Ex Libris 
 C. K. OGDEN
 
 larcnfcon press Aeries 
 
 SPECIMENS OF GREEK DIALECTS 
 (FOURTH GREEK READER) 
 
 MERRY
 
 HonUon 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
 
 Chnriban ress Sfri.es 
 
 SPECIMENS OF GREEK DIALECTS 
 
 BEING 
 
 A FOURTH GREEK READER 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES 
 
 BY } 
 
 W. WALTER MERRY, M.A. 
 
 Fellow and Lecturer of Lincoln College 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 MDCCCLXXV 
 
 [All rights reserved}
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS Fourth Greek Reader is intended to give specimens 
 of the principal Greek dialects, Homeric, Ionic, Aeolic and 
 Doric. It comprises selections from the Iliad, so arranged 
 as to present something like a consecutive story of the for- 
 tunes of the Greeks before Troy. This is followed by a 
 number of tales from Herodotus. A few illustrations of 
 Aeolic dialect are given from Alcaeus, Sappho, etc.; and 
 the specimens of Doric are taken from Theocritus, Bion, 
 and Moschus. 
 
 It seemed to me that a more intelligible idea of the various 
 dialects could be gained from such specimens, than from 
 shorter fragments, or from the elegiac or lyric writers, in i 
 whom so great a mixture of different forms is to be found. I 
 
 A general introduction to the whole seeks to give a sketch 
 of the geographical distribution, and of the characteristics of 
 the different dialects, as compared with the standard of the 
 best period of Attic literature. A separate table of dialectical 
 forms accompanies each group of specimens, constant re- 
 ference being made to these in the text. I have been glad 
 to make use of Abicht's edition of Herodotus and Fritzsche's 
 Theocritus. (Teubn. Schul-Ausgab.). References are made 
 in the notes to Curtius' Students' Greek Grammar (Murray, 
 London). 
 
 W. W. M. 
 
 Oxford, 1875. 
 
 1081590
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 USE OF MIXED DIALECTS IN POETICAL COMPOSITION . xxv 
 
 FORMS OF HOMERIC DIALECT 5 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE ILIAD 17 
 
 FORMS OF IONIC DIALECT 80 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS 86 
 
 FORMS OF AEOLIC DIALECT 173 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM ALCAEUS, SAPPHO, ETC. . . .177 
 
 FORMS OF DORIC DIALECT 186 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THEOCRITUS, BION, ETC. . . 192 
 NOTES TO SELECTIONS FROM ILIAD . . . .223 
 NOTES TO SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS . . .281 
 NOTES TO SELECTIONS FROM ALCAEUS, ETC. . . 348 
 NOTES TO SELECTIONS FROM THEOCRITUS, ETC. .352
 
 GENERAL SKETCH 
 
 GREEK DIALECTS. 
 
 THE Greek language is one of those comprised under 
 the name of Aryan or Indo-European. In ages long past, 
 a people, which we now speak of as the primitive Aryan 
 stock, had its home in the steppes of upper Asia, and in- 
 cluded the ancestors of Indians and Persians, of Germans 
 and Slaves, of Greeks, Italians, and Celts. 
 
 The Indians and the Persians remained in their Asiatic 
 home, spreading only eastward and southward, retaining, 
 more closely than did any of the western emigrants, the 
 oldest forms of the original Aryan language. 
 
 No question is harder to decide than the order in which 
 the different western migrations parted off from the primi- 
 tive stock. The latest results of Comparative Philology 
 seem to mark as the earliest offshoot that division which 
 included the ancestors of Germans and Slaves, the Slavic 
 element being subdivided at a later time into Lithua- 
 nian and Slavonic. The next great offshoot that spread 
 over south-western Europe contained the Greek, Italian 
 and Celtic families, of which the Greek was perhaps the 
 first to break away, the Italian and the Celtic remaining 
 still together until their separation which took place at a 
 later date.
 
 X GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 This view of the mutual relation of Celtic, Italian, and 
 Greek, is suggested by the results of the most recent 
 studies in Celtic, which show some closer relations be- 
 tween that language and the Italian, than between Italian 
 and Greek. We must remember however that under the 
 name 'Italian' is included not only the old Latin but 
 also the Umbrian and Oscan, and some other dialects. 
 
 But our business now is not to examine the Greek lan- 
 guage in relation to the other branches of the Indo- 
 European stock: but rather to glance at its internal 
 development ; to class its principal varieties or dialects ; 
 and to endeavour to see how far the particular character- 
 istics of these dialects may be connected with the physical 
 features of the districts in which they were spoken, or 
 how far they may have been affected by contact with 
 foreigners. 
 
 Greece is practically separated from the mainland of 
 Europe, on the North by the Cambunian mountains the 
 range that begins with Ceraunia on the West, and ends 
 with Olympus in the East. A glance at the map will show 
 how completely the country is marked off into well-defined 
 divisions, partly by the complex system of mountain- 
 chains, and partly by the deep indentations of the coast, 
 by which whole districts are more or less isolated upon 
 projecting peninsulas. The different heights and charac- 
 ters of the mountains and hills, and the frequent bays and 
 inlets of the sea produce within the narrow boundaries of 
 Greece a greater variety of climate than can be found on 
 any other portion of the globe of similar extent. 
 
 Within the two hundred miles between Mount Olympus 
 and Cape Matapan, we pass from a climate almost Alpine 
 to one in which the palm will flourish: and, while the 
 area of Greece is less than that of Portugal, the extent of 
 coastline more than equals that of Spain and Portugal
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. XI 
 
 together. This variety of climate, and the physical con- 
 formation of the country, make it easier for us to under- 
 stand the phenomena we have now to notice in the 
 language. As the people were divided by the natural 
 features of their country into a number of independent 
 states or cantons, so their language presents itself to us, 
 not in the form of one undivided Hellenic Tongue, but 
 split up into various dialects, of which each claimed to be 
 in an equal degree Hellenic. 
 
 Not only accent and pronunciation, but the very mate- 
 rial of language, is modified by soil and climate. ' One 
 class of sounds is wont to predominate on the hills, 
 another in the valleys, and again another on the plains, 
 and such influences of locality naturally prevailed in the 
 highest degree where the component parts of the country 
 are divided off from one another by sharp boundary lines ; 
 for in mountain-valleys and on peninsulas and islands 
 peculiarities of language are most apt to arise and con- 
 tinue, whereas in widely extended plains, contact causes 
 them gradually to vanish V 
 
 But among all varieties and subdivisions of dialects, we 
 can identify two main forms of the Greek language, 
 DOEIC and IONIC, just as in later times there is the con- 
 stant contrast and rivalry between Doric and Ionic in art 
 and philosophy, as well as in modes of life and govern- 
 ment. The Doric is the dialect of mountaineers : it is 
 rough, terse and strong, and the frequent use of the broad 
 A (Tr\a.Teia(Tp.bs, Theocr. 15. 88) seems characteristic of 
 bodily strength and vigour of lungs. It impresses us with 
 a sense ofearnestness and concentration. The Ionic is 
 the dialect of the plain and the coast, spoken by men who 
 enjoyed an easier and softer form of life. And this seems 
 
 1 E. Curtius, History of Greece, I. 26.
 
 Xii GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 to be reflected in their speech ; for the loss of aspirates, 
 the frequency of the sibilant (S), and the concurrence of 
 vowels are all characteristic of a dialect that has replaced 
 much of its abruptness by an easiness and variety of tone. 
 The influence of these causes on language was in full 
 operation in a very early period when the organs generally 
 evinced greater pliancy in adapting themselves to the 
 various peculiarities of situations. In later times Doric 
 was spoken in maritime towns, as low-German is now 
 found in mountainous and highland districts. 
 
 It is usual to follow the traditional division into four 
 dialects ; Aeolic, Doric, Ionic and Attic : the Aeolic and 
 Doric being nearly related together ; and the Attic closely 
 connected with the Ionic. Nothing is more difficult how- 
 ever than to form any clear idea of the Aeolic dialect. We 
 have few literary remains of it, and those few seem to sug- 
 gest a considerable number of subdivisions. Some philo- 
 logers regard Aeolic not as a distinct dialect at all, but rather 
 as the remains preserved in different localities of a more 
 ancient state of the language, coming nearer in form to 
 the common language spoken by the Greeks and Italians 
 before their separation. But such a view is untenable ; 
 for not only do we find many older forms retained in 
 Doric, but the whole weight of evidence points to the ex- 
 istence of a great Aeolic stock of which the Doric is a 
 subdivision; just as Attic is really a subdivision of the 
 Ionic. But their native power, and the part they played 
 in political history, brought these two subdivisions into the 
 foreground, and secured them all the importance and all 
 the privileges of a great original race ; so that their literary 
 and political life has eclipsed that of the great stocks from 
 which they sprung. Though the Doric and Aeolic are 
 closely related, there are very characteristic differences 
 noticeable between them. The broad pronunciation of
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. xiii 
 
 the Doric is foreign to the Aeolians, who spoke faster and 
 more trippingly. This shows itself in the peculiar rhythm 
 of the Aeolic verse, which prefers the lighter measure of 
 dactyl and anapaest. Aeolic was the dialect of Macedonia, 
 Thessaly, Boeotia, Arcadia, etc. ; but the most polished, 
 indeed the only literary, Aeolic was spoken in Lesbos and 
 in the colonies of Asia Minor, where the cultivation of 
 lyric poetry, and the contact with lonians, exercised a 
 powerful influence. In later times, however, the Lesbians 
 seemed to the Greeks at least to the Athenians to speak 
 unintelligibly. (Cp. Plat. Protag. 341.) 
 
 It was noticed by ancient scholars that the Aeolic 
 dialect showed some remarkable analogies to Latin. So 
 Quintilian (i. 6. 31) speaks of Aeolica ratio, cut est sermo 
 nosier simillimus. This is generally explained by a re- 
 ference to the Aeolic system of accent, to the paucity of 
 aspirates ; the substitution of v for o ; the genitive in ot, 
 like the Latin in ei or i ; the form of the preposition tt>, 
 used both with dative and accusative cases ; and the 
 absence of a dual number. Where we can compare 
 Aeolians and Dorians together, we see in the former more 
 of fire, passion, and sensitiveness ; they are wanting in the 
 calm and reserve of Doric on the one hand, and the plas- 
 ticity of Ionic on the other. There is something peculiarly 
 masterful in the Doric stock. As they appear in the 
 Peloponnese, the glory of the Achaean name fades away ; 
 new states arise on the ruins of old chieftainships, and 
 gradually the whole Peloponnesus becomes Dorized. Nei- 
 ther the Aeolians nor the remains of the Ionic stock seem 
 able to resist them ; wherever they set foot, their physical 
 and moral power asserts itself, till they assimilate every- 
 thing to their own stamp. 
 
 The Dorian characteristics are simplicity both in religion 
 and home-life ; a strong practical valour ; a spirit of self-
 
 xiv GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 sacrifice, obedience, and submission to law, and, above all, 
 an intense conservatism. But these peculiarities could not 
 remain so marked in large and populous cities, nor in the 
 Dorian colonies abroad ; indeed, the Dorian Sicilians are 
 described as being opoiarpmoi rots 'Afyvaiois (Thuc. 8. 96). 
 
 The Doric style is cramped by a want of ideality, but it 
 is full of strength, earnestness, and a sort of reserved 
 brevity. Cp. the description of the orator)' of the Spartan 
 Menelaus, II. 3. 213, and the phrase, rov'Apyfiav rpoW 
 (Iprja-fTai,, trav (v jSpaxiWots. The Ionian character offers a 
 remarkable contrast to this, as we have noticed before ; 
 but the lonians of the coast of Asia Minor, affected by 
 climate and intermarriages with Orientals, lost much of 
 their distinctive Greek character. The lower position of 
 the women in society, as well as the dress of the men in 
 Eastern drapery rather than the short Greek Chiton, is an 
 illustration of this. Commerce, industry, and the luxury 
 which wealth brings with it, aided still further in moulding 
 the character of the easy versatile Ionian. The Athenians 
 were a branch of the Ionian stem who stayed in their old 
 home, under very different influences both of climate and 
 of political surroundings. 
 
 The selection from Greek authors in this book are in- 
 tended to exhibit some of the principal dialectical pecu- 
 liarities. Such peculiarities are generally characterized by 
 contrasting them with the forms of the best period of 
 Attic literature the period of Thucydides and the Trage- 
 dians, of Xenophon, Plato, and Demosthenes. But this 
 literary language of the Athenians is very far removed 
 from the original form of speech which the first settlers in 
 Greece brought with them. It must be carefully remem- 
 bered that we are only speaking conventionally, when we 
 treat the different Greek dialects as variations from the Attic. 
 
 Historically speaking, all the dialects are so many dif-
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. XV 
 
 ferent developments of that particular stage of language 
 reached by one great branch of the Indo-European stock, 
 when the Greeks parted from it. What this particular 
 condition was, we can only guess at here and there. 
 Comparative Philology supplies us with valuable hints, and 
 with a certain amount of evidence ; but the greatest diffi- 
 culty in such research lies in this, that the Greek language, 
 before its forms are arrested and fixed by the use of 
 writing, is in a state of continual growth and change : 
 not only is pronunciation being constantly modified, but 
 old forms are becoming obsolete every day and new ones 
 are growing up. The advance of civilization, the necessi- 
 ties of town life as well as of country life, the development 
 of family life and political relations, the introduction of 
 military, naval, and commercial terms, all these things 
 are daily supplying the repertory of the original language 
 with new material. Such processes are especially easy while 
 the dialects exist only as spoken language ; for, although 
 public assemblies, popular songs, religious rites, and 
 (somewhat later) laws, treaties, and oracles, exercise an 
 influence in fixing the forms of a language, it is impossible 
 for the process of change to be arrested, or definite forms 
 to be settled, before the introduction of a written literature. 
 Therefore, instead of feeling surprise at the wide diver- 
 gence of the Greek dialects, we shall rather be inclined to 
 wonder how, with such unbounded freedom for develop- 
 ment, these various dialects were able to preserve, so 
 characteristically, the general linguistic laws and gramma- 
 tical structure of the original language 1 . 
 
 The early history of the dialects is necessarily meagre 
 
 1 Remarkable illustrations of the rapid process of change that is 
 constantly at work in producing divergences in the dialects of 
 Northern and Southern Asia and of Polynesia may be found in 
 Max Miiller's Science of Language, vol. i. chap. 2.
 
 XVI GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 and unsatisfactory from the extreme scarcity of material 
 on which to work. The oldest Greek inscriptions, and 
 the dialectical forms preserved by Grammarians, are often 
 only attempts to express phonetically the particular pro- 
 nunciation in vogue in different places. But though the 
 light thus afforded is but scanty and dim, yet the tendency 
 of larger research and the discovery of new inscriptions is 
 constantly to strengthen our belief in the existence of a 
 general unity that underlies the multifarious differences in 
 dialectical forms. 
 
 For example Scholars have generally concurred in 
 admitting only three representatives of the Aeolic dialect ; 
 the Lesbian, Thessalian, and Boeotian ; and in including 
 under the name of Pseudo- Aeolic the Elean, Arcadian, 
 Cyprian, etc., because they did not seem to be reducible 
 to the same general laws. But an Arcadian Inscription, 
 recently discovered at Tegea, throws a new light upon the 
 subject. 
 
 Exhibiting in itself different forms, that had previously 
 been considered as peculiar to different groups of Aeolic, 
 it suggests the possibility of a harmony between subdivi- 
 sions of dialects, that had hitherto appeared irreconcileable. 
 A connection has been thus shown between Arcadian and 
 Cyprian forms ; between Lesbian and Boeotian ; and be- 
 tween Cyprian and Thessalian ; and a general similarity 
 in the character of the vowel systems of all the Aeolic 
 stems has been established the use of the O and Y sounds 
 having been shown to preponderate largely over that of 
 A or E. 
 
 Which is the oldest of the Greek dialects? This 
 is a question often asked : but it implies a mistaken 
 conception. The Greek dialects do not come one after 
 another in regular sequence. They are rather like parallel 
 streams, than like geological strata; and no one dialect
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. Xvii 
 
 can have the preference for superior antiquity over the 
 rest. All that we can say is that the Doric seems to retain 
 most strictly the older sounds, and the Aeolic, on the 
 whole, the older forms; while the Ionian, from the 
 first, exhibits most strongly the tendency to variety and 
 change. 
 
 It will add fresh interest to the study of the Greek dia- 
 lects if we are able to detect in them something of the 
 action of natural laws, rather than the arbitrary caprice of 
 this or that tribe or community. And nothing is more 
 suggestive in this direction than a few illustrations of the 
 way in which tie dialects have often preserved the fuller 
 forms of the original language, after they had disappeared 
 from use in Attic literature. 
 
 In the declension of the noun, the Ionic genitive in o-io 
 (=rocrio) comes much nearer the Sanskrit a-sya, than the 
 common form in -ou. The oldest form of the accusative 
 plural is -ams, being the accusative singular with the addi- 
 tion of s : this is closely kept in the Aeolic accus., e. g. 
 
 rais Tfi/jLais = Tas n/mj, Or TOLS \VKOIS = roits XVKOVS, the t in 
 
 each case representing the lost v, as ridds represents 
 Tidev[r]t, Ti6ei>T-os, and the Aeolic form of the aorist parti- 
 ciple, viz. rptyais for rptyas is a further illustration of the 
 same principle. In inscriptions of the Cretan Doric, the 
 
 v is actually retained, as in Trpeiyevravs = ?rpf tr/Se^ra?, TOVS 
 
 v6povs=rovs vopovs. The old instrumental case in lhi t or, 
 perhaps, the datival termination in bhjam, is preserved in 
 the suffixes -(pi and -4>iv. The primitive form of the ist 
 personal pronoun, agham, Sanskr. aham, is, perhaps, seen 
 in the Doric eywv, and the Boeotian tow, and the dative of 
 the same, ma-hyam, with its full termination, resembles 
 the Doric efi.lv, and epivya. The second personal pronoun 
 had originally an initial /, not yet softened to s, viz. tvam, 
 which we may best compare not with a-v but with the 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. b
 
 Xviii GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Boeotian row and Laconian ruw?, and Aeolian TV as used 
 by Sappho. The full form of the accusative of the same 
 is tvdm, which, while wholly obliterated in a-e, is kept in 
 the Boeot. riv\ and the dative tva-bhyam retains its 
 characteristic initial and termination in the Doric riv and 
 Tfli>, which latter, though found in Homer, is quoted by the 
 grammarians as a Dorism. In the verb, the older present 
 tenses in -fit are so carefully preserved in Aeolic, that a 
 grammarian tells us 'that some have thought that all 
 Aeolic presents ended in -/.' We may quote ycX<u/u, 
 dwvfTrip.1 and Ka\r)ni as representing yeXdw, dower and 
 KaXfco, and similar old forms are found of the ist person 
 of the conjunctive in Homer, as dyay/, TT^^W/H, fWXw/it. 
 One of the oldest forms of the 2nd person-ending is -/Aa, 
 retained in olaQa, and in such dialectical forms as (pi\ijo-0a, 
 Doric xpw6 a (Ar. Ach. 778), Homeric Tidija-da, 8i8o~io-6a, 
 flo-tia. The true ending of the third person, in //, is only 
 kept, in ordinary Greek, in the word eV, but the Doric 
 dialect furnishes us with such forms as rid^n (Theocr. 3. 
 48), f(pir)Ti (Find. Isthm. 2. 9), 7<r<m, 8i'8om. The same 
 termination, softened to o-t, appears in dialectical forms of 
 the conjunctive, as in eppfygo-t (II. 3. 353), ayrjvi, rep^o-*, 
 pf&ivi (Hesiod, Frag. 185), oTwrrfvijo-i (Theocr. 23. 10), 
 and the Ionic optative form Trapa<p8atr]oi (II. 10. 343). In 
 the ist person plural the Doric termination -/i (cp. Lat. 
 
 -ffius), as in (vpicrKOfj&s, (ipTTOp.cs, (fjLfiaXovfjifs, SianftvafifS, has 
 
 preserved the old form in -mast, or Sanskr. -mas ; and the 
 termination of the 3rd person plural in -anti, -nti (cp. 
 
 Lat. -/) is found in Doric 0a-iri, Xeyo-iri, dirdgo-vri, TTOIW- 
 
 VTI, and in the old Boeotian forms ex* "^ ('=-*X OVTl }i an-oSf- 
 86avdi. The process of change from -ovn to -ouo-t is best 
 seen by a reference to Arcadian forms Kpivawi, KeAfiWo-i. 
 Comparative Philology leads us to believe that the earliest 
 form of the augment was a and not f, and this view is
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. XIX 
 
 supported by an Elean (Aeolic) inscription, which gives 
 
 KOIO2 MAHOE2E, that is, Koio? ft an-o^tre = e'TrotVe. Hesy- 
 
 chius too, in his Lexicon, quotes as Cretan forms adeipev, 
 afipaxfv and ao-fifo-Of, in each of which the initial d repre- 
 sents the augment. A study of the different dialects 
 serves also to throw light upon the use of the Digamma 
 (see Homer. Dial. 2} in the Greek language, and often 
 shows the different vowels and consonants by which its 
 place was represented after it had itself disappeared. We 
 are also able to establish, from an examination of dialec- 
 tical forms, the original existence of a palatal spirant j (or 
 jod) in the primitive Greek language. But this letter was 
 lost far earlier than the Digamma, and can only be detected 
 by the compensating letters that supply its place. Such 
 facts are sufficient to show that a real and fruitful study of 
 the dialects belongs to the science of Comparative Phi- 
 lology, no less than to Greek scholarship. 
 
 But the history of the dialects is connected also with the 
 geography and with the heroic legends of Greece. What 
 is the picture that Greece would have presented to the eye 
 of an observer at the beginning of the historic age ? He 
 would find the Dorian dialect occupying nearly the whole 
 of the Peloponnese, with Dorian colonies in Crete and 
 Rhodes, and on the South-west coast of Asia Minor. 
 North of this and in the adjacent islands of Samos and 
 Chios were the homes of lonians who also occupied 
 Attica and Euboea : while Boeotia, the North-west coast 
 of Asia Minor, and the island of Lesbos, were colonised 
 by settlers of the Aeolian stock. How were these pheno- 
 mena to be accounted for ? Tradition supplied some 
 information about the early movements of the tribes, and 
 where tradition is silent, legends are readily framed to 
 explain existing facts. 
 
 Out of such a combination of legend and tradition the 
 bz
 
 XX GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 story of the movements of the Greek tribes was woven, 
 of which the following is an outline. Leaving undiscussed 
 the mythical accounts of the primitive Pelasgic inhabitants, 
 who form a sort of cloudy background to the picture, we 
 find the HELLENES early in the forefront ; but at first the 
 name of Hellenes is limited to the people of Hellas, a state 
 or district of South-eastern Thessaly. (II. 2. 684.) The 
 myth that introduces them begins with Deucalion, king of 
 Phthia, whose descendants are thus represented 
 
 Deucalion 
 
 Hellen 
 Dorus Xuthus Aeolus 
 
 Ion Achaeus. 
 
 Hellen, who had ascended the throne of his father Deuca- 
 lion, is succeeded by his son Aeolus, under whom the 
 Aeolians spread over Thessaly and over the western part 
 of central Greece, including Aetolia, Acarnania, Phocis, 
 and Locris, and extending to parts of the Peloponnese, as 
 Elis, Corinth, and Messenia. 
 
 Dorus settled near Mount Oeta, and founded the Doric 
 Tetrapolis, while another portion of the Dorians migrated 
 to Crete, which received a Doric constitution through their 
 king Minos. 
 
 Xuthus went to Attica, where he espoused the daughter 
 of Erechtheus, by whom he became father of Ion and 
 Achaeus. Achaeus returned to Phthiotis, and there re- 
 sumed his ancestral kingdom ; his descendants, the Achaei, 
 appearing, at a later period, in the Peloponnese and 
 spreading themselves over Argolis and Laconia. At the 
 time of the Trojan war the Achaeans were at the height 
 of their fame.
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. XXI 
 
 Ion, the elder son, is represented as having remained 
 in Attica, and as having further given his name to that 
 strip of northern coast that was afterwards called Achaia, 
 but then Ionia. This earlier group of legends represents 
 the Dorians and lonians as of far less importance than 
 the other two tribes. A different series of events made 
 them afterwards the leading tribes of Greece, but, at this 
 early period, the Dorians lay within the limits of Doris, 
 between Thessaly and Phocis, and the lonians were con- 
 fined to Attica and the northern extremity of the Pelo- 
 ponnese. It is not the place here to examine the stories 
 which connect Greek history with the East. Cecrops, 
 from Sais, is said to have civilized Attica and built 
 Athens ; Danaus the Egyptian to have settled in Argos ; 
 and Pelops the Phrygian to have founded the kingdom of 
 Mycenae. The fact that the Greeks used a Phoenician 
 alphabet, besides the hints in the Homeric poems of in- 
 tercourse between Greece and Phoenicia, give a meaning 
 to the story of the landing of Cadmus in Boeotia, and the 
 establishment of his Phoenician colony in Thebes, the 
 citadel of which was called the Cadmea. These stories 
 serve also to remind us that the general spread of civiliza- 
 tion has been from East to West ; and therefore we shall 
 accept with caution the statement, so flattering to Athenian 
 pride, that the prosperous Ionian colonies on the coast of 
 Asia Minor were but offshoots from Attic soil. There are 
 many reasons which might induce us to believe that the very 
 reverse was the case, and that these colonists dropped, as 
 it were, out of the line of march that was setting towards 
 Greece, and were content to find their resting-place on 
 the extreme western edge of their old Asiatic home. 
 
 Nor have we here to deal with the so-called heroic age 
 of Greek history, which immediately succeeds the group 
 of early legends concerning the spread of the Greek tribes.
 
 xxii GENERAL SKETCH OF 
 
 The Argonautic expedition, of which Jason is the hero, 
 deals principally with the fortunes of the Aeolian stock, 
 as does also the war of the Seven Chiefs against Thebes, 
 and the renewal of it by the Epigoni (descendants of the 
 heroes who fell in the war); though at Thebes the 
 Achaeans also appear on the scene, and Achaean princes 
 form some of the principal characters of the Homeric 
 poems. 
 
 The second batch of legends begins, according to 
 mythical chronology, some fifty years after the Trojan 
 war. The Thessalians first forced their way from Epirus 
 to the valley of the Peneus, conquering the original 
 Aeolian inhabitants, some of whom became serfs under 
 feudal Thessalian princes, and others pushed southward 
 into Boeotia, dispossessing the Minyans, Cadmeans, etc., 
 and settling there. 
 
 The next great movement is the southward migration 
 of the Dorians into the Peloponnese, otherwise called the 
 Return of the Heracleidae, because the Dorian invaders 
 are represented as having for leaders the descendants of 
 Heracles, chieftains who had sworn to vindicate their claim 
 to those dominions of which their great ancestor had been 
 robbed by Eurystheus. 
 
 Warned by an oracle not to enter the Peloponnese by 
 the Isthmus, they crossed the gulf from Naupactus, having 
 been joined in their expedition by the Aetolians and Ozo- 
 lian Locrians. A single battle sufficed for the overthrow 
 of the Achaeans under Tisamenus, son of Orestes, and 
 the defeated troops occupied and gave the name of Achaia 
 to that strip of northern coast which was formerly called 
 Ionia. By this pressure the Ionian inhabitants were 
 driven back upon their kinsmen in Attica. 
 
 The next stage in the story is that a migration of lonians, 
 accompanied by remnants of other Greek clans, took
 
 THE GREEK DIALECTS. XXlil 
 
 place from Attica to the islands of the Aegean and the coast 
 of Asia Minor. They are represented as having formed 
 settlements in the Cyclades, in Chios, and Samos, and on 
 the south coast of Lydia, and north of Caria, where the 
 colonists founded twelve cities, united by the bond of a 
 common sanctuary (Panionion) at Mycale. The principal 
 cities were Miletus, Ephesus, and Phocaea. 
 
 The Dorian conquest of the Peloponnese was probably 
 the work of time, but the story represents all the inhabit- 
 ants as submitting tamely to the invaders, with the ex- 
 ception of the Arcadians, who lived undisturbed within 
 the rampart of their mountain-walls. 
 
 Sicyon, Corinth, and Megara became Dorian settle- 
 ments at a somewhat later period. From this date the 
 stream of migration is represented as setting steadily 
 across the Aegean, and dropping various colonies in the 
 islands and on the Asiatic coast. The Aeolian colonies 
 are described as being established by the fugitive Achaeans, 
 who migrated in company with the Boeotian Aetolians to 
 Mysia and Lydia, where they founded twelve cities or 
 states, of which the most important were Cyme and 
 Smyrna, the latter afterwards passing into Ionian hands. 
 At the same time they spread over Lesbos and several 
 neighbouring islands. 
 
 The earlier migration of the Dorians to Crete has been 
 already alluded to. After the conquest of the Peloponnese, 
 Dorian colonists settled in Rhodes, Thera, and southern 
 Caria, and founded a confederacy of six cities, the Doric 
 Hexapolis. 
 
 The history of the Ionic and Doric dialects must also 
 be the history of different styles of Composition. The 
 old Ionic, as used by Homer, is preeminently the dialect
 
 xxiv GENERAL SKETCH, ETC. 
 
 of Epic poetry, as the Lesbian Aeolic is of amatory verse. 
 The Asiatic Ionic appears as the natural vehicle for 
 history and elegiac poetry. For the mingled gravity and 
 impetuosity of triumphal or religious song, for the serious- 
 ness of the first essays in philosophy, and, later, for idyllic 
 pictures of rustic life, the Dorian dialect was felt to be 
 appropriate. But the genius of Athens, fostered by a 
 happy independence, and elevated by her proud position, 
 seemed able to excel in almost every department of litera- 
 ture, and to exhibit the grandest forms of the drama, 
 with its choric odes, of prose narrative, and of oratory. 
 The instinctive perception of Athenian taste was able also 
 to mould the language of her citizens into the most per- 
 fect instrument for the expression of thought, and to tune 
 it to the best proportioned rhythm and harmoniousness 
 of sound, avoiding on the one hand the roughness and 
 abruptness of the Doric, and, on the other, retaining more 
 strength, solidity, and concentration, than appears in the 
 speech of her Ionian kinsfolk. Thus the Attic became a 
 standard to which all other dialects were referred.
 
 WHAT IS THE RELATION OF THE DIFFERENT 
 DIALECTS TO DIFFERENT LITERARY 
 
 STYLES ? 
 
 IT has been very rightly remarked that the difficulty of 
 dealing with a subject like the Greek dialects is materially 
 increased by the use that has been made of the dialects in 
 literature. For we have to take into consideration not 
 only the diversities that depend upon times or places, but 
 also the particular style which each author may adopt. 
 We cannot deal from the same point of view with the 
 writings of a historian, an orator, or a philosopher. And 
 the difficulty reaches its height when we come to the study 
 of Greek poetry, so much of which exhibits to us a pecu- 
 liar combination of several dialects together. As there 
 are dialects of different tribes or communities, so are there 
 dialects of different poetical styles. It does not neces- 
 sarily follow, because a poet was an Ionian by birth, that 
 his poetical compositions were therefore in Ionic dialect. 
 The language of his home was not without its influence 
 upon him, but the subject-matter and poetical form of his 
 composition did far more towards determining the parti- 
 cular language in which it should be cast. A few illus- 
 trations of this fact will be of use towards the solution 
 of the question proposed at the heading of this chapter. 
 
 It must be remembered that at the beginning of the 
 historical period of Greece, which is conveniently sup- 
 posed to commence with the First Olympiad, there was 
 only one dialect, the Ionian, which had made any advance
 
 XXVI DIALECTS AND LITERARY STYLE. 
 
 towards literary cultivation. No doubt the first notes of 
 those melodies, which by and by were the glory of the 
 Aeolian lyre, had been struck; and Dorian hymns and 
 Choric songs might be heard at rustic festival and re- 
 ligious rite, before Alcman and Stesichorus raised them 
 to the level of literary composition: but the influence 
 they exercised on the dialects could hold no comparison 
 with the effect that the Homeric Epic produced on the 
 Ionic dialect. 
 
 The language of Epic must be described as a sort of 
 common dialect (KOIVTJ fiioXe/eror) for all poetry of that 
 era; and its influence spread in ever-widening circles. 
 In Boeotia the Epic of Hesiod reproduced the metre, 
 and, to a great extent, the language of the Homeric 
 poems. In Ionia, Elegiac poetry, taking its rise with or 
 before Callinus ( ? 730 B.C.), was a true offshoot of the 
 Epic, both in metre and language. Nor was the influence 
 of Epic altogether absent from the Iambic and Trochaic 
 metres which Archilochus produced in the Ionian Paros. 
 
 Elegiac poetry, both in subject and rhythm, comes 
 nearest to the Epic. Accordingly, we find that the dialect 
 used by the Greek Elegiac writers is, in the main, Epic, 
 that is, the Ionian and not the Boeotian Epic ; the regular 
 language of Homer, not the variety of it used by Hesiod. 
 But in Elegiac poetry the personality of the writer comes 
 out far more strongly than in Epic, and thus we find 
 distinct changes from the ordinary Epic diction ; some of 
 these changes being due to the instinctive feeling of the dif- 
 ference between the Epic as representing heroic times and 
 the Elegy as belonging to more modern days ; and others 
 being traceable to the effect of each poet's native dialect. 
 
 Under the head of these general changes we may quote 
 the disuse in Elegiac poetry of several old Epic forms, 
 such as case endings in -</H, and some forms of the in-
 
 DIALECTS AND LITERARY STYLE. XXVli 
 
 finitival termination in -e/wwu; or the absence of such 
 instances of diaeresis, as 6p6a> for 6pS>. Among the changes 
 depending on each poet's age or nationality, we may 
 mention the younger Ionic forms in /core, KS>S, etc., em- 
 ployed by Cratinus and Mimnermus ; the occasional use 
 of the a for rj, and of the contraction of eo into ov, not ev, 
 by Solon, Melanthius, Critias, etc. ; while in the case of 
 Tyrtaeus, the Doric dialect is visible in such words as 
 8jjfjLOTas, Sffnroras; and in the writings of the Megarean 
 Theognis a considerable number of Dorisms may be 
 seen, such as viv, A?}, p.>cr6ai, el^fv. 
 
 In the Epigram, a particular branch of Elegiac poetry, 
 the form of dialect depends to some extent upon the 
 nationality of the person addressed. In the Epigrams of 
 Simonides there is a larger admixture of Dorisms in 
 those addressed to persons of Dorian birth. But still, 
 in the Epigram, as well as in other forms of Elegiac, the 
 Epic dialect forms the basis of the diction. 
 
 Iambic poetry, inspired by the personal interests of 
 daily life, has much less in common with Epic. Thus we 
 find that the compositions of the lambographi generally 
 represent exactly the native dialects of the writers. The 
 fragments of Archilochus, Hipponax, and Simonides of 
 Amorgos, are specimens of the pure Ionic dialect of the 
 time. 
 
 Trochaic poetry stands in a sort of middle ground 
 between Iambic and Elegy, and thus exhibits, as might 
 be expected, more leaning towards Epic diction than 
 Iambic, and less than Elegiac poetry. 
 
 The passionate lyric poetry of the Aeolian school of 
 Lesbos is as complete an expression of personal feeling 
 as, in another direction, is the Iambic. Consequently we 
 find here also little if any admixture of Epic. 
 
 The fragments of Alcaeus and Sappho are pure Aeolic.
 
 XXVlii DIALECTS AND LITER A RY STYLE. 
 
 Anacreon is closely related to the Lesbian lyrists. He 
 transferred much of the Aeolic fire and passion to his 
 native Ionian tenderness and lightness. His dialect is 
 the Ionic of his own time, modified to a considerable 
 extent by the spirit, and somewhat by the language of the 
 Lesbian Aeolic. 
 
 In the other lyrists, the Doric dialect is used by poets 
 of a Dorian stock, but largely mixed with the forms of 
 Epic. Thus Tyrtaeus in his anapaestic embaterta, or 
 'marches,' exhibits the Epic dialect modified by Dorisms; 
 and Stesichorus, the father of the Choric lyric, the true 
 predecessor of Pindar, is more distinctly Dorian, though 
 he too constructs his language upon a basis of Epic. 
 
 A similar compound of Epic and Doric is noticeable in 
 the works of the Dithyrambic poets. The earliest writers 
 in this style were Dorians, as Cydias, Lasus, Pratinas and 
 Telestes ; the home of this species of poetry being in the 
 N. E. of the Peloponnese. No trace of Aeolic is found in 
 the Dithyramb, though Arion of Methymna was one of 
 the most famous masters in this school of poetry. At an 
 early period the Dithyramb made its way to Athens ; and 
 we consequently find the lyrical parts of the Athenian 
 drama closely allied to it, both in language and spirit. 
 
 It is well that we should here bear in mind the dis- 
 tinction between the relation of the earlier and the later 
 poets to the different dialects. 
 
 We must suppose that the first inventors, or the earliest 
 masters of some special style, adopted the particular 
 modification of dialect which they used, from an in- 
 stinctive feeling of its peculiar appropriateness to their 
 subject and rhythm. 
 
 The next stage to this is the regular appropriation of 
 different forms of dialect to different literary styles. 
 
 In this sense Archilochus was a master ; adopting the
 
 DIALECTS AND LITERARY STYLE. XXIX 
 
 Iambic composed in Ionic dialect, as the true vehicle for 
 personal addresses. This invention of Archilochus passes 
 into the literary rule of the Attic stage ; where Iambic is 
 retained as the natural medium for converse between the 
 ' dramatis personae.' And even many forms of Ionic dia- 
 lect remain fixed in the Attic Iambic, as though inseparably 
 connected with it since the time of Archilochus. 
 
 Stesichorus too is the first master of the Choric Lyric. 
 It was the work of his genius to adapt a language that 
 should be in perfect harmony with the subject. It is 
 Epic, because of all its heroic surroundings ; it is Aeolic, 
 because of its lyric form and passionate feeling ; it is 
 Doric, because of its stateliness. It was natural that 
 Pindar should appropriate this Stesichorean language as 
 the fitting vehicle for his odes. Hermann (De Dialect. Find. 
 Opusc. i. p. 247) speaks of the language of Pindar as being 
 blended by a happy admixture of almost all dialects. 
 ' Est Pindari dialectus epica, sed colorem habens Doricae, 
 inter dum etiam Aeolic ae linguae. Aliis verbis , fundamentum 
 hujus dialecti est lingua epic a, sed e Dor tea dialecto tantum 
 adscivil Pindarus, quantum et ad dictionis splendor em et ad 
 numerorum commoditatem idoneum videretur.' But Pindar 
 probably far outstripped his master Stesichorus in assimi- 
 lating for his purpose a multitude of dialectical forms. 
 In his use of the Epic dialect he does not employ all the 
 older forms, but seems to observe the limits that we have 
 already noticed in treating of the Elegiac poets. His 
 Aeolisms are mostly those of flexion, as ^oio-a for /xovo-a, 
 -ora for -ouo-a in the feminine of the participle, -oto-t for 
 -oven in the termination of the verb, -at? for -as, and -twos 
 for -i/oy. His Dorisms are more marked than those of 
 Simonides ; but they are not the full forms of the stricter 
 Doric, as he does not write -/* for -pfv, nor rjs for fa nor 
 and q for ou and et.
 
 XXX DIALECTS AND LITERARY STYLE. 
 
 Among his peculiar usages we may quote the employ- 
 ment of the accus. plur. in -09 (Ol. 2. 71 ; Nem. 3. 29), 
 of eV for els, of irep, the apocope of irtpi. It has been 
 proposed to describe his Doric as being of the Delphic 
 type, because of his connection with Delphi; and the 
 Aeolisms that he uses are rather Lesbian than Boeotian, 
 probably because a school of poetry of the Lesbian-Aeolic 
 style had been founded in Delphi. 
 
 Before the appearance of the Attic dramatists, the first 
 efforts in prose composition had been made. These, like 
 Epic, had had their origin on Ionian soil. The earliest 
 representatives of this form of composition were the 
 Philosophers and the Historians, who were then known 
 as Logographi. In beginning to write prose the first 
 great conscious change is, that new rules of composition 
 have to be followed, unlike the rules of metre which partly 
 tend to fix and partly to multiply forms. It is this sense 
 of the importance of rule, as distinct from metrical licence, 
 or metrical necessity, that induced Herodotus, among 
 other changes, to confine himself to the use of the dative 
 in -OUTI, and not fluctuate, as Homer, between forms in 
 -ottrt and -ois. 
 
 In the case of the early philosophers who wrote in 
 prose, as Pherecydes, Anaximander, Anaximenes, their 
 sentences were short, and gnomic in form. We may 
 even say that they give the idea of being written with a 
 sense of awkwardness. It was still necessary, for those 
 who sought to throw their philosophy into a more artistic 
 form, to retain the use of verse, as did Xenophanes and 
 Parmenides. 
 
 The language and the syntax of the earliest Logo- 
 graphi, are a clear proof that the first efforts in historical 
 composition were really attempts at reproducing the Epic 
 style in prose. If we put together the facts, that the
 
 DIALECTS AND LITERARY STYLE. xxxi 
 
 Homeric poems formed the great repertory of Greek 
 history for the mythical period, that the earliest Logo- 
 graphi seemed to adopt the Epic dialect or an Ionian 
 modification of it, as the natural language for historical 
 narration ; we shall not be surprised to find the Argive 
 Acusilaus (550 B.C.), the Milesian Hecataeus (510), Charon 
 the Lampsacene (465), and lastly the Dorian Herodotus 
 himself, adopting the Ionic dialect as the proper vehicle 
 for history. (See Table on next page.)
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 If 
 1 S 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 iai 
 
 DO^^'^OOODDCJO.yOOCJOT^cToO 
 
 ' - ^ s.'s.u- 
 
 WWW 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 haracter of 
 Writings. 
 
 p 3 w w w ^ w 
 
 nS J2 
 
 o 
 
 j 
 
 . 
 
 W<H 6<ls<c55<^c<!^KH X 
 
 .i
 
 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 IT is wrong to speak of a Homeric dialect in the same 
 way in which we speak of Ionic or Doric Dialect. The 
 latter come before us as particular modifications of Greek, 
 determined by local, political, or ethnological influences. 
 The Homeric dialect is something more than this : more 
 factors enter into its composition. It is impossible to 
 read a page of the Iliad or Odyssey without remarking 
 the peculiar multiplicity of different forms of the same 
 word. In the declension of the noun we find both imrov 
 and tTTTToio, ndxjis, and /za^o-t, eWcro-i, and eWo-t, rjpoxri and 
 qpweo-o-t. In the personal pronoun we find such forms as 
 
 ffiov, ffJifv, ffjifdev and ffjLfiO) o^i/ies and vfJip.es, as Well as fifJifis 
 
 and vpfis. In the verb we notice the indifferent use or 
 disuse of the augment, the extension of reduplication to 
 several tenses : various forms of the infinite, as (pfvye^fvai, 
 tfrtvycpev, (pevyeiv: of the conjunctive, as e&Xo> and c&Xa/u, 
 fdfXrjs and edfXyvda, with a further variation between forms 
 in o and a, and /, as Tfvf-op.fv and rev^w/ifv, \eera.i and 
 Xe'l^rat : while in verbs in -aw we have contracted and 
 uncontracted forms as opdm, 6p5>, and by diaeresis, 6p6a>. 
 There is a similar uncertainty in the metrical value of 
 vowels, a frequent doubling of consonants to make short 
 vowels long by position, a shortening of diphthongs before 
 succeeding vowels, a free use both of hiatus and elision : 
 in a word, the widest poetical licence. 
 
 Such phenomena are not the natural characteristics of 
 a spoken dialect ; they are rather the expressions of a 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER B
 
 2 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 particular style, the conventional usage of minstrels. It is 
 no part of the present question to discuss the authorship 
 or the age of the Iliad and Odyssey, which are our records 
 of Homeric language. It is sufficient to be able to see 
 that the polish of the style, the artistic perfection of the 
 composition, and the elaborate nature of the syntax, point 
 back to a long series of years of development, during 
 which poets and schools of poets composed and passed 
 on by oral tradition many lays in honour of national 
 heroes, which lays in course of time grew into more com- 
 plete Epic poems. 
 
 Forms of speech had not then been fixed by the general 
 use of writing: the poet willingly adopted any of the 
 floating forms in common use around him, or caught 
 and preserved for his purpose those older forms bequeathed 
 by past generations ; so that in this way we have an ex- 
 planation of the remarkable fact that in Homeric Greek 
 there are forms in use of such different ages archaisms, 
 as we might say, by the side of modernisms. 
 
 The Epic minstrels drew unreservedly from the store- 
 house of the past, while they made as unrestricted an use 
 of all the treasures of the present. 
 
 These various compositions were not then committed to 
 writing, but kept alive in men's mouths by the metre in 
 which they were set for purposes of recitation. It is 
 scarcely possible to overrate the effect of metre upon Epic 
 dialect. The words must all be adapted for use in the 
 dactylic hexameter, and where one form is unsuitable, 
 another is ready at hand instead. A remarkable proof of 
 this is seen in the use of heteroclite forms of words sug- 
 gested by the needs of the metre : cp. Waor' ev /wWi? 
 
 uojUft] ^rfiorrrfros (II. 2O. 245) with /xe'/iao-aj' ' u<rp.ivi pa^eo-dai, 
 (II. 2. 86 3 ). 
 
 But, notwithstanding all these peculiarities of Homeric
 
 HOMERIC DIALECT. 3 
 
 Greek, \ve may still trace a broad linguistic law through 
 its various forms that will bring it under the general head 
 of Ionic dialect. The Epic poet is a native of the Ionian 
 colonies of Asia Minor : the schools of Epic poets have 
 their head-quarters in Chios. 
 
 The Epic Greek has for its basis the older form of the 
 Ionian, (of which the Herodotean dialect is a later develop- 
 ment, and the Attic the perfected condition under circum- 
 stances of unusual advantage), and is thus distinct in 
 character from the Aeolic, and still more from the Doric. 
 But the fact that Smyrna, the very centre of Ionian life, 
 was itself an Aeolo-Ionic colony, reminds us that there 
 were many points of contact between the lonians and 
 Aeolians of Asia Minor, and prepares us to accept another 
 remarkable phenomenon in the Homeric poems, namely 
 the existence of an Aeolic element in their language, not 
 working as a generally diffused influence, but rather 
 showing itself by the presence of a number of isolated 
 words and forms that must be referred to the more archaic 
 Greek of the Aeolian stock. 
 
 [The following may be quoted as some of the most noticeable 
 Aeolisms in Homeric Greek. 
 
 1. Particular words or forms of words: XvK&ffas, 'a year,' Od. 
 14. 161 ; Ia = /Ma, II. 4. 437 ; ititrvpes = rtaaapes, Od. 5. 70 ; irejxird- 
 eo-0av, 'to count by fives,' Od. 4. 412 ; pt( = fify, H. 19. 117 ; 
 P6\opii for POV\O(JUII, II. u. 319 ; a-yupis for dyopa, Od. 3. 31. 
 
 2. Particular inflexions of nouns and pronouns. 
 
 It is probable that we may refer to Aeolic such forms as the short 
 vowel in the vocative of ist decl., e.g. vvn<f>S, the Gen. plur. in Atav, the 
 Nom. in ra, e. g. vp(\rjyp(Ta Ztvt, and the Gen. in ao for tea, as 
 Arpet'Sao. In the forms of the pronoun, as (ywv, (Hf6ei>, appt, a^e, 
 vnpts, vftfit, vfi/jit, we find traces of the same tendency, as also in the 
 use of the conditional particle KC for av. A few of the inflexions of 
 the verb come under the same head, as e. g. (on the authority of the 
 older grammarians) the reduplication of the Aor. II. and Fut. KtKalov, 
 KfKa^T)ff<u, &c. ; the termination Oa in 2nd Pers. Sing. Pres. Act., as 
 B 2
 
 4 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 riOrjaOa, Od. 9. 404; (prjaOa, II. 21. 186; SiSeiaBa, II. 20. 270; the 
 Aeolic Aor. of the Optat. in -eras, -ftay ; the terminations -arc for 
 -VTO, and -tv for -r^aav, as tipvaro, 5a/xev ; and possibly the Aor. I. 
 and Fut. with a, in verbs with A, /*, v, p for their characteristic con- 
 sonant, as Ke\ff<a, Ktpffto, &c.] 
 
 It would seem natural to refer to Aeolic usage the 
 presence of the Digamma in the Homeric poems; but 
 this letter is common to all the dialects in primitive times, 
 though its traces are naturally most strong and its use 
 most lasting in the specimens preserved of the Aeolie, or 
 archaic, dialect. This letter, which fell early into disuse 
 in the written language, originally occupied the sixth 
 place in the Greek alphabet. It was called from its sound 
 Vau (equivalent to our v or w), and from its form (p i.e. f), 
 the double-gamma, or digamma. Though it fell into dis- 
 use at so early a period that it is not found in the Homeric 
 text, yet there are indisputable traces of its previous exis- 
 tence there. We must be content with pointing out the 
 commonest. In such a combination as rbv 8" tjpddfT' 
 
 (TTfira (iva, Or ptya. p.T](raTO fpyov, we should expect to find 
 
 fTffiT tivag and fjirja-ar epyov. Instead of such forms as 
 mro<iica>, dirot'inov, we should naturally write dirdicat and 
 cmtmov. But there was a time when the words were pro- 
 nounced fava^, ffpyov, aTrof eiVeo, diroffmov, SO that no elision 
 took place. The presence of an original digamma may 
 be inferred not only from its effect upon the metre and 
 the forms of words, but from a comparison of Greek 
 with cognate languages, e. g. [dittos, Sanskrit vefas, Lat. 
 vicus : frolvos, vinum ' wine : ' petnrtpos, vesper : fiSdv, 
 videre : fepyov, ' work.' 
 
 This complex and conventional dialect which we call 
 Homeric was carried into every part of Greece by the 
 public reciters or rhapsodists, who chanted the national 
 Epics at the courts of kings and at the public assemblies
 
 HOMERIC FORMS. 5 
 
 and feasts. It was accepted as the true vehicle for Epic 
 poetry, and not only is it reproduced by all later writers of 
 Epic poetry, but its forms and expressions may be found 
 colouring the compositions of authors of different ages and 
 various styles. It forms the basis of the language used by 
 Stesichorus and Pindar ; its influence is distinctly traceable 
 in the writings of the Attic dramatists; and the prose 
 narrative of Herodotus is so penetrated by the Epic diction 
 that it has been called, not without reason, a prose Epic. 
 
 TABLE OF HOMERIC FORMS. 
 
 i. Vowels. 
 
 (a) The a in Attic generally appears in the Homeric 
 dialect as rj, e. g. dyopf], Tmp^cro/xai, np^crcra), \{T]V. Some- 
 times a is changed to rj, as rjvoper], r]Vfp.6fis : or to at, as 
 
 (b) f may be lengthened to , ^puo-eiov, Kfivbt, veiaros, 
 
 tMS, 'Ep^ielay, crTmor, aiSeto, dt tea j into 17, Tidfjftfvos, fjv. 
 
 (c) o lengthened to ov, irovXvs, povvos ; to 01, TTVOITJ, y 
 to w, AKBi/iitrof, dvwicrros ; to at, UTrai. 
 
 (d) i; shortened to f, as in Conjunctives Idvverf, eiS 
 fuaytat'. a> to o, as in Conjunctives rparrfiofjifv, eyeipoftev. 
 
 (e) Before or after rj the addition of e is not uncommon, 
 
 as erjKf = ffKf, fjf\ios = ijXtor ; as also before e, as eSva, eeiWi, 
 7rpo(T(fiirt. 
 
 (_/") ao (;o) often changes to eo>, as 'Arpei'Sao, 'ArpeiSto). 
 
 This interchange between short and long vowels is called 
 Metathesis quantitatis ; as in fas often read as elos. Cp. 
 
 drrfipfaios and aTTfpficrios, dfKrjXios, and deiKfXtos. 
 
 2. Contraction. 
 (a) Contraction generally follows the ordinary rules,
 
 6 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 with the exception that to and tov may contract into ev, as 
 ddpcrevs, ytya>vtvv, jSoXXev. 
 
 (b} Frequently words remain uncontracted, as a6>j>, 
 irals, oa-rfa; sometimes contraction takes place when it 
 
 does not OCCUr in Attic, as in ipbs (iepbs), ^too-ay (/Soqo-ar). 
 
 (r) When two vowels which do not form a diphthong 
 come together, they are often pronounced as forming one 
 
 syllable, as icpfa, 'Arpei'Sew, 817 av, 817 e;38o/io?, r ou. This is 
 
 called Synizesis. 
 
 3. Hiatus. 
 
 When two vowels come together without elision or 
 contraction taking place, it is called Hiatus. This gene- 
 rally occurs when one word ends and the next begins with 
 a vowel. Hiatus, which is rarely admissible in Attic 
 poetry, is frequent in the Homeric hexameter, especially 
 (i) after the vowels t and u, as iraiSi \ Snaaraev. or (2) when 
 there is a pause in the sense between the two words, as 
 'OXu/xTrie. I ov vv T 'O8v<r<rfi>s: or (3) when the final vowel is 
 long, and stands in Arsis, as avrt6ea> \ 'oSvoyi: or (4) when 
 a final long vowel or diphthong is made short before a vowel 
 
 following, as irXdyx^l \ r ( w o ), otttu | e<rav (wo -). 
 
 Many apparent cases of Hiatus are only traces of a lost 
 digamma. 
 
 4. Elision. 
 
 In the Homeric hexameter not only are the vowels a, e, o, 
 elided, but also frequently the diphthongs at, as jSot-Xo// 'y&>, 
 reiptd' ofjutv, and 01 in /*ot and rot, as well as i in the dative 
 and jn on. The v f(pf\Kvo-TiKov stands before consonants 
 as well as before vowels. 
 
 5. Apocope. 
 Before a following consonant, the short final vowel in
 
 HOMERIC FORMS. 7 
 
 ttpa, irapa, ava, Kara, may be dropped. This is called 
 Apocope. The T of Kar\a\ so shortened assimilates itself to 
 
 the following consonant KaTrneo-e, Kappopos, KOTT TTfdiov, KOK 
 
 Kopvffrrjv, KaXXtTre ; and similarly the v of dj>[a] before a fol- 
 lowing TT or X, as ap. TreSiov, aXXiW/ce. 
 
 6. Consonants. 
 
 We often find 
 
 (a) Metathesis, especially with p and a, e. g. Kap8ij and 
 
 Kpaftir), ddpcros and dpdcrof, KapTicrTos and KpdricfTos. 
 
 (b) Doubling of a consonant, especially of X, /*, v, p, as 
 
 eXXajSof, f[j.p.adov, v/^tecrcrt, evvvrjros, Tocrtros ' } SO, also, OTTTTW?, 
 
 oTTt, TrtXe/c/cao), eSSeio-e. A short final vowel is often made 
 long when followed by a word which begins with, X, /*, v, 
 p, v, 8, or which originally began with the p as ?roXXa Xr- 
 
 aofjifvos, TI I'Cj', tvi [ncydpoicri. 
 
 (c) Conversely, a single X or o- may take the place of 
 the doubled liquid or sibilant, as 'A^tXei/s, 'oSvo-tus. 
 
 DECLENSIONS. 
 
 7. First Declension. 
 
 (a) For a in the singular, Homer always has rj, Tpoi?/, 
 dijpv, i>fT)vir)s, except ^ea and some proper names. 
 
 (<5) a remains unchanged, as /3uo-iXeta, except in abstract 
 
 nouns in fta, ota, as aXyddrj for aXrjdeia. 
 
 (c) The Nom. sing, of some masculines in v, is short- 
 ened into a, as Inirora, i/e^)eX^yfpera, fjuyrifTa. 
 
 (d) Gen. sing, from masc. in rjs ends in ao or ta> ; some- 
 times contracted to o>, as eV/i/ieXt'w. ^ 
 
 (e) Gen. plur. ends in aw or ecov, sometimes contracted 
 
 to cav, as yaidav, vavTfa>v, Trapeiwi/. 
 
 (/) Dat. plur. 7;o-t or J?*, as n-vXjo-t, o-x^f ; but ^ealy, 
 axrais.
 
 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 8. Second Declension. 
 
 Special forms 
 
 (a) Gen. sing, in oto. 
 
 (3) Gen. and Dat. dual ouv. 
 
 (c) Dat. plural ort[y]. 
 
 9. Third Declension. 
 
 (a) Dat. and Gen. dual ouv. 
 
 (6) Dat. plur. eo-i, eo-o-i, and, after vowels, o-o-i. 
 
 (c) Nouns in rjs (es) and os (Gen. to?) and as (Gen. aos) 
 retain for the most part the uncontracted forms; fos is 
 often contracted into (vs. In the terminations eos, w, zr, 
 the f often coalesces, not with the vowel of the termination 
 but with a preceding e, into et or 17, as fi/ppe-eos contracts 
 
 into evppt'ios, <rTTf-fos into o-TTJJos, 'HpcucXe-eos into 'HpaK\fjos. 
 -?)i, -f/a. 
 
 (</) Words in tvs form their cases with ij instead of t , as 
 /Sao-tX^oy , -^t, -j}a ; the Dat. plur. often ends in ^co-o-i. But 
 proper names may retain the e, as Tvfiet, 'o8vo-o-'a. 
 
 (^) Words in ir generally retain t in their cases, as iroXis, 
 TroXtos, TroXet, TrdXifj, ia>, to?, ifo'a'i. But we find also jrdXijos 
 (cp. /wuT-rjos), 7roX?;(, TroXijfs, TrdXjjay. The Dat. plur. some- 
 times makes tat, and the Ace. plur. is. 
 
 (/} For vavs Homer uses vrjvs, declined with both e and 
 r). Gen. veos or w;6r, Dat. viji, Ace. ea or vrja, Dat. plur. 
 wjutri, i^ettrt, and vettrai. 
 
 (g) Among anomalous forms may be mentioned: 
 Kupr], Gen. KapTjTos, Kapfjaros, and Kpdaros (as if from 
 
 Kpdat, neut.), and upcrros, Kparl, Kpara (from upas, 
 
 masc.). 
 
 yow and &6pv make yovvaros, yovvbs, and Sovparos, 
 Sovpot.
 
 HOMERIC FORMS. 9 
 
 vlbs , besides the regular forms in Second Declension, 
 has Gen. vlos, Dat. vu, Ace. via, Nom. plur. vies, 
 Dat. vlda-i, Ace. VMS, Dual. vie. 
 
 10. Special Terminations. 
 
 (a) The termination $t[V] (appearing with nouns of 
 First Declension as r}<pi, of Second Declension as o$t, and 
 of Third Declension as, generally, co-^i) serves for a Geni- 
 tive or Dative sing, and plur.; e.g. Gen. e evvrjfa, dir 
 
 iKpio(f)iv, Sia o-nj$e<7<^)ij', ocrTedfptv BLS ', Dat. dvprjffri, J3ir)(pi, 
 (f)ai.vo[j.fvr)(f)i,, 6eo(j)iv, trvv ITTTTOKTIV KOI o%f(r(pi, Trpos KOTv\T)8ov6(J)iv 
 
 (*coruX;Sdo-t), and, in anomalous form, vaixpi. 
 (6) There are three local suffixes : 
 
 Answering to the question where? in 61, as olxoOt, 
 
 'I\l66t TTpO, Krjpodl. 
 
 To the question whence ? in 6fi>, as oixodev, 6t66(i> : 
 
 also with prepositions, as cm ovpavodev, KCIT& Kpf/dtv. 
 
 To the question whither ? in 8e, as dyopfjvS 
 oXaSe (also els oXaSe), and analogous forms 
 oucaSe. With *Ai8oVSf supply 8S>p.n, ' to the house of 
 Hades.' Another form of the termination is *, 
 
 as in 
 
 ii. Adjectives. 
 
 (a) The Femin. of Adjectives of Second Declension is 
 formed in 77 instead of a, as O/LIO/T/, aiV^pi), except 8Ia. 
 
 (b) Adjectives in oj are sometimes of two, sometimes of 
 three, terminations. The Attic rule is not strictly observed, 
 for an uncompounded Adjective may have but two, as is 
 the case with niKpos, etc., and the compounded three, as 
 
 (V(<TTTI, dirfipf<rir]. 
 
 (c) Adjectives in vs are also often of two terminations 
 only, and often shorten the Femin. eta to ta or ?, as
 
 1C 
 
 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 (d) A common termination is en, ta-a-a, tv. In this form 
 rjtis may contract to 179, as n^fis, Tipfjs, and oets may con- 
 tract ot to ft 1 , as Awrfvira for Xwrdej/ra. 
 
 (^) 7roXvy is declined from two stems, TTO\V- and TroXXo-, 
 so that we have as Homeric forms TroXeos Gen. sing., iroXfes 
 
 Nom. plur., Tro\ea>v Gen. plur., TroXeeaai, iro\t(ro~i, TTO\ICTI 
 
 Dat. plur., and n-oXeas Ace. plur. 
 
 (/} In the Comparison of Adjectives, the termination 
 a>rep-, corar-, is admissible in the case of a long vowel 
 in the penult, of the Positive, as Xapwraros, oi^upwraros. 
 The Comparative and Superlative forms in ta>v, IOTOS are 
 more frequently used than in Attic. 
 
 12. The Article. 
 Special forms of the Article are : Gen. rolo, Dual Gen. 
 
 TOU. Nom. plur. TOI, rat, Gen. rdcav, Dat. roto-t, Tija-t, TJ/f. 
 
 13. Pronouns. 
 
 Special forms of the Personal Pronouns are as follows. 
 
 I (a) First Person. 
 Nom. Sing. | ffwv 
 Gen. tpto, fj.ev, ptv 
 
 I fptto, ffi(6fv 
 Dat. 
 
 vut, via (Ace.) 
 
 Ace. 
 
 N A. Dual. 
 
 G D. 
 
 Nom. Plur. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. I a/*fK, 57>*as, ^^as ] vfifie, 
 
 (b) Second Person, 
 a to, atv, ffuo 
 rot, rtlv 
 
 (c) Third Person, 
 to, fi>, (v, fo, tOtv 
 
 of, !o? 
 t, (f, iuv 
 
 \ VLUV 
 
 , a<f>ds, 
 
 (d) Special forms of the Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 First Person 
 Second Person 
 Third Person 
 
 TfOS, ^, il/ 
 Wt, ^, W 
 
 Plur. Dual, 
 
 afjiot and d/to (d), ^, uv vcairtpos 
 
 iipo*, 7), ov \ fftjxvirfpos 
 
 aft*, f,, to
 
 HOMERIC EORMS. 
 
 II 
 
 (e ) Special forms of the Pronoun ris. 
 
 Plur. 
 reoiffi. 
 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 
 T(o, rev 
 
 Special forms of the Pronoun OOTIS. 
 
 Norn. 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 
 OTIS, OTTl 
 
 OTfV, OTTtO, OTTfV 
 
 OTfO> 
 
 Plttr. 
 
 dricav 
 
 OTfOtffl 
 
 Acc. | onva, orn 
 
 (g) Special forms of Relative Pronouns. 
 Gen. oov, (al. oo), trjs. Dat. plur. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 14. Augment and Reduplication. 
 
 (a) The syllabic and temporal Augments may be 
 omitted. After the syllabic augment X, fi, v, a- are often 
 doubled ; p may be doubled or not at will, as eppeov, epega. 
 
 (&) Reduplication of the Second Aor. Act. and Med. 
 
 is common. Cp. f-irf-<ppa8ov ((ppdfa), eirfCpvov and Tre(pvov 
 ((pevca), TTfnidvfjLfv (Trei^w), Tre^tSew^at (^)ei'So/iini), epvKo) makes 
 
 a sort of reduplicated Aor. in fpvKtucov and ei/tWo) in fjvliranov. 
 Some of these forms are shortened by the omission of a 
 vowel, as KtK\fro for e-Ke-WXeTo, see 18 d. 
 
 (c) Some of the reduplicated Aorists give also a redu- 
 plicated Future, as Tremdija-o), Kf(pi8r](Top.at, KfKatj(T<a. 
 
 (<f) The forms fp.p.opa (peipopai) and eo-o-vp.cu (a-(va>} follow 
 the analogy of the reduplication of verbs beginning with p. 
 
 But Cp. ptpVTra>p*va, Od. 6. 59. In 8typai (Se'^o^at) the 
 
 reduplication is lost, in faifcynai, 8d8ia (root 81) it is 
 irregular.
 
 12 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 15. Terminations. 
 
 (a) The older forms of the termination of the verb 
 (Sing.) /, (rda, at are common in Homer; cp. etfeXw/u, 
 
 (b) The termination of the third person Dual in historic 
 tenses is TOV as well as TTJV, in Pass, a-dov as well as CT^P, 
 8i<aK(Tov, daprjo-a-fadov. In the plural p.(crda is frequently 
 used for fifda, Dual first person neadov. 
 
 (c) In the second person sing. Pass, and Med. o- is 
 omitted from the termination o-at, <ro, as XtXa/eat, fiovXeai, 
 Conjunct, e^ai. This mostly remains uncontracted. eo, 
 as in en-Xeo, often makes ev, viz. orXeu. In Perf. Med. for 
 
 ftt$\r)crai we find /Se'jSX^at. 
 
 (</) The third Plur. in vrai and VTO mostly appear as 
 
 aroi and aro, as SfSamrat, KtWo (eKeivro), aTroXoiflro. 
 
 (^) The termination of the Inf. is frequently nevai, or 
 
 Hfv. Pres. aKOv-f-p.fi>(ai), Fut. Kf\cv(r-e-[ifi> (at), Perf. Te^j/a- 
 
 /*ei/(ai), Pass. Aor. ft\r]fjLfv(ai) , fj.ix6f]fji(v(ai) , Second Aor. Act. 
 f\0ffjifv(ai). Another termination is <'>, as irtetiv, Bavitiv, 
 but also TiUfifv. 
 
 (_/") The terminations O-KOJ/ and 0-Kop.rjv express repeti- 
 tion of the action (iterative form). They are attached to 
 Imperf. and Second Aor. of verbs in o> by the connecting 
 
 vowel f, or sometimes a, deXytvuov, e\TKOi>, udfcrxov, piir- 
 
 TOCTKOV, TTfpvcHTicov, KpCrrrao-Kov. In the First Aor. Act. the 
 terrain, follows the aoristic vowel a, Aao-a-o-icoi/, nvria-a-arKtro. 
 In /it verbs the terminations are attached directly to the 
 
 Stem, 86-(TKOv, vra-trnov, fcrxov for ecr-o"icoi> (et^ti). These 
 
 forms are rarely augmented. Cp. <f>avTK(, Od. n. 587, 
 from e<pdvT)v. 
 
 1 6. Contracted Verbs. 
 
 (a) Verbs in ' (for the most part uncontracted) change 
 ff and e into , sometimes e? into ij, to or tou to ev. In
 
 HOMERIC FORMS. 13 
 
 the uncontracted form the stem vowel e is sometimes 
 
 lengthened into ft, as ereXeirro for eYeXe'ero. 
 
 (b~) Verbs in d<a are for the most part contracted. In 
 these verbs the long vowel produced by contraction has 
 often a corresponding short (sometimes a long) vowel 
 inserted before it, as opdw (6p&>), 6pda (6pa), Kay\a\6uxn, 
 
 Spcooxri (Spwn), pvaao-Qai (p-vatrdai). Occasionally this short 
 
 vowel appears after the long vowel of contraction, as 
 
 (c) Verbs in 6a> are generally contracted. In forms 
 that remain uncontracted the o is often lengthened to <u, 
 
 as VTTftoorrey. Such forms as dpoaxri (dpoCtri) and drjtocpfv 
 
 (fyioiev) follow the rule of verbs in do>. 
 
 17. Future and Aor. I. Act. and Mod. 
 
 (a) Pure verbs which do not lengthen the vowel of the 
 stem in forming their tenses, often double the <r in Fut. 
 
 and Aor. I. Act. and Med., as (vfiicea>) vfUea-a-a, (al80fiat) 
 aie<T(rop.ai, (ye\da>) eyeXao-tra. This is Sometimes the Case 
 with verbs in f<a, as (dj/a^dfo/.iat) dvaxa<ro-dp.fvos, (0pdfo/iat) 
 
 e^puo-o-aro. (l>) Or the o- may be altogether dropped in 
 
 the Fut., as reXe'ft, f'pvouo-t, fjLa^fovrai, dvTi6<a, \. 6. avricurta, 
 
 di/rin'ci), dmiu>, expanded by the principle explained in 16 b. 
 
 (c) The future of liquid verbs, i. e. that have for cha- 
 racteristic X, p., v, p, commonly have the Fut. uncontracted, 
 as jBaXfovri, KaraKravfovcri, crrjfMVfa). Some liquid verbs have 
 a o- in Fut. and Aor. I., as etXo-a, eWpo-a, Kvp<ra>, xeXo-m, and 
 there is an anomalous form xeVo-ai (Kei/re'eo). 
 
 (d) Conversely some verbs, not liquid, form an Aor. I. 
 
 without (r, as ^ew f^eva fX fa > Ka ' <a fKTja, fffv<a eacreva. Cp. 
 ema for etnov. 
 
 (e} The First Aor. Conjunct, has a short form with 
 f and P, as well as the longer one in 17 and o>, so we find
 
 14 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ES well as eVijSijoT/Te, dap^opfv as well as 
 
 ptv, etc. This sometimes is found in other tenses also. 
 
 1 8. Aor. II. 
 
 (a) The Aor. II. contains the root of the verb in its 
 simplest form. The present tenses to which certain Aor. 
 II. are referred are often of later formation, e. g. ?oruyo/ is 
 more primitive than oruye'w, fK-nnrov than KTVTTCO), tpaKov than 
 
 fj.rjKiiop.ai, eyrjpav than yr/pacTKG), f%paov than xpdco, ovra than 
 ovraco, v Ka X e than a.Ka^i^o>. 
 
 (l>) Reduplicated Aor. II. Act. and Med., see 14 b. 
 (c) Aor. II. with <r on analogy of In-eo-op. We find such 
 
 forms as lot> (tK), fjBf)<reTo (/SaiVw), e'Suo'tTO, 8va~6fJt.fvos (Svi'a)), 
 opera (opvvfjLi), Xe^o (Xeya)), a^ere (aya>), o'cre (oia) = ^epw), 
 
 (</) Syncopated Aor. II. An Aor. is common, formed, 
 on analogy of Aor. of verbs in /, without connecting 
 
 vowel, as (Act.) eicrav (KTfiva), ^v/x/SAqTTjv OdXXw), ovra 
 
 (ow-n'w). In the Med. these forms are generally without 
 augment, and are distinguishable from Plpf. Pass, only by 
 
 want of reduplication, e.g. e'Sey^j/, Seypevos (Se'xo/iat), (pdiprjv 
 (Opt. from <pdiva>), \irro (\v<a), e^vro, ^v^tej/or (xf<*>), trvro 
 ((Tevco), S)pro (opwfu). 
 
 19. Perfect and Pluperfect. 
 
 (a) The First Perf. is only found with verbs having 
 a vowel stem. The Second Perf. is the commonest, and 
 is formed without aspiration, as K/KOTTO. Even in vowel 
 verbs the Perf. is often without a K, as fte^ap^s, irecpvao-i, 
 
 (crrr)u)S, SfSiorey, eWaortr, etc. 
 
 (b) The Pluperfect is found with the uncontracted ter- 
 minations a, (as, ft(v) = d(v) ; sometimes ee becomes 17, 
 
 as in ydr).
 
 HOMERIC FORMS. 
 
 20. Aor. I. and II. Passive. 
 
 (a) The 3rd pers. plur. Indie, often ends in tv instead 
 
 of rjcrav, as ?fj.ix@*v, rpdfav, enraOfv, and the Infin. in r^itvai 
 
 and THJ.CV instead of r\vai. 
 
 (b) In the Conjunctive the uncontracted form in o is 
 generally used, and e is often lengthened to ei or rj, while 
 the connecting vowel in Dual and Plural is shortened ; 
 
 e. g. Safi'o) (eSd^r), (Tcnrrjr] (CT^TTCO), p-iyrjrjs, (al. fjuyeiys), fuyfewt, 
 
 21. Verbs in pi. 
 
 (a) The principal peculiarities of the verbs l 
 jLi, 8i8cafj.i, are given as follows. 
 
 Indie Pres. 
 
 lomjftt 
 
 2nd Sing. 
 
 
 yd Sing. 
 
 .. 
 
 yd Plur. 
 
 . . 
 
 Indie, ist Aor. 
 
 
 Imperf. 
 Imperat. 
 
 iffra 
 
 Infin. Pres. 
 
 lffra.fj.fvat 
 
 2nd Aor. 
 
 arrfitvat 
 
 Perf. 
 
 (aTa/j.(v[ai\ 
 
 Conjunctive 
 
 
 2 Aor. 
 
 
 isf Sing. 
 
 ffrtoj (artiai) 
 
 2nd Sing. 
 
 arrfts 
 
 yd Sing. 
 
 ffTTjTI 
 
 1st Plur. 
 
 ffTewfifv(<TTtio 
 
 2nd Plur. 
 
 
 yd Plur. 
 
 iTfpi ffrrjuai 
 
 Dual 
 
 irap-aTr)tTov 
 
 Ti&etai 
 
 6(0) (edca) 
 %* (fl^iji) 
 
 Odert 
 
 ITJfJll 
 
 iftai 
 er)Ka 
 tetv 
 
 - tica 
 
 JSiSotffOa 
 
 StSoT 
 StSovai 
 
 \Si8ovvcu 
 
 Sucaai 
 
 (b) In the Third Plural of Past tenses tv is a common 
 termination for rav, as ridfv, lev : also eo-rm/ and o-rav = 
 
 (rTT)(rav } f(j)av = edjcHrav, tfyw = ((fiv&av, cftav and /3ac = f^T](rav. 
 
 Notice also the forms eVrawr, eararf, and for ridf]fj.fvos, see
 
 i6 
 
 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 (c) Elp.i (ibo) has the following peculiar forms. 
 
 
 Pres. Indie. 
 
 Conjunct. 
 
 Opt. 
 
 Inf. 
 
 Second Sing. 
 
 flaOa 
 
 ir)ff0a 
 
 
 
 Third Sing. 
 
 
 Irjatv 
 
 Idrj 
 
 
 First Plur. 
 
 .. 
 
 "lOjJitV 
 
 
 
 nperf. First Sing. 77^0, ijiov Third Sing. ^if(v), te(v) 
 
 Dual, trrjv 
 
 First Plur. yo(j.(v, 'fifv Third Plur. fjiffav, 
 Fut. eiaofMi Aor. I. tlffafjujv, kfiaanrjv . 
 
 fjtov 
 
 (d) Efyu (sum) has the following. 
 
 First Sing. 
 
 ' tffal, tls 
 
 Pres. Indie. I Conjunct. Opt. Imp. 
 
 (01, {J.tT-ti(U . . ; 
 
 Second Sing. 
 Third Sing. 
 First Plur. tipiv 
 Second Plur. \ 
 Third Plur. I tafft 
 
 eois fffffo 
 lot 
 
 fir 
 
 tuat 
 
 Inf. efjL/j.fv[at] a 
 Particip. euv, iovaa, tbv, Gen. tovros. 
 
 Imperf. First Sing, ^o, la, lov, Second frjffGa, Third ^tv, trjv, Tjrjy, 
 Third Plur. iffav. 
 
 Iterative tense eaicov, Fut. tffffopai, Third Sing, (ffatirai. 
 
 (e) Under <^>i;/tt we find $7777 (Third Sing. Conjunct.), 
 <}>as (Particip.), ^>ao (Imp. 2 Sing.). 
 
 (_/") Under K(lfj.ai we have Ktarai, Kfiarai, and Keovrat, = 
 Kflvrat : Kfaro, Kfia.ro = eKfivro ; Krjrai = Kerfrai. Iterative tense 
 Kfa-KOfjLTjv, Fut. Kfa>, Kfio), Inf. Kfte'/nef, Particip. Ktfov. 
 
 (g) Under rj/uat J earm, etarai for rjvrai, faro, fiaro, for 
 TIVTO, 
 
 (K) Under o?8a. Pres. Indie. Second Sing. o?<W, First 
 Plur. idfjitv. 
 
 Conjunct. First Sing. el8fa>, First Plur. e'dopfv, Second 
 
 flderf, Particip. tSvia, Inf. ifyif j/ai, "S/nfJ/. 
 
 Imperf. Second Sing, rjfifys, Third ^Sfe, rjfi'Srj, Third 
 Plur. ?<rai/, Fut. (I8f)
 
 SPECIMEN OF HOMERIC 
 DIALECT. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE ILIAD. 
 
 The theme of the Iliad is the Wrath of Achilles. The 
 story tells how it began, how fatal its results were to the 
 army of the Greeks, and how at last reconciliation was 
 made. 
 
 The opening scene is the camp of the Greeks, before 
 Troy, where Chryses, the priest of Phoebus, is praying 
 for the release of his daughter Chryseis, who has been 
 taken captive in a foray, and given as a prize to Aga- 
 memnon. But Agamemnon drives him from his presence, 
 whereupon he calls on his master Phoebus to avenge him ; 
 and the god visits the host with nine days of sore pes- 
 tilence. Achilles, in this strait, summons an assembly of 
 the people, and seeks the advice of the soothsayer Calchas, 
 who tells them that the pestilence will not cease till 
 ChrysSis is restored to her father. Agamemnon dares 
 no longer keep her in his possession ; she must be sent 
 home at once : but he declares that he will make up the 
 loss to himself by taking away for his own, Briseis, the 
 darling of Achilles. 
 
 The sword of Achilles half leaps from its scabbard at 
 the insult; but Athena checks the outburst of his wrath. 
 He turns bitterly to Agamemnon, and swears by the staff 
 in his hand to leave the Greek host to its fate, till the 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. C
 
 1 8 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 day comes when they shall feel their helplessness without 
 him. 
 
 1- 
 " OtVo/3ct|Oe9, KVVO? o/Uyuar' epcoi/, Kpa^irjv <T eXa- 
 
 OVTC TTOT' e9 iroXejUiov a^a XQ 
 OVTC Xo^ot'<J' lob levat <rvv api(TTt](rcriv' 
 TerX7/ca9 BVJU.W' TO Se rot Ktjp elSerai eivai. 
 tj TroXv Xwiov ecni KaTa (TTpaTOV evpvv A^atwf 5 
 Sap* a.troaipe'iG'Qai, 09 Tf9 <re0ei/ 13b O.VTIOV eiir*/. 
 drj/uLofiopo? jSacrtXeyy, eTret oirri<5a'o<cr<i' aj/aao-e^' 
 fj yap av, *A.Tpei$t], vvv vcrTaTa Xwfitja'aio. 
 aXX' K TOI epea), Kal Trl /neyav opKov d/iov/xat. 
 val pa TO(5e arKtjTTTpov, TO /mev ov TTOTC (j)vXXa Kal 
 o^ou? i o 
 
 (fivirei, 7rel $}] Trpurra To/mqv ev opeercri XeXonrev, 
 ovtf avaOrjXqa-ef Trepl yap pa e 13c j(aX/co9 e 
 (pvXXa Te KOI (pi\oiov' vvv avTe fj.iv y/e9 9g V 
 ei/ 7raXa/ij29 7f fyopeovcri SiKacnroXot, 01 re 0e / uicrT9 
 109 Ato9 eipvaTai 15d , 6 (5e TOt /meyas e&crerat 
 
 15 
 
 ? 7TO0>/ l^crai um9 A^a/cov 
 TOTe ^ ou Ti Swrjcreat a^yv/nevos Trep 
 Xpaicr/j.iv, cur av TroXXoJ ixj)' "E/cTOpo9 avSpoc^ovoio 
 
 7r/7rT&xrr cru ^' evSoOi Qvfjiov a/uv^ei$ 
 t t o T apia-Tov A^atft'j/ ovSev eTicras." 20 
 (B. i. 225-245-)
 
 HOM. IL. i, 2. 19 
 
 Thus Achilles withdraws in anger. But his mother 
 Thetis, the goddess of the sea, appeals to Zeus to avenge 
 the insult done to her son, by giving the victory to the 
 Trojans, till the Greeks in their distress shall come as 
 suppliants to the hero whom they have dishonoured. 
 
 Zeus answers her prayer by sending a lying spirit in 
 a dream to Agamemnon, to tempt him to make an assault 
 upon the city of Troy. Agamemnon tells his dream in 
 the council of elders that have met by Nestor's ship : he 
 shows how he will raise the martial ardour of the army 
 by pretending to advise an inglorious return to Greece. 
 
 2. 
 " KXure, (piXoi' Beios /ULOI evinrviov rj\Qev ovetpos 
 
 eiSos T /neyeOos re (pvijv T ay^KTTa eoo/cet. 
 
 0-7-17 $ ap' vTrep Ke(f)a\rJ9, /cat yue Trpos /Jivdov eenrev. 
 vie Sa'i<ppovos t7T7ro^a/xo<o 8a ; 5 
 
 tov evSetv (3ov\rjd)6pov avSpa, 
 
 w Xaoi T e7riTTpa(paTai l5d Kal TOtrtra /u.e/j.tj\e. 
 
 vvv $ e/xeOei/ 13a ^i/j/e? to/ca 1 Ato? Se TOI cryyeAo? 
 
 f lf "' X*- , 
 
 7; -, ,. 09 (reu 13b avevOev eav /meya KrjSerai $<? eXeaipei. 
 
 i ere Ke\ev<re Kapt]KOfJ.6(i)VTa.$ A^GUOI/S 10 
 
 yap KCV <?\oi$ TTO\IV evpvajviav 
 Tpaxav ov yap er' auff)}? 'O\i'/i7rm SwfjLa 
 aOavaTOi (fipa^ovTai- eTreyvajm^sev yap airavTay 
 
 aXAa <rv ary(riv~ t 
 
 15 
 C 2
 
 20 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 Mye-r aTTOTTTCtyteJ/o?, e/xe e y\VKvs virvos avqi 
 a\X' ocyer', ou Kev TTW? Ooop^ofJ-ev 1 ^ 6 urn? 
 TrpwTa <5' e'ywi/ 13 * eirea-iv TreipqorofJiai., % Oe/uu? ea-rl, 
 KO.I (fieuyetv <rvv vrjvari 7ro\vK\iji(ri K\ev(r(a' 
 vfj.ei? S' a\\o9ev a'AXo? eptjTveiv e7recr<7t." 20 
 
 (B. ii. 56-75.) 
 
 But this pretence became terrible earnest, when the 
 people, catching eagerly at the chance of return, flock 
 down to the ships, to make ready for sailing home : 
 
 3. 
 
 KivyQij <5' ayoprj (p}j KV/m.aTCL (jt-aKpa 6d\dar<Tri$, 
 TTOVTOV 'Iitapioio, TO. ]u.ev T" Eu|00? re Noro? re 
 wpop 14b eTra'/'^a? irarpos Ato? CK vetyeXaoov'* 6 . 
 0)9 $' ore Kivrjcry Zed>vpo$ (3a9v \qiov eXOuiv, 
 \a{3pos eTratyl^cov, eiri T y/nvei acrTa^e<Tcrti' 9b , 5 
 w? TU>V TTOLCT' ayopt] KivtjOy Tot 12 <5' a\a\rjT(S 
 j/Jya? eV ecrcrevovTO, Troa>i> ' virevepQe KOVIIJ 
 1TTaT aeipo/mevT]' TO\ < aXXyXoKri KeXevov 
 aTTT(r6ai vqwv %$ e\/ce/xei' 15e et? aXa Siav, 
 ovpovs T e^eKaOaipov CHUT*] <? ovpavov LKCV 10 
 
 o*Kae lob lefjievoov' VTTO * ypeov eoyuara vrjwv. 
 
 (B. ii. 144-154.) 
 
 And indeed they would have sailed away, had not Odys- 
 seus been inspired by Athena to check their ardour, and 
 to make their captains listen to reason. Speaking before 
 the assembly he cries shame on their faintheartedness, and 
 tells them of the prodigy which Calchas has seen, and the 
 interpretation of it.
 
 HOM. IL. 3, 4. 21 
 
 4. 
 
 TX/yre, (f)iXot, KOI fieivar eiri %povov, o(f)pa Sawney 
 t) ereov KaX^a? [tavTeveTai tje /cat OVKL' 
 ev yap St] ro<?e IS/uey ei/t (ppe^tv, eo"Te <^e Trctvre? 
 /uctjOTfjOot, ol;? fJLrj Krjpe? efiav QO.VO.TOIO (pepowai. 
 ")(Qi(a re KOI Trpun^', or' e? AvXiSa vrjes 'A-^aiwv 5 
 riyepeQovTO KUKO. IljOta/aa) /cat TjOcocrJ (pepovcrar 
 f]fj.el<i <!> a/ad)} Trept Kpyvrjv iepov$ /cara /3w/>coy9 
 epSo/ut-ev aOavaTOiirt TeX^eiTtra? e/caTO//8a?, 
 
 VTTO TrXaTav/iTTft), o0ei> joeev ayXaw vocap" 
 e(f)dvr] /meya o-^a- Spdicow enl vcora Sa- 
 (poivos, 10 
 
 j3(i)[j.ov VTrai'^as Trpos pa TrXaravKTrov opovarev. 
 evQa ' e<rav (TTpovOoto veovcrol, vrjTna, re/ci/a, 
 
 O^Ct) ex' CLKpOTOLTU), TTeraXoi? lyTTOTreTrTJ/COTe? 19 *, ' 
 
 O/CTOT arajO /uyrrip evaTt] tji>, % re'/ce reia/a. 15 
 
 e^0' o 'ye TOU? eXeetm KCtTrjcrOie TeTpiywTa.?. 
 MTrip S' a/uL(p7roTaTO oSvpofji.evtj (f)[\a re'/ci/a- 
 T^ o eXeX<^a/>ievo9 TTTepvyo? \a/3ev a/ufpia^yiav. 
 
 CTrel KCITO, TeKv e<pay crTpovQoio 8 * Kal 
 
 TOV /xei' aplfyXov OtJKev Oeo?, 09 Trep e(pt]ve' 
 \aav yap (J-iv eOrjice K.povov TTCU? a'y/cuXo/AJ/reft 
 r/fJieif $ ecrraoTe? 19 * Oavfjid'^o/u.ev olov erv-^Qri. 
 to? oi)v oeiva treXwpa 6ea)v eicrrj\0' e/caTO/XjSa?, 
 avTiK eTretra SCOTT pOTrecov ayopeve*
 
 22 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ' T/TTT' avea) eyeve&Oe, KaptjKOjj.ou>vTe$ 'Amatol', 25 
 repa<s fj.eya /x^r/era 70 Zeuy, 
 oou 13g K\eo$ oo TTor' dAerTCU. 
 
 C09 OVTOS Kara TeKv' (f)aye CTTpOv9oiO Kdl O.VTt]V, 
 
 OKTO), arap MTiip evarr] ^i/, ^ reVe rewa, 
 
 co? fi/ueis Tocrcravr' erea TTToAe/x/^o^tef ai/0{, 30 
 
 r)(TO^.v vpvd f yviav.' 
 
 TCO? ayopeve' ra o^ vw Travra TeAeircu. 
 aXA' a'ye /mi/nvere Travre?, ei/'/cv^t^e? ! 
 /, e<? o /cev OKTTV /meya TIpia.ju.oio 
 
 ', 'Apyeioi $ p.ey "ayov a/x^)J Se 
 
 35 
 
 Kovafirja-av avaavrcav VTT' 'A.yaiu>v 
 fj.v0ov eTraiv}](ravTs O^ucrcr^o? Oeioio. 
 
 (B. ii. 299-335.) 
 
 Then the heralds summon the armies on either side to 
 battle. And now as Greeks and Trojans are about to 
 close, Paris steps forth and challenges the best champion 
 of the Greeks ; but the sight of Menelaus, whom he has 
 so deeply wronged, strikes him with terror, and he slinks 
 back to the Trojan lines, only to meet the scornful taunts 
 of his brother Hector. 
 
 5. 
 
 O< <T ore ^ <r^e^oi/ ycrav CTT' a\\rj\oicriv to 
 Tpuxriv /mev TTjOO/ua^^ef 'AA 
 TrapSaXetjv CO/JLOKTIV e^cav /ecu 
 KOI E,i(pos' avTap 6 Sovpe Sv 
 Trd\\<0v 'Apyeicw TrpOKoXi^ero Traj/ra? apiarrovy 5
 
 HOM. IL. 4, 5. 23 
 
 avrlfitov nayecracrOai ev aivfj 
 
 Tov <5' ft)? ovv ev6rj<rev apy'iipiXos Mei/eXcto? 
 epXoy.evov TrpOTrapoiOev o/u.l\ov, 
 009 re \eoov e^apt] fj.eya\w CT 
 evpcov % e\a(pov Kepaov r] aypiov cuya, 
 Treivcuav fj.a\a yap TC KO.T(r6lei, el irep av avrov 
 ra^ee? re KVVCS OaXepoi T al'Cnol' 
 Meve'Xao? 'A\^avSp 
 o(j)6a\iui.oi(Ttv ifiwv (j)aTO yap 
 avTiKa $' e o^ewv vvv rev^etriv aXro 18d ^a- 
 ^e lob . 15 
 
 Tov (T a 1 ? ovv evoqcrev !AXe^aj/^|OO5 OeoeiSr]? 
 ev TTjOO/xa^oio-f (fravevra, KareTrXyyt] (pi\ov rjrop, 
 a\|^ (^ eTapuiv et? eQvos e^a^ero /c^jo' aXeeivcov. 
 to? ^' ore T/y re SpaKOVTO, i<$o>v TraX/i/opcro? 
 oupeos lc ev |8^<rcrj;? 7 *, y?ro re T|OO/>to? 
 
 <yi;ra, 
 
 a\J/- T' ave-^uiprja-ev, cS^oo? re yuti/ eTXe 
 w? ayrt? /caO' o/u.i\ov eSv Tpuxav a 
 <5e/<ra? 'ArjOe'o? wov 'AXe'^aj/ 
 TOI- ^' "E/crcop veiKecriTev 1 ^* ISutv aia"xjpol$ 
 " Avcnrapi, e?<5o? apia-re, yvvat]u.ave$, ^TrejOOTreura, 25 
 a?0' o<eXe? a-yovo? r' efJLevai zld aya/wo? r' ctTro- 
 
 /cat /ce TO '(3av\oifHjv t /cat /cev TroXu KepSiov 
 "TI ourft) Xco/37v T' e/uievai Kcii VTTO-^/IOV 
 i? TTOU /ca'y^aXoaxri 1613 KaptjKo/mocovTes
 
 34 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 <avTe? apivrtja Trpo/mov efj.fji.evai 21d , owe/fa /caXoi/ 30 
 
 et$O9 e-rr'' aXX' owe ecrri /3/^ <ppea"lv, ovoe Tt? aXiri;. 
 
 V rotoarSe ewv ev TrovroTropOKTi veecra't 
 
 Trovrov eTTtTrXftxra?, erapovs epirjpas ayeipas, 
 
 fju%6e\s a\\oSaTroi<ri yvvaiK eveiSe' avtjyes 
 
 e aTT/i/9 *ya/^?, wov avSpiav ai^juLtjTawv' 16 , 35 
 
 jrarpi re crw /ue'ya Tr^/ia 7ro'X^'/' 9e re Travri re 
 
 OVK dv &T] [teiveias apy'tyiXov Mei/e'Xaov ; 
 yvottjs % oiov (pwTOS e^et? BaXeprjv TrapaicoiTtv. 
 OVK av TOI xpai<r/ULii KiOapi? ra re Su>p 'A(f>po- 
 <5rr>;9, 4 
 
 q re Ko/jnj TO re eiSos, or ev Koviya-i /xfye/^?. 
 aXXa /taXa Tpiaes SeiS^fJ.ove^' y re KZV tjcij 
 \aivov <r(ro xirSiva KCUCWV eve- o<rcra 6b eopya?. 
 
 (B. iii. 15-57-) 
 
 But, after all, the challenger must give battle ; and the 
 two heroes meet in the space between the armies, who 
 make a covenant to abide by the result of the combat. 
 Paris is soon felled by the spear of Menelaus, but, even 
 as he is being dragged off by his conqueror, Aphrodite 
 rescues him and carries him away to Helen's bower. And 
 now, by right, Helen should have been restored to her 
 own husband, since Paris has been defeated. But the 
 gods are not willing to have the war thus decided. Athena 
 is sent to tempt the Trojan Pandarus to break the truce 
 by shooting an arrow at Menelaus. Nor is Pandarus at 
 all loath.
 
 HOM. 1L. 5, 6. 25 
 
 '6. 
 
 AimV ecruXa TOOI/ eii^oov i%d\ov 
 ayplov, ov pa TTOT' CH/TO? VTTO (TTepvoio 
 
 eK^alvovra, SeSey/mevo? ev 7rpo$OKtj<ri' Jf , 
 
 Cl TTjOO? <TTrj0O$' O (T UTTTtO? e/ULTTCCTe 
 
 TOV Kepa K K(pd\fj$ CKKaiSeKaStapa 7re<pvKf 
 
 /cat ra /xei/ ao-/c^cra9 Kepao}*6os "jpape 
 
 Trav ^' eu Xet^a? ^jjva-erjv CTreOrjKe 
 
 KOI TO /xei/ e<) Ka.Te6t]Ke Tavi/cnra/ievo?, Trort 
 
 ay/fX/i/a? 1 TrpoarQev Se cra/cea (T^eOov ecrOXoJ eTatpoi, 
 
 /uLt] irp\v ava'ieiav aprj'ioi vies 'A-^aiwv, 10 
 
 TTjOfi/ (SXtjfrOai MeveXaoi/ aprfiov 'Ar|0O9 u/oi/. 
 
 avrap 6 crvXa TTW/ULO. (fraperpw, etc ^' eXer' <ov 
 
 CL/3\fJTa TTTepdevTa, /ueXaiveow^ 6 epfjC odvvaoov 
 
 a:"ya ^' exJ vevpfj KareKocr/ut-ei TrtKpov OICTTOV 
 
 eti^ero $ 'A-TroXXcovt \VKrjyevei' K\VTOTO^a) 15 
 
 apvu>v TrpwToyovwv pe^eiv K\eiTt]V eKa.TO/J.jSrji' 
 
 oiicaSe i/ocrT7cra? icprjs et? acm; ZeXe/*??. 
 
 eX/ce (T o/uow / yXu^)/^a? re Xa/3wi/ /cat vevpa (Soeia- 
 
 vevprjv /m.ev fJ^o\u> TreXairev, TOJ-W Se criStjpov. 
 
 O^OV ereti/e, 20 
 
 /, aXro 18d ^ dj'crro? 
 
 i /meveaiv(av. 
 
 OvSe creOev, Meve'Xae, Oeot fj-aitapes XeXa0ovro 14b 
 ^ayctTO/, Trpa>Tr) e A^o? QvyaTtjp ayeXe/jy, 
 rot Trpoa-Oe crracra /3e'Xo? e^e7reu/ce? a/mwev. 25 
 
 $e roVoj/ /*ey eepyev UTTO %poos, w? ore
 
 26 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 TraiSos eepyy 1 * /JLVICIV, 06' rjSei Xe^ercu 17e vi 
 avT "Qvvev 061 (^axTTrjpos d^e? 
 <rvve^ov KOI SnrXoos JJVTCTO dwprj^. 
 ev ^ eTreae ^axrTrjpi aprjpoTi Trixpos oio-roV 30 
 
 Sia fJLev ap 5 ^uKTTtjpo? eX^Xaro 
 KOI $ia Owprjicos TToXuSaiSaXov riprj 
 
 9' , r)V efpopei ejou/xa xpoo?, epKog 
 
 (KporaTov ap O'IOTTOS eireypa^fe \poa (coTO?' 35 
 (5' eppeev at/ma KeXaiveipes e 
 $ ore T/9 T e\e(pavTa 
 ije KaetjOa, iraprjiov 
 ' ev 6a\ctfJL(t), TroXee? 116 re 
 d (popeeiv jSacrtX^i' ^e KCITUI a^aX/xa, 40 
 
 , KO<T/J.O$ 6' t-Tnrca eXaT^|Oi re KV$O$' 
 TOIOI TOI, MeveXae, fj.idvOtjv at/maTi unpoi 
 ev(f)ve$ Kvtj/j.a.1 re t^e <r<pvpa /caX' virevepOe. 
 
 (B. iv. 105-147-) 
 
 Thus the truce is broken, and the signal given to renew 
 the fight. Agamemnon hurries from captain to captain, 
 to exhort, rebuke, or inspirit ; and as Diomede, the mighty 
 son of Tydeus, leaps from his chariot, spear in hand, the 
 ranks of Greeks and Trojans close. 
 
 7. 
 
 'H pa, KOI e o-^etov crvv rev^ea-tv d\ro ^a/xo^e- 
 Seivov $ e(3pa')(e ^aX/co? eirl <TTtj6e<ra'iv ava.KTO$
 
 HOM. IL. 6, 7. 27 
 
 opw/nevov VTTO Kev TaXacrt<ppovd Trep $eo$ eiXev. 
 
 '^9 ^ 6V eV aiyiaXw TroXvrj-^e'i KV/ULO. 9a\d(r<Tt]S 
 opvvT 4 eTrct(r<rvTepov Zte<pvpov VTTO Kivrjcravros' 5 
 
 TTO'I/TW /xei/ re TrpuiTa Kopvcrcrerai, avrap eTreiTa 
 
 priyw/j-evov /meyaXa /3pe/j.ei, a/u.(j)l Se T cucpas 
 lov Kopv(povTai, cnroTTTvei $ aXo9 a^vrjv 
 W9 roV 7racrcrvTpai Aai/awi/ KLVVVTO (paXa'yyes 
 
 7roXe/xoi'^e lob , KeXeve $e O'KTIV e/ca<rro9 10 
 ot ^' aXXot a/ci^f tarav 21 ou^e /ce (pair]? 
 Xaov eirecrOai e^oi'T ev (TT}]9e<riv avSyv 
 
 reJ^ea TroiKiX eXa/xTre, ra el/nevoi e<7Tt'^o(avTO l6b . 
 Tpwes ^'5 to9 T' oie9 7roXf7ra/jtoj/09 avSpo? ev avXfj 15 
 fj.vpiai e<rTt]Ka<riv ajmeXyo/J-evai yaXa XevKov, 
 a^>7^e9 /uLe/maKviai, ctKovovcrai oira apvwv, 
 009 Tpwtov aXaX/T09 ai'a crTpaTOV evpvv oponpei' 
 ov yctp "tfdvTWv tjev 2ld o/uo9 9poo$ ovR la yqpvs, 
 aXXa yXwcra" e/xeyut/cro, 7roXy/cX>/TOi o e<raf 
 avSpev. 20 
 
 wpcre (^e roy? /u.ev"Apr)?, TOV$ Se yXavKa>7ri? 'l 
 
 v A|Oeo9 9c dv$po(f)6i'0io Kaa-iyvrjTri crapy re, 
 ^ T' oXiyrj /zei/ TrpwTa Kopvcrcrerai, avrap 
 ovpavw ea-rrjpi^e Kapr] /ca) eTTt ^Ooi/J jSatVet. 25 
 
 ^ ir^ti' *cat To're ver/co9 6/u.oli'ov e/x/3aXe fj.e<T<T(a 
 epxpft&ai Ka& o/JLiXov, ocpeXXov&a CTTOVOV avSpwv. 
 Ol o" 6're o 5 ^ p 1 69 ^wpov eva ^vviovTey "KOVTO,
 
 28 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 a~vv |o' e/3a\ov pivov?, (rvv $ ey^ea KOI //eve' avopwv 
 arap a(nrles o/J.<pa\oea-(rai 30 
 
 TO\v$ (? opv/uaySos opa>pei. 
 evOa $ a/u.' otfjuayrj T" e KC " ev^coXrj ireXev avSpwv 
 oXXvvrwv Te KOI o'XXu^tei/wi/, pee $ ai/mari yaia. 
 toy ^ ore ^eifjiappoi TTOTO/JLOI KOT opecr(pi 10 * 
 
 e? /miarydyiceiav (rv/m/3aX\rov oftpijmov vSwp 35 
 
 Kpovvwv K fjieyaXwv, KolXtjs evroff 
 
 Ttav Se re r?Xocre Sovirov ev ovpe<riv e/c\ue 
 
 w? TWV yuxfryo/uej/coi/ yeveTO ia'xfi TC TTOVOS Te. 
 
 (B. iv. 419-456.) 
 
 Diomede is now the central figure of the war. Through 
 the thickest of the fray he bears a charmed life. Pandarus 
 wounds him indeed with an arrow, but Diomede gives 
 him his death-blow in return, and would have crushed 
 Aeneas with a huge stone, had not Aphrodite sought to 
 save him. But Diomede does not spare even the goddess 
 in his fury, but drives her wounded from the field, and 
 she leaves to Phoebus the duty of rescuing Aeneas. 
 
 But now the Trojans rally, for Ares inspires them with 
 fresh courage. Nor do the other gods hold aloof from 
 the conflict. Hera encourages the Greek army, and 
 Athena stands by the side of Diomede, while he wounds 
 Ares and turns him to flight. 
 
 As the Trojans fall back discomfited upon their city, 
 Hector bids his mother and the Trojan dames to seek 
 the favour of Athena by the offering of a splendid robe 
 and other costly gifts, that she may withdraw Diomede 
 from the battle.
 
 HOM. IL. 7, 8. 29 
 
 Meanwhile, Hector has gone to the palace of Paris, and 
 finding him there in Helen's presence dallying with his 
 armour, he sternly bids him to the fight. Helen, full 
 of sorrow and shame, would fain detain Hector; but he 
 hurries on to take his leave of his wife and child. 
 
 8. 
 
 /caXa, TCI p ai/ro? erei/e GVV avSpacriv o* TOT 
 
 (tplCTTOl 
 
 qa-av evl Tpoty epi(3a>XaKi TeKTOve? avSpe?, 
 cii ot eTToLrjcrav QaXa/JLOv /cat SS>/j.a ical av\tjv 
 eyyvQi re Hpid/uoio /cat"E/cTO|OO9, ev TroXet aicpy. 5 
 os, ev $ apa X ei P l 
 TrdpoiOe Se Xa/unrero 
 
 ft ^ Q 
 
 OOl/|009 8 
 
 alyjJ.*! -)(a\Keirj t Trepl Se xpu<reo<; Oee Tropic*}?. 
 TOV o* evp' ev 6a\a/mu) irepiKaXXea Tevye 
 
 ' A.pyeiri o 'EXevij /xer' apa o/u.ci)r](ri 
 rjffTO, ical a/u.(pi7rdXoi<Tt TrepucXura epya KeXeve. 
 TOV $ "E/crcOjO j/e/reo-<rev 17a iScov aiar^pois eTree<T<ri. 
 " oaiju.ovi , 01' fj.ev KaXa %oXov TOV$ evOeo QV/J.W. 
 Xaol fjLfv <p6ivv9ov<Tt Trepl TTToXiv aiTrv re Te^O9 15 
 
 /j.apvd/u.evoi- o-eo 13b $ etveK avTrj re TrroXe/wo? re 
 
 O.ITTV TO' afjL<piSeSr]e' <rv S' uv yua^e'crato /cat aXXa>, 
 ov Tivd TTOV pedievTa Wot? (TTvyepov TroXeftoio. 
 aXX' ava, /ny ra^a acrru Trvpo? Srjloio OeprjTai."
 
 30 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 Tov $ auTe Trpocreenrcv 16 'AXe^avSpos Oeoeifyv 20 
 " "E/CTOO eVe/ ju.e /car' alcrav eVe//ce<ra9 ova vTrep 
 
 O. TOI epew a~v Se arvvOeo /cat jmev 13 ' UKOVCTOV. 
 ov TOI eya> Tpuxav TOCTCTOV^ \o\(a ovSe ' 
 tj/u.r)v ev Oa\a./uL(f>, f6e\ov $ .X e ' 
 vvv e /ne Trapenrovcr 0X0^09 /xaAa/cof? eireea-aiv 25 
 (jopfjujcr' e9 TroXe/uiov Soiceei Se /uoi caSe Kal avrw 
 Xcoiov ecrcrecrOaf viKt] (5' exayue//8erat avopas. 
 a\X' a'ye vvv eTrl/meivov, aprjia Tev^ea vta' 
 "t] ?0'j eyu> oe /xeret/xt* Ki^t}(Tcr6ai Se cr 6ia). 
 
