THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY E BIR' OF MODERN ALY POSTHUMOUS PAPERS OF JESSIE WHITE MARIO .KUASI8AO 10 ILLUSTRATED T. FISHER UN WIN LONDON : i ADELPHI TERRACr LEIPSJC: INSELSTRASS 1909 PORTRAIT OF GARIBALDI. With Autograph Inscription to Madame Mario. THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY POSTHUMOUS PAPERS OF JESSIE WHITE MARIO EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND EPILOGUE BY THE DUKE LiTTA-VISCONTI-ARESE AUTHOR OF " THE SOUL OF A PRIEST " ILLUSTRATED T. FISHER UNWIN LONDON : i ADELPHI TERRACE LEIPSIC: INSELSTRASSE 20 1909 rights reserved.} Italia ! by the passion of the pain That bent and rent thy chain, Italia ! by the breaking of the bands, The shaking of the lands : Beloved, O men's Mother, O men's Queen, Arise, appear, be seen ! SWINBURNE, "A Song of Italy " PUBLISHER'S NOTE AT her death Madame Mario left a large pile of manuscript, the unrevised draft of her memoirs of the Italian Risorgimento. The work was a complete whole, but lacked the arrangement, the curtailment, and the finishing touches which the author would no doubt have given to it had she lived. It was felt that, as might be expected from Madame Mario's unique knowledge of the Risorgimento and the men who made it, the manuscript contained valuable historical and biographical material which ought to be given to the public ; but at the same time the form necessary for publication was lacking. In these circumstances, the Duke Litta-Visconti-Arese, whose family played an important part in the Revolution and who is thoroughly versed in its history, kindly consented to edit the work. He has retained as far as possible Madame Mario's own words, deleting passages which seemed to be of small interest or to interrupt the flow of the narrative, and adding where necessary, connecting and explanatory matter. Important assistance in the preparation and revision of the book has been given by Mrs. E. F. Richards, who, as a close friend of Madame Venturi and a keen student of Mazzini's life and work, has been able to elucidate many obscure passages in Madame Mario's manuscript, and to whom are due the notes signed "E. F. R." In the matter of the illustrations, thanks are due to the Mayor of Milan (1908) for his permission to reproduce a large number of portraits from the Museo del Risorgimento ; to Dr. Lodovico Corio, Keeper of the Museo, for his kind help and advice in the choice of these portraits ; to Madame Villari, who lent the three interesting photographs of Alberto and Jessie White Mario, and of Agostino Bertani ; and to Capitano Ferri and the Sidoli family for the loan of the valuable portrait of Giuditta Sidoli. VI CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION , xix I THE FIRST STRUGGLE (1830-1834) , . .. . i Influence in Italy of the French Revolution Carbonari Mazzini's parentage and youth First imprisonment and exile Letter to Charles Albert " Young Italy " Giuditta Sidoli Betrayal Executions in Piedmont Jacopo Ruffini's suicide All exiles expelled from Marseilles Mazzini and Signora Sidoli Gavioli and the Paris Moniteur Difficulties of correspondence. II VAIN ATTEMPTS . . . . . .21 Savoy Expedition General Ramorino Mazzini a foot soldier Foresees disaster Failure Garibaldi "Young Europe" (1834) Switzerland rejects the exiles Mazzini's mental suffering Resigns the leadership of "Young Italy" First months in London Mademoiselle de Mandrot No. 9 George Street Death of Francesca Mazzini Mazzini writes for Le Monde ; the Monthly Review, the Westminster, the Foreign Quarterly, the Monthly Chronicle. Ill MAZZINI AND THE CARLYLES (1838-1840) . . . 31 Acquaintance with the Carlyles Review of the French Revolution Letters home The Chartists Chelsea "too vii CONTENTS PAGE far" from London Mazzini's appreciation of Carlyle John Stuart Mill Lamennais Carlyle and Chartism Mazzini's views differ from Carlyle's Working-men's Association The Apostolato Popolare Evening- and Sunday-schools Mazzini works for the idea of One Italy His view of Charles Albert Changes in Mazzini's household Harriet Martineau To St. Paul's with Mrs. Carlyle Mrs. Carlyle and Giovanni Ruffini Mazzini moves to Chelsea Mrs. Carlyle sends a keepsake to Mazzini's mother Dr. Mazzini's uneasiness Mazzini's reassurances Carlyle's theory of silence The Bullers. IV MAZZINI'S LIFE IN LONDON (1841-1844) . . -5 Signora Mazzini and Mrs. Carlyle Lady Byron and the school for organ-boys Mrs. Carlyle loses her mother Mazzini's faith in immortality Mrs. Carlyle's surprising references to Mazzini Lady Harriet Baring Mazzini requires a dress- coat Failure of Gambini's bank Mazzini's allowance from home Carlyle, the Barings, and Mazzini Mazzini's letters of counsel to Mrs. Carlyle Mazzini leaves Chelsea He is watched by the Austrian Embassy Attempts to break up his school Gisquet's Memoires revive the Gavioli libel Prose- cution of Gisquet Mazzini's faith in the honour of the English Government. V THE BANDIERA BROTHERS (1843-1845) . . .66 Mazzini's letters opened in the English Post-office His corre- spondence with the Bandieras Thomas Slingsby Duncombe gives notice of a motion in the House of Commons Sir James Graham's admission Lord Aberdeen the betrayer of infor- mation to Austria Interest aroused throughout England and Scotland England not responsible for the Bandieras' death Nicola Fabrizi Baron Bandiera's sons conspire Domenico Moro Attilio Bandiera writes to Mazzini Treachery of Micciarelli Attilio contrives to warn his brother and Moro viii CONTENTS PAGE Writes to his wife and mother Escapes to Syria Emilio visits his mother and sister-in-law on the eve of his escape to Corfu Betrayal by a stewardess Incautious letters handed by a false friend to the Austrians Mazzini, deprecating small risings, preaches patience Fabrizi organising a large move- ment Ricciotti Treachery in Paris Ricciotti liberated Reaches Corfu Refugees embark for Calabria A trap Assailed and defeated Death Sir James Graham denounces Mazzini as an assassin Carlyle's letter to the Times Sir James Graham's amende honorable. VI WEARY WAITING (1845) . ; j! . . . .84 Mazzini's gratitude to Englishmen Medals presented to Mr. Duncombe Mazzini brought prominently into notice Demands from editors for articles English and Italian friends Lord Ashley President of the Society for the protection of Italian boys Joseph Cowen Peter Taylor An impostor deceives Dickens and Cobden The Ashursts Lloyd-Garrison Caroline Ashurst Stansfeld Emilie Ashurst Hawkes (after- wards E. A. Venturi). VII MAZZINI IN LONDON (1846-1847) . . . -94 The Moderates and the Rimini insurgents Interest felt for Italy in England Anti Corn-law League Peel's return to power Russell's Ministry Palmerston's services to oppressed nations Mazzini and Browning's poetry Mrs. Browning Mazzini's feeling for the Poles Mazzini reports Garibaldi's deeds in South America Accession of Pius IX. Italian enthusiasm Attitude of Piedmont Mazzini's New Year letter for 1847 Sir Ralph Abercromby Metternich Italy a " geographical expression " Annexation of Cracow Inter- national League Its influence Mrs. Milner-Gibson and the Ashursts A successful bazaar Grisio and Mario sing at school concert The Pope and Charles Albert. ix PAGE CONTENTS VIII THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION (1847) . . .112 Resentment at Austria's occupation of Ferrara Palmerston's frank communique His opposition to Guizot and Louis Philippe England the disinterested friend of Sardinia Cobden Popular feeling in Genoa A sequestrated letter of Mazzini's Nino Bixio voices popular enthusiasm Charles Albert's desire for a War of Independence Belief in Pius IX. IX GEORGES SAND AND LONDON FRIENDS (1847) . .121 Letter to Lizzie Biggs Mazzini and the Ruffinis in Paris Visit to Madame Sand The Ashursts and Madame Sand The affair of Favizzano Mazzini back in London Margaret Fuller The Whittington Club and the Metropolitan Athenaeum Condition of Italy in 1 847 The idea of Union Mazzini's "Instructions and Methods" His New Year letter for 1848. THE GREAT REVOLUTION (1848) . . . . 137 Milan's " Self-denying Ordinance " Palermo's ultimatum The Sicilian rising Determination to regain the Constitution of 1812 Flight of the Governor De Sauget abandons the Molo Triumph of the revolution Mazzini and Sicily English interest Louis Philippe's abdication Mazzini in Paris Lamartine's speech Ledru - Rollin Mazzini's in- fluential position Giovanni Ruffini Mazzini's arrival in Milan Cattaneo's efforts to form a Lombard army Treat- ment of volunteers and of Garibaldi Lack of military maps Luciano Manara and Pietro Arcioni Incapacity of the Provisional Government False confidence Pius IX.'s volte face Its effect Count Pompeo Litta's protest against the Government's intentions The Plebiscite Decree of the I zth of May Disasters in the field. PAGE CONTENTS XI THE GREAT REVOLUTION continued (1848) . . . 162 Count Casati The question of the capital Mazzini's neutrality Protest against the decree of the izth Riotous demonstration Democratic journals burnt Question of the capital postponed Appointment of a Lombard " Consulta " Venice " Fusion " voted Garibaldi offers his sword to Charles Albert Appointed head of the Volunteers in Milan Ferrara occupied by the Austrians Charles Albert willing to abandon Venice Radetzky pushes his advantages The alarmed " Consulta" summon Mazzini and Cattaneo Defence Committee formed Superseded by a military Commission Mazzini joins Garibaldi's force as a foot soldier Charles Albert enters Milan Secret terms with Radetzky Fury of the populace Escape of the King The Austrians enter Milan Garibaldi's heroic efforts and defeat. XII VENICE, ROME, AND SISTER CITIES (1848-1849) . . 177 Radetzky Cattaneo Venice Manin keeps the Austrians at bay Palmerston and France Kossuth supports Radetzky Palmerston deaf to Venice's plea Radetzky ravages Lombardy The Pope summons Rossi to form a Ministry Sicily appoints Settimo head of an independent Government Death of Mazzini's father Rossi stabbed Pius IX. flies to Gaeta Mazzini and Saffi The Chartists in England Registration of Aliens Bill Cavaignac despatches Oudinot to receive the Pope Garibaldi cries "Vive la Republica" Mameli summons Mazzini to Rome First Triumvirate Carlo Pisacane The Republic decides to aid Piedmont Charles Albert's abdication Mazzini and Garibaldi in Rome Second Triumvirate Garibaldi's desire to invade the Kingdom of Naples Oudinot advances on Rome Roman victory of April 3Oth Armistice De Lesseps King of Naples driven to retreat Ancona and Perugia De Lesseps recalled to Paris Oudinot announces that he will attack on June 4th. xi CONTENTS XIII PAGE THE DEFENCE OF ROME (1849) . . . . 