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 THE LIBRARY 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 internatinnal 
 Qlnngrfss of 
 
 HELD AT 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIAi U. S. A. 
 
 JULY 28, 29, 30 and 31. 1915 
 
 PROCEEDINGS 
 
 
 FKANK IIERVKY PETTINORI^I^, Presidknt 
 cr. AUKNCK B1>WAKT> IIK.VLD, SBCRKTA.HY
 
 I 
 I
 
 <» PROCEEDINGS 
 
 INTERNATIONAL. CONGRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 GENEALOGY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 JULY 26-31, 1915 
 
 ti 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE 
 OF 
 INTERNATIONAL GENEALOGICAL FEDERATION
 
 CSX 
 
 «0«' .Xiw. XJ «L ^<> .^ _ ■ O
 
 PROCEEDINGS 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 
 
 OF GENEALOGY 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Title PAge 
 
 Section I — Historical 
 
 1. Foreword I 
 
 by James A. Ban 
 
 2. History of Organization ^ 
 
 by ^outwell Tiunlap 
 
 Section II — Proceedings 
 
 1. Summary of Proceedings 6 
 
 2. Minutes of Sessions . . 29 
 
 Section III — Papers and Addresses 
 
 n chronoJosical order ai read. 
 
 1. "Genealogy and Family Name Origins of the Chinese Race"_- 33 
 by Kiang Shoo Chuan Kang Hu 
 
 2. "Genealogical Records of the Maori of New Zealand" 
 
 With tables 46 
 
 by Elsdon Best
 
 3. "Genealogy of the Native Hawalians" 58 
 
 by Bruce Cartwright, Jr. 
 
 4. "Genealogical Charts" (Summary of exhibit) 60 
 
 by Sarah Louise Kimball 
 
 3. " The Relationship Between Genealogy and Eugenics" _ 63 
 
 by Paul Poperioe 
 
 6. " Genealogical Research Among Descendents of the Mayflower 
 
 Emigrants" 79 
 
 by Herbert Folger 
 
 7. "The Study of Genealogy and Its Place in the Affairs of Human 
 
 Society " 81 
 
 by Charles G. Finney Wilcox 
 
 8. "The House Restored" 91 
 
 by Marian Longfellow 
 
 9. "Genealogical Research in Denmark" 95 
 
 by Th. Hauch-Fausholl 
 
 10. " Letter from Siam " 99 
 
 V. Frankfurter 
 
 \\. "President's Address" (Commemorative Session) 100 
 
 by Frank Hetcey Pettingell 
 
 12. " Address of Welcome " (Commemorative Session) 101 
 
 by Colcin B. Brown 
 
 13. " Response and Acceptance of Commemorative Medal " 103 
 
 by Henry Byron Phillips
 
 SECTION I 
 
 iTORIGl^L
 
 By JAMES A. BARR 
 
 OIRKCTOR OK CONGRKSSKS. PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONA f. 
 
 KXPOSITION 
 
 The International Congress of Genealogy, which held its meet- 
 ings in the Exposition Memorial Auditorium at the Civic Center 
 of San Francisco, July 28th, 29th and 30th, 1915, was conceived 
 in the active circles of the California Genealogical Society in the 
 autumn of 1912. From the day of its conception, the idea grew 
 within that Society and soon a committee composed of its most 
 active members was working in full harmony with the Bureau 
 of Conventions and Societies of the Panama-Pacific International 
 Exposition to get in touch with the leading genealogists of the 
 world and with the chief genealogical, historic, patriotic and 
 family organizations to induce their co-operation and affiliation. 
 
 The Congress was held at the time originally outlined, was 
 composed of delegates representing sixty-six {66) organizations 
 from various portions of the United States and from other coun- 
 tries, which named 297 delegates to attend and participate in the 
 Congress. It was generally conceded by those attending or taking 
 an interest in the Congress, that it was more widely representa- 
 tive, truer to its original purpose, and more .successful in the cul- 
 mination of its conceded sentiment than any first gathering of 
 world organizations ever held. 
 
 The International Congress of Genealogy appealed to no mer- 
 cenary or commercial spirit, but was a worthy attempt by the 
 promoters to delve deep into the sentiment of those upholding 
 truths of the past, in a first attempt to get them to assemble, to 
 agree upon certain methods of endeavor, to perfect standards of 
 work and records, to exclude the spurious, the ill-gotten and the 
 unproved, to exchange views regarding more systematic procedure, 
 and to consider the value or relative importance of heraldry, 
 eugenics and other problems seeming to have connection ^v^th 
 genealogy.
 
 i INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 All this was accomplished with little excitement and dissent 
 during the three days' gathering and all present felt that their 
 highest expectation had been accomplished by the appointment of a 
 competent committee of three to make the work and the organiza- 
 tion permanent, by taking adequate steps to organize the Interna- 
 tional Genealogical Federation. 
 
 It is hoped and believed by all those participating, that such 
 wise and safe steps will be taken by the experienced men chosen 
 for the task and by the persistent and timely activities carried on 
 by the competent secretary chosen, that as a result of the First In- 
 ternational Congress of Genealogy, an International Genealogical 
 Federation M'ill be organized, which will not only attract the co- 
 operation of all deserving genealogical, historical and family organ- 
 izations, but will so arrange the meetings, as to time and place, as 
 to result in continued attendance, greater interest and the achieve- 
 ment of every worthy desire. 
 
 PERSONNEL OF THE CALIFORNIA GENEALOGICAL 
 SOCIETY'S ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE. 
 
 Chairman 
 Orra E. Monnette 
 
 Secretary 
 Miss Carlie Inez Tomlinson 
 
 f- 
 
 Members 
 Hon. Boutwell Dunlap 
 
 Henry B. Phillips 
 
 Mrs. Lydia Lucelia Gillogly 
 
 Jas. a. Barr
 
 JAMES ADAM BARR
 
 HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION OF INTERNA- 
 TIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 By BOUTWELL DUNLAP 
 
 RECXtRDING SECRETARY CALIFORNIA OKNEAIXIGICAL SOCIETY 
 
 Being named to give a history of the organization of the Inter- 
 national Congress of Genealogj^ that its record may not be incom- 
 plete, the writer proposed in the summer of 1912 to the Hon. Jam.es 
 
 A. Barr, Director of Congresses of the Panama-Pacific International 
 Exposition, that invitations be extended by the Exposition to all 
 genealogical, historical, family and eugenic societies and organiza- 
 tions to hold their general and annual meetings at about the same 
 time at the Exposition and that they name delegates for a general 
 congress to m.eet at the same time to consider subjects of related 
 interest. Mr. Barr expressed his approval of the plan, but thought 
 that additional results would be secured if his department should 
 have the co-operation of the California Genealogical Society, where- 
 upon Mr. Barr was invited to address the Society on October 5, 
 1915. However, it is particularly to Mr. Barr and his department 
 at the Exposition and to the California Genealogical Society, 
 through its members and committee, that the credit for organizing 
 and making effective the plan is entirely due. 
 
 After Mr. Barr's address, invitations were extended jointly by 
 the President and Directors of the Exposition and President Henry 
 
 B. Phillips of the California Genealogical Society, upon behalf of 
 the Society, to various genealogical and historical societies to hold 
 their meetings in San Francisco. A few weeks later, on December 
 7, 1912, owing to the fact that the writer had emphasized the 
 biological aspects of genealogy, he "was given," say the minutes 
 of the Society, ' ' full power to invite any eugenic society to meet in 
 conjunction with the genealogical, historical and family associations 
 at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition and to work in con- 
 junction with Doctor David Starr Jordan to bring the International 
 Eugenics Congress to San Francisco during the Exposition." 
 
 Invitations to organizations by this time had aroused much in- 
 terest both among their members and in the press. Eventually 
 about twenty-five of such organizations held their meetings in San 
 Francisco at some period during the Exposition. At the same time 
 these invitations were being issued, a large number of letters to 
 persons and organizations asking for suggestions as to the proposed 
 congress were sent out.
 
 4 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Upon April 5, 1913, the Society resolved that President Phillips 
 appoint a "Committee upon the Organization of an International 
 Congress of Genealogy and Eugenics." President Phillips named 
 the following members of the Society upon this Committee: Orra 
 E. Monnette, chairman, James A. Barr, Boutwell Dunlap, Mrs. 
 Lydia Lucelia Gillogly, Henry B. Phillips, Miss Carlie Inez Tom- 
 linson, secretary. 
 
 In order not to conflict with eugenic organizations and eugenics, 
 the Committee finally decided that the name of the Congress be 
 restricted to the International Congress of Genealogy and that such 
 a Congress be held. However, its date was so arranged that the 
 Congress was to meet during the week beginning Monday, July 26, 
 1915, succeeding the week in which the American Historical Asso- 
 ciation met and preceding the week of the annual meeting of the 
 American Genetic Association and the Second International Con- 
 ference on Race Betterment — all at the Exposition. 
 
 The Committee decided that at the Congress official delegates 
 1)6 limited to two from each society, association or organization with 
 one hundred members or less, with an additional delegate for each 
 one hundred members or fraction thereof. Invitations to name such 
 delegates to the Congress were thereupon issued by President Henry 
 B. Phillips upon behalf of the Society and its Committee. 
 
 The Committee announced by circular distributed to all nations, 
 again inviting suggestions that the tentative subjects for discussion 
 by the Congress, would be : " (a) The relation between genealogical 
 investigations and eugenics; (b) The establishment of a National 
 Bureau of Heraldry in the Ignited States, to become a recognized 
 and accepted authority; (c) The establishment of a bureau wherein 
 genealogists of standing shall be permitted to register so that a 
 certain stamp of official approval may be placed upon their work; 
 (d) Action looking to a uniform publication of the historical and 
 vital records of various counties and States now unpublished, ajod 
 the establishment of a National Bureau of Vital Records as part of 
 Governmental records at Washington, similar to the records in the 
 General Register Office, Somerset House, London, England." 
 
 The names of three hundred and ten societies and over two thou- 
 sand specialists or individuals peculiarly interested in the subjects 
 of the Congress were collected and corresponded with throughout 
 the world. This correspondence has been preserved in the archives 
 of the Exposition and contains much valuable suggestive material 
 for use by the International Genealogical Federation. 
 
 Never has the preliminary correspondence for the organization 
 of the first meeting of a congress been more thoroughly covered. 
 Thousands of letters were sent and received. The writer cannot
 
 MRS. LYDIA LUCELIA GIULOGLY
 
 HISTORY OP ORGANIZATION 5 
 
 allow the occasion to puss without expressing the indebtedness of all 
 to the lion. James A. Barr and his Bureau of the Exposition for 
 this result. Had not the war intervened — as is shown by the letters 
 of those organizations and individuals who expressed themselves 
 before its outbreak as intending to bo represented by delegates or 
 in person, but who after its beginning gave notice of their inability 
 to attend — both foreign and domestic representation would have 
 been much larger than it was. 
 
 r^^^^^
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 SECTION II 
 
 mm
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GSNEIALOGY 
 
 S«BHA^¥ OF PMOOIIBiH@S 
 
 INTEENATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY. 
 
 ^ 
 
 SESSIONS AND OFFICERS 
 
 The Congress met at San Francisco on July 28, 1915. Sessions 
 were held during four days: July 28, 29, 30 and 31. 
 
 Mr. Orra E. Monnette acted as Temporary Chairman pending 
 the formation of a regular organization ; the Congress organized by 
 electing the following officers : 
 
 President, Mr. Frank Hervey Pettingell. 
 
 Secretary, Mr. Clarence Edward Heald. 
 
 Assistant Secretary, Miss C. I. Tomliuson. 
 
 Such committees as were required to handle the affairs of the 
 Congress were appointed from time to time. A list of all Com- 
 mittees is given on a later page. 
 
 ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED 
 The following organizations were represented by delegates: 
 
 1. National Society, Americans of Roj^al Descent. 
 
 2. The Society for the Preservation of New England An- 
 tiquities, Inc. 
 
 3. College of Arms & Seigneurial Court of Canada. 
 
 4. The Edward Bangs Descendants.
 
 FRANK HERVeV P E T T I N G E L I-
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 9 
 
 5. The Bates Association. 
 
 6. Descendants of James Burton of Dent, Yorkshire, England. 
 
 7. California Genealogical Society. 
 
 8. Child Family Association. 
 
 9. The Doane Family Association of America. 
 
 10. The Donegal Society of Lancaster County, Pa. 
 
 11. Emery F mily Association. 
 
 12. Order " the Founders and Patriots of America. 
 
 13. New Jfcxsey Society of the Order of the Founders and 
 Patriots of America. 
 
 14. Frost Family Association of America. 
 
 15. Society of Genealogists of London. 
 
 16. The National Genealogical Society. 
 
 17. Goodwin Family Association. 
 
 18. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 
 
 19. Society of the Descendants of Pilgrim John Rowland of 
 the Ship Mayflower. 
 
 20. The Huguenot Society of America. 
 
 21. American Irish Historical Society, California Chapter. 
 
 22. Imperial University of Japan, Tokyo. 
 
 23. The Jewett Family of America. 
 
 24. Kimball Family Association of California. 
 
 25. The Lindsay Family Association of America, Inc. 
 
 26. Maine Genealogical Society. 
 
 27. Society of IMayflower Descendants in the State of California. 
 
 28. Old Plymouth Colony Descendants Society. 
 
 29. Parker Historical and Genealogical Association. 
 
 30. Solomon Peirce Family Association. 
 
 31. Pike Family Association. 
 
 32. National Society of the Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims. 
 
 33. Edmund Rice Descendants. 
 
 34. Daughters of the American Revolution, California Society. 
 
 35. Sons of the Revolution (National Society). 
 
 36. Society, Sons of the Revolution in the State of California. 
 
 37. California Society, Sons of the American Revolution. 
 
 38. The Robinson Genealogical Society. 
 
 39. The Smalls of America. 
 
 40. Tower Genealogical Society. 
 
 41. The Genealogical Society of Utah. 
 
 42. The Stone-Jones Genealogical Society. 
 
 43. The Order of Washington.
 
 10 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 44. National Womans' Relief Society (Genealogical Extension 
 Division). 
 
 45. Wilcox and Allied Families. 
 
 46. Mitchell Family Association, 
 
 In addition to the above list the following societies recognized 
 the Congress by appointing delegates. Many of these delegates, 
 though unable to be present, sent messages of good will: 
 
 47. Society of the Descendants of Robert Bartlet of Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 48. Bicknell Family Association. 
 
 49. Nathaniel Brewster Family Association. 
 
 50. The Captain Deliverance Browne Association. 
 
 51. Colonial Daughters. 
 
 52. American Society of Colonial Families. 
 
 53. Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut. 
 
 54. Descendants of John Folsom. 
 
 55. Western Hampden Historical Society, Inc. 
 
 56. Marshfield Historical Society. 
 
 57. The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pa. 
 
 58. Historical Society of New Mexico. 
 
 59. The Irvine Society of America. 
 
 60. Louisiana Historical Society. 
 
 61. The McDowell Clan. 
 
 62. Missouri Society, Sons of the Revolution. 
 
 63. The Colonel Daniel Putnam Association, Inc. 
 
 64. The Shedd Family Association. 
 
 65. Underhill Society of America. 
 
 66. Worcester Family Association. ^ i
 
 I ■ 
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 11 
 
 DELEGATES PRESENT 
 
 Following is the list of delegates present (numbers refer to 
 preceding list of societies) : 
 
 Name. Society. 
 
 Mrs. Inez Knight Allen (41) 
 
 Lewis Anderson ('*-'-) 
 
 Nephi Anderson (^1 ) 
 
 Mark Austin (^1) 
 
 Mrs. Gertrude L. Baerd (44) 
 
 George Anderson Bangs (4) 
 
 Miss Minerva Leantine Barker (42) 
 
 Mrs. Vincy R. Stone Barker (42, 44) 
 
 James L. Barr ( '^ ) 
 
 Mrs. Clara M. Bartholomew (42) 
 
 Henry L. Bates ( ^ ) 
 
 Louisa B. Benson , (44) 
 
 James Blake (41) 
 
 Thomas Edward Bond (24) 
 
 Mrs. Anna Borland (^4) 
 
 R. L. Bybee (^^^ 
 
 Miss Lillian Cameron (41) 
 
 Annie Wells Cannon (44) 
 
 Mrs. Harriet Dudley Chapman (7) 
 
 Unity Chappel (^) 
 
 Joseph Christenson (41) 
 
 Lucy Clapper (23) 
 
 Mrs. D. H. Coleord ( 2 ) 
 
 Mrs. Nathan Cole (3^) 
 
 Mrs. Sarah Pike Conger (31)
 
 12 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Etta Pearl Dam (30) 
 
 Francis Herbert Dam (30) 
 
 Miss Edna May Davis (44) 
 
 Jeremiah Deasy (21) 
 
 Willis Milnor Dixon (13, 35, 58) 
 
 Georcre Howard Robinson Doane ( 9 ) 
 
 M-,. Thomas B. Dozier (34) 
 
 Jc es Duckworth (41) 
 
 Boutwell Dunlap ( 7 ) 
 
 J. M. Eddy (28) 
 
 Jane Jennings Eldredge (44) 
 
 Miss Jessie F. Emery (11, 18) 
 
 Mrs. S. A. Mitchell Farr (46) 
 
 Walter H. Faunce (28) 
 
 Herbert Folger (27) 
 
 Mrs. Susanna Pike French (31, 34) 
 
 Norman S. Frost (14, 33) 
 
 Mrs. Susa Young Gates (18, 41) 
 
 Heber J. Grant (41) 
 
 Lenora T. Harrington (44) 
 
 Clarence E. Heald (31) 
 
 Aroetta Hale Holgate (44) 
 
 Miss Mabel Hoyt ( 4, 14) 
 
 Mrs. Janette A. Hyde (44) 
 
 Miss Annis C. Jewett (23) 
 
 A. E. Jewett (23) 
 
 E. L. Jewett (23) 
 
 George A. Jewett (23, 18) 
 
 J. M. Jewett (23) 
 
 Mrs. Jessie P. Jones (41) 
 
 Miss Sarah Louise Kimball (17, 24, 27) 
 
 Hilda H. H. Larson (44) 
 
 Anna Jewett LeFevre (23) 
 
 James W. Lesueur (41) 
 
 Mrs. C. F. Lewis (34) 
 
 Edwin B. Lindsay (25) 
 
 Mrs. Amy B. Lyman. (44) 
 
 Annie Lynch (44) 
 
 Mrs. J. C. Lynch (34) 
 
 Mrs. Walter Damon Mansfield (1, 15)
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 13 
 
 Oeorgina G. Marriott (44) 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth C. :McCime (41, 44) 
 
 Elizabeth C. McDonald (44) 
 
 Miss Sarah M. McLillard (44) 
 
 Frederick A. H. F. Mitchell (41, 46) 
 
 Orra Eugene Monnette (3, 12, 13, 20, 36, 43) 
 
 John Tower Morrison (40) 
 
 N. Murakami (22) 
 
 B. M. Newcomb (2, 27) 
 
 K. C. 'Conner (21) 
 
 Miss Susanne R. Patch (34) 
 
 Mrs. George W. Percy (26) 
 
 T. A. Perkins (37) 
 
 Frank Hervey Pettingell (2, 36, 18) 
 
 Henry Byron Phillips (16, 32) 
 
 Miss Catherine G. Pike (31) 
 
 Alvin Plummer ( 7 ) 
 
 Frank T. Pomeroy (41) 
 
 A. P. Renstrom (41 ) 
 
 William B. Rice (33) 
 
 Joseph E. Robinson (41 ) 
 
 Frederick Scholes (41 ) 
 
 Artemesia Segmiller (44) 
 
 Joseph F. Smith Jr (41) 
 
 Mercy R. Stevens (44) 
 
 Mrs. Emily W. Stockdale (18) 
 
 Mrs. Carrie S. Thomas (44) 
 
 Mrs. Elisha Tibbits (10, 34) 
 
 Mrs. Lora A. Underbill (39, 18) 
 
 James B. Walkley (41) 
 
 Miss Miriam K. Wallis (20) 
 
 Mrs. Edmund Cottle Weeks (38) 
 
 Mrs. Emmeline B. Wells (44) 
 
 Miss Elizabeth A. Wilbur (19) 
 
 Charles G. Finney Wilcox (45) 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Wilcox (44) 
 
 Mrs. B. S. Wilkins (34) 
 
 Laura N. Williams (44) 
 
 Lily Wostcnholm (44) 
 
 Mrs. Daniel R. Wood (34)
 
 14 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 PAPERS PRESENTED 
 
 The following papers were read : 
 
 "Genealogical Kecords of the Maori of New Zealand," by 
 Elsdon Best, Wellington Philosophical Society, Wellington, 
 New Zealand. 
 
 "Genealogy and Family Name Origins of the Chinese Race," 
 by Kiang Shao Chuan Kang-Hu. 
 
 "Genealogy of the Native Hawaiians," by Bruce Cartwright Jr., 
 Ph. B., of Honolulu. 
 
 . "The Relationship Between Genealogy and Eugenics," by Paul 
 Popenoe, American Genetic Association, Editor of "Journal 
 of Heredity." 
 
 "The Study of Genealogy and Its Place in the Affairs of Human 
 Society," by Charles G. Finney Wilcox of Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 "Genealogical Research Among Descendants of Mayflower Im- 
 migrants," by Herbert Folger of the Society of Mayflower Descend- 
 ants in the State of California. 
 
 The following papers, prepared for the Congress, were ordered 
 printed with the other proceedings as they were either not received 
 in time or for some other reason could not be included in the pro- 
 gram as presented : 
 
 "The House Restored," by Marian Longfellow of The Descend- 
 ants of Robert Bartlet, Esq., of Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
 Inc. 
 
 "Genealogical Research in Denmark," by Th. Hauch-Fausboll, 
 Dansk Genealogisk Institut, Copenhagen. 
 
 The addresses delivered at the Commemorative Session at Re- 
 cital Hall, Exposition Grounds, were : 
 
 President's Address, by Mr, Frank H. Pettingell, President 
 of the Congress. 
 
 Address of Welcome and Presentation of Medal by Mr. Colvin 
 B. Brown of the Board of Directors of the Panama-Pacific 
 International Exposition. 
 
 Response and Acceptance of IMedal by Mr. Henry B. Phillips of 
 the California Genealogical Society.
 
 CLARENCE EDWARD rHEA_D
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 15 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION 
 
 Perhaps the most important action of the Congress was that 
 looking to the perpetuation of its activities through the organiza- 
 tion of an International Genealogical Federation, the objects of 
 which will be: 
 
 a. To collect, preserve and render available genealogical 
 
 and historical records. 
 
 b. To procure legislation establishing adequate systems of 
 
 collecting and maintaining vital statistics and 
 records. 
 
 c. To secure the establishment of an international bureau 
 
 for the registration of pedigrees, coats-of-arms, etc. 
 
 It is proposed that such Federation include the following classes 
 of membership : 
 
 a. Genealogical organizations. 
 
 b. Historical organizations. 
 
 c. Family associations. 
 
 d. Individual membership. 
 
 The details of the actual organization of this Federation are 
 entrusted to the following Organization Committee, which was 
 given full power to act on behalf of the Congress, including power 
 to add to the membership of the committee : 
 
 Mr. Henry B. Phillips, delegate from the National Genealogical 
 Society, Chairman. 
 
 Mr. Orra E. Monnette, delegate from the Huguenot Society of 
 America. 
 
 Mr. B. M. Newcomb, delegate from the Society for the Preserva- 
 tion of New England Antiquities. 
 
 Mr. Clarence E. Heald, delegate from the Pike Family Associa- 
 tion, Secretary and Custodian.
 
 16 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 RESOLUTIONS 
 
 A resolution was passed memorializing the United States Gov- 
 ernment to the following effect : 
 
 To take such steps as may be necessary to establish and 
 maintain a National Bureau of Registration of Vital 
 Statistics, either by enlarging the scope of the Bureau of 
 the Census or the establishment of a new department. 
 
 Such Bureau to make and file copies of all authentic 
 vital statistics now on record in the various counties of the 
 entire country. 
 
 That the Congress of the United States enact laws mak- 
 ing compulsory the registration of adequate vital statistics 
 throughout the country. 
 
 A committee was appointed with Dr. Alvin Plummer of San 
 Francisco at its head, to further the principles expressed in the 
 above resolution. 
 
 With a special view to making the registration of voters of more 
 value to the searcher of genealogical data, the following resolution 
 was adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that all 
 Public Record blanks be so changed as to provide actual 
 date and place of birth, marriage and death, father's name 
 and mother's maiden name wherever age and country or 
 state is now required. 
 
 The following resolution was passed, exemplifying the atti- 
 tude of the Congress toward the use of genealogical data in 
 working out the problems of eugenics: 
 
 Resolved, That one of the objects of the International 
 Genealogical Federation shall be the collection and pres- 
 ervation of genealogical data for eugenic purposes and 
 that the committee of organization of said International 
 Genealogical Federation is hereby instructed to provide 
 for the collection and preservation of said genealogical 
 data for eugenic purposes.
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS 17 
 
 VOTES OF THANKS 
 
 Duriug the sessions of the Congress the following Votes of 
 Thanks were passed (given in chronological order) : 
 
 To Mr. Kiang Shao Chuan Kang-IIu for preparing, and Mr. 
 Henry H. Phillips for rendering into English, an able paper 
 on "Genealogj^ and Family Name Origins of the Chinese 
 Race." 
 
 To the California Genealogical Society for their delightful en- 
 tertainment of the visiting delegates at the Fairmont Hotel 
 on Thursday, July 29, 1915. 
 
 To ^fr. H. B. Phillips and his able co-workers v/ho have prepared 
 the programs and arranged the sessions of this Congress. 
 
 To ^Ir. Frank H. Pettingell, the President, and ^Nlr. Clarence E. 
 Heald, the very efficient Secretary of the Congress for the 
 able and courteous manner in which they have managed the 
 affairs of the Congress. 
 
 To Miss Sarah Louise Kimball, one of the foremost genealo- 
 gists of the Pacific Coast, for her distinguished work in 
 preparing the way for this Congress and aiding in the success 
 of its sessions. 
 
 To all those in foreign lands who had conti'ibuted papers, with 
 instrui!tions to the Secretary to write them notifying them 
 of this action and expressing our appreciation. 
 
 To Professor N. Murakami for his courteous promise to con- 
 tribute an article on Genealogy in Japan to be printed with 
 the proceedings of the Congress. 
 
 FINANCIAL 
 
 The money required to meet current expenses of the Congress 
 was raised by means of an assessment of $1.00 on each of the 
 societies or organizations represented ; thirty-four out of the forty- 
 six paid this on the day the assessment was announced.
 
 18 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 LIST OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 
 
 The officers and committees of the Congress were as follows : 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 President — Mr. Frank Hervey Fettingell of Los Angeles, Cal. 
 Secretary — Mr. Clarence Edward Heald of San Francisco, Cal. 
 Assistant Secretary — Miss Carlie Inez Tomlinson of San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal. 
 
 COMMITTEES. 
 
