r i REESE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Accession No. /^ % 6 *fr ** ^m\M^^^ /? .^sM^ v '&%&&** *^^m :*K* 'A <\ ^^3. ^J'rfh .* > 33$ >* 6^ -s. SccLQ- -^J/f ^"^sr^ i"'' ^> ^ ^r^JrV? "^^^fc/" '"-fl ^^^^^^1 'C^" 'i ->^^ Jf; MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS POWERS, DEVICES AND APPLIANCES Used in Constructive and Operative Machinery and the Mechanical Arts FOR THE USE OF INVENTORS, MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN AND ALL OTHERS INTERESTED IN ANY WAY IN MECHANICS BY GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. // AUTHOR OF "Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Vapor Engines" Illustrated by Sixteen Hundred and Forty=Nine Engravings ESPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS BOOK NEW YORK NORMAN W. HENLEY & COMPANY 132 NASSAU STREET 1899 COPYRIGHTED 1899 BY NORMAN W. HENLKY & Co. 78-6 MACGOWAN & SLIPPER NEW YORK, N. Y., U. S. A. PREFACE tr The need for an illustrated and condensed work of reference for the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the workingman. with the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not only apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all who are interested in mechanical thought and work. It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encouraged by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical arts during the past half century. The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics in regard to the principles and facts in constructive and operative mechanics have induced the author to gather such illustrations as have been found available on the subject of mechanical motions, devices, and appliances, and to place them in a form for ready reference with only sufficient text to explain the general principles of construction and operation, and as a partial exhibit of the mechanical forms in general use, with a view- to place the largest amount of illustrated information within the limited means of the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge. The field of illustrated mechanics seems almost unlimited, and* with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to fill a void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical mechanics > in the true line of research. Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by diagrams or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowledged to be the quickest and most satisfactory method of conveying the exact con- ditions of mechanical action and construction. Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous compari- son what detailed description by its successive presentation of ideas. and relational facts fails to do ; hence a work ftiaz appeals directly to the eye with illustrations a?id short attached descriptions, it is hoped, will become the means of an acceptable form of mechanical education that appeals to modern wants for the encouragement of inventive thought, through the study of illustrations and descriptions of the leading known principles and facts in constructive art. The designing of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and appliances for specific purposes is an endless theme in the constructive mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast number of applications for patents, of which there have been over a million in the United States alom, and of which over six hundred thousand have been granted in consideration of their novelty and utility, the run of mechanical thought seems to have become a vast river in the progress cf modern civilization. To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and elements of construction is not within the limit of a human life ; but to explore the borders of inventive design through the works that have passed into record has been the principal aim of the author of this book. May, 1899. GARDNER D. HISCOX. CONTENTS. SECTION I. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. WEIGHT, RESOLUTION OF FORCES, PRESSURES, LEVERS, PULLEYS, TACKLE. The Resolution of Suspension Lever Paradox The Lever and Its Power The Inclined Plane The Wedge The Screw Worm Gear or Endless Screw Chinese Wheel Tackle Blocks Chinese Windlass Chinese Shaft Derrick- Compound Weight Motor Rope Twist Lever Spanish Windlass Rope Grip Hook Guy Rope Clip and Thimble Rope End Hemp Rope End ... 1 5 to 26 SECTION II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. ROPES, BELTS, FRICTION GEAR, SPUR, BEVEL, AND SCREW GEAR. Alternating Circular Motion Circular Motion Eccentric Crank Capstan, or Vertical Windlass Steering Gear Jumping Motion Rope Sprocket Wheel V-Grooved Rope Pulley Rope Transmission Vibratory Motion Transmission by Rope Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw Horizontal Rope Transmission Rope Transmission Rope Transmission to a Movable Shaft Vertical Tension Carriage Belt Lacing Novel Belt Lacing Over- and Over Lacing Interlocking Belt Lacing Cross Lacing Sectional Belt Lac- ing Quarter Twist Belt Full Twist Belt Full Twist or Cross Belt Belting to a Shaft at any Angle Quarter Twist Return Belt Change Speed Step Pulleys Cone Pulleys Curved Cone Pulleys Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys Belt Transmission Belt Transmission of Power Variable Transmission of Motion Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion Two Speed Pulleys and Belts Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear Transmission of Two Speeds Two-Speed Gear Variable Speed or Cone Gearing Transmission of Power Frictional Rectilinear Motion Variable Rotary Motion Variable Motion Friction Gear Transmission of Variable Speed Variable Speed Gear Transmission of Rotary Motion Combination of Friction Gear Grooved Fric- tion Gearing Variable Motion Transmission of Circular Motion Three Crank Link Sprocket Wheel and Chain Link Belt and Pulley Toothed Link Chain and Pulley Step Gear V-Toothed Gearing Oblique Tooth Gear V-Toothed Gear Split Spur Gear Star Wheel Gear Elastic Spur Gear Internal Spur Gear and Pinion Bevel Gears Crown Wheel Spiral Gearing Oblique, Spur, and Bevel Gear Oblique Bevel Gear Gear Train Worm Gear Skew Worm and Wheel Gear Uniform Intermittent Motion Variable Speed Bevel Gear. 27 to 43 2 CONTENTS. SECTION III. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. SPEED, PRESSURE, WEIGHT, NUMBERS, QUANTITIES, AND APPLIANCES. Prony Brake The Prony Brake Rule "Webber" Dynamometer Measure- ment of Power "Tatham's" Dynamometer Bell-Crank Dynamometer " Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer "Van Winkle's " Power Meter Traction Recording Dynamometer Friction Machine Torsion Dynamometer- Tensile Testing Machine Bourdon Pressure Gauge Corrugated Tube-Pressure Gauge Recording Pressure Gauge Parallel Motion of the Indicator Parallel Motion for the Indicator "Amsler " Planimeter " Lippincott " Planimeter Centrifugal Speed Indicator Speed Indicator Meter Dial Automatic Tipping Scale Double Link Balanced Scale Differential Weighing Beam Engine Counter Operation of a Counter Intermittent Rotary Motion Tire Measure Counter 44 to 54 SECTION IV. STEAM POWER. BOILERS AND ADJUNCTS, ENGINES, VALVES AND VALVE GEAR, PARALLEL MOTION GEAR, GOVERNORS AND ENGINE DEVICES, ROTARY ENGINES, OSCILLATING ENGINES. "Stevens" Boiler Plain Cylindrical Boilers Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical Boiler Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler Internally Fired Flue Boiler Hori- zontal Tubular Boiler Locomotive Boiler Marine Boiler " Eclipse " Return Tubular Marine Boiler " Galloway" Boiler Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular Boiler " Dion " Vehicle Boiler " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler " Harrison " Boiler Submerged Head Vertical Boiler " Herreshoff " Boiler " Thornycrof t " Boiler" See " Water Tube Boiler" Yarrow " Water Tube Boiler " Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler" Hazelton" Boiler" Climax " Boiler " Moyes" Water Tube Boiler" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler" Cahall " Ver- tical Water Tube Boiler Vertical Water Tube Boiler Boiler of the " Serpollet " Tricycle" Serpollet's" Steam Generator" Serves " Boiler Tube Shaking and Tipping Furnace Grate Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace Furnace Grate with Dumping Sections " Columbia" Stoker "Playford" Mechanical Stoker " American " Boiler Stoker Mechanical Stoker- " Jones " Model of a Mechan- ical Stoker " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace Feed Worm and Air Blast Petroleum Burner Pop Safety Valve Differential Seat Safety Valve Safety Valve Original Form of the yolipile or Hero's Steam Engine Steeple Engine Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever Inclined Paddle-Wheel Engine Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine Twin-Screw Vertical Cylinder Engine Trunk Engine Oscillating Engine Compound Oscillating Engine Oscillating Hoisting Engine Three-Cylinder Engine Tandem Com- pound Vertical Engine Compound Engines Compound Yacht Engine High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine Modern High-Speed Engine Single D Slide Valve Balanced Slide Valve Double-Ported Slide Valve CONTENTS. 3 " Meyer " Cut-off Valve Single D Slide Valve Gridiron Slide Valve Rotary Valves Steam Engine Valve Chest Balanced Slide Valve Balanced Slide Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent) " Richardson-Allen " Balanced Slide Valve Balanced Throttle Valve Wing Throttle Valve Multiple Port Piston Throttle Valve " Corliss " Valve Gear Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear Walschaert's Valve Gear Reversing Link Motion Valve Gear "Joy's" Valve Gear " Bremme " Valve Gear Single Eccentric Valve Gear Cam-Bar Valve Movement Valve Gear of a Cornish Engine Variable Expansion Gear Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw " Allen " Valve Lift or Toe Tappet Lever Valve Motion Starting Lever Simple Unhooking Device Simple Re- versing Gear " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric Shifting Eccentric Valve Motion Fccentric " Peaucellier's " Parallel Motion Parallel Motion " Cartwright's " Parallel Motion Cross-Head Slide Rack Gear Parallel Motion "Watt" Governor Compensating Governor Gravity Centrifugal Governor Engine Governor Centrifugal Ball Governor Inverted Governor Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor Parabolic Governor " Anderson's " Gyroscope Governor Horizontal Cen- trifugal Governor Vane or Wing Governor Governor for a Steam Engine Differential Governor " Huntoon " Governor " Proell " Governor " Porter " Governor "Richardson" Governor Principle of the " Pickering" Governor " Pickering " Governor Pulley or Fly- Wheel Governor Crank-Shaft Gover- nor Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor Slotted Cross-Head Trammel Crank Crank-Pin Lubricator Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler Centrifugal Lubricating Device "Cochrane" Rotary Engine "Franchot" Rotary Engine Double Slide Piston Rotary Engine "Lamb" Rotary Engine "Cochrane" Rotary Engine Rotary Engine " Napuer " Rotary Engine Roller Piston Rotary Engine " Cochrane " Rotary Engine " Boardman " Rotary Engine " Smith" Rotary Engine "Berrenburg" Rotary Engine "Fletcher's" Rotary Con- densing Engine "Bartrum and Powell" Rotary Engine "Ritter" Rotary Engine " Holly " Rotary Engine " Stocker " Rotary Engine " Forrester " Rotary Engine " Kipp" Rotary Piston Engine " Ruth's " Rotary Engine " Almond " Engine Rotating Cylinder Engine Rotary Multicylinder Engine "Bates" Compound Vibrating Engine -'Davies'" Disc Engine " Reu- leaux " Engine or Pump " Link "Vibratory Engine Oscillating Piston Engine Vibrating Piston Engine " Knickerbocker " Four Piston Rotary Engine " Root's " Double Quadrant Kngine " Root's " Square Piston Engine " Dake " Square Piston Engine ''Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine "Dow" Steam Turbine " De Laval " Steam Turbine " Parsons' " Steam Turbine. 55 to 100 SECTION V. STEAM APPLIANCES. INJECTORS, STEAM PUMPS, CONDENSERS, SEPARATORS, TRAPS, AND VALVES "Peerless" Injector " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector "National" Automatic Injector "Metropolitan" Injector " Lunkenheimer " Injector "Eberman" Injector "Nathan" Injector "Little Giant" Injector " Pen- berthy" Special Injector "Park" Injector "Sellers'" Restarting Injector 4 CONTENTS. "Little Giant " Locomotive Injector " Metropolitan " Double-Tube Injector "Brownley" Injector "Leader" Injector "Excelsior" Injector " Kort- ing" Injector " Hancock " Inspirator Ball-Valve Injector" Hancock " Loco- motive Inspirator " Standard " Injector " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector Steam Pump "Misch's " Valve Tappet Independent Jet Condenser Pump Ejector Condenser Exhaust Jet Condenser Balanced Reducing Valve Pre- sure Reducing Valve ' Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve " Hotchkiss " Boiler Cleaner Feed-Water Heater Steam Separator Filter for Boiler Return Steam Trap Spring Steam Trap Steam Trap " Bundy " Steam Trap Steam Trap with Valve " Heintz " Steam Trap " Moran's " Flexible Steam Joint Corrugated Expansion Coupling Flanged Expansion Joint Auto- matic Relief Valve Horizontal Swing Check Valve Globe Valve Exhaust Steam Head Centrifugal Exhaust Head 101 to 1 14 SECTION VI. MOTIVE POWER. GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES, VALVE GEAR AND APPLIANCES, CONNECTING RODS AND HEADS. Gasoline Engine Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine Simple Gas or Gasoline Engine Gasoline Engine Valve Gear "Union " Model Gas Engine Gasoline Carriage Motor Vertical Gasoline Engine Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine "Diesel" Motor Vertical Gas Engine Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car Gasoline Motor Car Valve Gear Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gear for a Four-cycle Gas Engine Plumb-Bob Governor Inertia Governor Pendulum Governor Differential Cam Throw Governor and Variable Cam Inlet Valve Gas Engine Valve Gear Gasoline Vaporizer Carburetter Automatic Oiler Uniform Automatic Oiler Crank-Rod Head Adjustment Trunk Piston Rod Connecting Rod Head Connecting Rod End Solid Strap End Steel Ball Adjustment Solid End Connecting Rod Forked End Connecting Rod Adjustable Link Link or Connecting Rod 115 to 127 SECTION VII. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. WATER WHEELS, TURBINES, GOVERNORS, IMPACT WHEELS, PUMPS, ROTARY PUMPS, SIPHONS, WATER LIFTS, EJECTORS, WATER RAMS, METERS, INDI- CATORS, PRESSURE REGULATORS, VALVES, PIPE JOINTS, FILTERS Overshot Water Wheel Iron Overshot Wheel Undershot Water Wheel Saw-Mill Water Wheel Breast Water Wheel Flutter Wheel Barker Wheel Current Motor Current Water Wheel Fixed Bucket Water-Raising Cur- rent Wheel Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel Current Wheel Water Lift Drainage Wheel Persian Wheel Ancient Water Lift " Archimedian " Screw Water Lift Volute Turbine High Pressure Turbine " Leffel" Dou ble-Runner Turbine "Jonval " Turbine Turbine and Gate " Lancaster '* Turbine " Munson" Double Turbine "Camden " Turbine Model " Turbine CONTENTS. 5 "Swain" Turbine " Warren " Central Discharge Turbine "Fourneron" Turbine Belt Water-Wheel Governor Water Wheel Governor Impact Water W r heel Pelton Water Wheel Buckets of a Pelton Water Wheel Power of Water Compound Beam Pumping Engine " Dean " Steam Pump Worthington Duplex Pump Half- Yoke Connection Yoke Connection Reversing Movement Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump Double-Acting Differential Pump Lift and Force Pump Tramp Pumping Device Lift Pump Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower Diaphragm Pump "Fairburn" Bailing Scoop Pendulum Water Lift Chain Pump Reciprocating Motion Well Pulley and Buckets Swape, or New Engine Sweep Parallel Motion " Golding" Centrifugal Pump " Quimby" Screw Pump Rotary Pump " Pap- penheim " Rotary Pump" Repsold " Rotary Pump Tri-Axial Rotary Pump Rotary Pump or Motor "Cary" Rotary Pump Vacuum Jet Condenser and Rotary Pump " Ramelli " Rotary Pump " Heppel " Rotary Pump " Emeru " Rotary Pump " Knott " Rotary Pump " Pattison " Rotary Pump ' Cochrane" Rotary Pump Hydraulic Transmission of Power Siphon ' Ejector or Jet Pump Automatic Water Ejector Automatic Sprinkler Hydraulic Ram "Pearsall's" Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor Silent Hydraulic Ram Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram W 7 ater Meter Disc Water Meter Water Velocity Indicator and Register Anchored Ferry Boat "Mueller" Water-Pressure Regulator "Mason" Water-Pressure Regulator Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve Hydraulic Press Hydrostatic Press Hydraulic Intensifier Portable Hydraulic Riveters-Hydraulic Rail Bender Hydraulic Rail Punch Hydraulic Elevator Lift Horizontal Hydraulic Elevator Lift Hydraulic Pulling Jack Water Purifying Filter Reversible Filter Filtering Cistern Upward Flow Filter Domestic Filter Porous Water Filter Stoneware Filter" Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint Flexible Ball Joint Flexible Pipe Joints Universal Pipe Joint Toggle Clip Pipe Joint Bibb Disc Valve and Guard Double-Beat Disc Valve Hydraulic Valve Multiple Ball Valve Multiple Ring Valve Double-Beat Pump Valve Vibra- ting Motion Variable Compensating Weights Sand Auger Driven Well Automatic Flush Sewer Tank Atomizer Ball and Jet Nozzle Spray Jet Nozzle Hero's Fountain " Chapman " Aspirator or Vacuum Pump Hy- draulic Lift 1 28 to 1 62 SECTION VIII. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. WINDMILLS, BELLOWS, BLOWERS, AIR COMPRESSORS, COMPRESSED AIR TOOLS, MOTORS, AIR WATER LIFTS, BLOWPIPES. Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite Curved Vane Windmill or Motor Feathering Windmill Hemispherical Cup Windmill Windmill of our Grandfathers Windmill and Steel Tower Modern Windmill Ancient Windmill Electric Windmill Plant Smith's Circular Bellows Double Organ-Blowing Bellows Three-Throw Bellows Foot Bellows Fan Blower " Hodges " Compound Blower "Wedding" Rotary Blower "Fabry" Rotary Blower "Root" Rotary Blower Hydraulic Air Compressor Piston Hydraulic Air Compressor Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast Air Compressor Hydraulic Air Compressor 6 CONTENTS. Automatic Air Compressor Water-Jet Air Compressor Trunk Air Com- pressor Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor Compound Air Com- pressor Duplex Air Compressor Toggle-joint Duplex Air Compressor Air Compressor Cylinder Piston and Valves Air-Compressing Cylinder Air Compressor Governor Air-Cooling Receiver Single Valve Air Pump Crank Equalizing Angle Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression Direct Air Pressure Pump Compressed Air Water Elevator Raising Sunken Ves- sels Compressed Air Lift System Compressed Air Power Compound Pneumatic Locomotive Pneumatic Paint Sprayer Portable Fire Ex- tinguisher Fire Extinguisher Compressed Air Lift Duplex Pneumatic Riveter Pneumatic Hammer " Hotchkiss " Atmospheric Hammer " Grim- shaw " Compressed Air Hammer Compressed Air Sheepshearing Machine Portable Riveter Pneumatic Portable Riveter Pneumatic Breast Drill Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock Air and Gasoline Torch Torch Soldering Cop- per Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus Double Cone Ventilator Spiral Vane or Cowl Wind Instruments. 163 to 186 SECTION IX. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. GENERATORS, MOTORS, WIRING, CONTROLLING AND MEASURING, LIGHTING, ELECTRIC FURNACES, FANS, SEARCHLIGHT, AND ELECTRIC APPLIANCES. Series Wound Motor or Generator Electric Generator Construction Single- Pole Shunt Generator Four-Pole Ring Armature Ring Armature Two-Pole or Shuttle Spool Armature Shuttle Armature Multiple Brush Commutator Bipolar Shunt Generator Four-Pole Compound Generator Electric Gener- ator Construction Consequent-Pole Compound Generator Triple-Expansion Engine and Multipolar Dynamo Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine Flexible Coupling Car Truck Motors Electric Fusible Cut-Out Rheostat or Resistance Coils Trolley Car Sectional Feeder System Street Railway Single Motor Electric Car Brake Electric Street-Car Brake Electric Igniter Sparking Dynamo Magneto-Electric Machine Electric Thermostat Tele- phone Transmitter Telephone Receiver Electric Gas Lighter Pocket Elec- tric Light Arc Light and Regulating Gear Luminous Fountain Electric * Heater Electric Soldering Copper Electric Sad Iron Electric Searchlight Electric Furnace Open-top Electric Furnace " Siemens " Electric Gas Fur- nace "Cowles" Electric Furnace Electric Welding Plant Portable Electric Motor Drill Plant Electric Perforating Pen Electric Hoist Electric Brake Electric Rock Drill Electric Fan Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202 SECTION X. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. VESSELS, SAILS, ROPE KNOTS, PADDLE WHEELS, PROPELLERS, ROAD SCRAPERS AND ROLLERS, VEHICLES, MOTOR CARRIAGES, TRICYCLES, BICYCLES, AND MOTOR ADJUNCTS. Leg-of-Mutton Sail Skip Jack Square or Lug Sail Lateen Rig Split Lug or Square Sail Two-Masted or Dipping Lug Newport Cat-Boat Sloop CONTENTS. 7 Lateen-Rigged Felucca Pirogue Three-Quarter Lug Rig " Sliding Gunter" Skiff Yawl Rig Sloop Yawl Jib Topsail Sloop The Cutter Schooner Rig Full Schooner Rig Topsail Schooner Club Topsail Rig Hermaphro- dite Brig A Brigantine A Barkentine Full-Rigged Brig A Bark Full- Rigged Ship Ice Boat Rope Knots and Hitches Clove Hitch Half Hitch Timber Hitch Square or Reef Knot Stevedore Knot Slip Knot Flem- ing Loop Bowline Knot Carrick Bend Sheet Bend and Toggle Sheet Bend Overhand Knot Figure Eight Knot Double Knot Blackwall Tackle Hitch Fisherman's Bend Hitch Round Turn and Half Hitch Chain Stop Disengaging Hook Slip Hook Releasing Hook Boat-Detaching Hook Swinging Oar-lock Pivoted Steps Screw Anchor Floating Lighthouse Stone Dry-Dock Floating Dry-Dock Feathering Paddle Wheel or Water Motor Vertical Bucket Paddle Wheel Feathering Paddle Wheel Outward Thrust Propeller Wheel Screw Propeller Reversing Propeller Reversing Screw Propeller Screw Propulsion Thrust Bearing " Silver's " Marine Gov- ernor Deep-Sea Sounding Ball Sounding Weight Release Sampler Sounding Weight Submarine Lamp Road Builders' Level Road Machine Reversible Road Roller Road Roller Single Eccentric Reversing Gear Elastic Wheel Spring Wheel Application of Trace Springs " Serpollet's" Steam Tricycle Steam Fire Engine Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor Gasoline Motor Carriage Light Electric Carriage Electric Phaeton Electric Brougham Differential Gear Baby-Carrier Tricycle Electric Tricycle Ice Bicycle Bicycle Gear Bicycle Crank Swinging Ball-Bearing Bicycle Pedal A. F. Haven's Planetary Crank Gear Detachable Link Chain Bali-Bearing Problem Acetylene Bicycle Lamp Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225 SECTION XL GEARING. RACKS AND PINIONS; SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL AND WORM GEAR; DIFFERENTIAL AND STOP-MOTION GEAR; EPICYCLICAL AND PLANETARY TRAINS; "FER- GUSON'S" PARADOX. Ordinary Rack and Pinion Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke Sawmill Feed Rack Motion Air-Pump Movement Circular Rack Rectilinear Vibrating Motion Vertical Drop Hammer Sector Pinion and Double Rack Reciprocating Motions Crank Substitute Alternate Circular Motion Quick Back Motion Alternate Rectilinear Motion Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion Mangle Rack Mangle Wheel Mangle Wheel Gear Continuous Rotary Motion Mangle Machine Gear Worm Screw Rack Rotary Motion Adjustable Feed Rolls Saw-Tooth Worm Gear Right- and Left-Hand Worm Gear Three-Part Worm Screw Traversing Motion Globoid Spiral Gear Wheels Internal Worm-Gear Wheel Worm-Gear Pinion Anti-Fric- tion Worm Gear Release Rotary Motion Release Cam Hunting Tooth Worm Gear Differential Screw and Gear Movement Complex Alternating Reciprocal Motion Two-Toothed Pinion Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion Variable Rotary Motion Scroll Gear Spiral Hoop Gear Accelerated Cir- cular Motion Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth Ball Gear Spiral Gearing Ex- 8 CONTENTS. panding Pulley Concentric Differential Speed Differential Motions Differen tial Gear Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft Multiple Geai Speed Variable Throw Traversing Bar Revolution of a Pinion Differential Speed Capstan Gear Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion Geared Grip Tongs Variable Circular Motion Elliptical Spur Gear Elliptical Gear Wheel Irregular Circular Motion Variable Reciprocating Motion Alternat- ing Rectilinear Motion Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear Spiral Stop-Motion Gear Fast and Slow Motion Spur Gear Intermittent Gears Intermittent Rotary Motion Irregular Vibratory Motion Variable Vibrating Motion Motion by Rolling Contact Variable Sectional Motion Uniform Speed of Sectional Spur Gear Scroll Gearing Intermittent Rotary Motion Stop Roller Motion Change Gear Motion Differential Driving Gear Equalizing Pulley Equalizing Gear Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft Continuous Shaft Motion Alternating Motion Eccentric Wheel Train Epicyclic Gear Epi- cyclic Train Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing Eccentric Gear Sun and Planet Crank Motion High-Speed Epicyclic Train Sun and Planet Winding Gear Epicyclic Gear Train Compound Epicyclic Train Planetary Motion Planetary Gear Train " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250 SECTION XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE. Ratchet Bar Lift Ratchet Lift Ratchet Governor Rotary Motion Inter- mittent Circular Motion Intermittent Rotary Motion Double Pawl Ratchet Continuous Feed of a Ratchet Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel Intermittent Rotary Motion Intermittent Circular Motion Ratchet Intermittent Motion Pawl Lift Oscillating Motion Continuous Rotary Motion Intermittent Motion Windlass Grip Pawl Ratchet and Level Pawl Internal Multiple Cam Ratchet Head Reciprocal Circular Motion Ball Socket Ratchet Continuous Motion Ratchet Stops of Various Forms Stops for a Spur Gear Stops for a Lantern Wheel Safety Centrifugal Hooks Crank Motion Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums Stop Motion Variable Recipro- cating Motion Irregular Rocking Motion Rocking Arm Yoke Strap Triangular Curved Eccentric Triangular Eccentric Reciprocating Motion Uniform Reciprocating Motion Needle-Bar Slot Cam Slotted Yoke Crank Motion Trammel Gear Slotted Lever Motion Intermittent Reciprocating Motion Variable Crank Throw Variable Adjustment Four-Bolt Cam Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever Alternating Rectilinear Motion Tra- verse Bar Rectilinear Motion Intermittent Rotary Motion Vibrating Toothed Wheel "Lazy Tongs" Movement Quadrangular Rectilinear Mo- tion Parallel Motion Intermittent Motion Rocking Escapement Rotary and Longitudinal Motion Reciprocating Feed Ratchet Friction Rod Feed Ratchet Friction Hauling Ratchet Cam-Lever Grip Lever Toggle Joint Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press Toggle-joint Cam Movement Double-Screw CONTENTS. g Toggle Press Screw Stamping Press Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder Re- ciprocating Rectilinear Motion Rectilinear Motion Six Radial Grooved Tram- mel Rectilinear Reciprocating Motion Rocking Motion Pair of Toe Levers Wiper Cam 'or Stamp Mills Angular Wipers Equalizing Levers or Toes Variable Crank Motion Spiral-Grooved Face Plate Lever Cam Sectors Gear-Disengaging Cam Lever Oblique Disc Motion Grooved Cylinder Cam Traverse Motion Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing- machines Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion Cylindrical Cam Cam-Operated Shears Irregular Cam Motion Vibrating Rectilinear Motion Irregular Vibrating Circular Motion Clover- Leaf Cam Power Escapement Rotary Motion Irregular Reciprocating Motion Bevelled Disc Cam Grooved Heart Cam Heart-Shaped Groove Laying out a Heart Cam Cam Motion Double Cam Motion Pivoted Fol- lower Reciprocating Motion Ovoid Curve Variable Power Transmitted from a Crank Elliptical Crank Curvilinear Motion Spring Lathe-Wheel Crank " Brownell " Crank Motion Ordinary Crank Motion Eccentric and Straps for Valve Motion Reciprocating Motion Variable Circular Motion Irregular Motion Variable Power Vibrating Movement Variable Crank Pin Variable Rectilinear Motion Variable Crank Throw Variable Radius Lever Combination Crank-Motion Curves Flexible Angular Coupling Sliding Contact Shaft Coupling Rectilinear Motion Angular Shaft Coupling Universal Joint Double Link Universal Joint Universal Angle Coupling " Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling " Hooke's" Angular Shaft Coupling Rack and Pinion Movement Gyroscope Globe Gyroscope Tension Helico- Volute Spring Double Helico-Volute Spring Compression Helical Spring Single Volute Helix Spring Compound Disc Spring 251 to 279 SECTION XIII. HOROLOGICAL. CLOCK AND WATCH MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES. Cycloidal Pendulum Movement Compensating Pendulum Bob Compound Compensating Pendulum Centrifugal Pendulum Antique Clock Escapement Crown Tooth Escapement Double Ratchet-Wheel Escapement Star- \Vheel Escapement Anchor Escapement Recoil Escapement Pendulum Escapement Stud Escapement Lantern-Wheel Escapement Pin-Wheel Es- capement Hook-Tooth Escapement Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement Three-Toothed Escapement Detached Pendulum Escapement Mudge Gravity Escapement Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement " Harrison " Winding Device Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement "Bloxam's" Gravity Escapement Dead-Beat Clock Escapement Endless Cord- Winding Device for Clocks Clock Train Compensation Watch Balance Watch Regulator Antique Watch Escapement Verge Escapement Cylinder Escapement Duplex Escapement Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement "Guernsey" Escapement Anchor and Lever Escapement Lever Escapement Lever Chronometer Escapement "Arnold" Chronometer Escapement Fusee 10 CONTENTS. Chain and Spring Drum Chronometer Escapement " Geneva" Stop Geared Watch Stop Watch Stop Stem-Winding Movement Pin-Geared Watch Stop Watch Train 281 to 293 SECTION XIV. MINING. QUARRYING, VENTILATION, HOISTING, CONVEYING, PULVERIZING, SEPARATING, ROASTING, EXCAVATING, AND DREDGING. Diamond Prospecting Drill Rock Drill Diamond Well-Boring Machine Portable Diamond Drill Arc Tappet Valve Motion- Tappet Valve, for a Rock Drill Rock Drill Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve Coal-Cutting Machine Link Chain Cutter Drill for Curved Holes Box- Wing Blower Multiplex Butterfly Valve Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan Miner's Safety Lamp Horse-Power Hoisting Drum Steam Hoisting Engine Strap Brake Elevator Tower Horizontal Boom* Tower Mast and Gaff Hoist Coal-Load- ing Tipple "Otis Stop" for Elevator Cars Elevator Dumping Head Mining Buckets and Skip Belt Conveyer Chain Scraper Conveyer Cable Conveyer Driving Mechanism Log Conveyer Rope Tramway Automatic Dumping Car Toggle Joint Stone Crusher " Buchanan " Rock Crusher Roller Coal Crusher Eight-Stamp Ore Mill Rolling Crusher "Arastra" Ore Mill "Chili" Mill Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill Revolving Pulverizing Mill- Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle Coal Dust Press Klondike Mining Machine Gold Separator Centrifugal Separator Magnetic Ore Separator Iron Ore Separator Railway Steam Shovel Magnetic Ore Separators (Hoffman-Edison Types) Ore Roasting Furnace Railway Excavator Railway Steam Shovel Continuous Ditching Dredge Clam-Shell Bucket Revolving Hoisting Dredge Floating Dredge Marine Dredge 295 to 310 SECTION XV. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. HANGERS, SHAFT BEARINGS, BALL BEARINGS, STEPS, COUPLINGS, UNIVERSAL AND FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, SPEED GEAR, SHOP TOOLS, SCREW THREADS, HOISTS, MACHINES, TEXTILE APPLIANCES. Adjustable Bracket Hanger Adjustable Floor Bearing Adjustable Post Hanger Adjustable Floor Stand Continuous Traversing Roller Roller Wheel Anti-Friction Bearing Ball Bearings Adjustable Hanger for Shafting Screw Traversing Ball Bearing Hanging Shaft Suspended Shaft Curved Step Bearing Conical Pivot Bearing Lubrication of a Hanging Bearing Vertical Shaft Step Shaft Step Adjustment Adjustable Step Bearing Collar Bearing and Step Oil Circulating Step Lenticular Bearing Spherical Step Bearing Angle Coupling " Oldham " Coupling Flexible Link Coupling Flexible Shaft Coupling Angle Shaft Coupling Universal Joint " Hooke's" Universal Joint "Goubet's "Universal Shaft Coupling Ball Socket Universal Joints Right-Angle Shaft Coupling Right- Angle Shaft Coupling (" Hobson " CONTENTS. 1 1 Patent) Eccentric Line Coupling Simple Friction Pulley Friction Clutch V-Grooved Face Clutch Clutch and Gear Cone Clutch Multiple Plate Fric- tion Clutch Pin Clutch Friction Pin Clutch Friction Clutch Bevel Gear- Spring Friction Clutch Double Toggle-joint Friction Clutch Adjustable Fric- tion Clutch Double Conic Rope Drum Variable Speed Device Expanding Pulley Variable Speed Transmitting Device Belt Holder Jointed Radial Arm Drilling Machine Clamp --Screw Bench Clamp Auto- matic Bench Clamp Wood-Bending Clamp and Formers Boiler Tube Expander Roller Tube Expander Revolving Tool Head Collapsing Tap Wabble Saw Automatic Screw-Cutting Die Universal Chuck Compound Lever Shears Disc Shears Gig Saw Band Saw Toggle-joint Lever Press or Punch Power Stamping Press Hand Drilling Machine Portable Drill Multiple Drilling Machine Stamp Mill Cam Motion Blacksmith's Helper Revolving Rapid-Blow Hammer Helve Trip Hammer Friction Drop Ham- mer Beam Trip Hammer Spring Hammer Tire Shrinker Combined Tire Upsetting and Punching Machine Plate Sawing Machine Combined Punch and Shears Suspended Swing Treadle Power Rumbling Mill Centrifugal Separator Closure of Rollers Vibrating Lift Differential Pitch Movement Feed Wheel Combined Ratchet and Hand-Feed Gear Gear Train Quick Return Movement Reversing Gear Flexible Universal Steam Joint Bye Pass Cock or Valve Sight-Feed Lubricator Screw Movement Centering Tool Vernier Caliper Expansion Bit Double-Acting Screwdriver Pump Drill Stock Reciprocating Drill Stock Compound Lever Cutting Pliers Ball Socket Screw Threads Continual Barrel Elevator Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator Traveller Hoist Travelling Crane I-Bar Travelling Tramway Swing Bracket Crane Adjustable Universal Sheave "Harrington" Chain Hoist" Yale " Duplex Hoist Safety Tackle Differential Chain-Pulley Block Double Screw-Gear Hoist Taper Tube Rolls " Yale-Weston " Differential Gear Hoist Tube-Rolling Machine Seamless Tube Making Wire-Bending Machine Hopper and Bell "Bessemer" Steel Converter Lense-Grinding Machine Grinding Mill " Bogardus " Mill Circulating Screw Propeller and Mixing Tank Double Cylinder Planer Double Toggle-joint Screw Press Steam Cotton Press Toggle-Bar Press Sector Press Bark or Cob Mill Drawing and Throstle Twisting, Rolls and Bobbin Winder Cop Winder Bobbin Winder Cloth Dresser Knitting Machine 312 to 346 SECTION XVI. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. MIXING, TESTING, STUMP AND PILE PULLING, TACKLE HOOKS, PILE DRIVING, DUMPING CARS, STONE GRIPS, DERRICKS, CONVEYER, TIMBER SPLICING, ROOF AND BRIDGE TRUSSES, SUSPENSION BRIDGES. Post Augur Pug Mill Conical Pug Mill Conical Mixing Barrel Concrete Mixer Cement-Testing Machine Hydraulic Sand Ejector Toggle Stump Puller Right and Left Hand Turnbuckle Swivel Shackle Slip Hook Trip Hook Balanced Riveting Machine Releasing Grip Automatic Disengaging Grip Swivelling Dumping Car Square Box Side-Dumping Car Lever Grip 1 2 CONTENTS. Tongs Adjustable Grip Tongs Pneumatic Dumping Car Lewis Wedge for Lifting Stone Stone Grinding and Polishing Machine Four-Guy Mast Der- rick Shears with Winch or Tackle Block Swinging Derrick Crane Portable Steam Derrick Swing-Boom Crane Cable Hoist and Conveyer Cantilever Hoisting and Conveying Machine Timber Splicing Timber Cords and Arches Truss Roof Queen Post Roof Truss Wooden Road Bridge Truss Deck Bridge Trusses Bridge Truss Arched Deck Truss Bridge Bridge Trusses Arch Truss Bridge Swing Bridge Cantilever Bridge Suspension Bridges 349 to 360 SECTION XVII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. PARALLEL RULES, CURVE DELINEATORS, TRAMMELS, ELLIPSOGRAPHS, PAN- TOGRAPHS. Proportional Compasses Roller Parallel Ruler Slotted Parallel Ruler Three Part Parallel Ruler Spring Cyclograph Flexible Curve Scriber Helicograph Great Curve Delineator Conchoid Delineator Cyclograph Trammel for Drawing Ellipses Ellipsograph Parabola Scriber Geared Ellipsograph Hyperbola Scriber Pantograph Lazy-Tongs Pantograph Perspective Cen- trolinead Spherometer 361 to 367 SECTION XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. ANIMAL POWER, SHEEP SHEARS, MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES, ELEVATORS, CRANES, SEWING, TYPEWRITING, AND PRINTING MACHINES, RAILWAY DEVICES, TRUCKS, BRAKES, TURNTABLES, LOCOMOTIVES, GAS, GAS FUR- NACES, ACETYLENE GENERATORS, GASOLINE MANTLE LAMP, FIREARMS. Human Treadmill Horse-Power Tread Wheel Horse-Power Machine Dog- Power Machine Geared Horse-Power Multiple Bladed Sheep Shears Horse Clipper Machine Sheep Shears "Almond's " Flexible Metallic Tube Evo- lution of a Wood Screw Artificial Leg and Foot Mean Time Sun Dial Door Push Check Folding Ladder Simple Combination Lock Tripod Dou- ble Spherical Socket Disc Slicer Micrometer Screw Adjustment Correct Principle in Setting a Hot-Water House Boiler Under-Feed Heating Fur- nace Harvester or Mowing Machine Bell Clapper Movement Piano Key and Action Lapidary or Lithologicai Lathe Wire-Drawing Machine Wire-Cov- ering Machine Stirring Machine for Grain Mash Sector Wheel Baling Press Wood Compression Carving Machine Belt-Driven Elevator Safety Catch for Elevators Elevator Safety Gear Swing Derrick Package Elevator Post Crane Wharf Crane Automatic Balance Crane Sewing-Machine Shut- tle Sewing-Machine Feed Bar Sewing-Machine Hook and Bobbin Hook of the " Wheeler and Wilson " Sewing-Machine Sewing-Machine Spring Motor for Sewing-Machine Tinplate Lacquering Machine Single Cylinder Printing Press Typewriting Machine " Gordon " Printing Press Rack and Pawl CONTENTS. 13 Bali-Bearing Screw Jack Hydraulic Transfer Jack Rail-Cutting Saw Prouty- NobJe Automatic or Self-Winding Brake Street-Car Sand Box Friction Brake for Street Railway Cars Car Truck for Street Railways Street-Car Truck Car Truck Trolley-Car Truck Freight-Car Truck Cable Railway Grip Cable Grip for Street Railways Linked Hinges Endless Cable Grip Car Street Railway Sweeping Car Equalizing Lever Novel Car Brake Wooden Frame Turn-Table Iron Frame Turn-Table Single-Cylinder Loco- motive Modern Locomotive and Tender Passenger Locomotive, Eight- Wheel Model Ten-Wheel Freight Locomotive Freight Locomotive Centre Valve for a Gas House Disc Valve for Large Gas Pipes Centre Guide Gas Holder Counter-Weighted Gas Holder Expanding Pipe Stopper Lantern Bellows Dry Gas Meter Wet Gas Meter Dry Gas Meter Gas Pressure Regulator Fuel Gas Burner Gas Furnace Gas-Heated Incubator Acety- lene Gas Generator Automatic Gasoline and Mantie Lamp Acetylene Gen- erator and Gas Holder Acetylene Burner Bayonet Joint Gun Lock Colt Cylinder Revolving Device for Firearms Magazine Rifle, " Lee-Metford " Model " Martini-Henry" Rifle Chassepot Gun Remington Rifle "Rem- ington " Magazine Gun " Hotchkiss " Magazine Gun " Lebel " Rifle "Mauser "Rifle "Winchester" Magazine Rifle Disappearing Gun, " Mon- crief Model " 369 to 396 Section I. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. WEIGHT, RESOLUTION OF FORCES, PRESSURES, LEVERS, PULLEYS, TACKLE, ETC. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. w FORCES AND THE MEASURE OF THEIR WORK. FORCE may be said to be the cause of motion and power in mechanics. Its condition may be static or dynamic ; in the latter condition it becomes the means for the practical application of motion in the various forms of mechanical devices. Its statical condition is iUustrated in the strains sustained in the material of construction and suspension. The first and simple form of static force may be illustrated in the column, in the various positions in which it may be used for resistance of any kind ; although in machinery, it may in itself become a moving body under stress. Static force may be represented by a column supporting weight ; a beam under compressive strain ; a body of water retained in a mill dam, steam pressure in a boiler, compressed air or liquefied gases, and a suspended weight; a coiled spring or anything that is under pres- sure without motion. The principal expressions for static force are compression, tension, and torsion, or their com- binations. The resolution of forces is the geometrical rela- tion and value of two or more forces acting upon a single point from different directions, or of a single force acting against several points of resistance. The terms of resolution may be directional, static, or dynamic. 3. THE RESOLUTION OF SUS- PENSION in which W represents a force or the weight of gravitation, and P, P' the resisting power or equivalent weights. Solution : P and P'= half the weight Sine of angle of depression a or b when the angles are equal. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 4- For unequal angles the forces vary as the sines of the angles from the vertical, respectively. P ) Solution: P = W X sinej P' = W X sine v Sine 5. In a combination of forces the resolution involves the sines of the varying angles. P = w X sine 7 P'= W X sine v* Sine CH- 27)' 6. The forces in the direction of P and P' in which the weight of a beam inclined and resting upon a point at P' = W, at the centre of gravity. P' = WX a P = WX a The longitudinal thrust of struts or braces is the same as for tensional strains inversely, only that the weight of timbers or heavy materials should be considered separately, as shown further on. 7. Where the members are of the same length and at equal angles. P and P'= half the weight Sine of the angle a or b. 8. For unequal angles. Solution : P = W X sine y Sine (y+v) P' = Wxsine v Sine (y+v) THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 9. With truss beams carrying un- equal weights the formulae for end thrust are for equal angles. P = w x sine y Sine P' i= W X s'mey Sine (y+v) * For unequal angles, the formula is ^ the same as in No. 8. 10. LEVER PARADOX, Two levers or scale beams, one above the other, accurately b a 1- 0anced and pivo- ted at their ends to two T arms as shown in the cut, may have equal weights hung at various distances on the arms, and they will be balanced on the centre line and at any angle above or below the centre line. A nut for amateurs to crack. THE LEVER AND ITS POWER. The weight of lever is not considered. 1 1 . First order. a W j* b- *- a > 12. Second order. W P = P WX (b+a) _ 13. Third order. b 4- a P P X b _ ~ w> W X = P 20 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 14. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, first order. Same notation as No. n. 15. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, second order. Same Notation as No. 12. 1 6. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, third order. ' /7 ' v / \ ' /y/^- l -\ Wx v ~+~ ^ x cosine of an g le ,J ^{P 17. Compound Lever, first order. : IJ a X a _ W P X a X a _ w = T' bx& = X W X /' X V 1 8. Compound Lever, first cind second orders. a a'X?>'_ W ~~ P X = w W X b X V a X (a 1 + b' ) The differential weight of lever arms must be adjusted to the proper factor for accurate computation. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 21 19. Revolving Lever, first order. W=: P X a b P = W X ' b P 20. Revolving Lever, second order. W = P X (a + b) b P = W X b 21. Revolving Lever, third order. W = P X b a + b ' B - 9= Wx ( + J) THE INCLINED PLANE. 22. Weight sliding on inclined surface. (W X sine of angle) -j- friction = P. P Sine of angle vertical Sine of angle = -. r . r inclmed friction =W. distance. 23. Rolling weight by horizontal push. 22 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 24. THE WEDGE. Strain == force of blow X / /, length of wedge. Wj width of wedge. W 25. THE SCREW. All measures in equal ? J units or inches. W = P X (2 X r X Pitch of screw P = W x pitch of screw 2 X r X 3. i4 l6 26. WORM GEAR or ENDLESS SCREW. P = power. r = length of crank. R = radius of pitch line of gear. p = pitch of screw. r = radius of winding drum. W= P = W X / X 6.28 x "W if screw is double-thread. 2 27. CHINESE WHEEL, or differen tial axle, with crank or pulley. a = radius large drum. b = radius small drum. W= P X 2 a b = WX (a THE MECHANICAL POWERS. TACKLE BLOCKS. 28. Two single sheaves, a, l>, c are of equal strain, a -f- b W. Sheave A only transfers the direction of P. W W 29. Simple sheave block. P = W. 30. Two single sheave blocks upper one fixed, lower movable. 31. Three single sheave blocks one block fixed, two blocks movable. P W . W = P X 4- 4 32. Three single sheave blocks, consisting of two fixed blocks and one movable block. Pnwer P W -. W = P X 3. 5 33. One fixed sheave block, one movable sheave block. P W ^ . W = PX2. 2 W THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 34. One fixed sheave block, two movable blocks. P W -A w = P x 4 . 4 35. One fixed pulley block, three fixed rope ends. P = W 6 36. Multiple sheave blocks, all single. P = W . W = P X 14- 14 w 37. Four and three sheave blocks, with end of rope fixed to top block. Four sheave block fixed, three sheave block movable. P W ~-. W = P x 6. W 38. Roving of a three and two sheave pair of blocks, with a draw block fixed above. P = W 6' W = P x 6. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 2 5 39. Roving of a two and three sheave pair of blocks, with end of rope fixed to lower block. P W . W = P X 5. 40. CHINESE WINDLASS. The sheave and hook rises equal to one-half the difference in the circumference of the barrels for each turn of the crank. See No. 2 7 for the power. 41. CHINESE SHAFT DERRICK. The sheaves suspended from the upper part of the derrick legs allows the bucket to be raised above the mouth of the shaft or pit by the differential windlass. 42. COMPOUND WEIGHT MOTOR, for a limited fall. The power is only equal to one- half of one of the weights. The time of fall- ing and distance equals three times the time and distance of one weight. 43. ROPE TWIST LEVER, for a temporary pull, or as a clamping device. 26 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. . 44. SPANISH WINDLASS. Much used on over-truck frames for suspending the load. 45. ROPE GRIP HOOK for taking a temporary bite on a hawser. 46. GUY ROPE CLIP and Thimble for wire rope. 47. ROPE END, with thimble, clip, and yarn seizing. 48. HEMP ROPE END, doubled in the eye, with two clips. The doubling in eye prevents excessive wear. Section II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. ROPES, BELTS, FRICTION GEAR, SPUR, BEVEL, AND SCREW GEAR, ETC. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. ROPES, BELTS, FRICTION GEAR, SPUR, BEVEL, AND SCREW GEAR, ETC. 49. ALTERNATING CIRCULAR MOTION from the curvilinear motion of a treadle. The ancient lathe motion. 50. CIRCULAR MOTION from curvilin- ear motion of a treadle through a cord and pulley. ^TT^ o" I UNIVERSITY 51. ECCENTRIC CRANK and Treadle. A belt over the eccentric and a roller in the treadle. The equivalent of a crank. 52. CAPSTAN, OR VERTICAL WIND- LASS. The pawl falling in the circular rack at the bottom locks the windlass. The rope should always wind on the bottom and slip upward. 53. STEERING GEAR. A hand wheel and drum on a shaft, carrying a rope rove through guide pulleys and attached to the tiller. 54. JUMPING MOTION given to a weight, or other body, by a pin wheel and bell-crank lever. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. V 55. ROPE SPROCKET WHEEL, several modi- fications of which are in use in old-style hoists. }=> 56. F-GROOVED ROPE PULLEY, having corrugated groove faces to increase the adhesion of the rope. 57. ROPE TRANSMISSION, with a tightening pulley, B. 58. VIBRATORY MOTION to two shafts, transmitted from the rocking of a lever arm and sector. 59. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a shaft at right angles to the driving-shaft. The guide sheaves give direction to the rope over the curve face of the driven pulley, the rope slipping towards the centre of the driven pulley. 3^\ A \ C 60. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a portable drill or swing saw. D, driving sheave. i A, double loose sheaves in a frame, suspended by weight C attached by rope over sheaves, B, B. C, counter weight. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 61. HORIZONTAL ROPE TRANSMISSION, with tension slide and weight. 62. ROPE TRANS- MISSION from vertical to horizontal shaft, with tension slide and weight 63. ROPE TRANS- MISSION to a movable shaft at right angles from the driving-shaft, with tension slide and weight. 64. VERTICAL TENSION with slides and pulley guide. CARRIAGE. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 65-66. BELT LACING. The straight lacing 65 should run next the pulley, while 66 represents the outside of the belt. Lace should be drawn in at a, a, to centre ; lace each way out and return, ending at e, e, 66, on outside of belt. 67-68. BELT LACING. In this style the straight side should run next the pulley, drawing in the lace on one side at a, a to its centre, and lace across and back, ending at e, e on the outside of 68. 69-70. NOVEL BELT LAC- ING, for quarter-turn belts. Draw lacing in to its centre at a, a on inside of belt, crossing on outside of 70, and ending at e, e, 70. 71-72. BELT LACING, for nar- row belts. Draw in the lacing at a, a to its centre ; lace each way and back to centre, ending on the outside of belt at e, e, 72. 73-74. BELT LACING, for medium width belts. Commenc- ing at a, a on the inside of belt 73, drawing the lacing to its cen- tre ; rove each end once across, ending at the outside of belt 74 at . The operation of a single shipper changes the motions or stops. 96. TWO SPEED PULLEYS AND BELTS. Two pair of tight and loose pulleys on lower shaft, unequal broad tight pulleys on upper shaft. By crossing the belt from one of the pair a quick return speed may be obtained. Much used on tapping-machines and planers. 97. PULLEYS, COMBINED WITH A DIF- FERENTIAL GEAR for two speeds, and stop-belt shown on loose pulley. Middle pulley on lower shaft is fast to shaft, and has a bevel gear fast to its hub. Pulley on the right is loose on shaft and car- ries, transversely, another bevel gear. A third bevel gear runs loose upon the shaft and is held by a friction band. On moving the belt to the middle pulley an ordinary motion x speed of belt in feet per 2 cosine x ) minute = foot-pounds, which divided by 33,000 = H. P. B, long arm ; A, short arm of lever. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 49 144. "NEER'S" ROTARY TRANSMITTING DYNAMO- METER. A shaft is disconnecter at a coupling and the discs A and B are clamped one to each shaft. Chains are attached to the disc A and roll around pulleys on the disc B, and are attached to the spider C. The chain tension is resisted by the helical springs and is recorded on the dial E. The dial F indicates revolutions. 145. "VAN WINKLE'S" POWER METER. A set of helical springs attached to two discs, one of which is made fast to the pulley, unkeyed and loose on the shaft ; the other disc and hub are clamped to the shaft. A set of levers on a rock haft transmits the strain on the springs to an in- dex and dial indicating the horse-power per 100 revolutions of the shaft. 146. TRACTION RECORD- ING DYNAMOMETER. The draft-pull compresses the elliptic -shaped springs, moving the index hand D, which carries a pencil at its opposite end K. A paper ribbon is drawn under the pencil and wound on a drum, driven by clockwork, mak- ing a continual record, to be measured by a suitable scale for the average work. 147. FRICTION MACHINE, for testing the friction of wheels at various speeds and loads. The adjustable circular balance holds the wheels or vehicle in place. The pounds tension on the scale multiplied by the periph- eral velocity in feet per minute gives the foot- pound draft or friction. 5 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 148. TORSION DYNAMOME- TER. To a driving shaft E is attached at C a helical spring. To the other end of the spring is attached a trans- mission pulley A and a small pulley Q! , moving freely on the shaft E. At Q 2 another small pulley is fixed to shaft E. The tension of trans mission displaces the relative position of the small pulleys and through an endless belt draws the loops F and G farther apart, which by pul- leys and index not shown indicates the power transmitted. 149. TENSILE TEST- ING MACHINE. A hydrostatic ram and system of com- pound levers, used in ] testing the tensile strength of metals. S, article to be tested ; w, stops to control vibra- tion of levers ; W, weight. 150. BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE. A flattened spring metal tube is bent to a circular form. One end is fixed to the inlet stud ; the other end is connected to a lever sector by a link. The sector is meshed with a small pinion on the arbor carrying the index hand. A hair spring attached to the arbor keeps all the piv- oted joints drawn in one direction for accuracy of pressure indication. 151. CORRUGATED TUBE-PRESSURE GAUGE. The pressure within the tube expands it on the cor- rugated side and through the link connections with the index hand moves the hand. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 152. RECORDING PRESSURE GAUGE, " Edson " model. D, corrugated diaphragm bearing the pressure ; G, connecting rod from dia- phragm to crank-pin, on the shaft on which the index hand is fixed, as also the arm and pencil bar, H 2 , H 3 , in front of the record sheet ; K, K, winding barrels for the record sheet driven by a clock move- ment ; M, index dial. 153. PARALLEL MOTION OF THE INDICATOR. Proportions: c\ d:\ 154. PARALLEL MOTION FOR AN INDI- CATOR. The curved slot is made proportional to the length of the two arms of the pencil lever. 155. AMSLER"PLAN- IMETER. E is the fixed point; F the tracer. The disc has a sharp edge and a cylindrical section divided | and read from a vernier scale. 'A worm screw and index wheel indicate the number of revolutions of the rolling disc. 156. "LIPPINCOTT" PLAN- IMETER. R is the fixed point; T the tracer ; c is a smooth round arm on which a scale is laid off from the axis ; D is a disc with a free motion on the scaled arm. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 157. CENTRIFUGAL SPEED INDI- CATOR. An arm and ball pivoted to a clamp on a revolving vertical shaft shows on a curved index bar the number of revo- lutions per minute, due to the position of the ball and pointer, assumed by the cen- trifugal force of revolution. , 158. SPEED INDICATOR. An application of the screw gear. The screw dial counts to 100, right or left. The second dial indicates the number of hundreds. 159. METER DIAL how to read it. A revolution of the upper hand is a measure of one cubic foot. Each of the dials represents a multiple of ten. The figures following the motion of the index hands are to be noted, and if reading to the right must be put in in- verse order, and if read to the left must be put in serial order. Thus the dial here rep- resented reads 47,805 cubic feet. 1 60. AUTOMATIC TIPPING for measuring grain or water. SCALE, 161. DOUBLE LINK BALANCED SCALE. The upper link is fixed to the radial index plate. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 53 162. DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHING BEAM. The link connection 7 - 1 to the lower hook allows the V-bearings to be brought much nearer together than on a sin- gle bar. 163. ENGINE COUN- TER. A series of coun- ter gears as in the fol- lowing figures, may be placed overlapping, as here shown ; each spindle mounted with a number dial and all covered by a perforated plate, showing the top figures of each dial. The spring pawl checks the first wheel in the train, to hold the number in place while the lever pawl takes its back motion. 164. OPERATION OF A COUNTER. , The wheel B, with its ten pin teeth, is J thrown one tooth at each vibration of the arm of the sector rim A. The wheel B also has a sector rim fixed to and revolving with it that throws the next pin-tooth wheel one tooth at each revolution, and so on. 165. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. The tappet A, revolving with the wheel C, carries the wheel D one pin notch per revolution. The pawl b is released by the notch in the wheel C while the tappet is in contact with the pin. 1 66. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. B, driving wheel, the rim of which has an entering and exit notch for pins in the driven wheel and locks the wheel C at each revolution of wheel B 54 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 167. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. A, the driv- ing tooth in the wheel B ; C is stopped by the concave sections that fit the periphery of the wheel B. The tooth A projects beyond the peripheral radius of wheel B, and the notches relieve the inverted curves of wheel C, allowing it to turn one notch at each revolution of wheel B. 1 68. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, for counters and meters. In this form the largest number of revolutions of the single tooth pinion B, for one revolution of wheel A, may be obtained. 169. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. Wheel C and its arm tooth B is the driver. A rim, shown by the dotted circle on wheel C, catches a pin tooth of the counter wheel A at each revolution. The opening in the rim allows the pin to enter and leave the inside of the rim. 170. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. a, driving pin plate. b, star wheel counter. t, pawl. d, spring latch. The latch d is on the back of the pin plate and holds the star teeth, after rotation, by a light spring, c is a pawl that locks the teeth ; pawl is lifted by pins in pin wheel. 171. TIRE MEASURE COUN- TER. A wheel running freely in the forks of a handle, is made of a size that will roll exactly two feet to* a revolution, and graduated in feet and inches. The supplementary index is set to allow for lap in welding the tire. Section IV. STEAM POWER. BOILERS AND ADJUNCTS, ENGINES, VALVES AND VALVE GEAR, PARALLEL MOTION GEAR, GOVERNORS AND ENGINE DEVICES. ROTARY ENGINES. OSCILLATING ENGINES. STEAM POWER. BOILERS AND ADJUNCTS, ENGINES, VALVES AND VALVE GEAR, PARALLEL MOTION GEAR, GOVERNORS AND ENGINE DEVICES. ROTARY ENGINES, OSCILLATING ENGINES. 172. "STEVENS" BOILER. An early type of tubular boilers (1806). The principle is still in use. 173. PLAIN CYLIN- DRICAL BOILERS, showing suspension and setting. One-half the surface of the shells, divided by 10, equals boiler horse-power. H H H HH H I H M Ld 174. HAXG- INGWATER DRUM CY- LINDRICAL BOILER. The drum, hanging from the main boiler by necks, gives a large in- crease of heating surface. One-half of shell and all of drum surface, divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 175. CYLINDRICAL DOUBLE FLUE BOILER, Lan- cashire type. One -half the shell and all the flue surface, divided by n, equals boiler horse-power. STEAM POWER. n 176. INTERNALLY FIRED FLUE BOILER. The flue and half the shell surface, if exposed to heat, divided by 14, equals horse-power. 177. HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER, with steam and dry steam pipe. #, Dry steam pipe. One-half the shell and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. 178. LOCOMOTIVE BOILER.-^- All the fire-box surface above the grate and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. 179. MARINE BOILER, with locomotive fire-box, three flues and return tubes. The area of the fire- box, flues, back chamber, and tubes, divided by 12, equals boiler horse- power. ECLIPSE" RETURN TUBULAR MARINE BOILER All the fire-box, back chamber, direct and return tube surface, divid- ed by 12, equals boiler horse- power. STEAM POWER. 59 181. "GALLOWAY" BOILER. An in- ternally fired oval flue,with small con- ical tubes set diago- nally across the flue. 182. INTERNAL FIRED CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR BOILER. Lower shell slight- ly inclined to facilitate circula- tion. Fire surface of tubes, fire-box, and all of shell ex- posed to heat, divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 183. "DION" VEHICLE BOILER. A central water and steam drum enclosed within an annular drum, and connected by short in- clined tubes. A light and quick-firing boiler for a motor carriage. 184. "BABCOCK & WILCOX" WATER TUBE BOILER. Inclined straight tubes expanded in vertical steel headers, connected to a steam drum above. Partitions repass the flame through the tube spaces. 185. "HARRISON" BOILER. A series of cast-iron globes with ground joints, held together by through bolts. 6o STEAM POWER. 186. SUBMERGED HEAD VERTICAL BOILER, with enlarged water surface, and a cir- culating diaphragm by which the fire head is swept by the circulation of the water. The central space is free from tubes to facilitate circulation. 87. "HERRESHOFF" BOILER. A horizontal volute coil at the top acts as a heater. The inner coil is the evaporator ; the outer coil is the superheater. A separa- tor entraps the water that may be carried over from the evaporating coil. ILO*. ' "WS^ 188. "THORNYCROFT" BOILER. A large steel drum above and a water drum below, connected with a large num- ber of bent tubes. The water return is through a large tube at the rear end of the boiler. 189. "SEE" WATER TUBE BOILER. A series of short straight tubes connecting a hori- zontal steam drum with a rectangular water base on each side of the furnace. Return tube at back of boiler. STEAM POWER. 6l 190. "YARROW" WATER TUBE BOILER. Inclined sections of straight tubes from water- headers each side of the fire grate to a large steam drum above. Iron casing lined with fire tile. This design is for a marine boiler. 191. "BOYER'S" WATER TUBE BOILER. Furnace walls are coils of pipe. Coils over the fire are connected from circulating pipes to steam drum. 192. HAZELTON BOILER. A central ) vertical drum in which tubes, with closed ends, are screwed radially. The grate is beneath the radial tubes and around the base of the drum. 193. " CLIMAX " BOILER. A central vertical water and steam drum, with bent tubes expanded in it, and inclined to facili- tate circulation. 194. Section showing bent tubes. 62 STEAM POWER. "MO YES" WATER TUBE BOILER. The inclined tubes are in three groups, set in three steam drums above and three water-heads be- low. Partitions divide the groups of tubes to deflect the flame over the whole surface. 196. "WHEELER" VERTICAL TUBE BOILER. Two sections of straight vertical tubes, with drum-heads top and bottom, and a steam drum connected by necks. 197. "CAHALL" VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER. A water drum at the bottom forms the lower head for the tubes. An an- nular drum at the top forms the upper head, through which the smoke passes. The fur- nace and combustion chamber are outside, as is also the circulating pipe, as shown in the cut. 198. VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER (Philadelphia Engineering Works). Straight tubes between steel drums and a wall between the sections, so that the fire sweeps the length of all the tubes. STEAM POWER. 199-200. BOILER OF THE " SERPOLLET " TRICYCLE. The steam [generating surface is made of iron pipe, flattened and corrugated, then coiled into a volute form with the inner end turned up, and the outer end to project through the furnace shell. The cuts show a vertical section and horizontal plan. 201. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM GENER- ATOR, showing the corrugated flattened tube coiled into a volute. The width of the internal space is less than one-eighth of an inch. 202. "SERVES" BOILER TUBE. The pro- jecting ribs enlarge the area of the fire surface of the tube. 203. SHAKING AND TIP- PING FURNACE GRATE, " Tupper " model. Each section rocks on trunnions by a hand lever and connecting bar. 204. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. The flanges are strung upon square bars to form each grate section, which are shaken or dumped by a key wrench at the front. 6 4 STEAM POWER. 205. FURNACE GRATE, with dumping sections. "Tup- per " model grate. 206. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. The sectors are astride cross bars, and are rocked by a lever and con- necting rod to each tier of sectors. 207. SHAKING AND TIPPING FURNACE GRATE. The front and back sections can be shaken separately by the double connections and levers. 208. "COLUMBIA" STOKER, for soft coal. The coal is filled into the hopper on the outside of the furnace, and from the bottom of the hopper there is carried a chute which inclines upward into the fur- nace. A pusher pushes the coal upward along this chute and dis- charges underneath the burning fuel, displacing the latter and causing it to bulge upward and then slide down the inclined grates. Air is delivered under pressure from the air pipe, and, passing through the openings in the blast grates in the front portion of the furnace, mixes with the gases distilled from the coal before they pass through the burning fuel above. STEAM POWER. 20-. "PLAYFORD" MECHAN- ICAL STOKER, for soft coal. A link grate moved by a sprocket shaft carries the coal, fed by a hopper, forward under the boiler, returning over a drum shaft at the bridge wall. A screw conveyer brings the ash and clinker forward to the pit. 210. 'AMERICAN" BOILER STOKER. The coal is carried under the grate from the hopper by a spiral screw and forced up over the 211. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler fur- nace, "Playford" model. The coal is carried into the furnace from a hopper by a travelling grate. A gate with rack and gear, oper- ated by a lever, regulates the depth of the coal-feed. 212. MECHANICAL STOKER for a furnace, " Jones " model, under- feed to the grate. A plunger, which may be operated directly by a steam piston, pushes a charge of coal, falling 1 i ' i ' i ' ! ' 'i ' i ' i ' from the hopper, on to the fore plate of the grate, where it is coked, the smoke and gases being drawn into the hot fire and burned. 66 STEAM POWER. 213. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler furnace, " Meissner " model. A wide plunger, operated from a rock shaft, pushes the charge from under the hopper on to the step- grate, where it is coked and worked down the inclined rocking gate. 214. FEED WORM AND AIR BLAST, for feeding fuel to furnaces or sand for an air sand blast. 215. PETROLEUM BURNER, for a furnace, for a boiler, or other require- ments. A, Entrance of oil to central nozzle, which is regulated by a needle valve with screw spindle and wheel, C ; B, entrance of compressed air to the annular nozzle, the force of which draws the oil and atomizes it for quick combustion. 216. POP SAFETY VALVE. The " Lun- kenheimer," an enlarged lip disc above the valve disc, equalizes the increased tension of the spring when the valve opens. STEAM POWER. 2iy. DIFFERENTIAL SEAT SAFETY VALVE. The enlarged area of the upper valve compensates for the differential tension of the spring upon open- ing the valve, thus causing the valve to open wide without increase of boiler pressure. 2i8. SAFETY VALVE. Lever is of the third order. A, Short lever ; B, centre of gravity of lever from ful- crum ; C, distance of weight from ful- crum ; S, diameter of valve ; P, pres- sure per square inch ; G, weight of the lever at its centre of gravity ; W, weight of ball ; V, weight of valve and spindle. S 2 X .7854 X P X A (Gx B) (VX A) C S 2 X .7854 X P X A (GX B) (Vx A) W w = 219. ORIGINAL FORM of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine, 130 B.C. A reaction power, suitable for operation by the use of any gaseous or fluid pres- sure. The original type of several modern motors. 220. STEEPLE ENGINE, with cross-head and slides. 68 STEAM POWER. 221. VERTICAL BELL-CRANK wheel boat. ENGINE, WITH LEVER, for stern- 222. INCLINED PADDLE-WHEEL ENGINE, with upright crank-con- nected beam for driving air pump. 223. DIAGONAL TWIN-SCREW EN- GINE, arranged so that the connecting rods cross each other, thus economizing space. 224. TWIN-SCREW VERTICAL CYLIN- DER ENGINE. The outer gears are on the screw shafts ; the inner gears are idlers to keep the beam even. I \ 225. TRUNK ENGINE. Does away with the slides and cross-head. It is also used for compounding by using the initial pressure at the trunk end and ex- panding beneath the piston. STEAM POWER. 6 9 226. OSCILLATING ENGINE, with trunnions on middle of cylinder. 227. COMPOUND OSCILLATING ENGINE. Cylinders at right angles. 228. TWIN-SCREW OSCILLAT- ING ENGINE. A through piston rod connects directly to crank-pins on the shaft face plates. Suitable for small boats. 229. OSCILLATING HOIST ING ENGINE. The piston rods are attached to an eccentric strap; one fixed, the other pivoted. A lever operated by the same eccentric strap, through a short connecting rod, oper- ates the valve gear of each cylindei alternately. 230. THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE " Brotherhood " type. Steam is admitted to the central chamber with equal pressure on all the pistons. The rotary-disc valve is oper- ated by the crank-pin, giving steam to the outside of the pistons alternately through an outside port to each cylin- der. Main shaft bearing has a stuffing- box. STEAM POWER. 231. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL GINE, with continuous piston rod. EN- 232. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL ENGINE, with cross-head and two piston rods for low-pressure piston 233. COMPOUND ENGINES for twin screws. There may be one or two pair of compound cylin- ders. The dotted lines represent cylinders of the tandem model. 234. COMPOUND YACHT ENGINE, "Her- reshoff" model. Direct receiver pipe. End and longitudinal elevation. STEAM POWER. 235. HIGH-SPEED TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, " Harrisburg" model. 236. TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, " Phoenix Iron Works" model. A direct pipe connection be- tween the high and low pressure cylinder. 237. MODERN HIGH- SPEED ENGINE, with pulley governor, " Atlas " model. 238. SINGLE D SLIDE VALVE, with lap. The length of the valve over the length from outside to outside of steam ports is double the lap. 239. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. A ring in a recess of the valve rides against the steam chest cover, held by a spring. STEAM POWER. 240. DOUBLE-PORTED SLIDE VALVE and adjustment by double nuts in the back of the valve. 241. "MEYER" CUT-OFF VALVE. C, D, Slide valve with perforated ports. The supplementary or cut-off valves are adjusted to the required distances, to meet the required cut-off, by a right and left screw, which has an index H, and wheel G, for turning the screw for cut-off adjustment on the outside of the steam chest. 242. SINGLE D, SLIDE VALVE, with double steam and exhaust ports. Central steam ports open into steam chest at the side of the valve. 243. GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE, foi large port area with small motion of the valve. 244. ROTARY VALVES. The valves K and L are three-winged cylinders, and are nearly balanced by the double inlet ports of the valve chamber. STEAM POWER. 73 245. STEAM ENGINE VALVE CHEST. Double ported exhaust ; shortens the steam passages. " Erie City Iron Works " model. 246. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. A bell- shaped piston, riding in a packed gland in the steam chest cover, is comigctecLto the top of the valve by a link. 247. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE, " Buchanan & Richter's " patent. The arm B carries a roller in the curved slot of the supporting piece D. The pressure is relieved by the nut and screw in the cover. 248. RICHARDSON-ALLEN " BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. The valve slides under an adjustable plate fixed to the steam chest cover, and is bal- anced by a recess in the back of the valve that is open to the ex- haust port. 249. BALANCED THROTTLE VALVE, with direct governor connection. 74 STEAM POWER. 250. WING THROTTLE VALVE, or Butterfly Throttle, operated by direct connection with a gov- ernor. 251. MULTIPLE PORT PISTON THROTTLE VALVE. A perfectly balanced valve with through connecting rod. 252. "CORLISS" VALVE GEAR. Operated by a single eccentric through a lever and connecting rods. Steam and exhaust valves are worked by pins on a rocking wrist plate. The trips on the steam-valve gears are controlled by the governor. 253. LOCOMOTIVE LINK-MOTION VALVE GEAR. In this arrangement the slotted link is moved up and down over the wrist pm block by the lever and connecting rod ; the le- ver, locking in the toothed sector, allowing for a close connection to the valve stem by a lever and short connecting rod. 254. WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR. The slotted link is hung at its centre on a fixed pin. The valve-rod block is raised or lowered by the bell-crank lever. Lead is made by the cross- head link and lever. STEAM POWER. 75 255: REVERSING LINK MOTION. The slotted link is pivoted to the end of the eccentric rod and is moved up and down by the bell- crank lever. The block carrying the valve rod is stationary in the slot. 256. VALVE GEAR of an oscillating marine- engine. The slotted link a, receives a rocking motion from the eccentrics and rods, and is thrown from its centre either way for forward or back motion of the engine by the lever connecting rod b. A block and pin attached to the valve rod freely traverse the link slot. The circular slot- ted frame c is concentric with the cylinder trun- nions and the valve rod by a sliding block and pin to accommodate the oscillation of the cyl- inders. 257. "JOY'S " VALVE GEAR for a ver- tical engine. Operated from a pin in the connecting rod. Reversal is made by chang- ing the position of the slotted link Ife 258. -VX JOY'S H VALVE GEAR for a horizontal engine. Adjust- ment is made by the angu- * lar position of the slotted link. Valve motion by crank rod and links. 7 6 STEAM POWER. 259. "BREMME" VALVE GEAR with single eccentric. The eccentric arm is rocked by the double link connection and is reversed by throwing the link joint over by the hand screw and sector arm, not shown in cut. 260. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VALVE GEAR, with variable travel, adjustable by a hand-wheel. The eccentric drives a block in a slotted link, which is rocked on a central pivot by the screw for varying the throw of the valve. 261. CAM-BAR VALVE MOVE- MENT. The horizontal movement of the cam bar by the bell-crank lever alternately moves the two valves. 262. VALVE GEAR of a Cor- nish engine, with trip poppet valves for steam. The governor releases the valves by varying the position of the vertical bars connected to the rocking wrist plate. Exhaust valves are oper- ated from the eccentric through the lever that operates the steam valves. STEAM POWER. 77 263. VARIABLE EXPANSION GEAR, 3 with one eccentric. The movement of the fulcrum of the eccentric bar lever by the screw changes the throw of the valve. 264. SINGLE ECCENTRnC VARIABLE VALVE THROW." Fink " link gear for a D valve. The link block is moved in the curved slot of the link for variation of valve throw, adjustable by the hand-wheel. 265. "ALLEN" VALVE LIFT OR TOE. a, The valve lifter and rod to which the valves are attached; b, the toe on the rock shaft, operated from a cam on the engine shaft. 266. TAPPET LEVER VALVE MOTION. Used on pumps, rock drills, and percussion tools. 267. STARTING LEVER, with spring to hold the boll in the sec- tor notches. STEAM POWER. 268. SIMPLE UNHOOKING DEVICE, much in use on the engines of side-wheel steam- ers. The turning down of the handle of the short bell-crank lever lifts the hook in the ec- centric rod off from the wrist pin of the rock- shaft crank, when tLe engine can be worked by a hand lever on the rock shaft. 269. SIMPLE REVERSING GEAR for steam engines. On raising the eccentric rod the valve spindle is released from the hook, when the engine can be reversed by the hand lever ; the eccentric then runs back by friction a half turn, it being loose on the shaft, and the key shoulder cut away to allow the eccentric to turn half over. 270. "JOY'S" HYDRAULIC SHIFTING ECCENTRIC. The centre block is keyed to the shaft ; pistons on each side of the block work in cylinders in the eccentric. Oil is pump- ed to one or the other piston through holes in the crank shaft and piston, for reversal of the engine. 271. SHIFTING. ECCENTRIC. The ec- centric is movable on worm gear and its sleeve, which is keyed to the shaft. The tan- gent worm is pivoted in lugs on the eccentric. 272. VALVE MOTION ECCENTRIC. The rocker connecting link increases the motion of the valve rod and travel of the valve. STEAM POWER. 79 273. PEAUCELLIER'S " PARALLEL MOTION. A, B and B, C are of equal distances, when the connecting rod will move in a straight line. When B is connected with the outer joint of the link quadrangle the inner joint C will have a straight-line motion. 274. PARALLEL MOTION, used side-lever marine engines. E, cross-head. C, F, radius bar. D, E, parallel bar. on 275. PARALLEL MOTION, for a lever marine engine. a and b are of equal length. c and d are of equal length. Radius of rocker-shaft crank F = e side 276. PARALLEL MOTION and com- pensation weight for steam engines, " For- ney's " patent. The link from the cross- head traverses the slot at right angles to the engine centre, and is pivoted at its centre to the swinging link and weight. 277. PARALLEL MOTION. Length of radius '. j_ bar equal to beam radius. Link radii are equal. Dis- tance of radius bar pivot above beam centre is equal to link radius. 8o STEAM POWER. 278. PARALLEL MOTION for beam en gines, in which a and b are of equal length. c and /"are of equal length. d and e are of equal length. 