 *Q$ (pGLTO' TOV ^ OV Tl TrpO(T<pt] KOpvOdloXo? 
 "EiKTWp' 30 
 
 TOV ^' 'EXevj; fJLvOoi(Tt TrpoarrjvSa /meiXi^ioKTi. 
 " Saep e/JLeto 13 * KVVO$ KaKOfjuf^avov OKpvoe<T<Tt]$, 
 CD? fji oipeX "jfjiaTi TO), ore fj.e TrpwTOv Te/ce fjLrjTtjp, 
 7rpo(pepov<ra Kate*) ave/jioio OveXXa 
 
 OO? 37 etV ry/xa 7roXv^)Xo/cr/3oto OaXacro-*/?, 35 
 
 /xe Ku/uC cnroepire Trapos TaSe epya 
 avrap eirel rdSe y u>Se Oeol KCLKCI 
 avSpos exetr' w(^)eXXov 6b a/ue/voi/o? efvat atcoiri?, 
 
 ' * ' ^ I , j . ' / ^J/ 'x-v^'/l' 
 
 o? ydt] 1JD veftetriv re /cat aia"^ea TroXX avupwircov. 
 roi/Tft) ^ OUT' cfy) vi/i/ (frpeve? e/mireSoi OUT' OjO* 
 
 07r/(T(Tft) 40 
 
 60-o-oi/Tat* TW /cat /xti/ e-n-avp^crea-Oai oia). 
 aXX' aye i/uj/ e?o"cX0e /cat e^eo TOJ^ e^rt Si(ppu> t 
 oaep, eVet (re /xaX(o*Ta TroVo? (ppeva$ a/j.(pi{3e{3t]Kev
 
 BOM. 1L. 8, 9- 3 1 
 
 etveK e/JLeio /ci/fo? KOI 'AXe^dvSpov eveK art]?, 
 
 olcriv eir\ Zeus Oyice KO.KOV /aopov, d>? KOI oTr/crcrw 45 
 
 avOputTTOKTi 7T\u>/JieO' aoiSi/u.oi ecrcro/xei/otcrt." 
 
 Trjv 3' foei/Scr eTreiTa /xe-ya? KOpv6aio\os"EiKTiap- 
 " JJ.T] yue :aOt^', 'EAevj/, (piXeovcra Trep' ovSe /me 
 
 e'y' e/meio TroOrjv cnreovros eyovcriv. 5 
 aXXa <riv 7' opvvOi TOVTOV, eTreiyea-Ooo <5e raf auroy, 
 w? rei/ e/ji' VTO(r6ev TroXto? KaTa/u-apylftj eovra. 
 KOI ya/o eywj/ or/coi/(5' lob e<re\ev<ro/J.ai, o<ppa i 
 oiKtjas 9 ^ aXo^oV re <pi\t]i> /cat VJJTTIOV vlov. 
 
 OV yap T olfi t] Tl <T(plV VTTOTpOTTOS 
 
 avrts, 55 
 
 ^ /J^i; /x* ITTTO yepa\ Oeoi Sa/u.6a>(Tiv l< * b 'A^aio>i/." 
 
 (B. vi. 313-368.) 
 
 As Hector reaches the Scaean gates of Troy, his wife 
 Andromache meets him, with his only child Astyanax. 
 There, after tender words of farewell from husband and 
 wife, Hector kisses his child, and with a prayer for his 
 future fame, gives him back into Andromache's arms, 
 and quits his home, never to enter it alive again. 
 
 9- 
 
 Ei)re TrvXa? 7/cai/e o/ep^o/uei/of /J.eya CKTTV 
 2/cata?, TJ7 ap 
 v& 0X0^09 Tr 
 
 rij Qvyarrjp
 
 32 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 'Her/on/ 09 evaiev VTTO IlXa/cw v\tje<T<Tf], 5 
 
 07/3j7 'YxoTrXaic//?, KtX//ee<ro-' avpe<r<riv avdaarw 
 TOU Trep St] Bvydrrjp e>^eO' "E/CTOjOi a\KOKOpv<TTy. 
 % oi eTreiT %vrrj(r\ afjia <? a^t^tVoXo? Kr/ei/ aim? 
 iraiS* eir\ KO\Tr(i) e^ovir a.Ta\d(f)pova, vyiriov avrcos, 
 'EKTOpiSyv aya-TrtjTov, aXiyKiov acrTepi /caXoo, 10 
 TOV ^' "E/CT<0|0 /caXeecrAce 15f 2/ca/xai/^jOtov, avrap oi 
 
 ciXXoc 
 
 ' A.O'Tvava.KT' O(O9 'ya/J epvero I\iov " 
 //TO* o /xej/ fJLeiSqarev iScav e? TraiSa <n(OTry- 
 oi a'' 4 v 
 
 )6l(ret ere TO crov //eevo?, oi/^' eXeaipeis 
 Sd re vrjTrla^ov KOI efi a///o^oi' 6b , ^ Ta^ 
 ecro/mai' rd^a yap <re /caTa/craj'eoi'o-tJ/ 171 ' 
 e<pop[J.t]6evTev e/xot ^e /ce KepSiov eirj 
 arev oK^a/maprova-y -^Owa dv/JLevai 150 ov yap er 
 a'XX^ 20 
 
 ecrTcu 6a\TT(tipri, eirel av (TV ye TTOTIJ.OV e7rl(nrris, 
 aXX' X 6 '* ^^ A 104 eiirTt TraTrjp Kal TTOTVia 
 VITOI yap -Trare'jo' a/uoi/ 13d cnre/crave 109 ' 
 ex oe TroXiv Trepcrev K.I\IK<JI)V evvaierdtixrav, 
 Gi/jSj/i/ v\lfiirv\ov KUTO. ^' eKTavev 'HertWa, 25 
 oi;^e /ii/ eevdpie, <re/3a<r<raTO 17a -yctio TO 
 aXX' a'|0a /xii/ KaTeKrje <rvv evTeai 
 ij(5' cTri o-^/x' e^eev irep\ tie T
 
 HOM. IL. 9. 33 
 
 vv/m<pai opecrTidSes, Kovpat Ato9 aiyio^oio. 
 
 ot Se fj.oi 7rra KCKriyvqToi ecrav ev ju.eydpOi(riv, 30 
 
 ot fj.ev TrdvTes io> K'LOV ///xart "Ai'So? etarw 
 
 TraVra? yup KareTrecbve 1 ^ TroSapKys 10$ 
 
 fiovcrlv eir eiXnroSe&cri KOI a 
 
 /ntjTepa <T, r] {3a<TiXevev VTTO Tl\d.Ka) v 
 
 Ttjv 7rel ap oevp' riyay* a/jC a\\oi<ri KTeaTecraiv, 35 
 
 ax!/' o ye Ttjv UTreXvcre \a(3u)v a.Trepeicri >lf oCrroiva, 
 
 TraTjOo? $ ev juLeydpoivi /3a\' "Apre/mis io^eatpa. 
 
 "EffTOjO, arajO <rv /J.OL ecr<rt 21d 
 
 rj^e Kaa~iyvtjTO^, aru Se /mot OaXepos 
 
 a\\ dye vvv eXeaipe /cat ai^rou /mifjiv CTTL Trvpyw, 40 
 
 is.}] Traitf op<paviitov 0yt]$ 21 * ")(ypiv re 
 
 \aov <$e crrtja-ov Trap epiveov, evOa fud 
 
 a/u/3aTo? e<TTi 7roXt9 /cat eTrlSpofiov eVXero 14b Tei^os . 
 
 T|ol? 70^0 rrj y eXOo'i/re? eTreipfaavQ' ol apicrroi 
 
 afj.(^> A'/ai/re Svw KOI aya.K\vTov 'I<5o/uev^a 45 
 
 KOI veos aKifj.ov vov 
 TTOV r/9 crcpiv evKnre QeoTrpoiriwv ev eiScas, 
 vv KOL a\>Tu>v 6v/uos eiroTpvvei Kal ava>yei" 
 Tqv avre Trpocreenre le peyas KOpvOaloXos 
 
 ** ^ Kal e/mol rdSe irdvra fieXei, yvvar aXXa /xaX' 
 atvco? 5 
 
 aiSeofMtt TjOwa? /cat T|Oa>a<W eXAreo-tTreTrXou?, 
 at /ce /ca/co? ^9 vocrtyiv aXuo-/ca^o) TroXe/moio. 
 ovoe /me 6vfj.os avcoyev, eirei [J.d6ov e/i/otefat ecrOXo? 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. D
 
 34 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 aiel /cat TrpuiTOKTL fiera Tputea'cri 
 
 apvvij.evo's irarpog re /xe'-ya /cXeop ^ efjLov avrov. 55 
 
 eu -yap e-ya) ro^e ot$a /cara cfjpeva KOI KOTO, OV/ULOV 
 
 etrarerai qftap or' av TTOT 6\(a\y "IXio? Ipt] 
 
 KOI TIpia/ULOs KOI Xao? eu/i/ieX/w 7d II|om/uoto. 
 
 aXX' oi/ /uoi Tpuxav Tocrffov /ieXei aX<yo9 ox/cr(TO) 6b , 
 
 OVT' aur^p 'E/fa,8i79 cure IljOm/xoiO aj/a/crop 60 
 
 owre /cair/'yi/^Tft)!', ot KCV TroXeep 116 re /cat ecr^Xot 
 
 ev Koviycri Trea-oiev VTT avdpdcri <W / uei'ee<7<m', 
 
 oa-arov (rev, ore /ceV T*P A^atwv 
 
 ficucpvoecrcrav ayrjTai, eXevOepov y/u-ap ( 
 
 Kai KCV ev "Apyei eou<ra 21d Trpop aXX>79 Itrrov 
 
 /cat /cei/ vSwp (fropeois Me<rcr>;t^o9 ^f ' 
 
 TToXX' ae/ca^o/uevi; 2b , Kpareprj 
 
 /cat TTOTC Ttp e?7r>7(rtj' 15a t'&oy /cara dicpv 
 
 09 apt(TTey(7/ce 15f 
 
 , OT "I\IOV afJL()fJLdOVTO.' 70 
 
 a>9 Trore Tt9 |0cet 17b , trot <5* av j/eov IcrcreTat 
 
 TOiovS' av^joop, a/ut-vveiv SovXiov 
 aXXa /xe re0i/i7wra 19a X 177 "^ WWf 7ta 
 TTjOtV ye TI <7^p re /8o^p <rou 6' eXxtjOfJiOio wOe- 
 
 arOcu. 
 
 *Qp eiTrcov ov TraiSo? ope^aro (f)aiSi/mo$ "E/CTft)/). 75 
 a\|r ^' 6 TratV 21 * 7T|OOp /CO'XTTOI/ ei/^coi/oto 
 K\ivOij tdx^f, Trar/oop (piXov o 
 Tap/3q<ra$ xaXicov re iSe \6(f)ov t
 
 HOM. IL. 9. 35 
 
 KopvQos vevovra vorj(ras. 
 K <T e-yeXacrcre Trarrjp re cf)t\os KOI trorvia M- 
 Ttjp. So 
 
 aVTlK CITTO KyjaTO9 9g KOpvO* etXeTO 
 
 Kai TT)V jj.lv KareOrjKev em xOo 
 avTap o y ov <pi\ov viov eirei Kvore Trrj\e Te 
 eiTrev TTv^diuievo<f At/ r' O\\OHTIV re Oeot<rt' 
 " Zeu aXXoi re 0eol, ^ore fly Kai. TovSe yevea'Oat 85 
 Tra^' e/jiov, &)? KOI eyu> Trep, apnrpeirea T p<ae<r(riv, 
 woe (3lt)v T' ayaOov, Kai IX/oy T<^)f 
 , * 7raT/oo9 
 
 TroXe/xou avioj/ra' (pepoi <5' evapa 
 
 ?ibv avSpa, \apeitj Se (frpeva HJLrJTqp" 9 
 
 eov fj 8 apa /uiv KtjwSe'i Se<~aTO Ko\TT(p 
 oev -yeXdo-ao-a. TTOO-/? <5' eXe'^ire i/oijara?, 
 it.iv KaTepefcev, C7TO9 T' e(paT\ K T' di 
 ir], M fjioi TI \irjv a/ca^/^eo Ou/xar 95 
 
 ou ya|0 r/9 M' V7T6|0 a?<rai/ avt}p"Al'Si Trpo'ia^ei' 
 /jiotpav $ ov nva <pq/u.i 7re<pvyiu.evov eft/ULevai av8pu>v, 
 ov KUKOV, ov^e fJLev ecrOXov, eTrqv TO, Trputra yevqTai. 
 aXX e/9 OIKOV lovcra TO. <r avrrjs epya /co/xt^e, 
 I<TTOV T rj\aKaTriv re, Ka\ aim(f)nro\oi(ri KeXeve 100 
 ipyov 67ro/^eo-0a/. 7roXe^iO9 ^ avSpe<r<n fj.\r]<ri 
 /, e/uol Se /iaXfcrra, rot 'IX/w e ( yye ( yaa<7ii' 19a . 
 Kopvtf eTXero 
 D 2
 
 36 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 lirirovpiv 
 
 ) OaXepov /caTa oaicpv ^eov<ra. 105 
 (B. vi. 392-496.) 
 
 Hector now challenges the Greeks to send a man to 
 fight with him ; but at first no one is found willing to go. At 
 last nine of the Greek chieftains offer themselves, and, when 
 the lots are cast, Ajax, son of Telamon, is taken. Night 
 puts an end to the combat of the two heroes, and they 
 part with chivalrous courtesy. A truce is made between 
 the two armies for the burning and burial of their dead. 
 The Greeks spend the hours of early morning in throwing 
 round their ships a rampart and a ditch, which moves 
 Poseidon to jealousy when he sees the greatness of the 
 work. 
 
 10. 
 
 'HeX/o? le ftev eTreiTa veov Trpo<re{3aX\ev apovpas, 
 e a.Ka.XappeiTO.o' 1 ^ j3aOvppoov 'Qifeavoio 
 ovpavov cicravioov oi S' "jvreov a\\tj\oi(riv. 
 evda Siayvwvai ^aXe-7Tft)9 rjv avSpa e/caorov 
 a\X' vSari vtfyvres O.TTO ftporov al/maToevTa, 5 
 
 Sdicpva 6ep/u.a ^eovre?, a/xa^acov 7e eTrdeipav. 
 ovtf eia K\ativ Hpia/u.o$ /uLeya?- oi Se cnarTn/ 
 veKpov? irvpKaitjs tTrevrjveov a^vvfjLevoi Krjp, 
 ev Se Trvpl Trptjaravres efiav Trporl *I\iov Ip^v. 
 w? 8* ayrw? erepcoOev evKvyfJiiSes 'Amatol 10 
 
 ev oe Trvpl irpqcravTes e{3av /cot'Xa? eTrl 
 
 *H/(XO9 O OUT a 7TOD >?W9, Tt $ a/U
 
 HOM. IL. 9, 10. 37 
 
 ap a/ji.(f)l Trvpt]v Kpiro? eypero l8d Xao9 
 
 Tu/m(3ov $ a/m.<p' avTijv eva TTOICOV e^ayaydvTes 15 
 
 a/cpiTov etc ireSlov, TTOT\ o O.VTOV TCI^O? eoei/mav 
 
 Trvpyovs 6' v~^st]\ovs, eiXap n/wv 9f re /ecu avruiv. 
 
 ev 8 avTOicri TrJXa? eveiroieov ev apapvias, 
 
 o<ppa $i' UVTUWV i7nrrj\a(TLri 080$ etrj. 
 
 KToa-6ev e (BaOeiav CTT' avrw rd(f)pov opv^av, 20 
 
 eupeiav fjieyaXyv, ev oe crro\O7ra9 KareTrtj^av. 
 
 *Q$ 01 fJLev TroveovTO KaptjKO/uiOtavTes ' 
 01 $ Qeoi Trap Zitjvl KaO^/mevot a 
 OrjevvTO 2 * /meya epyov 'A.^aicov 
 
 roiiri Se fj.vQ(nv ypx e Hoiret^atov evotrl-^Owv' 25 
 
 " Zei/ TraTep, j] pa TI$ etTTi (3pOTU)v CTT' cnrelpova 
 
 yam v 
 oy Tt9 er aOavdroKTi voov K.GLI /u.fjriv evtyei ; 
 
 auT 2c Kap^KO/mocovTe^ A^atoJ 
 17a veu>v 9t VTrep, a/JL(pl $e Ta(ppov 
 
 '> f )\a<rav, ovSe Oeoicri Socrav /cXetra9 e/caroV/3a9 ; 30 
 TOU (5* ^ rot :Xeo9 eVrat ocrof T' eTMt/WOTOI >Jctf9' 
 
 TOV ^ TTL\r](roVTai TO ey<a KO.I <&0l(3o$ 
 
 , ofoi/ eie<xe9 le . 35 
 aXXo9 /cei' r/9 TOITO 0etoi/ Seicreie vorjfia, 
 09 cre'o TroXXoj/ a<pavp6repo$ ^elpa.'S re jUeVo9 re- 
 eroi' (T /* TOi /cXeo9 earai ocrov
 
 38 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 aypei /*/, OT av UVTC Kapt]KO/JLu>vT$ 
 
 <rvv vrjva-l (pi\tjv e? TrarpiSa yaiav, 40 
 
 avapprja$ TO /ui.v ets aXa TTOV /caramel/at 17d , 
 auTt? o' jjtova /xe'yaXi/i/ ^a/j.d6oicri 
 to? cev rot ft-cya TeF^o? a.fjia.\SvvT)Tat ' 
 
 (B. vii. 421-463.) 
 
 Now Zeus bids the Gods to take no further part in the 
 fray, while he terrifies the Greeks with volleys of thunder- 
 bolts, till even Diomede, on whose chariot Nestor is 
 mounted, dares not go against Hector in open defiance 
 of the wrath of Heaven. So Hector advances in triumph, 
 and the Greeks retire behind the shelter of their rampart. 
 The Trojans bivouac upon the field, keeping watch upon 
 the camp of the Greeks lest they steal away under cover 
 of the dark. 
 
 11- 
 
 O/ Se fjieya (fipoveovTes ava TrroXe/AOfO ye(f)vpa$ 
 emro 15d Travvv%ioi, irvpa <5e cr<picri Kaiero TroXXa. 
 ft>5 <5' OT' ev ovpavw atrTpa (fiaetvtiv a.fji.(pl creX^vrjv 
 (paiver apnrpeTrea, ore r e7rXeTo 18d njve/xo? alQrjp, 
 <!K T e(pavei> 20& Tratrai (TKOTriai KOI irpaioves aicpoi 5 
 /cat vaTrat, ovpavoOev o^ ap' vireppayt} aa-Trero? aiOyp, 
 Travra Se T eWerat acrrpa, yeyyOc e re <ppeva 
 
 TTOl/JLt]V 
 
 ToVcra fjLea-riyv veoov ti$e ^avQoio poawv 
 
 KdlUVTltiV TTVpCl <paiVTO 'IXtO0t 10b 7T/OO. 
 
 ap' ev TreSia) Trvpa /ca/ero, Trap $e e/cacrTft) 10 
 cre'Xat
 
 HOM. IL. u, 12. 39 
 
 "ITTTTOL oe Kpl \evKov epeTTTO^voi /cat 6\vpa$, 
 eerraore? Trap' o^ecrC^iv, evQpovov rjS) iJ-i/J-vov. 
 
 (B. viii. 553-5650 
 
 It seemed as if the Greeks must really now return home 
 discomfited. They cannot stand before Hector. There 
 is yet one hope : if Agamemnon will send an embassy of 
 reconciliation to Achilles ! So Odysseus, accompanied by 
 Ajax and Phoenix, the foster-father of Achilles, proceeds 
 to the hut where the hero lay, and puts before him 
 Agamemnon's offer. Brisels shall be honourably restored 
 to him, and Agamemnon will give him one of his own 
 daughters to wife, with a princely dowry, and an inheritance 
 of seven Argive cities and many treasures for his house. 
 But Achilles turns a deaf ear, and answers bitterly : 
 
 12. 
 
 " Ato'yeve? A.aepTidSt], TroXi/yotJ/^av' 'QSvaaev, 
 yjpri /j.ev 8t) TOV /jivOov aTrt]\eyew9 aTroenreiv, 
 fl Trep St] (ppovew Te Kal 00$ TT\<T/u.evov e'crrcu, 
 w? fj.rj /noi TjOu^i/re Trapjfjievot aXXoOev aXXo?. 
 e^Opo? yap moi KCIVOS o/xw? 'Aifiao TrvXya-iv"* 1 , 5 
 
 09 % erepov /xei/ KevOy evl (ppecrlv, aXXo ^e e'tTrr]. 
 avrap e-ycov ejOew 17b co? pot SOKCI etvai apia-ra. 
 OUT' e/ue y 'A.Tpel($r]v 'Ayajmefjivova 7retare/xei/ 16e otw 
 O^T' aXXoi/? Aavaov?, CTrel owe apa Tt9 ^ctjOi? rjev 
 imdpvaa-Oai or{ioi(Tiv eir' avopcuri i/coXe/ue? ate/. 10 
 
 'icrrj /xo?jOa /aeVoi/Tt, KOI el /uaXa rt? 
 ev Se irj Ti/Jifj riiJ.lv /ca/co? ^e /cat 
 KarOav 5 6/xco9 o T' aepyos avyp o re TroXXa eopyuty.
 
 40 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ovSe rt not TrepiKeirai, e?ret irdOov aXyea 
 
 . 15 
 wy o" opvts aTTTrjcrt i/eocrcroto-t TTpotyepycri 15 * 
 
 1 ', TTi Ke \aj3t](n, KO.KWS 8* apa ol Tre\ei 
 
 &<; KOI eyta 7roXXa9 fiev ainrvovg VVKTO.S "avov, 
 <5' alfj-aroevra SieTrptjcrcrov 7ro\e/x/wi>, 
 ri ju.apva/uLvo$ oapcov eve/ca (riperepdcw. 20 
 
 $t] (TVV vrjvcri Tro'Xei? aXciTra^' avOpwTrcav, 
 5' evSeica. (fujfJ-i KUTO. Tpolqv epl(3(>\ov 
 K Tracrecoi' 76 icei/uu^Xta TroXXa /cat ecrQXa 
 /caJ ITOLVTOL <pep(av 'Aya/xe/xj/oi/t S6<TKOV 15{ 
 6 ^ oTTicrQe jmevutv Trapa 1/171/07 Oo^crt 25 
 Sia Travpa (5a<ra<T/ceTO 15f , TroXXa <^ e^- 
 
 <TKV, 
 
 aXXa ^ a.pi<rT^<r<Ti SiSov yepa Kal /3a<ri\ev(Tf 
 roiari fJLev e/mireSa Keirai, eftev $ airo /movvov 'A^atwi/ 
 eTXer', e^e/ (^ a\o^ov QvfjLapea' ry Trapiavwv 
 Tp7re(T0(i). TI e Set TroXe/mil^efJievai 15e Tpwecr&tv 30 
 'Apyetovs ; TI Se \aov avrijayev ev9a.fi ayeipas 
 'Ar|Oe/<579 ; rj ou^ 'EXei/^? eve/c' yvKOfjiOio 1 * ; 
 ^ JJ.QVVOI (piKeovor aXo^ouy fJiepOTrcov avQpwTrwv 
 'ArpeiSai ; eTre) op rt? ai/>?|0 a^a^o? /fat e%(j)pa)v, 
 Ttjv avrov (piXeet KOI KrjSerai, w? /cat e-yto rtjv 35 
 
 6AC 6v/J.OV (j)i\OV OVplKT*]TrjV TTCp OV<TaV. 
 
 vvv $ 7rel e/c -^eiputv yepas etXero icai fj.' c 
 /ut-rj /nev TreipaTco ev et^oro?* ovSf yue TretVet.
 
 HOM. IL. 12. 41 
 
 KTeU <TVV (TOl T KCU 
 
 ) vyfcr<Tiv aXe^e/mevai Sqiov irvp. 40 
 
 ?l nev $r] fjLaXa TroXXa Trov^a-aro voa-(piv e//eto, 
 Kal Srj Te?^O9 e^ei/ue, /cat ^Xatre Ta(ppov e?r avTca 
 evpelav /ueyaXj/v, ev ^e (TKo'XoTray Kareirrj^ev 
 aXX' ou^ 5 w? &VVO.TO.I o-0eVo? "E/crO|009 avSpo(p6voio 
 "icrveiv, o(ppa ' eyw /ner' 'A^yaiolGiv TroXe/xt^oi/, 45 
 ou/c eOe\(TK /ua^i/ OSTTO re/^eo? O|Oi'i//iev 15e ''E/cTft)|0, 
 aXX' ocroi' e? 2raia? re TruXa? rat (ptjyov "iKavev 
 ev6a TTOT oiov e/uu/ULve, /wo-yt? ^e ^eu e/c^u-yev 6p/u.qv. 
 vvv ^*, eTret oJ/c eOeXco TroXe/ni^e/nev' ISiKTOpi otw, 
 avpiov ipa Aa' |6e'a9 f at Tracrt Oeotcrt, 5 
 
 f^a?, eTr^ aXaSe Trpoepva-fTW, 
 eal, rjv eOeXrjtrOa 1531 KCU ai Kev TOI TO. /Ae^t^Xj/, 
 yuaX' 'EXX^fTTroi'TOV e?r' i^Ouoevra TrXeovcras 
 s fj.as, ev $ avSpa? epea-a-e/mevai /me/mauras- 
 e Kev evTrXoi^v u>r} 2la K\VTO? 'Evi^oo-/^atO9, 55 
 
 TpiTUTU) ^6it]v epij3(t)\ov iKoiiu.t]v. 
 <TTI fie fj.01 /mdXa TroXXa, ra KaXXnrov evOaSe eppoov 
 aXXov tf evOevde ^ouo-oi/ ical XO\KOV epvOpov 
 rjSe yvvaiKa? evtybvovf TrdXiov re (riStjpov 
 
 i, acrcr' eXa^ov ye' yepas oe /u.oi, 09 Trep 
 e'StoKev, 60 
 
 e(pv(3pl^wv eXero 
 
 TW TTO.VT ayopeve/u-ev 156 , 0)9 
 
 a/uL<paov., o(ppa KOI aXXoi 
 
 ei Tiva TTOV Aai/acoi' eri eXxerat
 
 42 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 aiev avaiSelrjv eTrtei/xeVo?. ovS" av e/nol ye 65 
 
 TerXairj tcvveo? Trep etov et$ wTra i$ecr6ai. 
 ovde rl oi (3ov\as cru/uL<ppd<r<Toiu.ai 17a , ov$e nev epyov. 
 tcai o av TO?? aXXoicriv eyco 7rapafj.v6t]<Tai/u.t)v 
 otKaS 1 cnroTr\eiiv lb , eirel ouKen Sqere TKfj.wp 
 
 ' /uaXa yap eOev l3c evpvoTra^ Zeu? 70 
 e \aol. 
 
 v tovreg 
 
 ayyeXiqv cnro(f)a(r6e TO yap yepa$ C<TTI yepov- 
 
 ev 
 
 ^ Ke cr(piv vrids TC crow KOI \aov 'A.^aiu>v 75 
 
 vrivcr\v CTTI yXcKpvpfj?, eTrei ov cr(picriv ij$e y' eroifjuj, 
 r)v vvv etypCKrcravTO, e/mev a7ro/xi?j'/craj/Tos. 
 
 (B. ix. 309-373; 417-426.) 
 
 Thus all hope of help from Achilles falls through. 
 
 During the night Diomede and Odysseus are sent to spy 
 out the Trojan lines, and there they fall in with a Trojan, 
 Dolon, who was coming to reconnoitre the Greek camp. 
 They rush upon him and force from him all they want to 
 know about the Trojans. 
 
 13. 
 
 Tco fjiev CTreSpafJieTrii', 6 S' ap ecrTt] SOVTTOV O.KQVCTW 
 eX-Trero yap Kara Ov/mov aTrocrrpe^fOvra^ eraipovs 
 
 K Tpti)(t)V teVttl, TToXlV "E/CTO|OO9 OTlOWai/TO?. 
 
 aX\' OTe Sy p' airecrav Sovpyveices q KOI eXacraov, 
 yvci) p avSpas Sqiovs, Xai^rjpa e yovvaT^^ 8 evu>[j.a 5
 
 HOM. IL. 12, 13. 43 
 
 (j)evye/jLvai- rol ' cutset fcwfccv op/uLyOya-av. 
 
 ft)9 OTe KO.p\OLpOOOVT Ol/ft) KVV, CtOOTC 0J7OJ/9, 
 
 >? /ce/ota^' ^e Xa'ywov eTreiyerov e/u/jive$ atel 
 %u)pov av vXrjevB' , o $e re TrpoQeycri 15 *' 
 
 C09 TOJ/ Tuoe/0179 J?0 O 7TToXt7TOjoOo9 
 
 5tft>/ceTOi' 15b e/Uyue^e9 ate/, 
 
 aXX' ore <5^ ra^' e/xeXXe /ufyi/crecrOat (pvXa 
 (pevywv e? y^a?, Tore $7 /mevos e/mftaX' 'A.6qvt] 
 TuSeiSij, "va /mi] TIS 'A^atwv ^a.\Ko^iTwva)v 
 
 /SaXeetv, 6 ^e SevTfpo? e\0oi. 15 
 
 pocrefa tcparepos Ato^ii/^?- 
 ;e (re fiovpl Ki^crofj-ai, ovSe ere ^)//xt 
 OTTO x e /o? aXi/^eti' atVw oXeOpov." 
 T H ^oa, /cal 7^09 a<pfJKVi e/cwi/ 
 Se^irepov (T UTTCjO cujmov e'u^ov Sovpo? aKCOKt] 
 ej/ <ya/j? eTrdytj- 6 $ ap' e<TTt] Tapftrjcrev re 
 /3ajm.^aiva)v apa(3o$ Se ia trro/ua ylyver o^o 
 
 oe oa/c^<ra9 exo? t]ua' 
 ,' avrap eyu>v eV*e \vcro/j.ai- e<TTi yap 
 
 re oyro9 re 
 
 ^ ) v 101. r * * i i s> 
 
 TUOV K V/J.IJLIV iA xapiiTCUTO Trartip axejOeicTt cnroji/a, 
 e? *cei/ e/xe ^iwoi' TreTrvQoiT 14b eTrl v^yulj/ ' A^atwi/. 
 
 oy 5' a7ra//eij8oyitei'09 Trpo(T(pr) TroXv/oti/Tt? 'Ooucr- 
 o-ei/9*
 
 44 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 " OctjOcref, fitfoe TI rot Qava-ros KaTaOufJLios e<TT&>. 30 
 aXX' a'ye /not roSe etVe /cat arpeKew KaraXe^ov 
 try $ ouTto? e-TrJ vJ/a? UTTO (TTpaTOv ep^eai o?O9 
 yu/rra ^t op(pvalr]v, ore evfiovcri fipoToi aAXoi ; 
 ^ (7* "EiKTdop TrpoetjKe SiacTKOTrtacrOai e/cao"ra 
 
 y <r avrov OU/ULOS avijice;" 35 
 eireira Ao'Xwf UTTO <T 
 
 " 7roXX^o-/i/ lle // artjart Trapeic voov "jjayev "Efcrft)jO, 
 o? yuo( II>;Xe/a)t'o? ofyai/ou /m.u>vv^ag ITTTTOV^ 
 o(t)<Tefj.evai KaTeveucre KOI ap/uLara irotKiXa ^aX/cw, 
 rivwyei Se n' IOVTO. Oo^v Sia VVKTO. /meXaivav 40 
 
 avpu>v v(r/Jievea)v a-^eSov e\6e/u.ev, eifc re TrvOeirdcu 
 ye <pv\dcr<rovTai v^e? 6oal w? TO irapos TrejO, 
 fj "joy ^eipearcriv v(p' rj/JLerepyvi 8a.fJ.eiT$ 
 (pv^iv (3ov\evov<ri /xera <r(f)l(riv, ou<^ e6e\ov<ri 
 VVKTO, (fivXaarcreiu.evai, /ca/iarw aSr]KOTe$ aivaj." 45 
 
 (B. x. 354-399-) 
 
 When Dolon's secret has been dragged from him, Odys- 
 seus contemptuously slays him ; after which Odysseus and 
 Diomede steal into the camp of the Thracian prince 
 Rhesus, and bring back in triumph his snow-white steeds. 
 
 In the fight next day, Agamemnon is struck by the son 
 of Antenor, and Paris succeeds in wounding with his 
 arrows both Diomede and Machaon, the skilful leech. 
 The day goes ill with the Greeks, and Achilles watching 
 from his tent sees that the moment of his own triumph is 
 fast approaching. 
 
 Meanwhile the Greeks are cooped up within their ram-
 
 HOM. IL. 13, 14. 45 
 
 part, while Hector assails it furiously from without, and 
 urges his troops to take it by storm : 
 
 14- 
 
 '" * 'Apyeiot <5e Ato? 
 vrjv(7\v ewt f y\a(pvpfjcriv e 
 "E/crOjOa SetSiores, Kparepov /u.q<TT(i)pa <po(3oio- 
 avTap o y', ft)? TO 7rp6<r6ev, efJ.dpvaTO t'cro? aeXX>/. 
 w? ^' or av ev re Kvvecr<ri KOI avdpdcri OrjpevTycri 5 
 
 01 <$e re TrvpyqSov o-^)e'a? 13c avrovs aprvvavrey 
 avTiov 'icrTavTai, Kal aKOvrl^oviri 0a/xemy 
 at^/aa? e/c -^eipwv TOV <5' ov TTOTC KvSd\ifJi.ov icrjp 
 rap{3ei ove (pofieirai, aytji/opltj Se niv erra 18d - 
 rap(pea re crT/oe^erat (rr/^a? avSpwv 
 07T7TJ7 T' i0v<ry, ry r' e'iKov<rt crr/^e? avSpwv 
 
 rd<ppov Trorpvvtov Sia^aive/mev. ov$e ol "nnroi 
 ToXfJt.(av WKviroSef, /txaXa ^e ^oe/xeTt^oi' e?r' a/C|Oft) 15 
 ve/Xet e^ecrraore?' a?ro ya/J SeiSlcro'ero Ta<ppos 
 evpi\ OUT' ap virepOopeetv a-^eSov ovre Treptjcrat 
 
 ea-racrav afJifporepcoOev, vTrepOev e 
 o^eiriv ripypei, TOU? effTairav vies 'A.^aiSiv 
 TTVKVOVS Kal fjLeyaXovs, Srj'iwv avSpaw 
 
 a r\i i t r tt .;. f/ 
 
 ej^c/ oy /cef pea ITTTTOS evTpo^ov ap/Jia 
 ecr/3at);, Tre^oJ ^e /u.voiveov ei reXeoveri. 
 
 (B. xii. 37-59-)
 
 46 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 For a time the wall is defended against their assault, till 
 Hector breaks in the gates with a huge stone. 
 
 15. 
 
 s fJ-ev TU>V eir cra /xa^/ reraro 7TToe//o9 re, 
 rpiv y* ore r] Zeu9 icvSos vtrepTepov 
 
 qvvev Se Sicnrpvariov Tpuiecr&i 
 
 " opvva-9\ i7nr6SafJi.oL Tpwes, prjyvv&Oe $e re^o? 5 
 
 'Apyeicov, KOI vrivcrlv eviere 6e<nri8ae? irvp^ 
 
 rt il? (par eTTorpvvtov, 01 S 1 ovaari Traj/rey aicovov, 
 "Qwav 8* eirl Tet^o? aoXXee?. ot ime 
 
 e7re(3aivov a/ca^/xei/a Sovpar e 
 ajOTra^a? Xaav (f)epev, 09 |(5a TruXatoi' 10 
 (rr^Ki TrpocrQe, Tiyw/ii/o? xa^v?, avrap virepOev 
 o^y? IV TOJ/ ^ oi5 /ce <5u' ai/e^oe STJ/U.OV apitrrw 
 
 oloi vvv ftpOTol elcr- o $c jj.iv pea TraXXe /cat o?O9. 
 a'9 ^' OT TTOI/U.TJV peid (pepei TTOKOV aptTevos 0/09 15 
 Xtp] \a(3a>v ereptj, 6\iyov $ fjt.iv a^0O9 eTreiyei, 
 a/9 E/CTfty) t0u9 (ravloGov (pepe Xaai' aeipas, 
 m ^oa -7ri;Xa9 eipvvro TTVKCI cmfiapSx; apapvlas, 
 df Soiol $' 
 
 /ota e /cXj;<9 eTraprpei. 20 
 
 <TTI; ^e //aX' eyyvs ewv, KOI epeia-a/uevos /3aXe 
 
 ? ot acfravporepov
 
 HOM. IL. 15, 16. 47 
 
 vri, /neya & aju.(f)l irvXai /ttwroi' 18a , ov' ap 
 
 , (ravlSc? $e Sier/nayev 20 * aXXvSt? aXXtj 25 
 Xao9 UTTO pnrtjs. o tf ap' evOope (j)aiSifJ.os "E/cTft>|0 
 araXai/TO? vtrwiria' Aa/X7re oe ^aXfcw 
 
 rov eearro irepl \pot', Soia 
 $ovp e^eis. ov Kev T/? fjuv |0wa/cev 14b 
 v6(rd)i Oefov, OT ecraXTO 18d TruXaf TTUjOf S' owe 
 SeSrjei. 30 
 
 /ce/cXero 18d Se Tpu)<T<Tiv eXi^a/jievos Ka6 o/miXov 
 rei-^09 V7rep(3alveiv rot ^' oV|Ouj/oi'Tf TrlOovro. 
 OUT'IKO. <5' o/ /x.ei' Tel^o9 vTrep/3a<Tav, 01 Se KCIT airraf 
 . Aai/aot <T e(f)6(3t]6ev 
 aX/acrTO9 eTu^Or]. 35 
 (B. xii. 436-471-) 
 
 Then the battle rages within the rampart with varying 
 success, Zeus befriending the Trojans and Poseidon giving 
 secret aid to the Greeks. Meanwhile, Hera bribes the 
 God of Sleep to seal the eyes of Zeus, that Poseidon may 
 be free to assist the Greeks still further. Hector, after 
 hurling his spear at Ajax, is himself struck down by a 
 stone and carried swooning from the ranks. 
 
 16. 
 
 Ami/re? Se Trpwros aKovTive $a/(5(/xo9 "E/crw/o 
 ey^ei, eirel TeTpaTTTO 7rpo$ idv 01, 011$ a(f)a/j.apT 3 
 Tfj pa $v(a reXap.S>ve irepl arrrjOecra-i TerdorOtjv, 
 ; TO/ o /mev <ra/ceo9, 6 ^e (fiacrydvov apyvpoyXov
 
 48 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ru> oi pvcrda-Qriv repeva Xpda. ^uxraTO 
 oTTi pa ol /3eXo? O>KV eruxriov eK(f)vye '^eipos, 
 o?\|r o* eTaptov ei$ eQvos e^a^ero Ktjp' aXeeivoov. 
 TOV nlv CTTCIT airiovTa jue^a? TeXa/ACoi/to? Am? 
 Xep/uaSiM, TO. pa TroXXa, Oodoov e^yuara vtjatv, 
 Trap 5 TTOO-/ fjiapvafjievcov eicvXivSero- rwv "ev aelpas 
 
 ecrueve 
 
 ?, Seivt] Se 6eeiov le yiyverai 
 e aur^9- rof ^ ou irep e^ei Qpacros 09 KCV 
 tSrjrai 1 5 
 
 eyyv$ eu>v, ^aXe?? ^e Ato? 
 w? eVear' "E<CTOjOO? co/ca ^a/xai /mevos ev 
 fteipos <5' Kf3a\ev e'y^o?, CTT' aury ^' aarTn? ea( 
 KOI icopw, afji.cp'l $e oi f^pd^e rev^ea TroiKiXa 
 oi $e fjieya ia^ovTes eTreSpa/Aov vfes 'A^atcoj/, 
 epveo-Oai, a.KOVTi(pv Se 0a/xeta? 
 
 AXX* ou T/f eBvvrjcraTO Troi.fj.eva \au>v 
 
 ve /3a\eiv 
 
 TlovXvo'd/j.a? re /ecu AtVe/a? Kal Sio$ 'Ayyvtap 
 ^apTnjfiwv T ctjO^o? Au/c/wv *cai TXau/coy a/uu/xwv. 25 
 Ttov ^* aXXwy ou T/S ey 13c a/c^etrev, aXXa TrapoiOev 
 a<nrlSa$ eu/cu/cXoy? o"xeOov avrov- TOV tf ap' eratpot 
 Xepariv aeipavres <pepov etc TTOVOV, o(pp liceO' ITTTTOVS 
 o7 oi OTTicrOe
 
 HOM. IL. 17. 49 
 
 ecTTacrav rivio^ov re /ecu ap/mara TTOIK.IA. e^ovre?' 30 
 01 roV ye Trpori dcrrv (pepov /3apea (rrevd^ovra. 
 
 (B. xiv. 402-432.) 
 
 Then Zeus awakes and finds he has been tricked. He 
 bids Poseidon quit the field, and sends Phoebus down to 
 encourage Hector and the Trojans. Phoebus leads them 
 on across the ditch and the rampart, and the Greeks are 
 driven back upon their ships. 
 
 17- 
 rd(ppa $ 
 
 evOa Kal evOa (pefiovro, SVOVTO <$e ref^o? avd f 
 "E/crcop <^e Tpcoecrcrtj/ e/ce/cXero 18 * /ua/cpoi/ aiyVa?" 
 " vrjvcrw eTrtcrcreJecrOa/, eav $ evapa fipOTOevra. 5 
 ov $ dv eyuiv diravevOe vewv ereptaOi vorjaru), 
 avTov 01 OdvaTOv /u^T/crOjUat, ove vv TOV ye 
 yvaoTol re yvtarai re irvpos XeXa^axn 14b Qavovra, 
 aXXa /ewe? epvovart 17b Trpo acrreo? q/meTepoio" 
 
 *Q$ eiTTwv /nairTiyi KaTd)/ui.aov fjXoKrev ITTTTOVS, 10 
 KeK\d/u.evo$ Tpwecrvi KO.TO. (rr/^a?. ot <5e crui/ airru) 
 TravTes oiJ.OK\t]travTeg e^ov epucrap^tara? ITTTTOVS 
 tj'Xfj BetTTrecrirj. TrpOTrapoiOe e *&ot(3os 'A-TroXXetfj/ 
 pei o^Oa? KUTreroio jBaQetys Trocrcrlv epeiTrwv 
 69 yuecrcroi/ /care/SaXXe, ye<pup(iocrev Se KeXevOov 15 
 
 /UGLKpyv >/o evpelav, 6<rov T eirl ovpo$ epwr) 
 yiyverai, OTTTTOT' avtjp crOeveos 7reipa>/uiei>o? ^<r<i/ 21a . 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. E
 
 5O HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 TY\ p of ye Trpo-^eovTO (f)a\ayyt]$oi>, irpo S' Axo'X- 
 
 \(av 
 
 aiyiS* e^a)v epiTi/nov. epenre Se re?^o? 
 peia /JLO\\ 059 ore Ti? xJ/d/uctOoi/ Trat? a 
 
 0-^9, 20 
 
 09 T' eTret ow iroirja-ri aQvp^ara vy-Trierta-iv" 1 *, 
 a\^ auTf9 arvi/e^eve Trocrlv KOI ^ep(r'iv aBvpow. 
 (09 pa <TV, "ne Qoipe, TTO\VV Ka/j-arov KOI ol'^vv 
 <Tvy^ea^ & 'A.pyeia)v, avTotcri Se (j)vlav evcoptras 1 ^ . 
 
 '^9 01 fj.et> irapa vt]V(nv eprjTuovro jmevovres, 25 
 a\\r)Xot<Ti Te KeK\6/u.evoi, Kal Tracri Oeoiffi 
 
 vl<r)(pVTes /u.eyd\' eu^ero'ft)^TO 16b e/cacrTO9. 
 avTe /maXifrra Tepyvio?, ovpos !A^a(cov, 
 eu^ero, \elp opeywv e/9 ovpavov a&TepoevTa- 
 " Zev TTOLTep, ei TTOTe Tt9 rot ev "Apye'i Trep TroXu- 
 
 7TU|060 30 
 
 5? /3oo9 ^ ot'o9 /cara TTIOVO, /uuipla Kaiwv 
 eu^ero voarrfjvai, av 3' vTrecr^eo KOI Karevevtras, 
 TU>V /JLvqcrai, Kcti a/u.vvov 'OXy/uTTie v>;Xee9 yf 
 fjitlS' ovrta Tpcoecrcriv ea Sd/u.vacr6ai A^ato 
 *Qs e(^ar' ev-^o/jievos, /meya tf e/cri/Tre 18 * 
 
 35 
 
 Ato9 KTVTTOV ai 
 
 ju.a\\ov CTT 'Apyeioia-i Oopov, fj.vrj(ravro $e xd 
 01 \ 0*9 re fteya KvfJia. 6a\dcr<rt]9 evpviropoio 
 vyo? inrep TOI^WV KCtTafirjcreTai, OTTTTO'T' eTreiyy 4
 
 HOM. IL. 18. 51 
 
 ye /ci/yuar' 6<peX\ei' 
 
 w? Tpwes neyaXy la^y Kara ret^o? eftatvov, 
 '/TTXOI/? (5' etVeXa(rai/Te9 CTT) wpVfAVtj&t 
 ey%e(riv a/UL(piyvois avroa-^eSov, oi fj.e 
 01 ^' CLTTO vt)u>v V~YI fjieXaivaoov eTriftdvTe? 45 
 
 /maKpoi(rt V<TTOI<TI, rd pd erfi cirl vrjvcr'iv eiceiTO 
 vav/ma-^a KoXXyevra, Kara crro^a ei/uLeva ^aX/cw. 
 
 (B. xv. 343-389-) 
 
 And now Hector presses on and grasps by the stern the 
 ship of Protesilaus, calling for fire to burn the fleet, while 
 Ajax has to bear the whole brunt of the battle, keeping off 
 the Trojans as they come on torch in hand. 
 
 18. 
 
 "E/eTWjO <5e 7rpv/u.vr]$ veo? ywaTo irovTOTrdpoio, 
 KoXtjs WKvdXov, 17 IT p(*)Tea'i\aov eveiKev 
 e? Tpoiyv, ovtf avTis aTr^yaye TraTplfia yaiav. 
 TOV trep Sri Trepl 1/1709 'A^atot re Tpwes re 
 Syovv aXXr/Xovs avroa-^eSov. ovS' apa rot ye 5 
 
 TO^oof aika? d/u.<pl$ ftevov ove T a/covT(0v, 
 aAA' o7 y eyyvQev la-Td/mevoi, eva 6v/u.ov e^ovre?, 
 o^eari $tj 7re\eKe<rcri KCU a^lvycri fj-d^ovro 
 Kal ^(peariv /meyaXoia-i Kal eyyeuiv d/u.<piyvoi<Ti. 
 TroXXa Se <pd<ryava Ka\a /u.e\av$eTa KWTryevTa 10 
 aXXa fJLev etc yeipwv ^ayuaoi? Trecroi/, aXXa (T air 
 
 (t)/U.(OV 
 
 avopwv fjiapva/mevdov pee o ai/maTi yata /meXaiva. 
 "E/crwjO ^e TrpvfJi.vt]6ev eVet 
 E 2
 
 52 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 fiera %ep(r}v %(av, Tpoxrlv Se KfXevev 
 "o?crere 18 Trvp, a/j.a ' aurol aoXXee? opvvr' 
 aiiryv. 15 
 
 vvv rjfJuv TTCIVTCOV Zev? a^iov qftap e^owce, 
 vtja? e\eiv, at devpo 6ea>v aeitqTt p.o\ov<rai 
 i~ifj.lv TTjJ/uara TroXXa Oetrav, KOKOTIITI yepoi/Tcov, 
 01 /JL' eOeXovra fMa^eaOai eTrl TrpvfJLV^tri veevaiv 
 avTov T icr'%avdaa'KOv* 5f eptj7vovTO re Aaov. 20 
 
 aXX' ci Stj pa rore /SXaVre (frpeva? evpvoTra"* 6 Zei'9 
 rifAcrepas, vvv ai/TO9 eTTOTpvvei Kat avdoyei. 
 
 Oy e(paQ' , 01 " apa /aaXXov CTT 'Apyelotartv 
 
 bpovcrav. 
 
 A?a? <^ ovKer e/j-i/j-ve' jSia^ero jap jSeXeecro-tv' 
 aXX ; ave^wCero TVT&OV, oio/uievos OaveecrBai, 25 
 
 Qprjvvv (f) eTrraTToSrjv, X/Ve *Kpia vtj 
 
 ev ap o 
 
 Tpwa? afj.W vewv, oy rt? (f>epoi a/ca/iarov Trvp. 
 
 aie e <r/u.epvov 
 
 " w (friXoi fjpwe? Aaj/aot, OepaTroi'reg "Ap^o?, 30 
 
 avepes eirre, <pi\oi, fjLvr](ra(r6e Se OovptSos a 
 
 ?e Tti/a? <pa/j.ev etvcu aoa-crrjrtjpa? OTrtVcrft 
 
 ^e Tt TCi^o? apeiov, o K' avSpa<ri Xcu'yoi' 
 
 OV /ULV Tl 0"XOV (TTl ' 
 
 p *c' cnrafjivvaifj.ea'O* erepaXicea fly/mov f^ovres' 35 
 aXX' ev yap Tpuxav TreSlui 7ru/ca 
 TTOVTO) KeK\ifJLevoi, Ka 
 ra ev \epcrl ^)oa>s, ov
 
 HOM. IL. 19. 53 
 
 , KOI ' 
 
 09 rt? <5e TjOoW /co/X>75 CTT/ v^i/at (pepoiro 4 
 
 crw 7riy)J /c;Xe/ft), lb yapiv "E/cropo? 
 roy <T Ai'af ovTa<TKe }5t SeSey/mevo? e 
 
 (B. xv. 704-746.) 
 
 But even Ajax cannot singlehanded oppose a whole 
 army. At last, overpowered, and with his spear shaft 
 shattered, he is forced to retire, and in a moment the 
 ships are wrapped in flame. 
 
 Thus the threat of Achilles has been accomplished, that 
 he would not forego his wrath till the battle had reached 
 the ships. 
 
 Patroclus, his trusty friend, is now suffered to take the 
 chariot of Achilles and lead out the Myrmidons to turn 
 the fortune of the day. The sight of Patroclus in the 
 field acts like magic : the Trojan assailants fly before him, 
 like clouds before the blast. 
 
 19. 
 
 'lp (Tor' aTr'OJXi/yUTrou ve<po<! epy^Tai ovpavov eitrw, 
 aiOepof K Sir]? ore re Zev? Xa/Xaira reiVjy, 
 w? TU>V K vt]u>v yevero 10.")$ re (po(3o$ re, 
 ove Kara /moipav irepaov iraXiv. ' E/cTO|Oa <T ITTTTOI 
 K(f)epov coKinroSe? (rvv reu^ecri, Xeiire Se Xaov 5 
 
 TpcoiKov, ov9 aeKOVTO.*; opvKTt] Ta(f)pos epvKe. 
 TroXXol S* ev rd^ppw epvarap/mare? ftj/cee? ITTTTOI 
 afcavT* ev TrpwTia /ou/xw X/TTOI/ apfia 
 IlaTjOO/cXo? ^' eTreTO <T(j)e8avov Aai/aotcri 
 Tpaxrl Aca/ca <ppove<av. ol 8e ' a X^ T ^pofiy T" e IO
 
 54 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ap Tftdyev 20a , i/\Ja <T 
 aeXXa 
 aO' VTTO ve(pevov, TUVVOVTO oe ficavu^e^ ITTTTOI 
 
 irpoTi OLCTTV vewv aVo KOI K\i<rid(0v. 
 Har/)0/cXoy ' y irXeia-TOV opivo/jievov *e Xaoi/, 
 T^ p e% 6/u.oK\rj<ras' VTTO a^ovi (pwTes CTTITTTOV 15 
 Trpyvees e o^eiav, oi(ppot o a.veKVfj.f3a\ia^ov. 
 avTtKpv S' apa Ta<ppov vwepOopov w/cee? ITTTTOI, 
 
 7rpO<T(T(t) ljU.eVOl, 7rl (? "fjKTOpl KeK\TO 6v/JLOS' 
 
 7ero yap /3aXeeti/ 15e , TOV ^' eitfapov aWe? ITTTTOI. 
 w? 8 VTTO Xa/Xct7rt Tracra ice\aivr] fiefiptOe \Qu>v 20 
 
 w, ore \a.(3pOTa.TOV ^ee/ vScap 
 i/f, ore ^^ p avSpecra-i KOTecra-d/uievos ^a\Tr^vrj, 
 dl /3//y eiv ayopy (TAcoXta? Kpivuxri 6e/jLi<TTas, 
 e/c ^e ^iV^v eXacrcocrf, Oewv OTTIV OVK aXe-yovrep- 
 rcoi' Se Te Trai/re? /iev Trora/AOt TrXqQovcri peovTes, 25 
 TroXXa? ^e /cXiru? TOT' aTTOT/uiJ'yoi/o-f -^apdSpa^ 
 e? ^ aXa 7rop(f)vpet)v fj.eyd\a (rreva^pva-L peovtrai 
 e^ opewv eirl icap, /JuvvQei e TC epy' avOpwTrcov 
 do? ITTTTOL Tpwai [teydXa (TTevd^ovro 6eov<rai. 
 
 TlaT^oo/cXo? ^ CTref ouv TrpwTd? eTreKepfre 1 "* (f)d\- 
 ayyas, 30 
 
 a\J/- e?Ti i/^a? eepye TraXt/iTrere?, out?e TT 0X1/09 9e 
 e?a icfJLevovf TTi(3aive/jLv, aXXa 
 vrjwv KOI 7TOTa/J.ov /cat Te/^eo? u 
 
 ' airervirro 
 
 (B. xvi. 364-398.)
 
 HOM. IL. 20. 55 
 
 Sarpedon, the great Lycian chieftain, falls before the 
 spear of Patroclus, who, clad in the armour and wearing the 
 helmet of Achilles, advances as far as the walls of Troy, 
 in spite of the warnings of Phoebus. But now his hour 
 is come. Phoebus lays his hand upon him and dashes 
 the protecting helmet from his head, and loosens his 
 armour. And as he staggers, faint and dizzy, Euphorbus 
 is the first to wound him; then Hector deals him the 
 death-blow. 
 
 2O. 
 
 TlarpOK\o$ $e Tpwvl KUKO, (fipovetav evopovare. 
 rpls fj.ev eireiT* eTrdpovae Oow aTCtXai/TO? "AjOi/t, 
 (T/^epSaXea id^oov, Tpls <T en/ea (^xSra? Tre(pi>ev. 
 aXX' ore q TO reraprov e7recrcri;To 18d <$ai/j.ovi tlcro?, 
 eVO' apa rot, IIaT|OO/cXe, (pavtj (BtOTOio TeXevry' 5 
 i']VTTO yap TOI f&of/So? ei/< Kparepfj vcrfjLivri 
 Seivos. 6 [Aev TOV IOVTO. /cara K\OVOV OVK evorfcrev' 
 ijepi yap TroXXy KeKaXvfjifJievos avTcfidXqa-e' 
 <TTtj S' OTTtOe, 7r\t]ev $e /mercKJypevov evpee T co/mco 
 \eipl KaTcnrpqvei, <TT|Oe(^)e(5/^'>70e^ 20a $e 01 o<r<T' 10 
 TOV <5'ct7ro jj.lv icpaTos* 8 Kvver}v /3aXe 
 
 e eOeipai 
 
 ai/j.aTi KOI Kovir)(ri. irdpos ye pei* ov Oe/uus yev 
 /TTTTOKro/xoi/ TT^X^/ca juualveorOai teoviy&iv, 15 
 
 aXX' avSpos Oeioio Kaprj %apiev TC /meTcoTrov 
 
 f>VT\ 'A^iXX^OS' TOT <$ 7tVS "E/CTO|Of $S>KV 
 
 rj Ke(pa\f] (popeeiv, cr^eooOev e 01 yev 6\eOpo$.
 
 56 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 TTOLV Se 01 ev ^elpea'criv ayrj SoXi^dcrKiov ey)(os, 
 fipiOv fjieya CTTt/Sapov KeKopvO/mevov avrap U.TT 
 co/uLcov 20 
 
 ao-TT/9 vvv reXa/xtoi/i )(a/J.ai Were TepfJLidearcra. 
 \vare Se ot 6u>pt]Ka ava A/o? u/o? 'ATroXXwi/. 
 rov ^ art] (ppeva? efXe, \v6ev * VTTO (paiSi/ma yvia, 
 crTtj Se TCKpatv. OTTiOev oe /ULera.<ppevov o^e'i Sovpi 
 
 69ev /3aXe Aa^o^avo? ay^>, 25 
 , 09 yXiKiyv 
 
 ey^e'i 6' iTnrocrvvt] re TroSeacri re 
 KOI yap <$tj rore <pu)Ta? eeiKcxri /S 
 Trpurr e\6dov <rvv o^ea-^ 
 
 O? TOl 7T|0<OTO9 <f)t]Ke /3eXo9, aTpO/cXi9 ITTTTCV, 3O 
 
 ou^e ^a/xacra-'. o yttev avr*9 aveSpafte, /u.tKTO l&d ^ 
 
 O/X/Xft), 
 
 e/c ^0009 aj07ra^a9 oopy /xe/Xti/OJ', ou^' u-Tre/o 
 ITaT/oo>fXov yv/uvov Trep eovr ev SrjiO 
 TldrpOKXos $e Oeov TrXrjyfj KOI Sovpi 
 a\^ erdpwv els edvo? e^a^ero /c^p' aXeeivcw. 35 
 
 fjt.eyd6viu.oi> 
 
 a.y^i/j.d\6v pa ol yXQe KUTO. 0"r/^a9, oj/ra ^e fiovpi 
 9 /cei/ewj/a, SiaTrpo Se XO\KOV eXacnre. 
 oe Trecrcov, /neya < ^/ca^e 18 * Xaov 
 /. 40 
 
 o>9 ^* ore o'ui' aKa/j.avTa Xetav e/St^cr 
 <? T opeo9 Kopvtyfjffi /uieya (ppoveovre /md
 
 HOM. II. 21. 57 
 
 TnoWo? 
 
 T' a.(r6fJ.aivovTa 
 a>9 TToXeay 116 Tre^roWa MevoiT/ov U\KI/J.OV vlov 45 
 ' E/fTfty) TTjOm/u/o');? cr^efiov fy^'i OV/J.QV cnryvpa. 
 
 (B. xvi. 783-828.) 
 
 It is the moment of Hector's triumph. He calls on his 
 comrades to continue the fight while he dons the armour 
 of Achilles, stript from the body of Patroclus ; but even as 
 he puts it on, the sentence of his own death goes forth 
 from the lips of Zeus. 
 
 21. 
 
 * Q? apa (pwvya-a? cnre/St] K0pv9aio\o$ "E/crwp 
 Srjlov eK 7TO\efj.oiO' Oecov <5' eKi^avev era/pou? 
 
 U>KGt /iCtA', OU TTft) T^Xe, TTOaJ KpaiTTVOlfTl /WCTaCTTTtyV, 
 
 ol Trporl atrru <pepov K\UTO. reJ^ea Ht]\el<ovo$. 
 crra9 ^' cnravevOe /xa^jy? 7ro\vaKpvov ei/re' afjLi/3ev 5 
 ^ rot o //ei/ ra a fiwice (fiepeiv TrpOT\ "iXtoi' ipyv 
 Tpaxrl <pi\O7rTo\e/u.oi(rii> 9 6 * afjL/3pOTa reject owe 
 
 ) 'A^tX^o?, a 01 Oeol Ovpavicoves 
 i (pi\a> eTropov' 6 o apa w TTCUO^ oTracrtre 
 
 aXX' ou^ vlos ev evTecri TTOTOO? ey^jOa 18 *. 10 
 To/ ^ ft>? oSi/ cnrdvevOev *$ev vefyeXrjyepera Zeus 
 Tev^eiTi TlrjXeiSao Kopva~r6fJLevov Oeioio, 
 Kivria-a<s pa Kaprj Trpori ov /mvOycraTO OV/ULOV 
 " a ei\\ ovSe ri TOI Odvaros KaraOu/xto? e<7Tiv, 
 09 o>7 roi a"^eSov i(Ti' (TV < a/Xj8jOora rei/^ea 
 ^Jveif 15
 
 58 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 avpo$ apia'T^os, TOV re Tpo/meov<Ti KOI aXXoi. 
 TOV r) cTaipov eVe^i/e? evrjea re Kparepov re, 
 reject (5' ov KCITO. KOIT/JLOV O.TTO /Cjoaro? 98 re KOI 
 
 et\ev 2& . a.Tap TOI vvv ye [leya tcpaTOS eyyva\ij~(*), 
 
 TU)V TTQlVrjV O TOI OV Tl /UCt^? KVO<rTr](rai>Tl 20 
 
 oe^erat A.vSpo^i.a.'^r} K\VTCL re^ea rij/Xe/coj'O?." 
 '''H, Kal Kvaveyartv eir o<ppv<ri vevcre Kpovlwv. 
 
 (B. xvii. 188-209.) 
 
 And now the fight rages round the body of Patroclus. 
 Hector and Aeneas on the Trojan side ; on that of the 
 Greeks, Menelaus, and the Telamonian and the Oi'lean 
 Ajax, are the heroes of the day. 
 
 At last, though the Greeks are overpowered, Menelaus 
 succeeds in carrying off the corpse safe to the ships, with 
 the help of Meriones. 
 
 22. 
 
 rt Q? <H y /uifJie/ji.aS>T veicvv (pepov e/c 
 vrias eTTi y\a(f)vpd<}' eir\ &e -TrroXe/xo? reraro 
 aypios tjvTe Trvp, TO T e7recr(7Uyuei/ov 18d TTO\IV d 
 opuevov e]*<jii<f)vri<; (frXeyeOei, fjnvv6ovcri Se O?KOI 
 ev treXai' /J.eyaXu>' TO (T 7ri(3pe/u.ei /y ave/moio. 
 cos Hv TOIS TTTTTCOV re KCU avSpaiv 
 
 ' el* opeos KUTCL Tranra\6e<T(rav ct 
 q SOKOV ye $opv /meya vrj'iov' ev Se re QV/U.OS
 
 HOM. IL. 23. 59 
 
 6fJ.ov Kafj.dr(a re KOI ISpw GTrev<$6vre<r<riv 
 
 O>f ol y efJLfJLe/UCWre VZKVV (f)epOV. ttVTUp OTTlCT&eV 
 
 A'iavr ta"%averr]v, to? re irpoov la-^avei v$u)p 
 t'Xj/et?, Treoloio SicnrpviTiov TeTu^rjKcof, 
 of re /cat i<p9i/u.(av 7roTa/u.)v aXeyeiva peeOpa 15 
 
 'to-^ei, a(j)ap <$e re Tracri poov TreSiovSe riOr/cri 
 TT\O\WV ovSe ri fjiiv crOevfi' pyyvixri peovre$. 
 <5f aiel A'tavre imd^rjv aveepyov oTricrcra) 
 Tpuxtiv 01 $' a/j.' eTTOvro, Sva> $ ev roitri /u.aXio' 
 A/Vet'a? r 'Ay%t<Tid<$r]S Kal (paiSi/mos "EtKrwp. 
 rwv o", <of re ^apwv ve(pos ep-^erai ye KO\OIU>V, 
 ovXov KeK\rjyovre<?, ore Trpo'i<a(riv lovra 
 KipKov, o re a-fJUKpycri (povov <f)epei opvi6e(T(Tiv, 
 to? up VTT Atveia re KOI "EiKropi Kovpoi 'Ap^atc 
 ouXov KeK\rjyovre$ ?crai/ 2lc , \rjQovro e ^ap/m^s. 25 
 TroXXa $e revyea KO\U irecrov Trepl r a/J.(pi re 
 
 rd<ppov 
 
 (pevyovruiv Aavawv TroXe/txov $ ov ylyver epcoTj. 
 
 (B. xvii. 735-761.) 
 
 The news of his friend's death is brought to Achilles, who 
 is like one beside himself with grief. His mother Thetis 
 comes up from her sea-caves to comfort him : but she and 
 her son both know too well that his days are numbered 
 yet there is work still to be done, the avenging of the 
 death of Patroclus. 
 
 23. 
 
 < <e apv a-rev-^ovri Trapicrraro Trorvta 
 o^v $e KcoKva-acra Kaptj \d(3e TraiSos e^
 
 60 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 Kai pi* 6\o(pvpo/us.evr] eirea TTTepoevra 
 " TCKVOV, TL /cXa/et? ; ri $e (re (frpevas 7/cero TrevOos ; 
 e^avSa, /nrj KevOe' TO. /mev ^rj TOI TereXecrTcu 5 
 
 e/c Afo?, (I)? apa r] Trpiv 7' ey^eo \elpa<i 
 Travras eir\ Trpv/u.vt)(riv aXyju.evai 20 * via? ' 
 <rev eiriSevo/jievov?, TraOeeiv r ae/c^Xta lf epya." 
 Tqv oe /3apu 
 
 e/ULrj } TO. fJ.ev ap /not 'O\i//i7r/o9 e^ere- 
 
 10 
 aXXa T/ /.ot TWV ^Of, eTreJ <pi\o$ w 
 
 IlaT|OOAfXo?, TOI/ eyw -TTfjol TTCIVTCDV TlOV CTal 
 
 l(rov e/uLtj Ke(pa\tj. TOV a7rtoXe<r 
 
 Syuxras cnreSvcre Tre\a>pia } Qavfia i& 
 
 raXa' ra /uei/ Hi/X^i' 9eoi Socrav a'yXaa Swpa, 15 
 
 t]fj.a.Ti Tft) ore ere {3pOTOv avepo? e/ufiaXov vvfj. 
 
 /, IT^Xei/p (5e Ovrjrrjv ayayevQai UKOITIV. 
 vvv & , tva KGU <roi TrevOos evl <ppe<rl /mvpiov itj 
 TraiSos airofftQiiJievoio, TOV ov% VTroSe^eai avri? 20 
 otKaSe voarTycravT, 7rei ov<? e/ue Ov/nos avtoye 
 fyeiv ovtf avSpea-cri /JLere^fAevat, ou KC M "E/crwjO 
 TTjOwrof e/mu> viro Sovpl TUTreJy O.TTO Qvfiov oXe<rcr>/, 
 IlaT/oo/cXo/o 8 \<apa MevoiTidSeu) a-TroTtcry" 
 
 Tov S' avTe Trpocreenre 0erf? /cara Sditpv ^e- 
 ova-ct' 25 
 
 *' toKvjuiopos $tj poi, re/co?, ecrcreaif oi ayopevew
 
 HOM. IL. 23. 6 1 
 
 CIVTIKO. yap TOl TTlTa /&' "E/CTOjOd 7TOT/UO9 
 
 erotfJios." 
 
 TeOvatqv., eirel OVK ap' e/meXXov era/pa) 
 KTivo/m.va) eTra/uivvai' 6 /xe/ /xaXa TtjXoOi irarpt]^ 30 
 e<^)0iT' 18d , 6/x.eFo ^e fitjarev aprjs a\KTtjpa yevecrQai. 
 vvv <, 7re} ov veo^al ye (plXqv e? TrarpiSa yaiav, 
 ovoe TI TTaTjOO/cXft) yevo/myv <pao$, ovtf eTapoicri 
 roty aAXot?, Oi ^ TroAe'e? ^a/wej/ 20a "E/crO|Oz <5/ft>, 
 a\X' foai Trapa vrjviriv eraxnov a^0o? apovpqs, 35 
 roFof ewi/ otoy ov Ti? A^aiwi/ ^aX/co^trcoi/coi/ 
 ev -TToXe/x^' ayopy $e T a/meivoves elan ical a\\oi. 
 (09 e'jOt? e/c re Oecoj/ e/c T' avOpcoTrwv cnroXoiTO, 
 KOI xoXos, o? T' e(f)T]Ke 7roXv(j)pova Trep ^aXeTrijvai, 
 09 re TroXv yXvKiwv />ceXiTO9 KaTaXeij^o/uLevoio 40 
 avSpwv ev (rrrjQecrcnv ae^ercu >?uTe 
 W9 e^te vw e^oXcocrei/ ava^ av8pu>v ' 
 aXXa ra /uev TrpoTeTv^Oai eacroyuei/ a^vvjULevoi irep, 
 GVJU.OV evl (TT^Oecrcri (f)i\ov SanacravTes avayict]' 
 vvv ^' ei/uCy o<ppa <ptXrj$ Kec^aX^ oXerfjpa /a^e/co 45 
 r/ E/crOjOa* K^pa (5' eya> rare ^e^o/xat, o-TTTrore /cei' Srj 
 Zei/9 eOeX>; rcXecrat ^' a^avaTO* Oeot aXXof. 
 ou^e yctjO ovfie (3itj 'HjOa/cX^o9 <pvye Krjpa, 
 09 Tre^o (piXraro? eWe 15f Au' KjOOv/coi/t O.VO.KTI' 
 aXXa e fj.oip eSa/maa'cre KOI apyaXeos ^0X09 
 
 "HO^. 50
 
 62 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 u>$ KOI eyu>v, e tj /moi ofiot] /u.oipa 
 /cetVo//.', eTret /ce Oavct). vvv <5e /cXeo? e<r9\ov apoi/uqv. 
 fj.t}Se fi epvice jua^i/? (friXeova-d irep- ovSe fj.e TretVe/p." 
 
 (B. xviii. 70-126.) 
 
 The arms of Achilles had been stripped from the body 
 of Patroclus, and were now worn by Hector; but Thetis 
 prevails on Hephaestus to forge such new armour for her 
 son as none had ever seen the like of helmet, and 
 greaves, and a shield wrought with manifold devices and 
 pictures, in which the figures seemed to move and breathe. 
 
 At last Agamemnon makes free confession of the 
 injury that he has done, and Achilles is willing to forget 
 the past and forego his anger. It is the time for ven- 
 geance, not for brooding upon old wrongs. 
 
 Soon the unwonted sight is seen of Achilles moving out 
 to war, in his terrible armour, and carrying the great spear 
 that none else could wield. But even as he goes forth, 
 Xanthus, his chariot horse, speaks with human voice, and 
 foretells the speedy fate that awaits his master. 
 
 24. 
 
 'Q? <^ ore Tapfaiai vKpdSeg Ato? 
 \^u^oa/, VTTO pnrtjs aiOprjyeveo? Boj 
 <09 rore Tapfaial KopvQes \afjL7rpov 
 vrju>v K<popeovTO, KOI acnrides o^a 
 6a>pt]Ke$ re KparaiyvaXoi KOI jmeiXiva dovpa. 
 cuy\ij <5' ovpavov I/ce, / yeXa(r<re <5e Tracra-^repi 
 
 XX/COU VTTO OrTepOTTW' VTTO Se KTV7TOS 
 
 ev e /u.e<roi<ri
 
 HOM. IL. 24. 63 
 
 $ fj.ev irputra Tre 
 KaXa?, apyvpeoHTiv eTri<r(f)vpioi9 apapvias' IO 
 
 oevrepov av OwprjKa Trepl (rrqOearcriv eSvvev. 
 a/u.<pl ^' ap W/J.OKTLV /3aXero ^i<pos apyvporj\ov 
 \a\KOV avrap e-jreira act/co? /meya re (TTc(3ap6i> re 
 et'Aero, TOV ^' cnravevOe creXa? yever TI'IJTC iJ.r)vrj$. 
 
 '^?<^^^ / t*i t it OAK 
 
 to? o or av eK irovroio creAa? vavrycri (pavtjy^ 1 15 
 Kaio/j.evoio Trvpos' TO e Kdlerat v^off opecrcpiv 
 (rra.6fj.uj ev oloiroXu)' rov? <5' OVK eOeXovras ae\\ai 
 Trovrov CTT' i-^Ovoevra cpiXwv airavevQe (pepov&iv 
 (io? a?r' !A^iXX^o? <ra/ceO9 creXa.9 aiOep' i'/cai/e 
 KaXov SaiSaXeov. -Trep] $e rpv(pd\eiav aelpa? 20 
 
 Kparl^ 8 6ero fiptapjjv f] <5' acrrtjp 009 
 *7T7rovpis rpv(j)dXeia, Trepicra'eiovro ^' eOeipai 
 \pvareai, as "Hfpaiirros 'lei Xo(pov 
 TreipqOti ^' eo avrov ev evre<ri 109 
 el ol e<pap/ULO(r(rie Kal evrpe^oi ayXaa yvia- 25 
 
 T<W <5' ijuTe 7TTjOa ylyver*, aeipe fie Troi/Lieva Xawv. 
 eic <5' a'joa crvpiyyos irarpwiov eo-Tracrar' ^^09, 
 {3pi6v fieya (rn(3apov' TO /uej/ ou ^waT' aXXo9 
 
 , aXXa /at/ 0*09 eTricrraro TryXai ' 
 
 eXltiv, ryv irarpl (friXw -Trope etjOwv 30 
 /c Kopv(p>i$, (povov e/Ji/j.evai ^pcaeanriv. 
 ' Avro/meSwv re KOI 'AX/a/uo9 a/m(pieTrovres 
 
 CL/JL^H ol KaXa XeTraSv' eirav, ev Se 
 s e(3aXov, Kara <T fjvia reivav oVt
 
 64 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 ico\\t]Tov TTOTI $i(f)pov. 6 $e /uacTTfya (paeivtjv 35 
 X/ot Xa/3coj> apapviav e(p' ITTTTOUV dvdpovarev 
 A.vTO/neScov' OTTiOcv Se KOpv<r<rafj.evos (By ' 
 
 cos r ijXeicTcop ' 
 
 ' ^Tnroianv e/ce/cXero TraTpo? eoto' 
 re KOI BaX/e, T^Xe/cXvra re/cva IIo- 
 
 $dpyw> 40 
 
 a'XXco9 
 
 e? 
 
 X/TTCT' ay 
 TOJ/ <5' ap' yTro ^yyo'<^)f 10a Trpocre<pt] TroSas a/oXo? 
 
 tXTTO? 
 
 , a<pap ' //yuucre KapyaTi 98 , Tracra ^e ^a/Ti; 45 
 e^epnrovcTa irapa Qyov ovSa? 'i 
 6ea Xeu/cwXei/O9 "HjO>;- 
 " /cat X/j/v <r' Irt vi/f "ye <raa)<70/(xei/, ofBpifJ. 
 aXXa rot e-yyuOey ^/xa|0 oXeOpiov. ovSe TOI 
 aiTioif aXXa Oeo? re /neyas Kcti fjiotpa KpctTaiti. 50 
 ove yap tjfJRTep*! fipaSvrrJTi re vw^eXly re 
 Tpwe? O.TT W/ULOHV IlaTjOO/cXoi; Tev^e 
 aXXa Oewv wpicrTOS, ov JVKO/UI.OS TGKC 
 
 KTO,V vl TTpO/Ut-d^OKTl KCU "^JKTOpl KVO? fOWKe. 
 
 j/ftjt Se /cat Kev ana Trr>oifj lc Zecpvpoio Oeot/aei', 55 
 riv Trep e\a<ppoTdT*]v <^>a<r' eftfievai' aXXa <rot 
 
 avTio 
 fj.6partiJ.6v ecm Sew re /cat avepi l<j)i
 
 HOM. IL. 25. 65 
 
 Sav^e, T/ /ucu OavaTOv /uavTeveai ; oJ<5e T/ ere 
 
 Xl ?- 
 
 60 
 
 j/y 
 
 y rot o?(ja KOI airro? o /xot popov evOd 
 vo(r<pi <pi\ov xaTjOO? KCU yio/Tepo?' aXXa 
 ov Xrj^a) Trplv Tocoa? a^v eXacrai TroXe/ut-oio." 
 ^H |6a, /cat eV TTjOcoTOi? id'^cov 
 
 (B. xix. 357-4240 
 
 Now the deities of Olympus appear upon the field, but 
 the end is not to be yet. In the moment of victory or 
 defeat each hero seems to be baffled or rescued by the 
 intervention of some god. 
 
 At last Hector is seen near the gates of Troy, 
 eager to encounter Achilles, though his aged father and 
 mother beseech him with tears to come within the shelter 
 of the wall. As Hector waits, Achilles draws near, and 
 smitten with sudden panic, Hector flies three times round 
 the walls of Troy, while the Gods look on in amaze. 
 
 25. 
 
 *Qf <$pfj.a.ive HCVCDV' 6 e 01 
 
 Xei/? 
 
 to-05 'Ej/uaX/w KopvOdiKt 
 creio)v II>;Xm^a iJ.e\irjv Kara Se^iov W/J.QV 
 Setvjjv afji.(p<l e }(aX/co? eXa^nrero a/ceXo? avyy 
 rj Trvpos ai6o/u.evov rj ^eX/ou aviovTOs. 
 ExrOjOa ^', 039 evotj&ev, eXe T/oo/otof ' ou^' otjo' IT' erX 
 avQi /meveiv, OTT'KTW <5e -TruXa? XtVe, /3^ ^e (f)o(3r)deis. 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. F
 
 66 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 TTiyXe/oj/9 o eTTOpovire TTOCT/ Kpanrvoicri 7re7roiQu>$. 
 
 jjure KipKos opea-fpiv, eXcuppOTCiros Trererjvwv, 
 
 pqiolws oiju.r](re fj-era Tpypwva ireXeiav 10 
 
 jy <$e 0' viraiQa <po/3eiTdi, 6 S* eyyvOev o^u XeX^/rwy 
 
 Tap(f)e' exaiVo-ez, eXe'etv re e $vyito9 avfayei- 
 
 (Sf ctjo' o <y' e/x/ze/xaco? (Oy? xerero, Tpecre <? "EiKTcap 
 
 Tei-gos VTTO TjOwtoi/, Xai\|^>7jOa ^e -yowar' evu>/u.a. 
 
 01 oe Trapa tTKOTriyv KOI epiveov tjvefJioevTa 15 
 
 re/^eo? atej/ uxe/c /car' a/xa^troi/ ec 
 
 Kpovvu) $' "KO.VOV KoXXippoa), evOa re 
 
 ^omi afaiVcrouo-t ^tcajmavSpov 
 
 q fj.ev yap 0' vSctTt Xiapq) peei, ap.<fii Se 
 
 ylyverai e aur^? a5? et irvpos ai9o/ut.evoio- 
 
 >7 ^ crept) Oepe'i Trpopeet eiKvla 
 
 ^ "^LOVI ^VXPV *l *% vSaros 
 
 evQa <? CTT' avrdoov irXvvo} evpee? eyyv$ eatri 
 
 KaXol Xatveot, oOt e7/xara o-i-yaXoevTa 
 
 TrXvvearicov Tpuxav aXo^oi Ka\ai re 6vy(npe$ 25 
 
 TO Trptv CTT eipyvtjs, irplv eXdetv vtas A^a/wr. 
 
 Ty pa Trapa$pa/u.eTt]v, (pevywv, o tf OTTicrOe ia>K<av 
 
 TrpotrOe /JLCV e<T0Xo? e<^>eyye, SIWKC Se fj.iv /uey' a/txetVwj/ 
 
 ^ayO-TraX/yuco?, 7Tel ov% lepql'ov ovSe (Soeirjv 
 
 apvv<rdr]v, a Te TO(F<riv aeOXia yiyverai avSptov, 30 
 
 aXXa Trept ^v^y? Oeov 'TLicTOpo? iTnroSd/uLOio. 
 
 059 o' OT' ae6Xo(f)6poi Trept Tepfj-dTO. yucovu^e? ITTTTOI 
 
 ptfjitya yuaXa Tfte/^wn* TO Se fieya Keirai aeGXov, 
 
 TI rpiiro? >je yvvy, avSpo?
 
 HOM. IL. 26. 67 
 
 TW T-pJ? TTjOm/xojo TroXtj/ TrepiSivtjO^rfjv 35 
 
 pTraXifJiOKTi TroSecrart. Oeoi Se re Traj/re? opoivro. 
 (B. xxii. 131-166.) 
 But Achilles never quits the pursuit of his foeman. 
 
 26. 
 
 "E/crooa 
 
 w? ^' ore veftpov ope<r(pi KVCOV e\a<poio Sir/Tat, 
 
 opera? 20c e ew^?, ^/a T' ajKea /cat 
 
 TOV ^' xejO re Xa0j?crf /caraTrr^a? ITTTO Qa 
 
 aXXa r' avt^feuwf Oeei [j.7re8ov, o(ppa KGV evpy 5 
 
 <? "E/cTWjO 01) 
 
 6<r<ra.Ki ' 
 
 avriov ata(r6ai, evS/ULyrovs VTTO Trvpyov?, 
 
 el TTW? o/ KaQvTrepQev a\a\KOiev /3eXeeo-<r/, 
 
 fJLiv TrpOTrapoiOev a.Troo'Tpe^ra.a'Ke vrapa- 
 
 10 
 
 O? Treolov airro? ^e TTOT/ TrroXfo? 90 Trerer' a/e/. 
 0)9 <5' ev oveipui ov 
 
 our^ ap' 6 rov dvvarai inrofyevyeiv ovO' 6 
 tS? 6 TOV ov OVVO.TO fjLap^ai TTOOT^V, ovo* 69 a\vai. 
 7rft>9 Se Kev "E/crtOjO KJ/jOa? inre^ecpvjev Oavdroio, 15 
 
 t /ii; O< TTV/liaTOV T KOI VtTTaTOV qVTeT 'ATToXXttJV 
 
 eyyvOev, 09 01 eTTtopa-e /xeVo? Xacv^^a re <yoi;va ; 
 
 Aaotaiv tf aveveve Kapqari 105 
 oiJ(5' ea iefj.vai eirl "E/crOjOt TriKpa 
 
 F 2
 
 68' HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 fly T*9 KvSos apotTO /3a\(av, 6 e Sevrepo? e\0oi. 20 
 dXX' ore $7 TO reraprov eirl rpovwwf CL(J)IKOVTO, 
 /ecu rore $>] xpva-eta 1 * Trartjp erlraive raXavra, 
 ev tf erlQei Svo Krjpe TavrjXeyeos Oavdroto, 
 rtjv fj.ev 'A-^iXXtjos, Tt]i> (fEiKTOpos iTnroSdfJLOio, 
 
 \a/3<av' pefre ^ "EKTO|OO9 oucrifiov 
 
 25 
 
 ' eiV 'A.'1'Sao, \iirev Se e *$>oi(3o$ 'ATroXXcov. 
 (B. xxii. 188-213.) 
 
 As Phoebus had unnerved Patroclus at the moment of 
 danger, so Athena now deceives Hector in his sorest 
 need, and he falls, pierced by the spear of Achilles. From 
 the walls of Troy his father and mother behold their son's 
 corpse dragged along, with feet pierced and bound by 
 thongs to the chariot of Achilles. 
 
 27. 
 'Afj.(j)OTp(i)v /uLeroTritrOe TTOU>V 
 
 etc i(f)poio tf eSrjcre, Kaprj 8 e\K<r6ai eavev 
 
 9 i<ppov ^' ava(3a$, avd re K\VTOL rev^e aetpas, 
 
 fjLa(TTi^v p e\dav, TOO OVK OLKOVTC TreTe&Otiv. 5 
 
 TOV ' rfv \KO/u.evoio KOvitfaXos, a/m.<pl 
 
 Kvdveai TriTvavro, icapt] S' ajrav ev 
 
 KCITO Trdpo? ^apiev TOTC <$e Zeu9 Sv<T/u.vee<T(rt 
 
 SfaKev aeiKia-araaOai e^ ev irctTpiSi yalrj. 
 
 O>9 TOV fJLV KGKOVLTO Kapr] O.TTO.V f] W /UJfTJfyO IO 
 
 T/XXe KOfJL))V, CLTTO $ \l7Tapt]V eppt^
 
 HOM. IL. 27. 69 
 
 TijXoVe, KUKwev Se fj.d\a fj.eya iraiS' e<ri$ov<ra. 
 (ffj.o)^ev <? eXeeiva iraryp (f)i\os, apcf)} Se Xaol 
 KU)KVTU> T ei^ovTO Kdi oi/jnayrf Kara a<TTv. 
 TO) Se fJi.aXio'T ap et]v fvaXiyiciov, w? el aira,(ra 15 
 "lAto? o(ppv6e<rcra. Trvpt (TUJLIJ-^OITO /car' aicptjs. 
 \aol fjiev pa yepovTa /AO'y/p ^\ov acr^aXowi/ra, 
 e^eX^efi/ /me/ULaurra TrvXawv Aapfiavidtov. 
 7ravra9 ^' e\\iTaveve Kv\tvoo/ui.evos Kara KOTrpov, 
 
 ovo/j.a^wv avSpa eKatTTOV 20 
 
 e, (piXoi, KO.I fj.' ofov eatrare, KrjSofMevoi Trep, 
 
 TroX^o? iicecrO' eirl v^a? A^atwj/. 
 avepa TOVTOV aTairQaXov o(3pt/uoepyov, 
 
 I vv Twe TraTrjp TOiocre Tey/crat, 25 
 u?, 09 fj.ii/ eriKre Kal erpe(f)e 
 Tpaxri. fidXivTa <F /a.ol Trepl 
 rocro'ouy yap fJ-oi Trat^a? cnreKTave Tt]\e9aovTa$. 
 TU>V Trdvrojv ov Tocrarov oSvpo/mai axyvfj.cv6? Trep 
 tt)9 ej/09, ov fj.' 0^09 ov Karoia-erai "Aidos eicrw, 30 
 
 d>9 o(pe\ev Qdveeiv ev yepcriv e/u.tj<ri' 
 KC Kope(rard/u.eQa K\aiovre re fj.vpop.evw re, 
 
 rf fj.iv eTiKTe Sv&a.fifJ.opos, 17^* eyca avro9." 
 
 (B. xxii. 396-428.) 
 
 The Ghost of Patroclus appears to Achilles, praying for 
 burial, that he may be able to pass into the land of Hades. 
 So, in the morning the Greeks build a mighty pyre, and 
 laying the corpse thereon, throw on it their votive locks of
 
 70 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 hair, and place round the pile the bodies of many victims. 
 Then Iris, in answer to the prayer of Achilles, calls upon 
 the winds to come and fan the flame that the corpse 
 of Patroclus may be burned. Zephyrus and Boreas are 
 ready at her bidding. 
 
 28. 
 
 Tot S' opeovTO 
 
 ^Xy $ e " 3recr '', ) ?> v(f)ea K\oveovT Trdpoidev. 
 atya Se TTOVTOV "iKavov aq/aevai, ay>TO 18d Se /cu/xa 
 7rvoiy UTTO Xiyvpfj' Tpoirjv S 1 epi(3a)\ov tKe<rBr]v, 
 ev Se TTvpy TrecreTrjv, neya * Ta^e Qe<nnSae$ irvp. 5 
 o apa TOI ye irvptjs afivSts 
 
 \iyew 6 Se Travw^o<i WKVS 
 eK KpqTtjpo?, eXcov SeiTas a/x<^)//cu7reXXov, 
 
 10 
 
 Se TrciTqp ov TraiSos oSvpercii ofrrea. /catwi/, 
 jifpiov, os re Oavwv SeiXov? a/ca^j;cre 
 
 erapoto oSvpero oVrea 
 Trapa irvpicairiv, aStva crrfvayi'Qav. 
 
 'Eaxr^o'jOO? efari <poa^ epecov erri 
 yaiav, 1 5 
 
 ov TC fiera /cpo/coxeTrXo? virelp aXa KiSvarai ^a>s 
 T^/IAO? TrvpKai'r] e^apai i ero, TrautraTO Se (p\6^. 
 
 (B. xxiii. 212-228.) 
 
 The funeral is followed by contests of skill among the 
 heroes, in honour of the dead Patroclus. Then for twelve
 
 HOM. IL. 29. 71 
 
 whole days Achilles vents his anger on the body of Hector, 
 by dragging it round the tornb, till Zeus bids him desist 
 from his vindictive wrath. 
 
 Meanwhile old Priam has left Troy, carrying with 
 him priceless treasures, in hope of redeeming the dead 
 body of his son from Achilles. As he went on his 
 dangerous enterprise, Hermes met him, disguised in 
 human form, and led him safely through the sentinels of 
 the Greek camp, into the presence of Achilles. And as 
 Achilles gazed at him with amaze, his strange guest sup- 
 plicates him thus : 
 
 29. 
 
 " Mvtj(rai Trarpos aroio, Oeois ewieiKeX' A^iXXet/, 
 TtjXiKOV w<5 irep eyutv, o\ow eTrl yjjjoao? ovo<a. 
 KUI fj.v TTOV Keivov irepivaieTdi ajm(pis COVTCS 
 reipoucr, ovSe Ti? ecrriv aprjv KOI \oiyov a/j.vvai. 
 a\\' ^ TOI Keivo? ye creQev ^icoovro? O.KOVCOV 5 
 
 X/|Oei r ev OK/XW, CTTI r eXTrerai ///xara 
 o^re<rQai (piXov viov OTTO TpoirjOev IOVTO.' 
 avrap eyta Trai'aTroT/xo?, eTret TCKOV via? a 
 Tpoiy ev evpeirj, TU>V ^' ov nva fyiju \e\ei(J)6ai. 
 TrevTqKOVTa. /uot f]<ravj or' ?j\v6ov ute? 'A^atwv 10 
 en/ea/ca/^e/ca /ieV /xot itjs etc vySvos q<rav, 
 TOU? ^ aXXov? fj.oi eriKTOv evl fjLeyapoiari yvvaiKes. 
 
 TCOV IJ.lv 7TOX\U)V 00Vp09 Apr/? V7TO yOl'VUT \V<TV 
 
 o? ^e /j.oi otb? e*]i>, e'lpvro <5e acrrv KOI avrovs, 
 TOV (TV Trpcotjv KTelvas a/J-vvo^evov Trept iraTptjs, 15 
 "fjKTOpa- TOV vvv elve-) IKOLVU) vrja? 'A^aiM, 
 \v<r6fj.evos Trapa aeio, (pepco ' a,7repeia-S lf aTroiva.
 
 72 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 aXX' aiSeio 1 * Oeou?, A^tXeu, avrov T' eXerjcrov 
 fj-vrjarafjievo^ crov TraTpos' eya> <T eXeeivorepos trep, 
 
 T\r}V 8* oT OU 7TO> Tt? TTl^Q6vLOg j8|OOTO? CtXXo?, 2O 
 
 av$po<s TraiSotpovoto TTOT\ a-TOfta -^etp opeye<rOat" 
 
 (B. xxiv. 486-506.) 
 
 Achilles left the tent, and bade them take the ransom 
 that Priam had brought, and lay the body of Hector 
 decently on his father's chariot, and cover it with clothing. 
 But while Priam sleeps, after Achilles had entertained him 
 in his tent, he is awoke by Hermes, who commands him 
 to carry away the body during the darkness of the night. 
 In the early morning they reach the city, and Cassandra 
 espies them from afar, and announces their approach. 
 But Priam passes on through the mourners, and lays the 
 dead warrior down in his palace. 
 
 Then Hector's wife, Andromache, bursts out into 
 lamentation : 
 
 30. 
 
 " 9 Avep, air cuwi/op veo$ toXeo, Ka 5 Se /JLC yypnv 
 Xe/Tre/? ev fAeyapOKri' Trai? <T ert vtjTTtos a?T&>9, 
 
 OV TKOfJLV (TV T' eydi) T Sv(rdfJi/J.OpOl, OvSe fJt.ll' 010) 
 
 rifirjv f^etrOai' Trp\v yap Tro'Xt? !j$e /car' axpris 
 Treparerai' ^ 70^0 oXwXap e-TTtV/coTro?, o? re fiiv 
 avTrjv 5 
 
 pua-Kev 2 *, e^e? <? aXo^ou? KeSvas Kal v^iria re/cva- 
 at 8rj roi TOL-^a vqv&'iv 6^(rovTai y\a<f)vpy<Ti, 
 Kai /u.ev eyca yuera TyaC <rv <? au, TCKOS, q e/mol aurrj 
 e^eai, evOa KCV epya aeiicea. epyd^oio, 
 aOXevcov Trpo UVCIKTOS ajuetXt^ov ?/ r/9 A^aiaJj/ ro
 
 ROM. IL. .51. 73 
 
 pl-^sei Yet/oo? eXo>y cnro Trupyov, \vypov oXeOpov, 
 
 Xwo/uew9, <a $*i TTOU a$e\(fyeov e 
 
 rj 7raTeo' ije KOI viov, eVet /ndXa TroXXot 'Av^ 
 
 "EtKTOpos ev Tr.aXd/mycriv oSa e\ov atnrerov ovSag. 
 
 ov yap /ze/AfY^o? etr/ce TraTtjp reo? ej^ ^a^ \vypy. 15 
 
 TO) x-a/ /x/i/ Xaoi /xev oSvpovrai KO.TO. a 
 
 apijTOV $e TOKeviri yoov KOI TTeVOo? 
 
 "Eitcrop- e/mo} $e /xaXto-ra XeXe/\^erat aXyea \vypd' 
 
 ov yap fJ.oi 6vq<TK(av Xev^ecoP 1 etc ^eipa^ Ojoe^a?, 
 
 ovSe TI /moi etiras TTVKIVOV e-Tro?, ov re KCV ate/ 20 
 
 jj.eiJ.vfiij.rjv WAcra? re /cat ^uara ^a/C|Ov ^e'oyo-a." 
 
 And his mother Hecabe takes up the dirge : 
 31. 
 
 " f E/cro|0, eyouw OU/JLW iravTwv TroXu ^tXrare Trat'owv, 
 ^ /wei/ /xot ^wo'? Tre^o ewv (piXos 3<r0a Oeoicriv 
 01 $ apa crev KYJ^OVTO /cat ev OavaToto Trep 
 aXXou? /u.ev yap Trato'a? e/movs iroSas a>/cu? 
 Tre^i/acr^', ov rtv eXecr/ce, ireprjv aXo? arpvyeroio, 5 
 e? 2a/(xov e? T' *I/u(3pov Kal A^rj/nvov a//tv_$aXo'e<r(7ai/* 
 <reu ^' e?ret e^e'Xero \|/-I;Y^I/ Tai/aJ?/cet' ^aX/fft), 
 TroXXa |6i/crTa^eo-/cej/ eou Trept cr^' erapoio 
 HarpoicXov, rov e7re^)ve?- avearTtja-ev Se /uti/ ou^ toy 
 vui/ ^e ^ot eptfrjeis KOI Trpo<T(paTO$ ev /J-eyapoiffi 10 
 Keiaai, TW ?:eXo9 of T' apyvpoTo^o? 
 oT? a'yavot"? jSeXeea-criv eTrotv^o/zei/o? 
 
 Last of all Helen, the fatal cause of the war which 
 had brought Hector to his death, adds her lament :
 
 74 HOMERIC DIALECT. 
 
 32. 
 ""E/crOjO, e/jiu) Ov/jLu) Saepcav TTO\V (^/X 
 
 % fJLV fJLOl TToVty (TT\V AXe^avSpO? 6eOl8t]$, 
 
 oy /' ayaye TpoiyvS'. &>y -TrpJj/ a)<e\\o>> 6\<rQai. 
 
 fjSr] yap vvv /not TO^' eeiKO&Tov rroy ecrrti/ 
 
 e oy KeiOev e/Btjv KCU efitjs aTreXi/XuOa Trdrpt]?- 5 
 
 a\X' o? TTft) (reu aitovara KO.KOV erro? oy<5* aTv<pt]\ov 
 
 aXX' e? T/y M e f a * aXXo? ev< neydpOKTiv CVITTTOI 
 
 Saepwv tj ya\oa)v t] eiva.Tepu)v ev7reTr\(av t 
 
 rj kicvpr) KVpo9 e TrctTqp ft>9 qirios atel , 
 
 aXXa a-v rov y eTreea-cri TrapaKpdfjLevo^ /farepv/cey. 10 
 
 TO) <re &" afj.a K\ai(0 Kal c/x' a/j./aopov d^vufjievrj Ktjp* 
 
 ov yap T/9 fJLOt e-' aXXoy evl Tpolrj evpeiy 
 
 %TTiO9 ovSe <pi\o$, -rrarrey oe /JLC TrecppiKCKTiv" 
 
 (B. xxiv. 725-775.) 
 
 On the tenth day of their mourning they burned the 
 body of the dead on the pyre, and laid his ashes in a grave, 
 and piled a huge cairn of stones above it. But the guards 
 kept jealous watch over the hero's grave, lest the Greeks 
 might renew the attack before the truce for the burial of 
 the dead was ended.
 
 IONIC DIALECT, 
 
 AND ITS RELATION TO ATTIC. 
 
 THE Ionic dialect exhibits generally greater uniformity 
 than the Aeolic ; yet there must have been many varieties 
 of it, determined by local causes. Herodotus (i. 142) 
 enumerates four forms, (napayayai, 'deviations,') spoken 
 in Caria, Lydia, Chios with Erythrae, and Samos ; and he 
 speaks as though these varieties were so divergent as to be 
 mutually unintelligible. But there is something of exag- 
 geration and perhaps of prejudice in his statement, as 
 though he were overlooking the broad resemblance and 
 fixing his attention upon minor differences. Yet, however 
 we interpret his words, there can be no doubt that there 
 were considerable varieties of dialect in the Ionic Dode- 
 capolis. And the differences between these types could 
 not have been produced by influences of climate ; as the 
 general character of the coast and islands of the Aegean 
 in that part, is substantially the same. But the differences 
 may be satisfactorily explained by referring them to the 
 contact of the Ionian immigrants with the old settlers of 
 the country, as for example with Achaeans in Clazo- 
 menae, or Minyans in Teos. The grammarians speak of 
 an apxaia and a vta 'ids, but we have no data for making 
 a division of different periods of Ionic, as we have in the 
 case of Doric. It is probable that they meant by dp- 
 xaia 'Ids the Greek of Homer's poems ; but while we
 
 76 IONIC DIALECT. 
 
 acknowledge Ionic to be the basis of his language, we 
 cannot treat it as the dialect of any tribe or district, but 
 the artificial creation of a school of minstrels, extending 
 over a long period. Pherecydes, Hecateus, Hippocrates, 
 and Democritus, are probably the representatives of 
 the purest Ionic prose; but we do not possess a suffi- 
 cient amount of their writings to decide the question with 
 anything like certainty. The Iambics and Elegiacs of 
 Archilochus, Simonides of Amorgos, and Hipponax, are 
 reckoned as the purest specimens of Ionic in poetry 
 (aKpnroj 'ids). The dialect of Herodotus is described as 
 TroiKiXr], the 'variegated texture' of it being seen in the 
 interweaving of many Epic words and phrases, with some 
 Atticisms and a few Doricisms. Yet, after making allow- 
 ance for this admixture, the Greek of Herodotus will 
 serve as the best representative of Ionic. It is not without 
 reason that he is called by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 
 ' the best model of Ionic/ (rfjs 'laSos Spia-ros KOV^V), as 
 Thucydides was of Attic prose. Analogous to the Greek 
 of Homer, the dialect of Herodotus is a literary product 
 that grew up with the growth of prose writing, and is 
 doubtless different from any of the spoken varieties of 
 Ionic. 
 
 In softness and harmoniousness Ionic stands pre-emi- 
 nent, forming a marked contrast to the roughness and 
 concentrated strength of the Doric; and thus it shows 
 itself as furthest removed from the original character of 
 the Greek language. The strongest evidence of this 
 tendency to softness is the almost uniform substitution of 
 Tj for d, which must have been an early change in the 
 language ; but we have not the means of deciding whether 
 the lonians brought this usage with them from their home 
 in Greece or whether they picked it up from their Asiatic 
 neighbours. In the Ionian dialect, as we find it in the
 
 ITS RELATION TO ATTIC. 77 
 
 writings of poets and prose authors, there is a general 
 dislike of spirants, the Digamma has fallen out of use, and 
 the rough breathing is frequently toned down to the 
 smooth. The older Ionic, in spite of its tendency to 
 diaeresis, still retained many diphthongs which the younger 
 Ionic not unfrequently replaces by the long vowel only. 
 The concurrence of vowels is a constant feature in the 
 dialect, while contraction is but sparely used, though there 
 are instances of a distinct Ionic contraction as in 6y8u>Kovra, 
 e/Seoo-e, etc. The freedom of usage respecting the aug- 
 ment may come from the great influence of Epic poetry 
 upon Ionic. 
 
 We may suppose that there was originally no distinction 
 between Attic and old Ionic ; that before the migration of 
 the Ionian colonisers to Asia Minor there was but one 
 broad form of Ionic dialect. According to this view, 
 the Attic dialect is Ionic developed upon Athenian soil, 
 growing up under the free institutions of Athens, and 
 uncontaminated by the Oriental influences that modified 
 the Asiatic Ionic. In this sense, Attic may be regarded 
 as Ionic in its highest perfection, happily moulded by the 
 exquisite taste of Athenian genius to a form that avoids 
 both the roughness of Doric and the weakness of Asiatic 
 Ionic. It is this condition of Attic that made it so 
 admirable a vehicle for the highest creations of history, 
 philosophy, and the drama. 
 
 In Solon's time the language of Athens still showed 
 strongly its old Ionic connection ; but with that epoch a 
 great change begins, so that in the time of Peisistratus, the 
 Athenians reckoned themselves as already distinct from 
 the degenerate lonians. The facts, that in the year 446 B.C. 
 Herodotus recited his history in the Ionic dialect, at the 
 Panathenaea at Athens ; that he and Anaxagoras (although 
 one had settled at Athens, and one was born in Attic
 
 ?8 IONIC DIALECT. 
 
 Thurii), both used the Ionic dialect; and that the earliest 
 philosophers and logographers wrote in the same, suggest 
 a further corroboration of the belief, that the language of 
 the Athenian people at that time was really Ionic. Attic 
 must be regarded as a literary production, an artistic 
 creation. It is the particular modification of Ionic created 
 by the Attic dramatists, under two distinct influences, ist, 
 that of the Homeric poems, especially under the form which 
 they took in the Peisistratidean recension ; and 2nd, that 
 of the Dorian choric poetry. If Aeschylus was so avowed 
 a student of Homer that his plays were called n^axn 
 /LteydXtop SetVi/coi/ 'Opfipov, and Sophocles so devoted a disciple 
 as to have been named "o/x^pos rpayiKos, we shall not easily 
 overrate this influence. The effect of the Doric may partly 
 be assigned to the connection of the chorus in tragedy 
 with the old Doric festivals of Dionysus, and partly to the 
 instinctive appreciation on the part of the poet of the 
 nobler sound of broader vowels. The age of Aeschylus 
 and Sophocles sufficed to make this artistic language the 
 classical ' Attic ' dialect. 
 
 Symmetry and careful balance between extravagances of 
 form on either side is the distinguishing characteristic of 
 the Attic dialect. It reflects exactly that sense of fitness 
 that marks the best creations of Athenian art; that /ieo-dr^y, 
 or moderation, that plays so important a part in later 
 Greek philosophy. 
 
 Aristides (Panath. 294) assigns to the Attic dialect the 
 qualities a-f^vorr)? and x^P ls > majesty and grace. 
 
 In Attic, the use of d is partly restored, where the Ionic 
 uses rj, as for example when a vowel or p precedes a at 
 the termination of words. We may compare too the Attic 
 forms Xo^ayo'j, on-aSdr, evay6s, 'Addva, etc. The gram- 
 marians speak of an Old and a New Attic. The beginning 
 of the New dates with the Peloponnesian War, at the
 
 ITS RELATION TO ATTIC. 79 
 
 close of which the change is substantially established. 
 The comedians generally adopt the newer forms, the 
 tragedians, like Thucydides, however adhere to the older. 
 In Plato both types are found combined. But the changes 
 are not important, and, if they imply any distinct principle, 
 it is an effort to introduce forms of greater strength. 
 Thus in the New Attic there is a tendency to return to 
 the use of T instead of the weaker <r, as in the combination 
 TT for cr<r. Analogous to this is the substitution of pp for 
 pa-. In New Attic <rvv has supplanted vv, and the use of 
 the simple vowel often represents what was a diphthong in 
 the older Attic, as dei, aeros, eXaa (and vow, in Inscriptions, 
 for TToielv). Another peculiarity was the effort to reject 
 the vowel 77, which Aristides calls fj 6fj\v (Quint. 93). 
 Thus edv, which had been contracted into rjv, appears as av. 
 In the and pers. Pass. pres. we find Kpimret for Kpinrrr), 
 
 SO tOO f'iKaov for f]Kaov, /SatrtXeij for jSacrtX?)?, K\eWpov for 
 
 K\7J0pov, and in the termination of the dual, ei for T), as 
 a-KfXei, (evyfi, for cnceXij, (evyrj. As the separate life of the 
 various Greek peoples gradually amalgamated, a similar 
 process is noticeable in the history of the dialects. In 
 some places the dialectical forms long resisted the levelling 
 effects of time and extended intercourse. In Asia Minor 
 the older dialects continued for a long while even under 
 the Roman sway, the first to die out being the Ionic. 
 