 On Credentials — 
 
 Clarence E, Heald, Chairman. 
 Miss C. I. Tomlinson. 
 
 0// L'rogratu — 
 
 Henry B. Phillips, Chairman. 
 
 B. M. Newcomb. 
 
 Mrs. Susa Y. Gates. 
 
 Mrs. Lora A. W. Underhill. 
 
 Miss Jessie F. Emery. 
 
 On Ways and Means — 
 
 Joseph F. Smith Jr., Chairraai 
 
 Willis M. Dixon. 
 
 Norman S. Frost. 
 
 Mrs. Isaac N. Chapman. 
 
 T. Edward Bond. 
 
 On Permanent Organization — 
 
 Orra E. Monnette, Chairman. 
 
 B. M. Newcomb. 
 
 Joseph F. Smith Jr. 
 
 Mrs. Lora A. W. I'nderhiil. 
 
 Mrs. W. D. Mansfield. 
 
 Mrs. Susa Y. Gates. 
 
 Mrs. B. S. Wilkins. 
 
 Mrs. I. N. Chapman. 
 
 T. A. Perkins. 
 
 On Estahlishment of a National Bureau of Vital Statistics — 
 Dr. Alvin Plummer, Chairman. 
 Mrs. Susa Y. Gates. 
 Henry B. Phillips. 
 Clarence E. Heald. 
 Orra E. Monnette. 
 T. A. Perkins. 
 B. H. Newcomb.
 
 SLWniARY OF PKOCKEniNGS IJ> 
 
 ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE OF INTERNATIONAL 
 GENEALOGICAL FEDERATION. 
 
 HENRY BYRON PHILLIPS, Chairman 
 T>elegate from the National genealogical Society. 
 
 ORRA EUGENE MONNETTE 
 Delegate from the Huguenot Society of America. 
 
 BETHUEL MERRITT NEWCOMB 
 
 Delegate from the Society for the Preservation of 
 
 New England Antiquities 
 
 Its Secretary and Custodian is; 
 
 CLARENCE EDWARD HEALD 
 1215 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A.
 
 20 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO CIVIC AUDITORIUM, HALL F. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, JULY 28, 1915, 10:30 A. M. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by Mr. Henry Byron Phillips, 
 President of the California Genealogical Society, who introduced 
 Mr. Orra Eugene Monnette as Temporary Chairman. 
 
 Mr. Monnette took the chair, and named ]\Ir. Clarence E. Heald, 
 Temporary Secretary, and Miss C. I. Tomlinson, Temporary As- 
 sistant Secretary. 
 
 In a brief and appropriate address Mr. Monnette then extended 
 a warm greeting to all the delegates, informing them that no hard 
 and fast program had been laid down for their proceedings, but 
 that on the contrary the work of the Congress lay entirely in their 
 own hands. 
 
 A motion was made to the effect that the temporary organization 
 be made permanent ; Mr. Monnette declared that while he appre- 
 ciated the honor conferred upon him, it would be impossible for 
 him to accept the Presidency of the Congress because his business 
 engagements would permit him to remain in the city but two of the 
 three days set for its sessions. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips moved that Mr. Frank Hervey Pettingell 
 be named President. The motion was seconded by Mr. Norman S. 
 Frost, and carried unanimously. 
 
 Mr. Pettingell took the chair and after expressing his appre- 
 ciation of the action of the Congress called upon Mr. James A. 
 Barr, Director of Congresses of the Panama-Pacific International 
 Exposition, for a few remarks. 
 
 Mr. Barr told briefly of the inception and growth of the plans 
 for this Congress, stating that sixty societies had notified him that 
 they had named delegates. He also declared this to be the first 
 International Congress of Genealogy ever held in America, as well 
 as the first genealogical meeting to receive recognition from an in- 
 ternational exposition and a place on its program. Among the 852 
 bodies meeting here during the Exposition year twenty-five are 
 genealogical organizations. On behalf of the Exposition he extended 
 a cordial invitation to all to visit and study the World University 
 exemplified by the Exposition itself.
 
 ORRA EUC^ENE MONNETTE
 
 MINUTES OF SESSIONS 21 
 
 "Hon. Joseph F. Smith Jr. was ihcn introdneed to the Congress. 
 He expressed the thanks of tlie dele^ati'S to tlie Oencaloj^ical 
 Society of California and to the Panama-Pacific International Ex- 
 position for the invitation to all genealogical societies to gather 
 here to further their mutual interests. He stated that one impor- 
 tant thing to be considered was the system of arranging and re- 
 cording genealogical data. There are now in use numy systems and 
 classifications; some difficult and some simple. A uniform system 
 would be a great advance in placing genealogical research on a 
 better basis. Since we owe to our ancestors all that we are, there 
 is due reason why we should honor and study them even though 
 occasionally there may be one who is not entirely a credit to the 
 family. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips moved that :\rr. C. E. Heald be named Secre- 
 tary of the Congress and Miss C. I. Tomlinson Assistant Secretary. 
 The motion was seconded by I\Ir. N. S. Frost and carried. 
 
 The President announced the appointment of ]\Tr. Heald and 
 i\liss Tomlinson as Committee on Credentials. 
 
 It was moved by ]Mr. J. M. Eddy that the list of delegates pre- 
 pared by the Director of Congresses of the Exposition be tem- 
 porarily accepted as official, the same to be subject to proper altera- 
 tions and additions by the Credentials Committee. The motion was 
 seconded by Mr. Phillips and carried. 
 
 The Secretary then proceeded to call the roll of the delegates. 
 Those present received appropriate badges. Of the sixty societies 
 on the official list, twenty-eight were represented by delegates 
 present; four moi-e societies were added to the nuin1)er tlirough 
 delegates recognized by the Credentials Committee, and one, the 
 National Wonum's Relief Society of Utah, by vote of the Congress 
 upon motion of Mrs. Elisha Tibbits, seconded by Mr. N. S. Frost. 
 This raised the total number of societies represented by delegates 
 at the first session of the ('ongress to thirty-three. 
 
 The President named as a Program Coiumittee : 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips, Chairman. 
 Mr, B. M. Newcomb. 
 !Mrs. Susa Y. Gates. 
 ^Irs. Lora A. W. Cnderhill. 
 ]\[iss Jessie F. Emery. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the meeting adjourned until 2 :30 
 P. M. 
 
 At the first session of the Congress, about three hundred per- 
 sons were present, a number of them, although not delegates, being 
 prominent genealogists.
 
 22 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 AFTERNOON SESSION, JULY 28, 1915. 
 2:30 P. M. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by President Pettingell. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips presented a report from the Program Com- 
 mittee covering the schedule of meetings and the papers to be 
 presented. Sessions are regularly to be held at 10 :00 A. M. and 
 2:30 P. M. 
 
 The President announced a Committee on Ways and Means as 
 follows : 
 
 Hon. Joseph F. Smith Jr., Chairman. 
 
 Mr. Willis Milnor Dixon. 
 
 Mr. Norman S. Frost. 
 
 Mrs. Isaac N. Chapman. 
 
 Mr. T. Edward Bond. 
 
 A paper on "Genealogy and Family Name Origins of the 
 Chinese Race" was read by Mr. H. B. Phillips. This paper was 
 originally written in Chinese characters by Mr. Kiang Shao Chuan 
 Kang-Hu and the translation made with the aid of Mr. Phillips. 
 This paper was very impressive for its concise and able presentation 
 of its big subject, covering the essential facts very completely. 
 
 It was moved that we extend a vote of thanks to the author, 
 and that i\Ir. Phillips be authorized to communicate to him our 
 appreciation. This motion was amended to also express our thanks 
 to Mr, Phillips for transcribing and reading this paper. The 
 amendment being acceptable to the maker of the motion was incor- 
 porated therewith, and the motion as amended was seconded and 
 carried. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the meeting adjourned until 10:00 
 A. M., July 29, the members proceeding to the Grove street entrance 
 of the Auditorium, where a group photograph was taken. 
 
 MORNING SESSION, JULY 29, 1915. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by President Pettingell at 
 10 :30 A. M. 
 
 A report from the Committee on Ways and Means was pre- 
 sented by its chairman, Hon. Joseph F. Smith Jr. The committee 
 recommended that the immediate expenses of the Congress b<! 
 provided for by assessing each organization represented the sum 
 of one dollar. It was also recommended that the papers and pro-
 
 ]\nNUTES OF SESSIONS 23 
 
 ceedings of this Congress be printed, a number of the Utah Geneal- 
 ogical and Historical Magazine having been offered for the purpose 
 without cost to the Congress. 
 
 Upon motion by Mr. H. B. Phillips duly seconded it was voted 
 that this report be accepted. 
 
 A paper by Mr. Elsdon Best of the Wellington Philosophical 
 Society of "Wellington, New Zealand, on "The Genealogical Records 
 of the Maoris of Nevr Zealand" was read by the Secretary. In 
 this paper the Maori system of preserving orally the complete 
 genealogical records of the race was clearly explained. 
 
 The next paper presented was that of ]\Ir. Bruce Cartwright Jr., 
 on "The Genealogy of the Native Hawaiian Races." This paper, 
 read by ]\Ir. H. B. Phillips, outlined the system in use for many 
 centuries in the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 The President appointed a Committee on Permanent Organiza- 
 tion consisting of the following : 
 
 Mr. Orra E. Monnette, Chairman. 
 Mr. B. M. Newcomb. 
 Mr. Joseph F. Smith Jr. 
 Mrs. Susa Y. Gates. 
 Mrs. Lora A. W. Underbill. 
 Mrs. W. D. ^Mansfield. 
 Mr. T. A. Perkins. 
 Mrs. I. N. Chapman. 
 i\[rs. B. S. Wilkins. 
 
 Dr. Alvin Plummer moved that the following resolution be 
 adopted : 
 
 Reaolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that all 
 public record blanks be so changed as to provide actual 
 date and place of birth, marriage and death wherever age 
 and country or state is now required. 
 
 This motion was seconded by Mrs. L. L. Gillogly. 
 
 The discussion of the motion developed the fact that in present- 
 ing this resolution Dr. Plummer had in mind particularly the 
 blanks employed for the registr;iticn of voters. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded it vras voted that this resolution 
 be amended to provide that parentage (father's name and mother's 
 maiden name) be also shown. 
 
 The resolution as amended was then put to a vote and carried. 
 It now stands as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that all 
 Public Record blanks be so changed as to provide actual 
 date and place of birth, marriage and death, father's name 
 and mother's maiden name wherever age and country or 
 state is now required.
 
 24 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 An extended discussion then took place on the qrostion of a 
 permanent organization, the sentiment of the Congress finally 
 being crystallized in the form of a motion that the Committee on 
 Permanent Organization outline the general principles of such an 
 organization, but that final and definite steps such as the prepara- 
 tion of Constitution and By-Laws be placed in the hands of suit- 
 able permanent committees empowered to carry on the work after 
 the sessions of the present Congress are over. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the meeting adjourned until 2:30' 
 P. M. 
 
 CJ3 
 AFTERNOON SESSION, JULY 29, 1915. 
 
 The Congress was called to order at 2 :30 P. M. by President 
 Pettingell. 
 
 Mr. 0. E. jMonnette as Chairman presented the report of the 
 Committee on Permanent Organization as follows: 
 
 Your commxittee on the organization of a permanent 
 society of genealogy in the United States beg leave to re- 
 port by recommending: 
 
 1. That there shall be established an association or 
 federation of genealogy to be either American or inter- 
 national in its scope as shall be determined by a vote of 
 this Congress, the name to include the word ' * Federation. ' ' 
 
 2. That the scope of the work of this proposed Feder- 
 ation shall include: 
 
 a. Preservation and publication of historical and 
 genealogical records. 
 
 b. Procurement of legislation to establish systems 
 of collecting and maintaining vital statistics and rec- 
 ords, both national and local. 
 
 c. Establishment of a national or international 
 bureau of heraldry for the registration of pedigrees, 
 coats-of-arms, etc. 
 
 3. That this Congress appoint an Organization Com- 
 mittee of three, with poAver to add to its membership, to 
 continue in office after the adjournment of this Congress, 
 and whose duties shall be to form a Constitution and 
 By-Laws for the proposed Federation, determine its de- 
 partments and all details of its establishment, the action 
 of said committee to be final. Said committee shall also be
 
 MRS. LORA A. WOODBURY UNOERHILL
 
 MINUTES OF SESSIONS 25 
 
 entrusted with the papers, records and other data of this 
 Congress and shall attend to the printing of tlie proceed- 
 ings and all other matters relating to this Congress which 
 may be left incomplete at the time of its adjournment. 
 
 4. That this Congress recommend to said Organization 
 Committee that the following classes of membership be 
 constituted : 
 
 a. Genealogical societies or organizations. 
 
 b. Historical societies or organizations. 
 
 c. Family associations. 
 
 d. Individual membership, 
 
 5. That this Congress recommend to said Committee 
 that the representation in membership in the Federation 
 shall be based upon organizations and not per capita, each 
 being allotted the same numerical representation. Indi- 
 viduals shall not have the right to vote as such, but shall 
 have the privilege of the fioor and participation in all dis- 
 cussions and deliberations. 
 
 It was moved by Dr. Alvin Plummer that this organization be 
 perpetuated under the name "International Congress of Geneal- 
 ogy." This motion was seconded by ]Mrs. L. L. Gillogly and after 
 discussion was lost, the count of ayes and noes being taken by aid 
 of a rising vote. 
 
 It was moved by i\Irs. Elislia Tibbits that the name of this 
 society be "International Genealogical Federation." This motion 
 was seconded by Mr. ]\Ionnette and carried. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the report of the Committee on 
 Permanent Organization was adopted. 
 
 ]\Irs. L. L. Gillogly moved that the President of this Congress 
 appoint the permanent Organization Committee provided by the 
 plan just adopted; seconded by Mrs. Elisha Tibbits and carried. 
 
 The President appointed as members of this Committee: 
 
 H. B. Phillips, delegate from National Genealogical Society, 
 Chairman. 
 
 0. E. ]\lonnette, delegate from Huguenot Society of America. 
 
 B. ]\[. Newcomb, delegate from Society for the Preservation of 
 New England Antiquities. 
 
 'Mr. 0. E. IMonnette at the request of the President told the 
 Congress something of the joint library established in Los Angeles 
 by the Society of Colonial Wars and the Society, Sons of the Revo- 
 lution, stating that any donations of appropriate documents or 
 publications Avould be gratefully received by ]\lr. Willis ^I. Dixon, 
 1200 Arapahoe Street, Los Angeles, the librarian.
 
 I 
 
 26 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 In response to a request from Rev. Henry L. Bates, the Secre- J 
 tary gave the names of the societies whose representatives had ' 
 already paid him the amount of the assessment made by the Con- 
 gress at its morning session of even date. 
 
 The subject of Genealogical Charts was then introduced by Mr. 
 H. B. Phillips, who presented a number of charts for the inspection 
 of the Congress, also explaining the objects sought in their various 
 methods of arrangement. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the meeting was adjourned until 
 10 :00 A. M., July 30, 1915. 
 
 MORNING SESSION, JULY 30, 1915. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by President Pettingell at 
 10:30 A. M. 
 
 Dr. Paul Popenoe of the American Genetic Association of 
 Washington, D. C., and editor of the "Journal of Heredity," read 
 his paper on ' ' The Relationship Between Genealogy and Eugenics. ' ' 
 
 Hon. Boutwell Dunlap stated that on hearing that Dr. Paul 
 Popenoe was accessible for an address, he was pleased to ask to 
 withdraw his name on the program for a paper on the relation of 
 eugenics to genealogy in favor of Dr. Popenoe. In proposing the 
 International Congress of Genealogy, Mr. Dunlap had hoped that 
 one of its results might be the permission of genealogists to eugen- 
 ists to use accumulated materials of the former ; until this was done 
 there could not be much progress in "the breeding of the human 
 race." He therefore proposed the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That one of the objects of the International 
 Genealogical Federation shall be the collection and pres- 
 ervation of genealogical data for eugenic purposes and that 
 the committee of organization of said International Gene- 
 alogical Federation is hereby instructed to provide for the 
 collection and preservation of said genealogical data for 
 eugenic purposes. 
 
 The motion was seconded by Mrs. S. Y. Gates and after dis- 
 cussion w^as unanimously carried. 
 
 Dr. Alvin Plummer moved the adoption of the following 
 resolution : 
 
 Whereas, From the foundation or discovery of this 
 country to the present time there has been no systematic 
 effort toward the establishment of a complete registration 
 of vital statistics: and 
 
 I
 
 MINUTES OF SESSIONS 27 
 
 Whereas, The many different departments of the United 
 States Government itself need such a compilation ; and 
 
 Whereas, The nucleus of such an institution is now in 
 existence in the Bureau of the Census; and 
 
 Whereas, Such a system can only be properly inaugu- 
 rated and conducted by the government, which can make 
 compliance with its requirements compulsory; and 
 
 Whereas, The government can manage the details of 
 such an undertaking more cheaply and more completely 
 than can any other element; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That w^e, the International Congress of Gene- 
 alogy, in meeting assembled, hereby memorialize the United 
 States Government to take such steps as may be necessary 
 to establish and maintain a National Bureau of Registra- 
 tion of Vital Statistics, either by an enlargement of the 
 scope of the present Bureau of the Census or the establish- 
 ment of a new department; and be it 
 
 Resolved, That copies of all authentic vital statistics 
 now on record in the various counties of this entire 
 country be made and filed in accordance with up-to-date 
 methods now in vogue ; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That further laws be enacted by the Con- 
 gress of the United States to make such registration here- 
 after compulsory ; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That the component parts of this Congress 
 of Genealogy be and are hereby requested to use every 
 personal and collective influence to accomplish this much 
 to be desired result. 
 
 The motion to adopt the above resolution was duly seconded 
 and carried. 
 
 It was moved by Dr. Alvin Plummer that a committee be 
 appointed by the President for the furtherance of the principles 
 expressed in the resolution introduced by himself and just adopted 
 by the Congress. The motion was seconded and carried. 
 
 The President announced the appointment of such a Committee 
 for the furtherance of a National Bureau of Registration of Vital 
 Statistics consisting of the following : 
 
 Dr. Alvin Plummer, Chairman. 
 
 Mrs. S. Y. Yates. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips. 
 
 Mr. Clarence E. Heald. 
 
 Mr. B. M. Newcomb. 
 
 Mr. Orra E. Monnette. 
 
 Mr. T. A. Perkins.
 
 28 IXTERNATIOXAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Mrs. L. A. Underhill moved that the thanks of the delegates be 
 extended to the California Genealogical Society for their delightful 
 entertainment of the visiting delegates at the reception given in the 
 ball room of the Fairmont Hotel last evening. The motion vas 
 seconded and carried by a rising vote. 
 
 It was announced by ]Mr. H. B. Phillips as Chairman of the 
 Program Committee that Mr. R. C. O 'Conner's paper on "Irish 
 Pedigrees" has not yet been completed, but upon its completion 
 it viall be filed with the Secretary to be included in the records of 
 the Congress. 
 
 Mr. Herbert Folger, Historian of the Society of ^Mayflovrer De- 
 scendants in the State of California then spoke brieliy on ''The 
 Descendants of the Mayflower Emigrants." 
 
 In the course of his remarks ]Mr. Folger spoke of the complete- 
 ness of the genealogical records kept by the Friends, and especially 
 their marriage registrations, stating that although often difficult 
 of access such records were of exceptional value. At the conclusion 
 of his talk ilrs. "W. D. ^lansfield stated that her connections gave 
 her unusual opportunities in this regard, and that she would be 
 very glad to correspond with anyone who would like to reach the 
 Friends' records, either in this country or in England; while many 
 of the "meetings" are closed she knows where the records are kept 
 and how to gain access to them. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded the Congress adjourned until 2:30 
 P. M. 
 
 ^ 
 
 AFTERNOON SESSION, JULY 80, lOl.'S. 
 2:30 P. M. 
 
 The Congress v;as called to order by President Pettingell. 
 
 Mi, Charleii G. Finney Wilcox read his paper on "The Study of 
 Genealogy and its Place in the Affairs of Human Society." 
 
 On behalf of the Organization Committee of the International 
 Genealogical Federation Mr. H. B. Phillips stated that "The Com- 
 mittee desires that each organization re})resented at this Congress 
 select one of its members as the representative with whom the Secre- 
 tary of this Committee shall communicate on all matters appertain- 
 ing to the ^formation of the Federation. While ordinarily the 
 secretary of a body is supposed to be the proper person to com- 
 municate with, in this case it is desired that the best person to 
 represent his organization be selected. The Organization Connuittee
 
 o .^^ \ 
 
 lETHUEl. MERRITT NEWCOMB
 
 MINUTES OF SESSIONS 29 
 
 has selected as its Secretary and Custodian ]Mr. Clarence Edward 
 Heald of 1215 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco; all delegates 
 present are requested to note that name and address. When you 
 return to your homes and have your next meeting in your local 
 societies please take this matter up with them and at as early a 
 date as possi])le communicate with ]\Ir, Ileald in connection with 
 the permanent organization of the Federation." 
 
 "This Federation as a matter of course will require a seal. That 
 seal should have a design appropriate to the nature of the organ- 
 ization, and I wouhl ask every person here present who is able to 
 do so to make a design or suggest a design with an appropriate 
 motto. From among these designs I presume we shall be able to 
 select something of unusual merit." 
 
 Mrs. S. Y. Gates suggested that undoubtedly every one present 
 would like to join in an expression of gratitude to Mr. H. B. 
 Phillips and his able co-workers who have prepared the programs 
 and arranged the sessions of this Congress. To bear testimony to 
 this feeling, and to register a sentiment that all who hear of this 
 meeting should know of the splendid work of Mr. Phillips and his 
 associates she felt that all might join, not in a vote of thanks but 
 also in an expression of gratitude in the form of a Chautauqua 
 salute. This thought met with a spontaneous response throughout 
 the hall, and the salute was heartily given on the instant. 
 
 Mr. Phillips responded with a few words of appreciation, saying 
 that indeed he hardly felt that he himself had done anything to 
 deserve appreciation and that the success that has attended the 
 meetings was largely due to the willingness of all to help when 
 shown what they might do, and to a judicious selection of people 
 of ability to undertake the responsibility of getting things done. 
 
 Dr. Alvin Plummer suggested that w'ith the approaching end of 
 this afternoon's session it might not be well to adjourn sine die, 
 so that we may not be a dead organization when we meet at the 
 Exposition grounds tomorrow at the invitation of their President 
 and Directors to receive the bronze medal they have signified their 
 intention of presenting. Further he stated that he would like to 
 see the name of this organization perpetuated. 
 
 Mr. W. M. Dixon moved that a vote of thanks be given to the 
 President and to the very efficient Secretary for the able and 
 courteous manner in which they have managed the affairs of the 
 Congress. The motion was seconded and carried. 
 
 The President, Mr. F. H. Pettingell, responded to the vote of 
 thanks in a few appropriate words, declaring that he felt it an 
 unusual privilege to preside over the meetings ; and he congratu- 
 lated the Congress on having availed itself of the services of Mr. 
 C. E. Heald, who had displayed a rare ability in handling the 
 duties of Secretary.
 
 30 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Mrs. S. Y. Gates moved that a vote of thanks be extended to 
 Miss Sarah Louise Kimball, one of the foremost genealogists of 
 the Pacific Coast, for her distinguished work in preparing the way 
 for this Congress and aiding in the success of its sessions. The 
 motion was seconded and carried. 
 
 Miss Jessie F. Emery declared that among the factors in making 
 our sessions a source of enjoyment the beautiful roses on the Presi- 
 dent's table had played an important part, and while votes of 
 thanks were in order she would like to move such a vote to their 
 donor. Mr. B. M. Newcomb had to plead guilty to providing the 
 roses, products of his famous rose garden at Berkeley. 
 
 It was suggested by Mr. H. B. Phillips that letters be sent 
 to those in foreign lands who had contributed papers, expressing 
 the appreciation of this Congress in the form of a vote of thanks. 
 The President instructed the Secretary to see that this was done. 
 
 On behalf of the Program Committee Mr. H. B. Phillips an- 
 nounced that tomorrow had been designated by the Exposition 
 as "International Congress of Genealogy Day" and that the follow- 
 ing afternoon the delegates would assemble within the Exposition at 
 Eecital Hall. There the President of the Exposition or his repre- 
 sentative would present to this Congress a medal commemorative of 
 the occasion. These formalities take place in the case of every 
 Congress which has been held here, and in our case will be held 
 in Recital Hall at 2 :30 P. M., July 31, 1915. 
 
 On motion duly seconded the Congress adjourned to meet at 
 Recital Hall at the appointed time. 
 
 -^- 
 
 COMMEMORATIVE SESSION 
 JULY 31, 1915. 
 
 The Congress met in Tiecital Hall within the grounds of the 
 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, at the invitation of the 
 Exposition's President and Directors. 
 
 The Congress was called to order at 2:30 P. M. by President 
 Pettingell, who in a few appropriate words introduced Mr. Colvin 
 B. Brown. 
 
 Mr, Brown addressed the Congress on behalf of the President 
 and Directors of the Exposition, expressing a grateful welcome 
 and best wishes, and presenting to the Congress an appropriate 
 memorial in the form of a bronze medal commemorative of the 
 occasion. -
 
 MINUTES OF SESSIONS 31 
 
 On beliair of the Congress ]\Ir. Henry B. Phillips responded to 
 Mr. Brown's address and accepted the medal. His remarks were 
 thoughtfully responsive to the theme of the day. 
 
 Dr. Alviu Plummer then told the Congress that he still felt 
 the sting of yesterday's defeat and was still strongly of the opinion 
 that any permanent body formed to carry on the work begun by 
 this Congress should bear the name International Congress of 
 Genealogy. Yet in view of the position he took in the former dis- 
 cussion he did not think it good taste for him to make a motion 
 to rescind the action taken when it was voted to adopt the name 
 International Genealogical Federation. While many of the mem- 
 bers who took part in the deliberations of yesterday had left the 
 city and many more were not present, yet he believed the matter 
 of such importance as to warrant the rescinding of yesterday's 
 action. 
 
 Mr. N. S. Frost moved that the motion in question be rescinded ; 
 his motion was seconded by Mrs. Gillogly. 
 
 A brief discussion ensued ; when asked for a ruling as to whether 
 the motion was in order the President stated that it was, but that 
 he felt it his duty to caution the Congress against any action in the 
 nature of eleventh-hour legislation, especially when only a part of 
 the membership of the Congress was present. The most of the 
 speakers took the same view, basing their objections to the motion 
 on questions of expediency and propriety rather than on the merits 
 of the names in question. On being put to a vote the motion was 
 lost, a rising vote being taken to verify the decision of the President 
 to that effect. 
 
 Professor N. ^Murakami of the Imperial School of Languages. 
 Tokyo, Japan, was then introduced to the Congress, He spoke a 
 few words appropriate to the day. While he had not come pre- 
 pared to make a lengthy address, he said that at the request of Mr, 
 Phillips, Chairman of the Program Committee, he would try to write 
 a short article on "Genealogy In Japan" to be printed at the time 
 of the publication of the proceedings of this Congress. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Phillips moved that a vote of thanks be extended to 
 Mr. Murakami and that the Secretary be instructed to furnish him 
 a copy of the same. The motion was seconded and carried. 
 