279. PARALLEL MOTION, with two pairs of connecting bars. a and b are of equal length. c and d are of equal length. e, cross-head. 280. PARALLEL MOTION, with the radius /. bar pivoted above the centre line of the beam. c c and d are of equal length. a e~cbrd. b = half a. 281. PARALLEL MOTION for a direct- acting engine. The radius bar, A, F, is pivoted to the frame on the centre line and at right angles to the slot, B. A, C and A, F are of equal length. A, B and A, C are of equal length. 282. PARALLEL MOTION by a rocking beam. A, E and A, C are equal when E is pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod. 283. PARALLEL MOTION. The grass- hopper " movement of one of the early locomo- tives. B, the radius bar, pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod ; A, the rocker rod. STEAM POWER. 8l fl 284. PARALLEL MOTION for a ver- tical engine. A, A, radius bars pivoted to engine frame opposite to the middle of stroke. 285. PARALLEL MOTION for an engine. The radius bars are of equal lengths from the centre line of the engine and sliding pivot of the long bar. Both fixed and sliding pivots at right angles with the centre line when at half stroke. 286. PARALLEL MOTION of a piston rod by direct connection with a spur gear ro- tating upon the wrist pin of the crank. The crank-pin gear meshes in a fixed internal toothed gear of double its diameter. One of the curiosities of old-time engineering. 287. " CARTWRIGHT'S " PARALLEL MOTION for steam engines by geared wheels. A free cross-head on piston rod and connected to two cranks on shafts with equal spur gears from which power is transmitted through a third spur wheel. Very old 288. PARALLEL MOTION by a cross- head and rollers running against guide-bars. Old. 82 STEAM POWER. 289. CROSS-HEAD SLIDE athwart the shaft. An obsolete design for a vertical engine in a side-wheel steamer. 290. PARALLEL MOTION by guide bars in the frame of a vertical engine, with connecting piston rod and crank. Cross-head sliding in a slot in the frame. Old. 291. PARALLEL MOTION to piston rod and cross-head by prolonging the piston rod through a fixed guide and connecting to the crank with a forked rod. A very old device and much in use now on pumps. 292. PARALLEL MOTION from a sec- tor beam. Used on old, single-acting, atmos- pheric pumping engines. Cylinder is open at top. Piston is lifted by the weight of the pump rods on the other end of beam. Low- pressure steam follows the rising piston when a jet of water condenses it, and the piston is drawn down by atmospheric pressure. 293. RACK GEAR PARALLEL MOTION. An old pumping device used with a single- acting beam engine. STEAM POWER. 294. "WATT" GOVERNOR. The cen- trifugal action of the balls lifts the sleeve and, through the bell crank, operates the throttle valve. 295. COMPENSATING GOVERNOR, "Daw- son " patent (English). Intended to be isochronous in its movement. The central weight is connected directly with the throttle-valve stem. 296. GRAVITY CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR. The weight on the central rod is lifted by the centrifugal action of the light balls and moves the lever that controls the valve gear. A high-speed governor. 297. ENGINE GOVERNOR, in which the arms cross each other and are extended above in a link movement. The arms are guided in a slotted sector. STEAM POWER. 298. CENTRIFUGAL BALL GOVERNOR. The balls, with arms pivoted to the revolving spindle, through their connections raise or lower the grooved sleeve on the lower part of the spindle. The yoke of the valve lever rests in the groove and thus controls the valve gear by the varying speed of the governor. 299. INVERTED GOVERNOR. The cen- trifugal force of the balls is resisted by a spring around the spindle. The extension of the balls lifts the lever spool through the toggle-joint movement. 300. DIRECT-ACTING CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR. The balls traverse the radial arms a, a, on friction rollers and are restrained by steel ribbons that pass over a pair of pul- leys at G, and are attached to the spring and grooved collar that operates the lever and throttle valve. 301. SPRING BALANCED CENTRIF- UGAL GOVERNOR, "Proell" patent The balls are attached to the inverted arms b, b, and raise the collar sleeve by their outward throw. The movement is restrained by the vertical leaf springs and links. The lift is controlled by the curved links hung from the cross bar at/". STEAM POWER. 3 o2. PARABOLIC GOVERNOR. One of the many curious devices for governing steam engines. The parabolic form of the guide arms is intended to equalize the motion of the grooved slide by modifying the effect of centrifugal force in the position of the balls. Also called an isochronous governor, produc- ing equal valve movement for equal change in the speed of the engine. 303. "ANDERSON'S" GYROSCOPE GOVERNOR for steam engines. A, The gyro- scope wheel ; B, its spindle connected to its driv- ing shaft by the universal joint B', and revolved at high velocity by the pinion I rolling around the fixed bevel gear G. H, a frame holding the gyroscope wheel and its flexible shaft and re- volving it on the vertical axis by the bevel gear and band from the engine shaft. The outer end of the spindle B is held in a jointed arm of the frame H, to allow of the retaining action of the spring L, through the bell crank N, connecting rod P, and rod and bow D, C, pivoted with a free vertical movement in the fixed frame. A swivel at D allows the rod and bow to turn freely with the wheel and frame H. By the rapid rotation of the wheel on its own axis and its counter rotation on the vertical axis of the carrying frame H, its own axis has a strong tendency toward a vertical position, which is bal- anced by the spring L, causing the rod D to take a vertical motion, corresponding to variation in speed, and transmitting it to the valve gear. 304. HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL GOV- ERNOR, " Bourdon " modeL The balls are balanced on a rigid arm pivoted to the hori- D zontal spindle. A sector c on the ball arm meshes with a sector pivoted on the hollow spindle of the governor, which operates a lever and push rod to the throttle. As the balls move only by cen- trifugal force of revolution, they are wholly controlled by a helical spring in the hollow spindle. 86 STEAM POWER. 305. VANE OR WING GOVERNOR. The resistance of the vanes P, P to the air by their variable speed from the engine gear, lifts or depresses the ball Q, connected with the wings, by means of a quick-pitch thread and nut on the revolving spindle, causing a movement of the weighted bell-crank lever M, L, and by its action controls the throttle valve. 306. GOVERNOR FOR A STEAM ENGINE (old). A revolving spindle, a, carries with it a pair of cylindrical inclined planes, d. The ball b, frame and wings c, slide freely upon an extension of the spindle. The varying air resistance given to the wings c, c by the revolution of the spindle lifts the ball ; the friction rollers on the cross-arm moving up and down the incline as the speed varies, moving the valve lever or an internal valve spindle. 307. DIFFERENTIAL GOVERNOR. The larger pulley, A, is driven by a belt from the motive power, winding up the larger weight which is offset by the revolution of the smaller pulley and the fan wheel, which is regulated by the difference in the weights which balances the frictional resistance of the fan, Any dif- ference in the speed of the motive power raises or lowers the large weight, moving the bell crank. STEAM POWER. 3 o8. ' HUNTOON " GOVERNOR. A ribbed cylinder, A, is partly filled with oil. A paddle wheel, B, is re- volved by the pulley and shaft which by fluid friction moves the ribbed cyl- inder and pinion in the same direction. The pinion meshes in the toothed sec- tor, which is counterbalanced by an adjustable weight. The sector rock shaft operates the steam throttle valve through its arm and con- necting rods. 309. Vertical Section. 310. Cross Vertical Section. Showing ribs and paddle wheel. 311. "PROELL" GOVERNOR. In addition to the weight lifted by the cen- trifugal balls, an air dash pot is used in the line of the central rod connected at the top by a yoke pivoted to the bell crank arms. The dash pot with bye pass is shown at the left. 312. "PORTER" GOVERNOR. The cen- trifugal balls lift a central weight, A, by the toggle-arm connection. A high-speed governor. 88 STEAM POWER. 313. " RICHARDSON" GOVERNOR. The arms in this governor are crossed and sus- pended from two points, the balls lifting a central weight by their pivoted connections. The groove on the lower extension of the weight operates the throttle. 314. PRINCIPLE OF THE "PICKERING" GOVERNOR. The centrifugal force of the balls revolving with the central spindle throws out the springs to which they are attached, shortens their length on the spindle, and lifts the grooved collar that carries the lever for regulating the valve motion. 315. "PICKERING" GOVERNOR. The revolving balls are held by springs, the exten- sion of which draws the cap, A, downward and with it the central valve rod, with direct con- nection to the balanced throttle valve. 316. PULLEY OR FLYWHEEL GOVER- NOR, "Sweet's." The eccentric moves toward the centre by the centrifugal action of the weight restrained by the spring through the connecting link. STEAM POWER. 317. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR. The centrifugal action of the weights, bal- anced by the springs, shifts the position of the inner eccentric to vary the throw of the main eccentric. 318. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR. The cen- trifugal action of two hinged weights, balanced by springs, varies the eccentric by moving it toward the centre by excess of speed. Eccentric is hinged to an arm of the pulley or fly wheel. 319. FLY-WHEEL OR PULLEY GOV ERNOR. The centrifugal force of two pivoted weights connected to a spiral-slotted face plate, in which a wrist pin on the arm of the eccentric sets it forward or back ; controlled by the adjust- ment of the holding springs. I 320. SLOTTED CROSS-HEAD, with "Clay- \ ton's " adjustable wrist-pin box. Two taper \ half-boxes and sliding taper gibs, with heads j / carrying screws for adjusting the boxes to both / slide cross-head and wrist pin. 321. TRAMMEL CRANK. The pins c, c on the rod B traverse the two right-angled slots in the revolving face plate, producing a reciprocating motion of the rod B. 9 STEAM POWER. 322. CRANK-PIN LUBRICATOR. The oil cup is fixed. A wiper on the con- necting rod end takes off the drop of oil from the capillary feed oil cup. 323. CENTRIFUGAL CRANK-PIN OILER made adjustable by the sliding support clamped at S, so that the revolving feed pipe K shall be aligned with the axis of the shaft. r 324. CENTRIFUGAL LUBRI- CATING DEVICE for the crank pin of a high-speed engine. An annular cup with an open front is fastened to the crank and fed by a drip spout at A. The oil is thrown to the outer rim of the cup by the centrifugal force of revolution and to the oil holes through the crank pin. 325. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE. A wing piston rotating around the central axis of an outer shell or cylinder. A hollow cylinder of small- er diameter is pivoted eccentric to the wing axis to keep one side in contact with the shell. The steam pressure revolves the wing and shaft with a force due to the varying area of the wing outside of the inner cylinder. 326. "FRANCHOT" ROTARY ENGINE. A slotted concentric cylinder carries a con- tinuous solid wing across and in contact with the interior surface of an ovoid shell, shaped for ex- act diameter in all directions on the eccentric axis of revo ution. STEAM POWER. 9 1 327. DOUBLE SLIDE PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. In this engine the shaft and piston barrel are concentric, while the walls of the steam chambers are ovoid. A difficult form of con- struction. 328. "LAMB" ROTARY ENGINE. An annular cylinder with a fixed partition be- tween the inlet and outlet. The piston is a hollow cylinder with a longitudinal slot, which slides up and down the partition, the outside of the cylinder wiping the inner surface of the shell. The centre of the traversing cylinder is pivoted to a crank pin, which carries it around a common centre shaft. > 329. COCHRAN " ROTARY ENGINE. The wing pistons d, d are packed in the eccen- tric inner cylinder by a slotted rocking cylinder and revolve concentric with the outer cylinder or shell. The inner cylinder is pivoted eccentric to the shell, making a tight joint at the bottom. 330. ROTARY ENGINE. B, shaft; C, eccen- tric rotating piston ; D, follower slide. The eccen- tric cylindrical piston operates the slide by its revolution. 331. "NAPIER" ROTARY ENGINE. An eccentric mounted cylinder on a shaft concentric with the shell. There are two sliding wings in slots in the shell, held to their bearings by springs or cam wheels on the shaft outside with connecting bars. There are two pair of ports. STEAM POWER. 332. ROLLER PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. A rubber lining loosely placed within the cylin- der is rolled over by the three-armed roller spider. E, E, rubber lining ; B, spider on shaft ; A, A, A, rollers. 333. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE An eccentric cylindrical piston rotating on an axis central to the shell. The vibrating wings pivoted in the outer shell form the steam abut- ment by closing against the eccentric revolving cylinder. 334. "BOARDMAN" ROTARY EN- GINE. A cylinder revolving concentric with an outer segmental cylinder, with pock- ets containing swing pistons that open by centrifugal action at the steam inlet, mak- ing a steam abutment across the segment. The swing pistons are closed at the exhaust port by contact with the small segment of the outer cylinder. 335. ROTARY ENGINE, with concentric shaft and wing barrel. The two wing slides pass through cylindrical rockers to give the slides a slight oscillat- ing motion ; slides are kept extended by pins tra- versing a circular slot concentric with the shell. 336. SMITH " ROTARY ENGINE. Four arms with cylindrical sectors are rotated around an axis central to a perforated cylindrical shell. The driven shaft and head discs are ec- centric to the shell. The pressure of steam be- tween the wings tends to push them apart, by which the differential leverage on the disc pins revolves the disc and shaft. STEAM POWER. 93 337. "BERRENBERG" ROTARY ENGINE. Two intersecting cylindrical shells. The steam cylinder D has two cylindrical pistons, D', D', on opposite sides, that mesh in corresponding cavi- ties in the cylindrical steam valve, both rotating in unison by equal external gearing. The steam port passes through the rotary valve E at the. proper moment for the impulse. The supplementary sectors D 2 are hinged to the pistons D 1 to make a more perfect contact with the outer cylindrical shell. 338. "FLETCHER'S" ROTARY CON- DENSING ENGINE. A hollow drum on a shaft eccentric to a double shell. Three slots carry slides and socketed arms as abutment wings, which are kept in contact with the cylin- drical shell by a ring not shown. Steam ports on inner shell at the left side. Exhaust ports on the inner shell at the right. a rocking joint, up with screws. 339. "BARTRUM & POWELL " RO- TARY ENGINE. A double shell divided for steam and exhaust. The inner shell cylindrical with a shaft and crank concen- tric. The crank pin carries a smaller winged cylinder, the wing sliding through The end packing is made adjustable by a plate set The crank pin has an eccentric sleeve which, by a .slight rotation, compensates the wear of the rubbing surfaces. 340. "RITTER" ROTARY EN- GINE. A revolving cylinder concen- tric with the shell, carrying an abutting lip or extension fitting the outer case. A revolving lunette controlled by gear on main shaft allows the lip to pass ; a continuous gear train operates the valve. 341. Exterior with valve gears. 94 STEAM POWER. 342. ."HOLLY" ROTARY ENGINE. The two geared pistons mesh their long teeth into the recesses of the opposite piston, thus making the sum of the radii between the centres less than the sum of the radii from each centre to its cylinder wall. Press- ure rotates the gear in the direction of the longest leverage. 343. "STOCKER" ROTARY ENGINE. The sector pistons are each connected through central concentric shafts to slotted cranks in which a sliding box and link connect to a crank on a shaft eccentric to the sector shaft. A differ- ential motion of the sectors is produced while rotating which rotates the driven shaft by the outside slotted crank connections. 344. "FORRESTER" ROTARY ENGINE. A cylindrical block and guard wing swing on an ec- centric on the shaft. The guard wing slides in and operates the ports of a two-port rotary valve, the outer shell of which is operated by levers and con- necting rods for reversing the engine. 345. "KIPP" ROTARY PISTON ENGINE. A broad pulley enclosing four single-acting cylinders with op- posite pistons connected by yoked rods. A fixed crank pin and slide block placed eccentric to the pulley axis gives the propelling force by displacing the pistons successively. The steam follows through ports in a disc valve with inlet and exhaust through the hollow shaft. 346. Section. STEAM POWER. 95 347. "RUTH'S" ROTARY ENGINE. A revolving cylinder engine. Three cylinders, A, A, A, radiate from a shaft set eccentric to an outer circle or ring on which the [piston connected sheaves revolve. The pistons take steam through the ports M, M, M, just past the shortest eccentric radius, and drives out the piston during a half revolution, when the ex- haust is opened and the piston is pushed back by the eccentric ring. 348. " ALMOND " ENGINE. Four single-acting cylinders set tangent to a shaft which is central to an outer shell. The pistons have jointed segmental plates at their outer end that press against the outer shell and cause the cylinders and shaft to revolve by the ec- centric direction of their pressure. Disc ports for steam and exhaust. 349. ROTATING CYLINDER ENGINE. The cylinder rotates on trunnions with a through piston rod terminating with rol- lers running in an oval ring. Steam and exhaust ports in the trunnion. Pressure of the piston-rod rollers on the oval ring re- volves the cylinder and fly-wheel on its runnion. 350. ROTARY MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE. Three or more cylinders are attached to and re- volve with the fly-wheel. The crank is stationary and eccentric to the fly-wheel. Each cylinder is single-acting. Valves are on a central disc at A. STEAM POWER. 351. "BATES" COMPOUND VIBRATING ENGINE.- The upper section of the cyl- inder has a shorter radius than the lower section for the compound effect. The shaft and wings are concentric and vibrate be- tween two stationary abutments, 10, 10. Opposite each abutment is a cylindrical valve, which by its motion admits the steam to the upper section, and transfers its exhaust to the lower section, and also the final exhaust. 352. DAVIE'S " DISC ENGINE. A disc, <, is fixed to an oscillating shaft, a, which swings in a circuit pivoted in the disc crank, c. The cylinder heads are cones in the apex of which the ball bearing of the shaft oscillates. The outer shell of the cyl- inder, d, is spherical over which the disc moves. Steam enters alter- nately on either side of piston. 353. REULEAUX " ENGINE OR PUMP. A disc on a fixed shaft. The cylinder swings on a central spherical bearing, carrying an arm pivoted in a crank. 354. " LINK " VIBRATORY ENGINE. A pair of curved cylinders with an annular piston rod to which is attached the arms from the central shaft. The reciprocal motion of the piston rocks the central shaft, the motion of which is made continuous by a link and crank, not shown. 355. OSCILLATING PISTON ENGINE. A crank and connecting rod outside the engine convert the oscillating motion of the piston into rotary motion. 97 356. VIBRATING PISTON ENGINE, "Par- son's " model. Two sector pistons vibrating in a cyl- inder. One sector is fast on a central solid shaft, the other is fast on a con- centric hollow shaft. At the other end of each shaft is a crank and link con- nection to a wrist pin at opposite positions on a face plate which is fast on a revolving shaft eccentric to the piston shafts. The exhaust port is in the circumference of the cylinder. 357. Shows the crank end of the vibrating shafts with the link connections. The steam port is in the cylinder head, which is the steam chest. Dur- ing one-half of a fly-wheel revolution one of the sectors makes a large angular move- ment, while the other makes a relatively small angular move- ment, and during the second half, the two sectors reverse their relative movements i.e., the one going slow during the first half making the quick movement during the second half, and vice versa. 358. Shows the detail of one sector, piston, shaft, crank, and link connection with the eccen- tric revolving disc and shaft. 359. Shows both sector pis- tons, concentric shafts, cranks, and link connections to the op- posite wrist pins on the revolv- ing face plate of the constant velocity shaft. STEAM POWER. 360. "KNICKERBOCKER" FOUR-PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. A four-armed yoke is socketed on a centre common to the four pistons. Its spindle is a crank pin, and makes a conical circuit with the crank and shaft. The ends of the yoke are socketed to the pistons by connecting rods. The pistons take steam successively., making a continuous pressure on the circuit of the crank. 361. "ROOT'S " DOUBLE QUADRANT ENGINE. In this design the two oscillating pistons are connected directly with the crank on the inside of the engine case, which is also- the exhaust receiver. From the positions of the connecting rods at the end of the stroke of each piston the dead centre is eliminated. 362. " ROOT'S " SQUARE PISTON EN- GINE. The oblong square box, A, is the cylinder'proper. B, is a frame sliding freely in a horizontal direction by the force of the steam from the side ports, d, d. C is the in- ner rectangular piston, connected directly to the crank pin a, the shaft, b, being central to the range of the mov- ing pistons. The piston, C, receives steam from the top and bottom ports, d, d, within the frame, B. 363. "DAKE" SQUARE PISTON ENGINE. Two rectangular pistons, one within the other, working at right angles in the outer piston. The inner piston is connected to the crank pin, and moves vertically. The outer piston moves horizontally in the case. The principle is similar to the Root Square Engine, No. 362. STEAM POWER. 99 364. " WILKINSON'S " STEAM TURBINE. Two rim-pocketed discs running against the disc surfaces of a shell with oblique steam ports. The discs are feathered on the shaft, and held against the faces of the shell by springs. A groove around the shell opposite the pockets allows the steam to pass around to the ex- haust pipes. 365. Section showing steam pockets. 366. "DOW" STEAM TUR- ' BINE. Two discs fixed to a shaft have on their face a series of circular grooves and tongues, meshed with a pair of fixed discs with grooves and tongues, as shown in small sec- tion 367. The tongues on the revolving discs are cut across at short distances in a slanting direc- tion. The tongues on the stationary disc are cut in the opposite direction. The steam passes to the centre hub, and is forced through the openings across the tongues, giving motion to the discs and shaft. 368. Vertical section of engine. ] Tmblne Wheel .^V, : 369. " DE LAVAL" STEAM TURBINE. A jet or jets of steam impinge at a small angle upon the concave buckets at the per- iphery of a disc wheel, pass through the cavities between the buckets and exhaust at the other side. The buckets are lunette. The nozzle has an expanding orifice. 370. Plan showing nozzle at side of wheel. 100 STEAM POWER. 371. "PARSONS'" STEAM TURBINE. A series of discs fixed on a shaft with intersecting discs on the shell. The face of the shaft discs has several small blades set at an angle with the radius. The outside fixed disks have a sim- ilar set of blades interlocking with the revolving blades and set at a contrary angle. The steam passes from the valve to the inner edge of the first fixed disc, then outward through the blades, and returns through the vacant space of the next pair and outward again. Section V. STEAM APPLIANCES. INJECTORS, STEAM PUMPS, CONDENSERS, SEPARATORS, TRAPS, AND VALVES. STEAM APPLIANCES. INJECTORS, STEAM PUMPS, CONDENSERS, SEPARATORS, TRAPS, AND VALVES. 372. "PEERLESS" IN- JECTOR. An exhaust steam injector. A hinged sec- tion of the combining tube allows a free flow of the ex- haust until a water current is started, when the hinge closes and the overflow valve closes, as in other injectors. 373. "SHAEFFER&BUDEX- BERG" INJECTOR. An exhaust in- jector by which the exhaust steam establishes a feed jet to the boiler. A hinged section in the combining tube allows a free flow of steam to draw the water; the hinged section then closes and the injector operates the same as others for feeding a boiler. 374. NATIONAL " AUTOMATIC INJECTOR, has four fixed tubes. The two check valves, C, D, open and close successively as the lift is started and the current es- tablished. 104 STEAM APPLIANCES. 375- "METROPOLITAN" INJECTOR. The steam is turned on by a screw spindle valve. It has three fixed noz- zle tubes, A, B, F. A disc relief-check valve, C, and a wing check, I. 376. LUNKENHEIMER " IN- JECTOR. Four fixed noz- zle tubes with a lever-moved valve, a ; W, water-regulating valve ; D, stop check to over- flow ; C, automatic check; W, water valve. "EBERMAN" INJECTOR. The combining tube slides for regulating the lift and over- flow. A single gravity check valve, D, closes the overflow when the current to the boiler is established. 378. "NATHAN" INJECTOR. A vertical model with four fixed nozzle tubes, tandem. A disc valve, C, closes at the moment the current is established, and the flap valve, D, makes the final closure of the overflow. STEAM APPLIANCES. 379. "LITTLE GIANT" INJECTOR. This model has two fixed tubes. The central or combining tube is movable for adjustment. A single automatic check valve regulates the overflow. 380. "PENBERTHY" SPECIAL INJECTOR. Has three fixed nozzle tubes. The opening of a detached valve gives steam pressure in the chamber E, and opens both overflow check valves. When the current is estab- lished check valve C closes, followed by check valve D. 381. ''PARK" INJECTOR. A double tube in tandem, in which the handle has two movements to operate the lift and force nozzles. A self-lifting check valve gov- erns the overflow. 382. SELLERS'" RESTARTING INJECTOR. In this model all the tubes are fixed. Two concentric check valves, C, D, guided by the combining tube, are operated by the pressure in the combining tube at the moment that the water reaches it, closing the overflow. io6 STEAM APPLIANCES. 384. LITTLE GIANT" LOCOMOTIVE INJECTOR. In this model the lift is started when the separate steam valve is opened. The forcing or com- bining tube is movable for reg- ulation by a screw and yoke, F. A movement of the handle opens the injection nozzle, and closes the lift nozzle ports. METROPOLITAN " DOUBLE-TUBE INJECTOR. The first move- ment of the handle opens the first section of a double-beat valve at , and gives steam to the lifting nozzle A ; the over- flow passing freely through the check valve C, and the open valve at D. A further move- ment of the handle opens the second section of the double-beat steam valve B, and closes the overflow valve D. BROWNLEY" INJECTOR. The steam flows to the double- jet nozzles without any regulat- ing device other than the over- flow cock, which by this pecu- liar construction relieves both lift and force tubes. "LEADER" INJECTOR. A double-tube injector. A separate valve gives steam to the lifting nozzle A, with the overflow cock open. The first movement of the handle opens the force valve b ; a further movement closes the overflow to both lift and force tubes. STEAM APPLIANCES. 107 387. "EXCELSIOR" INJECTOR. A separate valve gives steam to the lifting nozzle A, the overflow cock D C being open. The first movement of the handle opens the coni- cal valve b ; a further move- ment closes the overflow cock D C to both the lifting and force overflow S. 388. "KORTING" INJECTOR. A double-tube automatic movement by which the dif- ference in area of the valve discs at A and B allows the balance lever to open the lifting nozzle first and, by a further movement of the handle, opens the force noz- zle B. The overflow is self- adjusting for both nozzles. 389. "HANCOCK" INSPI- RATOR. A double-tube injector. The tube A lifts the water and starts the circulation through the overflow, when the steam nozzle B is opened and valves C and D are closed. 390. BALL-VALVE INJECTOR, automatic in action. J, J, ball valves. P, steam inlet. W, inverted nozzle. Q, suction inlet. B, overflow. C, side outlet to boiler. S, cap. io8 STEAM APPLIANCES. 391. " HANCOCK" LOCO- MOTIVE INSPIRATOR, a double-tube injector. A, the lifting nozzle and tube. B,the forcing nozzle andtube. C, the lift overflow. D, the force overflow. Two movements of the handle are required for starting ; the first opens the starting valve a and overflow D, with valve H open. A further pull of the handle opens the force valve b, and the pressure closes the overflow valve D. 392. STANDARD " INJECTOR. An exhaust injector with live-steam starter and supplementary attachment for a live-steam injector. B, live-steam starter. C, live steam for full work. A, throttle valve. G, regulator. 393- SELLERS'" SELF- ADJUSTING INJECTOR. The water nozzle G has a free movement in the case and cage at S. With too much water for the steam, the nozzle is pushed back and partially closes the water area. Self-adjusting. 394. STEAM PUMP, with ro- tating piston valve and curved tap- pet. An arm on the valve stem is linked to the end of the curved tappet. The tappet is thrown by a roller clamp on the piston rod. STEAM APPLIANCES. I0 9 395. "MISCH'S" VALVE TAPPET, for a steam pump. A three-armed lever rocked by a roller travelling with the piston rod. 396. INDEPENDENT JET CONDENSER PUMP. A, exhaust inlet from engine. B, water inlet. C, water nozzle. D, spray valve regulated by screw spindle and wheel E. F, spray chamber. J, water discharge from pump. 397. EJECTOR CONDENSER, with auto- matic three-way valve. By the operation of two valve discs on a single stem ihe exhaust steam is passed to the atmosphere, or is condensed by the multiple nozzle water jet. " Korting " model. no STEAM APPLIANCES. 398. EXHAUST JET CONDENSER. The exhaust steam passes through a cylindri- cal nozzle and meets a thin annular stream of water at the mouth of a funnel-shaped nozzle. The converging sheet of water condenses the steam, and prevents back pressure by its velocity through the narrow end of the nozzle. 399. BALANCED REDUCING VALVE. The spindle of the balanced throttle discs is attached to a large diaphragm by levers, and counterbalanced by an outside lever with movable weight for adjustment of the reduced pressure. 400. PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE. The back pressure on the enlarged area of the disc valve regulates the flow of steam or air, and is regulated by the weight at the bottom of the spindle and the adjusting screw. 401. -FOSTER" PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE. The balanced valve is opened by a diaphragm against the pressure of springs. The high- pressure connection, 3, starts the valve into position. The passage from the low-pressure side at G admits steam from low-pressure side to the diaphragm, which is connected to the valve spindle by toggle joints. STEAM APPLIANCES. II? HOTCHKISS" BOILER CLEANER, for removing the surface scum from steam boilers. The circulation through the settling globe is produced by the dif- ference in temperature in the rising pipe, d, and the return pipe, e. The large area in the globe allows the dirt to settle, to be blown off through the pipe,^ 403. FEED- WATER HEATER and surface condenser. Ex- haust steam enters at the top, and is condensed on the outside of the tubes. The feed water is circulat- ed through the tubes. 403 a. section. Cross 404. STEAM SEPARATOR. The entrained water in the steam is lodged upon the rough walls, and drips to the strainer and into the pocket, and is drawn off through the valve. The glass gauge in- dicates the height of water in the pocket. 405. STEAM SEPARATOR, in line for hori- zontal pipes. The corrugated surface catches the water of condensation, which falls through the grating to the recess below. " Austin " model. 406. FILTER FOR BOILER, feed water. An upward flow. Water enters from the left and flows through felt held between wire gauze and perforated plates. The space may be filled with sponge or coarse sawdust 112 STEAM APPLIANCES. 407. RETURN STEAM TRAP, "Blessing" pattern, i The trap is placed above the water line of the boiler. The globe is balanced on a weighted lever so that it rises when empty and falls when filled with water. The movement of the globe up and down trips valves that alternately charge the globe with the water from a heating system and discharges it into the boiler. 408. SPRING STEAM TRAP. The shell of iron expands by the heat of the steam at a less rate than the brass spring valve, so that the hot steam closes it and the cooler water opens it by contraction. 409. SPRING STEAM TRAP. A differ- ential expansion of the spring itself causes it to open with the water temperature and close with steam temperature. The spring is made of two strips of metal, the upper one of brass and the lower one of steel, riveted together. 410. STEAM TRAP. The water con- densed in a heating system flows into the trap case and closes the valve by lifting the float. By the overflow into the float, it sinks, opening the valve, and the water is discharged from the float, allowing it to rise and to close the valve. 411. "BUNDY" STEAM TRAP. The pear-shaped bowl rises when empty, and falls when full of water. It swings on trunnions carrying an arm, which oper- ates a valve for charging and discharg- ing the water to and from the bowl. STEAM APPLIANCES. 412. STEAM TRAP WITH VALVE, operated by a float. The ingress of water lifts the float and opens the dis- charge valve. " Curtis " model. 413. "HEINTZ" STEAM TRAP. The differential expan- sion of two metals in the semi- circular arc opens or closes the inlet valve. Adjustment is made by the set-screw. 414. "MORAN'S" FLEXIBLE STEAM JOINT and automatic relief valve. A ground globular pipe fitting held in a spherical union joint. 415. CORRUGATED EXPANSION COUPLING, " Wainwright's " model. A hard brass tube, corrugated, gives the tube a longitudinal elasticity to take up the ex- pansion of steam pipes. 416. FLANGED EXPANSION JOINT. Used in pipe lines to take up the change in length due to difference in temperature. STEAM APPLIANCES. 417. AUTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE. The valve is kept closed by a crank attachment to the spindle and weighted lever outside. Excess of press- ure raises the stem and discs, throttling the passage of steam and relieving the back pressure. 418. HORIZONTAL SWING CHECK VALVE. The disc is loose in the swing frame and may be reground tight by a socket wrench passed through the plug opening. 419. GLOBE VALVE. a, the body. d, the bonnet. g, the spindle. , the winged disc. c, the spindle nut. e, gland. f, gland nut. h, wheel. 420. EXHAUST STEAM HEAD. The ex- haust steam is deflected by perforated discs and cap plates, which separate the water to drip between the inner and outer shell. 421. CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUST HEAD. The exhaust steam head enters the drum tangentially, throwing the particles of water against the outer surface to drip to the bottom. Section VI. MOTIVE POWER. GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES, VALVE GEAR AND APPLI- ANCES, CONNECTING RODS AND HEADS. MOTIVE POWER. GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES, VALVE GEAR AND APPLIANCES, CONNECTING RODS AND HEADS. 422. GASOLINE ENGINE, "Olds" model. Plan showing location of valve chest and valve gear, operated from an eccentric with an alternating sector gear for an impulse at every other revolution. 423. SECTIONAL PLAN OF A GASOLINE ENGINE. Four-cycle type, with exhaust port opened by the piston at the end of the stroke, and continued exhaust through an annular valve around the inlet valve. The charge is heated and vaporized in the valve chamber by the exhaust. " Olin " model. nS MOTIVE POWER. 424. SIMPLE GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE. A, inlet valve ; E, exhaust valve ; gasoline enters by gravity at G, regulated by a faucet. Air enters at B by the suction of the piston, atomizing the gasoline as it drops into the air chamber. The tube igniter is heated by a gasoline burner beneath the bell mouth. 425. GASOLINE ENGINE VALVE GEAR. The centrifugal action of the weights on the reducing gear operates a bell crank that directs the exhaust push rod on or off the cam. "Olin" model. 426. GAS ENGINE, "Union" model. A four-cycle motor with half-reducing gear; push-rod lever and two push rods for governing charge and exhaust. MOTIVE POWER. 427. GASOLINE CARRIAGE MOTOR. Four cycle or com- pression type. Ribs on cylinder for air cooling. H is the carburetter with wire- gauge atomiz- er; O, gaso- line feed-pipe. Warm air is drawn inter carburetter from the pipe over the Bun- sen burner, G, by the suction of the piston;' it is then saturated with gasoline vapor, and returned by a separate pipe to the inlet valve, C. 428. VERTICAL GASOLINE ENGINE, "Webster" pattern. The cylinder and water jacket form part of the framework of the engine. A four-cycle type. 429. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, " Root" model. Four-cycle compression with double explosion, a is a second- ary chamber and port, closed about half-stroke, shutting off part of the charge during compression, which is exploded during the impulse stroke of the piston. 120 MOTIVE POWER. 430. VERTICAL KEROSENE OIL ENGINE, " Daimler" model. The oil is vaporized by the heat of the exhaust, and forced into the cylinder, with the proper proportion of air for explosive combustion, by the downward stroke of the piston and compression in the crank chamber. The up- ward stroke charges the crank chamber with air and vapor. 431- " DIESEL" MOTOR. A, cylinder; /, air pump ; j', air-pump lever ; T, air re- ceiver. Air is compressed by the pump to 450 Ibs. per square inch, and stored in the receiver. Oil is fed by a small pump to the inlet-valve chamber, where it is ato- mized by entering the cylinder with the compressed air. Explosion every other revolution. 432. VERTICAL GAS ENGINE, two-cycle type, " Day " model. The air and gas are drawn into the crank chamber by the upward stroke of the piston. The return stroke compresses the mixture in the crank cham- ber, which charges the cylinder through the side passage at the opening of the cylinder port at the end of the down stroke of the piston. E, clearance space ; B, guard on pis- ton ; A, crank chamber ; F, tube igniter ; D. O, inlet valves. MOTIVE POWER. 