.-Plymouth. 
 
 5051 
 
 Terrors of civil- Wellington. 
 
 *59.36 
 
 Woman leading-Joan of Arc. 
 
 228 
 
 Luxury in w.-Roman baths. 
 
 459 
 
 Toleration in-Mohammedans 
 
 . *5937 
 
 WARFARE. 
 
 Unequal-Am. Revolution. 
 
 
 See AQUEDUCTS. 
 
 
 Trained for w.-Franks. 
 
 *5938 
 
 ♦5946 
 
 Benefits of a.-Rome. 
 
 459 
 
 Trophies of w.. Ghostly. 
 
 *5939 
 
 
 '* '* " *' 
 
 460 
 
 Uncertainties of w.-Rebellion.*5940 
 
 TWARNING. 
 
 
 Introduction of a.-PIymouth. 
 
 5051 
 
 " " " -Am. Rev 
 
 ♦5941 
 
 of Danger-Richard I. 
 
 *5947 
 
 See BATH. 
 
 
 Unhindered, King Philip's. 
 
 *5942 
 
 Ineffective w.-Cassar. 
 
 ♦5948 
 
 Health restored by-Napoleon. 
 
 3552 
 
 Waste of w.-Devastation. 
 Wealth by w.-Peter Cooper. 
 
 ♦5943 
 •5944 
 
 
 
 Involuntary-Prison b. 
 Licentious-Sexes-Spartan. 
 
 1385 
 
 Mlscelianeous cross-references 
 
 
 6137 
 
 Wounds In w.-Philip. 
 
 ♦5945 
 
 Accepted, Girl's w., by Linooln.6102 
 
 Perilous b. of Alexander. 
 
 1048 
 
 
 
 Admonition disregarded. 
 Disdained-a Woman's w. 
 
 56 
 
 " "-Young Arnold. 
 Renewlng-Fountain of Youth 
 
 2122 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 6110 
 
 6196 
 
 of Ambition-Charlemagne. 
 
 199 
 
 Disregarded by Nero's mother 
 
 . 196 
 
 See BATHS. 
 
 
 " -Fred, the Great 
 
 208 
 
 Effective w. to officials. 
 
 8036 
 
 Common b. of Romans. 
 
 ♦459 
 
 Arts In w.- Ancients. 
 
 353 
 
 Felon's w. to manufacturers. 
 
 512 
 
 Magnificent b. of Romans. 
 
 ♦460 
 
WATERING-PLACES— WIDOW. 
 
 95S 
 
 See DELUGE. 
 
 by Meddling-Tradition. 3545 
 
 Tidal d.-MediteiTanean. 1758 
 
 See OCEAN in loc. 
 
 'WATERING-PLACES. 
 
 Rustic w.-p.-England. *5954 
 
 Uninviting w.-p.-England. *5955 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Pleasures of w.-p.-Old Eng. 4205 
 Suspicious diet-Dog-England. 2184 
 
 irCAK. 
 
 Destroyed-Ancient Germans. ♦SQSe 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Champion for the w. -Byron. 2242 
 Protection of the w. -Indians. 4537 
 Unpitied by Indians. 3888 
 
 WEAKIVESS. 
 
 Criminality of w.-R. Cr'mwell.*5957 
 by Enlargement-Empire. *5958 
 
 of Great men-Deraosthenes. *5959 
 Moral w.-Milo the athlete. *5960 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 In Adversity-Cicero. 4370 
 
 of Anger-Philip. 5104 
 
 by Division-Roman Empire. 1695 
 " " -Ancient Germans. 1697 
 Excusable-Raleigh-Scaffold. 1244 
 I Exposed-Idolatry. 5456 
 
 of Spirit-Justinian. 1238 
 
 by.Sympathy C'lumb's unm'n'd.5499 
 
 See EFFEMINACY. 
 Royal e. of Elagabalus. *1829 
 
 Age of e.-English. 3784 
 
 Charged falsely-Jealousy. 2900 
 Honored for e.-Buckingham. 3871 
 " in Claudius. 3876 
 
 See FATIGUE. 
 Insensible to f.-Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 See IDIOT. 
 Supposed i.-Young Johnson. 8309 
 
 See IMBECILITY. 
 Intemperance produces i. 2916 
 
 Oflacial i.-Invasion of Canada. 8025 
 Ridicule of natural i. 1566 
 
 See WEARINESS. 
 
 in Bereavement-James Watt. 562 
 
 " Pleasure-seeklng-Charles II. 4206 
 
 Unconscious of w. from labor- W. 148 
 
 See COWARDICE and FOLLY 
 
 in loo. 
 
 "WEAIiTH. 
 
 Conservation of vr.-England. 
 Corrupting w.-Religion. 
 by Corruption-Clarendon. 
 Cost of w.-S. Johnson. 
 
 Dangerous to piety-J. Wesley 
 Despoiled of w.-Cromwell. 
 Destroyed for safety. 
 Enormous w.-Turks. 
 Failure of w.-8. Johnson, 
 by Flattery-Rome. 
 Genius for w.-Crassus. 
 Hopes of w.-Lincoln. 
 Immoderate w.-Romans. 
 by Labor-Peter Cooper. 
 Perils of w.-Diocletfan. 
 
 *5961 
 *5962 
 *5963 
 *5964 
 *5965 
 .*5966 
 *5967 
 *5968 
 *5969 
 *5970 
 *5971 
 *5972 
 *5973 
 *5974 
 ♦5975 
 *5976 
 
 Relative w.-N. Y., yr. 1678. *5977 
 
 Repudiated by J. Wesley. *o978 
 
 Reputation for w.-Justinlan. *5979 
 
 Rural w.-J. Cantacuzene. *5980 
 
 Scheme of w.-Boniface VIIL *5981 
 
 Slavery to w.-Spaniards. *59S3 
 
 Visionary w.-Soto. *5985 
 
 Well-secured w.-Stilpon. *5982 
 
 Wise use of w.-P. Cooper. *5984 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Affection-Johnson. 4347 
 
 Art patronized by w. 3655 
 
 Avarice with wealth-Pythius. 4881 
 Benevolent use of w.-Orleans. 227 
 Burdensome w.-Iron money. 3655 
 vs. Character. 4788 
 
 In Children-S. Wesley's. 119 
 
 Communistic distribution of w. 999 
 Comparative w.-C. Jerome. 690 
 Concealment of w., Dangerous 3663 
 Consecrated to Religion. 1570 
 
 Conservatism of w.-War. 5913 
 
 " by w. -Jeffreys. 5961 
 
 Conscience vs. w.-Penn. 4255 
 
 Conspiracy of w.-Poor. 4290 
 
 by Corruption declined-S. A. D. 673 
 Crime to possess w. 3067 
 
 " of possessing-France. 3673 
 by Crimes of Pirates-Romans. 1298 
 Criminal w. of Verres. 1210 
 
 Deceptive-Dirt vs. Gold. 2388 
 
 Defies laws-Romans. 3143 
 
 " " -Solon. 3155 
 
 Degradation for w. 992 
 
 Devoted to education. 1828 
 
 Discarded by Mahomet. 524 
 
 '* " J. Wesley. 518 
 
 '• for science-Faraday. 537 
 Duty of benevolence, Special. 4880 
 Extorted by Richard II. 8007 
 