 The Aeolic dialect held out longer ; for in the time of 
 Alexander we find the Boeotians still employing their own 
 forms of speech, while the Aeolians in Lesbos retained 
 many of their characteristics up to the Augustan Era. As 
 might be expected from its character, the most stubborn 
 dialect was the Doric, which was maintained in some 
 places, such as Rhodes and Messenia, far into the period 
 of the Caesars. 
 
 But gradually the Attic dialect was spreading in every
 
 8O IONIC DIALECT. 
 
 direction, which was but the natural effect of that rich de- 
 velopment of universal literature, which, for two centuries 
 before the time of Alexander, was almost wholly Attic. 
 
 From his time forward Attic was slowly becoming the 
 official dialect, the common literary language called, in 
 virtue of this general character, KOIVTJ (sc. didXticros). But 
 as its idiom grew further removed from the original Attic, 
 Koivrj began to bear the disparaging sense of 'vulgar 
 language/ for the use of the KOIVTJ by people of various 
 nationalities and classes soon contaminated it with pro- 
 vincialisms and words and idioms from Oriental sources. 
 But with the Alexandrian period the study of Attic as a 
 literary language received a new stimulus, (especially under 
 the auspices of the Ptolemies), and the founding of various 
 libraries contributed further to this result. Scholars who 
 studied and imitated the old Attic idiom were called Atti- 
 cists. But the common Greek then in ordinary use, as 
 distinct from the literary Attic, is the Greek of the LXX 
 and New Testament, called Hellenistic. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PECULIARITIES OF THE IONIC DIA- 
 
 LECT AS COMPARED WITH THE ATTIC. 
 i. The Consonants. 
 
 (a) Dropping of the aspirate, as d 
 
 vTTKrrdvai, Kardrrep, Kara for Kaff a, eV <j>, owe vrrtp, avris, 
 dfKopai, OVKI. 
 
 (3) Interchange of aspirates, as IvQavra, Ki6&v, fiddpaicos 
 for evravda, xiro>i>, ftdrpaxos. 
 
 (f) Substitution of for TT, as Kolos, KOO-OS, OVK<O, oKortpos. 
 Of I for <rcr, as 8i|o'f, rpi6s, for dura-OS, rpiaa-os.
 
 FORMS OF IONIC DIALECT. 1-4. 8 1 
 
 2. The Vowels. 
 
 (a) Substitution of rj for a, as npfja-a-o), rpijxvs, dirjKOVos, 
 verjvirjs, Kadapfj, roiJ5e. 
 
 (b) Substitution of e for a, as rea-a-epes, fpa-rjv, Kepeos, and 
 the converse as ptyados, rdp-vco, rpairu. 
 
 (c) Substitution Of a for 77, as Xd|o/iae, d/x0io-/3aTa. 
 
 (d) Substitution of rj for a, as o-fpprjyis, rroXXaTrXijo-tor. 
 
 3. The Diphthongs. 
 
 (a) Substitution of ai for a, as old, alfros. 
 (H) o> for av, as dapa, rpStfMi. 
 
 (f) ,, fl for , aS f*lVOS, fl.VfK.fV, (TTflVOS. 
 
 (d) e for et, as p-ffav, evda, emT^Seoy, 
 
 (<?) ,, ov for o, as fjiovvos, vovcros, ovpos, 
 
 ovvofta, yovvaTOs. 
 (f) >, <> for ov, as wi/, Toiyapatv. 
 
 4. Contraction, Diaeresis, Crasis, and Elision. 
 
 (a) Contraction of 0/7 to o>, as o-y&>Koi/Ta, $o>6r}cras, evvaxras. 
 
 eo to ev, as TrXevm-. 
 
 (^) Diaeresis Of ft tO ?t, as pa<n\Tjtr], fjLVT)fj.r]'iov, ot/oji'oy. 
 [NOTE. Proparoxyton nouns in fia as Hfya\oirpfireta &acri\fta 
 (queen), d\rj6ia retain .] 
 
 (c) Elision of prepositions, etc., as eV e'/noi), an-' avdpu>na>v, 
 
 (</) Crasis, on the Attic system, as rSXXa, ravrd, 
 
 on the Ionic System, as wi"jp, rarepa, TWTTO. 
 (f) Crasis Of eb avrov to ewuTov, e'/^ieo aurov to tp.fa>vTov, 
 (Tto avrov to crfc&VTOv, 6 auras tO UVTOS. 
 
 (f) Special contracted forms, oprrj for eoprfj, Ip6v for 
 
 itpov, OIKOS for eoiKos. 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. G
 
 82 IONIC DIALECT. 
 
 5. The Declensions. 
 
 FIRST. DECLENSION. 
 
 (a) Feminine nouns terminating in a, change the a to 
 TJ except in accusative plural, as rjpfpr], x^P 1 !") io-ropirj. 
 Nouns terminating in a keep the a in nominative and 
 
 accusative evvoia, evvoirjs, fvvolr], evvoiav. 
 
 (&) Nouns masculine in as as veavias, 'A/IVITOJ, take the 
 termination rjs, as verjvirjs. The genitive, is formed by ew, 
 as Seo-TroVeto, vfTjvifu, and the accusative in rjv as well as o. 
 
 (c) The genitive plural ends in ea>v, as yXaHTo-eW. The 
 genitive plural of feminine adjectives also ends in eow, but 
 only when in Attic the accent would be perispomenon, as 
 
 for iraa-wv, irao-env : \fxdfi(rS)v, Xexdei^fcov. 
 
 (d) The dative plural ends in rjo-i, as rfja-i, Seo-n-oTT/o-t, 
 Ttfifja-i. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 (<?) The dative plural is in oia-i, as Xoyoio-t. 
 
 (/} The so-called 'Attic' 2nd declension is used by 
 Herodotus only in proper names, as Mei/eXe'wr, 'A/u^iapeW. 
 For Xea>?, vea>s, /caXwf, Xayws he gives the Ionic forms X^dy, 
 vrjos, KU\OS, Xayof, and for ir\f(os, tXewy, a|io'xpus the forms 
 
 n-Xe'oy, etc. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 (g) Neuters in oy, substantives and adjectives in rjs, w 
 or u leave all cases uncontracted. Neuters in as (except 
 yrjpas) decline with e instead of a, as Keptos, Kfpei. 
 
 (fi) Words in tvs decline as follows 
 
 a<riXeuy Xeos Ae't Xea Xeu. . .Xets \(<ov \fv<ri Xeaf. 
 
 In is mostly as follows 
 
 TToXu toy t iv i... iff [ty] uov t7t tay [is]. 
 
 The word vavs (wjCs) declines thus 
 
 vijvs, vtos, vrji, Vfa, vtcs, v(>j>, vrjvo'i, vtas.
 
 FORMS OF IONIC DIALECT. 5-8. 83 
 
 6. Pronouns. 
 
 (a) Personal. Besides e/*o, o-e'o, eo, we have /", o"fv, 
 
 *v. For avrw or avT^ we have ol, for avrov, OVTTJV, avrd, 
 
 frequently /i>; for avrols or atrmy, <r<t, and for eavrolj or 
 eaurms, a-tyicri. The form <r0 serves as the accusative of all 
 genders and numbers, and there is a special neuter plural 
 form trfa'a. 
 
 (b) The nominatives ^el?, V*> o-fals are always con- 
 tracted, but in the oblique cases we have yp.ea>v, 
 
 (c) The relative pronoun is declined, os, rj, TO ol, at, TO, 
 all oblique cases have the initial r, but this rule does not 
 apply to the declension of o<ms. For the Attic OTOU, TO, 
 
 OTOKTI, OTIVCL, Herodotus Uses ortv, oreu, orcotcrt, acrtro, 
 
 (d) In the declension of rig, for rims, rlvi, rivatv, ricri, 
 Herodotus uses re'o [reu], Tea), TW, reouri. 
 
 CONJUGATION. 
 7. Augment. 
 
 (a) The use of the syllabic and temporal augment 
 in Herodotus, though not constant as in Attic, is more 
 governed by rule than in the Homeric poems. It is 
 regularly absent from certain words of poetical or of 
 distinct Ionic form, nor is it used with verbs beginning 
 with at, av, ft, ev, ot, nor with the iterative tenses in <TKOV, 
 
 (TKOp.T)V. 
 
 8. Terminations. 
 
 (a) The third person plural in arai, aro for trot, vro 
 
 is found, (i) in Perfects and Pluperfects of the w con- 
 
 jugation, as TfTixparai, drriKaro, jSejSXs'arat (with shortening 
 
 of T) to f ), w/yiearo. ( 2 ) In Optative, as /SovXoioro, aTn.Koia.ro 
 
 G 2
 
 84 IONIC DIALECT. 
 
 (3) In Pres. and Imperf. Pass, of verbs in p, as 
 
 (3) Uncontracted form of Pluperfect Active, as f& 
 eas ee ecrav. 
 
 (c) Uncontracted form of 2nd Pers. Sing. Indie. 
 
 Passive and Middle, as oi^eat, eaecu, dmKfo, e'yeVeo, Trtideo 
 [Imperat.], e'6Vao, VTTC^KOO. 
 
 [NOTE. The second person of all these forms is contracted in the 
 Conjunctive.] 
 
 (</) In Aor. I. II. Passive Conjunctive, and Aor. II. 
 Conjunct, of verbs in /w the contracted vowel S> is opened 
 
 into eco. 
 
 9. Contracted Verbs. 
 
 (a) In verbs in eco, Herodotus leaves open many of the 
 forms contracted by Attic rule, e. g. KoXecyiei/oj, KaXe'?/, 
 eVcaXeoi/, (pi\o(ro(p(a>v. In a few verbs in eo>, the vowels eo 
 and eov contract into ev, to avoid the concurrence of three 
 or more vowels, as iro-ico-pevos, becomes iroieipfvos, 
 The impersonal 8 is contracted, but the form of the 
 Imperfect is coVe. 
 
 (<$) The same rules apply to the contracted future of 
 verbs, as for fj,fveov<n } KaratrXovTiefiv, xapiffcrdai. But a 
 similar contraction into eu (see above) takes place with 
 
 some ' Attic' futures, as *ojti/*e$a, dvraycavievfjifvos. 
 
 (c) In verbs in da>, the Attic contraction into <u is 
 generally left open, but instead of the diaeresis appearing 
 as aw, ao, aov, it mostly follows the analogy of verbs in tw, 
 
 and appears as eco, eo, eou, as ope'co, opfoptv, S>p(ov, opecopfv, 
 
 etc. But the Attic contraction a or 5 remains undisturbed, 
 as 6pas, opacrdai. Xpda> and xP<*P ai however do not con- 
 tract into 17 but a. 
 
 (d] Verbs in oa> generally follow the Attic rules of con- 
 traction, but in verbs in which a vowel precedes the letters
 
 FORMS OF IONIC DIALECT. 9, 10. 85 
 
 liable to contraction, oo and oov are mostly contracted to 
 fv, as fdiKai-fvv, 
 
 10. Verbs in pi. 
 
 () The 2nd and 3rd Pers. Sing, and 3rd Pers. Plur. of 
 ri0T)fu, tarrripi, and 8i8afj.i follow the forms of the CD conjuga- 
 
 tion as ridels, ridel, Tideicri ' } tcrray, 'era, toracri ' t $iSoty, StSot, 
 StSovcrt. The imperf. of ridrjfjn is eri'&a, (Tidffs, fTidff. 
 Particip. Perf. of larr/fit, fareaa. 
 
 (b] Dialectical forms of elpi (sum) are For eV/xev, ei/nei/ ; 
 
 for (lev, ftrja-av ; for &v and ova-a, e'cov and eovo-a, etc. ; for Tfv } 
 
 eo-Kov, or sometimes a, ?aj, eare. 
 
 (f) Forms of 0^80 oldas 'ld/j,fi> olBacri. Conj. (I8fo>. 
 Opt. fl8fir}v. Imperf. fj8ta fjSec ydeare fjfteo-av. 
 
 (d) Forms of dpi (ibo) Imperf. ^ia fjif fjio-av. 
 
 (e) fattcvvfu and {fvywm follow partly the conjugation in 
 Hi and partly that in <a.
 
 SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS. 
 
 THE STORY OF SOLON AND CROESUS. 
 (B. i. chaps. 2^-31 ; 84-87.) 
 
 The history of Herodotus is an account of the great 
 feud between Asia and Europe. There were many stories 
 told on either side about the various acts of violence that 
 led to the quarrel, such as the rape of lo, of Europa, and 
 of Helen : a woman, as usual, figuring in them, as the 
 causa teterrima belli. Herodotus evidently considers the 
 blame lay with the Asiatics ; and he proceeds to tell the 
 story of Croesus, king of Lydia, the first historical ag- 
 gressor (TOV TrpS>TOV virap^avra a8iK<ov cpycov $ TOVS "EXA^wzy, 
 1. i. 5). Croesus, son of Alyattes, made himself master 
 of most of the countries west of the river Halys. Like 
 Solomon, in wealth if not in wisdom, he lived in magnifi- 
 cent state, and his court was visited by great men from all 
 parts, to partake of his splendid hospitality and gaze on 
 his priceless treasures. Among the most famous of his 
 guests was Solon, the Athenian. 
 
 I. INTERVIEW OF CROESUS AND SOLON. 
 I. 1. 
 
 'ATTiKveovrai 1 *' 9 * ey ^.dpis 5h a.Kfia^ov<ra^ ir\ov- 
 TW aXXoi re o/ Travrey e*c T^y 'EXXa^oy crod)to'Ta) >
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. I. 2. 87 
 
 ot TOVTOV TOV xpovov eTvy^cLvov eovTes I0b , d>9 e/ca- 
 <TTO9 auTwv aTrwci/eofTO 9 *' /cat Sri /cat 2o'Xa>i/, ay/p 
 
 9, 09 'ABrjvaioKTi yo/xoi/9 /ceXeJeracrt Trotjjara?, 5 
 erea 5g ^e'/ca, /cara 6e<aptt]<j 5a - Trpd(pa<riv 
 
 s, tva Sy jj.rj Tiva TWV vo/mcov avayKacrOy \va~at 
 T<S/ 6c eOero. aurot 'yap OVK oioi re yc 
 crat AOjyt'ator 6pKioicri 5e yap /meyaXouTi 
 ^eVa erea ^o>yo-eo-0at VO/J.OKJ-L rou? 60 aV ar(i- owj/ 10 
 
 OrJTUl. AvTWV Si] <$V 3{ TOVTtoV KCU Ttj? 
 
 K^r)iJLt]<rag o 2oAtov eiveiccv, e9 Ar^uTrrov 
 
 Trapa "A./u.a.friv, KOI Srj KOI e? 2cep^t9 5h Trapa 
 
 KjOOfCTOJ/. CLTTlKOfJieVOS Se, ^IVI^TO V TOIO-L 
 
 /3acrtXj//o/<7t 4b VTTO TOU KjOO/<rou. 15 
 
 (B. i. 29, 30.) 
 
 After Solon had been taken round the royal treasure- 
 houses, Croesus asked him who was the happiest man he 
 had ever known, and Solon, to the surprise of his host, 
 answered, " Tellos, the Athenian." 
 
 I. 2. 
 
 Mera Se, ^/ufp? 5a TpiTy rj TerctjOTj?, KeXevcravTO? 
 TOV 2oXft)va OepaTTOVTes Treptfjyov KO.TO. 
 U? Oycravpovs, /cat eTreSeiKvwav Traj/ra eoj/Ta lob 
 /ueyaXa re ical oX/8ta. Ot]rj<rafj.i'ov Se /niv ra jrai/ra 
 /cat <r/ce'v|^a/uefO/ <w? ot 6a /cara Katpov *ji>, etpero 6 5 
 Kporro9 TdSe- "SetVe 30 A0^j/at"e, Trap' 
 'yap Trept <reo 6a Xo / yo9 cnriKTai 7roXXo9, /cat 
 elveitev rrJ9 <rn<i KOI 7rXav79, W9 (iXocroec
 
 88 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 qv Bewplrjs elveKev 30 7reXi>]\v6as. vvv tav 
 10 eTreipeorOai /u.oi CTrqXOe, et Tiva qSq iravTWv eiSes 
 oX/3iurraTOv;" 'O fJiev, eXirlfuiv elvai av9pu>7ru>v oX- 
 /S/ftrraT09, Tavra eTreiputra. Zo'Xwi/ ^e, ovfiev VTTO- 
 0ft)7rei/(ra9, aXXa TW eoi/Ti lob ^ptjcrd/nevo^f \eyei~ 
 <lV Q flaa-iXev, TeXXov 'AOipdiov*" A7ro0ft>/ia<ra9 3b 
 15 oe KpoFcro? TO Xe^Oev, eipero e7rt(TTpe<^)e&>9' " Ko/y lc 
 Srj Kpivets TeXXoi/ etvai oXfiiwrarov ;" 'O ^e W- 
 "TeXXw TOVTO fji.ev, T^9 < 7roXto9 511 ev yKOva"*]?, Tratoes 
 rjtrav KaXol re KayaOo}, Kai arcpt elSe aTracri reicva 
 eKyevofj-eva, KOI Trai/ra Trapa/meivavra.' TOVTO ^e, TOV 
 20 /3/ou 6i) %KOVTI, &>9 ra Trao' ^r^, TeXeiT^f TOU (8/ou 
 \afjL7rpOTUTt] cTreyevero. yevofJLevrjs yap 'A0tjvaloi(ri 
 
 ev 
 
 <ra9 4a , /fat TpOTrrjv Troirja-as TWV 
 KaXXiara. Kai fj.iv ^A.Qrjvatoi Stjfjioa'lt) Te eOa^av 
 25 avrov TtJTrep 60 cTrea-e, KOI TifJi)j(rav /xe i yaXc)9." 
 
 (B. i. 30.) 
 
 Croesus, hoping he should at least come second on the 
 list, asks Solon whom he considered next happiest. Solon 
 gives that place to Cleobis and Bito of Argos, and tells 
 their story. 
 
 I. 3. 
 
 '09 <Je TO. KO.TCI TOV TeXXoy Trpoerpe^aTO 6 2o- 
 Xwv TOV K.poicrov, etTra? TroXXa re Kai oX/3/a, eTrei- 
 parra Tiva fievrepov /ULCT eKetvov *Soi, SOKCWV^* Tray^y 
 * yu>v zt oi&ea-Qai. o oe etire' " KXe'o/3n>
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. I. 3. 89 
 
 T KOI RiTCDva. TovTOiffi yap, eov&i yevos 'Apyet- 5 
 oitri, /3/o? re apre'toi/ 9 * i/Trrjv, KOI irpos TOVTW, pa>/j.r) 
 (Tu>fj.aTOs roiySe 2 *- aeO\o(f)6poi re afj-fyoTepot o/zo/w? 
 rjcrav, KOI fit] /ecu Aeyercu oSe 6 \6yos. eov<rt]$ 6pTij$* { 
 Ttj "H|0j? Toivi 'Apyeioicri, c$ee 9a Traj/rw? rr t v jjLrjrepa 
 avTwv ^evyel' KO/umrO^ai e? TO ipov* f ' ol oe <r(f)i /3oe? 10 
 CK TOV aypov ov Trapeylvovro ev ojpy eKK\r]id/u.evoi* b 
 fie Trj wpy 01 veqviai, vTroSuvres avTOi VTTO TIJV ^eJ'y- 
 \rjv, ei\Kov Ttjv ujma^av, ejrl T^? a/ua^j;? Se <r(pi 
 o^eero rj jj.rjrrip. <rraSiov9 5e irevre KOI Tecra-epd- 
 KOVTCI ^m/co/utVaj/Te?, O.TTIKOVTO e? TO tpov' Tavra Se J 5 
 <r^)t TTOfi/cracrt, /cai o(f)6ficri VTTO Trjs Travyyvpios 5 * 1 , 
 Te\evTtj TOV /3lov apiiTTtj eireyeveTO. Sieoe^e 3 ^ TC ev 
 Tovrotcri o Oeo?, w? a/meivov ely avOpwTrw reQvdvai 
 fjLa\\ov r] l<aeiv. Apyeioi IJ.GV yap TreptcrTavTes 
 e/mctKaptTov TU>V vet]vieu>v 5c Tt]v put/uqv ai Se 'Ap- 20 
 yeiat, T*]V pyre pa ctvTotv, olcov TCKVWV eKvpqtre. ff oe 
 /u.T)T>ip Trepi^aptjy eouira T<W TC %pyu> fat Ttj (py/Ay, 
 o-Tacra avriov TOV a^aX/uaTO?, e^ero, KAe'ojS/ Te 
 OLUI ecovTtjg* 6 TeicvoKTi, ol iu.iv erifji.r](rav 
 $ovvai Trjv Qeov TO 60 avQpwTrw TV^elv 25 
 Ov earTi. /uera TavTyv oe TTJV ev^rjv, w? eOvcrdv 
 T Kal evwxrjOria-av, KaTaKoi/mrj9evTe$ ev avrw TW tpw 
 ot veyviai, OVKGTI aveirTqcrav, aXX ev TeXet' TOI/TW 
 ea"%ovTO. 'Apyeioi Se <r<pe(i)v 6 ^ eiitovas Troirja'diu.evoi, 
 aveOecrav e? AeX^ow, a>y avdpwv api<TT(av yevo- 30 
 
 (B. i. 31.)
 
 90 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 Croesus is vexed that he is thus passed over, but Solon 
 tells him that no one can be called happy till he has ended 
 his days happily, and that great prosperity is jealously 
 watched by heaven : the higher a man's estate, the more 
 liable it is to a sudden fall. Then Croesus dismisses his 
 Mentor for a fool. 
 
 L 4. 
 
 2oXfc>j/ /j.ev Si] vai/u.oviri<; Sevrepqia^ eve/xe TOV- 
 TOKTI. KjOOtcro? Se (nrepxBe'is, etW- " *!} etVe 
 fj Se rj/JLerepr] v$aiju.ovit] OVTW TOI airep- 
 e? TO /m.tjSev, were ovSe iSitorewv 50 avSpwv 
 5 a/ou? J7yea5 6b eTro/j/cra? ; " 'O ^e etVe* "'Q Kpoive, 
 /*e ro Oeiov TTCLV eov fyQovepov re /cat 
 
 Trepi ; ev yap TW fJ.a.Kpu> yjpovw TroXXa /JLW e<rri tSeetv 
 TO. /j.rj TI? eOeXet, TroAAa ^e icai TraOeeiv' e/zot Se <rv 
 t 7r\ovreeiv /uei> /ue-ya (paivecu 80 , KOI /SacrtXey? en/at 
 
 TToXXft)!/ avOpMTTCOV' KIVO Se TO eipO Bc fJL, OVK(t) lc 
 
 ere eyu) Xe^ct), irplv av reXevrwavra /caXco? rov 
 atftji/a TrvOooimai. ov yap TOI 6 /jieya TrXot/crto? /xaX- 
 \ov rov eir weptiv C^OI/TO? 6\/3iu>rep6s e<m. el /my 
 X 5 ot Tv^r] CTTiCTTrofTO, TTavTCL Ka\a 
 ev TOV /3tov. TroXXot /uev yap ^a 
 avo\{3ioi i<ri' TroXXot ^ 
 
 . 6 /zev ^^ /ze'-ya 7rXoJ<rto9, avo\(3iO9 Se, 
 Trpoe^ei TOV evTv^eos 58 /xoJvotcrt 36 ' OUTOP Se, 
 
 ? TT\OV(TIOV KOI aVoX/3/OU TToXXotCTi. 6 fJ.V, 7Tl-
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. I. 4. 9! 
 
 0ufj.ir]v eKTeXecrai, /cat artjv /u.eya\tjv TrpocriretTovcrav 
 eveiKai fivvarunrepos' 6 <5e, TOicriSe Trpoe^et eiceivov' 
 /u.V /rat e7riOvim.ir]v OVK 6/ototco? 
 
 ravra $e r/ evrv^irj ol cnrepvicer 
 /, aj/oucro? 36 , axa0^? /caKwf, evirais, eveififc' el oe 2 5 
 
 ert reXei/T^o-et TOV (3tov ev, ouro? 
 6c cru ^ret?, oX/3to? KeK\tj(r9ai a^/o? 
 <TTI. Trpiv <? av reXet/T^crj?, eTTtcr^eeii/, /u^oe fcaXee/t 1 
 K&> IC o\j3ioV) aXX' eJry^ea* 8 . Ta TctJ/ra /xei/ vi'i' 
 ravra (rvXXafaiv avOpwrrov eovra aSvvarov eorrf, 3 
 uxnrep ^w/3/ 5a ovSe/mia KctTapiceei Travra. ecoyr^ 4e 
 aXXa aXXo /uei' ^X e '' ^ 7 ^p ov oe eTTi- 
 Se av TO. TrXeia-ra e^y, apia-rr] avrrj. w$ 
 $e Km av9pu>Trov <r)/u.a ev ovSev avTapices etTTf TO 
 /IACV yap e^ei, aXXou Se evSees e&Ti. o? 5' av avTu>v 35 
 7r\ei<TTa e-^wv iare\ey g& , KOI eireiTa TeXevrqcrt] ev- 
 Xapi<TT<a$ TOV j8/o^, OUTO? 7ra|o' e/jL 
 TOUTO, co (3a(ri\ev, SiKaios ecrri (frepecrOai. 
 
 ap $*] inroSe^as SA o\fiov o Oeos, 4 
 avcrpe^se" Tavra Xeytoi/ TW K|0o/o-ft), 
 ov K(JOS OVTC e%apl<eTO, OVTC Xo'^ou iJ.iv iroiricrap.evo's 
 ovdevos cnroTrefJLTreTar Kapra ^o^a? ajmaOea elvai, 09 
 Ta TrapeovTd aya9a /xere)? 1 *, Ttjv TeXeirr^v Trai/TO? 
 
 6pav g e/ceXeye. 45 
 
 (B. i- 32, 33-)
 
 92 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 II. THE FALL OF CROESUS. 
 
 Solon's warning was soon to come true. Croesus first 
 loses, by an untoward accident, the son whose life he had 
 guarded like the apple of his eye : then, deceived by the 
 ambiguous answer of the Delphic oracle, he resolves to 
 attack Cyrus, for he was uneasy at the growing power of 
 Persia. But he has to fall back upon Sardis, his capital 
 city, and after an obstinate battle the aggressor finds him- 
 self besieged. 
 
 Sardis was deemed impregnable ; but a skilful climber 
 found his way up to the citadel by an undefended path. 
 The troops of Cyrus followed him, and the city was 
 stormed. 
 
 II. 1. 
 
 5h 
 
 eyevero y/J.ept] 7ro\iopKOfJ.evu) Q * K^oo/crft), Kiyjo? 
 ry (TTpaTitj ry ewvrov, SiaTTe/u^as iTnreas, TrpociTre, 
 TU) Trpu>T(a TTi(3avTi Tov Tetp^eof Suipa $a>creiv. fJLera 
 5 ^e TOVTO, Treiprjcra/Jievw rfc o-r/oar^?, a)? ov Trpoe- 
 Xiapee, evOavTa 1 * TU>V aXXcov TreTravjUievtov, avtjp 
 MdpSo? eTreiparo Trpoo-(3aiv<i)v, T( 
 'YpoiaSijs, KUTU TOVTO T^? cucpoiroXios 
 
 eTTdKTO (pvXdKOS" OV JCtp r}v <$IVOV, KOTO. TOVTO 
 
 10 pr] aXa> /core 10 . aTroroyUOf Te yo.p CCTTI Tavry y 
 a^jOoxoXip, KOI a/aa^o?' 'O (Sv 3t S^ 'YpotdSris OVTOS 
 6 Mct|0<5o?, iSwv Ty TrpOTepaiij 58 ' TOW Tiva 
 /cara TOVTO TJ?? axpOTro'Xto? KaTajSdvra 7rt 
 avwOev KaTCUcvXia-Oeiarav, KOI aveXofjLevov, (ppdcrOii
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. II. 2. 93 
 
 KOI 69 ^u/oioi/ e(3d\TO. Tore <Je <^ airro9 re a/e/3e- *5 
 /37/<:ee 8b , KCU /car' avTov a\\oi Hepa-ewv 50 avefiaivov. 
 
 Kecrai> 8b , Kal TTO.V TO a<TTV CTropOeeTO. 
 
 (B. i. 84.) 
 
 The son of Croesus, who was dumb, seeing his father 
 on the point of being slain, regained his speech in the 
 agony of the moment. 
 
 II. 2. 
 
 Kar' avTov Se Kpoicrov TaSe eyevero. r/v ol Trafy, 
 Tct fAGv aXXa eTTieiKrj^^ afpwvos oe. cv Ttf (t>v 
 TrapeXBovcry eve<TTOi 6 Kpoitros TO irav <?9 avTov 
 eTre7roi^K 8b , aXXa re 7ri(ppalo[ji.evos, Kal <$r] Kal 
 e9 AeX^o^ Trepl avTov eTreTro/u^ee ^o^cro/xei/o^. 5 
 fj e TlvOirj ol eiire TaSe' 
 
 AvSe yevos, TroXXwi' /SatriXeC, /iya vrjirif Kpoi(re, 
 TTO\vfVKTOv lr}V dva Sw/xar' axoveH/ 
 o8e (rot TroXii Xwi'oj/ dfjL(f)\s 
 ffj.fj,evai. av&jjcrei yap eV fjfj,aTi TrpStrov dVoXjSo). IO 
 
 AXi<7/co/xeVou ^e TOU ret^eo9, //ie lod "yajO TWJ/ Tt9 
 ITejOore'coi/ aXXo < yi/wcra9 KjOOf<roi/ 0)9 a7ro(CTei/ecov 9b , 
 Kporc709 M^ J^ 1 "' OjOetoi/ 90 eTriovTa, VTTO r^9 Trapeov- 
 
 Tr\r]yevTi cnroOaveeiv' 6 8e 7rai$ OVTOS o a(j)<avos, 15 
 a>9 ei<Je eiriovTa TOV YLep<rqv, VTTO Seovs re Kal 
 
 Kpoitrov." O5ro9 /uev <5^ TOVTO irpwTov e(f)6e
 
 94 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 a $e TOVTO tjSrj e(f)a>i'ee QA TOV irdvTa xpovo 
 
 20 oV, 
 
 (B. L 85.) 
 
 Croesus was taken prisoner. His conqueror cast him in 
 chains upon a pile of wood to be burned alive. Then 
 Croesus, in the bitterness of his soul, remembered the 
 warning words of Solon, and called three times aloud upon 
 his name. When Cyrus learned the meaning of the cry, 
 and heard the story, touched with pity and fear, he ordered 
 the fire to be quenched. 
 
 II. 3. 
 
 O/ $e Tlepcrat Tct9 re <^y 2ao(5t? 511 ecr^ov, KOI 
 avTov Kjoofcroi/ el^wyptja-av, ap^avTa erea Tecrcrepecr- 
 KatSeKa, Kal Tea-a-epecrKaiSeKa rj^epag TroXiopKrjOev-ra, 
 
 KaTCL TO XJ))J(rTr]pt6v T KaTaTraiHTCLVTO. T*)V lft)l/TOlJ 4e 
 
 5 (JLGyaXrjv ap-^i 1 ' Xa/3oi/re? Se avrov ol Tlepcrai 
 ffyayov Trapa K.vpov. 6 cje, (rvvvqtras trvprjv /ueya- 
 \t?v, avefii/Sao-e CTT' CLVTTJV TOV T&polcrov re ev TreSyiri 
 SeSejULevov, /cat <^<9 eTrra A.va>v Trap avTOV Tra/oay. 
 Tw ^e Kpo/o-ft), ea-TewTi 10 * CTT} T^? Trup^, ecreXOeiv, 
 10 Kal Trep ev /ca/cw eovri TOCTOVTM, TO TOV 2oXwi/o9, w? 
 01 eit) crvv 6eu> eiptjfievov, TO " M.r/Seva eivat TWV 
 o\/3iov." ws <$e apa fj.iv TrpocrTrfvcti TOVTO, 
 Kal ava(rTevaavTa e*c TroXX^p 
 ej Tpi9 ovofidcrai 2o'Xft)i/a. Kal TOV KGjOOv 
 15 ciKOvcravTa, KeXevtrai TOV? ep/J.rjVas 5e eireipea-Oai TOV 
 /, Tiva TOVTOV eTriKoXeoiTO' Kal TOVS Trpocr- 
 
 fj.ev aiytjv
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. II. 3. 95 
 
 e, ft>? 
 
 "Tof 6c av eyto iracri Tvpavvoicri 
 l*eyd\(j)v yjprnj.a.T(av e? \dyov? e\6etv." '2? <5e <7<i>i 20 
 atrrj/na. e<ppa{e, TraXiv cTretpatTeov TO. \ey6fjieva. 
 \i7rape6vT(av $e OIVTWV, KOI o^Xov Tra.peyovTwv, eXeye 
 $t], cos y\6e ap-)(t]V 6 2dXft)j/, eatv 'AOqvaios, Kal 
 Ot]t]<rdfj.evo^ TravTO. TOV ecavrov o\Bov O.TT o(f)\av <pi<Te te 
 oia rj eiVap, to? re avT(a TravTO. cnro/Be/Sqicoi TrJTrep 25 
 CK eivos eiTre, ovSev TI /xaXXoi/ ef ewvrov Xeytoi/, 17 
 e? OLTTCLV TO avQpwirivov, KOI /MaX^crra TOU? irapa 
 <T(picri avroicrt SoKeovras dX/3/oy? eivai. Tov /jiev 
 Kpoi(rov TO.VTO. aTrrjyeetrOai' rrjs <$e Trvpqs yfirj 
 d/uL/u.evjjf, KaievQai ra Trepiea-yaTa. KOI TOV Kvpov 30 
 aKOvtravTO. TU>V ep/Jiriveonv TO. etVe Kpoicros /uera'y- 
 VOVTO. re, KCL\ evvwrravra^ OTI /cat auro? a.v6pwiro$ 
 euiVi a\\ov avOptaTrov, yevo/j.evov kutvTOv vSai/u.ovly 
 OVK eXacro-ft), <^cooi/ra irvpl StSott)' Trpo? re TOVTOHTI, 
 $ei(rai>Ta TIJV TICTIV, KOI CTTiXe^d/Jievov w? ovSev fit] 35 
 TUIV ev avOpw7roi<Ti a<T^)aXe<op e%ov, iceXevetv (r/3evvvi>ai 
 Tr\v Tayivrnv TO tcaio/Jievov Trvp, KOI 
 K.poi(rdv Te KOI Tovy fj.eTa KjOO/<rov' KCU 
 jUeVoup ov dvvaerOai Irt TOV irvpos e 
 
 (B. i. 86.) 
 
 But the fire was too fierce, and had the mastery. Then 
 Croesus prayed to Apollo, and suddenly there came a 
 torrent of rain from the clear blue sky, and the flames 
 were extinguished.
 
 96 70JV/C DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 II. 4. 
 
 'Ei/0ai/Ta lb Xe'yercu UTTO AI/& 
 Ttjv Kiy>ov iJ.erayvu)(TiVy <y wpa 9c Travra /u.ev 
 crfievvvvra TO Trvp, ovvajj-evovg Se OVKCTI 
 e7rt/3ft)<ra<T0at 4a , TOJ/ '^.TroAXftwa eTriKaXeo/jLevov, el T'I 
 5 o/ K^apt(rfj,evov % avrov eSwp/jQt], Trapaa-Trjvai, KOI 
 pwrcurQcu /JLIV etc rov TrapeovTO? KCIKOV. TOI> fj.lv, &a- 
 Kpvovra eTTiKoXeea-Qai rov 6eov e/c Se aid ply? re KOI 
 vt]ve/u.lr]s <ruvSpaju.eeiv e^ctTrlvrjs ve<pea f /ca< ^et/ncovd re 
 wrap pay rivai, KU\ vaai voaTi Xa^jOOTarw, KaTatrfie- 
 10 cr6fjvai re Trjv "Trvprjv. OVTW or] /u.a66vTa TOV Kvpov, 
 w? eitj o Kporcro? /caJ 6eo(pi\r]9 /cat avnp ayaQos, 
 KaTa{3i/3a<ravTa avrov OLTTO T^? Trvpijs, etpeffOai Ta^e - 
 e, T/? are avBpwTrwv aveyvaxre, CTTI yrjv Ttjv 
 
 TVCrdfJLVOV, 7TO\fJLlOV CtVTI <f)l\OV SfJiol 
 
 ;" 'O ^e e?7re' "*Q {3a(ri\ev, eya> ravra 
 ^ CTJ? i uc' evSat/moviy, rjy e/xetoirroi/ 48 ^e 
 atTios $e TOVTCOV eyevero o 'EXX^vtoi' 
 0eo9, eiraeipas efte crTparevetrOai. ov^et? -yap oi/Tft> 
 aco^ro? ecrr/, o? TJ? TroXeyuo*' TTjOO flprjvrjs aipeeTat. 
 20 eV /uei/ 'yotyo T^, o/ Troupe? Toy? Trarepa? 
 ev e TW, ot Tra-repes royy -Trar^a?. aXXa 
 oaiju.ocri /rou lc <pi\ov rjv ovTta yevecrOai. ' 
 
 (B. i. 87.) 
 
 Cyrus not only pardoned his royal prisoner, but took 
 him for his friend and adviser. And when Croesus sent to 
 reproach the Delphic god for having brought ruin upon
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. i. 97 
 
 him, he learned how in his case the sins of the fathers had 
 been visited upon the children; how his own interpretation 
 of the oracle had drawn him to his doom, and, lastly, how 
 the god had done the best he could for his worshipper ; 
 but there is a power stronger than the gods themselves 
 the power of Fate. 
 
 III. THE STORY OF CYRUS. 
 
 The last king of the Medes was Astyages, son of 
 Cyaxares. He had given his daughter Mandane in mar- 
 riage to a Persian named Cambyses, " a peaceable man, 
 
 of good family " (OIKITJS ptv tovra dyadrjs, rpoirov 8e TI&VXIOV, 
 
 b. i. 107). But Astyages dreamed that a vine grew from 
 the body of his daughter and overshadowed the whole of 
 Asia, so, as the dream seemed to threaten his sovereignty, 
 he ordered the child that was born of her to be put to death. 
 His vizier, Harpagus. was to carry out the order, but not 
 having the heart to kill the child, he passed it on to 
 Mitradates, one of the royal herdsmen, bidding him expose 
 it upon the mountains. 
 
 III. 1. 
 C O ,uev AjOTTd'yo? avTiKa ayyeXov exe/xTre CTTI 
 
 TU)V {3oVKO\(i)V TU>V 'AcTTl/ayeO? TOV rfTTLO'TaTO VO/U.OS 
 
 re e7rm7<W>TaTa9 3d ve/movTa, Kal oupea 3 * OijpicoSe- 
 erraTcr TU> OVVO/J.O. rjv MtTjOa<5ar>?9, <riu'o//cee <5e TJ? 
 euivrov (TW<WAftr ouvo/ma $e Ttj jvvaiKi qv Ty 5 
 crvvoiKee, Kuvw, /cara Trjv 'Et\\rjva)v yXuxrcrav KUTO. 
 $e r*]i> MtjStKrjv, 2-TraKft)' rrjv yap KVVO. Ka\eov(ri 
 cnraKa 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER.
 
 98 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 'Exet WV 6 {3oVKoXo9 (TTrOvSy TToXXrj KCtXeOfJievO? 
 
 10 cnrtKero, eXeye 6 "Apwayos TaSe' " KeXeuet <re 
 'Ao-rva'-yj?? TO TraiSiov TOVTO Xa/3oVra, Oetvai ey TO 
 eprnu.OTa.TOV TUIV ovpeoDv, o/ca)? lc av T 
 (pOapeirj. KCU TaiSe TOI e/ceXewre VV, 
 KTetvy? O.VTO. a\\a Tew 6d T^OOTTCO 
 
 15 6\eOp(f> TW 
 
 (B. i. no.) 
 
 Now the herdsman's wife had just had a child still-born, 
 and when she saw the babe brought in, clothed in royal 
 apparel, she could not bear to think that it should die ; 
 so she put the dead child on the mountain instead of the 
 living, and reared the little changeling at home. 
 
 III. 2. 
 
 Tai/rcc ctKOvcras 6 jSovKoAo?, KOI avaXafitav TO 
 TraiSiov tj'ie lod Ttjv aiiTrjv oVtVw 6ov, ical 
 cnriKveerai e? Tt]v eTravXiv. TO) o* apa KOI avrw t} 
 
 yvvt], TOT K(l)S KdTO. Sdl/JLOVO. TlKTCl, Ol^O/Hei/OV TOV 
 
 5 fiovicoXov e? TroXiv. q<rav 8e ev (f)povTi$i a^oTepoi 
 Trepf 6 /txev, Toy TOKOV T^9 yvvaucos 
 ff <$e yuvrjy o TI OVK etoOcw? 6 "Ap-rayo? 
 cuTO airr^? TOV avSpa. CTTCI T $e cnrovo- 
 Tr<TTt], oia e^ aeXTTTOv iSovcra t} yvvq, e'tpero 
 10 TrpoTept], o TI fJLiv OVTCO TrpoOv/J.(0$ "ApTrayos /uera- 
 7re/i\^atTO. o ^e eiire' " 7 Q yvvai, elSov TC e? TroXiv 
 KOI tjKovaa TO 6c MTe ideiv ofaXov, fifae /core
 
 STORF OF CFRUS. III. 2. 99 
 
 yevecrOai e*9 ^ecrTrora? TOI^ yuerepovs. o?/co? /u.ev -TTO? 
 'ApTrdyov tc\av6/jLa) /fare/^ero- e<y<w o^e eWAa-yeJ?, 
 yia ecrft). ft>9 (5e Ta^icrTa earjXOov, o^oe'co 90 TraiSiov 15 
 TrpoKetju-evov, acnraipov re :a< Kpavyavo/uLevov, KCKO- 
 a~iJ.rjij.evov XP V(Tl f T Ka * 1 ^^TI TroiKiXy. "ApTrayos 
 <5e W9 elSe /J.e f e/ceAeue T^ ra^/<7T>;j' avaXa|8oj/ra TO 
 -iraiSlov, o'lj(<-r6ai (pepovra, KOI Oeivai evQa Orjpiw- 
 ecrTa.TOV ir] TWV ovpecav 36 ' (pas 'Acrrud'yea etvat 20 
 TOV TUVTO. 7ri6efj.ev6v fj.oi, xoXXa a7re<X;o-ay et /*i/ 
 <r(pea. Ga ' TroitfO'ai/mi. /cat e<y(o avciXafiwv e(pepov, 
 Soitecav rwv TIVO$ oiKerewv 50 etvar ov yap av /core 
 e^o^a evOev ye Tjv. e6d/j.(3eov $e opewv xpvcru) Te 
 ei/u.ao'i KeKO(rjuLr]fjLvov' TT/OO? <$e, KOI K\avO/JLOV 25 
 
 10a e/uifpavea ev 'ApTrdyov KOL TrpOKO. 
 TC *] /TOT' 6Sov Trvv6dvo/u.ai TOV iravra \oyov 
 OepdirovTos, 09 eue 'rpOTrefj.Trcav e^co 7ro'Xto? 5b , ei'e- 
 w? a^oa Maj/^ai/j;? Te e?>; Traf? 
 OvyaTpos, ical Ka^t/SJcreft) TOU KJ'^OOI/, 30 
 
 evT\\erai cnroKTeivai. vvv Te o^e 
 oe Tavra e\eye 6 /3ou/roXo9, saJ 
 aTredeiKvve. rj Se, 0)9 e?^e TO 
 fj.eya Te /cat ei)et(?e9 eoi', <$aKpv(ra(ra, KO.\ X 
 
 av$po$, e'xp^ e M^l^ 1 ^ T *X V P 35 
 /Jiiv. 6 $e OVK e(f)T) oios Te elvat aXX&?9 avra 
 e-7ri<poiTq<Teiv yap KaTaa-KOTrovg e^ 'Apird- 
 yov Tro\l/0[j.evov$- a7roXeW0a/ 9b TC KaKKTTa, rjv /JLJJ 
 ar(pea iroir'G'y- W9 o^e OVK eTreiOe apa TOV av$pa t
 
 100 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 40 fievrepa Xeyet tj yvvr] Taoe- "'ExeJ TOIVVV ov 8vvafiai 
 ere ireiOeiv /mrj e/c$etVat, a~v e (vSe Trotrjcrov, et Stj TTOLCTO. 
 ye avayKrj otyQrjvat eKKei/nevov re'ro/ca yap /cat 
 ey<a, TeTOKO, oe re^veo?' TOVTO fjiev (pepcov TrpoOes, 
 TOV e T^? Ao-rua-yeo? Qwyarpos TraiSa w? e^ 
 
 45 ^/iecov 6b eovTO. Tpe<pa)[j.ev' Kal ovra) oure <ry aXcoreai 8c 
 aSiKewv rou? ^eo-Trora?, oi/re ^/i^ /ca/fco? /Se/SouXei/^teva 
 co-rat, o re 70^0 reOveco? (Saa-iXijirjs 4b ra^)^9 Kvprj(rei, 
 KOI 6 Trepiewv OVK OTroXeet T^r \|/u^jjv." Ka^oTa re 
 eSo^e TCO /3ouroXft) Trpo? Ta irapeovTa eu \eyeiv f] 
 /cai avriKa e-rroiee rai/ra. TOI/ /uev e<pepe 
 TraiSa, TOVTOV /u.ev TrapaSiSoi 10 * T>7 
 ecouroi; ywaiKi- TOV $e ewvrov, eoi/ra veicpov, Xa/3wi f 
 eOijKe e? TO ayyos ev TO) e(pepe TOV eTepov KO(TfJ.^(ra^ 
 Se T<W KO(T/mw iravTi TOV erepov TTCU^O?, (pepcav e? TO 
 
 55 eprjfjLOTaTOV Ttov ovpewv Tidei 10 *. us $e TpiTt] rjneprj 
 T(S TraiSiit) KKei/ULev(a eyevero, 7/ie e? TroXti' 6 /3ou/co'Xo9. 
 T<OI/ Tiva Trpoj36<TK(t)v (pv\a.KOV O.VTOV 
 e\0dov $e 69 TOU 'Apirdyov, a.TrooeiKvvvo.1 e<ptj e 
 elvai TOV TraiSiov TOV veicvv. -7re/x\l^a9 5e o ApTrayo? 
 
 60 Ttoy ewvTOv 3opv(p6pwv TOV$ Tn<rTOTa.TOV$, elSe Te 
 Sta TOUTCOI/, /cat eOa^e TOV (3ovKO\ov TO TratSiov. 
 xal TO /Jiev ereOaTTTO' TOV <5e v<TTpov TOVTWV Kvpov 
 ovofJ.a<rOevTa TrapaXafiovo'a Tpe(pe fj yvvy TOV 
 (3ovKO\ov, ovvofj.a aXXo KOV TI /cat ov Kvpov 
 
 65 QefJ.evt). 
 
 (B. i. 112, 113.)
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. III. 3. IOI 
 
 The young Cyrus is so imperious towards his play- 
 fellows, that the father of a child whom he had beaten 
 makes a complaint, and Cyrus is brought before Astyages. 
 
 III. 3. 
 
 K.al OTe fir) r^v fieKaeTys 6 irals, ^pfjy/Jia 23 ' e? 
 avTov Totovfie yevo/u-evov <~e(p}]ve jj.iv. excuse ev Ty 
 KWf/Jj Tavrt] tv Tr\ fjcrav ical ai (3ovico\iai airrai, 
 exatTe ^e fJLT a\\a)v yXiKwv ev 63<' KOI 01 Traffics 
 Tra/^oj/re? e'lXovro ktavrwv /SacrtXe'a elvcu TOVTOV Sri 5 
 
 TOV TOV {3oVKO\OV e7TlK\l]<TlV TTUlfia. 6 $ CIVTWV 
 
 fiieTa^e TOVS /mev oiitlas oiKoSo/Jieeiv TOV$ e Sopv- 
 (popovs et^ar TOV Se KOV nva avr>v, 6(f)0a\/j.ov 
 /3a<r(Xeo9 elvai' Tta e TIVI, ra? ayyeX/a? ear(pepeiv 
 t$ov yepa?- ws e/cacrra) epyov TT poo-raw aw. ei$ Srj 10 
 
 TOVTCOV TWV TTCtlSlGOV (Tf^Tra/^COJ/, (JOV 'AjOTe/jt/SajOCO? 
 
 7ra?9, avfipos SoKlfJLOV ev M^o/crr ov yap fit] eTro/^cre 
 TO Trpoa-TaxJdev CK TOV Kvpov eKeXeve avTOv TOV$ 
 aXXou? Tral^a? iaXa/3eiv. Trei6ofJi.fV(iov Se TWV Traifiuiv, 
 6 Kiy)09 TOV TraiSa Tpifxecas' 2 * KOLOTO. Trepiecnre /zacrri- 15 
 yecov 93 " 6 fie, CTTCI Te /xere/O^ 1 * Ta^/o-ra, a>9 ye <$*] 
 ava^ia CWVTOV TraOwv, /xaXXoi/ TI Trepitj/JLeKTee- /careX- 
 6cov fie e? TroXiv, Trpos TOV TraTepa aTrotKTt^ero TWV 
 UTTO Kiyjou %VTt)>re, Xeywv fie ov Kvpov, (ov yap KW 
 ijv TOVTO Towo/ua,) aXXa irpos TOV fiovKoXov TOV 20 
 'AcTTfayeo? Tratfios. 'O fie 'A.pTe/u.(3dpt]? opyfj <y 
 e?^e eXOtov Trapa TOV 'Acrruayea, /ecu a/ a ay6/u.evo$ 
 TOV Tratoa, avapa-ia Trpyy/uaTO, efp
 
 102 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS'). 
 
 \eya)v "*Q (3a(ri\ev, VTTO TOV (rov SovXov, (3ovicoXov 
 2 5 ^e TraiSos, coSe Trepiv{3pi(rtJi9a" (SetKvvs TOV TraiSos 
 
 TOV? &>/AOU9.) 'Aicovcras $e KOI tSwv 6 ' 
 
 OeXcov Ti/J.ofiptja'ai Tta TraiSl Ti/Jitjs T^? 
 
 eu/e/ca, /xereTre'/xTrero roV re (SovicoXov KOI TOV TratSa. 
 
 eirei re ^e Traprja-av afAcfioTepoi, j8Xe\|^a9 TT^OO? TOV 
 3 Ki/|OOJ/ o 'Ao-Tua-yj/?, e(f)r)- " 2u ^, ewi/ TOvSe 
 
 TOIOVTOV eovro? Tra??, eroX/u^cra? TOV TOvSe TralSa, 
 
 eovros Trpwrov Trap* e/xol, aet/ce/i; TOiySe Trepiinreiv ;" 
 
 '/^ 5' ' '/O f? tc^O 5" ' v .?' 
 
 U oe ajmeipeTO woe' M oecrTroTa, eyw oe TCLVTO. 
 TOVTOV e-TTolrjara <rvv Siicy. 01 jap /xe e/c r^? 
 35 Troupe?, TO>V /cai o^e tjv, Tra/^o^re?, a~(j)eu>v Gb 
 
 eCTTrjCTGLVTO {3a(ri\ea. OKOV yap (T(f)l ClVCtl 6? TOVTO 
 
 eTTtT^^ewraTO? 3 *. o/ /uej/ vvv aXXoi iraiSes TCI CTTITO.(T- 
 (rofjLeva eTrereXeov OUTO? oe a.vt]Kov<TTee re, KOI \6yov 
 et^e ovSeva, 9 o eXafie Ttjv SIKIJV. el cav Srj TOvSe 
 4 elveKa. afyo? reu 6d /ca/cou et'/x'j w^e TO: irapei/uu" 
 
 (B. i. 114, 115.) 
 
 Astyages recognises Cyrus, and having extorted a con- 
 fession from the herdsman, charges Harpagus with dis- 
 obedience ; but he makes no show of anger, only he bids 
 Harpagus to dinner with him. 
 
 III. 4. 
 
 TauTa \eyovTO? TOV TraiSos, TOV *A.a"rvdyea ecryie 
 avdyvoxris avrov- KOL ol o re -^apaKTrip TOV Trpoa-oa- 
 TTOV irpO(T(pepe(r0cu eSoicee e9 ewvrov, /cat rj viro 
 eXevOepwTeptj elvai- o re yjpovos Tn<S e/c0e'c
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. III. 4. IO3 
 
 TOV 7ra<o3p eoK 
 
 $e TovTOtcrif eV* yjpovov a<p9oyyo$ tjv. 
 KOT avevei^Oe'is, elire, 6e\a>v e/cTre/u'vf'at TOV 'Apre/ui- 
 jSdpea, tva TOV /3ovKO\ov fiovvov \a(3u>v fiatraviirt]' 
 " 'ApTfji(3ap$, eydo ravra Troiya-co, <OO-TC ere KOI TOV 
 7raf(5a TOV <rov /mrjSev eTrtfjieucpecrOat." Tov /xev ^ 10 
 Apre/m/Sdpea TreuTret- TOV o'e Kfy^oov ^70 v eW ot 
 OejoaTTOVTe?, KeAeucravTO? TOU 'AuTvayeo?. eTrei ^e 
 inreXeXenrTO 6 /Sou/co'Xo? /uoi/vo?, /aouvwOevTa 36 Ta<5e 
 a^TOv eipero 6 'AcrTua'yj;?, icoOev Xa/3oi TOV iraiSa, 
 KOI T/? ef^ 6 Trapafiovs; 6 Se e ewvrov re e(prj 15 
 'yeyovevcu, /ca/ T/V TCKOvcrav auTOV eTt e/vat TrajO 
 ewi/TW. 'AcrTuct'yj/? ^e ^t/v ov/c ei) (3ov\eve(r6a.i (prj, 
 e7ri6v/j.eoi>Ta ep ava-y/cap /xe-yaXa? airiKveecrOaf GLJJ.O. 
 Te Xe'^wv TctvTa, eary/uLaive roicri Sopvc^opoicri Xa/x- 
 /3ave/v auTOV. o ^e, ayo'/uevo? e? TO? avayicas, OVTO) 20 
 o>? e<paive TOV eo'vTa Xo'yov. apxofJievos St] O.TT 
 ap"^tj<; Sie^ei, Ttj a\rj6r]'ir)* b -^pewinevo^' KOI Kare- 
 /3ave ep X/Tap Te /caz crvyyvto/u^v ewi/Tco /ceXei/cov 
 f^eiv avTov. 'A<rTva.yrj$ 8e, TOV /xev f3ovKO\ov Ttjv 
 
 )^vavTO?, Xoyov v^ KCti e\d<T(T(i) eiroieero' 25 
 ayif <$e KO.} /ueyaXco? /ueyw^)o/uevo?, KaXeeiv avrov 
 TOUP Sopv<frdpovs eiceXeve. to? oV ot TraprfV o "Ap- 
 Tra'yof, etpero fj.iv o 'AcrTvdyw ""Apiraye, Tew 6 * 
 ^ fJi.opu> TOV TraiSa KciTexprjcrao 80 , TOV TOI 7rapeu>Ka 
 CK OvyctTpos yeyovoTa T^P e/x^p ;" 'O ^e 'A^oxayop, 30 
 ft>9 e/^e TOV fiovicoXov evov eovTa, ov TpeTrerai CTTI
 
 IC4 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 ea 6Sov, "iva fj.ii \ey^o/j.evos dXitTKrjTai' aXXa 
 Xeyei ra^e- "^O /Sao-iXeu, e-rre/ re irapeXafiov TO 
 TraiSiov, ejBovXevov (TKOTTCOV o/tcoy croi re TTOI^CTO) /caret 
 35 voov, KOI eyw Trpoy <re yevo/uievos avafJLapTt)Tos, pyre 
 QvyaTfH Ty a~f} fJ.^T O.VTU) croi eit]v avOevTys. Troieo) 
 t} <ae. /caXecra? rov @OVKO\OV rovSe, 7rapaSt$a)/u.i TO 
 TraiSlov , (pas <re re eivai TOV KeXevovTft cnroKTelvai 
 avro. Kal Xe'ycoi/ TOVTO ye. OVK tyevSoftip' "^ 7j 
 40 eveTe\\eo Sc OUTCO. TrapaSiSco/uLi fj.evroi TwSe /cara 
 ra<5e, ei>Tei\a/u.evo$ Oeival /JLIV e? eprj/mov ovpos, icai 
 
 <f)v\d<r(reiv a\pi ov reXejrnycre 
 iravTOia rw^e, rjv n*] TaSe eTTtreXea 
 eTrel re ^e, jroitja'avTos TOVTOV ra /ceXeuo//ei/a, 
 45 ereXevTrjcre TO Trcuoioy, Tre^fy-ay TU>V evvov^wv TOV$ 
 y, Kal elfiov Si 1 CKGIVOIV, KOI eOa^d JJLIV. 
 
 TOVTOV 
 
 TOIOVTW iJipw e^pra-aTO 
 
 ev t] TOV iOuv efaiive \6yov. A.CTTV- 
 
 50 07*79 ^e, Kpv7TT(av Tov 6 ot ei/et^e j^oXoi/ ^ta TO 
 'ye'yoi'o?, Trpurra /u.ev KaTcnrep 1 * >JKOVIT avros TT^OO? 
 TOU @OVKO\OV TO Trptjy/u(.a, TrdXiv aTrrjyeero TU> 'Ap- 
 Tra-yar yotera <$e, w? ot eTraXiXXo'-y^ro, KaTe(3aive 
 \eytt)v, <w? " 7repie<TTi T 6 irais, icai TO yeyovos 
 
 55 ^X l Kl ^^' To) re 70110 TreTrot^eVft), e^>; Xeycov, e? 
 TOI/ TraiSa TOVTOV Ka/j.vov /xe^dXtoy, :at 6vyaTp\ Trj 
 efj.fi <5m/3ejSXi7/xeVoy ou/c ej/ eXatppw eTroievjjitjv. w? aJt'
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. III. 5. 105 
 
 TraiSa ctTroTre/xxJ/'oi/ irapa TOV TraiSa TOV veyXvSa' 
 TOVTO Se, ((TwcTTpa yap TOV TraiSo? yweXXw Oveiv 60 
 Tolcrt 6ecav Tip*] avTi] TTjOoovceerat,) TrapurOi /wot eiri 
 
 OeiTTVOV. 
 
 (B. i. 116-118.) 
 
 But Astyages meanwhile slew the son of Harpagus, and 
 made savoury meat of his flesh, and after the dinner he 
 showed the horror-struck father what he had been feast- 
 ing on. 
 
 III. 5. 
 
 v, )? tjKOvcre ra/ra, 
 KO.I fJieyaXa Trot^cra/uej/op OTI Te rj ajuctjOTa? 01 69 
 $eov e < ye ( yoVee 8b , KOI OTI ein T^>;crt 5d xptjcrTycri 
 
 KK\t]TO, tj'l e? TO, OlKlCt. <T\6ti!V e 
 
 rjv yap 01 irais eh /iouj/o?, erea Tpia 5 
 Kal SeKa KOV /iaXtcrra yeyovia?, TOVTOV eKTre/ujret, 
 ievai TC KeXevcov e? AuTua'yeo?, /cat Troieeiv o TI av 
 e/cefvo? Ke\evt], auro? <5e Trepi^apt]? ewv, (fipal^ei Ttj 
 TO. crvyKvprjcravTa. 'A(rTvdyrj$ $e, <o? ol 
 6 'AjOTrct'you Traf?, cr(pa.^a$ UVTOV, KOI KCLTGI 10 
 /ueXea ($ie\aiv t TO. /j.ev a)7TT;cre, TO. Se ^st]<T T>V 
 Kpeu>v. evTUKTd $e TrotJ/cra/ueVo?, X e eToifj.a. ejrei 
 Te fie, Ttjs wpf)<> yivo/j.evr]s TOV Selirvov, Trapya-av 
 ol Te aXXot SaiTVfjt.6ve$ Kal 6 "ApTrayos, TOICTI /ULCV 
 aXXotcri Kal avT<S 'Ao-rua i yet' TrapeTiBeaTO 8a Tpa- 15 
 Tre^at eTwrXeai /u^Xe/wj/ Kpewv 'Ap-jrdjw $e, TOV 
 7raio$ TOV ecovTOV) TrX^/i/ Ke(pa\rjs Te /cat ciKpwv
 
 106 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 "^etpcav re KOI TroScov, TO. aXXa TravTO.' raura (5e 
 
 \(0p}s K61TO eTTi KCtV(j) KaTaKKO.\VfJLfJLeva. fc>? <5e T<W 
 
 20 'AjOTrayw eSoicee aX/? ^X eiv T ^ ? /^jWj 'Acrrua'y^? 
 etpero IJLIV, el rjcrOeirj TI Trj Go'ivy (fra/mevov e 
 'Apirayov KOI KCL^TO. ^(T0r]vai, irapefyepov, 
 Trpo&eKeiTO, Tt]v K(f)a\r)V TOV 
 [4evr]v, KOI. ra? ^eipa^ KOI TOVS 
 
 25 ^e K\evov TTjOOo-rai/Te? aTTOKaXv-Trreiv re KOI \afielv 
 TO /3ouXerai auTwv. 7ret0o/jtevo? ^e 6 'AjOTra'yo?, 
 /cal a7ro/caXJ7rTft)i'j OjOa TOU Tratoo? ra 
 t^a)v <5e, o?re e^eTrXay^, evro? re 
 eipero e avrov o 'Aa-rvdyrji;, ei yivuxricoi orev Gc 
 
 3 Oijpiov Kpea (3e(3pu>Koi. o <5e /cat yivuxrKeiv f(p*}, KOI 
 apetrrov eivai irav TO ai/ /BcuriXevs epfy. TOVTOIVI 
 Se a/u.ei'bdiu.evos, KOI avciXaficav TO. \onra TWV Kpewv, 
 tji'e e? Ta ot'/c/a. wOei-rev 1 * Se e/xeXXe, w? eyco &>- 
 K(D, aX/cra? 0a\l^eii/ Ta TTOLVTU. 
 
 (B.i. 119.) 
 
 Meanwhile Harpagus nursed his revenge, and when 
 Cyrus was grown up, he sent him a secret letter, calling 
 on him to put himself at the head of the Persians, and 
 revolt from Astyages. 
 
 III. 6. 
 
 Tw <5e KJ|Oa) $iaiTU> l u.ev(i) ev Hepcrya-i {3ov\6/u.i>o$ 
 6 Apirayos ojjXwcrai Trjv ecoinov yvca/u.tjv, aXXo>9 
 Te rS>v oSiav (frvXaa-vojuievw 6 
 ovSe. \ayoi> 5t
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. III. 6. I O/ 
 
 Kcit avacr-^iaray TOVTOV ryv yacrTepa, KOL ovoev cnro- 5 
 T/Xa?, w? <5e ef^e, ourw ea-eOrjice fitfiXlov, ypax^a? 
 ra ot eo\>/cee. cnroppd'd/as Se TOV \ayou Tr\v ya- 
 crrepa, /cai SIKTVCI ^01/9, are Orjpeurrj, T<av 
 T(S TricrTOTaTW, a.7re(TTi\ 69 TO^ Tlepcrcts' 
 \a/u.ev6s 01 awo yXuxrcrr]^ fitSovTO. TOV \ayov KUJOW 
 
 avro^eiply JJLIV SieXeiv, /cat fjiijoeva 01 TCLVTO. 
 Trapelvai. TO.VTO. Se fit] wv eTT/reXea 
 
 KOI o Kupo? TrapaXafiutv TOV \ayov ave- 
 
 evpu>v Se ev ai/rw TO /3</3X/ov eveov lob , 
 exeXe'yero. ra ^e ypa/jL/jLaTa eXeye ra^e- "*Q 15 
 Tra? Ka/x /Si/crew, ere 7*ajO OeoJ 7rope(t)(Ti gc ' ov yap 
 av /core e? TOCTOVTOV rufflf a7r//ceu 4a . cru i/w 
 
 TOV arewvTOv (povea Titrai. KCLTO. fjiev yap 
 Trjv TOVTOV 7rpo6v]Uiit]v TeQvrjitas' TO Se KCLTO. 6eov$ 
 
 \ i \ i i \ r x n / r 
 
 Te /cat fj.e irepieis. TO. ere KO.I TraAat ooKeaj iravTO. 20 
 Kfjie/u.a6r]Kvai, <reo re avrou irept w? 7rp^6ij 2 * t 
 KOI oia eyw VTTO AcrTuayeo? 7re7roi/0a, OTL <re OVK 
 cnreKTeiva, aXXa eScoKa TU> (3ovKO\u). crv vvv qv 
 e/u.ol 7Ti9e(r6ai, Trj(nrep 'AcrTvdytis a PX l 
 TavTrj? ctTracr/;? ap^eis. Hepcra? yap ava- 25 
 xe/cra? aTrivTauQai la , crTjOar^XaTee eTrl M^ow 
 /cat ^v Te eyu> inro 'A.crTvdyeos a7roo > e^0ea) 8d (TTpa- 
 Ttjyo? avria crev, <TTI TOI TO. <rv )SoJXeat 8c , ijv 
 
 T TO)V Tt9 OOKi/JidOV 
 
 Tr eiceivov, KOI yevo/mevot irpos 30 
 <reo A(7Tfa i yea KaTaipeeiv 1 * ireipqa-ovTai' &>? wy
 
 108 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 erotfJLov TOV ye ev6a.Se eovTO?, irotee rai/Ta, KOI 
 Troiee /cara ra^o?. 
 
 (B. i. 123, 124.) 
 
 Astyages was mad enough to send Harpagus to suppress 
 the revolt which ensued, but he deserted to the side of the 
 Persians, who then made an easy conquest of the Medes. 
 
 Then follows a long list of the triumphs of Cyrus. 
 Harpagus, having been appointed his general, reduces the 
 Lydians and lonians who had revolted, while Cyrus pur- 
 sues his conquests in Upper Asia, and declares war against 
 Labynetus King of Babylon. 
 
 On his march he must cross the river Gyndes, and he 
 wastes a whole summer in dividing its waters into 360 
 petty streamlets, because one of the sacred horses was 
 washed away by its rapid current. 
 
 HI. 7. 
 
 'E-Tret re <$e 6 Kvpos 7ropev6fj.evo$ eTrl rrjv Ba/3i/- 
 \wva eylvero eTrl T*vv8y TTOTa/zw, TOV at fj.ev Trijyai 
 ev Marirji'Oicri ovpecri, peei $e Sia ActjOcWeW, e/c- 
 SiSot 10 * Se e? eTepov TroTCt/uiov Tiypiv. TOVTOV <$tj 
 5 TOI/ Tvi'Stjv -Trora/xoi/ <9 $ia(3ali>eiv e-Treiparo 6 
 Ku^oo?, eo'i/ra vtjvari Trepyrov, evQavra 1 * 01 TWV r/9 
 iputv ITTTTCOV raw Xevicwv VTTO v/3pio$ eo-^a? e? TOV 
 ia/3aiveiv eiretpaTO. 6 $e fj.iv O"u/(x\|^>/cra9, 
 v otp(aj/cee 8b (frepwv. KapTa re or) eya\e- 
 io Traive TO> TTOTO/WW 6 Kuoo? TOUTO vfipicrai'Tt, KOI 
 01 eTTtjTreiXtjare, OVTW Sq /u.iv acrOevea iroirjcreiv, cocrre 
 TOV \oiirov KOI yvvaiKas fj.iv evTrereoos, TO yow ou
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 8. 109 
 
 e T*]v 
 
 oiapee 
 
 Trjv CTTpctTirji' ^/^a. $ie\u>v ^e, KdTeTeive (ryoivoTe- 
 vea<? V7rooeas 3d Sicava? oowKovTa. 4a /caJ CKCITOV 
 
 eKarepov TO ^emo? TTpa/u./u.evas TOV 
 
 TOOTTOV. <5tara^a? ^e TOV (TTjOarov, opva~- 
 rreiv eicdXevc. ola. Se O/ULI\OV -/roXXoy epya^Ofj-evov, 
 qvero /u.ev TO epyov, o/xto? /mevTOi Ttjv Oepelqv Tracrav 2 
 ai^rou Tainrf SieTpi^av cpya^o/mevoi. 
 
 (B. i. 189.) 
 
 The Babylonians are driven within their massive walls, 
 prepared to stand a siege, if need be, for years. But 
 Cyrus diverted the water from the Euphrates, and the 
 Persians, entering by the river-bed, surprised the careless 
 citizens in the midst of their revels. 
 
 III. 8. 
 
 'Qp <5e TOV FJj/^j/ Trora/icov er/craTO Ki/jOO?, e? 
 Tptt]KO(Tta9 /cat C^KOVTO. /miv Siuipv^a.^ Sia\a(3d>v, 
 Kal TO SevTepov cap V7re\a/J.7re, OVTW or] "jXavve TT\ 
 Tr\v Ba/5fXwi/a. 01 oe I$a{3v\u>vioi eKCTTpaTevo'a- 
 /nevoi, e/mevov avrov. eTrel e eyeveTO eXavvwv 5 
 ay^ov Ttjs TroXios, <rvve(3a\ov Te 01 Ba/StAwwo/, 
 Kal e&crwOevTes Ttj /ua^/;, KO.Ti\rj6r]<Tav e? TO acrru. 
 oTa <5e e^eTrKTTa/uievoi ert TrpoTepov TOV Kvpov OVK 
 aTpe[jLi(ovTa t aXX' 6jOeoi/ref 9b CLVTOV iravT\ eOve'i 
 o/uo/co? eTTfveipeovTa, Trpoecrd^avTO criTia erewv icap- 10 
 ra iroXXwv. 'Ei/0ayra OVTOI /JLCV \6yov ei-^ov T^9
 
 110 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 Tro\iopKiT]s ovSeva- Kvpos Se aTropif]cri 5d eVe/j^ero, are 
 Xpovov TC eyyivofjievov crir^vov, avtoTepu) re ovSev 
 TWV TrptjyfjiaTtov TrpoKOTTTOftevcov. Erre Srj wv aXXo9 
 
 15 ol cnropeovTi inredyKctTO, erre /ecu airro9 e/za0e TO 6c 
 TroirfTeov ol >ji>, eTTolee Srj roiov&e. ra^ay rqv <rrpa- 
 Ttrjv aTracrav e e/j.(3o\tjs TOV 7roTa/J.ov, Ty ey Ttjv 
 TroXiv eo"/3a\Xei, /cai oTTiirOe CLVTIS T^? TroXto? rd^af 
 erepovs, Ty e^iei e/c r^9 Tro'Xto? 6 -Trora/xo?' Trpoe'nre 
 
 20 TO) (TTpaTw, OTO.V Sia{3cLTOv TO peeOpov *(avrai 
 yevo/mevov, eaievai ravrt) e? T^ Tro'X^. oi/rft) re 
 $*} Ta^a?, icaJ Kara Tavra Trapaivecras, 
 auTO? crw rw a^ptjty 4 * TOV crrpaTOu. 
 $e 7rl Ttjv \l/u.vt]v, rjv rj 'Ba{3v\(avi(0v /8a<r/Xe/a 
 
 25 <apvcr<re, KOI TOV iroTa/JLOV oiwpvyji ecraya'ytov e? Ttjv 
 \ifjt.vrjv eovcrav eXo?, TO ap^aiov peeOpov oia{3aTOV 
 eivai eTroiijcre, VTrovocrTt/cravTOS TOV Trora/uou. yevo- 
 /j.vov e TOVTOV TOIOVTOV, 01 Tleparai, o^Trep ere- 
 Ta^aro 8 * ex' aurw TOJ/TW, *cara TO peepOov TOV 
 
 3 JStvtpptjTeb) TTOTajmov, vTrovevo<TTr]KOTO$ avopl ft>? 69 
 fjiecrov fJLJjpov /zaXtcrTa K/, /caTa TOUTO ecr>?to-ai' 10t 
 e? T*]i> BajSyXwJ/a. Et' /xei/ vuv TrpoeTrvOovro, rj 
 fjt.a0ov ol Ba/3i/Xco/tot TO e/c TOW Ki/jOou TTOieJ^tej'oi/, 
 ovo* av TrepuoovTes TOV? TIep<ras eae\0eiv e? Ttjv 
 
 35 TroXti/ c~ie(f)6eipav /ca/cto-Ta. /caTa/cX^'/cravTe9 4b -yap 
 ai' Tracray Tay ey TOJ/ TrorafJLOV Trv\ioa$ e 
 /cat aurot 67T/ TCI? alftatrtas avafiavTes Ta9 
 Ta ^e/Xea Toy Trorafjiov e\j]\aiu.vas, eXa/3ov av
 
 STORF OF CYRUS. III. 9. Ill 
 
 0)9 ev KvpTf]. vvv oe e aTrpocrSoK^TOV <r<pi 
 
 ol flepaai. VTTO Se /ue < ya$eo9 2b rrjs 4 
 7ro'Xto9, o>9 Xe-yeTai VTTO rwv Tavry oiKrjfj.ev(av, TWV 
 Trepl TO. ecr^ara T^9 TroXioy eaXo)/coro)', roi;9 TO 
 /otecrov oiKeovTa? TU>V Ba/SuXaJix/o)^ ou fj.av9aveiv 
 eaXco/cora9' aXXa (rf^eri/ yctjO <r^)i eovcrav opTtjv 4 *) 
 "^opeveiv Te TOVTOV TOV xpovov, KOI ev eviraOeiycri 45 
 elvat, 69 o ^ /cat TO KapTa eTrvBovTO, KCU l&aftvXwv 
 /uev ouTta TOT irpwTOv apaipt]TO. 
 
 (B. i. 190, 191.) 
 
 Intoxicated by his successes, Cyrus desired to annex 
 Scythia to his empire. He made an expedition against 
 the Massagetae, and their widowed queen Tomyris. 
 
 Tomyris is quite willing to risk a battle with him; she 
 will either let him cross the Araxes into her country, or 
 will advance with her army into his. 
 
 III. 9. 
 
 "Hi/ <5e, TOU avSpo? cnroOavovTOS, yvi>t) TU>V Ma<r- 
 (rayerecov /3a<r/Xeta' To/xiy)/9 oi yv ovvo/aa. TUVT^V 
 TrejULTTcav 6 Kypo9 e/uvaTO TO> Xo'-yo). i] $e Topvpi? 
 arvvteicra OVK avTrjv fj.iv /xvo>/aei/oi', aXXa Tr\v Macr- 
 <rayeTecov /^acr/Xj/i'i/i/, cnreiTraTO Ttjv 7rp6<roov. Ki/oo9 5 
 ^e yuera TOWTO, o>9 ol ooXo> ov Trpoe^uipee, 6Xao"a9 
 eTTf TOV 'AjOa^ea, eTroieero e/c TOV e/u.(pavO9 eirl 
 Macro-a'yeTa9 a-Tpartj'ir])/, yefyvpas re <evy- 
 0e eir\ TOV 7roTa/j.ov, Siafiaariv TW <TTpaT(p, KOC 
 eirl TrXoioov rcov dicnropOfJLevovTwv TOV TTO- 10 
 
 TO/XOV
 
 112 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 *]-)(OVTl Se 01 TOVTOV TOV TTOVOV, TrefJL^CKTa, r] 
 
 To/Jivpt? KrjpvKa, eXeye Ta.Se' " V Q (BairiXev Mff&oi/, 
 Travcrai (nrevowv TO. cnrevoeis' ov yap av elSeir/s 100 
 
 15 i TOi e? Kdipov carat TCLVTO. TeXeiVej/a 4a- xaucra- 
 fjievos ($e, /3a<ri\eve TU>V trectiVTOv, KOI ^/uea? ave^ev 
 opecov ap^ovras TU>V irep ap-fcOftev. OVK <av 
 f6e\ijcrei^ v7ro9^Kr](ri Tri<ri$e "^pacrOai, aXXa TravTct 
 /uaXXoi/ ?] SC ri<rvL*]9 elvai, <rv Se el /xeyaXco? Trpo- 
 
 20 Qv/j.eeai 8c Macra-ayereW Treipt]6fjvai, 
 /u.ev, TOV )(is Qvyvvs 106 TOV TTOT 
 <^e, r]ju.e<av ava^wpr]<ravT(t)v OTTO TOV 
 tj/mepecov ofiov, 8id/3a.ive e? Ttjv rj/meTeprjv. el o* ^ea? 
 /3ouXea: e&Se^acrOat /uaXXoi/ e? T*]V v/j.eTepr]i\ 
 
 2 5 <rv Tft5i-o 4e TOVTO TTO/ee." TatJra ^e aKOV(ra$ o 
 KujOO?, o"we/caXeore Tleptrecov TOVS irpuiTOvs' crvva- 
 <5e Tourouf, 69 /necrov cr<pi TTjOoer/Oee 10 * TO 
 , <rvjUL{3ov\ev6/uLevo$ OKOTepa Troiey. TWV Se 
 Tcavro ai yvw/uai (rvve^eTrnrTov, Ke\evovT(av 
 
 3 <TeKe(r6ai la T6fj.vpiv re /cat TOV (TTpaTov avTtjs e? 
 T^J/ x<*>p>iv. (B. i. 205, 206.) 
 
 Croesus, who was still in attendance on Cyrus, is urgent 
 on him to follow Tomyris into her own country, recom- 
 mending him to leave his camp stored with savoury meats 
 and wine in abundance, that the Massagetae might become 
 an easy prey after a long debauch. 
 
 III. 10. 
 Tlapewv Se KOI /m.e/ui.<p6fj.evo^ Ttjv yvw/uqv
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 10. 113 
 
 KjOO?cro9 6 A 1/0*09, cnreSeiKMTO 10e evavTirjv Trj vrpo- 
 Keiimevr} yva>[j.y, \ey<av raSe' "*Q (3acri\v, eiTrov 
 
 fjiev Kal TTpOTepOV TO/, OTl CTTCl /X6 ZeU? eo(l)K TOt, 
 
 TO at 1 OjOeo <r(pa\/iJia eov O'IKW TU> (To5, KCITO. Svva/unv 5 
 . Ta $e /ULOI TraO^ara, eovra. a^aptTa, 
 e < ye i yoVee 8b . Et yue^ a^avaTO? Soiceeis 
 Kal o-rpaTirjs TOiavrris ap^eiv, ovSev av etr] 
 r yvu>/u.a$ e/xe crol a.7ro<paivea'0a.i. el oe ey- 
 va)Ka$ on (ivQpunros Kal crv efp, /cat eTepwv TOiwvSe 10 
 ap^ety, eiceivo TrptJorov /ua(9e, w? /ciJ/cXo? TWV avOpw- 
 irrfioiv <TT} Trpriy/u.a.TWv 7repi(pep6/ut.evo^ Se, OVK ea 
 aiel TOVS avrovs evrv^eeiv. ijdrj <3v eyw yvatjmrjv e^ca 
 
 TTCpt TOV 7TpOKlfJLVOV TTjOJ/'y^taTO? TO /U.7ra\tV t] 
 
 OVTOI. ei yap eOeAj/arOjUev e<r&ea<jQai rovs TroXe- 15 
 [JLIOV$ ef Ttjv "^(aptjv, oSe TOI ev avrip KivSvvo? evi* 
 -ev, TTjOOcraTroXXuef? Tracrav Ttjv ap^v 
 yap Srj, ori viKwvre? Maarcrayerai, ov TO 
 (pev^ovTai, aXX' ex' ap^a? TO9 <ra9 eXw<rt. 
 e, 01) vtica? TOCTOUTOV, ocrov el o^a/Sa? e? T^V 20 
 v, VIKWV Macrcra'yeTa?, etroio (pevyov&i' TtouTO 46 
 ya^o avTiOtjara) eKeivy, OTL viK$(ras TOV$ avTiev/mevovs 
 eXa? t^u T^? apX^ 9 T ^ ? To|ll^MS. Xft)|0/9 Te TOV 
 a.Trrjyri(j.evov, ala"fcpov Kal OVK avao^eTW, KujOo'v "ye 
 TOI/ Ka^|SJcrew ywat/a et^avra VTro^ooptjo-ai T^9 25 
 ^wprji;. Nu/ wv ^tot ^o/ceet, o\a/3ai/Ta9 TrpoeXQeiv 
 ocrov av eKeivoi ^u^UMTf evQevTev Se rdde Troievv- 
 TO9, TretpacrOai CKeivwv irepiyevecrQai. <a<s yap e'yw 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. I
 
 114 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 7rvvOdvoiui.ai 9 M.acr(rayeTai eicrl ayaQwv re 
 
 30 ajretpoi, KOI KO\U>V /u.eyd\<av aTraflee?. TOVTOKTI wv 
 
 TOia-i avSpdcri, TCOV TrpojBaTCDv afaiSeoos TroXXa 
 
 /caTa/co\|/-avTa?, KOI ovceuacrai'Ta?, TrpoOeivat ev TW 
 
 TW f/ju.Tepu> Saira- Trpos Se, KOI 
 a(piSe(i)$ o'lvov aKprjTOv, /cat criTia 
 35 TroiijcravTas $e raura, VTro\ei7rofji.Vovs r^p 
 TO (pi\avpoTa.TOv, Toy? XoiTroi'? ai)rt5 la e^a 
 7rl rov TroTa/uov. t]v yap eyto yva>ju,rj9 fty 
 Keivoi i6/u.voi ayaOa TroAAcc, Tpe^ovral re Trpo? 
 avra, KOI rj/u.iv TO evQevTev 1 ^ Xe/Trerat a7ro'<5et? 3d 
 
 40 epywv fj.eya\(av" 
 
 (B. i. 207.) 
 
 Cyras follows the advice of Croesus, crosses the Araxes, 
 and defeats the Massagetae in battle. Among the captives 
 was Spargapises, son of Tomyris. 
 
 III. 11. 
 
 rYco/ucti fJLev avTai cruvecrTaa'av. Kt/po? oe, Be- 
 rets Tqv TrpoTepqv yvw/mrjv, T^v K|OO/<rou ^e eXo/xevop, 
 Trpoqyopeve Toftvpi e^ava-^wpeeiv, w? avrov Sia^tj- 
 (TOfJLevov e-Tr' eKeivyv. % /JLCV Srj e^ava-^iapee, /cara 1 * 
 5 VTrea-^eTO TrpwTa. KvjOo? Se, Kpoi&ov e? ray X e '/ as> 
 eaOets T etavrov TraiSl Ka/x/Sucrj?, TW irep Tt]v 
 (3a(ri\t)'tr]V eSiSov, KOI TroXXa evTeiXd/mevos 01 Ti/nav 
 Te avTOV Kal ev iroieeiv, r/v y om/5a<7i9 17 CTTI 
 Mao-o-aye'ra? /x^f opdwOy- raura evTeiXa/xei/oy, /cat,
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. in. 12. 115 
 
 aTrocrre/Xa? TOVTOVS e$ TIeparas, avro? <$ie(3aive TOV 10 
 TroTa/u-ov, KO.L o o"noaT09 ainrov. 
 
 Kty>09 &e Trpoe\6<av cnro TOV 'AjOaea> >?/ue|0>79 
 oSov, eiroiee ra9 KjOo/crof vTroQrjKO.^. pera Se TCLVTO, 
 Ki^ou re KOI Hepo-etov TOV KaOapov (TTpaTOv a.7re\d- 
 cravTO? oTT/o-w CTTI TOV 'AjOa^ea, \ei<pOevTO$ Se TOV 15 
 a^ptj'ioVj Tre\Oov(ra. T>V 
 
 TOV (TTpClTOV, TOl/9 T 
 
 Tt/9 <poveve a 
 T9 SaiTa, co9 e^eipwfravTO TOU9 evavTtovs, K\i6evTe? 
 SalvvvTO- 7r\rjpwQevTe<s Se (popfifj? KOI otvov, evSov. 20 
 o/ ^e UejO(rai 67reX0oi'Te9 TroXXow /uei/ (r<pe(av f(f)6- 
 veva-av, TroXXw <^ ert 77X^09 4a e^wyprjtrav, KOI 
 XXoi/9, /cat TOI/ T^9 /3ao"tXe>79 TofAvpios Trafoa, 
 rw ouvofj.a r}v ^irapr 
 
 25 
 (B. i. 208, 211.) 
 
 Tomyris sends a bitter menace to Cyrus, and taunts him 
 with his dishonourable and unsoldierlike victory. Spar- 
 gapises prays that his hands may be unbound, and instantly 
 uses his liberty to destroy himself. 
 
 III. 12. 
 
 'H <5e, TTfOoyUev)/ TO. re irepi T*]V crTpaTiyv yeyo- 
 VOTO. KOI TO, Trepl TOV Trai^a, Tre/a-Trowa KrjpvKa Trapa 
 Kv|OOi>, eXeye Ta.Se' " "ATrX^crre a7/uaTO9 Ki/|0e, 
 /mtjSev eTrapOrj? ra> yeyovoTi TtaSe TrpyyuciTL, ei 
 a/u.7re\lv(a /cajOTrw, TW Trep avTot e/XTrtTrXa/uevot 5 
 
 I 2
 
 Il6 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 OVTW UXTTG KCITIOVTOS TOV oivov ey TO aa>[jia. 
 
 V/ULIV e?rea /ca/ca, TOIOVTW 
 s, eKpaTt]O'a$ TraiSo? TOV e/xou, aXX' ou 
 Kara TO KapTepov. vvv <av /xeu e5 Trapaiveovo-r]? 
 10 uiroXafte TOV \6yov. airoSov? /ULOI TOV irat^a, atriQi 
 K Trja-Se Ttjs X<*>pis a^/xto?, Mao-o-a'yeTewv TptTrj- 
 HOpiSi TOV (TTpaTOv KaTv(3pl(ras l *. et Se 
 (TV Tro^cre*?, jjXiov Tr6fji.wfJLi TOI TOV 
 oearTTOTTjV) v M^" "^ ^ / y < *' ^c 1 ' aTrXj/a'TOi' eovra, 
 J 5 a7/zaro? Kopeara)" Kupo? ^iei/ i/ui/ TWJ/ e-jrewv oveva 
 TOVTWV aveveixjdevTcav eiroieero Xoyov. 6 Se Trjs 
 (8a(TiXe/>;9 To/u.vpios Traf? ^Trapyairlo'i]?, wy ytiiv o 
 re oti/o? av^:e, /cat ejmaOe tva fjv /cot/coy, 
 Kujoou eAC TWJ/ Se<T]u.u>v XvOrjvai, eTvye' &)? oe 
 20 Te ra^icrra :a< TWI/ ^eipiav eKpaT 
 
 ecovTOv. /cat ^ OUTO? /aei/ Tpotra) TOIOVTW reXeirra. 
 
 (B. i. 212, 213.) 
 
 Tomyris is victorious after an obstinate fight, and insults 
 the dead body of Cyrus. 
 
 III. 13. 
 
 To'/otf/ot? $e, toy ot 6 Kvpos OVK ea-rjicovtre, a-vXXe- 
 ^a<ra iratrav Ttjv eoJirr^y ^vvajuuv, (rvvefiaXe K.vpw. 
 Tavrtjv Tr\v /uLaxyv, o<rai St] fiapfiaptav avopuiv /na^ai 
 eyevovTO, Kpivw lo-^vpoTaTtjv yeve&Oar /cat Stj /ca) 
 5 'TrvvOdvofJiai ovT<a TOVTO yevofjievov. Trpa>Ta fj.ev yap 
 XeyeTai avrov? ta<rrdvTa? ey aXXijXoi'y To]~eveiv'
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. CHAP. IV. 117 
 
 to? o-(t ra 
 TrecroVrap Tyvi ai^fi^a-i re KOI rotat 
 
 "^povov re STJ eTTt TroXXoy arvvearTavai 
 
 9, /cat ovfierepovs eOeXeiv (fievyeiv Te'Xoy 10 
 <5e, ot Macrfra'yeTaf TrepteyevovTO. rj TC ^ xoXX^ 
 riy? IIe|Oo-i/c^? crrparin'S avrov Tavry <$te(j)0dpt], /cat 
 <$rj /cat aJro? Ki/joo? reXeirra, /3a<rtXeJcrap ra Travra 
 et'op SeovTO. rpiyKovTa Tca. a<TKov $ TT\rj<racra 
 at/xaro? avQpunrrfiov Tofjivpi?, eSilCyTO ev TOI<TI 15^ 
 TeOveSicri ru>v Hepcrewv TOV T&upov VCKVV. a>9 f 
 cupe, evcnrrJKe 1 * avTOu TIJV K(pa\t]v e? TOV CKTKOV 
 \v/u.cuvo/Jievr] $e T<5 veKpui, e7re\eye ra^e- " Zu /u.ev epe 
 tyovcrdv re /cat vncaxrdv <re /x^X^ >nwS\tlft TratSa 
 TOV e/j.ov e\wv S6\(p' (re $ e'yaj, KaTairep la i}TTi\ria'a ) 20 
 a7/xaro? /cOjOeVa)." 
 
 (B. i. 214.) 
 
 IV. CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. 
 
 Cambyses, son of Cyrus, marches against Amasis, King 
 of Egypt, either from the mere lust of conquest, or because 
 Amasis palmed off another woman upon him when he had 
 asked his daughter in marriage. Cambyses, having got a 
 safe conduct from the Arab chiefs, made his way to Egypt 
 and found Psammenitus, son of King Amasis who had 
 lately died, awaiting him. 
 
 After an obstinate battle, Cambyses takes the city of 
 Memphis, and the Egyptians and their neighbours sur- 
 render themselves.
 
 Il8 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 IV. 1. 
 
 'Ei/ Se T<W IljfXo V07ft> /caXeo/*eV< (TTO/JiaTi TOV 
 Net'Xov earrpaTOTreSevero ^"a^u/xjJvtTOp 6 'A/zao-fop 
 Trafc, vTTO/mevwv Ka/u/3i;crea. Of ^e UejOcraf, exe/ re 
 Sie^eXaorav Tt]v avvfipov, "iCovTO TreXa? TCOV A/- 
 5 yvTTTioov ft)9 o"u/u/5aXeovTe9 9b . /Lta^rj^ Se yevo/mevrji; 
 , KOI Trea-ovrwv e a/Ji^orepwv rwv (rrparo- 
 
 ei TToXXft)!/, CTpaTTOVTO Ol 
 
 Of ^e At-yuTTTfOf e/c T^? /xa^j/9, w? 
 
 ovSevl KOCT/HW. KaTeiXrjOevTtov $e e? 
 i'a TTOTO.IJ.OV Ka/x/3Jcr>79 j/e 
 ayov(rav avSpa TLep&qv, ep o/moXoyiyv irpOKa- 
 Xeo/zei/op AiyvTrriov?. 01 Se, eirei re r^ ve'a e?^oi' 
 (T\Oov(rav e? T^/J/ Me^u(^)fv, eK^yOevTe^ aXeep e/c TOV 
 Tef'^eo?, TJ/J/ re i/ea 8ie(f)6eipav, KOI rov? av$pa<? 
 15 KpeovpyqSov (WcrTratrai/Tep, efpopeov 9 TO Te?^o9. 
 /cat AtyuTTTfOf /xev /xera TOUTO 
 "Xpovu) 7rapecrTt](rav. Oi oe Trpocreyees 
 <raj/T69 ra Tre^f T^V Af-yyTTTOJ/ yeyoi/oVa, 
 <r<ea9 auToup afj-a^ri- KOI (f>6poi> re erd^avro, 
 20 /cat ^Wjoa eVeyUTroj/. W9 ^e Kvpyvatoi KOI 
 Sel(ravTs Oftoiu)? a Kal oi A/j8ue9, eTepa 
 
 (B. iii. 10-13.) 
 
 Psammenitus, sitting at the gate of Memphis, watched 
 with dry eyes his daughter go into slavery, and his son 
 being taken to execution such sorrow lay too deep for
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 2. 1 19 
 
 tears. But he broke down on seeing the beggary and 
 distress of an old friend. Cambyses restored the king to 
 favour, but he was found fomenting a revolt, and was put 
 to death, by being forced to take a draught of bull's 
 blood. 
 
 IV. 2. 
 
 'H[j.py $e SCKCITII cnr' 179 TrapeXafie TO reF^o? TO 
 
 ev Mefji<pi Ka/u/3wTj;?, /caT/<7a9 la e? TO Trpod&Teiov 
 
 iV>? TOV /3acrtXea r 
 
 (j.tjva$ e, TOVTOV KaTtVa? GVV a\\oiari 
 Aiyinrriourt, SieTreiparo avrov rtjs ^vxfjs, iroietav 5 
 TOiafie. CTTe/Xa? avrov Ttjv 6vya,Tepa. ecrOfJTi SovXrj'iy, 
 ^ewe/mire CTT vSctp e^oucrav vipqtbv crvveTrefnre Se 
 teal aXXa? 7rapOevov$ ctTroAe^a? avSptov TWV Trpurrwv^ 
 o/jto/w? eoTaA/ueva? Ttj TOV fiacriXeo?. &>y (Je (3oy 
 T KOI K\avO/ui<a Traprj'iarav at irapQevoi irapa rov$ 10 
 Trarepas, 01 /u.ev aXAoi Trarepeg avefiocov re KOI 
 avreicXaiov, OjOeoi/Te? Ta reKva KeKaKco/neva- 6 Se 
 "^a^c/uiywTO?, Trpo'iScov /cat /maOuiv, eKV^e ef Trjv yrjv. 
 TrapeeX6ov(re(t)v 5ci Se ru>v vSpotyopwv, Sevrepd oi TOV 
 TraiSa eTre/ZTre /uer' aXXcoi/ A^yuTrT/ODi/ Sia"^iXl(t)v Tyv 15 
 r/XiKitjv e-^ovTiav, TOVS TC au^ej/ap *caXa> 5f 
 vs, Kai Ta <TTO/otaTa eyKe^aXivcafJLevovf. 
 <$e Troivqv Tio-ovTes M.vrtXrjvai(i)v TOICTI ev 
 a-TroXo/weVotcrt <rvv Ty vt]'i' 5h ' TavTa yap 
 oi (3a<TiXrjioi 8iKa<TTai, VTrep avSpo? e/cao-TOU 20 
 TU>V Trpu>T(*)v a.vTairoXXva'Qai. 6 ^e, 
 s, KOI paOwv TOV traiSa ayiveo/mevov
 
 I2O IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 TT\ OavaTOv, TOW aXXwv A.iywjrTta)v t TU>V 
 imevow 1 * avrov, /cXatoVr&Ji/ /cat Seiva TTOICVVTCOV, rwvro 
 25 eirolrjve TO KO.I eVt Ttj OvyctTpl. irapeXdovToav e 
 KOI TOVTCW, vvvrjveiKe ftjcrre rwv crv/jLTroTecov 01 avdpa 
 aTTtj\iKecnepov l& , e/cTreTTTW/cora CK TU>V COVTCDV, 
 C ovSev, ei fj.rj o<ra TTTCO^O?, KOI 7rpo<rai- 
 rfv (TTpaTirjv, Traptevat ~$fafji/u.rjviTov TC TOV 
 30 'A^tao-to?, KOI rou? ev r<a Trpoaa-Teica /car^eVou? r>t> 
 AiyvTTTiow. 6 8e ^a/uL/m.^vtTO^ toy et^e, avaKXavaa? 
 /ueya, /cat /caXe'tra? oiW/zan TOV eraipov, eTrX^aro 
 T^fv K(pa\yv. ^Htrai/ ^' apa auroi/ <^>JXa:ot, ot TO 
 Troievfjievov trav e CKCIVOV C-TT' e/cao-Tj? eo(a Ka/i- 
 35 /3ucr>; eiTq/uaivov. Ow/Aacra? <5e 6 Ka/Uj8Ja">;y Ta 
 TTOtev/j-eva, Tre/x-vj/a? a-yyeXoi/, eiputra avrov, \eycav 
 " Ae<T7roV>;9 ere Ka/UjSycrj;?, ^a/ut./j.qviT, eipwra, 
 rj Ttjv fj.v QwyctTepa. opetav /ce/ca/ceo/zenjj/, /cat 
 TOI/ Traloa. eTrt OavaTov (TTet^oi/Ta, oirre aj/e/Stocra? 4 *, 
 40 OUTC aTre/cXaucra?' TOV ^e 'TTTW^OJ/, ovSev croi Trpoar^- 
 KOVTU, 0)9 aXXwv Truv^aj/erat, eW/uj/cra? ; " 'O /xev o^f 
 eipwTa, 6 o* a/*et/3ero ToicrSe' "^O 7ra7 
 , Ta /uev ot/cjjta ^v /ue^eo 34 /ca/ca ^ w<7Te ai/a- 
 K\aiiv TO o^e TOU eTulpov Trej/Oo?, a^iov tjv fiaicpvw 
 45 09 e/c TroXXcoi/ Te /cat evSaiju-oixav e/cTreo-aV, ey 
 i 7ri yijpao$ 5g oO(5oa." Kat TCLVTO, 
 
 VTTO TOVTOV, V OKIV Ot lpr]<T0ai. ft>9 ^e 
 
 Xeyerat y?r' AtyuTTTtcov, Saicpveiv fiev Kpoivov, ere- 
 0^0 /cat OUTO9 eTrtcrTro/xevop Ka/Xj8ucr>; eTT*
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 2. 121 
 
 , SaKpvetv $e TLep&ewv Toi/9 TrapeovTas' 50 
 aura) Te KajU/3J(T7 e&eXOeiv OLKTOV Tiva, KOI avrlxa 
 
 K\VIV TOV T6 Ol TTUlSa K TU)V a.7TO\\VfJ.l>(aV Gto^CtV, 
 
 Kai avrov K TOV Trpoa&Teiov avacTTijcravTas, ayetv 
 Trap' ecouroV. Tov /nev r) TraiSa evpov 01 periovres 
 OVKCTI TrepieovTCt, aXXa TrputTOV /cara/coTrevra' avrov 55 
 
 ov ava<TT^<ravrS, rjyov Trapa Ka/AjSucrea- 
 TOV \OITTOV SiairaTO, e^wv ovSev fiiaiov. el $e 
 KOI ijTTicrTyOt] /JLtj TroXvTTpqy/Jioveeiv, (nreXafie av 
 
 A.'iyV7TTOV, W<TT eTTlTpOTTeveiV aVTqS. CTTel TlfJiOV 
 
 u>6a<Ti TLep&ai TWV /SacrtXewi/ TOW? 7rai$a$ } TU>V, yv 60 
 Kai a-fawv a7rocrTe'fc><Ti 8d , oyuw? roicri -ye Tracer} 
 a.Tro8i$ov<Ti 10 * Trjv ap^v. vvv Se /u>/^avft)/jtei/o? 
 o tya/uL/ui.r]viTos, \a(3e TOV fjua-06v airicrTas yap 
 AiyvTTTiovs tj\o). eTrei re $e eTrdia-TOS eyevero, VTTO 
 Ka/x/3 Jo-eft) alpa Tavpov Truav, ctTreOave Trapa^p^ina. 65 
 
 OUTft) ^^f OWTO? Te\eVTt]O'. 
 
 (B. iii. 14-16.) 
 
 After this, Cambyses entered on that career of impiety 
 which was sure to bring down the vengeance of heaven. 
 He sacrilegiously burned the body of his old enemy 
 Amasis, and began to plan wild schemes of conquest. 
 
 He sent spies men of the tribe of Ichthyophagi, because 
 they understood the Ethiopian language to report upon 
 the power of the Ethiopians, and to carry gifts to the 
 king, a robe of purple dye, a golden necklace, bracelets, a 
 box of perfume, and a cask of wine. But the king sent 
 him back a taunting answer.
 
 122 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 IV. 3. 
 
 'E? TOVTOVS ty wv TOV$ avSpa? &>? cnriKOvro ot 
 'T^jdvo<payoi, cioovTes TO. Swpa TW f3acri\ei airrwi/, 
 eXeyov TaoV " BacrtXeuy o TLeparecov Ka/u/3tv<T^?, 
 (3ovXo/u.vo$ (ptXo? TOI KOI ^eivos yevearOai, ^/xea? 
 5 Te aTreTrem^e, 69 \6yovs TOI e\6eiv /ceXeuwi/, /cat 
 TCLVTO. TOI oiSoi 10 *, TOIVI KCU auro? yuaXterra 
 ^eayiei/09." 'O <5e AiOio^, /maBu>v OTI 
 KGLTOTTTCII %Koiev, \eyei Trpos avrou$ ToiaSe" " Ot/Te 
 6 ITejOcreW ftaviXevs Swpa it/meet? e7re/x\^e <pepovTa$, 
 10 TrpoTt/u-ewv TroXXou e^tot ^en/of yevearBai' OVTC v/u.ei$ 
 \eyere aKrjQea, ^/cere 70^ /caTOTrrat r^? e/xi?? apxw, 
 OVTC eKeivos avrjp ecrri SiKaios' ei yap nv o//caiO?, 
 OVT dv 7reBv/ui.tj(re \(aprj^ aXXrjs r] Tfj? ecovrov, OVT 
 dv ep o"ov\o(rvvt]v av6pu>Trovs rjye irrr' la <av i^rjSev 
 15 qSiKiiTai. vvv Se avr TO^OV TO SiSovres, TaSe 
 cTrea \eyere' BacrtXeyy 6 A.l6ioTr<av <ru^.^ov\evei TO? 
 TLepare&v /3a<7fXeY, eireav OVTW evTrerewp eXicaxri TO. 
 TO^a Tlepcrai eoi/ra /ueyd0i' 2b TO&avTa, Tore e?r' 
 AiOloTras TOV? MaKjOOjS/ov? TrX^ei' v7rep(3aX\6ju.vov 
 20 (TTpaTevea-Oai. M^X/ * ^ TOVTOV, 6eoi(ri eiSevai x^P iv ^ 
 
 o* OVK eTrl voov TjOa7roi;crt 2b 
 
 aXXi;i/ irpoo'KTaa'Oai Ty ewurtoj/." Tai/ra oe erT 
 irai ai/eJ? TO TOOV, TrapeSwice TOICTI %KOV<TI. 
 oe TO et/txa TO iropfyvpeov, eipooTa o TI ettj, Kal o/cw? 
 25 TreiroitjfJi.evov. eiTrdvTcov e TO>V 'I-^Ovo(f)(iy(i)v Ttjv 
 aXtjOrjtrjv Trepl Tys 7rop<pvprj$ KOI T^? {3a(pr]$, 8o\e-
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. . 4. 123 
 
 ev Toi>$ avOpunrov? e^>rj elvai, oo\epa oe avrcov 
 TO, ei/mara. devrepa <$e, TOV xpvcrovv eipwra (rrpeTr- 
 TOV TOV irepiawxeviov, KOI TO. \^eXm. efyyeo/nevcov 
 <5e TCOV 'IvOfO^aywi/ TOV Kovp-ov avrwv, "yeXatray 30 
 6 /SacnAei/?, /cat j/oyu/cra? e?i/at o-c^ea W^a?, e?7re ft)? 
 Trajo' h)irroi(ri etVi pwimaXeutTepai TOUTWV Treoai. 
 Tptrov <5e, eipun-a TO /mvpov. eliravrcov $e TW 
 Troirjcrios irept teal aXetyios, TOV UVTOV \oyov TOV 
 KCii irepi TOV et^aro? eiTre. cos Se e$ TOV dtvov 35 
 cnriKero, Kal eirvQeTO CLVTOV Ttjv Troirjviv, VTrept]<rBeis 
 TW 7roVTi, eTre/jOero o TI re criTeerai 6 (3a<ri\evs, 
 
 KOI -ftipOVOV OKO(TOV lc /ULCLKpOTCiTOV avrjp TLepCTrjf tyd. 
 
 oi Se (TiTeea-dai fj.lv TOV apTov eiTrav, e 
 
 TU>V TTVpS)V T*]V (pvCTlV oyOfJBKOVTO.^* TO. ^OJ/9 40 
 
 Tr\qp(a/u.a av&pi /maKpoTaTOV irpOKeea-Oat. Trpos raura 
 6 AlOto^f e(prj, ovSev 0&)/Aa^etv 3b , ei (TLTeofievoi 
 Ko-rrpov, erea 6\iya t<aov(ri" ovSe yap av TOcravTa 
 ovva<r&ai Fa>eiv cr<peas } el /j.rj TO) Tro^art ave(f)epov, 
 fypa(u>v TOICTI 'I-)(6vo(payoi(Ti TOV olvov TOVTO yap 45 
 nrrovs I^TTO TIepcrewv e<r<TOva'6ai, (B. iii. 22.) 
 