121 433- STREET RAILWAY GAS MOTOR PASSENGER CAR, German model. The motor consists of two cylin- ders on opposite sides of the crank shaft, placed under the seats. The fly-wheel is behind the seats. The power is transmitted to the axles through gears, sprockets, and chains, with friction regulation. Motor runs continually. Compressed gas is stored in cylinders under the car floor. 434. GASOLINE MOTOR CAR. The gasoline motor runs constantly, operating an electric generator which charges the stor- age batteries, that in turn supply the current as required for the intermittent or variable work of the electric motors geared to the car axles. 435. VALVE GEAR for a gas engine. A simple device for opening the exhaust valve of a four-cycle motor. The eccentric gives the push rod a forward stroke at each revo- lution of the shaft. The ratchet wheel C has a friction resistance, \vith every other tooth a shallow notch, so as to hold up the lip of the push rod at every second revolution of the shaft and make a miss-hit on the valve rod. At the next revolution the lip falls into a deep notch and the push rod opens the exhaust valve. 122 MOTIVE POWER. 436. VALVE GEAR, for a four-cycle gas engine. The cam is fixed to the engine shaft. The inner ring gear is swept around within the outer fixed gear, skipping by one tooth at each revolution of the engine shaft. This makes a contact of a ring-gear tooth with the exhaust-valve rod at every other revolution, necessary for the operation of a four-cycle motor. SCCENTRIC ROD 437. DOUBL&GROOVED ECCENTRIC, for two . lengths of rod thrown alternately by traversing the push 1 rod in the cross grooves, also for single-valve rod throw for four-cycle gas engine. 438. VALVE GEAR for a four-cycle gas engine. The two-thread worm on the en- gine shaft has the middle part of the thread extended to form a cam. The four-part gear, B, revolves by the action of the worm, and at every other revolution the cam section of the worm runs into the recess of the revolving gear, and the valve rod is not operated, thus opening the exhaust valve at every second revolution as required. 439. PLUMB-BOB GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The plumb-bob, A, is pivoted in a box attached to the exhaust valve push rod. The back motion of the push rod pro- duces a forward motion of the bob, acting like a pendulum, and a downward motion of the pick blade, C, bringing it in contact with the valve spindle, D. The spring-end screws, E and F, are for the adjustment of the motion of A. MOTIVE POWER. I2 3 440. INERTIA GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The ball, J, is the inertia pendu- lum. It is pivoted to the frame, D, at L. It swings on the pivot at H, by the rotation of the cam, B, against the roller, C. The spring, K, is for adjusting the amount of the motion of the ball and its at- tached pick blade, G, for a push or miss of the valve spindle, F. 441. PENDULUM GOVERNOR for a gas engine. The pendulum is adjusted by the distance of the small compensating ball to vibrate synchronously with the push rod at the required speed of the engine. Increased speed releases the clip, and a miss charge is made. 442. DIFFERENTIAL CAM THROW, by the transverse motion of a rolling disc on a lever or by direct thrust. Much used on the valve gear of gas engines. The rolling disc is traversed by the governor from one cam to another. 443. GOVERNOR AND VARIABLE CAM for a gas engine. The centrifugal movement of the governor balls slides the sleeve on the governor shaft, and also the variable cam sleeve, a, on the driving shaft, by the bell-crank lever, e. The disc roller, , on an arm of a rock shaft, rolls upon one or the other cams at c, thus varying the movement of the inlet valve, which is connected to another arm of the rock shaft. 124 MOTIVE POWER. 444. INLET VALVE for gas engine. A valve disc slightly held in contact with the seat by the spring. Air holes should be drilled close together around the valve seat, so that combined air area shall be larger than the area of the gas inlet. 445. GAS ENGINE VALVE GEAR. E, Inlet valve ; F, exhaust valve. Valves are operated by a bent lever, with sliding roller H and double cam C, which by a groove rides the roller alternately on to the cams. 446. GASOLINE VAPORIZER. - The inlet nozzle, V, is ribbed on the outside and is enclosed in a chamber through which the ex- haust passes. Gasoline and air are drawn into the nozzle regulated by the small valve, and additional air for the explosive mixture is drawn by the piston through the large valve. " Capitaine " motor. 447. CARBURETTER for making air gas from gasoline ; non-freezing. A, plan a zig-zag series of chambers with spaces be- tween for air circulation to keep its vaporizing walls warm ; B, a vertical section ; c, c, c, open spaces. Canton or other flannel wrapped over wire gauze frames is pushed into the longi- tudinal spaces before the ends are soldered ; may be made of tinplate. MOTIVE POWER. I2 5 448. AUTOMATIC OILER. Much in use on explosive motors. Shaft c, and cranky, with the dip wire where it is liberated at the pressure due to the hydrostatic head. The air is delivered through a pipe, as shown in the cut, and the water rises through a pipe to the tail race. 637. AIR COM- PRESSOR. Pat- tern of the " Inger- soll-Sergeant Drill Co." Operated by a Pelton wheel. Ver- tical section. 638. Plan. 639. AUTOMATIC AIR COMPRES- SOR, "Bennet" model. Showing the valve gear of a simple lever connected by link to the eccentric. 172 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 640. WATER JET AIR COMPRESSOR. A jet of water from a nozzle falling through the tube C draws -in air through a side tube and forces it into the air chamber, where the water and air separate under pressure. The water is siphoned off through the water seal at a height due to the required pressure and the force of the jet. 641. AIR COMPRESSOR. Driven by a Corliss engine, direct connected. 642. AIR COMPRESSOR, " Norwalk " pattern. A steam operated tandem compound with an intercooler. 643. TRUNK AIR COMPRESSOR. Mounted on receiver. Single-acting, belt driven. A very compact model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. '73 644. DUPLEX STEAM ACTUATED AIR COMPRESSOR. " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The air cylinders are tandem to each steam cylinder with steam and air governors. 645. Elevation. 646. k COMPOUND AIR COMPRESSOR. Air is drawn in through the ports A, passes through the annular valve in the large piston, and is forced through the valve D and pipe to the high-pressure inlet valve G; it is further compressed. and delivered through the valve A', and passage L. Both pistons are single, acting in opposite directions. 174 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 647. DUPLEX AIR COMPRES- SOR, with parallel motion beams to two single-acting air cylinders from a double-acting steam cylinder. " N. Y. Air Brake " model. 648. TOGGLE-JOINT DUPLEX AIR COMPRESSOR. The crank moves the common joint of the long arms in a hori- zontal direction on a slide. The straighten- ing of the toggle greatly increases the power of the pistons during the terminal part of their stroke, when the air pressure is greatest. 649. AIR COMPRES- SOR CYLINDER, PIS- TON AND VALVES. Pattern of the " Ingersoll, Sergeant Drill Co." Takes its air through a hollow pis- ton rod at E to the interior of the piston. The annular valves, G, G, open and close by their momentum. H, H, discharge valves closed by springs ; J, J, water jacket. 650. AIR COMPRESSING CYLIN- DER, with vertical lift valves, water-jacketed cylinder and heads. "Ingersoll-Sergeant" model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. '75 651. AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR. Controlling the speed by the ordinary action of the governor balls, and also reducing the com- pressor to minimum speed when the air pressure becomes excessive. The ball and lever at the right are lifted by the air pressure in the small piston, and force the valve rod and throttle down to give the smallest motion to the compressor. " Clayton " model. 652. AIR COOLING RECEIVER, for cooling the air from a compressor. A series of tubes between headers with water circulation cools the air and condenses the excess of moisture. " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. 653. SINGLE VALVE AIR PUMP. The upper part of the cylinder is perforated, so that the piston when drawn up produces a partial vac- uum, and when past the perforation the air or gas rushes in to fill the cylinder. The one valve = holds the. pressure in the delivery pipe. 654. CRANK EQUALIZING ANGLE in air com- pression. Cylinders are set at 90 . Single crank or cranks set in one direction. "Frick" and many others AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 655. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. The cylin- ders are set at an angle of 90 and two cranks are set at 30 . " Burleigh," early " Ingersoll," and " De Lavergne " system. 656. CRANK EQUALIZ- ING ANGLE in air com- pression. The cylinders are set at an angle of 135 . " Davies " system in England. 657. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. Used to equalize the mean pressure of the steam and air pistons. The cylinders are set at an angle of 45 . " Waring" and " Rand " system. 658. DIRECT AIR PRESSURE PUMP. Two chambers for alternating the pumping action are placed near the water surface in a well or other water supply. The chambers have suction and force valves. A four-way switch cock near the air pump alternates the flow of compressed air to and from the pump, thus alternating the suction and force from the tanks. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 177 \\ rr-^f >u~. j ft-^ side feed for the paint. An -I ?&# U> \ inverted conical nose-piece is flattened to a thin opening to project the spray paint in a thin sheet. 668. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER. The tank is nearly filled with a saturated solution of carbonate of soda and water. The glass cup is filled with acid and sealed by the cap. To use it, turn the tank quickly, top down, when the ball falls t and breaks the acid cup, producing pressure by the libera- tion of gas. i8o AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 669. FIRE EXTINGUISHER. The tank is filled with a saturated solution of bicarbo- nate of soda in water to five-sixths of its capac- ity. A small glass bottle filled with sulphuric acid, with a loose lead stopper, is placed in a cage at the top of the tank, and the cover of the tank fastened. To use, turn the tank over, which spills the acid, generating pressure by lib- erating carbonic acid gas. 670. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT, Clayton " model. Showing safety stop on the piston rod, which automatically stops the lift at any set point by closing the air valve. 671. DUPLEX PNEUMATIC RIVETER. The striking piston, A, is en- cased in a striking cylinder, C, so that the tool, T, receives a blow alternately from the ham- mer piston, A, and from the cylinder, C, on the tool socket, H. The method of operation is shown by the differential piston areas. The hand is relieved from jar by this operation. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 181 672. PNEUMATIC HAM- MER. Constructed on simi- lar lines with No. 673, with the addition of a counter- balance piston, C, which, by its reaction and cushion, re- lieves the body of the tool and the hand from excessive jar. 673. PNEUMATIC HAMMER. F is the flexible hose con- nection. When T is pressed, compressed air enters through the piston valve and ports P0, into the cylinder, as indicated by the arrows in the cut. The piston will first move to the top. The effective pressure is that due to the area of the pis- ton. When P has given the blow, exhaust takes place through S and E, and the piston P is brought back by means of the pressure in the annular space B, acting only on the collar at D. 674. "HOTCHKISS" ATMOSPHERIC HAMMER. The hammer-head, A, is connected directly with the piston within the vibrating cylin- der, by a piston rod. The cylinder is connected to the crank by an outside rod, vibrating vertically by the motion of the crank, which also carries the piston and hammer with a cushioned stroke, due to compression of the air within the cylinder. B 675. " GRIMSHAW " COMPRESSED AIR HAMMER. A belt-driven air compressor, D. furnishes compressed air to drive the piston, A, and hammer. A variable friction pulley on the belt shaft, B, regulates the stroke of the hammer by varying the admission of compressed air to either side of the piston. The friction-valve driving pulley slides on the feathered shaft by the action of the foot Jever. 182 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 676. COMPRESSED AIR SHEEP- SHEARING MACHINE. A small piston vibrates and oper- ates the cutters through a lever with a diagonal slot in which a pin in the piston-rod head slides. An arm on the piston rod oper- ates the valves. 677. PORTABLE RIVETER, "Allen" model. The toggle joint is pivoted to a cam and also within the trunk piston. By the differential trunk form, the return stroke econ- omizes the compressed air, the large piston area giving great power to the riveting stroke. 678. PNEUMATIC PORTABLE RIVETER. Direct piston and toggle-joint motion to the levers. The machine is balanced on a forked suspender. The piston draws the toggle joint in by air pressure. 679. PNEUMATIC BREAST DRILL. A rotary air motor is fixed to the drill- spindle, in a case to which the handles and breast-plate are attached. Com- pressed air enters through the handle with the valve lever and is exhausted through the opposite handle. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 680-681. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. Compressed air enters through one of the handles with its flow controlled by a lever and valve. The exhaust enters the case from the port in the oscillating cyl- inder trunnions. The three double-acting pistons are di- rectly connected to cranks and pinions which mesh with an internal spur gear, which is fast to the outer shell. The spider which carries the cylinders and pinions is fast on the central spindle and revolves with it. The inlet and exhaust ports are shown in the horizontal section of the top trunnion at A, No. 681. 682. Is the vertical section, showing the compressed air valve and port passages open- ing into a cavity in the central spindle and to the trunnion ports. 683-684. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. ' : A horizontal rotary motor, over the centre of the spindle, carries on one end of its shaft a bevel pinion, which drives a bevel gear attached by the lower section of the case to the drill spindle. The inlet and exhaust ports and valve are shown in the vertical section, No. 684. 184 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 685-686. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK, operated by four pis- tons in two cylinders, double- acting. The piston rods have a jointed connection to cam- cranks on the pinion shafts. The piston valves are oper- ated by levers pivoted to op- posite piston rods, as shown in the horizontal section, No. 686. The pistons act alternately in the cylinders so that there is no dead centre. The large spur wheel is attached to the spindle and revolves with it. 687. Vertical section. 688. AIR AND GASOLINE TORCH. Air is pumped into the tank with the gasoline, and forms a saturated air and vapor gas, which is carried to the Bunsen burner through the vertical pipe. The addi- tional air for combustion is regulated at the burner, and the vapor at the valve in the pipe near the tank. A gauge shows the pressure. 689. TORCH SOLDERING COPPER. The conical tip is made of copper, and slips on to the nozzle of a plumber's gasoline torch. Used largely for electric wire connections. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 690. AIR AND GASOLINE VAPOR BRA- ZER, double flame. The pressure of vapor to the Bunsen burners is regulated by a valve near the top of the tank. The valve handles hanging from the stems regulate each burner. 691. AIR AND GASOLINE BRAZING APPARATUS. A small attached pump forces air into a tank holding a small quan- tity of gasoline. A gauge shows the air pressure. From the top of the tank a pipe extends to two oppositely placed Bunsen burners with valves for regulating the flame. Swivels in the pipe allow the burners to be adjusted to the proper distance from the piece to be brazed. Fire- brick flame plate. 692. DOUBLE CONE VENTILATOR. The up-take enters between the cones. The smoke has its exit around the edge of the lee- ward cone. 693. SPIRAL VANE OR COWL, for a chimney top. The wind catching in the wings causes it to revolve and increase the draught i86 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 694. WIND INSTRUMENTS. 695. a, a' , bassoons. 696. b, cors Anglais. 697. c, oboe, or hautbois. 698. d, clarionet. 699. e, flute. 700. f, octave, or piccolo. 701. g, musette. 702. h, flageolet. Section IX. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. GENERATORS, MOTORS, WIRING, CONTROLLING AND MEAS- URING, LIGHTING, ELECTRIC FURNACES, FANS, SEARCHLIGHT, AND ELECTRIC APPLIANCES. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. GENERATORS, MOTORS, WIRING, CONTROLLING AND MEASURING, LIGHTING, ELECTRIC FURNACES, FANS, SEARCHLIGHTS AND ELECTRIC APPLIANCES. 703. SERIES WOUND MOTOR OR GENERATOR. A motor if the current is supplied through the wires P and N, and a generator if the armature is rotated, when the current can be taken from the wires P and N 704. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- TION. Series winding in which the armature, field winding, and external circuit are in series or one contin- uous line. Best for arc lighting. A, armature ; C, com- mutator ; b and b' brushes ; the coil showing the field winding. 705. SINGLE-POLE SHUNT GENERATOR, showing the shunt-winding connec- tion with the brushes and branch wiring to a rheostat controller. The heavy lines are the main current with a switch. 706. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION. Shunt winding, in which the field winding is in parallel with the armature winding and connected with the circuit at the brush holders. A, Armature ; C, commutator ; b and b', brushes ; a, c, field connections ; S, field winding. 190 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 707. FOUR-POLE RING ARMATURE, showing intermediate connections with the commutator bars from a continuous winding or closed coil. 708. RING ARMATURE. Method of continuous winding and sectional connections with the commutator. The dot- ted lines are the circuit connection with the brushes. 709. TWO-POLE OR SHUTTLE-SPOOL ARMATURE. Section of spool with end over winding ; usually made of cast iron. 710. SHUTTLE ARM ATURE, made with soft sheet-iron plates riveted to- gether. The strongest current armature for small two-pole generators. 711. MULTIPLE BRUSH COM- MUTATOR. The brushes are adjust- able on the pivots of the handle bar, and are given an even pressure on the com- mutator by springs. 712. Front view. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 713. BIPOLAR SHUNT GEN- ERATOR, showing the shunt wind- ing on both fields and its connection to the brushes, with intervening rheostat controller. 714. FOUR-POLE COM- POUND GENERATOR, show- ing shunt winding and rheostat connection. Wiring is successive on each pole in the opposite direction for both shunt and current. 715. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- TION. Compound winding, in which a winding of the field magnets is in shunt with the armature, and a second winding of the field magnets is in series or direct connection with the outer circuit. The shunt winding should be small wire. S', Shunt connected with armature brush holders; S, large wire field winding in main circuit 716. CONSEQUENT-POLE COMPOUND GENERATOR. The opposite field pieces are wound in opposite directions and have opposite polarity in the same piece at the centre. The shunt winding is in the same direction as the field winding and connected to the brushes with an intervening rheostat. 192 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 717. TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE and multipolar dynamo. Direct-connected. Vertical types of the General Electric Company. 718. DIRECT-CONNECTED VERTICAL COMPOUND ENGINE and multipolar dy- namo. One of the latest styles of this class of generators of electric power. 719. FLEXIBLE COUPLING for engine and generator direct connection. 720. Plan. The "Zodel" coup- ling. A flange on each shaft with overhanging crowns inter- lapping. A continuous belt over the outside and under the inside crowns allows of considerable variation in alignment and longitudinal vibration in the shafts. If a rubber belt is used, very perfect insula- tion may be obtained. 721. CAR TRUCK MOTORS. Direct - connected electric motors on street-car axles. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 722. ELECTRIC FUSIBLE CUT-OUT. The fuse wires or strips are connected to the circuit on insulated porcelain blocks. They are made of resist- ing metal or alloy of tin and lead of sufficient capacity for the required current without excessive heat Overcurrent melts the wire or strips and opens the circuit. 723. RHEOSTAT OR RESISTANCE COILS, with variable switch. Coils are made of iron, platinum, or German silver wire. The switch connections are so made that the coils may be made to connect the line with one or any number in series. 724. TROLLEY CAR, showing the circuit from the generator g, through the line wire to car and return by rail circuit. 725. SECTIONAL FEEDER SYSTEM for electric railways. The trolley wire line is divided into a convenient number of sections for feeders from a long main line, or divided into several feeder lines, as shown in the cut. 194 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 726. STREET RAILWAY SINGLE MOTOR geared to both axles. " Rae " system. The motor is carried on a frame and is journaled to both axles. 727. ELECTRIC CAR BRAKE. An electric solenoid, operated directly from the trolley current, is used as the power. Two iron cylin- ders, connected by a cross- head, form a U-shaped magnet, which is drawn into the solenoids when the current is turned into the coils. Regulation is made by switches and rheostat. 728. ELECTRIC STREET-CAR BRAKE. A solenoid, oper- ated by the trolley current, pulls up the brake levers. The springs around the piston rods hold back the connections, acting as buffers. The pis- tons are divided into three parts each, to soften the jerk when turning on the electric current. 729. Section of solenoid, with the take-up pistons. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. '95 730. ELECTRIC IGNITER, used on explosive motors. The bat- teries, B, B, B, in series ; a sparking coil, T ; a braker, k, revolving on the shaft, the insulating plug, P, and the platinum electrodes, c, c, with the wiring, are the principal parts in this device. 731. SPARKING DYNAMO, or generator for a marine gasoline engine. Permanent horse- shoe magnets, with an armature revolved by a belt from the fly-wheel of the engine. With a true rim on the fly-wheel, the pulley of the gen- erator may be covered with leather or rubber and pressed lightly against the rim of the fly-wheel. 732. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE. The revolution in the field of a permanent magnet of an iron armature wound with an insulated conductor, terminat- ing in a commutator or pole- changing device, from which the conducting wires extend through the base of the instrument to the posts and handles, H. 733. ELECTRIC THERMOSTAT. 734. Two strips of thin sheet steel and brass are fastened together by soldering or riveting, and to a base with binding-post in an insulated frame. A cap, with binding post and adjusting screw and index plate, allows for electric contact of the spring and screw at any required temperature. By making a double-wiring, a damper may be made to open or close within a small range of temperature. 196 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 735. TELEPHONE TRANS- MITTER. A, A, thin iron diaphragm ; B, india rubber in con- tact with diaphragm and the ivory disc, C ; D, platinum foil between the ivory disc, C, and the carbon disc, E ; G, disc and screw for adjust- ment of carbon contact; H, ad- justing screw for diaphragm con- tact. 736. TELEPHONE RECEIVER. A central magnet, with a coil of fine insulated wire around the end, next the vibrating plate or diaphragm. The variations in the electrical current produce varia- tions in the intensity of the magnet, which set up vibrations of sound in the iron diaphragm. 737. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER. Turning on the gas brings the electrodes in contact, and breaks the con- tact, which produces a spark by closing and opening the battery circuit. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 197 738. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER. Non- short-circuiting. The wiping spring is insu- lated, and there is no electric current except at the instant of lighting. 739. POCKET ELECTRIC LIGHT.- A dry battery, with a small incandescent lamp connected with it by a break-piece operated by the thumb. A small lens at the front protects the lamp and con- centrates the light. Gives a constant light for several hours. Battery easily renewed. 740. ARC LIGHT AND REGULATING GEAR, " Faucault " model. The upper carbon runs down by a rack and gear governed by a fly, which is stopped or let go by variations in the current 741. LUMINOUS FOUNTAIN. The lower end of the jet nozzle is fitted with a strong disc of plate glass. A concave mirror, placed in the focus of an arc light just below the glass disc, brilliantly illuminates the water jet. 198 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 742. ELECTRIC HEATER. Coils of German silver wire wound around asbestos cords and rove over porcelain buttons for insulation. The buttons may be fastened to a frame of any required form.

^ II II j 743. ELECTRIC SOL- DERING COPPER. The copper is wound with a coil of resisting material ; platinum wire insulated with asbestos, and the coil covered with a protecting shell. Connections are insu- lated and pass through the hollow handle. 744. ELECTRIC SAD IRON. The iron is a shell frame with a smooth face on the bottom. A resistance coil made of iron, German silver, or platinum, insulated with as- bestos, is wound in spirals as near the bot- tom plate as can be made available for the greatest amount of heat. 745. ELECTRIC SEARCHLIGHT, "Edison" model. An arc light in front of and in the focus of a concave reflector. It gives a beam of light nearly parallel. The front of the case has a plane glass for protection. It swivels in all direc- tions. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. I 99 746. ELECTRIC FURNACE, show- ing the recess and flat crucible. Elec- trodes of hard carbon and connections. 747. OPEN TOP ELECTRIC FURNACE. A cavity in a box of re- fractory material with holes on each side through which the insulated car- bon electrodes are inserted. 748. "SIEMEN'S" ELECTRIC GAS FURNACE. Gas enters the crucible through a hollow carbon electrode. The op- posite electrode is a copper tube closed at the end with an inner tube for circulation of water to keep the end of the copper electrode from burning. The electrodes are adjusted by the rollers. r- 749- " COWLES " ELECTRIC J FURNACE. A cylinder, A, is made of silica or other heat-resist- rng material. A carbon plug, C, is connected with the positive wire, and a graphite crucible, D, answers as the negative electrode and stop- per, also as an exit for gases generated in the retort ; B, a bed of insulating material. 750. ELECTRIC FURNACE, "Cowles" hopper model. The upper electrode is a vertical carbon tube fixed to the hopper. The lower electrode is a larger carbon tube fixed to the furnace floor. The tubes are banked with carbon and lime. The charge is fed down from the hopper by a barbed rod, reciprocated by a crank. The gases gen- erated are drawn off through a condenser. 200 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. i. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT. The secondary coil is the heavy bar of copper enclosing the primary coil to which the clamps are attached. The magnetic material is in the form of coils of iron wire wound around the primary coil and copper hoop. C, clamp arms. D, pieces to be welded. 752. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT. A, Alternating dyna- mo; F, resistance coils and switch; B, transformer ; C, clamping jaws ; D, rods or pieces to be welded ; E, switch in the primary circuit. 753. PORTABLE ELECTRIC MOTOR DRILL PLANT, with a stow flexible shaft. A spool on the motor winds up or lets out the electric wires, so that the apparatus may be quickly moved from place to place. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 201 754. ELECTRIC PERFORATING PEN, " Edison " model. Consists of a small pointed tube with a perforating needle on the inside vibrated by a small electro-magnetic motor fixed on top of the pen. A', B', Armature coils on iron studs fixed to frame ; Q, R, re- volving arm and fly-wheel ; Z, commutator ; N, M, O, spring current breaker. The pen produces a stencil of fine perforations on a glazed sheet of paper from which many copies may be made by a brush and ink. 755. ELECTRIC HOIST. The foot lever is the friction brake. The left- hand lever is for release, the right-hand lever is the starter. 756. ELECTRIC BRAKE. -The brake shoes are fixed to two adjust- able curved levers and an operating lever a solenoid magnet being the operating power. 757. ELECTRIC ROCK DRILL, "General Electric Co.'s " model. A series of electric coils are fixed along the cylinder. The iron plunger traverses the interior of the coils, which are charged succes- sively by the electric current through traverse brushes on a straight commutator. 202 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 758. ELECTRIC FAN. The motor is concealed in the central chamber, the middle section of which revolves with the arms. 759. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN FAN, "Edison" model. Fan on same shaft with the arma- ture. Ball bearings. Runs with four or- dinary batteries. Section X. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. VESSELS, SAILS, ROPE KNOTS, PADDLE WHEELS, PROPEL- LERS, ROAD SCRAPERS AND ROLLERS, VEHICLES, MOTOR CARRIAGES, TRICYCLES, BICYCLES, AND MOTOR ADJUNCTS. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. VESSELS, SAILS, ROPE KNOTS, PADDLE WHEELS, PROPELLERS, ROAD SCRAPERS AND ROLLERS, VEHICLES, MOTOR CARRIAGES, TRICYCLES, BICYCLES AND MOTOR ADJUNCTS. 760. LEG-OF-MUTTON SAIL. A trian- gular sail attached to mast and boom. 5, main- sail. 761. SKIP JACK. A baggy sail bent to the mast and extended by a boom and gaff. The cat-boat. 5, mainsail. 762. SQUARE OR LUG SAIL, attached to a yard. 5, mainsail. 763. LATEEN RIG. A triangular sail ex- tended by a long yard, which is slung about one- quarter its length from the lower end, which is brought down to the tack. 5, mainsail. 764. SPLIT LUG OR SQUARE SAIL, attached to a yard and divided at the mast, the larger portion being bent to the mast. The unequal division gives one sail the effect of a jib. 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 206 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 765. TWO-MASTED OR DIPPING LUG. The sails are square, except at the top, where they are bent to yards hanging obliquely to the masts. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 766. NEWPORT CAT-BOAT. Sail bent to mast and extended by boom and gaff, with a fore-stay to a short bowsprit. 5, mainsail. 767. SLOOP. A mainsail and jib with fore- and back-stays. 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 768. LATEEN-RIGGED FELUCCA. A two- masted boat with lateen sails and a jib. 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 769. PIROGUE. A two-mast schooner rig, without jib and furnished with a leeboard. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 770. THREE-QUARTER LUG RIG. Two long or lug sails with jib stayed to bowsprit. 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 207 771. "SLIDING GUNTER," or sliding topmast. A two-masted boat, with divided masts. The triangular sails are bent to both masts, and furled by lowering the upper mast. Mainsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 4, fore- sail ; 5, mainsail. 773- 772. SKIFF YAWL RIG. A mainsail with one or two jibs, and a small mast at the stern with a leg-of-mutton sail, extended by a boom, i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 5, mainsail; 8, lugsail. SLOOP YAWL. A foremast, schooner-rig, of sheet and jib, with a lugsail and mast at the stern. Lugsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 5, mainsail ; 8, jigger. 774. JIB-TOPSAIL SLOOP. A mainsail, two jibs and jib-topsail. The topsail is run up the topmast and extended on the gaff. Main jib-stay from masthead to bow. Fore jib-stay from topmast to bowsprit. i, flying- jib ; 2, jib ; 5, mainsail ; 13, gaff-topsail. 775. THE CUTTER. A mainsail, 5 ; jib, 2; flying-jib, i, and topsail, 9, are the main features of a cutter-rig. 776. SCHOONER RIG. Fore- and main- sail bent to the mast, boom and gaff. Jib stayed to bowsprit. 2, jib; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail. 208 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 777. FULL SCHOONER RIG. Main- and fore-sail, two or three jibs, and two topsails, i, flying- jib ; 2, jib; 3, foretop staysail ; 4, foresail ; 5, main- sail ; 12, fore gaff-topsail; gaff-topsail. 13, mam 778. TOPSAIL SCHOONER. The same rig as a schooner, except the foretop, which is a square sail bent to a yard, i, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail. 779. CLUB TOPSAIL RIG. In addition to the full schooner rig, a club topsail is bent to a stay from the main-topmast head to the cross-trees of the foremast, i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail; 12, fore gaff-top- sail ; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, main topmast staysail; 31, jib topsail. 780. HERMAPHRODITE BRIG. Mainmast has a fore and aft sail, triangular topsail, and a club sail on a stay to the foremast. Foremast is square-rigged, with the ad- dition of a fore and aft sail hence the name half-brig, half-schooner, i, flying- jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, Ml sail; 25, fore-royal. main topmast-staysail ; 22, fore-topgallant 781. A BRIGANTINE. Foremast rigged with square sails ; mainmast with fore and aft sail and square-topsail, i, flying-gib; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, main sail; 9, fore-topsail; 10, main topsail; 22, fore-topgallant sail. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 209 782. A BARKENTINE. Schooner-rigged main and mizzen mast, full square-rigged foremast, with the addition of a fore and aft sail on the foremast. Club sails on stays from main to foremast, i. flying-jib; 2, jib ; 3, fore topmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail ; 13, main gaff-topsail ; 14, main topmast-staysail; 22, fore-topgallant sail; 25, fore royal ; 32, fore-trysail ; 33, staysail ; 34, gaff-topsail. 783. FULL-RIGGED BRIG. Square sails on both main and fore mast with the addition of a fore and aft sail on the main mast. Two or three jibs. i, flying-jib; 2, jib ; 3, foretopmast-staysail ; 4, ~" foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; 10, maintopsail; 22, foretopgallant-sail ; 32, main-topgallant-sail; 20, up- per maintopsail; 2 5, fore royal. 784. A BARK. Full, square-rigged sails on fore and main masts. Schooner rig, mizzen-mast. i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 16, lower fore- topsail ; 17, lower maintopsail; 19, upper fore- topsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 22, f ore -to pgall ant-sail ; 23, main-top- gallant-sail ; 25, fore royal; 26, main royal ; 34, gaff-topsail. 785. FULL-RIGGED SHIP, with double topsails and staysails. i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 6, cross- jacksail ; 7, spanker; 14, main-topmast staysail; 15, mizzen-topmast staysail; 16, lower foretopsail; 17, lower maintopsail; 18, lower mizzen-topsail ; 19, upper foretopsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 21, upper mizzen-topsail; 2 2, fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-topgallant-sail; 24, mizzen-topgallant-sail ; 25, fore royal ; 26, main royal 527, mizzen royal ; 28, main skysail ; 29, main- topgallant-staysail ; 30, mizzen-top- gallant-staysail ; 35, main royal staysail. 210 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 786. FULL-RIGGED SHIP. Square sails on fore, main, and mizzen mast, with a fore and aft sail on mizzen mast. Three jibs, i , flying- jib; 2, jib; 3, f ore topmast-staysail ; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; 10, maintopsail; u, mizzentopsail ; 22, foretopgallant sail; 23, maintopgallant-sail ; 24, mizzen topgallant-sail; 25, fore royal: 26, main royal- 27 mizzen royal. 787. ICE BOAT. A sloop-rigged frame on three runners, the rear one be- ing the tiller runner. ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES. 788. CLOVE HITCH. 789. HALF-HITCH. 790. TIMBER HITCH. 791. SQUARE OR REEF KNOT. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 2n 792. STEVEDORE KNOT, 793. SLIP KNOT 794. FLEMISH LOO 795. BOWLINE KNOT. 796 CARRICK BEND. 797. SHEET BEND AND TOGGLE. 798. SHEET BEND. Weaver's knot. 799. OVERHAND KNOT. 800. FIGURE EIGHT KNOT. 801. BOAT KNOT. 212 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 802. DOUBLE KNOT. 803. BLACKWALL TACKLE HITCH. 804. FISHERMAN'S BEND HITCH. 805. ROUND TURN AND HALF HITCH. 806. CHAIN STOP for a cable. 807. DISENGAGING HOOK, held by a mousing link. 808. SLIP HOOK. The extension of the sus- | pension link holds the lower link in line, while a pull on the arm by a lanyard releases the load. 809. RELEASING HOOK. The lever throws the link off by a pull of the lanyard. 8 10. BOAT DETACHING HOOK. The standard is fastened to the boat. A tongue is pivoted to its upper end and passes through the hook of the tackle -block. A lever with an eye to catch the tongue is pivoted to the up- right standard, with a lanyard attached at the bottom. A simultaneous pulling of the two lanyards detaches both ends of a boat at once. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 213 8n. SWINGING OAR LOCK. The hook C of the oar lock is swivelled on a post, D. which is fastened to the gunwale by a flange sta- ple and latch or by extend- ing the swivel through the gunwale. 812-813. PIVOTED STEPS for a boat- landing. One edge of each step is pivoted to the lower stringer, the other edge to the upper stringer by a hanger. On a level the steps form a floor, as the end of the ladder falls with the tide the hangers lift the forward edge of the step to keep it level. The shore posts are fixed and vertical. Stringers are pivoted to posts. 814. SCREW ANCHOR for buoys. Is screwed to the required depth in the sand by a long box wrench. 