- BROW|\lE'S 
 
 TEXTBOOK 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 

SCOTT-BROWNE'S 
 
 TEXT-BOOK of PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A. NEW PRESENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 THE ART, 
 
 AS PRACTISED BY NINE-TENTHS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PROFES- 
 SION IN AMERICA; AND THE ONLY WORK EMBODYING THE 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS MADE IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. 
 
 FOR 
 SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND PRIVATE INSTRUCTION. 
 
 BY 
 
 MR. AND MRS. D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE, 
 
 TEACHERS OP THE ART FOR EIGHT YEARS IN THH COLLEGE OF PHONOGRAPHY; 
 EDITORS OF "BROWNE'S PHONOGRAPHIC MONTHLY AND REPORTERS' JOUR- 
 NAL" (ORGAN or THE PROFESSION); AUTHORS or THE AMERICAN 
 
 STANDARD SERIES OP PHONOGRAPHIC TEXT-BOOKS; MEMBERS 
 OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 % PART I. 
 
 FIFTH EDITION REVISED. 
 
 NEW-YORK : 
 D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE, 
 
 1884. 
 
COPYRIGHT BY 
 
 MRS. A. C. SCOTT-BROWNE, 
 1884. 
 
-3 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS work is a new, modern presentation of the principles of what is known 
 u the STANDARD AMERICAN or BBNN PITMAN SYSTEM or FONOGRAFY (the most 
 popular system in use), with, added thereto, such improvements as have, by th 
 best fonojjrafik scholars, teachers and practitioners of the art, been made and 
 accepted during the past ten years, and which have never before been embodied 
 in text-book form. 
 
 During the past five years this system, as herein presented, has been taught at 
 
 C0 SCOTT-BROWNE'S COLLEGE OF FONOGRAFY, New- York City, with the most gratify. 
 
 ^ ing results; and the gentlemen and ladies graduated at this institution, now occupying 
 
 both professional and official positions, are among the most competent and success- 
 
 ^ fill shorthand writers in the country. 
 
 This work presents but one style of writing, equally suited to- all uses required 
 
 3 either by the amanuensis or verbatim reporter, and is, in every respect, the system 
 
 * best adapted to the acquirement and practise of the great mass of people for 
 
 all business and reporting purposes, as its developement has been extended farther, 
 
 cv> and contributed to by a greater number of minds, than any other, pre-eminently 
 
 fitting it to be the standard system of shorthand writing in America. 
 
 The use of/", instead of ph, in the words fonografy, stenografy, etc., in this book, 
 
 Is in strict accordance with the orthografy of the Greek words from which they are 
 
 j derived; also, the dropping of final e in words where the preceding rowel is 
 
 [" short, as in positiv, derivativ, etc., (sustaining one of our oldest orthographic rules), 
 
 j2 are both in agreement with the recommendation and practise of <he Filological 
 
 Societies of England and America. 
 
 Tun AUTHORS. 
 Fonografik Headquarters, 
 
 New-York City, 
 *7ub. r882. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 J'REKACK 
 
 To THE LEARNER ........ v 
 
 DEFINITIONS ....... viii 
 
 CONSONANTS: 
 
 Lesson I. Consonant Alfabet ....... i 
 
 VOWELS AND VOWEL1ZATION: 
 
 Lesion II. Positiv and Relativ Values . . .... 6 
 
 Lesson III. Short Vowels ....... 13 
 
 Lesson IV. Extra Vowels ....... 17 
 
 Punctuation, Capitals, Emphasis ...... 18 
 
 Lesson V. Difthongs or Compound Vowels ..... 19 
 
 Lesson VI. Joined Vowel Ticks ...... 21 
 
 CIRCLES AND LOOPS: 
 
 Lesson VII. Brief additional signs for j and .... 22 
 
 Lesson VIII. Loops for st and sir ...... 27 
 
 SEMICIRCLES AND HOOK: 
 
 Lesson IX. Brief Signs for Wa and Ya ..... 29 
 
 Lesson X. Brief Wrz and Ya Signs disjoined .... 32 
 
 ASPIRATE TICK, HEH: 
 
 Lesson XI. Heh on stems ....... 37 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND POSITION: 
 
 Lesson XII. Abbreviations Simple and Compound Stems . . 38 
 Lesson XIII. Abbreviations Circles, Loops and Vowels . . .43 
 Lesson XIV. Abbreviations Brief Wa and Ya Signs Vowel, Stem, 
 
 and Brief Sign Combination ...... 46 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS AND ED TICK: 
 
 Lesson XV. Halving Stems to add / or ded tick Abbreviations . 48 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS: 
 
 Lesson XVI. Small Initial Hooks for / and r on mated stems/ and r 
 
 on unmated stems Abbreviations ..... 55 
 
 Lesson XVII. The Initial Circle on / and r hook signs Abbreviations . 63 
 
 Lesson XVIII Back Hook for z, en. un 66 
 
 Lesson XIX. W-tick 67 
 
 Lesson XX. Small Terminal Hooks for n f and v Abbreviations . 69 
 
 Expression of Numbers . . . . . . 74 
 
 Lesson XXI. Shun and Eshun Hooks Abbreviations ... 75 
 
 SHADING AND LENGTHENING: 
 
 Lesson XXII. Shading Em lengthening ins lengthening other curve* 
 
 and Ra and Hah Abbreviations ...... 78 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES: 
 
 Lesson XXIII. Prefixes Compound Prefixes .... 81 
 
 Lesson XXIV. Affixes Abbreviations as Affixes . . . . 85 
 
 ANALOGY AND PHRASING: 
 
 Lesson XXV. Analogy- -Phrasing . . . . .88 
 
TO THE LEARNER, 
 
 IN taking up the study of Fonografy the learner must under- 
 stand, from the start, that he is to lay aside the methods of both 
 spelling and writing words as taught In our books and dictionaries; 
 and that he must place himself in the attitude of a child who is just 
 beginning to learn his ABC. There are two reasons for this advice: 
 
 ist. The fonografik alfabet, unlike the one in our spelling books, 
 contains as many letters or signs as there are elements or sounds in 
 the English language, and not one of these letters or signs stands 
 for more than one sound or value, hence, every word is to be spelled 
 by just those letters or signs that represent the sound heard in the 
 word one sign for each sound, and no more. For example, the 
 word talk is composed of three sounds, or elements, t-aw-k; speak is 
 composed of four elements, s-p-e-k; back, three elements, b-a-k; 
 laugh, three elements, l-ah-f; etc. So, in fonografy, there must be 
 just as many signs used in spelling a word as there are elements, or 
 sounds, heard in the pronunciation of the word; three signs in spelling 
 talk, because there are but three elements heard; four signs in speak, 
 because there are but four elements heard; and so on, in this way 
 with all the words in the language. 
 
 2d. The letters or signs of the fonografik alfabet are all new 
 and unfamiliar to the learner, the same as a b c are new and un- 
 familiar to the child just learning them, and must be acquired in the 
 same way by memorizing. The child memorizes principally by 
 the repeating process. The adult shortens this process by bringing 
 his mind his judgment his reasoning powers to his assistance. 
 He calls to his aid all the ideas that he can associate in any way 
 with the lessons he is learning, that could avail him any thing in ac- 
 quiring them. The more intelligent the student, the more will he 
 learn by this law of association of ideas. 
 
 The quickest way to learn the alfabet is, First: read it over, 
 noticing the name, sound, form, direction and thickness or shading of 
 each sign. Second: read carefully what is said about the manner of 
 writing fat stems whether upward or downward, etc., following the 
 directions given in the TEXT-BOOK, on page 2. Third: write the 
 first eight stems of the alphabet, making and naming them in pairs, 
 accenting the second one of each pair, and repeating words to rhyme 
 with them as follows: 
 
Vt SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Pe Be, Te De, Cha Ja, Ka Ga; 
 This is for w<? to ham this </<zy. 
 
 Also notice that the stems are arranged in the same regular order 
 as the spokes of a wheel, and that there is a thin and thick or light 
 
 and heavy spoke to each direction, thus: y|C' \|/ \j/_ 
 which, paired thus: "\j ^ and separated without breaking their 
 order, appear just as they are seen in the alfabet: 
 
 \\ II // - 
 
 Pe Be, Te De, Cha Ja, Ka <z. 
 This **/ for me to /*; this day. 
 
 Then write the next eight stems, making and naming them also 
 in pairs, and repeating words that will rhyme with them: 
 Ef Ve, Ith The, Es Zc, Ish Ztu; 
 This too, forme to learn,- yon see. 
 
 The remaining stems are unmated and divided into triplets, with 
 words to rhyme, as follows: 
 
 La Er J?a, Em Un Ing; 
 
 Did you say I might sing? 
 
 Wa Ya Hah. 
 
 Yes, ha-ha! 
 
 Write the alfabet in SCOTT-BROWNE'S FONOGRAFIK COPY BOOK, 
 following the directions therein given. The last alfabet exercise in 
 the Copy-Book being like the one on page 3 of this book. If the 
 Copy-Book is not used, any blank note -book will do, taking care to 
 have the exercises neatly and correctly written. 
 
 At this point ask why some of the stems are mated differ- 
 ing only in being light and heavy. Answer. Because the elements 
 or sounds represented by the stems of each mated pair are formed 
 alike in the mouth, and are alike, with the exception that the light 
 ones,/, t, etc., are whispered, while their mates or cognates, b, d, 
 etc., are voiced the voice being heard before the lips separate to 
 give them utterance. Therefore the whispered mated elements are 
 represented by light lines light sound, light stem and the voiced 
 mated elements by heavy lines heavy sound, heavy stem. Pronounc- 
 ing the syllables ap, ab; at, ad; ach, aj; ak, ag; etc., will enable 
 the student to preceive, at once, both the similarity and difference 
 between the mated elements. 
 
 The unmated elements are all voiced except Hah, and are repre- 
 sented by the curved stems that remained after the mated stems were 
 provided for. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. vii 
 
 PENS AND PENCILS. 
 
 Practise with either pen or pencil. It is better to be familiar 
 with the use of both. Let the pen be fine, and the ink clear and 
 black. Hold the pen loosely so that it can be turned easily in writ- 
 ing the outlines of words containing stems made in different direc- 
 tions. Some reporters hold the pen or pencil between the first and 
 second fingers. It is a good way, as the pen is more easily con- 
 trolkd and it enables one to write longer without fatigue. Both this 
 and the usual way are recommended each as a rest to the other. 
 Of pencils graded by numbers, use No. 3; of Dixon's pencils, use 
 those marked S. M. (Soft Medium); of the American Fonograiic Pen- 
 cils, use those marked S (Soft). 
 
 TIME REQUIRED TO LEARN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Directions faithfully followed and lessons thoroughly learned, 
 together with an hour's daily practise, will enable the average student 
 to master this book in about two months. A month's additional 
 practise, of from two to three hours daily, from another's reading 
 using any common school reading books (from Second to Fourth 
 omitting all the poetry), and good business letters will fit the 
 student to begin the work of receiving dictations of business letters, 
 provided he can spell, punctuate and write longhand, or operate a 
 writing machine well. These three are positiv pre-requisites in a 
 shorthand amanuensis. 
 
 HOW AND WHEN TO PRACTISE. 
 
 In writing after another's reading let the same matter be re- 
 peated three times, at least. This enables the writer to criticise his 
 first effort, make corrections, choose better forms for words, and im- 
 prove generally the appearance of the second effort. The third 
 effort confirms the corrections and improvements of the second and 
 advances one's speed. After writing any thing the third time let the 
 shorthand notes be read as many as two or three times and written 
 out in longhand once. Repetition in writing and reading practise, 
 is one of the secrets of gaining speed in writing and readiness in 
 readi'ng. As progress is made in correctness and speed of writing, 
 the repeating practice can be gradually discontinued. Let the stu- 
 dent ahvays read every thing he writes. One's own notes, after be- 
 coming able to write easily, make better reading exercises than 
 engraved fonografy. Amanuenses. and reporters will have no trouble 
 in rea'ding their notes if, during the preparatory course, they faith- 
 fully read every thing they write. 
 
DEFINITION OF FONOGRAFY, 
 ETC. 
 
 FONOGRAFY (Phonography). Any system of writing language 
 in which only the SOUNDS of the SPOKEN -word are represented. 
 
 STENOGRAFY. Any system of shorthand writing, using briei 
 alfabetic signs, arbitrary characters, principles of contraction, etc., 
 adequate to the representation and speed of verbatim speech. The 
 term is applied to systems of un-fonetik shorthand. 
 
 STENO-FONOGRAFY. Any system of fonetic shorthand employ- 
 ing the alfabetik signs of stenography, principles of abbreviation 
 and contraction, devices, etc.. adequate to the representation and 
 speed of verbatim speech. 
 
 FONETIKS (Phonetics). The science of the sounds of the human 
 voice. (Webster.) 
 
 FONETIK (.Phonetic) or Fonik (Phonic). Relating to the repre- 
 sentation of sounds by characters. (Webster.) 
 
 Fonetik or Fonik Shorthand and Sleno-Fonografy both mean 
 one and the same thing. 
 
 The system of Shorthand or Stenografy taught in this book 
 is fonetik or fonografik, and, hence, like all other systems having 
 a fonetik basis, is termed, for brevity, Fonografy instead of Steno- 
 Fonografy, there being no longhand fonografy to require the other 
 as a distinguishing name. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF NATURE, QUESTION, ETC. . 
 The theoretical pronunciation of the words nature, future, ques- 
 tion, fixture, etc., is not so conveniently or quickly represented in 
 fonografy as the popular pronunciation; therefore this work sanctions 
 the fonografik writing of nachur, fuchur, quescAun, Jixcnur, etc. 1( 
 the reporter is to write what he hears, he will seldom have occasion 
 to represent other than the popular pronunciation given to this class 
 of words. 
 
LESSON I. 
 
 1. CONSONANT ALFABET. 
 
 FONOGRAFIK 
 
 STEM or LETTER. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 j 
 
 \ 
 
 STRA 
 Pe 
 
 IGHT ! 
 P 
 
 5TEMS (MATED). 
 as in .... .... iy> 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 Be 
 
 b 
 
 at, 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Te 
 
 t 
 
 if 
 
 a 
 fc 
 
 D 
 
 y. 
 
 7 
 
 De 
 Cha 
 Ja 
 
 d 
 
 ch 
 j 
 
 ,, .... .... each 
 
 
 - 
 
 Ka 
 
 k 
 
 ,, .... oak, coo, echo 
 
 
 ^ __ 
 
 Ga 
 
 g 
 
 egg, ego 
 
 CURVED STEMS (MATED). 
 
 
 ' V_ 
 
 Ef 
 
 f 
 
 as in .... i/, laugh, phase 
 
 ELEMF.NTS 
 
 v 
 
 Ve 
 Ith 
 The 
 
 V 
 
 tk 
 dh 
 
 ,, .... eve, Stephen 
 .... the 
 
 | 
 
 ) 
 
 Es 
 
 s 
 
 ,, .... .... us, ace 
 
 p 
 
 ) 
 
 Ze 
 
 I 
 
 ,, .... .... ooze, as 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 J 
 \ J 
 
 Ish 
 Zhe 
 
 sh 
 zh 
 
 ,, .... ash, orean 
 ,, .... .... azure 
 
 CURVED AND STRAIGHT STEMS (NOT MATED). 
 
 o $ 
 
 ' f upward 
 
 La 
 
 1 
 
 as in .... .... a/c 
 
 || 
 
 ~\ 
 
 Er 
 
 r 
 
 ,, .... .... ear 
 
 3 
 
 \ 
 
 Ra 
 
 r 
 
 .... .... roar 
 
 jB/ ^ 
 
 Em 
 
 m 
 
 ai 
 
 ^ y 
 *1 _, 
 
 H\ ^ 
 
 Un 
 
 Ing 
 
 n 
 
 ,, .... .... an 
 
 R zf 
 
 II r 
 
 < J ASPI- ^^ tlp- 
 
 3 \KATE.~ ward 
 
 Wa 
 Ya 
 Hah 
 
 w 
 y 
 
 h 
 
 way 
 ,, .... .... you 
 ,, .... .... hay 
 
SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 MANNER OF WRITING THE STEMS. 
 
 2. The Stems \ Pe, \ Be, | Te, 1 De, / Cha, / Ja, 
 are written down-ward. 
 
 3. Ka, Ga, are written from left to right, 
 
 4- V. Ef, \_ Ve t fth, C The, ) Es, ) Z?, _> Zhe, 
 are written downward. 
 
 5. _y TrA is written downward when it is the only stem in a 
 word, but when joined to other stems may be written either upward 
 or down-ward, according to rules given in advanced lessons. When 
 written upward it is named Sha. 
 
 6. f La is written upward when it is the only stem in a word, 
 but when joined to other stems may be written either upward or 
 downward, according to rules given in advanced lessons. When writ- 
 ten downward it is named El. 
 
 7. "~^ Er is always written downward. 
 
 8. ^ Ra is always written upward. 
 
 9. s~^m, \^s Un, -s^ Ing, are written from left to right. 
 10. ~^ Wa, f^ Ya, are written downward. 
 
 it. ^ Hah is always written upward. 
 
 RESUMED 
 
 a. _J Ish, written downward 'when it is the only stem in a word. 
 Written either upward or downward, according to certain rules, when 
 joined to other stems. Upward name, Sha. 
 
 b. f~ La, written upward when it is the only stem in a word. 
 Written either upward or downward, according to certain rules, when 
 joined to other stems. Downward name, El. 
 
 c. ^x* Ra, ^ Hah, always written upward. 
 
 d. Ka, __ Ga, ^\ Em, -^s Un, \^s Ing, written from left 
 
 to right. 
 
 e. -r4//the other stems invariably written downward. 
 
 NOTH. Trace and name every one of the stems on page i several times; after 
 which, practise writing them in "Scott-Browne's Phonographic Copy-Book," page i. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 3 
 
 12.-EXERCISE TO BE WRITTEN IN COPY-BOOK. 
 