 Fictitious w.-Speculators. 2214 
 " " -Speculation. 5282 
 
 5283 
 by Flattery-Legacies. 5971 
 
 " Gambling-John Law. 2272 
 
 Imperils the State-Romans. 152 
 by Legacies, Cicero's w. 3185 
 
 Levelled by luxury. 316I 
 
 by Misfortune of others-C. 683 
 
 OfBce monopolized by w. 3883 
 
 Opportunity for w. neglected. 2606 
 " " " 2607 
 
 Opportunities for w. Ignored. 5843 
 by Oppression of poor-Church. 4936 
 Persecuted for w. in France. 3673 
 by Plunder-Pizarro. 1068 
 
 " " -Francis Drake. 3059 
 Proof of w. for taxation. 2003 
 
 by Rapacity-Court ladies. 6123 
 Renounced by St. Anthony. 1569 
 Sacrifices for w. 5955 
 
 Sinful use of w.-Rome. 3369 
 
 Sought in legacies. 3184 
 
 Tainted wealth-Roman's. 992 
 
 Use of, Wise-Medici. 2477 
 
 by War-P. Cooper. 5944 
 
 Zone of w.-Columbus. 972 
 
 See GOLD and RICHES in loc. 
 
 WEAPONS. 
 
 Needless-Civil War. *6986 I 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 from Foes-American Rev. 1889' 
 
 Inferior w.-Copper and tin. 8999^^ 
 
 See SWORD in loc. 
 
 W^EARINESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 in Bereavement-James Watt. 568" 
 " Pleasure-seeking-Charles II. 4206- 
 Unconscious of w.from labor-W.W? 
 
 See FATIGUE. 
 Insensible to f.-Mary Stuart. 6100 
 
 TTEATHER, 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Croaking against the w. 1316 
 
 History depends on w. 1862 
 
 Life lost by exposure to w.-B. 1427 
 " " " -Washington. 1447 
 Providential change in w. 4555 
 See CLIMATE in loc. 
 
 TFEAVEKS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Importance of w. of silk. 351 
 
 W^EDDING. 
 
 Brilliant w.-Oriental. *5987 
 
 Present for a w.-Slaves. ♦5988 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned by intemperance. 2914 
 
 Feast-Grandsons of Timour. 741 
 
 Ridiculous w.-AncIent Russian.1124 
 
 See MARRIAGE in loc. 
 
 W^EDLOCK. 
 
 Golden w.-Mercenary-Sp'rt'ns.*5989 
 
 W^EEPING. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 for Joy-Citizens of London. 3031 
 
 See TEARS in loc. 
 
 W^EIiCOOTE. 
 
 Grateful-Wife of James II. 
 Public w.-to Cromwell. 
 
 ♦5990 
 *5991 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Cold w. to bride, Seeming. 3027 
 Comforting w. to James IL 5990 
 Joyful w.-Return of Columbus.2206 
 Public w. to Lafayette. 2225 
 
 See HAND-SHAKING. 
 
 Weariness of h.-s.-Gen. Grant. *2509 
 
 See HOSPITALITY in loc. 
 
 W^ICKEDNESS. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Honored-Dick Talbot. 5117 
 Ineffective w.-Massacre of St.B.4641 
 
 Misery from w.-Mary Stuart. 3496 
 
 Misnamed piety-Persecution. 4541 
 
 Monster in w.-Mahomet III. 4967 
 
 Recompensed by w. 3743 
 
 Retribution for w. -Jeffreys. • 4843 
 
 Reward of w.-Misery. 4855 
 
 Rewarded-Mourzoufle. 4566 
 
 Triumphant w.-Fredegonda. 6109 
 
 Unexcelled w.-Nero. 4965 
 
 by Weakness-Commodus. 1354 
 
 W^IBOW^. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Benevolent w. punished. 656 
 
 Noble son of a w- G. Wash. 6198 
 
 See BEREAVEMENT and DEATH 
 
 in loc. 
 
954 
 
 WIDOWER— WITNESS. 
 
 iriDOWER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Foolish third marriage-Milton. 3732 
 
 Hasty marriage of w. 3481 
 
 Many times-Twenty-two w. 6038 
 
 Marriage of young wife by w. 3441 
 
 " *' w.-Ill-mated. 3451 
 
 Second marriage approved. 3482 
 
 See BEREAVEMENT and DEATH 
 
 in loc. 
 
 \¥ID01¥H00D. 
 
 Consolation offered in w.-N. *5992 
 
 WIFE. 
 
 Abandoned by poet Shelley. *5993 
 Authority of w.-Lady Fairfax. *5994 
 
 Bequeathed by Athenians. *5995 
 
 Counsels of w.-Theodora. *5996 
 
 Energetic w.-Margaret of A. *5997 
 
 Generous w. to Wm. P. of O. *5098 
 
 Ilonored w.-Mrs. Jackson. *5999 
 
 Rebellious w.-J. Milton's. *6000 
 
 Remembered-Washington. *6001 
 
 -S. Johnson. *6002 
 
 True w. -Queen Mary. *6003 
 
 Unhappy w.-J. Seymour. *6004 
 
 and Vixen-Mrs. Fitch. *6005 
 
 Warrior's w.-Galta. *6006 
 
 Winning w.-Queen Mary. *600r 
 
 Worthy w.-Calphurnia. *6008 
 
 Wronged w. -Catherine 11. *6009 
 
 Miscellaneous cross references. 
 Abandoned vixen-John Fitch. 1876 
 Adultery forgiven by w. 3242 
 
 Affection of w.-Josephine. 104 
 
 " for w.-A. Jackson. 105 
 Affections moved by thunder. 107 
 Ambitious w. of General Gates. 203 
 Avenged by assassination. 4861 
 Beloved w. of Prest. Jackson. 105 
 Bondage of Roman law. 1707 
 
 Broken-hearted w, -Josephine. 104 
 Brutality to his w. 106 
 
 Burden, a Rejected. 3459 
 
 Chosen in childhood-Rob't Peel.563 
 Claims of w. vs. State. 3275 
 
 by Coercion-William Watt. 3434 
 Complimented by second mar. 3482 
 Dangerous w.-Mary Stuart. 3494 
 Deceased-Ministering spirit. 5312 
 Dependence on-" Have I dined ?"18 
 Deserted by Shakespeare. 3493 
 
 Devoted w. of Martyj Taylor. 679 
 "-Captivlty-L'fy'tte. 4318 
 Discreet w. rules her h. 3352 
 
 Disguised in man's dress-Spar. 3483 
 Dishonored by Mahomet. 63 
 
 " " concubine. 6109 
 
 Dissembling w. -Faustina. 1675 
 
 Dominion of w.-Bellsarlus. 2686 
 Equal In intellect-Adams. 3497 
 
 Faithful w.-Mary P. of Orange. 788 
 False union with w. 3444 
 
 Helpful w.-Mrs. A. Johnson. 5416 
 Humiliation of w., Self. 4658 
 
 Husband vs. Brother. 6099 
 
 Impoverished of fortune. 3465 
 
 Insulted by making love. 2416 
 
 Loan of a w.-Spartans. 6137 
 
 Xoss of w.-James Watt. 562 
 
 Noble virtues remembered. 6076 
 
 Noble purpose of w.-Theste. 6099 
 Obedient w.-Mary to William. 2690 
 " to husband. 5998 
 