815. FLOATING LIGHTHOUSE. A float- ing buoy filled with compressed gas (Pintsch system). Supplies a constant light of high power in the lantern for several days. 214 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 816. STONE DRY-DOCK, into which vessels are floated and a water gate closed, when, by pumping the water out, the vessel settles upon bearing blocks, and is shored from the side walls. 817. FLOATING DRY-DOCK, in which the lifting power is derived from the displacement of the water in the interior of the dock. The displacement area of the side extensions of the dock is sufficient to balance it when it is sunk, by filling the lower part with water in order to float a vessel into the dock. 818. FEATHERING PADDLE WHEEL OR WATER MOTOR. The paddles are kept in a vertical position by a planetary gear. The central gear is fixed. The pinions and gear on the arms keep the paddles in a ver- tical position in the water. 819. VERTICAL BUCKET PADDLE WHEEL. - The buckets, a, a, a, a, are pivoted to the shaft arms, , b. To the pivots are attached cranks, c, c, c, c which are pivoted to the arms of an eccentric ring re- volving with the shaft on a fixed eccentric, e. By this arrangement the buckets are kept vertical. 820. FEATHERING PAD- DLE WHEEL. The buck- ets are hinged with back le- vers and turned to their proper position by arms pivoted ec- centric to the shaft. The framework of the wheel is of iron or steel. 821. Cross section. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 2I 5 822. OUTWARD THRUST PROPELLER WHEEL. The blades pitch forward to throw the water outward as well as backward, to increase the thrust or power of the wheel. 823. SCREW PROPELLER. Four blades. Or- dinary form for heavy draft tugs and tow-boats. 824. SCREW PROPELLER, "Griffith" model. The inclination of the blades is made adjustable, and they are attached to a rim outside from the hub. 825. SCREW PROPELLER, " Hodgson's " model. The blades are curved backward to prevent the cen- trifugal direction of the water when passing the blades. Claims on fore-and-aft direction of blades by inventors, are not in harmony with the best practice in propeller design. 826. SCREW PROPELLER, the " Ericsson " model. A rim con- necting all the blades, supposed to counteract the centrifugal tendency of the water. 827. Side view. 2l6 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 828. SCREW PROPELLER, " Vergne's " model. The projecting ribs from the face of the blades are intended to neutralize the centrifugal action of the water. 829. Section of blade. 830. REVERSING PROPELLER, for launches and small yachts. The blades are socketed on opposite sides of the shaft and through a boss fixed to the driving shaft. 831. Plan. A short crank extending from the blade socket at B, with an elon- gated hole at C, receives a pin fixed to a yoke and hollow shaft to which is given a fore-and-aft motion for changing the position of the blades. 832. REVERSING SCREW PROPELLER. The blades are pivoted concentrically on the hub, with pinions fixed to the shanks on the inside. The hub is fixed to the inner driv- ing shaft. A sleeve, with gear-cut end to fit the pinion teeth, revolves with the shaft. An inclined slot-sleeve E, moved by a yoke lever, gives a slight rotary motion to the geared sleeve by which the four blades are reversed. 833. Section of shaft and reversing lever. 834. SCREW PROPUL- SION. Deep immersion screw of the Britannic. The screw propeller is lowered be- low the line of the keel by worm and rack gearing. The shaft is swivelled by a double spherical joint and connected with the engine shaft by a universal joint. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 217 835. REVERSING SCREW PROPELLER. The central shaft is the driver, and has a small longitudinal motion by a clutch and lever to shift the position of the blades. The outer-end sleeve is fast on the driving shaft, and carries the blades in sockets on each side of its centre. A hollow short shaft, free on the driv- ing shaft, but fixed longi- tudinally, turns in a socket on the stern post. A rack on each side meshes in a gear sector attached to each blade socket, so that the blades are reversed by the fore-and-aft movement of the driving shaft. 836. THRUST BEARING for a pro- peller shaft. The collar brasses are set in mortices in the frame ; they are made in halves and bolted together. 837. "SILVER'S" MARINE GOVERNOR. The two pair of balls are pivoted to the re- volving shaft at the centre of their connecting arms. Their centrifugal tension is held and adjusted by the helical spring I, and thumb-screw. The open- ing of the balls moves the sleeve, D, for controlling the valve gear. 838. DEEP-SEA SOUNDING BALL. The sounding line is held by the pivoted horns , by which are thrown down when the rod passing through the ball touches bottom ; this releases the wire sling d> that holds the ball, when the rod and line can be easily drawn up. Has been used in four-mile depths of the ocean. 839. Release position. 2l8 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 840. SOUNDING WEIGHT RELEASE for deep- sea sounding. A hollow spindle attached to the sound- ing-line encloses a hook lever, sprung out by a spring. A spindle, with an impact head, slides behind the lever and releases the ball at the moment the head strikes the bottom. 841. SAMPLER SOUND- ING WEIGHT. The cups are held open during the descent by a clip, which is disengaged when the bob strikes the bottom. The cups spring together by the re- lease of the catch. 842. Cups closed. 843. SUBMARINE LAMP. A strong iron case with convex lenses. An ordinary bright light from a lamp, with two hose con- nections, sling and guide lanyards. One hose is to supply fresh air, while the other carries off the gas of combustion. " Vander Weyde " model. A powerful electric arc light is a later model. 844. ROAD ERS' LEVEL. A draw telescope, on a screw and swivel base, with arm and screw for small adjustment. The bubble is directly under and in focus of the eyeglass, and is seen by reflection from a piece of glass at 45 in the eyepiece. 845. Section through reflector and level. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 2I 9 846. ROAD MACHINE, for scraping and levelling common roads. 847. REVERSIBLE ROAD ROLLER. The tongue is at- tached to the frame that carries the driver's seat, and is bal- anced by the weight on the rear arm. By unlocking the catch the horses wheel around the roller with the tongue and seat frame, and the tongue is relocked on the other side of the wheel frame. 848. ROAD ROLLER. Steam- driven. One of the heavy class now improving our roads. U 849. SINGLE ECCENTRIC RE- VERSING GEAR. Used on traction engines. A is a wheel keyed on the crank shaft; D is the eccentric; C, a link; B, B, bell crank, connected to sleeve and eccentric. The movement of the sleeve E by the lever throws the eccentric D to the centre and to the opposite position for reversal. 220 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 850. ELASTIC WHEEL, spring tire with jointed spokes. Huxley." A steel 851. SPRING WHEEL. Two forms of curved spring spokes and spring rim. 852. ELASTIC WHEEL, with steel tire and spring spokes. 853. APPLICATION OF TRACE SPRINGS for trucks and heavy wag- ons. Saves the shoulders of horses from fatigue and abrasion. 854. SERPOLLET'S " STEAM TRICYCLE. A, coil boiler; B, coal bunker; C, water tank. The coal shute enters the furnace and feeds the fire automatically. Water is fed to the generator directly from an adjustable pump stroke. See Nos. 199, 200, 201. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 221 855. STEAM FIRE ENGINE. Vertical tubu- lar boiler. Vertical steam pump, with yoke connec- tion to fly-wheel crank. " Gould " pattern. 856. JACKETLESS GASOLINE CARRIAGE MOTOR, with two cylinders in line on two cranks at opposite points. Four-cycle type. Explo- sion in cylinders simultaneously, reducing vibration. Cylinder cooled by air circulation over the radial ribs. 857. GASOLINE MOTOR CARRIAGE. Two full seats and single seat for driver. The middle seat turns over to get at the motor and gear. 858. LIGHT ELECTRIC CARRIAGE, with single seat. The motor is attached to the frame and geared to a speed shaft, and by sprocket and chain to the wheel axle. 222 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 859. ELECTRIC PHAETON. The motors are fixed to a frame under the floor of the phaeton, with their pinions meshing with an inside spur gear on each wheel. The batteries are under the seat and extension box over the driving wheels. 860. ELECTRIC BROUGHAM. The same general arrange- ment of the motor as in No. 859, only that the bat- teries are stored under the floor. 86 1. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR for a tricycle. The bisected shaft is connected to a pair of pinions by universal joints. The pinions are pivoted at an angle of about 30 in a free-moving sleeve box. 862. BABY-CARRIER TRICYCLE, An extension of the driving axle of an ordinary bicycle, with a supplementary wheel to balance and for safety, so that a convenient vehicle is made for carrying children or packages NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 223 863. ELECTRIC TRICYCLE, "Bar- row " pattern. The single forward wheel is swivelled to the vehicle frame for steering and is also the driving wheel. It has a spur wheel on the inside of the rim in which the electric-motor pinion meshes. The motor swings with the steering-wheel frame, and 'is connected to the battery under the seat by flexible wiring. 864. ICE BICYCLE. An attach- ment of a runner and a toothed rim for any bicycle ; making bicycling a winter sport on the ice. 865. BICYCLE GEAR. Transmission by fore and aft shaft with pin- tooth gearing. " Sagar " model. 866. Pin-tooth wheel and pinion. 867. BICYCLE CRANK. A device for shortening the up-crank stroke. The eccentrics are fixed to the frame. The cranks and eccentric straps revolve on ball bearings, carrying by link connection the secondary crank shaft and sprocket wheel. 868. Horizontal plan. 869. SWINGING BALL-BEARING BICYCLE PEDAL. Carries the feet close . to the ground. 324 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. A. F. HAVEN'S" PLANETARY CRANK GEAR, adapted - for bicycles for varying pro- portion of motion. The gear B is fast on the sprocket- wheel shaft. Gear C is fast to a block that slides in the longitudinal slot of the cross D. The curved arms of the cross are slotted on the ra- dial centre E, the slot rid- ing over the sprocket shaft, allowing the radial arm D to pass the shaft. The crank A is pivoted to the shaft and the sliding block. With equal gears, the sprocket wheel makes two revolutions for one of the crank. 871. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN for bicycles. Chain can be taken apart by turning the links at right angles to the run of the chain. 872. DETACHABLE LINK CHAIN for bicycles. The pin can be slipped out by drawing the links together. The grooves in the pins lock in the narrow slot ends of the links. 873. Centre link pin and slip link. 874. DETACHABLE LINK BICYCLE CHAIN. The pins are slotted on three sides at G, G, are entered at the centre of the outside links and turned so that the straight back will rest against the end of link slot. 875. Pin showing slots. 876. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- ing the direction of load, direction of support, and axis of rotation with V bearings in which the angular thrust is balanced in the same journal. NAVIGATION AND ROAD 22 5 877. BALL-BEARING PROBLEM, show- ing the direction of load, the direction of sup- port, and the axis of rotation with angular quarter-curve bearings and angular thrust. 878. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP. Gas is generated in the lower compartment by admission of water in small quantities from the compartment B, through a needle valve operated by the handle K. L, gas tube ; M, burner. The gas pressure is reg- ulated by the hydrostatic head of water in the reservoir B. If gas is generated too fast, the water is held back by the gas pressure. 879. ACETYLENE BICYCLE LAMP. A charge of pulverized calcium carbide is placed in the lower chamber. A charge of water of one- half the weight of the carbide is placed in the tank, J. The wick G carries water to the car- bide by capillary action and pressure from grav- ity. The gas is aerated in the burner. The valve at I regulates the flow of water, which is also retarded by the gas pressure in the carbide chamber. 880. BICYCLE LAMP. W, bull's- eye lens. Air enters at O, and passes to the flame between the wick tube and guard, and flickering is prevented by air's exit through small passages in the shell of the lamp. Z, reflector ; B, oil chamber. Section XL GEARING. RACKS AND PINIONS ; SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND WORM GEAR; DIFFERENTIAL AND STOP-MOTION GEAR; EPICY- CLICAL AND PLANETARY TRAINS; "FERGUSON'S" PARADOX. GEARING. RACKS AND PINIONS; SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND WORM GEAR; DIFFERENTIAL AND STOP-MOTION GEAR; EPICYCLICAL AND PLANETARY TRAINS; "FERGUSON'S" PARADOX. 88 1. ORDINARY RACK AND PINION. >VU JO Reciprocating motion, from circular or recti- linear motion as desired. L 882. DOUBLING THE LENGTH OF A CRANK STROKE by a fixed and a movable rack. The crank rod connects with a pinion, which rolls on a fixed rack, carrying a recipro- cating rack to double the distance of the crank throw. 883. SAWMILL FEED. By the revolu- tion or rocking of the crank b> the adjustable bell-crank lever a is vibrated, which gives the hook pawl c the desired motion to turn the ratchet wheel and pinion which, meshing in the log bed-rack, feeds the log to the saw. The rate of feed is adjusted by the screw and traverse block d. 884. RACK MOTION used for air pumps. The racks are directly connected with the pis- tons of a single-acting air or other pump, and operated by a brake lever. 885. AIR-PUMP MOVEMENT. Two racks connected directly with the pistons, with guides, are* operated by a pinion and lever. 230 GEARING. 886. CIRCULAR RACK and pinion gear. A vari- able thrust bearing. 887. RECTILINEAR VIBRATING MOTION of a spindle having an endless worm gear, moved by a spur-gear sector. . VERTICAL DROP HAMMER or impact rod, in any position. Continual motion of sector pinion lifts or draws back the rack-rod B, which quickly drops or springs forward on the release of the teeth. SECTOR PINION AND DOUBLE RACK. Rectilinear reciprocating motion from the continual motion of a sector pinion. 890. RECIPROCATING MOTIONS of two pinions, geared together and to opposite racks, producing rectilinear reciprocating mo- tion to the racks, or vice versa. 891. CRANK SUBSTITUTE, "Parson's" patent. A reciprocating double rack alternately meshing in a pinion. A cam face plate running in smooth ways in the racks and fast to the pinion lifts the racks into and out of gear alternately at the end of each stroke. The end teeth keep the pinion in mesh. GEARING. 2 3 I 892. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION of a spur pinion from rectilinear motion of a mutilated rack gear. 893. CRANK SUBSTITUTE. Two loose LJJ pinions with reverse ratchets attached to shaft, with pawls on pinion ratchets. Each rack meshes with reverse pinion for continual motion of shaft. Many vari- ations of this device are in use. 894. QUICK BACK MOTION given to a rack slide by a sector gear and slotted arm ; operated by a pin in a revolving face plate. 895. ALTERNATE RECTILINEAR MO- TION from a swinging lever with sector and rack. The lever has a quick return motion, operated by a wrist pin on a face plate, and free from backlash by the weight and lanyard attached to end of lever. 896. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION of a double rack ; gives a continu- ous rotary motion to the central crank. Each stroke of the rack alternates upon one or the other of the sectors. A curved stop on the centre gear is caught on the pins in the rack, to throw it into mesh with the opposite sector. 897. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION of a bar carrying an endless rack. A mangle device. The pinion shaft moves up and down the slot, guiding the pinion aroxmd the end of the rack. 232 GEARING. 898. MANGLE RACK, guided by rollers and driven by a lantern half-pinion. The long teeth in the rack act as guides to insure a of 899. MANGLE RACK. A reciprocating mo- tion of a frame to which is attached a pin-tooth rack, the pinion being guided by the shaft rid- ing in a vertical slot, not shown. 900. MANGLE RACK with stationary pinion. The rack and slot frame are jointed to the mangle box, riding in mesh with the pinion by the slot guide, leaving the mangle box free to ride and tip on the rollers. 901. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION from continuous motion of geared wheels. A grooved cam revolving with a geared wheel pro- duces a variable or alternate motion to a crank, through a pin in the groove connected to the crank and to a fixed point by a connecting rod. 902. MANGLE WHEEL with equal motion forward and return. The pinion moves over the same teeth in both motions. The pinion moves vertical in a guide slot, not shown. The end of the shaft is guided vertically by the groove keep- ing the pinion teeth in mesh. 903. MANGLE WHEEL" GEAR in the oper- ation of which the speed varies in every part of its revolution. The pinion shaft is guided by the groove in the face of the wheel to keep the teeth in mesh, but rises and falls vertically by travers- ing a slotted guide, not shown. GEARING. 233 904. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION of a pinion producing reciprocating motion of the double-geared wheel carrying drum of a mangle. The slotted stand allows the pinion shaft to rise and fall, its end guided by the slot in the return- gear wheel to give the mangle drum a quick return. 905. MANGLE WHEEL with grooved guides, uniform motion through nearly a revolution, and quick return. 906. MANGLE MACHINE GEAR. Large wheel is toothed on both faces. The pinion traverses from one side to the other of the geared wheel through the open space. 907. WORM SCREW RACK. Continued motion of a worm screw meshed in a rack to produce motion in the rack from a fixed position of the worm, or with a fixed rack ; the worm, sliding over a feather-key shaft, will drive sliding nuts holding a hoisting car or platform. 908. ROTARY MOTION of worm gear from an ordinary screw, or when the screw has great pitch, rotary motion of the screw may be obtained from the rotation of the worm-gear wheel. 909. ADJUSTABLE FEED ROLLS driven by worm gear. The roll gears have elongated teeth on their face meshing with the screw on each side, which allows of considerable variation of the d^pth of feed. 234 GEARING. 910. SAW-TOOTH WORM GEAR. By the saw-tooth form of the teeth of both wheel and worm, and the concave pitch lines of the worm, a large area of contact is given to the teeth. 911. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND WORM GEAR for feed rolls or drums. 912. THREE-PART WORM SCREW, for operating three screw gears for a chuck, so that the jaws close in the same direction. 913. TRAVERSING MOTION from cir- cular motion of a worm gear. The worm wheel and spur gear are relatively held by the lit frame />, and slide freely on shaft a and guide bar D. The feathered key on shaft a allows the worm to turn with the shaft, while the connecting rod c, by having one end fixed to the frame and the other end attached to a crank pin on the spur gear, gives the sliding frame with spur gear and worm a reciprocating mo- tion equal to the throw of the crank pin. 914. GLOBOID SPIRAL GEAR WHEELS. The revolution of the glo- boid gear A gives a variety of differen- tial motions to the spur gear B as it swings between the limits practicable with the globoid teeth. GEARING. 2 35 915. INTERNAL WORM-GEAR WHEEL for driving a spur-gear pinion. 916. WORM-GEAR PINION to drive an inter- nal spur-gear wheel. 917. ANTI-FRICTION WORM GEAR. The worm-wheel bearings are on friction rollers running on pins. 918. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION. A worm wheel B, fast on a shaft to which is attached a loose arm and weight D, that carries the arm quickly over a half- turn, more or less, as required. The worm wheel lifts the arm and weight to beyond the vertical position by a pin in the shaft. See 919. 919. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION. A sector weight E, moving loose on a shaft to which is fixed a worm wheel driven by a screw. The weighted sector is lifted by a pin resting in the half-section of the hub of the worm wheel until it reaches the point at which gravity carries it over a half-turn, more or less, as required. 920. RELEASE CAM. Uniform motion is communicated to the gear wheel, B, fixed on its shaft with a pin at C. The cam is loose on the shaft, with a stop section to meet the pin at C. The lever d has a spring and a roller on the cam. The lever d is raised by the motion of the cam until its straight face reaches the roller, when the lever falls suddenly, throwing the cam forward. 236 GEARING. o 921. HUNTING TOOTH WORM GEAR, used for planetary or clock motion. The double worm-gear wheel may have one or more teeth in one section than in the other. The motion of the worm advances one wheel in proportion to the difference in the number of teeth. If the difference is as 100 to 101, the worm will make 10,100 revolutions for one revolution of the wheel having 101 teeth, over the wheel having 100 teeth. 922. DIFFERENTIAL SCREW AND GEAR MOVEMENT. The spur gear E is fixed to a screw hub or nut, revolving in the head of the short standard. The pinions F and G vary in size to match the spur gears D and E. The revolution of the pinions and shaft A, B produces a differential motion in the spur gears E and D. D is fixed to the screw shaft, thus driving the screw shaft forward at a very slow rate and great power. 923. COMPLEX ALTERNATING RECIP- ROCAL MOTION from three unequal gears and two walking-beams giving an endless variety of motions to the terminal connecting rod. 924. ALTERNATING RECIPROCAL MO- TION from two crank gears and connecting rods to a walking-beam. When the gears are equal the motion of the rod is uniform ; when the gears are unequal the motion of the rod is proportionally a varying differential one. 925. TWO-TOOTHED PINION. Transmis- sion of motion to a wheel having a series of teeth alternating on each side. The form of the pinion cam teeth locks the wheel teeth until the opposite cam catches its wheel tooth. GEARING. 237 - B 926. PIN WHEEL AND SLOTTED PINION, by which a change of speed is obtained by shifting the pinion along its shaft. 927. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from cone gears. A toothed cone is matched to an inverted cone with pin teeth to gear with the vari- able pitch of the cone teeth. 928. SCROLL GEAR. Increasing velocity is ob- tained by a geared scroll plate with a sliding pinion on A a constant speed shaft. 929. SPIRAL HOOP GEAR for special and slow transmission of power and motion to a shaft at right angle. One revolution of wheel A moves shaft B one tooth of its gear. 930. ACCELERATED CIRCULAR MO- TION by a volute gear. The pinion P and guide disc R move along the feathered shaft C, following the rail guide, and returns by reversal of the motion of the driving shaft C. 931. ROLLER-BEARING GEAR TEETH. A double-flanged wheel with roller-bearing notches cut to the pitch of the wheel. The rollers are held in place by straps bolted to an inner circle of the flanges. The meshing wheel has its teeth skeletoned to make room for the roller teeth. GEARING. 932. BALL GEAR with traverse pinions. Has a very limited traverse of the pinions. 933. SPIRAL GEARING. V gearing, in which the teeth are at a small angle with the plane of rota- tion, makes a perfectly silent transmission of power. 934. EXPANDING PULLEY. The sec- tional rim pieces with their arms have a radial sliding joint on the hub arms, and are moved out or in by pins projecting into the spiral slots on the central spur-gear wheel. The movement of the wheel c, by turning the ratchet pinion d, moves all the sections of the pulley equally. 935. CONCENTRIC DIFFER- ENTIAL SPEED. B, high-speed shaft and eccentric on which the slow- speed gear A revolves with a differ- ential motion by being carried around in mesh with the larger internal fixed gear C, giving a slow motion to the belt pulley B. 36. DIFFERENTIAL MOTIONS on concen- tric shafts by bevel gear. GEARING. 2 39 937. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, section. 938. Plan. Used in differential pulley blocks. The cam and large grooved pulley are fixed on the shaft, the revolution of which swings the small gear in mesh with the larger internal gear, and rotating the large gear, shell, and the chain lift pulley, with a speed due to the difference in the number of teeth in the gears. 939. DOUBLING THE NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS on one shaft. B, driving shaft and bevel wheel ; G, bevel wheel fast on shaft F ; C, two bevel wheels on hollow shaft running on shaft F ; A, frame fast on shaft F, and carrying bevel wheel D; E, bevel wheel run- ning loose on shaft F. Revolution of B gives contrary and equal motions to shaft F and double-bevel wheel C. Frame A and its bevel wheel D ? revolving in contrary direction to C, doubles the speed of bevel wheel E. 940. MULTIPLE GEAR SPEED in line of shaft. Pinion E is fast on small shaft. B and C are fast together and pivoted on the y sleeve which runs loose on an extension of the small shaft gear ; D is fast on the large shaft, and gear A is fixed to the bearing. Speed may thus be increased or decreased on a continuous line of shafting by the relative number of teeth in the different bevel gears. When the multi- ple of the teeth in A and C is less than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and the large shaft will revolve forward or in the same direction as the pinion E. When the multiple of A and C is greater than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and large shaft will revolve backward or in the opposite direction from the pinion E. The " Humpage " reducing gear. 240 GEARING. 941. VARIABLE THROW TRAVERSING BAR, used in silk spooling. The spur gear a, to which is affixed a crank and jointed guide rod, turns freely on a pin fixed in the revolving disc b. The pinion c is fixed on, a central shaft or otherwise, allowing the disc b and its attached spur gear a to revolve around the pinion c, thereby producing a varying throw of the guide rod for each revolution of the disc b. 942. REVOLUTION OF A PINION around its own centre and also around the common centre of two externally centred gears, a, driving pulley with cross band to gear pulley b, and direct band to gear pulley c. The differential motion revolves the pinion D around its own axis and around its external axis b. A planetary motion. 943. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED of two gears in different directions on the same shaft. A, driving pin- ion : B is geared to the shaft pinion A and 'to the inter- nal spur gear C, and runs on a fixed journal. 944. CAPSTAN GEAR. The central pinion is fast to the shaft. The intermediate pinions are on a frame free on their own axes, but the frame is fixed to the winding drum. The gear ratchet ring runs free on the shaft, but is stopped by a pawl on the drum for quick speed and by the outside pawls for a slow speed of the winding drum. 945. SLOW FORWARD AND QUICK BACK circular motion from the continuous circular mo- tion of a pinion, driving an internal sector pin- ion and an external sector gear. GEARING. 2 4 I 946. GEARED GRIP TONGS. The radial dis- tances of the sectors are in proportion to the diameters of the two pinions, which gives the jaws an equal mo- tion, closing them with a strong grip by the action of the pinions. 947. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION by a pinion driving an eccentric crown wheel. 948. ELLIPTICAL SPUR GEAR for variable speed, the amount of which is governed by the relative lengths of the greater and lesser axes of the pitch lines of the elliptical gears. 949 . ELLIPTICAL GEAR WHEEL and pinion for variable motion of a pinion from uniform speed of an elliptic gear. The pinion shaft is carried in a box in a slotted arm and held in contact by a spring or other means. 950. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from a circular gear train. A, the driver, with a spur gear B, attached eccentrically ; C, a pinion, and D, the driven wheel. The three pinions are connected with pivoted arms ; then the swinging of the spur wheel B around its eccentric axis will give a variable motion to the wheel D. 951. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from a rotating spiral spur sector meshed in racks inclined to the line of motion. The pitch lines of the racks are curved to match the pitch line of the spiral sector. The pins F on the sector mesh with the stop jaws J, K, on the rack frame, alternately at each half revolution. 2 4 2 GEARING. 952. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from an elliptically eccentric gear train. C is the elliptic driving wheel turning with the shaft at D. B is the intermediate gear with a pinion follower to the eccentric gear C. A and B are attached by an arm pivoted on their respective shafts, so that B rises and falls to keep the gear in mesh ; h and g is an elliptical slot in a plate attached to C, in which the end of the shaft of B traverses to keep the pinion B in gear with the elliptic wheel C. 953. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the revolution of a sec- tor by which one revolution produces both motions. The curved back of the sector just touches the extended tooth of the rack frame at d, while the teeth at e and b are partly in mesh with the enlarged sector end teeth, thus preventing back-lash or locking of the teeth. 954. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR. A is the driver. The pin J and the dog L are on the front side of the gear ; the pin R and dog P are on the back. This class of gears may be made in varying proportion to suit the required stop motion of the gear B, A being the driver. 955. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR, in which the dogs G and F form a part of the driven gear B. This form allows of varying propor- tions of stop and speed motion in the two gears. A is the driving gear. GEARING. 956. SPIRAL STOP-MOTION GEAR. In this form a variable motion, in addition to the stop,, is given to the driven wheel B. The dotted section at G shows the mesh of the spur, K, of the stop wheel. A is the driving wheel. 957. FAST AND SLOW MOTION SPUR GEAR, or a quick return when operating a slide motion by a crank. The driving gear B is composed of gear sectors of differen- tial radius to correspond with the sectors of the driven gear A. The horns and studs M, L are back of the face of the gears and make contact with the studs N and O, on the sector wheel A, guiding the wheels to mesh in the other pair of sectors. 958. MITER INTERMITTENT GEARS. The driver makes one revolu- tion to one-quarter of a revolution of the driven gear. The blank part of the driv- ing gear is milled down to the pitch line, and runs in the corresponding concave of the four-part driven gear. 959. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, from continuous rotary motion of a sector-toothed wheel. Part of the pinion is cut out of the same curve as the smooth part of the wheel, and acts as a stop until the pin on the wheel strikes the arm on the pinion and guides the contact of the teeth. 960. IRREGULAR VIBRATORY MOTION of an arm, A, from the rotary motion of a pinion, B 244 GEARING. 961. VARIABLE VIBRATING MOTION given to a rod, A, by the rotation of a pinion on an irregular-toothed wheel on a fixed axis ; the pinion being carried by a bell-crank lever, with a variable slot adjustment. 962. MOTION BY ROLLING CONTACT of elliptical half-geared wheels. The fork serves as a guide to enter the teeth into mesh. 963. VARIABLE SECTIONAL MOTION from sector gears. The sectors are arranged on different planes, so that each pair shall be matched and all so adjusted that their teeth will mesh at their proper periods. 964. UNIFORM SPEED OF SECTIONAL SPUR GEAR during part of revolution. The motions varying .suddenly according with the dif- ferential radii of the sectors. 965. SCROLL GEARING. For increasing or de- creasing the speed gradually during one revolution. 966. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION from eccentric circular motion. C and D are pins concentric with wheel B. The shoulder cam A runs eccentric to the shaft of B, and catches the pin C or D at every revolution, turning B a half -re volution, and the reverse if B is the driver. GEARING. 2 45 967. STOP ROLLER MOTION, used in wool-combing machines. The heart-shaped slot B, in the driving disc D, carries a roller stud, giving it a forward, backward, and stop motion. A pin on the back of the disc at e lifts the pawl G (Fig. 968), allowing it to pass over one of the spaces between the notches, and at the next half- revolution carrying the roller shaft fonvard one notch. The roller is attached to the shaft F, and by the action of the heart-shaped cam makes one- third of a revolution backward, and two-thirds of a revolution forward. 969. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. The loose sleeve revolving freely on the concentric ends of the shafts A and B carries a diagonal shaft, with bevel pinions fast on each end ; also a spur wheel, driven by the governing shaft and pinion E. Any motion given to the spur wheel F, by the pinion E, varies the speed of shaft B A being the driving shaft. 970. CHANGE GEAR MOTION, with spur gearing only. The spur wheel C moves freely on the disconnected shafts A and B. A short shaft and two fast pinions have a free motion near the periphery of the spur wheel C. The fast spur wheel on the shaft A is the driver. Any motion of the central spur wheel given by the shaft and pinion E varies the motion of the shaft B greater or less than the driving shaft, according to the direction of the governing motion. 971. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. The shafts A and B are disconnected, and carry a loose hub and spur wheel in which is pivoted the bevel pinion T. The bevel wheel C is fast on shaft A, and D is fast on shaft B. Any motion given to the central spur gear either way by the pinion shaft E varies the speed of the driven shaft B either faster or slower than the driving shaft A. 246 GEARING. 972. DIFFERENTIAL DRIVING GEAR. Used on the driving shaft of motor carriages. A, is the driven gear from the motor ; B, a bevel pinion pivoted laterally ; C, C, bevel gears fast on the divided shaft E, D. This arrangement allows one wheel to advance in turning a curve, and at the same time to receive an equal impulse with the other wheel. 973. EQUALIZING PULLEY for rope transmission. The arm carrying the small bevel gears is fast on the shaft. The divided pulley runs loose on each side of the arm with its two bevel gears meshed with the bevel pin- ions. Any variation in the over-wound rope by tension will be compensated by the pinions. 974. EQUALIZING GEAR. When driven by the belts A, A', with equal speed in opposite direction, the large spur wheel and shaft B do not move. Any difference in the speed of the belt pulleys will revolve the large spur wheel and shaft B forward or backward, according to which pulley runs fastest. The velocity of the large spur wheel will be one-half the difference of the pulley velocities. If B is the driving shaft, A and A' may be the wheels of a vehicle. 975. DOUBLING A REVOLUTION on the same shaft, "Entwistle's" patent. The pulley at A is the driver on the shaft D. The bevel gear at A is fixed. The stud E is fast on the shaft. The bevel wheel B revolves freely on the stud E. The bevel wheel C and its pulley C' runs loose on the shaft. The revolution of the stud E with its bevel wheel around the fixed bevel wheel A doubles the speed of the bevel wheel C and pulley C'. GEARING. 247 976. CONTINUOUS SHAFT MO- TION from an alternating driving shaft. The ratchets fixed to the bevel gears on the shaft a are operated by pawls fixed to the shaft, the rocking of which re- volves the bevel gear and shaft B in one direction. 977. ALTERNATING MOTION of a shaft at right angles to a driving shaft by three bevel gears and double clutch. Bevel gears on clutch shaft run loose. Clutch slides on a feather or key, and is operated by a Y-lever and groove in clutch. ECCENTRIC WHEEL TRAIN. The elliptical bevel gear A is fixed to the crank shaft bearing at an angle to allow the elliptical bevel wheel B to clear the bevel wheel F. The arm C is fixed to L the crank shaft ; B and D are fixed to the shaft H, giving to the shaft E an irregular reversed mo- tion from the motion of the crank shaft. 979. EPICYCLIC GEAR. The arm F G is fast on the shaft A A. The bevel wheel is loose on the arm. The bevel wheels D and C are loose on the shaft A A. Differential mo- tions of the two wheels C D will produce a ro- tation of the arm F G, around and with the shaft A, or, by making the arm loose on the shaft, a differential mo- tion may be made by shaft and arm. 980. EPICYCLIC TRAIN. If gear wheel C is fixed, and the arm D moved around its axis at A, the gear wheel B will have a retrograde mo- tion, and the gear wheel A a faster motion in the direction of the motion of the arm. If wheel A is fixed, 'B and C will have unequal forward motions. 248 GEARING. 981. AUTOMATIC CLUTCH MOTION FOR REVERSING. The bevel wheels B, C are the drivers in contrary di- rection; D is a double clutch on the shaft feather. The revolution of the pin on bevel wheel E moves the weighted ball F through the action of the bell-crank lever and connecting rod until the ball is past the ver- tical centre, when it falls over, striking the clutch lever and moving the clutch to the opposite or reverse wheel, and vice versa. 982. ECCENTRIC GEAR. Irregular inverse motion from elliptic speed gear. The balanced arm T is fixed to the crank shaft and turns with it. ' The gear A is el- liptical, as is also the gear a. Gear A is fixed to the frame with one of its centres coincident with the crank shaft ; a, is fixed in the same manner to a shaft carrying the gear F, multiplying the speed of the in- dex pointer P with a differential velocity, due to the eccentricity of the elliptical gears. 983. SUN AND PLANET CRANK MOTION, used by James Watt on the steam engine. Gear centres are held by connecting arm. B is fixed to connecting rod, and does not revolve on its own centre, but moves around the axis of the fly-wheel A with a slightly oscillating motion. The wheel A revolves twice on its axis to one circuit of B, or two strokes of the piston. 984. HIGH-SPEED EPICYCLIC TRAIN. Bevel gear C is the driver ; m p is a fixed shaft. Bevel pinion D and spur gear E are fixed on a hollow shaft. Bevel pinion A and spur gear H are fixed on a hollow shaft, revolving on the hollow shaft I. The arm m n revolves freely on the fixed shaft m p. The spur wheels F, G are fixed on a hollow shaft turning freely on the stud n. GEARING. 