 PC, Be, XX.: \\ \ \. .... \ \ \ \ ...X \ 
 
 Te, De, | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | 
 
 Cha, Ja,/./. /../..//. //...// .../../ // 
 
 Ka, Ga, 
 
 ith, The, C( r. ( cx c.( (.( (;X.. 
 
 Es, Ze, ). ) 1.) 1.) )...) ) ) ) > 
 
 La or El, r L C....C...C...C C... C... C. C C. C. C. 
 
 Ra . s'.. /..../.. /.. s... / s.. /..//. s.. /. 
 
 I n Si ***^s ^^ ^^ ^^/ ^^/ ^^/ \**/ ^^y' >^^ ^_^ ^^/ N_X 
 
 Ya, r~. r...r...r... r... r.r...r...c....c. r.. c. 
 
 NOTE. For practise on this exercise see page 2 of " Phonographic Copy-Book." 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 MANNER OF JOINING CONSONANT STEMS. 
 
 13. When two or more stems are used in the outline of a word, 
 they are written without lifting the pen; the next beginning where the 
 preceding one ends. Illustration : 
 
 V- ~"~W~ \_ 
 
 p k, n t, r m I, b n t, r r, k k, m m, m n. 
 
 14. RULE I. The first downward stem of a consonant outline 
 must end on the line of writing. Illustration: 
 
 H. 
 
 &P f v > cn k * PP< n ?> <** 
 
 15. RULE II. Theyfrj/ upward stem of a consonant outline must 
 begin on the line of writing. Illustration: 
 
 r k, II, An, sk /, m r. 
 
 16. Join the following stems without making an angle: 
 
 Ik, pn, th n, In, v g t d f, I r, 
 
 .0 ...... D ....... <tw ...... ^ .......... \^. ....... .U .. 
 
 / J, m s, m n, m ng, b n~, in, r sA. 
 
 17. Always make an angle between the following stems: 
 
 f n > v **g, I f", 
 
 18. Curve Em a little more before Ka and a little less before 
 Te, in order to secure sharper angles; thus: /"^\__ m k, *| m t. 
 
 Practise on the foregoing outlines until they can be written readily 
 and neatly. 
 
 Read carefully and with patience, the Exercise on the following 
 page, pronouncing aloud, first the name, and then the sound of each 
 stem. Illustration: 
 
 NAMES. -SOUNDS. 
 
 Pe-Em p m, sounding the p as in ape, leaving off 
 the a; m as in me, leaving off e. 
 
 NOTB. For practise on this exercise see page 3 of " Phonographic Copy-Book." 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 ig. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 u L)"L /r L A /, 
 
 -x .-Zp...^._r:.... -^ 
 
 ^. vZu.c/^ >f ^../f 
 
 l.A^.^O..r^..^> 
 :v:.:v:..xfr:. /v xA x 
 
 *^x_ n Ox cv_ 
 
 ^_^ ^/ ^-A, ^] "Y ^ M^ 
 
 v-/ v_^. v_^ v_x '^^^N v /' x^ 
 
 f:,^j ..:?L. ^ ^r. X 1 ... *< / ^ 
 
 20. The hook on Hah cannot be made perfectly when Hah is 
 joined to fa, Ya, etc., but an imperfect hook or offset is made on the 
 stems, which is just as legible to the student as the complete hook, 
 after becoming familiar with it. 
 
 The above Reading Exercise contains the correct consonant out- 
 lines of the following words: 
 
 2i. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 a. Pope, pub, pity, pick; bevy, busy, bush, bijou; TVoby,' 
 tidy, tag; daisy, duly, door, dame, deny; check, China, cherry; 
 Johnny, gem, jury, Jehu' keep, Cacly, cage, coffee; Goth, Gus- 
 sie, gush, gaily 
 
 b. Fish, fame; vale, valley, veer, vary; theme, thorough; 
 sewer; zeal; sham, shallow. 
 
 c. Lehigh, lodge, Lena, lung, league, love, lobby, Lizzie, Laura, 
 Alma; arm, ark, early, Aurora; rock, review, rib, rich, ridge, rash, 
 rely, wreath, renew, rear. 
 
 d. Make, mug, meadow, map, move, mail, Mary, maim, money, 
 among, Mayhew; nap, into, inch, nag, eno.ugh, knoweth, noisy, 
 Nash, nail, narrow, anyway, N. Y. (En-Ya), N. H. (En-Ifah). <*> 
 
 e. Await, awoke, Oyer, Yahoo; holy, Harry, honey, ha-ha. 
 
 NOTE. Practise on pages 4 and 5 of " Scott-Browne's Phonographic Copy-Book." 
 
SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 VOWELS AND VOWELIZATION, 
 
 LE SSON II. 
 POSITIV AND RELATIV VALUES. 
 
 1. The sound for which any sign or letter stands is called the 
 value or power of that sign or letter ; and if that sign or letter never 
 stands for any other value or power never changes its value, but 
 always keeps the same that value is termed fixed, or positiv, or 
 absolute, all three of these words being in use to express the same 
 idea. It has been observed in the foregoing lesson that the values 
 of the fonografik (phonographic) consonant-signs are positiv, fixed, 
 unchanging; that is, p is always p, and d always d, wherever they are 
 written, and never stand for the sound of f or t or any other value 
 than each its own. 
 
 2. But in this lesson it will be noticed that the values of the 
 simple vowel signs are not positiv, but are dependent upon their rela- 
 tion to the consonant stem for their values. To illustrate : A heavy dot 
 written opposit the beginning of a stem thus, I , is called e, but if 
 this same dot is moved down opposit the middle of the stem, thus, 
 
 *J , it is called a, and if moved again down opposit the end of the 
 stem, thus, .1 , it is called ah; thus forming a short scale of three 
 sounds, e, a, ah, the consonant stem being of a convenient size to 
 furnish three distinctly different vowel sounds. By this, then, it is seen 
 that the simple vowel signs do not have fixed values, as it can not be 
 known what to call a dot till it has been placed 'by the side of a stem; 
 hence, it is said that the vowel signs possess relativ value; that is, 
 their relation to the stem must be shown before it can be known what 
 sound, or value, to giv them. 
 
 3. The vowel signs, then, possess not positiv but relativ value, 
 and are represented by dots and dashes written in three different places 
 by the side of the consonant stem, and made heavy and light to cor- 
 respond with long and short vowel sounds. Heavy signs for long vowels 
 and light signs for short ones. 
 
 THE VOWEL SCALE, OR ALFABET. 
 
 4. There are, in the English language, sixteen simple vowel ele- 
 ments six long, and ten short, and seven compound vowels, or 
 difthongs, as heard in the following words: 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 B^, err, fare, far, fall, move. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 ft, ell, p, cur, at, ask, log, whole, w^lf, and (,* 
 the initial element of the difthong, -00, heard in the words blue, rue, 
 rude, tune, suit, etc. 
 
 COMPOUND VOWELS, OR DIFTHONGS. 
 
 ^41e, old, ice, oil, owl, true, pre. 
 
 5. For practical reporting purposes it is not found necessary to 
 represent each of these elements with a distinct sign of its own. 
 Eighteen signs are regarded sufficient fourteen simple and four com- 
 pound signs. Two of the seven difthongs a and o are, for reasons 
 not necessary to explain here, classed, in fonografy (phonography), 
 with the simple vowels and represented by simple signs. 
 
 LONG VOWELS AND THEIR SIGNS. 
 
 6. The six long vowels (including a and o), classed together, are 
 
 as follows: 
 
 e a ah aw o co 
 
 and represented thus: 
 
 ! 'I J 1 'I J 
 
 e a ah aw o oo 
 
 Vfe gave alms all cold food. 
 
 7. When a vowel sign is written opposit the beginning of a stem 
 it is said to be in the first place; when opposit the middle of a stem, 
 in the second place; when opposit the end oi a stem, the third place. 
 
 8. Observe that the beginning or frst place, of a vowel, is where 
 the stem begins to be written. The Jirs! place of Pe, Cha, Ef, Ith, etc., 
 is at the top because that is where those sterns begin; while the first 
 place of La, J?a, Hah, is at the bottom, because that is where those 
 stems begin. (See next page, lines 2-7, first and fourth columns.) 
 
 9. The dash signs are written at right angles to the consonant 
 stem; that is, in an opposil direction to that of the stem. (See next 
 page, fourth, fifth and sixth columns.) 
 
 10. The consonant portion of a word is written first and the 
 vowel portion afterwards. 
 
 * This sound is fanned in the mouth like the vowel in it, but uttered like the 
 vowel in up, from the back of the mouth, with the throat as nearly in position for sound- 
 ing Q (in /) as the tongue can allow and preserve the _/>>/ of I (in it). 
 
SCOTT.BROWN&S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ii. EXERCISE ON LONG VOWELS. 
 
 DOTS. DASHES. 
 
 BEGINNING. MIDDLE. END. BEGINNING. MIDDLE. END. 
 
 r jist place. .j 2nd place. J 3rdp , ace j < ce - -j 2n d place. ! 3rdplace 
 
 W-/ 
 
 
 
 ?-tf-ve 
 
 A 
 
 a-lms 
 
 aw 
 a-\\ 
 
 c-*-ld 
 
 <7O 
 
 * r .. 
 
 I* 
 
 I. 
 
 \~ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Te 
 3- 
 
 ta 
 
 tab 
 
 taw 
 
 toe 
 
 too 
 
 Key 
 4. ^ . .. 
 
 kay 
 
 kah 
 
 I 
 
 caw 
 
 1 
 
 coe 
 
 1 
 coo 
 
 5. 1 .... 
 
 j. 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 -) 
 
 6. 4~^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1......C 
 
 (_ 
 
 ..J2. 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 8. 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 -1 
 
 J 
 
 Eat 
 9. 
 
 ate 
 
 aht 
 
 * 
 
 awt 
 
 oat 
 
 oot 
 1 
 
 Eke 
 
 10. f^> 
 
 ache 
 
 ahk 
 
 awk 
 
 oak 
 
 ook 
 
 i. r 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ~r..... 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 9 
 
 12. RULE III. Vowels that are read before a. consonant are writ- 
 ten to the left of vertical and inclined stems, the same as they would 
 be in longhand, and above horizontal stems, the same as an upper line 
 of writing reads before a lower line. Illustration: 
 
 ...X -I x < > -). .c.. ,c.... 
 
 ope, aid, eve, oath, ace, ooze, eel, awl, 
 
 ore, eke, ache, oak, aim, e'en, own. 
 
 13. RULE IV. Vowels that are read after a consonant are writ- 
 ten to the right of vertical and inclined stems, and below horizontal 
 stems. Illustration: 
 
 ...x r. i- ^ )- j_ c *'. <*- 
 
 bow, tea, dough, fee, sow, shoe, law, ray, hah, 
 
 key, coo, gay, may, ma, kme, neigh, gnaw. know. 
 
 14. In naming the letters, or signs, of fonografik (phonographic) 
 words, be careful to get the exact sound for each sign, and, after 
 spelling the words by their correct sounds, be doubly careful to pro- 
 nounce them exactly as they were spelled, Illustration: 
 
 *\ a-p, ape, and not dp; 
 
 V~~\ t-a-m, tame, and not tarn; 
 
 P--N d-o-m, dome, and not dim; 
 
 L t-a-k, take, not tack; 
 
 \ b-a-k, bake, not back; 
 
 /"I r-a-t, rate, not rat. 
 
 In this way, carefully spell, both by sound and name of each sign, 
 and pronounce, correctly, the fonografik words on page u. 
 
10 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 15. Do not allow the common, printed spelling to mislead when 
 spelling a word in fonografy. Illustration: 
 
 Ache, a-k, and not a-se-aitch-c: 
 
 coo, k-do, and not se-double-o ; 
 
 thaw, Ith-aw, not te-aitch-a-doubleyou; 
 
 eel, e-l, not double-e-l; 
 
 talk, t-aw-k, not t-a-el-k; 
 
 though, The-o, not t-aitch-o-you-je-aitch; 
 
 gale, Ga-a-l, not je-a-l-e; 
 
 shawl, Ish-aw-l, not Es-aitch-a-doubleyou-l; 
 
 rouge, Ra-oo-Zhe, not ar-o-you-je-e. 
 
 cage, k-a-j, not se-a-je e. 
 
 16. Write no more signs in a word than there are sounds heard 
 in its pronunciation. Silent letters seen in printed words are never 
 represented in fonografy. Illustration: Know, n-o ***~/ ; gnaw, 
 
 n-a-a) =- i^-S ; see, j-^ = ) ; cope, -0-/ = ' \ 
 
 17. Before writing a word in fonografy pronounce it slowly and 
 then sound all the elements separately, heard in the slow pronunciation, 
 in order to determine the exact sounds, and the correct signs to be 
 written. Illustration: 
 
 Word. Slow pronun- Separate Names of conso- Stem out- Name of each Full 
 ciation. sounds, nant steins. line. sound. word 
 
 Zero, z- e r o, z-e-r-o, Ze-Ra )/ Ze-e-Ra-o ^K 
 
 Dado, dado, d-a-d-o, De-De De-a-De-o 
 
 Cocoa, c o c oa, k-o-k-o, Ka-Ka Ka-o-Ka-o 
 
 Delay, d e 1 ay, d-e-l-a, De-La Y De-e-La-a V^~ 
 
 NOTE. Remember that the pen must not be lifted till all the consonant stem of an 
 outline are written, after which the vowel signs are placed. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 11 
 
 18. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON LONG VOWELS. 
 
 ist Place Vowels. 
 
 .1 ^ ..<L .V_ C... :)' J. 
 
 i 
 
 </ Place Vowels 
 
 \ -I ! 
 
 " . , _\ ...... I ..... I 
 
 *.^ L A.A.-^ .^ 7.. - , 
 
 /" /" VI V /\ x^l ^ 
 -S^ : >-- s -f^ > 
 
 jrd Place Vowels. 
 
 '3. \. \. _.. v "^ ^- -TV c * 
 
 \ * V \. I 
 
 14- x \r V"" Vs \CN' I 
 
 "^ C. 
 
12 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 19. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON THE LONG VOWELS. 
 
 Pea, pa, paw, Po, poo, ape, ope, bay, baa, b,ow, obey, eat, ate, 
 oat, tea, aid, ode, day, dough, age, Jo, eke, ache, oak, key, coo, 
 gay, fee, fay, foe, eve. oath, thaw, sou, ace, ooze, Shah, shaw, show, 
 shoe, lee, lay, lo, eel, ale, awl, aim, ma, knee, gnaw, -woe,, woo. yah, 
 yo, haw, hoe, hah. 
 
 Peep, pope, peach, poach, peak, poke, opaque, Peko, peal, 
 pail, pale, Paul, pole, babe, beat, beet, bait, boat, beach, beak, 
 bake, bail, ball, bowl, below, beam, tape, teach, teeth, tail, 
 tall, toll, team, tame, deep, daub, dado, dale, dole, delay, 
 deem, dame, dome, cheap, cheat, Choate, cheek, chalk, choke, 
 Job, joke, jail, keep, cape, cope, coach, cage, cake, coke, keel, 
 coal, comb, gale, goal, game, feed, . fade, Feejee, faith, fame ( 
 foam, veto, evoke, vague, vogue, thief, thieve, theme, sheep, shape, 
 Shgik, shake, zeal, leap, lobe, load, leach, liege, leak, lake, leaf, 
 loaf, leave, loathe, leal, lame, leeway, mope, meek, mock, meal, 
 male, mail, mole, maim, knave, 'neath, name, heap, heat, hate, 
 heed, hoed, heath, halo, ho-ho, ha-ha. 
 
 'Write Ra for r in the following words, because it is followed by 
 a vowel: 
 
 Ray, raw, rOw, reap, rope, robe, rate, wrought, wrote, reed, 
 raid, road, rowed, reach, rage, wreak, rake, rogue, wreath, 
 wreathe, relay ream, roam, Rome, rear, roar, Reno, zero, Nero, 
 hero. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words, because it is preceded by 
 a vowel: 
 
 Ore, oar, pirr, peer, pour, bier, bore, tgar, tore, deer, door, 
 chore, jeer, fear, four, veer, shear, shore, leer, lore. 
 
 Write El (downward) for / in the following words, because it is 
 final and preceded by either /, v or the upward r, in which case' it 
 must be written downward: 
 
 Fail, foal, veal, vale, reel, rail. 
 
 Write Sha and La (both upward) for sh and / in the following 
 words, because they make the best joining: 
 
 Shawl, shoal, shield, leash. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LE S SON III. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 1. The six short vowels, classed together, are heard in the fol- 
 lowing. syHables: 
 
 f(t) - 4t) <*(') 4(t) *(0 <W(t) 
 
 and are represented thus: 
 
 1 i L J -.-! -! ..- 
 
 i id e a dd 
 
 /t fell Rat on pup's foot 
 
 ask cur 
 
 2. The six long and six short vowels may be easily memorized 
 by repeating the following Words containing them: 
 
 \W gave alms all o?ld feed. 
 < e a (f. a o do 
 
 ft fell ' flat on pup's foot, 
 if et at ot ut oof 
 
 3. Rules for writing vowels heard bet-ween STEM CONSONANTS: 
 
 RULE V. ALL first place and the two long second place 
 vowels, a and o, are written after the first co'nsonant, Illustration: 
 
 peak big talk dock bake 'dome cake comb. 
 
 RULE VI. ALL the third place and the two SHORT second place 
 vowels, / and , are written before the second consonant. Illustration: 
 
 Li 
 
 i 
 
 palm boom tack took neck numb 
 
 NOTE. If first place vowels were written before the second stem, 
 and third place vowels after the first stem, it would bring the vowel 
 signs within the angles, and then it could not be told whether the 
 vowel was a first place one to the second stem or a third place one to 
 
 the first stem. Illustration: v-> \ _ It cannot be told whether 
 the first word is balm or beam, or the second word, pack or pick; but 
 
14 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 by applying Rule V. the following word, v^ , is known to be beam, 
 and by applying Rule VI. this word, v^ , is known to be balm. 
 4. The second place vowels could be written to either stem, but 
 to make an equal division of the signs to each stem it was thought 
 best by Mr. Pitman to write the long ones to the first and the short 
 ones to the second stem, which added to the legibility of such 
 words as \ bake, \-i_ beck, [^ dome, [^ dumb, etc., when in 
 careless or rapid writing the size of the vowel was not accurate. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 :.&.&. :.f.cC. 
 