 Opposition of w., Violent. 5168 
 
 Parent vs. Husband-Mary. 2685 
 Rebuked for avarice. 1583 
 
 Remembered in public life. 2597 
 Reproof of w.-Mrs. W'8hing't'n.4781 
 Rival opposed to w. 6136 
 
 Rivalled by concubine. 6109 
 
 Ruler of husband-George II. 2683 
 Ruling husband-Garrick. 1683 
 
 " w.-Rumford's. 3462 
 
 " " -Princess Anne. 2328 
 
 Sagacious reproof of w. 4881 
 
 Sale of w. legalized-Roman. 1706 
 Secured with tobacco. 3452 
 
 Shameful w.-Mary Stuart. 4916 
 Slave of Roman husband. 3499 
 
 Substitutes her husband. 4078 
 
 Supplanted by new love. 3345 
 
 Supported by w.-S. Adams. 6058 
 Unscrupulous w.-Agdpplna 5260 
 Vice of w. disbelieved. 4858 
 
 Virtue above susplclon,Caesar's.l942 
 Well dressed-Pleasurable. 1732 
 
 Wise counsel of w.-Josephlne. 178 
 Wronged of property-widow. 4521 
 •* by mistress. 1133 
 
 •' " husband-Ad'lterer.6068 
 See BRIDE. 
 Cold welcome to b.. Seeming. 3026 
 Difficulty Interposed-Cerberus. 3338 
 Gifts for b.-Gold-P. stones. 2359 
 Preparations of b.-Refinement. 4642 
 Remembered b.-Josephlne. 3340 
 a Reward of valor. a385 
 
 Waiting fifteen years for- Cook. 3495 
 
 See POLYGAMY. 
 Fanaticism tends to p. 3078 
 
 Justified by Milton. 3922 
 
 Permitted by Luther. 4658 
 
 Shameful p. -Both well. 2188 
 
 Unproductive of children. 4333 
 
 See MARRIAGE and WEDDING 
 in loc. 
 
 TI^IIiL. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross references. 
 Control of the w.-Cato. 6064 
 
 Weakness of w. in Burns. 246 
 
 See CHOICE, DECISION and STUB- 
 BORNNESS in loc. 
 
 \riIiLS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 Influenced by spiritual advisers.554 
 
 See LEGACIES in loc. 
 
 1¥I!VD. 
 
 Dependence on w.-Wm.P.of 0. 1862 
 Experiment with w.-Newton. 1993 
 Sectarian w.-Wm. P. of Orange.5066 
 
 \rilVE. 
 
 Charm of w.-Gauls. *6010 
 
 Danger In w. -Ancients. *6011 
 
 Deception in w.-S. Johnson. *6012 
 
 Defended-Samuel Johnson. *6013 
 
 Forbidden-Samuel Johnson. *6014 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Deception in w.-Samuel Johnson. 14 
 Pleasure in w., not happiness-J. 14 
 
 See INTEMPERANCE in loc. 
 
 1¥I1VTER. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Changed to autumn-Calendar. 696 
 Dreary-Famine-Mass. Colony. 2002 
 Terrible w.-N. E. Pilgrims. 957 
 
 WISDOM, 
 
 False w. of Aristotle. *6015 
 
 with Ignorance-Aristotle. *6016 
 
 Occasional w.-S. Johnson. *6017 
 
 Practical w.-Socrates. *6018 
 
 Ridiculed-Savans. *6019 
 
 Source of w.-Folly. ♦6020 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 by Adversity-Fred, the Great. 84 
 " " -Romans. 85 
 
 " " -Dlonysius. 4889 
 
 Best w.-Knowing self. 3089 
 
 Folly preferred to w.-Dlogenes 2168 
 by Humility-Statesmen. 2676 
 
 Tested by questions. 4598 
 
 See DISCRETION. 
 Better than valor-Charles V. 1637 
 
 2432 
 3352 
 
 Ruler without d.-Charles II. 
 Wife's d. rules husband. 
 
 See WIT. 
 Dangerous w.-Claudlan. *6029 
 
 Quick w.-Woman's-Charles L*6030 
 
 Failure in w. -Goldsmith. 3570 
 
 Ready w.-John Wesley. 4768 
 
 Saved by Intercessor's w. 4663 
 
 See INTELLIGENCE, KNOWL- 
 EDGE and LEARNING 
 in loc. 
 
 WIT. 
 
 Dangerous w.-Claudlan. *6029 
 
 Quick w, Woman's-Charles I. ♦6030 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Failure in w.-Goldsmith. 3570 
 
 Ready w.-John Wesley. 4768 
 
 Saved by intercessor's w. 4663 
 
 See HUMOR in loc. 
 
 W^ITCH. 
 
 Suspected w.-Esqulmau. *6023 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Burned as a w.-Joan of Arc. 1726 
 Cured by flogglng-Salem. 845 
 
 a Suspected w.-Duchess of O. 3512 
 " " "-Quaker in N. E. 4129 
 
 H^ITCHCRAFT. 
 
 Alleged w. -Salem. ♦6024 
 
 Epidemic of w.-Salem. ♦6025 
 
 Malice in w.-Salem. ♦6026 
 
 Punished w.-England. ^6027 
 
 " -Salem. ♦6028 
 
 W^ITCHES. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Descendants of w. and demons. 1538 
 
 See DELUSIONS in loc. 
 
 WITNESS. 
 
 Abuse of w., Jeffreys'. ^6031 
 
 False w.-Dick Talbot. ♦eosa 
 
 " "-Titus Gates. ♦6033 
 
 of the Spirit-J. Wesley. ♦6084 
 
WITNESSING— WOMAN. 
 
 955 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Discreditable w.-Trial of B. 540 
 False w., Confusion of. 2192 
 
 Murder of w. by Calllas. 2871 
 
 Shameless w. ingrate-Burton. 2850 
 
 IFITNBSSING. 
 
 for Christ-Early Christians. *6035 
 See EVIDENCE in toe. 
 
 WIVES. 
 
 Market for w.- Jamestown. *6036 
 
 Numerous-Artaxerxes. *6037 
 
 Survival of w.-Widower. *6038 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 in Common-Ancient Britons. 911 
 
 Ministers' w.. Duty of. 3611 
 
 Plurality of w.-15th century. 65 
 
 Prostitution of Gothic. 1209 
 
 Eights of Mohammedan. 6134 
 
 Wisdom of w.-Eeconciliation. 2689 
 
 See CONCUBINES. 
 