249 C D 9 8 5- SUN AND PLANET WINDING GEAR. A is fixed to the frame ; B is keyed to the barrel shaft. The crank is loose on the shaft and carries a stud on which the diffen tial gear C, D revolves. 986. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN. C is the arm which may revolve around its centre at F. The gear A is fixed. The pinion F is fast to a spindle. The gear B turns on its own axis as it revolves around the common centre. The two pinions at D are fastened together and revolve around their own axis, and also around the common centre at F. The centre spindle at F revolves with increased speed by the double gear at D. A great variety of motions may thus be made to represent planetary movement 987. COMPOUND EPICYCLIC TRAIN, more curious than useful, but illustrating the changed conditions of gear motion. Gears a and h are fixed to the crank shaft. Gears g and f are fixed to a hollow shaft turning on the shaft n m. Gears e, b are fixed on a hollow shaft and turn on shaft n m. The arm k I is fast on and supported by shaft n m. Gears e, d are fixed on a hollow shaft and revolve on the arm k /, carrying the arm in a slow motion around the shaft axis n m. A variety of differential motions may be made by changing the relation of the fixed pairs. 988. PLANETARY MOTION applied to an apple-paring machine. The gear F is fixed to the crank shaft. The internal spur gear A is stationary. On turning the crank the pinion B rolls forward, carrying the arm T at half the velocity of the crank. The bevel gear A revolves with the crank, driving the spindle K with one- half the proportional speed due to the rela- H tive diameters of gears A' and F'. GEARING. 989. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN. The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A, on the stand H. The gear B and bevel gear E are fixed on a shaft and turn in one direction, giving a contrary motion to the bevel gear F and index hand P. F / 990. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN. The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A. The small gear S reverses the mo- tion of the gear F, to shaft of which the arm T' is fixed. The arm T' moves backward, carry- ing the pinion S' around the bevel gear A', which is fixed to the arm T, giving the bevel wheel F' a forward motion, or in the same direction as the arm T. 991. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX. The arm C revolves around the fixed gear A, carrying the gear B and train of wheels with it. The gear B revolves in the same direction as the arm and carries with it the gears I, G, E fixed to its shaft. Small dif- ferences in the number of teeth of each pair of gears gives a differential reverse motion to the gears K, H, F. B N 992. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX, a curious property of an epicy- clic train. A is a central fixed axle and gear wheel, around which the arm C D revolves ; M, a wide-gear wheel loose on a pivot set in the arm CD; N, a pivot also set in the arm and carrying three gears with a differential number of teeth, say, varying by one or two teeth. On moving the arm C D to give motion to the train, the three wheels E, F, and G will have a differential motion, which was a para- dox to persons not understanding the secret/ Section XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. 993. RATCHET BAR LIFT. The vibra- tion of a double-bell crank lever gives a ratchet bar and attached rope great power for lifting or tightening a binding device. 994. RATCHET LIFT. Vibrating lever C, operates two hooked pawls on the ratchet bar A and lifts the bar. The slot serves as guide. The other member may be a suspension or standard attach- ment. Much used in ratchet jacks and stump-pullers. 995. RATCHET GOVERNOR, for water-wheels or other prime movers. The pin cam is in constant revolution. The double-ratchet rack B, held clear of the revolving pin at normal speed, is raised or lowered by the action of the governor on the suspender A. The extension rods of the ratchet frame operate a gate or valve. 996. ROTARY MOTION, from reciprocating motion of two racks alternately meshing with a gear wheel. Racks are pinioned at a, a. The curved slots b, b guide the racks out and into gear. The bell-crank lever c and spring d serve to disengage the rack at the end of the up-stroke. 254 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 997. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION, from a vibrating arm and pawl acting upon a ratchet wheel. 998. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a ratchet wheel by lever and hook pawls. B, vibrating lever. A, ratchet wheel. 999. DOUBLE^PAWL RATCHET. The vibra- tion of the lever a, with its pawls , <:, imparts a nearly continuous motion to the ratchet wheel. 1000. CONTINUOUS FEED OF A RATCHET by the reciprocating motion of a rod, two pawls on arms, and pivoted by links to the recipro- cating rod. 1001. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET WHEEL. The lever lifts the pawls, one of which moves the ratchet wheel at up- stroke by one pawl, and again at the down-stroke by the other pawl. ioo2. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, from a reciprocating rod and two pawls, acting on a ratchet-faced wheel. Arms C, C are loose on shaft of wheel A. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 2 55 1003. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION. Reversible by throwing over the double pawl. Operated by a reciprocating rod attached to the disc carrying the pawl. 1 004. RATCH ET INTERMITTENT MOTION, by the operation of treadles. Pawl levers and pawls are operated through con- necting rods to levers or treadles, the motion of which is made uniform by the strap and pulley attachment C. 1005. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION Reversible by throwing over a double pawl on the vibrating bell-crank lever. A feed motion for planing machines. 1006. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a wheel by vibrating levers and pawls. B, pin-tooth wheel. A, vibrating lever. 1007. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION from a reciprocating rod. Motion varied in the ratchet wheel A by the number of teeth swept over bv the pawl B. 1008. PAWL LIFT. By moving the lever between the pins in the bell-crank pawl arm, the pawl is lifted and moved to new position with- out dragging over the teeth of the ratchet wheel. 256 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1009. OSCILLATING MOTION into rotary motion by a straight and crossed band running on two ratchet pulleys, the ratchets of which are fast on the shaft. Each oscillation of the sector lever gives a forward motion to the shaft. 1010. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION by stop ratchet and oscillating beam. The ratchet wheel is fixed on the shaft. The pawl wheel runs free and gives motion to the ratchet and shaft at every other stroke of the sector beam. ion. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet by the oscillation of a knuckled joint tappet arm. The spring keeps the tappet extended on the for- ward stroke, and allows it to run over the tooth of the ratchet on its return. 1012. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- TION of a ratchet wheel with a check pawl by the continuous circular motion of a pawl wheel. 1013. WINDLASS GRIP PAWL. A fric- tion pawl and rim grip piece are pivoted together so that by the vibration of the lever with its con- necting rod the grip pawl drops and takes firm hold of the rim of the windlass wheel and turns it with the power due to the distance of the rod attachment from the wheel centre and the lever proportions. The stop pawls act upon a separate ratchet wheel. 1014. RATCHET AND LEVER PAWL. The pawl drops into the ratchet by gravity of the lever. Pulling the cord A unhooks the pawl by swinging the lever back. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 2 57 1015. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION by ratchet and springs. D, driving wheel with a bent spring at B. A spring at C acts as a fixed pawl. In revolving the wheel D, the spring B lifts the spring C from the ratchet, and is it- self pressed into the teeth and carries the ratchet around one tooth> when the shoulder on the spring B releases the spring C and allows it again to lock the ratchet. 1016. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet crown wheel from the reciprocating motion of a lever and pawl. 1017. INTERNAL MULTIPLE CAM for operat- ing several slides for internal grip, or for expanding the cutters of a die stock. 1018. pawls. RATCHET HEAD with spring 1019. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- TION from oscillating motion of a lever by friction pawls. The crank E and its cord connecting with the pawls throw one or the other pawl out of lock for reversing the motion. 1020. RECIPROCAL CIRCULAR MOTION from rec- tilinear motion of a nut on a quick thread. The reciprocat- ing or Persian drill stock. The screw is swivelled in the head of the stock, allowing a free movement of the drill by the motion of the nut MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 02 1. BALL SOCKET RATCHET. The pawl is within the arm socket, and by the ball ratchet form allows the drill stock to be used at an angle. 1022. CONTINUOUS MOTION RATCHET from an oscillating arm. Three bevel gears, two of which have ratchets with pawls on opposite sides, so that there is a forward motion to the spindle at each- stroke of the arm. 1 02 2 a. Elevation. 1023. STOPS OF VARIOUS FORMS for a ratchet wheel. Hook and straight gravity pawl and a spring pawl. 1024. STOPS for a spur gear. Slip pawls. 1025. STOPS for a lantern wheel, latch stop, the other a roller stop. One a 1026. SAFETY CENTRIFUGAL HOOKS. Hooks are retained by springs until the cen- trifugal force of excessive speed throws them out to catch the pins in the fixed plate. 1027. CRANK MOTION for quick return of a lever. A, fulcrum of lever. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 259 1028. CENTRIFUGAL SAFETY CATCH for hoisting drums. The studs D, D, D are fixed to the hoisting drum frame. B is a flange fast to the drum shaft and to which is pinioned the safety hooks. At ordinary speed of the drum the hooks hang back so as not to touch the studs. An unusual acceleration of speed throws out the hooks to catch on the studs. 1029. STOP MOTION from a wrist or crank pin. The relative amount of stop and motion depends upon the diameter of crank-pin circle and length of the connecting-rod slot, plus the diameter of crank pin. Used in brick machines. 1030. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from the circular motion of a wrist pin on a disc crank. The pin sliding in the slot makes a quick return of the bell crank and connecting rod. 1031. IRREGULAR ROCKING MOTION in an arm having an endless groove of any re- quired shape, with the radius of the longitudinal axis equal to the radius of the pin. Pin not shown. 1032. ROCKING ARM by cam groove. A groove in a face plate may be so designed as to give a variety of movement to a rock shaft, with an arm and pin follower. 1033. YOKE STRAP and eccentric circular cam. 260 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. R U 1034. TRIANGULAR CURVED ECCENTRIC, which by its peculiar form makes a stop motion at each half -revolution of the cam, for any portion of the stroke, according to the length of the concentric portion of the cam. 1035. TRIANGULAR ECCENTRIC for producing a stop motion at each half-revolution of the face plate a, by the proportional peripheral length of the outer curve of the triangular cam. Used on a French engine. 1036. RECIPROCATING MOTION with four stops, two of which are of longer duration than the \\ others. A pin on the rotating disc, sliding in a grooved / yoke, may be made to give a variety of motions to the rectilinear slide by the form of the groove. 1037. UNIFORM RECIPROCATING MO- TION from the circular motion of a crank or disc wrist pin. The endless groove in the cross head is made to conform in shape to the varying rectilinear motion of the wrist pin. 1038. NEEDLE-BAR SLOT CAM, for sew- ing-machines. The depression in the pin slot gives the needle a stop motion while the shuttle passes. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 26l 1039. SLOTTED YOKE CRANK MOTION, producing rectilinear motion of piston rod from a crank dispensing with a connecting rod. 1040. TRAMMEL GEAR. The slotted cross moves in a right line astride the shaft, while the crank pin in a block moves in the cross slot 1041. SLOTTED LEVER MOTION from a crank pin. A variety of motions and stop motions may be made with this class of lever. 1042. INTERMITTENT RECIPROCATING MOTION from continuous circular motion. The curved slot in the lever should be radial with the crank centre for a stop. Many forms of motion may be had by variation of this device. A combination much in use for sewing-machines and printing-presses. 1043. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. A screw and tappet wheel move a nut on the screw to which is fixed a wrist pin sliding in the cross slot of a carrier bar. Each revolution of the face plate brings the tappet wheel in contact with a finger, and by turning the wheel and screw moves the wrist pin to or from the centre of the wheel. Used in silk-spooling ma- chinery. 262 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1044. VARIABLE ADJUSTMENT for the tension of a spring on the motion of a connecting rod, by varying the radii of a rocking lever. 1045. FOUR-BOLT CAM PLATE, used for throwing safe bolts and for expanding dies. 1046. EQUALIZING TENSION SPRING AND LEVER. The bell-crank lever equalizes the tension of the spring by its varying position. Its long arm is on a fixed pivot. 1047. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION from studs on a rotating disc. The bar is carried forward by the stud on the disc striking the projection on the bar, and the bar returns by the movement of the bell-crank lever and opposite stud. 1048. TRAVERSE BAR, operated by a slotted lever. The upper pin being fixed or made adjustable for proportion to the move- ment of the lower pin, any desired movement of the traverse bar may be made. 1049. RECTILINEAR MOTION by the movement of a slotted lever with one end pin- ioned. A belt shipper movement. A MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 263 1056. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION from a shaft at right angles. The fric- tion rollers on the horizontal shaft disc move in grooves or on projections from the wheel on the vertical shaft, producing a variety of intermittent motions, due to the form of grooves or projections. 105 1. VIBRATING TOOTHED WHEEL. The rod is pressed against the teeth by the spring. A type of some electrical devices for interrupting the circuit * r **~ OFTHK UNIVERS] LIB^ 1052. "LAZY TONGS" MOVEM1 A system of crossed levers by which the amount of a rectilinear motion is increased by the proportional number of sections in the tongs. As a hand device it is in use as a toy, but is more useful as a reducing apparatus for a steam-engine indicator. 1053- QUADRANGULAR RECTILINEAR MOTION. Rectilinear motion given to any one of the arms A, B, C, or D gives a contrary motion to its opposite arm, and a contrary motion to each of the side arms. 1054. PARALLEL MOTION, in a ver- tical line, for a swinging bracket. 1055. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin- tooth wheel by the half-revolution of a ring seg- ment. 264 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1056. INTERMITTENT MOVEMENT of a pin-wheel by the vibration of a hooked arm. 1057. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a seg- mental-toothed wheel by the revolution of a seg- mental barrel or ring. 1058. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin-tooth wheel by the revolution of an in- dented tooth on a pinion. 1059. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a toothed wheel by the revolution of a pinion with a single recessed tooth. 1060. ROCKING ESCAPEMENT. The section teeth of the wheel pass the eye in the rocking cylinder at each quarter, or at each half-revolution when revolving. 1 06 1. ROTARY AND LONGITUDINAL MOTION of a rod between rollers, with their axes at an angle. Rollers run in opposite directions. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1062. RECIPROCATING FEED RATCHET. For an intermittent feed, one pair of jaws may have a reciprocating motion. For continual feed motion both pairs of jaws should have opposite reciprocating motions c 1063. FRICTION ROD FEED RATCHET. The jaws, being pivoted in a slot in a lever, make a powerful and quick grip on a feed bar by the motion of the lever bar. 1064. FRICTION HAULING RATCHET. -A hole bored slanting through a bar D. A slot in the side of the bar, for convenience of putting Y on or taking off the rod or rope to be hauled, makes a handy clutching device. 1065. CAM-LEVER GRIP for a rope or rod stop. This principle is used on safety grips for elevators. 1066. LEVER TOGGLE JOINT, largely used in stamping and punching presses. This form shows great pressure when the three bear- ings near a linear direction. L 1067. SINGLE TOGGLE ARM LETTER- PRESS. The arms are drawn together by a right and left screw. 2 66 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1068. TOGGLE-JOINT CAM MOVE- MENT for throwing out a number of grips ai once by the local movement of the jointed ring. 1069. DOUBLE-SCREW TOGGLE PRESS. The screw has a right- and lefi-hand thread to draw i~ the toggle joints together. 1070. SCREW STAMPING PRESS. Rec- tilinear motion from the circular motion of the lever handles. The momentum of the balls gives the final power in this class of presses. 1071. MULTIPLE RETURN GROOVED CYLINDER, producing extended rectilinear motion and return by its revolution. The car- rier arm has a pivoted tracer to enable a smooth passage of the opposite grooves. A spooling device. 1072. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the alternate opening and closing of half nuts on a right and left screw. Nuts and arms are attached to a shaft that is thrown over by a dog on a spooling-frame shaft, locking the right- or left-threaded nut alternately. 1073. RECTILINEAR MOTION by a right- and left-hand screw shaft driven by a worm gear. The nuts move on the right and left screw. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 267 1074. SIX RADIAL GROOVED TRAMMEL and triangular shaft arms, driving or being driven by a shaft out of line. The friction rollers give freedom of motion to either gear. 1075. RECTILINEAR RECIPROCAT- ING MOTION of a bar, from continuous cir- cular motion of a bent shaft. 1076. ROCKING MOTION, from a contin- uous rotary motion of the crank shaft A. 1076 a. PAIR OF TOE LEVERS. Bell-crank order. A and B, f ulcrums of the levers ; E, handle ; C, curved toes. This principle is used as a valve gear. 1077. WIPER CAM for stamp mills. A, the wiper; D, flanged chock, allowing the hammer spindle to re- volve. Also in use on sewing-machines for throwing the needle bar. 268 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. LIIP 1078. ANGULAR WIPERS, for operating the valves of beam engines. A, the rock shaft ; C, the curved wiper, lifting the angular toe and valve rod. 1079. EQUALIZING LEVERS OR TOES, for variable rod movement. 1080. VARIABLE CRANK MOTION. An eccentric slot in a stationary face plate guides a slide block and wrist pin in a slotted crank. Con- necting rod drives the cutter bar of a shaping- machine. 1081. SPIRAL-GROOVED FACE PLATE, for feed motion. Obsolete ; but useful for irregu- lar motion, in which the spiral grooves may be wavy or zigzag. 1082. LEVER, guided by a volute face plate. 1083. CAM SECTORS, or sectors of log- spiral wheels. When laid out as a log spiral, the sum of each pair of coincident radii is equal to the distance of the centres, A, B. As a pair of pressure cams, the sum of the radii varies to meet the required throw of the cams. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 269 1084. GEAR-DISENGAGING CAM LEVER. The eccentric slot in the lever throws the slow driving gear out of lock by throwing the lever back. 1085. OBLIQUE DISC MOTION. A disc fixed at an angle upon the end of a shaft gives a variable rectilinear motion to a rod and roller by varying its distance from the centre. 1086. GROOVED CYLINDER CAM. Used to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 1087. TRAVERSE MOTION of a shaft by a rolling cam. The disc, rolling in the groove of the drum, gives an ever-varying traverse motion to the disc shaft, according to the proportions of the size of disc and cam drum. 1088. FOUR-MOTION FEED of the "Wheeler & Wilson," and other sewing-machines. The traverse bar A is forked and en- A closes the push bar B, pivoted to it, and is held back by the spring at D. The revolving cam C has its periphery cam-shaped, to lift the push bar, and its face, also cam-shaped, to push the bar forward, when the teeth are in contact with the goods. 1089. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, from the circular motion of grooved cams ; may be made uniform or intermittent, by the direction of the groove on the cam. 270 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1090. QUICK RECIPROCATING RECTILI- NEAR MOTION, from a zigzag-grooved cam. Form of cam groove is capable of greatly varying the rectilinear motions of a bar or lever. 1091. CYLINDRICAL CAM, giving any re- quired special motions through a lever, roller, and connecting rod, according to the curves given to the cam. 1092. CAM-OPERATED SHEARS.- Many modifications of this device are in use. 1093. IRREGULAR CAM MOTION to valve rods. An irregular cam, acting between friction rollers in a yoke frame. Positive irregular rectili- near motion. An old steam-engine valve gear. 1094. VIBRATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, from a revolving trefoil cam. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 271 1095. IRREGULAR VIBRATING CIRCU- LAR MOTION, from continuous circular motion of a cam slot. Any form of cam slot in a face plate may be made to produce a vibratory motion on a crank pin, which may be transmitted to circular or rec- tilinear motion. 1096. CLOVER-LEAF CAM, for rectili- near motion by follower rollers on a bar. The cam is so designed that the rollers have a bear- ing in all its positions. 1097. POWER ESCAPEMENT for heavy machines. The traverse bar may be vibrated by the positive motion of the cam arms. 1098. ROTARY MOTION of a three-arm wiper produces a reciprocating rectilinear motion of the toothed frame, and vice versa. 1099. IRREGULAR RECIPROCATING MOTION of connecting rods and levers, moved by alternating oval cams. 1 1 oo. BEVELLED DISC CAM, for variable reciprocating motion of a bar at an angle with the shaft. 272 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. uoi. GROOVED HEART CAM. The lay- out of a grooved cam may be made on the same principles as No. 1 103, only that the centre of the roller or pin and the central line of groove are the measurements for the amount of motion. 1102. HEART-SHAPED GROOVE in a face plate, vibrating a lever, produces an irregular swing- ing motion of the lever. 1103. LAYING OUT A HEART CAM. A circle is drawn on a radius equal to the required throw, plus the diameter of the roller. A series of con- centric circles and radii enables a measured layout of the cam, which must be as much larger than the re- quired motion as is equal to the radii of the roller on each radius of the plan. 1104. CAM MOTION. Various appli- cations of cam followers, with direct and oscillating motion. 1105. DOUBLE-CAM MOTION, from a sliding follower. The arm E of the follower, slides freely in the box, clamped to the vertical shaft, giving two equal motions at right angles. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 273 1106. PIVOTED FOLLOWER. The square-armed follower, pivoted at E and F, is kept in contact with the cam by the spring H, and so produce dissimilar motions in the connecting rods B, J. 1107. RECIPROCATING MOTION, from two cranks on opposite ends of a shaft. 1108. OVOID CURVE is made by any point between the pivots of a single-crank con- necting ro4, the other end of which is guided by a rectilinear slide. 1109. VARIABLE POWER TRANSMIT- TED from a crank linked to a lever-beam, driving a second crank. In this case there is no pressure on the driven crank when both cranks are vertical, but greatest pressure when the cranks are horizontal. i no. ELLIPTICAL CRANK. The arm moves in a slot. The inner crank pin, making a revolution, marks an ellipse by a pencil at the outer end of the arm, while the outer crank pin, linked to the arm, makes a circle. in i. CURVILINEAR MOTION of a treadle gives circular motion to a crank or disc. The foot- lathe motion. 18 274 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 1 12. SPRING LATHE-WHEEL CRANK. The spring A is intended to keep the crank off the dead centre. A counterbalance weight is also used for the same purpose. 1113. "BROWNELL" CRANK MOTION.--. The wrist pin is fixed on a tangent slide held in its forward position by a volute spring attached to the face plate. The slide is retained by pins in tra- verse slots. Can be arranged for either kind of treadle, to keep the crank pin off the center. 1114. ORDINARY CRANK MOTION for engines or other purposes, with cross head, slides, and connecting rod. 1115. ECCENTRIC and straps for valve motion, also used in place of a crank for many purposes. 1116. RECIPROCATING MOTION of a connecting rod through a bell crank connected directly with a wrist on crank disc. In this case the forward and back motions are nearly alike depending upon the proportional length of the driving arm of the bell crank and crank motion, as well also to the length of the connecting rod between the wrist pin and bell crank. 1117. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION from two cranks on shafts parallel, but out of line, one crank being slotted, the other carrying a wrist pin, passing through the slot. Driving may be by either crank. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 275 1118. IRREGULAR MOTION of one crank from the regular motion of another crank. A \ ^uick-and-slow alternate motion of the slotted / crank is made by the regular motion of the / smaller crank. 1119. VARIABLE POWER transmitted from a slotted crank driver to a fixed driven crank pin through a lever beam, the opposite end of which is held by a swinging connecting rod. The pressure on the driven crank is continuous, but greatest on and near the central line of the two shafts. 1120. VIBRATING MOVEMENT from a slotted curved arm, gives a variable vibrating movement to straight arm. 1 12 1. VARIABLE CRANK PIN. A slotted face plate backed by a spiral slotted plate by which the revolution of one plate upon the other moves a crank pin to or from the centre. The same prin- ciple is used in the universal lathe chuck in which each slot carries a grip jaw. 1 1 22. VARIABLE RECTILINEAR MOTION of shaft from a vibrating, curved, slotted arm. 1123. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a slotted sector on a face plate. 2 7 6 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1124. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a movable pin block in a slotted face plate and trans- verse screw. 1125. VARIABLE RADIUS LEVER for reciprocating motion of a shaft from a continuous motion of a crank pin. 1126. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. The jointed crank and radial screw give a large variation to the throw of a crank. 1127. COMBINATION CRANK- MOTION CURVES. A revolving crank A, D and the vi- brating link B, E carry- ing an extended connect- ing arm with a pencil at the end, F. A great variety of figures and curves may be made by different proportions of all the parts. The figures on the crank pin circle D correspond with the figured diagram. 1128. FLEXIBLE ANGULAR COUPLING, for light work. May be a helical spring, round or square, wire or a tube, sawed on a spiral. Used on driving handles for telescopes and other instruments. 1129. SLIDING CONTACT-SHAFT COUP- LING. A cross bar sliding in two yokes on shafts in offset lines. Will also operate on shafts somewhat out of line or at an angle. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 2 77 1130. RECTILINEAR MOTION from the rotation of an angular crank pin. A, rotating shaft carrying crank pin E ; D, arm with sleeve jointed to yoke and sliding rod B. 1131. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING for shafts out of line. The solid sleeve block C is bored at the same angle of the shafts, and centres of bores at a dis- tance apart equal to the dif- ference in the plane of shaft alignment. 1132. UNIVERSAL JOINT, with a single cross link. Good for angles of 45 and under. 1133. DOUBLE LINK UNIVERSAL JOINT, good for larger angles than above. The connecting link may be made short and guarded, with a sleeve to prevent kinking. 1134. UNIVERSAL ANGLE COUPLING, " Hooke's " principle. Each shell carries a double trunnion ring, the connecting link being pivoted at each end to the rings. 1135. "ALMOND" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. The yoke links G, G are pivoted to the sockets on the ends of the shaft, and to the right-angled arms on the sleeve which slides freely on the fixed shaft D. The sockets at F, F are ball joints. Angle of shafts may vary within limits. 2 7 8 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1136. "HOOKE'S" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING, the knuckle universal joint. Shaft joints are double-pivoted at right angles. 1137. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. In this arrangement the shafts have cranks and elongated crank pins, on which sleeves slide that are pivoted to the arms E, E of the sliding sleeve on the fixed shaft D. 1138. RACK AND PINION MOVE- MENT for tracing spiral grooves on a cylin- der. 1139. GYROSCOPE. The heavy disc C, rotating at great speed in the ring A, is suspend- ed by the point F, resting on bearing. The ro- tation of the disc keeps it from falling and slowly revolves the holding ring A around the point F. An illustration of the tendency of rotating bodies to preserve their plane of rotation. 1140. GLOBE GYROSCOPE. The outer ring A is fixed to a stand. The second ring A 1 is pivoted ver- tically to the outer ring ; the inner ring is pivoted at right angles in the second ring, and the ball is pivoted at right angles in the inner ring to its pivot in the sec- and ring. This gives the ball, rotating on its own axis, a direction free to move to every point in the sphere. When the heavy ball is made to rotate rapidly in any direction of its axis, much pressure must be made to change its direction. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 2 79 1141. TENSION HELI CO- VOLUTE SPRING. 1142. DOUBLE HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING, for compression. 1143. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING, square rod. 1144. SINGLE VOLUTE HELIX SPRING. 1145. COMPOUND DISC SPRING. The discs are dished and perforated for a guide pin. Section XIII. HOROLOGICAL. CLOCK AND WATCH MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES. HOROLOGICAL. CLOCK AND WATCH MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES, 1146. CYCLOIDAL PENDULUM MOVE- MENT. A curved frame, acting as a stop to a flexible pendulum, gives the bob a cycloidal path. --O 1147. COMPENSATING PENDULUM BOB or weight. A glass jar of mercury is used for the weight, and is adjusted for length of pendulum by turning on the screw and locking in place by the cross-piece and catch. The expansion of the pendulum downward is balanced by the expansion of the mercury in the fixed bottle upward, and vice versa. 1148. COMPOUND COMPENSATION PENDULUM. The arms of the pendulum carrying the weights W, W are composed of two metals ; steel, which has the least change of length by change in temperature, for the top section, and brass, which has a longer range of length, for the lower section. Heat, by differ- ential expansion of the parts, raises the weights to compensate for lengthening of the pendulum rod, and vice versa. 1149. CENTRIFUGAL PENDULUM. The weight or ball is hung by a thread or very fine wire from an eye, and is driven in a circle by an arm attached to a vertical spindle, rotated by the clock movement. Adjustment is made for time of beat by the vertical movement of the suspension eye of the pendulum. 284 HOROLOGICAL. 1150. ANTIQUE CLOCK ESCAPE- MENT. The oscillation of the pendulum arbor and attached pallet stops and releases the teeth of the crown wheel. 1151. CROWN TOOTH ESCAPEMENT, with ball balance. B, the stop pallet. A, the impulse pallet. 1152. DOUBLE RATCHET-WHEEL ESCAPE- MENT and pendulum. The teeth in the escapement wheels alternate with the pallets of the pendulum. 1153. STAR-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. B, C, the pallets of the escapement vibrating on its centre at A ; D, star wheel. 1154. ANCHOR ESCAPEMENT forelocks. The anchor pallet H, L, K oscillates on its axis a, by the swing of the pendulum. The teeth of the escapement A are radial on their forward face, and strike the curved faces of the pallet K or H, which are concentric with their axis a. By this form of teeth and pallets the escapement is anchored or in repose during the extreme parts of the pendulum stroke, and gives an impulse to the pendulum while the teeth are in contact with the planes of the pallets <:, e and b, d. HOROLOGICAL. 1155. RECOIL ESCAPEMENT. In this form the forward face of the teeth of the escape- ment A leans forward from the radial lines. The front face of each pallet is in line with the front face of the teeth, so that the extreme part of the pendulum stroke gives a recoil movement to the escapement wheel. The points of the escapement teeth, acting upon the planes of the pallets c, e and />, d, give the im- pulse to the pendulum. 1156. PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT. In this form the upper part of the pendulum terminates in a ring around the escapement wheel, with pallets A, B projecting in- ward and with a forward pitch to their face, to give the proper impulse to the pendulum. 1157. STUD ESCAPEMENT, used in large clocks. Alternate studs are set on front and back of the escapement wheel. The pen- dulum swings on the axis of the pallet at F. The concentric curve of the stop-faces of the pallet, with its axis at F, gives the escapement a dead-beat action, the incline planes of the pallets giving the alternate impulse. 1158. LANTERN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. The pallet arm A is attached directly to the pen- dulum, swinging upon the axis A, and receives its impulse from the inclined faces of the pallets C, B. Used for large clocks. 1159. PIN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT, with a dead-beat stop motion. For short-beat pendulum clocks. 286 HOROLOGICAL. 1160-1161. HOOK-TOOTH ESCAPEMENT. The teeth are arranged alternately on two escapement wheels. The oscillation of the semi- circular pallet alternately releases and receives an impulse from the hook teeth of the escapement wheel. The curved outer face of the teeth acts upon the edge of the straight edge of the disc. 1162. SINGLE-PIN PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT. The pin is set in a small face plate close to the arbor, which makes a half-rotation at each stroke of the pendu- lum. The impulse is given on the vertical faces of the quarter sections in the pendulum. 1163. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPEMENT with long teeth and stops on the pendulum frame. A, B, pallets ; E, D, stops. A nearly dead-beat movement. 1164. DETACHED PENDULUM ES- CAPEMENT. In this movement the pendu- lum is detached from the escapement, except at the moment of receiving the impulse from the single pallet I. The bell-crank lever un- locks the escapement tooth by contact with the balanced click C as the pendulum nears the middle of its stroke. HOROLOGICAL. 287 r? p\ 1165. THREI>TOOTHED ESCAPE- MENT for a pendulum. The pallets are made in a plate attached to a pendulum. The es- capement makes one rotation to every three beats of the pendulum. 1166. MUDGE GRAVITY ESCAPEMENT. The pallets A, B are on separate arbors, with arms extending down to the pendulum contact pins R, P, between which the pendulum swings. The pallets are loaded with weights. The pen- dulum lifts the pallet over the tooth, and the weight gives the impulse. 1 1 67. TRI-TOOTH PENDULUM ESCAPE- MENT. Impulse is given to the pendulum by con- tact of the pins against the pallets A and B alternately. The stops D and E hold the escapement during the extreme part of the pendulum stroke. The escapement makes one rotation every third stroke of the pendu- lum. The fly softens the strike of the pins upon the pallets. 1 168. "HARRISON" WINDING DE- VICE for clocks, and which may also be adapted to a spring barrel. G is the driving spur gear. The larger ratchet has a fixed check pawl, T ; is loose on the arbor, but at- tached to the gear wheel by a curved spring, S, S'. The smaller ratchet is fixed to the winding barrel and arbor. The spring and pawl R are pivoted to the larger ratchet, and stop the barrel against the weight W. The curved spring S is compressed and drives the gear wheel, and by its elasticity continues, while winjding, by the check pawl T falling into the teeth of the large ratchet. 288 HOROLOGICAL. 1169. DOUBLE TRI-TOOTH PENDU- LUM ESCAPEMENT with fly regulator. The alternate teeth of the escapement lock on opposite sides of the pallet frame. The im- pulse is given by the small triangular arbor striking the curved pallets. 1170. "BLOXAM'S" GRAVITY ESCAPE- MENT. The pallets receive an impulse from the small toothed wheel, the long arms of which are stopped by the studs A and B alternately. The studs at F and E are the fork pins which embrace the pendulum bar. 1171. DEAD-BEAT CLOCK ESCAPEMENT. The face of teeth is slightly pitched forward. The stop-faces of the pallets A, B are concentric with the axis, which gives the dead-beat stop. 1172. ENDLESS CORD-WINDING DEVICE for clocks. The cord runs over grooved pullies. P is the driving wheel, and p the ratchet winding ar- bor, the turning of which by crank, key, or by pulling the cord b raises the driving weight W, and lowers the balance weight w. By this device the movement .of the escapement is not suspended while winding the clock. HOROLOGICAL. 289 1173. CLOCK TRAIN, showing the method of sustaining the movement of the train dur- ing the time of winding. The bent spring keeps a tension on the large gear by the lock- ing of the large ratchet to which the bent spring is attached, when the winding of the barrel can be made without a back-set in the train. See No. 1168. the weights. 1174. COMPENSATION WATCH BAL- ANCE. At the ends of the balance bar are at- tached compound sector bars, the inner section of which is of steel, and the outer section of brass. The weights b, b regulate the momentum of the balance wheel, while the change in length of the arms is compensated by a reverse distance of Adjustment is made by moving the weights along the compensating sector. 