 ...__ ./..... - ^ _ A_/: 
 
 ' 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 :... .U _. \r..._. V... 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 Ebb, abby, odd, eddy, add, itch, etch, edge, echo, egg, ash, ill, 
 ell, Ella, alley, Emma, Anna, pity, petty, patty, putty, pod, pitch, 
 patch, pick, peck, pack, Puck, pig, pygmy, peg, pug, pith, 
 pussy, push, pill, pull, pully, pink, batch, badge, budge, back, book, 
 big, beg, bag, bog, bug, buggy, bevy, busy, bush, bushy, bijou, bill, 
 billow, bell, bal!6t (ballay), bung, tip, tap, top, tub, attach, touch, 
 tick, tack, attack, tuck, attic, tag, tug, taffy, tally, tarry, Tenney 
 tung, tank, dip, ditty, oddity, dig, dog:, dug, death, doth, dell, dull, 
 dally, doll, dim, dumb, ding, dong, chip, chap, chop, chat, chick, 
 check, chill, chilly, chimney, chink, jib, job, jet, jut, Judd, judge, 
 Jack, jockey, jig, jag, jog, jug, gill, jelly, jolly, gem, Jennie, 
 Johnnie, Kipp, cab, cob, cub, Kitty, catch, cudgel, Cudjo, kick, cook, 
 keg, cog coffee, cafe, kith, cash, calla, callow, king, kink, gig, gag, 
 Goth, gush, galley, gull, gully, gum, guinea, gang, gong, fob, fitch, 
 fetch, fudge, fag, fog, foggy, fellow, fallow, follow, Fanny, funny, 
 fang, valley, volley, vim, thatch, thick, thicket, thumb, thong, zinc, 
 ship, shop, shabby, shadow, shock, shook, shaggy, sham, shank, 
 lip, lap, lop, elbow, Libby, lobby, lad, laddie, ledge, allege, lodge, 
 lick, lack, lock, locket, luck, lucky, look, live, love, lofty, loth, lilly, 
 loll, lull, limb, lamb, rally, map. mop, mob, Mattie, meadow, match, 
 mock, muck, mug, miff, muff, myth, moth, mash, mush, mashed, 
 mill, milk, mellow, mum, mummy, Minnie, Moony, many, monk, 
 nip, nap, knap, nib, knob, Netie, niche, notch, nudge, nick, neck, 
 knack, knock, nook, kna^g, nag, gnash, unlucky, ninny, Nancy, 
 
fl SCO TT-RRO IVNE S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Write /fa for r in tut louowmg words, because Ka is to be used 
 when the directions for At uo not apply: Perry, parry, bury, berry, 
 rherry, ferry, rip, rap, rot, rut. rid, red, rich, wretch, rack, rook, 
 rig, rug, ring, merry, marry/ enrichj Harry, hurry, rim, rum. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: Erie, aerie, Eh rich. 
 
 Write El (downward) for in the following words: Kingly, rill, 
 knell, null, annul, ilk elk, alack, leg, lag, log, lug, Ilm, elm, Elmo, 
 alum. Alma, Olney, Lena, llion. lung, link, lank. 
 
 Write Sha, La and Ka (all upward) for s/i, I and r in the follow- 
 ing words: Shell, shallow, lash, lashed, polish, polished abolish 
 abolished, rash, rush, hash, hush. 
 
 The following directions add to the legibility of Phonography. 
 
 A r ^\ is used when preceded by a vowel, thus: ^x ~/\ *~N 
 and when it is final, thus: \ \ 
 
 except when it is immediately followed by v V C ( ) / j 
 / or / and then 
 
 Ra / must be used, thus:/^ /^ [/( /(,/)-/} A A 
 / 
 
 Jt si and always use Ra when the sound of r follows 
 
 /"N or f thus: / / ^^ (j/ and for an additional r sound 
 
 preceded by the A'a sign, thus: // // and where r follows Hah 
 thus: ( ^ > ^^ See the engravings of Ar and-fai thruout the book. 
 
 El ^ (downward /) must always be used when preceded by a 
 
 vowel and followed by or /^ thus: ^ *K-x_^ .^v when 
 
 final immediately following V_ ^ <^ or ^-" thus: V- S- & 
 >/; when preceded by ^-^ or ^^ thus: ^f' * ^; and when fol- 
 lowed by the consonants Vs -"' or x ^-' thus: f~\ /^ (JJ- Cix 
 
 ^". because the joining is most easily made. 
 
 La f (upward /) is used in all other cases and also where 
 derivativ words are required to be written in analogy with their 
 primitivs thus: f~^~~ ^\_f' and where modifying principles would 
 require the upward / for legibility of outline, which will be seen in 
 the engravings of moie advanced lessons. 
 
Of PHONOGRAPHY. \1 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 EXTRA VOWELS 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNS. 
 
 r. The vowels ? in her and d in dare are not classed in their 
 proper places with the other long vowels, partly on account of such 
 an .arrangement breaking up the usual six- vowel order of long and 
 short vowels, and partly because some fonografik authors do not pro- 
 vide for their representation, but use as substitutes either the second 
 place light dot i for the sound of e in her and i in sir or the light dash 
 for M in cur, and the second place heavy dot a for the vowel in dare. 
 It is much better that these distinct sounds have distinct signs of their 
 own, and this book provides proper representation for them as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 2. A light dash written in second place, parallel w ith the stem 
 for the vowel in her, sir, etc., and in third place, parallel with the 
 
 stem, for the vowel in dare. Illustration: ~^ err { \ Goethe 
 (Ge(r)tuh), air, \_/ fairy. 
 
 3. The vowel in ask, past, alas, etc., is the true short mate of 
 the vowel in far, the correct sign for which is the third place light dot 
 used also to represent the sharper vowel heard in rat, which is the 
 short mate of the vowel heard in air, dare, etc. On account of the 
 similarity of these two vowels it is not necessary, for reporting pur- 
 poses, to have two distinct signs. Should a distinct sign be required, 
 in order to teach exact pronunciation, the light third place parallel 
 dash can be used to represent the short vowel in rat, and the same 
 sign made heavy to represent the long vowel in dare. 
 
 4. The vowel heard in cur, work, journey, etc., is more of a 
 gutteral than the one heard in earnest, mercy, girl, etc., and is repre- 
 sented by the second place light dash, as in cup. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON EXTRA VOWELS. 
 
 ..V i ..v ...v, 
 ni " d 
 
15 
 
 SCOTT-BROWN f:S TEXT-SOUK 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 ON EXTRA VOWELS. 
 
 Goethe, Percy, {Ra for r), mercy. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: 
 
 Herb, herbage, herbal, earl, early, ergo, air, airy, pair, pare, 
 pear, bear, bare, barely, tare, dare, Adair, fare, fair, affair, lair. 
 
 Write Ra for r in the following wo''ds: Fairy, Thayer, rare, mare, 
 rarer (three lengths of Ra), thus: ^^^ 
 
 Fair day. Percy came early. Poor, cheap fare. Rare, early pear. 
 
 PUNCTUATION, CAPITALS, EMPHASIS. 
 I. Thp punctuation marks used in fonografic writing are: 
 
 if- 
 
 ' ..PERIOD Used at the end of 
 complete sentences. 
 
 ....DASH Used in a break of 
 sentences. 
 
 ..PARENTHESIS Used to en- 
 close parenthetical remarks. 
 
 3 
 
 BRACKET Used to enclose re- 
 marks by reporter or editor. 
 
 HYPHEN Used to indicate 
 compound words. 
 
 EMPHASIS Used to indicate 
 emphatic words and sen- 
 tences. . 
 
 CAPITAUZER Used to denote 
 capitalization or name, and 
 the words equal to. 
 
 .PLEASANTRY OR LAUGHTER 
 Used to denote mirthful 
 feeling. 
 
 INTERROGATION Used to de- 
 note a question. 
 
 EXCLAMATION Used to indi- 
 cate feeling, pathos, won- 
 der or surprise. 
 
 All other punctuation marks used in writing and printing must 
 be supplied in the transcripts made of one's shorthand notes. 
 
 2. Capital letters are indicated thus: 
 * E, , O, V N. Y., 
 
 Lima. 
 
 3. In letter writing, or in memoranda, the vowel initials of 
 names, if preferred, can be expressed by their signs written in the 
 correct vowel place by side of the cancelled Te stem, thus: 
 
 IE, -To. 
 
 4. To indicate emphasis in print, words are set in italic letters. 
 To indicate emphasis in longhand writing, words are underscored by 
 a straight, horizontal line. To indicate emphasis in fonografic writ- 
 ing, words are underscored by a waved line. Illustration: 
 
 Best 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 19 
 
 LE SSON V. 
 
 DIFTHONGS, OR COMPOUND VOWELS. 
 
 i oi ow ew 
 
 My boy's owl fiew. 
 
 DIFTHONG SIGNS. 
 
 2. The difthong signs are derived from the letter \^ , or in- 
 clined cross, thus: 
 
 (i 
 oi X ew 
 ow 
 
 Observe that in writing these signs, the angle should be made 
 sharper than is shown in the cross. 
 
 3. The difthong signs possess fixed values, and are written in 
 the most convenient place, usually the third place. 
 
 4. The difthong following r, as in rude, rumor, rule, etc., is not 
 so sharp as that heard in pure, cure, beauty, etc., but the same sign is 
 used to represent both. 
 
 5. Initial difthongs should be written first, and, if convenient, 
 joined to the following stem. Illustration: 1. Ida, ^*- ivy, J ice. 
 
 6. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON DIFTHONGS. 
 
 .... ..... V* ...... fciii 
 
 ^.U. 
 A 
 
 
20 SCOTT.BROWNRS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ' ow 
 
 .5v\A V / 
 
 
 7 ._WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON DIFTHONGS. 
 
 Pie, tie, Ida, Ike, Guy, fie, vie, ivy, thigh, sigh, ice, eyes, shy, 
 lie, lye, ally, nigh, high, isle, aisle, pipe, pike, pile, abide, byway, 
 tidy, tithe, time, tiny, dike, dime, idol, chime, China, jibe, kite, 
 chyle, chyme, guide, guile, Fido, five, shiny, like, life, alive, lime, 
 imbjfce, mighty, mile, knife, hypo, height, hide. 
 ^^ Boy, boil, toy, toil, joy, coy, coil, Voy, avoid, alloy, oil, annoy, 
 noisy, ahoy. 
 
 Bow, Dow, cow, vow, row, owl, owlish (oiv-La-Sha), chow-chow, 
 couch, gouge, fowl, foul, avowed, vouch, loud, mouth. 
 
 Pew, dew, adieu, due, chew, Jew, cue, thew, Sue, lieu, hew, hue, 
 Hugh, huge, beauty, duty, dupe, duke, eschew, juror, juicy, July, 
 Jehu, cube, imbue, mule. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: Ire, pyre, attire, dire, 
 gyre (Ja-Er), fire, lyre, tire, Irish (i-Er-Ish), toiler, lure, allure 
 
 Write Ka for r in the following words: Rye, wry, rijie, right, 
 rite, write, Wright, arrive, writhe, irate, aright, mire, roy, roil (Ka- 
 El), roilly (A'a-La), rout, rowdy, rue, pursue, bureau, jury, fury, 
 furore, rude, review. 
 
 Write El for / in the following words: File, Nile, foil, roil, 
 Hoyle, fowl, foul. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 21 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 JOINED VOWEL-TICKS. 
 
 I. A vowel (belonging either to the dot or dash class), following 
 & difthong, is more quickly and conveniently represented by a small 
 tick joined to the difthong sign, and written in the direction of Te 
 on oi and fw, and of Ka on i and oiu. 
 
 2. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON JOINED VOWEL TICKS. 
 
 > .j 
 
 . \... 
 
 ft vJ 
 
 fc 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON JOINED VOWEL TICKS. 
 
 Iota, Iowa, lona, piety, pious, bias, Tioga, diet, dial, VioJa, 
 scion, Zion, boyish, coyish, voyage, towel, dewy, Dewey, Jewess, 
 duel, dual, jewel, Jewish, Shuey, annuity. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: Dyer, power, tower, 
 dower, shower, jeweler, fewer, sewer, newer. 
 
 Write Ra for r in the following words: Diary, fiery, riot, Ryan, 
 miry, higher, royal (Ra-Et) royally (Ra-La), cower, Rowell (J\'a-EI), 
 jewelry, ruin, renewal (.7 stem), hewer. 
 
 Write El for / in the following words: Vial, viol, lion, royal, 
 vowel, Rowell, Howell, fuel, Newell, renewal. 
 
22 SCOTT-BROWNBTS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 CIRCLES AND LOOPS, 
 
 LE SSON VII. 
 
 BRIEF ADDITIONAL SIGNS FOR S AND Z. 
 
 1. The frequently occurring sounds of s and z are, in a large 
 class of words, represented by a small circle, o , named Is or Iz, used 
 at the beginning of stems, between stems, and at the end of stems, 
 thus securing convenience in joining, brevity of outline, and greater 
 ease and rapidity in writing. 
 
 2. The circle is joined to straight stems by a leftward motion 
 of the pen, moving in three distinct directions, as shown in this little 
 square joined initially to the Pe stem, \ , while a fourth direction 
 forms the stem. 
 
 3. The circle is always written on the concave side of a curve 
 thus: V_ 
 
 4. In joining the circle to any stem, either initially or finally, 
 let the first and last movements be at right angles with the stem. 
 Illustration-: 
 
 ..J*._J* ....... L b 
 
 v 
 
 Let the learner practise on the squares until without their aid a 
 perfect circle can be easily formed. 
 
 5. The circle has no effect upon vowelization. A vowel heard 
 either before or after a consonant represented by a stem is always 
 written before or after the stem, whether a circle is on the stem or 
 
 not. Illustration: \ up. -\ sup, \v/V, \v spy, ' eat, \ seat, 
 _l_ ache, Q_!_ sake. 
 
 6. A vowel is never read before an initial circle. The initial 
 circle always reads first, and then any vowel that may be before the 
 stem, and then the stem, and then any vowel that may follow the 
 
 stem. Illustration: T settee, .[y- satiety, "[. soda. See page 24, 
 Une 4. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 23 
 
 7. Initial s is expressed- on the Hah stem by a circle in the place 
 of the hook. Illustration: g? Soho. See line 4, seventh and eighth 
 words of page 24. 
 
 8. Initial z is always represented by the stem. See page 25, 
 line 16. 
 
 9. The circle at the end of stems is always read last. A vowel 
 cannot read after a circle because the circle furnishes no places in 
 which three different vowels could be written. See page 24, line 5. 
 
 10. A circle between two straight stems running in the same 
 direction, is written by the same motion of the pen as the circle on a 
 single straight stem. See page 24, line 6. 
 
 11. A circle between straight stems, struck in different directions, 
 is written outside of the angle. See page 24, line 7. 
 
 12. A circle between a straight line and a curve, is always written 
 on the concave side of the curve. See page 25, line 8. 
 
 13. A circle between Em and any other curve, when it cannot 
 come 'within the curve of both stems, is written on the concave side 
 of Em. See page 25, line 9. 
 
 14. A circle between Ef, Un, and La, and between La and Ve, 
 and La and Ith, is written on the concave side of La. See page 25, 
 line 10. 
 
 15. The circle between other curve combinations is written on 
 the concave side of both curves. See page 25, line n. 
 
 LARGE CIRCLE FOR SES, SEZ, ZEZ. 
 
 1 6. The double sound of s or z ses, sez, zez is expressed by a 
 large circle in such words as 
 
 passes, possess, teases, possessed, excessive, races. 
 
 17. The use of a double-sized circle to express the double sound 
 of s and 2, allows the plural ending of words to be formed in analogy 
 with words in the singular number terminating with the small circle. 
 Illustration: 
 
 piece, pieces, case, cases, rase, roses; 
 
24 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 also the third person singular of such verbs as end with the small 
 circle is expressed with the large circle. Illustration: 
 
 ....................... L" .............. 6 .................. ^.... ... ..... .................... 
 
 toss, tosses, rise, rises. 
 
 See page 25, lines 12 and 13. 
 
 1 8. A third sound of s following ses, sez, zez, is expressed by a 
 small circle on the back of the large circle. Illustration: 
 
 possesses, abscesses, excesses, successes, recesses. 
 
 See page 25, line 14. 
 
 19. The vowel /, heard in sez, is never written; but if any other 
 vowel than / occurs between the s or z sounds, it is written if legi- 
 bility requires it. Illustration: 
 
 exist, exhaust, basis, bases, 
 
 See page 25, line 15. 
 
 Initial Zmust be expressed by the stem. See line 16, page 25. 
 20. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON CIRCLES. 
 
 2 - f ..... f. ....... i_ ...... ft^ ...... 01.....4 _____ 
 
 .3-L... V, ..... "). ..... ;.3 ....... J ...... .C.. .. 
 
 4-f ....... -t ...o^.. ^ ...K ..... v:.....v< 
 
 .5-.\o ..... V ...... Xo ...... \o< C. t ... 
 
 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 21. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON CIRCLES. 
 
 Soap, soup, sips, saps, seat, stays, stows, stew, suit, sight, sty, 
 seed, said, sad, sawed, sowed, soda, suds, seeds, sage, sages, seige, 
 sedge, sausages, seek, sake, sick, sacks, success, successes, Sussex, 
 sag, sago, safe, sofa, save, seive, sythe, size, sizes, seize, seizes, 
 sash, sashes, seal, seals, sails, sale, solo, sorry, sorrows, sore, sere, 
 sour, sire, sir, Sam, seam, sum, psalm, sin, son, sun, sane, sign, 
 sneeze, snows, sing, sang, sung, sway, sways, Swiss, Soho, Sahara. 
 