 Passion for c.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 Power of Persian c. 939 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 Adventurous w.-Pope Juan. *6039 
 Ambitious w.-Princess Sophia. *6040 
 Avaricious- Wife of James II. *604l 
 Bravery of Jane de Montford.*6042 
 " Mrs. Purefoy. *6043 
 
 Charity of Laeta. *6044 
 
 Compassion of-Nero's nurses. *6045 
 Converts by w.-Clotilda. *6046 
 
 at Court-Lady Hamilton. *6047 
 Cruelty of w.-Parysatis. *6048 
 
 a Custodian of man. *6049 
 
 Dangerous w.-Cleopatra. *6050 
 
 Device of w.-Ariadne. *6051 
 
 Dominion of w.-S. Jennings. *6052 
 Energetic w.-Wash.'s mother. *6053 
 Executive w.-Wash.'s mother.*6054 
 Extraordinary w.-Zenobia. *6055 
 Ferocious w.-Hind. *6056 
 
 Firmnes-s-Theodora. *6057 
 
 Forgotten-Mrs. S. Adams. *6058 
 the Greatest-Madame de Stael.*6059 
 Helpful w.-Isabella. *6060 
 
 Honored w.-Tomb. *6061 
 
 Indiscreet w.-F. Jennings. *6062 
 Infamous w.-L'dy Castrmaine.*6063 
 " " -Messalina. *6064 
 
 " " -Cleopatra. *6065 
 
 " -Catherine de M. *6066 
 Infatuated by w.-Antony. *6067 
 anInjuredw.-Wife of Jame3ll.*6068 
 Injustice to w.-Henry VIII. *6069 
 Invention of w.-Silk-weaving. *6070 
 Mi-erable-Sarah Jennings. *6071 
 in Misfortune-Cordelia. *6072 
 
 Monstrous w.-Queen Mary. *6073 
 Opposed-Queen Mary. *6074 
 
 Patriotic w. -Maria Theresa. *6075 
 Perfect w.-Cadijah. *6076 
 
 " -Q. Mary (Wm. III).*6077 
 Philosophic w.-Hypatia. *6078 
 
 In Politics-King's mistress. *6079 
 " " -Pompadour. *6080 
 
 " " -Lady Castlemaine. ♦6081 
 Power of w -Cleopatra. *6082 
 
 " " -Queronaille. *60&3 
 
 " " " -A'pasia. *6084 
 
 Power of w. -Catherine Sedley.*6085 
 Praise of w.-Mrs. Jackson. *6086 
 Protected by w.-Pocahontas. *6087 
 Remarkable w.-Thejiah. ♦6088 
 
 " -Mary Stuart. *6089 
 Rescued by w.-Chas. II. ♦6090 
 
 Restraints of w.-S. Johnson. ♦6091 
 Revengeful w.-Assassination. *6092 
 Rights of w.-Early Romans. *6093 
 Rule of w.-Marguerite. ^6094 
 
 " " " -Mary Queen of S. *6095 
 Sagacious w.-Timuclea. ^6096 
 
 Saved by w.-Fulvia. ^6097 
 
 Scholarly w.-Q. Elizabeth. ♦eogs 
 Spirited w.-Theste. *6099 
 
 '• -Q. Mary (Stuart). +6100 
 Supremacy of w.-Veturia. ♦eiOl 
 Taste of w. -Advice to Lincoln.^6102 
 Taught by w.-Christianity. ^6103 
 Tenderness of w.-Joan of Arc.^6104 
 " " -L. H. ♦eios 
 
 Transformation of w.-Vision. ♦610G 
 Value of w.-Placidia. ^6107 
 
 Weakness of w.-Mary of M. ^6108 
 Wickedness of w.-Fredegonda.*6109 
 Wise w.-Artemisia. *6110 
 
 Worshipped-Joan of Arc. ♦eill 
 Wronged in property. ^61 12 
 
 Zeal of w. for Monmouth. ♦eilS 
 
 " " " -Devonshire. ^6114 
 
 Misce'laneous cross-references. 
 
 Abused-James II. 1094 
 Aroused-Market women of P. 658 
 
 Audacious w. -Licentious. 1949 
 
 Avarice-Court of James II. 803 
 Beautiful-' All are queens here. " 492 
 
 Beauty of w. prostituted. 4533 
 
 " exhibited- Cleopatra. 5278 
 of w., Effective-Poppaea2819 
 
 Bpnevolent scheme of w. 4192 
 
 Bible prohibited w.-England. 579 
 
 Blood-thlrsty-Constantlna. 1343 
 
 Capricious w.-Q. Christina. 3928 
 
 Captivated by w. -Mahomet. 63 
 
 Champion for women. 6135 
 
 Charity of w., Wonderful. 781 
 
 " "-Lseta. 6044 
 Charms, Strange-Cath. Sedley. 2842 
 
 " for King John. 2618 
 
 Christian devotion of w. 1663 
 
 Communistic w.-Paris. 1933 
 
 Community of w.-Gnostlcs. 1001 
 
 Compassion of w.-Indian. 1006 
 
 Cruelty to w. -Jeffreys'. 2862 
 
 " " "-Clotaire. 1373 
 
 Dangerous w. -Rosamond. 67 
 
 Deceptive-Vicious-Antonlna. 4858 
 
 Depraved w.-Catherine II. 1458 
 
 Desperate w.-Marcia. 1591 
 
 Destructive influence of w. 2819 
 
 Devoted loyalty-Windham. 3358 
 Devotion of w.-Mrs.Unwin to C.2883 
 
 " " -H. Wentworth. 2516 
 
 " w. -Self-Servant. 1348 
 
 " to w., Knights. 191 
 
 Disgraced by adultery. 3436 
 
 Disguised as man-Christina. 3928 
 
 Dishonored w.-Ruin of J. II. 6113 
 
 Distrusted by Cato. 5064 
 
 " '* Napoleon I. 5065 
 
 Education of w. neglected. 624 
 
 Fascinating w.-IIeartless. 109 
 
 b.-Mary Stuart. 6089 
 
 " "-Zenobia. 6055 
 
 Fickleness-Countess of Carlisle. 109 
 Fictitious w.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 Flattery appreciated-Eliz. 2684 
 Fortitude of w.-Martyrs. 4142 
 
 Heartless-Countess of Carlisle. 109 
 
 " w.-Cleopatra. 4227 
 
 Helpful w.-Ursula Cotta. 1811 
 
 Honored by Persian kings. 959 
 
 Ignoble w.-Extortlng money. 607 
 I u dependent-Mrs. Washington .2786 
 Indifferent to w. 3350 
 
 Indignation smothered. 3712 
 
 Infamous poisoner-Rosamond. 1292 
 Infatuating charms of w. 2819 
 
 w.-Mary Stuart. 3342 
 Influence of injured w. 5716 
 
 •' evil w.-C. Sedley. 5054 
 Influential-Courtesan-Aspasia. 1256 
 Ingenuity of w.-Dr. Cole. 5-383 
 
 Insulted-Dick Talbot. 5177 
 
 Intercession of-Queen Philippa.4639 
 Irrepressible-Lady Fairfax. 5294 
 Leadership of w.-"Stop that b."658 
 Love of w., Reckless. 3476 
 
 " " glory in w. 3729 
 
 Marriage proposed by w. 3472 
 
 " " 3476 
 
 Monster, Moral-Theodora. 1344 
 
 " Detestable-Agrippina. 2072 
 Obsolete labor of w.-England. 355 
 Passion of w., Maternal. 3529 
 