19$ Mazzini's opinion Oudinot's treachery The night surprise of the 2nd and 3rd Goffredo Mameli Heroism of men and women Pisacane's tribute to the Government Garibaldi deprecates further " useless butchery " His difference with Mazzini Manara's influence His death Garibaldi's last effort Death of Aguyar The three alternatives Garibaldi summoned to the Assembly Cernuschi's resolution Mazzini's protest Carlyle's diary Garibaldi, Anita, and about four thousand march out by the Porta San Giovanni The Tuscans refuse them hospitality San Marino Garibaldi disbands his followers Attempts to reach Venice Betrayed by the moon Gorzkowsky's ferocity Death of Anita Dom Giovanni Verita Garibaldi imprisoned in Genoa Mazzini's journey from Rome Reaction general Napoleon's dupes Thiers Victor Hugo Arago Frenchmen decree the death of the Roman Republic. XIV THE WEARY INTERVAL (1849-1851) . . . 212 Ledru-Rollin and Barbs Letters from Georges Sand to Mazzini Ultalia del Popolo Mazzini's letter to Tocqueville and Falloux Georges Sand's estimate of the French spirit Her adhesion to Communism Mrs. Stansfeld visits her Law restricting suffrage in France Mazzini's foresight His return to England Hartmann's description of Mazzini "Italian National Committee " " European Democratic Committee " Death of Mme. Ashurst Bardon. XV EUROPEAN POLITICS (1850-1852) .... 224 Lord Palmerston's courageous policy The Porte and the Hungarian and Polish Exiles Palmerston's action Kossuth, Mazzini, and Ledru-Rollin "The judicious Bottle- xii CONTENTS PAGE holder" Lord Stanley's attack on Palmerston Death of Sir Robert Peel General Haynau and Barclay's draymen "The Friends of Italy" Louis Napoleon's Coup d'etat Palmerston's dismissal. XVI SORROW AND GRIEF (1852-1854) .... 232 Death and the galleys Mazzini and the Socialists Georges Sand stands by the Socialists Mazzini's last letter to his mother Her sudden death Emilie Ashurst Hawkes breaks the news Signora Mazzini's wise legacies. XVII THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF SAVOY (1853) . . 241 Abortive insurrectionary attempt in Milan, February 6, 1853 Kossuth's Manifesto Monarchical influence ascendant Cavour becomes Premier His hostility to the Mazzinian party Garibaldi in England The Crimean War Piedmont a party to the peace negotiations Garibaldi challenges Rosselli A duel averted Miss White accompanies Garibaldi's betrothed to Italy and Sardinia. XVIII Miss WHITE MAKES THE ACQUAINTANCE OF STANSFELD AND MAZZINI (1855-1856) .... 253 Ricciotti Garibaldi Mr. Stansfeld Pietro Fortunato Calvi Garibaldi at Portsmouth English Ambassadors and "Bomba's" prisoners Felice Orsini His escape from prison Acclama- tions for Cavour The words "British subject" held to refer to males only Mazzini at Cedar Road. xiii CONTENTS XIX PAGE THE MARTYRS OF SAPRI (1857-1858) . . . 263 Mazzini in Genoa Attempts in 1856 Letter from Garibaldi Pisacane and Pilo Pisacane's first venture He goes to Sicily Second expedition Three days of suspense Terrible news Pisacane's fate Nicotera Miss White imprisoned Attempts to prove her insane Cavour appeals for an expert French agent to unearth Mazzini Mazzini eludes the police Reaches Hastings. XX THE SHADOW OF COMING EVENTS (1858-1860) . . 276 Change of Ministry in England Orsini's attack on Louis Napoleon Cavour atPlombires Cavour and Garibaldi Pied- montese-French alliance Exiles return to be enrolled in the Piedmontese regular army Louis Napoleon vacillates Cavour's determination to declare war Austria invades the Sardinian States French army corps crosses the Alps Mazzini morally triumphant Napoleon suddenly resolves to end the war He writes to the Emperor Francis Joseph Palmerston's foresight Diplomacy Napoleon and Francis Joseph at Villafranca Humiliating position of Victor Emmanuel Cavour's fury His resignation Desire of the Italians for unity Army of Central Italy Military League to be commanded by Garibaldi and General Fanti Both deprived of their commands Garibaldi determines to resume revolutionary methods Cavour again Premier Cession of Nice and Savoy Mazzini discovers the secret Formal act of cession. XXI THE "THOUSAND" (1860-1861) .... 299 Crispi's work in Sicily Rosalino Pilo Parts played by the King and Cavour Cavour's embarrassment Garibaldi fixes the xiv CONTENTS PAGE number of volunteers at a thousand He starts for Sicily His intention to invade Naples Five days of suspense Pile's death after six weeks of heroic struggle which kept the way open for Garibaldi Castelfidardo Volturno Garibaldi hands over eleven millions of Italians to King Victor Emmanuel. XXII THE KINGDOM OF ITALY ..... 309 The Moderates and Mazzini in Naples Garibaldi's indigna- tion Napoleon's petty revenges Garibaldi elected to Parlia- ment February 6, 1861 Cavour's death Rumours as to the cession of Sardinia Lord John Russell warned Baron Ricasoli succeeds Cavour Lord John Russell deprecates the habit ot looking upon Italy as the mere vassal of France " Emanci- pation Committees." XXIII ROYALTY AND THE PEOPLE'S HERO . . . . 314 Garibaldi presides at the Plenary Assembly Campanella voices the aspirations of the Democracy The Moderates overthrow Ricasoli Garibaldi arranges a " Dalmatian " scheme with the King and Rattazzi He enrols volunteers A stormy meeting at Trascorre Arrest of certain volunteers The people attack their prison Garibaldi returns to Caprera The condition of the Southern Provinces " The eagle flies southward " Garibaldi in Palermo Louis Napoleon threatens to march on Rome Victor Emmanuel orders Garibaldi's movement to be suppressed General belief in a secret understanding between Garibaldi and the King Garibaldi evades the Government troops and crosses into Calabria A terrible march A royal bullet strikes Garibaldi to the ground at Aspromonte Mazzini and Cattaneo Hopeless misery Subscription in England Dr. Parkins Professor Zanetti extracts the bullet Lady Palmerston's gift Mazzini, the Greco plot, and the Moderates Mazzini's correspondence with Victor Emmanuel only inter- rupted. XV CONTENTS XXIV PAGE GARIBALDI IN ENGLAND (1864) , . , . 332 Extraordinary reception Stay in the Isle of Wight Entry into London Dinner-party at Stafford House Lord Palmerston gives an official dinner Visit to Mazzini Banquet of Revolutionaries The Duke of Sutherland opportunely con- cerned for Garibaldi's health Provincial tour given up The Prince of Wales visits the General Departure Mazzini warns Menotti of a " friendly " scheme which Garibaldi thwarts. EPILOGUE . 16 / . 338 INDEX >:^ 343 xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GARIBALDI (WITH DEDICATION TO MADAME MARIO) . Frontispiece FACING PAGE JESSIE WHITE MARIO ...... xix MAZZINI'S BIRTHPLACE AT GENOA . . . . .3 CARLO ALBERTO ....... 9 (By Horace Vernet) GlUDITTA SlDOLI . . . . . . IO (From a painting by Appiani. Lent by the Sidoli family, and here reproduced for the first time) JACOPO RUFFINI . . . . ."J 14 GARIBALDI'S DEATH SENTENCE . . . -23 MAZZINI'S MOTHER . . . . ;' 57 NICOLA FABRIZI . . . . . . ,69 ATTILIO BANDIERA . . . . . 72 EMILIO BANDIERA . . . . . . 72 FACSIMILE OF MAZZINI'S HANDWRITING . . . .88 (From a letter lent by Mrs. E. F. Richards) Pius IX. .... . 101 (From a painting by Metzmach) MASSIMO D'AZEGLIO . . . . . .102 MAZZINI . . . . . . . .no (From a painting by Emilie Ashurst Venturi) NINO BIXIO . . . . . . .118 ENRICO CIALDINI . . . . . . .152 LUCIANO MANARA . . . . . .154 UGO BASSI . . . . . . . 154 GOFFREDO MAMELI . . . . . 154 A* XVli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE POMPEO LlTTA .... . 159 CATTANEO. . . 165 (Bust by Vela) DANIELE MANIN . . . . .167 AURELIO SAFFI . . . . . ^185 VICTOR EMMANUEL II. . . . . 188 GIULIA CALAME MODENA ...... 197 AGOSTINO BERTANI . . . . ... 200 ANITA GARIBALDI ... ... 204 NOTE OF ITALIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE . . . .220 ADRIANO LEMMI ....... 222 EMILIE, YOUNGEST DAUGHTER OF W. H. ASHURST, MARRIED TO SIDNEY HAWKES, AFTERWARDS TO CARLO VENTURI . . 239 CAMILLO CAVOUR ....... 243 CARLO PISACANE ....... 270 GIOVANNI NICOTERA ...... 270 JESSIE WHITE MARIO IN THE YEAR OF HER MARRIAGE . .. 272 (From a photograph kindly lent by Madame Villari) ALBERTO MARIO ....... 276 (From a photograph kindly lent by Madame Villari) BETTINO RICASOLI . . . . . . .282 URBANO RATTAZZI . . . . . . .287 FRANCESCO CRISPI ....... 299 GARIBALDI AND MAZZINI . . . . . 313 (Taken for the Emancipation Committee) MAZZINI ON HIS DEATH-BED 342 MAZZINI'S TOMB . . . . . . 342 XVlll JESSIE WHITE MARIO. To face p. xix.] INTRODUCTION JESSIE WHITE MARIO IN great historical events, in the memorable struggles which from time to time have taken place on the world's stage, certain personages have appeared who, though not entitled to rank among the chief actors or even the supernumeraries of the tragedy, possess a certain interest, because unconsciously their lives have been profoundly in- fluenced by constant and intimate association with the protagonists. Though intercourse with giants of thought and of action may have biased the equanimity and objective- ness of their judgments, still their opinions are entitled to a certain amount of consideration, as explaining and justifying the irresistible fascination exercised by the great actors with whom they came in contact. The psychologist must always find a pathetic interest in examining channels of thought and sentiment through which absolute surrender of self has been attained. Jessie White Mario was one of those figures, destined by circumstances to move in the orbit of many of the great men who have thrown an imperishable light on the epos of the Italian Resurrection that extraordinary succession of events which still awaits its narration by an historian worthy of the lofty theme. When this long-looked- for historian does arrive, he will certainly not ignore the testimony of this remarkable woman, who seemed to blend in her char- acter the staunch tenacity of the Anglo-Saxon race with the poetic enthusiasm of the Latin. Fate dealt somewhat cruelly xix INTRODUCTION with her, and she was doomed to be a stranger both in her adopted and in her native land, as her manners and ideas, partaking of the idiosyncrasies of the two races, made it impossible for her to be thoroughly comprehended and appreciated by either. Born at Gosport, May 9, 1832, she was a daughter of Thomas White eldest surviving member of the well- known family of yacht builders and of Jane Meriton. Her mother was of American origin ; her uncle, Thomas Leader Harman, being the owner of a great part of the land upon which New Orleans was built. Mr. Harman, in the early twenties, liberated all his slaves, evidently from humanitarian principles, and by his will ordered that the land he possessed should not be alienated