D i v s i o n of Agricultural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL Experiment Station Extension Service MANUAL 12 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://archive.org/details/geraniumspelargo12butt FOR THE HOME GARDEN H. M. BUTTERFIELD UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS THIS MANUAL is one of a series published by the University of California College of Agri- culture and sold for a charge which is based on returning only a portion of the production cost. By this means it is possible to make available publications which, due to relatively high cost of production, or limited audience, would otherwise be beyond the scope of the College publishing program. CONTENTS PACE Beginners often ask about difference between 1 Geranium and pelargonium 1 Variety names 1 Varieties and species 2 Zonal or common garden geraniums 2 Ivy-leaved geraniums 5 Scented or rose geraniums 5 Succulent geraniums 5 Show or fancy geraniums (pelargoniums) 6 Propagation 8 Growing from stem cuttings, root cuttings, and grafts 8 Growing new varieties 8 Culture 9 The bedded plant 9 The potted plant 10 Insect pests and diseases 11 Insect pests 11 Diseases 11 NOVEMBER, 1953 THIS IS A GERANIUM . . . of the type familiar to everyone as a common garden geranium. This partic- ular variety is double-flowered. All ge- raniums in this group are referred to as Pelargonium hortorum. SO IS THIS . . . Show, Fancy, or Lady Washington type, which includes many varieties. Plants in this group, known as P. domesticum, differ from the common garden type in the shape of their leaves. AND THIS . . . rather unusual variety known as P. ace- tosum which has somewhat succulent leaves and is interesting in a collection. FOR THE HOME GARDEN H. M. BUTTERFIELD BEGINNERS OFTEN ASK . . . What is the difference between a pelargonium and a geranium? and, Why don't home gardeners know variety names? GERANIUM AND PELARGONIUM? This question is easily answered. All geraniums are pelargoniums botanically, that is, they belong to the genus Pelar- gonium. The specific term pelargonium has been given by popular usage to the fancy or show specimen Pelargonium domesticum, called Show, Martha Wash- ington, or Lady Washington, thus setting it apart from the common garden vari- eties of geraniums referred to as Pelar- gonium hortorum. VARIETY NAMES? The second question is more difficult to answer. Home gardeners seem to enjoy growing and trading cuttings without a thought to variety names. This is unfor- tunate, because acquaintance with the different varieties gives the gardener op- portunity to purchase the best varieties, possession of which is usualh the goal in any type of floriculture. Opportunities for purchase. No- where in the world is it so easy to pur- chase and grow improved varieties at moderate cost as in California. Perhaps it is because of this very advantage that geraniums are less appreciated litre than in colder climates, where their luxuriant growth and gay colors would be bo wel- come in fall and winter. Source of variety names. The com- mercial growers and fanciers who have large collections of named varieties are an excellent source. It is often difficult. however, for the home gardener to have access to such lists. Therefore, to furnish the names of some of the best varieties available in California, the five table- appearing at the back of this manual wen- prepared. THE AUTHOR: H. M. Butterfield is Agriculturist in Agricultural Extension. [i] VARIETIES AND SPECIES . . . Five groups of pelargonium gardeners These groups comprise: 1) zonal or common garden geraniums; 2) ivy leaf; 3) scented or rose; 4) succulent; and 5) show or fancy, popularly called pelar- gonium. The garden geraniums discussed here should not be confused with the genus Geranium, in the same family, occasion- ally grown in a garden. This manual in- cludes only the plants in the genus Pelargonium. ZONAL OR COMMON GARDEN GERANIUMS More than 75 varieties. The ordi- nary zonal, horseshoe, fish, or bedding types are known as common garden ger- aniums and come in both single and double or semidouble form. The princi- pal species in this group are Pelargonium hortorum, P. inquinans, and P. zonale. Leading growers list more than 75 vari- species are popular with California eties of the common garden geranium and new ones are being added each year. Table 1 lists some outstanding varieties. These are used extensively in parking strips, along fences or boundaries as hedge plants, or as border plants where little attention need be given to them. If properly pruned they may be allowed to form a solid mass against walls. These more common garden geraniums have been cultivated for almost two hun- dred years, and many crosses have been made between the original species. Since the exhibition of geraniums in California in 1854, a large number of varieties has been imported or developed. Great