 " for jewelry. 5698 
 
 Patriotic appeal-Theresa. 4035 
 
 " " of Elizabeth. 4070 
 
 w.-"Captain Molly." 4078 
 
 " " -Lydia Darrah. 4079 
 Patriotism of Pausantas. 3724 
 
 Personality denled-Romans. 3499 
 Pertness of w., Offensive. 3485 
 
 Piety of w.-Pulcheria. 5835 
 
 Pious sacrifices-Isabella. 4182 
 
 Pitiless w.-Queen Mary. 6041 
 
 Plain manners-Mrs. Jackson. 5215 
 in Politics-Henrietta. 4282 
 
 Power of w.-Mistress. 1133 
 
 Property of w. for Husband. 3465 
 Quick wit of w. 6030 
 
 Reformed-Courtesan Theodora.5996 
 Remarkable w.-Joan of Arc. 5437 
 Respect for w. -Executioners. 4141 
 
 " " " -Elevates men-G. 902 
 Revenge of w., Degrading. 4849 
 
 " Passion for. 4853 
 
 " of w., Cruel-Parysatls.4855 
 
 " for exposure-A. 4858 
 
 Rule of w.-Poppaea. 4373 
 
 " " " -Fairfax. 5894 
 
 Rullng-Rumford"s wife. 3462 
 
 Saves the State-Fulvia. 1140 
 
 Self-made w.-Mrs. Adams. 3497 
 Sex deplored by w.-M. Stuart. 6100 
 Shame of w. overlooked. 3712 
 
 Shameful w. -Louisa Maria. 2066 
 Shameless w.-Rosamond. 67 
 
 Slandered-Anne Hyde. 6032 
 
 Sorrows of w.-Turks. 4356 
 
 Spirited w.-Craven husband. 1248 
 
956 
 
 WOMEN— WORLD. 
 
 Spirited w.-Lady Fairfax. 110 
 
 Subordinate to man-Wm. III. 3892 
 
 Suffers by intemperance. 2914 
 
 Suggestion of w. , Valuable. 31 13 
 
 Supposed to be an angel. 228 
 
 Sympathy of w. #6105 
 
 " " " -Joan of Arc. 6104 
 
 Tact of w.-Queen Caroline. 2683 
 
 Taunt of w., Influence of. 2504 
 Tyranny over Milo-Courtesan. 5960 
 
 Ugly-faced w.-Meg Murray. 3434 
 
 Unprincipled-Nero's mother. 1347 
 
 Vengeance of w.-Theodora. 1344 
 
 Vice of w. overlooked. 4849 
 
 Vicious w.-Poisoner. 4226 
 
 Virtue of w.-Roman. 5840 
 
 " " doubted-Mary S. 2062 
 
 Violent-Queen Elizabeth. 763 
 
 vs. Woman-Poppsea. 4373 
 
 Work in conversions. 6094 
 
 Worshipped-Minerva. 5438 
 
 Zeal of w., Patriotic-Flag. 887 
 
 "WOOTEN. 
 
 Co-operation of w.-Am. Rev. 
 Courtesy to w.-Early Romans. 
 Culture of w. unappreciated. 
 Degraded by Roman law. 
 Devotion of w.-R. matrons. 
 Ferocious w.-Barbarians. 
 In Government-Revolutions, 
 and Government- Injuries. 
 Hard-hearted w.-Court of J. II. 
 Heroic w.-Soclal reform. 
 
 " " -Flora McDonald. 
 Honored- Ancient Germans. 
 Injustice to w. by nobility. 
 Insults of w. for cowards. 
 Patriotic w.-Am. Revolution, 
 in Politics-Cicero's wife- 
 Power of w.-Soap rebellion. 
 Preaching by w.-Wesley. 
 Reform by w.-Church. 
 Eights of w.-Mohammedan. 
 
 " " "-A. Hutchinson. 
 Rivalry of w.-Cleopatra. 
 Ruined by w.-Spartans. 
 Rule men-Cato says. 
 Testimony of w.-Tarquinia. 
 Warriors of w.-Dahomey. 
 n » "-Arabian. 
 " " "-Second Crusade. 
 
 *6115 
 ♦6116 
 *6117 
 ♦6118 
 *6119 
 ♦6120 
 *0121 
 *6122 
 *6123 
 ♦6124 
 *6125 
 *6126 
 *6127 
 ♦6128 
 *6139 
 *6130 
 *6131 
 *6132 
 *6133 
 *6134 
 *6135 
 *6136 
 *6137 
 *6138 
 *6139 
 *6140 
 ♦6141 
 ♦6148 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 All surrendered to Mahomet. 2588 
 
 Athletic training of Spartan w.1817 
 
 Beauty-Dangerous-Mahomet. 3242 
 
 " endangers them. 2211 
 
 " " " 3973 
 
 '• " " 4803 
 
 " " " 4536 
 
 " coveted by w.-Eliz. 4329 
 
 " endangered by w. 1858 
 
 " common-Flemings. 492 
 
 Branded on the cheek. 5791 
 
 Community of w.-Persians. 1001 
 
 Compassion shown by w. 6045 
 
 Compassionless-Am. Indians. 2074 
 
 Competition in beauty. 3485 
 
 Contented with trifles. 1150 
 
 Cowards despised by w. 3725 
 
 Cruelty to captive w. -Franks. 1334 
 
 Degraded among Romans. 1706 
 
 " standard of w. 1803 
 
 Devotion to w. -Knights. 2866 
 
 Discrimination against w.-B. 1385 
 
 Dishonored by divorce laws. 1700 
 
 " " '• 1702 
 
 " " -Mahomet. 4210 
 
 Disparaged by drinkers. 2924 
 
 Disrespect for w.-Fred. Wm. 1672 
 
 Dress restricted by law. 4611 
 
 Elusive-Indian fable. 3397 
 
 Enemies of woman. 3243 
 
 Enraged in war-Clmbrlans. 1550 
 
 Enticements of vicious w. 3243 
 
 Equality of w. in religion, 6124 
 
 Fury at disguised man. 1652 
 
 Gallantry to w.-Eng. ruler*. 2264 
 
 Gentility of w. by restraint. 2348 
 
 in Heaven-Mahomet. 3992 
 
 Honored by Am. Indians. 2068 
 
 Imitation of w.-Theseus. 2126 
 
 Indignation at disguised man. 1651 
 
 Influence of abandoned w. 6222 
 
 " " w.-Mistresses. 4487 
 
 Intoxicated w.-Noblllty of Eng.2932 
 
 Labor of royal w. 6149 
 
 the Laborers-Savages. 2598 
 
 Obedience of Chinese w. 1410 
 Opposition of w.-" Hot water. "4107 
 
 Ornaments, Love of-Romans. 3419 
 
 " " " -Indians. 3961 
 
 Patriotism of w.-Am. Colonies.3914 
 
 Preaching of w.-IU-done. 4397 
 
 Protection for w. 6217 
 
 Rebellion of English w.-Soap. 4628 
 
 Ruin plotted through w. 2222 
 
 Soldiers In w. -Crusaders. 6142 
 
 " " " -Mussulmans. 6143 
 
 •' " "-Dahomey. 6140 
 
 Success of degraded w.-Eng. 1803 
 
 Suffer by intemperance. 2921 
 
 Tribute in Chinese w.-Huns. 5712 
 
 Vice of men. Indifferent to. 3468 
 
 Wine prohibited w. -Ancient. 6011 
 
 " " " -Romans. 6014 
 
 Wise pacification by w. 2689 
 Zeal of w., Religious-Quakers. 4129 
 
 See ADVENTURESS. 
 