until his youngest child should be of age. This child, Charlotte, Jessie's second cousin, was educated by the Meritons, and married Mr. Eaton, the great China-silk importer, who, in 1887, was created Lord Cheylesmore. According to a pamphlet, issued by the " Garibaldi Unity Committee," and printed in Newcastle by Robert Todd, of the Newcastle Chronicle, probably in December, 1861, Jessie White was educated in various private schools, among others, in "one conducted by two kind-hearted and most respectable ladies, at Birmingham " (j/V). It appears that these ladies, thoroughly and rigidly orthodox though they were, could not suppress the girl's innate tendencies towards freedom of thought, so she never lost an opportunity of attending the lectures of that most popular of " heretical " preachers, George Dawson, whose principles of municipal reform found, later on, in Mr. Chamberlain, a powerful and eloquent advocate. This liberty of thought naturally horrified many of Jessie's straight-laced and intensely " respectable " friends. At the age of twenty-one, she had rendered herself inde- pendent, and was able to earn her own living by teaching and writing. About this period she went to Paris for the double purpose of learning French and supervising the education of her sisters. There she made the acquaintance xx INTRODUCTION of Henri Martin, Cousin, Lamartine, and Thierry, and, for the first time, wrote for publication. " Alice Lane ; a story of Humble Life in Yorkshire " was accepted by Eliza Cook, and published in her magazine, October, 1853. Having been present at the funeral of Lamennais, by whose principles and spirit she was greatly attracted, she wrote an article about him, and also, later, one about Berenger, both of these studies being published in the Biographical Magazine. Her first attempt in the political field was a tale entitled " Brotherhood versus Nationality." In 1854 a lady friend offered her the post of companion in a journey to Italy, which she accepted, and thus entered for the first time what was to be her second country. As chance willed, this lady rented for a few months the Maison Garibaldi in Nice, and there she met the hero, with whom both Jessie and her friend became so intimate that they eventually spent a month together in the moun- tains of the island of Sardinia. During this trip Garibaldi must have spoken much of his life in South America, and of the siege of Rome, and have expressed his hopes for Italy's future. Friendship with him evidently had a powerful influence on Miss White's destiny. It is certain that Garibaldi entertained the greatest respect for his young English friend, and, later on, it was to her care that he confided his son Ricciotti, who was a most delicate child, requiring intelligent and devoted attention. Jessie White now visited Florence, becoming acquainted, and afterwards intimate, with Elizabeth Barrett Browning, another great Englishwoman, whose name is a household word in Italy. When she returned to England, in the spring of 1856, Paolo Fabrizi, Garibaldi's friend and physician, intro- duced to her Felice Orsini, who had just escaped from the dungeons of Mantua, and she undertook to translate and edit his " Memoirs," just accepted for publication by Mr. George Routledge. On this occasion she made the ac- quaintance of Mazzini. From the very first interview, her fate was decided : she had found her leader, and, henceforth, her unswerving allegiance was passionately xxi INTRODUCTION dedicated to the great Apostle of Unity and Liberty. This devotion never swerved, and it explains and excuses all that might be considered partisan in her judgments. From the hour of her acquaintance with Mazzini she devoted herself body and soul to his great work, and, having placed Ricciotti at a school in Liverpool, she re- turned the same year (1856) to Genoa, to aid Mazzini in the organisation of Pisacane's expedition to Naples. She remained there, however, only for a short time, and returned almost immediately to England. A new society of Italian sympathisers having been formed, comprising most of Mazzini's best and most faithful friends, she, with Aurelio Saffi, the ex-triumvir of Rome, was commissioned to lecture in the English provinces on the subject of Italy. Her first lecture was delivered at Derby in December, 1856, and met with remarkable success ; then the death of her brother momentarily interrupted her activity. In the follow- ing year she visited Newcastle, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Paisley, &c., and in these cities a considerable sum was collected, which served to complete the ill-fated expedition of Pisacane. Shortly after, Jessie White wrote a series of articles for the Daily News, entitled " Italy for the Italians," in which she expounded the views and aspirations of the National Party. Weir, the then editor of the paper, was so struck by them that he offered her the post of correspondent in Genoa. In those days such an offer being made to a woman was without precedent, so we may easily imagine how eagerly she accepted it, especially being well aware that grave events were matur- ing there at that time. The Genoese received her enthusi- astically ; when called upon to appear at the balcony of her hotel and address the cheering crowd, she characteristically advised the multitude to " reserve their strength for the coming conflict with Austria." It was on this occasion that she met Alberto Mario. A compatriot of hers who knew her well describes her as "a handsome young woman, with a lovely complexion, and masses of shining reddish hair crowning an eager, intelligent face, and with a magnetic personality, expressive of strong xxii INTRODUCTION mental power and goodness." Alberto Mario was one of the handsomest men in Italy, and was furthermore sur- rounded by a romantic halo of mystery, persecution, and heroism. It must assuredly have been a case of love at first sight, as they became engaged almost at once. As they were both soon afterwards imprisoned, their marriage only took place in England in December, 1857. The Pisacane expedition, begun with inadequate means, was, from its very inception, destined to failure. Cavour, whose great genius was essentially practical and matter-of- fact, could never find an excuse for it. Leaving apart his dislike and distrust of revolutionary methods, which were quite incompatible with his duties as a minister, the neigh- bouring Powers were menacingly demanding the suppression of these subversive attempts, and insisting that Mazzini and his followers should be so restrained as to render them powerless to put their ideas into execution. The conspirators had arranged a coup-de-main, by which they would seize the city of Genoa, the ships in the harbour, arms and ammunition, and thus give all possible assistance to Pisacane and his companions. But the plot failed, almost before it could be carried out, and hundreds were imprisoned. Jessie White, though having an English passport in perfect order, was peremptorily commanded to quit the town : she declined to do so, and appealed to the English ambassador in Turin, Sir James Hudson, not for protection, but to see that she obtained a fair trial. It seems that Sir James, whose admiration and affection for Cavour are matters of history, did not protect her sufficiently, so the young woman was placed in prison, and remained there until the end of November. Although subjected to four searching examinations, nothing was found against her, " much to the discomfiture of the Attorney-General, a silly, spiteful old man, who, incensed by her declarations that Mazzini was the greatest man and truest patriot Italy ever possessed, would have sent her to the galleys if he had dared," as the Newcastle pamphlet, already quoted, some- what naively describes the events. xxiii INTRODUCTION She was then set free, together with almost all her com- panions in captivity : Mazzini and five others, all in contumacy, were condemned to death, nine to twenty, and many others again to thirteen, ten, and seven years' imprisonment. But here we must note a remarkable circumstance, as it casts a most peculiar light on the actions and intentions of Cavour. Mazzini, during all this time, had been hiding in the house of Marchese Pareto, which was repeatedly ransacked and searched by the police without any result, and he was able besides always to warn his associates. Even Saffi asks with some reason how all this blindness was possible, especially as it was well known that Mazzini left the Pareto palace with a lady of Genoa, Christina Profumo, on his arm, in full daylight, passed through the police surrounding it, and even asked one of the men for a light to his cigar. Jessie White never forgave Sir James Hudson, and still less Cavour, so the most prejudiced and partisan judgments to be found in these memoirs are those concerning the great Piedmontese statesman. After their marriage, the Marios left for the United States, where they lectured in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, obtaining considerable success. On their return to Europe, Madame Mario, as war corre- spondent to the New York Times and Evening Post, hastened back to Italy with her husband, but the campaign was practically over, for the famous, or rather infamous, Peace of Villafranca, had been stipulated. The Marios then went to Ferrara to be near the Venetian provinces, in which most of Alberto's relatives were living, but their revolu- tionary activity soon giving umbrage to the " liberal " Italian Government of the day, both were arrested by order of Colonel Cipriani at Pontelagoscuro, and imprisoned in the Castle of Ferrara. However, as nothing could be proved against them, they were conveyed by the carabinieri, first to Lodi, then to Milan, en route for the Swiss frontier. As exiles, they remained some time in Lugano, busying themselves mostly with purely literary work ; but when xxiv INTRODUCTION Garibaldi's expedition of the " One Thousand " started on its adventurous and glorious enterprise, notwithstanding the orders of Cavour to General Medici, to the Governor of CagHari in Sardinia, and to Garibaldi himself, that the Marios should not be allowed to land in Sicily, and should be sent back, they reached Palermo in safety. From that moment, Jessie White Mario dedicated all her energy to nursing the many wounded, first under Dr. Ripari, the chief of Garibaldi's medical staff, and then under Dr. Cesare Stradivari at Barcelona, in the " Convent on the Hill," where the severest cases had been gathered. The young woman's unfaltering and loving devotion to her charges was so conspicuous, that the thankful patients, quite unofficially, as their