 By motion duly seconded the Congress adjourned sine die. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 CLARENCE EDWARD HEALD. 
 
 Secretary
 
 SECTION III 
 
 PAPiRS Amm ikmmmmBsmm
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 33 
 
 OKNKAI.OGY AND FAMII.Y NAMK ORI- 
 OIXS OF TIIK CHINESE RACE. 
 
 By H.IANG SHAO CHUAN RANG-HU 
 
 OF THE 17NIVBRSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 TRA.NSCBII1BD BT BS><RY BYRON PHILLIPS 
 
 Note. — In the spelling of the proper names occurring in this paper, the letters 
 B, D, Q, V, X and Z are not used. The apostrophe is used with Ch, K, P and T 
 to Indicate a harder or more strongly aspirated sound, as follows : 
 Ch is pronounced jih P is pronounced b 
 
 Ch" is pronounced gh P' is pronounced p 
 
 K Is pronounc:ed g T is pronounced d 
 
 K' is pronounced k T' is pronounced t 
 
 To the Officers and Members of the International Congress of 
 
 Genealogy. 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 Having been honored by an invitation from your Committee 
 of Organization to represent the ancient country of China by 
 some remarks appropriate to this occasion, I take pleasure in out- 
 lining something of tlie methods whereby family names have been 
 created and used in the Empire of China beginning about 2,800 
 years before the Christian era, and the system whereby those names 
 have been preserved, the successive generations tabulated, and 
 reverence for our ancestors transmitted through all these ages; in 
 short, something of the genealogy of our people. 
 
 Genealogy among the ancient Chinese is a study interwined 
 with the whole of their social life, and an element in their law of 
 property, similar to the conditions existing in ancient Wales, where 
 every family was represented by its Elder; and these Elders from 
 every family or elan were delegated to the National Council. 
 
 Since the time of the Emperor Fu-Hi, or Fushi (B. C. 2852 
 years), all Chinese were required to have a family, or surname; 
 the purpose being to distinguish the families and regulate the mar- 
 riage relation. This emperor decreed there should be no marriages 
 between persons of the same family name. 
 
 From the time of the Emperor Fushi until the Chou dynasty 
 (B. C. 1122 years), two clasvses of family names were in use, the 
 first called Shih, being an hereditary title given by and held at 
 the pleasure of the emperor, king or lord. This class of name was 
 used by men only. The other class was called Shing, to designate 
 the old custom of giving a name at birth; this second class was 
 used by both men and women. The lower classes not dignified as 
 families were called IMiug.
 
 34 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 After the time of the Chou dynasty the classes Shih and Shing 
 were all called Shing, and the very wonderful thing is that, when 
 we address a woman and do not know her name, we say "Shing 
 what a Shih" as a title. 
 
 There are in evidence not less than eighteen sources from which 
 these family names are derived. They may be briefly enumerated 
 with examples. 
 
 1. Adopting a dynasty designation, as Tang, Yu, Shia, etc. 
 
 2. Taking the name of a feudal territory or division, such as 
 Kiang, Whang, Chin, Gin, etc. 
 
 3. Using the name of a political district similar to the county 
 subdivision in a State of the United States, such as Hong, Chei, 
 Fan, Lin, etc. 
 
 4. From the name of a town, such as Yin, Su, Mou, Shan, etc. 
 
 5. From rural hamlets, called Shiang, such as Pai, Lu, Pang, 
 Yen, etc. 
 
 6. From cross roads or way stations, called T'ing, such as 
 Mi, Tsai, Owyang, etc. 
 
 7. From suburbs of direction, north, east, west, etc., such as 
 Tong-Shiang, Hsi-]\Ien, Nang-Yeh, Pei-Kuo, etc. 
 
 8. Adopting the "Ming" (name) of some historical personage 
 of the empire, as for example Fu, Yii, Tang, Chin, etc. 
 
 9. The use of a man's "social name," called Tsu, hereinafter 
 mentioned, for a family name, such as K'ung, Fang, Kung, Tong; 
 all formerly social names. 
 
 10. A custom called "Ts'u," that is, adopting appellatives 
 applied to relatives, as old brother, young sister, etc. Exampled by 
 Miing, i. e., first brother; Chi, i. e., last brother; Tsu, i. e., grand- 
 father; Mi, i. e., grandfather-in-law, 
 
 11. From names of tribes and clans, called Tsu. Such as Ching, 
 Tso, So, Chang. 
 
 12. From names of officials, called Kuan, i. e., officer. Such as 
 Shih, a historian; Chi, a librarian; K'ou, a policeman; Shuai, a 
 general; Ssu-Tu, a civic official. 
 
 13. From "Chueh," i. e., titles. As Whang (emperor) ; Wang 
 (king) ; Ba (grand duke) ; Hou (duke). 
 
 14. From occupations, called "Chi"; exampled by Wu, i. e., a 
 magician; Tu, i. e., a butcher; Tau, i. e., a potter; Chiang, i. e., a 
 builder, etc. 
 
 15. Names of objects, called "Shih" names. As for example, 
 Chii, a carriage ; Kuan, a hat ; Pu, grass ; Fu, a flower. 
 
 16. Adoption of the appellatives given to rulers after their 
 death. In this connection it may be observed that the custom 
 prevails that the real names of rulers shall never be used after their 
 death, and to each one is assigned a descriptive name to be there- 
 after used on all occasions when they shall be referred to. These 
 "post mortem" names are designated "Shih" names, and as exam-
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 35 
 
 •pies are given : Wen, i. e., The Good ; Wu, i. e., The Military 
 Leader; Chuang, i. e., the Polite One; I\Iin, i. e., the Kindly One. 
 
 17. Adding a diminutive to tiie parent name, a custom called 
 **Shi." Exampledby: Wong-Tsu, i. e., king's son; Kung-Sun, i. e., 
 grandson of a duke ; Yuan-Po, i. e., first son of Yuan ; Shen-Shu, i. e., 
 third son of Shen. 
 
 18. Names of contempt, derision and opprobrium, applied to an 
 evil doer by the ruler, called " e " names. Such as, Fu, i. e., poison 
 snake; Mang, i. e., rebel; Ching, i. e., branded felon; Shiao, i. e., an 
 owl. With the Chinese the owl is considered a bird of evil omen, 
 one that will eat his own parents. 
 
 From the above illustrations it will be known that the Chinese 
 family names have been derived in many different ways, and you 
 will have observed that the same name has more than one origin. 
 
 As for example the names of the Ho, Lin, Pao, and Kuo families 
 have each three different origins. 
 
 The Wang and Kao families draw from four different sources. 
 The Liou, Yuan, may be derived from any of five different sources, 
 while the Yang and Lu family names may be referred to as many 
 as six separate beginnings. 
 
 On the other hand you will have observed that in a few in- 
 stances we have a different name from the same origin. For 
 example, the family names of Ching and Li are from the same 
 source, as are also the Yuin and Yang families. 
 
 The rule in Chinese writing is that family names shall consist 
 of one character only ; this rule, like most rules has various excep- 
 tions which I shall here briefly endeavor to point out. The two 
 character surnames are called "Fu Shing" names. When Emperor 
 Fushi promulgated his decree that family names must be used 
 almost all families adopted a single character or syllable name; as 
 time went on, however, hyphenated or double character names 
 became more numerous, many being introduced by persons from 
 foreign nations, l)ut in- recent years the custom of having a multi- 
 character name has been very largely discontinued. Foreigners 
 entering the country adopt two methods in selecting their Chinese 
 family names, either they use characters not before used for family 
 names, or adopt an existing family name. 
 
 Before the time of the Sung dynasty (A. D. 960), foreigners 
 were designated either "Tai Pei" or "Kwan Hsi." The former 
 meaning those from the northern regions, and the latter those from 
 the west. The Empire at that time being bounded on the east and 
 south by the salt seas, no record is known of strangers coming from 
 these directions. They were further divided into divisions accord- 
 ing to their racial characteristics and may broadly be assigned as 
 follows : 
 
 First, the original inhabitants of the country called Miao; the 
 Chi 'Tan, Tartars; Hsung Nu. Hungarians; Shen Pei, Koreans; 
 T'o Chiieh, Turks; Huei Ho, Mahometans; Slia To, Persians; T'u
 
 36 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Fan. Thibetans, and the Ch'ih, Chieh and Ch'iang that cannot be 
 definitely assigned. This gives a group of names of foreign deriva- 
 tion. 
 
 After the Sung Dynasty came the Lao, a northern race, for- 
 merly Chi Tan; the Chin, or early inhabitants of Manchuria; 
 the Yuan, or Mongolians ; the Hsi Hsia, or Westerners, also several 
 tribes called Tang, Shiang, etc., adding more family names of 
 foreign derivation, as all the races and tribes from time to time 
 entered the territory of China and conquered portions of it and 
 settled upon themselves and their descendants the class of above 
 described names. 
 
 After the I\Iing Dynasty came the Manchu or Ching Dynasty 
 (A. D. 1627). These Manchu tribes were divided into eight 
 "Flags" or sections, each section or Flag having names identical 
 with surnames of men, these Flag surnames being called "Chi' 
 Shing" or Flag Surnames. When these names were translated to 
 Chinese characters, they Avere very long, and all the characters were 
 finally dropped but the first only, and this first character or given 
 name, is now used for their family name. This explains why the 
 common people who do not know this say father and son have 
 different family names, which is said by them in ignorance of the 
 true reason. 
 
 Some of the more celebrated foreigners who took family names 
 in the Empire, of China may be mentioned, 
 
 Marco Polo, who took the name of Ma, and during the Ming 
 Dynasty (beginning A. D. 1355), and later these foreigners, all 
 from the West and of Aryan descent : 
 
 Matteo Ricci, called Li Ma Tou, took the family name Li; 
 Jacobus Panto,ia, called Pang Ti Wo, took the family name Pang; 
 Sebastian de Vries, called Hsung San Pa. took the family name 
 Hsung; Nicolaus Lombardi, called Lung Wha Min, took the family 
 name Lung; John Adam Schaal, called Tang Juo Wang, took the 
 family name Tang ; Ferdinand Verliest, called Nan Huai Jen, took 
 the family name Nan ; Jules Aloui, called Si Ju Lue, took the family 
 name Si, in all cases dropping all but one character. Thus it will 
 . be observed that by reason of these contracted forms many foreign 
 names that have been introduced into the Chinese family system 
 have become obscured and their origin lost to sight. 
 
 There have been many changes of the family name during the 
 centuries covering a period of nearly 5000 years since the system 
 was first inaugurated, for various reasons. I may specify a dozen 
 or more of the more important of them, with illustrations. 
 
 The first and most important is that of Imperial Edict for 
 cause, either for merit or demerit, as well as honorary names 
 bestowed upon distinguished foreigners as a mark of respect or 
 honor. The name of merit bestowed upon statesmen or councillors 
 being the name of the ruler who gave it, as in the Han Dynasty, the 
 ruler, Liu, gave his name for a family name ; in the Tang Dynasty,
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 37 
 
 the ruler, Li, gave his name to a family as a reward of merit, and 
 in the ]\Iing Dynasty, the ruler, Chu, did likewise. In the ease 
 of distinguished foreigners, the ruler bestowed a compound name; 
 that of himself coupled with their own name as interpreted in 
 Chinese. 
 
 The name of demerit was used in changing the names of crim- 
 inals and rulers of conquered kingdoms or countries; as in the 
 Han Dynasty, by Imperial Decree, the name "Ying" was changed 
 to "Ching," the latter meaning a branded criminal. The name 
 of a conquered ruler, "Sun," was thus changed to "Li," meaning 
 a bad devil. 
 
 A second reason for change is that no one is allowed to speak 
 OP write the given name of the ruler for the time being ; should a 
 family bear the same name as the given name of him who has 
 become the ruler over them, then the family name must be changed. 
 As for example, Chi changed to Shi, having nearly the same sound. 
 
 Chuang changed to Yen, same meaning but different character. 
 
 Shih changed to Shai, characters very alike but meaning dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 A third reason for change is stated to be to escape from an 
 enemy; just what this ostrich-like proceeding of covering the head 
 and leaving the body exposed was to accomplish does not now 
 appear, but it was attempted something in the following manner, 
 as Tuan-Mu changed to ^lu by dropping the first character, Wu 
 changed to Wu, the second "wu" represented by a different char- 
 acter. Niu changed to Lao, both characters having the same 
 meaning. 
 
 A fourth reason was to simplify the construction of the char- 
 acter, or as Europeans would say, to simplify the spelling of the 
 word, as Wau to a second form of Wau of simpler strokes, and the 
 same of the characters "Shin," "Sui," "Chang," etc., this feature 
 being hard to translate, but may be paralleled in the English tongue 
 by reducing the word Roxborough to Roxboro and the like. 
 
 Another reason, also to simplify the word was by changing 
 Lu-Pu to Lu, or from two characters to one character ; Chung-Li to 
 Chung by dropping the second character, and Ssu-Kow to Kow by 
 dropping the first character. 
 
 Again a change is made by adding an additional character or 
 characters for the purpose of showing lines of descent, as for 
 example : 
 
 Chi changed to Chi-Sun, the latter meaning the grandson of Chi. 
 Ko changed to Chu-Ko, a designation taken by all sons of Ko, except 
 the first son only, who carries the original family name of Ko. 
 
 Other reasons of change are errors or mistakes in the form of 
 characters or sounds; concrete examples of these changes may 
 hardly be translated. 
 
 Certain changes have been made by foreigners in the Chinese
 
 38 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 equivalents of their own native names, as has been alluded to above, 
 some further examples may here be recorded, as : 
 
 Tapa, Ho-Ku, to Yuan ; Shi Yun Yu Lien to Yun ; Tu Ku Hun 
 to Tu; Po To Lo to Pan; Shi Lou to Kao, the first (Shi Lou) 
 meaning in Chinese characters, "this is a story of a building," the 
 second (Kao) meaning "high." 
 
 Yet another change is brought about when a child is adopted 
 from another family or ' ' clan ' ' ; the child assumes the family name 
 of the person adopting him. This rule is modified in the case where 
 sons of sisters, daughters or female relatives are adopted; then the 
 son's family name becomes a compound one, combining his own 
 family name with that of the person who adopted him, as for 
 example: Chang-Lo, when a son of the Lo family went to the 
 Chang family, and Hsii-Teng, Avhen a son of the Teng family went 
 to the Hsii family. 
 
 Another reason for a change is dissatisfaction with the family- 
 name, by reason of its meaning, or otherwise, as for example : Ai 
 changed to Chung; "Ai" meaning melancholy while "Chung" 
 means heart, the characters being very much alike. 
 
 Names have been changed for purposes of deception, a notable 
 instance of this when one Liu Chih Yuan took the name of a ruler, 
 Liu, and one Shih Ching Tang took the name of a ruler, Shih, for 
 the purpose of rebellion and an endeavor to conquer the country. 
 In this they succeeded and divided the country between themselves. 
 It may be remarked that moral delinquency does not permanently 
 prosper, and their conquest was not a lasting one. 
 
 There were also certain compound family names originated 
 during the Han Dynasty (beginning B. C. 201) ; at that time the 
 Empire was divided into ninety districts or "Chiin" and in many 
 cases the name of the "Chiin," or district, was added to the family 
 name of the principal families residing therein. 
 
 Genealogical Bibliography. 
 
 The treatises on Genealogy and Family History of the Chinese 
 are very many and important works; the more important are not, 
 however, of the "popular" kind, being only known to specialists 
 or the higher and more advanced in literature. Some of the more 
 notable are : 
 
 First — and the oldest v.'ork that has been preserved, called "Shih 
 Pun," or "Book of Origins," in two volumes, composed by Liu 
 Shiang, covering a period of about 2000 years previous to the Han 
 Dynasty (201 B. C.) ; not all of this has been preserved. 
 
 Another is the "Shin Yuan" or "Surname Symposium," in 
 ten volumes, written by Ho Ch'eng T'ien, during the Tang Dynasty. 
 Another entitled "Yuan Ho Shing Tsuan," or a "Collection of 
 Family Names," in eleven volumes, compiled by Lin Pau in the 
 year Yuan Ho, also of the time of the Tang Dynasty.
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 39 
 
 The most stupendous work of this character is, however, the 
 ^'Wan Sliin T'ung P'u," or the "Stem Charts of 10,000 Families," 
 m 150 volumes, the work of Lin Ti (.'hih, of the r\Iing Dynasty. 
 
 Besides these, there is the "Shing Shih Chi Chiu Pien," or the 
 book of "Family Names in Rhyme," in which the names of families 
 are introduced and arranged in poetical form. This is the work of 
 Wang Ying Ling of the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A. D.) 
 
 And last but not least in merit is an encyclopedia called "Shu 
 "Wen Shien T'ung K'au," in which are to be found listed about 3038 
 single or one-character family names, and about 1619 two, or more, 
 character family names. Of the 4657 names therein appearing, 
 perhaps not more than 10 per cent now survive. 
 
 In addition to the above noble records of antiquity of the 
 Chinese people, there may be mentioned two common, or as may be 
 said in the modern English vernacular, "Popular" works on 
 genealogy and famil}^ names. One is entitled the "Pai Chia Shing," 
 the book of "Simple Rhyming 100 Family Names"; its author is 
 unknown but it v.-as written during the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 
 A. D.) The other is the "Shang Yen Lu," or "Biography of 
 Famous ]\Ien," by Liau Yung Shien of the Ming Dynasty. 
 
 I might say at this point that many obscure families desiring to 
 appear to have sprung from one of the family lines that may be 
 found in any of tlie above works, have discarded their own family 
 name and adopted one found in the record, making it sometimes 
 difficult nov\' in this twentieth century to trace truthfully some 
 present day families. In this respect, however, families of other 
 countries are alike guilty. 
 
 System of Family Associatioxs. 
 
 Besides the genealogical works named above, every family has 
 its own genealogical record, or "Generation Book," giving the 
 origin of the family, its collateral lines, names and ages of the 
 females, registers of marriages, births and deaths, also including a 
 business history of the men. This book is called the "Chia Pu," or 
 "Family Table Book," and every thirty to fifty years it is con- 
 tinued down to date and a new copy made. 
 
 An organization, or Board of Editors, is maintained to write, 
 edit and preserve this important family record. Such organization 
 is called the "Tsu Tang," or "Hall for Worship of Ancestors." 
 This is maintained by aid of funds assessed and collected from all 
 members of the family or clan. The Board elects one of their num- 
 ber chairman, who must have three particular qualifications; he 
 must be of old age, he must be of the oldest living generation, and 
 he must be of good character. This office at the head of the family 
 or clan is of life tenure. Another member seated in the Board by 
 virtue of birth is the oldest son of direct descent of the family 
 or clan.
 
 40 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 When the time arrives to edit and bring this "Family Table 
 Book," or genealog3% down to date, the chairman gives notice to 
 all members of the family or clan, and to all sub, or inferior asso- 
 ciations within the clan, of the time and place of such contemplated 
 action, every branch or sub association must then send representa- 
 tives to assist in the work. 
 
 If a group or branch have removed to another part of the king- 
 dom, they can demand to be allowed to withdraw from the general 
 association, and are permitted to form a new association of their 
 own, or they may join another organization already in existence in 
 their neighborhood, provided they be of the same family name. 
 
 Other functions of the "Tsu Tang" than that of preserving the 
 history and genealogy of the family are : three times each year to 
 worship and do reverence (a Lodge of Sorrow), to their ancestors 
 within the hall or place of meeting. To .judge and settle disputes 
 arising in the family and between its members, which the Board 
 must pass upon before going to the Magistrate or public Court of 
 Justice. To have charge of marriage and funeral ceremonies of its 
 members. To establish scholarships and bestow prizes for superior 
 scholarship on their young men. To aid and assist the orphans, the 
 poor and distressed. In eSvSentials this may be considered an 
 ideal communistic society. There have arisen in the United States, 
 and in particular in California, certain organizations (copying 
 their forms from these beneficiary societies), called "Tongs" or 
 ' ' Fighting Men Societies. ' ' These ' ' Tongs ' ' are largely composed of 
 Cantonese and men of Southern China, and must not be confounded 
 with the "Tsu Tang" or family associations, 
 
 Marks, Signatures and Rubrics. 
 
 In the ancient times each Chinese family had a special "mark" 
 or rubric; during the Tang Dynasty this custom was much in evi- 
 dence, there being but very few who were obliged to use an "X." 
 This custom still prevails among the Japanese, and is there called 
 "Wen" which is the equivalent to a "Coat of Arms," or rubric. 
 Since the Yuan Dynasty, the Chinese people prefer to sign their 
 own names, but in peculiar forms, each family in a different way: 
 this practice is called "Yuan Ya," meaning Yuan Dynasty sign. 
 
 At first each paper or document requiring a signature was signed 
 by hand manual, but afterward the use of engraved copper seals 
 became common. At the present time literary people continue to 
 use the seals, but the common people do not now use them. 
 
 The Family Name Poem. 
 
 Every Chinese rightfully has three names : The first, called 
 "Shing," is the family, or elan name. The second, called "Pai- 
 Ming," is the "Generation" name, and the third, called "Shih- 
 Ming," is the given name. The use of the first and third are ob-
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 41 
 
 vious, but the use of the .second or generation name is peculiar to 
 the Chinese system adopted a))Out the time of the beginning of the 
 Han Dj-nasty (201 B. C.) The Pai-]\Iing or generation name is 
 used to indicate the numbvr of the generations from the beginning of 
 the pedigree, as given in the records of the family association, to 
 the person having the certain name, which is determined before- 
 hand in the manner following: 
 
 Each branch or sub-family of the general faTiiily association held 
 a convention previous to entering the general association and com- 
 posed and adopted a peculiar form of poem, or quatrain, consisting 
 of either twenty or thirty characters, something easy to remember. 
 This poem is constructed with much skill, it must be composed only 
 of single, or simple, cliaracters; the meaning expressed in choice 
 phrase; the sounds to liarmonize, all must be balanced in class and 
 different in tones, and the tenth and twentieth and thirtieth must 
 rhyme as the stanza is of two, four or six lines. At the beginning of 
 a new cycle, when the poem for a family generation guide name is 
 to be adopted, it is then a subject of competition and grave delibera- 
 tion, which insures a production of great literary excellence, accord- 
 ing to the governing rules. 
 
 The application is that the first generation shall all bear for a 
 middle or "Pai-i\Iing" name the first character or word of this 
 generation poem, all of the second generation shall have for a 
 middle name (a very few exceptions will be pointed out later), the 
 second character or word of this generation poem, and so on. 
 
 This system makes the identification of the person by his names 
 a simple matter. The first or Shing (family name), tells to what 
 famih^ or clan the person belongs. The second or Pai-.Ming (gen- 
 eration name), indicates the number of generations in des(;ent from 
 the original stem, and at once declares that all those who bear it are 
 cousins, even though many degrees removed: hence it is that the 
 expressions so commonly heard from English-speaking (^hinese, 
 "he my cousin," "he my uncle" are explained: because while they 
 may be entire strangers, yet the name at once proclaims the rela- 
 tionship. 
 
 As an example of this system T ti-ust T may be pardoned for 
 presenting the ])oem for my own family name, that of the 
 
 Famu.y Kiang. 
 
 Yuan T'in Chin I You 
 Chih Jib Ch'i Fung Ch'eng, 
 Hung T'u Shao Sliih Tse 
 P'i Shien Clieng Chia S;iieng. 
 
 These twenty characters or words provide the middle or Pai- 
 ring names foi- twenty generations. The translation is not easy; 
 the following is an attempt, whicli is rather a paraplirase, in an 
 endeavor to preserve the meaning:
 
 42 IXTERXATIOXAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 "The ncble men now in future coming, ^ 
 
 "Will generation after generation improve; 
 Perpetuating the virtues of their ancestors, 
 Adding luster to the family name." 
 
 A literal translation of the characters is also added in order 
 that "he who runs may read" and may perchance very much 
 improve my attempt : 
 
 Yuan — meaning chief, high class man, head man, 
 
 T'in — meaning statesman, 
 
 ^'hin — m(,'aning from uovn-, hereafter, 
 
 I — meaning one, at once, 
 
 You — meaning to have, to come, to produce. 
 
 Chill — meaning then, when. 
 
 Jih — meaning daih% periodically, by generation, 
 
 Ch 'i — meaning to open, to go forward, to expand. 
 
 Fung — meaning to meet, to obtain, 
 
 Ch 'eng — meaning successful, success. 
 
 Hung — meaning good, great, large, 
 T'u — meaning actions, deeds, virtues, 
 Shao — meaning succeed, acquire, perpetuate. 
 Shih — meaning those gone before (generations), 
 Tse — meaning prosperity. 
 
 P'i — meaning enlarge, add to, 
 
 Shien — meaning illuminate, brighten, brighter, 
 
 Cheng — meaning diffuse, scatter, separate, 
 
 Chia — meaning family, clan, tribe, 
 
 Sheng — meaning good name, better quality. 
 
 The above is the present or current Pai-Ming poem of the Kiaug 
 family ; of this current cycle I am of the thirteenth generation, and 
 therefore have as a middle name, the appellation Shao. This name 
 was prepared for me nearly 400 years ago, considering that an 
 average generation is about thirty years. 
 
 "When a child is born the parents select a personal name, this 
 name is registered. Init should it afterwards be found that another 
 person in the Family Association of the same generation as the 
 child, has the name so selected, then the name must be changed, 
 and the new name registered as before; it being the rule that no 
 two or more persons of the same family and generation shall have 
 the same given, or personal name. This is a very wise rule, as no 
 doubt many genealogists working in the English language can 
 appreciate, when they chance often upon a family with cousins 
 from two to perhaps half a dozen bearing the same personal name,
 
 GEXEALOGY OF THE CHINESE 43 
 
 and the accompanying difficulty to prove which particular "John" 
 or "Sarah" is intended. 
 
 In addition to the family, or clan name, the Pai-^Ting or genera- 
 tion name and the personal or given name bestowed by parents, 
 every one is entitled to a "social name," to be selected by himself 
 after reaching maturity: this period of time would agree in Amer- 
 ica with the time of reaching "legal age." 
 
 This social name is in a sense an ecjuivalent to a motto used in 
 English or Continental Heraldry, but with the Chinese selected by 
 llie individual, rather than bestowed by popular agreement or for 
 good deeds done. 
 
 In writing, the family or clan name takes precedence, then the 
 Pai-Ming or generation name, then the given or personal name, and 
 lastly the social name. As an example — continuing with above illus- 
 trations, and being excused for the personal nature of these exam- 
 ples — at the proper time I selected as a "Social name" the char- 
 acter "Kang-IIu," meaning Kang (high), and Hu (literally tiger, 
 but in the sense employed, independent, fearless). The full name 
 being written, Kiang Shao Chuan Kang-IIu. It is a rule that chil- 
 dren and grandchildren must not speak or write the registered 
 names of their fathers or grandfathers, it being considered unfilial 
 and lacking in respect so to do. This rule also extends to the Em- 
 peror. It is, however, permissible to use one character, or the given 
 name only. 
 