prog- ress has been made in developing zonal and fancy varieties with large flower trusses and large individual florets. Two distinct types of zonals. These types or races are: a) Standard and b) French or Bruant. Most of the popular SOME ARE VALUED FOR THEIR FLOWERS Left. The more or less familiar ivy geranium, so named because its leaves resemble the leaves of ivy. Right. A poinsettia-flowered geranium, often referred to as cactus-flowered. This type was introduced into California about 1903. *H\ garden geraniums of today belong to tin; Standard type, whieh race dates back to the use of Pelargonium zonule and P. inquinans in early breeding work. The variety Maximo Kovalevsky is typical of Standard. The French type is usually more vigorous, the leaves larger and rougher, stems larger, and flowers large] and more irregular. Many of the varieties are too large for small pots. The long- lasting characteristic of their Bowers makes them ideal for cutting. Alphonse Ricard, Fiat, and Madame Jaulin are typical of this type. Standard and French types do not cross readily, if at all. Fancy-leaved zonals. This group of garden geraniums is valued for its fancy- colored leaves rather than for its flowers. Included are those varieties of zonals that have unusual leaf colorings or markings. Among them are the white-bordered, silver-leaved type and the varied-colored, tricolor geraniums. In early days, some of the silver-leaved varieties, such as Madame Salleron (Salleroi), were de- veloped for use as border plants. Their flowers are of little or no importance. This is Miss Burdette Coutts, with tricolor leaves that are as colorful as the flowers. Another in this group is Mountain of Snow (or Hills of Snow) . Some varieties have bronze leaves, as Roderick Dhu, others have gold leaves, as Crystal Palace Gem and Golden MacMahon. The tricolor . . . SOME FOR THEIR FOLIAGE Left. Mme. Salleron, an old, silver-leaved variety commonly used for garden borders. Right. Hills of Snow is also one of the older, silver-leaved varieties. Both of the plants shown here are valued largely for their foliage. **■ <■•■■■• ■ * ^ M Mm arm Left. The well-known Rose geranium has deeply lobed and toothed leaves that are fragrant. The flowers are rose-pink. Right. The curly-leaved geranium has deeply dissected leaves and is also known as a Rose geranium. geraniums are well represented by Happy Thought and Mrs. Pollock, which have been grown for a good part of a hundred years. Dwarf zonals. Another distinct group within the zonal geraniums is the Dwarf, prized for its dwarf habit of growth. In- cluded are such varieties as Black Vesu- vius, Kleiner Liebling, Madame Fournier, Pigmy, Pixie, and Sprite. The plants may range from 6 to 12 inches in height with moderate pruning, so are often popular as potted specimens. Odd geraniums. Certain geraniums have appeared that are classed as odd be- cause of some unusual color or form of flower. An example is Birds Egg, with rose-red spots on its petals, especially on the lower ones. Another, often called Poinsettia, has cactus flowers of twisted linear petals. Other varieties may be set aside for similar reasons, for instance, X Left. The oak-leaved geranium gets its name from the shape of its leaves. This is P. quercifolium. Right. P. fragrans, the nutmeg geranium is prized for its foliage and scent. [4] Left. P. crispum, called Fingerbowl geranium, has a variegated form with marginal white on the green leaves. Right. P. denticulatum, the skeleton-leaved geranium, has long, linear, deeply lobed leaves with lilac or rose-purple flowers. those with variegated flowers, such as New Life, or with rosebud type of flower, known as Rosebud. The fancier may in- clude all of these and other odd colors and forms. IVY-LEAVED GERANIUMS Suitable for walls and window boxes. Ivy-leaved geraniums are trail- ing. They have been produced from Pelargonium peltatum. California nur- series list about 50 varieties in this group; some of the better varieties are named in table 2. The ivy geranium is well suited for covering banks and walls or for planting in window boxes. It makes a fine hanging-basket plant for moder- ately sunny locations. SCENTED OR ROSE GERANIUMS Exhibited as early as 1854. The scented-leaved geraniums, sometimes called rose geraniums, include several species or their hybrids. The foliage scent may be balsam, lemon, rose, apple, nut- meg, peppermint, or pennyroyal. Fra- grance may not be very noticeable until the leaves are crushed. Many of these species have deeply cut or lobed leaves. As early as 1854, a San Francisco nurseryman exhibited several of the scented geraniums, including apple, nutmeg, lemon, and rose. Certain other species with similar foliage but lacking a distinct scent are frequentl) included in this group, such as Pelargonium querci- jolium and P. radula. These are listed in table 3. SUCCULENT GERANIUMS The