 Pass, piece, peace, passes, pieces, pace, paces, pause, pauses, 
 posses, possesses, base, bays, boys, abase, abases, abuse, abscess, 
 abscesses, tease, teases, days, dose, doze, dozes, disease, diseases, 
 cheese, cheeses, chase, chews, etches, ages, joys, Jews, juice, rejoice, 
 rejoices, kiss, kisses, Cass, Cass's, case, cases, oaks, aches, echoes, 
 ox, ax, axes, axis, axCs, excess, excesses, excuse, excuses, exercise, 
 exercises, exercised, guess, guesses, gaze, geese, goose, gas, gases, 
 gauze, \Guy's, face, faces, vase, vases, vice, vices, voice, voices 
 
28 SCOTT-DROWNS '5 TEXT-BOOK 
 
 irows, views, reviews, thighs, oaths, shows, shoes, ashes, lace,.laces 
 loose, looses, lose, loses, lease, allays, alleys, Ellis, Alice, raise, (Ra 
 for r) raises, race, races, recess, recesses, rise; arise, (Er for r) arises, 
 arouse, arouses, erase, erases, ears, oars, errs, airs, miss, misses, 
 muss, aims, noise, annoys, noises, nose, niece, nice, ounce, ounces, 
 woes, woos, yeas, hose, haze, hiss, hisses, house, houses, hews, 
 hues, Hughes, hies, Hayes, pushes, bushes, tushes (upward stem, Sha t 
 lor sA following TV, De, Ef t La, Ra, and HaK), dishes, dashes, fishes, 
 lashes, luscious, rushes, hushes, possessed, pacify, passive, passeth, 
 pestle (p-s-l), puzzle, poison, obesity, beset, besides, beseech, basks, 
 abusive' bustle (b-s-l), baser, besom, business, basin, baseness, ab. 
 sence, upset, tasty, outside, task, tassel, teasel, desk, dusk, dusky, 
 dusty, decides, decisive, diseased, docile (either upward or downard /), 
 desire, desirous, disrobe, dislike, dispels, disloyal, dozen, Chesapeake, 
 chosen, chisel, Jason, jostle, cusp, cask, cassock, excessive, chasm, 
 cosmos, cousin, Casino, castle (k-s-l), Castile (k-s-t-l), gasp, gossip, 
 gusto, guzzle, fiasco, fizzle (El stem), fosil, vessel, vassal, visage, 
 thistle (El stem), lisp, receive (r-s-v), misty, mask, listen (El stem) 
 lessen, lesson, loosen, reason, risen, rosin, resume remiss, missile, 
 muzzle, music, musk, mosque, mistletoe (in-z-l), mouser (Ra stem), 
 miser, misery, honesty, nasty, necessity, necessary, nestle, nozzle, 
 insist, resist, subsist, desist, system, scissors, saucer, season, Susan, 
 schism, Sicily, successive, unsafe, unseen, Owasco, anxiety,, anxious 
 (Ing-Ish-Js), hasty, hastily, husk, hassock, husky, hustle (La stem), 
 hasten, Hosannah, hussar (Ra stem 1 ). 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Miss Dewey's roses. Laura's peaches. Olive's mosses. Leave 
 Johnny's books. Naughty Darius Howe chews gum. Katie 
 loves nice, rich coffee. Miss Lillie Snow ate savory soup < 
 Choose right ways. Resist laziness. Lizzie eats ripe, juicy pears. 
 Maurice's slow coaci. Sadie's ice houses. Newell Dyer's sons rise 
 early. Viola passes Jennie's house. Sadie supposes wrongs. Lucy 
 loves Johnny. , Susan rose sad. Lizzie sings Katie's merry song. 
 Johnny's cows ''eat husks. Dogs chase cows. Mollie hates snow. 
 Chicago's chime-bells ring merry music. Tommy's owl eats mice- 
 Honesty satisfies reason. Boys leap slow. Lena loves rainj 
 days. Seek happiness. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 LOOPS FOR ST AND STJt. 
 
 1. A small loop written initially on stems expresses initial st 
 sounds; written finally, expresses final st or zd sounds. Illustration: 
 
 \ step, [ state, ^ steak, .0 still, ^o star, c^ starry, 
 ^S stem ?sJ> stony, ^- past or passed, *=> guest or guessed, /r^s. 
 mist or missed, O 7 honest, ?&< abused, f> gazed, X Caroused, <f*> 
 housed. See lines 1-3 below. 
 
 2. A large final loop on stems expresses sir. Illustration: 
 \i. pastor, ^~ toaster, ^3 faster, r Lester, 0' y ester. See 
 
 line 4 below. 
 
 3. A circle is written on the back of loops to express s or z fol- 
 lowing st or sir. Illustration: posts, s ^ posters. See line s 
 below. 
 
 4. The loops can be used in the middle of words provided, at 
 the point of junction, the stems do not cross each other. If the stems 
 cross, the loop is reduced to the value of the s circle. Illustration: 
 6!~' destiny, ISOJ. testify, (^.yesterday. See line 6 below. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ST AND STR LOOP. 
 
 b: ...... / ... _^. ^3 .../<?. 
 
28 SCOTT-BROWNE: s TEXT-BOOK 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ST AND STR LOOPS. 
 
 Steep, step, stop, stoop, stab, stub, state, stout, steady, study, 
 stitch, stage, steak, stake, stick, stack, stalk, stock, stuck, stucco, 
 stag, stiff, stuff, staff, stave, stove, Stacy, steal, steel, stale, stall, 
 stole, stool, still, stilly, Stella, style, steer, star, store, starry, story, 
 steam, stem, stony, sting, stung. 
 
 Pieced, paste, paced, pest, pester, past, passed, posts, posters, 
 beasts, baste, boasts, boaster, boost, bust, busts, abased, abused, 
 teased, taste, toast, toaster, tests, attest, dost, dust, dusters, adduced, 
 doused, chaste, chased, chests, Chester's, jests, joist, cased, kissed, 
 cast, castor, coast, coaster, costs, Custer's, gazed, guests, guessed, 
 ghosts, aghast, feasts, faced, fist, fast, faster, fussed, Foster, vest, 
 vast, vaster, least, laced, list, lest, Lester's, last, luster, loosed, 
 erased, erst, arrest, aroused, raced, roast, roaster, wrist, roused, 
 
 roosts, roosters, mists, missed, masts, masters, amassed, amused, 
 most, mast, musters, nests, Nast, honest, Nestor, songster, song- 
 sters, waste, waists, West, Wistar, Worcester (Wooster), yeast, 
 yester. 
 
 Artist (Ra for r), artists, reduced, richest, rejoiced, refused, re- 
 eised, upraised, ballast, tallest, utmost, teamster, dullest, coolest, 
 calmest, mildest, forests, forester, fensed, evinced, announced, re- 
 nounced, artistic, statistics. 
 
 SHORT SKNTKNCES. 
 
 Air-castles fade. Hester despises wrong. Step fast. Leste 
 eats rast lamb Tuesday. ^Despise laziness. Invest safely 
 James Post chased Chester West. Jack's master testifies. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 SEMICiRCLES AND HOOK. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 BRIEF SIGNS FOR WA AND YA. 
 
 SEMICIRCLES. 
 
 < Wf, > Wu, Ye, Y#. 
 
 I. Small semicircles for w and y are employed in a large class 
 of words, adding greatly to legibility, and facilitating ease and speed 
 of writing. Illustration: 
 
 ... J 
 
 weep, web, waits, -watch, walks, yacht, yokes, unyoke, yellow. 
 z. The small circle is conveniently written within fF/and W& 
 signs to express tw in certain words. Illustration: 
 
 V 
 
 sweet, swig, swings, suavity. 
 
 WA HOOK ON LA, RA, EM, UN. 
 
 3. Brief Wa is joined to La, Ra, Em, and Un, as a hook. Illus- 
 tration: 6 wail, <^ wore, <rS went, ^_^ wen. See next page, lines 6-7. 
 
 4. The circle for initial s is written on the Wa hook of Ra, but 
 never on the hooks of La, Em, and Un the circle and Wa stem 
 being used for sw preceding these three stems. Illustration: e^ swore, 
 
 swells. See next page, line 8. 
 
 Yl, vox, YOW. 
 
 5. The trifthongs.y*, yoi, yow, are expressed by brief Ya joined 
 to the difthong signs. Illustration: 
 
 genii, Honeoye, meow. 
 
 NOTE (a). In joining W& to Pe, Be, Ka, Ga, and Ing, observe 
 that the motions of the pen are similar to those made in forming a 
 plain figure z. 
 
 (b). In joining Wl to Te, De, Cha, Ja, and Isk, observe that 
 the motions of the pen are like those made in forming a figure 9, 
 while F/ is joined to Te, De, and Jth, by a motion similar to the* in 
 forming a figure 7. 
 
30 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 6. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. 
 
 ,,.\ V, 1: i .1 -1 V..J.../ /_ 
 
 .2-a_i_... 3 b -i H -. ^4 a ^_y \k_ ko . \ <?. 
 
 7. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. 
 
 Wipe, web, Webster, witty, wittily, wet, wettest, wait, witticism, 
 weeds, wade, wades, widows, widest, witch, bewitch, watch, wage, 
 wedge, weak, wake, walk, woke, wicks, wax, waxes, waxed, wigs, 
 wife, waif, woof, weave, weaves, wives, withe, yjash, wing, wings. 
 
 Sweep, swop, swoop, swab, sweet, sweeter, sweetest, sweetly, 
 sweat, Swede, swayed, switch, swig, suave, suavity, swath, swathe, 
 ' swash, swing, swung, assuage, assuages, unswayed, unswathe, 
 Zouave. 
 
 Weal,* wail, wall, wallow, wool, wooly, Wallace, Willis, Wells, 
 willow, welcome, wellfare, wealth, unwell, unwieldy, unwelcome, 
 wealthy, Willoughby, war, wore, weary, wary, worry, wear, ware, 
 wares, beware, worse, worst, worth, worthless, worthy, unworthy, 
 warm, worm, wormwood, swore, swear, swears, soiree, swarm, 
 swarms, swarthy, wammel, wem, wean, wane, win, wins, winnow, 
 wen, wan, won, wanes, wince, winces, winced, windy, window. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 Yacht, yoke, unyoke, yak, youth, youths, Uriah, Yulee, Yale, 
 yell, yellow, yellowish, (upward stem for s/i), yawl, yelp, yelk, yore, 
 (Ar stem), y^arrow, (J?a stem), yam, yon, yawn yawns, Eunice, 
 uinique, unity, unite, young, youngster, yank. 
 
 Genii, Honeoye, meow. 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Willie Wallace works. Willie Woods sings sweetly. Eunice 
 buys cheap cake. Young Yulee's yacht. Johnnie's young sheep. 
 Fannie's kitty "meows," Wednesday. Yellow dogs wag yellow 
 tails. Wet dogs yelp. Jennie sweeps. Emma eats sweet cookies. 
 Wage war young swells, unworthy youths. Willie's bees swarm 
 warm windy wet days. Swing young wives sweetly. Dissuadt 
 Webster'* unwelcome youngster. Welcome wealth worthy youths. 
 
32 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 LES SON X. 
 
 BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS DISJOINED. 
 
 1. The semicircles for the coalescents, W(po) Y(e) cannot be con- 
 veniently joined between stems or at the end of stems, in a large 
 class of words especially words containing the y(e) element and 
 are, therefore, disjoined and written in the vowel places, taking the 
 order of vowel sounds and made heavy when in the place of long 
 vowels and light when in the place of short ones. 
 
 2. Tabular view of brief Wa and Ya in vowel places: 
 
 WA SERIES. 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 
 
 Short. 
 
 
 ! we 
 
 in 
 
 week 
 
 
 c wi 
 
 in 
 
 wit 
 
 | < wa 
 
 
 
 wake 
 
 
 c we 
 
 " 
 
 wet 
 
 i c wa 
 
 1 
 
 waft 
 
 
 <- wa 
 
 ii 
 
 wag 
 
 } > wa 
 j > wo 
 
 in 
 it 
 
 wall 
 woke 
 
 
 3 WO 
 D WU 
 
 in 
 
 wot 
 wun 
 
 i > WOO 
 
 H 
 
 wooed 
 
 
 o woo 
 
 H 
 
 Wool 
 
 YA SERIES. 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 
 
 ye 
 
 in 
 
 year 
 
 
 u jri 
 
 ya 
 
 ii 
 
 yule 
 
 
 u ye 
 
 ya 
 
 " 
 
 yard 
 
 
 u ya 
 
 ya 
 
 in 
 
 yawn 
 
 
 ft yo 
 
 yo 
 
 " 
 
 yoke 
 
 
 r> yu 
 
 yoo 
 
 u 
 
 you 
 
 
 A yoo 
 
 in 
 
 yet 
 yak 
 
 yon 
 
 young 
 Yucatan 
 
 NOTE (a). The iv signs are made from a circle cut in two verti- 
 cally, thus: (f) while for the y signs it is cut in two horizontally, 
 thus: -O~ 
 
 (b). The w sign in dot vowel places opens to the right, or 
 towards the east, while the w sign in dash vowel places opens to the 
 left or towards the west; and the y sign in dot vowel places opens 
 upward, or towards the north, while the y sign in dash vowej places, 
 opens downward, or towards the south. 
 
 NOTE (f). Observe that the vowel sound in Wi and Yl is that 
 of a dot vowel, hence Wi and Yi are the signs used in the dot-vowel 
 places. 
 
 (d). The vowel sound in W& and Yii is that of a dash vowel, 
 hence WA and Yii are used in dash-vowel places. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 W AND Y EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 3. Before giving a list of words illustrating the use of the dis- 
 joined semicircles, it will be an advantage to the student to under- 
 stand clearly the alfabetic equivalents of w and y. 
 
 The sound represented by w is the same as u in quick and nearly 
 the same as oo in coo (being briefer in pronunciation than oo, and in 
 some words more like oo in foot), and the final element of the dif- 
 thongs o, ow, ew, as will be easily perceived by the slow pronuncia- 
 tion of o=ff-oo, ow=ak-oo, ew=**e-oo. 
 
 4. The sounds represented by y in you and pity are the same as 
 e in be and i in it; but, when followed by another vowel sound in such 
 words as beauteous, opiate, etc., the e becomes shorter and the I 
 sharper, producing a short sound like unaccented e in the syllable be 
 in behold. Y-a, e-a, and i-a; y-o, e-o, and i-o, when quickly pronounced, 
 are one and the same thing. For example, the syllable io in folio, can 
 be spelt three ways folio, foleo, folyo and indicate the same pronun- 
 ciation. 
 
 5. The following words contain iv(oo) and y(e) sounds repre- 
 sented in different ways by alfabetic equivalents, without changing the 
 pronunciation: Iowa=Io-ooa=Ioa; Owen=Oooen=Oen; bowie= 
 bo-ooy = bo-I; boa=bo-ooa-=bowa; bivouac = bivooac = bivwac, 
 quick=kooik=kwik; twig=tooig=tuig; sweet=sooeet=sueet; Yale=- 
 gale = i5le=; yank = 6ank = lank; India= Indea= Indya; opiate = 
 opeate=opyate ; atheist=athl-ist=athyist ; carrier=carre-er=carry- 
 er; anterior=antereor=antery-or. 
 
 6. There are a few words in which the syllabication might seem 
 changed by the use of a sign that suggested the letter y such as 
 \^ barrier, s~^s merrier, the fonografic forms of which sug- 
 gest the spelling of the words with a y and two r'j, instead of three, 
 thus: meryer, baryer, and syllabized thus, mer-yer, bar-yer, instead of 
 thus, mery-er, bary-er; but as there are no such words as mer-yer and 
 bar-yer, no confusion can arise by the use of the y sign. The words 
 collier (yer), lawyer, etc., would never be pronounced colly-er, lawy-er, 
 for the reason that there are no such words in the language. English 
 speaking students will have no difficulty in distinguishing between 
 these two classes of words. 
 
34 _ SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK _ 
 
 7. There are a few concurrent vowels the initial one of which 
 is accented which better be expressed by their separate signs, thus: 
 
 ..... I. 
 
 idea, plan, seance, eon, tolls, Leo, Leon, 
 
 writing nearest to the stem that vowel which is heard next to the 
 stem. 
 
 8. The concurrent vowels in such words as bowif, boa, doughy, 
 Owen, etc., are more conveniently and quickly expressed by the dash 
 for o and a brief w sign joined, than by the exact vowel signs written 
 separately taking advantage of the terminal oo or iu element of o, 
 and representing it by the brief w sign, which sign carries with it, or, 
 at least, suggests on account of its names, We and Wit, an accom- 
 panying short vowel sound, dot or dash, according to the direction in 
 which it opens. Illustration: ^ boiuie, \^ doughy, vl^ or ^j 
 Owen, & oasis using ' We, because it represents w with a 
 dot vowel sound following it. \ boa, v_y Noah using 3 Wu, 
 because it represents w with a dash vowel sound following it the 
 vowel sounds in these words being invariably pronounced in ordinary 
 speech (even by. the best scholars), nearer like the vowel in up than 
 like short ah. By taking advantage of this pronunciation a distinction 
 can be made between X boa, and \ bowie ^* Not and V_> 
 Noah, etc., etc. 
 
 NOTE. While it may seem teaching a tautophonical pronuncia- 
 tion to represent the vanish or terminal sound of o by both the o dash 
 and brief w sign attached to the o dash, it is necessary to so repre- 
 sent it in order to secure a sign that will join legibly to the dash and 
 at the same time represent, or suggest, the short vowel sound follow- 
 ing the o sound. The student may regard that the dash represents 
 the radical or initial sound of o (short, as in -whole), while the w sign 
 represents both the vanish or terminal sound of o and the short vowel 
 following it; or he may, if preferred, regard the dash as representing 
 full ', and brief w sign as representing only the short vowel follow- 
 ing. Either way, it expresses the same thing. 
 