 A few families place the given, or personal name in the middle 
 and the Pai-I\Iing or generation name at the end. 
 
 When the name is registered in the "Family Table Book" of 
 the "Tsu Tang," it becomes the official or guaranteed name and is 
 called the "Pu-Ming"; Pu meaning "generation book" and Ming 
 meaning "name." 
 
 It should 1)0 noted here tliat the "Social name" is not so regis- 
 tered, and is not used in business or official matters. 
 
 Hereditary Titles. 
 
 Some customs still exist that have been brought down from the 
 ancient feudal systeui. That of primogeniture or hereditary descent 
 is one: it is called "Ta-Tsung." meaning hereditary line. The first 
 son by the first wife is called '"Po-Tsu," if the first son is of the 
 second or other wife, he is called "Mung-Tsu" ; all other sons by the 
 first wife are called "Yii-Tsu," the other sons of other wives are 
 called "Shii-Tsu." The "Family Table Book" is always particular 
 to set out these relationships and the exact lines of descent, in order 
 that there may be no question as to the hereditary line of descent, 
 which involves hereditary titles. 
 
 The emperors of the different dynasties have, for the most part, 
 observed the rule of primogeniture, but in a few cases, the selection 
 by the Emperor father has been other than his oldest son for his 
 successor to the throne. This latter has been the practice of the
 
 44 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Emperors of the Ching, or Manchu Dynasty. The descent of titles 
 in those families that have hereditary titles is observed in a like 
 manner. 
 
 The feudal system of land holding is still observed among the 
 Mongol families and the "i\Iiao" or original inhabitants. These 
 latter are now only fonnd as a tribal unit in the Western frontiers 
 of the Empire. 
 
 With the Lamas in Thibet, who have no wives or sons, the 
 descent of title is arranged by the private selection of a successor; 
 after the succession is settled it is then publicly announced that the 
 spirit of the dead Laitia has entered the body of the newly selected 
 person, and he henceforth is to be considered the true living Buddha. 
 
 The family of Kung-Fii-Tsu (Confucius), have a special title 
 called "Tien Shih," meaning "Heavenly Teacher." 
 created during the Han Dynasty (201 B. C), and which is con- 
 tinued to the present day. The local residence of the present holder 
 of this title, probably the most highly honored in the Kingdom, is 
 in the Shan Tung Province. An enumeration of the Confucius 
 family was made in the 18th century, and at that time something 
 like 13,000 persons were found living who could prove descent from 
 the sage and philosopher. 
 
 Another special hereditary title is the one given to a man named 
 "Chang Tao Ling," who elevated Taoism from a philosophy to a 
 religion during the Han Dynasty. In the time of the Tang Dynasty 
 (627 A. D.), his descendants were given a hereditary family title 
 called "Tien Shih," meaning "Heavenly Teacher." 
 
 These two families are the most noted in all China, these family 
 titles have been continued through all the Dynasties, and through 
 the line of the eldest son, to the present time. 
 
 The Chinese philosopher iMencius, said, "The most undutiful 
 condition is to have no son." That is why it is considered of the 
 first importance to have a son for a successor, for the dual purpose 
 of perpetuating the family and doing reverence to ancestors. 
 
 In this view of conditions, which to the Chinese is virtually a 
 tenet of their religion, the laws allow, even to the present time, a 
 plurality of Avives. When a man has no son by his first wife, he is 
 permitted to take a second, or more, if necessary, in order that a son 
 may not be denied him. Some men getting old, or perhaps not 
 desiring to take a second wife, or who are too poor to support an- 
 other and being without a son, proceed to select from the same gen- 
 eration, and in the same fainily. and as near to his own line as may 
 be, a second or later son of another man, adopt him as his heir and 
 successor, the selection and adoption being duly registered in the 
 "Family Table Book" or record of the family or elan. A first son 
 must never be chosen, as that would deprive another branch of the 
 family of its proper line of descent. The selected and adopted son 
 then calls his own parents "Pun Shung Fu Me," or birth parents, 
 and his adopted parents "Chi Fu Mu," or adopted parents.
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE CHIXESE 45 
 
 It is allowable if no issue of a male be available, to adopt the 
 son of a sister, the husband of a daughter or other near female 
 relative. In this case the person adopted changes his family name; 
 if a husband of a daughter, he takes the family name of his wife, 
 which is a proceeding many times done in English descent of title 
 and property, as T learn from their pedigree charts. Among the 
 wealthy families of the Cantonese, the custom prevails even to the 
 extent of adopting sons of other families, in order to have many 
 sons to share their wealth by inheritance. 
 
 When a man or woman joins tlie Buildhist order, they drop their 
 names, and take a new name given them by their teachers, called 
 "Sung" or "Shih," meaning a son or daughter of Buddiui, and 
 become members of the Buddha family or clan, using the generation 
 name of the Buddha system of genealogy or heraldry, but in the 
 generation book of the system the entries must be understood as 
 showing no blood descent, which difference is important to remem- 
 ber when investigating the ancestry of a member of the order. 
 
 The Taoists are of two kinds; one marry and the other do not. 
 In either case they always retain their family names and records 
 in the Family Table Book. 
 
 Should a man become an anarchist or free lover or otherwise 
 act in a manner to bring discredit upon his family or clan name, his 
 family name is taken away from him by the ''Tsu Tang" of his 
 clan, his name erased from the Family Table Book, and he, a family 
 outlaw, must use another name. 
 
 In the genealogical tables of China, much attention is given to 
 the line of male descent, particularly the stem, or hereditary line ; 
 but very little attention to the female line, it being understood, if 
 no record to the contrary, that the female is of the same family 
 and naturally and surely traces back to the original stem in any 
 event; being a matter of a certain number of generations removed. 
 
 In closing these somewhat discursive remarks upon the family 
 life and genealogy of the Chinese people, I am reminded that in the 
 last analysis all the people of the earth are really members of one 
 family, and I cannot better close than by repeating the words of 
 Confucius: "The People of the Four Seas, i. e., the people of all 
 the world, are all one brotlu'rhood." And also he said: "There 
 is only one universal Family in the world." And again he said: 
 "In the Golden Age, men will treat all elderly people as their par- 
 ents, all young persons as their children, and all of equal age as 
 brothers and sisters." 
 
 To the wise man there is, in all this broad and immense world, 
 hut a single family, all governed by One Supreme Intelligence. 
 "When this Family recognizes this Truth, and in direct and real 
 sincerity practices the few and perfectly simple rules of benevolent 
 morality as taught by our ancient sage, then will it be an enlight- 
 ened, civilized family.
 
 46 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE MAORI 
 
 OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 By ELSDON BEST 
 
 VVKLLINOTON PHIL0S0PHIC;A.L. SOCIETY, WELLINGTON, N. Z 
 
 As a branch of the Polynesian race which ooeupies so vast an 
 area of the island system of the Pacific Ocean, it may be taken as 
 a foregone conclusion that the Maori of New Zealand was ever 
 most careful and diligent in conserving the traditional lore of his 
 people, and in no department was this more marked than in the 
 preservation of genealogical records. It is a well knov/n fact that 
 the Polynesians have ever venerated the older oral traditions and 
 genealogies of their race, and have set a high value on those con- 
 nected with the origin of man and of man's descent from the gods. 
 In endeavoring to discover some explanation for the veneration 
 displayed towards the more ancient portions of lines of descent 
 and the innate Mana possessed by them, as proved by the fact of 
 their being recited in certain ritual performances, it is quite 
 possible that we here note the origin of such usages and beliefs. 
 The Maori believes that he is descended from the gods, that he, 
 in his own person, possesses or contains a portion of divine essence, 
 and moreover that it is this quality that enables him to perform 
 any remarkable feat, and protects and preserves his welfare, physi- 
 cal, intellectual and spiritual. He does not claim descent from the 
 Supreme Being, but from vv^hat may be termed the departmental 
 gods, the offspring of the primal parents Bangi (the Sky Parent) 
 and Papa (the Earth Mother). It was Tane, the son of these 
 parents, who sought the female element far and wide without suc- 
 cess, wdiereupon he formed a figure of earth on the mons veneris 
 of the Earth Mother. He then procured from the Supreme Being 
 the soul, the blood and the breath of life by which the lifeless 
 form was vivified, and the first sign of life given by that form was 
 a sneeze, hence the well known expression of "Tike Mauri Ora" 
 (sneeze, living soul), as heard among the Maori folk of this day. 
 
 Thus came into being Hinc-Aliu-One, the Earth-formed JMaid, 
 who was taken to wife by Tane. She was the first woman, and the 
 mother of mankind ; from this twain are descended the whole of the 
 brown skinned folk who dwell in the countless lands of the Many 
 Isled Sea. A further inquiry into ^Maori myth will show that Tane 
 was essentially the fertilizer, he who fertilizes the Earth Mother, 
 the origin or tutelary deity of forests, and the power that brought 
 light into the world; in brief, Tane is the Sun.
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE MAORI 47 
 
 Here we have the singular fact of a whole race firmly believing 
 itself to be descended from the primal parents, Heaven and Earth, 
 through the sun, and it is the belief of the writer that this fact 
 has had a very important bearing on the history and achievements 
 of the Polynesian people. This last subject lies outside the scope 
 of this paper, but enough has been said to give a good reason why 
 the Polynesian should so highly prize his racial lineage, and why 
 he was so extremely careful to preserve his genealogical records. 
 The earlier parts of such genealogies, containing the names of 
 supernatural beings and heroes, are viewed as being extremely 
 Tapu, and not to be lightly mentioned, so much so indeed that we 
 know they were recited by Maori priests on certain occasions as a 
 part of a religious ritual. Two of such occasions were the marriage 
 of a man and woman of rank, and cases of difficult parturition. 
 
 Probably no greater misfortune could afflict a Maori than to 
 lose knowledge of his lineage, though it must be added that it 
 would scarcely be possible for him to do so, inasmuch as he could 
 obtain it from others, even from adepts of another tribe. The 
 expression Aho Ngaro occasionally heard is applied to the extinc- 
 tion of a family. The term Aho, a string or cord, is also used to 
 denote a line of descent. iVgraro means "lost." The word Kawai 
 used to express lineage, also denotes the shoot of a creeping plant, 
 the tentacles of an octopus, etc. Tahuhu denotes the ridgepole of 
 a house, also a line of ancestry. 
 
 It seems highly probable that the only situations in which Poly- 
 nesians have lost knowledge of their genealogies were such as crush- 
 ing disasters afflicting a small isolated community having no com- 
 munication with other isles. 
 
 The Maori was an enthusiastic upholder of the laws of primo- 
 geniture, and descent through the eldest son was ever viewed as 
 the most important. The Aho Aroki, or descent through the eldest 
 sons of a high chieftain family was held in very high respect, and 
 when such a man was also a priestly adept, his standing and in- 
 fluence in the tribe were very great. 
 
 In regard to the conservation of genealogical records, there are 
 two phavses of the process to be considered and explained. In the 
 first place every man of a Maori tribe knew his own lineage, could 
 recite his descent from a tribal ancestor of the last migration from 
 Polynesia to New Zealand about twenty generations ago, and would 
 very likely know his ancestral connection with other tribes, but 
 such a man was not looked upon as an adept, a genealogical expert. 
 He would trace his descent from much more remote ancestors, and 
 even possibly from the gods of mythical ages, but this early part of 
 his lineage was often inexact, and would not be confirmed by 
 an expert. For instance, the god Tane has many names, each illus- 
 trating a phase of his manifestations or energies, and these are 
 often given as names of separate individuals in genealogies, a course 
 condemned by higher authorities. The names of periods, or ages,
 
 48 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 or conditions that preceded the Sky Parent and Earth Mother are 
 also so given by some, but condemned by adepts. 
 
 The true genealogical experts were men who, in their youth, 
 had been selected as students to be taught in the sacred school of 
 learning. For this purpose were selected youths of good family, 
 i. e., of the chieftain class, who possessed good memories. This 
 most necessary qualification was ascertained by assembling these 
 youths together, when one adept v/ould recite to them some lengthy 
 tradition, a popular story or folk lore tale, such as the storj- of 
 Mmd, the Hero. This story the young folk had to memorize from 
 one recital, and those among them who were able to do so, and to 
 repeat such story correctly in detail, were selected as pupils to be 
 taught the oral traditions of the tribe, including the origin of man, 
 cosmological myths, tribal history and genealogical lore. The curi- 
 ous and interesting formalities and ritual connected with such 
 teaching is too big a subject to be here described, but it should 
 be made clear that the imparting of what were deemed the more 
 important subjects, anthropogeny, cosmogony, ritual formulae, old 
 time genealogies, etc., was a highly serious task and extremely Tapu. 
 The numxerous restrictions, prohibitions and ritual performances 
 connected with the acquisition of such knowledge throw much light 
 on the mentality and religion of this most interesting people. 
 
 One subject on wliich the adept teachers of such scholars laid 
 considerable stress was the line of demarcation between popular 
 folk lore tales and what was held to be correct and orthodox tradi- 
 tional history. Thus certain traditionary tales, etc., bore two 
 aspects, the popular version known to all persons, and the correct 
 or orthodox version known only to the trained adepts who had 
 passed through the school of learning. Thus we have discovered 
 of late years that certain stories held by us to be merely myths or 
 folk tales, are really, as taught to the initiated few, records of 
 hona fide ancestors and their doings. Such traditions have, as 
 preserved by the bulk of the people, become encrusted with mythical 
 and impossible features, which rendered them of greater interest 
 to the ordinary person. As already observed, this peculiarity ex- 
 tended to the more ancient portions of tribal genealogies, the trained 
 adepts were the preservers of what was deemed the correct versions 
 of ancient lineage. Such persons only were able to give details of 
 far back generations, such as marriages of remote ancestors. The 
 average commoner could not supply such details for more than about 
 ten to twent}' generations. The very greatest care was taken to ren- 
 der the transmission of all genealogical and other important matter 
 absolutelj'' accurate. Should an adept make a mistake in his recital 
 of a genealogy or religious formula, such an occurrence was looked 
 upon as a most serious misfortune, and not infrequently caused 
 the death of the hapless adept. In its mildest aspect it was ex- 
 tremely unlucky to commit such an error, for the gods of the 
 Maori would punish the offender.
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE MAORI 49 
 
 It must not be supposed that trained priestly adepts who had 
 passed through the Tapu school of learning were in the habit of 
 airing their knowledge, or imparting it to all and sundry. They 
 were extremely conservative and reticent. They heard the people 
 reciting the fireside stories, popularized and erroneous forms of his- 
 torical traditions, also incorrect accounts of the origin of man, but 
 made no sign and no attempt to correct them. Such things were 
 good enough for commoners, and if the latter bet-ame possessed of 
 Tapu branches of knowledge, then most assuredly would the tribe 
 be in peril. The more ancient portions of genealogies, as also little 
 known lines of descent, were not discussed or recited in public 
 unless the audience was composed of a cohesive, homogeneous people, 
 such as a village community, and even under such conditions these 
 occurrences were rare. Should members of another tribe chance 
 to be present, adepts were doubly reticpnt. In many cases a line 
 of descent "was strung on a single line," i. e., the name of the 
 wife or husband was not given. No person is more conservative 
 of prized knowledge than the ]\Iaori. 
 
 We have seen that every male member of a tribe would know 
 his own line of descent from a given point, usually from an ancestor 
 who came to New Zealand from the isles of Eastern Poh^nesia in 
 one of the many vessels that arrived here from those parts during 
 a period of from eighteen to thirty generations ago. He would 
 also be conversant vnth his connection with other sub-tribes and 
 tribes, for, owing to intermarriages, he would be a member of 
 several such communities. In every clan there would also be several 
 men who might be termed second rate adepts, men v.ho had not 
 passed through the school of learning, but who were interested in 
 the tribal lineage and had managed to collect a considerable amount 
 of information on the subject. In such studies the astonishing 
 powers of memory possessed by the ]\Iaori stood him in good stead, 
 for he had no system of written language or mnemonics to assist 
 him in preserving tribal records ; he depended upon memory alone, 
 and his memory assureiy did him yeoman service. 
 
 As an illustration of this type of genealogists I may mention 
 my worthy old friend Tamarau of the Tiilioe tribe. When a govern- 
 ment commission was inquiring into tlie ownership of certain blocks 
 of land, this old man gave in court the descent of his sub-tribe 
 from an ancestor who flourished some twenty-one generations ago. 
 The recital of this matter, with sundry explanations of inter- 
 marriages with other communities, occupied three days, and the 
 descent of every living member of the clan was clearly shown. 
 This task involved the remembrance and recital of 1,288 names of 
 persons in order to bring the various branches from the main line 
 down, not to every living member of the clan, but to the (jldest 
 living member of each family, etc., of the clan, often a grand- 
 parent, occasionally a great grandparent. The recital of the names 
 of all the living members of each family Avas a distinct performance
 
 50 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 that was carried out later. Now the whole of the above informa- 
 tion, the vast number of personal names, given in their proper 
 order, had been memorized by the reciter in his younger days and 
 remembered when he was 70 years of age. Moreover this was but a 
 portion of his acquired mass of knowledge of the subject; he could 
 trace descent from many other ancestors, and give the lineage of 
 other clans or sub-tribes. Apart from this subject his mind was 
 equally well stored in respect to other branches of knowledge, such 
 as tribal history, myths, folk lore, songs, etc. On one occasion the 
 writer spent three days with him, and spent the three days and even- 
 ings in taking down in shorthand a mass of traditional history, etc., 
 from his dictation. The old fellow never flagged and was never 
 apparently at fault. When leaving he informed me that we had 
 but commenced the task. 
 
 Another interesting experience that befell the writer was when, 
 in 1896, an old native recited to him from memory no less than 
 406 songs. In neither case was any graphic system relied upon, 
 the memory alone was the conserving power, the amazing memory 
 of the Polynesian that has preserved such vast stores of tradi- 
 tional lore. 
 
 In Table No. 1 is given the descent of Taynarau from Hape, as 
 taken from the genealogy of his sub-tribe mentioned above. To 
 copy out the whole table, with its many branches, would be no 
 light task, and would appal the reader. 
 
 Inasmuch as tribal genealogies formed the only system of 
 chronology known to, and utilized by, the Maori, it follows that 
 such a fact imparted to them additional value in the estimation of 
 the natives. It is also this fact that renders these tables interesting 
 to Europeans. When we hear the traditions of the adventures of 
 Hape and other old sea wanderers who laid down the water roads 
 over great areas of the Pacific Ocean, and breaking through the 
 hanging sky reached this lone land, we can, by scanning the lines 
 of descent from them, locate with some approach to precision the 
 century in which they lived. As the lines from Hape range from 
 21 to 24 generations, we take the mean of 221/^ as an indication of 
 the time in which he flourished. Some writers have placed the 
 Maori generation at 30 years, otliers at 20, but the experts of the 
 Polynesian Society have adopted 25 years as the unit. 
 
 It appears to be a somewhat common belief among anthropol- 
 ogists that eponymic ancestors appearing in the genealogies of un- 
 cultured races are fictitious, mythical personages who never existed. 
 This is not the case with the Maori folk of New Zealand. Here most 
 of the tribes are named after an ancestor from whom every member 
 of the tribe can trace his descent. Even in cases where a tribe 
 or sub-tribe is not named, still it has a common ancestor. For 
 instance, Table No. 1 shows a line of descent from Hape, but the 
 tribe, i. e., his descendants, is known as Te Hapu-Oneone. This line 
 also illustrates the origin of a sub-tribe known as Ngai-Te-Kapo,
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE MAORI 61 
 
 whose members are the descendants of No. 9 in the table, their 
 eponymous ancestor. It must be distinctly understood that every 
 member of a Maori tribe is descended from a common ancestor, 
 the founder of that tribe. Adoption does not make a person a true 
 member of a Maori tribe, it gives him no claim to the lands of that 
 tribe. Should he marry a member of the tribe, however, his chil- 
 dren have full rights therein, although he might be only a slave. 
 The marrying a free woman would, in such a case, release his 
 children from bondage. 
 
 When the lands of the Tuhoe tribe were being put through the 
 Land Court, the writer made out a complete genealogical tree, 
 showing the descent of every living member of the tribe, about 800, 
 from the common eponymic ancestor Tuhoe-Potiki, who flourished 
 some twelve or fourteen generations ago. The table contained 
 thousands of names and the compilation thereof was no light task. 
 
 In Table No. 2 we have one Turanga-pikitoi in the first position. 
 This is the eponymic ancestor of Ngai-Turanga, a clan of many 
 members usually known by other clan names, such as Tuhoe. 
 Turanga was a chief of the people usually referred to as the 
 aborigines of New Zealand, but who really represented a mixture 
 of the earlier immigrants from Eastern Polynesia and the original 
 inhabitants of these isles, an inferior people in physique and culture 
 of whom we know but little. Turanga was a descendant of Toi, 
 leader of the first band of Polynesians that settled in New Zealand 
 nearly thirty generations ago. His great-great-grandson married 
 Wairaka, daughter of Toroa, chief of a vessel named Matatua that 
 reached these shores from Eastern Polynesia. Some lines from 
 Toroa are longer than those given in the table. Here we note an 
 intermarriage soon after the arrival of the immigrants, for Wairaka 
 came with her father, as also did his sister Muriwai, an ancestress 
 of the Whakatohea tribe. Tuhoe-potiki, grandson of Wairaka, is 
 the eponymic ancestor of Ngai -Tuhoe, by which tribal name the 
 Ngai-Turanga folk are now generally kno\^Ti. The sister of Tuhoe 
 married into the Arawa tribe, where her descendants are still liv- 
 ing. Their claim to Tuhoe tribal lands has become "cold," as the 
 Maori puts it. 
 
 In this table it must be borne in mind that, owing to inter- 
 marriages, all members of the later generations claim other tribal 
 or hapii (sub-tribe) names. Thus a man might belong to four or 
 five sub-tribes of his tribe, and he would probably reside with all 
 of them in rotation, so that he might retain his standing in the 
 community and keep his local claim "warm." 
 
 In regard to the remote ancestor Toi, above mentioned, it i.s 
 probable that every Maori in these isles can claim descent from him. 
 
 The Maori folk have preserved more interest in their genealogies 
 than in any other branch of their ancient lore, simply because by 
 means of them do they make good their claims in our Native Land 
 Courts. The modern Maori is not above inventing a line of descent
 
 52 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 from some desirable ancestor in such cases, and only a long and 
 close study of the subject will enable one to detect such forgeries. 
 
 In some cases natives have given up memorizing the many lines 
 of descent and intermarriages, relying on written language to pre- 
 serve such data. Occasionally such practices put them in a serious 
 quandary. Some time ago the writer was visited by two members 
 of a tribe among which he had resided for fifteen years. This was 
 a deputation sent down to copy from my note books certain lines 
 of descent needed as evidence in a Native Land Court. Written 
 copies had been lost and destroyed, the old men of knowledge were 
 all dead, hence this application to a member of an alien race ; surely 
 a novel and significant position for Maori folk. 
 
 Again, a few months since, the writer received a letter from a 
 somewhat famed genealogist of the East Coast, asking for the name 
 of the wife of a gentleman who flourished twenty-four generations 
 ago. On receipt of the name he wrote a letter expressing gratitude 
 for the favor, and remarking that the sun had risen above a gloomy 
 horizon. 
 
 The "ways that are dark and tricks that are vain" of some of 
 these gentry in preferring claims in a Land Court are often pass- 
 ing strange. When engaged in making out lists of persons entitled, 
 or alleged to be entitled, to shares in certain lands, I have known 
 natives to assign sex and name to a child yet unborn. When the 
 pre-natal claimant finally appeared in this world, and of the wrong 
 sex, some excuse would readily be found for such error in the lists. 
 
 Table No. 3 gives a line from Ira-kai-putahi, eponymous ancestor 
 of the Ngati-Ira tribe, who came hither from Eastern Polynesia 
 and whose descendants formerly held the Wellington district as 
 their tribal lands. This folk once occupied lands near East Cape 
 and have had a stormy career. 
 
 The tables given might be extended to a prodigious extent, but 
 this would but weary readers. Some rolls made out are 15 to 25 
 feet in length. 
 
 Although a line of descent through the eldest son was held to 
 be the most important, yet that through the eldest daughter was 
 also highly esteemed. The Aho Tamawahiiie or female line of 
 descent in the higher class families carried considerable weight and 
 commanded the respect of the community. 
 
 ^<^^^
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE MAORI 53 
 
 TABLE 1. 
 
 I. Hape (An immigrant 
 from Polynesia). 
 
 Rawaho 
 
 Hapai-ariki 
 
 Ngariki 
 
 Ariki-kare 
 
 Tirama-roa 
 
 Te Whakatangata 
 
 Tama-a-mutu 
 
 Whetu-roa 
 3. Te Kapo-o-te-rangi 
 
 Tahatu-o-te-ao 
 
 TawhiwM 
 
 Marie 
 
 Maliuru 
 
 Korokai-whenua 
 
 Tutonga 
 
 Te Ata-pare 
 
 Kumara 
 18. Tamarau 
 
 Te Reinga 
 
 Heriata 
 21. Hine-ki-runga 
 
 (an infant in 1897)
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE ^lAORI 
 
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 56 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 TABLE 3. 
 Shows descent of Wai-rarapa families from Ira, an immigrant from 
 Polynesia by the vessel known as Horouta. Ira is the epoymic of the 
 Ngati-Ira tribe. 
 
 Ira 
 
 Hine-kaui-rangi 
 
 Koka-te-rangi 
 
 Paheke 
 
 Urutira 
 
 Mapuna-a-rangi 
 
 Kahukura-paro 
 
 Kahukura-mamangu 
 
 Pakariki 
 
 Tane-ka-tohia 
 
 Uenga-ariki 
 
 Kahukura-te-aranga 
 
 Paka-huanga-rau 
 
 Pou-tatua 
 
 Mahere-tu-ki-te-rangi 
 
 Rere-kiokio 
 
 Te Wha-kumu 
 
 Tahi-a-rangi 
 
 Hine-motuhia 
 
 Te Ahi-a te-momo 
 
 Nuku-tamaroro 
 
 Karo-taha 
 Whatu-rangi 
 Te Rangi-takaiwaho 
 Te Manihera 
 Maangi 
 Maota 
 27. Waikawa (Living 1911)
 
 GENEALOGICAL RECORDS OF THE >[AORI 57 
 
 TABLE 4. 
 Shows descent of Waikawa from Tol. 
 
 Toi 
 
 1. Rongoueroa 
 
 2. Whatonga 
 
 3. Tara 
 Tiwhana-a-rangi 
 Hine-one 
 
 Tah\> 
 
 Te Raugi-tu-pewa 
 
 Te Rangi-tu-maroro 
 
 Tuku-po 
 10. Turia 
 
 Hine-akau 
 
 Rangi-i-hiia 
 
 Hapai-te-rangi 
 
 Te Rangi-tuatahi 
 15. Ira-karako, 
 
 Kura-whango 
 
 Pouri 
 
 Matua-te-rangi 
 
 Hine-i-tukia 
 20. Whakairi-te-rangi 
 
 Tu-awhio 
 
 Tama-i-waha 
 
 Te Huinga 
 
 Te Whakararo 
 25. Raurangi 
 
 Taketake 
 
 Te Ngaere ^ 
 
 28. Te Manihera 
 
 Naomi 
 
 30. Maota 
 Waikawa
 
 58 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE NATIVE HAWAIIANS. 
 