 Remarkable a.-Pope Juan. 6039 
 
 Successful a.-Lady Reves. 1171 
 
 See CONCUBINES. 
 
 Passion for c.-Elagabalus. 960 
 
 Power of Persian c. 959 
 
 See LICENTIOUSNESS. MAIDEN, 
 
 MARRIAGE and MOTHER 
 
 in loe. 
 
 irONDEK. 
 
 Superstitious w.-West Indian8.*6143 
 
 See MIRACLE and MYSTERY 
 
 in loc. 
 
 WORD. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Power of a w.-Adam Clark. 1181 
 " " Mahomet's w.-Moon.3623 
 
 l¥ORDS. 
 
 Backing for w.-Lysander. ♦6144 
 
 Hasty w.-Henry II. ^6145 
 
 Origin of w.-" Sandwich." ^6146 
 
 Thrilling w.-Bp. Latimer. ♦6147 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Disease affects use of w. 164C 
 
 Hasty w. -Contrition for-H. II. 2669 
 Memorial in noble w. 6147 
 
 Verbiage of diplomacy. 1598 
 
 See WATCH-WORDS. 
 
 Contrast in w. -Puritans and C. 5818 
 
 See LANGUAGE in loc. 
 
 l¥ORK. 
 
 
 Change in w.-Southey. 
 
 ♦6148 
 
 Dignity in w. -Royalty. 
 
 ♦6149 
 
 End of w.-Beda. 
 
 ♦6150 
 
 Life-w. of Columbus. 
 
 ♦6151 
 
 Silent w.-S. A. Douglas. 
 
 ♦6152 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Charity in the form of w.-J. H. 780 
 Noble w. of dull man. 2907 
 
 Overwork-Fatal-Fulton. 1602 
 
 Perfected is lasting -Virgil. 2341 
 Posterity considered in w. 3276 
 Relieves the mind in adver8ity-S.91 
 Rewards of pious w.-Mahomet. 862 
 Survives the worker-Shakesp. 2585 
 See EMPLOYMENT and LABOR 
 in loc. 
 
 l^ORKERS. 
 
 Wanted-Colonists. ♦6153 
 
 Worth of w.-Oxen. ♦6154 
 
 IVORKmEN. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Intemperance injures w. 2921 
 
 Regard for w.-Church-building. 865 
 
 See APPRENTICES. 
 
 Abused by labor and whipping. 798 
 
 " " overwork. 799 
 
 See ARTISANS. 
 
 Capture of a.-Silk-weavers. ^351 
 
 Wages of a.-England, year 1680. ♦SSa 
 
 See LABORER. 
 Honored-Abdolonymus. ^3122 
 
 Impoverished-English. ^3123 
 
 Abused-Apprentices. 798 
 
 " " overworked.79» 
 
 Oppressed by legislation. 5665 
 
 5666 
 
 " " Union Soo. 5663 
 
 Women the l.-Savages. 2598 
 
 See LABORERS. 
 Despised by Normans. ^3124 
 
 Ignored-Magna Charta. ♦3125 
 
 Mutilated by Theodoric. 164 
 l¥ORK.S. 
 
 Good-Zoroaster. ^6155 
 
 Justification by w. -Luther. ♦6156 
 
 TirORIiD. 
 
 Origin of w.-Thales. 
 
 ♦6157 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Abandoned for a convent-L. 16ft 
 
 Renounced for Christ. 2538 
 
 " by Bernard. 2670 
 
 •' " Monks. 3683 
 
 " " " 3684 
 
 " " Ascetics. 359 
 
 Renouncement of the w. p'stp'd.453 
 See CREATION. 
 
 Theory of c.-West Indians. 2709 
 
WORLDLINESS— YOUTH. 
 
 957 
 
 ^¥ORI.I>IiINE:SS. 
 
 Rebuked-Socrates. *6158 
 
 See AVARICE and FASHION 
 
 in loc. 
 
 WORSHIP. 
 
 Apostates from w.-Samarit'ns, 
 Cheerful w. in adversity. 
 Constrained w.-Heathen. 
 Dreadful w.-Druids. 
 Enforced-N. E. Puritans. 
 Idolatrous w.-Anolent Ger. 
 of Images-Early Church. 
 Perilous w.-Jerusalem. 
 Retreat from w.-Je£f. Davis, 
 of Sclence-Timour. 
 Substitute for w.-Sentiments. 
 
 *6159 
 ♦6160 
 *6161 
 *6162 
 *6163 
 ♦6164 
 *6165 
 ♦6166 
 ♦6167 
 *6168 
 ♦6169 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Amusement in Pagan w.-R. 846 
 of Animals by Egyptians. 4697 
 
 Calamity unites in w. 2144 
 
 •Capital crime in Scotland. 4392 
 
 of Christ the Son-Illustrated. 825 
 •Crime of w.-Scots. 4121 
 
 -Cruelly in w.-Druids. 1374 
 
 False w.-Arlstotle. 5273 
 
 Folly in w.-Sacred goose-Goat. 5451 
 Heathen w.-Brahmin. 2705 
 
 Hindrances overcome w. 4733 
 
 Horror mingled with w. 4630 
 
 Idolatrous w.-Roman. 2085 
 
 Ignorance in honest w. 2374 
 
 In Ignorance, True w.-Am. Ind.2378 
 Interference in w. resented-F. 508 
 at Mecca-Mohammedan. 5343 
 
 Misdirected w.-Picture vs. C. 2730 
 Pagan w. copied by Christians. 2731 
 of Personal Christ-Erasmus. 826 
 Prescribed-England, year 1664. 375 
 Protection of Legislature. 3301 
 
 of Reason-French Revolution. 4624 
 Restrained-Puritans. 4138 
 
 of Sacred stone-Elagabalus. 5342 
 " Saints Introduced. 5013 
 
 " Self-Callgula. 1353 
 
 Sun w. by Persians. 5432 
 
 Tenderness in w.-Joan of Arc. 2116 
 Trifles in Pagan w. 4870 
 
 Toting to determine w. 5859 
 
 of Woman by chivalry. 6111 
 
 See ADORATION. 
 Human a.-Greek emperor's. *59 
 
 Suman a. of Diocletian. 26 
 
 See DEIFICATION, 
 
 of Caesar-Romans. 2657 
 
 " Heroes-Ancient Greeks. 3511 
 
 " Self-Alexander in India. 2753 
 
 See HOMAGE. 
 
 Disgusting h. of James II. *2590 
 
 tJnsurpassed-S. Johnson's. *2591 
 
 Ref ttsed by Crusader. 891 
 
 io Vanity of Diocletian. 26 
 
 " " " Greek emperors. 59 
 
 See KNEELING. 
 
 to God only- Alex. Murray. *3085 
 
 Disgusted by king's k. 2590 
 
 See LITURGY. 
 
 Opposed by Scots. *3323 
 
 Opposition to l.-Soots. 
 
 6133 
 
 ♦4817 
 
 See RESPECT. 
 Beneficial-Samuel Johnson. 
 
 See RITUALISM. 
 Rejected-CathoUc-England. *4915 
 
 Trifles vitiate service. *4685 
 
 See CHURCH. DEVOTION, IDOLA- 
 TRY, PRAYER, PREACHING and 
 
 REVERENCE in loo. 
 