pathetically ungrammatical address is there to prove, offered to the " nurse of Garibaldi's wounded " a gold medal. When the Garibaldian troops triumphantly arrived at Naples, after the bold landing at Pizzo, near Reggio, Calabria, in which Alberto Mario played a prominent part, the good nurse found her hands full, as there were in this city sixteen or eighteen hospitals to attend to, and means were very limited. With the help of the English Com- mittee presided over by Lady Shaftesbury, she managed to alleviate much suffering ; but however great had been her merits during the entire campaign, everything pales into insignificance beside her conduct on the memor- able ist of October (battle of the Volturno), when Jessie Mario remained thirty-six hours in the first-aid hospital, and, as related by the Times correspondent, made not less than fourteen journeys under fire to bring back the wounded, displaying unparalleled courage and devotion. Thus, as it were in an apotheosis of purest light, ended what may be called the " heroic " part of Jessie White Mario's existence, and only once did she sally forth from her seclusion, in 1870, to follow Garibaldi in France, where she nursed the wounded at Dijon. Her private life, hence- forward, escapes the biographer, and of it we can only say that nothing could have been more simple or more dignified. XXV INTRODUCTION To the end she was compelled to make her livelihood by writing and teaching ; for many years she was the Italian correspondent for English and American papers, notably the New York Nation and the London Daily News. She wrote lives of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cattaneo, and Bertani, and several pamphlets on social questions. Unlike many of those who had taken an active part in the struggle for Italian Independence under the banner of Mazzini, she and her husband never bent their knee to the monarchy, triumphant though it was ; Alberto Mario even refused to take his oath of allegiance to the King and thus lost his seat in Parliament, an example of coherence and dignity which many Republicans of the day have conveniently forgotten in order to accept from the Government high and lucrative positions. Alberto Mario died poor and almost forgotten, and his widow was forced to teach until shortly before her death, at the " Scuola di Magistero " (Provincial Normal School) of Florence. On March 5, 1906, she died, a victim to her keen sense of duty, as, ill and feeble, she insisted upon resuming her work, notwithstanding the entreaties of her friends and medical advisers. According to her testa- mentary dispositions, she was cremated, and, with a purely civil ceremony, her ashes were transported to Lendinara and placed beside those of her husband. All the authorities were present, and Professor Pasquale Villari pronounced an eloquent speech on the occasion. By a remarkable and pathetic coincidence, her funeral cortege passed before " Casa Guidi," decorated with flowers and banners for the inauguration of a memorial to her dear friend and com- panion in the love of Italy, Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Carducci said in his " Confession! e Battaglie " that Jessie White Mario was " a great woman, to whom we Italians owe a great debt," and it is shameful that Italy made no attempt to sweeten and console the failing years of the stranger who had sacrificed so much for its Independence. In the frantic rush of the twentieth century, in its mad chase after material enjoyment, her figure seems vague and xxvi INTRODUCTION shadowy, out of place and out of time. But if one day those who know not how to forget, and who keep sacred in their hearts the cult of the glorious past of Italy, in striking contrast to its actual political degradation and lack of high ideals moral and social, erect one day a monument to her memory, no pompous inscription should mar its pedestal. Her name alone would be the greatest homage to the woman who accomplished her unrequited labour of love with simplicity and in silence. Before closing this brief Introduction, it is advisable to state that we do not indiscriminately endorse all the opinions of the writer. We have no polemical or poli- tical intent in view, and have accepted the honour and responsibility of editing these papers, with the sole aim of presenting to the public what we conscientiously con- sider a living and precious record of the most striking event of the nineteenth century, the Liberation and Unifi- cation of Italy. LITTA VISCONTI ARESE. xxvn BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY THE FIRST STRUGGLE 1830-1834 Influence in Italy of the French Revolution Carbonari Mazzini's parentage and youth First imprisonment and exile Letter to Charles Albert "Young Italy" Giuditta Sidoli Betrayal Exe- cutions in Piedmont Jacopo Ruffini's suicide All exiles expelled from Marseilles Mazzini and Signora Sidoli Gavioli and the Paris Moniteur Difficulties of correspondence. AN appreciation of those early movements which, with a rapidity of result unprecedented in the world's history, culminated in the unification of Italy, is only possible to those who are acquainted with the conditions of Europe on the morrow of the great French Revolution. It is a striking and peculiar fact that events, comparatively so recent that a man of eighty could easily have been an eye- witness of some of them, may appear as remote as occurrences of centuries ago. This is partly due to the rapid rate at which we live, and partly to the fact that the sentiments which inspired those ideals were caused by a huge con- vulsion in the social and political body, the effects of which, though for some purposes permanent and lasting, have, on the whole, given proportionately poor ethical results. The victorious armies of Napoleon I., in their triumphal marches over Europe, had been the most powerful agents in the dissemination of the principles of the French Revo- lution : their action in Italy was especially potent because of old republican traditions lurking in the obscure sub- THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY stratum of the popular consciousness, and fanned to a greater intensity by the foundation of the Ligurian, Cisalpine, Parthenopean, and Etrurian Republics. This culminated in the resurrection of the Kingdom of Italy a name unheard since Arduino of Ivrea 1 in the eleventh century and the coronation of Napoleon with the Iron Crown of the old Longobard kings. The Emperors of Germany and of Austria had often styled themselves "Kings of the Romans," but the genius of Napoleon called to a new life the long-forgotten appellation. Thus a great number of the historic landed aristocracy accepted positions and honours at the Court of the " King of Italy," and " Italy " became later the battle-cry of thousands of heroes, the green- white-red flag of the new monarchy having received in the campaign of Russia its glorious baptism of fire. This kingdom created by Napoleon was as meteoric as his own career, and when he fell, everything apparently returned to the statu quo ante. But the seed that had been sown had taken deeper root than the shrewd diplomats of the Con- gresses of Paris and Vienna Metternich and Talleyrand not excepted ever imagined. The veteran officers of the " Great Emperor," abruptly dismissed on half-pay, and with the rank and file returning to their homes, resorted in self-defence to conspiracy and propaganda, for they found themselves the butt of police persecution and in danger of being murdered by an ignorant rabble instigated by the fanaticism of clergy who were tools of the Jesuits. From this sprang the Carbonari Association, organised in vendite or lodges, and widely distributed all over Italy. In 1821 this work of propaganda was so successful that a plot, having ramifications in the entire Peninsula, broke out in Romagna. The Romagnoli, a strong, bold, proud, independent race, ill supported the corrupt and tyrannical Papal Government and rose in arms against it. Unable to withstand the popular revolt, the Papal Government immediately appealed to Austria, and Metternich, only too pleased at the opportunity of extending Austria's hegemony 1 Arduino, Marquis of Ivrea, last Italian "King of Italy " (1002-1012). MAZZIXI'S BIRTHPLACE AT GEXOA. To face p. 3. 1821] BIRTH OF MAZZINI over the rest of Italy, immediately sent a strong army to "restore order." Bologna, Imola, Ravenna, Forli, Rimini, and other cities were militarily occupied, and the spies and "judicial commissions " began their tragic work on the patriots. This insurrection gave rise to conspiracies and agitations all over the country ; in Piedmont, even a prince of the Royal house, Carlo Alberto di Savoia Carignano, not far removed from succession to the throne if the Salic law were respected, was undoubtedly aware of the move- ment, though perhaps he did not actually take part in it ; in Lombardy, men of high position and great intellectual value, such as Confalonieri, 1 Pellico, 2 Montanelli,3 and others, were arrested, condemned to death, and being reprieved, sent for years to the horrid dungeons of Spiel- berg.4 Henceforth, no year passed without bringing its contingent of martyrs to a cause the popularity of which was fostered by the blood of the best and of the noblest. No city in the whole of Italy was more imbued with liberal and republican ideas than Genoa, and it was there, on June 22, 1805, that Giuseppe Mazzini, the purest hero of the Italian " Risorgimento," was born. His father, Dr. Giacomo Mazzini, Professor in the University, was an earnest and rather stern personality ; his mother, Maria, nee Drago, a woman of high moral virtue and great intel- lect, educated him with unceasing care, because as a child, he was especially delicate and sensitive. At fifteen he entered the University with the intention of studying medicine, but he soon found that his highly impressionable 1 Confalonieri, Conte Federico (1776-1846), attempted to raise a Revolution in Lombardy in 1821; was condemned to death, respited, and imprisoned in the fortress of Spielberg. Later was for two years exiled in America and died in exile in Switzerland. 2 Pellico, Silvio (1788-1854), patriot, writer, and poet, author of "Le Mie Prigioni," implicated in Confalonieri's movement, condemned to death, respited, and for nine years a prisoner in the Spielberg. 3 Montanelli, companion to Pellico in the Spielberg. 4 Spielberg, fortress in Moravia, famous for its dungeons, in which many Italian and Hungarian patriots have languished. 