 By BRUCE CART^VRIGHT. JR. 
 
 From Hawaiian genealogies, handed down orally for hundreds 
 of years, the history of the race has been traced. It shows us that 
 the Hawaiians are a very primitive people. About the fifth century 
 A. D. they came to Hawaii, where they remained unknown until 
 the eleventh century, when they were visited by several parties 
 from the groups to the south, from the ]\Iarquesas, Samoan and 
 Society Islands. Active intercourse was maintained for the space 
 of six generations, when the Hawaiians were again isolated until 
 their rediscovery by Captain James Cook in 1778. 
 
 All the inhabitants of Hawaii were supposed to have descended 
 from the same ancestors, Wakea, the male, and Papa, the female. 
 After the lapse of time a King was chosen to rule over the people, 
 and others were chosen to assist the King, who were the chiefs. 
 
 The genealogies of the Kings and Chiefs were considered of 
 great importance and were memorized by genealogists who were 
 supported b}' the nobility and held honored and important posi- 
 tions under the Crown. 
 
 The marriage ceremony commonly consisted of the groom throw- 
 ing a piece of kapa (native cloth) over the bride in the presence 
 of witnesses, usually the bride's relatives. After this brief cere- 
 mony a feast took place in celebration of the event. 
 
 Great care was exercised in the choice of the first wife of a 
 chief of high rank. She must be of the same or higher rank so 
 that their children would be of high rank. Search was made into 
 the pedigree of both the man and woman by the genealogists before 
 they were allowed to marry and the ceremony was not permitted 
 to proceed until the genealogist approved of the pedigrees. 
 
 A suitable mate for a chief of high rank was his sister. If 
 there were any children, they were considered chiefs of the 
 highest rank. They were called "Ninau Pio" and were so sacred 
 that all who came into their presence must prostrate themselves. 
 For this reason these chiefs went around at night so that the people 
 would not have to stop work and fall to the ground in an attitude 
 of worship should they be seen. If a chief had no sister to marry, 
 other members of his immediate family were considered suitable, 
 such as his cousins, aunts, and, in some cases, even his mother. 
 
 The descent w^as usually traced through the female for the 
 simple reason that there could be no question as to whom the 
 mother was.
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE HAWAIIANS 59 
 
 After children were born to this first marriage, a husband or 
 a Avife miglit take as many partners as they chose of any rank 
 and the children begotten of these other unions would be called 
 '•Kaikaina" and they were recognized as the younger brothers 
 and sisters of the great chief, the first child, and in time would 
 become his advisers or the ministers of his government. 
 
 In order to show how complex relationships became I will refer 
 to Fornander, Volume II, page 130 : 
 
 Ka-lani-kau-lele-i-a-iwi was the daughter of Kea-kea-lani- 
 wahine, a Queen of the Island of Hawaii and a woman of the high- 
 est rank. She became Queen, sharing the throne with her half- 
 brother and husband, Keawe. She had four husbands of whom 
 there is record, each one of whom had several wives, who in turn 
 had several husbands. 
 
 Most of us will acknowledge that it would be quite a task to 
 segregate the second generation of this household and classify 
 them as to their relationships with one another. 
 
 Her half-brother Keawe is the reputed head of many families 
 in Hawaii proud of their chiefly descent. Keaua, the reputed 
 father of the great Kamehameha, was a grandson of both King 
 Keawe and his sister. Queen Ka-lani-kau-lele-i-a-iwi, his father 
 being Ka-lani-keeaumoku, their son. The mother of Kamehameha 
 was Kekuiapoiwa II, a chiefess of the highest rank and daughter 
 of Haae, who was the son of Queen Kalani-kau-lele-ia-iwi by another 
 husband other than her brother Keawe, the King. This second 
 husband was Kauauamahi, a very high chief from the district of 
 Kohala. 
 
 In showing the relationships of the third generation from 
 Keawe it would be necessary to make a chart showing all the wives 
 of all the husbands, when we would find such a multitude and such 
 combinations that we would be forced to start a separate chart 
 for each individual. 
 
 The Hawaiian Historical Society at its annual meeting in Janu- 
 ary, 1914, authorized me to chose a committee to look into the 
 advisability of the society starting a genealogical department. I 
 invited Mr. Edger Henriques and Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder to join 
 me as a committee, and after going into the question from all 
 points of view we reported that it was our opinion that no time 
 should be " lost in starting a genealogical department for the 
 Hawaiian Historical Society. 
 
 It would seem a simple matter to trace foreign families in 
 Hawaii since foreigners began to arrive after the report on Cook's 
 voyage was made public, and in only a few cases would it be 
 necessary to go back further than 1790, but such we find not to 
 be the case. The early arrivals in Hawaii were men who kept no 
 records and it was not until the arrival of the missionaries in 1820 
 that a foreign woman came to the Islands and permanent records 
 of events were kept.
 
 60 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 GENEALOGICAL CHARTS. 
 
 By SARAH LOUISE RIMBALL. 
 
 OF THE CrAI.IFOKNIA OENK ALOOIC A L SOeiETY. 
 
 During the afternoon session of Thursday, July 29, there was an 
 exhibition of genealogical charts, a brief summary of which follows: 
 
 Chart 1.— Showing European ancestry for several centuries of 
 George Washington's ancestor, Col. George Reade, who came from 
 England to Virginia in 1637. 
 
 Prepared by Plenry Byron Phillips. 
 
 Chart 2. — A comparative study of three lines of ancestry trac- 
 ing through the French, Scandinavian and Hawaiian royal lines 
 to Adam. 
 
 Prepared by Henry Byron Phillips. 
 
 Chart 3. — "The Fittest," showing one ancestress, Isabel de 
 Vermandois (granddaughter of Henry I, King of France), for 
 rulers and leaders in Europe and America. 
 Prepared by Sarah Louise Kimball. 
 
 Chart 4. — Showing Isabel de Vermandois as ancestress of all 
 reigning monarchs in Europe, except certain Balkan States and 
 Turkey, as well as of thirteen presidents of the United States. 
 Prepared by Sarah Louise Kimball. 
 
 Charts 5-20. — A series of studies of American families, by 
 Sarah Louise Kimball, as follows : 
 
 Ludlow-Carter, of Virginia, producing : 
 
 3 signers of the Declaration of Independence, 2 presi- 
 dents, 7 governors, 3 U. S. senators, 1 minister and 
 1 ambassador to England, 1 ambassador to Italy, 
 and the commander-in-chief C. S. A. 
 
 Taylor, of Virginia, producing : 
 
 2 presidents, 2 governors, 1 member of Congress, 1 
 U. S. senator, 1 minister to ^lexico and the wife of 
 the president of the Confederacy. 
 
 Lee, of Virginia, producing: 
 
 1 president, 1 U. S. senator, 1 state senator, 1 member 
 of Congress, 1 representative to the Continental 
 Congress, 1 acting governor, 4 celebrated generals.
 
 GENEALOGICAL CHARTS 61 
 
 Laiharn-Dungan-Clarke, of Rhode Island, producinsr: 
 10 governors, 14 deputy governors. 
 
 Lawrence, of New England, producing : 
 
 1 president, 2 governors, 1 lieutenant governor, 4 mem- 
 
 bers of Congress, 1 secretary of war, ] U. S. sena- 
 tor, 2 state senators, 3 mayors, 1 rear admiral 
 U. S. N., 1 justice Supreme Court, 1 commodore 
 U. S. N., 1 Indian commissioner, 3 diplomatic rep- 
 resentatives, 1 benefactor, 1 orator. 
 
 Arnold, of Rhode Island, producing: 
 
 5 governors, 2 chief justices, 1 U. S. senator, 1 signer 
 Declaration of Independence, 1 commodore U. S. N., 
 1 celebrated general in the Revolution. 
 
 Greene, of Rhode Island, producing: 
 
 3 governors, 2 lieutenant-governors, 1 deputy gover- 
 nor, 3 U. S. senators, 1 attorney general, 1 U. S. 
 consul, 2 historians. 1 author, 1 celebrated general 
 in the Revolution. 
 
 Field, of New England, producing : 
 
 2 justices Supreme Court U. S., 2 chief justices. Su- 
 preme Court of California, 1 chief justice Supreme 
 Court of Iowa, 1 U. S. senator. 1 attorney general. 
 1 author, who compiled law codes adopted by 27 
 States, the layer of the Atlantic cable, 1 captain of 
 industry, 1 governor of Newfoundland, Jamaica, 
 etc, 
 
 Clinton, of New York, producing: 
 
 1 vice-president, 2 governors. 1 brigadier general, 1 
 commander-in-chief in the Revolution. 
 
 Richardson, of South Carolina, producing: 
 
 6 governors. 
 
 Wanton, of Rhode Island, producing: 
 
 4 governors. 
 
 Wentworth, of New Hampshire, producing: 
 
 2 governors, 2 lieutenant-governors, 4 councillors, 12 
 members of state legislatures, 1 delegate to the 
 Continental Congress, 1 member of Congress, 1 
 mayor, 3 authors.
 
 62 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Dudley, of Massachusetts, producing : 
 
 5 governors, 1 justice U. S. Supreme Court, 1 univer- 
 sity president, 1 signer Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, 1 editor historical publication, 1 noted clergy- 
 man, 1 orator. 
 
 Edwards, of New England, producing : 
 
 1 president, 1 vice-president, 1 governor, 1 chief jus- 
 tice. 2 founders law schools, 16 presidents of uni- 
 versities, etc., 1 author. 
 
 Kimltal], of New England, producing: 
 
 1 vice-president, 2 governors, 1 lieutenant-governor, 
 14 state senators, 51 members of state legislatures^ 
 2 justices, 1 chief justice. 1 attorney general, 1 U. S. 
 district attorney, 11 captains of industry, 1 univer- 
 sity president, 1 university chancellor, 2 founders 
 of academies, 1 president school for girls, 6 authors. 
 6 publishers, 1 sculptor, 1 explorer, 1 state chemist, 
 1 member state constitutional convention, 1 rear 
 admiral U. S. N., 1 director U. S. Mint, 5 U. S, 
 consuls, 1 chief signal officer U, S. A., 1 U, S. cus- 
 toms expert. 
 
 Kimball, of New England, producing : 
 
 152 soldiers in the Revolutionary war, of v>-hoTu 27 
 were officers. 
 
 Chart 21. — A study on one American family, showing en;inent 
 descendants within 150 years after the death of the ast-endant. 
 prepared by Hon. Boutwell Dunlap, as follows: 
 
 Johti Presfon, of Virginia, producing: 
 
 31 men, among whom there were 1 vice-president: 4 
 cabinet officers; 1 Confederate cabinet officer; 
 U. S. senators; 1 Confederate senator; 5 governors 
 (one of 2 territories) ; 15 eongressaien ; 1 member 
 of Continental Congress; 1 Confederate congress- 
 man; 3 foreign ministers; 2 generals in war of 1812; 
 4 generals.; 5 Confederate generals. 
 
 19 women, among whom were the wives of 1 presi- 
 dent; 1 cabinet officer; 5 U. S. senators; 7 gover- 
 nors ; 5 congressmen ; 2 foreign ministers ; 1 ad- 
 miral; 1 general in war of 1812; 4 generals; 4 Con- 
 federate generals.
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 
 
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENEA- 
 LOGY AND EUGENICS. 
 
 By PAUL POPENOE. 
 
 OF THK AMKRICAN GEXKTIC SOCIETY. 
 EDITOR OF "journal, of HEREDITY" 
 
 Scientific plant breeders today have learned that their success 
 often depends on the care with which they study the genealogy of 
 their plants. 
 
 Livestock breeders admit that their profession is on a sure 
 scientific basis only to the extent that the genealogy of the animal 
 used is known. 
 
 Human genealogy is one of tJie oldest manifestations of man's 
 intellectual activity, but until recently it has been subservient to 
 sentimental purposes, or pursued from historical or legal motives. 
 Biology has had no place in it. 
 
 Genealogy, however, has not altogether escaped the re-examina- 
 tion which all sciences received after the Darwinian movement revo- 
 lutionized modern thought. Numerous v.'ays have been pointed out 
 in which the science — for genealogy h certainly a science— could be 
 •brought into line with the nev/ way of looking at man and his 
 world. The field of genealogy has already been invaded at many 
 points by biologists, seeking the furtherance of their ov\-n aims. 
 
 I propose to discuss briefij'' the relations between the conven- 
 tional genealogy and the modern application of biological principles 
 to every-day life vrhich, as it is here viewed, may be broadly de- 
 scribed by the name Eugenics, "good breeding." It may be that 
 genealogy could become an even more valuable branch of human 
 kuov^'ledge that it now is, if it were more closely aligned with 
 biology. In order to tlirow light on this possibility, we must 
 inquire : 
 
 (1) What is genealogy? 
 
 (2) What does it now attempt to do? 
 
 (3) What faults appear, from the engenist's standpoint, to 
 t'xist in its present methods? 
 
 (4) What additions should be made to its present methods? 
 
 (5) What can be expected of it, aft«r it is revised in accord- 
 ance with the ideas of the eugenist? 
 
 The answer to the first question, "Wliat is genealogy?" need 
 not detain me long, for you are already more familiar with it 
 than I am. Genealogy may be envisaged from several points. It 
 serves history. It has a legal function, which is probably of more
 
 64 IXTERXATIOXAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 consequence abroad than in America. It has social significance, 
 in bolstering family pride and creating a feeling of family solidarity 
 — this is perhaps its chief office in the United States. It has, or 
 can have, biological significance, and this in two ways: either in 
 relation to the pure science or the applied science. In connection 
 with pure science, its function is to furnish us means for getting 
 a knowledge of the laws of heredity. In application, its function 
 is to furnish a knowledge of the inherited characters of any given 
 individual, in order to make it possible for the individual to 
 marry wisely. It is obvious that the use of genealogy in the 
 applied science of eugenics is dependent on the preceding use of 
 it in the pure branch of the science ; for marriage matings which 
 take account of heredity cannot be made unless the laws of heredity 
 have previously been discovered. 
 
 True Worth of Genealogy. 
 
 The historical, social, legal and other aspects of genealogy do 
 not concern the present paper. I shall discuss only the biological 
 aspect : firstly, because I am incompetent to discuss the others ; and 
 secondly, because I hold that the biological conception has by 
 far the greatest true value, accepting the criterion of value as that 
 which furthers the progressive evolution of the race. By this cri- 
 terion, I believe the historical, legal and social aspects of genealogy 
 are of secondary importance ; the greatest worth it can possibly 
 have is in co-operation with biology. This definition may appear to 
 be a begging of the question of my whole paper; I shall attempt 
 to justify it farther on. 
 
 (2) Genealogy now too often pretends to be an end in itself. 
 It can, of course, be looked upon as an end in itself, but I believe 
 that it will be recognized as a science of much greater value to the 
 world if it is admitted to be not an end, but a means to a far 
 greater end that it alone can supply. 
 
 It has indeed, been contended, even by such an authority as 
 Ottokar Lorenz,' who is often considered tlie father of modern 
 scientific genealogy, that a knowledge of his own ancestry will 
 tell each individual exactly what he himself is. This, as I under- 
 stand it, is the basis of Lorenz' valuation of genealogy. It is a 
 step in the right direction; but 
 
 (3) The present methods of genealogy are inadequate to sup- 
 port such a claim. Its methods are still based on the historical, 
 legal and social functions, and it has not yet begun, save in a few 
 instances, to realize its almost incomparable opportunity for the 
 betterment of mankind. Let me indicate just a few of the faults 
 of method in genealog,y, which the eugenist most deplores: 
 
 (a) The information which is of most value is exactly that 
 which genealogy does not furnish. Dates of birth, death and mar- 
 riage of an ancestor are of interest, but rarelj'^ of real biological
 
 GEXEALOGY AND EUGENICS 65 
 
 value. Tilt' facts about that ancestor which vitally concern his 
 living descendant are the facts of his character, physical and 
 mental ; and these facts are given in very few genealogies. 
 
 Data Usually Incomplete. 
 
 (b) Genealogies are coniiiionly too incomplete to be of real 
 value. Sometimes they deal only with the direct male line of 
 ascent — what animal breeders call the tail-m.ail. In this case it 
 is not too much to say that th^y are quite devoid of genuine value. 
 Fortunately American genealogies do not often go to this extreme, 
 but it is not uncommon for them to deal only with the direct 
 ancestors of the individual, omitting all brothers and sisters of 
 those ancestors. Although this simplifies the work of the geneal- 
 ogist inmiensely. it deprives it of value to a corresponding degree. 
 
 (c) As the purpose of genealogy in this country has been 
 largely social, it is to be feared that in too many eases discredit- 
 able ciata have been tacitly omitted from the records. The anti- 
 social individual, the feeble-minded, the insane, the alcoholic, the 
 "generally no-count," has been glossed over. Such a lack of 
 candor is* not in accord with the scientific spirit, and makes one 
 uncertain, in the use of genealogies, to what extent he is really 
 getting all the facts. There are few families of any size which 
 have not one such member or more, not many generations removed. 
 To attemjit to conceal the fact is an action of doubtful ethical 
 propriety; but from the eugenist's point of view, at any rate, it 
 is a falsification of records that must be regarded with great 
 disapproval. 
 
 (d) Even if the information it furnishes were more com- 
 plete, human genealogy would not justify the claims sometimes 
 made for it as a science, because, to use a biological phrase, "the 
 matings are not controlled." We see the results of a certain 
 experiment, but we cannot interpret them unless we know w-hat 
 the result would have been had the precedent conditions been 
 varied in this way or in that way. We can make these controlled 
 experiments in our plant and animal breeding; we have been 
 making them by the thousand, by the hundred thousand, for many 
 years. We cannot make them in human society. Of course, we 
 don't want to: but the point on which I wish to insist is that the 
 biological meaniug of human history, the real import of genealogy 
 can only be interpreted in the light of modern plant and animal 
 breeding. It is absolutely- necessary that g-enealogy go into 
 partnership with genetics, the general science of heredity: that it 
 do not consider itself cheapened by an alliance with the plant 
 and animal breeders. If a spirit of false pride lead it to hold 
 Bloof from these experiments, it will make slow progress. The 
 interpretation of genealogy iu the light of modern research in 
 heredity, through the experinumtal breeding of plants and animals 
 is full "of hope; without such light, it is almost hopeless.
 
 66 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 Genealogists are usually proud of their pedigrees; they usually 
 have a right to be. But I beg of you, do not let your pride lead 
 you to scorn the pedigrees of some of the peas, and corn and snap- 
 dragons, and sugar beets, and bulldogs, and Shorthorn cattle, with 
 which genetists have been working during the last generation ; for 
 these humble pedigrees may throw more light on your ov>-n than a 
 century of research in purely human material. 
 
 Biology Necessary. 
 
 Your science will not have full meaning and full value to you 
 unless you bring yourselves to look on men and women as organisms 
 subject to the same laws of heredity and variation as other living 
 things. Biologists were not long ago told that it was essential for 
 them to learn to think like genealogists. It is excellent advice, 
 and if I were speaking to biologists, I would repeat it. As I am 
 speaking to genealogists, I say with equal conviction that it is 
 essential for genealogists to learn to think like biologists. For the 
 purpose of eugenics, neither science is complete without the other; 
 and I think it is not invidious for me to say that biologists liave 
 been quicker to recognize this than have genealogists. The Golden 
 Age of your science is yet to come. 
 
 (4) In addition to the correction of these faulty methods, 
 there are certain extensions of genealogical method which could 
 advantageously be m^ade without great difficulty, I think. 
 
 (a) More written records should be kept, and less dependence 
 placed on oral communication. The obsolescent family Bible, with 
 its chronicle of births, deaths and marriage'^, is an institution of 
 too great value to be given up, in more ways than one. In the 
 TTnited States we have not the advantage of much of the machinery 
 of state registration which European genealogy enjoys, and it should 
 be a matter of pride with every family to keep its own archives. 
 
 (b) Family trees should be kept in more detail, including all 
 brothers and sisters in every family, no matter at what age they 
 (lied, and including as many collaterals as possilile. This means 
 more work for the genealogist, but the results will repay him. 
 
 (c) More family traits should be marked. Those at present 
 recorded are mostly of a social or economic nature and are of little 
 real significance after the death of their possessor. But the traits 
 of his mind and body are likely to go on to his descendants in- 
 definitely. These are the facts of his life on which we should 
 focus our attention. How this can be most conveniently done I 
 shall discuss later. 
 
 (d) More pictorial data should be added. Photographs of 
 the members of the family, at all ages, should be carefully pre- 
 served. They are often of inestimable value. Measurements equally 
 deserve attention. The door jamb is not a satisfactorj'- place for 
 recording the heights of children, particularly in this day when
 
 GENEALOGY AXD EUGENICS 67 
 
 real estate so often changes hands. Complete anthropometric meas- 
 urements, such as every member of the Young IMen's Christian 
 Association, most college students, and many other people are 
 obliged to undergo once or periodically, should be placed on file. 
 
 (e) Pedigrees should be traced upward from a living indi- 
 vidual, rather than down-ward from some hero long since dead. 
 Of course, the ideal method would be to combine these two, or to 
 keep duplicate pedigrees, one a table of ascendants and the other 
 of descendants, in the same stock. Tliis plan is not too laborious 
 to use, in many cases; the coni])ined tables, which show all the 
 relatives of an individual, although attractive to the investigator, 
 are too complicated ever to become popular, I suspect. 
 
 The Ideai/ Genealogy. 
 
 Genealogical data of the kind Ave need, however, cannot be 
 reduced to a mere table or family tree. The ideal genealogy, as 
 described by Davenport," starts with a whole fraternity — the indi- 
 vidual who is making it, and all his brothers or sisters. It describes 
 fully each member of this fraternity. "It then describes each mem- 
 ber of the fraternity to which the father belongs and gives some 
 account of their consorts (if married) and their children. It does 
 the same for the maternal fraternity. Next it considers the fra- 
 ternity to which the father's father belongs, considers their con- 
 sorts, their children and grandchildren, and it does the same for 
 the fraternities to which the father's mother belongs. It were 
 more significant thus to study in detail the behavior of all the 
 available product of the germ-plasras involved in the makeup of the 
 first fraternity than to weld a chain or two of links through six or 
 seven generations. A genealogy constructed on such a plan would 
 give a clear picture of heredity, would be useful for the prediction 
 of the characteristics of the generations yet unborn, and would, 
 indeed, aid in bringing about better matings. " 
 
 (5) With these changes, genealogy would become the study of 
 heredity, rather than the study of lineage. Perhaps you will not 
 all agree that this would be a desirable change; but I think if 
 you can once get the biological, the eugenic point of view, you will 
 realize that any other field for genealogy is too narrow. 
 
 I do not mean to say that the study of heredity is nothing more 
 than applied genealogy. As we understand it nowadays, it includes 
 mathematical and biological territory which must always be foreign 
 to genealogy. I shoidd prefer to put it this way : That in so far as 
 man is concerned, heredity is the interpretation of genealogy, and 
 eugenics the application of heredity. But I do mean to say that 
 genealogy should give its students a vision of the species as a great 
 group of ever-changing, inter-related organisms, a great network 
 originating in the obscurity of the past, stretching forward into the 
 obscurity of the future, every individual in it organically related
 
 68 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 to every other, and all of them the heritors of the past in a xer\' 
 real sense. 
 
 No one is so well fitted as the genealogist to realize the solemn 
 grandeur of Weissman's doctrine that the germ-plasm is continu- 
 ous from the beginning of existence on this world, to the now un- 
 seen end. Our bodies, as you all have heard, are made up of two 
 parts : this mass of highly differentiated cells which represents the 
 man or woman, and which are destined to die when the individual 
 shall have completed his three score years and ten, more or less; 
 and within, the little mass of germ-cells, the undifferentiated, im- 
 mortal, or, at least, potentially immortal carriers of the heritage 
 of the race. Generation after generation this germ-plasm goes on 
 dividing; from parent to child it is passed on, unchanged save by 
 the addition at each generation of a new line from the second 
 parent. The body dies, but if the individual has left posterity, the 
 germ-plasm lives after him. Immortality is, in this sense at least, a 
 very real thing to the biologist; and I believe the genealogist would 
 see a new meaning in his work if he kept the same conception in 
 mind. 
 
 Importance op Individuals. 
 
 Genealogy does well in giving a realization of the importance 
 of the family, but it errs if it bases this teaching altogether on the 
 family pride in some remote ancestor who, even though he bore the 
 family name and was a prodigy of virtues, probably counts for little 
 or nothing in the individual's make-up today. Let me take a con- 
 crete though wholly imaginary illustration: what man would not 
 feel a certain satisfaction in being a lineal descendant of George 
 Washington? And yet, if we place the Father of his Country at 
 only four removes from the living individual, nothing is more 
 certain than that our hypothetical living individual had fifteen 
 other ancestors in George Washington's generation, any one of 
 whom may play as great or greater a part in his ancestry; and so 
 remote are they all that, on statistical grounds alone, it is calculated' 
 that the contribution of George Washington to the ancestry of our 
 hypothetical living individual would be perhaps not more than 
 one-third of one per cent, of the total. 
 
 I do not mean to disparage descent from a famous man or 
 woman. It is a matter of legitimate pride and congratulation. 
 But claims for respect made on that ground alone are, from a 
 biological point of view, usually contemptible, if the hero is several 
 generations removed. What Sir Francis Gallon wrote' of the 
 peers of England may, with slight reserves, be given general appli- 
 cation to the descendants of famous people : 
 
 "An old peerage is a valueless title to natural gifts, except so 
 far as it may have been furbished up by a succession of wise inter- 
 marriages. ... I cannot think of any claim to respect, put forward 
 in modern days, that is so entirely an imposture, as that made by
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS €9 
 
 a peer on the ground of descent, Avho has neither been nobly edu- 
 cated, nor has any eminent kinsman within three degrees." 
 
 But, some one may protest, am I not shattering the very edifice 
 ot" which I am a professed defender, in thus denying the force of 
 heredity? Not at all. I wish merely to emphasize that a man has 
 sixteen great-great-grandparents, instead of one, and that we too 
 often overlook those in the maternal lines, although from a biologi- 
 cal point of view they are every bit as important as those in the 
 paternal lines. And I wish further to emphasize the point that it 
 is the near relatives who, on the whole, represent what we are. The 
 great family which for a generation or two makes unwise marriages, 
 nmst live on its past reputation and see the work of the world done 
 and the prizes carried away by the children of wiser matings. No 
 family can maintain its place merely by the power of inertia. Every 
 Tuarriage that a member of the family makes is a matter of vital 
 euncern to the future of the family: and this is one of the lessons 
 which a broad science of genealogy should inculcate in every youth. 
 