 \rORTII. 
 
 Moral w. of Louis IX. *6170 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Eminence by w.-H. Wilson. 
 
 1868 
 
 Work brings w.-Oxen. 
 
 6154 
 
 See EXCELLENCE in loc. 
 
 
 \|r©UNDS. 
 
 
 Honorable w.-Timour. 
 
 *6171 
 
 " " -Sertorius. 
 
 *6172 
 
 " " -in Front. 
 
 •6173 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 from Friends-' ' Stonewall "J. 2226 
 Honorable w.-Persians at Petra.643 
 Indifferent to w.-Philip. 5945 
 
 See MUTILATION, 
 of Agriculturists by Theodorio. 164 
 by Cowards-Romans. 5240 
 
 Punishment by m.-Scots. 5791 
 
 Revenge by m.-Coventry. 4857 
 
 Self-m. for deception. 5348 
 
 Soldiers supported by State. 5243 
 
 WRATH. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 Victim of w.-Jews-Antiochus. 6166 
 
 See HATRED and STRIFE in loo. 
 
 WRETCHEDNESS. 
 
 Cross-reference. 
 
 by Conflagration of Rome. 1058 
 
 See CRUELTY and SUFFERING 
 
 in loc. 
 
 W^RITING. 
 
 Substitute for w.-Cords. *6174 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Careless W.-336 W'rds in s'nt'nce6219 
 Obscure style in diplomacy. 1598 
 " w.-Napoleon I. 3962 
 
 Offensive style-Greeks. 8802 
 
 Sublime w.-" Paradise Lost." 3307 
 
 See CORRESPONDENT. 
 Burdensome c.-C.'s son-in-law. *1200 
 
 See FORGERY. 
 Confessed-Deed. *2192 
 
 Convenient f. -Emperor C. ♦2193 
 Delusive f.-Wm. P. of Orange. *2194 
 Perilous f. -French oflftcer. ♦2195 
 
 Hands cut off for Egypt. 3160 
 
 Life saved by f. 5713 
 
 Preservation by f.-Assassin. 1542 
 
 Shameful f.-Antony. 1227 
 
 See LETTER and LIBEL in toe. 
 
 W^RONG. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Neither give nor take w. 2872 
 
 Suffering w. vs. Doing w. 4188 
 
 See INJURIES in loc. 
 
 ' IfEAR. 
 
 Lengthened by Caesar. ^6176 
 
 New y.-Impresslve. ^6177 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Beginning changed. 1129 
 
 Calendar changed-Csesar. 696 
 
 Reflections of new y. 1396 
 
 YOUNG MAN. 
 
 Unpromising y. m.-Pale. *6178 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 Ambitious for discovery. 
 
 Converted-H. D. Gough. 
 
 Dangerous y. m.-Catiline. 
 
 Dissipation kills " Ward." 
 
 Generous-Ben j. Franklin. 
 
 Genius in y. m.-Raphael. 
 
 " manifested in y. m. 
 
 " shown early-Newton, 
 tt ii tt it 
 
 " " -Peter. 
 Gratitude of y. m.-Marriage. 
 Honored-Henry Clay. 
 
 " by ofiflce-Houston. 
 Ingenious-Ell Whitney. 
 Intrepid-Son of Margaret. 
 Marriage helps fortune. 
 
 " -Ill-chosen- Widow. 
 
 " " -Shak'sp're 
 
 Maturity of mind in y. m. 
 Misjudged idleness of. 
 Opening for y. m.-Providential 
 Patriotism of y. m.-Timour. 
 Perils of y. m.-Gambllng. 
 Profligate-Emperor Carinus. 
 Ruined by assoclates-H.'s son. 
 
 " " drink-Poe. 
 Successful y. m.-Com. Perry. 
 
 YOUNG MEN. 
 
 Conquest by y. m. -Colonies. 
 Deeds of y. m.-Napoleon. 
 Energetic y. m. -Brutus. 
 Patriotism of y. m.-Civil War. 
 " " " -Stamp Act. 
 
 Success of y. m.-Timour. 
 Triumphant-Isaac Newton. 
 Visions of y. m.-J. Adams. 
 Work of y. m.-Chinese Gordon, 
 
 1633 
 1179 
 1140 
 8283 
 2290 
 
 346 
 5673 
 2295 
 2303 
 2328 
 3445 
 4277 
 3451 
 88 
 1237 
 3447 
 3462 
 3493 
 
 420 
 3634 
 1874 
 89 
 2268 
 1701 
 
 378 
 2914 
 
 ♦6179 
 ♦6180 
 ♦6181 
 ♦6182 
 *6183 
 ♦6184 
 ♦6185 
 ♦6186 
 ♦6187 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 Adventurous spirit-J. Smith. 80 
 Benevolence toward y. m. 780 
 
 made Citizens- Ancient Germ'ns.3408 
 Courage of y. m.-AlI. 1184 
 
 Death of y. m. of genius. 2323 
 
 made Enemies-Clarendon. 4283 
 Enthusiasm of M. B. Cox. 3643 
 
 Helped by reading-room. 4621 
 
 Interest in the struggles of y. m.l87 
 Manhood recognized-Germans.3409 
 in Politics disdained. 4283 
 
 Pride of y. m.-S. Johnson. 1662 
 Spirited-Poverty-Patriotic. 4357 
 
 YOUNG PEOPIiE, 
 
 Cross-references. 
 Devoted to Bacchus. 1038 
 
 Sacrificed-14 Yearly-Crete. 6051 
 to Save y. p. from Minotaur. 6051 
 
 YOUTH. 
 
 Ardor of y.-Lafayette. ♦6188 
 
 Attractive y.-Mahomet. ^6189 
 
 Backwardness in y. ♦6190 
 
958 
 
 
 ZEAL. 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity in y.-G. Washington. *6191 
 
 Devotion to y., Teacher's. 
 
 6150 
 
 Ruined, Undisciplined y. 
 
 1618 
 
 Corrected-Aristotle. 
 
 ♦6192 
 
 Discouragements overcome. 
 
 3312 
 
 Sacrifices in y.-Knowledge. 
 
 3095 
 
 Corrupted by Catiline. 
 
 *6193 
 
 Dissolute y.-Hernando Cortez. 
 
 78 
 
 Sadness of y., Melancholy. 
 
 3562 
 
 Enemies in y.-Wm. P. of 0. 
 
 *6194 
 
 Earnings of y., First-Lincoln. 
 
 3661 
 
 Scepticism of y. cured. 
 
 2824 
 
 Folly of y. -Edgar Allan Poe. 
 
 *6195 
 
 Educated in patriotism.-Spart 
 
 . 894 
 
 Selected In a dream. 
 
 1722 
 
 Fountain of y.-Florida. 
 
 *6196 
 
 Fearless y.-Benedict Arnold. 
 
 2122 
 
 Spirited y.-Alberic the Roman. 507 
 
 Genius in y.-Isaac Newton. 
 
 *6197 
 
 Fidelity in y. rewarded-Drake. 5007 
 
 Study, Devoted to-Napoleon. 
 
 4891 
 
 Hardships in y.-G. Washington.*6198 
 
 Folly of y. considered. 
 
 2062 
 
 " in y.-Isaac Newton. 
 
 2100 
 
 " " "-C. Jerome. 
 