3 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY nature could not withstand the ordeal of the dissecting-room and the operating table. So he decided to study law, and in 1827 took his degree. He was only sixteen when his soul was for the first time stirred by the impulse of patriotism : he saw his native city literally thronged with gaunt and famished fugitives, escaping from all parts of Italy, forced into exile for having taken part in the Revolution of 1821. In 1827 he was affiliated to the " Carboneria " and at once dedicated all his energies to the ends of the Association. He also contributed to a small Genoese paper, the Indicators Genovese, originally destined for trade and shipping advertisements. His articles, how- ever, soon attracted the attention of the Censors, and the paper was summarily suppressed. He then went to Leghorn, and together with Carlo Bini l and Guerrazzi, 2 founded the Indicators Livornese, which also purported to be a trading and advertising medium. This paper, however, having aroused suspicion, was suspended by the Tuscan police. He next travelled through Tuscany as an emissary of the Carboneria, doing excellent work as a propagandist, and acquainting himself thoroughly with the condition and aspirations of the people. When he returned to Genoa, a traitor, Cottin, denounced him to the Piedmontese Government as a dangerous agitator, and he was imprisoned at Savona. However, notwithstand- ing the strictest researches, nothing could be proved against him and after about six months he was liberated, being given the choice between confinement in a small village of Piedmont and exile. He unhesitatingly chose the latter, and on January 10, 1830, young Joseph Mazzini passed through Turin and crossed the Alps radiant with hope and energy, for central Italy was in Revolution, and no doubt was entertained as to the sympathy of France for oppressed 1 Bini, Carlo (1806-1842), born at Leghorn, distinguished patriot and writer. a Guerrazzi, Domenico (1804-1873), great patriot and writer, born at Leghorn. His novels, "L'Assedio di Firenze," "Beatrice Cehci," " Veronica Cybo," &c., were considered "as so many victories over the oppressors of Italy." 4 1831] ACCESSION OF CHARLES ALBERT nationalities. Was not Lafayette the chief mover in the " three days " were not Guizot, whose historical lessons, and Cousin, whose philosophy was founded on the doctrine of progress the teachers of their youth now the leading men of France ? On arriving at Lyons he found that an expedition into Savoy (which formed part of a new con- spiracy in Turin to wring a constitution from Charles Felix) had been dispersed by the prefect of Lyons, but the revo- lution in central Italy seemed triumphant, so giving the slip to his uncle, who had him in charge, he went to Marseilles with some of the exiles of 1821, and arriving in Corsica, joined the " 2,000 Corsicans and exiles who were to sail for Ancona." But there were no means of embarka- tion, and when he returned to Marseilles the city was crowded with fugitives, victims of their own mistake in trust- ing to the non-intervention proclaimed by France, instead of uniting all the forces of the provinces in revolution and calling upon the rest of Italy to make common cause with them. Meanwhile, just as Charles Felix had commenced the military trials of the new conspirators among whom were some future notabilities : Brofferio, 1 Cadorna, 2 Durando,3 Ribotti 4 the King died and the Prince of Carig- nano, Charles Albert, the conspirator of 1821, succeeded to the throne (1831). Being fully aware that the conspiracy had been " Albertist and Constitutional," he refused per- mission to the Special Committee to continue their researches. The belief in Charles Albert's intention to wage war against Austria and to grant a constitution was universal. Among the papers of Jacopo Ruffini were found 1 Brofferio, Angelo (1802-1866), Piedmontese writer, statesman, and jurist, took part in the Revolution of 1821, and was later one of the chiefs of the Democratic party, adverse to Cavour. 2 Cadorna, Conte Carlo (1809-1891), Piedmontese statesman; con- stitutional monarchist ; Italian ambassador in London, 1868-1875, Afterwards President of the Council of State in Italy. 3 Durando, General Giacomo (1807-1894), Piedmontese officer and statesman, belonged in his youth to the " Giovane Italia." 4 Ribotti, Admiral, distinguished sailor and Minister of Marine, born in Nice, also belonged in his youth to the " Giovane Italia." THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY notes of a letter calling upon him to fulfil pledges which, as a prince, he had been unable to redeem. Pecchio, 1 from Brighton, and other exiles of 1821, appealed to their fellow- countrymen to rally to his standard. Mazzini was but the voice of the community when he addressed his letter to Charles Albert, with the motto adopted by the Sicilian patriots after the "Vespers," "SE No, No." The endless discussions as to whether Mazzini wrote that celebrated letter in "good faith" seem to us absurd. Profoundly convinced that no revolution could be success- ful until the multitudes should be permeated with a spiritual sense of their rights and duties, Mazzini was no visionary. That Italy could, must, and should be created was his conviction, and that material instruments were necessary was obvious. How else could Austria, encamped in Lombardy and dominating the whole Peninsula, be ousted ? Charles Albert had an army, the Piedmontese and the Genoese hated Austria ; the Central Provinces, now crushed by her intervention, thirsted for revenge. Mazzini had studied every line of the Piedmontese Revolution, and he could not therefore attribute its failure to Charles Albert's desertion. Of effective betrayal he never accused him, nor could any one reasonably do so for had he betrayed the conspirators before the action commenced the King (Victor Emmanuel I.) would have had them arrested had he betrayed them afterwards, Austria would not have waited an entire year to arrest Con- falonieri and the other Lombard conspirators, whose actions were discovered by accident. The failure was clearly due to the incapacity of the military leaders, who, after the Constitu- tion was proclaimed, were unable to hold their own against the troops who remained loyal, before the Austrians came upon the scene (April, 1821). The fact that Charles Albert had fought against the Liberals at the Trocadero was easily accounted for, as he desired to become King 1 Pecchio, Conte Giuseppe (1785-1835), born in Milan, conspired with Confalonieri, exiled in England, was professor at York, and later at Brighton, where he died. 6 1831] LETTER TO CHARLES ALBERT of Piedmont, and naturally did all in his power to frustrate Austria from transferring the crown to the Duke of Modena, whose wife was the daughter of old King Victor. Mazzini knew Charles Albert to be ambitious, and the moment seemed auspicious, for Louis Philippe had not yet shown himself in his true colours, Poland was not yet crushed, Belgium was in arms against Holland. If Charles Albert would only dare, he must win. Every one believed in him ; it was certain that no other plan for ousting Austria would be listened to until he had made manifest his intentions. And it was at least well that he should be aware that if his plans led to a crusade against the Austrians he would not lack devoted followers. Referring to the past, Mazzini writes : " Fate was the only traitor. We are anxiously waiting to see if the King will maintain the promises of the Prince." The picture of the times is a faithful one : " The battle is commenced between the old world and the new, between the despots, fighting for the main- tenance of their usurped dominions, and the people, conscious of their rights, of their centuries of slavery and of suffering, resolute to undergo active martyrdom, but never again to slavishly submit. The people remember their past glories. You ascend a throne that has no prestige of glory, no solemn memories to make it venerated or feared. . . . What will you do, Sire ? Two paths are opened to you, two systems between which despotism still oscillates, represented by two powers : Austria and France, with one of which Pied- mont will be called to ally herself. . . . Austria repre- sents crime, blood, terror. An alliance with Austria will compel you to be and to act as a monster, to live and die a tyrant, to bandage your eyes and advance, brandish- ing your sword to right and to left, to drop the mask of a man and steep yourself in blood. The second system, that of concessions, is no longer available, is a mere postponing of the evil moment. The people are bent on liberty, independence, and union, with guarantees for THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY their permanence ; they have faith in their power to acquire these, given a favourable opportunity. Can things last in France ? Are the corpses of ten thousand martyrs to serve as the footstool of seven Ministers ? Perier, Sire, has signed a bond with infamy, not with eternity ! But the French Nation has not signed that bond ; the French Nation, with its blood, has signed its alliance with the people." All the first part of the letter is reasoned out coldly and logically. Then, when the writer thinks of what might be the future of Italy and of Charles Albert if he would "dare to do," he warms to his subject. There is a third ally, the Italian people ; a crown, nobler and costlier than the crown of Piedmont, for which he has but to stretch out his hand : the crown of Italy en- gemmed with twenty centuries of historical glory the land of genius, endowed with natural defences, peopled with sturdy hearts, ready to follow to the death a leader against the foreigner. " Have you studied this people, realised its glorious destinies ? Despite the servitude which, bows it down, it is great with instinctive life, with the light of intellect, by the energy of its passions, now fierce and blind because circumstances have afforded it no ennobling vent, but resolute and indomitable, for even misfortune has not extinguished its hopes. These are the elements that form nations. Does not the idea of creating a nation from these elements inspire you to the work which will enable you to say : * Italy is happy and she is mine ! ' to hear twenty freed millions cry : * God is in Heaven, Charles Albert on Earth ' ? Sire, you have dreamt this dream and the blood boiled in your veins ; for this idea you conspired, nor need to blush in remembrance. Times were adverse then, they are more favourable now. Italy awaits your call, one word suffices to make her yours ; throw down the glove to Austria, turn your back on France, bind Italy in one unity of combatants. Place yourself at the head of the Nation, write upon your banner : Union, Liberty, Independence. Proclaim the 8 CARLO ALBERTO. (By Horace Vernet.) To face p. 9.] 