 Qualifications F(3r Work. 
 
 Is it practicable to direct genealogy on this slightly different 
 line? As to that, I must allow you to judge; it would be pre- 
 sumptuous for me to express an opinion. Let me recall, however, 
 the qualifications which old Professor William Chauncey Fowler 
 laid down' as essential for a successful genealogist: 
 
 Love of kindred. 
 
 Love of investigation. 
 
 Active imagination. 
 
 Sound and disciplined judgment. 
 
 Conscientious regard to truth. 
 
 A retentive memory. 
 
 A pleasing style as a writer. 
 With such qualifications one can go far, and I venture to ex- 
 press the opinion that one who possesses them has only to fix his 
 attention upon the biological aspect of genealogy to become con- 
 vinced that his science is only part of a science as long as it ignores 
 eugenics. After all, nothing more is necessary than a slight change 
 in the point of view: and if genealogists can adopt this new point 
 of view, can add to their equipment some familiarity with the 
 fundamental principles of biology as they apply to man and are 
 laid down in the science of eugenics, I am firmly of the conviction 
 that the value of the science of genealogy to the world will be in- 
 creased at least five fold within a generation. 
 
 Let us examine a little more closely what can be expected from 
 a genealogy with eugenic foundation. 
 
 First and foremost it will give genetics a chance to advance with 
 rapidity in its study of man. Genetics, the study of heredity, can- 
 not successfully proceed by direct observation in the human species, 
 as it does with plants and rapidly-breeding animals, because the
 
 70 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OP GENEALOGY 
 
 generations are too long. Less than three generations are of little 
 value for our researches, and even three can rarely be observed to 
 advantage by any one person. Therefore, second-hand information 
 must be used. So far we have gained most of this by sending field- 
 workers — a new kind of genealogist — out among the people in whom 
 we are interested and having them collect the information we 
 wanted, either by study of extant records or by word of mouth. 
 But the w^ritten records of value have been usually negligible in 
 quantity, and oral communication has therefore been our main- 
 stay. It has not been wholly satisfactory. Few people — aside 
 from genealogists — can give even the names of all their great- 
 grandparents, far less can they tell anything of importance about 
 them. 
 
 It is thus to genealogy that we are driven. Unless we have 
 family records, we can accomplish little. And we cannot get these 
 family records unless you genealogists realize the importance of 
 furnishing them ; for as I have already pointed out, and as I wish to 
 emphasize, genealogies at present available are of little value to 
 genetics because of the inadequacy of the data they furnish. It is 
 only in the case of exceptional families, such as the royal houses 
 of Europe, that enough information is given about each individual 
 to furnish an opportunity for analysis. What could be done if 
 there were more such data available, is brilliantly illustrated by the 
 investigation" by Dr. Frederick Adams Woods of Boston of the 
 reigning houses of Europe. I commend his writing to every geneal- 
 ogist as a source of inspiration as well as information. 
 
 Hope for Quick Results. 
 
 To get more such data we must look to the future. We must 
 begin at once to keep our family records in such a way that they 
 will be of the greatest value possible — that they will serve not only 
 family pride, but bigger purposes. It will not take long to get 
 together a large number of family histories in which the idea will 
 be to tell as much as possible, instead of as little as possible, about 
 every individual mentioned. Let me run over a few of the problems 
 on which such genealogies woidd throw light. 
 
 There is the important problem of the inheritance of longevity. 
 Karl Pearson showed' some years ago, by advanced statistical 
 methods, that longevity is inheritable. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, 
 whose investigation of the ancestry of congenital deaf persons at 
 Martha's Vineyard and elsewhere, more than a generation ago, 
 was one of the first pieces of biological genealogy executed in this 
 country, and indubitably established the heritable nature of congen- 
 ital deafness' — Dr. Bell is now working on the published history of 
 the Hyde Family in the United States and analyzing it from many 
 points of view to bring to light the ways in which longevity is 
 inherited. It is obvious that this trait is a particularly easy one 
 for investigation, because we need to know nothing more than the
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 71 
 
 dates on which an individual and his parents were born and died. 
 Certainly a genealogy that does not tell so much must be con- 
 sidered defective, and yet of the 8,000 or more persons listed in 
 the Hyde genealogy, there are less than 3,000 for whom these data 
 are complete. 
 
 Longevity being due more to heredity than to anything els^e, 
 it is obvious, as Dr. Bell has clearly pointed out, that it is a trait 
 of which families may well be proud, if it runs consistently in 
 their stock. And as we eugenists try as far as possible to put our 
 knowledge to practical use, he has also pointed out that it is very 
 desirable for a young man or young woman to marry into a 
 family possessing that trait, since it is a good indication of general 
 soundness of constitution and physical vigor. Families in whose 
 ancestry longevity is a characteristic, can well afford to make the 
 fact known, and take pride in alliance with other worthy families 
 similarly endowed. 
 
 Such a mating, like with like, is technically known to us as 
 assortative. It used to be supposed that people tended to marry 
 their opposites — the blonde and the brunette, the short and the tall. 
 The use of exact methods in eugenics has demonstrated that the 
 reverse is the case, and that for almost every measureable trait 
 there is distinct evidence of assortative mating." That such a fact is 
 of great value to the race, when the character involved is one of 
 so much importance as longevity, is obvious, and the tendency 
 should be encouraged. Genealogy can give much help in this 
 connection. 
 
 The Determination of Sex. 
 
 There are certain phases of the always interesting problem of 
 sex-determination on which genealogy can easily throw light. It 
 has sometimes been asserted that the age of the parents influences 
 the sex of the offspring. We do not know that this is so. but with 
 the help of genealogy we can find out. 
 
 Another question of great practical importance, on which we 
 seek information, relates to the posterity of men of genius. Is 
 there any truth in the idea that their mental activity tends to use 
 up their vital force, with the result that they are either sterile or 
 leave posterity of mediocre quality ? The idea does not sound con- 
 vincing, but we shall not dismiss it dogmatically, we shall appeal 
 to genealogy for data on which to dispose of it definitely. Of course 
 the alleged fact here must not be confused with the well-known fact 
 of regression, formvdated as a mathematical law by Galton. We 
 know that, on tlie average, the cliildren of superior parents will 
 tend to be inferior to their parents, and the children of parents 
 who are below normal will tend to be a little better than their 
 parents. This is due to the vast bulk of their remote ancestry, most 
 of which is necessarily average, or as the statistician puts it, 
 mediocre. Tlie drag of this more remote heredity tends to pull
 
 72 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 every child toward mediocrity, or the mean, the average of the 
 race. I must emphasize the fact that this is purely a statistical law, 
 applying only to a quantity of cases, and is frequently untrue for 
 
 individual cases. 
 
 The results of early, as compared with late marriage, offer an- 
 other big problem in the solution of which we need your help. 
 
 That the first-born children are, on the whole, inferior to the 
 brothers or sisters who come after them, has been asserted in recent 
 years, and the assertion has been supported by a good deal of 
 evidence. It is highly important that a much greater body of 
 evidence be brought together on this point, and here genealogy can 
 aid with very little trouble. Unfortunately it is not uncommon to 
 find in the earlier generations of a family tree that the exact birth- 
 rank of the various children is not designated ; nor is account always 
 made of infant deaths or still-births, as should certainly be done 
 in every case. 
 
 The question of consanguineous marriage is one in w^hich every 
 genealogist is certain to have taken an interest, merely because of 
 the doubling up of a name in his chart, if not from a biological 
 point of view. Until recently the question of the marriage of kin 
 was debated largely by an appeal to dogma. I dare say every 
 genealogist has seen cases where the marriage of first cousins was 
 followed by good progeny, and equally cases where the result was 
 bad. There is plenty of evidence of that sort to be had on both 
 sides. I think it is safe to say that genetics ^has established the 
 status of consanguineous marriage beyond all dispute. It certainly 
 is not bad in itself, although first cousins are forbidden by law to 
 marry in a third of the States of the Union." It simply results 
 in a doubling up of the traits which the two may have in common. 
 If these traits are good, the children get a double dose of them, and 
 will be more highly endowed than their parents. If the traits are 
 bad, the children equally get a double dose of them, and may far 
 surpass their parents in worthlessness, or in the prominence of any 
 particular defect. The general conclusion is clear to us ; marriages 
 between cousins or other relatives of equal consanguinity should not 
 be condemned offhand, but the facts should be taken into consider- 
 ation in each individual case. And it should be borne in mind, of 
 course, that a trait may be latent or concealed in each of the cousins, 
 but come into expression in their children. Although cousin mar- 
 riages, therefore, should be scrutinized closely, we certainly find 
 no reason to forbid them when the contracting parties are of 
 sound stock. 
 
 Inheritance of Disease. 
 
 The question of the inheritance of disease is one of great im- 
 portance, which can be studied very easily through genealogy. Of 
 course, no one with a knowledge of modern work in genetics now 
 believes that diseases are actually inherited as such; but there is a
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 73 
 
 jrreat deal of fvidence to show that what the doctors call "diathesis." 
 a predisposing tendenc}' to some disease, may he inherited. Greater 
 research is urgently needed to Hnd the extent and limits of such 
 inheritance, and it is to enlightened genealogy that we must look 
 for the solution of the problem — oi- rather, problems — since there 
 are as many problems as there are diseases, defects and abnormali- 
 ties. We must not draw hasty generalizations, but attack each 
 subject separately. We have pretty good evidence, for instance, 
 that the tubercular diathesis is inherited; that the white plague 
 ravages some families and leaves others untouched ; that almost every 
 city-dweller, at least, is at some time or other during his life in- 
 fected with phtliisis, and whether lie resists or succumbs depends on 
 his heredity. Herein lies guidance for those who would marry; 
 other things being equal let them avoid the weak stocks, the stocks 
 known to be marked with tuberculosis. But because tuberculosis is 
 thus a matter of heredity, it does not necessarily follow that cancer, 
 or any other disease, is. We must take nothing for gi-anted; we 
 must find out by examining man}' families in which a given disease 
 or abnormality occurs. And to do this we must depend on the 
 data of genealogy. 
 
 Here, however, let me utter an emphatic warning against super- 
 ficial investigation. The medical ])rofession has been particularly 
 hasty, many times, in reporting cases which were assumed to demon- 
 strate heredity. The child was so and so; it was found on inquiry 
 that the father was also so and so : i)o.'it hoc, ergo propter hoc — it 
 must have been heredity. Such a method of investigation is cal- 
 culated to bring the science of genetics into dfsrepute, and might 
 easily ruin the credit of the science of genealogy, should genealogy 
 allow itself to be so misled. As a fact, one case counts for practi- 
 cally nothing as proof of hereditary influence: even half a dozen 
 or a dozen may be of no significance Tliere are two ways in 
 which we can analyze genealogical data to deduce biological laws : 
 one is based on the application of higher mathematics to mass 
 statistics, and needs some hundreds of cases to be of value: the 
 other is by pedigree-study, and needs at least three generations of 
 pedigree, usually covering numerous collaterals, to oit'er any certain 
 results. Not all the findings announced even by professional 
 eugenists have met one or other of these requirements, and to the 
 extent in which they have fallen short, they ai-e being discredited. 
 It is not to be supposed that anyone with a sufficiently complete 
 record of his own ancestr}' would necessarily be able by inspection 
 to deduce from it any important contribution to science. But if 
 enough complete family records are iiuule available, the professional 
 genetist can be called into co-operation, can supplement the human 
 record with his knowledge of the results achieved by carefully 
 controlled animal and jilant bi-eeding, and between them the geneal- 
 ogist and the eugeni.st can in most cases arrive at the truth. That
 
 74 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 such triitli is of the highest importance to any family, and equally 
 to society as a whole, must be evident. 
 
 Sex-Linked Inheritance. 
 
 The whole question of sex-linked inheritance depends for its 
 solution on the extension of genealogical material. It is often said 
 that sons take after their mothers, while daughters tend to resemble 
 their fathers. The Arabs and Hebrews put the same idea a little 
 differently, that a son tends to resemble his maternal uncle. Is 
 there anything in these ideas ? In a small way, there is no mystery 
 about it; we know that certain hereditary traits are sex-linked — 
 that they are carried by one sex but appear in the other. Thus it 
 is rare to find women who are color blind, but a woman who does not 
 show this defect herself may have inherited it from her father, 
 who was visibly affected, and transmit it to her sons, who will 
 also be visibly affected. Extending this principle, it is easy to 
 see that a boy might inherit some traits from his mother, which 
 his father wholly lacked, and that a daughter might similarly re- 
 ceive exclusive traits from her father. Sex-linked heredity 
 in the human race has so far been definitely proved only in 
 regard to color-blindness, hemophilia and a few other abnormal 
 conditions; but with the co-operation of the genealogists it is 
 probable that this condition, as important as it is interesting, will 
 be found to prevail more widely. 
 
 The problem of the inheritance of fecundity can obviously be 
 settled only through proper genealogical material. It is known 
 that fecundity is to some extent an inherited characteristic, although 
 doubtless affected in man largely hy outward circumstances. The 
 voluntary limitations of births, which has become so widespread 
 during the last generation, of course complicates the study of this 
 subject, but there is, nevertheless, room for much W'Ork of a 
 distinctly practical kind. Obviously one of the easiest ways to im- 
 prove the general average of the race Avould be to have high 
 fecundity in the superior stocks and low fecundity in the inferior 
 ones. It is equalW obvious that if fecundity is associated with 
 inferiority — with feeble-mindedness, for example, that disastrous 
 results will ensue if Nature is allowed to "take its course." The 
 genealogist can contribute indispensable material for this study, 
 and for the general study of the birth-rate in various sections of 
 the community at various periods — a study which is the very foun- 
 dation of applied eugenics. 
 
 Frederick S. Crum's work'* on published genealogies of New 
 England families shows what can be done in this line. From his 
 material, Crum was able to get figures for 12,722 wives, and he 
 found that the number of children per wife had decreased as follows :
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 75 
 
 1750-1799 6.43 
 
 1800-1849 4.94 
 
 1850-1869 3.47 
 
 1870-1879 2.77 
 
 Before 1700 less than 2 per cent, of the wives had only one child 
 each; nowadays the percentage is about 20. The percentage of 
 wives in his records who are absolutely childless has increased as 
 follows : 
 
 1750-1799 1.88 
 
 1800-1849 4.07 
 
 1850-1869 5.91 
 
 1870-1879 8.10 
 
 He finds, on analysis of the most recent material, that the New 
 England wives of the present day, representing the old Colonial 
 stock, have an average of 1.92 living children each, while the foreign- 
 born mothers in the same districts have 3.01. We are accustomed to 
 point with pit}'' at France as a nation committing race suicide, with 
 more deaths than births; as a fact, the old American stock in New 
 England is dying out more rapidly, through race suicide, than is 
 the population of France. Unless a change takes place the stock 
 which has furnished most of the genealogies, and a large part 
 of the great men and women, of America is doomed to perish. 
 
 The inheritance of the tendency to produce twins is an inter- 
 esting trait, not without practical as well as theoretical import- 
 ance, which could probably be solved were a sufficient number of 
 well-kept family trees made available for study. It is known that 
 t\vinning is largely a matter of heredity, although the exact man- 
 ner in which the tendency is inherited is still obscure. A good 
 example of the danger of hasty generalization is furnished by the 
 announcement made by some enthusiastic investigator a few years 
 asi'o''' that he had found a number of cases which made it evident 
 to him that the tendency to twinning was due to the father rather 
 than the mother. As ordinary twins are due to the production of 
 two ova instead of one, and as the production of ova can hardly 
 be denied to be a function of the mother rather than the father, 
 the claim is absurd. Yet it is possible that a tendency to twinning 
 might be sex-linked and transmitted through a father to his daugh- 
 ters, as has recently been asserted to be the case with high egg 
 production in hens. Wliatever the solution may be, it still lies 
 hidden in pedigrees which the genealogist will make, or is already 
 making. 
 
 Data on All Traits Wanted. 
 
 But this list might grow interminal)ly : for properly kept gene- 
 alogical records wifl furnisli material, without further trouble, for 
 attacking very nearly all the problems in human heredity that are 
 conceivable. The compiler of family histories need only include
 
 76 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 every physical or mental trait possible, bearing in mind that the 
 genetist will ask two questions about it : 
 
 Is this characteristic inherited? 
 If so, how? 
 Nor must it be forgotten that we are often as much interested in 
 knowing that a given character is not inherited under certain con- 
 ditions, as that it is. 
 
 Aside from biology, or that phase of it which we call eugenics, 
 genealogy may also serve medicine, jurisprudence, sociology, statis- 
 tics, and various other sciences as well as the ones which it now 
 serves. But in most cases such service will have a eugenic aspect. 
 The alliance between eugenics and genealogy is one that is certainly 
 foreordained, and it cannot be put off much longer. 
 
 You may ask what facilities we have for receiving and using 
 pedigrees such as I have been outlining, if they were made up. 
 You are all, of course, familiar with the repositories which the 
 different patriotic societies, the National Genealogical Society, and 
 similar organizations maintain, as well as the collections of the 
 Library of Congress and other great public institutions. Anything 
 deposited in such a place can be found by the investigators, mostly 
 attached to colleges and universities, who are actively engaged in 
 eugenic research. 
 
 In addition to this there are certain establishments founded for 
 the sole purpose of analyzing genealogies from a biological or statis- 
 tical point of view. The first of these was the Galton Laboratory 
 of the University of London, directed by Karl Pearson. I shall not 
 take time to mention the European institutions, but shall call to 
 your attention tlie two at work in tlie United States. 
 
 The larger is the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 
 Long Island, New York, directed by Dr. Charles B. Davenport 
 and maintained largely through the generosity of Tilrs. E. H. Ilarri- 
 man. Blank schedules are sent to all applicants, in which the 
 pedigree of an individual may be easily set down, with reference 
 particularly to the traits of eugenic importance. When desired the 
 office will send duplicate schedules, one of which may be retained 
 by the applicant for his own files. The schedules filed at the 
 Eugenics' Record Off-ice are treated as absolutely confidential, ac- 
 cess to them being given only to accredited investigators." 
 
 The second institution of this kind is the Genealogical Record 
 Office, founded and directed by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, at 
 1601 Thirty-fifth Street. Northwest. Washington, D. C. This de- 
 votes itself solely to the collection of data regarding longevity, and 
 sends out schedules to all those in whose families there have been 
 individuals attaining the age of 80 or over. It welcomes correspond- 
 ence on the sub.ject from all who know of cases of long life, and 
 endeavors to put the particulars on record, especially with reference 
 to the ancestry and habits of the long-lived individual.
 
 GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 77 
 
 Duty of the Individual. 
 
 Persons intelligently interested in their ancestry might well 
 consider it a duty to society, and to their own posterity, to send 
 for one of the Eugenics' Record Office schedules, fill it out and 
 place it on file there, and to do the same with the Genealogical 
 Record Office, if they are so fortunate as to come of a stock char- 
 acterized by longevity. The filling out of these schedules would be 
 likely to lead to a new viewpoint of genealogy; and when this 
 viewpoint is once gained, I am satisfied that the student will find 
 it adds immensely to his interest in his pursuit. 
 
 You are all familiar with the charge of long standing, that 
 genealogy is a subject of no use, a fad of a privileged class. I do 
 not need to tell you that such a charge is untrue. Rut T think that 
 genealogy can be made a much more useful science then it now is, 
 and that it will be at the same time more interesting to its followers, 
 if it ceases to look on itself as an end in itself, or solely as a minister 
 to family pride. I hope to see it look on itself as a handmaid of 
 evolution, just as other sciences are coming to do; I hope to see 
 it link arms with the great biological movement of the present day ; 
 I hope to see the two of thetu working in close harmony for the 
 betterment of mankind. 
 
 So much for the science as a whole. Wliat can the individual 
 do? Nothing better than to broaden his outlook so that he may 
 view his family not as an exclusive entity, centered in a name, 
 dependent on some illustrious man or men of the past : but rather 
 as an integral part of the great fabric of human life, its warp and 
 woof continuous from the dawn of creation and criss-crossed at 
 each generation. Wlien he gets this vision, he will desire to make 
 his family tree as full as possible, to include his collaterals, to note 
 every trait which he can find on record, to preserve the photographs 
 and measurements of his own contemporaries, and to take a pride 
 in feeling that the history of his family is a contribution to human 
 knowledge, as well as to the pride of the family. 
 
 If the individual genealogist does this, the science of genealogy 
 will become a splendid servant of the whole race, and its influence, 
 not confined to a few. will be felt by all as a positive, dynamic force 
 helping them to lead more worthy lives in the short span allotted 
 to them, and helping them to leave more worthy posterity to carry 
 on the names they bore and the sacred thread of immortality, of 
 which they were for a time the custodians. 
 
 'Lorenz, Ottodar — Lehrbuch der gesammten wis.'ienschaftlichen Genealogie. 
 Berlin, W. Hertz, 189 8. 
 
 'Davenport. C. B. — Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, p. 240. New Yorit, Henry 
 Holt & Co., 1911. 
 
 'Galton's Law of Ancestral Heredity (which is purely statistical in nature and 
 may be quite mi.sleading when applied to individual ca.ses) makes it possible to 
 calculate the contribution of eacli ancestor, all the way to infinity. Pearson 
 has modified it, but as I cite it here merely by way of illustration. I use 
 Galton's orig-inal form for the sake of simplicity. Following is the calcula- 
 tion for the first six generations:
 
 78 
 
 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OP GENEALOGY 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Influence of 
 
 Influence of 
 
 Generation 
 
 Ancestors 
 
 Generation 
 
 Individual 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 50. 
 
 25. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 25. 
 
 6.25 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 12.5 
 
 1.56 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 6.25 
 
 0.39 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 3.125 
 
 0.10 
 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 1.5625 
 
 0.024 
 
 'Galton, Francis — Hereditary Genius, p. 87. London, The Macmillan Co., 1869. 
 'Fowler, William Chauncey — Conditions of Success in Genealogical Investiga- 
 tions. N. E. Hist, and Gen. Soc, Boston. 1866. 
 
 'Woods, Frederick Adams — Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty. New York, 
 Henry Holt & Co., 1906 ; also The Influence of Monarchs. New York, The Mac- 
 millan Co., 1914. 
 
 'Pearson, Karl — Royal Society of London. Phil, Trans., vol. 192A. p. 277 ; 
 Biometrika, vol. I, p. 74. London, 1903. 
 
 •Bell, Alexander Graham — Memoirs Upon the Formation of a Deaf "Variety of 
 the Human Race. Washington, D. C, National Academy of Sciences, 1884. 
 
 'For a summary see Harris, J. Arthur — Assortative Mating in Man. Popular 
 Science Monthly, LXXX, No. 5, pp. 476-493, New York, May, 1912. 
 
 "Davenport. C. B. — State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection, p. 14. Eugenics 
 Record Office Bull. No. 9, Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., June, 1913. 
 
 ''Crum, Frederick S. — The Decadence of the Native American Stock. Quarterly 
 Pub. American Statistical As.sn., XIV, n. s. 107. pp. 215-223, Sept., 1914. 
 
 "Cited by Weinberg. W. — Methode der Vererbungsforschung beim Menschen. 
 Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 49, 1912; No. 14, pp. 646-649 (April 1), 
 and No. 15, pp. 697-701 (April 8). 
 
 i^'Since the above was written, the Eugenics Record Office has published 
 Bulletin No. 13 on "How to Make a Eugenical Family Study." It gives details 
 of procedure which will be of much value to anyone interested in genealogy 
 from the viewpoint I have outlined, and will be sent gratis. I believe, to any 
 serious Inquirer.
 
 MAYFLOWER DESCENDANTS 79 
 
 GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH AMONG DES- 
 CENDANTS OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 By HERBERT FOLGER 
 
 HISTORIAN tSOCIETY OF MAYFLO^'KR DESCENDANTS IN THfi 
 8TATB OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Some seven years ago, in the course of the work performed 
 as Historian of the Society of Mayflower Descendants of Cali- 
 fornia I had a call from an office boy, who asked if I owned a 
 ranch in the State of Washington ; I replied that I had no such 
 ranch. He then produced a record of a policy issued to "H. 
 Folger" and giving a Washington address. 
 
 The Society made it a practice to address postal cards or 
 circulars to persons whose names implied that they might be 
 descended from the passengers on the good ship "Mayflower." 
 A card was accordingly sent to Mr. H. Folger, and the card 
 asked that the names of his parents and grandparents be for- 
 warded to the Society, together with certain other information. 
 In due time we received a reply that his father was named Jethro 
 and that the family came from North Carolina and had no con- 
 nection with any Mayflower stock ; that there was a tradition 
 in North Carolina, however, that their ancestors had come from 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Upon investigation it was found that a Latham Folger had 
 removed from Massachusetts to North Carolina in 1774 and been 
 lost sight of. It was five years before we could determine in 
 general terms where this family had gone and of whom it con- 
 sisted. Finally a young lady was found in North Carolina who 
 proved a good friend. She was connected with Guilford Col- 
 lege, which had in its vaults some of the records of the Society 
 of Quakers of early days. It trans])ired that all the emigrants 
 to North Carolina from Massachusetts at that time were mem- 
 bers of the Society of Quakers, the move having been made to 
 escape the necessity of military service. 
 
 That society not only recorded the names of children who 
 were born but also made very complete records of the mar- 
 riages. Every certificate began: "Whereas son of 
 
 desires marriage with daughter of " and often also 
 
 gave the names of all relatives present together Avith their rela- 
 tionship, rendering the records of the greatest value. We his* 
 torians who are required to prove statements are especially 
 helped when we can refer to a record which clearly traces the 
 parentage of the people affected. 
 
 It was found that Latham Folger had ten children, one of 
 whom was named Jethro and was born in 1797. This hardly 
 seemed to meet the case, for it did not seem possible that a man
 
 80 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 writing the hand in which Homer Folger's letter was written 
 could be the son of a man born in 1797. He was communicated 
 with on this point, and stated that in 1855 his father Jethro 
 married a second wife and that he had himself been born in 
 1862, wdien his father was 65 years of age. 
 
 This peculiar case drew" the attention of our society to the 
 need of reliable vital records and we have ever since sought by 
 individual correspondence to ascertain and preserve the records 
 of families. We have had some success, but I am convinced that 
 we Americans do not pay sufficient attention to the necessity of 
 following the custom of our ancestors in recording the names of 
 our children not only in town records but also in church and 
 family records. 
 
 Getting down to the concrete, on the Pacific Coast w^e are 
 three thousand miles from Plymouth. It is found that one-third 
 of the claims filed with the Society have been invalid because 
 incorrect; lines of descent submitted in good faith have many 
 defects. Of the remainder some are quite unable to go back 
 of their grandparents ; old people are excusable for not remem- 
 bering their grandparents' names. 
 
 If we are disappointed in this way in 1915, what may we 
 expect in the year 2000? Many records now available are sub- 
 ject to loss. It should be possible for a Federation such as this 
 to preserve records, make them accessible, and arouse the in- 
 terest of the community at large in vital records. The fact that 
 the men coming to California brought no records with them, 
 preserved none and kept none, has made the work in California 
 exceptionally difficult, but interest has been aroused to cor- 
 respond with the magnitude of the task. 
 