 ♦6199 
 
 " " " -Goldsmith. 
 
 5369 
 
 Surprising y.-Charles XII. 
 
 4786 
 
 " " "-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦6200 
 
 Foreshadows the man. 
 
 3404 
 
 Teacher of y. imitated 
 
 5037 
 
 Hope in y.-Mahomet. 
 
 ♦6201 
 
 Foundation in y., Good. 
 
 5389 
 
 Temptations in school. 
 
 5036 
 
 Humble y. -Romulus. 
 
 ♦6202 
 
 Fountain of y. in free instit't'ns. 213 
 
 Tested-" Win his spurs." 
 
 1560 
 
 an Index-Charles I. 
 
 ♦6203 
 
 «' " " not found. 
 
 1607 
 
 Trained to cruelty. 
 
 1365 
 
 Manhood out of y.-P. Cooper. *6204 
 
 Friend of y.-Peter Cooper. 
 
 1785 
 
 " 11 11 
 
 1366 
 
 Mental basis In y.-Gibbon. 
 
 ♦6205 
 
 Happy y.-School-days. 
 
 5034 
 
 " for war-Franks. 
 
 593& 
 
 Neglected-Peter the Great. 
 
 ♦6206 
 
 Hypocritical y.-Augustus. 
 
 4256 
 
 Training from y. 
 
 4601 
 
 Perfecting y.-Swedenborg. 
 
 ♦6207 
 
 Impressions in y.-Wm. P. of 0. 2762 
 
 Trials in x.-Napoleon. 
 
 5033 
 
 Preparation in y. -Washington. *6208 
 
 " " " -Cruelty. 
 
 2774 
 
 Truant y.-Garibaldi. 
 
 5026 
 
 Presumption of y.-Louls XIV 
 
 ♦6209 
 
 Impressiveness of y.-Demosth 
 
 3949 
 
 Verdancy of y.-Goldsmith. 
 
 3631 
 
 Regard for y.-" Rising Sun." 
 
 ♦6210 
 
 Instructed in laws. 
 
 3164 
 
 See CHILD in loc. 
 
 
 Studious y.-John Milton. 
 
 ♦6211 
 
 Invention in y.-"Mule." 
 
 2986 
 
 
 
 Training of y.-Persians. 
 
 ♦6212 
 
 Knowledge in y., Thirst for. 
 
 3096 
 
 ZEAIi. 
 
 
 Unpromising y.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦6213 
 
 Labor in y.-Thurlow Weed. 
 
 3121 
 
 in Art-Pro togenes. 
 
 ♦6215 
 
 Wildness In y.-George Miiller 
 
 ♦6214 
 
 Life-plan made in y.-Milton. 
 
 3250 
 
 Christian z.-G. Whitefield. 
 
 ♦6216 
 
 
 
 Lover in y. -Napoleon. 
 " " "-Byron. 
 
 3343 
 
 Encouraged-A. Lincoln. 
 
 ♦6217 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-references. 
 
 3355 
 
 Imprudent z. -Puritans. 
 
 ♦6218 
 
 Abilities shown in y. by Alex. 
 
 6 
 
 Marriage in early y. 
 
 3440 
 
 Ineffective z., John Milton's. 
 
 ♦6219 
 
 in y. of Scipio. 
 
 129 
 
 " " " "-Isabella. 
 
 3441 
 
 Misdirected z., Religious. 
 
 ♦6220 
 
 Ability in y. of Charles XII. 
 
 144 
 
 " " " "-Mahomet. 
 
 3442 
 
 Punished z.-Charles Wesley. 
 
 ♦6221 
 
 Adversity in y. overruled. 
 
 1785 
 
 Mathematician in y.-Colburn. 
 
 3533 
 
 Sectarian z. -James II. 
 
 ♦6222 
 
 " " "-G. Washington. 1784 
 
 " " " 
 
 3533 
 
 Unrewarded-Pretender. 
 
 ♦622a 
 
 » >i >i ti 11 
 
 1788 
 
 1787 
 
 " " "-Pascal. 
 Mechanical taste in y. 
 
 2324 
 3543 
 
 
 
 " " "-A. Lincoln. 
 
 Miscellaneous cross-reference 
 
 i. 
 
 Affections of y.-Isaac Newton. 108 
 
 Ministry in y.-R. Watson. 
 
 3615 
 
 of Affection, John Howard's. 
 
 122 
 
 Ambition in y.-Themistocles. 
 
 189 
 
 Misgovernment of y., Howard's. 411 
 
 in Benevolence-John Howard 
 
 . 541 
 
 " " " study-Jones. 
 
 1776 
 
 Neglected education of y. 
 
 1808 
 
 of Christians-Primitive Church. 834 
 
 " "-Charles XII. 
 
 3268 
 
 " -Ruined-E. A. Poe. 
 
 5032 
 
 Church-b'ilding z.-J'wish t'mple.86a 
 
 Blemished by gray hair. 
 
 2499 
 
 Objection to y. removed. 
 
 144 
 
 " "-St. Sophia. 
 
 865 
 
 Brave in death-Covenanter. 
 
 656 
 
 " " " " by votes. 129 
 
 Convert's z.-Ali-Mohammedan. 1184 
 
 " y.-Black Prince-15 years. 470 
 
 Observation in y.-H. Miller. 
 
 5031 
 
 Excessive z. for religious pros 
 
 . 19» 
 
 Choice in y. 
 
 32.54 
 
 Offences, Lingering regrets for 
 
 -S.19 
 
 Intolerant z. of Bishop Mark. 
 
 883 
 
 Compulsion of y.-Combe. 
 
 4485 
 
 Passion for sea-Franklin. 
 
 5558 
 
 Ministerial z. of Dr. Coke. 
 
 539- 
 
 Conspiracy of y. -Roman. 
 
 3839 
 
 Precocious-Wm. P. of Orange. 
 
 5673 
 
 Pretended z.-Charles II. 
 
 2215- 
 
 Conversation, Instructed by. 
 
 2182 
 
 Presumption in y.-Louis XIV. 
 
 6209 
 
 Religious z.of women-Quaker8.412» 
 
 Conversion changes evil y. 
 
 2351 
 
 " " " -Nasica. 
 
 2814 
 
 Woman's z. in religion. 
 
 6133 
 
 Corrected in later life-MuUer 
 
 878 
 
 •* of y.-Pompey. 
 
 6210 
 
 " " " reform. 
 
 6124 
 
 Curiosity in y.-A. Lincoln. 
 
 3272 
 
 Promotion in y.-Alexander. 
 
 1813 
 
 " " " politics. 
 
 6114 
 
 Destruction of Gothic. 
 
 5003 
 
 Protected by good relatives-A 
 
 . 382 
 
 in Worship-England. 
 
 473* 
 
 Determination in y. 
 
 1563 
 
 Purpose of y. executed. 
 
 3277 
 
 See EARNESTNESS in loc 
 
 • 
 
 Note.— To obtain the fullest use of this index, the reader will follow cross-references to the various 
 topics in the index rather than in the body of the work. For example : Under Zeal are the words " See Earnest- 
 ness in loc.," i. «., See Earnestness in the index where a collection of topics nearly synonymous with "Zeal" 
 and "Earnestness " may be found. 
 
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