1175. WATCH REGULATOR. The outer end of the balance spring is fixed to a stud at R, and the inner end to the balance wheel arbor. The index hand carries two curb pins at P, between which the spring vibrates, form- ing a neutral point in its length which limits the arc of movement of the balance wheel, and by its change of position (by moving the index hand) adjusts the time beat of the balance wheel. 1176. ANTIQUE WATCH ESCAPE- MENT. A pinion on the balance-wheel arbor meshes in a crown gear, on the shaft of which a mutilated screw of large pitch releases the teeth of the escapement and gives an impulse by the incline of the screw. 290 HOROLOGICAL. 1177. VERGE ESCAPEMENT. The arms of the escapement are set at an angle with each other and its oscillation allows a tooth of the crown wheel to pass with each oscillation. 1178. CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT, shows the form of the cylinder, and 1179 shows the method of action. The oscillation of the cyl- inder allows the teeth of the escapement wheel to pass under the open hollow side and stop against its outside. The impulse from the escapement teeth is given to the edge of the cylindrical section. 1 1 80. DUPLEX ESCAPEMENT. A, the balance-wheel stop; B, the oscillating pallet fixed to the balance-wheel shaft and adjusted to receive a strong impulse from the studs a, a, a at the moment the escapement tooth falls into the notch in the stop A. 1181. JEWELLED DETACHED LEVER ESCAPEMENT. D, E, jewel pallets; J, roll jewel in the arbor disc ; L, M, lever stops : H, balance-wheel stop. 1182. "GUERNSEY" ESCAPEMENT, con- sisting of two balance wheels driven in opposite directions by an inside and outside sector gear on the pallet lever, with the ring guard around the escapement axle. To prevent stopping of a watch by a jar. HOROLOGICAL. 2 9 I 1183. ANCHOR AND LEVER ESCAPE- MENT for watches. " Reed's " patent. 1184. LEVER ESCAPEMENT. The anchor pallet B is attached to the lever C E, at the end E of which is a notch to receive the pin in the balance-wheel disc D. The im- pulse is given to the balance wheel at the middle of its oscillation by the escape of the teeth from the stop surface to the impulse planes of the pallets. 1185. LEVER CHRONOMETER ESCAPE- MENT, single-pallet impulse. The lever pallets alternately lock the escapement by the throw of the lever ; the oscillating pin on the pallet disc drops into the fork of the lever, throwing it against the stop pins at its other erid. 1 186. < ; ARNOLD " CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT. The spindle of the oscillat- ing pallet a carries a small stud that vibrates the light spring /, in the hook k, of the stop spring A. The stop a catches and holds a tooth of the escapement while a reverse oscillation of the pallet a is made, when the stop d is lifted by the action of the stud at a, and an im- pulse given to the balance wheel by the tooth //, striking the face of the notch at h in the pallet. 1187. FUSEE CHAIN AND SPRING DRUM, used in watch and clock move- ments. This device compensates for the variation in the force of the spring. 2 9 2 HOROLOGICAL. 1 188. CHRONOMETER ESCAPEMENT. P, the impulse pallet on the arbor disc of the balance wheel ; V, a release tooth on the arbor which strikes the end of the stop lever and releases the escapement at the moment that the tooth A falls in mesh with the pallet P. At the return oscillation of the balance wheel the tooth V on the arbor carries the spring forward, holding the lever and catch in lock against the pin E. 1189. "GENEVA STOP."-- A winding-up stop used on watches. Winds as many turns of the wheel A as there are notches in wheel B, less one. The curve a b is the stop. 1190. GEARED WATCH the two arms makes the stop. STOP. Contact of 1191. WATCH STOP. The number of turns of the ratchet pinion is limited by the number of teeth in the stop. The pin moves one tooth for each turn. 1192. STEM-WINDING MOVEMENT of a watch. The movement of the lever with an arm outside of the rim locks a clutch on the hand gear. The third arm of the lever is thrown beyond the rim to prevent clos- ing the case until the clutch is unlocked. HOROLOGICAL. 2 93 1193. PIN-GEARED WATCH STOP. The winding stops at the convex tooth of the stop. 1194. WATCH TRAIN. a, key stem. , barrel and spring. t, e, h, /, pinions. d, h, spur wheels. /, /, pallets and escapement. /, lever and balance wheel Section XIV. MINING. QUARRYING, VENTILATION, HOISTING, CONVEYING, PULVER- IZING, SEPARATING, ROASTING, EXCAVATING, AND DREDGING. MINING. QUARRYING, VENTILATION, HOISTING, CONVEYING, PULVERIZING, SEPARATING, ROASTING, EXCAVATING, AND DREDGING. 1195. DIAMOND PROSPECTING DRILL, operated by hand. The drill rod is hollow, with a hose connection at the top, through which water is forced to the bottom and up outside of the drill to wash out the bor- ings. The drill point is set with bort or black diamonds, and is revolved quickly by the cranks and bevel gear. 1196. ROCK DRILL, " Ingersoll " model. The loaded tripod gives stability to the reciprocating action of the drill. 1197. DIAMOND WELL-BORING MACHINE. A small oscillating engine and gear train drives the hollow boring auger at great speed, and also serves to hoist the drill rods by the drum and a rope over the block in the top of the derrick frame. Water is fed through the hollow drill rod by a pump. 298 MINING. 1198. PORTABLE DIAMOND DRILL, for tunnel work or mine drifting. A swivelled hose connection for feeding water to the drill. Screw- jacks in the frame for clamping. Hand-driven by crank and speed gear. 1199. ARC TAPPET VALVE MO- TION, for a rock drill. The valve is moved on a circle radial with the tappet centre, and is thrown by the tappet-arm contact with the shoulders on the piston. " Sergeant " model. 1200. TAPPET VALVE, for a rock drill. The ports are radial, and are opened and closed by the swing of the valve on its centre. The valve is thrown by the shoul- ders on the piston, striking the valve arms. " Sergeant " model. 120 1. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is thrown by compressed air inlet through ports opened by the recipro- cal motion of the piston. B, piston ; M, ro- tation device. "Ingersoll" model. 1202. ROCK DRILL, with balanced piston valve, which is thrown by a ported sector. moved by im- pact with the recessed shoul- ders on the piston. " Sergeant " model. MINING. 299 1203. COAL-CUTTING MACHINE, " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The piston and drill rod are automatically operated by the alternating motion of two piston valves. Operated by compressed air, and only has to be held against the, coal wall to under-cut, when the face can be broken down. 1204. LINK CHAIN CUTTER, used in coal-cutting machines. 1205. DRILL FOR CURVED HOLES, used in coal mining. The drill is on the end of a curved tube, and is driven by a flexible shaft. The tube is fed forward by a pivoted arm and worm gear. 1206. BOX-WING BLOWER. The dis- charge openings of the disc are rectangular, with the sides enclosed. Made of sheet metal. 1207. MULTIPLEX BUTTERFLY VALVE, for ventilating shafts. 300 MINING. 1208. STEAM-DRIVEN VENTI- LATING FAN. Type of those used in the coal-mining districts. The fan wheel may be encased in an iron or wooden shell. 1209. MINER'S SAFETY LAMP. The flame is surrounded with wire gauze and a double wire gauze cap. In explosive mine gases, the firing of the incoming air and gas takes place on the inside of the wire gauze. The flame does not pass through fine wire gauze. The course of air for the lamp burner is shown by the arrows. 12 10. HORSE-POWER HOIST- ING DRUM, double speed. The speed is changed by dropping one or the other driving gear by the le- vers. A release for running back is made by turning the crank which disengages the gear clutch. 121 1. STEAM HOISTING ENGINE, with flat chain drum and reversing link. The flat chain winds upon itself on a narrow drum. MINING. 3 OI 12 12. STRAP BRAKE, used on hoisting drums and wheels. The strap is usually made of a steel band with its ends jointed to a lever. 1213. ELEVATOR TOWER with inclined boom. The bucket is lifted to the trolley by the double tackle, drawn up the incline, and the load dumped automatically into a car. 1214. HORIZONTAL BOOM TOWER, with traversing trolley and automatic shovel bucket. isn 1215. MAST AND GAFF HOIST, for unloading coal barges to an elevated track. A portable boiler and steam hoist or an electric motor hoist, with occasionally a horse pull, are the motive powers. 1216. COAL-LOAD- ING TIPPLE and sort- ing screens for loading cars. The screens are inclined at the sliding angle and drop the slack. pea, nut, and lump into separate cars. 3 02 MINING. 1217. "OTIS STOP" for elevator cars. B, car frame sliding on the ratchet posts A, A; d, d are the stop-dogs operated by bell-crank levers to thrust the dogs into the ratchets on the release of the eye bar />, by a break in the rope or hoisting machine. The spring c quickens the operation of throwing out the dogs. 1218. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD, showing method of inverting the buckets over a hopper spout. 1219. ELEVATOR DUMPING HEAD. An inverted sector frame guides the bucket chain under the head wheel, which allows the buckets a clean discharge. MINING BUCKETS AND SKIP. 1220. d, Cornish kibble. 122 1. c, Hooped straight bucket. 1222. b, Water bucket. 1223. a. Tram skip. 1224. BELT CONVEYOR. A series of horizontal and inclined rollers serve to turn up the edges of a belt, enabling the material carried to be retained on the belt ; the belt returning on the horizontal rollers below. MINING. 303 again into position for their next push. 1225. CHAIN SCRAPER CON- VEYOR. A chain supported on rollers and axles to which scrapers are fixed that fit the conveyor trough. 1226. CABLE CONVEYOR. Discs fixed to a cable running in a trough and returning overhead. 1227. DRIVING MECHANISM for a coal or grain conveyor. " Hunt "' model. The heart cam is fixed. The face plate car- rying the pawls revolves with the driving gear. The cam guides the pawls to lock with the pins in the chain and lifts them 1228. LOG CONVEYOR. A link chain with hooks running in a trough. 1229. ROPE TRAMWAY, over- head system. Elevation, showing the switch rails for transferring the carrier bucket around the terminal to the return rope. Loading or unload- ing of the bucket is done at the transfer switch. 1230. Plan showing the crossing of the switch rail over the carrier rope. 34 MINING. 1231. AUTOMATIC DUMP- ING CAR. The floor of the car slopes upward to the centre at an angle that will allow the material to slide out. A chock at any point desired for dump- ing trips the holding-lever and releases both side doors at once. 1232. TOGGLE JOINT, for a *tone breaker. 1233. STONE CRUSHER. The power is transmitted from tne driving shaft by a cam operating a vertical con- necting link and toggle joint. " Blake " pattern. 1234. "BUCHANAN" ROCK CRUSHER. An eccentric on the driving shaft and toggle arm gives a powerful pressure to the crusher jaws. The adjust- ment is made by the back screws and side rods to set up the outside jaw. 1235. ROLLER COAL CRUSHER. Driven by a direct-connected steam engine with screw gear, MINING. 305 1236. EIGHT-STAMP ORE MILL, for pulverizing gold quartz or other ores. Cams on a power-driven shaft lift the bars successively to equalize the belt tension. 1237. ROLLING CRUSHER. The "Aras- tra." Rolling wheels on a cross arm of a verti- cal shaft. 1238. "ARASTRA" ORE MILL. Two heavy rolls revolving in a circular trough, driven through a central shaft and overhead gear. 1239. "CHILI" MILL. A three-roller ore mill. Rollers carried around by a shaft and three-armed crab. Ore is fed inside the rollers. The crushed ore washes into the annular trough and is carried to the amalga- mators. 1240. PULVERIZING BALL AND PAN MILL. -The pan is continually tilted by being swung around the vertical centre, rolling the ball down the slope side of the pan. 3 6 MINING. 1241. REVOLVING PULVER- IZING MILL. The material is reduced to a fine powder by the high-speed impact of the revolving arms, within an iron casing. " Frisbe-Loucop " model. 1242. HYDRAULIC BALANCED GIANT NOZZLE. Used in hy- draulic mining for washing away gravel banks. The nozzle turns on a movable joint at B B, and also in the vertical by the socket at E. 1243. COAL DUST PRESS for bituminous coal. The fine dust is fed down from a hopper. The nozzle has a slight taper, which gives the ram suffi- cient resistance to produce a solid cake at each stroke. 1244. KLONDIKE MIN- ING MACHINE. The gold- bearing gravel is shovelled into the hopper and is fed to the riffle pan, which is vibrated by the pump handle. The pump supplies water to the riffle pan, from which it falls into the settling pan beneath, and is kept from freezing by a fire underneath. " Lancaster '' model. 1245. GOLD SEPARATOR; dry process. A bellows furnishes an air blast, which separates the fine sand and dust from the gold on the riffle screen and blows the dust away. MINING. 307 1246. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR. A central revolving shaft carries a set of conical perforated plates, between which perforated plates are fixed to the shell of the machine. Grain or other material is fed at the top, and an air blast at the bottom. Centrifugal action discharges the material at the periphery of the revolving plates, returning by gravity on the fixed plates. 1247. MAGNETIC ORE SEP- ARATOR, "Buchanan "type. Two cylinders, magnetized by powerful horseshoe electro-magnets, are re- volved at considerable speed. The pulverized ore is fed from hoppers on top of the rolls ; the iron is held to the rolls and thrown off after passing the chutes. The tailings drop directly into a box. 1247 a. Front end view. 1248. IRON ORE SEPARA- TOR, " Buchanan " model. The pulverized ore is fed from a hop- per to a revolving drum, a section on each side of which is magne- tized by a fixed electro-magnet. The magnetic particles are carried around by the drum to a part of the neutral section and discharged. An apron below, travelling over magnetic rollers, further separates the ore. 1249. RAILWAY STEAM SHOVEL, the " Bucyrus " model. For railway or other excavating on movable trucks. 3 o8 MINING. 1250. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Hoffman" type. The pulverized iron ore is fed to a travelling ap- . ron, which passes over a series of magnets beneath the apron and over a drum where the magnetized iron particles are held to the belt until they pass the bottom side of the drum. The unmagnetized particles are thrown off, and drop into a separate compartment. 1251. MAGNETIC ORE SEPARATOR, "Edison" type. A series of electro-magnets are set behind a vertically moving apron against which the pulverized ore is discharged from a hopper spout. The concentrates move along the line of magnets by the ac- tion of the apron, and fall into buck- ets attached to the apron, and are carried over the top, while the tailings are drawn away from the front by an exhaust blower. 1252. ORE ROASTING FURNACE, revolving type. The large cylinder takes charge by the manholes, and revolves on power-driven rol- lers. The furnace is on a truck to be removed when required. The heated gases pass through the revolving cylinder and to a chimney. MINING. 309 1253. RAILWAY EXCAVATOR, the " Otis " pattern. 1254. RAILWAY STEAM SHOVEL, the "Victor" model. For excavating railway cuts, or gen- eral work on temporary rails. 1255. CONTINUOUS DITCHING DREDGE. Discharging overhead on the banks by a carrier from under the bucket discharge. 1256. CLAM-SHELL BUCKET, for dredging. Operated by a double chain. One chain is attached to the joint of the long arms, the other chain passes around a sheave in the joint of the lazy tongs that opens the bucket, and is made fast to the first chain. The bucket is suspended by the first-named chain to keep it open, the second chain is then pulled to close the bucket on its load. 1257. REVOLVING HOISTING DREDGE, balanced on railway truck. " Lancaster " pattern, with clam-shell bucket. 3io MINING. 1258. FLOATING DREDGE, " Osgood " pattern. For har- bor and channel dredging. 1259. MARINE DREDGE, discharging on the shore through a long floating pipe. Pipe buoyed by pontoons. For harbor work. Section XV. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. HANGERS, SHAFT BEARINGS, BALL BEARINGS, STEPS, COUP- LINGS, UNIVERSAL AND FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, SPEED GEAR, SHOP TOOLS, SCREW THREADS, HOISTS, MA- CHINES, TEXTILE AP- PLIANCES, ETC. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. HANGERS, SHAFT BEARINGS, BALL BEARINGS, STEPS, COUPLINGS, UNIVERSAL AND FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, SPEED GEARS, SHOP TOOLS, SCREW THREADS, HOISTS, MACHINES, TEXTILE APPLIANCES, ETC. 1260. ADJUSTABLE BRACKET HANGER. 1261. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR BEARING for vertical shaft. 1262. Elevation. 1263. Section. 1264. Plan. 3*4 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1265. ADJUSTABLE POST HANGER. 1266. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR STAND. shaft bearing. 1267. CONTINUOUS TRAVERSING ROLLER or ball bearing for an axle. 1268. ROLLER WHEEL ANTI-FRICTION BEARING. 1269. BALL BEARINGS in an adjustable journal box. A loose sleeve is inserted between the balls and the shaft to prevent wear of shaft, and to prevent clogging if a ball should break. The shaft will then turn in the sleeve. 1270. Longitudinal section. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 315 ri 1271. ADJUSTABLE HANGER for shafting. A, drop of the hanger. Jointed cap to allow of removal of shaft. \ 1272. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING, with balls returning through outside passage. Grooves re- cessed in shaft. 1273. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING. The balls returning by a side passage. Ball grooves enlarged for full strength of shaft. 274. HANGING SHAFT on ball bearings. 275. SUSPENDED SHAFT on ball bearings. 1276. CURVED STEP BEARING, with oil reservoir. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1277. CONICAL PIVOT BEARING and adjust- ing screw. 1278. LUBRICATION OF A HANGING BEARING by hydraulic pressure. Oil is forced into the grooves of the bearing through the small holes and discharges into the cup around the outside. 1279. VERTICAL SHAFT STEP. Made adjustable by a movable bearing held by set screws in the foot block. 1280. SHAFT STEP ADJUSTMENT for spindles of millstones. 1281. ADJUSTABLE STEP BEARING, with hard bronze bush and step. A mor- tise through the iron base and a key drawn with a screw extension and nut are for verti- }>, cal adjustment. 1282. COLLAR BEARING AND STEP for a vertical shaft. The thrust sleeve of bronze is split and should have a key to pre- vent rotation. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 317 -I 1283. OIL CIRCULATING STEP for a vertical shaft. The foot of the shaft has a groove cut across its centre. The cast-iron bearing has a hole down the centre to meet a cross hole from the oil well. The joint of the sleeve and step is packed oil tight, oil being fed at the upper end of the sleeve. 1284. LENTICULAR BEARING for a vertical shaft. Each section is lubricated by the pressure oil feed from beneath, through the central hole. The concave discs are of hard bronze, and the convex discs of steel. The shaft terminates in a steel toe, c. The cast-iron step is chambered for water circulation. 1285. SPHERICAL STEP BEARING. Two semi-spheres, rolling on a horizontal shaft, support a vertical shaft having a concave spherical end. The semi-spheres roll in opposite directions in oil, and by the cross direction of the bearing surfaces preserve a perfect contact. 1286. ANGLE COUPLING for shafts. The jointed rod on one shaft slides in the bent crank eye of the other shaft. For small angles and light work. 1287. "OLDHAM" COUPLING. for shafts slightly eccentric in alignment. The double- splined disc B runs free against the grooved face plates A, C. 1 288. Disc showing grooves at right angles, front and back. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. r\ LEATHER LINK 1289. FLEXIBLE LINK COUPLING. The end of each shaft is fitted with a four-armed hub. A series of leather links is inserted between the arms of one hub and those of the other hub, and secured with stud bolts. 1290. Side view. 1291. FLEXIBLE SHAFT COUPLING. A ball and socket shaft ends with a slot in the ball and a mortise in the socket at right angles, in which the right- angled cross piece has a free sliding motion. ^S I UNIVERSITY 1300. RIGHT-ANGLE SHAFT COUP- LING, " Hobson " patent A number of right-angle steel rods move freely in per- forated guide flanges on the ends of shafts that run at right angles. The rods draw out and in through the flanges to suit the conditions of revolution of the shafts. A larger angle rod serves as a centre bearing over which the shafts revolve. 3 20 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1301. ECCENTRIC LINE COUP- LING. Face plates, fixed to ends of shafting considerably out of line but parallel, may be connected by four or five bars with offsets to clear each other in their revolution on the face plates. 1302. Side view of offset links. 1303. SIMPLE FRICTION PULLEY. The self-acting clutch arms act upon the pulley rim in one direction only. When shaft motion is reversed, the pulley is free. 1304. FRICTION CLUTCH. A conical- grooved pulley and clutch rim. The clutch slides on the shaft and feather, and is controlled by a lever and carrier in the grooved hub. 1305. V-GROOVED FACE CLUTCH. A very effective clutch with teeth of small angle. 1306. CLUTCH AND GEAR. The clutch slides on the feathered shaft, and throws the gear into motion by the operation of the bell-crank lever and runner. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1307. CONE CLUTCH. Can be made at any angle greater than will cause the clutch to stick. 1308. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH. Several plates of iron or steel are fitted loosely on a three-feather shaft, be- tween which plates of wood or other hard material, sometimes steel, are placed and keyed in an iron l< pgy ) H i JK B iiii/ s housing or coup- - -'-1 // // / X> ->_x \ V \ ling to move loosely on the , c l \^v ' ' y^keys. The coup- ling is keyed to the next shaft in line. A follower sleeve and springs compress the plates, giving a very large frictional surface, which is relieved by drawing the sleeve back by a yoke lever. 1309. Section showing stops in outer case and keys on shaft. 1310. FRICTION CLUTCH, outside view, with toggle-joint thrust, sleeve, and yoke lever. 1311. Section of outside bearing, clutch, toggle joint, and sleeve. 3 22 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1312. PIN CLUTCH. The pin plate is fast on the shaft. The hole plate slides on a feather, and is operated by a bell-crank Y-lever in a hub slot. 1313. FRICTION PIN CLUTCH. A or B may be the driving shaft ; a is a friction band that slips to prevent shock when the pins are thrown into contact with it. 1314. FRICTION CLUTCH. The two sections of the friction ring are pressed out by right and left screws, operated by a sliding spool on the shaft and the toggle- joint connections, /, /'. 1315. Longitudinal section. 1316. FRICTION CLUTCH BEVEL GEAR. A A is a driving shaft extended through the gear hubs ; gear a is fast on the shaft ; gear b is loose on the shaft, with a friction clutch fixed in position by a lever extension not shown. Clutch is tightened by the screw handle/", when the gear e c ro- tates to drive gear h. The pinions are pivoted in the plane of gear e c. 1317. SPRING FRICTION CLUTCH. The lever handle, eccentric, and link are held in position by the arm A. The springs keep the cones closed for driving. The throw of the handle forward in the direction of the arrow pushes the inner cone back and releases the grip- MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 323 1318. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT FRICTION CLUTCH. The move- ment of the grooved sleeve J opens or closes the grip A, upon the rim wheel C. The lever H throws the toggle links E, F into line for the grip. 1319. ADJUSTABLE FRICTION CLUTCH, with double-grip bearings. Ad- justment tightness is made by locked set screws in the arm of the bell-crank levers. The jaws are held open by a ring spring running around the clutch. 1320. DOUBLE-CONIC ROPE _____ DRUM. Used on some forms of winding engines, and as a fusee in a spinning mule. 1321. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. Transmission is made by a stiff belt running over two coned spools, which have their inside cone bearings simultaneously changed to meet require- ment for equal belt tension, by two levers pivoted to nuts on a right- and left-hand screw, with a fulcrum central between the shafts. Both ex- panding spools slide on feathered shaft keys. 3 2 4 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1322. EXPANDING PULLEY or wheel The rim sections screw into a central hub. 1323. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. An internal driving-cone pul- ley, with a smaller cone pulley rolling on its internal surface on a shaft parallel with the driving shaft, but drawn eccentric to it for higher speed by an inclined slide operated by a lever, rock shaft, and crank con- nection. 1324. VARIABLE SPEED TRANSMITTING DEVICE. A thin disc is fast on the counter shaft. Two discs drive the speed shaft, between which and the driving disc are two rollers pivoted to trans- verse spindles. The rol- lers are kept to their slow- speed position between the discs by springs. A con- necting rod draws the rol- lers toward the high-speed position. Friction press- ure on the rollers is made by a spring pressing the discs together. 1325. BELT HOLDER, "Wellington" model. Does away with a loose pulley. The belt is guided on to a set of rollers in a fixed frame at the side of the driving pulley. Saves time and avoids danger in putting on belts. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 325 1326. JOINTED RADIAL ARM, for drilling machines, marble polishing, and CT* other similar machines. Elevation. 1327. Plan, showing joints and action. 1328. DRILLING MACHINE CLAMP. A handy tool about a drill press. The shank is pushed loosely through a hole in the drill-press table until the lever bears on the work, when a turn on the set- screw makes a tight grip. 1329. SCREW BENCH CLAMP, for cabinet- makers. /\ 1330. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP, for carpenters and cabinet-makers. Used for holding work on the flat. 1331. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP used by carpenters and cabinet-makers for holding work on edges for planing. 1332. WOOD- BENDING CLAMPS AND FORMERS. Strips of wood are thoroughly steamed and bent while hot over the formers and clamped. 1 33 2 A. Offset clamp. 1333. Thill clamp. 1334. Bend clamp. 326 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1335. BOILER TUBE EXPANDER. A series of sets surrounding a conical driving pin. " Prosser " percussion type. A guard ring fixes the proper position of the expanding grooves of the sectional sets to match the tube head. 1336. Longitudinal section. 1337. ROLLER TUBE EXPANDER. The rollers are loosely fitted in a case to hold them in position. The slightly tapered mandril is pushed or driven within and bearing on the rollers and revolved by a bar in the mandril head, which revolves the rollers, rolling them over the interior surface of the boiler tube. " Dudgeon " model. 1338. REVOLVING TOOL HEAD, for a Monitor lathe. 1339. COLLAPSING TAP. The hook cutters C, C, slide in the taper shank B, and are drawn up to their full JO diameter for cutting by turning the shank handle in the inclined slot in the shell, and the reverse motion of the handle for collapsing the tap. 1340. Longitudinal section. 1341. WABBLE SAW, for cutting dovetail and rabbet grooves. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 327 1342. AUTOMATIC SCREW- CUTTING DIE. The outside shell is movable on the inner shell, which holds the cutters in slots. By throwing the handle over, the cutters are re- leased from the screw. The centre pin, nut, and slot pin is the automatic release by contact with the screw, which pushes back the slot pin and revolves the outer shell. Adjustment is made by the set rings at the back of the die. A circular spring throws out the cutters. Cross sec- tion. 1343. Front view. 1344. Longitudinal section. 1345. Outside view. 1346. UNIVERSAL CHUCK, for eccentric turning. The divided gear plate and chuck- ing screw are re- volved and held at any division by the spring pawl. The slide is given its ec- centric position by a screw with an index. A great variety of designs may be made with this simple chuck. Front view. 1347. Side view. 1348. End view. 1349. Nut and screw. 1350. COMPOUND LEVER SHEARS. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1351. DISC SHEARS. Two bevelled edge J discs just lapping, and revolving. Largely used in tin and cardboard cutting. 1352. GIG SAW. The spring a gives tension to the saw running between guide frames, and operates by crank and connecting rod. 1353. BAND SAW, for sawing metals. The frame and third wheel are set back to give room for large plates. 1354. jBAND SAW. Rectilinear motion of saw blade from rotary motion of band pulleys, with a tilting saw-table for bevel work. 1355. TOGGLE-JOINT LEVER PRESS or punch. A type of toggle-joint used in the old form of printing and stamping presses. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 3 2 9 1356. POWER STAMPING PRESS. Driven from a pulley with crank or cam shaft. A miss im- pression is made by a stop-clutch operated by a foot treadle. 1357. HAND DRILLING MACHINE, with lever feed. 1358. PORTABLE DRILL, rope trans, mission and flexible shaft. One continuous rope over driving pulley, two double sheaves anchored, and flexible shaft pulley ; allow- ing the driving sheave of the flexible shaft to be anchored in any position, and for tightening the driving rope. 1359. MULTIPLE DRILLING MA- CHINE, for close drilling or perforating plates. Drills are operated close together by converging spindles. 330 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1360. MULTIPLE DRIL- LING MACHINE. For drill- ing a number of holes in flanges at one time. The drill chucks are adjusted in a spider for any size circle and connected to the driving head with jointed rods. 1361. STAMP MILL CAM MOTION. The revolution of two or more cam wipers lifts the stamp hammers to drop by gravity. 1362. BLACKSMITH'S HELPER, or foot helve hammer. Operated by the foot on the treadle. Hammer held up by the spring. 1363. REVOLVING RAPID-BLOW HAM- MER. The centrifugal action of the revolving arms throws the hammers outward. 1364. HELVE TRIP HAM- MER. An ancient device yet in use. The treadle stops the action of the hammer by disengaging the bell-crank catch b. Used for small work. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 331 1365. FRICTION DROP HAMMER. The ham- mer head is attached to a hardwood board running be- tween friction rolls. One of the rolls has an eccentric sleeve shaft with a lever and lanyard to throw the roll out of contact with the board at the proper time for long or short drop. The other roll and shaft carry the driving pulley and are in constant motion. 1366. BEAM TRIP HAMMER. - The beam is vibrated by an ec- centric on the driving shaft. The cushions intensify and regulate the blow of the hammer. The treadle operates the brake and controls the blow of the hammer. " Bradley " pattern. 1367. SPRING HAMMER. The height of the hammer, to suit the size of the forging, is adjusted by chang- ing the length of the connecting rod. The treadle controls the stroke by operating a friction gear on the driv- ing pulley. 1368. TIRE SHRINKER. A link chain around the tire terminates in a fixed hook, and the hook on a powerful lever. 332 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1369. COMBINED TIRE UPSETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE. The tire is made fast by the cam jaws, and the mov- able cam is set forward by the sector cam lever and pinion. A punch is attached to the movable jaw with a punch die in the horn of the machine, so that the same opera- tion of upsetting a tire may be used for punch- ing iron. 1370. Vertical section. PLATE SAWING MACHINE. A slow-running steel saw blade lubri- cated by dipping in an oil box. The saw is automatical- ly fed to the plate by a worm gear, but has a quick return by the hand wheel. 1372. COMBINED PUNCH AND SHEARS in one frame and driven from one shaft. Each con- trolled by a treadle. SUSPENDED SWING TREADLE. The foot takes a circular motion ; no dead centre. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 333 1374. POWER RUMBLING MILL, for cleaning sand from castings, pol- ishing metal articles by tumbling with sand, charcoal, leather scrap, or any polishing powder. 1375. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR, for removing oil from iron chips and turnings. The iron pan A is fixed to the spindle and pulley. The unequal load- ing of the pan is balanced by the elastic swivelled box B, held in a central position by springs. A cover with felted edge closes the top of the pan. The friction stop C acts as a brake to stop the motion of the pan. 1376. CLOSURE OF ROLLERS by tra- versing the angular slots guiding the roller bearings. The slot guide C is fixed. The piston-rod head D carries the angular slots that move the rollers forward and backward. 1377. VIBRATING LIFT. The revolving drum B lif^s the weight W, while the crank-pin connecting rod C gives the arm A and sheave E a vibrating ver- tical movement. With certain proportions between the size of the drum B, the distance of the crank pin and connecting arm at A, a variety of motions to the cord D may be made. 1378. DIFFERENTIAL PITCH MOVE- MENT. The motion of a traversing stud by the revolution of a differential screw allows of measurement of minute motions and distances. A micrometer device. I _ I "_ 334 M*LL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1379. FEED WHEEL for a planing machine. The corrugated upper wheel pushes the lumber to the cutter. 1380. COMBINED RATCHET AND HAND FEED GEAR. The hand screw turns in the worm- gear nut, and may be used for quick adjustment. 1 I I 1381. GEAR TRAIN, g with quick return, for a gear- cutting machine. 1382. QUICK RETURN MOVEMENT for a cutter head. A constant rotation of the cam operates the bell-crank sector, which is quickly drawn back by the weight W and pinion C. 1383. REVERSING GEAR, from a single belt and cone pulley. The gear wheel a has an outside and inside set of teeth with the pinions b, c meshing and running in opposite directions. The friction clutches operated by a lever reverse the motion of the large gear by alternately putting in motion the inside or outside pinion. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 335 1384. FLEXIBLE UNIVERSAL STEAM JOINT." Hampson " model. The steam flows through the thick arms of the Y's, which have ground joints. 1385. BYE PASS COCK OR VALVE. To allow of a small delivery r hen the large valve is closed, or for relief of press- ure against a large valve. 1386. SIGHT-FEED LU BRI C ATO R. The amount of feed is seen by the frequency of drops at the sight hole. Adjusted by a needle-point valve with milled head and screw. 1387. SCREW MOVEMENT, for the tail stock of a lathe. The spindle moves in a key slot to prevent turning. The screw has a collar and is shouldered on the outside by the wheel hub. The back end of spindle has a thread acting as a nut on the driving screw. verses around the shaft to be centered. 1389. End view. 1388. CENTERING TOOL. Used for scratch- ing the centre on round shafting or rods. The slotted arm E swings on the spindle A, as it tra- 336 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. ft JL 1390. VERNIER CALI- imnmr PER? with slow-motion stop II I fill I ' I l..HTi7'5 '-* screw. 1391. EXPAN- SION BIT. The spring clip held by a screw clamps the cutter in position to bore any size hole within its limits of expansion. 1392. DOUBL&ACTING SCREWDRIVER. The in- side spindle has a left-hand screw, the outside hollow spindle a right-hand screw ; and both with nuts that can lock either spindle by screwing to the thread on the lower end of each or either spindle. 1393. PUMP DRILL STOCK. A very ancient device, yet largely in use at this date in the jewelry and other light manufacturing estab- lishments. The heavy revolving disc keeps up the momentum to rewind the band upon the spindle in contrary direction for each downstroke of the bar. 1394. RECIPRO- CATING DRILL STOCK. By the double groove and follower, the drill turns the same way at each movement of the ring and follower. 1395. COMPOUND LEVER CUTTING PLIERS, in which the toggle-joint principle is used to give the greatest power at the closure of the jaws. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 337 1396. BALL SOCKET, used on surveyor's compasses. The gland is tightened with countersunk screws. 1397. BALL SOCKET, with a screw gland. 1398. SCREW THREADS. Standard V thread, sharp at top and bottom. Depth equals 0.85 of the pitch. Angle 60. U.S. S. THREAD 1399. SCREW THREADS. United States Standard Thread. Flat top and bottom. Depth equals 0.65 of the pitch. Angle 60. WHITWORTH THREAD / AA 1400. SCREW THREADS, "Whit- worth ' thread. Rounded top and bot- tom. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. Angle 55. TRAPEZOIDAL +P* THREAD 1401. SCREW THREADS, Trape- zoidal thread. Angle 90 face, 45 back. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 338 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1402. SCREW THREADS, square thread. Angle square. Depth equals -[- half pitch. Width between threads equal -\- half pitch, for clearance. 1403. SCREW THREADS, "Powell's" thread. Depth of thread equals -f- half pitch. Width of top .of thread, 0.3 7 -of pitch. W r idth of bottom, 0.37 -f- of pitch. Angle of side, n%. , 1404- CONTINUAL BARREL ELEVATOR. //T^i Sprocket wheels and link chains with curved arms to hold the barrels. V A . 1405. TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. - The several piston cylinders take a proportional lift by their differential areas and balanced pressure areas in each compartment. r 1406. TRAVELLER HOIST, show- ing the principles of the balanced coun- ter pull and the traverse tackle. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 339 1407. TRAVELLING CRANE for shop and foundry work. May be Oper- ated by rope transmis- sipn, a long shaft, or electric motor. 1408. I-BAR TRAVELLING TRAMWAY, an easily made shop device. The I bar lies sidewise, bolted to brackets from the ceiling. The double trolley can- not run off. 1409. SWING trolley. BRACKET CRANE, with 1410. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL SHEAVE. It can be set in any desired direction and canted by the double-swivel foot. 1411. "HARRINGTON" CHAIN HOIST. A worm gear operates a double -chain sprocket, with chains yoked at hook. 1412. " YALE" DUPLEX HOIST. A worm F meshed in a gear on the same shaft with the hoisting-chain sprocket. A, Hand-chain sprocket on worm shaft B; C is a friction plug which holds the worm from running back. For self- running down, the plug may be reversed, present- ing a smaller friction surface to the worm shaft A pin holds the plug from turning. 340 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1413. SAFETY TACKLE. The horizontal frame is pivoted in the hook block having a friction shoulder. A lanyard from the eye of the horizontal frame releases the grip. 1414. DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN-PULLEY BLOCK. The chain sprockets, one on each side of the gear drum, run in different directions, allowing the surplus chain to hang between the draft chains. An eccentric on the hand-wheel shaft rolls a loose pinion around the discs, causing them to move in opposite directions by the differential number of teeth on each side of the pinion. 1415. DOUBLE SCREW-GEAR HOIST. A right-and-left screw turns the chain sprockets in mesh with the lifting chain. " Box & Co." model. C 1416. TAPER TUBE ROLLS. The grooves . are turned as a taper screw. One rolls right-hand, I the other left-hand to match. Much care and 3 management are required in taper tube-rolling. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 341 1417. " YALE-WESTON " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR HOIST. ^^^ The hand-chain |if| ijJHJKl Wl ' ( ' ^A sprocket shaft runs loose i x ' .m9u m ^^ in a sleeve which carries the hoist-chain sprocket. A small pinion on the right-hand end o f t h e central shaft drives three spur gears pinioned on a circular movable frame attached to the chain sprockets. To each of the three spur gears are fixed a pinion, which meshes in an internal tooth gear fixed in the case. 1418. Section, showing gear. 1419. TUBE-ROLLING MA- CHINE. The first roller turns the strip of metal to a half-circle. The pair of vertical rolls close up the tube. 1420. SEAMLESS TUBE MAK- ING. Rolling a solid bar between a^ pair of angular-axled disc rollers opens a cavity within the bar which is further expanded by a second pair of disc rollers. The rolling of the tube between the discs pushes the tubular bar over a revolving conical mandrill. 1421. WIRE-BENDING MACHINE. A marvel of complex motions. Hooks and eyes, and any special shapes of wire-work can be made on these machines. 1422. Samples of wire bending. 342 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1423. SEAMLESS TUBE MAKING. The Mannesmann " process. A, a, conical corrugated rolls ; B, guide tube ; B", hot bar of iron or steel being pushed through the rolls ; D, mandrill for widening the inside of the tube, the hollow be- ing started by the action of the out- side rolls. 1424. HOPPER AND BELL, for a blast or other furnace, for feeding coal and ore. The hopper is filled with a charge, when the bell is quickly lowered and the charge drops into the furnace. 1425. "BESSEMER" STEEL CONVERTER. A large crucible on trunnions, through which air is blown to passages in the bottom of the shell and through the cast iron, burning out the excess of carbon, when the crucible is turned over and the cast iron, converted into steel, is poured into moulds. 1426. LENS-GRINDING MACHINE. The bell-crank arm a is made adjustable in the vertical shaft, and is pivoted for a free motion in the grind- ing cup $, to give a variety of motions to the cup over the lens; or the operation may be reversed and the lens given a circular motion in the cup. 1427. GRINDING MILL in section, show- ing the balancing of the upper stone and adjust- ment of step, and the cen- tering of the hopper and feed gauge. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 343 1428. "BOGARDUS" MILL. - Grooved steel discs running ec- centric to each other. Largely used for grinding paints and drugs. 1429. Plan showing grooves. 1430. CIRCULATING SCREW PRO- PELLER AND MIXING TANK. Is useJ in various forms in laundries, soap crutching. and oil refining. 1431. DOUBLE CYL- INDER PLANER, for lumber. Takes a rough and finishing cut by once passing the lumber through the mill. 1432. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT SCREW PRESS with steam-heated platens for vul- canizing rubber or embossing by heat and pressure. 1433. STEAM COTTON PRESS, for repressing and condensing baled cotton. The geared sectors, driven by the double- rack piston rod and piston, increase the pressure immensely at the latter part of the stroke by the toggle-joint action of the con- necting rods as they approach the radial bearing of the sectors. 344 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1434. TOGGLE-BAR PRESS. The rota- tion of the disc a by the lever handle brings the toggle bars to a vertical position, with in- creasing pressure upon the platen. The tog- gle bars have spherical ends fitted to spherical cups in the top and bottom discs. 1435. SECTOR PRESS. The sector is rolled up by the crank and pinion, driving the platen up with increased force until the connecting rod reaches its vertical position. Much used on cot- ton presses. 1436. BARK OR COB MILL. A barbed and corrugated cone revolving within a spider and counter cone, with barbed cones and corrugations. 1437. DRAWING AND THROSTLE TWISTING ROLLS AND BOBBIN WINDER. -The front rolls run faster than the feed rolls, and draw the fibre. The throstle twists the thread which is drawn tightly upon the spool that runs loose on the spindle, and is held by a friction spring to give it the winding tension. 1438. COP WINDER. The cop tube on the spindle revolves. The arm with an eye. carries the thread forward and backward on the cop. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 345 1439. BOBBIN WINDER. The flyer revolves, while the bobbin is moved up and down the spindle for even winding. Thread passes through the hollow spindle down the arm and through the eye of the flyer arm. 1440. CLOTH DRESSER. The central wheel is the teazel drum. The cloth is guided by the rollers above and below. 1441. KNITTING MACHINE, auto- matic rib knitter, " Heginbotham " model. Vertical needles and two bobbins. 1442. KNITTING MACHINE, seamless knitter, "Bellis & Weinanmayer" model. Verti- cal needles. 346 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1443. KNITTING MACHINE. Multiple thread knitter, " Hep- worth " model, for web goods. Section XVI. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. MIXING, TESTING, STUMP AND PILE PULLING, TACKLE HOOKS, PILE DRIVING, DUMPING CARS, STONE GRIPS, DERRICKS, CONVEYER, TIMBER SPLICING, ROOF AND BRIDGE TRUSSES, SUSPENSION BRIDGES. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. MIXING, TESTING, STUMP AND PILE PULLING, TACKLE HOOKS, PILE DRIVING, DUMPING CARS, STONE GRIPS, DERRICKS, CONVEYER, TIMBER SPLIC- ING, ROOF AND BRIDGE TRUSSES, SUSPENSION BRIDGES. 1444. POST AUGER. Often made with a single turn to the blade. Used also for prospect ing for foundations. 1445. PUG MILL, with spiral worm in a conical shell, for mixing mortar, concrete, or other material. 1446. CONICAL PUG MILL for mixing clays* mortar, concrete, and other material. 1447. CONICAL MIXING BARREL for mortar, concrete, or other material. 1448. CONCRETE MIXER. A rectan- gular box of iron revolves on trunnions at opposite corners. A hopper for charging and a dumping car to receive the mixed charge. 35 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1449. CEMENT-TESTING MACHINE. The cement sample is placed in the jaws at H. The sector B is turned by the worm screw until the weight on the arm C is raised to the limit of the breaking strain, where the in- dex hand on the graduated arc is caught by the pawl, when the weight falls. 1450. HYDRAULIC SAND EJECTOR A thin annular jet of water, under high pressure, will eject sand and water from a sump and dis- charge at an elevation. The principle of the " Eads" ejector dischargings and from the caissons of the St. Louis Bridge. 1 45 1. TOGGLE STUMP PULLER. By pulling up the two toggle levers, the chain and links slip down a notch in the draw bar when the double tackle draws the levers down. Also for drawing piles and sheet piling. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 351 1452. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND TURNBUCKLE, sleeve and yoke pat- tern. 1453. SWIVEL SHACKLE. 1454. SLIP HOOK, for drop weights and temporary pile hammer. 1455. TRIP HOOK. A split shank with tongue and catch pivoted between the sides of the shank as shown. 1456. BALANCED RIVETING MACHINE on a truck. For yard service, and iron and steel structural work. 1457. RELEASING GRIP of a pile-driving ma- chine. The bow ends of the grip are compressed when they reach the slot B in the frame and cast off the ram W. The springs between the bowed handles of the grip close the jaws to pick up the ram. 35 2 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1458. AUTOMATIC DISENGAGING GRIP for a pile driver. The arms of the grip jaws are collapsed by contact with the inclined chocks above. 1459. SWIVELLING DUMPING CAR. By turning the box and its frame, which is pivoted on the truck, the load can be dumped in any direc- tion. 1460. SQUARE BOX SIDE-DUMPING CAR. The side boards are hing- ed and locked by a snap lever. 1461. LEVER GRIP-TONGS. The pull on the shackle connecting the links and upper arms of the tongs causes a strong grip on any object to be lifted. 1462. ADJUSTABLE GRIP TONGS, for stones and heavy boxes. The link bars have a series of holes to vary the opening of the jaws. A toggle grip- CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 353 1463. PNEUMATIC DUMPING CAR. A small compressor, operated from the axle, pumps air into a receiver under the platform. An oscil- lating cylinder, with direct connection with the bottom of the car, lifts it to the proper angle for dumping and returns it to the horizontal position by the mere movement of a valve. 1464. LEWIS WEDGE, for lifting stone. A central taper wedge, with eye and ring at the small end. A taper wedge is inserted in a re- verse position on each side of the double-taper wedge, so that the outside of the combination is parallel in the hole in the stone. A pull on the centre wedge pushes the outer wedges against the side of the hole with force sufficient to lift the stone by the friction of their contact surfaces. 1465. STONE GRINDING AND POLISH- ING MACHINE., The lap for grinding is of cast iron in a concentric series of rings, through which sand and water is fed. The rod connecting the lap with the driving shaft has a universal joint at each end and a swivel handle for guiding the lap. The upper shaft is balanced, feathered, and moves freely through the gear hub. 1466. FOUR-GUY MAST DERRICK A pole or gin. ////li \ \ 354 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1467. blocks. SHEARS WITH WINCH or tackle 1468. SWING-DERRICK CRANE, with fixed guys and hand gear. 1469. PORTABLE STEAM DERRICK, on swivelled platform, balanced by boiler. 1470. SWING-BOOM CRANE, with a travelling truck and trolley lift. Boom re- volving on radial rollers. 1471. CABLE HOIST AND CON- VEYER, for excavating canals and trenches. The upper line is the cable, middle line the traveller, and lower lines operate the dumping device. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 355 1472. CANTILEVER HOISTING AND CONVEYING MA- CHINE, "Lancaster" system. The trussed booms and standing frame revolve on rollers on the truck. The truck moves on rails. The buckets swing with the truss booms for loading and discharging. 1473. TIMBER SPLICING. The straight splice bolted. 1474. TIMBER SPLICING. The lap splice with iron keys and bolts. I J ^ I 1475. TIMBER SPLICING. The lap splice with oak keys and yoke straps. 1476. TIMBER SPLICING. A scarf and butt joint with one fish plate, bolted. 1477. TIMBER SPLICING. The scarf and butt splice with iron fish plates, bolted. ^. 1478. TIMBER SPLICING. A lap and scarf butt joint, keyed with oak and = z* =a locked with anchor fish plate and bolts. 356 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. J-L SPLICING, iber fish plate, SPLICING. : with double plates, bolted. ^"" *' "I 75. 1479- TIMBER ' ! if i! . ..^ Butt joint with tin dc || ii./ keyed and bolted. S 'LJ' i^ p^ 1480. TIMBER ** I* 31 . iPi JTfc i I* ! || :| n i Butt joinl ^ i 1 I ^ timber fish 1 ! i 1: -1: i i | A ^ A A 1481. TIMBER SPLICING. ^ r il i i .f Compression beams butted and held 1482. TIMBER CHORDS AND ARCHES. ? ' ? T T 1 ! Splicing by breaking joints J & -ft ' ti ' / * and bolting. 1483. TRUSS ROOF. a, tie beam. b, principal rafter. c, common rafter. d, king post. , strut. 1484. QUEEN POST ROOF TRUSS. a, tie beam ; c, c, queen posts ; d, d, braces ; e, truss beam ; /, straining piece ; g, g, prin- cipal rafters ; h, cambered beam ; , iron string bolt to support tie beam. 1485. WOODEN ROAD BRIDGE TRUSS. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 357 DECK BRIDGE TRUSSES. 1486. Single strut deck truss for short spans, 30 to 40 feet. 1 48 7 . Double strut deck truss for 50 to 70 feet span. 1488. Multi- ple strut deck truss for 100 feet span. 1489. BRIDGE TRUSS. Inclined strut and tie rod for each panel,with stiff compression upper chord. Vertical members are tie rods. 1490- BRIDGE TRUSS. Vertical struts except in end panels, which have vertical tie rods. Inclined end struts and diagonal tie rods. 1491. ARCHED DECK TRUSS BRIDGE. The arch takes the press- ure and gives tension to the chord. L Struts and tie rods give stability to the structure. 1492. BRIDGE TRUSSES. The "Whipple" truss. Ver- tical and end posts are struts; vertical tie rods from end posts ; diagonal tie rods in panels. 1493. Inclined posts and vertical tie rods. Baltimore model. 1494. "Whipple" truss, with interpanel tie rods. 353 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1495. ARCH TRUSS BRIDGE. The entire load is not sup- D ported by the wood or iron arch alone. The truss bracing is made to equalize the load by stiffen- ing the arch and so to throw a compression strain upon the chord, which'is thickened in the middle. 1496. BRIDGE TRUSSES.- The "McCallum" inflexible arched truss. A wooden bridge. 1497. " Howe" truss, with inclined end posts, vertical struts and bi-panel tie rods. 1498. " Post " truss, verti- cal end posts with inclined struts from each end meet- ing at the centre. 1499. Modification of the " Whipple" and "War- ren " systems. 1500. Modification of the "Whipple" and "Post" systems. The " Warren " bridge. 1501. The "Fink" system. A railway deck bridge. No lower chord. 1502. The "Bollman " system. A girder suspen- sion. The top girder car- ries the compression load due to suspension. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 359 1503. SWING BRIDGE, "Whipple" system. 1504. SWING BRIDGE. " Post " system. 1505. CANTILEVER BRIDGE. The ends, being anchored, balance all other parts on the piers. This cut shows the principle of Cantilever construction. 1506. SUSPENSION BRIDGES The old railway bridge at. Niagara. Eight hundred and twenty-one feet span. 1507. A four-span suspen- sion bridge. Allegheny River, at Pittsburgh. 1508. SUSPENSION BRIDGE. The Cincinnati bridge, u Roebling " system. Ten hundred and fifty-seven feet between piers. 1509. SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Niagara upper bridge, "Roeb- ling " system. Twelve hundred and fifty feet between piers. 3 6 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. 1510. SUSPENSION BRIDGE. The New York and Brooklyn bridge, " Roebling " system. Centre span, i, 600 feet; land spans, each 920 feet ; Brooklyn approach, 998 feet; New York approach, 1,562 feet; total length curb to curb, 6,0 1 6 feet; width, 85 feet; clearance above high water, 135 feet; height of towers above high water, 272 feet; number of cables, 4; diameter of cables, .15^ inches; length of single wires, 3,579 feet; total length of wires in four cables, 14,361 miles; number of wires in each cable, 5,296; strength of each cable, 12,200 net tons ; cost of bridge, exclusive of land, $9,000,000 ; total cost, $15,552,878. Commenced 1870; thirteen years in building. Section XVII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. PARALLEL RULES, CURVE DELINEATORS, TRAMMELS, ELLIP- SOGRAPHS, PANTOGRAPHS, ETC DRAUGHTING DEVICES. PARALLEL RULES. CURVE DELINEATORS, TRAMMELS, ELLIPSOGRAPHS, PANTOGRAPHS, ETC. 1511. PROPORTIONAL COMPASSES for re- ducing the scale of drawings. 1512. ROLLER PARALLEL RULER The two fluted rollers of exactly equal size, on an arbor, project slightly below the under surface of the ruler. -i 1513. PARALLEL RULER, formed of two bars pivoted to two pieces of metal of exactly equal lengths between pivot centres and at equal distances on the bars. 1514. SLOTTED PARALLEL RULER that traverses in line. A, cross bars movable on a central pivot ; each bar being pivoted at one end to the ruler bars, the other ends sliding in slots in the bars. 1515. THREE PART PARALLEL RULER. All connecting arms of equal length. Pivots are at equal distances on each of the blades. 3 6 4 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 1516. SPRING CYCLOGRAPH. A spring of elastic material is made thicker in its central part so that in bending its outer edge will take the form of a circular arc. By clamping the ends of the spring to the bar, the screw will bend the spring to the desired curve. 1517. FLEXIBLE CURVE SCRIBER. A spring of any suitable material may be fixed in a ruler and drawn by a string to the desired curve. There are many forms of this device, such as the string fastened to both ends of the spring and flexible rubber strips with heavy weights to hold it to any form of curve desired. 1518. HELICOGRAPH. The traversing of the disc by moving the screw arm around a fixed centre describes a helical curve. 1519. GREAT CURVE DELINEA- TOR. Thin-edged =^ discs of different di ameters are attached to a bar or tube at a distance apart,so that their relative diam- ters and distance will correspond to the required radius, which may be computed by the difference in diameter multiplied by the distance of the wheels apart. C is a loose sleeve to roll the rod freely ; D is an offset from the inside rod to allow the pencil to press on the paper. 1520. CONCHOID DELINEATOR, of Nicomedes. A slotted head T-piece, A, B ; a slotted arm, G H, with traverse pin at F. Distance between F, H, and pin at E may be variable to suit the required condition of curve. Pencil at H delineates a conchoidal curve, used in architectural drawings for the lines of columns. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 365 1521. CYCLOGRAPH, for drawing circu- lar arcs with an inaccessible centre. Three straight rules clamped together so that when the outer edge of the rules are against the pins B, C, representing the chord of the arc, the pencil at A will be at the vertex of the versed sine of the arc, when by moving the rules against the pins the pencil will describe a circular arc. 1522. TRAMMEL FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES, Grooves at right angles direct two studs on a ncil bar for the elliptical motion of the pencil. Also called an ellipsograph. 1523. ELLIPSOGRAPH. A is a fixed centre ; B, traversed in a straight line, will make the pencil at C trace an elliptical curve. 1524. PARABOLA SCRIBER. The longi- J tudinal focal distance from the apex being fixed with a pin. A straight-edge may be fixed just beyond the apex and traversed by a square. A looped string on the pin with the other end fast- ened to the longer leg of the square with sufficient sag to allow a pencil point to rest in the bight of the string at the apex of the parabola, when the square is on the axial line, will describe an arc of a parabola by moving the pencil Against the square. 1525. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH. A spur gear A is fixed to the pedestal. An arm carrying an idle gear, B, and a gear C, one-half the diam- eter of the fixed gear. The pencil arm makes two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. The distance A' equals the difference between the major and minor axes of the ellipse. 3 66 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 1526. HYPERBOLA SCRIBER. The foci of the opposite hyperbolas may be drawn on their longitudinal axis and pins set therein. A straight edge moving on focal point of the opposite hyperbola, and a looped string on the pin of the required arc, with the other end attached at the end of the straight edge, with enough sag to allow the pencil to touch the apex of the curve, will, on moving the pencil in the bight of the string and close to the rule, describe an arc of a hyperbola. 1527. GEARED ELLIPSOGRAPH. The arm and horizontal shaft slide through the frame and second bevel gear. The bevel gear A is fixed to the standard. The proportion of the gears should be such that the pen- cil spindle should make two revolutions to one revolution of the arm. Then the dis- tance A 1 equals the difference between the major and minor axes of the ellipse. 1528. PANTOGRAPH. -For perfect pro- portions the points A, B, C must always be in line. With the point B fixed, the pencil at A will produce an exact copy of tracing from point C. By changing places for the fixed point a double or half-size tracing may be made. 1529. LAZY-TONGS PANTOGRAPH, for reducing or enlarging copies of draw- ings, c or d may be the fixed points. Either one being fixed, the other should be the tracer. The pencil at a should be exactly in line with c, d, for accurate delineation. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 367 1530. PERSPECTIVE CENTRO- LINEAD. The edges of legs on the sides a, b> and c must be in line with their common axis, with clamp screws to hold the movable legs in their set position. The directing pins b and c should be set on the radial lines of the back point of the perspective, when the long leg will be radial from that point in all directions. 1531. SPHEROMETER. For meas- uring the curves of spherical surfaces or of templates of lenses by means of a graduated follower at the centre between two bearings. The scale and nonius are computed for the versed sine of a chord length. fixed Section XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. ANIMAL POWER, SHEEP SHEARS, MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES, ELEVATORS, CRANES, SEWING, TYPE-WRITING, AND PRINT- ING MACHINES, RAILWAY DEVICES, TRUCKS, BRAKES, TURNTABLES, LOCOMOTIVES, GAS, GAS FURNACES, ACETYLENE GENERATORS, GASOLINE MAN- TLE LAMP, FIREARMS, ETC. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. ANIMAL POWER, SHEEP SHEARS, MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES, ELEVATORS. CRANES, SEWING, TYPE-WRITING, AND PRINTING MACHINES, RAIL- WAY DEVICES, TRUCKS, BRAKES, TURNTABLES, LOCOMO- TIVES, GAS, GAS FURNACES, ACETYLENE GEN- ERATORS, GASOLINE MANTLE LAMP, FIREARMS, ETC. 1532. HUMAN TREADMILL. Still used in Eastern countries for raising water. 1533. HORSE-POWER TREAD WHEEL. One of the many designs for stationary ani- mal power. 1534. HORSE-POWER MACHINE. An endless chain and rollers, with a slat- ted platform, roll over a sprocket- wheel drivingshaft. The walking plat- form is elevated to an angle of about 37 2 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1535. DOG-POWER MACHINE. The plane of the track wheel is set at an angle of about 20, with its under edge bearing upon a friction pulley. Shaft and fly-wheel, with crank for operating churn. 1536. GEARED HORSE-POWER. The sweep carries the pinion and spur gear on the second shaft around the stationary spur gear, rotating the central shaft and pulley at high speed. 1537- MULTIPLE BLADED SHEEP SHEARS, Opened by a spring handle, and closed by hand grip. 1538. HORSE CLIPPER. A sharp comb-tooth cutter is made to vibrate across a fixed cutter by vibrat- ing the handles. ible shaft from another source of power, blade with guard finger plates. 1539. MACHINE SHEEP SHEARS. The large gear is driven by the hand on a crank, not shown, or by a flex- A revolving serrated MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 373 1540. ALMOND'S FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUBE. A coil of round wire, open wound, with a coil of triangular wire wound tightly over it. Bending of the coil tube allows the triangular sec- tions to draw in on the outside of the bend and to push out on the inside, keeping the points of contact tight. 1541. EVO- LUTION OF A WOOD SCREW.- S tages of manufacture of the modern wood screw. "American Screw Company's" process. The thread is made by the roller process. 1542. ARTIFICIAL LEG AND FOOT. Most ingenious combinations of movements are made in producing artificial limbs, not easily explained with- out a model. 1543. MEAN TIME SUNDIAL. The length of the stile is made to just cover the entire range of the sun's altitude at the dis- tance of the scale on the hour circle. Its shape and size to be proportionate to the sun's equation of time as marked on the scale. When the sun is fast the reading should be on the left-hand side of the shadow, and when slow on the right side. 374 MISCELLANEOUS JJEVICES. 1544. DOOR PUSH CHECK. The spring closes the door. The piston in the cylinder has a valve to allow quick inlet of air when opening a door, and a small hole adjustable at the bottom of the cylinder for slowly discharging the air. 1545. FOLDING LADDER. The rounds are pivoted to the side pieces, which are recessed to enclose the rounds when the ladder is shut. 1546. SIMPLE COMBINATION LOCK. A number of discs arranged on a spindle having a feather key. The discs are notched to match the notches in the key so that they readily turn to be set to the register number to release the spindle. 1547. TRIPOD. The legs are pivoted on a triangular prism, which allows the legs to be folded into a cylindrical staff. 1548. DOUBLE SPHERICAL SOCKET, used mostly on surveying instruments. The socket is clamped by drawing the plates to- gether with thumb-screw. 1549. DISC SLICER, with hopper, for cutting roots, etc. Each slot in the disc has a knife slightly projecting. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 375 1550. MICROMETER SCREW ADJUSTMENT. The tangent arm is made fast or loose on the shaft by the spring clip and screw. Used mostly on theodo- lites and transit instruments. 1551. CORRECT PRINCIPLE setting a hot-water house boiler. in H, E, circulating pipes. B, water-back or coil. K, draw-off. D, cold-water supply, extending down on inside of boiler. G, hot-water supply taken from top of boiler. 1552. UNDER-FEED HEAT- ING FURNACE,"Colton-Smead" model. A smokeless furnace for house heating with bituminous coal. A plunger is operated by a lever sector and rack to push the coal beneath the fire. HARVESTER OR MOW- ING MACHINE. Application of a corru- gated or cam disc for attaining the motion of the cutters. 376 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 1554. BELL CLAPPER MOVEMENT. The outside stroke is the best to prevent crack- ing in large bells. I555..PIANO KEY AND ACTION.^ A study of complex movement. 1556. LAPIDARY OR LITHOLOGICAL LATHE for amateur work. A vertical spindle with disc lap of lead, driven by a bevel gear and cranks, through a vertical shaft pulley and belt. A splitting disc and spindle are also driven from the main pulley. 1557 , WIRE-DRAWING MACHINE, a, the reel. , draw plate. c, power drum, operated by gear beneath the bench. When the wire is all wound on the drum it is changed to the reel and drawn in a reverse direction. 1558. WIRE-COVERING MACHINE. The wire is passed through a hollow re- volving spindle a, having a small longitu- dinal motion from a vibrating cam to lap the threads. The face plate revolving with the spindle carries two or more spools, 349 Mining appliances, 297-310 Miscellaneous devices, 370-396 Motion and its devices, 279 cam, 259, 260, 268-274 elliptical crank, 273, 275 ratchet circular, 254-258 reciprocating, 259-261 rectilinear, 277 stops, 258, 259 Motive power, 117-127 Motor cars, 121 weight, 25 Multiple drilling machines, 329, 330 K KITE, box, 165 Knitting machines, 345, 346 Knots and hitches, 210-212 NAVIGATION and roads, 205-225 LAMP, safety, 300 Level, road builders, 218 Lever and its power, 19, 20 compound, 20 paradox, 19 revolving, 21 rope twist, 25 Lewis, 353 Lighthouse, floating, 213 Links, connecting, 127 Locomotive types, 387, 388 Lubricators, 125, 335, M MAGNETIC ore separators, 307, 308 Measurement of powers, 47-54 Measurer, tire, 54 Mechanical powers, 17-26 stokers, 64-66 Meters, water, 50, 151, 1 60 Mill and factory appliances, 346 OARLOCK, swinging, 213 Ore mills, 305 roaster, 308 separators, 307, 308 PADDLE wheels, feathering, 214 Pantographs, 366 Paradox, Ferguson's, 250 lever, 19 Parallel motion, 51, 79-82, 143 Pendulums, 283 Petroleum burner, 66 Pile driving, 351, 352 Pipe joints, 157, 158 Planimeter, 51 Planer, 343 Pneumatic cleaning, 179 locomotive, 178 paint sprayer, 179 tools, 180-184 Power measurement, 47-54 Press, coal dust, 306 INDEX. 401 Presses, 325, 328, 343, 344, 377 Pressure gauges, 50, 51 reducing valves, no, 151, 152 Printing machine, 381, 382 Prony brake, 47 Propellers, 215, 216 reversing, 216, 217 Pulleys as levers, 21 friction, 37-39 grooved, 30 speed, 36, 37 Pump, centrifugal, 144 condenser, 109 connection's, 140 rotary, 144-14? screw, 144 steam, 1 08, 139, 140 valve gear, 108, 109 valves, 158, 159 Pumping engine, 139 Pumps, lift and force, 140-143 Punching presses, 332 K RAM, hydrauhc, 149, 150 Ratchet bars, 253 Ratchet, circular motions, 254-258 Ratchets, 253-258, 382 Reciprocating motion, 259-263, 265, 266 Reducing valves, no, 151 Resolution of forces, 17-19 of suspension, 17, 1 8 of thrust, 18, 19 Rifles, 394-396 Rivetting machines, 332 Road-builders' level, 218 Road machine, :ig roller, eccentric, 219 rollers, 219 Rock-drill valve motion, 298, 299 Rolls, tube, 340-342 Roof trusses, 356 Rope ends, hook and clip, 26 Rope transmission, 29-31 Rumbling mill, 333 26 SAFETY catch, 258, 259 lamp, 300 valves, 66, 67 Sails and vessels, 205-210 Sand box, 384 ejector, 350 Saws, band, 328 rail, 383 wabble, 327 Scales, weighing and measuring, 52, 53 Screw power, 22 movement, 335 propellers, 215, 216 hreads, 337, 338, 373 Separator, 333 Sewing-machines, 380, 381 Shaft ball bearings, 314, 315 couplings, 277, 278, 3i7-3 J 9 hangers, 313, 314 Shears, 327, 328 Sheep shears, 372 Siphons, 147, 148 Slip hooks, 351 Sounding balls, 217, 218 Spanish windlass, 26 Speed indicator, 52 pulleys, 36, 37 Spiral motion, 268 Spring motor, 381 Springs, 279 trace, 220 Sprinkler, automatic, 149 Sprocket and chain, 40 Stamp mills, 305, 330 Static force, 17 Steam air compressors, 171, 174 appliances, 103-114 fire engine, 221 pumps, 1 08, 139, 140 power, 57-100 separators, 1 1 1 traps, 112, 113 tricycle, 220 universal joint, 335 Steam-engines, 67-100 link motion, 74-78 402 INDEX. Steam-engines, piston rotary, 94, 95 rotary, 90-100 turbine, 99, 100 valve gear, 71-78 vibrating, 96, 98 Steering gear, 29 Step bearings, 315 gear, 40 Stirring machines, 349, 377 Stokers, mechanical, 64-66 Stop motion, 258, 259 Stump puller, 350 Submarine lamp, 218 Sun and planet motion, 248 Sun dial, 373 Swing treadle, 332 TACKLE blocks, 22-25, 34, 341 Tension carriage, 31 machine, 50 Testing cement, 350 Thrust bearing, 217 Timber splicing, 355, 356 Tire shrinker, 331, 332 Tongs, grip, 351, 352 Tool, centering, 335 Towers, unloading, 301 Trace springs, 220 Tramways, 303, 339 Trap, return, 1 12 steam, 112, 113 Treadles, 332 Tread mills, 371 Tricycles, 222, 223 Trip hammers, 330, 331 hooks, 351 Trucks, car, 384, 385 Trusses, 356-359 Tube rolling, 341, 342 Turbines, 135-137 Turn-tables, 386, 387 Typewriting, 382 U UNIVERSAL couplings, 318, 319 joints, 277-335 Upsetting tires, 331, 332 V VACUUM pump, 162 Valves, check, 114 double beat, 158, 159 gas, 388, 389 globe, 114 reducing, 1 10 relief, 1 14 gear, gas engine, 121-124 gear, steam engine, 71-78 Variable crank throw, 275, 276 speed devices, 323, 324 Velocity registers, 151 Ventilators, 185, 299, 300 Vernier calipers, 336 Vessels, raising, by compressed air, 177 W WATCH escapements, 289-292 stops, 292 Water lift, compressed air, 177 ejectors, 148 meters, 150, 151 power, 138, 139 pressure reducers, 151, 152 Water-wheels, 131-135 governors, 137, 138 impact, 138 Wedge, 22 Weight motor, 25 Well boring, 297 driven, 160 pump, compressed air, 176, 177 Wheels, elastic, 221 Wind instruments, 186 mills, 165-167 Windlass, Spanish, 26 Wire drawing and covering, 376 Wood-bending clamps, 325 Worm gear, 22-43 Rain i w * * Packing. Thousands of Imitators. No EauaL Wni Hold Highest Pressure, Don't have to use wire and cloth to hold Eainbow, Can't blow it out, THE COLOR OF RAINBOW PACKING IS RED. Three Rows of Diamonds extend throughout the entire length of each and every roll of Rainbow Packing. .* .j* < March 15, 1899. PEERLESS RUBBER COMPANY. Gentlemen : Your circular to hand and noted. Would say that I have used your Rainbow Packing Rubber and Gaskets for several years and they have given perfect satisfaction. I would not think of chang- ing to any other brand. Hoping you will always remain the same, with your rubber and gaskets. I have had the least trouble with your goods of any I ha, ve ever used, as I do not have to follow Rainbow up. I used one gasket on my boiler fourteen months, and my boiler was opened every four weeks. So I can claim it is the best I have ever seen or used. Wishing you continued success, I remain, Yours respectfully, JOHN D. WHITEHEAD, Engineer, No. 204 Twentieth St., Detroit, Mich. Patented and Manufactured Exclusively by THE PEERLESS 16. CO., 16 Warren St., New York. These Goods can be Obtained at all First-Class Dealers. JUST PUBLISHED. Second Edition, Revised and Much Enlarged. Gas, Gasoline AND Oil Engines. By Gardner D. Hiscox, M. JS. LARGE OCTAVO. 384 PAGES. PRICE, $2.50- The only American Book on the subject. A book designed for the general information of every one inter, ested in this new and po; ular motive power, and its adaptation to the increasing demand for a cheap and easily managed motor requiring no licensed engineer. The book treats of the theory and practice of Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Engines, as designed and manufactured in the United States. It also Contains chapters on Horseless Vehicles, Electric-Lighting, Marine Propulsion, etc. Second Edition. Illustrated by 270 Engravings. Revised and Enlarged. A FEW EXTRACTS OF NOTICES FROM THE PRESS. This book is written in a plain, concise style, which will commend it to practical men- Colliei-y Engineer. It is a very c 'mprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date work. American Machinist. Mr. Tliscox's wor';, d.'vot^d to A-nerican practice, is practical, y unique in subject, and this fact superadded to it- merits, and the authuiitv of the widely known engineer 'who writes it, gives it a value all its own. .s u-ndfic /!//, ii:a . The subjects treated in this book are timely and interesting, as there is no doubt a* to the increasing use of Gas Gasoline, and Oil Kngines, particularly for small powers I gives such general information on th construction, operation and care of these eng ; :ies. that should prove valuaole to any one in need of -such motors, as well as those already having them in use. Machinery. The author has signallv succeeded in his task. This work is one of the most valuable contributions to engineering literature that has come into existence for years. Every detail of the subject is considered, and the construction of nearly every known gas and oil motor on the American market is given. Scientific Machinist. NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., Publishers, NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. Copies of above book prepaid to any address on receipt of price. JUST PUBLISHED. The Modern flachinist, By JOHN T. USHER, Machinist. PRICE, - - $2.50. Specially Adapted to the Use of Machinists, Apprentices, Designers, Engineers and Constructors. A practical treatise embracing the most approved methods of modern machine-shop practice, embracing the applications of recent improved appliances, tools, and devices for facilitating, duplicating, and expediting the construction of machines and their parts. A NEW BOOK FROn COVER TO COVER. Every illustration in this book represents a new device in machine-shop practice, and the engravings have been made specially for it. 8vo. 32% Pages. 257 Illustrations. Price, $2.50. What is said of "The Modern Machinist" This is anew work of merit. It is on " Modern Machine Shop Methods," as its name implies. It is thoroughly up to date, was written by one of the best-known an J progressive machinists of the day, is the modern exponent of the science, and all its subjects are treated according to latest developments. In short, the book is new from cover to to cover, and is one that every machinist, apprentice, designer, engineer, or constructor should possess. SCIENTIFIC MACHINIST, JCLV 15th, 1895. This book is the most complete treatise of its kind that has yet come under our observation, and contains all that is mo*t modern and approved and of the highest efficiency in machine-shop practice, etc., etc. AGK o STEM,, JUNK, 1895. There is nothing experimental or visionary about this book, all devices being in actual use and giving good results. It might perhaps be called a compendium of shop methods, shoving a variety of special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the superintendent to the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any library, and will be consulted Whenever a new or difficult job is to be done. MACHINKBY, JULY, 1895. NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO.. 132 NASSAU STREET, NEW *** Copies of the above sent prepaid on receipt of price. A Complete Electrical Library By Prof. T. O'CONOR SLOANE. THE BEST ELECTRICAL BOOKS. EACH ONE SOLD SEPARATELY, How to Become a Successful Electrician ! Illustrated. $1.00. It is the ambition of thousands of young and old to become electrical engineers. Not er^ry one is prepared to spend several thousand dollars upon a college course, even if the three or four years requisite are at their disposal. 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Among these, the author, wherever occasion required it, has furnished the synonyms of terms, and the book is given an additional value by an alphabetical index, which enables it to be consulted for terms both collectively and individually. The work will prove of value to the reader, whether pro- fessional or non-professional. The definitions are put tersely and concisely, so that the inquiring reader can carry away a defined, net impression as to what is meant. Any stu- dent who will spend his leisure hours over the volume will be amply repaid for his time and trouble. The book is very clearly printed in bold type on good paper, and is well bound. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. . apecial circular, fully describing the above, also our catalogues of books for Electricians, Machinists, Engineers, and all other practical trades, sent free to any address, on request. NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., 132 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. 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