 The interest in genealogical work is largely personal; it may 
 be that some of you can enjoy hearing other people recount a 
 line at great length but I confess I get very tired and that a 
 little goes a long way with me. How many fully realize that 
 the chief interest in the subject of Pilgrim genealogy lies in the 
 personality it brings up — in the character of the stock — and lies 
 further in the historical fact that this original stock which landed 
 on the shores of Massachusetts in 1620 very shortly scattered. 
 Many of them are lost to sight and a large part of them are lost 
 in the records. 
 
 One who says there are a million descendants of the Pilgrims 
 in this nation may be stating a truth literally but he could not 
 possibly prove it. At the end of 21 years the Society of May- 
 flower Descendants has not had more than four thousand mem- 
 bers in the entire nation. 
 
 I urge upon you when you go to your homes that in the 
 society each attends a record of descent as showing that one 
 comes of good clean stock shall be set dow^n and preserved. I do 
 not think that in the concrete you can do any better work.
 
 GENEALOGY AND HUMAN SOCIETY 81 
 
 IHE STUDY OF GENEALOGY AND ITS 
 
 PLACE IN THE AFFAIRS OF 
 
 HUMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 By CHARLES G. FINNEY WILCOX 
 
 OF THK ASSOCIATION OFWIl.(OX FAMILIKS AND AI-LIED FAMIMKS. 
 
 Genealogy touches life in its most vital and important relations. 
 In the Mytliology of tlie Ancients there were the Parcae, or Fates, 
 who were conceived as holding the destinies of all mankind in their 
 hands. They were known as Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos. The 
 significance of the allusion to them in this place will be obvioiis 
 upon a further investigation of their offices or the sphere of their 
 dominion over humanity. 
 
 An ancient verse best defines their character and their offices: 
 
 Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, 
 Et Atropos occat. 
 
 This translated means: "Clotho upliolds the column or distaff, 
 Lachesis spins or weaves, and Atropos cuts the thread." 
 
 When appearing together they were generally represented as 
 three women with chaplets made of white wool and interwoven with 
 flowers of the narcissus. They were covered with a white robe and 
 fillet of the same color bound with chaplets. 
 
 By reason of their office their power was great and extensive: 
 Clotho, the youngest, presiding over birth and generation, or the 
 origin of life; Lachesis, the second, presiding over the future and 
 the fortunes and success of life; and Atropos, the oldest, decreeing 
 the end of life and cutting it off in accordance with her arbi- 
 trary Mill. 
 
 These goddesses were supposed to be subject to none of tlie gods 
 but Jupiter, while some supposed that even Jupiter himself was 
 subject to them and obedient to their commands. They were 
 generally regarded as the arbiters of life and death of mankind 
 and it was supposed that whatever of good or evil niight befall 
 persons in the world proceeded from them. 
 
 Thus the Fates or Parcae controlled the life, fortune and death, 
 or the supreme destinies of mankind; so genealogy records the 
 same events in the lives of mankind. As the Parcae occupied a 
 place of supreme power so genealogy occupies a similar place of 
 supreme importance, as it is no less than the history of the 
 omnipotent decrees and ensuing deeds and enactments of these
 
 82 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 omnipotent deities in their administration of the affairs of the 
 human race over which they bear rule. 
 
 We cannot overestimate the importance of the study of geneal- 
 ogy; as we have said, it touches life in its most momentous relations 
 in conjunction with history; it is to be gleaned from an infinite 
 variety of sources; at every turn we are confronted with sources 
 of information and evidences of genealogical facts; public records, 
 directories, registers of churches, monuments and tombstones. I 
 would suggest as a clew not often resorted to, the subscription lists 
 of journals and periodicals, and even the books of account of 
 business firms may contain names of certain persons otherwise un- 
 obtainable. 
 
 The relation of a family to certain persons is often suggested 
 or evidenced by the naming of children; the political affiliations 
 and sympathies, or the particular beliefs of a person or family are 
 also thus often shown in that the child is named for a person 
 prominent at the time, or one Avho is revered and honored by the 
 family in which the child is born. 
 
 The knowledge of one's genealogy is a guide to matrimonial 
 selection, by observation of results and the laws of heredity as well 
 as they may be understood and applied. It has been considered 
 as an aid to the elimination of unfit persons from society, but is 
 not suiificiently certain to justify the enactment of radical measures 
 that will interrupt the established course of governmental affairs 
 as adapted to the fundamental principles of law and government. 
 
 It discloses family tendencies; the effect on progeny of large 
 families may be noted by knowledge of these things ; there have 
 been observations relative to the probable success of the youngest 
 or oldest of a family, or their attaining to eminence; also the trans- 
 mission of family traits in older and younger children, the males 
 or the females, and the inheritance of the males or females from 
 the father or mother. 
 
 Genealogy and the study of the subject tends to accuracy and 
 order; it encourages the preservation of records, of relics, heir- 
 looms and monuments; it is an inspiration to higher ideals and 
 attainments of life; the study of the lives of our ancestors; it is 
 an incentive to the establishment of a truer and greater justice, a 
 larger liberty, a broader toleration, more tender compassion, a 
 truer democracy, a more steadfast hope, a stronger faith in God, in 
 man, in one's self. 
 
 It reveals the origin of a person and the effect of environment 
 and heredity upon his status and estate in society; the connections 
 of a man by marriage, his parentage or ancestry, and the effect 
 thereof upon his own life. 
 
 All should realize the importance of knoAvledge of these essent- 
 ial facts that they may more efficaciously protect themselves in their 
 rights and enjoy larger privileges, based thereon and arising there- 
 from.
 
 GENEALOGY AND HUMAN SOCIETY 85 
 
 t 
 
 To what shall we liken genealogy? It is the log-book of the 
 voyage of our ancestors adown the endless river of time — across 
 the shoreless sea of life; from it we should chart our own course 
 across the great ocean of futurity. 
 
 We should make our own genealogy an aid to ourselves, our 
 families, and our friends, and should by a knowledge of that of 
 others fortify and defend ourselves against our enemies. 
 
 The sphere of genealogy and the knowledge gained by study of 
 the subject is not and should not be involved with legislation or 
 government in our country. It has often been involved with the 
 government of other nations and has too often under these circum- 
 stances proven a bane or a curse to the people of such nation and 
 the world. 
 
 By applying the knowledge of the principles acquired by the 
 study of genealogy to our own lives as individuals and families we 
 may be benefited, and be the arbiters of our own lives and conduct, 
 but by seeking to apply these principles through the agency of civil 
 government and legislation we place ourselves in danger, because 
 we thereby give into the hands of others the absolute control of 
 our own destinies. 
 
 Each of us today can truly say: "I am the sum of my ancestors; 
 my world is the world in which my ancestors lived ; and the shrines 
 of my devotion are the homes and citadels of their nativity; and 
 the monuments that mark their graves are to me as precious stones 
 set in the treasure box of life." 
 
 By a knowledge of genealogy we acquire pride of birth ; we find 
 in it an inspiration to live a noble life, to be worthy of the honored 
 name we bear. It conduces to study and liberal education; the 
 study of hygiene and the development of physical strength and 
 beauty, the preservation of health and an incentive to a life of 
 sobriety; it inculcates a spirit of veneration and develops the 
 religious instinct in our nature; it is an incentive to thrift and 
 industry, and is, therefore, the basis and foundation of prosperity, 
 stability and wealth; it broadens and enlarges life in all its rela- 
 tions, and especially promotes domestic felicity and joy, harmony 
 and content. It conduces to right living, pleasant social relations, a 
 delightful courtship, and a pure, wholesome marriage ; an honorable 
 and a happy life ; a resigned and peaceful death ; a loved and cher- 
 ished memory in the hearts of friends and kindred ; a progeny on the 
 earth to fulfill and realize our hopes and aspirations and to guar- 
 antee unto us a realization of our cherished dream of an existence in 
 a future and a happier state ; the joys of love, honor and domestic 
 felicity in a world made bright and beautiful with flowers and gems 
 while living ; honor and veneration, tears and lamentations, sculp- 
 tured monuments and storied urns, garlands, and funeral wreaths 
 when silent in death, and though silent yet still existent, active and 
 living our own high ideals with a conscious realization and a per- 
 sonal delight in the lives of a devoted posterity, who are in their
 
 84 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 turn raised to a more exalted plane of life as a result of our own 
 lives and of the devotion and venerable regard we have exemplified 
 for our ancestors and the preservation of the knowledge of all that 
 appertains to them. 
 
 This indeed and in truth, is the sphere of genealogy in the 
 affairs of human society. He who plants his feet upon the vantage 
 ground of genealogy has surelj^ ascended the Holy Mount (even as 
 iMoses, the great Law Giver), from which may be seen the glories 
 of the Promised Land, where those who follow after us will enjoy 
 the bliss of life in a land of fertile valleys, wooded and watered 
 mountains, orchards and fruitful vineyards; a land that floweth 
 with milk and honey. 
 
 Genealogy reveals the kinship of man to man and nation to 
 nation; it exemplifies and proves the Divine Word, that "God hath 
 made of one flesh all nations tliat dwell in the earth." 
 
 "And ah ! it is a noble deed to show before mankind ; 
 How every race and every creed may be in love conjoined ; 
 May be conjoined, yet not forget. 
 The fountains whence they rose, 
 As filled with many a rivulet, 
 The stately Shannon flows." 
 
 It is the history of families in epochs and chapters. It is the 
 stratification of history, a chart of the evolution of our own race 
 and generation, disclosing the difference between families. 
 
 Genealogy discloses one's relatives and ena1)les one to benefit 
 as far as possible by the sacred ties of consanguinity. It gives one 
 a knowledge of the qualities of temperament, character and genius 
 in himself and others. If all men are related to one another, we 
 may by a knowledge of genealogy become acquainted Avith our near- 
 est relatives. 
 
 Genealogy in a monarchy or autocratic government is the cement 
 that binds together the stones in the edifice of state ; genealogy in 
 a democracy is the safeguard against revolution and the re-estab- 
 lishment of a despotism, for by a knowledge of genealogy the 
 people may be able to prevent descendants of their hereditary 
 enemies, the scions of ancient kings and emperors, from establish- 
 ing themselves in power. 
 
 Genealogy as a study is an inspiration and an aid to humanity 
 in all fields of endeavor and activity; as a science it is but specu- 
 lative, conjectural and uncertain. 
 
 It does not afford a sufficient basis for positive conclusions as 
 to what man will be, although it is a light to the understanding in 
 determining what men are. 
 
 It is the instrument of the despot, the conqueror, and the foeman 
 of mankind, when used for the subjugation and extermination of 
 a race, a nation, or a noble family.
 
 GENEAI.OGY AND HU.MAX SOCIETY 85 
 
 It is relied upon as ii means of arousing prejudice as well as 
 for fostering friendship; of inspiring fear as well as for winning 
 favor. It is used by ambitious and unjust rulers as a means of 
 overthrowing families and nations l)ecause of their relation to one 
 certain individual who luis incurred general disfavor or hatred. 
 
 The work of conquest by a tyrant may be more expeditious and 
 complete if by a false theor}^ of heredity he can induce his followers 
 or subjects to destroy a nation, a class of persons or a family, when 
 they would otherwise, and in justice, destroy only the individual 
 who might be guilty of the offense. 
 
 Persons interested in eugenics, and elimination by sterilization, 
 segregation and extermination, should consider the dangers to all 
 mankind of making it possi!)le for unjust men in political office 
 and temporary power to work an irreparable injury upon others 
 who might have incurred their hatred, malice and disfavor. 
 
 Where is genealogy found? Among what genus, race, order of 
 beings? What is its office? Do we find the accurate and precise 
 pedigree from the founding of the world among the slimy reptiles 
 crawling among the rocks of the wilderness? The savage beasts of 
 the forest that l)ite and devour one another, making the welkin hide- 
 ous by day and by night with their roaring and shrieks? Or even 
 among human kind do we find the naked savage, clad in the 
 breech cloth and anidets and anklets absorbed in the study of his 
 lineage and coat armor? And yet again do we find among the 
 oppressed serfs and slaves of semi-civilized nations or even among 
 the peasantry, an intense interest in the annals of their noble sires? 
 No. It is not among the savage tribes, not among .serfs and slaves, 
 not among the peasantry and yeomanry that we find the rare 
 exotic that blooms only in the palace of the king. It is not among 
 these that we find the carefully preserved pedigree with the arms 
 and crests of noble sires, M'ith hatchments, escutcheons and marks of 
 eadency, but only among the noble families who have stood above 
 tlieir kind through the lapse of passing centuries: 
 
 "As some proiul cliff that lifts its awful form. 
 Swells from tlie val(> and nobly cleaves the storm; 
 Though round its breast the rolling clouds are spread; 
 Eternal sunshine centei's on its head." 
 
 It is pertinent here to inquire why we are interested in gene- 
 alogy? Why should we be interested in this subject. We as 
 Americans — democratic citizens of a democratic nation — a nation 
 whose foundation and cornerstone is the preamble of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence which declares: ''All men are created equal, 
 and endowed hy their Creator with certain inalienable rights, 
 which among other.^ are life, lihertjjrand the pursuit of happiness." 
 Can true Americans boast an interest in that which concerns kings 
 and princes, and the scions of royalty? Or do we resign our title
 
 86 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEAL0G1 
 
 of Americans when we find in tracing our ancestral pedigrees that 
 we derive our origin from the kings and emperors of the Eastern 
 Hemisphere ? 
 
 This might at first appear to be the consistent deduction from 
 the previous statement, that genealogy in its completeness is most 
 often found among the royal families, but it is not a true and logical 
 conclusion, as we shall clearly show. But to properly answer 
 the question: "Can we as true Americans be interested in gene- 
 alogy in view of the assertion that the subject so largely concerns 
 nobility?" we must revert to some essential facts of history and 
 trace the circumstances and events that resulted in the colonization 
 of this, the Western Hemisphere, and the founding of the govern- 
 ment under which we live, the government of the United States 
 of America. 
 
 Before the Colonization, Development, Federation and Kevolu- 
 tion had been consummated in this country, for almost three cen- 
 turies the nations of Europe had been ravaged by civil war and 
 fratricidal strife. 
 
 The issues were the issues of Life, Liberty and Justice, as 
 against Arbitrary Power and Despotism ; the opposing parties and 
 armies were composed of persons of rank and nobility, sometimes 
 of factions of the same family, and sometimes of different families 
 opposed to one another from time immemorial ; but they were in 
 most cases commanded and championed by men of royal blood, 
 upon which side soever they were aligned. Ultimately, the more 
 powerful forces were successful, and the conquered at this, the Col- 
 onial period, sought asylum in America ; a very wise course, since 
 to be identified with a party known to be opposed to the Crown in 
 a Monarchical Government is more serious than to be opposed to 
 the predominating party in a Republican Government such as our 
 own. 
 
 In this way we can understand how it happened that many 
 families of noble blood settled in America as colonists, but owing to 
 political issues made no effort to herald the facts to the world and 
 eventually sunk into the oblivion of obscure life, and forgotten 
 graves. 
 
 As Americans then, although we do not seek to establish rights 
 to title, estates or hereditary offices, we may knoAv that we are 
 equal in rank if rank is honorable, to the noblest scion of the 
 royalty of Europe. 
 
 It is not for the glamor and pride of royalty alone that we, as 
 Americans, are interested in genealogy, although we often find 
 with royalty the highest perfection of genealogy — charts, family 
 trees, diagrams, arms, crests, hatchments, cadency, and all that 
 is associated with the genealogical science. 
 
 "For what is pomp, rule, reign^ 
 But earth and dust?"
 
 GENEALOGY AND HUMAN SOCIETY 87 
 
 "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth ere gave, 
 Await alike the inevitable hour. 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave." 
 
 Aye — and in the co\irse of time and events we oft see the 
 exemplification of the proverb : 
 
 "He hath put down the mighty from their seat; 
 He hath exalted them of low degree." 
 
 "Pride bend thine eye from heaven to thine estate, 
 
 See how the mighty sink into a song — 
 
 Can volume, pillar, pile, preserve the great? 
 
 Or must thou trust tradition's tongue, 
 
 When flattery sleeps with thee. 
 
 And historv does thee wrong?" 
 
 I 
 The kaleidoscopic changes in the fortunes of the world continu- 
 ally and unceasingly bring before the eye of the observer of men 
 and affairs the changing glories of the scene. As the kaleidoscope 
 revolves, the position of the variously colored prisms is shifted and 
 new combinations of form and color are presented to the eye in 
 infinite variety ; the red and the blue, the yellow and the purple, 
 the orange and green, the black and the white, the neutral tints 
 all commingling and reflected, always changing, never twice the 
 same. But in the never ceasing change the black and the white, the 
 neutral tints and the grays, the red and the blue, the yellow and 
 the purple, the orange and green, never lose their value, but remain 
 ever the same ; ever producing upon the retina the same impression 
 and effect, only by juxtaposition, position and reflection and chang- 
 ing light and multiplication is the change in effect produced. 
 
 Our lives, individually and collectively, are one vast kaleidoscope 
 in which we are each but as one of the brilliant prisms jostling and 
 piling one upon another, ever assuming new positions reflecting the 
 light of new surroundings, but ever the same identical prisms, 
 or units. 
 
 In the great kaleidoscope of human life as the world revolves 
 we can behold the coalition of individuals, the serf, the slave, the 
 savage, the barbarian, the peasant and the yeoman, the general and 
 the statesman, the prince and the king, priest and bishop, 
 cardinal and pontiff, each in the sphere of their changing environ- 
 ment and surroundings, but ever the character of each remains the 
 same. Now one, now another appears in ascendency, in all the 
 blazing glory of royalty and power, clothed in regal majesty-— 
 vassals waiting at their command and princes bowing before their 
 decrees; but regardless of position or transient power each retains 
 and displays to the world his true character of prince or plebeian,
 
 88 INTERNATIOxMAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 emperor or slave, king or peasant; the God-man in the sovereign 
 majesty of noble character, or the degraded being in the unclean 
 garments of vice and crime, upon the royal throne or -whatever 
 may be the apparent station he holds in the world of men. 
 
 In the songs of Kabir, by Raniandranath Tagore, he has said: 
 "When the wave rises it is the water, and when it falls it is the 
 same water. Because it has been named a wave, shall it no longer 
 be water?" 
 
 Of many a noble family of former days it might be truly said : 
 
 "Bright star of the morning that beamed on the brow, 
 Of the chief of ten thousand, oh where are thou now? 
 The sword of your fathers is cankered with rust, 
 And the might of thy clan is bowed low in the dust." 
 
 Of the noble family of Roslyn we read: 
 
 "Seemed all on fire that chappelle proud, 
 Where Roslyn 's chiefs uncoffined lie. 
 Each baron for a sable shroud 
 Shelled in his iron panoply. 
 
 "Blazed battlements and pennants bright, 
 Blazed every rose-carved buttress fair, 
 So shall they blaze when falls in might. 
 The leading line of high St. Clare. 
 
 "There twenty of Rosh'n's barons bold 
 Lie buried within that proud cliappelle. 
 Each one the holy vault doth hold. 
 But the sea holds lovely Rosabelle. " 
 
 " 'Twere long to tell, and srid to trace, 
 Each step from splendor to disgrace." 
 
 In the foregoing we have sufficiently emphasized and illustrated 
 the fact that station does not confer character nor wealth station ; 
 that station is not enduring, and that neither royal title, station, 
 wealth nor character can be successively and indeterminately trans- 
 mitted with certainty from generation to generation ; but we believe 
 it to be indisputable that character above all — wealth, station, 
 royalty, power, aye, character of all things, is the most enduring, 
 potential and fruitful in largess of reward to those who possess it — 
 "Above all things, Truth beareth away the victory." 
 The question may arise : If the most prized and most valuable 
 things of life are not transmissible with certainty from one genera- 
 tion to another, why should we devote our time and attention to 
 the laborious task of tracing and preserving our lineage from re-
 
 GENEALOGY AND HU.MAX SOCIETY 89 
 
 mote and forgotten anoestors? Arc we not chasing moonbeams, and 
 the "will-o'-tho-wisp" in the Everglades? 
 
 No, emi)hatically no — "You perceive the wind and hear its 
 murmuring music, but whence it has come and whither it may wan- 
 der you may never know." Yet will you disregard the wnnd at 
 times and thereby sacrifice yourselves to it by disdaining to 
 take due precaution for protection against its power. Intelligent 
 beings observe, study and record the actions of the winds and all 
 natural forces of nature that they may be prepared to avert dangers 
 or disaster and benefit by a knowledge of the salutory and beneficent 
 effects of such physical conditions as may obtain ; and in like 
 manner shovdd we observe and record all incidents and facts that 
 may reflect light upon the origin, nature, derivation and character 
 of men, that we may know their nature and their destinies as far 
 as may be possible by having an adequate knowledge of their 
 ancestry and origin. 
 
 The development of our race has been gradual — the advance- 
 ment of learning and science, religion and art has been slow and 
 laborious : 
 
 "Science moves by slowest stages, 
 Creeping on from point to point. 
 
 Heaven is not reached by a single bound, 
 But we build the ladder by which we rise, 
 
 From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies. 
 And we mount to its summit round by round." 
 
 Although the science of life is incomplete and imperfect we 
 must endeavor to perfect and apply it. The procreation of our 
 species is the grcnitest, the most absorbiug responsibility devolving 
 upon human beings, and although the laws of procreation or repro- 
 duction are but inadequately and vaguely understood by the human 
 family, as we continue to live and reproduce our species we should 
 eontinue to study and learn these laws by improving every oppor- 
 tunity for observation and investigation relative to the principles 
 of this fundamental though abtruse science of the creation of the 
 future race. 
 
 Thus we see that by genealogical research we nuiy learn the 
 laws of reprodu(qion. not only with respect to the reprodiu-tion of 
 physical beings, but with respect to mentality and moral tendencies, 
 and various phases of character. If by our devotion to this absorb- 
 ing study we can establish definitely, and conclusively demonstrate 
 some certain principles of the law of life not before enunciated or 
 understood by human beings, we will have raised the race one step 
 higher toward the celestial realm — the perfect life and environment 
 to which optimists, religionists and propliets have looked and for 
 which they have hoped in all ages.
 
 90 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 The influence and efforts of governmental enactments are so 
 far reaching that we should not venture upon new and novel ex- 
 periments, but should stand firm upon the time-tried and tested 
 principles of law, justice and truth that have endured through the 
 passing centuries. 
 
 To make our state and nation what it should be we must be 
 wise, deliberative and true. We must realize what is the nature 
 of a nation and a state. 
 
 Alceus to Mytelene. 
 
 What constitutes a state? 
 Not high raised battlements or labored mound, 
 
 The thick walled moated gate. 
 Not altars proud with spires or turret crowned, 
 
 Not bays and broad armed ports. 
 Where laughing at the storms rich navies ride, 
 
 Not starred and spangled courts. 
 Where low-browed coarseness wafts perfume and pride, 
 
 No — men! high-minded men 
 With powers as far above dull brute endued 
 
 In forest, brake or den, 
 As birds excel cold rocks and brambles rude, 
 
 Men who their duties know 
 But knowing their rights, and knowing dare maintain, 
 
 Prevent the long-armed blow. 
 And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain, 
 
 These constitute the state. ^
 
 THE HOUSE RESTORED 91 
 
 THE HOUSE RESTORED. 
 
 By MARIAN LONGFELLOMT 
 
 OF THK S!iOCIBlV OK THE DK>*«1;NDANT>» OK Rt>HKHT BAHTI.KTT, K»Q., 
 OF PI-YMOUTH, MA>!iHA<:HL'!SETTW. 
 
 This is, happily, the age of the "builder" and not the "icono- 
 clast," in spite of the great havoc waging in Europe. I have faith 
 to believe that, like the phoenix of old, there will arise from the 
 dust and ashes of evil passions, relentless hate and iconoclastic 
 struggle the era of a brighter day for the family of mankind. 
 
 There is, I believe, no nobler pursuit, no higher object than the 
 building up of the beauties of character and high purpose as 
 evinced in the lives of those who have preceded us. Indeed, it is 
 a sacred trust committed to our hands that there be no jot or tittle 
 of their good work allowed to perish from among us. 
 
 The lot of the genealogist is not a happy one, which sentiment, 
 although first voiced under a jest in comic opera in dealing with 
 another walk of life, is true. I would liken the work to that of 
 the toiler who seeks laboriously to rescue from the dust heap of 
 oblivion and disregard the jewel of high purpose and the deed of 
 renown. Of a truth the labor is heavy; much is investigated and 
 ofttimes little is obtained in genealogical research, but the purpose 
 is a noble one and must eventually find its reward. For every 
 nugget of gold discovered there must be tons of rubbish to explore ; 
 still the knowledge that the nugget is there to be found inspires 
 and upholds the seeker. 
 
 We are the guardians of the past; upon us rests a sacred duty, 
 and in the performance of it there should be, as I have said, suffi- 
 cient reward. If the genealogist be watchful, earetaking and 
 conscientious, though this harvest be small, his or her work is 
 of inestimable value. But what is to be said of the slipshod worker 
 in the ranks of genealogical research? The investigator who stops 
 just short of the goal desired? The seeker who is satisfied with 
 the plausible explanation of a problem? There is nothing so to 
 be feared and so common, alas, as the superficial laborer in the 
 vineyard. There have been more mistakes made, more havoc 
 wrought by such than in any other pursuit. The opinionated 
 person is to be dreaded, but that very trait leads often, through 
 its very intensity of purpose, to the solving of the problem, while 
 the superficial seeker never attains the object sought and frequently 
 is guilty of "false witness" in placing on record some erroneous 
 statement which, like the tare among the wheat, spreads and 
 strangles and finally nullifies all the good heretofore accomplished.
 
 92 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 For this reason, that there is so much superfieial work done, so 
 much that lacks the seal of complete reliance and the endorsement 
 of the learned, I would urge upon you, members of this Interna- 
 tional Congress of Genealogy now convened, to endorse most 
 strongly the plan of "an uniform publication of the historical 
 and vital records of various counties and states now unpublished, 
 and the establishment of a National Bureau of Vital Records as a 
 part of governmental records at Washington, similar to the records 
 in the General Register Office, Somerset House, London, England. ' ' 
 
 The history of Great Britain is long and brilliant ; the knowl- 
 edge of the great importance of preserving the records of its history 
 has ever had a firm hold upon that nation. 
 
 We are the children of that blood, many of us having in our 
 veins no other mixture. Its high renown is ours; its sons were 
 worthy of the scions from whom they came. Why do we, then, 
 continue to let the "house beautiful" remain in a state of dilapi- 
 dation? 
 
 The same is to be said of those having in their veins the blood 
 of the Huguenot and the Hollandais. We are proud of that, does 
 it not follow that we owe a duty to our forebears and, owing that 
 duty, does it not become us to perform it? In the economy of 
 life there is a large factor which may be briefly listed under the 
 head of "The Family." We know the exact value of the "family" 
 as it affects our own individual case — the relationship of father, 
 mother, sister, brother, husband, wife and children; but that is 
 family in a restricted sense. 
 