fancier's geranium. The more succulent species, such as Pelargonium echinatum,P. luteoium, P. polycephalum, and P. tetragonuni, are of interest to col- lectors and fanciers of succulents. For instance, the square-stemmed P. tctra- gonum in its complete uonconformit} with the usual pelargonium is truly a collector's plant. Some of these miscel- laneous geraniums are listed in table 1. Color photographs of show type varieties will be found on pages 6 and 7. These and the cover photograph were provided through the courtesy of Germain's, of Los Angeles. [5] THESE ARE POPULAR SHOW OR FANCY GERANIUMS (POPULARLY KNOWN AS PELARGONIUMS) Show, Martha Washington, or Lady Washington. These are the names given to the show or fancy geraniums listed botanically as Pelargonium domes- ticum. California growers now list more than one hundred varieties of these fancy geraniums. Some of the better-known varieties are included in table 5. Garden and show plant. A renewed interest in domesticum has been apparent From top to bottom. Marie Vogel, Salmon Queen, and San Diego. This is Sue Jarrett, one of the salmon-pinks. SOME OF THE VARIETIES in recent years, partly because California nurserymen have developed several fine new varieties and partly because this is the type used almost exclusively for ex- hibition in flower shows, where their striking colors have great appeal. Florists use Pelargonium domesticum almost exclusively, rarely the zonal ger- aniums. When cut, domesticum is long lasting and retains its beauty of leaves and petals. It can be planted directly in the garden or used as potted plants both indoors and outside. Grossmama Fischer— the flowers are deep salmon. Top to bottom. Dark Presidio, Diener's Lavender and Neuheit C. Faiss. [7] THESE ARE COLLECTORS 7 ITEMS Left. P. echinatum, one of the deciduous, thorny geraniums, is a real oddity. Right. P. fulgidum ; with its stiff stems and three-parted pinnate leaves adds variety to the collection. PROPAGATION . . . Geraniums are grown mainly from stem cuttings; new varieties are selected from seedlings GROWING FROM STEM CUTTINGS, ROOT CUTTINGS, AND GRAFTS Stem cuttings. Firm shoots of the current season's growth taken about August to September are used to make cuttings. These should be 4 to 6 inches long, with only the lower leaves removed. Coarse No. 4 sand, vermiculite, or perlite may be used as the rooting medium. The base of the cutting may be dipped into a powdered hormone to hasten rooting, although excellent results have been ob- tained without any treatment. A bottom temperature of about 70° F gives good results. Air temperature should be about 5 degrees lower than bottom temperature. Avoid too high a Boil moisture, which favors decay. Root cuttings. Geraniums are occa- sionally grown from root cuttings. These cuttings are often disappointing, how- ever, since they do not always come true to color. Grafts. Geraniums may be grafted readily to produce standard or tree forms. The cleft graft is normally used, with grafting done in late winter in a green- house. The scions are tied in place with tape. GROWING NEW VARIETIES Seed. Propagating geraniums by seed is done only by plant breeders seeking worthwhile new varieties. Seed should not be planted unless new varieties are desired, since the seedlings do not come true to the parent plant. r a 1 CULTURE . . . This includes planting and care of geraniums in garden beds and in pots THE BEDDED PLANT Location of shade and sun. Ger- aniums will grow in the shade hut will not flower well without considerable sun. If planted against buildings or shrubs, they need a south, west, or east exposure, not a north exposure. Since all geraniums are subject to frost injury, they should not be planted where the temperature range is much below 30° F unless they are given adequate frost protection. Soil. Geraniums do best in a fairly heavy, well-drained loam soil. If they are grown in soil that is not fertile to start with, add a small amount of well-rotted manure. Avoid using too much manure, however, because it favors root rot. Planting. The best time to transplant geraniums is in early or late spring. When the soil has settled in the planting hole, set the plant at about the same depth at which it stood before transplanting. The soil about the roots should be watered immediately after planting. No shading will be necessary unless the sun is very hot at time of transplanting. Irrigating. Geraniums are drought- resistant, even though they do respond to good irrigation. The soil should be kept more dry than damp, since poor drainage favors root rot. The soil should be wetted down to the full depth of the roots when the plant shows signs of needing mois- ture. Once the soil is wet, no more water should be given until the plant has had time to use up most of the available water, even if this means an interval of a week or longer. Irrigation should be more