 Cambyses, transported with anger, sent against the 
 Ethiopians an army so ill supplied that in the terrible 
 stress of famine they had to turn cannibals. Another host 
 sent against the Ammonians perished in a sand storm. 
 
 IV. 4. 
 AvrtKa Se 6 Ka/uiSJo-jfy, opyrjv
 
 124 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 ovoe/niav xajoayye/Aa?, owre \6yov eoovTta <5ov?, 
 or i e? ra ecr^ara TJ?? yrjs e/zeAAe arpaTeuearOai. 
 5 o?a o^e efJLfJ.avrj's re ecav KOI ov (fipevrjptjs, to? ^/coue raw 
 J."^6vo<payo)v, eerTpaTevero, 'Ei\\yv<av /uev roup 
 Trapeovras CIVTOV Tavrrj ra^a? inrofji.ei>eiv, TOV Se 
 Tre^ov 7raj/Ta a/txa ayo/mevos. 'ETTC/ re ^e crTpaTeuo- 
 fj.evos eyevero ev Qq(3y<Ti, cnreKpive TOV (TTpaTOv a)? 
 
 10 Trevre fj.vpia.Sas' KOI TOVTOKTI fjLev evereAAero, 'A/x/utov- 
 tou? e^avSpaTTOOKTa^vovs TO ^p^<rr^piov TO TOV 
 Ato? e/u.Trptja-a.1' airro? ^e TOV AO^TTOJ/ a-ycoi/ 
 qie ex/ TOU? A-idloiras. Tlplv 8e Trjs 6Sov TO 
 TTTOV [iepos Sie\t]\v6evai T*]V (TTpaTir]V, avr'iKa 
 
 15 auroy? Ta fi%ov aiTiwi' e^o/ueva e7reAeAo/7ree 8b ' /*era 
 o'e Ta o-tT/a, /cat Ta uTro^u-yta 7re\ 
 el juiev vvv /ma6(av TavTa 6 Ka 
 
 icdi cnrrjye OTTIO-O) TOV (TTpaTOv, eirl Ty ap-^rev 
 yevofj-evy d/uapTafii tjv av <ro<pos avrjp' vvv oe ovoeva 
 
 20 \6yov 7roiev/jLvo$, %'te atet 3 * ey TO -TTjOocra). 01 Se 
 <7T|OaTtcoTat, eco? /zeV Tt efj(OJ/ e/c T^? 7*79 \a/ui.{3dveiv, 
 Troiri(payeovTe<; iela>ov eTrel $e ey T^V Ya/u/xov 
 cnriKOVTO, Seivov epyov avru>v Tives epydaavTO' c 
 ^e/ca^o? 'yotjO eva <r(pe<av avrwv a.7roK\t]pa>(ravT$, KUTC- 
 
 25 (fiayov. TTvOd/uevos Se TOUTO. o Ka/Xj8ucr>79, Selaras 
 Ttjv a\\ri\o(f)a.yit]v, aTreJ? 1 * TOJ' eV' A/O/OTra? 
 o-ToAoj/, OTT/crft) eTTOjOeuero, /cat airiKveeTCti e? Gj//3a?, 
 TroAAov? aTroAeVa? TOU arrpaTOv. CK Qtjfieoov $e 
 e? Me/*)/i'. 6 //.ev. ex' At^/oxay (TTo'Aoy
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 5. 125 
 
 oi <? avrwv CTT 'A^/xwi'/oi;? cnroarra- 3 
 
 i cnriKo/jievoi [j.ev (pavepol eiari 
 69 "Oao-iv Tro'Xtv TO evOevrev Se, ori M avrol 
 ' AjU/uojytot KOI oi TOVTOOV a.KOV(ravTe$, a\\oi ovoeves 
 ovSev e-^ova-L eiTreiv Trepl avrwv OVTG yap e? Toy? 
 'A/x / actfi'/ou9 CLTTIKOVTO, OUTS o7r/(rft) v6<TTt](rav. \eyc- 35 
 Tat <^e /cat Ta^e VTT O.VT>V 'A/x/uwv/coi/' eireiS*] etc T^9 
 'Oacrto? raurifS te'i/at o'ta T^9 ^a/x/uou e?rt <r<pea$ } 
 yevearOai Te auTOUf /aera^v KOV /xaXtirTa ayTtoi' T 
 /cat T^? 'Oaato?, api(TTOv atjoeo/uei/otcrt avroicri 
 eTrnrveua-ai vorov /j.eyav re KOI e^atcrtov, (popeovra Se 4 
 Blvas T^9 \|/ayuyuou, KaTayaxrai or^ea?, icat TpoTrw 
 
 roiovTU> a(f)avi(r6fjvai. 
 
 (B. iii. 25, 26.) 
 
 When Cambyses reached Memphis he found the people 
 celebrating the avatar of the calf Apis. Thereupon he 
 put the priests to death, and stabbed the sacred calf. 
 
 IV. 5. 
 
 evov Se Ka/Jiflvcrea) e? Me/u0u/, etydvrj Ai'- 
 6 "A.TTIS, 7Ti(paveos $e TOVTOV yevojmevov, 
 avriKd oi AlyvTTTioi eifiaTO. re etydpeov TO, KO\- 
 XtcrTa, :at ^<rav eV 0aXt>/<rt. IScav Se ravra TOW? 
 TTOievvra? 6 Ka/x^<r^9, Tray^y <r<ea9 5 
 
 TO.VTO. TroteetJ/, e/caXee TOU9 eiriTpOTrowi T^9 Me/x- 
 
 ^)t09* CtTTlKO/JLeVOV? C9 O\^tJ/, tpTO " O Tt 7T|OO- 
 
 T60oj/ /u.ev, eo'vTO9 auTOi/ ej/ Me/xt e-Tro/ew TOtoi/ro*'
 
 126 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 10 ovSev AiyvTTTior Tore oe, eirel avros Trapeiij 
 crTpaTiqs TrX^Oo? TI (nrofiaXwv ', " 01 Se 
 wf <r(f)i Oeos e'ttj <pavel$, $ia xpdvov iroXXov e 
 7ri(j)aive<r6ai' KOL cos eTreav <pavf} Tore TrdvTe? 01 
 Alyinmoi KexaprjKores opra^otev 41 . ravra arov<ra? 
 
 150 s\.a/u(3v<rt]s e(pt] "yevSeirOai cr^eay KOI ft>? "vp-eu^o- 
 /Jievovs, Qavaru) efy/miov. 'A-Tro/cre/i/a? Se rourou?, 
 Seinepa roy? /jOeap e/caXee e? ov^ij/. Xeyoi'Tcoi/ <5e /cara 
 ra ai5ra TCOI/ ipewv, ov \ycreiv c<f)ij avrov, ei 0eo? 
 Tt? xeiporjOtjs cnriy/mevos eirj A/'yiwrT/OMri. Tocravra 
 
 20 ^e e'/TTOt?, eirdyeiv e/ce'Xeue TOJ/ ^'ATrtv row? //>ea?- o/ 
 juev ^^? /uer^iVai/ a^oz/Te?. 'Q? ^e rjyayov TOv*A.7riv 
 01 I pees, o K.a/uL^v(rt}9, oia ewv i 
 cr7ra<rayaei/O9 TO ey^eipi^iov, OeXoov 
 yaarrepa TOV "ATrto?, 7ra/et TOJ/ ftypov -yeXacra? 
 
 25 ^e, efxe TTjOO? rouy /|0ea?' "'Q /ca/caJ KefyaXai, 
 TOIOVTOI Oeol yivovTdi, evai/u.oi re KOI <ra,pK(aees, KOI 
 7ra'iovT9 (Tiorjpiwv ; a^/o? Atei/ AiyvTrriuv euro? <ye 
 o Oeo9. arctjO TOi v[J.ei$ ye ov "^alpovTe^ yeXdorct e/me 
 ." Taura e?7ra?, evereiXaro roi<rt ravra 
 
 30 Trprjira-oviTi, TOU? /uev ipeas cnro/macrTiyuxrai, 
 TIWV Se TWV aXXtov TOV av Xa/3ft><rt 6pTa 
 ev 3rj $ie\e\vro 
 
 e()ive ev TU> ipw /carafcei/xevo?. KCU TOV /u.ev, 
 35 TeXevTrj<TavTa e/c Toy Tpu>/m.aTO9 } eOa^av oi ipee? 
 
 Ka/u/3i/creft). 
 
 (B. iii. 27, 29.)
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 6. 127 
 
 After this sacrilege Cambyses began to show all the 
 frenzy of a raving madman. He had his brother Smerdis 
 put to death. Then he killed his sister because she 
 mourned, and shot the son of his minister Prexaspes 
 through the heart to prove his own sanity and steadiness 
 of hand. 
 
 IV. 6. 
 
 TdSe <5' e? TOVS aXXou? Tlepa-as ej-e/jLavrj. \eyerai 
 yap eiTreiv avTov Trpos Hpy^da-Trea, TOV er//xa re fid- 
 Xicrra, /ecu ot ra? ayyeXlas e(j)6pee OUTO?, TOVTOV re 
 6 7ra?y otVo^oo? qv TU> Ka/i/Swrj?, rifj.rj Se KOI aurt] 
 ov a-fjuicpq- eiTreiv Se Xeyercu rdSe- " Hprja<nre$, 5 
 KOIOV /u.e Tiva vojmi^oviTi TLep&ai eivai avopa ', Tivas re 
 Xo'yoyy Trep ejneo Troievvrai ; " Toi> ^e eiireiv "''Q 
 ^eo-TTora, ra yuei> aXXa Traj/ra yueyaXw? e-jraiveeai ry 
 Se (piXoivly ere (pavi -TrXeoVco? Trpoo'/ceeo-Oat." TOJ/ 
 /xei/ (^ \eyeiv Tavra Trepl Tlepa-etov. TOV Se, Ou/xw^ei/ra, 10 
 T0ia(5e a /met flea-Oar " Nw a^oa ^ue ^)airt Hepcrai oivu> 
 TrpoarKei/uievov irapatypoveeiv, Kal OVK eivai 
 ov$ apa cr<pe(av 01 irporepoi \6 i yoi %<rav 
 TLporepov jap $rj apa, Tlepuetav 01 (rvveSpcov eovrmv 
 Kal KjOO/crou, efpero Ka/>tj8i;cr/9, /cofof Tt? SOKCOI avrip 15 
 eivai TTOO? TOV TraTepa. 01 $e a/ueljSovTO, a>j eiq 
 afji.eivo)v TOV iraTpos- TO. re yap eiceivov Trai/ra 
 e^eiv avroVf Kal 7rpo<TeKT*j<r6ai AZyvTTTOv TC KOI Ttjv 
 6d\a<rcrav. Hepa-ai IJ.GV orj ravra eXeyov KpoFcro? 
 ^e irapewv re KOI OVK ape<rKOfJ.evos Trj Kpiaei, e?7re 20 
 
 o? TOV Ka/x/Si/o'ea TaSe' " 'E/xot /uei/ i/w, w Trai
 
 128 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 Kvpov, ov Soiceeis onoio? etvai TW Trarepr ov yap 
 
 K(a TOI <TTI uto? oov <re 
 
 re Tavra aicovvas 6 Ka/i/3u<r;9, KOI eiraivee rtjv 
 
 2 5 Kpo/<rou Kpicriv. TOVTWV Srj wv eTrt/u.vt]<T6evTa, opyy 
 \eyeiv Trpos TOV Jlpy^dcnrea- " 2v vvv /u.d9e airro?, 
 6i \eyovcri T[ep<rai aXi/Oea, e?re aurot XeyoiTe? 
 raura TrapcKppoveovcri. ei /u.v yap TOV iraiSo? TOV 
 (rov TOvSe, eo"Tea)TO9 ev Tolcri TrpoOupoicri, (3a\a>v 
 
 3 Tv-^oi/ULi fj.crr]9 TW KapSlri?, TIepa-ai <ai>eoi/TCU 9b 
 \eyovTe$ ovev qv 8e a/uaoreo, (pdvat Tlepcras re 
 \eyeiv aXi^Oea, Kal efjie fj.rj (raxppoveeiv" Tavra ce 
 etVoj/Ta, /cat SiaTelvavTa TO TO^OV, /3a\eeiv TOV 
 iralSa- Trecroi/ro? ^e TOV Trat^o?, ava<r^/^et' avrov 
 
 35 /ceXeiveti/, rat (TKe^atrOai TO jSX^/ua* a>9 ^e ev Ty 
 Kapoiy evpeBrjvai eveovTa TOV OLCTTOV^ eiTreiv irpos 
 TOV TraTepa TOV 7rat<5oy, i yeXa<Taj/ra, /cat Trepi^apea 
 yevo/Aevov " Hpqa<nr$, MS fiev eywye ov fjLaivofj.ai, 
 Tlepa-at re Trapatypoveovcrt, tj\d TOI yeyove. vvv <$e 
 
 40 /JLOI etVe, Tiva el$e$ rj^rj TTUVTWV avOpcoTrc&v OVTCOS 
 eTria-KOTra TO^evovTa ; " Hprjd<nrea Se opeovTa 
 avopa ov (fipevypea, Kal Trepl ecoirrw o'ei/u.aivovTa, 
 eiTreiv " Aeo-TTora, ovS' av OVTOV eywye SOKCCO TOV 
 
 Oeov OVTW av KU\U>S /SaXefi'." 
 
 (B. iii. 34, 35.) 
 
 THE END OF CAMBYSES. 
 
 The brutal excesses of Cambyses wearied out his 
 Persian subjects. The Magians seized the opportunity
 
 STORY OF POLYCRATES. V. i. 129 
 
 to regain their powers, which had been curtailed by the 
 two last kings. They brought forward an impostor to 
 represent the dead Smerdis, and fostered the spirit of 
 revolt in all the provinces and in the army itself. 
 
 Cambyses hastened back from Egypt to punish the 
 pretender and his followers, but in mounting his horse he 
 wounded himself with his own sword in the thigh, just as 
 he had once wounded Apis, and within a month he died 
 at a Syrian village Agbatana, in literal fulfilment of an 
 oracle. 
 
 V. THE STORY OF POLYCRATES. 
 
 Polycrates was tyrant of Samos (532-523 B.C.). Famous 
 in arts and in arms, he seemed to afford another example 
 of the danger of exceeding prosperity. His friend Amasis, 
 King of Egypt, wrote a letter to him, praying him to 
 sacrifice something that he held most precious, if by so 
 doing he might avert the jealous wrath of heaven. 
 
 V. 1. 
 
 'Ei/ xpovu) Se oXiyw avTiica TOV HoXuKpareos ra 
 qu^ero, teal rjv /3e/3(t>^teVa 4a ava re rqv 
 , KOI Trjv aXXr]v 'EXXaJa. OKOV yap IQvtreie 
 Travra ol escapee evTV^eats. eicrrfTO 
 <$e TrevrrjKovTepovs re e/caroi/, /cat ^X/ou? ro^oray 5 
 efpepe oe KOI yye Trctim*?, SictKpivcav ovSeva. TU> yap 
 (piXw (ptj xapiee<r9ai 9 * ftaXXov cnroSidovs TO. eXafie, 
 
 , TroXXa ^e KOI r^9 JTreipov acrrea' ev Se 
 $rj KOI Aea-jBiovs, TravtTTpariy jSwOeovras 4 * M<- 10 
 Xt](rioi(ri, vavfia-^lt] Kparycras etXe, ol ryv rd(f)pov 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. K
 
 130 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 irepl TO reF^oy TO ev 2ayuo> Tracrav 
 
 wpv^av. Kcu Ka>9 rov *Aju.a<riv evrv^ecov yue-ya- 
 
 Xa>9 o TloXvKpaTqs OVK eXavOave, aXXa ot TOUT' 
 
 15 qV TTlfJi\$. TTO\X(a Tl 7r\Vv6? 4 * Of VTV^lr]S 
 
 e? (3i(3\iov TaSe, eTrecTTeiXe e? 
 
 /xei/ TTwOaveffOai avSpa <pi\ov Kal ^eivov eu Trprjar- 
 VOVTO.' efjiol Se at (TOLL /meyaXai evTv^iai OVK ape- 
 
 20 <TKovan, TO Oeiov TTi<TTafji.t>(a cos ecTTi (pOovepov. Kai 
 /ca>? (Bov\o/mat, Kal ai^TO?, /cat TOJJ/ av KySw/JiCU, TO 
 p.ev TI evTV^eeiv TU>V Trprjy^ia.TWv, TO Se TrpocnrTaieiv 
 KOI OVTCD Sia(pepeiv TOV aiwva vaX\a irprjcrcrbw, 
 "TI evru^eeiv TO. Travra. ovSeva yap KGO \6yca oloa 
 
 25 aKOva-a?, OCTTV? e? Te'Xoy ov KaKcos ereXeur^cre Trpop- 
 jOt^o?, evrv^ecov TO. iravTa. 2y <av vvv e/xot ireiQo- 
 
 fJLVO? } TToir)(TOV TTjOO? Ta? CUTf^/a? TOiO.Se' <ppOVTl(ra$ 
 
 TO av evptjs eov TOI 7r\ei<rTOv a^iov, KOI TT' (a crv 
 aTTO\ofJLevu) /uaXicrra Ttjv Y V X*1 V o-Xy^creis, TOUTO 
 30 a-TTO/SaXe OI/TW, OKOJS MKCTI r)ei eg avdpwirovs. tjv 
 Te fjit] evaXXa^ rioij TftJ7ro 4d TOVTOV at evTv^iat TOI 
 TrdOrja-i Trpoa-TriTTTOxri, Tpoirca TW e^ e/u.ev 
 ce'o 8c ." (B m ^ ^ 
 
 Therefore Polycrates cast into the sea a costly emerald 
 ring. But it soon came back to its master in the belly of 
 a fish. When Amasis saw from this, that sentence had 
 gone out against Polycrates, he wrote to him renouncing 
 such dangerous friendship.
 
 STORY OF POLYCRATES. V. 2. 131 
 
 V. 2. 
 
 Taura e7nXea//iei/o9 o TloXu/CjOari;?, /cat i/ow Xa- 
 /3cbj/ a>9 ot eu inrertOcTO A/ua<ri9, eSi^rjTO eV' <a av 
 (j.a\L<TTa Ttjv "YU^TJV CKrqOelt] aTroXo/ueVft) TWV 
 \icav Sify/ncvos $ evpi<TK ToSe. rjv 01 
 ~rrjv e(popee ^pvcr6eTO9, <Tfj.apa.ySov /uei/ XlOov eovcra, 5 
 epyov e' ?]v QeoScopov TOV T^Xe/cXeo? 2a/A/ov eirei 
 wv ravrriv ol edoicee aTroj3a\eiv, e-Trotee TOidSe. irev- 
 TtjKovTepov TrXqpaxrav av&pwv, etre^tj e? avrrjv fiera 
 Se, avayayeiv e/ceXeue e? TO 7reXa i yo9' 9 <^e OTTO 
 T>79 vrjcrov e/cct9 eyevero, 7repie\o/u.evos Ttjv crtyprjyifla, 10 
 
 opeovTwv TWV orv/u.TrXocov, piTTTei eg TO WXa- 
 TOUTO <5e Troirjcras cnreTrXee. cnrtK6/J.ei>o$ Se e9 
 
 >7/jte'|07 aTTO TOVTWV, rdSe oi (rvv^veiKe yevecrQai. avnp 
 aXte^, Xa/Scoi/ iyQvv /meyav TC Kal /caXoi/, y^lov /mil' 15 
 ctTet' Swpov SoOrjvar (fiepwv Srj eTrl TO.S Qvpa$ y 
 aTei' <prj e@e\etv e\9eiv 69 o^iv. yu>pr)<TavTO$ 
 <$e oi TOVTOV, eXeye, &i$ovs TOV t'x^w, "*Q fiacriXev, 
 eyca TovSe eXcov, ou/c efiiKattoara (pepeiv 69 ayoprjv, 
 
 ye evov cnro^eipo^ioaro?, aXXa /xoi eSoicee 20 
 etVcu a^<O9 /cat T^9 cr^9 a.py*i<s' <rot $rj iJ.iv 
 iSu>/ui" 'O 8e, fi<rQei<; roicri 
 
 /cat TOU Swpov Kal ere 7rl SCITTVOV 
 Ka\eofj.v" 'O ^ce/ 
 
 ravra, ie e9 Ta oara* TOI/ <e ^vv rfj.vovT<{ 
 
 K 2
 
 132 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 ot Oepd-TrovTes, evpio-icova-i ev rfj vtjSvi avrov eveovarav 
 TTJV TloXviepareos (rcpprjyiSa.' 009 e elSov re *ai 
 eXa/Sov Ta^tcrra, e<pepov Ke-^aptjKOTes Trapa TOV Ho- 
 3 \vKpdrea- SiSovTes Se ot Tr/v (r(f>pt]yi$a, eXeyov 
 oreft) 6c TjOOTrw fvpeQrj. Toi/ ^e <*>$ eir^XOe Oetov 
 elvai TO TTjO^y/xa, ypafyei 69 /3i/3\lov TrdvTa, ra 
 Troiya-avTO. fj.iv ota Kara\e\a^ijKe- ypd^as Se, e'f 
 A/yuxTOf eTreOyice. 'EnriXe^a./u.ei'OS Se 6 A[j.acrts 
 35 TO fii(3\iov TO Trapa TOV YloXvitpaTeos yKov, e^aQe 
 OTI KKO/m.icrai Te afivvaTOv elrj avOpunrca avBputTrov 
 K TOV yue'XXoi/TO? yivea-Qai Trpyy/uLaTos, /ecu OTI OVK 
 eu Te\evrrj(reiv /xeXXot TIoXv/cpaTt]?, evrv^eoov Ta 
 travTa- 09 KOI TO, a7ro/3a'XXe/, evplcrKet. TreV^a? & 
 40 ot' KypvKO. 69 2a/jiov, ^taXi;e(T0a< e^)>/ T^ ^ 
 <$e e'lveKa TOLVTO. eTroiee, "iva /x^, OWTVY/ifS 
 KOI /xeyaX^9 rioXu/CjoaTea KaTaXa^ova-jjf, auro9 
 7re /' fyi-vov avSpos. 
 
 (B. iii. 4I-43-) 
 
 Yet Fortune still seemed to smile on Poly crates; but 
 the end was now drawing near. Oroetes, satrap of Sardis, 
 laid a snare for him, offering to deposit all his wealth in 
 Samos with Polycrates, as he feared the grasping hands of 
 Cambyses. 
 
 V. 3. 
 
 'Y-TTo Kvpov KaTacrTaOe'is qv 
 'O|OO/T79, avvfp IlejO<r>/9. OUTO9 e 
 
 OVK otriov OVTC yap TI TraOtav OVTC 
 TOV
 
 STOR7 OF POLYCRATES. V. 3. 133 
 
 i$(av TrpoTepov, eTreOv/J-ee \a(3<av CLVTOV cnroXea-at' 5 
 ? /j.ev ol TrXevves 4a Xeyoviri, oca TOirjvoe TLVO. 
 CUTIIJV. eirl TWV /3a<rtXeop Ovpecov /comj/uej/oi/ 1 * TOV 
 re 'OpoiTijv KOI aXXov Hepcrrjv, TW ouvo/j.a eivai 
 M<T|OO/3aTea, VO/JLOV ap^ovra TOV ev Aatr/cuXe/a), 
 roJrou? e/c Ao'-ycov e? viKea (rv/JLTrecreiv. KptvofjLevcw 10 
 ^e Tre^ot a^oer^?, eiTreiv TOV MiTjOO/Sarea TW ' 
 7rpo(f)epovTCf " 2y "ya/o ei' avSpcov Xoyw, o? 
 vtjirov 2a/xov 7JY>o9 Tft) <TOJ VO/ULW 
 TrpocreKTrja'ao 8c , a5^e ^v Tt eovcrav ev 
 Tt)i> TWV rzy 7Tf^(i)pi(i)v TrevTeKalSeKa 07rX/r>;orf 15 
 Tay ^"X e ' ' fa ' "^ a ^ T ^? Tvpavvevei" 'O 
 'QpoiTijs, io[jLvos ev ^Aayvrja-'iri Trj virep 
 TTOTa/aov ounmevfy eVe/zTre M^xroy TOJ/ 
 rj|yew, avSpa A.vSov, e? 2ayuoi/ ayyeXtijv (J)epovTa, 
 /u.a9(av TOV T[o\VKpaTeos TOV voov. TIoXvKpaTrjs yap 20 
 ecrri TTjOwro? TCOI/ ^ei"? <^/tev 'EXX^i/coi/, o? flaXacroro- 
 Kpareeiv eirevorjOr], irape^ M/t/wo? TC TOU KI/COCTO-/OI/, 
 /cat et <57 rf? aXXop irpOTepos TOVTOV *ipe r^p OaXaar- 
 <rt]$' T^P oe avBofjOTrrfiris \eyofj.evt]^ yeverfi TloXv- 
 KpaTtjs <TT\ TTjOWTO?, e\Trl&a<s TToXXap e^cov 'Icoj//^p re 25 
 /cat vrjuwv ap^eiv. /u.aOu>v <v TCLVTCL iJ.iv Siavoevfjievov o 
 reV^a? ayyeXirjv, eXeye ra^e- " 'QpolTqs 
 ei u>$e Xeyei. TIvvBdvo/JLai 7nj3ovXeveiv <re 
 /neyaXoHTi, KO.I -^py/nctTa TOI OVK eivai 
 KCLTCI TO. <ppovrj/J.aTa. (rv vvv wSe TTOiJ/o-a?, 6p6(acrei$ 30 
 [lev (recovrov, aruxrei? $e /ecu /u.e. e/moi yap fiacriXevs
 
 134 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS]. 
 
 Ka/A/3i/(r79 7rt/3ov\Vi OavaTOVj /cat (tot TOVTO 
 e^a-yye'XXerat (rafavews. (TV vvv e/xe e/CKO/i/o-a?, 
 avrov ical xyojj/uara, ra /xei/ avrtav ai/ro? e^e, ra 
 35 e efjLc ea e^iv, eiveicev T ^jO>;/waTft)i', ap^et? d-jratrrj^ 
 T^9 'EXXa(5o?. el Se fjioi aTTicrreei? ra Trepl TU>V 
 XprHULarcov, Tre/u^ov O<TTI<; rot TriVTOTaTOS Tvy^avei 
 CM, TV e 7 axo^ M . M (B Ui I20 _ I22>) 
 
 Polycrates was easily caught by the offer, and, in spite 
 of the warnings which came to his daughter in a dream, he 
 sailed for Sardis to fetch the treasure. No sooner had he 
 landed than Oroetes seized him and put him to a horrible 
 death. 
 
 V. 4. 
 
 Tavra aKowra? o TloXvKpaTtjs, i](r6tj re KOC 
 Kal Kfc>?, tfjLeipero yap yjprnj.a,Tti)v fJLeyd- 
 
 avSpa TU>V airrtoi/, 09 ol *jv ypa/ji/jiaTta^rrjS' 'O Se 
 
 5 'OpoiTtjs, /maOcav rov Karda-KOTrov eovra 
 
 KI/ULOV, eTTOtee TOtdSe. \apvaica$ OKTU> 
 
 \iOo)v, 7r\r)v icdpra /3|0a^eo9 row irepi avra ra 
 
 ^e/Xea, Trnro\ti<f T>V \id 
 
 KaTaSrjcras Se TO9 \apvaicas, 
 
 10 Se 6 Mamv<^otO9, /cat 
 
 HoXvKpdrel'. 'O ^e, iroXXa fJLev TWV 
 aTrayopevovTtov, TroXXa Se TWV <f>i\(av, ecrreXXero 
 auro9 aTuevat- Trpo? ^e, KOI iSovcrtj? r^9 Ovyarpo? 
 o^/iv evvTrviov TOiyvSe" eSoKee ot TOV Trarepa ev TW
 
 STORF OF POLYCRATES. V. 4. 135 
 
 t}pi fjLerewpov eoj/ra, XovvOai /j.ev VTTO TOV Ato?, 15 
 ^plea-Oat Se VTTO TOV qXlov. ravrrjv iSova-a T*]V o\J/->, 
 TravToit] eyiveTO /nrj aTroS^/mfjcrai TOV YioXvKpaTea 
 Trapa TOV 'OjOO/rea- /cat rj /cat lOVTOS CIVTOV CTTI 
 
 Tt]V TTeVTtfKOVTepOV 7T(pr]fJLl^TO. 6 Ol ^7Tl\t](re, 
 
 fjv o-ftj? cnrovoa-Tyary, 7roX\6v /uuv xpovov irapQevev- 20 
 <r6at. fj ^e ypqcraTO eTTtreXea TGLVTO. yeve&Oat' 
 yap irapOevevea-Ocu TrXeco %povov rj TOV 
 eirTeptjcrOai. TLoXvKpaTqs ^e, Tratr^p (ru/u- 
 aXo^jycra?, exXee Trapa. TOV 'O^oo/Tea, a/ua 
 a-yo^tei/o? a'XXoi;? re TroXXou? TWJ' eTaipwv, cv Sc 25 
 ^ /ca: A^yuo/c^ea TOV KaXXf^wvTO?, K|OOTft)vtj;T>?i/ 
 avdpa, itjTpov TC eovTa, KOI Trjv Te^vrjv aa-KeovTa 
 Ti>)v /car' eoovrov. 'A7r//co/xevo? (5e ef r^v Ma- 
 6 TloXvKpaTtjg, i<p9dprj Kaicw, ovre CWVTOV 
 oure TU>V ecourou (ppovq/uaTcov OTI yap !**! ol 30 
 yevo/JLevoi Tvpavvot, ov^e et? Ttav aXXtoi/ 
 TvpdvvcDv a^f09 ecrrt noXu/CjOarei' /meya- 
 \OTrpeTT eiav^ crv[jt.(3Xr]Ofjvai. cnroKTeivas Se fj.iv OVK 
 a/&>9 cnrrjyria-io'5 'Opo/r^?, avea-Tavptacre. TWV oe ol 
 TrofJ.evwv ocroi fjiev tjarav ^.d/mioi, cnrfjice., KeXevcov 35 
 <r<eay ewi/rw X"l fl/ tvai, eoj/ra? e\ev9epov$- 
 O(TOI oe fj(rav ^eivoi re *rat SovXoi TU>V e7ro/xefft)v, 
 ej/ avopaTToScov \dyu) 7roiev/u.evo$ ef^e. iroXf/CjOaTJ?? 
 ^e ai/a/cpe/xayuevof, eTrereXee Traarav Trjv o^/iv T^y 
 
 \OVTO fj.ev yap VTTO TOV Ato? OKW? uot, 40 
 oe VTTO TOV yXlov, aviels UVTOS K TOV
 
 136 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 (ra)/u.aTO? iKfiaSa. HoXvKpdreo? /uei/ Sq ai TroXXou 
 ey TOUTO ereXevTycrav, Ty ol "Ajaacri? o 
 /3acnXeu? Trpoe/navTeuaraTO. 
 
 (B. iii. 123-125.) 
 
 VI. THE STORY OF ZOPYRUS. 
 
 The story of Cambyses ended with the usurpation of 
 the throne by the false Smerdis, through the influence of 
 the magi. The imposture was soon discovered, and seven 
 of the principal men of Persia formed a conspiracy and 
 assassinated the pretender in his palace, along with the 
 magi his accomplices. 
 
 Darius, son of Hystapes, succeeded to the throne of 
 Persia, and thoroughly organised his kingdom by a system 
 of satrapies. 
 
 But the satrapy of Babylon was soon in revolt, and 
 Darius laid siege to the city, which held out for twenty 
 months, till Zopyrus, a noble Persian, proposed a stratagem 
 for gaining admission into the town : like the trick by 
 which Tarquin became master of Gabii (Livy, i. 53). 
 
 VI. 1. 
 
 'O /ULV ZtWTTVpOS TTpO(T\6u)V AcfjOe/ft) aTTeTTW- 
 
 Odvero, el Trepl TroXXou Kapra Troieerai TTJV Ba/3u- 
 \cova eXeiv. 7rvOoju(.evo$ $e a>? TroXXou TI/ULWTO, aXXo 
 e/3ouXeuero, o/cw? airro? re earTai 6 eXau/ aur^f, /cat 
 5 ecourou TO epyov ecrrai- Kapra yap ev TOI<TI 
 ai ayaOoepylai e? TO irpotrut /meyaOeos 
 "AXXw /u.ev i'vv OVK ecfrpd^ero epyip dvvaros
 
 STORY OF ZOPYRUS. VI. i. 137 
 
 fjiiv VTro^etpirjv Troitjcrai, el <5' ewvTov 
 
 a irro/xoX terete e? airroi/?. 'EivOavra ev e\a(j)p(S 
 
 s, ewirrov Xft>/3aVat \(a/3tjv avqice&TOv 10 
 
 eu>VTOv T*JV piva /cat Ta wra, Kat 
 T^fi/ Koit.r\v KdKto*? TreptKeipas, KOI /xacrTt^wcra?, r/\9e 
 irapa Aapeiov. Aapeio? $r] KapTa /Bapeaof ^i/ei/ce, 
 iSwv dvSpa SoKi/unoTarov \e\a)(3)jfjLevov eK re rov 
 9povov avaTrrjSija'a.s, aj/e/5co<Te 4a re /cat e'tpero ju.iv, 15 
 oVrt? et'>7 o \a)/3t]crd/ui.evo9, KCU o n Troa/o-aj/ra. o 
 ciTre- " Oik eVrf OUTO? ai/^ ort /my <rv, rw eWt 
 $vva/uu$ TO&avTrj e/u.e tj to^e oiaQeivai' ovoe TIS 
 aXXorplcov, w (3a(riXev, raSe epyaarai, a\\' avro? 
 eyw e/u.eoi)VTOv Seivov TC Troiev/mevos 'A(r<rvpiov$ 20 
 /." 'O ^' a/u.ei(3eTO' ce ^Q cr^eT- 
 pyui TW atcr^/crTft) ovvofjia TO 
 (^)a? ^m TO^? Trd\iopKev/u.ei>ovs 
 crecavrov avrjKecrTw SiaQ&vw T/ <5', <o /maraie, 
 XeXco^/xevou ere?, 6a<r<rov ol TroXe/xtot TrapacrT^- 25 
 erofTcu ; rw? OUK e^eVXcocra? TWV (ppevtav, crewvrov 
 SiaffiOeipas ;" 'O <5e erTre- " Ei jUeV rot inreperiOea 103 ' 
 ra e/xeXXov 7roirj<reiv, OVK av JJ.G 7repiei$e$' vvv $ CTT 
 (3a\6/uLevo$, eTrptj^a. yStj (av, tjv fj.t] TWV 
 V Seqcry, alpeo/mev T$a/3v\)va. 'E-yw /xef yajO, w? 30 
 ), avTO/u.o\y(T(ji) e? TO Tef^o?, /cat ^j/crw 7TjOO9 
 rei' Ta'^e TreirovQa.' /cat oWeco, 
 TretVa? or^ea? ravra e'-^eiv otmo, Teiv^ecr^at (T 
 GV o^e, CCTT' ?? av q(j.ept]$ eyw eVeX0&> e? TO
 
 138 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 35 OTTO Tavrrjs e? SetcaTyv ^fJLeptjv, T^? (rewvrov a~Tpa- 
 Titjs, Ttjs ovSejU-ia carat wpt] aTro\\vfj.evt]s, 
 2tXtov? Taj~ov KCITO. TO? ~Z-.efj.tpd/uLios 
 TruXa?' /nera. oe CIVTIS, airo T^y SeKaTtjs e? 
 aXXoi/y yuof rd^ov Jur^iX/OVff ^ara ra? Nivtoav 
 ay a?ro ^e T^9 e/3^o/tx^s ^aXtTrwi/ 
 , eTreiTev aXXou? Ka.Ti(rov, ayaywv Kara 
 ray XaX^atwi/ /caXeo/uei/a? Tn/Xa?, TerpaKia"%i\iovs. 
 e-^ovrwv $e /u.yre 01 Trporepoi fJLtjSev rwv a^vvovvrcov, 
 OVTOI, 7r\r]v eyxeipiSlwv TOVTO Se eav e^etv. 
 <Je T^/V eiKo<rT>]i> ^fjt-eprjv, iOeu>9 T*JV fJ.lv aXX>/v 
 K\evetv Trept^ Trpo&fidXXeiv TT^O? TO 
 ^a? ^e /xoi TOL^OV Kara re ra? 
 /caXeo/xeVap TruXay KCU Kicrcr/a?. w? ya|0 e*yto 
 /xeo ^ceyaXa epya aTro^e^a/xei'ou 3 *, Ta TC aXXa 
 e/xo< Ba/3uXcoi/iOi, feat ^^? /cat raJy 
 ra? {3a\avdypas. TO <?* evGevTev, e/J.ot TC KOI 
 
 Hep<r*](ri fj.\Jj<Tt TO. Set Troieeiv" 
 
 (B. iii. 154, 155.) 
 
 The stratagem succeeded, and Zopyrus was welcomed 
 by the Babylonians. 
 
 VI. 2. 
 
 Taimz ej/TCiXa/zevo?, v*f ^ 7r * T*a? TruXoy* eTTKTTpe- 
 
 <^o/xevo?, a)? ^ aXyOews auro/xoXo?. opeovres <Je OTTO 
 
 TWV Trvpywv 01 Kara TOVTO Terayimevoi, KaTeTpe^ov 
 
 KaTca- KOI oXiyov TL TrapaicXtvavTes Tqv ereprjv 
 
 5 7rv\t]v. eipurreov T/? T ettj, /cat OTeu Se6fj.evo$ rjKOi.
 
 STORY OF ZOPYRUS. VI. 2. 139 
 
 6 <5e <r(pi yyopeve, o>9 eitj TC ZooTrvpos, Kai auro/xoXeot 
 J^yoi/ ^y />ui/ ot 7ruXou|OOt, ravra a>9 
 v, eTrl ra KOIVO. TU>V Ba/^vXaHaeoi/. 
 aura, /caTOtKT/^eTO, <^>ct? I/TTO 
 
 ra cTreTrovOee VTT ecovrov- . TraOeiv Se 10 
 raura SIOTI (rv/u.(3ov\ev<rai oi airavicrTavai TJJV 
 qv, eirei re oO<5ei9 Tropo? e<paivero rrjs d\u><rio$. 
 re, e<i7 Xe'ywi/, eyw ^?j/, 
 ctOoV) Aajoetw <5e *c 
 
 Tlep<ry<rt neyiVTOv KCLKOV. ov yap $t], e/xe 76 w^e 15 
 \0)(3r]ara./u.evos, KaTaTrpo't^eraf eTT/crTayuat ^' airroy 
 ra? $i6$ov$ rwv (3ov\eufJUXTW? Toiaura 
 
 o/ ^e Ba^yAaJvtOi OjOeofTe? avfipa TU>V ev ilep- 
 
 oKijuoTdTOV ptvos T Ka wTwv 
 
 l re KOI atfiaTi avcnre(pvptJi.vov, Ttdyyv 20 
 
 eyeiv /JLIV a\t]0ea, Kai cr(f)t rjKeiv 
 v, eTTiTpairearOai erotfJioi qvav TWV eSeero 
 <r(j)eu>v. eSeero Se (TTpaTir]$. 'O oe, eTret re avratv 
 TOVTO TrapeXajSe, eTroiee TO. Trep TW Aape/cp 
 (rvveQr]Karo. e^ayaywv yap rfj ^e/carj? wepti 25 
 Tfjv (TTpaTirjv TWV Ba/3uXwi'/ft)J', *cat KVK\uxrd- 
 TOVS ^tX/ouf, Toy9 Trptorovs eVere/Xaro 
 /w Tct^at, rovrovy /care^oVei/cre. /xaOoWe? (5e 
 ot Ba/3uXcov/ot Tot<ri Tre<ri ra epya Trape- 
 
 6/uLOia, Trdyyv Trepi^apeey eovres, TTOLV q 30 
 erotfj.01 ?]<rav VTrypereeiv. 6 Se, ia\nrtav fjne
 
 140 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS], 
 
 e^yyaye KOI KaTe<povev(re TU>V Aapeiov 
 
 TOVS 8<r^iXtowp. iSovre? <5e /cal TOVTO TO epyov oi 
 
 35 BajSi/Xawof, TravTe? Zunrvpov et^ov ev CTT 6 fjia.cn 
 aiveovres. 6 ^e, airrt? SidXnrwv ra? ovyKetftevas 
 r/fjLepa?, e^yyaye e? TO Trpoetprj/uevov KOI KVK\axrd- 
 /xei/o? KdT6(f)6vv<re rov? rerpaKicr^i\iovs. <w? <5e :aJ 
 TOVTO KdTepyaarTO, TravTa t] tjv ev TOtcrt 
 
 40 
 
 So when Darius made his attack, Zopyrus admitted the 
 Persian troops into the city, and Babylon was taken. But 
 Darius used to say that he would rather that Zopyrus was 
 whole, than that he himself were master of twenty 
 Babylons. 
 
 VI. 3. 
 
 II|Oo<7/3oX^i/ Se Aajoe/ou Kara ra (TvyKeifj.eva Troiev- 
 
 /uevov Trepi^ TO reZ^o?, evOavra Srj TravTa TOV SoXov 
 
 o Zunrvpos e^e(paiv. ot juei/ yap Ba/3i/Xa)ViOf ava- 
 
 /8aj/re? eTrt TO Tef^o?, tj/uLvvovro T^V Aape/oi/ <TTpa- 
 
 5 TITJV TrpocrfiaXXova'av' 6 o~e ZaxTriyjo? Ta? TC 
 
 teat B^X/^a? Ka\0/u.vas TrJXa? ai/a-Trerao-a?, 
 
 TO^9 Tlepcras e? TO TeF^o?. TWV Se Ba/3u\(avi(i)v oi 
 
 fjiev elSov TO iroiyQev, OVTOI ecbevyov ey TOU Ato? TOI? 
 
 BjyXou TO ipov oi oe OVK eiSov, e/ULevov ev Trj ecovrov 
 
 10 Tat 5h era<TTOf, e? o St] KOI OVTOI efJ-aOov TrpoSeSofJievoi. 
 
 BaflvXwv /net/ vvv OVTCO TO SevTepov aipeOtj. Aa- 
 
 peios $e eirel TC eKoaTrjtre TU>V Ba/^uXcov/coj/, TOVTO
 
 DARIUS IN SCYTHIA. 141 
 
 ,uev, ar(pe<av TO TeF^o? TrepieiXe, /ecu ra? Tri/Xay Traera? 
 7reo"7ra<re' TO *ya0 irpoTepov eXu>v K.vpo$ Ttjv Ba- 
 (3uXwva, e-Trolqcre TOVTCW ovSerepov TOVTO 8e, 6 15 
 
 , rotari e \onrol<ri 
 Da(3v\(aviot(ri cnre^coKe Ttjv iroXtv oliceeiv. Zwirvpov 
 oe ovSel? ayaOoepyiqv \\ep(rew>v inrepe/SaXeTO irapu 
 Aa|0e/ft) KpiTy, OVTC TU>V v&Tepov f yevofj.evu>v, OUTC 20 
 Twv TrpoTepov, OTI /u.rj Kuoo? /movvo?' TOVTW yup 
 ovoets Yiepcrewv riQuxre K(o ewvTOv (rv/j.(3a\etv. 
 e Aapeiov \eyerai yvu>/u.r]v TiqvSe cnroSe- 
 t, 059 {3ov\otTO av Zu>7rvpov eivai airaOea 
 9 aeiKeitj? /zaAXoi/, rj Ba^Si/Xajva? oi eiKOcri Trpos 25 
 eovcrtj TrpotryeveaOai. 
 
 (B. iii. 158, 159.) 
 
 VII. DARIUS IN SCYTHIA. 
 
 Cyrus had conquered Asia : Cambyses, Africa : Darius 
 felt that he must complete the conquest of Europe. 
 Therefore he planned a vast expedition against the 
 Scythians, a nomad people living in the steppes north of 
 the Black and Caspian Seas. Having bridged the Thracian 
 Bosphorus and the Danube, he left his bridge over the 
 river in charge of his Ionian fleet, while he pushed on 
 with 700,000 men of different nationalities from all parts 
 of his kingdom, and penetrated the northern wilderness. 
 But the Scythians slipped away before his advance, and 
 drew him on and on in pursuit.
 
 142 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 At last Darius appealed to the Scythian king to stand 
 and give battle or else to send presents of earth and water 
 in token of submission. 
 
 The Scythian king said he would make no tender of 
 submission, but would send some presents much more to 
 the purpose. 
 
 VII. 1. 
 
 TTe/i^a? AajOe?oy iTnrea Trapa TOV Z/ct/0oi/ j3a<rt- 
 Xea 'ISdvQupcrov, eXeye TaSe' " A.ai/u.ovie avSpwv, TI 
 <bevyei$ aie! 3a , e^ov TOI TwvSe TO. eTepa Troieeiv ; el 
 fjiev y^p ci^<o^oeo9 5f ^o/ceet? elvai aretoirrw Toicri 
 5 e/uLoccri irpy]yiJ.a<Ti avTiwOijvai, cru e (rray re KCU 
 jravcra/zei'O? ir\a.vr}s /j.a^e(r6a.i' ci Se arvyyivuxTKeai 
 eivai ij(T(r(i)v } <rv Se KOI OVTU) Traucra/xefo? TOV Spo/mov, 
 oetrirorri TO* trip ou>pa (pepwv ytjv TC KOI vowp, e\6e 
 e? Xo'yoi'9." HOG? rai/ra o SsuOecoi/ /SacriXev? 
 io'ISdv6vp<ro? eXeye rdSe- " Ouria TO e/mov e^ei, co 
 rTe'jOO'a' eyw ovSeva KUJ av9pu>7ru)v et(rag efyvyov, 
 OVTC TrpoTepov, oure vvv <re (frevyw ovSe TI veu>Tepov 
 eifiju Troi}](rag vvv rj KOI ev elprjvy ewOea 8b Troieeiv. o TI 
 $e OVK avriKa fiayoftaa, TOI, eyw KOI TOVTO crrjij.ave(i)^ . 
 15 qfjiiv ouTe atrrea, OVTC yrj 7re<pvTev/j.evt] ear/, TU>V irepi 
 $ei<ravTs M dXwrj rj icaprj Ta^vTepov trvfifu<ryoifttf 
 av $ fjLa^tjv vfj.iv el Se Seoi 7ravT(as ey TOVTO KO.TO. 
 onriKveea-Oai, Tvy^dvovcn fnj.iv earns Ta(f)oi 
 atioi. fyepere, TOVTOVS avevpovTes, crvyxeeiv 
 20 ireipacrOe avrovv KOI yvuxrea'Oe Tore, e*Te V/JLIV 
 irepi TWV rct^wi/, etre /cat ou
 
 DARIUS IN SCYTHIA. VII. 2. 143 
 
 TrpOTepov <5e, rjv jut] fj/J-ea^ Ao'yo? aipey, ov 
 <Tv/uL/uLiofj.ev 'TOI. a/x<* /mev /^d^ Tocravra eipyarOa). 
 AecTTTora? <^e e/xoi'? A/a re eyci vo/>u<0, TOV e^coj/ 
 irpoyovov, KOI 'larTiyv T*]V 2/ci/0eeov (3a.(ri\eiav, /mov- 2 5 
 vov<? eivai. 2ot <5e avrl fJiev Su>p<ov 7^9 re /cat 
 C<5aTO9, Swpa TTc/ut.'^/di) TOIO.VTO, oia a~oi TrpeTrei eXOeiv 
 OLVTI Se rov on Sear-Tror^ e^^cra? elvai e/xoy, K\aieiv 
 Xeyw." 'O fj.ev $*] Ktjpv^ oi^wKee ayyeXecav TO.VTO. 
 
 A<yV (B.iv. 126,127.) 3 
 
 The Scythian policy reduced Darius to great straits, and 
 understanding the menacing meaning of the Scythian 
 presents which had reached him, he was glad to take the 
 advice of Gobryas, and make a hurried retreat before his 
 communications were cut off by the breaking up of the 
 bridge over the Danube. 
 
 VII. 2. 
 
 Te'Xo? <^e AajOcto? re ev U7ropif](ri et^ero, /ecu oi 
 ^KvOewv /3acrtXee? flo66vrey TOVTO, eTre/XTrov K^pVKa, 
 Swpa kapeiip (fiepovra, opvtOd re, KOI mvv, KOI /3d- 
 Opa.Kov lb , KOL di'o'TOi'? Trej/re. Tieparai oe TOV (f)epovTd 
 
 TO. Swpa 7TlpU>TOV TOV VOOV TWV SlSo/ULeVCOV 6 $ 5 
 
 ovScv e(bij oi 7r(TTa\Qai a\\o rj oovra, T?]V Ta^ia-Tijv 
 aTra\\d(rcre(r6ai- avTOvy Se roy? Hepcras aceXeve, el 
 crofpoi eitri, yvwvai TO e6e\ei TO. oa>pa \eyeiv. TOLVTOL 
 UKOvo-avTes ol Tleptrat, e(3ov\evovTO. Aapeiou 
 Hev vvv fj yvw/J-n Jjv ^tcvOas ecoura) SlSovtu cr^e'a? re 10 
 avrovs, KOI yfjv re KOI vScap' eiKafyv rfiSe, a>9 fivs
 
 144 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 /xev ev yy yiverai, Kapirov TOV avrov av( 
 (TiTco/jLevov (3a.6pa.KOS Se ev vSaTf opvis Se /za 
 owe nrTrar TOV<J ce dicrTOu?, a>y rrjv ecovrwv a\Kr]V 
 
 i- irapaoioovcri. avTt] /xev AajOe/w fj 'yi/co/x^ cnreSeSeKTO, 
 2uj/eo-TjJ:ee Je Tavrrj Trj yvw/nt] % Twfipvew, TU>V 
 avSpcov TU>V CTrra ei/o? TU>V TOV Ma<yov KUTeXovrcov, 
 etKofovTOs TO, Sutpa \eyeiv "*Hj/ /u.ij opviBes yevo- 
 Hevoi avairTrjarOe e? TOV ovpavov, u> L^epa~ai t y [tves 
 
 20 yevo/mevoi KUTO. T>J<; 7^? KaTaSixnjTe n (SdOpaxoi 
 yevo/nevoi e? ray X//uvay ea-TrrjSrj&JiTe, OVK cnrovo(rr^- 
 
 <TT OTT/CTft), V7TO T(JOv8e TU)V TO^eVfAOLT 
 
 Heparycri Se, /xera ra Swpa. ra eXOoWa 
 
 avTeTap07<rai' ot 2/cJOat 'Te^w /cal "nriroHTi, w$ <TV/J.- 
 
 2 5 jSaXe'ovre?. rera-y/uevoto-i ^e Tolcrf Zcu9if(ri Xa-yo9 5f 
 
 6? TO /LL(TOV 8lt)l'^' TCOV <$ W? eKa&TOl (OjOeOf 190 TOJ/ 
 
 v. Tapa-^OevTCOV e TU>V ^KvOeaov, xai 
 v, elpero 6 AccjOefo? TWI/ avTnroXeniwv 
 TOV 66pv/3ov TTv66fJ.evos Se <r(pea$ TOV \ayov otco- 
 30 /foi/ra?, e??re apa Trpos Tovcnrep ewOee /cat ra aXXa 
 Xeyetv " Ourot covSpes ri/uecav TTO\\OV KaTa(J)pov- 
 
 OV(Tf Kttl fJLOl VVV (f)aiVTai T(i)(3pvris ttTTCtl TTCpl TU)V 
 ^Kv6tKU)V Sa>p<t)V Op6ti>$. to)? COV OUTto)9 ijSt] OOKe6vT(DV 
 
 Kol avTio fioi fyeiv, (3ov\rjs ayadtjs Set, o/c&>9 a<T(pa- 
 35 Xea>5 17 KOfJ-iSrj ri/miv e&Tai TO oTrtVco." ITjOO9 rai/ra 
 Tw/3pvris el-rre' " ^1} j3acri\ev, e-yw o-^e^oi/ /txej/ icJ 
 Xo-yw tj7ri(TTafj.r]v TOVTUIV TU>V avopwv TIJV cnropiyv 
 e\0u>v Se /u.a\\ov e^e^otaOoi/, opeuiv UVTOV?
 
 DARIUS IN SCYTHIA. VII. 3. 145 
 
 vv iov /mot oice 
 
 e-n-eXOr], KKav(ravra<i TO. Trvpa, a>p KOI aXXore eatOanev 40 
 Trofeetv, T&>V <TTpaTi(n)T(i)V TOVP ao^eyecrraToyp ep Tap 
 TaXcuTTftyHa? e^aTrctTycravTa.?, KOI TOUP ovoup Trdjrrap 
 /cara^cravrap, a7raXXacrcreo-0ai, -nyw 17 /cat CTT: TOI/ 
 "IfTTpov iQvcrai Sf JOap Xi/crovTap T^J/ ye<pvpav, t] KOI 
 Ti"I(a(Ti So^ai TO ^/ueap oToV Te ecrTai e^epydtrairOai" 45 
 Yo)j3pvt]s /nev TO.VTO. arvve]3ov\eve. 
 
 (B. iv. 131-134.) 
 Retreat of Darius. 
 
 VII. 3. 
 
 Mera (5e, vv re eyevero, KOI Aajoefo? e^paro Ttj 
 yvco/uLt] TavTy. TOV? /xei/ /ca/xaT^oi'? TOJI^ avSpcov, KOI 
 TWV ?jv eXa^icrTop a-TroXXu/xeVwv Xo'yop, /cat TOIP 01/01/9 
 /caTa^crap, KdTeXnre avrov TCLVTIJ ev TW 
 efiui. KctTeXnre $e TOV? re ovoi/p /cai TOUP 5 
 
 (npaTitjs, TtiovSe eiveKev Iva 01 fj.ev 
 (3ot]v Trape^tavTat, 01 <$e avOpunrot CKrOeveirjs 
 
 IJ.GV IVKV KOLTeXlTTOVTO, 7T|OO^)acrtO? $ Tt}(T StJ- 
 
 \aot] top CWTOP fJiev crvv TW KaQapw TOV (TTpoiTOv 
 
 /u.e\\oi TOt(ri 2,Kv6y(ri, OVTOL Se TO 10 
 TOVTOI' TOV %p6vov pvoiaro SA . ravra 
 TOICTI VTroXeiTTO/mevotcri vTroOe/mevos 6 Aapefop, /ecu 
 Trvpa e/c/caJcrap, Trjv ra-^icrrriv eire'iyero siri TOV 
 I<TTpov. ol Se ovoi, eptj/nwOevTe^ TOV O/ULI\OV, ovra) 
 /uei/ Srj fia\\ov TroXXw "ie<Tav T^P <pa)v*j$- aicov<ravTs 15 
 (5e of 2/cv0at TWJ/ ova>j/, Tra KCLTO. 
 
 ovoi 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER.
 
 146 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 * TT ' * TJ ' f ' 
 
 TOV? iiepcras eivai. HfjLepqs oe yeifOjj.evt]$, 
 ol V7ro\i(pdei>Te$ w? trpoSeo'oiu.evoi eiev VTTO Aapeiov, 
 Xeipds Te irpoereivovro TOICTI Z/cvfycri, KOI eXeyov TO. 
 20 KUTJjKovra. ol $ Z/cuOcu a>9 ///cowrav rat/ra eSiwicov 
 TOVS riepcra? i6v TOV "I&Tpov. 
 
 (B. iv. 135, 136.) 
 
 The Scythian horsemen reached the bridge before 
 Darius, and urged the lonians to destroy it. The Athenian 
 Miltiades, then tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese, called 
 on his countrymen to seize this chance of throwing off the 
 Persian yoke, but he was overruled by Histiaeus of 
 Miletus ; so Darius brought back into Asia the remnant of 
 his great army. 
 
 VIII. STORY OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. 
 
 Athens was divided between different political parties ; 
 the men of the Plain, and of the Coast, and a third party, 
 the men of the Mountains. Peisistratus, son of Hippocrates, 
 espoused the cause of the mountaineers, and having by a 
 stratagem got leave to keep an armed band of retainers, 
 he seized the citadel and made himself master of Athens. 
 
 VII . L 
 
 Zrcuno^orrwv TO>V irapaXwv KUI TWV CK TOV TTC- 
 
 oiov 'ABrjvalwv, KOI T<av yuei/ 7rpoe<TTea>TOS Meya/cXeo? 
 
 TOV 'AX/c/xa/a)i/09, TU>V Se oc TOV TTCIOV AvKovpyov 
 
 'AptiTToXaii^eft), 6 /Jiev T[eKri(rTpaTO$ Ka,TCt(f)povq(ra? 
 
 5 TtfV Tvpavvioa.) jjyeipe TpiTyv crracriv. 
 
 p, /cat T(S \6yca T<av VTrepaxpiotv
 
 STORY OF THE PE1SISTRATIDAE. VIII. 2. 147 
 
 avuTcu TOidSe. rpw/j.arl(Ta<} 3b ewirroi/ re /ecu 
 ?, /;Xa<re ef T^J/ ayoprjv TO ZevyoSj a>s e/cire- 
 (j)evy<a$ TOV? e^Opou?, oi fj.iv eXavvovra ey aypov 
 ijOe\tj(rav aTroXeaai SrjOev eSeero TC TOV S^/mov 10 
 (puXaKtjs TIVOS 7T|009 avrov Kvptjaai, Trporepoi' 
 uooKi/j.y(ras ev Ty irpo? Meyapeas yevo/JLevrj <TTyoa- 
 /*?, Ntcrataj/ re eXcov, KOI a'XXa a7ro^e 
 epya. 'O e <$tjfj.os 6 TWV ' 
 eJ?, eSwKe oi TU>V acrTwv /caraXe^a? avSpas 15 
 f, o'i <$opv<popoi /j.ev OVK eyevovro \\eia-KTTpa- 
 TOU, Kopvvrj<p6poi oe. ^uXoov yap KOpvva$ e^ovTey 
 CiTTQtTO oi OTTta-Oe. cri/j'eTrai/ao-Tcej/re? (5e OUTOI afjLa 
 \\i<ri<TTpa.T<a, ea")(ov TrjV aKpoiroXiv. evBa rj o 
 Iletcr/o-TjOaro? %PX 'A0>/va/a)v, oure TifJ.a? ray 20 
 eovcraf crvvTapaa<;, OVTC Oecrfjiia /xeraXXaa?- evr/ 
 re rotcrt /careo-rewcrf ei/e/xe T^J/ Tro'XtJ/, Koa-^ecov 
 /caXto? TC /cat e<). (B. i. 59.) 
 
 Driven once more from the city by a coalition of his 
 enemies, he manages to return in triumph once more, 
 accompanied by a woman of great beauty to impersonate 
 Athene". The sham goddess bade the citizens welcome 
 Peisistratus back, and they did so. 
 
 VIII. 2. 
 
 Merct (5e ov TToXXov "^povov TU>VTO (ppovqcravTes oi 
 re TOV Me-ya/cXeou? a-Tacnayrai /ecu oi TOO Avicovpyov, ' 
 e^eXcwvovcrt IJ.LV. OUTU) fj.ev Tleia'ia'Tpa.TOS (r X e TO 
 
 , KU\ TtJV TVpaVVlSa OVK(ff 
 L 2
 
 148 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS]. 
 
 5 eppify/u.evtjv e-^cav, cnre^aXe. 01 $e eeXa<rai'Tec 
 TleKTitTTpaTOv, avTts e/c verjs e?r' a\\q\oi(ri ecrrair/- 
 acrav. TrepteXavvdjuievo? $e rfj <rra<rt 6 Meya/rXeV? 
 eTreKtjpvKevero Tlei<Tt(TTpdT(a, el (3ov\otTO 01 Ti]V 
 Ovyarepa e^etv jvvaiKa eir\ Ty rvpavviSi. evSe^a- 
 10 /ULCVOV &e TOV \6yov /cat OyUoXo'y^o'ai'Toy eirl TOISTOKTI 
 Heia-KTrpdrov, fj.rj^a.voi)VTai Srj CTTI ry /caro^a) 1 * 
 TOidSe. 'Ev ra> ^/ww TO) ITataj/ie't' ^i/ *yw>7, T^ 
 OVVOJULO, yv ^E>u>7, neyaQos O.TTO Teo-cr^ft)i/ 2b v^eew 
 rpe?? SctKTvXovs, KOI aXXw? euet^?. 
 Tr}v ywdiKa (TKevacravrey Trai/OTrX/i;, e? ap/u.a 
 aravTe?, KOI 7rpo8eavT$ sd cr^tj/jLa, oiov TI 
 V7rpeTre<TTaTOi> <^)ai/ee<r0at 9l> e^oucra, //Xaui/ov 
 e9 TO a<TTV, irpoSpo/JLOvs KrjpvKag TT poire fjL^avTes, ol 
 TO. ej/TeraX/uej/a ijydpevov e? TO aerri; aTriKO/uievoi, 
 20 \eyovres TOidSe- "*Q 'A^i/arot, SeicecrOe 1 * ayaOw 
 v6(f ITetcr/crTjOaTOJ', TOI/ ai/T^ ^ A.6rjvait] Ti/m^craara 
 /AczXfcrTa, AcaTCi-yef e? T^I/ ecouT^y a/c^oo'- 
 Ot /zei/ ^ TavTa Sia(potTeovres e\eyov 
 e ey re TOV? ^//uoi/p (parts otTrtVero, w? 
 25 'A.6t]valrj Tleicrio'TpaTOV Ka.TO.yei' KOI ol ev TW 
 atrret' TreiOo/mevoi ryv yvvaiKa etvai avrtjv rrjv 6eov, 
 
 7T pOCrevj^OVTO TC TqV CtvOptOTTOV, KOI 0KOVTO TOV 
 
 IleicricTTpaTov. 
 
 (B. i. 60.) 
 
 He then married the daughter of Megacles, his old 
 opponent, to whom he had been reconciled, but he after-
 
 STORY OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. 3. 149 
 
 wards offended his father-in-law, and was obliged to quit 
 Athens with his sons. After long preparation the Peisi- 
 stratidae marched upon Athens and secured Marathon; 
 and having conquered the troops sent out to oppose him, 
 Peisistratus for the third time entered Athens, and resumed 
 his power. 
 
 VIII. 3. 
 
 r7//ca9 Se 6 Iletcr/o-TjoaTo? rtjv rov Meya/cXeoy 
 OuyaTepa OVK ev TreptetTre avTyv 6 e Meya/cXejy 
 opyy a)9 et^e /caraXXacrcreTO rrjv e-^Optjv TOCCTI 
 <TTa<riu)Tri<ri. Ma&ov 8e 6 Iletcr/crTjoaTO? aTraXXacr- 
 arero e'/c r^? X^P^ 9 T irapairav, a.7riKOfj.evo? <$e e? 5 
 'EoeTjO/aj/ e/3ouXeJero a/na Tolcri Ttaicri. eq 
 ^e op/ULtjOevTe? Sia evdeKarov Ireoy aTTiKovro OTT/ 
 teal Trpu>Tov T^? 'ArTi/c^? iV^oi/crt MajOaOwva. ev oe 
 rovr(f TO) \a)pu> (rfyi (TTpaTOTreSevojuLevonri o'i re e< 
 rov acrreoy a-Tacnwrai cnriKovTO, a\\oi re e/c TCOV 10 
 8rj[j.u)V Trpoareppeov, olcri *] Tvpavv\$ irpo eXevOeplrj^ yv 
 acnraa-TOTepov. OVTOI jj.lv Srj crvvt]\tiovTO. 'A0>?- 
 vaitav e 01 e/c TOV acrTeo?, ea)? /xei/ IleiiT/c7T|OaTop ra 
 yprj yuara yycipe, KOI /xerai/Tt9 la d)? co"X e MajOaOtofa, 
 Xoyov OvSeva ei^ov. eirei re ^e eirvOovro e/c TOU 15 
 Maoa$covo9 a^TOj/ TropevetrOat eTrl TO turn/, OVTO) rj 
 (3(06eov(ri eV avroy. /cat OUTO/ re TraiXTTparit] "ji'arav 
 eirl TOU? /caTiovra9' /cat ot a/u^)} rietfriVTioaTOJ/, os 
 6p/u.t)9ei>Te$ e/c MajOa0wj/O9 i}i'(rav eirl TO aVri;, ey 
 TtovTO (TvviovTes cnriKveovTai eirl Tla\\t]vtoo$ 'A0>?- 20 
 /OOJ/, /cat avT/a e'Oevro ra 6VXa. evQavra
 
 156 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 TTOfiTr ^oew/xei'o? Trapa-rarai 
 
 9, xpt](rfji.o\dyo9 ai>rjp, o? ol Trpoo-itov -^pa 
 ev e^a/meTpw ToVw, TaSe \eywv 
 
 25 "EppnrTai S* o /SoXor, TO Se SIKTVOV eKirfneracrrai' 
 
 Qvwoi 8 olfjiTjo-ovo-i a-f\r)vaiT]s dta WKTOS. 
 
 'O /mev 8y 01 v6ed^<av ^|0a ra^e- Iletcr/OTjOaTO? $c. 
 crv\\a(3<av TO -)(j}t]<TT^piov, KOI 0a? SeKefrOai TO X/"?~ 
 cr^ev, eTrqye rrjv trrpcmqv. 'AOrjvaioi $e 01 e/c ao-reop 
 30 -7T|Oo? apio-rov rerpa/uLiaevoi qcrav $TJ rtjviKavTa- KOI 
 a TO apicrTOv /nere^eTepoi aim^y, ot fjiev Trpo? 
 s, 01 $e irpos VTTVOV. ol oe afj.^. Ll&ari<rfpaT6v 
 f, TOU? 'A0^i/a/ouy Tpeirovo-i. (pewyovrwv 
 Se TO17TWJ/, {3ov\qv evQavTa <ro(f)a>Ta.Tt]v TleicricrrpaTO? 
 35 Trire^aTai t o/cw? pyre aXivOeiev eri 01 'AOrjvaioi, 
 o'lea'KeSao'/jievoi Te elev. ava(3t(3d(ra.s TOV$ iraiSas CTT} 
 TTTTTOI;?, TTjOoeTre/xTre- o/ ^e KaraXa/mfidvovTes TOV$ 
 (foevyovras, eXeyov TO. evTeraXfJieva viro Tleiari- 
 (rrpdrov, Qapa-eeiv re KeXevovres, icai cnrievai ficaa-TOv 
 40 eirl TO. ewvrov. TIeiOo/jLevcov Se TU>V ' 
 OUTW $t] Tleia-ta-Tparos TO Tpirov a-^wv 
 epptlta<T Trjv TvpavviSa eTriKOvpOKri Te 7roXXor<r/, KOI 
 crvvoSoicri, rwv fJLev, avroOev, TWV Se, cnro 
 
 7TOTa.IJ.OV (TVVIOVTOOV. K.OI TLei(TiarTpa.TO$ 
 
 45 fJLev eTvpdvveve 'AOrjvaiwv 'AOyvaiwv Se ol /zei> ev Tp 
 
 c<pevyov CK T 
 
 (B. i. 61-64.)
 
 STORF OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. 5. 151 
 
 Peisistratus retained the sovereign power till his death, 
 and transmitted it to his sons Hippias and Hipparchus. 
 Two Athenian friends, Harmodius and Aristogeiton, sought 
 to assassinate Hippias, but they killed the wrong brother 
 by mistake, while he was conducting the sacred procession. 
 
 VIII. 4. 
 
 'EiTret "J-TTTrap^ov TOV TletcricrTpaTov, 'I^TTr/eco <5e 
 TOV Tvpavvov aoeX^eoy, I^OVTO. o~^nv evvjrvLov 
 v, KTeivovcri 'Apia-ToyeiTwv KOI 'Ap- 
 fiera Tavra ervpavvevovTO 'AOqvaioi CTT' 
 Tea Te(r<Tpa 2b ovfiev fj<T(rov, aXXa KOI /txaXXoi/, tj 5 
 ?rpo TOV. 'H fjiev vw 0^1$ TOV 'iTnrdp^ov CVVTTVIOV 
 >jv *]Se. ev TJjj TrpOTepy VVKTL TU>V TIava6t]vaia)v 
 eddicee o "iTnrap-^o? avSpa 01 eTriGTavTa /meyav KOI 
 evttSea aivla-a-ea-Oai TCiSe TO, eVea- 
 
 TX^t \f(ov arXrjTa nadtov TfT\r)OTi 6vfjL&' IO 
 
 ouSets dvdpamcov ddiKcov riuw OVK cwroTMm. 
 
 TOLVTO. oe, cof fi/jieprj eyevero ra^tcrTa, (pavepos yv 
 vTrepTiOe/u.vos oveipOTroXourf /xera Se, a7renrd/u.evos 
 Tfjv o^iv, eTre/xTre Ttjv TTO/WTT^I/, ev Ty St] reXeyra. 
 
 (B. v. 55, 56.) 
 
 During the despotism of Hippias the Alcmaeonidae 
 begin their intrigues against the Peisistratidae, first of all 
 gaining over to their side the Delphic oracle. 
 
 VIII. 5. 
 
 TvpavvevovTO$ KOI e/JLTTiKpaivo/JLevov 
 ia TOV 'iTnrdpxov Qavarov, 'A\K/JLai(aviSai,
 
 152 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 eoj/Te? 'AO^fafoi, KOI (pevyovTe? TLet<ri- 
 (TTpaTiSas, eirei re (r(pi a/ma TOICTI a\\oicri 'AOqvaiwv 
 5 (frwyacri Treipw/uievoKri /cara TO ia"^ypov ov Trpoe^wpee 
 KaToSo?, aXXa TrpotreTTTaiov /oteyaXtop, Treipu>fJ.evoi 
 KOTievat re Acat eXevOepovv ra? 'A0^j/a 
 TO uTrejO IIa/oi//>79 Tei^tcravres' evQavTO. ol ' 
 fjt,ai(avioai TTOLV CTTL TOI<TI TieKTia-TpaTiStjari nrjy 
 10 fj.evoi, Trap 'A/u.(ptKTv6v(av TOV VTJOV fJii<rOovvTai TOf 
 ev AeX(^)o?(Tf, TOV vvv eofTa, TO'TG ^e OVKW, TOVTOV 
 e^oiKoSo/uitja-ar oia Se ^pt]/j.areov ev yKovres, KOI 
 avfipes SOKIJUOI aveitadev CTI, TOV Te vrjov 
 ravTO TOV / 7rajOa^e/ ( y / aaToy /caXXtop, TCI Te 
 aXXa, /ca), (rwyKeifJLevov (r<pi Trcoplvov \i6ov Troteeiv 
 TOV vtjov, Tlapiov TO. efATrpocrOev avTOv ee7roit]<rav. 
 
 (B. v. 62.) 
 
 The Pythian priestess had her cue given her to impress 
 on every Spartan worshipper, who came to the oracle, the 
 duty of delivering Athens from slavery. The Spartans 
 accepted the duty, and when their first expedition failed, 
 they sent a second under King Cleomenes, who drove the 
 Peisistratidae within the walls of their fort. 
 
 VIII. 6. 
 
 cv Ae\<poi(ri KdTrjfJievot aveTreidov Ttj 
 /jLacri, o/Cft>9 e\6oiev ^.TrapTirjTewv avfipes, el TC tot'co 
 o-ToXft) i TC StjfUHriy -)(pt]cr6fjievoi, irpotyepetv cr(pi TCI? 
 5 'AO^a? e\ev9epovv. AaKeSai/Jidvioi <5e, co? <r(j)i aiel 
 TCWUTO Trpo(f)avTOV eyeveTO, Tre[J.Trov<ri '
 
 STORY OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. 6. 153 
 
 TOV 'Acrreoof, eovTa TU>V CLCTTCOV avSpa SOKI/UIOV, (rvv 
 a-TpaTO), e^eXwvra Heia-icrTpaTidas e 'AOyvewv, 
 6V&>9 /ecu fy/ovf <7<^) eo'iray ra naXicrTa- ra yap 
 TOV Oeov TrpecrfivTepa CTTOICVVTO rj ra. TU>V avSpwv. 10 
 Tre/uTrovari e TOVTOV? /caret 6a\a<Tcrav TrXoioicri. o 
 JULCV fit] Trpoa-a-^wv e? <&d\t]pov, T^J/ a-Tparirjv cnre(3t]<re- 
 TiSai TrpOTrvv6ctv6/j.voi Taura, 
 CK GecrcraX/^? eTriKovplrjv eTreTroiqro 
 ept crv/uLfj.a'^it] irpos avTOus* GetrcraXof oe 15 
 
 fj.evoi, ^iXitjv re ITTTTOV, KOL TOV (BacriXea TOV <r(pe- 
 Tepov K.iver)v TOU? eTret re ecr^oi/ a-u/Xyua^ou? ot 
 IIeio-to-T|OaT/^a^ e/j.rj-^aveaTO^ ' rotate. KetpavTes 
 TUIV ^a\fjpe(av TO ireSlov, KOI i7nra.cn/ULOv TroitjcravTfS 20 
 TOI/TOI/ TOV X^ 01 '' ^ 7r ^' caj/ T< ? (TTpaTOTreo'a) TIJV 
 ITTTTOV e/ULTrecrovcra e SiecpOeipe aXXouy re TroXXoup 
 TOW A.aKeoai/u.ovi(av, ical Sy Kal TOV 'Ay%i[ji.6\iov 
 TOVS $e TreptyevofJievovs avTiav e? ra? veap KaTep^av. 
 'O /*ev ^ TTjOwro? crroXo? e/c AaKeSalfjiovos OVTCO 25 
 /ecu Ay^i/xoX/ou etVt Tacfral r^? 'ATTt- 
 c^a-i. Mera ^e, AaKeSai/movioi /ie^iw 34 
 crroXoi/ crre/Xaj/Te?, a7re7re^c\^ai/ errJ ray 'A^i/j/ay, 
 
 KXeo/ueWa ro^ 'Ava^avSpio'eb), OVKSTI /cara OaXao-crai/ 30 
 (Tre/Xaprep, aXXa /car' yTretpov. TOICTI Se ecr(3a\ovcri 
 e? r^ 'Arri/c^j/ -^(aprjv % TWV QecrcraXwv iTTTro? Trpcorq 
 e, Kal ov /uera TTO\V CTpaTreTO KO.L <r<pe<av
 
 154 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 TT(rov virep rea-a-epaKovra av$pa$, ot Se Trepiyevo- 
 35 /xei'Ot cnraX\d(rcrovTO &>? el^ov i6v$ eVt 0ecrcraX/^?. 
 KAeo/xeVi/9 Se ctTTiKO/ULevos e? TO dtrrv a/ma ^AQrjvaiwv 
 TOiart (3ov\o/JLVOi(rt eivai eXevOepouri, eiroXiopicee TOV? 
 Tvpavvovs, cnrepyiuLevovs ev TO) HeXa<T'y//rft> Te/^ei'. 
 
 (B.'v. 63,64.) 
 Expulsion of Hippias. 
 
 VIII. 7. 
 
 Kou ovSev TI TravTto? av e^eiXov TOU? Tletari- 
 (TTpaTidas 01 AaiceSai/jLovtoi' oure yap eTreSprjv 1 * 
 eirevoeov TroiqcrcKrOai, oi TC T].i<rto~r partial <r/TOt(T/ 
 KOI TTOTOIO-I ev Trapea-KevdSaro 8 *- 
 5 re av qfjLepas dX/ya? a-TraXXao-crovTo e? TTJV 
 vvv oe <FWTV%IIJ Toicri fjiev KaKrj eTreyevero, TOI<TI Se, 
 i] avri] avrt] cri'/x^ca^o?- vTreKTiQep-evoi yap ea> T^? 
 ^ajjOi;? oi iraiSes TU>V TleicrttTTpaTifiewv r^Xuxrav. 
 TOVTO $e a>9 eyevero, TrdvTa avru>v Ta TrprjyimaTa 
 10 (rvvererdpaKTO. Trape<TTJ](rav ^e, eV< fJuvQit) TOICTI 
 I, e?r' olari e/3ov\ovro oi 'AOtjvaioi, W<TT ev 
 pya-i K-^wpt](rai K r^9 'Arr^^?. Mera 
 o"e, ee-%(apt]<Tav e? ^tyeiov TO eTrt TW 
 dpfcavres nev 'AOtjvaiwv e?r' erea e re Ka\ 
 
 (B. v. 65.) 
 
 IX. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. 
 
 Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, having failed in an ex- 
 pedition against Naxos, on which he had been sent by
 
 THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. i. 155 
 
 Darius, sought to hide his failure and escape its con- 
 sequences in the confusion of a general revolt His first 
 step was to proclaim democracy through the whole Greek 
 confederacy. First, he applied for aid to Sparta, but the 
 King was too cautious. Then he tried his fortune at 
 Athens, just at the moment when the Persian satrap, 
 Artaphernes, had demanded the restoration of Hippias. 
 The Athenians wanted but a spark to set them on fire, 
 and Aristagoras had brought it. Twenty ships were at 
 once sent to sea, ' the beginning of sorrows,' as Herodotus 
 
 says (opx^l KOKU>V fykvovTo "EXX^tri re KOI fiapftdpois, b. V. 97). 
 
 Joining the troops of the other revolted towns they march 
 upon Sardis, storm and burn it. 
 
 IX. 1. 
 
 Tlopevo/j.evot <5e Trapd TroTct/mov K.avcrTpiov, 
 evOevTev 7rei re VTrepfidvTe? TOV TjcxcoXoy CLTTIKOVTO, 
 alpeovvi. 'EdpSis, avScvof v(pi ai/rta?Oei/TO?- aipeovcri 
 rte "\copi9 T*79 dfcpOTToXtos raXXa TrdvTO.' Trjv Se 
 aitpoTroXiv eppvero avros 'ApTa(fiepvri9, e^wv SvvafJLiv 5 
 avSpwv OVK oXiyrjv. To ^e /w^/ \etj\aTtjcrai eXoi/ray 
 <r<i)t'a? Tt)v TroXii/, ecr^e ToSe. yarav ev Tycri 2a/0(5t<rt 
 oiKiai, at /nev TrXei/i/e?, KaXa/uLivai' o<rai <5' avrecov 
 KOI TrXivdtvai y<rav, KaXd/jiOv ci~xpv ray opo(f)d$. 
 Tovreu>v $t] fj.lav TWV Ti? (TTpaTictrrewv to? veTrpt]<re, 10 
 
 a?r OLKL^ e? oiKirjs tov TO Triy), eTreve/mero TO 
 da"rv a-Trav. Kaio/mevov Se TOV acrreo?, 01 AvSoi re 
 KOI OCTOL TLep<reu)v evrftrav ev T*J TroXi, a7roXa/u- 
 (f)6evT$ TrdvToOev, UKTTC TO. Trepie^aTa vejj.oiJ.evov 
 
 TOV TTUjOO?, KCLl OVK e^Ol/T69 efy)\VtTlV K TOV
 
 J 56 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 crvveppeov 9 re T*)V ayoprjv KOI eirl TOV Tla/CTwXoi/ 
 TTOTafjiov 09 (7^)t x^-y/ia ypva-ov KaTacpopeuiv e/c 
 Toy T/xtoXou, o'ta /u.e(Tt]s T^9 ayoptjs jOeet, /cat 
 7reiTcv eV rov "E^o/xov 7roTCtfj.ov etcSiSoi 10 *, 6 Se, 69 
 20 ^aXao'crav. eTrt TOVTOV t] TOV ITaKTwXov /cat 69 T^f 
 o? re Au^ot KOI 01 Hepcrai, 
 01 e "Ioji/e9, 6peovT$ 
 
 aju.vvo/u.evovs TU>V -rroXe/u/wi/, TOi/9 de oa/v 
 
 / >- / w / 
 
 tevoy?, e^ave^coprjcrav oei- 
 
 25 C7arre9 TTpo<s TO ouoo9, TOJ^ T/xwXoi/ /caXeo/xevoi/' 
 vuevTev oe fxo VVKTO. CL7ro.\\oi(rcrovTO 6iri Tct9 i^ect9. 
 Kat 2a|0^9 Atf y eveTTptja'Orjo'av, ev Se avryiri KOI 
 Ipov eTri-^capirj^ Oeou Kv(3q(3w TO tr/c^Trro'/xevot ot 
 IlejOirat, vaTepov avTeveTri/unrpaa'av TO. ev EXX^crt 
 
 30 Aoa. (B. v. 100-102.) 
 
 Anger of Darius against the Athenians. 
 IX. 2. 
 
 BacrtXei* <5e Aapel<a a>9 ePrjyyeXOr] 
 aXofcra9 efATreTrptjcrOai VTTO re 'A$>yj/a/coj/ /cat 
 roi/ ^e yyefjLova yeveaOai Ttjs crvXXoyw, TOV 
 MtX7<rtoi/ A.pi(TTayopt]v, Trowra /uei/ Xeyerat avrov, 
 5 w9 eTTvOero raura, 'Iwi/wi/ ovSeva \oyov 7rott](ra/u.evov, 
 ev etooTa 0)9 oi^TOt *ye oy /caTaTrpotiroiTai ttTro- 
 <TTavTe95 etoecruat otTti/e9 etev ot 'A^^faTof /xeTa oe, 
 TrvOo/u-evov, aiTtjcraL TO TO^OV, Xa/3oi/Ta <5e /cat 
 o't'crroi', aj/w 69 TOV ovpavov aireivai, /cat
 
 THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. I$J 
 
 fj.iv e? TOV yepa (3d\\ovra eiTreiv " 7 Zeu, IO 
 eKyeve&Oai fj.oi ' A.6ijvalov$ T/cracr0cu." erTrai/ra oe 
 Tatrra, Troocrra^at evt TOW OepcnrovTbiv, Seiirvov 
 urct), e? r^o!? e^acrTore eiTreiv " Ae- 
 , /me/mveo rwv 'AQtjvaiwv." (B. v. 105.) 
 
 But the Athenians, discouraged by a defeat, had already 
 retired, leaving the brunt of the war to the lonians, who 
 soon found themselves abandoned by Aristagoras as well. 
 At length, betrayed by the Samians, they were defeated 
 in a battle at sea, which decided the issue of the war 
 against them. Artaphernes pressed them hard on every 
 side ; Miletus fell ; and the Greek cities submitted once 
 more to the Persian yoke. 
 
 The pacification of Ionia failed to satisfy Darius. The 
 intervention of the Athenians in the affairs of Asia seemed 
 to furnish him with a pretext for declaring war on Europe. 
 He entrusts his son-in-law Mardonius with an army for 
 the subjugation of Greece. But the army suffered heavy 
 loss in crossing Thrace, and the fleet was almost wholly 
 wrecked off the stormy headland of Mount Athos. A new 
 army and a new fleet were despatched at once under 
 Datis and Artaphernes. Under the guidance of the traitor 
 Hippias, the Persian forces land on Attica and advance 
 as far as Marathon. At the approach of danger the 
 Athenians sought the help of the Spartans ; but the aid 
 was not forthcoming. Accordingly, on the day of battle, 
 the troops of Athens, numbering 10,000 men, and 1000 
 from Plataea, stood face to face with the 110,000 men of 
 Persia. 
 
 The ten Athenian generals were not of one mind. 
 Miltiades, Aristides, and Themistocles were ready to risk
 
 158 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 a battle : the decision was to be referred to the polemarch 
 Callimachus ; and Miltiades sought an interview with him, 
 and addressed him thus : 
 
 IX. 3. 
 
 " 'E/ (rol vvv t KaXX/yua^e, CCTTI TJ KctTaSovXcao'ai 
 ], eXevOepa? Troiycravra, /tzi/>^uoVi/va \nre- 
 e? TOV airavra avBpwTrtov /3lov, ofa ovSe 
 
 'AjOyUOOtO? T Kdl 'AplffTOyeiTCOV Xe/TTOl/07. VVV yo.p 
 
 q, e ou eyevovro 'AOyvaioi, e? KivSvvov ijKOvat 
 . ical rjv /meif ye VTTOKV^UXTL TOICTI M^ot<r<, 
 TO. Treiarovrat TrapaSeSofievoi 'iTnriy r/v 3e 
 avTrf >; TroXi?, OLtj re etTTi Trpurrri TU>V 
 TroX/o)!/ yevecrOai. Kcof wv Srj raura o/a 
 10 Te ea~Ti yevecrQai, icai KO>$ ey <re TI TOVTWV av>]Ki 
 
 i]/j.e(av TU>V arTpaTqywv, eovrcw SeKa, Si^ct yivovrai 
 at yvw/jLai- rwv p.ev KeXevovrtov <TVfj.{3a\eeiv, TWV Se, 
 
 ov <ru/xaee/J/. jv /u.ev vvv / 
 15 Tiva CTTCHTIV /xfyaXi/v e/jLTreirovaav Siaarelireiv ra 
 
 i', irpiv TI ical <ra6pov ' 'AOyvaicov 
 Tepoicrt eyyeveorOai, Oewv TO. fcra VC/ULOVTCDV, olo'i re 
 eiyAei> TreptyeveaBai Ttj an/yu^oX/y. Tavra wv iravra 
 20 ey (re vvv Teivei, KOI eic treo qprrjTai. qv yap <rv 
 yvwiJLy T*7 efjLy TrpoarOfj, e<TTi TOI TraTjO/s re eXevOeprj. 
 Kal TToXt? TTjOftmj TU>V ev Ty 'EXXaJr qv Se Ttjv 
 T0>v a7ro<nrev$6vT(f)v rr\v a-v/u.(3o\r]v eXp, VTrdpet TOI
 
 THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. 4. 159 
 
 ru)\> eyw KdTeXe^a ayaOtov ra evavTia" Tavra 
 Xeywv o MiXrm^?, irpocrKTaTai. TOV KaXXt'/xa^oi/. 2 5 
 Trpoo-yevo/ui.evr)? Se TOV TroXe/mdp-^ov Tfjs yvtajj.tjs, 
 KKupooTO crv/a/BaXXeiv. Mera e, ot (TTpaTr/yol, 
 TU>V fj yvw/u.*] e<pepe <ru/>c/3a\XetJ/, cos e/catrrou avrcov 
 eyivero Trpirravqir] riy? jj/xepj??, M<Xr/a^>/ Trapefii- 
 $o(rav 6 , ^e/co/jcej/o? la , oi/ T/ /ceo (rv/JL(3o\r]v eiroieeTO, 3 
 
 TTjOiV 'ye o^ CLVTOU TrpvTavrj'it] eyevero. 
 
 (B. vi. 109.) 
 Athenian order of battle. 
 
 IX. 4. 
 
 'Qy oe c? eKelvov TrepirjXOe, evOavTa t] eracrcrovTo 
 w^e 'AOyvaioi ws (rv/u./3aXeovTe$. TOV /J.ev Se^iov 
 Kepeos 2b fjyeero o TroXe/uLap^os KaXX/yua^o?* o yap 
 VO/ULOS Tore er^e OUTCO TOICTI 'AOtjvaioicri, TOV 
 7roXe// a /X OJ/ ^X lv /ce/ / oa? T ^ <5e^toj/. qyeo/mevov Se 5 
 TOUTOU, e^eKovTO to? apiO/meovTO at (fivXcii, e^o/xei/at 
 aXXj;Xea)V TeXeyratot <^e eratrcrovTO, l^oi/re? TO 
 evcovvfjiov Kepa$, ITXaratee?. 'A*7ro Tavrtjs y<*p 
 cr(f)i T^? fJLa^rjs, Ovcrias ' AOyvaicov avayovTwv KOI 
 
 ray ev T^<rt 7revTTt]pt(ri yivo/u.va$, 10 
 
 6 Krjpv^ O 'AOj/J/ttiOp " tt^tt T ' A0rj- 
 
 vaioi(n, Xeywv, yiveirOai TO. ayaQa KOI TlXa.Taiev(ri." 
 Tore ^e, Taa-cro/mevcov TU>V 'AOijvaicov ev T<a 
 MapaQuivi, eyivero ToiovSe TI. TO crTpaTOTreSov 
 e}~i(rov/j.vov Tea M^t/ca) erTpaTOTredw, TO fj.ev avrov 15 
 eyivero eirl ra^ta
 
 l6o IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 TO crTpaTOTreov TO e Kepa<s CKOL- 
 Tepov ZpptoTO TrXyOe'i. (B. vi. in.) 
 
 Rout of the Persians. 
 
 IX. 5. 
 
 'Q? e (r<pi SiereTctKTO, KCU TO. cr(pdyia eyivero 
 a, evQavTO. tw? aTreidriarav ol 'AQrjvaioi, opo/ma) 
 e<s TOW (3ap(3apovs. ij(rav Se (rrdSioi OVK 
 TO /jieTai^fJLiov aiTwv rj OKT&. ol oe 
 5 Hepvat, opeovres Spo/nw eTriovras, TrapearKevd^ovro 
 ft)? ^e^ofJLevoi' fj.avlrjv TC TOI<TI * jn&ifvaiouri eir(pepov 
 /cat Trdyxy oXeOpiqv, opeovres avrovs eovras o'X/'yoi/?, 
 KOI TOUTOU9 SpofjLU) eTreiyo/JLevovs, OVTC ITTTTOV virap- 
 yov<Tris (r(f)i, ovre TO^ev/jLaruiv. TO.VTO. yueV wv 01 
 10 (3ap{3apot KaTeiKaTov. 'AOyvaioi $e, eirel T aQpooi 
 Trpoa-efjii^av TOICTI {3ap(3dpoi<ri, e/xa^oi/TO a^/wy 
 Xoyou. TrpwTOi /JLev yap 'EXX^i/wv TrdvTWV, TWV 
 Wets *$fjiv, Spo/j.(a ey 7ro\fj.tov$ e 
 Se ai>ea"XOVTO ecrO^Ta TC MrjSiicqv opeovTes, KOI 
 15 avSpa? Tavrtjv eo-O^/xei/ow Wwp <5e qv TOian f 'E\\t]cri 
 Kal TO ovvo/u-a TO M^wv <J)6/3o<; ctKovcrai. Ma^o- 
 fjieiHav oe ev TO) Mapa@un>i, ^001/09 eyivero TroXXof. 
 KOI TO /JLCV /u.<rov TOV cTTpaTOTTe^ov fviKeov oi fidp- 
 /3apoi, TJ7 IlejOiTat Te avrol KOI 2a/cat eTera^aTO 8 *- 
 
 20 KCITO. TOVTO /ULV f] VIKOV Ol (3dp(3apOt, KOI pjaVT$, 
 
 $iu)KOV ey Ttjv fjiecrdyaiav TO <$e Kepas eicaTepov 
 eviKeov 'A&TFCUOC Te Kal
 
 THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. 5. l6l 
 
 TO jj.ev TerpafJi/JLevov TU>V fiapfidpwv (pevyeiv eoov 
 TOtari 3e TO /xroi> pij^aa-i avrwv, (rvvayayovTes TO. 
 Kepea 2 ^ d[j.(j)dTepa, efj.d"^ovTO, KOI CVIKCOV ' 'AOyvaioi. 25 
 <f)euyov<Ti Se TOICTI Hep<ry(ri eiTrovro /coTrroin-ey, e? o 
 7ri Ttjv QaXaarcrav aTriKo/^evoi, Trvp re cureoj/, KOI 
 7re\a/u.{3avovTO TWV vewv. 
 
 KCU Toi/ro )tiei/, ej/ TOVTW T< TTOVW 6 iroXe- 
 
 KaXXt/xa^o? SicKpOeipeTai, avrip yev6/u.evos 30 
 
 otTro (5 1 eOai/e TWV a-rpar^ySiv ^LrriatXews 6 
 QpacruXew TOVTO Se, K-vvatyeipos 6 J*jv(popta)vos 
 evOavra, 7ri\a(36[ji.evos rwv a^Xacrrcoj/ ^^05, Ttjv 
 aTro/coTrei? TreXe/cei', TWTTW TOVTO oe, aXXot 
 
 TroXXo/ Te /ecu 6vo/j.acrToL 'ETTTQ; /xej^ 35 
 <57 TWJ/ i/ewi/ eireKpaTrivav TpOTrca TOIOVTW 'AOrjvaioi. 
 Ty<ri Se Xonrtjcri ot (3dp/3apoi e 
 Trepie-7r\(i)ov 2owtoj/, (3ov\6]ULevoi <f)6fjvcu 
 i/a/ou? ctTTiKOfj-evoi e? TO O.ITTV. aiTiij Se eir^e 
 
 eTrivorjQfjvai' TOVTOV? yap (rvvOejuLevovs TOICTI 
 dvaSe^ai 3d acnriSa, eovcri rjrj ev Tycri 
 i. OUTOI /mev Si] irepieirXwov ^ovviov. 'A0^- 
 vaiot Se ft)? TToScov et-^ov Ta^tcrTa efiwOeov e? TO 
 a<7Tf, /ecu e(p6rj<Tav Te cnrtKOfJievoi irplv r) TOVS 45 
 fiapfidpovs yKeiv, KCL} earTpaTOTreSevcravro a 
 e^'H|oa/cX>;ibu TOJ; ev ^/lapuOutvi ev aXXw ' 
 TO) ev Kvvoirdpyei. ot fie (3dp(3apoi Ttjcrt vt]v<rl 
 inrepaLU}pr)BevT<i QaXypov, TOVTO ydp y 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. M
 
 l6a IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 5O TOT6 TU)V 'A6l]Vai<0V, VTTep TOVTOV O.1 
 
 ray vtjas, cnreTrXtoov oiricra) e? Ttjv 'Aa-ltjv. 'Ej/ 
 rai/T>7 T>7 ej/ MajOa^covf /^axj/ aireOavov TWV fiap- 
 fiaptav Kara ea,Kta"%i\iov$ KOI TerpaKoariovs avSpav 
 'AQrjvalcov e, etcaTov cvvevyKOvra KOI Svo. eVecrov 
 
 55 liiev a/m.(j)OTepcDv TOCTOVTOI. 
 
 (B. vi. 112-117.) 
 
 X. THERMOPYLAE. 
 
 Xerxes inherited the ambition and the enmities of his 
 father Darius. An army consisting of two millions of 
 men from the forty-six nations under the Persian king 
 was concentrated on the plains of Cappadocia. The 
 promontory of Athos was cut across by a ship-canal ; the 
 Hellespont spanned by a bridge of boats, over which the 
 troops kept marching without intermission for seven days 
 and seven nights. The king sat on a marble throne and saw 
 with swelling pride this mighty armament, but he could 
 not restrain his tears when he thought that within a few 
 years every man of that mighty host would have passed 
 away. 
 
 Demaratus, the exiled king of Sparta, was in the train 
 of Xerxes, who called him to his side, and questioned 
 him upon the chance of resistance being offered to this 
 army. 
 
 X. 1. 
 
 " &rjfj.apr)T, vvv fJiol (re rjSv n ecrrl eireipecrOai ra 
 9e\co. <TV els "fj\\ijv Te Ka}, to? eyu> TrvvQa.voiJ.ai crev
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 2. 163 
 
 Te KOI Ttav aXXcov 'EXXjJyeov TWV e/xot e? Xo-you? 
 aTTiKO/mevcov, iroXios OUT' eXa^/(7T>?9, OUT' a<r0ei/e- 
 (TTaTJ/9. vvi> <0i> /txot Toce (fipaffov, el "EXX^ve? 5 
 V7ro/u.eveovcri 9 * ^etpa^ ejnol avTaeipo/jLevoi. ov yap, 
 w? e-yw SoKea), ov<? el Trdvre? "EXXj/ve? /cai ot 
 ot' TT^OO? ecnrepqs oitteovTe? avBpwTroi crvXXe'^O 
 OVK afyofj.a'xoi etVt e/xe eTTfovra VTroyuetVat, /x^ eovrey 
 apOjuioi. eOeXta fj.evroi Kal TO OTTO creu, OKOIOV TI 10 
 Xeyets Trepl avru)v, TrvOecrOai" 'O ju.ev Tavra 
 eipurra. o Se viroXaficov <pt]' (l BacrtXey, KOTepa 
 p^cro/mai 7Tp09 <re, rj qSovrj ;" 'O $e yu/i/ 
 i'y ^pTjcracrOai e/ce'Xeue, (^>a? ovSev 01 arjSea'Tepov 
 <re<re<u1i irporepov ?i/. (B. vii. 101.) l5 
 
 Answer of Demaratus. 
 
 X. 2. 
 
 '09 oe TauTa ^/coucre Arj/u.apt]TOs, eXeye TaSe' 
 '' BacrtXet;, eTreiStj aXrjQrj'iij xj)i](ra<r0ai TTOJ/TW? /xe 
 /ceXeyei9, ravra Xeyovra TO. /u.*] -^ev^ofMevo? T/9 
 vcrrepov VTTO trev aXuxrerai' Ttj 'EXXa^i Treviq /u.cv 
 aiel Kore (rvvrpo<j)6s ecm' apery Se eiraKTO*} ea-ri, 5 
 airo Te ao<pit]$ KaTepya<T/j.ei>r) Kal vo/u.ov ia"^ypov' Ty 
 tiiaxpeco/ULevii r/ 'EXXa9, Trjv T Trevitjv cnrafjii/veTai 
 Kai Trfv oeo"jro<rvvi]v. alvew ju.ev vvv TrdvTas "JljXXrjvas 
 Toi/9 Trepl Kelvovs TOW Aft)jOt/coy9 ^u>povs otKt]/u.evov$' 
 
 e Xe^cov ov irepl TTCLVTWV TOV&Se TOV9 i O 
 , aXXa irepi J\aKe$at/u.ovi(av fj.ovv(av Tr/oarra 
 M 2
 
 164 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 ftev, on OVK ea-ri o/cw? KOTe <rovs Se^ovTai \6yovs 
 o'ovXowvtjv <f)epovras ry 'EXXacJr airri? ^e, &>? 
 avTiuxrovTcti TOI e? ^wav^y, /cat yv 01 aXXot "EXX^ye? 
 15 "Trai/re? ra era <f>poi>ea><ri. apiB/J-ov Se -rrepi, /u^/ TT^J? 
 o<roi rives eo'j/re? ravra iroieeiv oloi re e!<rr nv re 
 yap Tv^OHn e^ea-rpaTev/J-evoi -^iXioi, OVTOI M a X^~ 
 a-ovrai TOI, tjv re eXacra-oj/ey rovrcav, r/v re KUI 
 xXeyj/e?." (B. vil 102.) 
 
 When the Greek states who refused homage to the 
 Persian king held their council of war at the Isthmus 
 of Corinth, Leonidas, King of Sparta, was chosen gene- 
 ralissimo, and marched with 5000 men into Thessaly to 
 guard the pass of Thermopylae, the key of Greece. 
 Meanwhile the Greek fleet under Eurybiades lay off the 
 island of Euboea. 
 
 Xerxes arrived with his army at the entrance of the 
 defile, where he finds Leonidas and his troops awaiting 
 him. 
 
 The troops engage. 
 
 X. 3. 
 
 /met/ Stj Trape^ijKe ^/xejoa? o ^ep^tjs, 
 ate/ <r(j)as aTroSpfaea-Oat. Tre/unrTy Se, 
 ft>9 OVK a7raXXd<T(7OJ>TO, aXXa 01 ecpatvovro avaioeiy 
 re KOI a(3ov\iy Siaxpeoo/mevoi neveiv, Tre/unret eir 
 5 airrov? MJ/^OU? Te KOI Ktcrcr/oy? OvfjLwOels, evreiXa- 
 ftevos (T<^)eap ^(aypfaavTas ayeiv ej o^iv TIJV ecovrov. 
 'Qy $ eTTCTrecrov (^epo/mevoi ey TOW? "EXXj/j/ap 01 
 
 M.t]Soi, CTTITTTOV TToXXo/' OtXXoi 
 
 OVK a-TTJ/Xawoi', Kalirep /xeyaXcoy
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 3. 165 
 
 $>j\ov <J' eiroiew TTCLVTI Tea), KOI OVK rjKKTTO. avru) 10 
 /8a<7tXet, ort TroXXot /JLCV avOpwrrot e?ei/, o\iyot Se 
 avfipes. cyivero de rj <rviu.(3o\r) Si fnj.eptj<;. 'E-Tret re 
 $e 01 M.ij$oi Tprjxew TrfpieiirovTO, evBavra ovrot fJLev 
 , ot Se Tleptrai Ke^afji.evoi eTr*i'i(rav, TOVJ 6c 
 
 e/caXee (3acri\ev$, TWV qpx e 'YSapvw 15 
 tt>? o^ OVTOI ye evTrerews Karepyairo/nevoi. '12y oc 
 /cat OVTOI <rwe/mi<Tyov TOI&I "EXX>?(7/, ovSev TrXeov 
 (j)epovro rrjs CTTpaTirjs rijs M)/^/c^y, aXXa ra 
 avTa' are ei/ (TTeivOTropu) re ")(u>pu> /xa^o/xei/ot, *cat 
 Sopacrt (SpcfxyrepOKri ^peu>imevot ijTrep ot "EXX^i/e?, 2O 
 /cat ov*c e^oi'Te? 7rX>70ei' "^prj 
 ^e e/xa^ofTO a^/w? Xo'you, aXXa 
 ev OVK iri<TTa.iJ.VOi(ri /na^e(rOai e^eTriarTafjievoi, Kal 
 OK(i)$ evTpe^eiav TO, vurra, aXee? (pevyevKOV SrjOev 
 ot ^e (3dp/3apot opeovres (peuyovras, /8o^ re /cat 25 
 iraTayw fTrq'iarav ot ^' av, /caraXa/otjSat 
 inr(TTpe(pov avrioi eivai TOIO-L (3ap{3dpoi<rf 
 <rrpe(p6fj.evoi Se, /care/3aXXov 
 TUIV Tiepcretav. eTWTTOv e Kal UVTWV TWV 
 TCWV evOavra o\iyoi. 'E^ret <5e ovSev eSvvearo 8 * 30 
 TrapaXafieiv 01 TIepcrai Ttj<; e&ofiov Treipeu>/j.evoi, /cat 
 Kara reXea icat Travro/a)? Trpo<r(3dX\oi>Tes, cnnjXauvov 
 oV/o-w. 'Ei/ TauTj?o-t rrjcri Trpoo'do'oKri rtjs pd'Xns 
 Xeyerai /SacnXea, Oriev/mevov, Tp}$ a.va$pa/j.eiv e/c TOU 
 Opovov, Seia-avra Trepl ry a-Tparifj. rore /xei/ OUTCO 35 
 Tp o vcrTepaly ot j8aoj8aooi ouo^ev
 
 l66 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 a/metvov aeO\eov. are yap oXiycov eovTWv, \irl- 
 cravres <r(pea$ KararerpwiuLarlfrOai re /rat owe o7of? 
 re <re<r6ai ert xetpa? avraeipatrOai, <rvve(3aX\ov. 
 40 ol $e "EXXifi/e? Kara Tat? re KOI Kara eBvea KCKOO-- 
 ycrav, KOI ev /u.epe'i e/caorot e/nd^ovTO, Tr\t]v 
 OVTOI $e e? TO ovpos era^O^crai/, (j)v\dov- 
 Te? TTJV aTpcnrov. '1^9 $e ovev eupiGKOv aXXoiOTepoi- 
 01 Hepa-ai rj Ty TrpoTepaly evwpeov, cnrrfKavvov. 
 
 (B. vii. 210-212.) 
 
 But Ephialtes the Thessalian pointed out a mountain 
 path by which the Greeks might be taken in the rear. 
 