OF PH OHO GRAPHY. 35 
 
 9. The concurrent vowels of poet, poem, boivie, boa, towage, Zoe, 
 Not, if expressed by their separate signs, are written thus: 
 
 ........ X ........ VN ........ X ........ X, ....... 1- ............. -: ...... v ... 
 
 but if by their joined signs, thus: 
 
 .X ......... ^ ........... h ........ > r y .'. 
 
 It will be seen that the joined signs are more readily and quickly 
 made, for the following reasons: The student does not have to think 
 of the particular place by the side of the consonant stem in which to 
 write the sign of the second vowel, and does not have to lose time in 
 pen-liftings or in going back to place the vowel to a downward stem, 
 as in the words poet, towage, etc. Besides, it enables the vowels to 
 be read in their proper order, forward or downward, instead of back- 
 ward or upward, as in the words bowie, towage, etc., where the sepa- 
 rate signs are written. 
 
 10. The concurrent vowels in deity, deist, etc., can be quickly 
 and legibly expressed by a single sign, thus: " deity, \> deist, 
 
 CM. I.. 
 
 theist, etc., instead of thus: I I) etc. 
 
 11. Concurrent vowels having any other than e, I, y, oo, o, w, 
 for the initial vowel must be expressed by separate signs, thus: 
 X payee. ) Isaiah, l'\ or r I laity, "* | or 'I gayety, 
 ^~"^ rawish. 
 
 12. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA DISJOINED. 
 
 y. X ..... v ^..or..X^....N....H '\-. ^ . h . 
 
33 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 13. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA DISJOINED. 
 
 Poets, poetic, poem, bowie-knife, boa, towage, doughy, Zoe, 
 showy, Louis (Lool), lower, Louisa, rower, mower, Noe, Noel, 
 Noah, hoer, oasis, oases, stoic, Stowell, snowy, slowest, soloist. 
 
 Opiate, barrier, carrier, merrier, Collier, lawyer, piano, fiasco, 
 geology, theology, theory, theories, theorize, theorized, Zenobia, 
 Zenia, area, Arabia, mania, ammonia, India, olio, folio, folios, 
 foliage, deist, deistic, theist, atheist, atheistic, atheistical, atheistic- 
 ally, atheism, insignia, maniac, superior, exterior, inferior, interior, 
 anterior, odious, odium, idiom, idiot, idiocy, idiotic, piteous, beau- 
 teous, tedious, copious, copiously, furious, various, impious, happier, 
 happiest, wealthier, wealthiest, worthier, worthiest, balmiest, funni- 
 est,' studious, studiously, dubious, curious, tinier, tiniest, sorriest, 
 silliost, annual, manual, biennial. 
 
 Payee, pean, idea, gayety. seance, Isaiah, laity, Leo, Leon, 
 eolis, rawish, eon. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 37 
 
 ASPIRATE TICK, HER. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 HEH ON STEMS. 
 
 i. A small inclined tick for initial //, is used on the following 
 stems: Em, r, and Wa. Illustration: 
 
 home, homely, harm, whistle. 
 
 2. If eh is also used on the joined brief w signs and hook, made 
 in the direction of Pe or Cha, and written upward or downward 
 according to convenience of joining. Ilustration: 
 
 ...... fs ......... ] ........ i_, ..A. ..... r .... s. ...... ...... .rx... 
 
 whip, -wheat, whack, whiff, whale, whir, whine, whim. 
 
 3. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ASPIRATE TICK. 
 I 
 
 4. WRITING EXERCISE 
 ON ASPIRATE TICK. 
 
 Hymn, hem, ham, hum, hemal, Hummel, homely, homeliness, 
 homeless, homelike, homicide, homo, homily, hominy, humility, 
 hammock, harm, harmless, harmony, harmonize. 
 
 Whey, whoa, whiz, whizzes, whist, whittle, Whittlesey, whistle, 
 whistler, whisk, whiskey, whiskers. 
 
 \Vhip, Whipple, whop, whopper, wheat, Whateley, Whitelaw, 
 whittle, Whitchr, whack, whacks, whig, whiff, whang. 
 
 Whale, whaler, Wheeling, whir, whirs, whirl, whirligig, wharl, 
 wherry, wharf, wharves, whim, whimsical, whine, whinn :y. 
 
 4513253 
 
83 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND POSITION, 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1. There are certain words of common, frequent use, that, for 
 the sake of greater speed in writing, are abbreviated in their fono- 
 grafic representation, the same as words are abbreviated in common 
 print; that is, expressed by one, two, or more of their letters or 
 signs, instead of all. About two-thirds of these abbreviations are 
 complete in their consonant representation the voivels only being 
 omitted; and although the advanced fonografer never writes the 
 vowels in any word, except when absolutely necessary, these special 
 words with vowels, only, omitted are placed in the list of abbrevia- 
 tions, because they are never to be vowelized but learned as the 
 special, fixed signs for those words; while the words not in the list of 
 abbreviations are vowelized or not, as the writer finds necessary. 
 
 2. Some words are abbreviated by omitting the consonants, 
 retaining only the vowel, while other words, still, are represented by 
 brief signs such as the circle, loops, half-circles, etc. 
 
 VOWEL RULE OF POSITION. 
 
 3. Before giving a list of abbreviations it will be necessary to 
 explain what is termed "The vowel rule of position." It is already 
 well understood that there are three PLACES by the side of a consonant 
 stem for vowels. Corresponding to these three vou<el PLACES are 
 three stem or outilne POSITIONS governed by the vowels: Words con- 
 taining a first place vowel to be written in first position above the 
 line; words containing a second place vowel to be written in second 
 position on the line; words containing a third place vowel to be 
 written in third position thru or under the line. 
 
 4. 1h& first position for upright and inclined stems is HALF the 
 height of a Te stem above the line; and for horizontals and brief signs, 
 about HALF-WAY BETWEEN the lines of writing, according to the 
 
 vidth between the lines writing a little below the centre on wide- 
 
 ined paper. 
 
 5. The second position for all signs is on the line of writing. 
 
 6. The third position for ^lpr^ght and inclined stems is THROUGH 
 r ACROSS, the line; and for horizontals and brief signs, UNDER the li i. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 39 
 
 7. It is a great aid to legibility to write, not only the greater 
 number of abbreviations, but also words of ONE SYLLABLE in the 
 position indicated by the vowel or accented vowel, if a word contain 
 more than one. 
 
 8. Some of the abbreviations are not written according to the 
 "vowel rule of position." 
 
 (a). This occurs where there are two or more words having the 
 same outline and containing vowels of the same class; they require 
 to be written in different positions to prevent conflict and confusion, 
 as well as hesitancy in reading. See signs for do and had, each and 
 which, if and /or, etc. 
 
 (6). Again, where there is but one word of a certain stem or out- 
 line, it is always written in second position, regardless of the vowel 
 rule, because that position is the most natural, and favors ease and 
 speed of writing. See sign for your. 
 
 (c). Where there are two words of the same outline and vowel 
 class, the most frequently-occurring one is given the second position. 
 See signs for each and which, ease and -was, law and -will, are and our, 
 no and own. 
 
 (d). Where there are two words of the same outline, but differing 
 vowels, the most frequently occurring one takes the second position, 
 regardless of the vowel, and the other one the next position to it. 
 See which and much, think and (hank. 
 
 9. SIMPLE STEMS. NO. i. 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE FONOGRAFIK ALFABET. 
 
 
 p 
 
 A 
 
 pay, up 
 
 \ 
 
 B 
 
 by 
 
 \ 
 
 be 
 
 V 
 
 to be 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
 at, out 
 
 D ^ 
 
 / J 
 
 \ dollar '' 
 
 ~L. jy 
 
 | do 
 
 / advantage 
 
 i had, advertise 
 
 .../ lar & e 
 / K 
 
 Ch 
 / each 
 
 _ company, accompany 
 
 G 
 
 S ive 
 
 / which 
 
 go, together 
 
 /much 
 
 ago 
 
40 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNKS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 V p 
 
 , Z 
 
 N 
 
 V if, off 
 
 ease, easy 
 
 ^^/ in, any 
 
 V for 
 
 ) was 
 
 v^y know, no 
 
 v few 
 
 Sh 
 
 own 
 
 
 
 ^ she, wish ' 
 
 
 ^"~ ever 
 \^_ have 
 
 _J shall, shall 
 
 Ng 
 
 .^. thin s 
 
 
 /._ issue 
 
 v^^ long, along 
 
 v view 
 
 
 
 f Th 
 
 I< 
 
 / law 
 
 .^^. language 
 
 \ think 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 __ / thank-ed, thousand 
 
 /^"_ will 
 
 why 
 
 , Dh 
 
 ^, allow 
 
 
 V thee, thy 
 
 R 
 
 "^\ way 
 
 \ they, them 
 
 i year 
 
 -^ away 
 
 / tho', thou 
 
 "^ are 
 
 Y 
 
 ) see 
 
 our 
 
 f~~ your 
 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 J say, so, saw 
 
 / "^ me, my 
 
 <... h! s h 
 
 ...X.. us 
 
 ^-^ may, am 
 
 /^ Ohio 
 
 10. Final j is added to any of the above signs by writing the 
 circle on the end of the stem. 
 
 II. SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Pay up your bills. It will be your dollar each time they go. 
 It was in my wish. Which way will they go ? Why do they ask 
 them for it? It was years ago. They know why it was so. Do 
 they ever go up ? Have they ever thanked ? They say so. It will be 
 easy for us. Shall they go away ? They will wish them much joy. 
 Each company will be large. Do they see any advantage in it ? It 
 was to be so. They may think so. If they do, she shall know it. 
 Does she own it ? No, she knows it. They had it out each day. 
 Your things are in Ohio. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 41 
 
 12. COMPOUND 
 \ .. . peculiar-ly-ity 
 
 STEMS. No. 2. 
 N/r~N. . familiar-ly-ity 
 
 ^v publish-ed 
 
 
 ;:... belong 
 
 like 
 
 
 
 ... .V .. to become 
 
 ( alike 
 
 1 talk 
 
 ' * lawyer 
 
 ! _ take 
 
 i s irregiilar-ly-ity 
 
 _ j took 
 
 ->. argue 
 
 ,...Tr .... dignity 
 
 /\. refer 
 
 / acknowledge 
 
 /""" regular-ly-ity 
 
 7 catholic 
 
 yf\ represent 
 
 .(.. kill 
 
 /-^__ make 
 
 ^-S~^>. .... came, come 
 
 ^~^_^ many, money 
 
 V effect 
 \^ affect 
 
 s~^~s among 
 
 v ~^1 
 into 
 
 S. . fact 
 
 ^_* unto 
 
 _ v. forever 
 
 notwithstanding 
 
 ^-< follow 
 
 / enjoy 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 / knowledge 
 
 ^~f enlarge 
 
 V. never 
 
 /vl _ nevertheless 
 I or Ls.._.. only 
 
 NOTE. Should the student think these abbreviations difficult to 
 learn, let him notice that very few of them are abbreviated beyond 
 the omission of vowels, so that once looking at them is sufficient to 
 learn them. Those that are abbreviated by the omission of conso- 
 nants should be written over several times, and then, by practising 
 them in short sentences they will be remembered. 
 
 13. SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Notwithstanding many peculiar things, they are happy. Never- 
 theless, anything will do for them Hope for many things. Never 
 follow lawyers. Do nothing half-way. Enjoy knowledge forever. 
 Enlarge your knowledge. Never follow peculiar ways. They came 
 in time for your lawyer's money. 
 
 X/ 
 
OF PHONOGRAPH*. 
 
 43 
 
 o 
 
 LESSON X.III. 
 
 ABBREVIATI01 
 
 I. CIRCLES, LOOPS, A 
 . is, his 
 as, has 
 
 IS CONTINUED. 
 
 ND VOWELS. NO. 3. 
 
 \D themselves 
 
 - Q 
 
 
 'x, first 
 
 size 
 
 s 
 
 subject 
 
 
 s 
 
 _ subjected 
 best 
 
 O~x 
 
 > ... . sir 
 
 ~v. ours, hours 
 
 L 
 
 . its 
 . said 
 
 f . 
 
 (j"^ same, some 
 
 f 
 
 such 
 
 <T~>-/. something 
 
 I 
 
 . just 
 .. suggest 
 
 f 
 
 
 C 
 
 . because 
 signature 
 
 vi^ . necessary 
 
 - 
 
 s^s most, must 
 s^ stenographer 
 honest 
 .s_^ next 
 ~. wise 
 
 L. 
 
 several 
 
 C 
 
 . these, thyself 
 
 (o 
 
 . this 
 . thus, those 
 
 ~'~ C 
 
 
SCOTT-BROWWE^S TEXT-ROOK 
 
 west 
 
 .'P.. yes, yours, yourself 
 
 f~ use, uze 
 
 C u! 
 