1831] CHARLES ALBERT sanctity of ideas, declare yourself the champion of the rights of the People, the regenerator of Italy. Free Italy from the Barbarians ! Build up her future ! Give your name to a Century ! Become the Napoleon of Italian Liberty ! It is a general belief that kings have nothing in common with Humanity, and History confirms that belief. Disprove it ! Act so that beneath the names of Washington and Kosciuszko citizens born shall be written : * There is a name greater than these, there is a throne built by twenty millions of free men ; on its base is inscribed : To CHARLES ALBERT BORN A KING, ITALY REBORN BY HIM.' . . ." Here follow minute particulars of the forces existing in Italy, of the indomitable, universal will to do or die. Should Charles Albert fail to seize his opportunity, other leaders will arise ; to him will remain Napoleon's remorseful cry : " I have rejected the idea of the age, and I have lost everything ! . . . " Charles Albert read the letter and ordered that the writer should be prevented from crossing the frontier. Mazzini, who had judged rightly in assuming that the aspirations of the Prince's youth were still latent in his soul, had no know- ledge of his strangely complicated nature, swift to conceive, irresolute in carrying out his conceptions, overpowered by mystical, supernatural terrors, and at times completely subjected to the Jesuits, whose one object was to keep Piedmont in thrall so that with Austria, the Pope, and the Bourbons, Italy should remain subjected to the hierarchy of the altar and the throne. Neither did he take into account the influence of ten years of misery, of the hatred engendered in Charles Albert's unforgetting nature by the insults poured upon him by the revolutionists and conspirators of 1821, who had chosen the esecrato Carignano * as the scapegoat who was to bear the burden of their follies, their incapacity and their cowardice. Charles Albert hated Austria 1 Esecrato Carignano, " execrated Carignano," was the name applied to Charles Albert by the Italian revolutionary poet, Berchet, in an ode on the Revolution of 1821 which became famous. m THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY with undying hatred ; ambition and pride, not unmixed with a sense of his Italianhood, kept alive his resolve to free Italy from her yoke, but this he would do as a king, a king by Right Divine ; never by the aid of rebels ; never by alliance with the Revolution. Meanwhile Austria, with the tacit consent of France, crushed the Revolution in the Central Provinces (1833) and exiles by the hundred thronged Marseilles and Switzerland, there to consider the causes of their failure and to prepare for a renewal of the combat. Very soon an Association called " Young Italy," instituted by Mazzini in 1831 with the aim of replacing Carbonarism, which for many reasons had ceased to be a useful and active force, was able to number its adherents by the thousand. In Genoa, Jacopo and Giovanni Ruffini, Federico Rosazza and Campanella, and in Tuscany, Carlo Bini, were the active chiefs. Mazzini, the beloved and revered head of the Association, fearing no failure, believing not only in the ultimate but in the speedy realisation of his " idea," enjoyed for once the happiness of loving and of being beloved. With the first band of exiles from Modena had come a youth, Lamberti, and the one woman whom Mazzini grew to wholly love dum vivimus et ultra and whose sole rival in his heart was Italy, the supreme sovereign of his being. This lady, Giuditta Ballerio, of Milan, beautiful as Appiani's brush depicted her, had been married at fifteen to Giovanni Sidoli, a Reggian patriot who, being condemned to death by the Duke of Modena, had fled with his young bride and infant to France, where he died, leaving her a widow with four little children. She immediately returned to Reggio, where the Duke, hoping to supplant Charles Albert and thus to unite the whole of Northern Italy under his sceptre, had masked his hatred under a feigned conversion to liberal measures. The beautiful and enthusiastic Giuditta remained faithful to the principles for which her husband had lived and died, and for which her only brother had also been condemned to death. She became the soul of the patriotic movement in Reggio, 10 GIUDITTA SIDOLI. (From a painting by Appiani lent by the Sidoli family, and here reproduced for the first time.) To face p. io.] 1831] MAZZINI'S PERSONALITY and in 1831 it had its headquarters in her house. When the Revolution had been crushed and the false Duke had executed his too-trusting accomplice, Giro Menotti, 1 " la Giuditta," leaving her children with her father-in-law, fled with numerous other conspirators, and accompanied by her faithful friend, Lamberti. Arriving in Marseilles, she enthusiastically embraced the doctrines of "Young Italy," being swept the more completely into their current because of the overwhelming passion with which she felt suddenly inspired for " Young Italy's " chief. All those who knew Mazzini at that time of his life speak of his exceeding beauty. Enrico Mayer, the Tuscan educator, dwells on the freshness of his clear olive com- plexion, shaded by long black hair, the chiselled delicacy of his regular and beautiful features, his noble forehead, his sweet, though vivacious, expression of steadfast resolution and inflex- ible determination, and the bright flashes of his dark eyes, as all combining to render him the " most beautiful being, male or female, he had ever seen." So his college friends spoke of him. So Campanella, 2 grim and stern, would describe him, adding that his humour was unsurpassed and constituted one of his principal charms. His convictions were so intense that he easily inspired others with them ; in fact, the fascination of the man was irresistible. The very connotati on his passport confirm the general testimony. Small wonder that this man who, besides his personal fascin- ation, was the exponent of that idea to which Giuditta had from childhood devoted herself and for which she was suffering exile from home and separation from her children, should have won her love, and have given in return the rare treasure of his own. Mazzini's studious life, his concen- tration on one idea, had saved him from those light 1 Menotti, Giro (1788-1831), born near Modena, patriot and martyr, condemned to death and executed by the orders of the Duke of Modena, who had infamously lured him to his death. 2 Campanella, Federico (1804-1884), patriot and writer. Took part in all the Italian conspiracies beginning in 1821, and remained to the end an uncompromising Republican. He reformed and reorganised Italian Freemasonry. II THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY attachments which weaken the root of love ; so for Giuditta was reserved the treasure of his virgin soul, and this he poured out to her during the year and a half they spent together in Marseilles. Love, in their case, far from proving a hindrance to their work, redoubled the powers they dedicated to the redemption of that land to which both were so self-sacrificingly devoted. Mazzini felt no jealousy of his friend's past, and he was prepared to love her children, orphaned for Italy's sake, hoping that in a free country they would be able to reap the fruits of his sacrifice, and mature them. No doubts then beset the young leader : he felt as certain of success as did Moses, and believed that he would get more than a Pisgah view of the Promised Land into which he wished to lead his people. If he should fall fighting, death would, he believed, open up a new life, where fresh work would await him, the connection with life " here-down " (quaggiii) being not entirely severed, for faith in immortality was not an instinctive, but an intellectual certainty for him. Giuditta and Lamberti acted as chiefs of Mazzini's staff, and later as his best and most active agents. After the decree of expulsion promulgated by the French Government, he decided to risk remaining in Marseilles, hidden in the home of Domenic Ollivier, father of the Emile Ollivier who was to be the last Prime Minister of Napoleon III. Until April, 1833, all the schemes of "Young Italy" seemed to prosper. Its publications and its journal (bearing the name of the Association) flooded the Peninsula. Arms and ammunition were smuggled into the Italian seaports, and a general rising was being organised in every province. The rallying cry of the insurrection was to be : " Italy, one, free and independent." The first aim was to get rid of Austria and all its satellites. Charles Albert was to be invited to put himself at the head of the movement, and if he refused he was to be forcibly accompanied to the frontier and expelled. If the uprising should achieve its aim the nation was to be called upon to name representatives to a " Constituent Assembly." Republican propaganda was 1833] SECRET CORRESPONDENCE advised, but on no account would a republic be imposed upon a people freed by their own unaided valour. The influential positions, the names, the numbers of the party, afford ample proof, not only of the possibility but of the probability that success awaited them. But while the exiles and their correspondents in Italy believed their secret intact, spies had been actively at work. A box, with a secret receptacle, sent from Marseilles, was detained at the Custom House in Genoa, and the documents it con- tained, including the secret cipher and its key, were read and copied by the Piedmontese police. The contents were then carefully replaced in the box, which was despatched to Andrea Gambini, the friend of the Mazzinis to whom it had been addressed, and by him it was consigned to Mazzini's mother. But as soon as Charles Albert was in possession of the copies, he sent them to his brother-in-law, Archduke Rainieri, Viceroy of the " Lombardo Veneto," and in recent years these copies have been found in the State Archives of Milan. Published in 1884, they have solved a very vexed question. At first, no great importance was attached by Charles Albert and the Archduke to the discovery, but the frontier was well guarded and spies set to watch all suspected persons. It was not until a mere chance revealed the extent of the propaganda in the army that Charles Albert realised the gravity of the danger. In that army, which he was organising so carefully secretly hoping, it cannot be doubted, that he would lead it at some future day against his ancient foe there were men who, under Napoleon, had fought, conquered, and humiliated Austrian battalions, and who later had conspired for the renewal of the crusade. Were they now