 X. 4. 
 
 'AiropeovTOs Se /?a<r<Xe'o? o TI -^pta-erai TW irapc- 
 OVTI Trprjy/jLaTt, 'Eir/aXTJ/? o ^Etvpv^(ji.ov, avtjp 
 MjyXtev?, r/\6e ol e? Xo'-yov?, w? /xe'ya n Trapa 
 /3acriXeo? SoKewv otcrecrQar etppa&e TC Tyv aTpcnrov 
 
 5 TTJV oia TOV ovpeo? (j)epov<rav e? Gep/iOTruXa?, KO.I 
 Ste(pOipe TOW? TavTij inrofjieivavTa.? ' 
 Aep^ris $e, eTrei 01 ypeire TO. VTreir^ero 6 ' 
 T?? KCLTepyda-ea-Oai, avriica Trept^aptj^ yevo/mevo? 
 eTrefjLTre 'Yfidpvea, KOI TWV ecrrpaTyyee 'Yo'dp 1/175. 
 
 10 WjO/uearo 8 * Se irepl Xv-^vcov a^)a? eic TOV (TTpaTOireoov. 
 E^ oe <aoe y aTjOaTro? avTtj. ap^erai /J.ev CLTTO 
 TOV 'AcrtoTTOu TTOTd/Ltov TOV diet T^? Siacr<pdyo9 peov- 
 TO?* ovvo/ma. Se TW ovpet TOVTW KOI Ttj aTpaTruJ 
 TWUTO KiTai, 'Aj/O7raja. TetVet <5e ^ 'Ai/oVa/a ai/Ti/ 
 
 15 KO.TO. /oX /l/ TO ^ o*f>OS> \rjyei oe KUTU TC
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 4. 167 
 
 iroXiv, Trpwrnjv eova-av TWV Ao/tjDoW Trpo? TWV 
 
 Mj/Xtewy, TJ/ KCtl TO OTTeiVOTaTOV e(TTl. KaTCt 
 
 Tavrrjv $t] Ttjv aTpcnrov KOI ouro) e-^ovarav ol 
 Heparai, TOV 'Ao-co-Troj/ SiafiavTe?, eiropevovTO 
 Travav TYJV VVKTU, ev Sefyy /j.ev e^ovre^ oupea ra 20 
 OtTaitaVf ev apt<TTepy $e TO. Tpq^iviwv ijcos TC ^e- 
 (fraive, KOI eyevovro CTT cucpamipiw TOV oupeos. 
 Kara Se TOVTO TOV ovpeos <f>v\a(ra'oi', w$ KOI 
 trpoTepdv fjioi SeSyXarrcu, 3><aKe<av XI\IQI oTrXtra/, 
 pvofjievoi Te Trjv (r(f)eTept]v -^(apr}v KOI (ppovpeovres 25 
 Tt]i> oLTpairov. fj fj.ev jap KO.TW eor/3o\ti e'^ 
 
 VTTO TU)V lpr)T<U' T*]V Sia TOV OUp6O$ 
 
 eOeXovTOi ^WAcee? VTroSe^d/mevoi AewvlSy (pv\a(T(rov. 
 E/ua0ov $e <r<^)ea9 ot ^w/cee? u>Se ava/SefiyKoras' 
 civaflaivovTe? yap eXavOavov 01 Heporat, TO ovpog 3 
 7rav eov 8pv)i> eTTiVXeov rjv fj.ev *] vyve/u-ir], ^6(pov 
 e yivo/uevov TroXXou, a>? otVoy ^v, (^i/XXtoi/ v-rroKe- 
 Xyfjievwv V7TO TOICTI TrocrJ, ava re eSpa/mov ol 
 Kot eSvvro TO. oTrAcr /cat avriica 01 
 jraprjarav. o? oe eiSov avSpas evSvo/uevov? o-TrXa, 35 
 ev 6u>/u.aTi eyevovro" e\7TOfjt.evoi yap ovSev cr(f)i 
 (f)avycre(rdai avri^oov, eveKvpyvav <rrpaTtp. 'Ei/Oat/ra 
 'YSapvys KaTappwStjcras ut] 01 <&u)Kee$ court Aare- 
 aiim.ovioi t etpero TOV 'ETTiaXrea TroSaTros eitj 6 
 
 "TrvOojUievos oe aTjOe^ew?, Sierafrfre TOW? 40 
 ey /md-^tjv. ol e ^>co:eey, ? e(3dX\ovTO 
 To^evfjLacri TroXXota/ re KOI TrvKvotart, O"
 
 1 68 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 e-jri TOV ovpeos TOV Kopvpfiov, 7rccrrdfjt,ei'oi 
 
 45 wp aTroXeoyueyoi 9 *. OVTOI fiev rj Tavra efypoveov 
 ol 8e afj.(pl E-TrtaXTea KOI 'YSapvea Tiep(rai QwKewv 
 pev ovSeva \6yov e-n-oievvro, oi Se Ka-refiaivov TO ovpos 
 Kara ra^op. (B. vii. 213-218.) 
 
 Leonidas dismisses his allies, and prepares to hold the 
 ground with 300 Spartans. 
 
 X. 5. 
 
 Toicri e ev QepfMO7rv\rj(ri eov<ri 'EXXj/i/wi/, Troto- 
 TOV fJLev 6 fudvTis Me ( yt<7T/^p, ecriScov ep TO. tpa, 
 e(f)pa<r TOV fjieXXovTa etrecrOai a/ma jot <r(f>i OdvaTOv 
 eirl Se KO.I avr6/u.o\oi tji'crav oi e^ayyeiXavTe? TU>V 
 5 Tlep&ecov Tr\v irepioSov OVTOI fjiev CTI VVKTO? ecrij- 
 fj-yvav TpiTOi o~e oi r/nepoa-KOTroi, KaTaopap.6vTeg 
 O.TTO TWV a.Kpu>v t rjorf ta(J)aivova'i)s y/u.ept]$, evOavra 
 e(3ov\evovTO ot "EXX^j/ep, KGL'I o-facov ea"xflovro ai 
 yvw/j-at. oi fj.ev yap OVK ea>v TJJV Ta^iv eKXnretv, 
 JO o/ <5e avTTeivov. fJLera Se TOVTO SiaKpiOevTes, ot 
 fjiev a.Tra\\d(r(TOVTO, KOI ^laa-KeSacrOevres KUTCL 7ro'X/p 
 Ka.(TToi erpdirovTO' oi Se avroav a/ua Aeuivio'y 
 /Jieveiv O.VTOV TrapaiTKevaoaTO. A.eyera.1 oe d>p ai/rop 
 
 15/ULevov avry Se KOI ^,7rapTir}T6(0v TOIOTI Trapeovcri 
 OVK "%iv euxj0e7rea>p eK\nreiv Trjv Ta]~iv ep Tyv qA9ov 
 xyv. Oi fj.ev vvv criijUL/ma-^oi oi 
 ot^ovro re aTTfovrep, KOI eirelOovTO
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 6. 169 
 
 AetMr&jr. 0e<77rtee? ^e KOI Qtjfiaioi Kare/u.etvav 
 fj-ovvoi Trapa A.a.KeSaiju.ovtoi(ri. TOVTCOV oe, Qrj/Saioi 20 
 fj.ev aeVovre? e/mevov, KOI ov (3ov\6fji.evoi- Karei^e "yap 
 
 8e, e/coi/re? /uaXtora' ol oi5/c ecpatrav cnroXi- 
 
 aXXtt /caTOjUetVairre? (rvvaTreOavov. etrrpaTy'yee oe 25 
 airrwi/ Ai7/xo^)iXoy Am^/ooVew. ^ R yii 2I9 _ 222 ) 
 
 Death of Leonidas and his companions. 
 
 X. 6. 
 He^>>/9, (Je, eiref r/\lov a^are/Xai/TO? tnrovoas 
 
 xpovov, e? ayoptj? KOV 
 TrpocroSov eTroieero' KCU yap eTrec 
 OUT&). axo yap rov oupeos f\ 
 
 re e<TTt, KOI f3paxyTepo$ 6 5 
 
 ^ TTCptoSos T KOI avdfiaCTl?. 
 
 O7 re ^ (3dp{3apoi 01 d/u(pl SejO^ea Trpo&qia'av 
 Kai oi dfji(f)l AewvlSrjv "JEXX^i/e?, ^9 ryv eTrt Qavdru) 
 eo$ov TTOievfj-evoi, %St] TroXXci) /xaXXov 17 /car' ayo^ay 
 eTrefyicrav e? TO evpvrepov rov aw^eVo?. TO ^iev -yajO 10 
 epv/ma TOV Te/^eo9 e^uXatnrero, oi o*e ai/a Tay 
 Trporepas foepas vTre^iovres e? Ta crreivoTropa 
 
 eTWTTOv irXrjQei TroXXot TWV 
 yap oi rjye/jiove^ TWV TeXewi/, e^ovre? 15 
 /u.a<TTiyas, eppcnriFov TrdvTa dv$pa, aiel e? TO Trpdcra)
 
 170 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS}. 
 
 eTrorpvvovres. -rroAXot fj.ev $*] eareTrnrrov avrwv e? 
 Tqv OdXaa-crav, KOI Sie(f)6etpovTO' TroXXw <T eri 
 
 TT\evve$ KCLTeTTdTfOVTO fy>ol VTT aXXjJXwi/' %V $ 
 
 20 Xo'yo? ovoeig TOV aTroXXu/xevou. are / ya/o eTTicrTa- 
 TOI/ /xeXXoj/ra o-^)< <re<rOai Qavarov GK TU>V 
 TO ovpo?, cnreSeiKvwTO 100 pu>fJLrj? o<rov 
 Tov 6? TOU? (3apftdpov$, Trajoa^oew/xevo/ 
 re /raJ areovre?. rai A.eeoviStjs re ev TOI/TW ry xov 
 
 25 TT/Trret, ai/fy> yevoVefo? apia-ros, KOI erepoi 
 auroy ovo^taiTToi ^TrapTitjTecov, TU>V eyu> a)? a 
 a^iwv yevofJievwv eTrvOo/uLtjv ra owo/mara- e 
 ce KO.I CLTTOLvrtav TU)V Tpit]KO<ri(t)i>. Kol Stj Kai Tleptrecdv 
 TTiTTTova-i evOavra aXXoi re TroXXoi KOI ovo/macrroL- 
 
 30 ev oe ot] KOI Aapetov Svo TratSes. ^/ep^eca re Sri Svo 
 aSe\cj)ol evOavTa TTITTTOVO-I yua^eo/xej/of inrep TOV 
 veKpov TOV Aeeoi/t'^ew, ITejOO'eftJi' re KOI A.aKai- 
 /movltov wOia-fio? eyevero TroXXo? e? o TOVTOV re 
 apery 01 "EXX^i'e? inreeipv(rav, KOI erpe^avTO TOVS 
 
 35 evavriovs Terpdi(i$. Touro e <rvve(TT^Kee pe^pi ov 
 01 (TVV 'E7naXr>7 irapeyevovro. w? Se TOVTOV? %Keii> 
 7rv6ovTO 01 'TEXX^i'e?, evOevrev erepoiovro TO veiKO$. 
 e? TC yap TO O-TCIVOV TJ?? 6Sov ave-^utpeov OTTIITW, 
 KOI Trapaf^ei^fd^ievoi TO Tef^o?, e\BdvTe$ "^OVTO CTT} 
 
 4 TOV KoXwvov Trai^rey aXee? ol aXXot, TT\*IV G>?/3a/wv. 
 o ^e KoXft>i/o? etTTi ev T^ <TOOU> OKOV vvv o \iOivo9 
 \e<av earrijKe CTTI AewviSy. ev TOVTO) o-^)ea? TW 
 aXe^o/xei/ou? fjia-^atprjcrif TOICTI OVTWV
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 6. 1 71 
 
 eTi Trepieovtrat, KO.L yepiri KUI (rTO/u.a<ri ) KaTe- 
 
 01 (3dp(3apoi /3ctXXoi/Te?- ol /*/, e evavTirj? 45 
 Tricnrofji.Voi, KO,I TO epv/ma TOV Te/^eo? (rvy^u>cravTe9' 
 01 Je, 7Tpie\0dvTe$ TrdvroOe TrepicrraSdv. 
 
 A.aKat/uLoi>t(av Se KOI Qetnrietov TOIOVTQOV <yevo- 
 /mevwv, o/xwp \eyerai avrjp apitrro? yevecrOai ^irap- 
 TtrjTris Ao/fe/cj;?. TOV ToSe (pa&l etVat TO exo? irpiv 5 
 T] (rv/u.fjt.iai crcfreas TOIVL M.rj()oiari, 7rv66/u.vov TTJOO? 
 Tev Ttov Tpq^tviGov, a)?, cTTeav oi j3ap/3apoi cnrie 
 ra Toevju.aTa, rov fjXiov VTTO TOV TrX^eo? 
 ol'(TT(av aTroKpvTTTOvarr TO<TOVTO TI 7r\*j6o? a 
 eivai. TOV (5e, OVK e/cTrXayei'Ta TouTotcrt, eiirai, ev 55 
 aXoyirj Troiev/j-evov TO TU>V MyScov TrX^op, a>9 
 " TrdvTa cr(f)i ctyaOa 6 Tp^ivio? ^e/"vop ayyeX\ot, 
 
 1 dTrOKpVTTTOVTWV TU)V M^COl/ TOV t)\lOV, VTTO CTKl>] 
 f<TOlTO 7TOO9 dVTOVS T] [Ma^t], KCU OVK V ^Xift). 
 
 TavTa /u.ev KOL aXXa TOiovTOTpoira fared (pacri 60 
 TOV A.a.Kai/uidviov XnreaOai fjLvrnj.6rvva. 
 <5e <r(f)i CLVTOV TavTy TyTrep farwov, /cat 
 TOiari irpoTepov TeXeuTJ?cra<ri tj TOVS viro A.eooviSea) 
 cnroire/uicfrOevTas o'iye<rQai, eTriyeypa-TTTai ypdfji.iui.aTa 
 XeyovTa Taoe* ^5 
 
 (K TlfXoTrovvda-ov ^tXtdSes TfTopes. 
 /mev $t] T0i<ri "jraa-i eTrtyeypairTai- TOtcri Se
 
 172 IONIC DIALECT (HERODOTUS). 
 
 7 *Q >', oyyeXXfiv A.aKf8aip.oviois, on rfj8e 
 
 rols Kftvcov pr^Mcri ireidopevoi. 
 
 /*ei/ Si] TOVTO- TW Se /JLOVTI, ro- 
 ToSe K\fivo~to Mtyurrta, ov ITOTC MijSoi 
 
 ITOTdfiaV KTflvaV 
 
 pavrios, os Tore Krjpas fnfpxopfvas 
 
 OVK fT\ij ^TrdpTTjs ffytfJAvas TrpoXnrfiv. 
 
 Oi juei/ Si] Trepl QepfiOTrvXas "EXX^i/ey ourw ij 
 (ravro. 
 
 (B. vii. 223-228, 234.)
 
 AEOLIC DIALECT. 
 
 WITHOUT attempting to solve the vexed question of the 
 relation of Aeolic to the other dialects, we may at any rate 
 regard it as representing, more than any other, the primi- 
 tive language of Greece. The Dorians may be considered 
 as originally an offshoot from the Aeolians, though soon 
 surpassing in numbers and repute their parent stock. At 
 the same time it must be remembered that the character- 
 istic conservatism of the Dorians often induced them to 
 retain the earliest forms and flexions of words after they 
 had disappeared from the Aeolic dialect. 
 
 Dating from the return of the Heracleidae, we may 
 divide those who used the Aeolic dialect (properly so 
 called), into three branches Asiatic Aeolians, Boeotians, 
 and Thessalians. But the distinction won by the Aeolic 
 lyrical poets of Asia Minor and Lesbos caused the dialect 
 of those parts to be taken as the great representative of 
 Aeolic. 
 
 Among the distinguishing characteristics of the Aeolic 
 of Lesbos may be noticed : 
 
 1. Accent. The oxyton accent is studiously avoided, 
 and, as a general rule, the Aeolic dialect throws back the 
 accent as far as the quantity of the ultima will permit. 
 
 Thus instead Of crocfros, Ovfios, ot-vs, 8vcrp.(vr)s ) e'ywj/, (fioi, avros, 
 <JH\fls, (ppovtls, we have o-ofos, GvfMs, ogvs, 8va-p.evr]s, eyav, 
 
 ffj.oi, <pi\tis, <(>pw(is. This system of accentuation is one 
 of the points in which the Aeolic dialect resembles Latin. 
 
 2. Psilosis (^tXtoo-ir), or 'use of smooth breathing/ 
 Thus ITTTTIOI (cp. Lat. equus), erepoj, ipos, aTroXoy. This rule 
 is not universal, and it is difficult to assign to it its due 
 limits. Perhaps the rough breathing was retained where
 
 174 AEOLIC DIALECT. 
 
 it represented an original s or j, and was omitted else- 
 where. 
 
 3. Digamma. Although the Vau had the name ' Aeolic 
 digamma,' because it was longest retained in that dialect, 
 it is by no means regularly or universally found in it ; and 
 it soon began to be represented by various other letters, 
 as by /3 in Ppwa), or by v as in avvs for dpa>s. 
 
 4. Substitutions of consonants in Aeolic. (a) it 
 
 for T, as TTf/wre for jrcVre. 
 
 (V) for 8, as fcXfipfs for dtXtfvfs. (Cp. Lat. bis with &'?). 
 
 (<:) <p for 6, as <pfjp for &r]p, <X//3<a for 0Xi'/3 (cf. &pa 
 with Lat. /ores). 
 
 (d) C for o-o-, as frXdfw for TrXijo-o-w, and almost conversely 
 <rS for , as 00-805 or tVSor for ofbs. 
 
 (<?) It is common to quote the substitution of w and 8 
 for /* and T, on the evidence of Tre'Sa for /uera, but it is pro- 
 bable that though these two prepositions are identical in 
 meaning, they have nothing common in etymology, fttrd 
 being connected with /xeVo? and we'Sa with post and vovs 
 i. e. TTO& 
 
 (_/") for 8, as fa/xeVTjj for 8ia-iMevf)s, aftdX\(iv for &n- 
 
 ^aXXfiv, C8/Xos for 8ta8;Xof . This change is easily effected 
 through the j sound of the iota after 8. 
 
 (^) Doubling of Iiquids 1 e. g. eartXXo, where Attic 
 writes orXa, both forms being different ways of euphon- 
 ising eWeA-o-a. Similarly we find firjvi^s i. e. wvaos, Lat. 
 
 mensiS, t^i for ci/it, (pdewot for (frafivos, (f)deppa> for <f)dfipo), 
 \fppas for xelpas, QTre'XXa for airet'Xij, jSdXXo^iai for ftovXofjuu. 
 
 5. Change of K before a into i. This rule explains 
 (a) the form of participle feminine in -oio-a, eio-a as 7rXij0oi<ra 
 which is a euphonising of Tr\f)dovo-a, and ($) the form of ace. 
 plur. in -at? and -ois, being originally -avs and -ovs, the true 
 form of accusative preserved in the Cretan irptiyvravs for 
 
 y, or TOVS v6fj,ovs for TOVS vofwvs.
 
 FORMS OF AEOLIC DIALECT. 3-11. 175 
 
 6. Substitutions of vowels, (a) The commonest of 
 these is the use of a for t, as oXXora for aXXort , c'repura for 
 
 (Tfparre = ereptadf ' xa for Kf (o-v). 
 
 (b) Substitution of e for a, as Qeparos for ddpo-os, Kptros for 
 
 (c) Of a for o, as vrrd for VTTO. 
 
 (<f) Conversely, of o for a, as oXo^or, oviaun, /Spo^ewr. 
 
 (^) t for f } as XpiHTios, Kvviai. 
 
 (/) i for v, as tyqXor for v^\6s. 
 
 (g) v for o, as ow/wz for ovopa, v/MipTT) for 6/tapTt, a/ for 
 
 OTTtJ. 
 
 (A) 01 for ov, as in 3rd pers. plur. of present tense of 
 verb ; in feminine of participle ; in ace. plur. of O declen. 
 
 as iracra-aXois for rra<T<rd\ovs. 
 
 (t") at for a, as \vypcus for \vypas. 
 
 7. The rule for the use of <i for tj in Aeolic is 
 
 that a is always retained in those cases where the Ionic TJ 
 represents an original a, but not where 17 represents e. 
 
 Thus fMTrjp not ftdrap, Tjpdfiav (epafj.ai) not dpdfMV, a^xii 
 not d(pdvas. 
 
 8. (a) Substitution of TJ for , as in infin. 
 
 ayrjv for trvpfopciv, ayetv, K^VOS for Kflvos, or conversely 
 
 et for TI, as eiKW for 17*00, NetXeu? for NiyXevj; or (b) of &) 
 for on, as &pavos for ovpavos, oXd^<a for oXd^ov, ai/Seof Gen. 
 
 for avSoiis from at>dd>. 
 
 9. One element in a diphthong is sometimes 
 
 Omitted, as 'Adavda, dXa&a (for aX^&ia), Xa^orjv (for 
 Xa^otjv), opavos (for ovpavos). 
 
 10. Rules for contraction, (a) -ao and -aw contract 
 
 to a, as Kpovida, (rrrov&av. (b) -fo tO -ev as ^e'Xevy, Ocuyfwr, 
 ^iox^eiiTes. 
 
 11. Peculiarities in the declensions, (a) There 
 is no dual number, (b) There is a form in a of mas- 
 culines of ist decl. in rjs, as vefpfXriyeptTd. (c) In the 3rd
 
 176 AEOLIC DIALECT. 
 
 decl. the accus. sing, ends in -i\v for -/, as fcfyi/ from faijs, 
 8va-fj.fvrjv, KVK\oTepr)v, or (d) has an ending in v instead of 8a 
 
 as <r<ppayiv, Kvapiv for <r(ppay~i8a, Kvr)/j.'i8a. In the vocative, 
 
 the Aeolians preferred (e) a short vowel, as <frdn(f>o for 
 2d7T<oi. Aeolic also frequently used metaplastic forms, 
 (/) which were also not uncommon in Homer, as vafuvji 
 and vo-fuvi, d\Ki and aX^, etc. See notes on Horn. Dial. 
 
 12. In the conjugation of the verb, (a) the forms 
 in -fii are far more common than in any other dialect. 
 (b) The third person plural ends in -oto-i instead of in 
 -ovo-i as in Attic, or -OVTI as in Doric, (c) In the conjunc- 
 tive 2nd and 3rd sing, the Iota subscript is omitted. 
 
 13. Prepositions often suffer apocope in Aeolic, as 
 
 av (or oi>) for dvd, Trap for irapd, KO.T for Kara, cp. Karrabf for 
 Kara ra5e, KUTTOV for Kaff atv, irorrav for Ttpbs TTJV, irfp for 
 
 irepi, as OIKCD re 7re/3 aw, but sometimes irep for <7T/j Aeolic 
 
 for imep, as Trep- -fx et f r virtpexti. 
 
 14. Adverbs (a) which in Attic terminate in ore are 
 written with ora in Aeolic as TTOTO, oXXora, erf para. Adverbs 
 (b) in 0t[v\ are written with ^a as fato-da, ndpoiBa. There 
 is a special termination (c) in * as /xeo-vt, aXXvt, TrijXvt, 
 which last is probably Aeolic for rrjXov, see 4 (a). The 
 same syllable occurs in -rvlbe for rijfie. 
 
 It is not possible from a want of material to make any 
 table of Boeotian forms in contrast with Lesbian Aeolic. A 
 few inscriptions and the specimens of Megarean dialect 
 in the Acharnians of Aristophanes give but a scanty notion. 
 It is however a remarkable fact that the differences between 
 Boeotian and Lesbian are very great. The system of 
 accentuation and aspiration was altogether unlike, to say 
 nothing of minor differences. Perhaps the Thessalian 
 dialect, if we knew more of it, might be found to occupy 
 a mid-point between Lesbian and Boeotian.
 
 AEOLIC DIALECT (ALCAEUS). 177 
 
 ALCAEUS. 612 B.C. 
 
 Alcaeus was the scion of a noble family in the Lesbian 
 Mytilene. His life fell in the stormy times of political 
 warfare. Alcaeus and his two brothers, who supported 
 the oligarchical party in Mytilene, were driven into exile. 
 On the return of Alcaeus to Lesbos he found Pittacus 
 entrusted with the reins of government as Aesymnetes 
 (an office resembling the dictatorship at Rome). Alcaeus 
 with his brother made a final, but unsuccessful, attempt 
 to bring his own party into power again, and to de- 
 pose Pittacus, who was generous enough to forgive his 
 enemy when taken prisoner : saying, ' Forgiveness is 
 better than revenge.' The political odes of Alcaeus are 
 called Sixoorao-KHrriKa, beside which he wrote martial lays, 
 love songs, and drinking-songs. Of these only a few 
 fragments remain. Cp. Hor. Od. 2. 13, 26. 
 
 The following fragment describes the warlike furniture 
 of his house : 
 
 FRAG. i. 
 
 M.a 
 
 pju.aipei 
 
 Aa/X7r pai<7 iv KWiauri**, /carraj/ 13 Xevitoi 
 
 ITTTTIOI \6(f)oi 
 i>euoio"(v 12b , Ke(pd\ai(riv avSpcav a'yaX/uctTa, ^a 
 
 7repiKeju.vai a/ATTjOcu Kva/xte?,. apKO$ 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER.
 
 178 AEOLIC DIALECT (SAPPHO). 
 
 es re veoi X/i>a> 8b KouXai re /far' acnrt 
 y/uiva.r 5 
 
 13 Se Xa\KiSiKcu GTTrdOat, Trap <5e ^w/xara iro'XXa 
 
 ru>v OVK e&Ti XaOecrO', eTretSrj TrpwricrO' VTTO epyov 
 
 In the following Alcaic stanzas the poet (like Horace, 
 Od. 2. 14) describes the ruined condition of Mytilene 
 under the figure of a disabled ship. 
 
 FRAG. 2. 
 
 'AcrweT>7/(>u 12a TO.V ave/ucov (TTO.<TIV 
 TO /j-ev yap evQev KV/U.O. Kii 
 
 vai (f)opqiu.0a. o-v 
 
 fji.o'xQevvTes 10 * /JLeyaXw /xaXa 1 
 ev yap ai/rXo? IvTOTreSav e^et 
 
 fj.eya\ai KaT ai)ro. 
 
 SAPPHO. 
 
 Sappho, the contemporary of Alcaeus, stands at the 
 head of Greek poetesses, and bore the honourable name 
 of the tenth Muse. Her birthplace was probably Mytilene, 
 where she gathered round her a train of young girls whom 
 she instructed in poetry and music. The accusations, 
 with which it was sought to blacken her character,
 
 AEOLIC DIALECT (SAPPHO). 1 79 
 
 probably had their origin with the comic poets of Athens, 
 where the idea of a woman of fair fame taking a high 
 public position was something too strange to be true. 
 Her contemporary Alcaeus calls her ayva SOTT^OI. 
 
 In the following Sapphic ode she entreats Aphrodite 
 to stir the object of her love to return her passion. 
 
 ODE i. 
 
 \\oiKi\69pov >4c aQdvar 'AcppoSira, 
 Tral A/o? SoXdirXoKe, XicrtrofJLai ere 
 fjiij fj. CKraicri fJ-ijT 6viai<ri 6d Sa/j-va, 
 
 TTOTVia, OvfJLOV. 
 
 a\\a Tw<5' 14 e\e\ al 7rora 14a 
 rap eVa? ai/(5to9 8b atowro 6 " 
 
 t' ir7roeuato-a 5b , KO\OI Se cr ayov 
 (TTpovOot Trepl ya<i /xeXa/i/a? 
 
 7TVKVO. $IVVVT$ TTTep" CtTT WOai/0) 8b OlQ< 
 
 -jOO9 Sta fj.ec 
 
 /ULei$idcrai(r aQavdria TrpoercaTro), 
 >'jpe ', oTTi SquTe TreTTOvQa KOTTL 
 
 St]UT KO\t]/J.l* 2a ', 
 
 KOTT e/uft) /udXicTTd 0e\(i) yevecrOat 
 /maivoXa Qvfjup T'IVOL fiyvTe TleiOa) 
 
 ayqv** e? crai/ ^tXorara, T/P cr', &
 
 l8o AEOLIC DIALECT (SAPPHO). 
 
 KOI yap at (fieuyet, ra^e 
 at e $)pa fj.rj Setter', aXXa 
 at Se fMrj (pi\et 1 9 ra^ew? <p 
 
 KU>VK 
 
 f\6e /not KOI vuv, xaXeTrav $e \v<rov 25 
 
 CK /mepi/mvav, oercra Se /ULOI TeXetrirai 
 
 t/meppei* e , TeXe&ov cru <T" at/ret 
 
 In the next ode, imitated by Catullus (51), Sappho 
 descants on the joy of being near the beloved object. 
 
 ODE 2. 
 /cJ/i/o? 8 * Tcro? Oeoio-iv 
 
 (avqp ocrr/y evavTios TOI 
 i^dvet 2 , /ecu 7r\d(Tiov aSv (txavei- 
 
 -0-09 12a 
 
 KOI yeXal&as 5b t/mepoev, TO /mot /udi/ 
 KapSlav ev a'TyOeo'iv eTTToafrev 
 w? yap eutSov 3 jS^oo^eco? 6d ere, (pavas 
 
 ovSev IT' eiKet 
 
 aXXa xafji 13 /mev y\wa-(ra eaye, \CTTTOV S* 
 \p<*> Trvp vTraSeSpo/LtaKev^j 
 
 <5' ouSev opt]/* 12 *, eTrtppo/u.- 
 
 ft. p 
 
 ay pet 1 , ^Xcoporepa tie Trota? 
 reOi'aKrjv 8 * S' oXiyw 8 * eTTtSevtjv 8 * 15 
 
 <paivo/m.ai aXXa.
 
 AEOLIC DIALECT (THEOCRITUS). l8l 
 
 THEOCRITUS (see Dorian Dialect.} 
 
 The following Idyll of Theocritus is written in Aeolian 
 dialect : 
 
 'HAAKATH (The Distaff). 
 
 An address to the ivory distaff which the poet purposes 
 to bring to Miletus for Theogenis, the wife of his friend 
 
 Nicias. 
 
 itf aXa/cara, u>pov 
 
 cuviv e7ra/3oXo 
 TTO\IV e 
 
 OTTTra Ki;7T|0*(Jo9 t/ooi/ Ka\dfji.(a ^copov vif cnra.\(a. 
 
 TviSe 140 'ya/) TrXooj/ eiyctve/xoi/ atTr/fJieOa 12a TTOO A/o?, 
 
 OTTO)? ^evvoi/ 4g e/xoy Tep'YOfJ? 'I8(av KavTi<j)i\ijarofjiev, 
 
 Ni/c/ai/, ^ctjO/Tcoi/ i/J.epo(bu>v(t)v "tepov 
 
 KOI ere rav eXe^)avroy 
 
 Siiopov Nf*ctaa9 9 et? dXo^ft> 6d , 
 
 arv/ ra Tro'XXa /xei/ l^o-y' e/creXecret?, av$pioi<} eh tre- 
 
 Tro'XXa ^ ofa 'ywat/ce? (j)opeoi(r' l2b vSdriva (3paKr] 3 . 
 (5/f ( y/o /mciTepes apvwv /uaXa/cot9 6h ej/ /3orai/a < 7ro/cot9 6h 
 auroeVet Owywi^Of 1 * 1 y eW:' ei/cr^)i//oo) 8b * 
 
 ocnra 
 
 ov yap e9 aKipa? ovS' e9 aepyu> 8b KCV e/SoXXo/xav 48 15 
 ere S6/u.oi$ 6h , a/x/xerejoay 48 eo-crai/ a7ri/ 6g
 
 l8a AEOLIC DIALECT (THEOCRITUS). 
 
 xal yap TOI Trdrpis, av o> 'E^u^oa? /cr/crcre TTOT' 
 
 va<Tft) 8b Tpivaicpias ftveXov, avtipav SOKI/ULOJV TTO\IV. 
 vvv fjiav diKOV e^otcr' 5 * avepos, 09 TroXX' e^aj; <ro<pa 
 avOpa>7roi(ri j/o<rot? 6h (f)dp/naKa \vypai$ 6i aTraXaX- 
 KefJLev, 20 
 
 oiKrja-eis Kara M/XXarof 4g epdvvav 4g /ACT' 'laovwj/, 
 wy euaXa/carof Geu-yei/^? ej/ 8a/j.6ri(nv 7reX^ 12c , 
 /cat ot /uivaa-Tiv aei (pi\aol<a TrajOe^i/? 120 ^eva>. 
 K>7i/o 5a yap Tf? epe? TWTTO? *<W o-'. ^ /aeyaXa X"/ i? 
 $a>pw <rvv oXlyw TrdvTa Se T/yuara ra Trap (pi\a>. 25
 
 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 WE may reckon three periods of the Doric dialect. 
 The early, which ends with the beginning of the 5th 
 cent. B.C. ; the middle, including the 5th and 4th cents. ; 
 and the late, from the end of the 4th cent., to the decay 
 of the dialect. 
 
 Of the earliest period little can be learned, except from 
 a few inscriptions; but it would seem that there are 
 grounds for assigning to this age of Doric a tendency to 
 dispense, like the Aeolians, with the rough breathing at 
 the beginning of words. (See Aeol. Dial. 2). It was 
 characterised also by a general use of the digamma, (as 
 we learn from the forms xXe/rof and atf on a Crissaean 
 inscription), and by the retention of the letter Koppa, Q. 
 
 The middle period of Doric is illustrated by a larger 
 number of inscriptions. To it belong also the fragments 
 of Epicharmus (circ. 500 B.C.), and Sophron (circ. 460 B.C.), 
 and the specimens of the Doric of Megara, in the Achar- 
 nians of Aristophanes, and of Laconian Doric in the 
 Lysistrata. Many notices of the Doric of this period may 
 be found scattered in the various writings of the Alexan- 
 drian grammarians, and the later lexicographers. 
 
 From the time of Alexander the Great, the Doric dialect, 
 entering upon its last stage, began to decay ; partly from 
 the dominating influence of Attic, with which it was con- 
 stantly brought into contact, and partly from internal 
 changes in the dialect itself.
 
 1 84 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 The use of a for 77 remained to the last the great dis- 
 tinguishing mark of Doric, and, by an erroneous extension 
 of its use, d is often found in the latest specimens of Doric, 
 where in a purer age of the dialect 9 was written. (See 
 Dialect, forms, Doric, i.) 
 
 We must now make a further division of the dialect, 
 into the stricter and the milder Doric. The former was 
 the type of dialect in use among the Laconians, Cretans, 
 Italian Dorians, and Cyrenaeans. The distinguishing 
 feature of the stricter Doric was the use of o> and 17 instead 
 of ov and ft, as for example, tWa and fa for Innov and 
 elfifv. The digamma too was retained longer in the 
 stricter Doric, or its loss was represented by the letter /3, 
 at the beginning as well as in the middle of words. 
 Among other peculiarities may be noticed the addition of 
 the suffix TJ to pronouns, as fyvvij and epiwi, and the sub- 
 stitution of to or t< for the combination of the vowels to. 
 The stricter Dorians were averse to the use of S, hence the 
 Doric poet Lasus wrote whole poems without employing 
 that letter, a practice which forms a remarkable contrast 
 to the usage of the lonians. This aversion shows itself 
 in the substitution of P for 2, as in ira\ai6p, vtKvp, and rip 
 for TI'J (cp. Lat. arbor for arbos}. But, by a sort of con- 
 tradiction, we find among Spartan forms the substitution 
 of <r for 0, as crios for faos, and, in all kinds of Doric, 
 the termination - instead of -tv in the ist pers. plur. of 
 the verb. Still, the aversion to 2 was a real one, so much 
 so, that in the case of the groups or, <TK, o-ir, the a- is re- 
 jected and the other consonant doubled, as in mVrap for 
 Kriarrjs, aKKop for do-Kof. This also accounts for the change 
 of C = 0-8, into 88, (as in Tr\a88ir,v for TrXa^tv), and of an ini- 
 tial C into 8, as in A5?, Sw/zor. Another peculiarity con- 
 sists in the use of ou for u, as Styovpa for ytyvpa. 
 
 As a specimen of strict Laconian dialect we may quote
 
 DORIC DIALECT. 185 
 
 the words with which the Spartan herald introduces him- 
 self in the Lysistrata (980) : 
 
 KHPYS. 
 
 Trfi rav ' ' kcravav f<mv & yepcoia, 
 i) TO! -rrpvravies J \a> TI p.v<riai vtov. 
 
 IIPOBOYAO2. 
 (rv 8* ei rroTtpov avdparxos 77 KoviaaXos ; 
 
 KHPYS. 
 
 icdpv fyatv, 2) Kvpcrdvif, vai ro> criw, 
 tjuoAoi' TTO ^Trdpras irepl rav dia\\ayav. 
 
 And in v. 1002, the herald describes his difficulties thus-^- 
 
 fj.oyiofj.es, av yap rav TTO\IV 
 
 OTTfp \VXVO(pOplOVT(S O.TTOKfKV(pafJ,eS- 
 
 We have a similar specimen in the letter of Hippocrates 
 to the Spartans in Xenophon, (Hellen. r. i. 23), "Eppei TO. 
 
 Ka\d' M/j/Sapos aTrecrffra' TreivoivTi rwvftpes' dnopiofifs ri 
 
 Xpri 8pav, which may be taken as an illustration both of 
 Laconian dialect and brevity. The decree, and the treaty 
 between the Spartans and Argives (Thuc. 5. 77, 79) may 
 also be consulted as specimens of Doric : but the original 
 document has suffered too many changes at the hands of 
 copyists and correctors to have any real authority. 
 
 The Cretan dialect exhibits several characteristic pecu- 
 liarities ; notably, a form of the accus. plur. in or, as 
 TOS vofios for roil? vofiLovs. In Cretan inscriptions we find 
 preserved the oldest form of the accus. plur. in w, as 
 rovs vofiovs, with which may be compared other Cretan 
 forms, as rtdtvs for TiSels, ndva-a for ircura. 
 
 The milder Doric includes the forms of the dialect used 
 by most of the Peloponnesian Dorians, and the colonies 
 which they respectively founded. Thus the dialect of the 
 Corcyraeans closely resembled that of their mother-state, 
 Corinth; and the Megareans, (the rustic form of whose
 
 1 86 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 dialect Aristophanes gives in the Acharnians) spoke the 
 same type of Doric as their colonists at Byzantium and 
 Chalcedon. It is probable that the peculiar dialect of the 
 Arcadians, and the strict Laconian type, were moulded 
 into the milder Doric at the time of the Achaean League. 
 The milder Doric was introduced into Sicily by the 
 Corinthians and Megareans : but it must be remembered 
 that, although we shall find the Bucolics of Theocritus 
 afford the best means of familiarizing us with the Doric 
 dialect, they do not represent the true milder Doric of 
 Sicily, which we shall rather seek in the fragments of 
 Epicharmus and Sophron. The Greek of Theocritus is 
 really a sort of literary or conventional dialect written by 
 a scholar, or containing a large variety of Doric forms 
 interspersed with Aeolisms and retaining a good many 
 peculiarities of the Epic ; just as the Greek that Pindar 
 wrote reckons as Doric, but its base is really Epic, with 
 a considerable Doric colouring, and not a few Aeolic 
 
 forms. Cp. Eustath. 1702, a>s 8e of Awpietr t\aipov KOI. 
 aio\iovres 877X0! Ilivdapos, ai>a/i! QVTU> iroivv, rjroi AwpiKois 
 ypd<J)a>v KOI 
 
 TABLE OF DORIC FORMS. 
 
 i. Vowels. 
 
 The most prominent characteristic of the Doric dialect 
 is the use of a, where the lonians and Attics use 77. 
 
 (a) In the Stems of Nouns and Verbs, as 6var6s 
 (root 6av) compared with BvrjaKO), and Ovryros : 7raai (root 
 nay) compared with Tnjlm : paXov for /xJ/Xoo compared with 
 Lat. malum. But in this d we generally find a true repre-
 
 FORMS OF DORIC DIALECT. i, 2. 187 
 
 sentative of the original vowel, which other dialects have 
 weakened, and not a mere euphonic change of every 77 to 
 o. For, e. g. the Doric dialect gives pM-rrjp, not fwrap, for 
 the stem is par(p, as the genitive shows ; voi^v not troi^idv, 
 for the stem is 7n>i/i>-. 
 
 (b) In the terminations of nouns and verbs, as KoXd 
 
 for KoX)7, flpdva for dpfjvr], aXotfjiav for a\oifj.r)v > but not av 
 
 for r\v in the passive Aorists. 
 
 (c) In the temporal augment for verbs whose initial 
 vowel is a, this 5 is used instead of 17, as ayes from aya>, <tya 
 from aTrrco. 
 
 (d} Another peculiarity is the use of a for Attic f, as 
 
 e'ycuya = eyw-yt, o/ca = ore, (ppao-iv = <ppf<riv. auca for i Kf, i. e. 
 eaj>. 
 
 (<?) A further change is the use of for Attic o or ov, 
 as in gen. sing, of 2nd decl. 1mra> for Imrov, and accus. 
 
 plur. lmr<as for imrovs. So tOO u>pavos for ovpavos, KQ>pa for 
 KO/M;. 
 
 (_/") Use of ot for ou as Molo-a, e^oicra, for MoC(ra, e^ovo-O'. 
 
 ^ a for 
 
 2. Contractions. 
 (a) Ao contracts into 5, as (piXa>v8a, for $tA&>i/8ao, yeXai/ 
 
 for yeXaoiTt = -yeAcocrt, irfivuvri for Treti/dovrt (particip.), 
 
 for eKTTja-ao, (KTt)(T<0. Sometimes aou to a, as yeXao-a for 
 
 ytXaovo-a. 
 
 (3) aw into a as Nu/^^ai/ for Nv/i^deBj/, j3a/i for /3w^6i/, i.e. 
 fiecofjifv or f$-dci>-fj.fv. 
 
 (c) eo into et>, as dtpfvs, caXevj/ra, epyd^ev. 
 
 (<2) ac into v> as ty^ f r ^P ae (P a )> qp&ni for TjpaTaf 
 (imperf.), X^y from Xaa>, and -Sft to j/, as (poirfjs = (poirdfis. 
 
 Similarly ea tO rj, as Kptas, Kprjs. 
 
 (e) Crasis of at-e to 77, as *cf^a for Kal tyy K^| for KOI fg.
 
 1 88 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 3. Consonants. 
 
 (a) Use of T for cr, as TV for o-u, Ka for el/coo-i, rlQ^n for 
 
 ridrja-t, IrXariov for 7rXr;tri'oy. 
 
 (<5) K for T in OKU, aXXoxa, etc. 
 
 (f) Interchange of y and 3, as yhtyapov for /3Xe<apov, of 
 aspirates, as opw^ey for opvides, (f>\ipa> for 0X/j3<a. (</) Of o-S 
 for So- (f) in verbs in ->, as (rvpt'o-Sw, Trato-So), Trordo-Sw (for 
 
 4. Liquids. 
 
 (a) Before T and 8, K X become i>, as yvdov for 
 before v, o- often changes to t, as oTret'o-a from (rrr*v8c>>. 
 
 5. Digamma and Aspiration. 
 
 (a) Among representatives of the f in Doric we find 
 /3, as ftpaxos for paKos. In Pindar v, as awrrav (Pyth. 2. 28) 
 
 for afarav = arijv. 
 
 (3) The Dorians did not dispense with the Spirilus 
 asper to the same extent as the Aeolians, but in some 
 words it is omitted, as in aye'o/wu for 
 
 6. Accent. 
 
 (a) The Dorians here are the very opposite of the Aeo- 
 lians. The latter threw the accent as far as possible away 
 from the end of the word, as e. g. yvvaigt for ywmi. The 
 Dorians, on the other hand, were inclined to throw the 
 accent as far as possible towards the ultima, so that we 
 get such forms as dtiSts and not aS, d^TreXo? and not 
 a/x7reXof. So in Theocritus, OVTUS, TTCUTW?, aXXa, instead of 
 ovTWf, iravrats , -oXXa. 
 
 7. Declensions. 
 
 (a) The peculiarities of the ist vowel (A) declension 
 are to be found under the rules given above for the 5, -as
 
 FORMS OF DORIC DIALECT. 3-11. 189 
 
 for -r)s, for the contraction of -ao to -a, and -aw to -av. 
 Notice that the original form of the accus. plur. was 
 u-v-s, as in Cretan inscription irpfiyvra-v-s, and Gothic 
 vttlfans = lupos. This original form was often represented 
 in Aeolic by termination -ms, but the Doric dialect gene- 
 rally shortens these to &s, as 8^/idray, Seo-TroYay, KtWar. 
 
 8. Second Vowel (O) Declension. 
 
 (a) The use of a> for ou given above is a mark of the 
 stronger Doric ; the accus. plur. originally ended in o-v-s, 
 (as Gothic sunu-ns = filios). This termination the Aeolians 
 changed to -ois, and the Dorians to -a>s, or (<5) sometimes 
 
 -os, as ras d/wreXoy, ras Trapdevos. 
 
 9. Third Consonantal Declension. 
 (a) From nominatives in os, rjs, we have genitive in 
 
 -fvs, as, Ev/jitjSrjs -r)8fvs, opos, opevs. 
 
 10. Pronouns; 
 
 (a) Special forms of ist Personal Pronoun, Sing. N. 
 
 eycii/, D. ffilv ' } Plur. N. ofjifs, ajjifjifs, G. afj.fa>v } cLfj.>v } . D. tfyuj/, 
 nfj.iv, u/jiiv, a/i/iij^v], A. ap,e, afj.^. 
 
 (Z>) Special forms of and Personal Pronoun, Sing. N. 
 TU, G. Tfv } Tfvs, rfovs, D. TtV, A. TV and re; Plur. N. v^ieV, 
 
 vfi.fi.f5, D. vfuv, vftfj.iv, A. vupe, 
 
 (c) Special form of Demonstrative Pronoun, TTJVOS, Tfjva, 
 TTJVO ( = (Kelvos, T), o). From which comes adv. TTJV^ illinc, 
 TTjvd, illic, and rrjvoOi. Cp. 
 
 ii. Verb. 
 
 Special forms of the verb. 
 
 (a) ACTIVE. Pres. Indie. 2nd pers. sing, nurr-fs. ist
 
 190 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 pers. plur. 7rr-o-p.es (cp. Lat. amamus). 3rd pers. plur. 
 TVTTT-O-ITI (cp. Lat. amanf). Similarly with Imperf. and 
 Aor. 
 
 Pres. Conjunct, ist pers. plur. ru7rr-w-p.es. 3rd pers. 
 
 plur. rilTTTOI-VTl. 
 
 (b) Infin. Tinrr-tv (Aeolic TVTTT-TJI', Laconian -fjv). 
 
 (c) Participle. Fern. sing. nW-oi-o-a. 
 
 (d) Future, rv^S> els el elrov elrov evp.es, Or ovp.es 
 elre evvn. 
 
 [For the principle of formation of this Doric future, 
 by the addition of the root (es) of the substantive verb, 
 and the root t signifying ' go/ and so forming, e. g. 
 So eo-i'w Swo-t'o), Swo-5, see Curt. Expl. Gk. Gram. 
 258]. 
 
 (e) Perfect, ist pers. plur. reritya-p.es. 3rd pers. plur. 
 reritya-rn. Note that in Doric these perfects are frequently 
 conjugated with an ending, as rentyw-eis, -et, etc., and 
 
 infin. Terv<pelv. 
 
 (/} PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. Pres. Imperat. rinrr-ev. 
 (g) Imperf. eVvTrro-p.ai', ev. Opt. Tvjrroi-pav, etc. 
 [But rj is retained in Optat. of verbs in -p.i, and Indie, of 
 
 Aor. I. II. Passive, e.g. ei^i/ Qeirjv endyrjv.] 
 (K) Aor. I. eTV^d-^a.v. erfy-d (for eV^-w). 
 
 (f) Future Middle, TV^-ev-p.ai or TV^-ov-pai 17 emu 
 evp.e6a, or p.eo~da etcr^e evvrai. 
 
 12. Contracted Verbs, etc. 
 
 (a) Some verbs in -aa> follow the forms of contraction 
 in -eo> (as is common in Ionic) ; so opeovri (videnf), 6f 
 
 (l>) Verbs in -dfa -af<a (-?tfto) -ai'C< -i'a> form a future 
 in -|w, and i Aor. in , as *cax|w, ^Xa^aj, n-at^oj, Kojtu<u.
 
 FORMS OF DORIC DIALECT. 12, 13. 19! 
 
 13. Verbs in ju. 
 
 (a) Special forms. Pres. Act. 3rd sing, in -n, as v^lrjTi, 
 
 riOrjTi, (f)ari, (cp. Lat. reglf). 
 
 (li] Special forms of elpi (sum), Pres. ist pers. sing, fppi 
 (Aeol.), 2nd eWi, ist plur. fl^fs, yd plur. tvri. 
 Infin. elfj.ev, ^fJLtv. Partidp.fem. eola-a, ev<ra. 
 Imperf. TJV, rjo-da, rjs (rjv) . . . fats, r)<TT(. 
 eVo'ov/iat eVcrj} evfrflrai, etc.
 
 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THEOCRITUS. 
 
 Theocritus was born in Syracuse (circ. B.C. 272). He 
 resided partly in Syracuse, and partly in Alexandria. Some 
 portion of his life was passed in Cos, where he met the 
 poet Philetas, under whose instruction he was trained in 
 the style of the Alexandrine poets of the time. He was 
 the founder of bucolic poetry, which in his case consisted 
 mainly in giving an artistic form to the songs and stories 
 of the Sicilian shepherds, fishermen, etc. The word 
 fiSuXXm, or Idylls, which have been given to his composi- 
 tions, signifies only 'little pictures.' The modern use of 
 the word comes from the accidental circumstance that 
 most of the Theocritean idylls belong to simple country 
 life. 
 
 IDYLL r. 
 
 In this Idyll, Thyrsis is induced by the offer of a 
 prize to sing the song of The Death of Daphnis. This 
 story recounts how Daphnis had defied the power of 
 Aphrodite, who thought to prove her supremacy by touch- 
 ing his heart with love for a maiden, who was only too 
 ready to return his passion. But Daphnis is not con- 
 quered. He loves, and he dies for love, but he dies in 
 silence with his love unspoken, and he carries his defiance 
 of Aphrodite with him into the shades below. 
 
 6YP2I2, AIIIOA02. 
 0Y. A<5u la TI TO "^ri9vpi(r/u.a. KOI d "TT/Ti/?, 
 
 a TTOT/ Ta?? Tray at (Ft, /j-eXtcrSeTCu' dSu Se Kal TV
 
 THEOCRITUS I. 193 
 
 ia-Se? 11 *, 3 *' /uera JlaVa TO Sevrepov aQXov 
 
 y Kepaov Tpdyov, alya ru lob Xa\f/-jr 
 aJ/ca J' aiya Xa/3/; r^o? 7^009, e? Te lob Ka.TO.ppei 5 
 Se KaXov Krjs 2d , e<rre K 
 
 AI. a^iov, (v TTOtfJiqv, TO Teoi/ /xeXo?, ^ TO *ra- 
 
 Ta^e? la 
 
 T^V' cnro Ta? TreTjOa? /caTaXe/(3erat u\p-o0ei' vSoop. 
 OIKO. TCU Motcrat 16 Taj/ o'<5a Swpov aywrai, 
 apva TV fTrmVav 1 * Xa>|^^ yepa?' al Se K apearKri 10 
 
 a'|0^a \a/3eiv, TV o^e Tav oiV VGTepov a^fj. 
 OY. X^9 2d TTOT< Taj/ Ny/A^oV, X^?, atVo'Xe, Tao'e 
 
 to? TO *caTavre9 TOUTO yewXocpov ai Te fj.vpiKO.1, 
 
 lb ; TO9 o" at"ya9 e"yav ei/ T<fe vo- 
 
 AI. ou 6f/uLi$, (a Troi/u.r]v 9 TO fj.ecraiu.(3pivov, ov Oe/j.is 
 afji/juv 10 * 15 
 
 a-vpicrSev TOV Hava o > e^o/:a//e9 lle ' ^ 70/3 OTT' ay pas 
 TaviKa 1 * KeK[j.riKU>s a/UTrauerar ecrTt ^e TriKpos, 
 /cat' ot aet SpifMeia ")(O\a TTOT* jOii/t Ka6t]Tat. 
 aXXa (TU yap ^^ Ovpvi, TCI Aa^)j/to*O9 aX^e' aeioes, 
 Ka\ T09 /3ft)/coXt/ca9 eTrt TO TrXeov ticeo fJLOi(ra$}, 20 
 Sevp 1 , VTTO TO.V TTTeXeai/ <ru)fJLe6a 3d , TW Te n^ofiyxft) 
 KaJ TOI/ KjOavtaJwi/ KaTevavTiov, airep 6 OU>KO$ 
 Trjvos 6 TroifJieviKOS KOI Tal Spves. al Se K ae/o->?9, 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. O
 
 194 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 ft>5 o/ca 3t ld TOV A.tj3vaOe TTOT< 
 
 epla-owv, 
 
 aiyd Te TO/ <^a><ra> lld oiSv/maTOKOv e<? Tply dju.eX<~at, 25 
 a, AT e^oi(r' lf epicpooz 1 *, Trora/meX^erai e$ ouo Tre'XXa?, 
 *ra) j8a0(7 Ki<r<rv/3wv, KetcXvarnevov dSe'i Krjpw, 
 
 7rorocroov 3d * 
 
 /ue/ X 641 ? f^apverai vot /c/crcroy, 
 
 ca Keicovi/JLevos' d Se /car ai/roi/ 3 
 
 elXetrai a'yaXXo^teVa 
 evTO(r6ev e yvva, T\ Oecav SaiSaX/ua, 
 tKTKt]Ta TreVXto re KOI dfiTrvKf -Trap Se ol avSpes 
 KctXov eOeipa^ovTes a.fj.oi(3a<$}s a\\o6ev aXXoy 
 veiiceiovcr' eTreWcrr ra ^' ov (frpevos onrrerai ai/ra?- 35 
 aXX' 6/ca 3b jjiev T^VOV TTOTifiepKerai avSpa < yeXa<ra 2a , 
 aXXo/ca S' av Trort TOV pnrrei voov. oi <5' UTT' 
 Kv\oiSiou>VT$ eraxria 
 
 /zera ypnrevs re yepav, Trerpa re 
 , e<^)' a <77re^a)/ /u.eya SIKTVOV ey /3o\ov eXitei 40 
 o 7rjOeo-/3i/?, Kajnvovri TO KapTepov dvSpl COIKW. 
 (paly? Kev yvtcav viv o<rov vBevos eXXoTTieveiv 
 taSe oi yAfraKn 11 * /far' av-^eva TrdvroQev fve?, 
 /cat 7ro\i(0 Trep eovTi' TO oe (rOci/os a^iov a/3a? la . 
 
 o<r(rov aTrwBev dXiTpvroio yepovros 45 
 <TTa(j)vXa((ri tcaXov (3e{3pi6ev dXwd- 
 Tav oXiyo? Tt? /fft)jOo? le e0' ai/u.a<riat<ri (pvXaa'O'ei 
 
 dn(pl oe fjnv ov oAo)7re/re$, a fiev av 
 op Y&>9 1 e
 
 THEOCRITUS I. 195 
 
 y <rivofi.va rav Tpu/JLov, a eir Trr/pav 
 
 SoXov Tev^oi(Ta, TO iraioiov ov irplv 
 avi/crefj/ 50 
 
 l 13 * irpiv 17 aKparifrTov 7rt IfrpoRri icaOify 12 *. 
 Tap oy' avQepiKecrfTi KaXav 7rXe/ce< aKpiSoQtjpav, 
 
 ' /meXerai Se 01 OVTC TI Tnypa?, 
 
 OUT (pvTwv rocrcr^oi/ 100 ocrov Trepl 
 Travra 8" afj.<pl ^eVay TrepiTreTrrarai vypos aicavOvs, 55 
 AtoXlKOV TI 6drjju.a- re'jOaf ice TV QVJU.OV ctTv^cu* 
 TU> /u.V eyot TropB/u-et KaXu^wv/co auyd T eSwica 
 MVOV, KOI TvpoevTa neyav XevKOio "yaXa/cro?' 
 ovde T'L 7T<a TTOTi ^e?Xo? e/ji.ov BlyeV) aXX' ert KeiTai 
 . TW Kev TV /uidXa Trpocfipwv dpetralfiav, 60 
 TV (f)i\ov TOV e(pi/u.pov v/uivov ae/(779. 
 KOVTI TV KepTOfj-ew. Trora'y', w '-yaOe- rai/ yap aoidav 
 OVTI Tra et's 'A.i$av ye TOV eK\e\aOovTa (^uXa^eF? 12b . 
 0Y. ap-^eT fiooKoXucas, Mofcrat (f)lXai, 
 
 JjO7t? o(T w^ Arri/a?, Kal QvpcrtSos dSea (fowvd. 65 
 a TTOK dp 1 *j(r6\ o/ca Adtyvis era/cero, Tra Tro/ca, 
 
 >; Kara Ilj/j/etto /caXa Te/JLTrea, rj Kara ITtV^w ; 
 
 oJ ya/o Srj TTOTa/mu) ye [neyav poov e^e 
 
 ovi5' Arrva? (T/coTrtai/, ov"'A.Ki8o9 tepov vfiwp. 
 
 ap^ere jStoKoXi/ca?, MoFo-a* (f)iXai, dp^er doi- 
 ^a?. 70 
 
 ai/ Owe?, r^vov Xu/cot (apvcravTO, 
 o 2
 
 196 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 ft"C SpVfJiOlO XettiV a.VK\aV(T QaVOVTOL. 
 
 apxere (SwKoXiicas, Mofcrat (frtXai, ap-^er aoiSa$. 
 TroXXai 01 Trap 7ro<r<rJ /3oe?, TroXXot Se re Tavpoi, 
 7TO\\at & av a/ui.a\at KOI Tropnes (aSvpavro. 75 
 
 jQw/coAt/ca?, WLoiaai (plXai, apyer aoia$. 
 18 air wpeoy, ciTre e- 
 
 ie Tu lob KaraTpvyei ; TiVo?, co ' 
 epa.(rcu j 
 
 TO\ fiurrai, TO\ Troi/meves, wTroAot qvdov, 80 
 avrjpwTevv, rt TrdOoi KCLKOV. j/i/0' 6 IIpi/Tro? 
 
 raXai/, r/ ru ra/ceat ; a ^e re /ceoyoa 
 m /cpd/ay, TTOLVT aXarea Tro<T(ri (po- 
 
 oiVai <pi\at, a 
 ? -n? a^ai/ /cat 
 
 85 
 
 -ye /uai/ d<5era /cat a KuTrpt? < yeAaoto-a lf , 
 /xej/ <yeXciOio-a, fiapvv ' ava Qvpov e^ota-a, 
 iTre- TV 6nv rov epurra /care^eo, Adcpvi, Xvyi- 
 
 ' oi5/c ayro? eparro? VTT' apyaXew 
 
 (BcoKoXiicas, M.OIO-CU (piXai, ctjO^er' aoz- 
 
 90 
 
 Ki/7T|Ot j/e/xecrcraTa, Ki/TTjOt Ovarotcriv a
 
 THEOCRITUS I. 197 
 
 up <^>|0a<r(fy TTOLvO' a\iov a/ULfjii oeovKeiv 
 a<^)vt9 KJJV At'$a 7 * KCIKOV ecrcrerai aX'yoy Eipwri. 
 apyere /Seo/coXt/cap, Motcrat (j)i\ai, ap^er' aoi- 
 <?ap. 95 
 
 ov \eyerai rav Kvirpiv 6 /3&co'Xo9 ; e^Tre TTOT' "I^ai/, 
 fjOTre TTOT' 'A-y^tVai/- r^vei 100 ^ue?, to(5e Kvireipos. 
 
 (O KO\OV (3o/U.(3eVVTt 11 * TTOT\ (TfJidv(T(Tt /U.e\l<TO'ai. 
 
 ap^ere (3(aKO\iKa$, Motirat (f)i\ai, ap^eT* aotoa?. 
 wpaios -xwSwvis, Trel KOI /ULaXa vo/uievei, 100 
 
 /cat TTTw/ca? jSaXXet, /cat Qrjpia raXXa otco/cei. 
 
 a'jO^ere jSw/coXt/ca?, Mo^crat (pi\ai, ap^ef aotoay. 
 aSrtp OTTW? crra<T7 lld Ato^t^eop a<r<rov totVa 1 ', 
 /cat Xeye' TOV /Swrai/ i/t/cw Aacpviv, aXXa fj-ay^ev fj.oi. 
 
 apyere /Sw/coXtAcay, Mot<ra* <pi\ai, cipher aoi- 
 Sa?. 1 05 
 
 oj Xu/cot, <o 0(oe?, <S ai/' <apea <p<a\a.8e? apKTOi, 
 yaipe& o jSw/coXo? i//*/uti/ e'yco Aa^)j/t? ou/c er' ai/' 
 
 , OVK atre 
 /cat Trora^iot, rot ^etre KaXov Kara Qvfj.(3piSo9 
 
 VC)(t)p. 
 
 ySw/coXt/caf, Motcrat </Xat, apyer aoi- 
 
 no 
 
 , ra? oa? co( 
 (f)vi$ 6 TW? Tavpias /cat Troprtap eo^e TrOTi(r<$a)v 3d . 
 ap-^ere |8a)/coXt/ca?, MotVat (fiiXai, /ox eT ' ot^ap, 
 Ilaj/ Hav, efr' ccr(7t 13b /car' w^oea fj.aKpa Ay/cat'w,
 
 1 98 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 eire TV y a/m<f>nro\ei? /m-eya MatWXoi', ev$' 4 * CTTI 
 va(TOv 1 15 
 
 rav ZtKeXai/, 'EX//ra? <5e X/TT' qpiov, CUTTV re ora/ma 
 T*jvo A.vicaoviSao, TO KOI /maKapea-triv ayaGTOv. 
 
 \ijyere jSawcoXr/faf, Motira*, ire, \rjyer aoiSas. 
 evQ' 4 *^ <va^, KOI TavSe <pep* einrciKTOio fj.e\'nrvovv 
 CK Kfipia (Tvpiyya Ka\av, irep] ^etXoy eXixrav. 120 
 i) yoio eywv VTT epwTOs e? "Ai'^o? \KO/j.ai "/fit]. 
 
 Xyyere /S&wcoXt/ca?, Moicraf, tre^ \rjycr aeiSas. 
 vvv Ta /ULCV (popeotTe /3ctTO/, (popeotTe $' aKavOat, 
 a Se icaXa vdpici<T<Tos CTT* apKv6oi<ri Kopacrac 
 
 ' evaXXa yevoiTO, KOI a. TTITVS o^vas evet- 
 , 125 
 
 d<pw e-rret OvdvKef KOI ray nvvas wXa^)o? eXjcot, 
 ^ 2e opewv rot crKo>7re$ at]6<ri yapvcraimro. 
 \fjyere jSawcoXt/ca?, Morcrat, /re, Xi/'yer' aoiSa$. 
 ) ftev TOCTCT' CITTCOV (nrcTraixraTO' TOV 8 'A.(frpo&iTa 
 ' avopOwaraf ra ye fj.av X/va irdvra Xe- 
 XotTrei 130 
 
 tic M-Oipav -fta) Aa^vi? e/3a ^oooi/- eicXvcre Siva 
 TOV Mo/crat? (f)i\oi> avSpa, TOV ov Nvf 
 
 Xrjyere /Sw/coXtfca?, Moiarcu, tre, X^er' aoiSas. 
 teal TV SiSov TO.V alya, TO TC O~KV(J)OS' a>$ fttv 
 
 a^te'X^a? 
 
 <T7retcrft) 4a raf? MotVa/?. a> ^aipere TroXXa^ci, Mof- 
 o-a<, 135
 
 THEOCRITUS II (3). 199 
 
 iper- eyu> & vp.iJ.iv KCU ey vcrrepov aSiov a<ro>. 
 A I. 7r\rjpe$ TOI /xeXtToy TO KaXov (TTOfJia, Qvpcri, 
 
 y TOI cryaSovdov , KOI UTT' A.iyt\(a ia"^aa 
 
 dSetav, reTTt'yo9 evref TV ya 1 ^ (fiepTepov a^etf. 
 qviSe TOI TO iswor Oacrai, ^)/Xo?, roy icaXov 
 o<rSei- 140 
 
 'Qpav Treir\v(r6ai viv e-Trt Kpavai(ri SoKa<rei? lld . 
 w^' IQi, Kf(T(ra/0a' TU ^' a/xeX'ye iw a/ ^e "^i/ 
 
 OV /Jit] (TKlpTa<TlT, fit) 6 TpdjOS VfJi/ULtV 
 
 IDYLL II (3). 
 
 A shepherd serenades his beloved who is hiding in her 
 bower. He tries to move her by prayers, and presents, 
 and threats ; but all in vain. The haughty fair remains 
 deaf to his entreaties. 
 
 AMAPTAAI2. 
 
 Ko)/acr^ft) 3d TTOTL TOLV 'Afjt.apvXXio'a' rat <5e /xot cu-yey 
 (36<TKOvrai /car' opoy, KCU o TiTVpos aura? 7 * eXavvei. 
 TiTvp', e/otij' 10 * TO Ka\ov Tre^iXa/xeVe, /8ocr/ce, Tay 7 * 
 
 afyay, 
 
 KOI TroTi TO.V Kpavav aye, TiTvpe' KCU TOV evop^av 
 TOvAifivKov KvaKwva (fiuXda-areo, yu>/ Tu lob Kopv^y. 5 
 u> yap'tea-a"* 'A/xa^ouXXtj T/ /A' ou/c ert TOUTO /COT' 
 arrpov
 
 vvv 
 
 200 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 TrapKVTTTOura *caXet9 TOV epwrvXov ; $ pa yue 
 
 j; pa ye TOI arifjios KaTa(J)alvo/u.at eyyvOt 
 vv/u.(f)a, /cat Trpoyevetos ', aTrdy^aa-dai yue Troit)<reis 11 *. 
 
 qvtoe TOI oV/ca ju.dXa (f)epu)' Tr]V(a l0c e KaOeiXov, 10 
 <o le /A' e/ceXeu KaOeXeiv TV- KOI avpiov aXXa TOI oiaw. 
 
 Odarai /J.GLV 6u/j.a\yes eftov a^oy aide yevol/u.av 
 d /3o/u/5eucra jULeXitra'a, Kal 9 Teov avTpov iKoifJiav, 
 TOV Kicruov oiaovs Kal TUV Tnepiv, a TV 7rvKa<rSy sd . 
 eyvcov Tov*fjp(ora' (3apv$ Beos' q pa \ealvas 15 
 
 e$j;Xae, $pv[j.u> Te fj.iv eTpaffie /u.aTt)p f 
 09 fj.e KaTacTfJLV^wv /cat ef oa~Teov a^ot9 laTTTei. 
 
 a? TO KaXov TToOopeva-a 12 *, TO irav \i6o<?- w 
 
 Kvavo(ppv 
 
 vv/uicfra, TrpocnrTv^ai /me TOV atVo'Xov, t?9 TV <tXao-a>. 
 ecrTt /cat ev Keveoia~t (j)iXa/u.a<riv dSea Tep^sis. 20 
 
 TOV crTe(f)avov TtXat ^ue /caTaurt/ca Xerrra Trot ya-eis, 
 TOV TOI eyu>v, A/xajOi/XXt iplXa, KKTCTOIO ^i/Xacrcra), 
 /jL7rXe^a$ KaXvKecr&t /cat evoS/moKri 
 
 to yuot eyw, TL TraQoo ; Tt o SviTcroos : 
 TOSI/ /SatVav cnroSvs 69 Kv/maTa Trjvia aXei//xat 2c , 25 
 
 /cawca o*^ VoOava), TO <ye /xa/ Teov ao*u TeTVKTat. 
 
 eyvcov Trpdv, o/c' epoiye ytze/xva/xei/ft) et (f)i\eeis yue 
 oy^e TO TtjXe(ptXov TroT/yua^a/aevov TrXaTay^trev, 
 aXX' avrcas aTraXw TTOTZ Travel ee/mapdv6q. 30 
 
 etVe /cat 'Aypoua TaXaOea Ko<TKivdfj.avTis, 
 d irpdv TroioXoyeva'a TrapaiftaTis, oyve/c' eyaj /uev
 
 THEOCRITUS III (10). 2OI 
 
 TtJ> 10b 0X0? eyKei/u.ai- TV oe fj.ev \oyov ovSeva 
 
 rj fjiav TOI \evKav SiSv/maTOKOv alya <pv\a<T<T(i), 
 Tav fie Kal a MejOyUi/eoi'oy 'EjOt0a/cJ? a /jteXaj/o^ow? 35 
 aiTei' Kal SaxrS) oi, e-Trel TV pot evSiaOpvirTy. 
 
 aXXerat o(p6a\/u.6s /nev 6 Se^iov 3 pa y tStjcru) 
 UVTOLV j acrev/mat TTOT! TOLV TT'ITW co J a.7TOK\iv0eiv 
 /cat Ke [M iVw? TTOTiSoi, Trel ovK aSanavTiva ecrTi. 
 
 'iTTTTO/uej/*??, o/ca <$rj TUV TrapOevov A/OeXe / ya/uaf, 40 
 /AaX' ev xepa-w e\(av Spofj.ov avvev a ^' 'AraXai^ra 
 o)9 "Sev, ft)? e/u.avt], w? e? (3a6vv aXar' ejoeora. 
 
 rav ayeXav ^co JU.OIVTIS a?r' "QBpvos aye Me- 
 
 a <5e B/avro? ei/ ayKoivycriv K\iv0t], 
 a, -^aptecra-a ireplcppovos AX^)ecrt|8o/a?. 45 
 
 Tai/ ^e /caXai/ KvOepeiav ev <apf<ri /txaXa vofJievcov 
 ov-% OUTW? "Q^covt? eTTi TrXeov ayaye Xu'cnra?, 
 two-r' ou<5e cj)6l/ui.ev6v ftiv aTep /u-acrSoio T/0)/Tt 13a ; 
 
 ^aXft>TO? /xei/ e/mlv 6 TOV OLTOOTTOV VTTVOV tavtov 
 'Ei/<5uyu/ft)i/' ^aXto ^e, ^)/Xa yvvai, 'latrtWa, 50 
 
 op rocrcTft)!/ eKvpycrev, ocr ov Trevcreta-Qe /3e(3a\oi. 
 
 a\yeo) TO.V K(f)a\dv T\V tf ov [j.e\i. OVK IT' aeiSu), 
 Ki(reiifjt.ai <5e Trea-cov, Kal rot \VKOI we /*' edovTai. 
 wy /txeXt rot yXu/cu TOVTO Kara (3p6^6oio yevoiTO. 
 
 IDYLL III (10). 
 
 Battus, a lazy reaper, is reproached by Milon because 
 he has let himself be spoiled for work by his lovesick
 
 202 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 fancies ; but Battus, is too far gone, and can only apostro- 
 phise his mistress in a silly serenade. Milon, as a set-off 
 to this mawkish sentimentality, caps the effusion of Battus 
 with some racy verses of the Reaper's Song. 
 
 EPFATINAI. 
 
 MIAGN. BATT02. 
 MI. 'EjOyartVa (SovKaie, rL vvv, wfype, Treirov- 
 
 o'vre TOV oy/jiov ayeiv opOov Svva, a>? roirpiv aye9, 
 
 QV&' a/ma AaoTO/xef? TOO TrXar/oi', aXX' U 
 
 uxnrep 019 7roiiJ.va.<;, ra? TOV TroSa KCLKTOS 
 
 TTOiO? T<9, SetXaie, TV y e/c /uecrw a^wro? ecr<T>;, 5 
 
 09 vvv apxo/ui.evos ray a?Xa/co? ou/c a-jrorpwyei y ; 
 
 BA. M/Xcoi/ dy-a/jcara, TTTpa$ cnroKO/nfjC are- 
 
 ouoa/>ta rot crvvefia TroOecrai Tiva TU>V a 
 
 MI. ou^a/xa. T/? <Je Tro'Oo? rwi' eKToOev epydra 
 
 avSpi ; 
 BA. ov^a/ma. vvv crvvefla TOI aypvTrvqa'ai Si' 
 
 epwra; 10 
 
 MI. /zij(5e <e <rvu.3air' aXeTrov olca KVVO. 
 
 BA. aXX' e-ya), J M/Xwv, epa/u.ai 
 
 MI. e/c TriOo) avr\i9 SyXov eyca ^' eyu) ovtf aXt9 
 
 0^09.
 
 THEOCRITUS III (10). 203 
 
 BA. TOiydpTOi TTOO 6vpav 2b /JLCV O.TTO cnropia 
 
 a<TKa\a TravTCL. 
 
 MI. Tts e TV TUV vcalm* \v/u.aiveTGU ; 
 BA. a rioXo/Uwra, 15 
 
 a Trpav cifjidvTecro'i Trctjo' lirWYWCtawt TTOK' 3b ai\ei. 
 MI. euOe (9eo? TOJ/ aXtTOOv eef? TraXat a5f eTre- 
 
 rot rav v/cra ^p 
 BA. fjiw/jLaa-Qai ft' />Xf? T ^' Tf<^)Xo? ^' owe auro? 
 
 6 IIXoi/TO?, 
 
 XXa /caJ uxppovTiarro? "Etpws. /uujfiev /xeya /mvOev. 20 
 MI. ou [Aeya fJB/QtSfUit' TV /JLOVOV /cara/3aXXe TO 
 
 Xaoi/, 
 <ra/ rt <co'|0af (piXiicov /ue'Xo? a/x/3aXei- a^oi/ OVTCOS 
 
 ical /u.av irpOTepov TTOKO. /xofort/co? rjarda. 
 BA. Mofcrai IliejO/^e?, crwaetVare Tai' paSivdv /mot 
 itf- wv yap % d^fjcrOe, Oea.1, /caXa Traj/ra 
 
 25 
 TU 
 
 eyta e /u.vos 
 Kal TO 'iov fj.e\av evT\, Kal a ypaTTTa vaKivOov 
 aXX' e/onra? ev TO!? cnefyavois TO, 7TjOara lg Xe- 
 
 ai TOV KVTKTOV, 6 \vKO$ Tav o.lya SiuiKei, 30 
 
 a yepavos TcapoTpov eyw o" eTrt T\V 
 a?0e (WOi ^p 13b , ocrcra
 
 204 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 aju.(f)OTepoi K dveKfifjieOa TO. ' 
 auXto? /j.ev epOt(ra, KOI t] pooov, rj Tvye /xaXov, 
 <? eyw KOI Kaivd? 7a ex' a/u.(poTepoi(rii> 
 
 35 
 01 fj.ev iroSes acrrpayaXoi 
 
 ' TOV fiav rpOTrov OVK e-^c 
 MI. ^ /craXa? 7 * a/u/xt TTOIWV e\e\t)6t] 
 
 aoiSd?' 
 
 w? eu TO.V iSeav Ta? dp/movta? e/ueTptjcrev. 
 (a /ULOI TU> Trw'ycoj/o?, ov aXi0/o)? ave(pv<Tas. 40 
 
 Oacrai $t] /cat rat/ra ra TOJ Oe/w Aimepcra 2 *' 
 
 Ad/marep TroXvKapTre, TroXvtrra^y, rovro TO \aov 
 evepyov T eiq /cat Kapiri/j.ov OTTI ju.a\i<TTa. 
 (r(j)iyyeT\ a/xaXXo^e'rat, ra Spay para, /u.t] irapuav rt? 
 etiry (TUKIVOI avSpes, cnruiXero ^' oyro? o /mi<r6o9. 45 
 65 (3opet]i> avefjLOV TO? KOpQuos a ro/xa V/JL/J.IV 
 
 (3\7TT(a' Triaiverai o (rra^u? OUTW?. 
 aXotcotTa? (pevyev 11 * TO /j.e(raiu./3pivov VTTVOV 
 K /caXa/xa? d^ypov TeXeOei Ti]iJ.o<T<e ttaXtcrTa. 
 
 <) a/uwvTa? eyetpofjLeva) KopvSa\\a>, 50 
 
 yc/i' evSovTO?' eXivvtrai Se TO /rav/ua* 
 6 TW ^arpd-^w, TraiSes, filos' ov /xeXe^atVet 
 TO Trieiv ey^evvra' TrapecrTi yup afpOovov avrta. 
 t/xeX>7Ta <pi\doyvpe t TOV (f)aKov e^/eiv 
 TO.V ^ft/oa KaTcnrpitav TO KVJU.IVOV. 55 
 eV dX/w dvSpas delSev llb>
 
 THEOCRITUS IV (15). 2O$ 
 
 TOV e reov, fiovicaie, TrpeTrei \ifJLtjpov epwra 
 fJLvOiaScv 1113 ra purpl Kar evvav opOpevolcra. 
 
 IDYLL IV (15). 
 
 The scene is laid in Alexandria, in the time of Ptolemy 
 Philadelphia. Gorgo visits her friend Praxinoe, and they 
 then set out to push their way through the crowd and see 
 the splendours of the festival of Adonis, which Arsinoe, 
 wife and sister of Ptolemy, was keeping in great pomp. 
 What they hear and what they see must be read about in 
 the poem. 
 
 Rites commemorating the sad death of Adonis by the 
 tusk of a boar were observed in many places, and the 
 festival was kept up at least two days. At the suppli- 
 cation of Aphrodite, Zeus had granted a short respite 
 every year to Adonis, from the imprisonment of the 
 shades. His return was celebrated on the first day of 
 the festival, which was kept with great and unmixed joy. 
 The second day commemorated his return to the world 
 below after the time of his sojourn on earth ; and thus 
 the festival ended in sorrow. 
 
 2TPAKO2IAI H AAI2NIAZOT2AI. 
 
 EYNOA. IIPASINOA. FPAY2. 3ENO2. 
 ETEPO2 SENO2. FYNH AOIAO2. 
 
 TO. (At the door.) 'Er<W TIpafyvoa ; 
 
 EY. Topjoi <f)t\a, w? Xjooj/w- evSoi. 
 
 IIP. 0av/u.\ ori Kal vvv j/i/fle? 4 *- oprj zd 8i(ppov,
 
 2O6 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 /rcu TroTiKpavov. 
 
 TO. e X /caXXrra. 
 
 DP. K aO%ev. 
 
 TO. to TO? aXe/mra) \|^f^a?' /txoAi? V/UL/ULIV etriaOrjv, 
 Upafyvoa, TroXXw fjiev o^Xto, ToXXcoi/ ^e TeQp'nnruw 5 
 TravTa KprjiriSes, iravra "^\afji.vt]<p6poi avSpes' 
 a * 6So? UTpvTOS' TV <? Ka(rrepu) a/u/miv cnroiice'i?. 
 
 IIP. TauO' 6 irdpapos TJ/VO? eir eitr^ara "ya? 
 
 iXeov, OVK oiKTj(riv,o'jr(a<s M yeiroves 
 
 aXXaXai?, TTOT ey)v, (fyQovepov KO.KOV, aiw eTO</xo?. 10 
 
 TO. /xP; Xe'ye TOI< Teoi/ aj/<5oa, <ptXa, fafaiMHi- 
 
 TOtaJ/ra, 
 
 TW fj-iKKU) Trapeovros. opt], yvvat, to? TroQopy 2 * TV. 
 0dp<Ti, Zianrvplcov, yXvKepov re/cor ov \eyei cnr(f)vv. 
 IIP. aiarQaverai. TO /3|0e^)o?, vai rav TTQTVIOV 
 TO. *caXo? a7r^)i/9. 
 
 IIP. ctTTcpv? fJLav Trjvo$ TO. Trpoav, (Xeyo/xe? 5e 
 Trpoav Otjv 15 
 
 Trai'Ta) vtTpov ica} <>VKO$ CLTTO ovfavay ayopaaotov, 
 
 (frepcov a\a? afjifjuv, avrjp 
 TO. &>zo 
 
 KvvdSas, ypatav aTTOT/X/zara irripav, 
 Trevre TroVw? eXa/3' e^Oe?, a-Traj/ pvirov, epyov CTT 
 epyto. 20 
 
 aXX' ?0/, TcofJLTre-^ovov KOI TO.V TrepovaTptSa Xa^eu.
 
 THEOCRITUS IV (15). 207 
 
 n * TOJ /SacrtX^o? e? a(f)veiu) 
 at rot 1 ASfavtv aicovco "xptj/ma Ka\6v TI 
 TO.V {3aarl\i(r(ra.v. 
 HP. ev dX/3/<w le oX/3m TTO.VTO.. 
 
 IX). fc>f ?^e?, o5j/ etVe? /caJ tSoicra TV rw ^ t'^oWr 25 
 ep-Treiv wpa K' e?^. 
 
 IIP. aepyoty alev eojora. 
 
 Ewoa, af|0e TO va/xa, KOU ey jmevov, aivo 
 6e$ iraXiv. at aXea 
 
 ^, <j)epe Oauvov vo&p. u^aro? TrpOTepov Set' 
 a ^e cr/xa/xa <pepi. 80$ o/uco?. /u^/ TrouXw, a7rX>;(rTe, 30 
 yX 6 ' u^a>|0- ^Jcrrai/e, r/ fiei/ TO ^tTwvio^ apSeis ; 
 Trai/crar OTrota Oeot? e^o/cet, TOICIVTCI vevtyu/uat. 
 ct /cXa^ TO? AteyaXa9 Tra \dpvctKos ; (w^e ^)e'|t>' aimw/. 
 TO. Uoaivoa, /xaXa TO* TO 
 
 TOVTO irpeirei. \eye /xot, TTOO-O-W Kare^a roi a(f> 
 
 IIP. /x^ Atj/ao-j;?, Topyoi' Tr\eov apyvptco KctBapu) 
 
 /J.VO.V 
 
 lO. aXXa KO.TU. yvat/mav a7re/3a TO/. 
 
 HP. vaJ, /caXov c/Ve?. 
 
 tpepe /ULOI, KCU rav QoXtav Kara Ko 
 * OVK U<M lld TV, TeKvov /X0j0/ 
 
 40
 
 208 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 oaicpue ocrcr' eOeXew "^ccXov tT 01; Set TV yeve(rOai. 
 epTrwfJies. Qpvyia, TOV /U.IKKOV 7rarcV 3d Xa/3oicra- 
 Tav KVV ecru) K(tXe<rov TO.V avXeiav a.TroK\a.^ov. 
 
 (They leave the house.) 
 co Oeo} t 00-0-09 0^X09- Trio? /cat TTOKU TOVTO Trepaa-ai 
 
 )(J)t] TO KO.KOV ', /HVp/ULdKeS O.vdpl9/ULOl KOI tt/ULTpOl. 45 
 
 TroXXa rot, co TLToXe/maie, TreTroltjTai KO\a ep'ya, 
 e]~ w ev a6avoLTOi? 6 TCKWV. ouo^etf KftKoepyo? 
 SaXeiTcti TOV IOVTCI, Trapep-jroav A.I^VTTTKTTI- 
 oia irplv e aTrara? KeKpoTa/J.evoi avSpes eTraiirSov, 
 aXXaXot? OyuaXol, KUKU Tratyvia, Travres e\eioi. 50 
 f, T/ yevw/meOa ; TO< 
 
 TCO 
 
 6 Trvppov W co9 ayptov Kvvo9ap<rr]$ 
 Ewoa, ou (peu^rj ; Sia^pt^a-eiTat TOV ayovTct. 
 
 / ue-ydXco9, OTL /not TO @pe(f>o$ /mevei evSot. 55 
 TO. 6dpa'i, Tlpafyvda.' KOI St] yeyevf]fj.e& OTTI- 
 
 Tol S* e(3av 69 x<apav. 
 
 IIP. KCLVTO. 0-vvayeipofji.a.i 
 
 ITTTTOV KOI TOV ^v^pov o(f)tv Tafj.aXi(TTa 
 K TraiSds. o-7reuc?co/*e9' 0^X09 -770X1/9 dfjifj.iv eTTippei. 
 (They meet an old woman.) 
 
 TO. e ai)Xa9, co /maTep ; 60 
 
 PP. eycov, cJ TCKVU. 
 
 TO. irapevOeiv
 
 THEOCRITUS IV (15). 209 
 
 FP. ey Tpoiav Treipco/uLevoi %v6ov 'A^cuo), 
 x-aXA/crra TraiSujv. ireipa Qyv Travra reXerrcu. 
 
 (Old woman passes on.) 
 
 TO. p^oJ/oTxwy ct Trpea-fivTis a-jrw^ero Oecnri^aaa. 
 IIP. Travra ywaiices taravTi, KCU a>? Zet-y cfyd 
 
 . 
 
 TO. 6avat, TIpafyvoa, Trepl ray $i^oay 7a ocro-oy 
 o/uLiXos. 65 
 
 IIP. 
 
 Ewo'a, Eiyru^/^oy irore^' aura, /^ ru 
 TTtttrat a/a etVei/0to/tey aTTjo)^ e^v, Euvoa, a/xtoj/ 10 *. 
 w /not SeiXaia, Si^a ftev TO Oepia-rpiov %St] 
 ea-fcivTui, Topyoi. TTOTTU> Atoy, ei' Ti yevoio 7 
 
 evSai/uLCDv, (S "vOpunre, (fyvKaarcreo TcajULTre^ovov /J.v. 
 
 E. oJ/c evr' e/u/v /uei'' oyucoy <5e <pv\d^oju.ai. 
 
 IIP. (tBoos oXoy 
 
 uxnrep vey. 
 
 SE. Odpaei, yvvac' ev 
 
 IIP. /cety (Ojoay, K^Tretra, (f)tX' avSpwv, ev KO\W c?y, 
 a/u/ue TrepiCTTeXXcov. ^pt]<TT(io KutKTipfJLovoy avSpos. 75 
 (pXifierai 30 Ei/voa aij.fj.iv ay' } a> ^etXa T^, /3(a^eu. 
 evSoi Tracrat, o rai/ i/uov 'TT 
 
 (They enter the hall.) 
 
 TO. rTioa^tfoa, TTora'y' w^e- ra 7rot/c/Xa 
 rov lg aOpjjcrov, 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. P
 
 210 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 \CTTTO. Kal <? "xapievra.' Betav Trepova.fj.aTa 
 
 epiBoi, 80 
 
 TTOIOI i^(0oypd<poi Taicpi/Sea, ypdfj.fj.aT' eypa^av ; 
 
 O>? eTV/Ui eVTCLKCLVTl) KOI O)? CTV/jC VtVVVTl. 
 
 e/x-vp-u^', OVK evvfyavTa.. <ro(f)ov n 
 QVTOS o w? OatjTos CTT' apyvpe 
 
 K\llTfJ.U), TTpOLTOV 'lOV\OV CtTTO KpOTCKpfjOV KaTCt(3d\- 
 
 \(l)l>, 85 
 
 6 Tpt<pi\r)TO$''A.$(t)Vis, o Kqv 'A.-^epovTi (piXeirai. 
 
 SE. Trai/cracrO', co $v(TTa.voi, avavvTa. 
 rpvyove?- eKKvaicrevvTi TrXareidcrSoiarai ctTraj/ra. 
 
 TO. /ua, TroOev aivOpcoTTO? ; T/ <^e T*iv, ei 
 
 eTT/Tacrcre' SfjOa/cocr/at? eTriTdtrcreis ; 90 
 ft)? e<J^? /ca< TOUTO, KoplvOicu eiju.es avwOev, 
 ft)? KCU 6 Be\\epo<pu>v TIe\OTrovva(ria'T\ XaXeu/xe?' 
 AtopiffSev S' e^ecrn, SOKW, TO?? Aay>fee(r<rt. 
 
 IIP. /x^/ ^y'/, MeAtTft)(5e?, o? d/mitiv KapTepos ely, 
 ir\av ev6$- OVK aXe-yto, /iJ /xot Keveav aTro/ia^j??. 95 
 TO. <riyr] 2A Tlpa^tvoa- fj.e\\ei TOV* 'Ao"<aviv deiSev 
 a ra? ' Apyela? QvyaTrjp iroXviSpis dotSos, 
 
 TOV IdXe/uLov dplarTevtre' 
 l rt, <ra^)' of^a, /caXov SiaOpvTTTeTai ^orj. 
 FY. Sea-Troiv, & FoXyctf? re /cat 'I^aXtov e<^)/- 
 Xatra?, ioo 
 
 ' 'A<ppo$iTa,
 
 THEOCRITUS IV (15). 211 
 
 oiov TOI TOV "A.S(Dviv UTT' aevdco 
 
 (3dpi(TTai ju.a.Ka.p(av 'Qpat (piXai, aXXa iroOeival 
 epyovTat, Travrecrcri (3poroi$ cue/ ri (pepoicrai. 105 
 /a, TV ]u.v aQa.va.Tav O.TTO 0i/aray, 
 fj.v6os, eTTO/^cra? Bcpeviicav, 
 a/n(3po<Ttav c? CTT^O? ctTrocrTa^acra 'yi/vat/co?* 
 rlv ^e xapi^ofjieva, TroXvtow/xe /cat -rroXwae, 
 a l&epeviKeia 6vyaT)jp } 'EXei>a etKVta, no 
 
 'Apa-tvoa 7rdvTe<r(Ti KO\OI$ ctTiTaXXei "AScoviv. 
 Trap /j.ev oTrwpa KeiTai, ocra $pvo$ aicpa (pepovri, 
 Trap <? ceTraXoi KUTTOI, Tre^uXay/uevoi ev Ta\apt<TKOis 
 apyvpeots, ^Zvpica <$e /mvpoo xpvarei a\a.f$a.<rTpa- 
 e^ara 0' otrira yvvaiKes eirt TrXa^ava) TroveovTai, 115 
 avOea /uLia-yoia-ai \VKW iravroia. fj.a\vp(a- 
 ocro-a r' OTTO y\vKepu> //eXtro?, ra T' ei/ w 
 avT( Trereqva. /cat epTrera. TaSe Tr 
 a<5e9, fj.aXa.Ku> fipiBoicrai 
 Te Kwpoi VTrepTTUiTWVTai 
 
 CpvyoOV 7Tlpo/JI,VOt OoV (ITT Oft). 
 
 (w e'/3ei/o?, al xpvcros, (a CK \VKU) e\e<pavTO$ 
 aiera), olvoyoov KjOOi//<?a At^ iraiSa (j)epovT? t 
 Troptyvpeoi e TttTrrjTes av(0fJia\aKu>Tepoi UTTI/W. 125 
 a M/Xaro? epei, X^ T " l/ 2 a A"' ai/ KaTa/36<TK(av 
 K\lva TU> *A.Sa>viSt T 
 
 TO.V fiev
 
 212 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 rj evveaKae- 
 
 ov KVTi TO d>/Xa/*'* eri ot trepi ^e/Aea iroppd. 130 
 vvv f*.ev KirTTjCU? e^otcra rov aura? -^aipeTw avSpa. 
 acoOev S' a/u/xe? viv a/xa fipocru) aOpoai e^ta 
 oi(revfA<f Trorl KV/JLUT eir ai'ovi Trrvovra- 
 Xvcratrai Se KOfiav, KOI eirl &(f)vpa. KoXirov a.vei<rai, 
 
 <paivojj.evoi$, \iyvpas ap^evjj.e9 ao/oa?. 136 
 w ^)t'X' "Aficovi, icai evOaSe /re/? 'A-^e 
 , ft)? (pavrl, /AoycoTCiTos* OVT' ' 
 TOVT eTraO'j OUT' Am? o fj.eya$ /3apv/mavio<? 
 ot'0" 1 'E:Tft)/o 'E/cctjSa? o yejoa/Taro? eiKaTt T 
 ou IlaT|OOK:X^?, ou IlujO|OO? OTTO Tpoia? 
 
 0ftri/, 140 
 
 o?0', ot ert Trporepoi, A.cnridai, /cat Aey/caXtcDj/ey, 
 ou ITeXoTrjyt'a^af re Kal AjO'yeo? aicpa IIeXao''yw. 
 7Xa& vw, ^)/X' v A^a)vt, /cat e? vearr' evOu/jiqa-ais. 
 KOI vvv j|V0e9, ^A^eof f, /caJ, OK/C' a<//O7, (ptXo? ^e??. 
 TO. IljOa^voa, TO ^o^/xa cro(f)u>Tepov a Qrj- 
 Xeta. 145 
 
 o'XjS/a, o<r<ra. ?craTt, TravoX/S/a, co? / yXi/Afy (pcavet. 
 a>pa o/uft>9 /c' et? o?/coi/' avdpia-ros 
 "^oovrip o^op cnrav Treivavri 2 * e 
 
 e, V A <W aycnraTe, KOI e? ^atjoovra? cKpiicev.
 
 BION. EPITAPH ON ADONIS. 213 
 
 BION. 
 
 EniTA<!>IO2 AAQNIAO2. 
 
 t'aw TOV A$(t)viv aTTcoXero KaXo? ASoovi?. 
 
 op<pvpeois evl (fiupec 
 eypeo $ei\aia Kvavo<TTO\e, K 
 orrrjOea, Kal \eye Traariv aTrwXero /caXo9 "ASwvis. 5 
 
 Aia^co Tov"A.So)viv eTraidTovtTiv'Epayres. 
 Kelrai Ka\o<s"A$(avi<; e?r' aipe&i, wpov ofiovn 
 \evKui XevKov ofiovri Tvirels, KOI Kvirpiv avty 
 
 -^wiv TO $e 01 fJL\av e'tjBerai cu/ua 
 O. crapKov VTT' o<ppv<ri $' ofj.fj.aTa. vapKrj, 10 
 KO.I TO povov (pevyei TOO ^e/Xeo?* aiu.(pl $e Trjvo) 
 9vacrKei Kal TO <pi\a/uia, TO /mrJTroTe Kinrpis avot<ret. 
 KvTrptSi fjiev TO (f)l\a/ma Kal ov fyovTOS apearKei, 
 aXX OVK olv"A.$(i)vi$ o viv Ovda-KOVT* e<pi\a<rev. 
 
 Ata^ft) TOV "A.OWVIV ewaia(ov<Tiv''Yjpa)Te$. 15 
 
 aypiov, aypiov e\KO$ e^et /caret /j.ripov"A.ou)vis- 
 /u.eifyv <5' a KvOepeta (pepei TTOTiKapSiov eX/co?. 
 Seivov /mev Trepl Traioa <pl\oi KVVCS wpvovTai. 
 Kal NvfjL(f>ai K\aiov<riv 'OpeidSes. a S' 'A(ppoiTa, 
 Xvaa/JLeva Tr\OKa/ji.t$a9, ava Spuinwf aXaX^rat 20 
 
 7revOa\ea, j^Tracrro?, ao-af^aXof at $e PCLTOI viv 
 ep-^o/nevav KeipovTt, Kal lepov alfjia SpeTrovTai' 
 ov $e KcoKvovcra Si' ajKea /maKpa (popeiTai, 
 A<T<rvpiov jSooaxra iroaiv, Kal iraifia KaXevara.
 
 214 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 a[jL(pi $e viv peXav efjma Trap' o/ufpaXov aiwpetTO, 25 
 6 CK yeipwv (poivicra'eTO, 01 ' VTrojU-a^oi, 
 TO TrapoiOev, 'Afioovi 7rop<pvpovro. 
 
 A* al rav Kvdepeiav, Tratd^ova-iv"fjp(t)Te<f. 
 wXecre TOV KciXov avSpa, crvvoc/Xecrev lepov elSos. 
 KvTrpiSi /u.ev KO.\OV eidos, ore % > u><TKv"Ao(ovis, 30 
 Ka.T6a.ve (5' a /u.op(f)a trvv 'AScaviSi K.uTrpiSos. At at 
 ojpea irdvra. \eyovTi, KOI at Spves. Al TOv'ASwviv 
 KOI Trorafjiol K\aiovn ra irevQea ra? 'A(j)poSlra?, 
 Kal Trayai TOV "AStoviv ev u>pe<ri SaicpvovTi, 
 ai>9ea $ e odvva? epvOaiverai' a. Se K.v9ypa 35 
 
 Travra? ava Kva/uw$, ava irav vcnros oiKTpov aeioei. 
 
 At a*i TO.V KvOepeiav, cnrcaXero 
 a^co o ai>Te(36a<Tv, cnrdaXeTO /caXo? " 
 K.v7rpi8os aivov ejowra T/? OVK eicXawev av ', cu a". 
 w? "Sev, a?? evot](TV Aoft)j//oo? acr^eroi/ e\Aco?, 40 
 
 a)? We (froiviov aTyua fj-apaivopevu) irep\ /aiy/jw, 
 Tra^ea? a/u7rera(7acra, Kivvpero, 
 Sua-TroTfJie /u.eivov*A$(i)vt, Trawcrraroj/ a)? ere 
 &)? <re TrepiTTTv^u)) Kal ^e/Xea ^c/Xecrf /u/^ft). 
 e-yjOeo Tur9ov"AS(avi, TO S' av irv/maTov /me (friXao-ov 45 
 
 T O(7<TOUTO V ytie ()l\a(TOV, O<TOV <U>1 TO ()l\afJLa, 
 
 aTTO v'i'X'? 5 e? e/xov (TTO/xa Kret? e/xot 
 Trvevfjia TCOV pevcrrj, TO Se (rev yXvicv <f)l\Tpov a/xeX^ft), 
 CK Se TT/a) TOV epwTa- (f)i\a/u.a Se TOVTO (pv\d}*a), 
 <w? avrov TOV "AScaviv cTrct <ru /*e, vuG/nope, (pev- 
 
 76(9, 50
 
 BION. EPITAPH ON ADONIS. 
 
 KOI epyeai 
 
 KCI] (TTvyvov (3acri\f)a KOI aypiov a Se TaXaiva 
 <toa>, /ecu 0eo9 e/u^uJ, KOI ov ovva/j-ai <re otutKeiv. 
 \d/j.(3av, T\.ep<re(p6va, TOV efJLOv Trotnv ecrcrt "ya/o avra 
 
 TToXXof JULU Kpe(T(TU>V' TO <$ TTO.V KO\OV 69 O"C KO' 
 
 rappei. 55 
 
 e//ott < eyw 7rava7TOTyuo9, e^w ^' aKOpetTTOv aviav, 
 KO.} K\ai(a TOV v A(Wij/, o /* 
 
 a KvOepeia, Kevol ' ava 
 
 crol <5' a/xa KCCTTO^ oXwXe' T/ yup ToXfJ-ype KVVO,- 
 ei 60 
 
 eu>v 
 
 *Q(5' 6\o<pvpaTO 
 at al raj/ KvOepciav, cnrwXero KaXo$"A<$(avi$. 
 SaKpuov a ria0/a TOO"<TOJ/ X^ e/ o<rcrov^A^te)i/i9 
 af/ua ^e'er ra ^e Tra/cra Trort ^Oovt ytyverai av&rj. 65 
 t, TCI <$e Saicpva TO.V aveftcovav. 
 
 aTrwXero /caXo9 " 
 T evl Spv/motcrc TOV avepa /avpeo, 
 OVK ayaQa. <TTij3ds <TTLV 
 XeKTpov e^oi, Ki/0e'|oefa, TO crov TOe VKpo$"AS(i)vi$. 70 
 KOI VCKVS u>v /caXoV ecrTi, /caXo9 t>KV$, oia KaOevfiwv. 
 /3aXXe ^e viv crTecpdvoicri /cat civ6e(rf jScti/ra cri/j/ aurco, 
 0)9 r^j/09 TeOvaKe, Kal ai/Oea TTCII/T' epapdvOtj. 
 paive e fjiiv Ka\ol<riv aXeicfraa-i, patve /mi/pouri. 
 oXXixrOca /JLvpa TrdvTO.' TO <rov /mvpov wXer' "A.S(ovi 9. 75
 
 2l6 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 viv. 
 
 ev ifj.acri 7rop<pvpeoi(riv' 
 afj.(f)l Se fj.iv K\aiovTes avaarTevd^ovartv *] 
 Keipa/mevoi ^a/Tay CTT 'ASwviSi' p^w JULCV 
 op <? eVt TO^OV eflatv', op S' euTTTepov ae (papeTpav 
 )a) fiev eXvcre TreSiXov 'ASwvto'o?' 01 oe \e(3t)Tt 80 
 )(j3V(ret(i) <popeoi(riv vo~a)p- 6 Se /mrjpia Xovei' 
 09 o OTriOev TTTepvyecrcriv ava^v^ei TOV AScoi 
 
 AVTCIV TCJLV KvOepeiav ei 
 <r{3ecre Xa/u.7ra<$a Tracra 
 
 KOU <TTe(f)OS ^Ka(T<T ya/J-r/XlOV. OVK Tl $' 'Y/HCIV, 85 
 
 1/m.av OVK IT' cteifiojuievov fJ.eXo9 aerai, cu a?, 
 at at' Kai TOV "ASooviv eVt 7r\eov, rj 'Y/u.evaiov 
 ai Xci|OtTep KXaioi'Ti, TOV viea TU> 
 aXero KaXos *Ao"a>vi$, ev aXXyXycri 
 avTai o o^v XeyovTi TroXv xXeoi/, 17 TV Aiwi/a. 90 
 Kat M.oi<rai Tov"Aowviv avaKXeioKTiv Aocoviv, 
 Kai fj.iv eiraeiSotcriv 6 $ a~(pio'iv OVK exflurovec 
 ou /mav OVK eOeXei, KwjOa <$e viv OVK onroXvei. 
 
 Arjye yowv, KvOepeia, TO Ty/u.epov 1a"veo KOfj.fj.wv 
 
 del <re iraXiv AcXai/trat, irdXtv et9 Irop aXXo ^a- 
 
 Kpva-at. 95 
 
 MOSCHUS. 
 EniTA4>IOS 
 
 AiXivd fj.01 (TTOva^eiTe vdvai, Kai Aatpiov vSwp, 
 TII TroTa/ULol K\aioiT TOV IfnepoevTa B/wva.
 
 MOSCHUS. EPITAPH ON BION. 21 7 
 
 vvv <j)VTa yuot /uLvpeaOe, Kal dXcrea vvv yodotcrOe' 
 dvOea vvv rrTvyvoicriv cnroTrveioiTe KOpv/u.(3ois. 
 vvv pdSa (potvi(T<T(r6e TO. TrevOi/ma, vvv dvefidova' 5 
 vvv vaKivQe Xa'Xet ra <ra ypdu-iJ-ara^ /cat 
 \d/u.(3ave ere?? Trera'Xotcrt' 
 "Ap^ere 2t/ceXtrat T<O 
 a<5oVe9, at TrvKivoi(riv oovpd/j.evai Trort 
 vdu,a<ri rot"? 2tAreXot? ayyetXare ra? A|oeOo/cra?, 10 
 
 OTTt BtCOJ' Te6vttKV 6 j&OKoXo?, OTTt CTW aiVft) 
 
 :at TO yueXo? TeOvaice, ~at a>Xero Aeopt? aotoa. 
 
 /mvpecrOe Trap' vSairtv cu\iva KVKVOI, 
 l yoepots a-TOfJ.uT(T(Ti ju.\i(T$eTe 7rei'6i/u.ov (aSav, 15 
 i^ v/uLerepoif TTOTC ^e/Xecrt yrjpvv aeioev. 
 
 ai) Kwpats Otay/otVii', etiraTe Tracrat? 
 
 : 2t/ceXt/cat TO> TrevOeo^, dp^T Morcrat. 
 6 Tat? ayeXaio-iv e^a<r/xtoy ou/c ert peX-Tret, 20 
 oi'/c rr epr]fjLaiai(Tiv VTTO Spvirlv r//uevo? aSef 
 aXXa Trapa IIXoyT^t' /xeXo? XaOaFof aelSei. 
 wpea ' ea-Ttv acpwva, Kal at /3oey, at TTOTt 
 7r\afT$d/u.evat, yoaovn, Kal OVK eOeXovTi ve/. 
 
 v Apx eTe 2treXt/cat TW TreVOeo?, dp^ere MotVat. 25 
 <refo, Bt'&ji/, eK\av<re Ta^yv /adpov avros 
 Kal 2aTU|OOt nvpovTO, /neXdy^Xaivot TC 
 KOI Have? <TTOva^vvri TO (rov /xeXoy a? Te
 
 2l8 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 KpavtSe? coSvpavTO, Kal vSaTO. Sdicpva 
 
 'A^CW <T V 7TTpt]<TlV O<Wj06TCU, OTTl 
 
 KOVK Tt /JLlfJ.eiTO.1 TO. (TO. "^ClXca. CT(S $ TT 
 
 Sevdpea KapTrov ept^e, rot <T avOea TravT e/ 
 /xaAftH' OVK eppevtre KO\OV < yXa i yo?, ov f/.e\i cr//x/3Xcov, 
 KaT&ave S' ev Ktjpw, \VTrevfjLevov OVKCTI *yap <5j 
 ru> fj.e\tro9 raj o-ft) reOvaicoTOs, a'XAo rpvyavQai. 35 
 
 A.p"^T ^.IKeXlKCtl TCO TTevOeOS, O.pyT Mo<0"ai. 
 