 usage 
 
 ~~~ uses, uzes 
 
 - f used 
 
 yesterday 
 
 .. highest 
 
 2. The affix " self " is expressed by a small final circle on stems, 
 and " selves " by a large circle. 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 This is peculiar. They will enjoy thernselves. This subject was 
 used yesterday. Will they suggest something? She is a first-rate 
 stenographer. Several said it was so. Yes, they go West next 
 Wednesday. She is as happy as they are. The boy says his things 
 will come as soon as they wish for them. They have only necessary 
 things. She used yours several times yesterday. They are honest 
 as well as wise. His highest aim is to be just. Be just, because it 
 is best. His signature is necessary, as well as yours. 
 
 4.VOWEL SIGNS. No. 4. 
 
 the 
 
 v..two, too 
 
 v..to 
 
 _ a, an 
 
 ,1. .owe, oh, O ! 
 
 ..L..but 
 
 . and 
 
 /_ .who-m 
 
 ...^...should 
 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 ...^...all 
 
 --Of 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 awe 
 
 or 
 
 ..^..how 
 
 ought, aught 
 
 on, he, him 
 
 ...6. .whote 
 
 
OP fHONO GRHPHY. 45 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 L .../:.. ( 
 
 .. x... v i x S...../ 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 The boy has a dog. I see a duck and an owl. They are all up 
 stairs. At sight of it I was in awe. He ought to go soon. Too 
 many of them are in the house. It is too much for him to do. Who 
 took my book ? To whom will he go for counsel ? He or I must 
 see to it. Will they talk to him? He will go, but I shall stay. 
 Should he think best, they may have it. How soon will he come ? 
 Whose book is this? How long have they had it? 
 
46 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 LESSON 
 
 we 
 
 with 
 were 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS CONTINUED. 
 
 I. BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. NO. 5. 
 
 3 what 
 
 beyond 
 
 ., would 
 
 ....". y e 
 
 2. VOWEL, STEM, AND BRIEF SIGN COMBINATIONS. NO. 6, 
 
 idea 
 
 / 
 
 while 
 
 well 
 where 
 
 s_^/. knew, new 
 
 L. rii, i win 
 
 I'm, I am 
 
 .'. already 
 
 altogether 
 
 together 
 
 I almighty 
 
 .. ( although 
 
 .... almost 
 
 whoever 
 
 however 
 
 c 
 
 c/.... whereas, worse 
 
 t/\^ wherever 
 
 _c/\_ wheresoever 
 
 when 
 
 whence 
 once 
 
 whenever 
 whensoever 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 
 
 47 
 
 whencesoever 
 
 without 
 
 ... within 
 
 withdraw 
 
 ---- withal 
 
 .... you're, you are 
 
 3. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 .C...L. .1 C 
 
 ) 
 
 .A. 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 / ...'_ ^ ........ 
 
 I ' J... .C. 
 
 vl 
 
 -1 
 
 4. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 It is now time we were on our way. What would you do for 
 him ? When and where would it be best to go ? Which one is it ? 
 What is the area of the State in which you live ? I hope she is no 
 worse. He may go without it altogether. We are within two miles 
 of the house. Your ideas will have weight. Do you know yet how 
 it is? How long ago was it? Whenever you are right go ahead. 
 I am aware of the fact. Whoever he is we must see him. 
 
48 SCO TT-SR O WNffS TEXT-BOOK _ _____ 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS AMD ED TICK. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 HALVING STEMS TO ADD T OR D 
 I. A stem can be halved to add the sound of / or d at the end 
 of words or syllables. Illustration: 
 
 ...i: ..... _ ..... _-.. <u .& .'....;> ..... i/ ........ \ ..... l mf .... v .... 
 
 debt, cuts, fate, shuts, late, art, sent, appetite, occupied, potato, 
 
 .....p. ..... v 1 <^ ....... ^ .../.. ^:, ... vr 
 
 ^/a/,t/, berated, robbed, habit, cheated, untied, aptly softly. 
 SHADING THE UNMATED HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 2. When the stems La, Er, Em, and Un, are halved to add d 
 let them be shaded; but when halved to add t let them remain light. 
 Illustration: 
 
 ^ ..... r_ ..-> ..... -v. '^. ...... 9i .../TV... /SN ^ ~ ..... V- 
 
 AV, ailed, art, aired, sort, sword, mate, made, neat, need, pelt, 
 
 i 
 
 boiled, melt, killed, tart, desired, tempt, dimmed, silent, ruined. 
 3. The half-length stem for //is written according to the same 
 rules as full-length Z<z, while the half-length for Id is invariably 
 made downward, because it is shaded, and is vowelized the same as 
 Ya from the top down, because it is made downward, like Ya. 
 Illustration: 
 
 delight, polite, knelt, lead, lad, puzzled, spoiled, mailed, nailed, revealed, 
 
 NOTE. The vowel after a halved stem at the end of such words 
 as rated, righted, elated, avoided, etc., is understood to be /, there- 
 fore it is never necessary to write it. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 49 
 
 ED TICK. 
 
 4, The syllable ed at the end of such derivativ words as fated, 
 sifted, remitted, etc., where the primativ word fate, sift, etc., is 
 halved to add a final / or d, is expressed by a small tick, written in 
 the direction of Te or Ka, at the end of a word. Illustration: 
 
 <- ' -~ ^ f\ ^ 
 
 fate, 'fated, sift, sifted, emit, emitted, sort, sorted, smart, smarted, 
 
 . S?.... 
 
 -wanted, -wend, -wended, -word, worded, reward, rewarded. 
 
 5. The ed tick is also used at the end of full-length stems where 
 it is not convenient or advisable to add the d sound by halving. 
 Illustration: 
 
 .-t 
 
 resisted, exhausted, imitated, animated, stated, studied. 
 
 6. The ed tick is written after the loops. When following the 
 str loop it expresses only d with the vowel / omitted- Illustration: 
 
 -> ........ 4 ............... t ....... ......... y r- ........ 
 
 fasted, adjusted, disgusted, rested, fasted, lasted, 
 
 arrested, -wasted, hoisted, fostered, bolstered, mastered. 
 
 7. The halving principle is very sparingly used in writing 
 straight-stem words of one syllable; such words as feat, pit, beat, 
 bought, boat, bead, coat, cud, goat, guide, etc,, being written by the 
 majority of reporters with both stems, while others use the halving 
 principle and never omit the vowels. Illustration: 
 
 or.^ ..... \ or J^ K or ^ .31 or . 
 
 peat, beat, bottght, coat. 
 
 8. For convenience in speaking or writing, the halved stems 
 can be named by adding the t or d sound to the stem name. Exam- 
 ple: Pe, Pet or Ped, etc.; Ef, Eft; Ve, Vet or Ved; Ith, Itht; The, 
 
 
 
50 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Thet or ThSd; Es, Est, etc.; La, L3t or Lad; El, Eld; Er, Ert or 
 Erd; Ra, Rat or Rad; Em, Emt or Emd; Un, Unt or Und; Hah, 
 Haht or Hahd. This will make distinguishing terms for p, /, etc., 
 expressed by stems, and /, t, etc,, expressed by halving. 
 9. Ing, Wa, and Ya are never halved. 
 
 10. The circle or loop on halved stems always read last. Illus- 
 tration: 
 
 ^ ..IfL. -.f ^... \ 
 
 pets, sifts, salts, sorts, meets, needs, midst, ditlst, couldst. 
 
 11. The reporter writes st loop on halved stems to form the su- 
 perlative degree of certain adjectives. Illustration: 
 
 /ate, latest, soft, softest, neat, neatest, smart, smartest. 
 
 WHEN NOT TO HALVE. 
 
 12. The halving principle does not apply in the following cases: 
 
 (a). When initial Ra, in words of one syllable, is followed by / 
 or </ writing such words as right, rite, rate, road, rood, ride, etc., 
 with stems for / and d. 
 
 (V). When a final vowel follows t or d writing pity, tidy, duty, 
 fatly, veto, muddy, naughty, lady, etc., with stems for / and d, in 
 order to furnish places for the vowels following the t and d. 
 
 (c). When the consonant before the / or d is both preceded and 
 followed by vowels writing such words as abate, abode, acute, avoid, 
 allayed, amid, unite; parried, borrowed, torrid, carried, furrowed. 
 varied, married, narrowed, harrowed, pallid, tallowed, dallied, gullied, 
 followed, valid, mellowed, inlaid (La for /), wallowed ( Wa hook), hal- 
 lowed, yellowed (brief Ya), etc., with stems for /and d. 
 
 (</). When concurrent vowels come before the / or d writing 
 poet, diet, fiat, laureate, naid, etc., with stems for / and d. 
 
 (f). When t or d follows a stem preceded by another stem, with 
 which it does not form an angle. Ilustration: 
 
 piped, bobbed, kicked, gagged, liked, fact, faggot, harrowed, reared. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPPIY. 
 
 51 
 
 13. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 TERMINAL HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 Vv 
 
 L ..... L 
 
 .F v 
 
 i. L... (L . <C _./T.. 
 
 xv 
 
 L. .L 
 
 V .. ... .P. 
 
53 SCOTT-BROWNffS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 INITIAL HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 TWO HALF-LENGTHS. 
 X P\^ 
 
 i: 
 
 ED TICK ON HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 fe-.... .-?.....<?......V....^. . L ....... t 
 
 UPWARD ED TICK. 
 
 14. In writing the T tick on Lat it is better to strike it upward, 
 on account of the liability, in rapid writing, of the downward tick 
 becoming a hook. Illustration: 
 
 wilt, wilted, salted, related, emulated, diluted. 
 
 .. &_ v 
 
 DISJOINED WHOLE AND HALF LENGTHS. 
 
 instituted, substituted, destitute, pathetic, emphatic, synthetic. 
 
 ..... ^ ..... ^ ..... \ j\~ ..... X-.. I 'i_J 
 < h ''i< JU ^ 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 53 
 
 15. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pick, picked, poke, poked, pack, packed, tick, ticked, tuck, 
 
 tucked, tack, tacked, checked, joked, jagged, reasoned, limit, remit, 
 
 limited, remitted, elect, elected, erect, erected, sift, sifted, scent, 
 
 scented, sound, sounded, rescind, rescinded, resound, resounded, 
 
 descend, descended, decent, descent, dissent, dissented, absent, 
 
 absented, invite, invited, indict, indicted, repeated, reputed, inhab- 
 
 ited, uninhabited, remedied, innocent \ / 
 
 16. ABBREVIATIONS HALF-LENGTHS. No. 7. 
 
 .. put 
 
 i issued 
 
 \^/. afterward 
 
 \_bad ' 
 
 C let 
 
 S-^xforward 
 
 ftDOQt 
 
 r 
 
 ^_^ 
 
 
 lead 
 
 inward 
 
 did 
 
 C.old, world 
 
 -J....outward 
 
 ....I .debt 
 
 ...lord, read 
 
 CS' 
 
 VfT. better 
 
 ~- I doubt 
 
 might 
 
 -!k debtor 
 
 ...".caught 
 
 immediate-ly 
 
 yield 
 
 
 .. . could 
 
 ../^..made 
 
 ...V until 
 
 act 
 
 X not 
 
 -/T* 
 
 
 
 
 little 
 
 
 
 ,_, under, hand, hundred 
 
 /v 
 
 God, got 
 
 
 write 
 
 
 _>..sent, cent, 
 
 
 ..get, good 
 
 
 written 
 
 ...>... thought 
 
 ... want, wind 
 
 writing 
 
 ...C-.-that 
 
 <v..went wont 
 
 ^r^retain 
 
 east 
 
 'L.wlld 
 
 .._2lastonish-ed 
 
 wished 
 
 cs.. word 
 
 ..^ establish-ed 
 
54 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 I7.-READING EXERCISE. 
 
 18. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 You would enjoy a visit to the old world. I want you to give 
 me your word that you will do all the good that lies in your power. 
 Never go in debt. Read only good books. The Lord God leadeth 
 me. We went to the woods afterward. Do not be too forward. 
 That was a good act. He could not read for the want of a book. 
 He is not a bad boy. Put your cap on the rack. How much good 
 and beauty we have in this world ! Have you any doubt about it? 
 
 V/ 
 
OP PHONO GRAPHY. 55 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 SMALL INITIAL HOOKS FOR L AND R, ON 
 MATED STEMS. 
 
 1. When either / or r immediately follows any other consonant 
 they are expressed by a small hook at the beginning of the consonant 
 stem. Ilustration: 
 
 ........ \ ........ \ ....... r ......... r .......... a. ...... /Lc_,...- ...... 
 
 pi, bl, tl, dl, chl, jl, kl, gl. 
 
 ....... N ....... \_ : .1 .......... .1 ..... / ..... / ........ _ ....... - ...... 
 
 pr, br, tr, dr, chr, jr, kr, gr. 
 
 ................... <L ...~N ......... C .......... 3. ....... J ..... J. .................. 
 
 /. fr, thl, thr, shl, shr. 
 
 2. In writing the hooks on stems, the first motion of the pen 
 is made in an opposite, parallel direction to the stem; and the next 
 and last motion is at right angles with the stem, as shown in the ac- 
 companying illustration: 
 
 ... ...... !\...<\ ........... 1...1 ........... /L/ ............ ^..=- ....... 
 
 __<L.k. ......... ^ ^ ..... 1 C ..... C ...... 1.. 5 ........ J..-J ..... 
 
 Let these characters be practised with care until the hooks can 
 be readily and perfectly made. Careless writers incline to make 
 these hooks look like loops or circles. It is just as easy to make 
 them right as wrong, if proper care is exercised in the beginning to 
 understand the principles of movement in forming them. 
 
 L HOOK WORDS. 
 
 3. Notice that the / hooks are on the right and upper side of 
 the stems. 
 
 plea, please, play, plows, able, blows, idle, clay, clause, glow. 
 
 . ...^ ....... L, <c .X ..... :C ........ \>. ..... :V...CX/ ..... , 
 
 flee, fleece, flow, oval, Ethel, bushel, official, ambrosial. 
 
58 _ SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK _ 
 
 R HOOK WORDS. 
 
 4. Notice that the r hooks are on the left and under side. 
 
 ....!y.._.%.... v ..... V... 1*. ..... I ..... \ ..... :1 ...... T. ....... I ..... 
 
 fry, praise, brew, breeze, tree, eater, trust, odor, draw, drest t 
 
 ----- *7~7 -^p ...... C-TT. ....... scr- ....... <rpr ....... err.. rr 
 
 cry, crow, ochre, acre, grow, ogre^ egress, grass, 
 
 ........ * ..... *d ...... *\ ..... )-.._....:) ...... >-. ......... & -JL... 
 
 freeze, frizzes, frost, throw, ether, thrust, usher, azure. 
 
 5. In comparing the / and r hook signs, let the student regard 
 
 ..... , ........... _ ....... \.. r ..A. ............ c ___________________ 
 
 //, n, ji, thi, 
 
 and so forth, as so many pieces of wire bent so as to form the initial 
 hook, and that these same pieces of bent wire, when TURNED OVER, 
 become 
 
 pr, tr, fr, thr. 
 
 To illustrate still more clearly, let them be written in pairs, as follows: 
 
 //, pr, bl, 
 
 ...L- ~\^^ C... 5./..C ..... 3. J 1 J J.. 
 
 fl, fr, vl, vr, thl, thr, dhl, dhr, shl, shr, zhl, zhr, 
 the shr and thr forms being turued over endwise to give the forms 
 for shl and thl. 
 
 SPECIAL VOWELIZATION. 
 
 6. The initial hooks are intended for the expression of / and r 
 preceded by a stem consonant without a vowel between the stem and 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 hook consonants, as in play, pry, etc., and for the expression of such 
 syllables as pie, ble, fle, per, her, ter, etc., in couple, bible, trifle, reaper, 
 fiber, cater, etc.; but there are many words of long, awkward form, 
 such as collect, correct, fulcrum, telegram, etc., that are shortened in 
 outline and rendered even more legible by using these hook signs; 
 and for this class of words special rules, for showing that the vowel 
 is to be read between the hook and the stem, are given. 
 
 7. When the vowel heard belongs to the dash class, represent it 
 by the dash sign struck through the stem at right angles made heavy 
 for long vowels and light for short ones and written in first, second, 
 or third place, the same as in ordinary vowelization. Illustration: 
 
 _ . ^- c_ A Kc ^~N 
 
 ~Vfc"- 
 
 fall, cold, full, fulcrum. 
 
 8. As the shape of the dots will not admit of their being written 
 through the stem and be distinguished, like the dashes, the vowels of 
 the dot class are represented by small circles, written, for long vowels, 
 before upright and inclined stems, and above horizontal ones; written, 
 for short vowels, after upright and inclined stems, and below hori- 
 zontal ones, observing, as usual, the three vowel places. Illustration: 
 
 feel, fail, carpels, fill, fell, Paroxysm. 
 
 9. When the vowels heard in err and air are to be read between 
 the hook and stem, indicate it by making the parallel dash signs into 
 ellipses, thus: 
 
 birth, careless, 
 
 TO. The difthong signs are either struck through the stem, or else 
 written at the beginning Or at the end of stems, to denote that they 
 are to be read between an initial hook and stem, thus: 
 
 cure, casual. 
 
68 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ii. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 
 .V\. .tr\ :L .. 
 
 > A, 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 12. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Apple, able, ciue, eclat, please, pleases, pleased, play, played, 
 plow, blow, blaze, blazed, idle, idles, clay, close, glaze, glass, fly, 
 flow, fleece, flees, flies, flows, fleeced, oval. 
 
 People, peopled, pickled, buckled, tickled, cockled, giggled, 
 fickle, cobble, gable, table, stable, stubble, scuffle, faithful, truthful, 
 mouthful, treacle, draggle, prattle, brittle, scuttle, fiddle, victuals, 
 thickly, flatter, blacker, flavor, pressure, special, initial, nuptial, 
 impartial, impartiality, social, prudential, especial, ambrosial, 
 casual, visual, official, officially, bleach, oblige, club, cloth, clothes, 
 clash, claim, gloom, youthful, vocal, unable, muddle, employ, 
 simple, sample, example, dissemble, resemble, tumble, rumble, 
 devil, level, lawful, ankle, uncle, angle, ethical, plaster, blister, 
 bluster, cluster, cloister. 
 
 Pray, pry, brow, tree, trio, eater, try, utter, tray, draws, odor, 
 cry, crew, acre, agree, free, fray, off er.offered affray, threw, throw, 
 author, usher, azure. 
 
 Price, prize, prizes, prized, breeze, braced, trace, trust, trusted, 
 crust, crazed, grist, grazed, grazes, grasses, thrice, thrust, precise, 
 process, blazes, crisis, crises. 
 
 Prop, problem, prime, probe, approach, preach, pretty, bribe, 
 brick, brag, brush, bravo, broom, broil, brier, briny, bridge, 
 breeches, breath, breathe, break, bring, trip, tribe, trick, track, truth, 
 trim, trash, drug, dream, droll, drear, dreary, drouth, dressy, creep, 
 crape, group, grim, grab, growl, grog, frog, freak, frail, thrill, 
 throng. 
 
 Paper, pauper, taper, dipper, cheaper, jobber, keeper, caper, 