preparing to re-enact the past, under another leadership than his own under revolutionary chiefs ? The bare suspicion filled his soul with fury. He became for a moment " the monster ; rushed ahead blindfold, brandishing his sword right and left." The attempt to whitewash Charles Albert and lay the blame of the Piedmontese massacres on Jesuits, Generals, 13 n THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY and reactionary Ministers, is absurd. He was an absolute sovereign and used his power to the uttermost. None dared to advise or to oppose him. Complete silence was maintained until it seemed that words were ripening into action. Precisely because of the propaganda in the army, the chiefs of the movement, and especially Dr. Jacopo Ruffini, Mazzini's fervent co-operator, his alter-ego in Genoa, had warned him that action must commence immediately or the secret would no longer remain such. " Not yet, the Southern Provinces are unprepared," was the advice given verbally to Ruffini at the frontier (by Lamberti ?). " We must act or we are lost," Ruffini replied, and this answer was taken back to the chief, who redoubled his efforts to get the Southern Provinces into line. Suddenly at midnight, hundreds of arrests were made in all the provinces of Piedmont ; terror and desolation spread in every family. Then the Government organs, inventing unthought-of horrors, affirmed that the conspiracy, vast and deep, had for its object the extinction of the Royal family. They suggested that the Royal palace was undermined, that the barracks were to be blown up, the wells poisoned ; that the banks and the palaces of the wealthy were to be pillaged, the army disbanded, and that anarchy would reign supreme. A special Military Commission was created in Turin towards the end of April, 1833. Its members vied with each other in seconding the King's commands. He resolved to strike before the conspirators could begin to act. He was not willing, for obvious reasons, to bring his army into contact with the populace, but, martial law having been proclaimed, the military tribunals were ordered to make short shrift of a sufficient number of conspirators to serve as an example to the rest. Between the 22nd of May and the 22nd of July, twelve young men, against whom nothing could be proven excepting that they had read publications of " Young Italy," were tortured to induce revelations, and, as they could not or would not reveal anything, they were, " after invocation of Divine aid," condemned to ignominious death and at once publicly executed. JACOPO KUKFIXI. To face P . 14.] 1 833] DR. JACOPO RUFFINI But Charles Albert was not satisfied with these executions. He considered the example insufficient to subalterns, as those hitherto condemned were only civilians and non-com- missioned officers. Effisio Tola, a lieutenant in the ist Infantry, was therefore condemned to death and shot " for having been seen with seditious books in his hands " and " for not denouncing the same to his superiors." Charles Albert was successful. Prisons and fortresses were crowded and terror reigned throughout his dominions, though, fortunately, many of the real leaders escaped. Spies freely mixed with the prisoners, many of whom, to escape moral and physical tortures, either revealed what they knew or invented fables to save their lives. Austria rejoiced ; though aware that her Italian subjects were hostile to her rule and that although many wealthy Lombards had crossed over to Switzerland numberless "suspects" still remained in Venice and Lombardy, not one single arrest was made by her, for political reasons, in 1833. And though many had been condemned to death for pre- vious revolutions, not a single sentence had been executed. Charles Albert was now doing all that severity could do to inculcate fear of the results of plots and rebellions, so Austria, with subtle policy, saw that she might afford to be clement. When the arrests began under Charles Albert, Jacopo Ruffini gave swift and peremptory instructions that all affiliated to " Young Italy " should seek refuge without delay in France or Switzerland, and he was obeyed by those reasonably fearing arrest ; but, though urged by his anguished mother and friends to practise what he preached, he himself refused to fly, saying that " he, the standard- bearer, must hold the flag aloft or fall with it in his grasp." Arrested early in May, it would seem that the high position of his father a stern magistrate and of his many friends induced his judges to treat him leniently, in the hope of obtaining revelations. He had one trusted confidant who had received numerous benefits from his family, and who alone was in possession of the real secrets of the plot and of '5 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY the key to the cipher used with Mazzini and changed every month. This Dr. Castagnino, unsuspected till long after Mazzini's death, turned traitor, revealed everything, and was allowed to escape unnoticed. When the judges had failed to obtain any revelations from Jacopo, they placed before him a document in which every fact and project of the conspiracy was detailed, the key to the last cipher given, and names hitherto unsuspected written out in full. Ruffini recognised the signature as Mazzini's, saw, though probably with instinctive incredulity, ostensible proof that his own familiar friend had betrayed him, and simply said to the judge : " You shall have my answer to-morrow." Next day he was found by the gaoler dead, weltering in blood on the floor of his cell. Upon the wall, with that blood, was written : " This is my answer. To my brethren the vengeance." Doubt has been cast on Jacopo's suicide ; his elder brother, Ottavio, chose to believe he had been murdered. But there was no motive for such a crime ; and the judge had expected " revelations " on the morrow. The gaoler who found him dead, took from his finger a ring that had been given to him by the beautiful Laura de' Negri, and restored it to her, describing the suicide as committed with " a bit of iron torn from the door and sharpened on the stones " ; tell- ing also of the words written on the wall. Ottavio, remem- bering his mother's anguish when her other son Vittorio had killed himself, perhaps did his utmost to spare her this second trial ; but no evidence has ever been brought to invalidate the truth of the first account. The effect of Jacopo's suicide on Mazzini was so terrible that Giuditta and Lamberti feared for his reason even for his life. That he was eventually saved is due to them, but the iron had entered into his soul never to be withdrawn, for nothing could remove from his mind the certainty that his own signature had been forged, and that his first, dearest, most trusted and most trusting friend, believing him the betrayer, had, fearing to be overcome and turn traitor also, desperately ended a life void of all trust and 16 1833] EXILES DRIVEN FROM MARSEILLES hope, a life which, shorn of these, would be worse than worthless. Within a month of Jacopo's death his bereaved mother arrived in Marseilles with her youngest son Agostino, and was led by Giuditta to Mazzini's retreat. Her other son, Giovanni, who though condemned to death had escaped through his eldest brother, Ottavio, allowing himself to be arrested by " mistake," joined them almost immediately. Misfortune, however, seldom comes alone. All exiles were ordered to quit Marseilles at once, and many set sail for America. The Prefect, who had hitherto chosen to ignore Mazzini's hiding-place, now warned Ollivier that his guest had better depart, as he was compelled to order his arrest. Change of residence being indifferent to Mazzini and the projected expedition into Savoy being more easily organised and effected from Switzerland than from Marseilles, he decided to go there (1833). But to add to his troubles, news came that Giuditta's only son was perilously ill ; nevertheless that she would not be allowed to enter Modena, nor, indeed, to set foot in Italy at all without danger. That she resolved then and there to run the risk is evident from a note she wrote to Mazzini's mother, though in order to see him safely into Switzerland, and also probably to throw the police off their guard, she delayed her attempt for some weeks. Maria Mazzini advised her son to go to England, and in his letter to her of the 28th of June of that year he gives his reasons for refusing : " Heaven knows if I would content you ! . . . I feel all your anxiety, but, believe me, I cannot. I should die were I to go far from Italy. All my passions, inflamed by the horrible catastrophes that have overtaken me, are centred there and compel me to remain near. But do not exagge- rate the danger. I have strong supporters, and will be well informed. Despite all their researches, I remained a whole year undiscovered. The French Government has just made a raid in rue Choiseuil, and found a Masini, a musical composer, another in Usiglio's house in Marseilles, where I c 17 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY had never set foot ; other searches were made in Lyons . . . 