 01} ToVof eivaXiaitrt Trap' aoVt jmvparo SeXcplv, 
 ov$e TOCTOV TTOK' aeurev ev\ <TKO7re\oi<r iv a^tav, 
 ovoe Tocrov Optjvrjfrev av (apea ]ULaKpa ^eXiScav, 
 'AX/cyo'i/09 ^' oy ToVcrov e-rr' aXyetriv m^e K??u^- 40 
 ouoe TOCTOV yXavKot? evl KV/J-CKTI K^jCwXo? dSev, 
 ov TOCTOV 'ISaioicriv ev ay/feet TraiSa TOV 'Aovy, 
 /TTTa/xei/09 Trepl (ra/xa, KivvpaTO Me/xi'ovo? opvi$, 
 O<T(TOV cnro^Oi/uievoio KarwSupavro B/tovo?. 
 
 "A.p^Te 2t/ceX//caJ TOJ 7re'fOeo9, ap^eTe Mofo"cu. 45 
 aSoviSes, iracrai re -^eXiSoi/es, as TTOK erep-jrev, 
 a? \a\eeiv e(H$a<TKe t KaOecrfio/mevai TTOTI Trpe'/uvo/?, 
 avTiov aXXdXaicriv eKWKVov al $' inre<fr<avevv 
 opviOe?. \vjreicr6e, ireXeidSev, aXXa /cat vju.eis. 
 
 Apxere ^nceXiital ru) irevOeos, ap^ere Moicrai. 50 
 Tty irore era crvpiyyi /xeX/^erat, <S TpnroOare ', 
 Ti? o' e?ri (Tofy KaXafJLois Ovja'ei (rro/xa ; T/? Opacrvs 
 
 our a)? ; 
 eltreri yap Trveiei ra era ^e/Xea, /rai TO o-oi/ ao-0/xa,
 
 MOSCHUS. EPITAPH ON BION. 219 
 
 Flcm (ftepti) TO /meXiy/ULa' TO^' av KUKCIVOS epeicrai 55 
 TO (rr6fj.a Sei/malvoi, /arj Sevrepa crelo (pepr/rat. 
 
 "A-p^eTe ^iiKeXtKal TU> TrevOeos, dp^ere Mofcrat. 
 K\alei KO.I FaXotTem TO crov yweXo?, av TTO/C' erejOTre?, 
 e<T$ofJ.evav fJLera frelo Trap' aiovetrtri OaXcearcra?. 
 oJ "ya/o i'croi' KwcXtoTTt neXicrSeo' TOV fJ.ev effievyev 60 
 a /caXa FaXaTem- <re <T a^/ov eftXeirev aX/xa?. 
 /ra/ iw XacrayueVa TW KV/ULCITOS ev \l/a/txaOoicrt 
 ecr^eT 5 eptj/malata-i, ^o'a? ^' ert <7efo Soicevet. 
 
 t, (J /3a;Ta, ^vyKaTQave $)pa TO. Moicrav, 65 
 
 epoevra c^iXd/nara, ^e/Xea TraiSoov 
 KOI (TTvyvoi Trepl cru/ma TCOV K\aiov<riv 
 a KyVjOtf (f)i\eei ere TTO\V TrXe'ov, J7 TO 
 TO TTjOcoav TO^ > A^ft)j/ti' a.7ro9vd(TKOVTa (pl\a<Te. 
 
 "A|0^eTe 2i/ceXt/ca( TW 7reVOeO9, ap-^ere Mo?crat. 70 
 TOVTO Tot, to TTOTa/Awj/ Xi'yi'jOwVaTe, SevTepov aXyos, 
 TOUTO, MeXjy, i/eov aXyo?. aTrwXeTO irpdv TOI 
 
 TO KaXX<o7r9 yXvicepov (TTOfJia, KO.L ere XeyovTi 
 
 /caXoi/ wa TroXv/cXavarTOicri peeOpois, 
 Tratrav ^' eVX>/(ra9 (^)(ava$ aXcr fuv iraXiv aXXov 75 
 i>/ea Saicpveis, icaivu) 3' evrt TrevQei Ta/c>/. 
 a/m.<poTepot irayais 7re(piXafJievof 09 yuev eirive 
 Tlaya<rio<s Kpdvas, 6 ' e-^ev TTO/JLO. Ta9 'ApeOolcras. 
 ^w jej/ Tvvdapeoio /caXai/ a'etire Oiiyarpa, 
 KOI QenSof /meyav via, KOI ^A.TpetSav MeveXaov 80
 
 220 DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 iceivos $' ov TroXe/itop, ov SaKpva, Havoc <5' e/xeX7re, 
 Aral /Scora? eXtyaive, KOI aelScov evo/JLeve, 
 KOI (rvpiyya? erein^e, /ecu aoVa iropTiv a/xeX'ye, 
 /ecu Tra/oW eSlSao-ice (piXd/LtaTa, KOI TOI> v E|0Ta 
 
 Tp(pV V KOXTTOHTI, KOI ?jpe0 TCLV *A(ppoSlTaV. 85 
 
 "A^p^ere 2/KeXi/cal TCO irevQeos, apj^ere Mo?(ra<. 
 Tracra, B/wz/, Optjvet (re K\vra Tro'Xt?, acrrea Trdvra. 
 *A<TKpa fj.ev yoa.t ire TTO\V Tr\eov 'Hcrio^oto* 
 HlvSapov ov TToOeovri TOVOV Bo<a)T/(5e9 7 YXar 
 oi5 TO<TOV 'AX/ca/ft) 7re'|0f fj.vpa.TO Aecr^o? epavvd' 90 
 owe TOfTO^ TOI^ ao/<5oi' e/j.vpaTO Tyi'ov CKTTV 
 (re TrXeoi' 'AjO^/Xo^o/o TroOei TLapov avrl ^e 2a?r- 
 
 eta-en (rev TO fteX-typa Kivvperai a MtruXai/a. 
 Trdvres, o<ro/? Kcnrvpov T\e6ei trro/xa, 
 e/c Moicrai/, creo TTOT/ULOV avaK\alovTi OavotTOf. 95 
 K\aiei 2t/ceX/^a?, TO Sa/uoy K\eos" ev Se K.vo(i)(riv, 
 o Trp\v /u.ei$id(DVTi arvv o/j-nan <pai$pos iSecrOai, 
 $a.Kpva vvv Au/r/o^a? K\al(av ^eer ev Te 7roX/Ta/y 
 TptOTTidais TTOTa/ift) Opr]vei Trap "A\evTi 3>i\r]Tas' 
 ev Se ^vpa.KO(Tioi<Ti QeoKpiTO^' avrap eyu> TOI 100 
 Ai^croi'/Kra? oo'wa? /j.e\Tr<a /ueXo?, 01; ^eVo? wc^ay 
 /3ovKO\tKa$, aXX', uv T' eStSd^ao veto /ua^Ta?, 
 K\apov6/Jio<; yuwcra? TO? Awpifio?' a fie yepatpuiv 
 aXXo/? ^tev Tern' o\/3ov, e/mol o" cnreXenres aoioav. 
 
 "Ap^ere ^EiKeXiKal ra> -irevQeos, dp^ere Mo/trat. 105 
 a*, a*, Tai /uaXa^at /uev CTT^I/ KO.TO. KOLTTOV oXoavrcu,
 
 MOSCHUS. EPITAPH ON BION. 221 
 
 rj TO. 'x\(t)pd areXiva, TO T* euOaXe? ov\ov avr/Oov, 
 v av QOOVTI /cat e<? ero? aXXo (pvovTf 
 S\ oi //e-yaXot KOI KapTepol y (ro^ot avSpes, 
 oTTTroVe irpara Odvca/Jies, avaKooi ev ~^Qov\ KOi\a no 
 fu^o/ue? eu /uaXa /naicpov aTep/mova vr/yperov VTTVOV. 
 KOU (TV fjiev u>v criya 7re7ri;/cacr/xeVo9 eVcreat ei/ 70- 
 TOE?? Nvfj.<pai<Ti ' eSo^ev ael TOV fiaTpcf^ov aSeiv 
 
 TW ^' eyu> ov (pOoveoifJLi- TO ^ap /ue'Xo? ou KO\OV 
 
 " $ 
 aoei. 
 
 V0eo?,a|0^eTe Moterai. 115 
 /, TTOT: crov crro/aa. (f) 
 
 TO!? -xeiXecro-i Troredpafjie, KOVK ey\VK(ivOii ; 
 T/9 (5e jSpOTO? TO<T<TOVTOV aj/a/xepo?, 17 Kepatrat TO/, 
 17 Sovvai \a\eovTi TO <a 
 
 '^T Molcrat. 120 
 aXXa ^t'/ca /a^e TrctvTa?. e-yw ^' eiri TrevOei TwSe 
 ^aKpv^ecov Teov OITOV oSvpo/jLctt. ci vvd/uav e, 
 wf 'Qp<pev$ /caTa/3a? TroTt Tdprapov, w? TTO/C' 
 
 W9 Trdpos AX/ce/^a?, K^ydo Ta^' ai/ e? SOJULOV tj\6ov 
 
 co? /cei/ *<$oi/uit, /ca/, et IIXoiT^i" />teX/cr- 
 
 125 
 
 wy aj^ cucovffatpav, ri fjie\i(rSeat. aXX' e-Trl KcOjOa 
 2i/ceXi/cov Ti Xtya/i/e, /cat a^y Tt /3(*)KO\id<T$v. 
 teal Keiva 2!t-eX}? /cat ei/ AiTvaioi(riv eTrai^ev 
 dyKeiri, KOU (UeXo? Oi'^e TO AwjOtov ou/c dyepcurTO?
 
 222, DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 ecrcreiO' d /u.o\7rd' % w? 'OjO^)ei' irpocrOev eScaicev 130 
 doea (J)opiui(r8ovTi TraXicrirvTOv J^vpvSiKeiav, 
 teal ere, B/coi', 7re/x\|^er TO?? wpecriv. ei $e TI 
 <rvpi(ro(ii)v $vvd/u.av, Trapa ITAourei' KO.VTOS aei
 
 NOTES. 
 
 SELECTION FROM HOMER. 
 ILIAD, i. 
 
 Line i. KU^OS . . eXd<|>oio. The dog is the symbol of 
 shamelessness, and the deer of timidity. 
 
 1. 4. TeT\T)Kas 0upo, ' thou hast never had the courage 
 in thy heart.' The ambuscade was often as dangerous a 
 service as leading a forlorn hope. In II. 13. 277 we read 
 of ' the ambuscade when men's valour is best seen, in 
 which the coward and the hero show themselves.' TO 8c 
 . . elvai, ' for it seems to thee to be death.' 8e often gives 
 the reason, like yap in later Greek. 
 
 1. 5. TJ iroXu, with bitter irony, ' verily it is far better to 
 rob of his prizes [him] who speaks counter to thee.' The 
 object to oTrompfladai is the antecedent to os ns, but it is not 
 expressed. We may supply TOVTOV, as the verb commonly 
 takes a double accusative. Cp. II. i. 182 as ?/*' dfaipflrat 
 Qolpos. See below on 1. 12. The form dno- 
 is possible because alpelv had originally an initial 
 digamma or F. 
 
 1. 7. 8ir]|ioJ36pos jSaaiXeus, 'prince that dost devour the 
 people, since thou art lord over worthless men.' j3aai\(vs 
 should be taken as an exclamatory nominative. In II. 22. 
 86 an address to Hector begins with the nominative 
 
 tr^erXio? and not tr^erXte. 
 
 I. 8. TJ yap &y, ' for [else] thou wouldest now.' 
 1. 9. dXX 5 IK TOI epe'u, ' but I will speak out.' In later 
 Greek we should write e|epeo>, the preposition being sepa-
 
 224 NOTES. 
 
 rated from the verb by the enclitic. This separation is 
 called Tfjiffa-is, ' a cutting.' But we should only speak of 
 tmesis when there is good reason to believe that a com- 
 pound verb is thus really split into its component parts 
 again. In Homeric Greek the preposition has much of 
 the force of an adverb, and as such is only an addition to 
 the verb. So here, ' I will speak out, and will swear a 
 mighty oath besides ' (n). 
 
 1. 10. As a knight would swear upon the cross of his 
 sword-hilt, so a Greek hero in the assembly swears by his 
 official staff, which the herald put in his hand as he rose 
 to speak. 
 
 TO ficK. Here, as often in Homer, we have the de- 
 monstrative pronoun as the equivalent of the relative, and 
 as such we may treat it in translation. At the same time 
 it should be remembered that it keeps the demonstratival 
 force still, and in the simple syntax of early poetry it 
 really begins a new short sentence, instead of connecting 
 the next clause with the one preceding. A sentence such 
 as this ' I come from the king who gave the commands 
 which I bring to you ' can equally well be represented 
 by three shorter ones ' I come from the king. He gave 
 the commands. I bring them to you.' 
 
 1. 1 1. ITTCI STJ. . Xe'Xonrei', ' when once it has left the stump 
 (from which it was cut) on the mountains.' 
 
 1. 12. irepl . . IXeiJ/e, 'for the blade has stripped it all 
 round.' e is the immediate object of eXf^f, <|>uXXa ica! 
 ^Xoioy the more remote. See above on 1. 6 and Curt. 
 402. 
 
 1. 14. SiKcwnroXoi, in apposition with utes, 'dispensers of 
 justice who protect laws on behalf of Zeus.' 
 
 1. 15. irpos, with genitive, meaning 'in the name of,' or 
 ' commissioned by,' Curt. 467 B. 
 
 1. 1 6. TJ TTOT. Here begin the words of the oath.
 
 HOM. 1L. i, 2. 225 
 
 1. 19. IkSoOt,, 'within thee/ 
 
 1. 20. o r, 'in that/ Not on, which does not elide the 
 final t, but o re, the enclitic rt being a frequente Epic ad- 
 dition to adjectives and pronouns. Lat. quod quidem. 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 3. 4>uT)c, ' shape,' from <t/e<r&u, ' to grow.' 
 
 1. 4. Kai fA . . . leiirey. Join Kpovceure pe pvOov. The 
 pronoun is the direct object of the verb, and pvdov the 
 accusative of the ' internal object,' Curt. 400. 
 
 1. 7- eiriTeTpdwJxiTai, from firirpfTreiv. 
 
 1. 8. IUKCS. Here oWiyu is used with genitive of the 
 person : the common construction is with accusative of 
 the thing and genitive of the person, as ened TWOS trwuvai. 
 
 1. 9. (T6u is governed solely by /^Serat, for fXeaipet takes 
 an accusative. So in Virgil, ' nee veterum memini laetorve 
 maloruml Aen. n. 280. 
 
 1. 10. KaprjKOfiowrres should probably be divided into 
 two words, Kaprj KopoavTfs, (KOfidm), ' wearing long hair on 
 their heads.' It was a distinguishing epithet of 'A^aiot. 
 Certain other peoples wore their hair long behind only, 
 and were called omdtv Konoavres. 
 
 1. 12. OUK In <t>pdorrai ap4>is, 'are no longer divided in 
 counsel,' lit. no longer think at variance, a^fas, meaning 
 ' on both sides,' naturally gives the notion of separation 
 and difference. 
 
 1. 14. e<t>TJirrai, from fty-dnrfiv. 
 
 1. 15. txe, 'hold it fast.' 
 
 1. 16. diroTTTa/iecos, from a7ro-7rt'reCT0at, 2nd aor. dir- 
 
 1. 1 8. TJ Oe'fiis eerrl, 'which is right.' Instead of o 6cfus 
 '<rr, the relative is assimilated to the gender of difus, as 
 in Lat. ' Hoc opus, hie labor est.' 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. Q
 
 226 NOTES. 
 
 1. 20. IptjTueic, used with the force of an imperative. 
 ' Do ye keep them back.' 
 
 1. i. <|>T), an adverb of uncertain derivation, equivalent 
 in meaning to u>s. 
 
 1. 2. it&VTQU 'kapioio is in apposition with GaXdcrarjs, but 
 
 it also narrows the general statement to a special illustra- 
 tion. The Icarian sea is that part of the Aegean that lies 
 off the south-west coast of Asia Minor. According to 
 the old story, its name commemorates the fate of Icarus, 
 who tried to cross the sea on wings. 
 
 1. 3. upope, here transitive, is from opwpt. 
 cirat|as, ' having burst upon it ;' eV-ato-o-w. 
 
 1. 4. iuni<n). The simile opens, as often in Homer, 
 with the conjunctive mood, as denoting a possible occur- 
 rence, rather than describing an actual one. But as soon 
 as the poet begins the description, the picture presents 
 itself to him as a real fact, and he passes to the indicative 
 mood in eVi T* ^/ivet = ' and it (sc. \rjiov) bows thereto.' 
 
 1. 7. iroSwi' 8', 'and from beneath their feet the dust 
 uprising hung.' 
 
 1. 10. oupol, connected with opvo-o-w, are trenches dug 
 in the beach, through which the ships are hauled up from 
 the sea and down again. 
 
 1. ii. uiro 8' ... CTJWK, 'from beneath they withdrew the 
 stays of the ships.' epp.ara are blocks which keep the 
 ship in position, like our ' dog-shores.' 
 
 4. 
 
 1. i. firl xp6vw, 'for awhile.' Sawfiey, from aor. c'Sa^r, 
 besides which only Saijao^at and 8'&m are found. 
 
 1. 2. < . . . te. This accentuation follows the rule laid
 
 HOM. IL. 3, 4- 327 
 
 down by grammarians to be observed where the adverb 
 occurs in a double question. 
 
 1. 3. -nSSe, i.e. the circumstance about to be narrated. 
 
 1. 4. ofis (it) = ' nisi quos? In KTJpes Oavdroio there is an 
 impersonation of the ' powers of death.' I0av <f>e'pouo-ai, 
 ' have sped away with.' 
 
 1. 5. x 1 ^ TC K<x * Trpia, h't. 'yesterday and the day 
 before yesterday ; ' a phrase used to denote something 
 that happened, as we say, 'the other day.' The portent 
 had been seen nine years before, but it was fresh in the 
 memory still. Some editions remove the full stop from 
 <f)fpov<rai and insert it after nyjaufa, making the adverbs 
 
 qualify ffiav (ptpova-ai. 
 
 1. 7. TjfieCs Se . . . IpSofiei', ' and when we were sacri- 
 ficing.' The force of the OT still continues. TeXtjeWas, 
 (TtXytis), is rather ' effectual,' than ' perfect :' sacrifices 
 that bring their answer (reXw). 
 
 1. 10. 1^9' 4>dnrj, 'thereupon appeared.' tWfa resumes 
 the words x&a r. K. np. after the parenthesis. 
 
 ScKfxju'os, 'all blood-red over his back.' So is the 
 same as 8ia, 'thoroughly,' as in 8d-aiuos. A commoner 
 form of the prefix is fa, from sounding the t in 8ta like/ 
 
 Cp. d-KOTO, d-d(OS. 
 
 1. 12. PWJIOW, 'having dashed forth from under the 
 altar.' 
 
 1. 13. rr]irio TeWa, translate 'callow brood.' The words 
 chosen are more appropriate to a mother and her children, 
 than to a bird. Cp. r\ rtue Tewa, ' who had reared the 
 nestlings.' 
 
 1. 1 6. Join eXeeiKa Terpiywras, (rpifa), 'twittering 
 piteously.' The ordinary form would be TfTpiyoras. 
 
 1. 1 8. c\eXi|d(ivos, 'after he had coiled himself.' This 
 describes him making ready for the spring with which he 
 darted at the mother-bird. 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 NOTES. 
 
 dfj.4>-iaxuiay, (a^a>), ' as she was crying about them.' 
 
 1. 19. Join Kara . . . !<f>ay6. 
 
 1. 20. dpi-j^Xoy dpiS7)\ov, 'a, wonder for all to see.' 
 os ircp efri]vev=riK( (/xWSf, sup. 1. 1 1. It has been remarked 
 that the existence of fossil ammonites has probably sug- 
 gested the stories of serpents turned to stone. 
 
 1. 23. u>s . . . licaTo/ipas, 'when these frightful portents 
 came in upon (interrupted) the sacrifices of the gods.' 
 The apodosis is introduced by KoA^ar &'. 
 
 1. 25. wfu, nom. plur. from adjective avtvs, ' dumb.' 
 
 1. 30. oi30i, ' there/ c yonder.' Calchas means Ilion, not 
 Aulis. 
 
 1. 32. TUS, 'thus:' the demonstrative to a>s. 
 
 1. 33. aye. This word has so completely passed from 
 a verbal to an adverbial force, that it is used without any 
 distinction of number ; and here is joined with p/wo-e. 
 
 1. 34. els o Kt> IXufiey, lit. ' up to the point at which we 
 may take,' i. e. till we take. 
 
 1. 37. l-na\.trf]aa.vr^ agrees with 'Apyoi. The words 
 from a/i<! . . . 'A^aiM? are parenthetical. 
 
 5. 
 
 1. 2. T/woaiK, ' was championyftr the Trojans/ 
 1. 4. KEKopuOfieVa, (KO/JVO-O-O)), here =' tipped.' 
 1. 8. irpoircifxuOei' ofuXou, SC. as irpofM^os. {3if3dVra, an 
 irregular participle from /3i/3a, some write /StjSwiaa = 
 ' making long strides.' 
 
 1. 9. The simile which begins with ws re \4uv . . . makes 
 its application to Menelaus in 1. 13. 'As a lion rejoices 
 ... so did Menelaus rejoice.' ^x^P 1 ! m ! 9 * s ^e gnomic 
 aorist, Curt. 494. Join cm-Kupaos, 'having lighted on 
 a carcase.' awp.o is never used of a living thing in 
 Homer.
 
 HOM. IL. 4, 5. 229 
 
 1. ii. jidXa yap, 'for greedily/ etc. yap explains 7m- 
 vdov ; ' he is so hungry that he eats ravenously, though 
 dogs and hunters seek to drive him off.' 
 
 1. 14. 4>d>o yap, ' for he thought to take vengeance on.' 
 Some read ria-aadai, the aor. being common enough after 
 words of promise or expectation or the like, e. g. ravn\v 
 TTO\IV ttfvfiv. 
 
 . 17. rJTop, accusative. See Curt. 404. 
 19. TIS re. See i.l. 20. dWorrj. See above 1. 9. 
 
 must be joined with the verb, ' starts back! 
 21. fUK . . ircipeias, Curt. 402. 
 
 . 25. The 'unlucky Paris,' is only 'noble in face.' 
 
 . 26. ai0' o<f>eXc$, ' would that thou never hadst been 
 born, or that thou hadst died unwedded.' ayo^os ordinarily 
 means 'without children;' but as Paris had none, the 
 imprecation will have no force unless we take the word in 
 the passive sense. ' Even this I should prefer (see lexi- 
 con, s. v. Pov^ofiai), and it would be far better thus, than 
 that thou shouldest be a shame and an object of suspicion 
 to others.' aXXwK follows virotyiov, an adjective com- 
 pounded of a preposition and a verbal stem, on the 
 analogy of such constructions as fn 
 
 1. 30. <|>dVTes . . ejifiemi, ' inasmuch as they thought that 
 the champion (npo^ov) was a hero, because a noble form 
 is thine' (!m=?n-jTt). It seems as good as any other 
 way, thus to make irpofwv the subject ; others supply <re as 
 subject and take the two nouns as in apposition, 'that 
 thou art a hero-champion.' 
 
 1. 32. TJ ToidaSe lui', ' Was it in guise like this ?' 
 
 1. 33. epiTjpas, a metaplastic accusative from fpirjpos. 
 See Curt. 175 and note. 
 
 1. 35. mbv, used broadly here to specify a relation by 
 marriage. She was sister-in-law to Agamemnon.
 
 230 NOTES. 
 
 1. 36. m^a, X^Pt" 1 an d KaTT)4>iT]i' are not exactly in ap- 
 position with yvvaiKa, but with the sentence. For it is not 
 Helen that is the mingled triumph and shame, but the 
 abduction of Helen. See note on 30, 1. n. Karr^ci'Tj. 
 (KOTTJ^S), is said to be the shame that shows itself by 
 downcast eyes : KOTO . . . <adf. 
 
 1. 39. yyoiTjs x'> i- e - Kt > ' tnou wouldest learn,' apodosis 
 to an unexpressed protasis, sc. t 8*7 /mWta?, 
 
 1. 40. OUK &v xpaia/iT), ' will be no help to thee.' The 
 conjunctive (for which some editors have conjectured 
 XpaiV/ioi) seems to express the confidence of Hector that 
 the result would take place. The optative jnycirjs ex- 
 presses a less certain fact that exists only as a hypothesis. 
 So in II. II. 387 we have . . . rpj0etjjy, OVK av rot 
 
 'A<J>po&iTT}s are the beauty and charm he carries 
 with him. 
 
 1. 42. SeiS^/io^es, 'too reverential,' to lay hands on a 
 prince. 
 
 1. 43. XdlVoK xiTuya ImKrfiai, 'to don a stone coat,' is 
 a sort of euphemism for being stoned, being covered with 
 a heap of stones. So -fyv e'(peWao-&u = to be buried, 
 Find. Nem. 2. 21. 
 
 6. 
 
 I. i. &ruXa, 'he bared it,' from its covering or case, 
 which was called ycopvro'r. TOOC alyos, ' a bow of wild- 
 goat [horn].' Material genitive, Curt. 408. 
 
 1. 2. &v is governed by pepXVjicei, the participle TUXTJO-OS 
 serving as an adverbial addition = ' with lucky aim.' The 
 common aor. in use from rvyxavu> is the 2nd, erv^oi/. 
 
 1. 3. SeSeyfteVos, ' having awaited its coming in a hiding 
 place.' He struck it in front just as it was leaving the rock, 
 so that it fell backward on to the rock again.
 
 HOM. IL. 5, 6. 231 
 
 1. 6. d,<TKT)oras, ' having worked them.' This word de- 
 scribes the process of clearing out and sawing the roots 
 of the horns, ready for fitting them to the wooden centre 
 of the bow. 
 
 1. 7. Kopwm], ' tip.' The string was a fixture at one end 
 of the bow. At the other, a loop of string could be 
 slipped over the golden tip when the bow was strung for 
 
 use (ravvaafadai). 
 
 1. 9. ox^Ooi' (or (Txfdov), an Epic 2 aor. from fx (lv - 
 
 1. i o. irpif . . . -rrpiv. The former of the two is superfluous 
 in English idiom, unless we might say, ' lest they should 
 rush upon him first, before Menelaus was hit.' 
 
 1. 13. This new arrow, never shot before and armed 
 with feathers, is called Ipjia obuv&w, a most uncertain ex- 
 pression. The older commentators compared the word 
 with epfia-fMa, and rendered ' support' or ' stay' of sorrows. 
 Perhaps as ep^ara vT]S>v are the ' carriers ' or ' holders ' of 
 ships, we may render here, ' carrier of sorrows.' 
 
 1. 14. mKpos in its original sense of 'sharp.' Cp. TWKV, 
 the pine-tree with its sharp leaves. Germ. Nadel-holz 
 ' needle-tree.' 
 
 1. 15. XuKtiyeyei, 'born of the light,' 'son of the morning/ 
 
 from root XVK-. Lat. lux. Cp. \viedftas, a^iXwo;. The Old 
 
 rendering, ' Lycian-born,' illustrates the common practice 
 of inventing new myths to explain forgotten etymologies. 
 The mention of Zeleia, a Lycian town, gives, however, 
 some colour to the old translation of AvKijyfvfis. 
 
 1. 1 8. I\K Se, ' and he drew it, having grasped together 
 the nock and the string of ox-sinew; the string he brought 
 close to his breast, and the iron arrow-tip to the bow.' 
 YXu<|>i8es means the notch or notches in which the string 
 fits. 
 
 1. 20. KuicXoTepes, proleptical predicate (Curt. 403), with 
 ereive. ' bent it into a round.'
 
 33 2 NOTES. 
 
 1. 22. em-irrlaOai, from ri-7r<rro/iat. The arrow is repre- 
 sented as ' having a desire to wing its way,' like the spear 
 (II. n, 574) that 'was eager to glut itself with flesh," 
 \i\ai6fjifvos xpooy acrai. 
 
 1. 24. dye-XeiTj, ' Goddess of foray/ who 'brings in the 
 
 booty/ aytiv-Xfiav. 
 
 1. 26. Toaoi', 'only just so far/ the distance being illus- 
 trated by a movement of the hand, dencriKms, i. e. ' with a 
 gesture.' 
 
 1. 27. Xe'eTcu, aor. i. conjunctive, from \fya>, root AEX. 
 
 1. 28. IQwev, 'she directed it where the golden buckles 
 of the belt met (nwo/um, Poet, form of dvrda), and the 
 cuirass encountered it with double thickness.' The a>oTT)p 
 was a leathern girdle round the waist that kept the cuirass 
 (0ebpj7) in its place. The Ooiprjl generally consisted of two 
 curved plates of metal, one over the breast and one at the 
 back, clasping under the arms with hooks. At the lower 
 edge of the cuirass came a padded apron or flap of quilted 
 linen or some soft material (/iiV/>?) ; the CWOTTJ/> spanned 
 the waist just where the metal and the linen armour joined, 
 at which place the cuirass could be said to have ' a double 
 thickness.' 
 
 1. 30. ei/-jr<Te, 'plunged into.' 
 
 1. 31. 8i<. Notice the lengthening of the vowel by 
 emphasis in pronunciation. 
 ^X^Xoro, from f\avviv. 
 
 1. 34. t] ot irXeioroi' Ipuro, ' which was the best defence for 
 him/ taking tpvro absolutely. But as tpvttv can take an 
 accusative of the thing ' warded off/ we might supply 
 otoroj' from the foregoing sentence, tpvro is from pitapat. 
 
 Siairpo, 'onward and through.' 'It went on, even 
 through this.' 
 
 I. 35. Trypa<J/e, ' scratched the extreme surface of his 
 flesh.' Cp. the adv. tniypd88r)v. The word
 
 HOM. IL. 6, 7- 233 
 
 evidently not in regular use in Homer's time for ' writing/ 
 which was but little practised, if indeed it had been in- 
 vented. 
 
 1. 37. TIS re. See on i. 1. 20. 
 
 The staining of ivory was an oriental art ; here repre- 
 sented as the work of Maeonian or Carian women. 
 
 1. 38. irapr\iov, 'cheek-piece.' 
 
 1. 40. linri]es, rather ' charioteers ' than ' horsemen.' 
 Cavalry is later than Homeric days. So below we find 
 
 1. 41. d/jwfxJjepoi', adverbial accusative, 'in two ways;' 
 ' for a double purpose.' 
 
 1. 42. fiidkOrji/, probably another form for piavfov, i.e. 
 ffjiiavdrja-av. Other editors regard it as a shorter form of 
 the dual [fj/iiai^r^, which is not impossible, though pipo! 
 is in the plural, for the notion of the two wpol would be 
 enough to suggest the dual number of the verb. 
 
 1. 43. uireVepGe, 'below.' This picturesque touch is 
 quite in accordance with the simplicity of early literary 
 composition. We should not think of making such an 
 addition now, but in Homer we find imevepde introduced 
 
 to characterise TrdSey, yovva, etc. ; and vnepde, ecpimepdf or 
 Ka6vnfp6f tO describe Kf<aA)7, fyto?, X e ' l P fs or van-ov. 
 
 7. 
 
 1. i. rj. See note on 13. 1. 19. 
 1. 3. Join Ta\a<Ti4>pova irep, ' how brave soever.' 
 1. 6. ir<5rrw, ' out in the mid sea it first rears itself.' 
 The enclitic re is here untranslatable; only we must 
 notice that it has no copulative force : so far as we can 
 attach a meaning to it, it seems, from its connection with 
 the demonstrative TO, etc., to point to something well
 
 234 NOTES. 
 
 known, or commonly occurring. Perhaps with the con- 
 versational force of ' you know.' 
 
 1. 7. dfx<(>i 8e, 'and arching over as it moves along, it 
 towers aloft round the headlands, and sends the sea-spray 
 spouting up/ 
 
 1. 9. Kifun-o, from a pres. KiVv/ia, equivalent to Kivfopai. 
 The only actual point in the comparison is resemblance 
 between the rapid sequence of the thronging waves, and 
 the ranks of the Achaeans following each other fast. 
 
 1. 10. icAeue 8e, 'and each of the captains cheered his 
 own men.' olviv, from 05 [6t], ' his,' the possessive pro- 
 noun. 
 
 1. 14. elfiefoi, from ewv/xi, e<ro-<a, dfiai. 
 
 1. 15. Tpues. The sentence begins with a nominative, 
 but in 1. 18 the construction changes, so that the original 
 subject has no verb. 
 
 1. 1 6. dficXyojAemi. Middle voice, ' getting milked.' 
 
 1. 1 9. OJJLOS . . . Y^Ps, ' not an identical language, nor one 
 utterance.' ta, a dialectical variant for pia. See 9. 1. 31. 
 
 1. 20. iroXuKXTjToi. This clause introduces the reason 
 for ff*epi.KTo. The multiplicity of languages came from the 
 various nationalities in the Trojan host. 
 
 1. 21. TOUS fie^, the Trojans; the other Gods who sup- 
 ported the Trojan cause were Apollo, Aphrodite, and 
 Artemis. 
 
 1. 24. With the description of "Epis, compare Virgil's 
 picture of Fame : ' Parva metu primo, mox sese attollit in 
 auras, \ ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condtt,' Aen. 
 4. 176. 
 
 1. 25. (mqpi| is the gnomic aorist. 
 
 1. 26. <r4ii'=the contending parties, op-oiior, ' common.' 
 
 1. 29. <ruV p" epaXor, ' they dashed together their leathern 
 bucklers.' 
 
 1. 31. iTrXtjrr' dXXVjXflai, 'encountered one another.'
 
 HOM. IL. 7, 8. 235 
 
 o, a syncopated aor. 2. med. from TreXdfw. The 
 actual form suggests a present TrXijju. 
 
 1. 32. oifiuyr), the ' shriek/ belongs directly to oXXu/zeVwi/. 
 and ev^fflXij, ' the boast/ or, ' shout of triumph/ to 6\\vvro>v. 
 
 1. 34. x^appoi, ' storm-swoln/ a true epithet of moun- 
 tain torrents. 
 
 1. 35. fuo-ydyKeiai', (/uyvuixu, ayicos), 'where the gorges 
 meet.' The dual crufifJaXXeToy shows that the picture is 
 intended to represent two streams from opposite sides. 
 
 1. 36. KoiX>]s x<*p<i&piis, ' the deep-worn channel/ that is 
 scarred (xapdo-o-tTai) in the hill side by the violence of the 
 torrent after storms. 
 
 1. 37. eicXue, gnomic aorist. 
 
 1. 38. Y^TO. The final o is lengthened because tV^ 
 takes an initial digamma, Fiaxn. 
 
 8. 
 
 1. 4. 0d\afjioi'=the ladies' 'bower;' Soywi, the men's hall; 
 aiiXri, the courtyard. When the plural Sw/xara, 1. i, is used, 
 it includes all these departments of the house. 
 
 1. 7. irdpoiOe, 'in front of him.' 
 
 1. 8. The ring, iropiojg, that ran round the spear, was a 
 sort of ferule or collar to tighten the spear-head on the 
 shaft. 
 
 1. 9. Iiroinra (generally in the compound d/x<teVi>) = 
 ' busied with/ ' furbishing.' 
 
 1. 12. dfjufuiroXoiCTi, the 'attendants/ to whom Helen 
 was assigning their tasks of needlework or spinning, re- 
 present a subdivision of the fyioxu yvvaiKts. 
 
 1. 14. Satjjume, 'reckless man.' The epithet can imply 
 any strange conduct, that seems as if it must be referred
 
 236 NOTES. 
 
 to what we should call ' possession.' A man ' possessed ' 
 is not himself; he is under the influence of an overmaster- 
 ing power (8aipa>v). ou icaXd, ' not rightly hast thou let this 
 bitterness sink into thine heart/ Hector supposes, or pre- 
 tends to suppose, that Paris must have some grudge against 
 the Trojans, which keeps him from taking his place in the 
 battle field. And he reminds him : ' It is on thine account 
 that this tumult and war is all ablaze round this city. 
 Thou in truth wouldst quarrel with anyone else, whom thou 
 mightest see skulking from the fight.' 
 
 1. 19. am, 'up!' irupos, a local genitive, Curt. 425. 
 
 1. 23. Toaaov. We should expect a sentence introduced 
 by oa-ov to follow : ' It was not so much from spite that I 
 was sitting idle, as that /wished.' But the second sentence 
 appears only as an adversative clause, ' but I wished.' 
 
 1. 24. TT-poTpcnre'o-9ai, (rpeneiv), ' to give myself up to.' 
 
 1. 26. Join (SpjiTja^ p.e. irapenrouo-a, 'having talked me 
 over.' So irap-avbav is used, and similarly irap-rfyopflv. 
 jioi Kal CIUTW, ' even to me myself.' 
 
 1. 27. eirafxei(3eTai a^Spas, 'passes from man to man,' 
 i.e. comes to men alternately. 
 
 1. 28. Sow. The conjunctive, almost with the force of 
 the future indicative. It is probable that in this abrupt 
 form of sentence we see the origin of the use of the 
 conjunctive in final sentences. The addition of <m<os or 
 o<ppa would transform this construction into the ordinary 
 one. Or we may use it to illustrate the close etymological 
 connection of the conjunctive and the future indicative, 
 which have some forms quite identical, as in the aor. i. 
 conjunctive. 
 
 L 32. KU^OS. See on 1. 1. 1. oKpuo&nnjs, 'loathly,' pro- 
 perly that makes one shudder as with cold. 
 
 1. 33. ws o<t>e\^ fie oixe<r6ai irpo^epouaa, ' Would that a 
 blast of wind had passed and carried me off with it! '
 
 HOM. IL. 8, 9. 237 
 
 1. 36. dirocpae, diropcrrj and aTroe/xretf, are moods of an 
 aor. i, which some refer to ep/wa (in a causative sense), 
 others to ?/>&> (for 3p8<o), ' to wash.' No other forms of 
 the verb are found. We should expect av in the apodosis, 
 ' the wave would have washed me down,' but it may be 
 supposed that Helen looks upon the thing as already done. 
 
 1. 38. cTTeira, 'thereon/ 'in that case;' if the Gods have 
 so ordained. 
 
 1. 39. Ss flSr], ' who had some sense of the wrath and the 
 many reproaches of men/ 
 
 1. 41. TW . . . 6iw, 'wherefore I think that he surely will 
 reap the fruit of it.' 
 
 1. 43. ere 4>peVas d|i<|>(,pe'3T]Ke. Curt. 402. 
 
 1. 44. eiveic' ^fieio, 'because of me, the shameless one, 
 and because of the folly of Alexander ' (Paris). 
 
 1. 45. Join olaiv eirl-8r}K. 
 
 1. 48. ouSe, equivalent in force to ov yap. 
 
 1. 55. uirorpoiros, 'returning.' 
 
 1. 2. Ixcueis. The Scaean gates stood, as the name 
 ((TKaios) implies, at the west side of the city. It was the 
 main gate and from its tower there was a wide view. 
 
 1. 5. 'Heriuc. This is called by grammarians attractio 
 inversa, the antecedent being assimilated to the case of 
 its relative Ss. 
 
 nXdicos is a spur of Mount Ida in Mysia ; the town 
 of Thebe is called, from its situation, Hypoplacian, ' under 
 Places;' as we speak of Wootton-under-Edge, Shipton- 
 under-Wychwood, etc. 
 
 1. 7. CXCTO, ' was had to wife by Hector.' 
 
 1. 8. ^ ol eireiT* rimjo-e, ' she then met him.' 
 
 1. 9. n^moK OUTUS, ' quite a babe.'
 
 238 NOTES. 
 
 1. 1 1. ZKajidi'Spioi'. Hector named his son Scamandrios, 
 after the river Seaman der, which was reckoned as the tutelary 
 god of the city of Troy. The Trojans, to do honour to 
 Hector, 'the sole defence of Ilion,' called the child 
 ' Prince of the city,' d<rrv-dva. 
 
 I. 1 3. o-iomrf, join with t'Sojv es naida. 
 
 1. 15. 6fe'4>u ol x ct pi, lit- ' she grew (i. e. fastened) on his 
 hand.' ol, dative, Curt. 432. 
 
 1. 17. afifiopof, 'ill- starred:' x^P 1 !* properly an adjective, 
 ' bereaved,' and so joined with genitive o-eu. 
 
 I. 20. o-eO d4>ap,apTou<rr], ' when 1 have lost thee.' x^ m 
 Su'fievai, ' to enter the earth,' in the same sense in which 
 we say ' to be put into the ground.' 
 
 1. 21. emoTTT]S> See under f^ena), eirf(nrov. 
 
 1. 22. ax ea i nom. from a^or, parallel with ^oXn-cupij. 
 
 1. 26. TO ye, 'he had a scruple against /Ms,' i. e. against 
 stripping his former foe. 
 
 1. 28. Join em-IxK, 'heaped over him a mound.' 
 
 1. 30. ot 8e p,oi . . . ot jjiei' irdrrcs, ' qut vero mihi septem 
 geniii sunt fratres . . . illi omnes . . .' 
 
 1. 31. iw tjfian, 'in one day.' The fem. To for pia is not 
 uncommon ; but here we have a corresponding masculine 
 form equivalent to Ivi. 'At8t]s in Homer is a person, not 
 a place, so that with*AVSos must be supplied $5>na or some 
 such word. "A'idos must be referred to a nominatival form 
 
 1. 34. pjWpa . . . airou'a, ' and my mother, who was 
 queen under wooded Placus, (when he had brought her 
 here along with the rest of his spoils), he set her free 
 again, after he had received a vast ransom.' ^repa, which 
 begins the sentence, would be the natural object to an*- 
 Xuo-c, but as a parenthesis intervened, the word is, as it 
 were, forgotten, and the object is expressed anew in iV 
 The words o ye (a combination generally serving
 
 HOM. IL. 9. 239 
 
 to refer back to the principal subject of the sentence) 
 introduce the apodosis to iirei. 
 
 1. 37. The sudden death of women is ascribed in 
 Homer to the arrows of the ' archer ' (tor x f/a> ) Artemis ; 
 those of men to the shafts of Apollo. 
 
 1. 42. Xa6f Be, 'Halt the host by the wild fig-tree:' 
 this stood at one side of the Scaean gates, near the city 
 wall, ' where the city is easiest to scale, and the wall open 
 to attack.' 
 
 1. 43. eirXero. The aorist of TrtXo^ai is often used, where 
 the English idiom puts the present tense, but here the past 
 tense is really accurate, as the reference is made to a 
 former assault. 
 
 1. 44. Ttf ye, ' at this spot/ 
 
 1. 45. dpfrl, 'in attendance on.' 
 
 1. 47. r\ irou TIS afyw lci<nre, (eVeVw), 'whether anyone 
 told them, well versed in prophetic lore.' We should 
 expect not eVorpvi/et, but a past tense like ewo-n-f. 
 
 1. 50. TcxBe Trdrra jieXei, ' all this is in my thoughts ;' 
 referring back to (1. 41) Andromache's appeal to him 
 not to leave her a widow, and their child an orphan. 
 
 1. 52. iroXe'fAoio depends on vovfav, 'if I should skulk 
 away from the war;' with reference to Andromache's 
 advice, /u//' or! inpyu, 1. 40. KOKOS &s, ' like a coward.' 
 
 1. 53. ouSe /ie, ' nor doth my own heart prompt me (to 
 bide away) since I have learned ever to be brave.' 
 
 1. 55. dpKu'fieKos, ' seeking to win,' i. e. to secure, fy- 
 w/iat, from root op, has for aorists the forms aptadai and 
 
 apavdai : to the Same root belong aipa>, dfipa. ejxoc auroG 
 K\los= l meam ipsius famam! 
 
 1. 59. 6ma<ru, ' in time to come.' The past is described 
 in Greek as TO ndpoidf, napos, because it has already come 
 before the eye; the unknown future comes up behind us, 
 the back being turned to it, and so it is called ra oiriVw.
 
 240 NOTES. 
 
 1. 6 1. ot tiv . . . ire'o-oiei', 'who shall fall beneath the 
 foemen's hands/ For the aorist optative with Ktv in this 
 
 future sense cp. Kti8 8e Ktv eu^wX^f Hpidpu KOI Tpaxrl \inoifj.ei> 
 'Apydrjv 'EXfvrjV, II. 4. 173. 
 
 1. 63. OOXTOK aeu, SC. a\yos pot p.e\et OTTIO'O'<B, from 1. 59 - 
 1. 64. ayr]Tai icec, 'shall carry you away;' perhaps with 
 the further sense, common to ayeadat, of carrying you 
 away as his wife. dirou'pas is described as an aor. i. 
 participle from an unused present djravpda), the imperf. of 
 which, dirrjvpav -as -a, is in use. From this aor. i, a future 
 
 is formed, as dirovprjcrovcri, II. 22. 489. 
 
 1. 65. irpos aXXrjs, ' at the bidding of another.' 
 
 1. 66. Mecr<n]!s, sc. *.pr\vr}, a spring, according to some, 
 near Therapne in Laconia. 'Yirepeia, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Pherae in Thessaly, where some authorities place 
 Messeis also. 
 
 1. 67. iroXX 1 dcKa^ofienfj, ' sore against thy will/ This 
 construction with the adverbial accusative TroXXa is just 
 like the Latin equivalent, ' multa reluctari,' Virg. Geor. 4. 
 301. cmKciCTerfat], 'will be laid on thee.' Notice the 
 free use of elision in Epic Greek, which is reduced to 
 much narrower limits in Attic poetry. 
 
 1. 68. eurjiori, 'may say,' 'will say:' hardly to be dis- 
 tinguished in force from the indicative future, which 
 occurs below, 1. 71 : the indicative gives a somewhat more 
 distinct assertion, Curt. 513. Join Kara-x^ouaow. 
 
 1. 69. fi<ixe<r0ai, ' at fighting,' Curt. 562 obs. 
 
 1. 70. The gen. TpoW depends on dpurrfveo-Kf. 
 
 L 72. x 1 ! 1 " 61 ? from x*l Tos i (x aTea) )j <m your want.' dfAuyeik 
 depends upon 7-oioCSe, 'of such power as to ward off 
 from thee.' So we find olos (Ktivos ty Pov\fvep.(v, Od. 14. 
 
 449 ', ov yap (Trl o~radfjwicri ptveiv en TT)\IKOS flp-l, Od. 17. 2O. 
 
 1. 73. dXXA, 'but may the heaped earth hide
 
 HOM. IL. 9. 241 
 
 1. 74. POTJ, 'thy cry for help;' e\Kt]0fi.os, 'thy being 
 haled away.' The two nouns form one idea (/ Bia 8volv), 
 = ' thy cry as thou art haled away.' 
 
 1. 75. ou, 'his;' from possessive pronoun os. 6pe|aTo, 
 (optyta, optywpt), 'reached out for.' 
 
 1. 77. eicXiV0T), join with &\J/, 'shrunk back,' lit. leaned. 
 druxOels, ' scared :' arvfo/iuu, (OTTJ). 
 
 1. 79. Seicoy, adverbial to yeuorra, 'nodding fearfully.' 
 
 1. 80. CK 8' eye'Xao-o-e, ' laughed out.' 
 
 1. 83. irijXe, (7raXXa>), 'dandled.' 
 
 1. 85. Sore 8fj, ' Grant indeed that this son of mine too 
 may become, even as I, famous among the Trojans, and 
 as valiant in might, and [grant] that he may rule mightily 
 over Ilion.' 
 
 1. 89. d^iorra, after tlrrrjai, ' may say of him as he comes 
 back.' An altogether unusual construction with flmw. 
 4>c'poi, ' may he bring back.' 
 
 1. 92. KTjwSei, 'fragrant.' Linen was kept then, as 
 often now, with sweet herbs to scent it 
 
 1. 93. SaKpuocf, as we say, ' smiling through her tears.' 
 
 1. 94. KO,Te'peei', (from Karappefa, epice Kappe'fa, II. 5. 
 
 424), 'fondled,' 'stroked.' 
 
 1. 95. fjioi, ' I pri'thee.' 
 
 1. 96. oo yap TIS, 'for no man shall send me to Hades 
 against my destiny/ lit. 'beyond my apportioned lot,' 
 i. e. sooner than is ordained, aura is probably connected 
 with laos (Attic to-os). 
 
 1. 97. Tre<j>uYfieVov IjAjie^ai, ' evasisse.' This usage is 
 found also in Od. I. 18 7re<vy/xeVos ija/ d(0\av, Od. 9. 
 
 455 nf(pvynfvov elvai oXedpov. ' But his doom I declare 
 that no man hath escaped, not the coward, nor yet the 
 brave, when once he hath been born.' 
 
 1. 99. TO, ad aurf]s = '/wa ipsius opera' See sup. 1. 55. 
 
 1. 10 1. Ipyov eTroixT0ai, 'to set to their work.' 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. R
 
 242 NOTES. 
 
 1. 102. irao-ii' akSpeaai is the antecedent to roi. The 
 words ffj.ol 8e pA\uiTa are parenthetical. 
 
 1. 103. eiXeTo, i. e. took it up from the ground, where 
 he had laid it, sup. 1. 82. 
 
 1. 105. en-poTraXi^ojietTj, a frequentative form, ' ever- 
 turning.' 
 
 10. 
 
 1. i. rjAios, 'now the sun was just smiting (with his 
 rays) the fields . . . when they (i. e. Trojans and Greeks) 
 met one another.' Tjn-eoy, Epic imperf. from dvraa. 
 
 1. 2. dicaXappeiTao. The epithets remind us that the 
 Homeric idea of Oceanus is that of a great river en- 
 circling the earth. 
 
 1. 4. x a ^ eir ws *i"> 'it was hard matter/ So we find 
 KcucS)s fy, II. 9. 551 ; 8r/v tiv, II. 6. 131. Others take fa in 
 the sense of f&jv, ' it was hardly possible' 
 
 1. 6. The a/ia|o is different from the appa, or war 
 chariot, being a cart, commonly on four wheels, drawn by 
 mules or oxen. 
 
 1. 7- c "* from eaw. 
 
 1. 8. irupicaiTJs lirevrivfiov, ' heaped them on the pyre.' 
 
 1. 13. TJJJIOS. Here begins another day in the narra- 
 tion. dji<(>iXuKT) i>u|, 'the morning twilight,' as we say; 
 but we rather look at it as the beginning of the dawn, 
 whereas here it is represented as the ending of the night, 
 ' the half-lighted darkness.' ap<t>i-\vKT) may be compared 
 with Lat. luceo, and Gk. \tvicbs, from root \VK-, seen in 
 Xi>Ka/3a?, an old word for ' year,' meaning ' path of light,' 
 Od. 14. 161. 
 
 1. 14. eypeTo, 'roused themselves.' Syncopated aor. 
 from eytipo). 
 
 1. 15. ruf^cy, 'and round it [the pyre] they made one 
 general tomb, having reared it above the plain.' With
 
 HOM. IL. 9, 10. 243 
 
 this use of ayy cp. Syeiv ret^oy, Thuc. 6. 99 ; ' Turrim . . 
 summis sub astra eductam tectisl Virg. Aen. 2. 460 : ' and 
 up to it they built a wall, and lofty towers, a protection 
 for their ships and themselves, and in them [i. e. in the 
 turreted walls] they make a well-fitting gate.' 
 
 1. 1 8. iruXai does not mean more than one gate, but the 
 plural is used because the gate had two leaves. 
 
 1. 20. eir' aurw, ' close at the wall/ 
 
 I. 21. o-KoXo-rras, ' palisades.' These were pointed stakes 
 set at the bottom of the ditch to prevent its being crossed. 
 
 vTTfpdev 8e (TKoXoVetrcrtz/ I o^ecriv rjprjpei, rovs ecrracrav vies 
 'A^aiwi/ | TTVKVOVS KCU p.(ya\ovs STJIWV dvftpuv aXewpqp, II. 12. 
 
 55 foil. 
 
 1. 26. rj pd TIS, 'Is there then anyone of men over all 
 the wide earth who will ever again tell his thought and 
 his design to the immortals?' Poseidon is nettled. at the 
 independence of the Achaeans. They had done their 
 great work without consulting the gods, or without even 
 attempting to secure their favour by sacrifices. The force 
 of the accusative in rl yaiav expresses the idea of different 
 nations spread over the surface of the earth. 
 
 1. 28. 8fj aure. The final 77 coalesces with the diph- 
 thong au, and the two words are scanned as a dissyllable. 
 cure may be rendered ' after all ;' it is intended to intro- 
 duce a new feature in the conduct of the Achaeans. 
 
 1. 31. TOU, SC. rebecs. o<roi> T*, equivalent to eVt TOO-OV, 
 e'0' oo-oi/, ' over as much ground [as that] over which,' i. e. 
 as far as the light of day spreads. 
 
 1. 32. 'The wall that men will forget' is the city wall 
 of Ilion which Poseidon and Apollo, by command of 
 Zeus, built for Laomedon. 
 
 1. 33. d.SXrjo-cu'Tes, 'with hard toil.' 
 
 1. 36. Join aXXos flew^, any other god rather than Posei- 
 don might view with dismay the scheme of the Greeks.
 
 244 NOTES. 
 
 1. 39. aypei fiar, 'up then.' An old and common 
 formula of encouragement. dypfa> may be taken as an 
 Aeolic form of alpem, and the meaning then is, 'catch 
 hold ; ' \tjav is a Doric form of \u\v. 
 
 1. 41. Karaxeuai, this infinitive, like KaXttyat, is used with 
 the force of an imperative, ' Break it up, and tumble it all 
 into the sea.' 
 
 11- 
 
 1. i. [ify* 4>poye'orres, 'proud at heart,' for their victory. 
 ye<|>u'pas, ' gaps ' or ' passages,' is perhaps the meaning. It 
 is interpreted by some as the spaces between each bat- 
 talion ; by others as the open ground between two con- 
 tending armies. It is to be joined with flora. 
 
 1. 4. IirXero. See on 9. 1. 43. Aorist of custom, as 
 
 also f<pavfv. 
 
 1. 5. oncomal, like Latin speculae, ' look-outs,' i. e. heights. 
 1. 6. oupai'oOei' is really equivalent to ' from below,' for 
 it expresses the lowest point at which the sky begins, 
 from which it seems to open out long vistas of stars. 
 Mr. Tennyson renders the whole passage : 
 ' As when in heaven the stars about the moon 
 Look beautiful, when all the winds are laid, 
 And every height comes out and jutting peak, 
 And valley, and the immeasurable heavens 
 Break open to their highest, and all the stars 
 Shine, and the Shepherd gladdens in his heart.' 
 
 uireppdyrj, 'opens up.' As the eye looks upward, 
 the sky seems to open and show stars beyond stars. 
 
 1. 9. Tpwoy . . . irupci, ' the watchfires of the Trojans, as 
 they kindled them, burned bright.' M\i60i irpo, literally, ' at 
 Ilion, in front thereof/ for ?rp6 does not govern 'lXid&, but 
 is added as a nearer definition of place. But, for transla- 
 tion, ' in front of Ilion ' will be accurate enough.
 
 HOM. IL. 10-12. 245 
 
 1. 10. irap Se electoral, this does not agree with o-eXai, but 
 with TTvpA out of TTvpd. ' At each watchfire sat fifty men in 
 the blaze of the firelight.' creXcu and not o-eXa is the right 
 form of the dative of o-Aai. So we find 8enai, yrjpcu, Ktpai 
 in Homer. 
 
 1. 13. The horses are described as standing by the 
 chariots and waiting for the break of day. The Dawn is 
 described as ' royally-enthroned/ because she is thought 
 of as a queen. 
 
 12. 
 
 1. i. Bicycles is a Homeric epithet for heroes, and 
 especially for kings, who are regarded as belonging to the 
 lineage of Zeus. Translate ' royal.' 
 
 1. 2. xprj F 1 ^ $TJ, ' right it is that I should frankly 
 speak out my reply just as I mean it and as it shall be 
 accomplished, that ye may not prate in my ears, one 
 after another, sitting at my side.' dTnjXcyews, probably 
 from am>- and aXe'yw, meaning 'carelessly,' 'reckless of 
 consequences.' Notice that dn-oenreii', which means to 
 'say "nay"' in Attic Greek, has in Homer the simpler 
 sense, to 'speak out.' Achilles is afraid that, after the 
 speech of Odysseus, he shall have to listen to the story of 
 Ajax and Phoenix. 
 
 1. 5. 6|j.ai5. Notice the difference between this word 
 and ofjicos. Translate ' equally with,' i. e. even as the gates 
 of Hades. 
 
 1. 6. os x'> i- e. 0? *ce. 
 
 1. 8. OUTC 'ArpeiSTjv . . . oure Aamous, are subjects to 
 TTfia-fptv, to which (fie ye is the object. 
 
 1. 9. eirel . . . iroXefxi'^oi, ' since, as it seems (apa), there 
 was no gratitude for my ceaselessly fighting for ever with 
 foemen; the same lot falls to one that keeps aloof, or 
 whether one does battle with might and main.'
 
 246 NOTES. 
 
 1. 10. yuXejies, a word of most uncertain derivation, is 
 referred by some to vr\ and XeiTmi/, ' never leaving off,' by 
 others to wj and oXAvo-tfat, ' never dying out.' 
 
 1. ii. poipa may be the meed of honour, or the share 
 of booty. After ^.ivom we should expect TroAe/i/foirt, but 
 the construction is varied. 
 
 1. 12. u]=/ua, 'one and the same.' 
 
 1. 1 4. ouSc TI JAOI, ' nor is anything gained for me,, be- 
 cause/ etc., lit. ' lies round me,' ' invests me.' 
 
 1. 15. Trapaf3aXX6jieyos, 'imperilling my life.' Like 
 TJrvxas 7rap6ffj.fvoi, Od. 9. 255. TroXefueiy, an infinitive 
 added to define the sphere hi which the self-sacrifice was 
 shown, sc. ' in the way of fighting,' ' in the field/ 
 
 1. 17. p(rraic' . . . Xdprpi, ' a morsel, when she has got 
 it, and it fares ill with herself.' She starves herself to 
 feed her brood. 
 
 1. 1 8. KUKTOS tauoc, 'I passed many sleepless nights. 
 As lavtiv properly means to ' sleep,' we may suppose that 
 it is intended to make a point by this contradiction in 
 words, 'to sleep sleepless nights.' This usage is called 
 oxymoron. 
 
 1. 19. Sieirp-rjo-aoc, the Epic form for fiirpao-(roi>. 
 
 1. 20. dkSpcun. The words of Achilles seem here to be 
 designedly ambiguous. He must either mean (i) 'fight- 
 ing with heroes about their womankind,' a bitter way of 
 describing the conflict with Hector and the other Trojans 
 for the recovery of a woman like Helen. Or (2) 'fighting 
 with heroes to win their wives,' alluding to such fights as 
 those in which he had carried off Briseis from her hus- 
 band Mynes (II. 19. 291 foil.); or Diomede (II. 9. 665); 
 or Iphis (II. 9. 667); or Hecamede (II. n. 625). It 
 cannot be rendered, as some would interpret, 'fighting 
 for husbands,' with allusion to Menelaus. The succeeding 
 lines give great probability to the second (2) rendering.
 
 HOM. IL. 12. 247 
 
 I. 21. ow nrjuffl . . . ire6s. This is equivalent to 'by 
 land ' and ' by sea.' 
 
 1. 22. KOT& TpoitjK. This includes the neighbourhood of 
 Troy, and refers to such cities as Thebe (II. i. 366) ; 
 Lyrnessos (II. 2. 691); and Pedasus (II. 20. 92). 
 
 1. 25. oiri(70e, ' aloof.' 
 
 1. 26. Join Sid-SacrcioxeTo (frequentative aor. from &'- 
 ofuii) Ixeoxe, ' kept/ 
 
 1. 27. Y e 'p a > predicative, 'as meeds of honour/ 
 
 1. 28. Touji fiey, ' with them indeed those prizes abide 
 secure, but me alone of the Achaeans has he robbed, and 
 has kept my winsome bride.' 
 
 1. 31. acrjyayc, referring to the voyage to Troy. 
 
 1. 33. jipoirwi> avQpuirw depends upon /JLOOTOI. 'Are 
 the Atreidae the only ones of mortal men that love their 
 wives ? (Nay verily !) since every man that is good and 
 wise,' etc. 
 
 1. 35. TTJV at the end of the line = ' her/ 
 
 1. 36. IK. 0ufjiou, ' with all my heart.' 
 
 1. 38. 6o elSoros, ' knowing him as I do too well/ 
 
 1. 41. TJ fiev St) pXo, 'verily, he has wrought mightily 
 without my help/ 
 
 1. 44. ouS' ws,='not even with all that/ 
 
 1. 46. diro retxeos, ' did not care to push the battle far 
 from the walls of Troy/ 
 
 1. 47. oow = 'only,' Lat. tantum. fyr\yw. This tree 
 stood near the Scaean gates. 
 
 1. 48. olov, sc. e/xe, 'awaited me in single combat.' 
 
 1. 50. pc'ias: pf'&iv, which properly means only 'to 
 do,' gets the special signification of ' offering ' sacrifice ; 
 like \^X..facere and operari. 
 
 1. 51. vr\rpjas, from Epic form vrjfo> for vea>, ' to heap up.' 
 eirrn' Trpoepufftrw, ' after I have dragged them forth/ After 
 the participles p^as and vyfaas we naturally expect the
 
 248 NOTES. 
 
 principal verb in the apodosis, such as 
 vrjvarlv fpais KOI av8pd<n, instead of which the construction 
 changes into the second person ttyeeu, leaving the parti- 
 ciples to stand alone. A similar anacoluthon is found in 
 
 II. 3. 211 ap(p(o 8' e^oftfvta, yfpap&Tfpos rjtv 'O8v<ra'fvs, II. 6. 
 51066" dy\atr)(pi ireiroidcis j pipfpa e yovva (pepft. 
 
 1. 52. at *4v TOI T& jiepjXtj, 'if these things have any 
 interest for thee/ 
 
 1. 53. Join rjpt ficxXa, 'very early/ So ^oA' rjpt, Od. 19. 320. 
 1. 54. fie|Aaa>Tas, from perf. /LKpaa. Another form of this 
 
 participle is ^e/wiores. 
 
 1. 55. 'E^oaiyaios is a title given to Poseidon, because 
 earthquakes were attributed to his agency. 
 
 1. 56. Phthia is both a town and a district in Thessaly, 
 the home of Peleus and the Myrmidons. 
 
 1. 57. ekOdSe eppuy, 'when I came hither to my cost/ 
 fpptiv is specially used with this implied sense of coming 
 on an ill-starred journey. Cp. the phrase ^dfipea-dai irpos. 
 
 1. 58. aXXoK 8', ' and more gold besides and ruddy cop- 
 per and well-girt women and grey iron will I carry home 
 from hence, all that I have got as my share/ He will go 
 back to Phthia and increase his treasures there by adding 
 to them all his share of the booty from Troy. ' But mine 
 especial prize (sc. Briseis), that same man who bestowed 
 hath taken away again, insulting me/ 
 
 1. 62. TW irarr', ' tell to him (infinitive with imperatival 
 force) all I have said, in the presence of his people, in 
 order that the other Achaeans too may be wrath at him, 
 if ever again he hope/ etc. 
 
 1. 65. 7ueifieVo9. (eVt-fVw/it), ' ever clad in impudence as 
 he is/ so that he is likely enough to try such a trick 
 again. Ifxoi ye . . . ISe'trOai, ' to look me in the face/ 
 
 1. 67. ou8e \itv *PY V > sc. o-up,Trpdu>, suggested by <rvp.-
 
 HOM. IL. 12, t3. 249 
 
 1. 68. n-apafiu0ir)<Ta.ifiT]', ' advise.' 
 
 1. 69. Stjere, 'will find;' 8rjeis, 8f)op.cv and &7re are the 
 only forms found. They are referred to an Epic present, 
 with a future sense, 8^u. reicpup, ' end ; ' i. e. means of 
 destroying, 
 
 1. 70. iQev, governed by vnepe^tiv. 
 
 1. 71. uirepeVxe, i. e. holds a protecting hand over it. 
 
 1. 75. The privilege of councillors is to speak freely. 
 <rou is probably the contracted form of o-aot, viz. o-a> with 
 the introduction of o, as opdco, 6pS>, Epice opoas. Others 
 take crd as the conjunctive from o-adeo, viz. o-aor], o-a<5, tr<5 
 or o-c'ffl. 
 
 1. 76. eirel ou, 'since the scheme which they have now 
 devised, because of my deep wrath, is not feasible.' This 
 probably refers to the attempt at self-protection by means 
 of the rampart, to which the Greeks were forced to have 
 recourse through the absence of Achilles from the field. 
 Others take it of the unsuccessful embassy. 
 
 13. 
 
 1. i. SOUTTOK, the tramp of the pursuers' feet. 
 
 1. 2. IXirero yap, 'for he hoped in his heart that his 
 comrades were coming from the Trojans to make him 
 return, Hector having ordered him back.' 
 
 1. 5. Xai\|/T]pa, predicate, equivalent to an adverb, 
 ' briskly.' 
 
 1. 8. Xaycjos, Epic form for Xaycor. eireiyeToy, ' press 
 upon.' 
 
 1. 9. fiefiTjicws, 'crying.' The present, ^xao/xat, is a 
 later word. The forms used in Homer, besides this 
 perfect, are the aorist participle (JMKW, and an imperfect 
 formed from /ic/x^Ka, viz.
 
 250 NOTES. 
 
 1. ii. Xaou diro-Tp)aiTe, 'having cut him off from his 
 people/ i. e. having got between him and the Trojan 
 lines. 
 
 1. 12. dXX' ore 8t}, ' but when he was just on the point 
 of getting among the [Greek] sentinels, on his flight to 
 the ships, then Athena inspired Tydeides with strength, 
 lest any of the Achaeans might be first in boasting that 
 he had hit Dolon, and he [Diomede] might come up too 
 late.' 
 
 1. 1 6. Soup! eiraio-o-wi/, 'rushing on him with his spear.' 
 
 1. 1 8. ep,r]s diro x l Ps is to be closely joined with oXe- 
 Qpov, 'death at my hand.' So dnb vevprjfpiv our, II. 13. 
 
 585. 
 
 1. 19. T| pa, 'he spoke.' ^ is the 3rd sing, imperf. 
 from a defective verb fj-fjii, of the same etymology as the 
 Lat. a- 10. The form is common in Plato, in the phrase 
 ?, S' o s =' he said.' 
 
 1. 20. euou, contracted for euo'ou, the accent following 
 that of the contracted nominative (vt-ovs, and so being 
 paroxyton and not perispomenon. 
 
 1. 22. {BafipaiVuK, according to some 'tottering;' while 
 others render, more likely, ' stammering.' 
 
 1. 23. KixTjTTjf, 'the two came up with him panting for 
 breath.' 
 
 1. 24. Seucpuaas, notice the force of the aorist, 'with a 
 burst of tears,' Curt. 493, obs. 2. 
 
 1. 25. ejjie Xu'tropu, 'will ransom myself.' / here = 
 
 1. 27. rSiv, partitive genitive, 'of which my father will 
 lavish on you vast ransom.' 
 
 1. 28. *irl i\wrw 'AXOIW, i. e. detained in safe keeping 
 there. 
 
 1. 30. KaTaOujxios eorw, ' weigh upon thy heart.' 
 
 1. 31. drpeK^ws, (aTpfKrjs), 'frankly;' not from rpea or
 
 HOM. IL. 13, 14. 251 
 
 Tpex>, but from rpeVw = ' not swerving/ The interchange 
 of K and TT is common, as in OTTOO-OJ, lonice SKO<TOS, ete. 
 
 1. 36. yula, subject to erpfpe, ' shook under him/ 
 
 1. 37. ito\\r\aiv fi' aTgcri, 'by many delusions' (i.e. 
 false promises) 'Hector drew me from my senses.' 
 Others give irapeK fjyayf, ' misled,' and join with it both /*e 
 and voov, as an instance of the same combination as in 
 i. 1. 12. 
 
 1. 40. 0oT| ou means ' swift-coming night,' a graphic 
 epithet in countries that do not have the long twilight of 
 our northern latitudes. 
 
 1. 44. fiera (7<f>unc, ' among themselves/ 
 
 1. 45. KafAaTco d8t]KOTs alyw, ' overdone with hard toil.' 
 dSe'w, from &8rjif (Lat. satis), 'to have enough and more 
 than enough of anything/ 
 
 14. 
 
 1. i. f*dVri,Yi, ' ^ ne scourge/ not the lightning, as the 
 older interpreters supposed, but the chastening hand 
 which brought defeat. 
 
 1. 2. eeXfieVoi, perf. pass, from e?X<a. So eYX/ze&t, II. 24. 
 
 662, 'cooped up/ iorx<woa>i/ro, 'were kept back/ 
 
 1. 4. UTOS de'XXif) means somewhat more than l like a 
 
 storm ; ' it is rather ' with all the fury of a storm/ 
 
 1. 6. <rrp6<j)Tai. The beast is represented at bay, so 
 
 that ' he keeps turning' his front to the assault of the dogs 
 
 and huntsmen. 
 
 1. 7. jrupYTjSoi', i. e. close packed like a solid wall. 
 
 rrvpyos is elsewhere used of a serried mass of warriors, as 
 
 in II. 4. 334 OTTTToVe irvpyos 'Auction/ nXXos eire\6a>v 
 
 1. 10. dyrpopiT] 8e, ' but his courage is the death of him/
 
 252 NOTES. 
 
 !KT<X, an aorist of custom, parallel with the present indica- 
 tive in the narrative. 
 
 1. ii. Tap^a, 'oftentimes,' used like the more common 
 adverbial accusative TroXXa. He is supposed to watch for 
 some weak spot in the ranks of huntsmen, and to make 
 his rush at that point, and where he makes his rush the 
 ranks give way. 
 
 1. 12. Tg r eiKouo-i introduces the apodosis to OTTTJT?. 
 
 1. 14. ou8e ol. The direction of the accent shows that 
 ot is the enclitic pronoun, ' for him.' See Curt. 433 c. 
 
 1. 15. ToXfXWl', SC. Siaftaivfpev. 
 
 1. 1 6. diro-SeiSuTo-eTo. The broad ditch 'frightened 
 them away.' 
 
 1. 17. OUT' ap' uTrepOopeW. This seems to mean, 
 ' neither close (i. e. its edges were not close) together, to 
 leap over, nor easy to cross.' The ditch was too wide 
 to be cleared by a leap, and too deep to be easily filled 
 up and crossed by horses and chariots. o-xeSoy and pTjiSiTj, 
 with which we must supply rjv, both refer to rctypos, and 
 for a similar use of o-^-eSop with flpl cp. (fvapa) ol o-^fSoi/ 
 <mv eXea-dai, II. 13. 268. Others take <rx fS " as an ad- 
 verb qualifying vnepdopetw, ' it is neither easy to overleap 
 it standing close, nor to cross it' 
 
 1. 1 8. KprjfWi, 'all along the ditch stood steep 
 mounds.' 
 
 1. 20. Itrrao-ai'. The scholiast gives this as a shortened 
 form of the transitive aorist eonjcra, 3rd plural. It would 
 seem simpler to read the imperf. loraa-av. 
 
 I. 22. p&x, pronounced as one syllable. 
 
 1. 23. ire^ol may be taken as the subject to pfvoiveov, 
 'the foot-soldiers were pondering whether they could 
 accomplish it.' Instead of the direct future indicative, 
 7-fXf'otej/ would be the more natural mood.
 
 HOM. IL. 14, 15. 253 
 
 15. 
 
 1. i. 1-n lo-a Teraro, (rei'i/a>), 'was evenly balanced:' lit. 
 was drawn up to a balance, a metaphor from weighing 
 in scales. 
 
 1. 4. TJOO-CC Sicnrpuo-iof, ' raised a thrilling shout.' Siairpv- 
 mov (adverbial use of the neuter adjective), seems to be 
 an extended form of 8ianp6, with the substitution of v for 
 o, according to Aeolic usage. Y 6 Y UV '" S > fr m yey* ""* a 
 perfect with present meaning. From this perfect a new 
 present, ytyuviv, is formed, and in Attic Greek we find 
 yfyavto-Ko. The special meaning of yeywflv is ' to make 
 one's self heard ;' egaKowrbv fioav, Schol. ytycwas should 
 be closely joined with TJUO-CK, as in the common formula 
 
 1. 6. ekiere = ' immittite! 
 
 1. 7. ouaCTi, from ovas, Ionic form of ovs. 
 
 1. ii. <mrJKei describes both the size and the shape of 
 the stone. We generally say 'a stone lies;' but this 
 cone-shaped stone stood up high above the ground. 
 irpujicos, ' at bottom;' this use of the adjective is common 
 
 with fiffros, Trpforos, nKpos, etc. 
 
 1. 12. Join Srjfiou dfe'pe, 'men of the common people.' 
 
 The chieftains are always represented as superior in 
 
 strength as well as in position. 
 
 1. 13. oxXioxreicH', ' could heave upon a cart.' 
 1. 14. KCU otos, ' quite alone,' 'all by himself.' 
 1. 16. opo-e^os. The ancients held that the fleece of a 
 
 ram was thicker, and so heavier, than that of other sheep. 
 
 otos, gen. from ois [i. e. opts, Lat. ovis], Epic form of ols. 
 1. 1 6. 6X170^ may be taken as an adverb with eireiyet, 
 
 ' does but lightly weigh on him ; ' or perhaps, from its 
 
 emphatic position in the sentence, as an adj. with a^dos, 
 
 ' the weight that presses him is but small.' 
 
 1. 17. Join i0os ouyiSuK, 'straight at the boarding . . .
 
 254 NOTES. 
 
 which strongly covered the gate solidly built/ The gate 
 is made in two leaves (8i*Xi'S) ; and is fastened by two 
 bars, or ' holders ' (ox^s from ex&>), which are described as 
 ' crossing ' (cVqpot/Sot). This does not seem to mean that 
 the bars cross in the form of the letter x ; but that the 
 bars are horizontal like an ordinary bolt, and that the 
 crossing implies, that one bar is shot from the left-hand 
 leaf into a staple in the right, and the other shot from the 
 right-hand leaf into a staple in the left ; ' and one key 
 fitted the two/ This is simpler than to understand KXrjls 
 here of a central pin. 
 
 1. 21. epewrdfiei/os, 'having planted himself,' further 
 described by cu Siapas, ' with legs well astride/ 
 
 1. 23. pi]|e dir', 'he broke away/ 
 
 1. 24. PptOoo-uvT], 'by its weight/ 
 
 1. 25. eoxeflcTT]!', from ta-x^dov, an aor. form from 2x<. 
 SteTfiayei', from SiaT/wj-yo) (Epic form of Siare/iyw), 2nd aor. 
 passive dieTpdyqv. 
 
 1. 27. Hector is described as looking 'black as night,' 
 i. e. with stern and lowering brow. urnS-moc means pro- 
 perly the part of the face below the eyes ; here it is used 
 for * countenance ' or ' gaze/ 
 
 1. 28. leoro, (ffeo-ro), more commonly written eoro { 
 pluperfect from fvwpi, perf. ef/nat. 
 
 1. 30. eaaXro, syncopated 2 aor. from eVdXAopu, the 
 i aor. occurs in 1. 3 of this . SOTCTC is sometimes used as 
 a dual in Homer, 6We <aeij><a, II. 3. 14; sometimes as a 
 plural, as oo-o-e fyaieiva, II. 13. 435. The form may be 
 shortened for oo-o-ee, if we regard it as a dual ; for oo-o-ea if 
 it be taken as a plural. Here it stands as a neuter plural, 
 
 Subject to 8e8ijet. 
 
 1. 31. eXildfiei/os, 'having turned him round/ 
 1. 34. TTOITJTCIS, equivalent to the more usual ev Tro/^ras. 
 e<}>opr]6ei' wo. ^as, ' fell back in flight to the ships/
 
 HOM. TL. 15, 1 6. 255 
 
 16. 
 
 1. 2. lire! Te'rpaTrro irpos I0u ot. This is equivalent to 
 r Tfrpanfifvos TJV 16\> irpos avrw, ' since Ajax had turned so 
 as just to front him.' 
 
 1. 3. TT] pa, 'where:' this must be taken closely with 
 ciKovTia-f, for both the clauses, eVel . . . ot and oi>8' d<d/zaprf, 
 are parenthetical. The spot where Hector struck him 
 was at the crossing of the two straps, one of which sup- 
 ported the shield, and the other the cutlass. 
 
 1. 5. TCU. The use of the dual shows that it was the 
 double thickness of leather that ' shielded his tender flesh.' 
 
 1. 6. ITUVIOV, to be taken predicatively with ex^vye. 
 
 1. 8. dmorra, ' as he went back,' into the covert of his 
 own troops, 
 
 1. 9. rei pa iroXXa, ' which were rolled in numbers.' 
 This use of a distributive plural, after a noun in the 
 singular, is not uncommon in Homer, e. g. Od. 4. 177 
 
 piav TroAiK fga\andas, at TTfpivaifTaovcriv. We are not to 
 
 suppose that the stones were in motion now, as the word 
 eKuXikSero would naturally imply. But the tense does not 
 lose its characteristic meaning, for the stones ' had been 
 rolled there and were lying there still.' Cp. Od. 8. 63 
 
 rov irepi p.ov(r e(f)l\rj(rf, SiSou S 5 ayadov rf KUKOV re. The 
 
 effect of the double gift, poetical inspiration and blind- 
 ness, still continued with the bard, whose case is there 
 described. expo-, 'stays.' These were put at either 
 side of the keel, to keep a ship from heeling over when 
 drawn up ashore. 
 
 1. ii. dVrui = the shield's rim. oyxoOi, Epic form of 
 
 I. 12. crrpfypoi' 8' ws, 'he made him spin like a top.' 
 Cp. Virg. Aen. 7. 378 ' Ceu quondam tor to volitans sub 
 verbere turbo.' The subject to irepi&pafie is Hector.
 
 256 NOTES 
 
 1. 13. TrXtjY*]. the lightning-stroke. 
 1. 1 4. Oeeioy. It is difficult to say whether sulphur was 
 so called by the Greeks from its apparent connection with 
 the fires of heaven, or from its purifying power in fumi- 
 gation. 
 
 1. 15. TDK &' ou rap Ixfi Opciaos. With this description 
 of the oak, and the dismay of the beholder, cp. Macaulay, 
 Lays of Rome : 
 
 'And the great Lord of Luna 
 Fell at that deadly stroke, 
 As falls on Mount Avernus 
 
 A thunder-smitten oak. 
 Far o'er the crashing forest 
 
 The giant arms lie spread; 
 And the pale augurs, muttering low, 
 Gaze on the blasted head.' 
 
 (Horatius, ^382.) 
 
 1. 1 6. X^TOS 8e, 'for the bolt of Zeus is terrible.' 
 &e gives the reason of the beholder's fear. 
 1. 1 7. Eim>pos fieVos, ' the mighty Hector.' 
 1. 1 8. licpaXci', 'flung it away;' more graphic than 'let 
 it fall.' He must have had two spears, for he had cast 
 one at Ajax. eir' aurw 8' doirls ed<j>0Tj. In the uncertainty 
 whether (d(j>di) (or ede^&j) is to be referred to (i) enofuu, or 
 (2) caw, or (3) aura, we may be content to follow Butt- 
 mann (Lexil. p. 242 foil.) in adopting (i), and to trans- 
 late ' fell, or followed, after him,' or perhaps ' after it/ sc- 
 ey*- 
 
 1. 21. epueoOai, 'to drag him to their side.' 
 1. 23. irplf, 'before that could happen.' 
 1. 26. ou TIS eu d.KTJSecrei', ' no one neglected him.' The 
 enclitic eu throws back its accent on TIS.
 
 HOM. IL. 16, 17. 257 
 
 17- 
 
 , used intransitively, i aor. from ew- 
 6puKTfl, which agrees with rdfypv, is separated 
 from its noun by the insertion of *a! o-KoAon-fo-o-ii/. This 
 may be accounted for by regarding KOI crKo\uirr<n as 
 equivalent to an epithet, e.g. ovcoXoireo-o-t apapviij, 'the 
 palisade-planted ditch, deep dug.' 
 
 1. 3. Suorro Se TCIXOS dmyicT], ' shrank back perforce 
 behind the wall.' 
 
 1. 5. emcrcreueo-Oai, eo.v, infinitives with imperatival force. 
 
 1. 7. aurou, ' on the spot.' 
 
 1. 8. XeXdxuCTi -n-upos, ' Give him his portion in the 
 funeral fire.' The reduplicated aorist from \ayxava>, found 
 only in the conjunctive in Homer, has always a causative 
 meaning. Similarly XeAa&ii/, from \av0dveiv, ' to make to 
 forget.' Notice here the future force of the conjunctive. 
 
 1. 9. epuouo-t, future from f'pva> without sigma. 
 
 1. 10. KaTUfiaSoy, 'down on their shoulders.' 
 
 1. 12. ofxoicXiiio-anres, 'having cheered their horses,' sc. 
 with a cry. cxoy, ' guided ; ' i. e. kept or turned them in 
 the direction of Hector. epuadpjiaTas is a metaplastic form, 
 melri gratia, for epvcrapfidrovs. 
 
 1. 14. epeiiruc, 'breaking down with his feet the edges 
 of the trench, he threw (the earth) in the midst,' etc. 
 
 1. 1 6. Sow T' ftti'=f(p' ocrov yiyvfrai 8ovpos fpo>r\. This 
 
 measure of length specially characterises (vpeutv. 
 
 1. 1 8. irpoxeorro, 'poured forward.' With irpd 8' 'AiroX- 
 Xuf some such word as Kit must be supplied, out of the 
 
 notion in npoxeovro, 
 
 1. 20. With ws ore TIS \|fd|xa0o^ supply fpiirj] from fptmt, 
 'as when a child throws down his sand-heap near the 
 sea.' 
 
 1. 21. itjiria, or M/TTI'?;, has for its dative in Homer 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. S
 
 258 NOTES. 
 
 and vrfirifTjo-i, for its accusative vrimdas. We must suppose 
 in these forms a vowel inserted and then assimilated to 
 the vowel which follows it. 
 
 1. 22. oWxeue, aorist of customary act. 
 
 1. 23. K<fjtaTOK Kal oiluv, i. e. the wall that had cost them 
 such trouble. 
 
 1. 30. irep is to be closely joined with "Apyf'i. So Od. 
 II. 441 yvvaiKi nfp. 
 
 1. 31. Join Kard naitav. The protasis is still maintained 
 in (ri> 8* imfo-xfo, ' and if thou didst promise and assent.' 
 
 ' 33- With TUC IAVYJCTCU the apodosis begins, 'Call to 
 mind these things.' 
 
 . 36. dpduv dtwi/, ' hearing the prayers.' 
 
 38. Qopov, from dpuvKca. 
 
 39. eupuiropoio, ' the great and wide sea.' 
 
 40. TOIXW*', ' the ship's bulwarks.' 
 
 KaTap^aeTai., 'comes down upon/ aor. I. conjunctive. 
 42. Kara TCIXOS efavav, ' crossed the wall.' 
 
 44. unra>K=' chariots.' 
 
 45. em|3dtTs, 'when mounted on them.' 
 
 47. vaup,axa, to be taken predicatively with the verb. 
 ' which lay by the ships ready for a sea-fight.' xoXX^cn-a 
 apparently means, 'spliced,' and so, not in one length, 
 icard <rr6na, ' at the point/ 
 
 18. 
 
 1. 2. Protesilaus, from Phylace in Thessaly, was the 
 first of the Greek heroes to leap' from his ship when the 
 fleet reached Troy, and was slain the moment he touched 
 the shore. See II. 2. 698 foil. 
 
 1. 3. dirTJYaYe yaiav, ' carried him back to his land/ 
 
 With this accusative cp. gvvdytiv yepaias vr]bv, 'to the 
 
 temple/
 
 HOM. IL. 17, ,8. 259 
 
 1. 6. dfi<|>is \ivov forms the antithesis to tyyvQtv Icrrd^fvoi, 
 f they did not await afar off the hurtling of the arrow.' 
 diKTj, from atV<ra>. With dfi<p\s in the sense of ' far off' cp. 
 
 Aios d/t01s, II. 8. 444. 
 
 1. 10. (icXdcStTa is an epithet of uncertain meaning. 
 It signifies literally 'bound with black/ and perhaps 
 alludes to the handle strengthened with iron bands (loeis 
 a-ifypos), or made of some black wood like ebony. 
 
 1. ii. dir* wfiuc, 'off the shoulders,' where they had 
 been hung by the reXa^wj/. 
 
 1. 13. irpupvi}9<-v is used exactly as a genitive after 
 \d@fv, ' seized it by the stern.' Cp. "ib^Qtv fif8ea>v. 
 
 o&xi jieOiei, ' he never ceased grasping the taffrail with 
 his hands.' For the construction cp. II. 24. 48 K\av<ras /cat 
 oftvpdfjifvos fji(6er)Kf. 'Taffrail' is, perhaps, the nearest 
 English equivalent to ctyXaaror, which is the ornamented 
 piece of wood rising above the stern. The Latin form of 
 the word is ' aplustre' 
 
 1. 1 6. a|ioi> TJfiap, 'a day that repays us for everything.' 
 
 1. 17. KTJ<XS eXeiK stands as epexegesis of agiov ?jpap, and 
 is grammatically governed by e5o>Ke. Qe>v de'iajTi. Hector 
 says this because he considers the ships are doomed. 
 
 1. 18. KaKOTTjn, ' cowardice/ 
 
 1. 21. T<5r is in strong antithesis to vvv in the next line. 
 
 1. 26. OpTJvus. The ship in Homeric times was not 
 decked entirely, but had a short raised deck at the bows, 
 and another at the stern, on which the helmsman stood to 
 steer. There seems to have been a low bench or foot- 
 rest, seven feet long, that crossed the after-deck at the 
 point furthest from the stern. This footrest was used to 
 give support to the pilot while steering. The picture 
 before us is that of Ajax slowly driven from the stern, 
 and yet disputing every inch of ground with his assailants, 
 till he is pushed back as far as the ' footrest,' and then off
 
 260 NOTES. 
 
 the deck altogether. So that he now stands just where 
 the benches for the rowers begin. 
 
 1. 27. SeSoKTj/ieVos, 'awaiting them,' 'at bay.' 
 
 1. 32. tj Tims, ' Do we think that there are any helpers 
 in reserve, or any strong wall, which may ward off de- 
 struction from men ? ' 
 
 1. 33. apiov is not the neuter of the comparative dpdw, 
 but another form of dprjiov, ' warlike. 
 
 1. 35. erepaXicea Sfjfior, ' a host to turn the fortunes of 
 the day/ lit. inclining victory to one side or the other, 
 
 (fTepos 0X107). 
 
 1. 37. TTOVTU KeK\ificVoi, 'set close at the edge of the 
 sea, on the plain of the mail-clad Trojans, we sit far away 
 from home ; wherefore hope lies in deeds of valour, not 
 in remissness from war.' yap, which is here thrown into 
 the first clause, is the preparation for TO>, almost being 
 equivalent to ' since therefore.' 
 
 1. 39. I^c-ire, 'busied himself,' 'set to work with/ 
 
 6uoem, ' pointed.' As these Homeric adjectives in -( is 
 are directly derived from nouns substantive, we must refer 
 d^vo'etf immediately to ov, ' a point,' the neuter of ovs, 
 used substantially. 
 
 1. 41. xP l "> ' to please;' like Lat. 'gratia* 
 
 1. 42. TOK 8' Aias. Here begins the apodosis. ' Whoso- 
 ever rushed up ... him Ajax wounded.' 
 SeSeyfiefos, like &f8oier]pfvos, sup. 1. 27. 
 
 19. 
 
 1. i. OuXu'fXTTou, the mountain of that name, where sits 
 Zeus the gatherer of clouds (vf$A?7yfpcVa Zeds). 'He 
 draws the storm from the sacred ether,' that is, the sky 
 that lies about the summit of Olympus, and the cloud 
 moves on thence and fills the atmosphere.
 
 HOM. IL. 1 8, 19. 26l 
 
 1. 3. 4>oos is the descriptive word in the sentence, to 
 which laxrj adds only a qualification. It is the panic-rush 
 accompanied with a cry. The howling of the wind in the 
 XaiXavj/ is the point in the simile that is parallel to laxn, 
 and the <J>6ftos resembles the tumultuous speed of the 
 driven cloud. 
 
 1. 4. ouSe Kara jwupai', ' and in no seemly order.' 
 
 1. 5. auv Teux7i. This is added, because in the panic 
 many threw their arms away ; but Hector kept his. The 
 Trojans were left behind by him, because in such hasty 
 flight no doubt the passage of the causeway was wholly or 
 partly blocked. 
 
 1. 8. a|arre, (ayi/u/u). The dual of the participle is used 
 not inaccurately, because, though TroXXol ITTTTOI are men- 
 tioned, they really are divided off into so many pairs, 
 each war chariot being drawn by two horses. 
 
 iv irpwTw pufiw, ' where the pole begins;' i. e. close up 
 to the chariot. 
 
 1. 10. oi 8e, the Trojans. 
 
 1. 1 1 . Tfiiyei' = 8if<TKf8da-0T)o-av, SchoL 
 
 aeXXa, ' a storm [of dust] went spreading up beneath 
 the clouds and the horses galloped on/ 
 
 1. 15. ex 6 ) ( sc - ""wf), ' he drove his horses with a cheer.' 
 ao<n, i. e. the axle of Patroclus' car. 
 
 1. 1 8. Ke'itXero 0ujjt6s, 'his heart called him on against 
 Hector.' 
 
 1. I p. Toy 8* eK<j>epoc, SC. "EKTOpa. 
 
 1. 20. ^e'f3pl0e, ' is loaded.' We should rather say, ' the 
 storm lies heavy on the darkened earth.' 
 
 1. 21. \a^p6rarov uSwp, 'torrents of rain.' 
 
 1. 22. xa^^^, 'is wroth.' 
 
 aySpeffo-i is governed by the participle. 
 
 1. 23. o-KoXids stands predicatively with Kpivavi, 'decide 
 perversely/ and ' banish justice.'
 
 262 NOTES. 
 
 1. 24. 0euK 3mc, 'the anger of the Gods/ perhaps from 
 , of the punishment \h&\. follows the sinner. 
 
 1. 25. roil' is generally referred to vSarwj/, borrowed from 
 i/ vba>p above, ' with such floods.' It is simpler 
 to make it refer to the subject of Kpivwcri and e'^eXdcrtoo-t, 
 ' their rivers.' 
 
 1. 26. diroTfAifyouai, 'the swollen channels cut off many 
 knolls.' That is, as the waters rise the highest points of 
 the broken ground stand out separate from one another 
 like so many islets. K\ITUS contracted from icXirva?, like 
 iX0vs. 
 
 1. 28. em Kotp = ' praecipites! xap was taken by the 
 ancients as an old form of xapi/. Others write eVucap as 
 one word. 
 
 (upuOei, intransitive, ' waste away.' Ipya dv^pwirwv are 
 ' farms : ' ' hominumque boumque labor es.' 
 
 1. 30. e'lre'icepae, (etp<a), ' cut through.' He broke the 
 Trojan ranks and got between them and the city. 
 
 1. 31. iraXifiireres, used adverbially, as nTj;8, means 
 only 'back again;' but it is constantly used of a fruitless 
 journey on which we have to ' retrace our steps.' 
 
 1. 33. iroTajAou is the Scamander; TCIXOS the part of 
 the Achaean wall still standing. 
 
 1. 34. iroXeW iroivr}v, i. e. took vengeance on the Tro- 
 jans for the many they had slain. So in Od. 23. 313 its 
 aTrmWro iroivfjv i<p6ip.d>v 
 
 20. 
 
 1. 6. TJn-eTo, from avropat, a poetical form of dvrda. 
 
 1. 7. TOI> lovra OUK eyorpev, ' non intellexit eum venientem;' 
 for TOV is here the demonstrative pronoun and must not 
 be combined with the participle according to the usage of 
 later Greek. 
 
 Kard tt\6vov, ' through the battle-broil,'
 
 HOM. IL. 19, 20. 263 
 
 1. 8. rj^pi, ' mist.' This is a regular phrase in Homer 
 to describe invisibility, and Virgil imitates it in the words : 
 'At deus obscuro gradienles acre saepsit.' 
 
 1. 10. x ei P* 1 KOToirptji'ei, 'with down-dealt blow,' lit. 
 with descending hand. 
 
 1. ii. TOU \iiv diro Kparos, ' illius quidem a capite' 
 
 1. 13. auXums rpu<}>dXta, 'the vizored helm.' avXSnris, 
 literally, ' with eye-holes,' seems to refer to a sort of peak 
 continued downward from the front of the helmet over 
 the eyes. This face-plate was pierced with holes or 
 sockets (auXot) through which the wearer could see. 
 
 1. 14. irdpos ye JACK, i. e. so long as Achilles wore it, it 
 was not ordained by the Gods that the helmet should be 
 touched by the foeman's hand. 
 
 1. 17. puero, 'it protected/ 
 
 1. 1 8. CTxeSoOev Be. Zeus granted to Hector the short- 
 lived glory of wearing the famous helmet, ' but death was 
 near him,' as he was doomed soon to fall by the hand of 
 Achilles. 
 
 1. 19. -nav Be oi. These words refer again to Patroclus. 
 
 1. 2O. KCKOpuOfAeVof, SC. xaXfco). 
 
 1. 23. ant] here means 'stupefaction:' he was dazed. 
 For the construction TW Be <f>peVas etXe see . 1. 1. 12; 
 
 13- I- 37- 
 
 1. 24. rcujxW, 'astounded.' An aorist participle from 
 stem ra$-, or &OT-, to which belong the forms TC^TTO and 
 
 1. 26. T^uaT^, like o/^XuaV, an abstract noun used here 
 with the force of a concrete, = 6/^Xuuzr, ' his compeers.' 
 
 iiccKCurro, from Kaiwp.a.1, (Kafivu/xai). 
 
 1. 27. unroo-ucfl, 'horsemanship,' in Homeric times was 
 confined to the management of the chariot, as there were 
 no mounted warriors on the field. 
 
 1. 28. $r\<Tnv d<|>' i-mrwi', 'sent from their chariot.' ^o-ev
 
 264 NOTES. 
 
 the causative aorist from /ScuW unros in dual and plural 
 is frequently used to denote what the horses are drawing, 
 rather than the horses themselves. 
 
 1. 29. irpuT 5 eXOwi' seems to mean, 'being newly come to 
 the field.' SiSaoxo/iccos, in the sense of ' skilled,' is here 
 used with the genitive, on the analogy of el8d>s. 
 
 1. 30. riarpdicXeis (-K\tfs) l-mreu, ' charioteer Patroclus !' 
 The name Ilarpo/cXoy follows two declensions in its oblique 
 cases. With the form of the vocative here cp. the gen. 
 
 HarpoK\rjos and aCCUS. HuTpoK\ija. 
 
 1. 31. ou8e Sdfiaoxre, 'gave him no mortal wound/ 
 TrXTjYT] SafiaffOels, below, is used in a somewhat different 
 sense = ' mastered.' 
 
 1. 33. Y^O"; 'disarmed.' 
 
 1. 39. Siairpd Se x a ^ K " eXacrae, ' drove on the blade 
 right through.' 
 
 1. 40. *]Kaxe, an aorist given under a/caxt'C, ' sorely dis- 
 tressed.' 
 
 1. 41. x^PH-Tl' <in strife.' 
 
 1. 44. iroXXA daSfiai^orra, 'heavily panting/ 
 
 1. 45. ire<|>i'6iTa TroX^as, ' after having slain many men,' 
 
 21. 
 
 1. 2. 6&>K, notice the accent. 
 
 1. 3. ou irw rfjXe, SC. f OPTUS. 
 
 jieTaairui', (ped-fTrv), 'having followed them up.' 
 
 1. 6. TCI & TpoCTi SwKe ^epeiK, 'his own he gave to the 
 Trojans to carry/ 
 
 1. 8. ot Trarpl, equivalent in meaning to ' to his father/ 
 ot is the dative of the enclitic pronoun, and not the article 
 with &oi, as may be seen by the direction of the accent 
 on a.
 
 HOM. 1L. 20-22. 265 
 
 1. 10. yr\pa<s, 'when he had grown old/ the participle 
 of the aorist cYHP a m the same line. 
 
 1. ii. Join dirdceuGei' Kopucraojjiei'oi', 'harnessing himself 
 apart from the rest.' 
 
 1. 14. o8^ TI TOI, 'no thought of death weighs upon 
 thine heart.' 
 
 1. 15. o-xeSov eto-i, 'is drawing near/ 
 
 1. 17. enrjTjs, 'trusty' or 'kind:' a word of uncertain 
 etymology. 
 
 1. 1 8. Notice the difference of accent, in two lines, be- 
 tween the words Kpcrros and icpdros. ' For the moment I 
 will grant thee grand victory, as recompense for these 
 things, viz. that never shall Andromache receive at thy 
 hands the splendid armour of Peleus' son, when thou hast 
 returned from the field.' The negative really qualifies 
 vocnfivarn, meaning that he never shall return, and An- 
 dromache shall not take the prizes at his hand. With 
 K.VQ<TTf\cra.vTi Several cp. II. I. 596 iraiSos fdegaro X et P^ 
 
 KUTTfAXoi/. 
 
 1. 22. Join eirWeuo-e, 'nodded assent thereto.' 
 
 1. 2. Te'ra-nS a$\.v. Cp. note on 15. i. Here rather 
 in the sense of ' spread round them/ like vi>% reVarat Vt 
 poroi<7i, Od. ii. 19. 
 
 1. 3. TO T' ^ireo-o-ufiei/of, 'which sweeping on, after it has 
 blazed out on a sudden, burns some city of men, and 
 houses consume in the mighty glare, while the blast 
 of the roaring wind fans it' (lit. the strength of the 
 winds roars upon it) ; ' so a ceaseless clamour of steeds 
 and of armed men was assailing them as they went/ sc. 
 carrying off the corpse. 
 
 1. 7. emeVai is elsewhere used only with a personal
 
 266 NOTES. 
 
 subject. Atjx*]S seems to be a form of d8ifxij?=' con- 
 tinuous;' the prefix a being only euphonic, and not 
 having the privative force. 
 
 1. 8. afi4>i{3aXorre9, lit. ' having put on,' ' clothed them- 
 selves in,' like eViei/xeW oAjoji/. We might rather expect 
 the middle voice, but with this use of the active cp. Eur. 
 
 Androm. IIO dyopav . . SovXoavvav arvytpav a/zc/u/SaXoOo-a 
 Kapa. 
 
 1. 10. Sopu jieya nfjiov, ' a great balk of ship-timber.' 
 
 1. II. TCipeO", i. e. reipfTai. 
 
 1. 13. icrxaceniK, 'were keeping the Trojans back.' The 
 simile that follows describes the ' wooded spar of a hill, 
 stretching far into the plain, which kept back the terrible 
 streams of powerful rivers, and sets the current of all of 
 them to the plain, turning their course, and they cannot 
 with all their strength break it, as they flow on.' 
 
 1. 14. TCTUXTJKWS, from Tvyxavo), means little more than 
 ' being,' ' finding itself there.' Cp. Od. 10. 88 bv irept mrp^ 
 TjXiftaTos TfTvxrjKf 8iap.TT(pf's. ireSioio may be taken with Siairpu- 
 ffior, as if the adverb followed the force of the preposition 
 with which it is compounded; or it may be taken as a merely 
 local genitive, and StaTrpvo-iov as only adverbial to TTU- 
 XIKVS. The foreland acts partly as a dam, partly as a 
 watershed. 
 
 1. 21. ye'<J>os, a graphic word for a 'covey' or 'flight.' 
 
 1. 22. KeicXiiyon-es, as if from a new present, K(K\Tjy<o, 
 formed from KetcXriya, (icXaa>), is in the nominative case, 
 as if the preceding line had run ^apts rje xoXotot. ouXoK, 
 'loudly,' from ovXos, (Xe'o>), meaning 'close-packed.' 
 TrpotSoxTii' lorro, ' see him from afar coming on.' 
 
 1. 27. ^pwT] has apparently contradictory meanings. 
 Properly it is ' quick movement,' ' rush,' and then ' quick 
 movement away,' ' withdrawal/ and so (apparently) ' ces- 
 sation ' or ' abatement.'
 
 HOM. IL. 22, 23. 267 
 
 23. 
 
 1. 2. Kcipr], acc. sing. Epic form of /capo. 
 
 efjos, an Epic genitive, from the adjective cvs, ' good.' 
 the neuter of which is the familiar adverb ev. There 
 seems no reason, beyond the usage of the ancient critics, 
 why this form should be written with the rough breathing. 
 It is not unlikely that in this passage we should write eolo, 
 from the possessive pronoun ebs or os. 
 
 1. 5. TCI fiei' 8rj, ' verily, this has been accomplished by 
 the will of Zeus, even as thou didst afore entreat him, 
 with uplifted hands, that all the Greeks should be cooped 
 up,' etc. From eiXw we have an aorist taXrjv, yd plur. 
 a\tv, II. 22. 12 ; infin. aXr/vai, as in II. 16. 714, or, as here, 
 
 1. 1 1 . dXXa TI jioi TWK rjSos, ' But what pleasure have I 
 from this?' 
 
 1. 1 6. ppoTou dve'pos. One form of the story is that 
 several of the gods had sought the hand of Thetis, but 
 learning that the son that should be born of her would be 
 more powerful than his father, they gave her, against her 
 will, to Peleus. Achilles says to his mother, ' Would that 
 thou wert still living yonder among the sea-nymphs, and 
 that Peleus had wedded a mortal wife!' 
 
 1. 19. vw 8'. The sentence is elliptical. There is no 
 verb to which vvv 8' leads up. But the sense is not ob- 
 scure, ' but now [they have made thee my father's wife] 
 in order that,' etc. 
 
 1. 23. Join d-n-o-oXeWj], 'may lose.' 
 
 1. 24. IXupo, (plur. from eXwp), dirc-Ticn], ' may pay for 
 his spoiling.' 
 
 1. 26. of dyopcueis, 'in accordance with what thou 
 sayest.' 
 
 1. 27. iroTfios CTOIJJ.OS, 'fate waits on thee.'
 
 268 NOTES. 
 
 1. 29. auTiKa reQvaii\y. Achilles is so far from being 
 checked by his mother's gloomy foreboding, that he is not 
 content to be vicvfwpos, he says, ' Nay ! may I die at once.' 
 OUK IfjieXXoi', ' was not destined/ 
 
 1. 31. Srjo-ey, a contracted form of Se'qo-ei/ (for which the 
 common Homeric form is e'Seviyo-ej/), ' he wanted me.' 
 For a similar contraction cp. the form of the conjunctive 
 
 of /cet/xat, viz. KTJTCU for Kerjrai. 
 
 1. 32. vuv 8' eirei. The sentence is anacoluthontic, for 
 the verb in the apodosis is never expressed. But the 
 form of the sentence is renewed and the verb given in 
 
 1. 45 vvv &" fl/jL o(ppa Ki^fia) "EicTOpa. 
 
 reopen, with a future sense, like tlpi. 
 
 1. 35. eTwcriof fixOos dpou'prjs, 'are useless weight upon 
 the soil.' 
 
 1. 36. TOIOS euk, concessive, 'though being such an 
 one.' In this line the diphthong ot in tubs is scanned 
 short before the following vowel. 
 
 1. 38. u>s . . . diroXoiro, ' uiinam periret ! ' 
 
 1. 39. <j>'t]Ke, gnomic aorist, 'drives one on.' Wrath 
 is here described under a double simile : it is sweeter, 
 from the hope of vengeance, than the wild honey that 
 drops from the trees, and it rises and spreads in the heart 
 like the smoke that goes up from a fire. 
 