fre- quent in hot, dry weather than in cool weather, especially while the plants are making rapid growth. Water may be ap- plied in furrows, in basins, or bv over- head sprinkling. In areas where ger- aniums thrive in outside gardens, there is no danger of sunscald. Cultivating. Cultivation and tillage are required onl) to control weeds 01 to prepare t h« • Boil for planting. Cultivation should be shallow to a\oid injuring the surface roots. If weeds are controlled b\ hoeing, tillage will seldom be necessary. Fertilizing. Geraniums planted out- doors in fertile loam soil require little, if any, fertilizer. Too much fertilizer en- courages rank sucker growth at tip pense of good flowers. Only where the garden soil or the potting soil is deficient in nitrogen will fertilizer be necessary. Then, early in the growing season appl) a moderate amount of a mixed fertilizer containing 6 per cent nitrogen. Pruning. Bedding varieties of ger- aniums need very little attention during the growing season. In their habit of growth some varieties are normally more compact than others. Pinching out the growing tips tends to make a plant stocky. Pinching out bv thumb and forefinger is a little easier than by pruning shears. Regular pinch- ing -back will help to avoid any need for severe pruning, but if heavy pruning is necessary the plant should be cut back rather severely with the priming shears to force out growth near the ground. Heavy pruning may be done at any time except just before the cold season. \t that time heavy pruning max force out tender new shoots that are less resistant to frost. Verv little pruning is done din- ing the heaviest blooming period. If geraniums are pruned into hedge form or are to form standards, all sucker growth must be controlled. From time to time part of the older wood growth may be thinned out to make room for healthy new growth. \ igorous side brant lie- arc more satisfactory than rank sucker grow r th for replacing old. unthrifty wood. Frequent pinching-back or topping fav- [9] ors the development of many laterals from the base of the shoot upward. New growth that is not pinched back will have few, if any, laterals. Staking. The taller zonal geraniums and the Lady Washington or Martha Washington pelargoniums should either be staked or their length growth occa- sionally shortened-in. Most of them are inclined to become rangy unless pinched back. THE POTTED PLANT Potted geraniums in landscaping. In California, pots of geraniums and pelargoniums are used for many pur- poses. Frequently they are set along bare walks and steps or on low walls, where their bright colors glow against a back- ground of gray cement. They are some- times set on a shelf built across a high, blank wall, or are placed on window ledges in garden spots where landscaping is difficult. Potted plants indoors. Geraniums are ofter taken into the house for special occasions, but because they need con- siderable sun, they should not be kept longer than four or five days in a shaded spot. If they are kept in the house for a while, give them some light and heat. The plant may be set near a window or, if the sun is not too hot, even in direct sunlight for two or three hours, with the leaves away from the glass. Temperature. Dry air is best for geraniums, both indoors and outside. Ideal temperature ranges from 60 to 70° F, although day temperature may go up to 80° and night temperature may fall as low as 40° without injuring the plants. Plants for winter blooming. Since some varieties are superior to others for winter flowering, ask a dealer about suit- able varieties. Many in the Standard type are better suited to winter flowering than those in the French type, with the excep- tion of the Fiat varieties which have (lowered well in winter as potted plants. Some popular standard-type varieties in- clude Emile Zola, Gertrude Pearson, Maxime Kovalevsky, Tango, General Grant, and others of similar habit. Plants intended for winter bloom should be potted by October first or ear- lier. This will give time for the stems to harden and the growth to slow down. By planting in 4-inch clay pots and allowing the plants to become slightly pot-bound, the plants will be more likely to flower in winter. Potting mixtures. Many potting mixtures have been successful for grow- ing geraniums, but a very satisfactory one consists of 3 parts loam soil, 1 part coarse sand, and 1 part fine leaf mold or peat moss. For varieties requiring un- usually good drainage, such as certain fancy-leaved varieties, the proportion of sand may be increased so that the mix- ture may contain only 1 or 2 parts soil along with 1 part sand and 1 part organic matter. Fresh manure should not be used in the potting mixture. Later on, after the roots are well established, fertilizer may be used at the rate of % teaspoon of ammonium sulfate (20 per cent nitrogen) for one 6-inch pot or about % teaspoon of