 copper, gutter, figure, vigor, vapor, vicar, entry, sentry, pitcher, 
 major, lodger, ledger, archer, richer, Rogers, degree, decreed, 
 degrade, sugar (Ska), shiver (S/ta), measure, leisure, erasure, fisher, 
 treazure, treasury, pleasure. 
 
 VOWELS HEARD BETWEEN HOOK AND STEM. 
 
 Germ, firm, Germany, person, charm, form, George, courage, 
 fulsome, procure, cheerful. 
 
(50 SCOTT-BROWNR'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 L AND R HOOK ON UNMATED STEMS. 
 13. The initial hook for / on Em, Un, Ra, and Hah is made 
 large. Illustration: 
 
 ml, nl, rl, hi. 
 
 14. The hook for r on Em, Un, Hah is made small, and the stem 
 shaded, to distinguish the mr, nr, and hr combination signs from wm, 
 wn, and Hah, Illustration: 
 
 ................ _ .......... .tr^ ....... ..V ......... <?*".. .......... .................. 
 
 mr, nr, hr. 
 
 15. A large initial hook on La expresses the other liquid conso- 
 nant, r. Let it be noticed of the two liquids that La takes a large 
 hook for r and that Ra takes a large hook for /. Illustration: 
 
 lr, rl. 
 
 16. The initial hooks for / and r are never used on Es, Ze, Er, 
 Ing, or Wa. Ing, when hooked initially, being required to express 
 nr; and Es, Ze, Er, Wa, when hooked initially, being required to 
 express Thr, Dhr, Per, Ver. YdlYa with initial hook is not 
 used for anything, as it is an inconvenient form to join; besides, it is 
 quicker and better to express yl by the brief Ya sign and / stem. 
 
 17. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 ^^ ^-c^ \>. .. 
 
 camel, animal, canal, kernel and colonel, spiral, exhale, help, color 
 
 s^.. k r^_^ ^ ^ k:.. (A 
 
 rumor, tremor, moral, minor, north, cohere, adhere, inherit. 
 
 1 8. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 Enamel, canaille, kernel, colonel, enameled, spirals, relapse, 
 relapsed, relax, relaxes, relaxed, spinal, spaniel, channel, panel, 
 canal, final, flannel, penal, vernal, finally, coral, choral, floral, rural, 
 barrel, peril, Tyrol, thoroughly, help, helper, helpless, health. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Cl 
 
 healthy, healthier, healthiest, healthful, heliotrope, halcyon, helm, 
 helmet, inhale, unwholesome, exhale, unhealthy, co'.or, collar, 
 scholar, secular, Fowler, valor, raillery, stickler. 
 
 19. L AND R HOOK ABBREVIATIONS. No. 8. 
 
 R HOOK, STRAIGHT STEMS. 
 
 JN .appear 
 
 _S 'prmcip;>I-ly, principle 
 
 1 true 
 
 1 
 
 doctor 
 
 _n ..larger 
 cr care, occur 
 
 -^.practise 
 
 1 dear 
 
 cure, accrue. 
 
 ..X re-member 
 -?v...numbcr 
 . .L utiei, truth 
 
 L 
 
 1 during 
 
 9 
 
 ..'.... cheer 
 7 chair 
 
 HOOK, STRAIGHT STEM 
 
 correct-ed 
 c aggregate-ed 
 agree 
 
 3. 
 
 ..%. able ably 
 
 r 
 
 _.!....deal 
 1 deliver-ed 
 /....children 
 
 call 
 c clerk 
 collect-ed 
 
 1 till, tell 
 
 _. P. ..at all 
 
 1 
 
 9. HOOK, CURVED STEMS 
 
 either 
 ..JL there, their 
 ...) other 
 ..^.sure, assure 
 o_share 
 
 humor 
 
 ^ from 
 ^ over 
 
 near, nor, honor 
 
 hire 
 c hear, here, her 
 
 N 
 .... i. . cvcrv vcrv 
 
 
 .. .'.... author, three 
 
 Mr., mere 
 
 '-- - remark 
 
 *\ through 
 
 TVmore 
 
 i^"^* manner 
 
SCOTT-RROWN&S TRXT-BOOK 
 
 L HOOK, CURVED STEMS. 
 
 ^T.. feel, fill, fall 
 
 million 
 
 ..._. heal, hall 
 
 _L_. fail - fe H 
 
 ^O* promulgate-d 
 
 .<?.. hole, hale, hell 
 
 -.$-._. full 
 . Sr. evil 
 
 S,CN. female 
 real-ly 
 
 ...XT. howl, whole 
 ^~&^ enroll 
 
 V_ avail 
 
 ..<iS. roll 
 
 s ruler 
 
 .r..... value 
 
 "C/*- rule 
 
 . x .h oughly 
 
 20. DISTINGUISHING OUTLINES AND CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 propose, prepare, purport, appropriate, predict, product, purchase. 
 perhaps, 
 
 protect, dark, church, credit, courage, accuracy, girl. 
 
 declare, calculate, report, reporter record, regard, important, 
 
 required, importance. 
 
 import-ed, impart-ed, insurance, current, crowned, grant, grand, 
 
 ground. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 63 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 THE INITIAL CIRCLE ON L AND R HOOK SIGNS. 
 
 1. To prefix s on r hook signs, the hook is made into a circle. 
 
 2. To prefix s on / hook signs, the circle is made within the 
 look. Illustration: 
 
 N V N ... X f\ ^\ 
 
 pray, spray, pry, spry, upper, supper, crawl, scrawl. 
 
 * .> y 
 
 splat, plash, splash, 
 
 bloom, sublime, 
 
 play, display. 
 
 1t ...... ],....! 
 
 A -.< 4 
 
 3. The circle on Ka, before an / hook on Pe and Be, is elon- 
 gated or flattened, like a loop, and the pen is carried entirely over 
 {he stan before it turns to form the hook; thus enabling the writer 
 to get that part of the hook, where it joins the stem on which it 
 Delongs, quite distinct.* Illustration: 
 
 excusable, explored. 
 
 4. In writing such words as disagree, descry, prescribe, etc., the cir- 
 cle is written on the right side of the first stem, and the second stem, 
 which is fCci or Ga, is written directly out from the top of the circle. 
 This brings the circle on the r hook side of Ka and Ga. Illustration: 
 
 prescribe. 
 
 Some writers make the turn of the pen directly on the A"<i stem, instead of alto 
 ihe crossing ever. That way which is easiest aaid most legible to the writer it the t-est- 
 
64 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 5. Many writers omit the r representation in the words describe, 
 prescribe, etc., and express them thus: 
 
 6. In writing the circle on the r hook side, between stems run- 
 ning in the same direction, it is not necessary to show the hook, as 
 the left and under side of straight stems is known to be the r hook 
 side, while the right and upper side of straight stems is known to be 
 the circle side. Illustration: 
 
 ksk, k-skr, 
 
 ........ \ \ ....I 
 
 J 
 
 \ \ r 
 
 1 
 
 psp, p-spr, tst, 
 
 t-str, 
 
 -\ \ t J- .. I 
 
 ' -L 
 
 precept, prosper, dusty, destroy, distressed, task, excrescence, excursive. 
 
 7. Per preceded by Dis is written thus; <k as in the words 
 disappear, disparage, dayspring, etc. 
 
 8. In such words as tasteful, boastful, trustful, etc., where the 
 / hook sign cannot be made following the st loop, the pen crosses the 
 stem, thus reducing the loop to simple s and enabling the writer to 
 form a perfect hook on the Ef stem. This contracts the words to 
 tas'ful, boas'ful, trus'ful, etc. Illustration: 
 
 - ..... t- ............ t. .................... t-- ........... % .............. 
 
 tasteful, boastful, trustful, breastplate. 
 
 9. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 Spray, supper, sober, suitor, strew, cider, suppress, cypress, 
 
 soberly, screw, scarcely = a $ secrecy, sacred, supply, sable. 
 satchel, sickle, cycle, possible, disciple, display, displayed, accusable^ 
 physical, peaceful, passively, plausible, classical, classically, crucible, 
 explore, taxable, graceful C ~C_ (the hook of the Ef in graceful is 
 implied by the circle at the end of the Ga stem being elongated like a 
 loop. If there was no/ hook to express, the circle would be kept 
 round, thus: c ~"^_), disgraceful, prosperous, prosperously, distresses. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 65 
 
 disaster, disasters, disastrous, cheese-press, Caspar, excreable, 
 excursive, describe, disagreeable, disagreeably, disappear, disparage, 
 dayspring, pastry, pasture (Pes-Cher), extreme, gastric, mixture 
 (Em-Kas-Cher), fixture (Ef-Kds-Cher), dishonor=.l -> i , designer, 
 strainer, streamer. 
 
 Straggle, struggle, strapper, supreme, soprano, sobriety, strata, 
 stream, streamed, streamlet, strength, strange, stronger, strangest, 
 strut, street, strait, straight, straighter, sprite, sprout, sprayed, des- 
 perate, desperately, desperado, whisper, whispered, distrain, dis- 
 trained, distract, distracted, distrust, distrusted, trustful, distrustful, 
 mistrust, mistrustful, I pxpressly, describe, descried, prescribe, pro- 
 scribe, subscribed, ascribed, abstract, extract, extracted, excusable, 
 crucible, taxable, explore, explored, explode, exploded, display, dis- 
 played, displays, frustrate, frustrated, hemisphere (hemisfere), gossi- 
 mer, moral, morally, curse, discourse, discoursed, 
 
 atmosphere immoral, mortal, immortal, course, persuade. 
 
 * surprise 
 
 ....P.. surprises 
 
 <\ 
 
 ....:?.. surprised 
 
 S, 
 
 spirit 
 
 ..?N..separate 
 
 io. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 CIRCLE ON L AND R HOOK SIGNS. No. Q. 
 
 ..A. .supply 
 
 ^..separated 
 nrr. scare 
 .secure 
 
 ^ supplied 
 skill 
 
 scale 
 
 ... school 
 
66 SCOTT-BROWNE S TEXT-ROOK 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 BACK HOOK FOR IN. EN, UN. 
 
 I. The syllables in, en or un, preceding the s circle on r hoolc 
 signs, are expressed by a small back hook, made so as to bring the 
 circle on the r hook side of the stem. Illustration: 
 
 inspire, inspired, instruct, insecure, unscrupulous. 
 2. This hook is also used on sla, ser, sem. Illustration: 
 
 \nslave, unceremonious, unseemly. 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Inseparable, inseparably, insuperable, unsuppressed, instructor. 
 \mstrung, inscribe, insecurity, insoluble, unsolvable, unsalable, 
 unsullied, insular, insult, insulted, unsolicited, unceremoniously, 
 unseemly, ensample, ensemble (ongsombl). 
 
 4. READING EXERCISE. SENTENCES. 
 
 v 
 <r^>. 
 
 , .. N | J 
 
 iCS O ^-^ O -^ X \v b _/^ / 
 
 N -J V> 
 
 S f "& v /^ / 
 
 r...-\ ^rv. \..f ! j c;^:. 
 
 dv... 5-..s_.ir.._.:^..i.. 
 
 L y ? i ,- 
 
 * ' * .1 -e^-" ' j-^- 
 
 . / jV 
 
 - 1 x ~ N - ^ - 
 
 V 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 6? 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 W TICK. 
 
 A The sound of iv following a stem consonant is expressed by 
 a vertical or horizontal tick joined initially to the stem. Illustration: 
 
 L. 
 
 twice, dun II, quick, quagmire, thwack, Schwab. 
 
 2. Words with an initial s and medial w sound must be writ- 
 ten with the disjoined We or Wuin its vowel position, thus: 
 
 __ ....... ____ _: ___ &f _ nf ____ s ___ 
 
 squaw, squeeze, squizzle, 
 
 3. Words with r immediately following a w sound should 
 always be written with the a/-hook on the J?a stem, (Wer), thus: 
 
 queer, twirl, squirrel, squirm, squared, esquire. 
 4. A!a>/ words must be written with IVel, thus: 
 
 .quelled, squall, squeal, quail. 
 
 5. The IV it til a is useful in writing such Spanish names as 
 
 Puebla, Buena Vista, etc. Illustration: 
 
 wl. 
 
 Puebla, Buena, Guardafui, Gitaxaca. 
 
 (,PwablaK), (Bwdnah), (Gwardafwee), (Gwahaka). 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Words to be w it en with the wmtiek: Twist, twists, twisted, 
 unt.wist. untwists, untwisted, tweezers, twitter, twinkle, twilight, 
 twill, twilled, dwell, dwelt, Dwight, Dwinnell, equip, equipoise, 
 quibble, quiet, quota, quest, bequest, bequeath, quad, quick, quicker, 
 quickest, quickly, quake, quaker, quack, quicksilver, quicksand, 
 quagmire, quaff, quaffed, quoth, quiesce, acquiesce, quasi, quassii, 
 
68 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 qualm, qualmish, equator, guano, thwack, thwacked, Thwing 
 Schwarb, Schwartz. 
 
 Words in which disjoined We or Wu must be used : Squaw, 
 squabble, squatter, squeeze., 
 
 Words in which Wfr must be used. Twirl, dwarf, dwarfed 
 dwarfish, querl, quarrel, quirk, queer, choir, quire, quart, squirt 
 squirted, square, squared, squirm, esquire, query, quarry, quarried, 
 quart, quartette. 
 
 Words in which Wll must be used: Quill, quell, quail, squall 
 sequel, squills, squeal. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 SMALL TERMINAL HOOKS FOR N, F, AND V. 
 
 N HOOK. 
 
 1. The sound of at the end of words and syllables, and in the 
 njiddle of words where no vowel follows it, is represented by a small 
 terminal hook made on the left, and under side, of straight stems, 
 and on the inside of curved stems. Illustration: 
 
 ^ ....;">, .....s& /^...^ .""LX.^... 
 
 fin, tinge, June, canopy, fine, loan, main, swain, run, ken. 
 
 2. S, terminating -hook words, is expressed by making the 
 hook into a circle, on straight stems, and by writing a circle within 
 the hook of curves. Illustration: 
 
 ...... X ...... Jy. ..... </ ......... b, ...... x ........ .4 ......... ^ ... <*.. 
 
 bones, dines, chains, tokens, runs, Athens, nuns, refines 
 
 3. The large circle and the loops are written on he -hook side 
 to express ns-s, nst, nstr. Illustration: 
 
 -^ /O V ^ 
 
 _ p ....... .suf^..:. ....... I ........ .So ........... ~.. 
 
 a. ....... c -*? 
 
 expenses, enhances, danced, glanced, punster, spins lei s. 
 
 F AND V HOOK, 
 
 4. The sound of f, or its cognate, v , at the end of words and 
 syllables, and in the middle of words where no vowel follows it, is 
 represesented by a small terminal hook made on the circle side of 
 straight stems; and the circle for s, terminating /and 7/-hook words, 
 is made within the hook, to distinguish it from simple s without 
 the/ or v sounds. Illustration: 
 
 %- 
 
 *. .(,' ...... ....... .. 
 
 \P -" v/ 
 
 proof, approves, devote, devise, division, 
 
 ..IN~^~ ... w .......... <-s> . . ~^^ ...... c ^ 
 
 deaftn, strife, gb~es, archives, hoofs 
 
ro 
 
 SCOTT-BROWN &S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 5. The hook for f and v is never written on the curve stems. 
 
 NOTE (a). Observe that the s circle formed within hooks is 
 elongated, like a loop, and made in the direction of the stem to which 
 the hook belongs. 
 
 (l>). The large circle and the loops for ft and sir are never written 
 on hooks. 
 
 6: If a vowel follows n, for v, those consonants must be rep. 
 resented by the stems, in order to furnish a place for the vowel- 
 Illustration: 
 
 brine, briny, fun, funny, assign, assignee, rain, rainy, 
 
 cough, coffee, grieve, gravy, heave, heavy, rough, review 
 
 7. READING EXERCISE 
 
 *.. v .. J- 
 
 -^ - <\ CN- 
 
 S^?T^ <Z. P.. .....^. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 8. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pawn, pen, open, bane, bone, tan, eaten, oaten, din, don, chain, 
 chin, June, coin, keen, cane, oaken, gun, gown. 
 
 Spun, spoon, sabin, satan, satin, stone, sadden, scan, skin, 
 sicken, sustain, Staten, stewpan, weapon, widen, wooden, waken, 
 wagon, worn, warn, Warren, sweeten, Sweden, sworn, queen, 
 quince, quinces, equinox, equinoctial, equestrian. 
 
 Prune, brown, brain, bran, train, drown, drawn, churn, adjourn, 
 crane, acorn, crown, corn, green, grain, grin, groan, twine, twines, 
 twin, twins, twain, entwine, twinge, twinges. 
 
 Plain, plan, blown, clean, clan, clown, glean, glen, decline, 
 recline. 
 
 Fan, fun, vine, thin, assign, zone, shine, lawn, urn, moon, nun. 
 
 Soften, seven, serene, Simon, Stephen, Stamen, flown. 
 
 Suspense, strains, screens, widens, stamens, Stevens, woman's. 
 
 Puff, bluff, pave, brave, strive, dove, cave, rove. 
 
 Puffs, paves, drives, chiefs, Jove's, caves, coughs, cuffs, graves, 
 grieves, rives, roves, raves. 
 
 Panic, pancake, pinch, punch, punish, pennon, bandy, banjo, 
 banish, tonnage, Channing, candy, conic, coinage, expunge, experi- 
 ences, expenses, finish, furnish, vanish, thinness, heathenish, linear, 
 lonely, minute, mlnQte, mlnQtely, minuteness, mental, mantel, 
 miner, piquancy, potent, potency, demean, demeanor, vacancy, 
 organic, envenom, phenomena, phenomenon, plenty, planet, pleni- 
 tude, plunge, blanch, French, fringe, plenary, penurious, penance, 
 finance, synonym, seminary, sponge, Spanish, stauuch, stingj. 
 pippin, bobbin, obtain, barn, Auburn, Italian, deepen, detain, do- 
 main, adorn, cabin, roughen, raven, region, regain, famine, foreign, 
 lemon, Lyman, illumine, remain, imagine, machine, engine, tribune, 
 blacken, chairman, African, Mormon, Norman, Herman, Hellman. 
 
 Preference, toughen, deaf en, |deaf ness, define, divine, devote 
 devout, devotee, devour, reveal, rival, revere, rover, river, revere 
 equivalent, quiver, quaver, hover, beaver, tougher, cover, clever 
 clover, devise, advise, division, devotion, defence, advance, bever 
 age, engraver, provide, provided, provision, Providence, providen- 
 *al, -xtravagance, extravagant. 
 
72 
 
 \ o\ ( ' ^ 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXTBOOK 
 
 ' 
 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Ten honest men live in one town. Nine fair women spun six- 
 teen skeins of woolen yarn. The moon shines upon the lawn. Green 
 are the banks of Bonny Doon. When it rains, the Robins say, 
 "Cheer up, cheer up, cheer up!" Rover is a brave dog, you will 
 discover, and serves his mastsr faithfully. The Bluff river divides 
 our farm. Never swerve from right behavior. See the rainbow! 
 The poor, with industry, are happier than the rich, in idleness. Pu< 
 down your pen and join the children in their fun. 
 
 9. ABBREVIATIONS. TV, F, AND V HOOKS. No. 10. 
 
 N HOOK. 
 
 opinion 
 
 \ then 
 
 ....\r=.. begun 
 
 \ upon 
 
 / than 
 
 \ began 
 
 _j been 
 
 ^*7 alone, loan 
 
 v\ ... turn, torn 
 
 J, ... done 
 1 down 
 (/ join 
 
 men 
 
 P 
 
 sudden 
 
 .... J* at length 
 
 P 
 
 w delinquent 
 
 ^a man 
 human 
 
 J general-ly 
 
 women 
 
 y\ ... happen 
 . \ punish-ed 
 ^ explain-ed 
 
 3 can 
 
 gone 
 
 <j~s woman 
 > y known, none 
 
 a gain, again 
 
 union 
 
 ... J .. question 
 
 i often, phonog- 
 V raphy 
 
 ~* learn 
 
 i/.. Christian 
 
 < Q 
 correspond 
 
 ^* even 
 
 \ a __ pecuniary 
 
 ^ thine 
 
 ^ begin 
 
 ,...-~/. consequential 
 

 Of PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 73 
 
 *-? 
 
 x - ..signify-ied-cant 
 
 .... .4. western 
 
 .. . ( ... .southern 
 *\ pertain 
 
 . N ...prudential 
 ^"^ prominent 
 
 . > fallen 
 
 J 
 
 -- *\ appertain 
 
 N*-fc permanent 
 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 
 ... point, appoint 
 behind bind 
 
 ..consequent 
 -3 .... second 
 
 account 
 annoint-ed 
 
 J tend 
 