 1. 43. irporeTuxOou, 'be a bygone thing.' Like the use 
 of Lat. ' Troia fuit : ' ' has been, and is not.' Achilles is 
 willing to forego the quarrel with Agamemnon. A 
 sterner necessity (avdyKti) absorbs all his thoughts, the 
 duty of avenging the death of Patroclus. 
 
 1. 46. Sc|oftai, 'will accept,' or 'welcome.' 
 
 1. 48. ouSe yap ouSe. This repetition of the negative, 
 separated by yap or /i^, is frequent in Homer, in the 
 sense of ' assuredly not/ ' no ! not even/ or some similarly 
 emphatic denial, like our 'no! never!'
 
 HOM. IL. 23, 24. 269 
 
 1. 49. 05 irep refers back to 'HpaKAfJo?, or, more properly, 
 by construct ad sensum, to i'r; 'HpcwcAijor, as an equivalent 
 
 for 'HpaK\ijs. 
 
 1. 51. ofioiT], i. e. a. parallel fate with his, viz. Sa^m. 
 
 1. 52. iceiaopu, 'shall lie still.' The antithesis is be- 
 tween Kfiaofuii expressing inactivity and icXe'os dpoifiT]^ im- 
 plying success in fighting; and between eirei ice Od^u and 
 vuv 8e, ' now, may I win fair fame !' 
 
 1. 53. ouSe fie ireureis. Equivalent in meaning to ov y<Jp 
 
 24. 
 
 1. 2. ai0pT)yevT]s, as an epithet of Boreas, means, not 
 ' making clear weather/ but, ' born in the heights of 
 heaven.' It is not a misty wind of the lowlands or the 
 sea, but coming clear and fresh from mountain tops. 
 
 1. 6. ycXaowE, ' looked bright.' Cp. Horace's ' ridet 
 argento domus' Od. 4. 1 1 . 6. 
 
 1. 7. uiro goes closely with iroo-aij'. 
 
 1. 14. dTrdveuSe yeVeTo, 'flashed afar.' 
 
 L 15. IK TTOKTOIO <j>avrifl, 'is seen from the sea.' 
 
 1. 17. oraflficp ec oloiroXa), 'in a lonely homestead. 1 The 
 picture described is that of the watchfire of the herdsmen 
 on the mountain pasturages above the sea. If the latter 
 part of the description in the simile has any bearing upon 
 the circumstances of the arming of Achilles, it must be 
 that the mention of the storm suggests the wild and fitful 
 gleam of the watch fire as the gusty wind deadens it and 
 then fans it up again. 
 
 1. 20. ircpl is adverbial to Oe'ro. 
 
 1. 23. &s . . . Oapeid?, 'which Hephaestus sets thick 
 about the crest.'
 
 270 NOTES. 
 
 1. 24. Treip^Or) 8e, 'Achilles made trial of himself in his 
 gear, to see if it fitted him, and if his fine limbs moved 
 free in it.' 
 
 1. 26. TW 8e. The magical suit of armour not only did 
 not weigh the hero down, but was ' like wings ' to him. 
 
 1. 27. <rupiYY> 'the spear case.' 
 
 1. 30. riTjXtdSa, 'the ashen shaft from Mount Pelion.' 
 Cheiron was a centaur who lived there, and who was 
 teacher to the young Achilles. 
 
 1. 33. Join Afi<}>l-I(7aK, ' put round them the yoke-straps.' 
 From evwfju. 
 
 1. 34. Kcrrdi 8' i\via, 'they drew the reins behind (the 
 horses) up to the close-framed car.' The reins passed 
 from the horses' heads through rings on the yoke, and 
 were tied to the rim or rail that ran round the car 
 
 1. 36. <}>' TinrouK dcopoiKref, ' leaped upon the car.' See 
 note on 20. 1. 28. 
 
 1. 37. SmOcK J3rj, 'mounted after him;' not in the 
 meaning of ' stood behind him ;' for the fighter stood by 
 the side (Trapa^arjjf) of the charioteer. 
 
 1. 39. iroTp<5s. The gods had given these horses to 
 Peleus at his marriage with Thetis. Savdov KOI BoAiW . . . 
 
 rovs fTfKe Zf(f)i>p(p avt/juo apmiia UoSdpyrj. The Homeric 
 
 notion of apnvia is that of a storm-goddess. 
 
 1. 41. fiXXus, 'in other sort,' explained by the words 
 below, P.T)& a>s, etc. 
 
 1. 42. tupey. In the absence of any certain information 
 about this word we must be content with the interpreta- 
 tion of the Scholiast, oS^i/ e^<a/zev, 'when we have had 
 enough.' Some refer the word to a verb aw, ao-m, 'to 
 satisfy,' others to the verb fy/u, but the first derivation 
 fails to account for the form, and the second suggests no 
 intelligible meaning.
 
 HOM. IL. 24, 25. 271 
 
 The sentence in full would run, p,^8e Xwrrre r 
 
 1. 44. iroSas aloXos, ' Swift of foot.' 
 1. 46. eepnroucra, (epfiVa)), ' streaming down.' 
 may be rendered ' collar :' it is strictly the pad above the 
 
 \fjra8va, 
 
 1. 47. auS^en-a 29r]Ke, 'made him voiceful/ 'gave him a 
 voice/ 
 
 1. 48. K<U Xitjy, ' in good sooth will we at least to-day 
 bring thee back safe/ 
 
 1. 50. Oeos jJtcY ? is Apollo, who was the cause of 
 Patroclus' death too. 
 
 1. 56. croi auTw, emphatic, ' for thee thyself/ We shall 
 have no part in it. The god and the man who com- 
 passed the death of Achilles were Apollo and Paris. 
 
 1. 57. tj>t Sap.fjroi, 'to be violently slain/ The 'Eptvves 
 are represented as the watchful guardians of the appointed 
 order of events, and as aid to the Motpat, in which 
 capacity they appear here, preventing Achilles from 
 escaping or seeking to escape his doom, by learning too 
 much of the way in which it was ordained to come to 
 him. 
 
 1. 62. dXXa Kal cfunjs, 'but yet notwithstanding/ 
 
 1. 63. 8&T\v eXciaai iroXe'fioio, ' drive them to full satiety 
 of war/ a8rjv may be taken as governing TroXe^ioto, or 
 perhaps n-oXe'^oto may be a sort of local genitive after 
 analogous to the genitive in the phrase 
 
 25. 
 
 1. i. wpficui'e. Hector had been revolving in his mind 
 the possibilities of meeting Achilles in fair field, or of 
 making terms with him by the restitution of Helen.
 
 272 NOTES. 
 
 1. 2. 'EKuaXios, a name of Ares, the war-god. 
 
 1. 3. nT]Xid8a, see above on 24. 1. 30. 
 
 1. 9. KI'PKOS. The falcon, described as ' swiftest of birds,' 
 is said to ' speed in pursuit ' of a dove. 
 
 1. 10. olfiaw and olfjLT} are from the root I, as in l-evai. 
 
 1. ii. uiraiOa, an adverb from vrrdi, a form of vrro, 
 means here 'away from him/ lit. from under him. XeXri- 
 KUS, see under Xdovco). 
 
 1. 12. rapped eiraurerei, 'swoops often upon it.' 
 
 1. 13. iflus iTTTo, 'sped straight after him.' 
 
 1. 14. retxog uiro, 'towards the shelter of the wall.' 
 
 1. 15. It is not possible to identify the relative positions 
 of the watch-tower, the wind-swept fig-tree, or the two 
 basins ; they must all lie near the ' Scaean ' or western 
 gate of Ilion, between the town and the plain, through 
 which the dfia|iTos led in the direction of the Greek 
 camp. Strabo, the Greek geographer, understood by 
 epiceos a plantation or group of fig-trees on an elevated 
 knoll ; but this was only by way of explaining rj^fidcn-a, 
 which can well be applied to some lonely fig-tree, with its 
 branches bent inland by the winds from the sea. Kpouvu 
 are basins in which the springs well up. There seems no 
 real difficulty in joining Tnjyai SKapdvSpov, for although the 
 ultimate sources of the river lay further off, these may 
 well be feeders of the main-stream. Others join dmur- 
 o-ouo-i and translate, ' well up from the Scamander,' sup- 
 posing some subterranean connection between the river 
 and the springs. One of these springs is warm, and 
 steam rises from it, in the winter; the other runs as cold 
 in summer time as hail, or snow, or ice. 
 
 1. 23. eir* aurdwv (Trrjywv), ' close at the springs are five 
 broad washing-tanks of stone,' i. e. stone-lined. 
 
 1. 24. oryaXocvra, 'bright-white.' This is a good in- 
 stance of a constant epithet, applied generally to a noun
 
 HOM. IL. 25, 26. 273 
 
 without having any connection with particular circum- 
 stances. For when clothes are brought to be washed, 
 they are dirty, and not oryoAoWa. 
 
 1. 27. fauyw, supply 6 fjitv to parallel 6 ft vnicrSe SMO/CWJ/. 
 
 1. 29. KapiraXifius characterises both e^evye and &We. 
 lcpr]loy. An ox for sacrifice, or a hide, might be an ordi- 
 nary prize for a race, but here they were ' trying to win ' 
 (dpvva-drjv) something very different. They were running 
 a race for Hector's life, the one to take it, the other to 
 save it. Join de'OXia irovaiv dySpwK, ' prizes for the fleet 
 feet of man.' 
 
 1. 32. WpfjiaTo means here the 'turning-post,' Lat. 'mefa,' 
 and the simile seems to suggest that at this point Hector 
 doubled and retraced his steps again in the direction of 
 the city walls. 
 
 1. 33. TO 8e, 'and a great prize is ready set there.' TO 
 &, rendered ' there/ has the effect, natural to the demon- 
 strative pronoun, of pointing to the prize as if it lay be- 
 fore us. 
 
 1. 34. Tpiiros, a shortened form of rplvovs. 
 
 dvSpos KaTaT0r]wTos, ' when some hero is dead.' The 
 allusion is to the games that often formed a part of the 
 funeral rites. 
 
 1. 35. iroXu' Wpi does not mean much more than 
 'roundabout near the city.' They did not run right 
 round it, but kept a circling course, now near and now 
 further away from the Scaean gate. 
 
 26. 
 
 1. i . icXovewi', ' driving him.' 
 1. 2. Join vefipov Xd4>oio. 
 
 1. 3. opaas, (opwut}, as we say, 'having put him 'up.' 
 SITJTOI goes directly with 8id . 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER.
 
 274 NOTES. 
 
 1. 4. i-Sk 8 s ei Wp re, ' and should the fawn hide from 
 the dog by crouching under a bush, yet the dog tracking 
 him out runs steadily after him.' 
 
 1. 6. o& XfjOe, ' could not elude the gaze." 
 
 1. 7. iruXdeoK Aap8<mdW depends upon An-iOK dia<r6ai, 
 ' to rush straight for the gate into the shelter of the well- 
 built towers/ which we may suppose flanked the 2aiat 
 
 1. 9. i irws 61, (dative of enclitic pronoun), 'in hope 
 that from above his friends might defend him/ 
 
 1. 10. TOCTcrdici, 'so often did Achilles, outstripping him 
 and getting in front, turn him back towards the plain/ 
 Achilles got between Hector and the walls, so that Hector 
 had to retrace his steps again and leave the neighbour- 
 hood of the walls for the open plain. irapa<j>8ds, see 
 under napa-cfrQdva). Achilles thus got ' on the city-side ' 
 of Hector (mm TrroAios). 
 
 1. 12. ou Surorai, supply TK. 
 
 1. 14. us 6 TOV, 'so the one could not catch the other 
 by running, nor he (the pursued) escape/ 05 is the de- 
 monstratival pronoun, equivalent to ovros. 
 
 1. 15. mis 8 tif\>. The wonder here expressed is why 
 Hector could elude pursuit so long, seeing that Achilles 
 was evidently the swifter. Nor could he have done 
 so, had not Apollo ' come near to him, for a last and 
 final meeting/ and inspired him with fresh spirit and un- 
 usual speed. But this was the last time the god could 
 come to his help, as Fate already demanded its victim. 
 
 1. 16. |]ITTO, see on 6. 28. 
 
 1. 1 8. XaouTiK 8' &vlvfue, i. e. he shook his head to warn 
 his Myrmidons not to shoot. 
 
 1. 20. Scurepos, see on 13. 12. 
 
 1. 21. At the critical moment, Zeus lifts the golden 
 balance, and puts the fate of each hero in either scale.
 
 HOM. IL. 26, 27. 275 
 
 1. 25. IXice, ' he drew up the beam/ so that the scales 
 hung free, and the 'fated day of Hector sank, and 
 dropped netherwards.' The subject to wx 6TO is "Eic-rcpos 
 aunp>K TJjAap, not "Eicrup, for els 'AtSao, ' in the direction of 
 the land of Hades/ is only a graphic periphrasis for 
 ' downwards.' Apollo then left him, as his fate was 
 sealed. Cp. Virg. Aen. 12. 725 foil. ' lupiter ipse duos 
 aequalo examine lances \ suslinel, et fata imponit diversa 
 duorum, \ quern damnet labor et quo vergal ponder e letum.' 
 
 27. 
 
 1. 2. es afyupov, ' he bored the tendons of both feet be- 
 hind, from heel to ankle.' This means that he passed 
 the knife between the 'tendon-Achilles/ and the ankle- 
 bone. 
 
 1. 3. In 8i'4>poio. So ' religare funem ab littore,' Lucr. 
 7. 860. l\KC(T0ai lao-e, ' let it drag.' 
 
 1. 4. Join dca-deipas. 
 
 1. 5. eXiav, ' to make the horses go.' 
 
 1. 6. itoiao-aXos, ' a cloud of dust rose from him.' 
 dp^i-mTTaiTo, ' were spread all abroad.' 
 
 1. 8. TOTC 8c makes an antithesis to irdpos. The tragical 
 nature of the outrage is enhanced by the scene being laid 
 
 ej? eV TTOTpi'St yairj. 
 
 1. ii. TiXXe, 'tare her hair.' In this sense the middle 
 voice is more common. 
 
 1. 14. eixon-o, 'were taken up with/ 'plunged in.' So 
 K.r]\i]6p.(f fo-xovro, Od. ii. 334 ; &> o^ei' o-xopfvy, Od. ii. 278. 
 
 1. 1 5. TW 8c, * and the scene was most like this, viz. as 
 if the beetling heights of the citadel from top to base were 
 being devoured by fire.' With the form of sentence cp. 
 
 'OfWcnjor diJTT) TW !K(\T) WE ei e /SiwaTO JJLOVVOV fotrra Tpwes, 
 II. II. 467. 
 
 T 2
 
 276 NOTES. 
 
 1. 19. KOirpoy only means 'the dirty ground.' 
 
 1. 21. oxe'crOc, 'hold off.' 
 
 1. 23. XiWujiai, almost with the force of indicative 
 future, ' I would fain beseech.' 
 
 1. 25. Toioo-Se^rr/XiKoirrof, 'of such an age as I am.' 
 
 1. 27. (idXiora, 'and most to me beyond all others hath 
 he caused sorrow.' 
 
 1. 30. oS SXQS, 'grief for whom/ Curt. 413 e. "AtSos 
 (8o/xoi/) ei<ru, ' within the home of Hades.' "AV'Soy, a meta- 
 plastic genitive, as if from "AYy, not 'Atfyy. 
 
 1. 31. iv yepalv, 'in my arms.' 
 
 1. 32. TW, 'in that case.' Notice the free combination 
 of plural verb with dual subject. 
 
 28. 
 
 1. i. ope'orro, only in this tense in Homer, from a pre- 
 sent opeopai, a later form of opwpcu. 
 
 1. 2. Kc<j>ca, 'driving the clouds before them.' 
 
 1. 3. IKWOV d^jjiemi, ' came to the sea to blow upon it.' 
 TTorros, SC. QprjiKtos. 
 
 1. 6. afiuSis, ' together ;' for there were two winds 
 blowing. Others join a/iu&y ?/3aXXov, ' urged the fire into 
 one solid mass.' 
 
 1. 9. d<j>u(To-6jjiei'os, sc. by dipping the Surras into the 
 
 1. 10. v^ux^i'. Notice the solemn effect produced by 
 the entire absence of the dactyl from this line. 
 
 1. ii. Join ou iraiSos ofnia., 1 nati sut ossa! 
 
 1. 12. fupjuou, 'new married,' so that the parents had 
 hope of grandchildren. 
 
 1. 15. 'Ew<r4>6pos, 'the morning- star comes forth to an- 
 nounce daylight.'
 
 HOM. IL. 27-30. 277 
 
 1. 17. ejiapaikeTo, 'began to die down.' Notice the 
 shade of difference between the process described by the 
 two tenses. 
 
 1. 2. TTjXiicou, see note on 27. 25. 
 
 6Xow, 'miserable.' 
 1. 3. irepiKoi^Tai, ' his neighbours,' further described by 
 
 1, 4. TeipouCTi, sc. by raids on his land, com, ' is there, 
 so as to ward off mischief and ruin.' 
 
 1. 6. iri T' eXircTcu, ' and hopes moreover, day after day.' 
 1. 7. diro Tpoir\Qev. The preposition here is superfluous, 
 
 as in ajf ovpavodtv. 
 
 1. 8. irai'diroTjJios, SC. ei/u. 
 
 1. ii. MJS, see on 7. 19. njSuos, equivalent in meaning 
 
 1. 12. Y om i Ke s> concubines, as distinguished from 
 Hecabe, the wife. Priam lives in Oriental style. 
 
 1. 13. TUK jiec iroXXuK, 'of most of these my sons.' 
 
 1. 14. eipuro, 'protected, avTovs,=' the citizens.' 
 
 1. 15. T&K, 'him;' deferred antecedent to 6s. KTetws, 
 the indicative aorist, without augment ; to be distinguished 
 from KTfivds, the participle. 
 
 1. 1 8. airrcV re, SC. e/xe. 
 
 1. 19. ^Xeciv<5T6pos, 'more to be pitied' than Peleus, be- 
 cause having no hope of any son's return. 
 
 1. 21. ITOT! cn-ojia, 'to stretch forth my hand to the 
 mouth of my child's murderer.' Because to grasp the 
 chin or beard was a common form of supplication. 
 
 30. 
 
 1. i. ATT' alwfos wXeo, ' thou hast passed away from life.' 
 Join K
 
 278 NOTES. 
 
 1. 2. n^mos aurus, ' quite a babe/ 
 
 1. 3. oi> TeKOfjtec, 'whose hapless parents are thou and I.' 
 
 1. 5. ircpaerai, (Trep&o), middle future in passive sense. 
 
 So rpwo-eo-tfai OMD, II. 12. 66. This use is not unfrequent 
 
 in the Tragedians, as Ti^aerai, Soph. Ant. 687 ; a^worerat, 
 
 ib. 890; (puXaerai, Phil. 48. 
 
 1. 6. pu'oxeu, imperf. 2nd sing, from pva-Kopai, another 
 form of pvofj.ai. juy au-rtji', SC. TroXtv. 
 
 Ix^s, ' didst keep ;' ' didst protect.' She alludes to 
 the derivation of the name *EKTO>P. So says the Scholiast. 
 
 1. 7. dx^o'OKTai, ' will be carried off,' as slaves. 
 
 1. 8. ftcrd TTICTI takes up the word dXoxous. 
 
 1. 9. deiic&i, such as the duties of a slave. 
 
 1. 10. dOXeuuc, 'toiling under the eye of a hard master.' 
 
 1. 1 1 . SKeQpov, an accusative in epexegetic apposition to 
 the whole preceding sentence. Cp. Aeschyl. Agam. 225 
 
 rrXa 8' ovv 6vrr)p yevfcrdai Ovyarpbs, yvvaiKonoivav TroXe'/LKO*' 
 
 dpuydi/. See note on 5. 36, 37. 
 
 1. 12. The antecedent to u is TIS '&\<a.iuv. 
 
 1. 14. 68d| IXoy. 'To bite the ground' is a familiar 
 phrase to express ' dying.' o-Sa is to be connected with 
 SaK-v-oj, not with o8ovs. The word cunTe-roy is a ' standing ' 
 or ' constant ' epithet of ouSas and adds no touch to the 
 picture here. 
 
 1. 1 6. TW, 'wherefore.' 
 
 1. 17. If dptiToc (and not app^roi/) be right, we might 
 understand it to mean ' that against which men pray ' 
 (dpdofMi); or rather take it as predicative with e0rjKas, 
 ' thou hast made sorrow and wail desirable,' a phrase with 
 which we might compare i/uepo? yooio. 
 
 1. 19. XexeW CK, i. e. ' from thy dying bed.' 
 
 1. 20. iruKivoi' eiros, ' some word of wisdom,' i. e. some 
 last advice which she might always carry about with her. 
 
 1. 21. jiejj.rjjpiTit', optat. from perf.
 
 HOM. IL. 30-32. 279 
 
 31. 
 
 1. 2. wos T P CWK forms a strong contrast to ev davdroio 
 nfp alaji, but the two adverbs are hardly translatable. An 
 emphasis of the voice on the two contrasted expressions 
 would most nearly represent the force ; ' while alive indeed 
 . . . and even in the hour of death ' may perhaps serve for 
 a rendering. 
 
 1. 5. Tr^pyao-ice, 3rd sing, of the iterative form of the im- 
 perf. from Wp^/ii, Epic form of 7r(pda>, ' was wont to sell 
 them,' as he had Lycaon, a son of Priam, II. 21. 78. 
 
 1. 6. dfiixOaXoeis is perhaps connected with opix\r), 
 'mist,' 'vapour,' referring to the clouds of smoke that 
 sometimes overhung the volcanic isle of Lemnos. The 
 constant communication of the Greeks with Lemnos 
 disproves the common rendering, 'unapproachable;' 
 
 Schol. aTTpOCTfUKTOS. 
 
 1. 9. d^orrjorec, ' yet not even thus did he wake him to 
 life again.' 
 
 1. 10. IpoT^eis, lit. ' dewy,' means here ' fresh/ explained 
 by Trp6cr4>aTos, (perhaps from <ei/o>, Tre-^ar-at), 'just dead.' 
 Sudden deaths of men were attributed to the ' pain- 
 less shafts ' of Apollo ; those of women to the arrows of 
 Artemis. The corpses of those who had died thus sud- 
 denly would not wear the emaciated, exhausted, look of 
 those who had been wasted by long sickness. 
 
 1. 12. eTroixofAei'os, ' visiting them.' 
 
 32. 
 
 1. 3. 6s irplf utfreXW 6X^0601, ' Would I had died first !' 
 1. 6. &au<|>T)X6i', 'unworthy;' perhaps, with Schol., from 
 
 d<ro(pr)\bs, (a<ro(pos), with Aeolic u for o. 
 
 1. 8. yaXows, (Lat. l glos'}, 'sister-in-law.' Eifdrepes, (Lat. 
 
 ' ianitrices'), ' wives of brothers.'
 
 280 NOTES. 
 
 1. 9. iKuprj, (Lat. ' socrus'), refers to Hecabe', cicupo? to 
 Priam. 
 
 1. 10. T&V ye takes up the gender of taepw, disregarding 
 the three feminines. 
 
 irapai(J)(ijjici'os, (irapdfatu), ' speaking gently.' 
 
 1. 13. ire<t>piKaai, 'turn with horror from me/ as the 
 cause of the fatal war.
 
 SELECTIONS FROM HERODOTUS. 
 
 I. SOLON AND CROESUS. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 2. aXXoi re ol irdiTcs, literally, 'both others, viz. the 
 whole body of the sages from Hellas;' we might trans- 
 late, ' not only all sages besides . . . but also Solon/ 
 
 <7o<JHOTal had not yet acquired any of the meaning 
 that belongs to the word in later Greek, and in the or- 
 dinary English use of 'sophist/ Pythagoras is called 
 o-o^ioTjjs by Herodotus. 
 
 1. 3. ws IKCIOTOS . . . dmici'&iTo. The optative is used 
 here with the meaning of indefinite repetition, (Curt. 
 558. obs. i), ' as each one of them happened to arrive :' 
 meaning that the ot irdvres did not come all at once. 
 
 1. 4. loXuc. This interview can hardly have taken 
 place. Solon's legislation belongs to 594 B.C. and his 
 ten years of absence from Athens lie between 593-583 B.C., 
 and Croesus did not come to the throne till 563 B.C.; or, 
 if an interview did take place, it must have been a different 
 one from the story given here. 
 
 1. 6. GeujpiT)?. See note below, on yfjv iro\\t)v. 
 
 1. 7. drayicd-aCf] (so inf. -(KJTai). The optat. (after cmt^- 
 tjirjvf) would be more usual; but cp. Curt. 531, 532, 
 and obs. 
 
 1. 8. otoi re r\(rav, ' were able,' lit. vteiejust the sort to 
 do it. Tt here is the Epic n of emphasis. 
 
 OUTO ITOITJO-CU, SC. XiJo-at.
 
 282 NOTES. 
 
 1. ii. afauv . . . eicctcey. ' Solon having left home for 
 these very reasons' (sc. that no change should be made), 
 ' and for the sake of seeing (new sights).' flvfv governs 
 both genitives. 
 
 0ewpiT]s has the defining article, because it has been 
 already mentioned. 
 
 1. 13. "Afioo-is. For his history see later, in the Story of 
 Polycrates. 
 
 irapo, "AfAaaif, ' to visit Amasis.' 
 
 1.3. Tre8eiim;aa'. This verb is conjugated in Herodotus 
 both from SciKvvfiv and SewcwW, so that we find edfUwov 
 as imperf. and edeiKwara or 8|a (sometimes edfga, lonice) 
 as the i aor. 
 
 1. 4. 6if)T]<rdjAe>'Oi'. The Attic form would be dfacrdfitvov 
 
 from dfdofua. We also have Ajcv/aevoy, and ^y/o-o/iat. 
 
 1. 5. las ol, = ' que madmodum ei',' the enclitic of throws 
 back the accent. KCITOI Kaipoc r\v=' commodum erat' 
 
 \. 6. irap' T)|i.e'a,s Y^P- The word yap explains tfiepos 
 fTrrjXdf /JLOI, the clause giving the reason being thrown first, 
 as often in Homeric syntax: 'since many stories have 
 reached our ears concerning you, therefore the wish has 
 come upon me.' 
 
 1. 9. yfji' iro\\T]i' eireXi]Xu6as. There is something Ho- 
 meric in the language used to describe the journeying of 
 Solon, Ofiapirjs (IvfKev, ' to see what was to be seen.' Cp. 
 levai iro\\r,v eVi yalav, Od. 2. 364, and ib. i. 3, where it is 
 said of Odysseus, os /zoXa TroXXa TrXayx^? . TroXXwj/ 6 1 av- 
 Spwnuv I8fv aorta <cat voov eyva. 
 
 1. ii. iknilw ttfoi dXpicjTaTos. By common Greek 
 usage, predicative qualifications referring to the principal 
 subject are in the nominative : cp. '
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. I. i, 2. 283 
 
 Aios vlos. In Latin, ' Uxor invicti lovis esse nescis ? ' or, 
 'Phaselits ilte quern vide t is, hospites, Ait fuisse navium 
 celerrimus! See Curt. 571. 
 
 1. 13. TW corn xP T ] - afji.ei'os, literally, 'adopting what 
 really was [the case],' i. e. frankly speaking the truth. 
 
 1. 14. Te'XXoc. The accusative assimilated to the form 
 of Croesus' question, nva eiS oX/StwraToi/; as though 
 the full form of the sentence were, TeXAov ewpa/co 6Xta>- 
 rarov ovra. 
 
 1. 15. liri(rrpe<j)us. An adverb of doubtful meaning, 
 generally rendered 'earnestly.' In Hdt. 8. 62 firevrpap- 
 fxva firr) seem to be 'earnest words;' because they are 
 energetically ' brought to bear,' e'7rioTpe<eTat, on the subject. 
 KoiTj, i.e. Trot'a, 'In what respect?' The termination 
 of the feminine dative is a frequent form of the Greek 
 adverb, as in rainy, vy, KOIVJ), etc. 
 
 1. I 7- TOOTO (ity . . . TOUTO 8c, like TO fJLV ... TO '=' Ul the 
 
 first place ... in the second.' 
 
 eu TJKOUOTJS, similar in meaning to ev e^etv, 'to be 
 in a good state;' only, eu rjicetv contains the notion of 
 having reached a high position, and ew exew merely de- 
 notes the state without this picturesque addition. See 
 below, TOV /3t'ov (v fJKovri, and in B. 5. 62 xP T lf JL " ra)V ^ovres, 
 where the genitive may be taken as the ordinary case of 
 reference, or perhaps better with a local meaning. 
 
 1. 19. irdrra TrapajieivaiTa, sc. reKva, 'all of them sur- 
 viving.' Tellos lived to see his sons with their children 
 growing up round them. 
 
 1. 20. u>s TCI -rrap' Tjfuy, as circumstances are among us.' 
 Solon means to contrast Athenian simplicity with the 
 extravagance of Lydian society. 
 
 1. 22. n^x^s- This battle at Eleusis was probably 
 against the Megarians. The Megarid was originally one 
 of the divisions of Attica, but after the return of the
 
 284 NOTES. 
 
 Heraclidae it passed to the Dorians. Hence there was 
 a constant jealousy between the Athenians and the 
 Megarians. 
 
 1. 24. Sijpxro). See note above on L 15. 
 
 1. 25. aurou -njircp, 'there, where;' i.e. just where. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. i. TO, icarei TO^ TeAAoy, 'when Solon, in the case of 
 Tellos, had urged Croesus on (to further questionings), 
 by describing so many happy points in it, Croesus asked 
 further,' TO. Kara rov TfXXov may be taken as here trans- 
 lated, or may be considered as governed by a word like 
 Aeya>i>, suggested by the participle etiras that follows. 
 
 1. 5. y^os, accusative, ' by birth.' 
 
 1. 6. uirr\v, ' was theirs to enjoy.' imdvai, in this sense 
 resembles the use of inrdp^tiv. 
 
 1. 7. Toii^Se, 'of such a kind as this.' What the par- 
 ticular kind or amount was is contained in the expres- 
 sion a0\o(p6poi. TJvav, and, more generally, in the story that 
 follows, how they drew their mother in the car. 
 
 1. 9. pjrepa. Their mother was priestess of Hera, 
 whose temple stood some six miles away from Argos. 
 
 1. 10. crfa belongs to ov naptyivovro. The insertion of 
 the enclitic in this unusual place shows that the definite 
 article (of Se) had not the mere force of an article, as in 
 later Greek; otherwise, it would be quite necessary to 
 construe of 8 o-<t jSdes closely together. Cp. TO 6V of 
 ovvopa flvai 'lovv, Hdt. I. I ; rbv fie of iraibSiv TOV irpfa- 
 fjvrtpov fiirdv, Hdt. 3. 3. 
 
 1. ii. ^KKAT]i<5(icoi, 'barred by the (shortness of) the 
 time' from adopting any other course. 
 
 1. 1 8. 6 6c6s does not mean any particular god, but is 
 equivalent to our general phrase ' heaven.'
 
 SOLON AND CROESUS. I. 2-4. 285 
 
 1. 19. fiaXXoc is superfluous, as there is already a com- 
 parative (apewov) in the sentence. So in B. i. 2. we 
 
 find 6 p.fya TrXoi'o-tor fidXXoy TOV eV fotpq* (X OVTO * oXf3iuTpos. 
 
 1.2i. oiuv 7K.v<t>v eKupti<re, ' to think what noble sons 
 she had gotten.' The Argive men praise the strength of 
 the youths ; the women their filial devotion. 
 
 1. 23. TOU dYiXfi.aT09. The statue of Hera in her 
 temple. 
 
 1. 25. SoGrai TTJI' Oeoc, 'prayed that the goddess would 
 give to Cleobis and Bito.' The aorist infinitive, expressing 
 here only the action of the verb, derives its apparent future 
 sense from the force of (vx f > which implies a looking 
 forward to a fulfilment. 
 
 Join SpiCTToi'-Tuxeti', the infinitive being quite analogous 
 here to the Latin supine in u with an adjective, = ' best- 
 to-have.' 
 
 1. 28. iv TeXe'i ecrxoiro, ' tenebantur in hoc exitu vitae,' a 
 further description of the foregoing words OUKCTI &vl- 
 
 OTTjaai'. 
 
 1. 29. iroiT|(rafiei'oi, 'having had made,' Curt. 481. 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 3. TJ 8e TjfieWpTj, ' Is our prosperity, then, thus flung 
 away by you into mere nothingness?' 8e suggests an 
 antithesis between the prosperity of Croesus, and that of 
 Tellos and of the two Argive youths. 
 
 1. 4. <3<rre. . . etroti-pas, Curt. 565, obs. I, 'put US on 
 a par with.' 
 
 1. 6. iir(.<rrd\i.tv6v fie, ' thou art questioning about human 
 affairs me who know that heaven is altogether jealous and 
 works confusion.' The same thought occurs again in 
 the Story of Polycrates, (see Chap. V). What we express 
 in such words as, ' he that exalteth himself shall be abased,' 
 the Greeks put in another way, that the powers of heaven
 
 286 NOTES. 
 
 could not brook anything that seemed to rival their 
 greatness or their prosperity. The huge animals that 
 walk the earth are stricken by the thunderbolt, for the 
 god will not suffer them to vaunt themselves; and the 
 same bolt singles out the tallest trees and loftiest houses ; 
 
 c/nXe'et yap 6 debs ra vtrept^ovra irdvra KoAovetv, Hdt. 7- IO. 
 
 ev TU liaKpwxpoyw. Notice the article, ' the long period' 
 of the world's history. 
 
 1. it. eiccifo . . . Xe'yu, 'but as to the question thou 
 didst put me,' (sc. whether thou wast happy), ' I say not 
 yet that thou art.' 
 
 1. 13. fiaXXoy 6X|3twTepos. See note on sup. . 3. eir' 
 r\^.ifn\v IXOITOS, ' that has enough for one day.' 
 
 1. 15. TcXeimjdcu TOV ^lo', 'that he end his life well.' 
 The infinitive is added as an explanation of the ' fortune 
 that accompanies him.' 
 
 1. 1 6. d-irXouToi. The prefix fa, as in the Homeric 
 fma<j)f\>s, &KOTOS, etc., comes from 8ia (through the/ 
 sound of the iota, i. e. 8/a) and means ' thoroughly.' 
 
 1. 17. PIOU, genitive of reference, depending on the ad- 
 
 1. 19. Trpoe'xei TOU eurux&s, ' is ahead of the lucky 
 man in only two points.' 
 
 1. 2O. 6 p.ei'=:6 TrAowrios. 6 8e=:6 fitTpias e^v /Si'ov. 
 
 1. 22. TounSc, ' in the following points ;' the enumeration 
 of these begins with amjpos, for the sentence opening with 
 o.Tt\v fief introduces some limitations rather than advan- 
 tages. 'While indeed he is not better able to endure 
 calamity and accomplish ' (supply eWeXeVot from sentence 
 above) ' his desire ; but these things his good luck keeps 
 off from him ; yet is he sound of limb/ etc. 
 
 1. 26. irpos TOUTOUTI, 'besides this.' 
 
 1. 27. rdy <ru t]T6is belongs closely to 5X|3ios, ' that man 
 deserves to be called the happy being whom thou seekest.'
 
 FALL OF CROESUS. II. i. 287 
 
 . 28. lmo\<tiv, 'wait!' Curt. 577. Similarly 
 
 . 30. o-uXXapeti', ' to unite in himself.' 
 
 33- "S 8e, ' even so, no one individual man is all- 
 sufficient.' 
 
 . 36. ex a)l ' SiaTeXfT), ' continue to hold.' 
 
 . 37. irap' Ijiol, 'in my judgment.' 
 1. 38. SIKCUOS eon, <j>epo-0ai, ' deserves to win.' 
 1. 40. uiTo8e|as o\$ov. Notice the force of tm-6 in com- 
 position, ' having given a glimpse of prosperity.' 
 
 1. 41. avtrpetye, for this use of the aorist see Curt. 
 
 494- 
 
 1. 42. exapite-ro, 'he showed Croesus no favour, and 
 having made him of no account, Croesus dismisses him 
 from his presence' (notice the force of the middle voice), 
 ' having judged that he was ignorant who/ etc. In oure . . . 
 TroiTjo-dfj.ci'os the negative only qualifies the participle, and 
 is not carried on to dTroWpreTat. The change of subject 
 in the sentence is very awkward; but unless we could 
 venture to read dp.adf)s, and refer only to one subject, 
 Solon, this arrangement is unavoidable. Xoyou ouSct/os 
 may be called a genitive of price, or value, Curt. 421. 
 
 II. FALL OF CROESUS. 
 1. 
 
 1. i. TCCTo-epeorKaiScKaTT]. The formation of the ordinal 
 number shows that the cardinal, Teo-o-epetncai'SeKa, is re- 
 garded by Herodotus as indeclinable. Thus we have 
 
 Te<r(rtprKai8fKa trea. 
 
 1. 2. eyeVcTO Kpoi<ru. Cp. dierrjs %pdvos tycyovft ravra TW 
 Hdt. 2. 2. Also Luke i. 36 'This is
 
 288 NOTES. 
 
 the sixth month with her that was called barren,' \u\v e-o? 
 eorti/ avrfi. 
 
 1. 5. wg oo irpoex^pce, ' when it did not succeed.' The 
 subject to the verb is not orpariTj, but TO Tip^y^a, if it be 
 necessary to supply a subject at all ; it is, however, better 
 to take the verb as impersonal. 
 
 1. 7. MdpSos. The Mardi, or Amardi, were a nomad 
 Persian people, who followed the regular army of Cyrus, 
 as the Kalmucks accompany Russian troops. 
 
 9. 4>uXaicos, the regular form in Herodotus for <f>v\a. 
 1 2 . Twy Tiya AuSe'o) v, for nva TWV AuSuc. So in 2 
 infra, r5>v rts Htpo-eW. 
 
 1 3. em nvvlr]v, ' to recover a helmet.' 
 
 14. dKcXofieyoc, 'having picked it up.' 
 
 15. es 6ufi6y epdXcro, like the Homeric phrase eV Ov^m 
 
 1. 1 6. Kar' auTof, 'after him,' not identical with /W 
 airrov, ' post t'llum,' but rather, ' secundum ilium,' that is, 'ad 
 eius exemplum! 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 2. rek, fieK a\Xa iriEiKT)5, ' cetera quidem non inepfus.' 
 
 1. 3. eucoTOi, from nom. eueora). 
 
 ito.v es auroK, ' had done all he could with regard to 
 him.' 
 
 1. 4. aXXa TC . . . ^iTin5fA4ce. We should naturally expect 
 5re7ro/i0wy to match n > i<f>pa6|j.Ei'o$, but the finite verb is 
 substituted. 
 
 1. 7. |iya n^Tuc, so /xy a vrpf">s is applied to the fool- 
 hardy Patroclus, II. 16. 46. 
 
 1. 8. IT)!', ' voice.' 
 
 1. 9. dpf>!s Ifijiccai, ' longe tibi meliiis est, hoc procul a te 
 abesse.' a^\s, lit. ' separated,' and so ' afar.'
 
 FALL OF CROESUS. II. 1-3. 289 
 
 1. 12. aXXoyyuCTas. aXXoyw>eti> is properly to 'take a 
 man for some one else;' so, generally, = ' ignorare' Join 
 Tj'ie ws airoKTevluiv, ' was coming up to slay.' For this form 
 of sentence introduced by yap see note on Chap. I. 2. 
 1. 6. 
 
 1. 1 3. uiro, ' by reason of,' as below, im-6 SeW . 
 
 1. 14. ou8e . . . diroOcu'eW, ' it was no matter to him to be 
 smitten and killed.' 
 
 1. 17. eppT||e, 'gave vent to,' of something pent up. So 
 ' rumpere vocem,' Virg. Aen. 2. 129. See Curt. 400. 
 
 1. 19. fierd 8e is the antithesis to irpwrov. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 2. Teao-epccTKCuScKa erea, sc. 560546 B.C. 
 
 1. 4. xpi) OT nP 101 '- Croesus had been deceived by an 
 ambiguous utterance of the Pythia, and induced to go to 
 war with the Persians, on the promise 'that he should 
 ruin a great empire.' For he forgot that that empire 
 might be his own. The words of the priestess are said 
 
 to have been, Kpouros "AXvv 8ia@as ^.tya^.t]v ap^fjv KOToAvcrei. 
 
 This is like the oracle given to Pyrrhus, 'Aw te, Aeacida, 
 Romanes vincere posse J 
 
 1. 9. TW 8e Kpoio-w. The construction here changes to 
 oratio indirecta, some word like Xryrrai being understood. 
 eaeXOeiK, ' animum subiisse' 
 
 1. 10. ws. . . eipTifieVov, l quemadmodum ipsi divinitus esset 
 enunciaium,' i. e. in accordance with the will of heaven. 
 
 1. II. Ol = KpO((T6). 
 
 1. 12. ds Se apa, 'and that when this [thought] came 
 upon him.' Commentators generally take ^poo-ri^ai here 
 as equivalent to irpoa-orfjfai, from Trpoo-i'cmj/u, as Trpourn^i 
 does not seem to give the required sense. For the omis- 
 sion of one o- cp. jrpo-ffxovras, from irpovfxu, Hdt. I. 2.. 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. U
 
 290 NOTES. 
 
 I. 13. &veveinA\ifvov. See Buttmann's Lexil. s. v., 
 'having sighed deeply,' lit. 'having drawn up a deep 
 breath/ from avafopfcrtiai. Then dva<TTfvdaina gives the 
 next stage, viz. the audible groan, after the long silence. 
 
 1. 1 6. Tica TOOTOf emicaX^oiTO = ris OUTOJ et^ ov eVt/caXeoiTo. 
 
 teal TOUS, not to be taken immediately with irpoo-eX- 
 06rras, but, ' and that they . . . having gone up to him.' 
 
 1. 19. TOV &v . . . eXOciK. Equivalent to eWaXeo/xai rovrov 
 ov iracri TvpdwoKri es \6yovs fXSe'iv [VpoJ p,fyd\a)V xprjfidruv 
 
 irpofTip-rjcra av. The meaning being ' whom I would have 
 given anything to see conversing with princes.' 
 is governed by the comparatival force in irpo 
 
 1. 22. oxXoy irapexoirwc, lit. 'causing him trouble;' i.e. 
 distressing him by their importunities. 
 
 1. 23. dpxV> use d adverbially, 'to begin with.' 
 
 1. 24. diro4)Xaupio-ie. The mood looks like a remini- 
 scence of the oratio indirecta of the last paragraph. 
 
 1. 25. ola STJ etiras, 'having said so and so ;' this is not 
 a part of Croesus' speech, but a remark put in by the 
 writer to remind us of Solon's saying without quoting all 
 his words again. 
 
 ws re aurw. The construction is carried on from the 
 sentence before; wr rjXQf KOI dTro<p\avpt<r(if, &s rt, K.r.A., 
 ' and how everything had turned out for him.' 
 
 1. 26. ouSeK TI fiaXXov, ' speaking not so much with re- 
 ference to himself as to the whole human race.' IWUTOI/ 
 refers to Croesus, the main subject of the passage. The 
 actual translation of the words is, ' not at all more with 
 reference to himself than ' etc., but the sense of the words 
 is that which is given above ; for it is a common Greek 
 idiom to use words that actually express less than is meant. 
 For example, oi>x ^Ktora often stands in the sense of 
 
 1. 27. irapd a4>wri aorouri, ' in their own eyes.'
 
 FALL OF CROESUS. II. 3, 4. 29! 
 
 1. 30. a/jLfieVrjs, perf. pass, from aimiv. TCI 
 ' the edges.' 
 
 1. 35. emXegcifiei/oi', 'having considered.' 
 
 1- 37- T^\ V Taxio-njv, ' as quickly as possible.' Supply 
 6Sof, Curt. 405, obs. 2. 
 
 1. 39. TOO irupos emfcpa-rijaai, ' to master the fire.' 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 4. ei TI ol . . . eSupTjer), ' if anything acceptable had been 
 given him at his hands.' 
 
 1. 7. ef cu0piY]s. The preposition is not local. The 
 meaning is not that clouds gathered 'out of the blue 
 calm sky ; but that ' after,' or ' with a sudden change from ' 
 calm, the clouds gathered. So in 3, supra, 
 
 1. 13. fofyvwre, 'taught' or 'persuaded you.' The ist 
 aor. has a factitive sense, as seen in (fao-a from paiva. 
 aveyvav means only 'recognized/ See Curt. 329. 
 
 1. 16. TP ofj \>.v euSatpokiT], i.e. urged thereto 'by thy 
 good-luck, and mine own ill-luck.' He speaks as if their 
 respective fortunes had been like powers of fate driving 
 him on into mad and reckless acts. 
 
 1. 1 8. OUTW dkOTjros eon o$ ns <up&T<u. This is equiva- 
 lent to 'nemo est tarn demens qui bellum malit ;' os ns has a 
 qualitative force. 
 
 1. 20. eV ptv y^p TTJ, sc. (ipfivy. 
 
 1. 2 1 . Toura, subject to ytvitrQai.
 
 2Q2 NOTES. 
 
 III. THE STORY OF CYRUS. 
 1. 
 
 1. I. lirepyire em [rovi-ov] TWK |3ouKo\<i>f . . . TOK f|iri- 
 oTaTo . . . ^fion-a, ' he sent to that one of the herdsmen 
 whom he knew to be pasturing,' etc. 
 
 1. 3. emTrjSewrdTas, 'the most suitable,' for the purpose 
 of Harpagus. That is, ' most lonely,' or, ' most dangerous;' 
 where the child would be sure to die speedily. 
 
 1. 12. OKUS fa . . . 8ia<j>0apeiT]. This phrase is properly not 
 a final but a modal sentence. That is, it -is not exactly 
 equivalent to ' hi order that he may perish most quickly,' 
 but, ' in the way in which he might perish most quickly.' 
 
 1. 13. eKe\u<7 eiimy, ' he bade me tell thee.' 
 
 1. 14. irepnroiri<7if)s, ' spare it.' irepmoifiv is equivalent to 
 noif'iv Tiva nepuivai, i.e. ' cause anyone to survive.' So we 
 
 have $ia<p6elpai Kai TTfpiTrot^crat, Hdt. 7. 52. 
 
 1. 15. <re 8iaxpT|<Tco-6ai, 'that thou shall endure.' So in 
 
 C. 167 ovrot /JLfV Tciv $u>Kai.fu>v TO(ovro) /Jopo) 8i^pr](ravTO. 
 Others render, fK(\{v<rf fiTTflv, 6\e6pa [avrov] at ia%pf)0'fa'6ai, 
 
 ' that he (the king) will slay thee.' 
 
 c, ' to see him exposed.' 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 3. TU S' Spa KOI aorw, ' now his own wife, just at that 
 time, as fate would have it, is delivered of a child, as the 
 herdsman was gone away to the city.' 
 
 1. 6. TOKOU dppcoSeW. This verb is generally construed 
 
 with an aCCUS., as dppa>8(a>p ovfev -rrpfiyfia, Hdt. 7. 51. But 
 
 the genitive may be used with it, as the thing about 
 which one fears, on the analogy of SeiVa? TWOS, Soph. O. T. 
 234-
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. i, 2. 293 
 
 1. 9. lireVnrj, ' stood by her.' 
 
 1. 12. TO /J^TC ISeik 5<|>eXov. In this clause TO is object 
 to Ibtiv, ' which I fain would neither have seen.' In the 
 second it seems simpler to make it the subject to &pf\(, 
 supplied from o$eXoi>. ' And which never ought to have 
 fallen.' Another way is to make TO, (ist), object to ISeiv, 
 and, (and), subject to yevfcrdai, both constructions being in 
 government with o^fXov. ' Which I would I had never 
 seen which I would had never befallen.' 
 
 1. 21. TW TOUTO. Imfle'fici'oV pu, 'who had laid these in- 
 junctions on me.' 
 
 1. 23. TWK TI^OS oiKTeW ciKai, 'that it belonged to one 
 of the house-servants.' 
 
 1.25. KXau0|i6c . . . 'Apira/you, 'the open exhibition of 
 mourning in the house of Harpagus.' eV 'Apnayov, sc. 
 
 OIKO). 
 
 1. 26. irpoica Te, 'at once.' irp6na is always followed 
 immediately in Heredotus by rt, so that many editions 
 write irpoKOTf as one word. 
 
 1. 28. OepdirovTos, governed by irvvGavopai. 
 tvexeipivf, ' put in my arms.' 
 
 1. 29. ws opa eiTj, ' saying how he was,' etc. 
 
 1. 31 S8e e<rrl, 'here he is.' Cyrus, it will be seen, was 
 thus named after his grandfather. 
 
 1. 32. Sfia oe eXeyc <al dTreSeiKwe. This USC of KCU serves 
 to point the close or immediate coincidence of \eyuv and 
 
 diroftfiKVvfiv. Cp. XP VOS Ste'</)u Kal iravra (r<f)i t^prvro, Hdt. 
 
 i. 6 1. Translate, 'even as he spoke he uncovered and 
 
 showed the child.' 
 
 1. 36. OUK <}>T) otos T tlvai, ' said he was not able.' 
 
 1. 38. diroX^eaeai, ' that he shall perish.' The subject 
 
 changes. 
 
 1. 41. au &e woe iToiTio-oi', ' Do thou do thus.' Here 8e 
 
 introduces the apodosis to the protasis that begins with
 
 294 NOTES. 
 
 fjrfi. This construction is common in Homer, and is 
 probably an imitation of poetical usage when found in 
 Herodotus. In Hdt. 5. 40 we find CTTC! TQ'IWV irepuxopfvov 
 af opeopev TTJS *x fls yvvaixos, cru 8e ravra iroitc. See Curt. 
 628, obs. 
 
 1. 43. T^roKa reOyeos, (sc. reKvov), ' have brought forth a 
 still-born child.' 
 
 1. 45. aXuaecu dSuceW, 'wilt be detected cheating.' 
 1. 46. pepouXeup-eVa. Herodotus frequently uses this 
 plural of the adjective or participle, as vofufofuvd earn, 7. 2. 
 
 So SrJXa, dSvvara, etc., and, in Homer, (pvura, TTiora, in the 
 
 sense of ' escape/ and ' trust.' 
 
 1. 48. Join Kdpra with eu X^yeiK. 
 
 1. 51. TOUTOC jiev irapaSiSoi. Here i*v introduces the 
 apodosis to the protasis TW p.fv efape. ' The child which 
 he was carrying, intending to put it to death, this he hands 
 over to his own wife / but his own son,' etc. 
 
 1. 53. iv TW ?4>epe, 'in which he had been carrying.' 
 
 1- 55- T P""H fytW) ' tne tn i r d day after the child had 
 been exposed.' But the Greek idiom, literally, is, ' the 
 third day had come for the child exposed.' 
 
 1.57. Twy TUO. irpopooxwy : see Supra T>V nva oiitfTftov. 
 
 1. 58. is TOU 'Apirdyou, SC. OLKOV, as above, fv 'Apndyov. 
 See Curt. 411. 
 
 1. 60. eI8e 8td TOUTUC, lit. ' saw by their means.' The 
 phrase may be compared with the name given in the next 
 section to the king's principal officer, o<p0oV6? 
 
 1, 62. uarepoi' TOUTWK, ' subsequently.' 
 
 1. 3. auTai, i. e. the ftovKoXiai mentioned above, in the 
 earlier part of the story. 
 
 1. 6. iirin\-i\<Tiv, ' they chose as their own king the so-
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 2, 3. 295 
 
 called child of the herdsman.' With em'/cX^o-tv may be 
 supplied Ka\(6p.(vov, the noun then standing as cognate or 
 adverbial accusative to the participle. So in Homer, 
 eirii&Tjo-iv KoXcoucn, ' they call by the sur-name,' or tVi/eX^o-tv 
 without a verb, as here, =' nominally.' See Curt. 404. 
 The force of Vt is that the name is properly an additional 
 or extra title, given for some particular reason. 
 
 1. 10. u>$ cKcurro) epyov n-pooTcuTo-uH', 'appointing to each 
 one severally his duty.' This use of $ to bring out the 
 distributive force of ZKCUTTOS depends upon some such com- 
 pletion of the sentence in the mind, as irpoa-rdaa-tov fKaorco 
 fpyov o>s fKaa-rto irpoardaaoi, ' mandans cuique opus faciendum 
 ut cuique mandabat! So Hdt. 6.31 owos Se Xa/3oi nva ra>v 
 vr]<T(cv ais (.K.a.oTt]v alpeovres oi ftdpfiapoi ffrayrjvfvov TOVS dv6p<i>Trovs, 
 which is equivalent to oi /SdpjSapoi alpeovres ras vrjaovs, ws 
 (Ka(m]V alptoifv, K. T. X. 
 
 els STJ . . . eKeXeue auiw. The sentence would naturally 
 run eva... (rvpTraiovra . . . eWXeue, but it begins with the 
 nominative case, as though ds were the subject to (noirja-t, 
 which of course is impossible, as eVofqo-e is really in a 
 parenthesis introduced by yap. 
 
 1. 14. SiaXapeic, 'to arrest,' lit. = eWepco&i> Xa/3eV0ai, ' tO 
 
 seize hand and foot,' or, ' to seize round the waist.' 
 
 1. 15. irepu'orre, aor. 2. (from TrtpteVo)), infin. irepHnrtiv, 
 imperf. irtpidirov. 
 
 1. 1 6. fieTeiOt], aor. pass, from Mmjj/w, (/ze^/w). Ivti re 
 . . . Tdxiora=' quum primum.' 
 
 1. 17. (iaXXoy TI, 'he was more wounded by the disgrace 
 (dvdi-ia) than by the bodily pain.' 
 
 1. 1 8. diroiKTitero, 'he complained of what he had 
 suffered at the hands of Cyrus.' 
 
 1. 19. ou Kupou, i.e. ovx wo K.vpov, 'not saying he had 
 suffered it at the hands of " Cyrus," but from,' etc. 
 
 1. 21. opyfj ws etxe, ' ut erat, ira percilus.' Similar uses
 
 396 NOTES. 
 
 of the verb are fv e^ei, a<7<aXeo>y fX flt> > W f u P-ev ws fxopfv 
 KOfj.ifVfj.f6a es 2/piv, etc. 
 
 1. 38. \6yoc e'xe ouS^a (TWI> eVtrao-o-o/ie'voui'), ' made no 
 account of them.' X<ryv properly means to 'reckon,' 
 ' count/ ' tell/ and so Xo'yoy keeps up this sense in its 
 meaning of ' account.' 
 
 1. 39. Is 8, as in Homer, els 5 , ' until/ 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 3. Trpoa<f>epeo-0ai is eworoi', 'to resemble himself;' that 
 is, as we say, ' to resemble his own.' 
 
 1. 4. ^XeuOepwWprj, sc. T) Kara 8ov\ov TratSa, ' more inde- 
 pendent/ than a slave's child would utter. 
 
 1. 6. em xpoyo'', 'for a while.' 
 
 1. 7 . STJ KOTC = ' tandem aliquando.' dKewixOeis. See on 
 avevfixaufvov. (Chap. II. 3.) Perhaps here with the 
 implied sense of ' having recovered from ' his astonishment 
 
 (eVcTrXtrye/s). 
 
 1. ii. irefiirei, ' dismisses.' 
 
 1. 13. fiouktoderra, 'after he had been left by himself.' 
 
 1. 1 8. di'dyicas jieydXas, ' a great strait.' An euphemism 
 for torture. Cp. Tac. Hist. 1.2. ' Supremae clarorum vi- 
 rorum necessitates' 
 
 1.21. T&K eorra X^yoi', ' the real story.' 
 
 1. 22. Kar^paife !$ Xirds, 'went on to entreaties/ rara- 
 /SatVew (only expressing the opposition to dpxopfvos), is here 
 construed both with XITOS and with KeXeucjj'. With the 
 
 later construction Cp. Kare^aivt avns irapaireofJifvos, Hdt. 
 
 I. 90. 
 
 1. 25. \fyov r)8t], 'from that moment made much less 
 account of him/ His only interest in the herdsman was 
 his desire to get the truth out of him ; when that was done 
 ), he had served his purpose.
 
 STORF OF CYRUS. III. 3-5. 297 
 
 1. 34. iroi^aw is probably the i aor. conjunct, as it is 
 not uncommon to have in final sentences, after a past 
 tense, the conjunct, first (iroupra), followed by the optative 
 (fir)v). The former mood denotes the primary object or 
 design. 
 
 1. 38. <f>cis ai re etwi. Here we should expect $>as re, 
 coupling KaX&ras with (pas, but the order of words is 
 inverted. The Grammarians call this figure Hyperbaton 
 
 (\mfp-fiaiveiv). 
 
 ]. 40. K<rrd TciSe, ' in the following way.' Then ^cra- 
 Xdp,evos follows to explain what way that was. 
 
 1. 42. axpi ou Te\euTTJcr ei > 'till he shall die.' 
 
 1. 43. eirireXea iroii]<n], equivalent to fniTf\e<rr). 
 
 1. 46. etSov Si' titeivwv. See above 2 ad. fin. 
 
 1. 47. OUTWS cox*, ' such was the case.' 
 
 1. 50. TW oi eceixe \6\ov, =:' yuam in ipsum intus habebat 
 tram! 
 
 1.51. Kardirep = Kaff amp, ' quemadmodum' 
 
 1. 53. eiraXiXXoynTO. rra\i\\oyffiv=Trd\iv \eyfiv. 'When 
 the story had been repeated by him,' sc. TO nprjyfjui. 
 
 Karepaice Xeyuj'. See above, Karefiaive ts Xtray. 
 
 ^ 55- ^ X^ywi' is a pleonasm not uncommon in Hero- 
 dotus. It is usually found at the point of change from 
 oratio obliqua to directa. ' He went on to say.' 
 
 1. 56. iKap.coi' fieydXws, ' I was sore distrest, and I 
 reckoned it not as a light matter being put at an enmity 
 with my daughter.' 
 
 1. 58. TOUTO fiK. . . ToCro 8 See above (Chap. II. 2). 
 
 1. 60. trworpa, ' thank-offerings for preservation to those 
 of the gods to whom the honour is due.' 
 
 l.i. irpoo-Kunio-as. The Oriental salutation, as frequently 
 in the Bible, ' bowed down with his face to the earth.'
 
 298 NOTES. 
 
 1. 2. (icydXa Troit]ad|ieyos, ' thinking it a great matter.' 
 TJ dfiopTds . . . eyeyoyee, ' his disobedience had turned 
 
 out so well for him, and that under such lucky circum- 
 
 stances he had been bidden.' 
 
 1. 5. rpia ical Se'ica KOO fidXtora, ' near about thirteen.' 
 1. 10. K<XT& /Ae'Xea, 'limb by limb;' like the Homeric 
 
 1. 1 6. TOU iraiSos, genitive after TO. oXXa iravra. 
 1. 22. KCU tcdpTa rjorftivai, 'that he had been very much 
 delighted.' <a\ goes directly with Kapra, as above, Kal 
 
 fieyd\<os, CtC. 
 
 TOIO-I irpoo-eiceiTo, the antecedent to rolo-t is the unex- 
 pressed subject to irapefapov -. ' illi quibus erat mandatum.' 
 1. 25. irpoordtres or Trpoo-ordire?. See note on Chap. II. 
 
 3- I- 12. 
 
 1. 28. oore . . . yiccrai. This combination of ovrt ... re 
 
 is unusual : we might expect OVK e'lfTrXdyq, oXXa . . . yivrrai, 
 Or perhaps cure e^eTrXdyrj ovre CKTOS ewfToO yiverai. But Cp. 
 o/cwy p-^TC a\ia6flfv ert oi 'Adrjvaioi, SuHTKeSao-pevoi. re fv. 
 
 Translate, ' He showed no horror, but refrains himself/ lit. 
 becomes within himself, i. e. in his own control. 
 
 1. 30. peppwKoi, from /3tpu><new. 
 
 1. 33. erreodey 8c, ' and after that, he was going, I sup- 
 pose, to collect all (the remains) together and bury them.' 
 ?/xeXXe, ' was likely,' expresses the writer's notion of what 
 would probably happen. 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 2. fiXXus . . . e*xe, sc. S^Xwo-at, ' was able (to show it) in 
 no other way.' There were guard-houses and patrols at 
 all the bridges and passes on these roads. 
 
 1. 4. Xayof /jujxcunrjaciiieyos. The way in which he ' pre- 
 pared ' the hare, was by slitting it up, and ' plucking off 
 none of the fur, but [leaving it] just as it was;' then he
 
 STORY OF CFRUS. III. 5-7. 299 
 
 inserted his letter, and ' sewed it up again/ We should 
 expect after ovtiiv awoTiXay [aTroTtXXw], to find another par- 
 ticiple like edo-as Se woTrep ei^e. 
 
 1. 8. fire Oujpeu-nj, ' as though to a huntsman.' 
 1. 10. Join dTro yXwo-<rr]s with lirciircif, 'to bid Cyrus by 
 word of mouth.' Kupov is the subject to 8ie\flv, firjo^ra to 
 
 Trapeivai. 
 
 1. 15. eireXeyeTo, ' read it over,' lit. pondered its meaning ; 
 cp,II. 3. 
 
 1. 1 6. <re yap e i- This sentence really gives the reason 
 for the imperative TI<T<U, the force of yap here being, ' " in- 
 asmuch " as the Gods regard thee, " therefore " avenge 
 thyself upon,' etc. 
 
 1. 1 8. Kara jiec yap, 'for, as far as his intention went, 
 thou art a dead man.' The full form of the sentence 
 
 would be TO fiek yap KOTO TTJV TOVTOV Trpodvpirjv . . . TO Se Kara 
 
 dfovs, ' for on the one hand , . . but on the other, thanks to the 
 gods and me, thou livest.' But TO /*> is not expressed. 
 
 1. 20. KOI irdXai, ' long, long ago.' 
 
 irdn-a is here subdivided into ' both what you suffered 
 aw</what I suffered.' 
 
 1. 24. TTjorrep, ' cuius terrae dominus est Asiyages, huius tu 
 en's dominus! 
 
 1. 28. TJK re . . . MrjStti', ' or if any one else of the notable 
 Medes ' be chosen general. 
 
 1. 30. irpos ere'o yfyo^voi, ' taking your side.' So irpos 
 TWOS dvai. See Curt. 467. 
 
 1. 32. TOO ye ^6<i8e, ' matters here being all ready.' 
 
 7. 
 
 1. 2. rucBrj. Gyndes is the modern Diydlah ; Cyrus was 
 on the march from Ecbatana, otherwise the Gangir, which 
 is actually divided at Mendalli into a multitude of petty 
 streams, might seem to have a better claim.
 
 300 NOTES. 
 
 1. 3. eicSiSoi, ' empties.' 
 
 1. 4. TouToi' 8tf. The original construction of the para- 
 graph beginning with eVet re is forgotten after the paren- 
 thetical description of the Gyndes, and is taken up again 
 in an altered form by *>s 8ia@aivew eirdpa., the apodosis to 
 which is introduced by ('vQavra. 
 
 1. 7. ipwv Itnruv. These horses were sacred to the sun 
 (Mithras), and drew the sacred chariot of Zeus (Ormuzd). 
 ufBpios, ' petulantia] ' skittishness.' 
 
 1. 8. aufiijnrfaas, tyda>), ' having swept him away,' carried 
 him off under its waters, <ptpa>v fj.iv vn-oftpvxiov. 
 
 1. 10. TOUTO ufBpio-arri. See Curt. 401. 
 
 1. 12. TOU Xoiirou. See Curt. 426. 
 
 Kol yuraiicas, ' that even women should cross it.' 
 
 1. 1 4. nereis, (p.f6ii)p.i), ' having abandoned.' 
 
 1. 15. KaTeVeiKe. . .Siwpuxas, 'he marked out and drew 
 1 80 channels by the straight line/ It seems simpler thus 
 to take uiroSe'las as merely meaning, ' designans ducendas, 
 sc.fossas;' others make oxoifore^as a predicate both with 
 KdTfTfivf and vrro8(as. This use of a cord to trace a 
 straight line is found in Homer, though under different 
 circumstances, where Odysseus squares his balks of timber 
 
 1. 1 8. irAvra. rpoiroi', 'in every direction.' As there were 
 1 80 channels branching from either bank of the river, the 
 total number was 360. 
 
 1. 19. ota, like 5.Tf,-='quippe,' 'utpote,' is often used 
 with participles and genitives absolute. See Curt. 
 587. 6. 
 
 1. 20. TjyeTo, from avfiv, Ionic form of avveiv. Cp. Horn. 
 Od. 5- 243 6oS>s 8f ol ijwro fpyov. 
 
 rfji' 0pElT)f, SC. &prj, SO TffV xfif*fpivr)V, Hdt. I. 2O2. 
 
 1. 21. aoToo TauTfj, lit. 'there in that place ' = ' in that 
 same place.' So often in Homer, UVTOV rwS'
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 7, 8. $01 
 
 8. 
 
 1. 3. uireXa/iire, properly used of the break of day; here 
 applied to spring, as the dawn of the year. In Hdt. 8. 
 
 130, we have eapos eVtXa/x^ai/rof. 
 
 1. 7. eo-o-wOeWes, from eWo'o, a dialectical form of the 
 ordinary qo-o-aw. 
 
 1. IO. irpo-eor-dfaj'TO, Ionic I aor. from Trpofo-ayopai, 
 ' brought beforehand into the city.' 
 
 1. ir. Xoyoi' ouSeVa. See above, 3. 
 
 1. 13. dywrepu . . . irpoKOTTTOfAeVwK, 'and since his affairs 
 were advancing not one whit the farther.' The metaphor 
 in npoKOTTTfiv is from pioneers cutting and clearing away in 
 front of an advancing army. 
 
 1. 15. -no\.T\-Tiov oity^ quid sibi er at faciendum.* 
 
 \. 17. lfi|3oXfjs, 'just off the inlet,' where the river 
 flows into the city. 
 
 1. 1 8. oiTiafle, as we say ' below ;' the city is regarded as 
 facing up the stream. The combination of airaaaK with 
 erepous seems inaccurate ; the difficulty may be avoided by 
 supplying trepovs before the words e (fj.^o\fjs, ' he posted 
 all his serviceable troops, some at the inlet, others at the 
 outfall.' 
 
 1. 26. Xifirqj' eoucrak IXos. This was a lake or reservoir 
 which had been dug by the Babylonian queen Nitocris, 
 as part of her engineering works on the channel of the 
 Euphrates. This reservoir was now a marsh. 
 
 1. 27. oiroi/ooTTjerarros, 'having sunk down.' 
 
 1. 30. Join <Ls with /idXiard KTJ, to which it adds a general 
 or indefinite force = ' as near as may be to a man's mid- 
 thigh.' 
 
 1.31. KaTcl TOUTO resumes Kara TO pftdpov, after the paren- 
 thesis vrrovevoaTTjKoTos . . . KTJ, ' along it, I repeat.' 
 
 1. 34. ouS' &v . . . Sie'4>0cipay, ' the Babylonians, having
 
 302 NOTES. 
 
 not so much as suffered the Persians to enter the city, 
 would have destroyed them utterly/ This literal translation 
 shows that the whole sentence is an affirmative one, and 
 that the negative ovBc belongs only to KepuSovres. The 
 position of the av may be accounted for, because it belongs 
 to irepudovrfs as well as to 8t(p6dpav, the sentence really 
 consisting of two clauses (though blended into one by the 
 
 USe Of the participle), ou8* av mpif'iftov . . . KOKurra av &e- 
 
 <j)8fipav. In the next sentence we have KaTaK\T)iaavT(s av . . . 
 fXaftov av (rfaas. Here the first av serves as a signal to show 
 that the form of the sentence is conditional, and the particle 
 is repeated, when, after the long parenthesis, the principal 
 verb occurs. 
 
 1. 36. TCIS iruXiSas es TDK irorafioi' exouaas, the participle 
 used with intransitive sense, as we say, ' giving on the 
 river.' The river flowed through the city, dividing it into 
 two main sections. Along each bank of the river ran a 
 low brick wall (aluaair)). The city intersected by streets 
 at right angles to each other; some of them parallel to the 
 river, the others leading directly down to it, and ending 
 in a wicket (m\is). 
 
 1. 39. Hu^Se, the antithesis to e pev wv, above, line 32. 
 
 1. 40. Trape'o-njo-dy o^i, ' were upon them.' 
 
 1. 41. oiKKip^wuk, equivalent in sense to the more usual 
 
 OlKfOVTOlV. 
 
 TWK . . . eaXuKOTui', ' after that the parts about the out- 
 skirts of the city had been taken.' There is nothing 
 surprising in the story that the inhabitants of the central 
 part of the city knew nothing of this, when we consider 
 the dimensions that Herodotus gives us of the city of 
 Babylon ; describing it as a square, each side of which 
 was 120 stadia, or 480 stadia in all, representing a circuit 
 of about 55 English miles. 
 
 1. 43. fxavGdyeu', the infinitive is made to depend upon
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 8, 9. 303 
 
 the verb in the parenthetical sentence, a>s \fytrai vtrb T>V 
 
 ravTT] oiKrjpfvetv. So in Hdt. I. 65 o>s 8e avroi \fyov<ri 
 -\vKovpyov fie. Kprj-rrjs aydyevQat ravra, where the infinitive 
 
 stands as if \tyova-i and not <as \eyova-i had preceded. 
 
 1. 46. KOI TO Kdpra, lit. ' found it out very much indeed,' 
 that is, learned it in terrible earnest. 
 
 1. 47. TOTC irpwrov. Babylon was taken a second and 
 a third time by Darius Hystaspes. 
 
 dpaipYjro, Ionic form of the pluperf. pass, of mpe'w. 
 In Attic the perf. and pluperf. are fiprifuu and fipriwv re- 
 spectively. 
 
 9- 
 
 1. i. Mao-aaycreW. The Massagetae lived eastward of 
 the Caspian, probably on the most southern portion of 
 the Steppe region, the deserts of Kharesm, Kizilkhoum, 
 etc. 
 
 1. 3. TW Xoyu, ' in pretence.' He was not wooing her 
 for herself, but for her kingdom. 
 
 1. 4. iiiv=Kvpov, not to be joined with aviyv. , 
 
 1. 5. direiiraTo, ' forbade him.' 
 
 1. 6. irpoexupee, used impersonally, ' seeing that he got 
 no advantage by guile,' lit. that it did not advance for him. 
 
 1. 7. 'Apd|rjs. Probably we must understand by the 
 Araxes, in this passage, the Jaxartes (SVr), and not the 
 historical Araxes or Aras, or else the Oxus (Amoo). Pos- 
 sibly the name Aras or Rha was given by the natives to 
 all streams, which would account for Herodotus' perplexity. 
 
 1. 9. 8(.d|3a.cTik, in predicative apposition to yt(pvpas, 'to 
 afford a passage.' The ' towers ' built upon the boats that 
 ' served to ferry them across,' were to prevent the bridge 
 beingjattacked and broken up by the enemy. 
 
 1. 13. MrjSwc. In the time of Herodotus the distinction 
 between Median and Persian was hardly recognized.
 
 304 NOTES. 
 
 1. 14. irauaai . . . <rrreu'8eis, 'stop busying yourself with 
 your present business.' This form of sentence is like \prjv 
 brj ye irotffiv TO nonets, i facere quaefacis! 
 
 1. 15. es Kcupof, 'to thine advantage.' 
 
 1. 16. Tjfi.e'as dcc'xcu 6peW, 'endure seeing' (that is, 'en- 
 dure to see ') ' us.' 
 
 1. 17. OUK &r. In Attic prose we should expect the 
 sentence to run, eVel OIK f6f\r)<r*is, ' since thou wilt not 
 choose ' . . . o-u 3e, type, fjLoxdov afas, ' therefore give up the 
 toil.' But here, instead of the one part of the sentence 
 being made dependent on the other, the meaning is given 
 in two separate clauses, ' thou certainly wilt not choose ; ' 
 ' do thou then,' etc. 
 
 1. 1 8. dXXet . . . etwu, 'but anything rather than keep 
 quiet.' 
 
 1. 19. 81' TJCTUXITJS is like 81 opyrjs, 8ia 0dj3ov (tvai. See 
 Curt. 458 c. 
 
 1. 28. o-ufipouXcuojiej'os . . . TroiT], ' consulting with them 
 which of the two he shall do.' TTOW'T), deliberative con- 
 junctive. 
 
 1. 29. awe|eirnrro', 'the opinions of them all coincided 
 together.' The metaphor in trvv-tK-iriirreiv is from the 
 ^0ot or voting pebbles being emptied out of the urn. 
 Here it is easily applied to yvufioi, that word being equi- 
 valent to i//i}(ot in its general sense. 
 
 10. 
 
 1. 3. flirov . . . on . . . diro<rrp^<JiK. Sometimes in Greek, 
 though the dependent sentence begins with on, the infini- 
 tive mood follows instead of a finite tense. It is more 
 common when a long parenthesis comes in between, 
 during which the force of ort has been, it may be said, 
 forgotten. Here there is no such reason, and the con-
 
 STORY OF CYRUS. III. 9, 10. 305 
 
 struction must be accounted for on the ground that on 
 serves only as a mark to show where the quoted words 
 begin. What Croesus had said irporepov to Cyrus was, orei 
 
 re ^ie 6fo\ tdcuKav 8ov\6v crot, StKatco, n evopeca irKtov, (rTjpaivftv 
 <roi, Hdt. I. 89. 
 
 1. 6. Tra0TJfiaTa fiaO^fiaTa. Appearing in Aeschylus in 
 the shorter form irddos, uddos. In English, ' pain ' and ' gain ' 
 would give something of the intentional jingle. 
 
 1. 8. TOiauTTjs, i. e. adavdrov. 
 ouSec irpt]Yfia, ' no good.' 
 
 1. ii. KU'K\OS. The same idea as in the Wheel of 
 Fortune. 
 
 1. 13. r\bi] &v, ' without more ado then.' ""Hfy introduces 
 the application of these remarks to the present case. Its 
 use implies that the opinion of Croesus which follows is 
 the immediate consequence of the views stated above." 
 Woods. 
 
 1. 1 4. ret IfiiraXiK ?j, ' the very contrary to.' Adverbial 
 accusative with yvta^v e^w. 
 
 1. 1 7. irpoo-airoXXu'eis, ' thou losest therewith.' 
 1. 19. ITT dpx&s, the plural expressing 'provinces,' or 
 perhaps ' satrapies.' 
 
 Xwn, fut. contracted from \avva>. So below eX5f. 
 1. 20. VIK&V Maao-aye'Tag comes in awkwardly here. It 
 is a sort of echo of VIK&V 8e at the beginning of the sen- 
 tence, and it serves to limit the vagueness of VIKUV to the 
 special hypothesis of 'supposing you to conquer the 
 Massagetae.' But, after all, the clause is superfluous. 
 
 TWUTO Y&P, ' for against that notion I will set this (as 
 an alternative).' rtovro is explained by the words on... . 
 Topvpios. In KiV&> he refers to his previous words viKtovres 
 
 MacroYiyerat ou TO orriVco fav^ovrai, aXX' eV ap^as ras <ras 
 e'Xwtrt. 
 
 1. 23. TTJS dpxtjs, genit. after Idv. 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. X
 
 306 NOTES. 
 
 1. 24. dm)yr]fitVou, from a deponent verb, but with a pas- 
 sive force, as elsewhere in Hdt. /xc/u/xq/icW, Karfpyao-pevov. 
 
 1. 26. Siapdiras is the accusative because it forms the 
 subject to infin. irpoeXOeti', 'that we having crossed the 
 river, advance over as much [ground] as they pass through 
 [in their retreat before us].' 
 
 1. 27. TdSe iroicCrms, 'acting as follows.' raSe is ex- 
 plained by the paragraph beginning TOVTOUTI 2>v ro'un 
 
 ai/8p<i(rt. 
 
 1. 32. irpoOcirai is in the same construction as the 
 infinitives irpot\6(lv and 7retpao-&u above, namely, after doted. 
 ' My view is that we having with lavish hand killed many 
 of our sheep, should set before these men a feast.' 
 
 1. 36. TO 4>XaupoTaTov=that part of his army which is 
 called above TO dxprjlov rov o-rpaTov. 
 
 1. 39. dTroSeiS. So Hdt. I. 59 epya dno8(dnfvoi (d;roSeuc- 
 PV/u) /xe'yaXa. 
 
 11- 
 
 1. i. awlfrraaav, 'were at variance,' ' clashed together.' 
 
 1. 4. KdTd= Kaff a, l prout' 
 
 1. 7. eSiSou. Notice the force of the tense, ' was giving ;' 
 i. e. purposed to give. This custom of the Persian king to 
 name a successor before he took the field, is mentioned by 
 
 HerodotUS, 7. 2 8el fuv (Aapeiov) a7ro8e'aj/ra (ScuriAe'a Kara TOV 
 D^trcep VO/JLOV ovrm <TTparf\>ev6ai. 
 
 1. 14. xaOapou, 'able-bodied:' lit. 'clean' or 'clear/ 
 without the hindrance of TO dxprfiov. 
 
 1. 1 8. dXelofiewus, from pres. dX/lo/zat, 'though de- 
 fending themselves/ i. e. notwithstanding their resist- 
 
 agreeing by a construciio ad sensum with the 
 noun of multitude TptTTj/zopls, Curt. 362.
 
 STORF OF CFRUS. III. 10-13. 307 
 
 12. 
 
 1. 4. fitjSey eiropOfls ... 6i ... Kpdr]<ras, ' Be not elated . . 
 
 that . . . you have overmastered.' The words TOIOVTW 0apftd<cw 
 
 resume and explain d/in-eXiVw Kapnea. 
 
 1. 7. eirarairXueu', 'come bubbling up to the lips.' 
 
 l.p. Kara TO Kaprepoc is the antithesis to SoXwCTas. 
 
 1. 10. uiroXa|3e rov \6yov, 'accept my proposal.' 
 
 1. 12. KaTufJpuros TpiTK]|iopiSi. For this unusual construc- 
 
 tion with dative Cp. dydX/ian naraye\av, Hdt. 3. 37. 
 
 1. 15. eire'cuf dveyeixfieWwc, ' verborum quae renunhabar^- 
 
 tur', from ano^fpeiv. 
 
 1. 1 8. dnJKe, ' set him free,' i. e. by its effects passing off. 
 avtfvai is a picturesque word, analogous to the expression 
 
 8f]<ras <))pfvas ouxa. 
 
 ZKO r\v KOKOU. See Curt 638. i. 
 1. 19. CTOXC, sc. TOO \vdrjvat, 'obtained [his freedom].' 
 1. 20. TWI' xcipuf eKpaTTjo-e, ' got the use of his hands.' 
 
 13. 
 
 1. 3. com, SC. rairrrjv TTJV fjuixyv [iratre<av\ o<rai. 
 
 1. 5. OUTU TOUTO yefofiei'oi', ' that the affair took place as 
 follows.' 
 
 1. 9. owc'xeo-Oai, ' they closed.' 
 
 1. 12. aurou raoTj]. See above 7 ad fin. 
 
 1. 13. rei irdVra, 'in all,' sc. from B.C. 558-529. 
 
 1. 15. &IT]TO. The verb 8i-fiv is really a reduplication 
 of the same root that appears in fr-Tfiv (7=8/77). In the 
 middle voice the forms 8ifo-6ai and Sifro-Oai are both 
 used by Herodotus. 
 
 1. 1 8. ^reXeye, 'uttered them over (eVt) the body.' 
 
 X 2
 
 308 NOTES. 
 
 IV. CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. 
 
 1. i. riTjXouo-iw. The Pelusiac mouth of the Nile was 
 the most easterly of the seven branches. It was so called 
 from the city of Pelusium on its right bank. 
 
 1. 4- T H | ' dVuSpoy, sc. yip. 
 
 1. 7. ir\i]0ei iroXXwi'. So we find Hdt. I. 51 
 
 1. 9. KaTtXr]0eW(i)k, (KaTXu>), ' cooped up.' 
 
 1. 10. dm iroTafioc, 'up the river/ sc. the Nile. The 
 fleet of Cambyses contained Phoenician, Cyprian, and 
 Ionian ships, as well as ships from Lesbos, the chief city 
 of which is Mytilene. 
 
 1. 13. dXe'es, (from oX))?), 'all together,' 'en masse.' The 
 same root appears in the word aXt'i/, but &\t]s does not 
 occur in Attic writers, who use adpoos instead. 
 
 1. 17. TTa.p(TTt]<Ta.v, ' in deditionem venerunt.' 
 
 n-po(7xs, ' adjoining the Egyptians.' This includes 
 the various communities of Libyans settled between the 
 Egyptians in the East and Cyrene and Barca in the West. 
 See Hdt. 4. 168-172. 
 
 1. 19. rd|an-o. Notice the force of the middle voice, = 
 ' tributum sibi ipsis imposuerunt! 
 
 1. 21. ojioiojs KOI, as in Lat. ' aeque ac.' 
 
 Irepa ToiaCra takes up the words above, from napi- 
 &c<rav to errffjorov. 
 
 2. 
 
 1. i. TCIXOS, ' the citadel,' or ' fort.' So the forts in Scythia 
 are spoken of as O.<TW m^eo /ie'yoXa, Hdt. 4. 124. 
 
 1. 2. KOTuras em Xu'p,T], ' having made him sit there, by 
 way of degradation/ So in Soph. Aj. cVi Xo>/3g.
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. i, 2. 309 
 
 1. 5. SieireipaTo TTJS <|ux^5> 'P ut m ' s courage to the test.' 
 
 I. 6. oreiXas goes with eaOfj, ' having equipped.' 
 
 1. 7. eir* uowp, as we say, ' for water.' 
 
 1. 8. diroX^fas must not be taken directly with dyopwy, 
 but -rrapGevovs is to be supplied again, in the sense of ' virgin 
 daughters,' or else arroXtgas may stand as a parenthetical 
 sentence, ' having selected them.' 
 
 1. IO. irap^i'aap, (irapievai), ' passed by.' 
 
 1. 12. dpreKXaiop, 'wept responsive to their daughters' 
 tears.' 
 
 1. 1 3. ?Ku\|/6. This means that his head was bowed so 
 that his features were not seen, as the procession passed. 
 
 1. 14. oeurepa, adverbial, =' next.' 
 
 1. 17. ScSejieVous. The participle agrees, by a construciio 
 ad sensum, with rov TratSa fj.tr' aXX<oi/, because these words 
 are really equivalent to a plural, i. e. TOV TratSa /cat aXXour. 
 
 1. 1 8. MuTiXTjvaiW is genit. after rottri dn-oXo/xei/oto-t. 
 
 1. 24. Seiva iroieurr&jk', ' sore distrest at it,' lit. making a 
 terrible thing of it. 
 
 TciuTo . . . Ouyarpl, 'he only did the same that he 
 had done at his daughter ['s passing].' 
 
 1. 26. o-unqmice, 'it fell out/ 'happened.' wore follows 
 with infinitive, as in Hdt. i. 74 <rvvfjvfiK( wore rrjs {MXIS 
 
 crwecrreaxrq? TTJV rjp^prjv fcnriva>s vvicra ytvfcrOai. 
 
 TWV o-ufjnroTeui' ol S^Spa, 'a man of his boon com- 
 panions.' For this use of of, the ethical dative, see Curt. 
 432 foil. 
 
 1. 27. d<t>fjXi| is properly one who has passed the prime 
 
 or f)\iKia, = air arro rrjs f)\iKias >v. 
 
 eKTreirruKOTa CK t&v torrwv, ' qui ex bonis exciderai' 
 ' who had been deprived of his property,' lit. of what was 
 [his] ; cp. the expression 17 oio-t'a. 
 
 J. 28. 6o-a TTTWXOS, sc. x, to be supplied out of fx. OVTa - 
 
 irpocraiTeorra, ' begging an alms of the army.'
 
 3 io 
 
 XOTES. 
 
 1. 32. tirXiilaTo. Notice the middle voice, as expressing 
 an action done upon one's self. 
 
 1. 33. 4>uXaxoi. See on II. 1. 1. 9. 
 
 1. 34. If CKCIKOU, SO TO IK Kvpav Trpoorax&V. 
 
 lit' eicoxrrj] eio8u=' each time the procession passed/ 
 lit. at each going forth. 
 
 1. 40. irpoar\K.ovra, ' related.' 
 
 1. 43. dmicXaieiv, supply e>e as subject. 
 
 1. 46. em yi^paos ou8w, the same words in II. 24. 486. 
 
 Kai TauTd . . . Kpoiaoy. In this sentence, both SoiceW 
 and Scucpueiv depend really, though not grammatically, on 
 Xeyerai. ' It is said that these things pleased him ; it is 
 said that Croesus wept;' but this construction is confused 
 by the insertion of us before Xfytrai. See for same con- 
 struction IV. 8 ad fin. Then there is a difficulty about 
 is dnfffix&fVTa. On the analogy of similar sentences in 
 Herodotus, we might supply ^ovo-e, 'when [he heard] these 
 things reported by the messenger, [it is said] that they 
 seemed to him to have been well said.' Or perhaps, 
 ' [it is said] that these things, as reported by the messen- 
 ger, seemed,' etc. 
 
 1. 49. emcnr6fii>os, from eTrnreo-5at, in its simplest sense, 
 ' following,' ' accompanying.' 
 
 1. 51. reX0U', 'stole into his heart.' 
 
 1. 52. rov TC ot irmSa, like TO>I o-ufuroTtaiv ol avdpa sup. 
 
 ol TWV diroXXup.evwi'. The present tense keeps its full 
 force ; ' those who were in the way of death ; ' or actually 
 ' being slain,' for the massacre had begun. 
 
 1- 53- Amor^o-arras, agreeing with ru/ar, the subject to 
 ayfrv, understood. 
 
 1. 54. ol jierion-es, 'those who went for him.' Cp. the 
 common use of pfTtpxtadcu. 
 
 1. 57. 6o, L e. ?rapi Ka/*|3vcr>7. TOU XoiwoO. See Curt. 
 426.
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 2, 3. 311 
 
 Ixwi' ouSei' fiiaiov, ' enduring no severities.' 
 1. 58. iroXuirppYfAoveeii', 'to be over-busy.' This is a 
 sort of euphemism for ' promoting revolt,' like the familiar 
 phrases, veuTepifav, ' novas res strnere! 
 
 direXape, ' would have got back.' dirdXapBdvfiv, of taking 
 again what is your own. There was once a dispute, in 
 the time of Demosthenes, between Philip and the Athe- 
 nians, turning on the point whether he should be said 
 8ovvai or dnoSovvai, in the case of certain possessions to 
 which they laid claim and which he was willing to cede ; 
 cp. Matt. 22. 17, 21 : but here Psammenitus would only 
 have been a satrap, for he was not said ftaatXevfiv but 
 
 1. 60. Twy, (=&i> |3ao-iXeW), depends upon rola-i yf iraitrl, 
 
 but the relative was forgotten after the parenthesis, and so 
 the demonstrative ainStv is introduced. 
 
 1. 63. dmorcis ijXw, ' was caught disaffecting.' 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 7. 6 Al9io\|/, ' the Ethiopian king.' So we find, in a 
 corresponding sense, 6 Av6?, 6 M)8oy. 
 
 1. 8. KaTo-nrai, predicate, ' as spies.' 
 
 1. 10. iroXXou TrpoTineuK, 'valuing very highly:' lit. pre- 
 ferring beyond much ; the genitive is used because of the 
 comparative force in the verb. See on I. 3 r6v &v TrSo-t 
 Tvpavvoivi. TrpoeTi|j.T]<Ta fieyaXcov \pr\\LdTQtv es \6yovs f\6dv. 
 
 1. 17. OUTU euirereajs, 'as easily as this.' Here we must 
 suppose the Ethiopian king draws the bow with scarcely 
 an effort. 
 
 1. 19. irX'qOei uTreppaXXofJiei'Of, SC. TOVS AldioTras. So 
 irdvras iirrep/SaAAo/iei/oy TW vi/'ft, Hdt. 2. 175. 
 
 1. 21. em voov Tpd-ireif rivl is used by Herodotus in the
 
 312 NOTES. 
 
 sense of ' in animum inducere alicut,' ' to put it into any 
 one's mind/ So iroUea* eVl voov, Hdt. i. 27. 
 
 1. 22. irpcMTKTaaflai rr\ CWUTWK, 'to acquire in addition to 
 their own.' 
 
 1. 23. Toicri ^icooo-i, sc. the messengers who had come, 
 and who were then in his presence. 
 
 1. 25. eurcimiw. Notice the ist aor. forms (lira, dndfj.^, 
 as well as the 2nd aor. commonly in use, flnov, Vo/^i/. 
 
 1. 26. SoXepous, SoXepd, =' unreal/ 'sham;' the garment 
 had not its natural colour. Cp. the Latin use of 'fucatus' 
 
 1. 28. rov xpua-ouv orpeirroi' eipura, [sc. airrovs], 'he 
 asked them about the necklace.' Double accusative is 
 used with verbs of asking, Curt. 402. 
 
 1. 30. rov KOfffioy seems to mean here, ' the way of wear- 
 ing them,' 
 
 1. 37. eiteipero, from sntipfadai, used for the more com- 
 mon Word TTpa>Tdv. 
 
 1. 38. lAdKpoTa-jw, a predicative addition, = ' at the long- 
 est.' Cp. oTeoitri ru>v edvtatv d\Ki|iOicri (vrrvyxaix, Hdt. 2. 1O2. 
 
 1. 40. irupuv. We should gather from this that the 
 Ethiopians were unacquainted with the cultivation of corn. 
 
 They lived On Kpta tyda KOI irofM yoXa. 
 
 1. 43. KoirpoK. They must have explained to the king 
 
 about the manuring of crops. 
 
 1. 44. dW4>epov, quite literally, ' picked [themselves] up.' 
 1. 45. TOUTO caCToCffSai, 'were beaten in this point.' TOVTO 
 
 is equivalent to the ' internal object,' sc. TT)v8e ijo-o-ai/ <W. 
 
 See Curt. 400 foil. 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 3. XoyoK IUUTW Sous, = ' having considered,' lit. rendered 
 account to himself. 
 
 1. 5. ota. Curt. 587. 6. 
 
 1. 6. 'EXXrji'aM', who formed, as was stated above, his 
 marine.
 
 CAMBYSES IN EGYPT. IV. 3, 4. 313 
 
 1. 9. dircKpiKe, ' separated," ' drafted off.' 
 
 1. ii. cSafSpairoSio-afieVous. The case of the participle 
 does not follow that of the object of e^crAXeTo, but is 
 attracted into the case of the subject to ejiirpTJcrai. 
 
 XprjoTTipioi'. The famous temple of Jupiter Ammon 
 was built in the Libyan desert, in the Oasis of Sywah, as 
 it is now called. 
 
 1. 15. (riTiwc exop-cra differs very little from o-ta,= 
 ' everything in the way of food,' ' connected with food.' 
 So TO oveiparvv e'xo'/iei/a, Hdt. I. I2O. Here emXeiireii' is 
 joined with a personal accusative, as v8<op p.iv drreXiirt, 
 Hdt. 7. 21. 'All that they had in the way of food had 
 failed them.' 
 
 1. 1 6. K<H TCI uTrouyia, ' even the beasts of burden failed.' 
 
 1. 17. ycwo-ifiaxe'ei^^' priori suae sententiae repugnare.' 
 The translation, 'changed his mind/ gives the general 
 sense, but it loses the graphic expression that implies the 
 struggle with the previous opinion. 
 
 1. 1 8. em, 'after.' 
 
 1. 22. \|dfi|A<',=the sands of the Libyan desert. 
 
 1. 23. eK SCKC&OS, ' from every ten.' 
 
 1. 32. "OatrtK iroXtc. The word "Oaaiy is probably no- 
 thing more than an attempt to express in Greek letters 
 the Egyptian word ' Wah,' a ' dwelling' or ' inhabited 
 spot.' The city and its surrounding scenery probably 
 lay near the modern El Kharjeh in the larger and more 
 southerly of the two Oases, in the desert of Sahara. 
 8rifi.?|= '*ui.' See Curt. 633 b. 
 
 1- 35- XeYerai . . . iireiSr) . . . Uvai. In oratio obliqua it 
 is not unusual for temporal conjunctions to be followed 
 by an infinitive, instead of by a finite verb. 
 
 1. 38. fieralu KOU jidXiora, 'had got pretty nearly 
 between.' 
 
 1. 39. apicrroi', 'breakfast.'
 
 3 14 NOTES. 
 
 5. 
 
 1. 2. "Ams, the sacred calf at Memphis, was peculiarly 
 consecrated to Phthah, the Egyptian God of Light, and 
 was worshipped in a splendid court of his own. The 
 appearance of the sacred calf, which was recognised by 
 certain marks or distinguishing features, was the signal 
 for a festival of great rejoicing. The calf was supposed 
 to enshrine the soul of Osiris, which, when one calf died, 
 migrated into the body of another. We may suppose that 
 there had been a long period during which no sacred calf 
 had been found to satisfy the requirements of the priests, 
 and now the citizens of Memphis were just celebrating 
 his appearance. 
 
 1. 5. Join irdyxu with Kara86|as, 'being strongly of 
 opinion.' 
 
 1. 6. x a -Pl i < Twa > ' were making these demonstrations of 
 joy because of his ill-success.' 
 
 1. 8. o Tt, -'why.' 
 
 1. 10. TOTE 8e, 'but were doing so then.' 
 
 1. 12. Siot xpovoo. See Curt. 458 c. 
 
 1. 1 8. ou X^tm^, 'it should not escape his notice/ that 
 is, 'he would soon see, whether a tame god had come 
 among the Egyptians.' The Persians, who neither built 
 temples nor erected statues of their gods, would have little 
 sympathy with so gross a form of animal-worship as this. 
 
 1. 24. Y 6 ^ " 01 ?. 'with a burst of laughter.' See Curt. 
 496, obs. for the force of the aorist participle. 
 
 '26. TOIOUTOI, predicative. 6eol is the subject of the verb. 
 
 27. iratoKTes, = here alcrdavofievoi, 'feeling.' 
 
 28. YeXuTa, 'a laughing-stock.' 
 
 29. TOUTI TauTa irpi](j(rou<ri, ' those whose business is 
 to do this.' 
 
 33. ^SiKotcuvTo, 'were punished,' lit. got their deserts. 
 36. XdOpr] Kajipucrew. See Curt. 415 ad fin.
 
 STORF OF POLFCRATES. V. i. 315 
 
 1. 2. TOI' erifia . . . K<H ol. Cp. Hdt. 3. 31 a8fX$e^, rfj KOI 
 a-uvoiKfe Kal r\v ol an dfjL(j)orepa>v dSeXt^eTj. When to a relatival 
 
 sentence a second clause is appended which requires a 
 different case of the relative, the construction sometimes 
 changes from the relatival altogether to the demonstratival. 
 See Curt. 605 c. obs. 
 
 1. 9. irXeokws irpoo-Ke'ecrOai, ' art over and above devoted.' 
 rov |ie>',=Prexaspes; TOC 8c, = Cambyses. 
 
 1. 14. ol auv&pw eon-wc, ' ipsi adsidentium! 
 
 1. 1 6. irpos TOC irartpa, 'in comparison with his father.' 
 
 1. 1 7. eKeioou, i. e. all his father's possessions. 
 
 1. 1 8. rr\v OdXaacrai' must mean the S. E. portion of the 
 Mediterranean ; and the reference is to the successes of 
 Cambyses on the Syrian and Phoenician coasts, and in 
 the island of Cyprus. 
 
 1. 31. <|>ami, imperatival infinitive, ' Say.' 
 
 1. 35. 6s . . . ^eupee^cu. See IV. 4. 1. 35. 
 
 1. 41. emo-KOTra, 'truly,' 'accurate,' lit. on the mark. 
 
 1. 43. TDK Oeoy, perhaps Apollo, god of archery. 
 
 V. THE STORY OF POLYCRATES. 
 1- 
 
 1. 2. pepo.ifj.eVa. So *cat OVTCO ' A\KiJ.aiovl8ai |3to<T0T]<Tai' dva 
 
 TV 'EXXaSa. Similar to this is the use in Attic of nepi- 
 
 j36r)TOS. 
 
 1. 3. I0u<rei6, = ' pergerel! Cp. Horn. II. 6. 2 Wva-e pa^. 
 
 1. 6. e<|>epe Kal T|Y - I n this common phrase, expressive 
 
 of the various ways of ' annexing' the property or persons
 
 31 6 NOTES. 
 
 of enemies, it will be seen that ayciv belongs strictly to 
 animate things that are carried off; <f>e'peik to inanimate. 
 
 SiaKpiKioK, ' making no distinction with regard to/ and 
 so 'exempting.' 
 
 TW ycip 4>iXw, ' for he said that he should gratify his 
 friend all the more by giving back to him what he had 
 taken, than by not having taken anything at all.' So OVK 
 PXQ V * m the same sense, Hdt. i. 16. 
 
 1. 9. dpeupiiicee, the corresponding form in the passive 
 
 in Ionic is dpalprjfiai for formal. 
 
 e v Be, ' and besides,' = ' atque in his eliam.' Frequent 
 
 in Sophocles, as O. T. 27 tv 8' 6 irvp(f)6pos 0fbs a-KT]^as eXmWt. 
 
 1. 12. SeSefieVoi. They worked, as prisoners, ' in chains.' 
 1. 13. Kai KCUS, 'and somehow or other the great pros- 
 perity of Polycrates was not unnoticed by Amasis, but it 
 was a matter of anxiety to him/ lit. Polycrates prospering 
 did not escape the notice of Amasis. Curt. 590. 
 
 1. 20. <|>0okep6v. See the remark of Solon, I. 4. 1. 6, 
 on the jealousy with which the gods regarded excessive 
 power or prosperity. 
 
 Kai KO>S pouXojiai, 'and indeed I would prefer for 
 myself (as well as for those for whom I care) to have a 
 measure of success (evrv^fivTi), in part of my fortunes, but 
 in another part to meet with failure, and in such wise to live 
 out my days, with alternations of luck rather than with 
 uniform prosperity.' Notice in this sentence TO ph and 
 TO 8e as accusatives of reference with fvrvxtfiv, the use of 
 fj after /SovXo/xot as implying a preference ; so in Homer 
 
 II. I . Iiy pouXofi' e'-yu Xaoi/ <ra>v ep^fvai rj diro\f(r6ai. The 
 
 words Kal TUK &v KT]8w(j.ai are added quite parenthetically 
 without affecting the construction, as we see by the use of 
 irpr)o-<ra>v in the next clause, which can only refer to avrds. 
 1. 24. X6yw, ' by report/ ' in story.' 
 otSa dKOu'aas. Curt. 591.
 
 STORY OF POLYCRATES. V. i, 2. 317 
 
 1. 27. <J>poiTuras TO &v, 'having considered whatever you 
 may find to be most precious in your eyes [rot], and over 
 the loss of which you will be most sorry at heart.' In 
 the mood of dXyrjcreis the idea is expressed that the se- 
 lection has been made and the loss accepted. 
 
 1. 3O. OKCJS flT]KTl T]ei. Cult. . $00. 
 
 1. 31. TOI-ITO TOU'TOU, ' henceforward,' a further explanation 
 of ifa. 
 
 1. 32. Tpo-rru TW, f in the way suggested by me, apply 
 some remedy.' He talks as if the evrv^ir) was excessive, 
 or plethoric, and actually required ' curing.' 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 3. d(nr]0eiT], from dcraw, (aa-rj = ' loathing.') 
 
 1. 5. XiOou. Curt. 408. 3. 
 
 1. 9. dmYoyeiK, ' bid them launch out [sc. vea\ into the 
 open sea.' 
 
 1. 10. irepieXofiei'05, 'having taken off;' properly of 
 removing something that envelopes. Thus the gold that 
 was removable from the Phidian statue of Zeus is called 
 by Thucydides irtpiaiptTov. 
 
 1. 13. auficfjopT] exprJTo, 'treated it as a calamity.' 
 
 1. 17. x (0 P 1 l ' avrr 5 ^ TOUTOU, (more commonly x<P f w 
 evTvxtas), 'when this had succeeded for him,' sc. the 
 granting of his request. 
 
 1. 23. SurX^r), is an irregular feminine from SwrAoos. 
 
 1. 31. rov 8e ds eoT)X6e, 'but when it came into his 
 mind.' 
 
 1. 32. -rd iroi^CTavTci /iir oia KaraXeXap^Kee. A double 
 relative sentence =' quae facienii qualia sibi accidissent ;' 
 in English idiom, ' what he had done and what had be- 
 fallen him.' Cp. Soph. Elect. 751 o? fpya Spao-as ola Xay-
 
 3l8 NOTES. 
 
 xdvti Kaitd. Notice the form XeXajS^ee as distinct from the 
 Attic fi\r](j)a. 
 
 1. 33. es AiyuiTTOk eircOrjKe, ' put it into [the messenger's 
 hand] for Egypt,' i. e. to go to Egypt. So Hdt. 5. 95 
 
 'AX/caio? ev /zeXei Trotijcray firinQfi es ^lvri\^vrjv. 
 
 1. 36. cKKOfiiam, = ' ertpere' 'to rescue.' Cp. Ps. 49. 7 
 'No man may redeem his brother, nor give to God a 
 ransom for him.' 
 
 1. 39. ical TO, diropaXXei, = ' eliam quae proiicit' 
 1. 40. SiaXueaOai leuat]!'. Like rats leaving a sinking 
 ship, Amasis begs to break off friendship with a doomed 
 man. This selfishness was exhibited by Greek gods as 
 well; for we read how a protecting power would with- 
 draw his aid from a chieftain in the field when he knew 
 the day was going against him. The apology made for 
 Amasis will hardly carry conviction with it. Grote (vol. 
 iv) suspects that the truth of the story is that Polycrates, 
 with characteristic faithlessness, broke off his friendship 
 with Amasis, finding it suitable to his policy to court the 
 alliance of Cambyses. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. i. uirapxos, equivalent to 'satrap.' 
 1. 4. fidraiok, means properly ' random,' ' thoughtless/ 
 and thus stands, by a sort of euphemism, for ' abusive.' 
 1. 9. MiTpojSdTca, is the accusative in apposition with 
 whose name was " Mitrobates." ' 
 
 , (notice the accent), is the technical term for 
 a satrapy. Dascyleion is on the Phrygian coast of the 
 Propontis. In Hdt. 3. 90 this satrapy is called 
 
 SfVTfpOS. 
 
 1. 10. TOOTOUS resumes again the two accusations ' 
 and HfpoTjv. This construction is called eVaj/oX^ts, 're- 
 sumption.'
 
 STORF OF POLYCRATES. V. 2-4. 319 
 
 IK \6ywv, ' the quarrel arose from their talk/ 
 Hpwoplvuv, gen. absol., ' as they disputed.' 
 
 1. 12. irpo<J>^pon-a, 'challenging him.' 
 
 <ju y<ip- See Curt. 626. 6. d. 'What! art thou 
 in the number of brave men ?' 
 
 \6yos = the ' reckoning' or ' tale.' 
 
 1. 15. roil' TIS eTrixwptwy. See note on II. 1. 1. 12, and 
 elsewhere. The insurgent is of course Polycrates. 
 
 1. 17. Ttf uirep MaidfSpou, sc. in Caria: to distinguish it 
 from the Magnesia in Phrygia, on Mount Sipylus. 
 
 1. 20. voo<s. His design is told in the following words. 
 
 1. 22. Micwos. With regard to Minos of Crete, (Cnossus 
 or Gnossus being a famous and ancient city in that island), 
 Thucydides says, (i. 4), 'Minos was the earliest known 
 possessor of a navy ; and he made himself complete 
 master of the sea about Greece ; and had control of the 
 Cyclades, and was the first colonist of most of them.' 
 
 1. 24. dyOpuTnrjtifjs ye^er}? serves to mark off the mythic 
 age, to which Minos belonged, from the ' historical times ' 
 of Polycrates. Minos passed as a demi-god ; at any rate 
 he claimed Zeus for his father. 
 
 1. 30. KOTO., ' on a par with.' 
 
 1. 33. cKKojuaas, ' having got me and my treasures safely 
 away, keep some of them thyself, and some of them suffer 
 me to keep.' 
 
 1- 35 etkCKec xpT]fidTWK. Like the common phrase rovrov 
 y ei>a,='as far as money is concerned.' 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 2. KOI KWS. See on V. i. 
 
 1. 5. coira TrpoorSoKijAoy, ' was expected.' 
 
 1. 7. TrXrjv Kdpra jSpaxe'os, from neuter @pax.v, used as a 
 substantive, ' except a very shallow [piece] just round the 
 extreme edges.'
 