a mixed fertilizer containing 6 per cent nitrogen for a 6-inch pot. Twice this amount probably would cause no harm if properly applied. Size of pot. Pot size should corre- spond to the size of the root system, but it is better to have the pot a little too small than too large, if winter bloom is expected. Some growers set small plants in 3-inch pots but such small pots are more difficult to water than pots 4 inches or more in diameter. Watering the potted plant. Ger- aniums in pots should be watered as soon as the soil surface becomes fairly dry. Water is poured at the top of the pot and any amount that runs through the pot and stands a full saucer deep should be partially poured off. The plant is then allowed to become a little dry before it is watered again. If the 3-inch pot is used, water occa- [10 sionally by setting the pot in shallow water so that the bottom part of the soil around the roots beeomes wet. The more the roots are pot-bound the more difficull it will be to get water down to all of the feeding roots; this can be done only by setting the pot in water. Pinching-back on potted plant. New growth may be pinched back to keep the potted plant in good form. This is done not less than two months ahead ol flowering time. Repotting. When potted plants are shifted to larger pots, use a potting mix* ture similar to that used for the original planting. The "-oil should be carefully firmed with a flat stick oi a brick. Tne shifting of the plant- should be done in the early spring before the roots become badly mailed in the COntainei . Replacements. If potted plants are used, keep a good suppl) on hand to re- place faded or dying plant-. Totted ger- aniums are renewed yearly with rooted cuttings unless they are to be developed into standard or tree form. INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES . . . Few serious pests as well as few serious diseases attack geraniums and pelargoniums in California INSECT PESTS Caterpillars and other leaf-eating insects.These pests may cause damage at times, but they are rarely serious. Hand-picking caterpillars may be practi- cable where there are only a few plants. If there is a severe infestation of leaf- eating insects, a stomach poison, such as one of the rotenone products, may be sprayed on the foliage in accordance with directions on the container. Lead arsenate at the rate of % ounce to 1 gallon of water also controls most of the leaf-eating insects, but it leaves a noticeable residue. DDT sprays are also promising for con- trolling some caterpillars. Carefully fol- low the directions on the container. Snails and slugs. Sometimes these two pests are troublesome, but they can be controlled satisfactorily by a poison- bran mash containing metaldehyde. Sev- eral commercial snail and slug baits on the market contain this chemical. DISEASES A few minor diseases attack geraniums. The arid climate of the state is an aid in protecting plants from disease if they are carefully watered. Stem rot and bacterial leaf spot. This disease is caused by certain water molds usually associated with poor drain- age or excessive watering, especially dur- ing very hot spells. Bacterial leaf spol may attack the leaves of geraniums in greenhouses where the plants are crowded and the air is humid. Both stem rot and bacterial leaf spot are controlled by regu- lating soil and air moisture. Spraying especially should be avoided. Virus diseases. Leaf curl and mosaic are reported on greenhouse geraniums. All virus troubles may be controlled by eliminating the diseased plants from the garden, then destro\ ing them bj burning. Take cuttings only from plants which are known to be healthy. cm THESE TABLES . . . list the names of varieties accord- ing to types and tell something about their growth habits. I 12] E D 'E u o c ■u v. O O c o E E o u o Q ih X! cd 4 d J3 cQ CD «J d a 0) •c > a * o S hO £-< B eg " - d «• ** S 1 1 1 1 i d "P w <*-, *-d C e4 * § hP cd • £ E -P rj e S o O 9 d 3 p g* il CO CD bo o _ cp w ho "P " co 5» «? ^ co o3 cp +3 i 1 S I 5 s. 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Cooperative F.xtennion work in Agriculture and Home Economies, College of Agriculture, University of California, and United States Department of Agriculture Bf, DiMnhuted in furtherance of the Acti of Congress of May 8, and June 30, 1914. J. Karl Coke, Director, California Agricultural Extension Service. iOm 1 l,'58(A7726)MH [24 1 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW ■ • and this also U is a geranium Known as Pelargonium ferulaceum, it is one of the less common, de- ciduous types. This manual gives complete information on the cultural needs of geraniums and pelargoniums; tells why the two names (which refer to the same plants) are both used; lists a great many varieties from the commonest garden geraniums to those sought after by collectors, such as the one pictured above. Net Price 25<