4 fiasco ' all along the line." Giuditta's note says : " In a moment of bitterness such as this of my separation from Pippo, I feel the need of turning to you, and to your promise of affection. I did not answer (before ?), but the discourtesy was merely apparent ; tenderness, deep tender- ness filled my heart. Remember me and love me. I love you and shall never forget you. I did not write because Pippo forbade me to tell you the truth about his health, and I had not the heart to betray the trust you have in me and to deceive you. Now, though terribly weak, Pippo is a little better, but he has need of the utmost care ; he will recover. The affection of his friends, whom he calls ' brothers,' and of their mother [the Signora Ruffini and her sons] will be a substitute for other affections, and will aid him to bear up under such heavy misfortunes. It is a com- fort to me in this enforced separation to see him surrounded by them. The singulti [sobs, probably the consequence of his nervous prostration] are growing rather less. I do not however think that the climate of England would be bene- ficial. On the contrary, I believe that it would be most hurtful, physically and morally. I embrace you with deep affection. GIUDITTA." The efforts of the French Government to possess them- selves of Mazzini's person failing, they forged their first calumny, which was destined to pursue him to the end. In October, 1832, a certain Emiliani had been attacked and wounded at Rhodez, in the Department of Aveyron. In the spring of 1833 this same Emiliani and another refugee, Lazzareschi, were mortally wounded by one Gavioli. The Paris Moniteur invented a sentence of death, said to be signed by Mazzini and Cecilia, respectively President and Secretary of an imaginary "Secret Tribunal of Young Italy." This sentence, teeming with orthographic and grammatical errors, could have deceived no one. Mazzini, through his French friends, protested, challenging the Moniteur to produce the original of the sentence. No notice whatever 18 1833] SIGNORA SIDOLI RETURNS TO ITALY was taken of his protests, and, in the meanwhile, the Tribunal of Rhodez gave its verdict, viz., that the crime had been committed by Gavioli, without premeditation, in a drunken brawl. In spite of this the Moniteur kept silent, and as Mazzini thought that sentence sufficient, the matter dropped. But, as we shall see, this sentence was ignored, while later on the calumny was revived and twice repeated in the British Parliament (1844 and 1864) in order to degrade Mazzini in the eyes of the civilised world. Then his separation from Giuditta took place. To his mother Mazzini writes : "She left me the day after she wrote to you. This separation is to me a bitter grief. But it is better so. There are times when I could have wished that even you were not left to me. I longed to make you all happy, and I have made all miserable, myself, first of all, but for myself I care not. What hurts me is that I may in the course of my life be compelled to bring other sorrows on those whom I love. Life is a chain, and one action is linked to another, as links in a chain." Their old friend, Andrea Gambini, refusing to act any longer as intermediary in the correspondence between mother and son, their difficulties increased, and Mazzini, anxious to know "who had been arrested and who had escaped," was obliged to address his mother as his " aunt." The Signora Mazzini evidently urged her son to marry Giuditta, for he answered : " Your wish, if it were possible of realisation, would form the greatest consolation of my life. But it is impossible, believe me, it is impossible for me to be happy or to make others happy. But I love her, love her truly ; it is some- thing, after all, in my isolation to be able to love and to know myself beloved. . . . Write to her : she is wretched ; a line of love from you will do her good." In another letter, he tells his mother that " la Giuditta is committing an act of real madness, so that I ... am in constant alarm." Poor Giuditta ! When she heard of the illness of her 19 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY boy she was " delirious for a whole night," then, though that danger passed, she resolved to get back her children at any cost, and for this purpose went under another name through Italy to Reggio, where she demanded of the Duke permission to see them. But her father-in-law, entirely under the influence of the Jesuits, had them and their fortune in his possession, and as he hated his daughter- in-law he thwarted all her attempts. She was forbidden to set foot in Modena ; orders for her arrest were out and she had to take refuge in Tuscany, from whence, after a brief arrest in her own house, she escaped by the help of the British Consul in Florence. She wandered to Naples, then to Rome, then back to Parma, pleading, threatening all in vain. Once she wrote to the Duke of Modena : " I will pass the gates : I will see my children, arrest me if you choose." For one half day she succeeded. Then her boy was placed in the military college directed by the Jesuits, and the girls in a convent. In the Archives of Modena we found letters, running through the years from 1836 to 1842, imploring permission to visit them. She generally seems to have succeeded in doing so about twice a year, until the father-in-law died ; then she obtained her heart's desire. The children idolised her, and she brought them up in their father's and her lover's faith. To the latter she wrote constantly, generally through his mother, often purposely leaving him without her address when she was in " dangerous " quarters. They loved deeply, faithfully, but each had a rival in the heart of the other. The children reigned supreme in hers, Italy in his. They never met again till 1849 m Florence, when Giuditta gave Mazzini her one son to fight, and if need be to die, for Rome and the Republic. He fought valiantly under Medici at the Vascello, and still lives, reverencing his mother's memory. Mazzini and Giuditta often met in after-life at Turin, she retaining her faith in him, in the Flag, the Republic, in God, and Immortality. She died only one year before he died, his last letter consoling her on her death-bed. That was forty years after their separation. 20 II VAIN ATTEMPTS Savoy Expedition General Raraorino Mazzini a foot soldier Foresees disaster Failure Garibaldi "Young Europe" (1834) Switzer- land rejects the exiles Mazzini's mental suffering Resigns the leadership of " Young Italy " First months in London Mademoi- selle de Mandrot No. 9 George Street Death of Francesca Mazzini Mazzini writes for Le Monde, the Monthly Review, the Westminster, the Foreign Quarterly, the Monthly Chronicle. THE expedition which was being prepared by the Liberals as a response to the persecution of Charles Albert, was from its inception destined to failure. It was hastily and faultily planned and worse executed. The choice, by the men who had failed in the revolution of 1821, of General Ramorino as military leader, proved a terrible mistake. They believed in him because he had seen much fighting, first in the great school of Napoleon I. and then in Poland during the insurrection of 1830. But he was truly a fatal leader : he squandered much time and money in Paris, only coming to Geneva after repeated and peremptory intimations from the Committee, finally taking the field with the mere handful of men left, devoid of enthusiasm or even of any belief in success. Four days later he disbanded his force without striking a blow. Was Ramorino a traitor ? Had he been paid by the French Government to act as he did ? His subse- quent conduct, which brought him fifteen years later to an ignominious death, when, as a commanding officer in the Piedmontese army, he abandoned his post on the 21 THE BIRTH OF MODERN ITALY eve of the battle of Novara, goes far to suggest the affirmative. The failure of the Savoy expedition was, and even still is, laid at Mazzini's door first and foremost of his " fatal errors " or " crimes," in sacrificing everything to his " chimera." In truth, he was but one among hundreds of exiles who believed in the possibility of an Italian revolu- tion. His error, if any, was common to numbers of men of note and experience, wealth and position, who unhesitat- ingly sacrificed their liberty for their country, and, like the Marchese Resales and the wealthy brothers Ciani, volun- teered to provide the sinews of war. The choice of Ramorino was not his ; indeed, he protested against the selection as strongly as he could, though without avail, as the prestige of a name was clamoured for ; so his efforts were concentrated upon the thankless task of endeavouring to sterilise the errors of others. He who at the cost of endless labour and heavy personal sacrifice, collected the funds needed for the enterprise, had to see them squandered by Ramorino in a few weeks in Paris. Finally, exhausted by prolonged work, and almost driven to despair by the premonition of inevitable disaster, he started as a simple foot soldier, keeping foremost in the ranks until, unconscious and delirious, he was carried back to Switzerland by his friends Lamberti and Scipione Pistrucci. It was on the occasion of the Savoy expedition that the name of Giuseppe Garibaldi first came to public knowledge. He has often been pathetically described as a young en- thusiast seduced by Mazzini's wiles to rebel against his lawful sovereign. In 1833 Garibaldi was twenty-six years old, and through eleven years of hardships, dangers, struggles with the elements and all sorts and conditions of men, had worked his way up to the lucrative position of " master " in the merchant service. As such he had been inscribed on the register of the port of Nice, February 27, 1832. Love for his country and hatred of foreign domination were sentiments he had cherished from boyhood, but the mas- sacres of 1833 first aroused in him a desire to gain know- SENTENZA. X)i CONVOCATO D'ORDINE DI S. E. O. SIG. GOVERNATORE cii.JaiiTiaUv.iJ cjii jjaiij i-JiiA u u:J'- i !- CAUSA DEL REG1O FISCO MIL1TAUE CKXT.PV C.lt-nrt RiiM-u.i del fu Gio. Balu d' al Ciporale prniinciale iicl I.' R*^gimilo $.Kti*,i. PARODI f\ni,.. .1.1 Mn-itf Gin.anoi d'anoi 3 . Mai loouciluto in Gcuova. 1 "'"' --"''""' " ^ DALIV. (..Hsrj-re detto Ai/f Orv del'fu Franreo d' mill So , iialo a 1'rafa delT ola ill lern-ita ( PorWgallo . mercantile di paw^io in Oaova. <:\V\LE Kturro del .itenle Slefano d'anni 17. nato e .JomKiluIo in Gftxna , La0rtnle ; CROVO GhX AMIUI del ri.ente Gio. A; v-;rcurio 1. 1 PrJmnalc di Pivfellura. * N . v ~ *(.jVitaoo~manttiiuo ni.-tram-lo .- Minnaro di 3.' ela>- al R. S-r.i/i . CAORSI Ci.. Ilirrixrx .lei In KnWiiio . .lotto il figlio di Tagirlla . d aniii ."o nrra . al>iti nte in Genora. M\v IKKI.U VII-II.RI del Mvcnte \n.ln-a d'anni )( cirra . Opiuno mariltimo merfant.l. : :linii,iaiil,- nella Gtta di .Niua. I ['unit it-i -liieuuli, c pii allfi (H.nUiniaci in-juiMl^ Pi //o (ratiiiivnto inilitarr . <-i'H : Li GARIR\LDI, MASC.VRELLI , < CAORS1 />j r^Mre tfufi i nitttiri tit Una tMJHrauonf onitln in tftican Ciltii nfl mrsi tit gcnnajc^ fMnjt ultimi scorn , tmdfnle a J^rr ui*ri;ert It Kifie Truf'ft , td a Kan^atgrrt t allualt Gvxrna tti Sw .Warila : Di a.-crr li G.4K1BALDI e M.1SCM- RELLl tentatif, con luMHgtic r sotnme tit deiwrt' < fi, ttt.amt-ntf fburttUC , tndurre a fafnt fur parit aicuni Basfi I'jfiualt del Corf^> fioolf di .-frfigitfrut ; e di ovtre it C.&RSl fotto prwvisla , a ti cnmtnaso fopo, d' arm , state pot txn,!if, e tit mu*i:J:u ilai Jif t -u*ori di aicuni aecuviti. lla proniinrutn' ikxcrii condannarc , siceomo rondanna m contnmacia II noium:,!, GARIBALDI Gnnn-E M.1BU , MASCA- RELLI Vrrn.nE. e CAORSI GHX Dim allj pcna di mone ip,omiiu fregrodixj itnpmli daHe Regie Le^i cbutro i Landiti dT priroo uulogo . in cui manda li lr*si .It-Mrriverti. Iti diclu-rjc.. h Mnnu Ei'in non cofirinli , allo Halo degli atti , del delitio ad esai impuuto . e.1 inibiice loro oiolestia dal Fisco. - * E lioalmcntc In dicKarato c dichian unassistcnte I'^ccusa addebiuta all' A-TDUA CROVO, e In rimanda auohto. Geoor. 3 GlIIgM iSij. Per delta I!J.~ Consigiio di Gffhra BRE.V, ^, r . * Vula . ed approrau li Gorcmator* , Comundantc Generate delia DiVutone GETOVA. Dai FntcUi Pifaio, Su^iMon M C