 . .<s superintend 
 
 ^ round 
 
 ... . j attend 
 
 J 
 
 did not, didn't 
 
 .... 1-3 acquaint-ed 
 a gained 
 
 ...<y* .surround 
 ... ._^. around 
 
 ... . J . .do not, don't 
 
 .. .. find 
 
 .... T. ... understand 
 
 ... J ... had not, hadn't 
 
 >o found 
 
 .... l/> turned 
 
 . . c/ '. ... gentlemen 
 
 W-^ foundation 
 
 . .. <T.... accident 
 
 . . </ gentleman 
 
 /* ... land 
 
 . %-a subsequent 
 
 kind 
 
 ... . . . mind 
 
 .. .TV? ... returned 
 
 . can't 
 
 . minds 
 
 C learnt 
 
 _.~??-' canooi 
 
 meant, mend. 
 / "* - amount 
 
 ^S> impend 
 
 
 ENS. KNSES, ENST. 
 
 
 J at once 
 4, 
 
 .... *s. . .balanced 
 
 ..... againa 
 
 consequence 
 
 *~o occurrence 
 
 . - indispens-ible 
 
 ^. . .balance 
 
 ~~D .Kansas 
 
 ^v 
 
 o.. .experience 
 
 ... . ^L . . .balances 
 
 .....tro K ains 
 
 ....1 .transcript 
 
SCOTT.BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 \j before 
 
 F AND V HOOK. 
 
 Nj-'' provision 
 
 profit, propl"* 
 
 . . \ above 
 
 Cv ) proficie.it -ly- 
 
 \ profitable 
 
 " difficult-y 
 
 'Xj perfect 
 
 prophetic 
 
 diflered-ent- 
 v ence 
 
 >i belief beliera 
 
 'V / providencc-tia.1- 
 
 gave, govern- 
 . > ... ment 
 
 e \a proof, prove 
 
 L- ... defect 
 U advocate 
 
 "** *y 
 ....%> ...believed 
 
 extra vagant-I y- 
 
 \ approve 
 
 
 forgive 1 
 
 '""A 
 
 \i .improve-d-ment 
 
 ^X. provide 
 
 ...lK_P defence 
 ....j advance 
 
 ...rX-... forgave 
 /V_half 
 
 EXPRESSION OF NUMBERS. 
 
 I. Numbers are expressed by the usual Arabic figures; bu; 
 in writing single figures, 1 and 6, on account of their resem- 
 blance to fonografic characters, must be written thus: <^_> one, 
 six. 
 
 2, In expressing but one denomination of numbers, such as 
 millions, thousands, or hundreds, the fonografic signs are used thus: 
 16 CT>> 16,000,000; 12 ( or 12 (^ 12,000; 9 ^ 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 SHUN AND ESHUN HOOKS. 
 
 SHUN HOOK. 
 
 i. The syllable shun (or zhun) following a stem consonant, 
 is_.expressed by a large final hook made on either side of straight 
 stems, and on the concave side of curve stems. Illustration: 
 
 -f ...... \ ...... 4P .......... -* ..... 
 
 potion, passion, inception, addition, perdition, occasion, sections, 
 
 dissection, rations, adhesion, fashions, visionary, motions, 
 
 nations, dissention, oration, volition, persuasion, reservation. 
 
 2. In writing the words unction, sanction, distinction, etc., the 
 stem for the Ka sound can be omitted, without impairing legibility. 
 Illustration: 
 
 unction, sanctions, distinction. 
 
 3. The syllable ist, following Shun and Eshun, is expressed by 
 half-length Es (Est) on the hooks. Illustration: 
 
 tlocutionist, factionist, anncxatiomst, 
 
 ESHUN HOOK. 
 
 4. The syllable shun following s represented by a circle, and 
 a vowel, is expressed by a small hook on the back of the circle. 
 Illustration: 
 
 x JL . ^ ...... _...^ ............. > ..... 
 
 position, decision, accession, physician, cessation, pulsation, 
 
76 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 incision, musician, accusation, propositions, juxtaposition, 
 
 n 
 
 vexation, pronunciation, transition. 
 
 5. Words containing this small hook are legible without writing 
 the vowel tha r . i? heard be'or- h hoolc; out if it is desired to express 
 this vowel any time, write it on the left side ot .he hook for first place 
 vowels and on the right for second place vowels. Illustration: 
 
 precision, processions, sensational. 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Potion, passion, passions, editions, addition, sedition, section, 
 suction, deception, attraction, attractions, detraction, inception, sub- 
 traction, perception, reception, inspection, exception, refraction, 
 infraction, reduction, subtraction, perdition, approbation, attrition, 
 adoration, ration, rations, oration, orations, derision, actions, cau- 
 tion, occasion, fashion, fashions, vision, visions, visionary, caution- 
 ary, missionary, nation, nations, national, diction, dictionary, mis- 
 sion, missions, notions, notional, lotion, allusion, solution, adhesion, 
 cohesion, dilation, adoration, admonition, attention, dissension, dis- 
 tention, distraction, restriction, probation, approbation, volition, 
 violation, affiliation, pretension, isolation, recreation, tradition, 
 aggregation, peroration, navigation, apparition, repetition, reputa- 
 tion, selection, election, elocution, elocutionist, elocutionists, fac- 
 tionist, factionists, affectionate, affectionately, observation. 
 
 Opposition, position, possessions, decision, causation, accession, 
 accusation, aquisition, physician, physicians, incision, musician, 
 musicians, sensations, proposition, prepositions, supposition, cesssa- 
 tion, secession, annexation, annexationist, pulsations, vowelization, 
 civilization, taxation. 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 
 
 OF PHONO GRAPHY. 77. 
 
 7. ABBREVIATIONS. SHUN AND ESHUN HOOKS. No. n. 
 
 SHUN HOOKS. 
 
 C| 
 
 v . passion 
 
 , .\i objection 
 
 _. NX - objectionable 
 
 .o ... subjection 
 
 _ ^ . exhibiton 
 
 U tuition 
 
 U station 
 
 U instruction 
 
 \_ 
 
 ^ _^? opposition 
 
 _\>..... position 
 
 __ \ possession 
 
 f 
 
 ......... ..decision 
 
 =) 
 
 U .. consideration 
 
 7 
 
 ....f / exaggeration 
 
 . 3 occasion 
 = ? creation 
 
 U3 direction 
 
 correction 
 
 .'- collection 
 
 err? aggression 
 
 ESHUN HOOK. 
 
 1 a 
 acquisition 
 
 -.Jfc --..procession. 
 -- proposition 
 
 -- -V_X fashionable-bly 
 ....O ...session 
 
 ^ 
 ....Ls ... .association 
 
 missionary 
 
 ...V5 .... national 
 
 f 
 / - situation 
 
 \ 
 .... V.... dissuasion 
 
 _____ ^ . . ps 
 
 rsuasion 
 
 CT convers;xtion^l 
 
 o> .. .conversationist 
 j 
 
 .O^ compensation 
 
 >e 
 
 J f r* 
 
 Of . ... -generaliz.ntion I ,...V .Civilization 
 
 ' realisation 
 
 .accession j . ...... ..organization 
 
 J 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT- BO OK 
 
 SHADING AND LENGTHENING. 
 
 LE SSON XXII. 
 
 SHADING EM. 
 
 I. Em is shaded to express a following/ or b, and is then called 
 Emp or Emb. Illustration: 
 
 /*/, stump, hemp, lamp, glimpse, wampum, limbo, embargo. 
 
 LENGTHENING EMP. 
 2. Emp is lengthened to add a following r. Illustration: 
 
 I . . / u, ^ 
 
 empire, temper, simper, ember, chamber, somber. 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pomp, pumps, bump, damp, dumps, stamp, stump, stampede, 
 jumps, camp, gump, vamp, thump, lamp, lump, limp, romp, rump, 
 mumps, swamp, samp, slump, hump, hemp, primp, plump, tramp, 
 crump, cramp, glimpse, wampum, limbo, Jumbo, humbug, Sambo. 
 
 Pumper, Plumper, temper, temporal, distemper, damper, jumper, 
 Kemper, vampire, romper, hamper, scamper, ember, umber, amber, 
 somber, limber, lumber, chamber, slumber, December, November, 
 September, dismember, timber, cumber, encumber, Cumberland, 
 Chamberlain. 
 
 LENGTHENING ING. 
 
 4. Ing is lengthened to express a following kr (Iter) or gr (Ger). 
 Illustration: 
 
 anchor or anger, sinker, winker, tinker, 
 
 o 
 
 thinker finger, Hnge*, ftronger. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LENGTHENING THE OTHER CURVES. 
 5. Al 1 the other curved stems are lengthened to express a fol- 
 lowing tr, dr, thr, dhr. Illustration: 
 
 enter, render, smaller, mother, philanthropy, father. 
 
 6. Of the straight stems, only Ra and Hah are lengthened to 
 express the following words: 
 
 writer, rather, hither. 
 
 7. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Anchor, sinker, Bunker, tinker, canker, rancor, ranker, thinker, 
 spanker, winkers, hanker, handkerchief. 
 
 Anger, finger, linger, languor, stronger, monger, mongrel, 
 hunger, Hungerford. 
 
 Father, fatherless, fatherly, mother, motherly, motherless, 
 thither, nitre, neuter, center, central, Easter, eastern, easterly, 
 Esther, oyster, Astor, Astral, astronomy, astronomical, astronomer, 
 latter, later, literature (La-ter-Cher}, literary, latterly, literally, col- 
 lateral, winter, wintered, wander, eccentric, eccentricity, render, 
 hinder, cinder, sunder, %vither, withers, withered flounder. 
 
 philantrophy, philanthropist, philanthropical. 
 
 Enterprise, interrupt, interruption, entertain, interest, interested, 
 introduce, introduction, interpret, interpretation, interpose, inter- 
 twine, interdict, uninterrupted. 
 
 8. ABBREVIATIONS. DOUBLE LENGTHS. --No 12. 
 
 ( 
 I 
 
 father 
 thither 
 
 ) . Easter 
 / letter 
 
 thitherward 
 
 ./_... literary 
 
 
 
80 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE 1 S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 x" latter 
 
 
 *TT7.... . writer 
 
 ^\ water 
 
 ~.~~""x ^^ rather 
 
 . "^"\ whithersoever 
 
 Y' 
 
 
 _ ... neither, entire 
 
 
 I entirely 
 
 
 interest 
 
 ^L. hither 
 
 ^^ -^ senator 
 
 c ~\ farther, further 
 
 northern 
 
 \ 
 "^^x farther than 
 
 
 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES, 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 I. The prefixes, con, com, cum, cog; contra, contro, counter; 
 fore; magna, magne, magni; circum, self; etc., are represented by 
 brief Arbitrary signs written either before or above the remainder 
 of the word. 
 
 CON, COM, CUM, COG. 
 a. The sign for con, com, cum and cog is a dot. Illustration: 
 
 contain, comprise, cumbersome, cognitiv. 
 
 CONTRA, CONTRO, ETC. 
 
 3. The sign for contra, contro and counter is a tick. Illustration: 
 
 .[=_ ............. "^ ................. ^ ..... 
 
 contradiction, controversy, ^countermand. 
 FORE. 
 
 4. The sign for fore is Ef. Illustration: 
 
 forestall, forefathers. 
 
 MAGNA, ETC. 
 
 5. The sign for maga, magne and magni is Em. Illustration: 
 
 '^-sTb. ..... ___ ....... _J__ ..... _ ........ Vly .. 
 
 magnanimous, magnetic, magnify. 
 
 CIRCUM AND SELF. 
 
 6. The sign, for circum and self is a small circle, written \nfirst 
 position before or above the remainder of the word, for circum, and 
 in second position before or above the remainder of the word for self. 
 Illustration: 
 
 &-x 
 
 ............. A ......................... s~*-_. .... 
 
 circumscribe, self-made, 
 
83 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 COMPOUND PREFIXES. 
 
 7. Whenever any other syllable comes before these prefixes 
 thus making a compound prefix the stem or sign for the syllable is 
 written in the prefix's place, and the prefix is not written, but implied, 
 or, understood to be expressed, together with the syllable standing in 
 its place; or, in other words, if a stem or circle is written over another 
 stem in such a way as to occupy the place of a prefix sign, it must 
 be read together with the prefix the syllable that the sign stands 
 for being read first and the prefix last. Illustration: 
 
 V 
 
 H 
 
 conceivable, inconceivable, 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 construe, 
 
 1 
 
 misconstrue- 
 
 compromised, uncompromised, committal, non-committal, 
 
 _. '^ .................. X? _________ ..... t ......... . ......... f .............. 
 
 cognition, recognition, conceit, self-conceit. 
 
 X ............. _K ................... '* .................... UN .......... 
 
 composed, decomposed, comfort, discomfort, 
 
 ..... L, ......... _..1 .............. Ic N ....... "^N_ .......... 
 
 contradicted, uncontradic**!, controvert, uncontroverted, 
 
 .x ............... rL._ ...... 
 
 reconcilable, irreconcilable, magnetized, unmaguetizeJ 
 09 ^_P9 o 1 ^--9 ] 
 
 circumspect, uncircumspeet. selfish, unselfish, 
 
 $> ........... M!^. ............. .~b ................ ^1- ....... 
 
 foreseen, unforeseen, accommodation, incognito, 
 
 ^_j> 
 
 ....... Lu, ................ ;_^ ................. J 3 ........................ 
 
 non-conducter, uncommon, concomitant. 
 
OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 33 
 
 8. Some words, having the prefix diseon, are not conveniently 
 written according to the usual rules' for writing compound prefix 
 words, in which case, the remainder of the word is written near the 
 prefix sign, and, in some cases, the prefix is expressed in full, about 
 as quickly as to use a disconnected sign. Illustration: 
 
 - discontinue, discontent, disconnect. 
 
 g. The syllable kong, in Congress, conquer, etc., is expressed by 
 the con dot, thus: 
 
 Congress, conquer. 
 
 10. Con, com or cog can be expressed by writing the remainder 
 of the word close to a preceding word, thus: 
 
 in connection, in consideration, common consent. 
 
 LV "" " 
 
 must contrive, to be concluded, will convince. 
 
 ii. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 '! 
 
 s 9 
 
 common, commence, committee. 
 
 _L| -.1 .- 1i 
 
 continued, constituent, contrition. 
 
 ' 
 
84 SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 12 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Compute, computed, computation, compose, composes, com- 
 posed, composition, compositor, compost, compound, compounded, 
 compassion, comprise, comprised, compressed, comply, complied, 
 complex, complexion, complication, complicate, combine, contain, 
 contains, contusion, constrain, construction, contrite, contrition, 
 contribute, contribution, consistently, constantly, continue, con- 
 tinued, constrained, condemn, condemnation, conjure, concur, con- 
 course, concrete, conclude, conclusion, conclave, conglomerate, con- 
 glomeration, confide, confidence, configuration, conflagration, con- 
 vex, convivial, convenience, convenient, convey, conveyance, con- 
 vert, convertible, conceive, conception, completion, compilation, 
 compensation, condense, condensation, contrive, contrives, con- 
 trary, conduct, construct, contract, control, controllable, contrasted, 
 console, consolation, consolidate, consolidation, conservatory, con- 
 servation, conservatism, concern, common, commune, commence, 
 commenced, conquer, conquerable, congress, congressional, cog- 
 nate, cognation, cognition, cognomen, cognominal, cognominate. 
 
 Accomplish, accomplishments, accommodated. 
 
 Inconsistent, inconstant, inconsolable, uncontrollable, uncon- 
 vinced, unconquerable, fnconceivable, uncommon, uncommonly, 
 recompense, recommend, recommendation, recognize, recogni 
 recognized, recognition, recognizable, misconstruction, miscompute, 
 non-conformity, non-committal, non-conductor, decomposition, dis- 
 comfort, disconcert, disconcerted, disconnection. 
 
 Contraband, contradict, contradiction, contradistinction, contra- 
 vene, counterpoise, counterpoint, contrapuntal, counteract, counter- 
 acted, counteraction, counter-irritant, counter-irritation, countermand, 
 counter-mine, counter-balance, counterpart, countersign. 
 
 Foreknow, fore-ordain, foretell, fore-told, foreknowledge, 
 forewarn, foreseen, foresight, forerunner, forecast, foreshadow, 
 fore-foot, fore-finger, fore-father, foresee, fore-lock, forebode, fore- 
 close, foreclosure, forego, foregone, foreground, forehanded. 
 
 Magnanimous, magnanimity, magnify, magnificent, magnitude, 
 magnetism, magnetic, magnesia. 
 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 1. Affixes (also termed suffixes) are expressed by simple stems 
 or arbitrary signs, either joined or disjoined, and arc great aids to 
 speed without impairing legibility. 
 
 BLE, ELY. 
 
 2. When it is not convenient to write Bel (Be with / hook) for 
 the final syllables ble and bly the simple stem Be is employed 
 Illustr.-uion: 
 
 projitable-bly, sensible-bly. 
 
 SELF AND SELVES. 
 
 3. When self and selves, at the end of words, cannot be ex- 
 pressed by their full forms Slay-Ej and Slay- Ves the small joined 
 circle is employed for self and the large one for selves. Illustration: 
 
 ................. C.J ______ .................. <0 ............... 
 
 thyself. themselves, 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 3. Ship, in nearly all cases, at the end of words, is expressed 
 by disjoined Ish. Illustration: 
 
 friendship, partnership, 
 
 LY. 
 
 4. When La, for the syllable ly, at the end of words, cannot be 
 Joined, it is expressed by La written over or by the side of the stem 
 next to it. Illustration: 
 
 r 
 
 V- 
 
 " V 
 manfy, . positively. 
 
86 SCOTT.3ROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ING. 
 
 5. The added syllable, ing, at the end of words, is expressed by 
 a dot directly at the end of the stem or sign. Illustration: 
 
 ........ 1 ................. ) ........ _______ , ........ 
 
 doing, toying, owing. 
 
 INGS. 
 
 6. The added syllable ings is expressed by either a small circle 
 or an inclined tick written in the ing-dot's place. Illustration: 
 
 . 
 
 ........ ........ 
 
 doings, sayings. 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 /. The added syllable ingly, at the end of words, is expressed 
 by a disjoined La written across ing-do ft place. Illustration: 
 
 
 y 
 
 knowingly, trustingly. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AS AFFIXES. 
 
 TO 
 
 8. The syllable to, at the end of words, following any other 
 stem than Un, is expressed by the little vowel sign employed as the 
 abbreviation of the word to. Illustration: 
 
 thereto, hitherto. 
 
 ON. 
 
 9. On, at the end of words, is expressed by the n hook when 
 it is not convenient to use the regular sign. Illustration: 
 
 thereon, whereon. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. g7 
 
 ro. Of, at the end of words, is expressed by the /-hook, on 
 straight stems, but after curves by the little vowel sign employed as 
 the abbreviation for of. Illustration: 
 
 whereof. hereof, thereof, 
 
 IN. 
 n. In, at the end of words, is expressed by Un. Illustration: 
 
 juherein, herein, /herein. 
 
 AFTER AND HAND. 
 
 12. After and hand, at the end of words expressed by 
 the abbreviations for those words. Illustration: 
 
 hereafter, thereafter, behindhand, beforehand. 
 
-.*' v 
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