 320 NOTES. 
 
 1. 9. KaraS^cras. Before the invention of locks for 
 boxes, they were usually corded and secured with a knot. 
 Odysseus (Od. 8. 447) is said to have fastened his trea- 
 sure-chest with a knot which Circe taught him how to 
 make. 
 
 1. ii. iroXXA, adverbial, 'though the prophets, and his 
 friends too, vehemently dissuaded him.' 
 
 1. 13. auros dmeVai, his own journey is thus distinguished 
 from the mission of Maeandrius. 
 
 ' irpos 8e, ' and, what is more/ (' praeterea'}. He did so 
 ' although his daughter had seen a vision.' 
 
 1. 17. iron-oil) eyiKCTo, lit. 'became of every sort:' like 
 Proteus, turning himself into various shapes to effect his 
 purpose. A graphic phrase to express ' tried every means,' 
 ' nihil non tentavit! We might render it by a metaphor, 
 equally graphic, though of very different origin : ' left no 
 stone unturned.' The sense of the phrase thus being 
 equivalent to, ' she tried,' or, ' she entreated,' the infinitive 
 fit) diroST)fiT]<Tcu follows naturally. 
 
 1. 19. eire4nr)|ucTo, < uttered her boding words after him/ 
 4>T)w, ' a voice/ has also the meaning of the omen con- 
 nected with any utterance, whether bad or good. The 
 adjectives (vQrjpos and 8v<r<f>rifios illustrate this. 
 
 1. 21. cmTcXe'a raura, viz. his safe return, although it 
 implied her enforced maidenhood. 
 
 1. 22. Join Pou\<r0ai . . . ^ e<rrpTJo0cu, the clause intro- 
 duced by % follows directly upon povXta-Qm in the sense of 
 'malle,' and not upon irX&>. We should rather expect TroX- 
 XOK than n-Xeo), as there is no real comparison between two 
 different periods of time : but 7rXa here takes its colouring 
 from the general tone of the sentence, which is the com- 
 parison between virginity and orphanhood, with a pre- 
 ference for the former. 
 
 1. 25. iv Se STJ, like npos 8e, sup. ' atque in his etiam.'
 
 STORY OF ZOPYRUS. VI. i. 32! 
 
 1. 28. TWK tear' iuuT^v, 'of his contemporaries.' See Curt. 
 459- B. b. 
 
 1. 30. on p) =' nisi.' Curt. 633 b. The Sicilian 
 despots alluded to are the brothers Gelo and Hiero. 
 
 1. 32. /j.ryaXoTrpe'ireicu', accusative of reference, Curt. 
 404- 
 
 1. 33. OUK dius din]Yi]<nos, 'in a way not fit (i.e. too 
 horrible) to recount.' 
 
 1. 36. eorras eXeu0e'pous. The participle gives the reason, 
 ' that they were free.' 
 
 1. 38. iroicu'fAevos etxe. One might say, eV dvSpairodav 
 Ady tnoiffTo, or e'^e. But here et^f gives rather the sense 
 of ' continuing to do it : ' as, above, ei^f Voi/zar. 
 
 1. 41. duels auros, ' as he himself exhaled moisture from 
 his body.' The drops which the sun drew from the sur- 
 face of the exposed body served as a sort of anointing 
 ), and thus the warning of the dream came true. 
 
 VI. THE STORY OF ZOPYRUS. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 2. ircpl iroXXoG TToie'erai, ' sets great store on,' lit. places 
 above much, Curt. 466 B b. 
 
 1. 3. iroXXou Ttjiwro, genitive of price. 
 
 1. 6. es TO irpoCTw, lit. ' are honoured up to an advance 
 of greatness ; ' this is really equivalent to two ideas ; sc. 
 ' honoranlur, et ad insignem magnitudinis gradum evehunlur' 
 
 1. 8. el 8' euoTOK, ' unless he should go over to them as 
 a deserter, having disfigured himself.' This may serve for 
 a translation, but grammatically et 8* introduces a fresh 
 protasis, the apodosis of which is not expressed. ' He 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. T
 
 322 NOTES. 
 
 did not think he could gain the city in any other way; 
 but if he should desert to them [he thought he might 
 succeed].' 
 
 1. 9. iv eXa<f>pu iroiTjardfi.ei'os, 'making light/ sc. of the 
 self-sacrifice and pain. 
 
 1. 10. XwfJaTai XoSpTjv. See Curt. 400. a. This par- 
 ticular use of the verb with accusative of identical form is 
 called by grammarians 'figura etymological 
 
 1. 12. fxaoriYWCTas. We might expect fianyaxrafjievos, 
 as the action was performed on himself; but the participle 
 is assimilated in voice with aima^v and irepiKeipas. 
 
 1. 1 6. S TI TroiTJo-avra, as we should say, ' For what deed ?' 
 lit. having done what? The accusative is governed by 
 \a>$f](raiTo, to be supplied from o Xw/Sqa-a/in/o?. 
 
 1. 17. OOK ICTTI OUTOS dvrjp, ' such a man exists not, save 
 
 thee.' Cf. Hom. Od. 6. 201 OVK ea-ff ovros avfjp, oiS" <r- 
 o-erai, ovde yevrjrai. For this force of Sri M SCC above, 
 
 V. 4 - 
 
 1. 1 8. wSe SiaOciKai, 'so to treat,' lit. to put in such a 
 condition. 
 
 1. 19. aur&s eyw l\ie.<avrov, SC. ra8t fpyatrfiai. 
 
 1. 21. KaTaycXai', not uncommonly used in Herodotus 
 with the dative. Elsewhere it is found with the genitive. 
 
 1. 25. irapacmrjaorrai, 'surrender themselves,' lit. come 
 over to our side. 
 
 1. 26. c^'TrXucras, lit. 'sailed away from.' We may 
 translate, ' taken leave of your senses.' 
 
 1. 28. ircpieiScs, sc. noiTjaavra, ' wouldest not have suf- 
 fered me to do it.' mpiopav gets this notion from the 
 idea of looking round or beyond something, instead of 
 looking straight at it : so ' to be careless about,' ' make 
 light of,' ' overlook.' 
 
 eir' efieuuTou paXojiet'os. This phrase is supposed by 
 some to mean, ' having taken it upon myself,' i. e. on my
 
 STORF OF ZOPYRUS. VI. i, 2. 323 
 
 own individual responsibility. It is more likely an ex- 
 tension of the expression es 6vp6v n paXXto-dai, common in 
 Herodotus, and resembling the Homeric iv $peo-l dXAo 
 0770-1, II. i. 297. Translate then, ' having pondered it with 
 myself alone.' Schweighauser renders, 'Secum solo deli- 
 berare. Rem in animo suo ultra citroque iactare' 
 
 1. 29. V p) Twi' aw SerJCTT], ' unless there be a want of thy 
 (co-operation).' 'Nisi ea quae sunl tuarum partium mihi 
 defuerint! The same construction is seen in the com- 
 mon phrase TroXXoO 5. 
 
 1. 30. atp&jfiec, he speaks as if the taking of Babylon 
 were already beginning. 
 
 is ex u > 'J ust as I am -' 
 
 1. 35. d-iro Taurrjs Is 8eK(XTif]i', ' on the tenth day from this.' 
 
 1. 36. TTJS diroXXu(ie'nrjs, lit. ' of which perishing there 
 
 will be no account/ i. e. that part of the army which can 
 
 best be spared, ' the loss of which is of no importance.' 
 
 1. 41. eirciTci', the Ionic form for eWeira. Cp. eWi/ and 
 
 Herodotus uses Kari&iv both transitively 
 and intransitively. 
 
 1. 43. exojTWK, imperative, =' gerant' 
 
 T&V dfioi'ouvawj' (oTrXtaf), 'defensive weapons.' Fut. 
 particip. act. from dp.vva>. 
 
 1. 44. TOUTO, sc. TO eyxeip&iov. kav has the force of an 
 imperative, Curt. 577. So KcXeueii/ below. 
 
 1. 51. paXaydypt] is a key which catches (aypii) the pin 
 (paXavos), that passes through the door bolt (poxXor). 
 When the pin is lifted the bolt can be moved backwards 
 or forwards. 
 
 2. 
 
 1. r. ciuCTTpe^ofiecos, i.e. turning round, like a man who 
 fears that he is being watched or pursued.
 
 324 NOTES. 
 
 1. 3. Kara TOUTO, ' at that Spot,' SC. T>V irvpyav. 
 
 1. 5- "" j . . OTCU SCOLDS. This combination of 
 direct and indirect interrogative pronouns is common in 
 Homer. Cp. Od. I. 171 TIS iroQev ds dvSptav, iroGi trot TrdXts 
 tf8e TOKTJes | oinrotTjs 8' Vt vr)os f\r)\vdas ' 
 
 1. 8. rot Koi^d, 'the general assembly.' Cp. TO reXy, 
 meaning ' the magistrates.' 
 
 1. 9. KaroiKTi^To, ' made his complaint.' 
 
 1. n. Sum o-ojipouXeuaai. The infinitive follows 8tori 
 because the sentence is in oratio obliqua. Cp. Hdt. 3. 
 
 55 Tipav 2a/i('ovs f(f>r) diori ra(f)T)vai 01 rbv Trdnnov 8t)p.o<rir} vtrb 
 2afticof. 
 
 1. 12. eirct re. Notice the Epic use of re, which is here 
 not copulative, but only emphatic. Cp. olos rt in Attic. 
 
 1. 13. tjicw /xeyiaTOf ayaQov. Cp. for a similar expres- 
 sion, Hom. Od. 3. 306 T 8e oi oySoarw RttKOk rjXuOe Kos 
 'Oprrej='came as a curse.' 
 
 1. 17. 8ieo8ous, 'ins and outs.' The whole of the sun's 
 track is called 17 ^At'ou Siegodos, Hdt 4. 140. So here 
 8i'o8ot /SovXevftarcov mean ' Fza<? ^/ rationes consiliorum'. 
 
 1. 22. ruy eS^ero a<{>euK, ' what he asked of them.' fieW&u 
 is used with genitive of person and thing. Cp. u' o-tv 
 
 Sfopat fj.rj dffa-dcu dvopaiv, Hdt. I. 8. 
 
 1. 27. TOUS x i ^is those thousand men that Darius was 
 to post on the tenth day at the gate of Semiramis. 
 
 1. 29. irape\6nevw, 'making his deeds as good as his 
 words.' 
 
 1. 32. em\e|dfi6W)s, 'having picked out' some of the 
 Babylonians: partitive genitive, Curt. 412. 
 
 1. 35. iv <rr6|ia<n e*xoK, ' had his name ever on their 
 lips.' aice'orres is a necessary addition, for the phrase V 
 oro/incrt f^tw may be used where the subject of conver- 
 sation is in disfavour: as, e.g. Miltiades, Hdt. 6. 136 
 
 'Adi]i>dioi 8e fK Udpov MtXrtadijv dirovofTTTjcravTa fl\ov tv ord/iao"*.
 
 DARIUS AND THE SCYTHIANS. VII. I. 325 
 
 1. 39. -rrcirra fy ZwTrupos, as we say, ' Zopyrus was every- 
 thing' or ' all in all.' 
 
 1. 41. direSe'ScK-ro, ' c onstitutus erat? (airoSeiievvvai). 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 6. lorJKe, from ea-irj^i. 
 
 1. 8. Zeus BijXos. Bel (Baal) was the name of the Sun- 
 god worshipped by the Babylonians. Herodotus gives a 
 description of his temple in B. i. 181. 
 
 1. 10. IfiaOof irpoSeSop-eVoi, 'learned that they had been 
 betrayed.' 
 
 1. ii. TO Seurepoi', B.C. 519. The first capture by Cyrus 
 (B.C. 538) is described above, III. 8. 
 
 1. ] 2. TOUTO fiec . . . TOUTO 8e, see note on I. 2. 
 
 1. 13. TrepteiXe, ' diruit,' lit. ' circ umcirc a sustulit! 
 
 VII. DARIUS AND THE SCYTHIANS. 
 1- 
 
 1. 3. e6V TOI . . . iToi^cii', ' when it is in thy power to do 
 the opposite of this.' TwrSe is equivalent to rov cuYt favyfiv. 
 tov, absol. accus., see Curt. 586. 
 
 1. 5 . au 8e . . . fidxeo-Oai, apodosis to ei pev yap. So 
 below Se ffvyyiyvuMTKeai . . . <rv 8e t\6f. fidxfvdai has the 
 force of the imperative. 
 
 1. 8. yr\v TC ical uSwp. To bring presents of earth and 
 water was equivalent to making complete submission, 
 symbolising the surrender of every possession. 
 
 1. 12. vewrepoi/ TI elfu Trouicms, 'have I done anything 
 more unusual.'
 
 326 NOTES. 
 
 1. 13. on 8e, 'but the reason why I do not at once give 
 battle.' 
 
 1. 1 6. aXwrj, (c&io-KOfMi), refers to aima, and KapV), (Kfipa>), 
 to yj) irffpvTevpevr). ' In fear for which, lest they be taken 
 or ravaged, we might lose no time in joining battle with 
 you.' raxurepoc (in Attic 6ao-<rov) means 'sooner' than 
 we otherwise should. 
 
 1. 17. es TOOTO, i.e. to battle. 
 
 1. 21. eire Kal ou, and not /m), because ou is closely 
 
 bound up with the single word /la^o/ietfa. So tl 8e ravra 
 ov TTOirjcrovcn, Hdt. 7. 9. 
 
 1. 22. fy p.T] T| fieas Xoyos dipet], ' nisi nodi's ratio suaserit.' 
 Similar formulas in Herodotus are a>s ffif) yva>p.r) aipeei, and 
 ov8f \6yos alptei followed by accusative and infinitive. 
 a<pe77=lit. ' catch,' or, 'convince.' 
 
 1. 25. MOPTITJ, ('Eo-rt'a, Vesta), possibly in the cult of this 
 goddess the Scythians show themselves as fire-worship- 
 pers in some shape or other. 
 
 1. 28. dm Se TOO, 'and in return for thy saying that 
 thou wast my master, I bid thee "go hang.'" icXaieii' 
 XC'YU is like x a ' l P flv ^y w - Cp. Horace, Sat. 1. 10. 91 'iubeo 
 plorare.' 
 
 2. 
 
 1. i. rAos, used adverbially, like apxf]v, 'at last.' 
 
 1. 5. roy voov, ' the import.' 
 
 1. 8. TO JOAct, ' what the gifts intend to tell.' Cp. Hdt. 
 6. 37 Tt 6e\fi TO fTros fivai 'Quid sibi vult hoc verbum f 
 
 1. ii. eiKd^uK. This participle can agree neither with 
 Aapfiov nor yva>nrj, but it follows a constructio ad sensum, as 
 though the words had run AapeZos ?yi/a>. 
 
 1. 12. TOI' auToy dfOpclirw, Curt. 436 b. 
 
 1. 14. OIK6, Ionic form for eowce, (CIKCB).
 
 DARIUS AND THE SCYTHIANS. VII. i, 2. 327 
 
 TOUS 8e ourrous, 'and the arrows they surrender, as 
 (representing) their own means of defence.' 
 
 1. 15. Aapeuo, 'by Darius.' More usually vnb Aape/ov. 
 
 1. 1 6. owccmrjicee, 'clashed.' See III. n ad init. 
 
 1. 17. TWV TOV Mdyov KareXotruH'. See Introd. to Chap. 
 VI. (Story of Zopyrus). 
 
 1. 25. TeTayjieVoiai, not to be confounded with the gen. 
 absolute. It is the so-called dativus commodi. 'A hare 
 ran right through into the midst for the Scythians;' or, 
 as we should say in familiar language, ' the Scythians had 
 a hare run down the middle of their lines.' The same 
 dative is used even of inanimate things in Homer. Cp. 
 
 Od. 9. 149 KX<ra<rJ7<ri 8f vyvcrl Ka8eih.op.fv terrt'a Trdvra. 
 1. 26. S(,T]i|e, from StaiWw. 
 1. 28. POT] xpewp,eVui'=/3o&>i'ra>j/. A favourite periphrasis 
 
 in HerodotUS, SO KCO/KM xPW^ al an< 3 bpnayfl Xpija-Qai. 
 
 1. 30. irpos roucnrep, sc. his nearest attendants, with 
 whom he commonly conversed. 
 
 1. 33. ws w^ OUTUS, 'since then these things do now 
 seem so to be in my judgment also.' With SOKCOITWI' 
 
 SUpply TOIITCOV. 
 
 1. 37. Xoyw TimtrnifiTjc, 'knew by report.' 
 diropiTji' rolf dcSpuc. Not, as it would ordinarily mean, 
 
 ' the difficulties these men are in,' but ' the impracticable 
 
 nature of or 'difficulty of dealing with.' So Hdt. 4. 
 
 46 ^Kvdai apaxoi re KOI airopoi 7rpoa/uuryet>. 
 1. 40. eKKau'aarras, ' having lighted up.' 
 1. 41. TOUS daOe^ecmiiTous es, 'feeblest for enduring.' 
 1. 42. ecnran]o-arras. The full meaning of the word 
 
 must be, ' leaving them behind under some false pretence.' 
 1. 45. TO tjfAe'as oloc T IOTOI elcpydo-aaOai = ' quod nos 
 
 possit perdere.'
 
 328 NOTES. 
 
 3. 
 1. 3. r>v fy . . . \<5yos. Almost the same phrase as in 
 
 VI. I arpaTifjS TTJS ov8efj.ia form 00/377 aTroAAu/wi'Tjr, where See 
 
 note. 
 
 1. 8. irpo4>d(j-ios, still in the government of elvtKfv. 
 
 1. 9. TW tcaOapw TOU oTparou, ' the effective part of the 
 army.' 
 
 1. 14. OUTU STJ . . . ^oHajs, 'raised a far louder noise.' 
 TTJS ^COI/T}? seems to be a partitive genitive ; and the con- 
 struction must be distinguished from the ordinary ievai 
 
 1. 1 6. Kara x<*pi}v, ' in the same place/ ' on the [original] 
 ground.' 
 
 1. 19. ra KcmiKorra, 'suitable words,' of explanation 
 and entreaty. 
 
 VIII. STORY OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. 
 1. 
 
 1. i . TWV irapdXuK. The men of the coast, consisting 
 mainly of merchants and sailors, were led by the Alcmae- 
 onid Megacles, son-in-law of the Sicyonian tyrant Clei- 
 sthenes ; Lycurgus was the leader of the men of the plain, 
 the occupiers of land on the banks of the Cephisus; 
 Peisistratus espoused the cause of the men of the moun- 
 tains, who were for the most part tillers of the soil, vine- 
 dressers, or shepherds. 
 
 1. 4. Kara^poioio-as has not here its usual force of 
 ' despising,' but stands simply as a stronger form of 
 (frpoveeiv, as KaraboKftiv (in Herodotus) of SoKeW. Trans- 
 late, ' pondering over,' and so ' forming designs upon.'
 
 STORF OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. i, 2. 329 
 
 1. 6. TW Xoyw, 'avowedly.' He pretended to be the 
 champion of the mountaineers ; he really was aiming at 
 the sovereignty. 
 
 1. 10. SrjOeK, like Lat. 'scilicet,' has an ironical force, 
 = ' forsooth.' 
 
 1.12. Meyape'as. The Megareans had possessed them- 
 selves of Salamis, and the expedition here alluded to was 
 undertaken for its recovery. Nisaea was the harbour of 
 Megara. 
 
 1. 20. Tijias, 'offices/ 'magistracies.' 
 
 1. 21. em TOUTI Kajeorcclai, 'maintaining the existing 
 institutions/ 
 
 2. 
 
 1. i. TUUTO ^ponrjaan-es, ' consentientes ; ' ' having made 
 agreement together.' 
 
 1. 3. OUTU peV eVxe, ' this is the way he got possession 
 of;' referring to his first success. 
 
 1. 6. e*K Ke*T|s,=' denuo.' So we have e voWp/j?, e dnpov- 
 
 doi(f)TOV. 
 
 1. 7. irepicXaui'Ofiej'os, ' hard driven/ ' agitatus! 
 
 \. 8. ol Tf]v 0uyaTe'pa, 'his daughter.' The enclitic is 
 drawn out of its natural place by the influence of the 
 verb. 
 
 1. 9. exeiy yw^aiKa, ' to have to wife.' 
 
 lirl TTJ TupamBi, ' on the condition of [holding] the 
 sovereignty. 
 
 1. 1 1. em TT] KaroSw, ' with a view to his return/ sc. from 
 banishment. So ol Kanovrts. 
 
 1. 12. nai<me1'. The hamlet Paeania belonged to 
 the Pandionic tribe ; it was situated on the eastern side of 
 Mount Hymettus. 
 
 1. 13. /ic'YaGos,' in height wanting only three spans from 
 four cubits/ lit. leaving short three spans.
 
 330 NOTES. 
 
 1. 1 6. irpoS^arres . . . Ixouaa, ' having shown her, i. e. 
 taught her how to assume a carriage, such as she was 
 sure to look most attractive with.' 
 
 olov TI is governed directly by exovaa, and euirpeTre- 
 oraTov is an adverb qualifying (pavfttrdai. 
 
 1. 24. BTJUOUS, the outlying hamlets, in contradistinction 
 
 tO ot ev TO) atrrei. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 2. irepieiire, ' treated.' So Tprjxfats ir(pif<nrovro. 
 
 1. 4. diraXXdo-aeTo. This took place 549 B.C. The first 
 exile belongs to the year 555 B.C., the return to 550 B.C. 
 
 1. 9. ol CK TOU ooreos. We might expect ot eV TO> ao-ret, 
 but the word dmicorro is to follow, and the writer wishes 
 to speak about the Athenians in the city, coming out of 
 the city, which would be expressed in full, ot ev TO> aoret Vc 
 TOV aoreos drrtKovro. But the Greek idiom is able to make 
 a sort of concentrated form of these two statements, by 
 shifting a clause that should naturally go with the verb 
 into close connection with the article. As a result of 
 
 which we get of eV roC aoreos aratrtwrat. Cp. Hdt. 7- 37 
 6 jjAios fK\nro)v rr/v eK TOV ovpavov e8prji> d(pavr)s TJV. 
 
 1. 1 1 . irpo e\u0epiT]S; where we should expect the con- 
 j unction rj. See Curt. 454 c. 
 
 1. 1 8. KdTuJrras, 'the returning exiles.' Cp. sup. eVt 
 ry Korodm. So Kartpxofuu, in Arist. Ran. 1165. 
 
 1. 1 9. ^s TWUTO owiotres, ' eundem in locum congressi, (sc. 
 cum Aosfe),' ' meeting them.' 
 
 1. 20. riaXArpi'Sos, ' of Pallene ;' this was one of the 
 hamlets in the neighbourhood of Athens, near Acharnae, 
 between Pentelicus and the northerly spur of Hymettus. 
 
 1. 21. I0CKTO oirXo, 'piled arms;' equivalent to 'took up 
 a position.'
 
 STORF OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. 2-4. 33! 
 
 1. 25. |36Xos, 'the cast of the net' has been made. 
 
 1. 26. olfiTJo-ouo-i, ' will sweep in.' oi/zai/ is used for the 
 swoop of a hawk upon a dove in II. 22. 140. 
 
 1. 28. ffuXXapui', exactly corresponding to the Latin 
 equivalent, ' having comprehended.' 
 
 1. 30. apiorot'. The mention of dice-playing and the 
 siesta (yirvos) makes it probable that apurrov is here not 
 the early Homeric breakfast, but the mid-day lunch, which 
 became the practice in later times. The early breakfast 
 
 was called aKpana-nos. 
 
 1.31. fAeTcle'repot, ' some of them ; ' this is further divided 
 into 01 pev and 01 8e. 
 
 1. 35. fii^re . . . TC, equivalent in meaning to ' non so/urn 
 non . . . sed etiam? With this use of the conjunctions cp. 
 
 Hdt. 5- 49 OUTC yap ol ftdpfiapot a\Kip.oi fieri, vpels re es ra 
 
 /xe-ytora uvr/Kere dptTTjs. Here, the design of Peisistratus is 
 not only that the Athenians should never rally again, but, 
 more than that, that they should be dispersed. The 
 optative which follows eWexi'arai must be explained from 
 the fact that f-mrexvarai. is really the historic present. 
 
 1. 36. TOUS -rraiSag, three in number. 
 
 1. 43. ruf (iey auroOey, sc. from the silver mines at 
 Laurium ; the revenues that came in a^o 2rpu/idi/oy must 
 be the proceeds of the gold mines in Thrace. 
 
 1. 46. 'A\Kn<u(iw8ea>, sc. Megacles. The Athenians who 
 had fallen were, of course, from the number of the ol eVe 
 
 TOV aOTTfOS. 
 
 4. 
 
 1. 3. ivapyfcrrd-n\v, ' most vivid,' used in Homer, Od. 4. 
 841, of visions that were clear and unmistakably real. 
 
 1. 5. T&nrcpa, sc. B.C. 514-510. Herodotus evidently 
 does not adopt the popular view, celebrated by the Greek
 
 332 NOTES. 
 
 lyrists, that Harmodius and Aristogeiton were really the 
 deliverers of Athens. He would rather accredit the Alc- 
 maeonidae with that work. 
 
 1. 6. irpoT^pfl governs the genitive Uava&r)vaia>v } ' in the 
 night before the Panathenaea.' 
 
 namOtjmiwK. The greater Panathenaea, celebrated 
 every four years, was the grandest of the Attic festivals, 
 and was held in honour of Athena Polias. It was said to 
 have been instituted by Erich thonius, and remodelled by 
 Theseus, on the occasion of his uniting the scattered 
 commonalty of Athens. The feast lasted four days, and 
 the most splendid feature in it was the grand procession 
 on the last day. 
 
 1. 8. oi eiriordrra, ' standing over him.' 
 
 1. 10. rXfjOi. Notice the intentional jingle in the first 
 line, which has thus been rendered in Latin, ' Fortiter haec 
 leo fer, quamvis /era, quando ferendum est.' 
 
 1. 12. 4>ayep6s TJf uirepTiOe'fieyos, 'he openly submitted it.' 
 
 1. 13. dirciirdnekos, 'having sought to avert/ lit. having 
 refused, or said No ! to, viz. by performing expiatory 
 sacrifices. The details of the whole story are given in 
 Thuc. 6. 5458. The time of the Panathenaea was 
 chosen, because then the citizens might appear in arms. 
 
 5. 
 
 1. 3. fcuyoKTes. See 3 ad fin. 
 
 1. 5. Join Trcipw/j^foicri KOT& TO lerxopoK, ' though trying 
 with might and main.' 
 
 1. 6. irpoa^nraioi', ' met with sore disaster.' 
 
 1. 7. AeuJ/uSpioi' was an insignificant place, on one of the 
 spurs of Mount Parnes, that separates Attica from Boeotia, 
 and near the hamlet of Paeania. It was, no doubt, an 
 ike that of Agis at Decelea.
 
 STORY OF THE PEISISTRATIDAE. VIII. 4-6. 333 
 
 1. 10. 'Ap^iK-ruoi'wi'. This word is probably the same as 
 a/x0iKri'oKfs, or the ' dwellers round about.' These asso- 
 ciations of neighbouring tribes, to promote mutual inter- 
 course and to protect a common temple, were of very 
 early origin. The most famous of these associations was 
 the Amphictyonic League, that had its meetings near 
 Thermopylae in the autumn, and at Delphi in the spring, 
 at which meetings representatives from various states, 
 called Pylagorae and Hieromnemones, attended. Besides 
 pledging themselves to certain acts of international comity, 
 the representatives undertook to protect and preserve the 
 temple at Delphi. This temple had been burned down 
 in B.C. 549, and the Alcmaeonidae TO^ vr\bv fuffOoun-ai 
 eoiico8ofiYjcr(u, 'contract for the building of the temple:' 
 ' templum conducunt aedificandum? 
 
 1. 12. xpT]\i.d.T(i)V eu rjKorres. See on I. 2. 1. 17. 
 
 1. 14. irapaSeiyjia is the 'specification,' which the con- 
 tractors had to carry out. 
 
 T< re aXXa, Ka! . . . e|eiroiTjo-ai', lit. ' both in other 
 respects . . . and also they built its front,' etc. This is a 
 short way of saying, ' they exceeded the specification in 
 many points and also in this that they built,' etc. It is 
 worth while comparing with the form of sentence, Hdt. 
 
 6. 21 'Adrjvaloi VTrfpax&ea-de'vres rfj MiXrjrov dXcocra, rfj re 
 aXX?7 TroXXa^^, KOI dr/ KOI TTOHjcrarrt ^pwi^w Spa/ia MiXijrov 
 
 1. 15. o-uyiceifiei'di' cnju, 'when it had been agreed on 
 between them/ accus. absol., Curt. 586. 
 
 ircipiKos Xi'Oos seems to have been a common kind of 
 marble, greatly inferior to the Parian. 
 
 6. 
 
 1. 3. OKWS f\6oiev=' guoties advenirent! 5/cwc being equi- 
 valent here to oxdre.
 
 334 NOTES. 
 
 1. 4. xP T l <r f lei ' 01 - The middle voice means ' oraculum 
 consulere,' ' to get an oracle uttered for oneself;' the active 
 xpav is ' oraculum edere;' of which the direct passive is used. 
 
 Cp. \Mvrtv\uxra. a. rov8' XpilCT0i(] (TuyMTOs. 
 irpo<(>epeii'=' obticere.' 
 
 1. 6. irp6<})aiaoi' is used here as a noun, in the sense of 
 the more ordinary \6yiov or dtoirpoinov. 
 
 1. 10. Trp6<rf3uT6pa, 'more important.' Similar is the use 
 of the verb 7rpfo-p(i*o-6ai, and with it may be compared the 
 Latin ' antiquius' 
 
 1. 1 2. direpTjae, transitive aorist, ' disembarked.' ' Pha- 
 lerum is the most ancient, as well as it is the most natural, 
 harbour of Athens. It is nearer than Piraeus to the city, 
 and the Cephisus and Ilissus, between which Athens is 
 placed, lead into it. The Piraeus seems not to have been 
 used as a port till the time of Pericles.' Rawlinson. 
 
 1. 15. auTous is equivalent to Geo-o-aXov?, suggested by 
 
 QfcrcraXirjs. 
 
 1. 1 6. icoinrj -yKoSjiT], ' a public vote.' 
 
 1. 17. iinros, fern., in the collective sense =' cavalry.' 
 
 1. 19. cfiTjxa^aTO, SO Herodotus gives e'jSouXearo for e'ov- 
 XOVTO and aTTiKearo, eyivforo, etc. 
 
 1. 24. KaT^play es, ' cooped them up into,' i. e. drove 
 them back upon. 
 
 1. 26. dinjXXage, 'so fared,' lit. came off. 
 
 Teu|>al, in the plural, is sometimes used for the burial 
 place of one person : so "Afia<ns eYm^ lv 7770-1 ratp^a-t, Hdt. 
 
 3. 10. Cp. Soph. Aj. 1090 es Tafyas. 
 
 1. 27. 'AXuirtKal, one of the hamlets of Athens, on the 
 N. E. of the city. 
 
 1. 35. ws 1x01'='^ vesttgio,' 'at once.' 
 
 1. 38. neXaoryiKw, i. e. the Acropolis, which the Pelasgi 
 were said to have fortified for the Athenians.
 
 BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. i. 335 
 
 7. 
 
 1. i. Kal . . . e|et\oi'=:' neuliquam eiecissenl Pisistratidas 
 Lacedaemonii' 
 
 \. 2. eireSpt), Attic f'(f)f8pa, = 'oZ>sidw.' 
 
 1 5- Join &v diraXXdcro-on-o, ' after a few days ' siege they 
 would have departed, had not an event occurred.' This 
 would be the most natural way, viz. p.r) arvvrvxtri enfyevero, 
 instead of which a new sentence is begun, v\>v 8e on;m>x? 
 
 K. T. X. 
 
 1. 7. uTrcKTiOcfievoi, 'in the act of being removed.' 
 1. 10. em p,i<T6w TOICTI TCKI/OKTI. The construction seems 
 very uncertain : apparently rt governs reKvoicri and fiia-dm 
 is in predicative apposition ; the whole clause meaning, 
 ' they surrendered themselves on condition of [recovering] 
 the children as their pay, on those terms which the 
 Athenians liked, viz. that they should quit.' 
 
 eir' olai is neuter, and does not agree in any way 
 
 with TeKvoiffi. 
 
 1. 14. TpniKoira. Peisistratus seized the sovereignty 
 B.C. 560, and died B.C. 527, having reigned nearly seven- 
 teen years out of the thirty-three. Hippias reigned 
 fourteen years before the death of Hipparchus (B.C. 514), 
 and four afterwards. He was expelled B.C. 510. 
 
 IX. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON. 
 
 1. i. Kaucrrpioi'. The Cayster rises in Mount Tmolus, 
 and, passing through the fertile plain between Tmolus 
 and Messogis, empties itself into the sea by Ephesus.
 
 336 NOTES. 
 
 1. 2. dirucoiro, sc. at Sardis. 
 
 1. 6. TO 8t JIT] XerjXaTTjo-ai. The subject to the sentence 
 is To8e, ' this prevented their sacking the city after having 
 taken it.' 
 
 1. 7. I<rxe has the force of ' cohibuit.' 
 
 1. 8. KaXdfurai. 'In Eastern capitals the houses are 
 still rarely of brick or stone. Reeds and wood constitute 
 the chief building materials. Hence the terrible confla- 
 grations which from time to time devastate them.' Raw- 
 linson. 
 
 1. 1 1. eirei'eji.cTo, * spread over.' In Aesch. Ag. 485, used 
 of ' growing encroachment.' In Hdt. 3. 133, of ' a spread- 
 ing and devouring ulcer.' 
 
 1. 13. diroXaft<|>0e'fTes. The Ionic forms from Xa/^Savw 
 retain the p. in several instances, instead of changing to ij, 
 as Xd/x^opzt, \e\anfuii, e\dp.$Qr)v. Translate here, ' cut off 
 on all sides.' 
 
 1. 14. For wore with participle (as here &<rrf vfp.op.fvov), 
 see Curt. 558. There is a similar use with t>s and 
 
 1. 1 6. FlaicTuXoi'. The gold-dust of Pactolus was cele- 
 brated at an early period; cp. Soph. Philoct. 393 optartpa 
 
 Ta, & TOV p.yav UaKraXov ffypvaov vep.fis. By the time of 
 
 Augustus it appears to have been exhausted. 
 
 1. 19. 6 8e, sc."Epp.os, 'empties into the sea.' 
 
 1. 26. UTTO kUKTo, = ' sub nocttm! 
 
 1. 27. lapSis. This plur. nom. is written also SapStey 
 and SdpSets. 
 
 1. 28. KU{^PT). This 'great' or 'sacred' mother of the 
 gods was worshipped in various places and under different 
 forms. She was the representative of the generative 
 powers of nature, and the orgies that accompanied her 
 worship were notorious for licence and excess. In Phry- 
 gia she was known as Ma. In the times of Hannibal she
 
 BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. 1-3. 337 
 
 found her way to Rome under the title of Magna 
 Mater. 
 
 TO aKTjTrrofici'oi, 'making a pretext of which.' So 
 Hdt. 5. 30 O-K^IV iroifvfjifvos. Herodotus probably mis- 
 interprets the motives of the Persians here. No doubt 
 the destruction of Greek temples was dictated by the true 
 iconoclastic spirit of the Persian religion. 
 
 2. 
 
 1. 3. o-uXXoyrj, 'coalition;' properly, ' collecting of troops.' 
 
 1. 4. Xeyerai, impers. ' it is said.' 
 
 1. 6. KaTcnrpotleaSai, from irpol, 'a free gift;' TrpoiKo, 
 ' freely,' i. e. with nothing to pay. ' Knowing that the 
 lonians would not get scot-free/ ' would pay dear/ 
 
 1. 7. ficrd 8c takes up np&ra fiev. 'And next, when he 
 had learned it.' 
 
 1. 9. direiHii, ' shot/ (a(j>ir] pi). The idea was that the 
 arrow carried a message up to heaven. By Zevy Hero- 
 dotus means the Persian Ormuzd. ' The Greeks identify 
 the supreme god of each nation with their own Zeus. Cp. 
 Hdt. i. 131; 2. 55, etc. 1 Rawlinson. 
 
 1. n. tKyci/e'crOai fjtoi, ' mihi contingat' The Greek 
 idiom sometimes employed a sort of exclamatory infini- 
 tive in an optatival sense. Cp. Horn. Od. 17. 354 Zev 
 
 uva, TrjKffjLaxov fj.oi ev av8pacrn> oX/Siop etmi, I nai oi navra yevoiff 
 ocr<Ta (j)pe<rlv jcrt p.fvoiva, Aesch. S. C. T. 253 0fo\ TroXIrat, /iij 
 fj.f SonXei'as rv^flv. 
 
 1. 14. /jLefju/eo. A form of the imperative implying a 
 present, not in use, pf/ii/o^ai. Cp. /if/^w/ietfa, Hdt. 7. 47, 
 Horn. Od. 14. 168. 
 
 3. 
 1. i. cc <roi eori, 'it lies with thee.' 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. Z
 
 33$ NOTES. 
 
 1. 2. Xnre'<T0ai, middle voice, 'to leave a memorial for 
 thyself.' 
 
 1. 4. Xei-rrouo-i, the present tense, because the effect is 
 still lasting of what they left behind them. 
 
 1. 5. t ou='ex quo] 'from the time when.' 
 
 1. 7. 8>oKT<u, ' it has been decided,' sc. by the Persians. 
 
 1. 8. OITJ T^ ^<m, ' it is able ;' lit. it is just the sort [of 
 city] as to, etc. 
 
 1. 10. es <re TI, ' to thee in. a way,' ' to thee more or less.' 
 
 1. ii. irpayjidTui' is genitive after icGpos, which is the 
 object to exj/. 
 
 1. 14. IX-iTo/itu, 'I expect,' used of fear as well as of 
 hope. 
 
 1. 1 6. fy 8e <rujAJ3({Xu>nei', ' but if we engage before any 
 unsoundness finds its way among some of the Athenians, 
 if the gods give us fair play, we are able to be victors in 
 the engagement.' 
 
 1. 21. -n-pooOr), 'give your adhesion.' Cp. Hdt. 2. 120 
 
 Tffl Xoya TW \e^6evTi Trpoori'tfe/xcu. 
 
 1. 23. dirooTreuSon-uc, ' dissuadentium ; ' Tt\v roil' dinxnreu- 
 SOKTWI', SC. yva>fjiT)v. 
 
 1. 24. TUV eyw KarAe^a byaQuv. Curt. 598. 2. 
 
 1. 27. eiceiWfMi>To, 'it was settled.' 
 
 1. 28. TI yvoifit) c<|>pc, ' sententia ferebat,' ' eo tendebat! 
 
 1. 29. irpuTanrjiTj TTJS ^e'pTjs, 'the presidency of the day,' 
 sc. ' dies quo gut's praesidet concilia? The command in chief 
 devolved each day upon a different general. 
 
 1. 30. 8K<S|iros, concessive, ' though he accepted it.' 
 
 4. 
 
 I. i. iTpiTjX0e, ' it came round,' in rotation. 
 I. 2. Seiifr. The right wing was the special post of 
 honour ; the danger of the position consisted particularly
 
 BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. 3, 4. 339 
 
 in the defenceless condition of the right side, the shield 
 being carried on the left arm. The Polemarch took the 
 post as representative of the King, whose place it had 
 been in ancient times. 
 
 1. 6. ee8^KOKTo at 4>u\ai, ' the tribes came in succession 
 as they were numbered, keeping close to one another/ 6s 
 dpi0fi^on-o, refers to the order assigned every year by ballot 
 to the tribes, according to which they were to furnish the 
 prytanies for the year. It was the prytany of the tribe 
 Aeantis on that day, so that they occupied the right wing. 
 1 The democratical arrangements of the Cleisthenic con- 
 stitution prevailed in the camp no less than in the city 
 itself. Not only was the army marshalled by tribes, but 
 the tribes stood in their political order/ Rawlinson. 
 
 1.8. diro TOUTTJS yelp. The meaning implied by yap is 
 something like this, 'the Plataeans must have rendered 
 signal service in this battle, FOR from that day forth,' etc. 
 The enclitic <T$I, which is thus put early in the sentence, 
 belongs grammatically to Karfvxfrai, 
 
 1. 10. irerreTTjpicri. The allusion is probably to the great 
 Panathenaic festival. The use of dpdycif in the sense of 
 celebrating ' seems to come from the ' leading up ' of 
 processions, etc., to the temples, which were commonly 
 built on ' high places/ 
 
 1. 12. yiveaflai, depends upon KOTevxerm. 
 
 1. 14. TO orpaTOireSoi' e^uroufAeyov. The word TO crrpccro- 
 iredov represents here the whole, of which TO p.ev pta-ov and 
 TO fie Kepas are the subdivisions. Accordingly, instead of 
 using the genitive absolute TOV orpaTOTreSov fgia-ovpfvov, the 
 writer, by an anticipative apposition, attracts the main 
 subject into the same case as the two subdivisions, which 
 are the subjects to eyiWro and eppa>ro respectively. For a 
 similar apposition cp. Hdt. 3. 95 TO 8f XP V V Tpio-KaiSfKa- 
 trrdaiov Aoyifo/uevov TO ^y/ia fvpla-Ktrai ebv K. r. \. Translate, 
 Z 2
 
 340 NOTES. 
 
 1 The Athenian army being made equal in length with 
 the Persian, the centre of it was but few ranks deep; 
 and here the army was weakest: but each wing was 
 strengthened with a depth of many ranks.' That is to 
 say, the Athenians and Plataeans, with only 11,000 men, 
 had to present a front all along the Persian line ; and as 
 the principle of all Athenian tactics was to throw their 
 main strength upon the flanks, it followed of necessity that 
 the centre of the army was very shallow. They seem to 
 have entertained the English notion of meeting the enemy 
 with ' the thin red line.' 
 
 5. 
 
 1. i. us SicTeraKTo, ' when [the battle] was set in array.' 
 An impersonal passive. 
 
 1. 2. direiOrjaar, ' emi'ssi sunt] (d0t^t). 
 
 1. 3. r\aav. The verb is attracted here into the num- 
 ber of the predicate oraSioi, instead of being in direct con- 
 cord with the subject, TO ^frai^fuov. 
 
 1. 6. e-n-e'4>epoK, ' charged them with/ ' attributed to them.' 
 
 1. 7. The use of xal before irdyxu is not copulative, 
 but merely emphasises nayxv, as elsewhere in Herodotus, 
 Kai Kdpra, or frequently in Attic, ccal nan. Cp. Horn. Od. 
 
 I. 318 xai (J.d\a KaXov e'Xwv. 
 
 It has often been doubted whether it was possible for 
 troops to run for a mile before engaging ; and we may 
 doubtless regard it as a singular piece of perilous daring. 
 But it must not be forgotten that, owing to the constant 
 practice of gymnastic exercises, the Greeks may be said 
 to have been always ' in training.' Miltiades saw that the 
 quicker his troops got over the intervening ground, the 
 less they would be likely to suffer from the rain of arrows 
 poured upon them by the Persian archers.
 
 BATTLE OF MARATHON. IX. 4, e. 341 
 
 1. 1 6. MrjSuf. Herodotus uses this word often as con- 
 vertible with 'Persian.' With the sentiment here ex- 
 pressed cp. Aesch. PerS. 23 rayoi lifpa-Siv . . . <o|3fpol ftiv 
 fifiv, ib. 48 (po&epav fyiv TTpoo-iSeo-dat. But the statement 
 of Herodotus is a plain exaggeration. 
 
 1. 19. Idai. The system of the Persians seems to 
 have been to mass their strongest troops in the centre. 
 The Sacae, inhabitants of the N. E. of Bactriana, were 
 famous horsemeiAad archers. 
 
 1. 23. lur, from aL. They joined their two wings, their 
 centre having been, as it were, cut out and driven inland, 
 and with these combined troops they fell upon the centre 
 of the Persian army. 
 
 1. 27. irop aireoi'. So Hector cries to the Trojans, II. 
 
 1 5- 7*^ oicrfTf Trvp, afia 8' auTot doXXe'er opvvr durijv. I vvv 
 fifj.lv iravrfov Zfi/s agiov rjfJ.ap fSco/ce | vfjas t\fiv. 
 
 1. 31. divo 8' ZQave, tmesis for drrfdave 8e. 
 
 1. 33. The a^Xaoroi', (' aplustre'), was the sweeping curve 
 with which the wood-work of the stern ended. This 
 curve rose considerably above the vessel's level, and was 
 generally richly decorated. 
 
 Tt\v \flpa diroKoircis. Curt. 404. Cynaegirus was 
 a brother of Aeschylus the tragedian. 
 
 1. 37. e|avaKpouad/ii'oi, 'having pushed off from land.' 
 The verb cannot have its more usual meaning here of 
 ' backing water,' as Cynaegirus would have been unable 
 to seize the a^XooT-oi/ of a ship, unless the stern had been 
 pointing landwards. 
 
 1. 38. <j>9rjmi, ' to get the start of.' Sunium is the south 
 promontory of Attica. 
 
 1. 39. aiTirj 2(Tx e > '^ ne charge was maintained;' eo-^f, 
 ' held good,' Lat. ' obtinuit! 
 
 1. 40. 'AXKjiauimSeW. This partisanship would be due 
 to the connection of the Alcmaeonidae with Hippias.
 
 34 2 NOTES. 
 
 ourous ltrivoi\9r\vai, 'that they, sc. the Persians, hit upon 
 this device.' The method of signalling with the surface 
 of a polished shield was the same as the modern practice 
 of sending a flash from a mirror to a distance. 
 
 1. 44. s iroSuc etxoc, ' quantum pedibus valebant.' Cp. 
 Hdt. 8. 107 a>S Ta%fos ^e fnacrros. 
 
 1. 47. e| 'HpaK\T]iou. Their camp at Marathon had been 
 pitched in a precinct of Heracles ; and again, after march- 
 ing the twenty-six miles between Marathon and Athens, 
 they encamp in another precinct sacred to the same hero, 
 in Cynosarges, a grassy spot on the south-east side of the 
 city towards the Ilissus. 
 
 1. 49. uirep<uci>pi]0eVT9 ^aXi^pou, ' lay to off Phalerum.' 
 A graphic word for ships out at sea ; lit. floating above. 
 
 1. 50. draicuxeue"', ( sc - s >^ as ) seems to mean lit. 
 ' having checked the course of their ships out at sea.' We 
 may render, ' hove to.' 
 
 THERMOPYLAE. 
 
 1- 
 
 1. i. ArjjicxpTjTe. Demaratus, king of Sparta, had been 
 banished through the intrigues of his colleague Cleomenes, 
 and welcomed by Darius with a friendliness that was not 
 altogether disinterested. Herodotus represents him as 
 sincerely attached to the Persian cause ; but, according to 
 Justin, his patriotism made him but a false friend to his 
 patron; inasmuch as he kept the state of Lacedaemon 
 informed of the projects of the Persian king. Justin calls 
 him ' amicior patnae postfugam quam regi post beneficial 
 
 1. 6. W^ith UTTOjjLeye'ouai supply (if. 
 
 ou yap . . . 008^ . . . OUK. Notice the repetition of negatives 
 with an accumulative force.
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. i, 2. 343 
 
 1. 8. irpos coirepTjs. Curt. 467 B b. 
 
 1. 9. p.?) eorres ap6fuoi, = 'if they be not agreed,' 'nisi 
 fuerint inter se Concordes' 
 
 1. 10. TodiroaeC, 'the [opinion] coming from you,' i.e. 
 your view. 
 
 1. 13. TjSonfj is used by a sort of zeugma with xpw ^ 1 - 
 We should rather expect irpbs ^ovr^v Xeyttv, or some such 
 phrase. 
 
 1. 14. ouSeV ol dirjSeoTepoK, meaning, 'he should expe- 
 rience no loss of favour.' 
 
 1. 2. eimSt] dXi)9i|tg, 'since thou biddest me keep 
 wholly to the truth, speaking in such a way as that one 
 may not hereafter be detected by thee of lying.' 
 
 1. 3. rd is the accusative of 'internal object,' Curt. 
 401, equivalent to a ^evSea ytv86p.(vos. The use of ftrj, 
 instead of the simple negative ov, may be accounted for 
 by the fact that the passage has somewhat the character 
 of a final sentence ; as though the words had run ourw 
 
 \eyovra cocrrf p.f] ^fv86fjifv6v riva aXaxreadai. 
 
 1. 9. TOUS AwpiKous x^pous. He means those regions of 
 the Peloponnese where the Dorian race preponderated. 
 
 1. IO. epxojJWH Xe|o', SO epxopai (f)pd<T<ov, Hdt. 3. IO2. Cp. 
 
 the French 'je vais dire.' 
 
 1. 12. OUK eori OKWS, 'it is not possible that.' 
 
 1. 14. K<H r\\> . . . 4>poK'wCTi, ' even though all the rest of 
 
 the Greeks join thy side.' Cp. Hdt. 9. 99 ol 2d/uot TO 
 
 'EXX>jvwi/ ((ppovtov. 
 
 1. 1 6. r\v re yap Toxwo"i, ' for should they happen to take 
 the field, only a thousand in number.'
 
 344 NOTES. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. I. irapefjice, 'let pass/ 
 
 1. 2. diro8pi]ae(T6(H, from 
 
 1. 8. cm-nroi', lire<rf]i(ra.v, a.irf\\o.vvov. The force of these 
 
 tenses is to suggest repeated attacks and defeats. But 
 
 the Medes 'were unable to dislodge them, though they 
 
 suffered terrible losses.' This means that not even the 
 
 most reckless expenditure of life enabled them to take the 
 
 position. 
 
 1. II. acOpanroi . . . a^Spes. Cp. Livy 27. 13 ' Ita concio 
 dimissa fatentium sese increpitos, neque illo die virum 
 quemquam in acie Romana fuisse praeter unum ducem.' 
 1. 12. 81' *jp.e'pT)9, 'right through the day.' 
 1. 13. rpTjxe'ws irepietiron-o, 'were roughly handled/ 
 1. 15. dOord-rous. The 'Immortals' were 10,000 picked 
 Persian troops ; so called, because their number was al- 
 ways kept up exactly to that sum ; and if one man died, 
 his place was instantly filled. 
 
 1. 1 6. KaTcpyao-ojiecoi, 'sure to make short work of 
 them/ 
 
 1. 17. ouSec irXeoc ec^poiro, 'gained no more success 
 than/ etc. 
 
 1. 21. irXrjOei xp^a^ai, 'to gain any advantage from 
 their numbers/ 
 
 1. 22. aXXa T diroSeiKi'UfJiEi'Oi . . . KCU ^euyeo-KOj/, i.e. 
 ' among other exhibitions . . . they pretended to take to 
 flight/ We should rather expect the parallel to be given 
 by two participles or two finite verbs, than by a combi- 
 nation like this. StjOer gives the sense of ' pretence/ 
 
 1. 24. OKWS, with the independent optative, has the 
 meaning of indefinite frequency.
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 3, 4. 345 
 
 1. 26. KaraXafipayofiEcoi, 'just as they were being 
 caught.' 
 
 1. 27. uire'orpecjKH' ac. See Curt. 494, obs. I. 
 
 1. 30. Join ouSeV iropaXapeiv, ' to secure nothing ;' so 
 that TTJS e"<r68ou is left dependent on 7mpea>/zei>ot. 
 
 1. 32. Kara reXea, 'by divisions/ 
 
 1. 33. TrpoaoSotcri, 'assaults.' 
 
 1. 37. I6\rr<i>v refers to 'E\\Tjva>v, as does also cnj* 601 ^ but 
 eX-n-io-arres to the Persians. 
 
 1. 41. eVjiE'pEi, 'in turn,' = ' stta quisque vice.' 
 
 4. 
 
 1. i. 5 TI xpifaeTai, 'how he shall deal with/ 
 1. 10. iTEpl Xu'xfwv d(|)(is. Before the invention of clocks, 
 the times of day or night were named by various phrases 
 like this. So in Homer, ' dinner-time/ for midday; ' ox- 
 loosing time,' for evening, and below 6 e? dyop^s irXrj- 
 
 1. ii. drpairos. The localities may be best seen by 
 reference to accompanying sketch map, and the course 
 of the path Anopaea traced from the Asopus to the town 
 of Alpenus, 'the first Locrian town on the side of the 
 Malians.' 
 
 1. 14. Anopaea (aKw) means only 'high-pass.' The 
 change of coast line, and the altered course of the rivers 
 must be taken into account if we are to understand how 
 Thermopylae was a narrow pass. 
 
 1. 23. e^u'Xao-o-ov. See 3 ad fin. 
 
 1. 26. r\ KdTu ecr{3oXTj is the pass by the shore. 
 
 1. 27. uiro rStv eipt]Ttu, 'by those by whom it was said 
 [to be guarded]/ 
 
 1. 28. uiroSelafiei'oi, 'having pledged themselves/ or, 
 ' promised to Leonidas/
 
 $4 6 NOTES. 
 
 1. 29. <7<f>ea, sc. the Persians. Join 2/iadoK w&e. 
 
 1. 33. dm re e&pafioK, tmesis, ' started up.' 
 
 1. 43. Kopup.|3os, 'crest,' 'rounded top.' 
 
 emordfi.ei'oi, in a sense frequent in Herodotus, ' be- 
 lieving that the attack was directed principally (ap%riv= 
 originally) against them.' 
 
 1. 47. ol Se, i.e. the Persians, took no further notice 
 of the Phocians, but passed by them and began the de- 
 scent. 
 
 5. 
 
 1. 2. TO, Ipa, more commonly TO. <r<ayia, ' the victims.' 
 
 1. 4. em 8e, ' and besides,' or, ' and next ;' taking up 
 irp>Tov fifv. 
 
 1. 5. In i/uKTos, 'brought the news while it was still 
 night.' 
 
 1. 6. TpiToi 8c, rpiros generally introduces a climax = 
 ' third and last. 1 
 
 1. 9. OUK ewv, ' were not for permitting.' 
 
 1. 10. SiaKpidcVres, 'having separated ' = ' soluto concilia! 
 
 \. 1 6. OUK euirpeire'us txen'. This construction follows 
 from some participle like vopifav, easily supplied from 
 KrjdofjLevos. ' Thinking that it was not seemly for him and 
 his Spartans,' etc. 
 
 1. 17. dpxV adverbial; as above, 4. 1. 43. 
 
 1. 19. eripaloi. The Thebans had been the first to offer 
 earth and water to Xerxes, and they were probably unwilling 
 combatants at Thermopylae, and thus they are described 
 as being detained as hostages. Perhaps the eager readi- 
 ness of the Thespians was not unconnected with their 
 jealousy of the Thebans, in whose possible disgrace they 
 may have seen their own chance of heading the Boeotian 
 confederacy.
 
 THERMOPYLAE. X. 4-6. 34? 
 
 6. 
 
 1. i. oiroi'Sds. Xerxes is described, B. 7. 54, as pouring 
 these 'libations' from a golden cup to greet the rising 
 sun. 
 
 1. 3. ir\T)0wpT]v. See note on \vx vo>v </><"> 4 a d init- 
 
 1. ii. cpujia. This wall was at the eastern end of the 
 defile. The Phocians had built it to resist any encroach- 
 ment from the Thessalians. 
 
 1. 13. aujjifiioYoiTcs is in exact parallelism with ivrfgiovrfs, 
 but having been assimilated to it in case it causes a violent 
 anacoluthon, for it refers only to the "EXX^i/ft and not at 
 all to the Ti-oXXoi rS>v fiappdpav. A genitive absolute would 
 have removed the difficulty. 
 
 1. 20. Xoyos TOU diroXXup,ei/ou, ' reckoning of the lost/ 
 
 With emorcip.ei'oi the Greeks become once more the 
 subject of the sentence. 
 
 1. 23. irapaxpewfiei'oi, sc. TOUTI a-w/xacru', 'recklessly sacri- 
 ficing themselves in their desperation/ 
 
 1. 24. With dr^ocres cp. Horn. II. 2O. 332 Afi/ei'a, TIS <r f 
 S)8e 6f<ai> areovra KfXfvei I avria-ft^fiSiVos vnep6\>ii.oio pA^fffdai J 
 
 1. 27. eiru06fjiT)i'. These names were all inscribed on a 
 pillar at Sparta, which was still standing, 600 years after 
 the event, in the time of Pausanias. 
 
 1. 35. auKetrrijKee,, 'was still being waged;' ' committe- 
 batur! 
 
 1. 43. Toto-i . . . irepicouaai, ' those of them who still had 
 them (sc. at /ia^at/>ai) remaining/ 
 
 1- 45- el emn-iTis em<nr6fiei'oi = ' ex adverso invadenies! 
 
 1. 55. iv dXoyiT] iroieu'fxekok', ' making of no account/ 
 
 1. 62. aoTou rauTif] rirprep, 'just on the very spot where/ 
 
 1. 63. irporepof ?j, 'who had fallen before those who 
 were dismissed by Leonidas had gone/
 
 SPECIMENS OF AEOLIC DIALECT. 
 
 ALCAEUS. 
 
 FRAG. i. 
 
 1. i. "Aprj ' in honour of Ares.' 
 
 1. 2. Kuiaauri, (Kweaiai), 'helmets/ properly of skin or 
 fur. 
 
 1. 4. Kpu'irroicru' iracradXois, ' hide the pegs ' they hang on. 
 Tracro-aXot? is for Tracro-dXovy, the Aeolic dative plural of 
 O declension always ends in -owi. 
 
 1. 5. KouXai. This diaeresis is like the Homeric 6p>iW 
 
 for Ofjioios. 
 
 1. 6. (nrdOai, properly wooden blades used to press 
 down the woof at the loom. Here the word is used for 
 ' swords,' which are called XaXKt'Stwu, because the citizens 
 of the Euboean Chalcis were famous workers in metal. 
 
 1. 7. epyor. The 'work' they have undertaken is war. 
 The reader must be careful in this and in the 
 following Aeolic odes and idyll to notice that the 
 system of accentuation presents a remarkable contrast 
 to the ordinary rules of Greek accent. In Aeolic the 
 most general rule is that the accent must be thrown as far 
 back as the quantity of the final syllable will allow. 
 
 FRAG. 2. 
 
 1. i. doweTT)(u, Aeol. for atruverew. By oratm/ he means 
 ' direction/ lit. position.
 
 SAPPHO. ODE I. 349 
 
 1. 6. irep-cx". Tmesis for [v]7Tfp-ex, of which irep is 
 the Aeolic form. The water in the hold is over the 
 mast-step. 
 
 1. 7. tdSrjXoK =840877X0?, lit. 'with the light showing 
 through,' = ' in rents.' 
 
 SAPPHO. 
 ODE i. 
 
 1. i. The epithet iroiKi\60poi'os is taken as parallel with 
 such words as eSQpovos, xpwoGpovos. Others regard it as 
 an Aeolicism for iroiKi\6(ppa>v, <p and Q being interchanged. 
 This prepares us better for 8oXo7rXo. 
 
 I. 3. fie ... OGfioi'. The common construction of o-^/ia 
 
 Kaff oXoi> Kal p.fpos. 
 
 I. 5- KaTepami=:Kai fT(pa>6i. 
 
 I. 6. The meaning in dtoura is simply that of ' hearing ;' 
 ocXues adds the idea of ' listening ' as well. iri]\ui T)jXo<re. 
 With the sentiment cp. Aesch. Eum. 237 *Xvei 8e KO.\ irpoa- 
 >6tv $>v 6f6 s . 
 
 1. ii. wpdf&r"ai0epos. Notice the unusual synizesis 
 
 1. 1 6. 8ir)ijTe:^5ij avre. 
 
 nd\j]\j.i=KaXfa>. Notice the indicative in oratio obliqua. 
 
 1. 1 8. rira. Here the goddess begins speaking in her 
 own person. 
 
 1. 19. p.ats=/*5j, from /xda>. In verbs in -aw the 2nd pers. 
 sing, of present is written in Aeolic with iota adscript not 
 subscript. 
 
 1. 20. aStKrjei. For d$iK(i, dSwcft. So in Alcaeus we 
 find iro6t]a>. 
 
 1. 22. fiXXa. Aeolic accentuation for dXXa, introducing 
 the apodosis, = 'yet.' So <|>iXei is written for <iXe?.
 
 350 NOTES. 
 
 ODE 2. 
 
 1. 5. yeXauras, Aeolic for ye\aoi<ras. 
 
 1. 7. u&ov=(l8ov, tv standing for tf, as in 5a8*. 
 
 1. 8. ouSeK <t><um9 eiKei, { not a sound of voice comes from 
 my lips.' 
 
 1. 9. Kaji-eaye=KaTryf. The initial digamma in Ffaye 
 prevents elision. 
 
 1. 1 1. o-mrcrreCTCTi. irregular dative from oTnra, Aeolic for o/i/ia. 
 
 1. 13. iSpws in Aeolic is feminine. 
 
 1. 14. aypet stands for a'tptl. 
 
 1. 15. Te6i'<KT|i' for redvatceiv, infin. from Tedvaxo) or T(8vT)Kco, 
 
 a new present in o> derived from the perfect. So SeSoucw. 
 etc. 
 
 oXi'yw eiriSeuTjK, ' to want but little.' 
 1. 1 6. 5XXa. If this reading be right, it is for TjXer], 'mad.' 
 
 THEOCRITUS (!DYLL 28). 
 
 This Idyll of Theocritus is written in Aeolic dialect, 
 and is identical in metre with some of the verses of Al- 
 
 CaeUS, as e. g. p,r)8fv oXXo (pvTfixrrjs wportpav 8tv8piov afnreXu), 
 
 with which we are familiar through Horace's translation, 
 ' nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius seven's arborem? The verse 
 is variously described as ' Versus Asclepiadeus maior,' or 
 ' Tetrameter choriambicus catalecticus cum basi.' 
 
 wO|-iww-|^^^-|^-w^-|ww| 
 
 i I I II 
 
 1. i . Join Swpoc yuvai^iv, ' a gift for women.' 
 1. 3. 6^p<7eura=0apomi<ra, from a form in -/it, 6 f pencil. 
 ufAdpTT| = 6/ia/jr, 'accompany.' The city of Neleus 
 
 is Miletus. 
 
 1. 4. KaXdfiu. Perhaps, like the Romulean palace in 
 
 Virg. Aen. 8. 654, this temple of Aphrodite had a roof
 
 THEOCRITUS (IDYLL 28). 351 
 
 of straw. Notice the lengthening of the first syllable in 
 dirdXa, as if the TT were doubled. 
 
 1. 5. ruiSe, 'thither.' 
 
 1. 6. tSwc lies as it were loosely between the two finite 
 verbs ; it is in apposition grammatically only to the subject 
 of repfyonai, and it governs NtKdlav. 
 
 1. 9. Supov . . . oirdo-adfici', ' we shall bring as a gift to the 
 hands of Nicias' wife.' With Nucida aXoxos cp. ' Priameia 
 coniunx,' Ov. Met. 13. 513. 
 
 1. ii. uSd-rim, i.e. 'clear as water,' 'transparent.' 
 
 1. 12. He wishes that the ewes may offer their fleeces 
 for shearing twice in the year to meet the needs of Theo- 
 genis, who is such a busy spinner that one yield of 
 wool would not be enough. 
 
 1. 15. 'For I should not like to send thee, being from 
 our land, to the home of an awkward or idle dame.' 
 
 1. 1 6. lo-o-ac seems to be the true Aeolic form for ovo-av, 
 as if the participle was declined on the scheme of els, ea-aa, 
 ev } instead of 8>v, ov&a, ov. 
 
 1. 1 8. ixueXoi/. He means Syracuse, founded by Archias 
 of Corinth, B.C. 734.
 
 SPECIMENS OF DORIC DIALECT. 
 
 THEOCRITUS. 
 IDYLL i. 
 
 In this Idyll, Thyrsis, a shepherd, sings, at the request 
 of a goatherd, the tale of the death of Daphnis, and 
 receives as a prize a goat and a curiously-wrought cup. 
 
 1. i . d&u TI, ' sweet is the whisper of yonder pine,' ex- 
 pressed here as ev 8ia Svoiv, ' the whisper and the pine.' 
 
 1. 3. fiCToi Flam, suggested by the word <rvpo-8, for 
 Pan, the Arcadian shepherd-god, was inventor and master 
 of the pipe (<rvpiy). 
 
 1. 4. aiKa, i.e. el Kf^=.eav. Notice that the Doric na for 
 *ce is always long, <d. 
 
 1. 5. icajappei, ' comes ; ' lit. flows down, expressive of 
 an easy coming. Cp. Hor. Od. i. 28. 28 'multaque 
 merces, unde potest, tibi defluat! 
 
 \. 6. dfie'X^fjs. When it is old enough to be milked 
 the flesh may be supposed to be growing coarse. 
 
 1.7- TO ... u'Scjp. Equivalent to ^ TO /carafe s rrjvo v8<i>p 
 f<rr\v o KaroXei'/SeTat. 
 
 1. 9. ouSa, rarer form for Slv. 
 
 1. ii. TU 8e. Here begins the apodosis. 
 
 1. 12. iroTiTaK Nufi4)a'=' per nymphas te obsecro! 
 
 \. 13. ws, here local, =' where this sloping knoll is.' 
 
 L 15. T& pfva.iLpfn.vbv, 'in the noon tide.' 
 
 1. 1 8. pivi. The nose was looked upon as the seat of 
 anger, as Od. 24. 3*9 ** v ** p' lva ^ &* * fify I Sp^v p.evos 
 Pers. Sat. 5. 91 ' ira cadai naso.'
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL I. 353 
 
 1. 20. m TO irXe'oK, ' to the highest rank ;' lit. higher 
 than others. 
 
 1. 21. npi^iTu. There were statues in the spot, repre- 
 senting Priapus and a group of Naiads. 
 
 1. 24. Join TVOTI Xpojuy epurSwi'. 
 
 1. 25. es rpls, 'thrice.' 
 
 1. 27. KeicXoo-fieVov. Such a cup, being made of porous 
 wood, had ' a wash of wax ' over its inner surface to make 
 it waterproof. Cp, Ov. Met. 8. 670 ' pocula flaventibus illita 
 
 1. 28. iroToaSoi', i. e. irpovo&v, ' smelling of/ i. e. fresh 
 from. 
 
 1. 29. Kicrcros. A form of the variegated ivy is here 
 meant, Hedera chrysocarpa. It is ' spangled over ' with 
 the brilliant yellow of the helichrysum, one of the varieties 
 of the immortelles, (Gnaphalium stoechas?) ' And the 
 tendril winds along the ivy leaves (KUT alrbv [KIO-O-OJ/]) 
 looking gay with orange berries.' This sort of ivy has 
 such coloured berries. Compare Virgil's imitation, Eel. 
 3. 39. On one of the spaces enclosed by this carved 
 wreath is the group of the girl and her lovers in alto 
 relievo. Their gestures are so life-like that the poetical 
 description proceeds as though the figures actually moved 
 and spoke. 
 
 1. 39. TOIS 8e jie'ra, ' along with these/ i. e. besides. He 
 proceeds now to describe groups in other open spaces on 
 the cup. 
 
 1. 40. es $6\oi>, ' for a cast.' 
 
 1. 41. Kafj^om TO KapTepoK, 'working with might and 
 main.' Similarly yuiwK. . . o-0eVos,= Trawl r&v yviw a-dttfi 
 o<rov eari. 
 
 1. 45. rinQbv oacroi' airwOey, 'only a little way off/ i.e. 
 TOO-OVTOV Staon^a, ocrov TVT&OV . . . 6\iyov. 
 
 1. 46. 0e'|3pi0i>. This description is partly borrowed 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. A a
 
 354 NOTES. 
 
 from the Shield of Achilles, Horn. II. 18. 561 <mf>vA;jo-i 
 
 pfya f3pi6ov<rav dXtayv. 
 
 1. 49. T&V Tpw|<.fioy, SC. (rra(pv\fiv. 
 
 1. 51. <t>em, 'says' (i. e. such is the evident meaning of 
 his sly face) ' that he will not quit the boy before he set 
 him down breakfasting upon dry fare/ = breakfastless. 
 The fox is going to rifle his wallet. aKpart'fo/xat is properly 
 to take a morning dram of neat wine, hence to ' breakfast.' 
 The boy seems to be making a sort of little hand-net, 
 with which to catch the locusts that are nibbling the vine- 
 leaves. 
 
 1. 55. uypos, ' pliant.' 
 
 1. 56. AloXiK^K. There does not seem to be much 
 meaning in the epithet ' Aeolic.' Perhaps the correction 
 alo\ixov may be right, in the sense of ' splendid/ from 
 
 aloXos, as Trvppixos from Truppos. 
 
 1. 57. TW, 'for it.' 
 
 1. 58. Top<5cis, sc. Sprat, a ' cheesecake,' or ' round of 
 cheese.' 
 
 1. 59. Join iroTl-0iYV = 7rpoo-e#tyei>. 
 
 1. 60. TU> . . . dpeompac, ' therewith I should very willingly 
 make you (TV) happy.' 
 
 1. 62. KOUTI TU KepTop,Ci>, ' and I'm not making fun of you/ 
 i. e. I am quite in earnest. 
 
 1. 63. K\e\<i0orra, factitive aorist, as in Horn. II. 2. 600, 
 ' that brings forgetfulness.' 
 
 1. 65. dSe'a^Seta. 
 
 1. 66. See Virg. Eel. 10. 9; and Milton's ' Lycidas' 
 The nymphs were not in Thessaly, nor by the Sicilian 
 streams and hills. 
 
 1. 80. UTr<5Xoi = of atVoXot. 
 
 1. 85. aTuaa, ' in quest of thee.' 
 
 1. 87. dSe'a yeXdoiao, like Horace's ' duke ridentem! 
 
 1. 88. Kareu'xeo, ' thou didst boast that thou wouldst
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL I. 355 
 
 overmaster Love,' lit. give a throw to; metaphor from 
 wrestling. 
 
 1. 92. Keficaaara, 'spiteful.' 
 
 1. 93. qSr) yap <f>pd<j8t], ' What, dost thou think that our 
 sun is utterly set ? ' 
 
 1. 94. K.T\V 'At8a = Kat ev Atfiou Sd/jw. 
 
 1. 96. Aphrodite is boasting of her success against the 
 shepherd Daphnis. He retorts upon her, ' Thou wast 
 once a shepherd's slave, when thou didst submit to the 
 love of Anchises.' ' Is not a shepherd said to have [over- 
 come] the Cyprian goddess ? ' Some such verb as KUT- 
 ai<rxvvai must be supplied. Daphnis purposely omits it, as 
 having an unseemly meaning. Then he cries, ' Go back 
 to Ida, back to your shepherd-love.' 
 
 1. 97. Kuireipos, 'galingale.' 
 
 1. 98. w8e='here.' 
 
 1. zoo. x<38wi'is=Acai 6*ASo>m,he reminds her of anotherfa- 
 voured shepherd, whom he calls wpaios, ' of youthful prime.' 
 
 1. 103. OTTO>S oraoTrj. The conjunction with the indie, 
 fut. with the force of the imperative. ' Go and confront 
 Diomede again,' who once had wounded Aphrodite on the 
 battle-field, II. 5. 336. 
 
 1. 1 06. <3 d/ wpca. The w is shortened before a vowel, 
 as ' Te Cory don 6"Alexi,' Virg. Eel. 2. 65. 
 
 1. 1 08. 'Ape'Ooicra, a fountain near Syracuse, where is also 
 the river Thymbris. 
 
 1. 114. AUKCU'W, a mountain in Arcadia, near Mount 
 Maenalus. 
 
 1. 1 1 6. 'EXiKas Tjpior. The tomb of Helice was in Arca- 
 dia. Helice, daughter of Lycaon, and mother of Areas, 
 (\vKaovi8ris), was metamorphosed into a bear, and placed 
 among the constellations. 
 
 1. 123. vw ia. At Daphnis' death the whole face of 
 nature should change. 
 
 A a 2
 
 356 NOTES. 
 
 124. KOfido-cu, ' floreat? 
 
 125. IvaXXa, 'reversed.' Cp. Ov. Trist. i. i. 5 ' omnia 
 naturae praepostera legibus ibunt? 
 
 . 126. I\KOI, ' drag down,' 'harry.' 
 127. yapua-aivro, ' carmine cer tent.' 
 
 130. Xira XeXoiirci, cp. Ov. Her. 12. 4 'tune quae dis- 
 pensant mortalia fila sorores Debuerant fusos euoluisse meos.' 
 
 131. poW, SC. 'Axepovros. 
 
 . 1 38. AiyiXos was the name of an Attic deme, famous 
 for its figs. 
 
 1. 140. 0a<rcu, ' Look you ! ' Doric imperative from a form 
 
 daeofjiai, =. 6rjeop.ai or 8fa.ofi.ai. 
 
 1. 142. Kio-o-cuOa, the name of the she- goat that was to 
 be part of the prize. 
 
 1. 143. ou (AT) o-KipTao-eire, lit. ' Will you not " not skip ?"' 
 =mind you don't skip. 
 
 IDYLL 2. 
 
 1. i. io|iao-8(a, 'I am going to serenade.' The present 
 has here almost the force of a future. 
 
 1. 3. TO KO\OV Tre<J>iXci|j^i'e, ' dearly loved.' 
 
 1. 5. Kopwjrr), 'butt.' 
 
 1. 7. TrapKoirroura, 'peeping out.' 
 
 1. 9. irpoyeVeios, ' under-hung ; ' the prominence of 
 the chin would look all the uglier in company with the 
 snub nose. 
 
 1. 10. rrjyw Se, 'and I plucked them from yonder spot, 
 whence thou didst bid me pull them.' Cp. Virg. Eel. 
 
 3- 7- 
 
 1. 14. a TU iruicdo-Sti, 'in which thou art enveloped.' 
 The ivy and the fern form a screen to the grotto in which 
 Amaryllis sits.
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL II (3). 357 
 
 1. 15. vvv lyfwf. 'Nunc scio quid sit Amor,' etc. Virg. 
 Eel. 8. 43. Bpujiw means, ' in the wild wood.' 
 
 1. 1 7. es ooreW axpis = ' ad ossa usque' 
 
 \. 1 8. Kimco(|>pu. This was regarded as a beauty. 
 
 1. 21. TiXcu XCTTTCI, 'to tear to fragments/ like rvrGa 
 Ktd&iv, Od. 12. 388. 
 
 1. 23. KaXuK(TCTi, sc. pdSow, ' rose-buds.' 
 
 1. 24. Before this verse comes a pause. The shepherd 
 waits to see if Amaryllis will show herself. But she makes 
 no sign ; so he bursts out with his cry of distress. 
 
 TI 6 SuWoos ; with this hiatus cp. II. 5. 465 ts rl tn 
 
 KTfivfcrdai eaorre ; 
 
 1. 25. Trji'w, 'from yonder spot.' Cp. Virg. Eel. 8. 59. 
 On these cliffs stands Olpis ' watching ' the course of the 
 tunny shoals, and shouting or signalling to the fishermen 
 below; exactly as one may see done on the Cornish 
 cliffs during the pilchard fishery. 
 
 1. 27. TO ye ... TeYuKTai, 'thy feeling about it is one of 
 pleasure.' 
 
 1. 29. oufce TO ... |efjLapdk6r), 'not a bit would the love- 
 in-absence leaf lie close and make a smack, but without 
 more ado it withered straight away against my warm arm.' 
 Others read iroT/i<i|aTo TI irXaTayT]<7a', 'lay close after 
 making a smack.' The practice of this Phyllomanteia, or 
 leaf-sorcery, consisted in laying a poppy or anemone leaf 
 over the joined thumb and first finger of the left hand, or 
 flat upon the surface of the arm. A smart blow was then 
 given to the leaf, which should retain its place and give 
 back a sharp clear sound. Such a result was of happy 
 omen in love. It seems here that the leaf would not lie 
 flat for the blow, but curled up with the heat of the arm. 
 
 1. 30. aurs='just as it was,' 'at once.' 
 
 1. 32. irapaipcms, from 7rapa-/3aiVa>, is said to mean a 
 ' gleaner ; ' lit. one who ' walks with ' the reapers.
 
 358 NOTES. 
 
 1. 33. eyiceipu, ' am devoted.' 
 
 1. 35. jieXayoxpws. This is to add a fresh sting to 
 Amaryllis. She not only has a rival, but a successful 
 one, and not only successful, but ugly. Cp. Virg. Eel. 
 
 2. 42. 
 
 1. 37. SXXrrai, 'quivers,' 'jerks.' Cp. Plaut. Pseudol. 
 i. i. 105 'nisi quidfuturum est : ila super cilium salit.' 
 
 1. 40. 'l-mrojji^s. The story goes that Atalanta would 
 wed no one who could not outstrip her in the race ; and 
 the lover who was adventurous enough to try, and who 
 failed, was to be put to death. Hippomenes, as he ran 
 with her, dropped in her way some golden apples from the 
 garden of the Hesperides, and while Atalanta paused to 
 pick them up, Hippomenes won the race and the lady. 
 
 1. 42. o>s . . . epura. The idea of the repetition of r 
 is the coincidence of the three acts. Virgil imitates the 
 form of sentence in ' ut vidi, ut pern, ut me malus abstulit 
 error,' Eel. 8. 41. 
 
 1. 43. MeXdfiirous. Neleus, king of Pylos, had a fair 
 daughter, Pero, beloved by Bias ; but she was not to be 
 won by any one who could not bring the wild herds of 
 Phylacus from the Thessalian ridge Othrys. Melampus 
 succeeded in doing so on behalf of his brother Bias, who 
 then made Pero his bride. See Od. n. 287 foil. 
 
 1. 47. em.irX&' Xuaaas, 'to a height of frenzy.' 
 
 1. 48. arep fjiaaSoio, ' puts him not away from her breast.' 
 i. e. she still clasps the dead body. 
 
 1. 50. Endymion was laid to sleep by the Moon, that 
 she might kiss him in his slumbers. 
 
 lasion, see Od. 5. 125, was beloved by Demeter, and 
 was initiated by her into the mysteries which were hidden 
 from the profane. 
 
 1. 52. dXy^w, pronounced as two syllables only. 
 
 1. 53. 8e, 'here.'
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL III (10). 359 
 
 1. 54. is fAc'Xt, ' May this be to thee as sweet honey 
 down thy throat ! ' The pitiless maid will rejoice to hear 
 of her lover's dismal end. 
 
 IDYLL 3. 
 
 1. 3. XtjOTOfieis, i. e. Tfpvfis TO \aov=\T)'iov. ir\a.riovr= 
 
 TT\t]a-iov. ' Thou dost not cut the swathe along with thy 
 fellow.' He asks him what figure he will make by midday, 
 if he is so far behind already, and if he only nibbles at his 
 swathe, instead of cutting it clean. 
 
 l.u. x a ^ e7T 1 ') ' it's a dangerous thing to give a dog a 
 taste of the hide.' Meaning, that if he once begins he 
 will never leave it. ' Ut cam's a corio nunquam absterrebitur 
 uncfo,' Hor. Sat. 2. 5. 83. 
 
 1. 12. ekSexaTcuos, 'it's nearly eleven days since I have 
 been in love.' 
 
 1. 13. ex mOu. A similar proverb in Plautus, Mil. Glor. 
 3. 2. 23 'Alii ebrii sunf, alii poscam (' swipes ') potitant.' 
 
 1. 14. Toiyaproi, 'therefore it is that right at my very 
 doors everything lies untilled from the day of sowing.' 
 Virgil makes his love-sick swain show a different kind of 
 negligence : ' semipuiata tibifrondosa vitis in ulmo estj Eel. 
 
 2. 70. 
 
 1. 15. ircuSui', ' girls.' d rioXu|3(oTa =[/?/*# Polybotae! 
 
 1. 1 6. dfidireom, dat. plur. of particip. from d/xaco. 
 
 1. 1 8. (win-is. He probably calls her a cricket, because 
 she had been described as singing to the mowers. It is 
 not unlikely that there is a further allusion to the skinny 
 figure of the girl. xpo'^Tai is interpreted by the scholiast 
 as (rvyxP <OTl<J '0ri<rfT(u KOI crvyKoifj.r)0r]<TeTat. ' She shall be your 
 close bedfellow through the night.' 
 
 1. 19. OUK auros, 'not alone.' 
 
 1. 20. ctypomoros, 'reckless.'
 
 360 NOTES. 
 
 1 22. dfi|3dXeu, (avaftaXov), like avaKpovaov, is exactly 
 ' strike up.' 
 
 1. 26. Zupac, because of her swarthy complexion. 
 
 1. 27. We may translate fieXixXupoi/, 'olive.' 
 
 1. 28. Ypairrd. The udiafOog, which may be a sort of 
 iris, was supposed to have marks on its petals like Al AI, 
 which was easily read as at at, alas! Cp. Ov. Met. 10. 215 
 ' Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscripsit, et At Ai Flos habet in- 
 scriptum? The common story was that Apollo created the 
 flower so marked from the blood of his dead favourite 
 Hyacinthus. 
 
 1. 29. rd irpdra, 'reckon as first flowers in garlands/ 
 
 1. 30. Kimow. Virg. Eel. 2. 63. 
 
 1. 31. yepai'os. The crane follows the plough to pick 
 up the insects turned up by the share. 
 
 1. 33. xP"<reoi, 'our statues in gold should be dedicated 
 to Aphrodite.' The statue of the girl should have apples, 
 roses, and flutes ; and his, a new robe, and scarlet slippers 
 on both feet. 
 
 1. 36. dorpdyaXoi, i.e. as smooth and white as ivory dice. 
 
 1. 37. TOC TpoTTOK, 'thy mien.' 
 
 1. 38. POUKOS, 'this herdsman;' alluding to the man who 
 has just finished singing. His musical powers had come 
 upon them as a surprise. 
 
 1. 40. TU irwyuvos. He laments his useless ignorant age. 
 He has grown a long beard, but all in vain, for what wit 
 have advancing years brought him ? He cannot sing any- 
 thing of his own : he will give them the song of Lyti- 
 erses. 
 
 1. 45. auKicoi. Fig-tree wood was valueless. ' Truncus 
 eramficulnus, inutile lignum,' Hor. Sat. i. 8. 
 
 1. 46. d Tojid. The cut ends of the sheaves are to be 
 set facing the north or west wind, that the draught might 
 pass through them and ripen the grain in the ear.
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL IV (15). 361 
 
 1. 48. fauyev, infin. with the force 
 1. 51. TO icao/ia, ' through the heat of the day.' 
 1. 53. TO mety, 'his drink;' so TO <f>ayf~tv, 'food.' The 
 stingy overseer did not cook the lentils tender, lest the 
 workmen should eat too many. Therefore to ' boil the len- 
 tils better ' means not to be so close. ' Splitting cummin 
 seed ' is the same process as ' skinning flints.' 
 1. 57. Xipipoi', 'starveling.' 
 
 IDYLL 4. 
 
 1. i. ws xpo^t") ' yuam sero (ades).' 
 
 1. 2. opt) St^poK, 'see to a chair.' Soph. Aj. 1165 o-ireixrov 
 
 KOl\T)V KOTTfTOV TIV IftflV T(58c. 
 
 1. 4. dXeficiTu = ^Xe/xarou. Gorgo sinks breathless on a 
 chair. 
 
 1. 5. oxXw, gen. absol. 
 
 1. 6. KprjmSes, ' soldiers' boots/ and so ' soldiers.' Others 
 understand the line only to refer to the gentry in their 
 best boots and cloaks. 
 
 1. 7. Kci(rrp<i), 'too far.' 
 
 1. 8. TauO', ' this is all that addlepate['s doing].' 
 irdpapos = iraprjopos. 
 
 1. 13. ou Xe'yci &TT$UV. Zopyrion, the enfant terrible, 
 evidently suspects what the ladies are alluding to ; so 
 Gorgo has to say, ' she doesn't mean Papa.' 
 
 1. 14. iroTi'KU', 'by'r ladye.' irarvia is Persephone, who 
 was worshipped especially in Sicily. 
 
 1. 15. Xyro|is, 'we talk of everything as happening 
 " the other day." ' 
 
 1. 1 6. exams, 'huckster's booth.' 
 
 1. 17. TpuTKaiSeKainixus, 'a long lubber,' who has 'more 
 inches than brains.'
 
 362 NOTES. 
 
 \. 18. raurd y* x ei > ' i j ust i n the same way.' <|>66pos, 
 cp. Hor. Ep. i. 15. 31 'pernicies et tempestas barathrumque 
 macelli.' 
 
 \. 19. c-nraSpdxjAws, 'bought yesterday five fleeces 
 for seven drachmas, mere dog's hair, pickings off old 
 knapsacks, a mass of dirt, trouble on trouble/ 
 
 1. 24. iv 6X010), (gen.), sc. ouc<. 
 
 1. 25. 5>v tSes. This is an attraction for a 8, TOVTUV /cat 
 fares, ' what you have seen, of that you may speak.' The 
 form of sentence reminds of as tSoi/ as e/iawji/. A use of 
 the aorist similar in meaning to fines may be given from 
 
 Theocr. Id. 12. 25 fjv yap TO Sax^y, TV fifv a/3Xa]3e? evdi/s 
 
 l0T]Kas. The force of u before iSoIo-a is emphatic, 'you 
 who have seen.' 
 
 1. 26. depyois, ' idle people have always holiday-time;' 
 but, she means to say, / have plenty to do before we can 
 start. 
 
 1. 27. TO yfi/wi, 'take up this cloth.' It was lying on 
 the ground ; and as the maid is slow in her movements, 
 Praxinoa says, ' Do the cats want to go to bed again ?' 
 including the lazy puss of a servant. 
 
 1. 30. d Be o-pip-a <t>e'pei, ' but she's bringing the soap.' 
 
 1. 32. oirota Oeois. She means ' I have had a wash such 
 as it is.' 
 
 1. 35. irooxni). ' Quanta pretio descendit tibi de tela ?' 'At 
 what price did you get it from the loom ?' 
 
 1. 36. P.VO.V, genitive of price, not after the comparative 
 ir\fov, which is followed by ij. 
 
 1. 37. TOIS 8* epyois, 'I've set my whole heart on that 
 bit of work.' 
 
 1. 38. KCITO Yvupu>='or animi sentential 
 
 1. 39. VOA, KaXw ctircs, 'rightly said!' 
 
 1. 40. MoppS ! ' Bogey's there !' They have no idea of 
 taking Zopyrion with them, to be a general nuisance, and
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL IV (15). 363 
 
 to get trodden on. So he is to stop at home with the 
 maid and play with the dog. 
 
 1. 47. 6 TeKwy. Ptolemy Philadelphia had succeeded 
 to a rule less disturbed by external war than in the time of 
 his father Ptolemy Soter. He had therefore leisure to 
 give to home matters, and among them to the organizing 
 of a police for the protection of people in the streets from 
 the tricks of the Egyptian thieves and rogues. 
 
 1. 49. 1% diraras KKpoTafxeVoi=' ex fallaciis conflati.' 
 
 1. 50. eXcioi, ' bog-trotters ;' if the reading be right, it 
 may refer to the dwellers on the low ground round the 
 Nile. Others read tpivoi, ' useless/ like ' fig-wood/ 
 
 1. 5 1 . Tri-oXe/norai. Horses for a tournament, or military 
 parade. 
 
 1. 53. iruppos, 'the chestnut.' 
 
 1. 54. SiaxpTjcreiTcu, ' the horse will kill the man who is 
 leading him.' 
 
 1. 56. oirio-Oci', sc. TVV ITTTTUV. We have got behind them, 
 and they have gone to their right place. 
 
 1. 57. owaytipofKu, 'am recovering myself.' 
 
 1. 62. KaXXurra TraiSojy, ' my pretty maid.' 
 
 1. 64. Woman's curiosity finds out everything; even 
 about the marriage of Zeus with Hera, which neither their 
 parents nor the gods were aware of. 
 
 1. 67. Eutychis is Gorgo's maid. iroTex'=7rpoo-ex e - 
 
 1. 70. ci TI yeVoio euSaijiuv, something like our, ' if you 
 hope to be spared !' The bystander with great gallantry 
 takes the ladies under his charge. 
 
 1. 73. uQeuvff = vdovvTai. 
 
 1. 74. els wpas Kt]TreiTa='z' hunc annum ei plures, Hor. 
 Od. i. 32. 3. 
 
 1. 75. xpTjorw. For the genitive see Curt 427, 3. 
 
 1. 76. |3i<ieu, 'push your way.' 
 
 1. 77. evSoi irdcrai, ' all we want are inside, as the bride-
 
 364 NOTES. 
 
 groom said when he shut the door behind his bride.' 
 Praxinoa, however, means by eVSoI jrao-at, ' now we're all 
 in.' 
 
 1. 78. iroraye a8e [<re] = ' hue accede'. 
 
 1. 81. YpdpfiaTa are the figures embroidered on the 
 tapestry. 
 
 1. 87. irauorcKre'. These are the words of a bystander 
 whose ears are dinned with the ceaseless chatter of the 
 women. He says, ' they will murder everything with their 
 brogue/ TrXareiacr/ior is the use of the broad Doric a. The 
 monotonous coo of the rpvyuv gave rise to the phrase 
 
 rpvyovos XaXiarepo?. 
 
 1. 89. fid is a mere exclamation, like our ' bah !', and 
 seems to have no connection with ' earth !' or any such 
 invocation. 
 
 1. 90. iraoxip.ei'os, ' Give your orders where you are 
 master:' lit. when you have got possession, give your 
 orders. 
 
 1. 91. KoptpOuu. Syracuse was founded by Archias of 
 Corinth ; and Bellerophon was son of the Corinthian 
 King Glaucus. 
 
 1. 94. P.TJ <}>UTJ, (optat. aor. 2), 'May that man, O Per- 
 sephone, never be born !' etc. The priestesses of Per- 
 sephone were called /xe'Xto-crat. 
 
 1. 95. lvb$ means King Ptolemy, or perhaps her own 
 husband. 
 
 pr\ p.oi. Perhaps the simplest way to explain this 
 doubtful expression is to supply x'<- vlKa with Keycap and to 
 render, ' Pray don't pass the strike over an empty vessel/ 
 A measure when full of grain was levelled by the strike, a 
 piece of flat wood ; and to use the strike with an empty 
 vessel would aptly represent labouring in vain. 
 
 1. 98. dpioreuae -rov iaXcp,of , ' won the prize in the 
 dirge/ The construction is like mnav 'O\vp.tna. If Ii
 
 THEOCRITUS. IDYLL IV (15). 365 
 
 be the right reading, it must be the name of the man 
 commemorated in the song, which would then be called 
 ' The Sperchis/ as the lament for Linus was called 
 ' Linus.' nepvo-iv, ' last year/ has been conjectured as a 
 variant. 
 
 1. 99. 8ia0pu'Tn-Tai, ' makes amorous gestures.' 
 1. 100. Golgi and Idalion are Cyprian towns, where 
 Aphrodite was worshipped ; Eryx, a mountain in Sicily. 
 1. 103. Join (AaXaicai -n-oSag, 'soft-footed.' 
 1. 106. AUIHUO. Dione was mother of Aphrodite. 
 1. 107. Bepeyiio] was wife of Ptolemy Soter, and mother 
 of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and Arsinoe, who is called 
 
 Bfpei/tm'a Qvyarrjp, with which Compare Uoiavrios vios, or 
 
 Tt\dfJ.d>VlOS 7TUIS. 
 
 1. 112. o-rrwpa TmpaiceiTai, 'before thee are set ripe 
 fruits.' 
 
 1. 113. Quick-growing herbs and flowers set in pots 
 or, as here, in silver baskets were called 'ASwwSo? KTJTTOI. 
 See Plat. Phaedr. 276 B. They were intended to sym- 
 bolise how ' man cometh up and is cut down as a flower.' 
 
 1. 115. The confectioners had prepared all manner of 
 delicate pastry, ' mingling [the perfumes of] all sorts of 
 flowers with white meal ;' some were honey cakes ; some, 
 fritters fried in oil, and many of them in the shape of 
 birds and beasts. 
 
 1. 1 1 6 . fiaXeu'pu) = a\fvpa>. 
 
 1. 119. |3pi9on-es and not /3pi'0orat is the Ms. reading: 
 the change makes the construction simple enough; but 
 if ftpidovTfs be retained, it will be necessary either to . sup- 
 pose that some verses are lost, or to join Ppidovres with 
 
 (TKiddfs like (paXayyes e\ir6p.evoi, II. 1 6 ; Or oXowraroy, oS/m), 
 
 Od. 4 . 
 
 1. 1 20. In the foliage of the ' bowers ' were figures of 
 Cupids, that seemed just to be trying their growing wings.
 
 366 NOTES. 
 
 1. 122. Join ireipwfici'oi de|ofiem' 
 
 1. 124. OIKOX<JO*'= Ganymede. 
 
 1. 126. The citizen of Miletus, famed for its purple 
 dye, and the shepherd of Samos, will say, ' Mine is the 
 couch that is laid for fair Adonis.' I sent the wool that 
 made it. 
 
 1. 129. 6 yajippos, sc. Adonis, 'bridegroom.' 
 
 1. 1 30. en ot irepl, ' labra illi adhuc circum flava sun/,' 
 sc. with the down of a sprouting hair ; nothing that could 
 scrub or prick. . 
 
 1. 133. The figure of Adonis will be taken next morn- 
 ing to the shore and sunk in the sea. 
 
 1. 140. riuppos=Neoptolemus. 
 
 1. 141. AeuKaXiuKcs= the sons of Deucalion, Hellen 
 and Amphictyon. 
 
 1. 142. aicpa, 'the head-men.' 
 
 1. 143. els feVra, ' till a fresh season come.' 
 
 BION. 
 LAMENT OVER ADONIS. 
 
 1. 8. dfiij, (<wao>), 'pains.' 
 
 1. 9. XeTnw diro^u'xwc, ' gasping with feeble breath.' 
 
 1. 10. Kopioj, ' are set,' in the sleep of death. 
 
 1. 12. efdaicei, with the force of a perf. tense, 'is dead.' 
 
 dvoum, ' bring back/ ' restore.' 
 1. 14. o=' quod,' 'that.' 
 1. 1 8. Join Seikoy upuomu. Others read Kdvov with 
 
 1. 24. 'Aaauptoy, loosely used for Svptov, the worship of 
 Adonis being especially in vogue in Syria. 
 
 1. 25. eipi olwpeiTo, ' the dark robe she wore floated open
 
 570 N. LAMENT OVER ADONIS. 367 
 
 to her waist.' The common reading is alpa i^apfiTo, ' the 
 dark blood welled up,' sc. from the wound of Adonis 
 against Aphrodite who was clasping him. 
 
 1. 27. 'ASuviSi, 'in honour of Adonis.' So in Alcaeus, 
 
 Frag. I Tratra 8" *A-py KftcofTfjujTai errrya. 
 
 1. 43. KIXCIW = Ktx&j, follows the Epic form, as 6tiu> for 
 to. 
 
 146. TooxroGroK cow, ' so long as.' 
 
 1. 47. ' Let thy breath from thy soul flow deep into my 
 mouth and my heart, and let me drain that sweet love- 
 potion from thee, and drink in love's last draught, and let 
 me treasure this kiss as though it were Adonis himself.' 
 
 1. 57. o-ea6pTijiai, ' I am dismayed.' Al. o-e <oerpu. 
 
 1. 58. Trodos, the sense of 'loss' has taken the place of 
 the sense of ' desire.' 
 
 1. 60. Kecrros, her girdle, wherein lay the secret of her 
 charms. 
 
 Kumyeis, with sense of past tense, like dvda-itfn sup. 
 ' Why didst thou go hunting ?' 
 
 1. 69. The meaning is that the thickets are but a rough 
 bed for the delicate Adonis ; let him lie on Cytherea's 
 couch. 
 
 1. 75. nupoK=' thy darling.' 
 
 1. 78. x" H*" s 8e='one . . . and another.' 
 
 1. 79. 5|e, ' brake,' venting his wrath on the weapons 
 that were the indirect cause of death. 
 
 1. 85. eeK&aa<re, ' proiiciens dissipavii' 
 
 1. 91. &vo.K\eiounv, ' seek to call him back.' 
 
 1. 92. ^iraeiSoiau', ' seek to charm him by spells.' 
 
 1. 93. ou fiac OUK 0e\ei, ' not indeed that he is not fain.' 
 Kcipa is ' the daughter ' of Demeter = Persephone. 
 
 1. 95. els TOS, when the festival comes round again.
 
 368 NOTES. 
 
 MOSCHUS. 
 EPITAPHIOS BIONIS. 
 
 This Idyll was composed by Moschus, a younger con- 
 temporary of Theocritus. The same poet was author of 
 two longer idylls of an Epic character, called Europa and 
 Megara. In this 'Epitaphios' we constantly find the 
 caesura in the hexameter falling after the first short syl- 
 lable of the third foot ; e. g. <TTOva\( Tre | vdirai, icXaiotTf I 
 
 TOV, pvpevdt I KOI, etc. The grammarians call this the 
 'weak or feminine caesura,' TO^ KOTO, rplrov rpoxalov. 
 Hermann (Elem. Doct. Metr. 337) says, ' Propter leni- 
 tatem haec caesura mollibus argumentis accommodatissima est. 
 Ita fere ubique earn usurpatam videos in Moschi Epiiaphio 
 Bionis.' 
 
 1. i. AoSpioK uSwp, sc. the rivers in Sicily, which was in- 
 habited by a Dorian race. 
 
 1. 5. TO, ire^ifAa, used adverbially, like TO peaanfipiwv, 
 Theoc. i. 15, 'dolefully.' 
 
 1. 6. TO, tra Ypdfijj.aTa. So Theocr. IO. 28 & ypmrra 
 vdicivdos, the flower that seemed to have the marks Al 
 AI on its leaves. 
 
 1. 9. dSoces, i. e. droves. 
 
 1. 10. 'ApeOouras, a spring near Syracuse, Theocr. i. 117. 
 
 1. 14. ZTpujjwmoi. The vision of Orpheus comes before 
 the poet's mind (inf. 18), and suggests the idea of the 
 river Strymon in Thrace, the home of Orpheus. 
 
 1. 1 6. aeiSei'. The subject is Bion. 
 
 1. 17. OiayptSes. Oeagrus, king of Thrace, was father 
 of Orpheus and Linus. The muses are here called 
 Oeagrides, as if sisters of Orpheus. 
 
 1. 1 8. Burroi'iais, i.e. Thracians. 
 
 1. 21. epTjfiauuau', used proleptically. They are called
 
 MOSCHUS. EPITAPHIOS B10NIS. 369 
 
 ' deserted/ because now Bion is dead and visits them no 
 more. 
 
 1. 22. ftAos XaOatoy. The kingdom of Pluto is the 
 ' land where all things are forgotten.' 
 
 1. 28. at Kd0' uXai' Kpcm'Ses, (sc. vv^ai), 'the woodland 
 nymphs of the fountains.' 
 
 1. 29. ylvro = fyevfTo. 
 
 1. 32. Ipu|>e, for eppi-^f, 'shed.' 
 
 1. 33. fjidXojv. 'from the ewes.' 
 
 1. 34. OUK^TI Y&p Set, ' non enim opus est, melle tuo ex- 
 stincto, aliud carpere' |iA.n-os TOU o-oo is equivalent to 
 
 ' thy SWeet SOng,' TTJV /leXiyr/puv Sma. 
 
 1. 37. a'6<tt = rjiocn, from ffia>v. The story of Arion 
 illustrates the love of the dolphin for music : and, generally, 
 it is represented as a creature fond of man, and ready to 
 do him service. 
 
 1. 40. Alcyone, wife of Ce'yx, threw herself into the sea 
 for grief at her husband's shipwreck. The gods, in pity, 
 changed husband and wife into sea-birds. 
 
 1. 41. The KrjpuXos is another bird of the Halcyon tribe. 
 Cp. Alcman, Frag. 12 /3dXf 8fj /SciXe (utinam) KT)pv\os (ujv, 
 
 j os T eVc KVfiaros avdos afj.' aXievovfcro'i irorrJTai. | vrjXfytt 
 rp-op e%ci>v, a^nr6p(j)vpos ftapos opvis. 
 
 1. 43. Memnon, son of Eos, and king of the Aethio- 
 pians, fell by the hand of Achilles at Troy. His mother, 
 Eos, changed his Ethiopians into birds, and they fluttered 
 crying round his tomb. 
 
 1. 49. dXXot K<U ufAts='zw sal/em, columbae.' 
 1. 53. iTvetei, sc. f] o-vpiyf, ' still breathes of.' 
 1. 55. epeicrcu, ' to set his mouth thereon/ ('pei'8<a). 
 1. 56. 8eurepa=' second prize;' supply a0Xa. 
 1. 58. TaXdreio. The eleventh idyll of Theocritus tells 
 how Cyclops serenaded the sea-nymph Galatea, and 
 failed to win her love. 
 
 FOURTH GREEK READER. B b
 
 370 NOTES. 
 
 1.62. Xcwra/Wm, i.e. X^a/xew;, (\av6dvca), ' obltta] 'for- 
 getful of the billow.' 
 
 1. 63. |36as. If this reading be right, we must render, 
 ' she still watches thy kine :' i. e. feeds, them, though their 
 master is dead. It is probable that we should read 
 ftodv; meaning, that she sits on the desolate shore 
 ' waiting to hear thy cry, or shout of welcome.' 
 
 1. 69. T0 = o, SO that TO (f)&a<Tfv=o (j)i\afjM QtXavev, 'the 
 
 kiss with which she kissed,' etc. 
 
 1. 72. M^\T)S. The river Meles, near Smyrna, is called 
 ' most musical,' because both Homer and Bion were born 
 on its banks. The river had two losses to mourn, the 
 death of Homer and of Bion. 
 
 1. 73. KaXXuSiras arofio, the poet is spoken of as the 
 mouthpiece of the muse. 
 
 1. 77. ire<|>iXafi^<H, 'beloved by/ 'dear to.' 8s JACK, 
 more usually 6 /*/ . . . 6 &f. 
 
 1. 78. naycuTiSos Kp^n^s, sc. Hippocrene. 
 
 1. 79. TucSap^oio Ouyarpa, Helen, Achilles, and Mene- 
 laus are named here as being the principal characters in 
 the Iliad. 
 
 1. 81. iceiKos 8e, i. e. Bion, in distinction to Homer. 
 
 1. 83. dSe'a, an irregular Doric accus. for &8vv, (^8w) : 
 cp. Theoc. 20. 44. Here it seems to stand for rjBflav. 
 
 1. 88. Ascra, a town in Boeotia on Mount Helicon, the 
 birthplace of Hesiod. 
 
 1. 89. *YXai, Moschus seems to mean Hylae, a town in 
 Boeotia upon lake Hylica: but Cynoscephalae is generally 
 given as Pindar's birthplace. 
 
 1. 91. T^IOK. Anacreon was born at Teos in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 1. 92. dvrl 8e Zair<f>ous, i. e. avri 2a7T0ov? /i^Xty/tarwi', 
 
 'instead of Sappho's songs, Mitylene (in Lesbos, Sappho's 
 home) still warbles thine.'
 
 MOSCHUS. EPITAPHIOS BIONIS. 37] 
 
 11. 94-99. These verses, which are scarcely intelligible, 
 are probably interpolated to supply a lacuna existing in 
 the text of the oldest Ms. 
 
 1. 101. Auaofixas. Moschus was a Syracusan by birth. 
 Probably he lived afterwards in the Southern part of 
 Italy {Magna Graecia). 
 
 \. 103. fcXapowfios. Moschus, as a pupil of Bion, 
 claims for himself an inheritance in pastoral poetry. 
 
 a p,c yepai'puy. If the reading be right, this should 
 mean, ' with which honouring me, whilst thou didst be- 
 queath to others thy wealth, thou didst leave me thy 
 song.' Perhaps we should write, a/i/x yepalpw. 
 
 \. no. oinr6re irpaTa = ' cum semel.' 
 
 1. 112. ire-jT-uKacrfieVos, 'lapped in.' 
 
 1. 113. ISo|cc, i.e. the nymphs have determined to be 
 content henceforth with the croaking of frogs. 
 
 1. 117. imlov, 'What poison could touch thy lips with- 
 out being sweetened thereby ?' 
 
 1. 119. eK$uyev u&av, i.e. apwcroj r\v, 'had no SOul for 
 song.' 
 
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