 Do we keep in mind the relative value of the "family" as 
 applied to our ancestral lines? Do we see and recognize the traits, 
 the habits, the virtues, and, alas! the vices that accrue to us through 
 a long line of forbears? Do we justly value the good that has come 
 to us thereby, and wisely guard against the evil that also comes 
 into that great scheme of life? 
 
 A man lives — or a woman — for his or her family. They die 
 for a principle or an inherited obligation. 
 
 If, then, the unit of the family calls forth such devotion, must 
 not the idea of the tie of a common stock have great w^eight? It 
 is well, and just, and proper to do all for and in the individual 
 family life, but should all interest cease there? 
 
 What higher incentive to pure living and noble deeds than the 
 remembrance that one has sprung from a line which has made its 
 mark in history, has written its name on the pages of humanity I 
 
 The Chinese have their form of "ancestor-worship," and it 
 has been the fashion to deride such; but the ancestor- worship that 
 bids us remember the chivalrous deeds, the noble thoughts that 
 were the soul of those from whom we have descended is a high and 
 praiseworthy object. 
 
 Again the individual family, in many cases, tends to selfishness : 
 the horizon is too circumscribed, the outlook is too narrow, and the
 
 THE HOUSE REST0RP:D 93 
 
 wtiU known aphorism "charity begins at home" is f>t'ten so insist- 
 ently urged that it is likely to remain at home aJid there end ! 
 
 If we will but enlarge our interests; if we will but turn a 
 kindly thought to some other branch of the family tree; if we will 
 but believe that among the larger army of ''collateral branches" 
 we may find interests, enthusiasms, incentives to higher and broader 
 action, then will we find the "family," like the newer and loftier 
 progressive shell of the chambered nautilus, grow more beautiful 
 and appealing, and as a consequence will make our lives more 
 useful in the world. 
 
 Family lines lend a most fascinating and interesting aspect 
 of life. 
 
 We may lack some quality of mind or body that apparently 
 should be ours by virtue of bij-th, and lo ! we find it in some son 
 or daughter of a "collateral line," who has sprung from our 
 common ancestor. We may, in turn, possess some attribute or 
 <lualification that another descendant lacks, the quality of which 
 may be of real service to our neighbor. We become thereby of 
 actual service to the one who does not possess such quality or 
 qualities. 
 
 The view of a common fellowship through the same ties of 
 blood is broadening and helpful to a wonderful degree. Thus it is 
 that the welding into one form — the "family" — and the gathering 
 together of the widely separated members of each family is whole- 
 some and beneficent. 
 
 If we have been in doubt on thi^ point consider a few well 
 known "family" organizations. The "home coming" to the quaint 
 little home in Duxbury, with which the name of John Alden will 
 ever be associated; the gathering of that large association, "The 
 Alden Kindred of America," from all parts of the Ignited States 
 and sometimes from abroad, keeps the sacred fire alive upon the 
 altar of home and kindred. The pilgrimages of the "Society of 
 the Descendants of Robert Bartlet of Plymouth" to that city by 
 the sea, Plymouth. ]\rassachusetts, when members from far and near 
 gather about the boulder which has been erected upon the site of 
 the old homestead of ]\Ianomet. 
 
 The rallying about the old house at Dedham of men and women 
 in whose veins flows the blood of the Fairbanks, and the annual 
 gatherings of many, many other "families" prove that "blood is 
 thicker than water," that the tie of kinship is stronger than the 
 world, in its selfish struggle for power and wealth, is willing to 
 concede. It is here that the best traits are brought forward, for 
 who would hold up to public scrutiny, or seek to exhibit to the 
 world any ignoble strain? Seeking the best in a line is in itstdf 
 educational and beneficial. There is another point to be considered 
 — the strength of unity. 
 
 Then let us continue in this form of "ancestor-worship." seek- 
 ing the "survival of the fittest," the oldest of laws, and do all in
 
 94 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 our power to encourage the forming into "families" those or 
 common kindred, thus keeping alive that search for the best and 
 highest, which was the mark of the Pilgrim, the indomitable spirit 
 of the Puritan, the devotion of the Huguenot, the sturdy adherence 
 to duty and love of native land of the Hollandais, which is shared 
 by Belgium, as shown in her struggle against this atrocious war now 
 waging in Europe; and last, though first by right of settlement, 
 the high courage and daring of the Cavaliers, though screened in 
 velvet and lace ! 
 
 Thus, in order to preserve the "Family" we must preserve the 
 House, in which no more beautiful and important room is to be 
 found than that of its "hall of records." 
 
 Uniform publication of records is a vital point. Where authori- 
 ties differ confusion reigns. Vital statistics or records are justly 
 termed "vital," for they are vital as to worth and authority. 
 
 In the great scheme of government at our National capitol, that 
 of the establishment of a National Bureau of Vital Records, aye, 
 and the preservation of those now in its possession, is most fitting 
 and most hopeful of good results. 
 
 We must remember that in our hands has been reposed a great 
 trust, that of the preservation of the records of the great American 
 people descended from the races of the older world, and that in 
 Qur magnificent march of progress this is a salient feature. 
 
 It is an encouraging mark of the times that this large and 
 representative body should be today in convention, and it is not 
 an unreasonable hope that such measures will be taken here, and 
 such work established in the near future, as to place on a firm 
 basis the projects for which this Society has come into existence, 
 and which justify its being.
 
 GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH L\ DEN^L\RK 95 
 
 GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH IN DENMARK. 
 
 By TH. HAUCH-FAUSBOLL 
 
 DIRKKTOK DA»iK t ilJNIOAl.OCi I>SK IN>iTI'r\T OK t Ol'KNII AOKN. nKN.MARK. 
 
 I remember from the days of my childhood in a country par- 
 sonage by the coast of the North St-a a song which our maid used 
 to be fond of and which she sang with great pathos. 
 
 These were the first lines : 
 
 "Oh Susanna! Wilt thou come and marry me? 
 Then off I'll be to California and gold I will find for thee." 
 
 According to my idea the number of Danes can hardly be so 
 few who, when the gold fever was raging, could have undertaken 
 the voyage across the Atlantic to seek their fortunes in the Far 
 West. 
 
 Of course Denmark is not covered everywhere v.ith green beech 
 trees and waving cornfields. Right through Jutland there ex- 
 tends a waste expanse of heather, and along the coast of the North 
 Sea the soil for miles is mingled with drifting sand, which has 
 produced horny hands and tough sinews before crops could be 
 thought of at all. Such rough, uncouth surroundings would natur- 
 ally tend to enhance the emigration with a prospect of amelioration 
 of wages and social conditions, but America was not deceived by 
 these sturdy and industrious people, and we who remained at 
 home have often had the opportunity to be pleased at the praise 
 which was bestowed upon our compatriots in the new country of 
 their adoption. 
 
 From time to time "The Danish Genealogical Institute" re- 
 ceives an old certificate of character or a faded document from 
 across the sea with the request to obtain information about their 
 kinsmen at home. Hitherto the number of such requests has not 
 been very large, but that, I should take it, is due to the fact that 
 the struggle for existence has provided our pioneers with quite 
 enough to do. A couple of generations must go by before our 
 friends can afford the time to think of anything but material things 
 in life and before their traditions and family histories begin to 
 form. However, the time will surely come when many of the 
 descendants of the emigrants will seek for information regarding 
 their ancestors in Denmark, and it has, therefore, afforded me 
 great pleasure to have received "California Genealogical Society's" 
 flattering invitation to relate a little as to how the genealogical 
 researches are carried out in this country.
 
 96 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 It may here be stated at once that Denmark is one of those 
 countries where the sources are plentiful and easily accessible to 
 the student of genealogy. Whilst still in many places abroad — to 
 the great detriment of genealogical research — the materials in con- 
 nection with archives are found distributed among various officials 
 wliere they are likely to be exposed to defacement and danger from 
 fire, we can thank Mr, A. D. Jorgensen from South Jutland for 
 two main sources from which one can draw if one is in search of 
 information about one's ancestors: in church registers and in the 
 records of settlements of estate in Denmark, these being concen- 
 trated in three national archives (one for Jutland, one for Funen, 
 and one for Sealand with Lolland-Falster and Bornholm) where 
 they are at the free disposal of the public. 
 
 In order to be able to utilize these archives to their fullest 
 advantage it is only necessary that one has some practice in de- 
 ciphering scripts. It is here we take the lead as compared with 
 foreign countries, for even where the church registers (the records 
 of settlements of estates are certainly a special northern phenom- 
 enon, as I have never in any single case met with anything 
 similar abroad) are concentrated as, for example, in Scotland, Meck- 
 lenburg and many other places a certain fee is charged for the 
 use of same. 
 
 In addition to these main sources, the church registers, in 
 which are to be found the records of our ancestors' christenings, 
 marriages and deaths, and to the registers of estates, which contain 
 information of their bequests and heirs, there are, of course, many 
 other sources to fall back upon, e. g., census and census lists (in the 
 last mentioned the places of birth have been given since 1844), 
 trade licenses, also usually indicating place of birth (in olden times, 
 however, often only mentioning the country or that part of the 
 country to which the person in question belonged), registers of 
 legal decisions, letters patent and concessions, together wtih statu- 
 tory records. If one is fortunate enough to be descended from 
 a fighting and quarrelsome ancestor the latter are of great value 
 if the church and estate registers are discrepant. 
 
 The church registers were put into force by law in Denmark 
 in the years 1645-46. Only a few, however, go so far back ; partly 
 the rules were not adhered to everywhere and partly some of the 
 registers were the victims of unfortunate circumstances. 
 
 It was only after 1814, when duplicates were introduced, that 
 one could depend upon the existence of church registers from all 
 parishes. 
 
 When it is known in which parish an ancestor has been resident 
 this register will not be found so difficult to consult; but it is to 
 be hoped that the same forefather was possessed of a cairn and 
 equable temperament, one who had remained on the spot which he 
 at one time had chosen, for otherwise it will be difficult enough 
 to follow him from one locality to another.
 
 GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH L\' DENiMARK 97 
 
 The examination of estate registers is less easy, the estate de- 
 partments in former times having been controlled by various 
 authorities. ^lilitary and ecclesiastical each had their own estate 
 department and the town theirs; in the country the lauded pro- 
 prietors belong to the eount.v sheriffs' jurisdiction and the large 
 majority of peasants, the leaseholders, may cause especial difficul- 
 ties, as each landed proprietor settled his peasants' estates himself. 
 As an estate might possess peasant-owned property in various parts 
 of the country, it is not always easy to find where such an estate 
 can be located. 
 
 I have in the foregoing made brief mention of some of the chief 
 sources of information which have not found their way into print, 
 and I will now draw attention to a few of the many printed records 
 which a Danish genealogist has at his disposal. 
 
 As in most other countries, Denmark has its biographical dic- 
 tionaries (also including Norway from 1537 to 1814) in which all 
 personages who have distinguished themselves by deeds, either 
 good or evil, are enumerated. There are besides this a few older 
 works on the Danish nobility — a splendid material in a long row 
 of stately volumes of "Denmark's Nobility Annual" — which have 
 been published yearly since 1884. Among other lists of pedigrees 
 may be mentioned "Gjessings Jubellarere" (biographies and pedi- 
 grees of Danes, Norwegians and Icelanders who have celebrated 
 their fifty years' jubilee of office); "Lengnicks," numerous but 
 rather unreliable genealogies of noble and plebeian families (the 
 later preponderating) ; "Patrician Families" and "Family Hand- 
 book" (supplement to "Genealogical Review"). 
 
 As regards works of reference dealing with individual persons 
 we have in Denmark a fairly good number of reliable works deal- 
 ing with almost every profession, such as the clergy, teachers, 
 doctors, lawyers, military persons, authors, artists, politicians, 
 etc., who have all had their biographers, so that it is comparatively 
 easy to trace a man who would not be included among the peasant 
 or citizen classes. 
 
 Nothing similar could be thought of in large countries where 
 it would be a stupendous task for one single man, for instance, to 
 collect material for a complete handbook on the clergy of the 
 country during a period of about 350 years, as has been done in 
 Denmark. Also in the method of working I believe the Danish 
 genealogist (I can well include the Norwegian and partly the 
 Swedish) are ahead of most other countries. Principally, Keeper 
 of Archives Thiset's work on the history of the Danish nobility, 
 and many excellent treatises on the review of personal biograpliists 
 which have appeared since the year 1880, have helped to direct the 
 genealogical research in this country and in Norway into scientific 
 channels, and what has been produced in works dealing with gene- 
 alogical and personal biographies is, in my opinion, better than 
 anywhere else, both as regards quality and quantity. Here will
 
 98 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 also be found a long and attractive list of family bocks and an- 
 cestral tables. Even if genealogical research in a general way is 
 not a particularly involved thing, it is still necessary to execute 
 a thorough and correct work, and as an intimate knowledge and 
 undertaking of the many printed and unprinted sources of infor- 
 mation can only be obtained by many years experience, it is, 
 therefore, always an advantage to apply to a reliable expert instead 
 of meddling in the business oneself. Both money and time will 
 be thereby saved and often information obtained which otherwise 
 one would have to go without. 
 
 What we especially need in Denmark, from a genealogical point 
 of view, is a more intensive connection with foreign countries. 
 Nearly every family spreads its branches over foreign countries; 
 genealogy is, therefore, in a high degree international, but it is 
 cultivated as almost only national here at home. If a family has 
 migrated abroad we obtain, as a rule, little information of their 
 ancestors and easily lose track of the emigrants and their descend- 
 ants. A closer co-operation between the students of genealogy will 
 surely be to the advantage of genealogical research in Denmark.
 
 LETTER FROM SIAM 99 
 
 LETTER FROM SIAM. 
 
 V. FRANKFURTER 
 
 VA.JIRANANA NATIONAL LIBRARY, 
 UANOKOK, SSIAM. 
 
 Sir : — I feel ereatly honored by your proposal conveyed to me 
 in your letter of the 27th of April last to contribute to the Congress 
 of Genealogy, to be held in San Francisco on July 26th, a paper to 
 be read before the Congress and preserved in its proceedings upon 
 the genealogy of the Siamese people. 
 
 It would have given me pleasure to contribute such a paper to 
 your proceedings, but your letter reached me too late to make it 
 possible for me to comply with your wish. 
 
 I will only remark that the proper designation of the Siamese 
 is ''Thm," that coming from the borders of China — as can be 
 proved by legend and language — they extended their dominion 
 through the valley of the "Menam Chao Phraya" and "Me nam 
 Kong'' down to the ]\Ialay Peninsula, with Ligor as the capital, 
 and as far south as Malacca. 
 
 With regard to the question of a pedigree of a well known 
 Siamese family, I have to point out that a hereditary nobility 
 does not exist in Siam. The nobility, if so it can be called, is an 
 official one. Up to two years ago family names, as such, did not 
 exist among the Siamese; they have been created by the present 
 king and it is said will come into general use in two years' time. 
 
 I regret that owing to the bad communications at present exist- 
 ing and the shortness of time, I cannot give you fuller information, 
 but hold myself at your disposal for anything further you may 
 wish or I may supply. I have the honor to be 
 Your very obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) V. Frankfurter. 
 
 To the Hon. Henry Byron Phillips, 
 
 President California Genealogical Society, 
 San Francisco, U. S. A.
 
 100 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 PRESIDENT'S COMMEMORATIVE ADDRESS.' 
 
 By franh hervey pi:ttingell 
 
 PRESIDENT INTERN ATION^M. CONCRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 We are assembled here this afternoon to participate in the 
 closing exercises of the International Congress of Genealogy 
 which has been in session for three days in San Francisco. 
 
 The Panama-Pacific International Exposition has recognized 
 the Congress by giving it a place on the official program. This 
 recognition is highly prized and will go far toward impressing 
 this Congress on the memory of every one present. 
 
 Our business is finished; we now want to see the wonders of 
 this Exposition, I will not attempt any pyrotechnic flight of 
 oratory ; no doubt all the adjectives in the English language have 
 long ago been exhausted in its praise. 
 
 When we disperse today and you will go your different ways, 
 I hope you will spread the importance of American Genealogy; 
 not only as it relates to the past but as to its bearing on the 
 future. 
 
 I take great pleasure in introducing Mr. Colvin B. Brown of 
 the Panama-Pacific International Exposition who has a most 
 pleasant task to perform, 
 
 ♦Delivered at the opeDlng of the Commemorative Session, July 31, 1915.
 
 ADDRESS OP WELCOME 101 
 
 ADDRESS OF WELCOME. 
 
 By COLVIN B. BROW^N 
 
 OF THE BOARD OF DIRKCTORS, PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAI> EXPOSITION. 
 
 It is my pleasant privilege today to extend to you a word of 
 greeting on behalf of the President and Board of Directors of the 
 Fanama-Pacifie International Exposition and to present to you a 
 token of their appreciation at having you with us today as our 
 very welcome guests. 
 
 The builders of the Exposition set for themselves a heavy task 
 when they undertook to create something that would adequately 
 celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. They well under- 
 stood that in order to meet expectations it would have to be some- 
 thing more beautiful, more compelling, and grander in every way 
 than any that had gone before. 
 
 So the men who undertook this task gathered to them architects 
 of international fame, the nation's greatest colorist, the world's 
 most famous expert on lighting, and a landscape gardener who 
 had turned the sand dunes at the Golden Gate into a modern 
 Paradise. And these people and their helpers took the perfect 
 architecture of Greece, mingled it with the art of Spain's renais- 
 sance, spilled upon it the color of the Orient, lighted it like an opal 
 and set it in the midst of a garden of flowers and shrubs and far- 
 reaching lawns. 
 
 In the meantime emissaries were sent throughout the world who 
 gathered together exhibits representing the very sum of human 
 achievements in all that makes for the comfort, the happiness, and 
 the benefit of mankind. 
 
 So here we have this marvelous combination of architecture, 
 color and light, these palaces filled with the best that man has 
 wrought, and today it is all at your disposal. We bid you a sincere 
 welcome to it and express to you our earnest wish that all good 
 possible may flow to you from contact with, and understanding of, 
 the feast that has been prepared for you. 
 
 There is something more here than the physical evidences that 
 you will see around you, for those who built the Exposition were 
 idealists, and they thought this creation of theirs would scarcely 
 be worth the effort if the Exposition were to die with the destruction 
 of the buildings. It was their intent that out of all the time and 
 money and effort something lasting must result if the real mission 
 of the Exposition were to be fulfilled. And so national and inter- 
 national congresses, conventions and societies were invited to hold 
 their meetings here. Eight liundred nnd tliirty-five accepted the 
 invitation, and these, meeting in these surroundings, studying the
 
 102 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 lessons the exhibits teach and consulting together for the benefit 
 of that which they represent, are bound to evolve something which, 
 in the aggregate, will redound to the benefit of all humanity for 
 
 all time. 
 
 The members of the International Genealogical Congress repre- 
 sent a forward movement in race betterment. You recognize that 
 you have inherited an obligation from your ancestors that you 
 must fulfill to the best that is in you, and that you must pass this 
 down to those who follow after you, to the end that each succeeding 
 generation, if true to its obligation, will approach nearer and nearer 
 to the goal of perfect man and womanhood. 
 
 So I feel that you represent in the highest way the very spirit 
 of this great Exposition, and it is an honor to welcome you. 
 
 I have here our words of welcome inscribed on imperishable 
 bronze. May the work you are doing for the uplift of the race 
 last as long as this endures. Intrinsically it is of small value, but 
 the spirit in which it is given is great.
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF CO.MMEMORATIVE MEDAL lOS 
 
 RESPONSE AND ACCEPTANCE OF COM- 
 MEMORATIVE MEDAL. 
 
 By HENRY BYRON PHILLIPS 
 
 PRKSIDKNT C-AI-II''ORNIA. litCNKALOOICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 Mr. Colvin B. Brown, representing Mr. Chas. C. Moore, Presi- 
 dent of the Panama-Pacific Internntion d Exposition: 
 
 I wish to express the appreciation ol' the members of this Con- 
 gress upon the wonderful showintjf you have made in construction 
 and equipment of this Exposition ; it seems to me that were there 
 nothing whatever to be seen inside of any building in these grounds 
 that the wonderful beauty of the exteriors, the magic settings of 
 flowers and greens, the great transformation of its wonderful even- 
 ing lights and shadows would be of themselves alone worthy 
 of a journey from the uttermost parts of the earth simply to enjoy 
 to the utmost. 
 
 You have budded better than you knew, and why have you done 
 all these things, that would seem almost impossi})le were it not a 
 glittering truth? "Was it for mere material gain to your city and 
 State? It was not. Was it to (celebrate the opening of the Panama 
 Canal ? Many of you no doubt honestly think so. Was it in a 
 larger way to call attention to the shifting trade currents of the 
 world, and emphasize the Pacific Coast as the coming future empir-^ 
 of the world's commercial and industrial activities? Perhaps many 
 also will assign that as the reason of its being. 
 
 But it seems to those who have come from afar to see the glories 
 of this Exposition and enjoy the hospitality of its creators that you 
 yourselves do not grasp the real significance and reason why this 
 great thing has been so superbly done. 
 
 It seems to me, and to others, that it was born of necessity. 
 Psychologists tell us that we have in our mental makeup certain 
 emotional functions that tend to produce actions of special char- 
 acter, technically called by them '% )?n|)lexes, " that when a certain 
 "complex" dominates our mind to the exclusion of other things 
 that we become to an extent insane upon that subject. 
 
 Now it appears to me that the overwhelming nature of your 
 calamity of a few years sincM* so douunated your 'uinds. that you as 
 a community had an overwhelming "complex" set up in your 
 minds, that if left undisturbed would have driven you to the 
 insanity of despair. But here the radiant beauty of that Equili- 
 brium between Infinite Wisdom and Infinite Power made itself 
 manifest to preserve the balan«'(^ in nature, and your minds in-
 
 104 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 stinctively and for self-preservation turned to another "complex" 
 to safeguard your mentalities from that greater calamity of despair. 
 This saving "complex" was the thought of this Exposition, little 
 perhaps at first, but eagerly grasped for by your minds as a balance 
 and saviour, growing by leaps and bounds; it would not take no 
 for an answer to anything, it fought the fight of despair to gain 
 the sanction of Congress, subscribed your material fortunes almost 
 joyously, overcame all obstacles, designed and builded in the same 
 compelled mood of mentality, for self-preservation. 
 
 The purpose of this International Congress of Genealogy is to 
 bring in common touch the representatives of the numerous local 
 kindred organizations that have heretofore been working each in 
 its own way, in a more or less restricted field, to broaden their 
 outlook, to avoid duplication of work and thus loss of energy; to 
 establish uniform system and methods, to memorialize Congress for 
 the needed legislation to preserve the vital records of this country 
 in a manner befitting the necessities and intelligence of our people ; 
 to discourage superficial and inaccurate work; to collect scattered 
 records of the past from places of danger, decay or other hazard 
 and cause them to be conserved in safe repositories; to collect and 
 place at the disposal of all scientific investigation the necessary 
 vital data upon which they must of necessity build in their efforts 
 to conserve and improve the human race, and, finally, to lay the 
 foundation of an International Genealogical Federation, which shall 
 be an organized body, which shall supervise to a large extent the 
 activities indicated above and other cognate matters that may be 
 determined as proper subjects for recognition by the consent of 
 the bodies embraced in the proposed federation. 
 
 It is confidently expected that the stamp of approval of this 
 federation shall be taken as the final word in such matters. 
 
 A few arguments may be briefly presented to establish the 
 reasonable and correct understanding of Genealogy. 
 
 It is eminently useful to the student of history; no one can 
 understand the secret motives or the political manoeuvers of the 
 the statesmen of Europe, for example, not knowing the relation- 
 ships of their leading families. Periods whose history is most 
 complicated, are intelligible only by means of genealogical tables, 
 for family pride, the love of one 's own blood, the reliance upon ties 
 of kindred have ever exercised a powerful influence. The genealogi- 
 cal table sometimes comes in to solve, with gratifying simplicity, 
 these enigmas in political histor}^ which, without this aid, would 
 have been shrouded in complete darkness. 
 
 If the genealogy of the royal families and of statesmen must be 
 ascertained in order to render intelligible the annals of a nation, 
 so must the relationships of families be made known in order to 
 explain many of the occurrences in the history of towns and the 
 country-side. Thus it may be understood that genealogy is the 
 corner stone of history.
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL lOS 
 
 The preservation of family history, which is more than a mere 
 collection of names for the purpose of forming a pedigree, has 
 come to be regarded as one of the most important parts of the 
 history of a people. Hitherto history was limited almost exclusively 
 to governmental and political affairs; the pomp and glitter of 
 courts, an assumed glory of military achievements, and all the 
 attendant circumstances of oppressive rule. Hardly a glimpse do 
 we get of the real life of the people, the men of the mart, the farm 
 or the factory, or of the women whose social and domestic virtues 
 made possible their orderly lives and gave strength to the nation. 
 
 Of these history is almost silent, for it has been written under 
 the influence of those in power for the most part. 
 
 The modern historian is realizing that the history of the people 
 is an important portion of modern history, and several recent 
 volumes have been written in which the life story of the men and 
 women of a period who have been forgotten has been pieced out 
 scrap by scrap from materials gathered by genealogists from many 
 scattered sources, to supplement the statecraft history of the past. 
 No more interesting contributions to literature than these have been 
 given to modern readers. 
 
 Genealogy is essential to family history, and may be called also 
 the handmaid to history, and the genealogist in his search for 
 family connections should gather every scrap of interest relating 
 to the life of those whose genealogies he is seeking to construct. 
 
 A family pedigree is valuable, but immensely more so when 
 associated with the lives of its component members, or as may be 
 said, clothed with flesh and blood. 
 
 No man knows himself so well but that he may learn more by 
 scanning the lives of his progenitors. The faults, the strength, 
 the vices, the weakness or the virtue of the father of a family do 
 not end in himself. Human legislation cannot amend the law that 
 our children's children shall be the better for our virtues and worse 
 for our sins. Where can one find a better guide to correct conduct 
 than in the vital records of his ancestors? This is also a functicm of 
 genealogy, a guide to right living. 
 
 Further it has been said that "those who care nothing for their 
 ancestors are wanting in respect for themselves." 
 
 Looking at the subject in a large and lofty way T would say 
 the study of genealogy teaches us to live and so develop the latent 
 forces for good that are within us that we may be able to make 
 our ancestor's famous — the progenitors of illustrious men and 
 women. 
 
 I am sorry that many of our dt^legates felt impelled to leave 
 for their homes, which accounts for the light attendance here today, 
 but all, whether here or absent, will unite with me to thank the 
 management of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition for 
 the many courtesies extended and for the beautiful token of our 
 visit as embodied in this historic imuss of moulded metal, and on
 
 106 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GENEALOGY 
 
 behalf of the International Congress of Genealogy I now am pleased 
 to accept this memento from your hands, and place it in the archives 
 of the Congress (for the International Genealogical Federation, its 
 successor) as its first trophy and as an inspiration to future effort 
 and success.
 
 5 8 2 v-^
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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